# Patent

## Title
Cognitive multi-user OFDMA

## Abstract

A computing device operating according to a frequency division multiplexed protocol in which communication occurs over a signal formed from a plurality of sub-channels selected from anywhere in a frequency spectrum. A computing device may select sub-channels cognitively by using information about sub-channels previously deemed suitable or unsuitable by that computing device or other computing devices. A described technique for determining sub-channel suitability includes analyzing radio frequency energy in the sub-channel to detect signals generated by another computing device or high noise levels. Information may also be used to cognitively select sub-channels to be analyzed, such as by first selecting for analysis previously-used sub-channels.

## Background
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION
Wireless connections between computing devices have become increasingly common as computing devices have become more mobile. As a result, wireless connections are now used in a variety of ways. For example, wireless communication allows computing devices to connect to hard-wired networks though access points so that devices brought within range of the access point can access network resources, such as servers and printers. Wireless communication also allows computing devices to connect to other computing devices on an ad hoc basis so that the devices may exchange data without any fixed infrastructure.
To establish a wireless connection between two computing devices, a portion of a frequency spectrum is used to carry radio frequency signals between the devices according to a wireless communication protocol. Many wireless communication protocols divide an available frequency spectrum into multiple channels such that multiple computing devices may transmit data at the same time and minimize interference with each other.
Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is one communication protocol, used in both wireless and wired networks, in which a frequency spectrum is divided into multiple channels. In OFDM, channels are further divided into usually equal sub-channels, each with a relatively narrow bandwidth. By using sub-channels of narrow bandwidth, communications are less susceptible to detrimental multipath fading or other electromagnetic interference and the risk of narrow band interference between nearby devices communicating through wireless connections is reduced, which can lead to higher data rates or improved error rate performance of data transmitted over a channel.
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
Wireless and wired communication between computing devices is improved by using a set of selected sub-channels. The sub-channels may be selected from anywhere in a frequency spectrum usable by the computing devices for communication.
Sub-channels may be selected based on measurements of the characteristics of those sub-channels. To improve the efficiency with which the sub-channels are selected, a cognitive process may be used. A cognitive process according to the invention may be applied in a mobile computing device to prolong the operating time available from a battery or other limited power source.
A cognitive process may base the selection of sub-channels on current measurement of sub-channel characteristics and previously obtained information. Information used for cognitive processing may include information about sub-channels previously selected to establish a connection, whether by the same computing device or another computing device. Such information may also include information about sub-channels previously determined to be unsuitable for use in establishing a channel.
In one illustrative embodiment of the invention, a subset of suitable sub-channels is selected from a set of sub-channels, wherein the subset is selected from anywhere in the set and the sub-channels are not restricted to being contiguous. Sub-channel suitability may be determined by any suitable technique, including examining the sub-channel for signals generated by another computing device or for high levels of electromagnetic interference from other sources. Techniques are also employed for selection of sub-channels to be examined, which may also be done in any suitable manner, including maintaining a list of previously-used sub-channels to be examined first, sequentially scanning through a list of sub-channels, and randomly selecting sub-channels.
In a further illustrative embodiment, a method of operating a computing device for communication using a (FDM) Frequency Division Multiplexing protocol is provided. The method comprises: selecting a first plurality of selected sub-channels to carry a signal having a first bandwidth, the first plurality being selected from a second plurality of sub-channels, the second plurality collectively having a second bandwidth, the second bandwidth greater than the first bandwidth; and communicating the signal using the first plurality of selected sub-channels.
In another illustrative embodiment, a computer apparatus comprising at least one computer readable medium encoded with instructions for execution on a computer is provided. The instructions, when executed, perform a method comprising: determining a set of usable sub-channels in a first plurality of sub-channels; selecting a second plurality of selected sub-channels, the selected sub-channels being selected from the set of usable sub-channels, the second plurality being less than the first plurality; and communicating the signal over the second plurality of selected sub-channels.
In one illustrative embodiment, a method of communicating between a first computing device and a second computing device is provided. The method comprises: with the first computing device, selecting a plurality of selected sub-channels to carry a signal having a first bandwidth, the selected sub-channels being selected from a plurality of sub-channels, the plurality of sub-channels collectively having a second bandwidth, the second bandwidth greater than the first bandwidth; and transmitting at least one message over the plurality of selected sub-channels.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
In the drawings:
FIG. 1 is a diagram of an illustrative computer system environment in which embodiments of the invention may be implemented;
FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an exemplary client computer that may be used in accordance with embodiments of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a timeline of an exemplary process by which computing devices select sub-channels and communicate data over the sub-channels;
FIG. 4 is a flowchart of an illustrative process of selecting sub-channels for communication;
FIG. 5 is a flowchart of an illustrative process of selecting sub-channels to examine for suitability; and
FIG. 6 is a timeline of a randomized back-off process according to an embodiment of the invention that occurs when two computing devices transmit data over the same sub-channel.



DETAILED DESCRIPTION
Applicants have appreciated that both wireless and wired communication between computing devices may be improved by forming channels from sub-channels of a frequency spectrum without regard to whether the sub-channels are contiguous or non-contiguous.
Conventional implementations of Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) use only contiguous sub-channels within a given range of frequencies to carry a transmitted signal. If that signal is subject to electronic interference or there are many devices using that same range of frequencies to communicate, many of the sub-channels intended to carry the signal may be unsuitable for communication. Because a computing device is restricted in which sub-channels can be used to carry a signal, the resulting signal may not support communication at a desired data rate and the computing devices may have to lower the data rate of transmissions over a channel when spectrum conditions are not ideal.
By selecting sub-channels from any portion of the spectrum available for communication between computing devices, contiguous or non-contiguous, to construct a signal for use by the computing device, transmission may be achieved at higher data rates regardless of spectrum conditions.
Sub-channels may be efficiently selected using a cognitive process. By learning which sub-channels are suitable or unsuitable for use, the time and processing cost of selection processes may be reduced. In some embodiments, the cognitive process is used within a mobile computing device operating from a battery or other limited power source. Reducing processing cost results in a decreased power drain, which prolongs operating time of the device until the batteries must be replaced or recharged. The user's experience may thus be improved by providing communication at faster data rates without an unacceptable power drain.
In view of the foregoing, one embodiment of the present invention is directed to a cognitive process for choosing suitable sub-channels of an FDM protocol. Such a process may be implemented on any of numerous computer system configurations, which are not limited to any particular type of configuration. FIG. 1 illustrates one example of a computer system on which aspects of the invention can be implemented, although others are possible.
The computer system of FIG. 1 includes communication network 100, wireless access points 102 and 104, wireless computing devices 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, and 116, and wired computing devices 118 and 120. Communication network 100 can be any suitable communication medium or media for exchanging data between two or more computers (e.g., a server and a client), including the Internet or an enterprise network. The wireless computing devices can be any suitable computing devices with wireless communication capabilities. Several exemplary wireless computing devices are shown, including laptops 108 and 112, personal digital assistant 110, and smart phone 114. In addition, typically stationary devices can be enabled for wireless communication, such as server 106 and computer terminal 116. Each of these mobile and stationary devices is in a state of, or capable of being in a state of, wireless communication with a wireless access points 102 or 104, each connected to communication network 100. This wireless communication allows the computing devices to exchange data with one another or, through communication network 100, with wired devices such as computer terminal 118 and server 120. As each wireless device transmits data to access point 102/104 or to another device, it may use one or more sub-channels of the available spectrum. Thus, the wireless devices may compete with one another for access to “suitable” sub-channels. The suitability of a sub-channel may be determined based on whether it is being subjected to too much interference to permit effective communication. This interference may comprise noise generated by another computing device transmitting data or any other electric noise, such as may be generated by any electronic device operating within range of the exemplary computing system shown in FIG. 1.
The embodiments of the invention described herein are not limited to being practiced with the exemplary system shown in FIG. 1, and can be employed on systems employing any number of wireless access points and/or computing devices. In addition, while FIG. 1 shows the computing devices in wireless communication with wireless access points 102 and 104 in an infrastructure network, it should be appreciated that embodiments of the invention may operate in ad hoc or other networks in which the computing devices communicate with one another directly and not through an access point. Also, while FIG. 1 includes communication network 100 with wired devices 114 and 116, embodiments of the invention may not include a wired network.
In addition, it should be appreciated that the invention is not limited to being performed in the exemplary wireless network shown in FIG. 1. Embodiments of the invention may be implemented in any suitable communication network—including wired networks—for exchanging data between computing devices in which frequency division multiplexing is implemented.
FIG. 2 schematically shows an illustrative computing device 200 that may be used in accordance with one or more embodiments of the invention. Computing device 200 may be any of the computing devices shown above, such as devices 106, 108, 110, 112, 114, and 116, or wireless access points 102 and 104. It should be appreciated that FIG. 2 is intended to be neither a depiction of necessary components for a computing device to operate with embodiments of the invention nor a comprehensive depiction.
Computing device 200 comprises a wireless interface, which may serve as a wireless network interface. In the embodiment illustrated, the wireless network interface may be implemented with radio hardware 202 to communicate wirelessly, such as with a wireless access point or with other devices. Device 200 also comprises a network adapter 204 to communicate over a computer network using other (possibly non-wireless) methods, a display adapter 206 to display information to a user of the device, and an input adapter 208 to receive commands from the user. In some embodiments of the invention, computing device 200 may also comprise a battery 220.
Device 200 further comprises computer-readable media 212 for storing data to be processed and/or instructions to be executed by a processor 210. Processor 210 enables processing of data and execution of instructions. The data and the instructions may be stored on the computer-readable media 212 and, for example, may enable communication between components of the computing device 200. The data and instructions may comprise an operating system 216, which may in turn comprise control software 214. Control software 214 may comprise computer-executable instructions that control transmitting and receiving data wirelessly using any suitable protocol including OFDM protocols. Computer-readable media 212 may further have stored thereon computer-executable instructions comprising applications 218 for execution on computing device 200. Applications 218 may, for example, be used by a user of the computing device to use components of the computing device to carry out various functions and complete desired operations.
It should be appreciated that the invention is not limited to being practiced with the type of computing device illustrated in FIG. 2, and that embodiments of the invention can be practiced with any suitable computing device. The radio hardware 202 and adapters 204, 206, and 208 may be implemented as any suitable hardware, software, or combination thereof, and may be implemented as a single unit or multiple units. Similarly, computer-readable media 212 may be implemented as any medium or combination of media for storing data and instructions for access by a processing device.
In some embodiments of the invention, multiple computing devices such as computing device 200 may transmit data over a limited number of sub-channels. Computing devices may, therefore, select sub-channels that are suitable for communication. This selection may be done in any manner, examples of which are discussed in further detail below. Once a computing device has selected a sub-channel or sub-channels for transmission, the device may “reserve” these sub-channels for its use in transmitting data, to prevent other computing devices from transmitting data over the sub-channel and thereby interfering with communication. In some embodiments, the sub-channels may be reserved for the computing device for a single, discrete data transfer, and thus the sub-channel selection and reservation process may be repeated every time a data transfer is to be made. In alternative embodiments, the sub-channels may be reserved by the computing device for multiple discrete data transfers comprising a communication session, and the sub-channel selection and reservation process repeated at the start of every session. In some embodiments, the selection process may also be executed during a data transfer or during a communication session, for example, if a higher data rate is desired and thus more sub-channels are needed or if one or more sub-channels become unsuitable for communication during a data transfer or session. It should be appreciated that the invention is not limited to performing the selection process at a set time or under set conditions, as the selection and reservation of sub-channels may be done in any suitable manner at any suitable time in the communication process.
Once the computing device is finished communicating data over the sub-channels, the selected sub-channels that had been previously reserved for communication by the device may be released by the device so that other devices may make use of them. This release may happen at the end of a single data transfer, or at the end of a communication session. In some embodiments, this release may also be executed during a data transfer or communication session if the computing device desires a lower data rate. A lower data rate may be desired, for example, if a receiving device indicates that the data is being transmitted at too high a data rate for the receiving device to process the data appropriately.
FIG. 3 illustrates this process with an overview of an exemplary communication process with multiple computing devices on a timeline 300. Details of the process are discussed below, as FIG. 3 is intended merely to be an overview presented for ease of explanation.
In act 302, an application on a device A requests a connection at a desired data rate. It is then determined that to transmit data at the desired rate, two sub-channels are necessary, and the spectrum is examined for two suitable sub-channels. In act 304, device A selects two suitable sub-channels 1 and 2 from the spectrum and reserves them for its use. It may also, in some embodiments, store an indication that these two sub-channels were selected for use.
In act 306, an application on device B requests a connection at a certain data rate, and it is again determined that two sub-channels are necessary to achieve this desired rate. While device A begins transmitting data in act 306, device B is examining the spectrum and identifies sub-channels 4 and 5 as suitable for communication. In act 312 device B selects and reserves these sub-channels for communication. In some embodiments of the invention, device B may have received a notification message from device A indicating that sub-channels 1 and 2 had been reserved by device A for communication, and in some embodiments device B may have detected device A's transmission on those sub-channels and identified them as unsuitable because they were being used. In act 310, device A completes its transmission of data and releases the sub-channels, making them suitable for communication by any devices in the network, and in act 314, device B begins transmitting data over sub-channels 4 and 5.
In act 316, an application on device A requests a connection be established at a certain data rate, and it is again determined that transmission of data at that rate requires two sub-channels. Device A begins examining the spectrum for suitable sub-channels, determines that sub-channels 1 and 3 are suitable, and in act 318 selects and reserves sub-channels 1 and 3. In some embodiments of the invention, device A may have examined sub-channels 1 and 2 prior to examining sub-channel 3 because it had previously selected these sub-channels as suitable for transmission. Device A may have determined during its examination that sub-channel 2 was no longer suitable for transmission because of interference—from another computing device transmitting data over the sub-channel or from any other electronic noise—and therefore examined and selected sub-channel 3. In alternative embodiments, sub-channels 1 and 3 may have been randomly examined for suitability and subsequently selected. It should be appreciated that embodiments of the invention are not limited to selecting sub-channels according to any specific technique or techniques, as sub-channel selection may be implemented in any suitable manner.
FIG. 4 illustrates one exemplary sub-channel selection process implemented by a computing device to select sub-channels for communicating data wirelessly according to some embodiments of the invention. The process of FIG. 4 could be implemented as computer-executable instructions stored on at least one computer-readable medium such as computer-readable media 212, or may be implemented in any other suitable manner. It should also be appreciated that sub-channels may be selected for transmission in any suitable manner, and that embodiments of the invention are not limited to being performed with the exemplary process shown in FIG. 4.
The process of FIG. 4 begins in act 400, wherein initialization acts are performed. Initialization acts may include an application executing on the computing device requesting a connection at a data rate be established between the computing device and another computing device, a determination of various options for the connection being made, and/or a determination of what data is to be transmitted to the other computing device being made. Once the initialization acts are performed, the process continues to act 402, wherein a determination is made of a number of sub-channels based on a desired rate.
Sub-channels may be selected in any suitable way. For example, in the illustrative embodiment of FIG. 4, to select sub-channels the process executes a loop beginning in act 404. The loop comprises examining sub-channels in a spectrum available for use by the device for communication to determine which sub-channels are suitable for communication. Both the ordering of sub-channels for examination and the examination may be done in any suitable manner, examples of which are discussed below.
The loop of the illustrative process of FIG. 4 has two possible end conditions. In the first possible end condition, the loop may examine all sub-channels in the spectrum before finding a desired number of sub-channels, at which point the process continues to act 416. If processing reaches act 416, an error has occurred, which can be handled by the application requesting the connection or in any other suitable way. In some embodiments, processing at act 416 may include reporting to the application a data rate that can be supported by suitable sub-channels and the process of FIG. 4 may be re-initialized by the application lowering the desired data rate to the highest rate allowed by the suitable sub-channels. In other embodiments processing to select sub-channels may wait a predetermined or random period of time before re-examining the spectrum for suitable sub-channels. Alternatively, in the second possible end condition, processing in act 406 determines that a desired number of sub-channels has been selected, at which point the process continues to act 418. Act 418 and subsequent acts are discussed in greater detail below.
Until an end condition is met, the process of FIG. 4 loops through the sub-channels of the spectrum. In act 408, a chosen sub-channel is examined to collect information to aid in the determination made at acts 410 and 412. In act 410, the process determines whether the sub-channel is being used by another device for communication and, in act 412, determines whether the sub-channel is being subjected to too much electronic interference to permit effective communication. In the embodiment illustrated, a sub-channel is deemed unsuitable for use in communicating a signal if the sub-channel is already in use by another device or is otherwise too noisy. If in either of the acts the sub-channel is determined to be unsuitable for communication, then the loop continues with the next sub-channel. If it is determined to be suitable for communication, however, then it is selected (in act 414) for transmission and the loop is continued with the next sub-channel.
It should be appreciated that information may be obtained at act 408 in any suitable manner. In the illustrated process, information is obtained by monitoring energy in the sub-channel over a predetermined interval as one form of “listening” on the sub-channel. In some embodiments, the computing device will tune its hardware to the sub-channel being examined and use a receiver in the hardware to collect data on the energy in that sub-channel for a predetermined period of time. Data may be collected in any suitable form, including peak energy levels, average energy levels, median energy levels, etc. In this embodiment, listening may comprise detecting energy levels on the sub-channel to provide as input to the acts of determination, or may comprise receiving (or attempting to receive) data from the sub-channel. In other embodiments, the computing device may sample the entire spectrum at least once, and, through performing examination steps such as a Fourier Transform on the sample, determine energy levels present in multiple sub-channels. It should be appreciated, however, that these techniques are merely exemplary, and any suitable technique for examining a sub-channel or sub-channels may be used in accordance with embodiments of the invention.
If a desired number of sub-channels is selected from the spectrum (the second end condition discussed above), then the process branches from act 406 to act 418, where an indication of the selected sub-channels is stored on the computing device. The indication may be formatted as a list or as any other suitable data structure. The list (for example) could be stored in temporary storage on the computing device for use in transmission, or could be stored in long-term storage for use in future transmissions.
In act 420, the computing device transmits a notification message comprising the list of sub-channels to one or more other computing devices. In some embodiments of the invention, this notification message may serve to reserve the selected sub-channels for use by the computing device until the sub-channels are later released by the computing device. The other computing devices may comprise another computing device acting as another end point of the connection that is to receive the data to be transmitted by the computing device, or could comprise all other computing devices in range of the computing device. In some embodiments of the invention, the transmission of act 420 will be done over a control frequency listened to by all devices using a specified protocol. Beacon signals may be transmitted using this control frequency, and in some embodiments the transmission of act 420 will be done as part of a beacon signal or other signal already in use. It should be appreciated, however, that embodiments of the invention may transmit this information in any suitable manner.
Once the list is stored and transmitted, the data is transmitted in act 422 over the connection using the selected sub-channels. These sub-channels, as discussed above, will not necessarily be contiguous, but will be any suitable sub-channels found by the process in any part of the spectrum, with a number of sub-channels being selected and transmitted on to achieve transmission at a desired data rate. It should be appreciated that the transmission over the sub-channels may be done in any suitable way and according to any suitable protocol, since the invention is not limited to being performed with any particular network implementation. In act 424, the process terminates. In embodiments of the invention, act 424 may comprise transmitting a second notification message to one or more other computing devices indicating that the computing device is no longer communicating over the selected sub-channels. In this way, the sub-channels that may have been reserved by the computing device may be released and thus made suitable for use by other computing devices.
It should be appreciated that the process illustrated in the flowchart of FIG. 4 is merely exemplary, and other processes or sequences of acts are possible. For example, an alternative embodiment of the invention may perform the loop beginning in act 404 prior to a connection being requested by an application. In this embodiment, the spectrum may be examined regularly by the computing device and indications of suitable sub-channels may be stored, such that when an application requests a connection, the desired number of sub-channels may be quickly assigned and used based on previously-determined sub-channel suitability, rather than making a determination when a connection is requested.
Embodiments of the invention may also operate in a low power mode, wherein the eligibility of sub-channels for transmission is further restricted to a subset of the full spectrum. Restricting the number of sub-channels examined reduces the amount of power spent listening and determining, as well as the power spent configuring the computing device to transmit or receive at different frequencies (i.e., different sub-channels). The low power mode may be entered in response to user input or an operating state of the device such as operating on battery power, or in any other suitable way.
In the example of FIG. 4, processing is performed on a device that initiates a connection. Instead or in addition, a device intended to be an endpoint of a connection being established by another computing device may perform a process to select sub-channels. The computing device may examine the spectrum and reserve a set of sub-channels for it to receive data over, then send an announcement to all devices in range that it is listening over the selected sub-channels. Thereafter, devices wishing to transmit data to the computing device will transmit using those sub-channels. Endpoints of a connection could use the same or different sub-channels.
Embodiments of the invention may also execute fewer acts than are shown in FIG. 4. For example, embodiments of the invention may not store the list of selected sub-channels as done in act 418 or may not transmit the list of selected sub-channels to other devices, as in act 420. In some embodiments of the invention, acts 410 and 412 may be combined into a single act instead of separate acts.
It should be further appreciated that embodiments of the invention may execute more acts than are executed by the illustrative process of FIG. 4. In some embodiments of the invention, in addition to storing indications of sub-channels selected for transmission, the process may store more information such as a time or usage element. The time or usage element may comprise information regarding when a sub-channel may be released by the computing device or may comprise information on the conditions under which the sub-channel was selected.
In some embodiments of the invention, a list of sub-channels found to be unsuitable for transmission may be maintained for future use in selecting sub-channels for use in establishing a connection. In this way, sub-channels found to be unsuitable for communication may be avoided in the future. In an alternative embodiment of the invention, the list stored at act 418 may be updated at any point that a sub-channel is determined to be unsuitable. For example, if a sub-channel is in the list as being previously-selected, but is determined to be unsuitable, the sub-channel may be removed from the list or otherwise downgraded in the list. Any suitable technique for downgrading a sub-channel in the list may be used in accordance with embodiments of the invention, including moving the sub-channel lower in the list or otherwise indicating it as less suitable than other sub-channels.
It should also be appreciated that the sub-channels can be chosen for examination for suitability for communication in any suitable order. In some embodiments of the invention, order may be determined randomly, while in other embodiments, sub-channels may be ordered sequentially from one end of the spectrum to the other and sub-channels may be examined according to this order.
However, since some protocols use Frequency Division Multiplexing (FDM) across a very wide band of the spectrum, such as ultra wideband (UWB) communications or Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMAX), it may become costly in terms of time and processing to determine which sub-channels of the spectrum are free.
Therefore, in some embodiments of the invention, the order in which sub-channels are examined may be based on a cognitive process that makes use of data previously determined. The data may be obtained from the same computing device, other computing devices executing a similar process, or any other suitable source. In this embodiment, the cognitive aspect of the process refers to the act of “learning” from previously-determined information to aid in making determinations more easily, quickly, and efficiently.
An exemplary cognitive ordering process is illustrated in FIG. 5. A cognitive process may be implemented as a separate process executed prior to a selection process such as the one illustrated in FIG. 4 to predetermine the order in which sub-channels are to be examined, or may run jointly with a selection process to determine a sub-channel to examine next after a sub-channel has been examined, or may be executed at any suitable time and in any suitable manner.
In act 500, a list of previously-selected sub-channels (such as the one stored in act 418 of FIG. 4) is retrieved from storage on the computing device. This list of sub-channels may comprise sub-channels selected by the most-recently-executed selection process or may comprise information about sub-channels aggregated from more than one previous selection process. As an example of aggregated information, the list may be ordered by an index comprising the number of times a sub-channel has been determined to be suitable for communication, but it should be appreciated that embodiments of the invention may store any information compiled from any number of selection processes.
In act 502 the ordering process begins examining sub-channels in the list. The process may examine the sub-channels in the list sequentially, or may examine them based on an index such as the one described above. Once a sub-channel is selected from the list in act 504, it is checked in act 508 against any list of sub-channels indicated as currently selected by another computing device. The checking of act 508 may be enabled by an exchange of notification messages between computing devices in a network, where the notification messages comprise sets of sub-channels selected for communication. These sets of sub-channels may be exchanged in any suitable manner, including processes discussed above in conjunction with act 420 of FIG. 4.
If it is not indicated as selected by another computing device, then in act 510 the sub-channel is marked as examined and examined as discussed above in conjunction with FIG. 3 or in any other suitable manner. If, however, the sub-channel was indicated as selected by another device, then another sub-channel in the list may be selected in act 504 if it is determined in act 502 that more unexamined sub-channels exist in the list. The list may also be updated, with sub-channels that are being used by another device being removed from the list or otherwise downgraded.
If, in the process of examining, all the sub-channels in the list have been marked as examined in act 510 and a desired number of sub-channels has not yet been selected, then the process may examine in act 506 sub-channels not in the list. The order in which these sub-channels is examined may be done in any suitable manner, including a random ordering or a sequential ordering from the sub-channel with the lowest frequency to the sub-channel with the highest frequency. Sub-channels that have not yet been marked as examined by act 510 may be examined as discussed above in conjunction with FIG. 4, or in any other suitable manner, to determine if they are suitable for communication.
It should be appreciated that FIG. 5 is merely an illustrative process, and that embodiments of the invention are not limited to executing the process outlined in the figure. Embodiments of the invention may execute different, more, or less acts than are shown in FIG. 5. For example, some embodiments of the invention may also implement an act of retrieving a list of sub-channels previously determined to be unsuitable for communication. This list may be used, for example, in choosing for examination sub-channels not in a list of previously-selected sub-channels.
In some alternative embodiments, act 508 of FIG. 5 may not involve comparing a sub-channel against a list of sub-channels received from another computing device. For example, such a comparison may not be made in embodiments in which computing devices do not reserve sub-channels by exchanging lists of selected sub-channels as illustrated by act 420 of FIG. 4. In these embodiments, processes may be implemented to handle conflicts when a computing device selects for transmission a sub-channel that has already been selected for transmission by another computing device.
FIG. 6 shows an exemplary process for resolving conflicts that arise when two computing devices select the same sub-channel for transmission in terms of a timeline 618. In act 600, computing device A selects exemplary sub-channel 1 for transmission, according to any suitable method for selection, including techniques described above. In act 602, computing device B does not detect that device A has selected sub-channel 1 and also selects it for transmission. For example, computing device B may not detect device A because it performed its detection on sub-channel 1 during a time that device A was not transmitting. However, the reason why device B did not detect device A is not critical to the invention.
In act 604, device A detects interference on sub-channel 1, which, in the scenario illustrated, is caused by both devices trying to transmit on the sub-channel at the same time. In response, device A enters a waiting period wherein it does not transmit on that sub-channel for a random period of time. In act 606, device B also detects the interference and waits a random period of time. These random time values can be in any suitable range. In some embodiments of the invention, the wait times may be on the order of milliseconds, while other embodiments of the invention may implement wait times on the order of seconds. It should be appreciated, however, that the invention is not limited to implementing any specific range of time values for this random wait time.
Since these times are selected randomly, the waiting times will differ and the device with the shorter wait time will try to use the sub-channel again first. Because device B has the shorter waiting period, it is the first to check the sub-channel for interference in act 608, and in act 610 determines that the sub-channel is clear for transmission, at which point it begins transmitting its data again. In act 612, device A exits its waiting period and checks sub-channel 1 for interference, determining in act 614, that sub-channel 1 is being used by device B and is therefore unsuitable for transmission. Device A then proceeds to act 616, wherein it selects new sub-channels for communication. Such a selection can be done in any suitable manner, including the techniques discussed above.
It should be appreciated that the process illustrated in FIG. 6 is merely exemplary, and that embodiments of the invention are not limited to implementing such a process for resolving conflicts. Embodiments may implement more acts, such as storing a record of the interference in lists of previously-selected or previously-unsuitable sub-channels. It should further be appreciated that FIG. 6 illustrates a conflict between two devices for ease of explanation, but such a conflict may arise between any two or more computing devices.
The above-described embodiments of the present invention can be implemented in any of numerous ways. For example, the embodiments may be implemented using hardware, software, or a combination thereof. When implemented in software, the software code can be executed on any suitable processor or collection of processors, whether provided in a single computer or distributed among multiple computers.
Further, it should be appreciated that a computer or terminal may be embodied in any of a number of forms, such as a rack-mounted computer, a desktop computer, a laptop computer, or a tablet computer. Additionally, a computer or terminal may be embedded in a device not generally regarded as a computer but with suitable processing capabilities, including a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA), a smart phone, or any other suitable portable or fixed electronic device.
Also, a computer may have one or more input and output devices. These devices can be used, among other things, to present a user interface. Examples of output devices that can be used to provide a user interface include printers or display screens for visual presentation of output and speakers or other sound generating devices for audible presentation of output. Examples of input devices that can be used for a user interface including keyboards, and pointing devices, such as mice, touch pads, and digitizing tables. As another example, a computer may receive input information through speech recognition or in other audible formats.
Such computers may be interconnected by one or more networks in any suitable form, including as a local area network or a wide area network, such as an enterprise network or the Internet. Such networks may be based on any suitable technology and may operate according to any suitable protocol and may include wireless networks, wired networks, or fiber optic networks.
Also, the various methods or processes outlined herein may be coded as software that is executable on one or more processors that employ any one of a variety of operating systems or platforms. Additionally, such software may be written using any of a number of suitable programming languages and/or conventional programming or scripting tools, and also may be compiled as executable machine language code or intermediate code that is executed on a framework or virtual machine.
In this respect, the invention may be embodied as a computer-readable medium (or multiple computer-readable media) (e.g., a computer memory, one or more floppy discs, compact discs, optical discs, magnetic tapes, flash memories, circuit configurations in Field Programmable Gate Arrays or other semiconductor devices, etc.) encoded with one or more programs that, when executed on one or more computers or other processors, perform methods that implement the various embodiments of the invention discussed above. The computer readable medium or media can be transportable, such that the program or programs stored thereon can be loaded onto one or more different computers or other processors to implement various aspects of the present invention as discussed above.
The terms “program” or “software” are used herein in a generic sense to refer to any type of computer code or set of computer-executable instructions that can be employed to program a computer or other processor to implement various aspects of the present invention as discussed above. Additionally, it should be appreciated that according to one aspect of this embodiment, one or more computer programs that when executed perform methods of the present invention need not reside on a single computer or processor, but may be distributed in a modular fashion amongst a number of different computers or processors to implement various aspects of the present invention.
Computer-executable instructions may be in many forms, such as program modules, executed by one or more computers or other devices. Generally, program modules include routines, programs, objects, components, data structures, etc. that perform particular tasks or implement particular abstract data types. Typically the functionality of the program modules may be combined or distributed as desired in various embodiments.
Various aspects of the present invention may be used alone, in combination, or in a variety of arrangements not specifically discussed in the embodiments described in the foregoing and is therefore not limited in its application to the details and arrangement of components set forth in the foregoing description or illustrated in the drawings. For example, aspects described in one embodiment may be combined in any manner with aspects described in other embodiments.
Use of ordinal terms such as “first,” “second,” “third,” etc., in the claims to modify a claim element does not by itself connote any priority, precedence, or order of one claim element over another or the temporal order in which acts of a method are performed, but are used merely as labels to distinguish one claim element having a certain name from another element having a same name (but for use of the ordinal term) to distinguish the claim elements.
Also, the phraseology and terminology used herein is for the purpose of description and should not be regarded as limiting. The use of “including,” “comprising,” or “having,” “containing,” “involving,” and variations thereof herein, is meant to encompass the items listed thereafter and equivalents thereof as well as additional items.
Having described several aspects of at least one embodiment of this invention, it is to be appreciated that various alterations, modifications, and improvements will readily occur to those skilled in the art. Such alterations, modifications, and improvements are intended to be part of this disclosure, and are intended to be within the spirit and scope of the invention. Accordingly, the foregoing description and drawings are by way of example only.

## Claims

1. A method of operating a computing device for communication using a frequency-division multiplexing protocol, the method comprising:
operating at least one programmed processor to carry out a series of acts, the series of acts being identified by instructions with which the at least one programmed processor is programmed, the series of acts comprising:
retrieving from storage an indication of sub-channels previously selected;
selecting a first plurality of selected sub-channels to carry a signal having a first bandwidth, the first plurality being selected from a second plurality of sub-channels, the second plurality collectively having a second bandwidth, the second bandwidth greater than the first bandwidth, wherein selecting the first plurality of selected sub-channels comprises preferentially selecting a sub-channel when the indication indicates that the sub-channel was previously selected for carrying a previous signal transmitted by the computing device prior to the selection of the first plurality of selected sub-channels; and
communicating the signal using the first plurality of selected sub-channels.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein the act of selecting the first plurality of sub-channels comprises acts of:
(A) determining a number of sub-channels based on a desired data rate;
(B) examining a sub-channel of the second plurality of sub-channels to determine whether the sub-channel has conditions unsuitable to data transmission;
(C) identifying the sub-channel as suitable for communication or identifying the sub-channel as unsuitable for communication according to a determination of act (B), and selecting the sub-channel for communication if it has been identified as suitable;
(D) repeating acts (B) and (C) for different sub-channels of the second plurality of sub-channels until at least the number of sub-channels is selected.

3. The method of claim 2, wherein
the act (D) further comprises storing an indication of the sub-channels selected.

4. The method of claim 2, wherein
the act (D) further comprises storing sub-channels identified as unsuitable for communication; and
the act (B) further comprises examining a sub-channel previously identified as unsuitable after other sub-channels not previously identified as unsuitable if the computing device attempts to create a new signal within a predetermined period of time.

5. The method of claim 2, wherein the act (B) further comprises choosing a sub-channel to examine by one of a random selection process or a linear sequential selection process.

6. The method of claim wherein the act of communicating further comprises:
transmitting a selection notice to at least one other computing device, the selection notice comprising a notification that the computing device has selected a set of sub-channels; and
not choosing sub-channels listed in a selection notice received from an other computing device for a predetermined period of time.

7. The method of claim 2, wherein the act (B) further comprises examining the sub-channel for a predetermined period of time before making the determination.

8. The method of claim 1, wherein the act of selecting is performed once at the beginning of a communication session and the method further comprises releasing the selected sub-channels at the end of the communication session.

9. The method of claim 8, wherein a communication session is a discrete data transmission.

10. A computing device comprising at least one computer readable medium encoded with instructions for execution on a computer, wherein the instructions, when executed, cause the computer to perform a method for transmitting a signal comprising:
retrieving from storage a first list of previously-selected sub-channels and a second list of sub-channels previously determined to be unusable;
determining a set of usable sub-channels in a first plurality of sub-channels, wherein the determining comprises examining sub-channels to determine whether sub-channels are usable, wherein the examining comprises first examining the previously-selected sub-channels in the first list to determine whether the previously-selected sub-channels in the first list are usable, then examining sub-channels not in the first list or the second list to determine whether sub-channels not in the first list or the second list are usable, then examining sub-channels in the second list to determine whether sub-channels in the second list are usable;
selecting a second plurality of selected sub-channels, the selected sub-channels being selected from the set of usable sub-channels; and
communicating the signal over the second plurality of selected sub-channels.

11. The computing device of claim 10, wherein the computer-readable medium is further encoded with computer-executable instructions that, when executed, cause the computer to perform a method of operation in a low power mode, the method comprising:
determining a second set of usable sub-channels in a third plurality of sub-channels, the third plurality of sub-channels being a subset of the first plurality of sub-channels; and
selecting a fourth plurality of sub-channels from the second set of usable sub-channels, the fourth plurality being less than the third plurality.

12. A method of communicating between a first computing device and a second computing device, the method comprising:
operating at least one programmed processor to carry out a series of acts, the series of acts being identified with instructions with which the at least one programmed processor is programmed, the series of acts comprising:
retrieving from storage a listing of sub-channels previously selected;
with the first computing device, selecting a plurality of selected sub-channels to carry a signal having a first bandwidth, the selected sub-channels being selected from a plurality of sub-channels, the plurality of sub-channels collectively having a second bandwidth, the second bandwidth greater than the first bandwidth, wherein selecting the plurality of selected sub-channels comprises preferentially selecting a sub-channel when the listing indicates that the sub-channel was previously selected by the first computing device for carrying a previous signal transmitted by the first computing device prior to the selecting selection of the plurality of selected sub-channels; and
transmitting at least one message over the plurality of selected sub-channels.

13. The method of claim 12, wherein transmitting at least one message over the plurality of selected sub-channels comprises transmitting a message from the second computing device to the first computing device.

14. The method of claim 12, wherein the series of acts further comprises an act of transmitting from the first computing device to the second computing device an identification of the selected sub-channels prior to the act of transmitting the at least one message.

15. The method of claim 12, wherein the series of acts further comprises an act of analyzing by the second computing device signals received by the second computing device to determine the sub-channels selected by the first computing device.

16. The method of claim 15, wherein the act of analyzing further comprises examining a store of sub-channels previously used for communication between the first computing device and the second computing device, and analyzing signals received on those sub-channels prior to examining signals received on other sub-channels.

17. The method of claim 1, wherein the listing of sub-channels previously selected is a listing of sub-channels selected during one or more prior performances of acts of retrieving, selecting, and communicating.

18. The computing device of claim 10, wherein the first list of previously-selected sub-channels previously selected is a list of sub-channels selected during one or more prior performances of acts of retrieving, selecting, and communicating.

19. The computing device of claim 10, further comprising:
determining a desired number of sub-channels to be selected based on a desired data rate,
wherein determining the set of usable sub-channels comprises examining sub-channels to determine whether sub-channels are usable until the desired number of sub-channels is determined to be usable.

20. The computing device of claim 10, wherein retrieving from the storage the first list of previously-selected sub-channels comprises retrieving from the data store a list of sub-channels previously selected by the computer apparatus for carrying a previous signal, the previous signal having been transmitted by the computer apparatus prior to the retrieving.