JULY 2003 NP-2003-07-008JSC 

Astronaut Fact Book

“Once you get to Earth orbit, you're halfway to 

anywhere in the solar system." 

National Aeronautics and 

Space Administration 

Information Summaries 
-- Robert Heinlein 
3

JULY 2003 

 PREFACE

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) selected the first group of 

astronauts in 1959. From 500 candidates having the required jet aircraft flight experience and 

engineering training as well as height below 5 feet 11 inches, 7 military men became the Nation's 

first astronauts. The second and third groups chosen included civilians who had extensive flying 

experience. By 1964, requirements had changed, and emphasis was placed on academic 

qualifications; in 1965, 6 scientist astronauts were selected from a group of 400 applicants who 

had a Doctorate or equivalent experience in the natural sciences, medicine, or engineering. The 

group named in 1978 was the first of space shuttle flight crews and since then, 8 additional 

groups have been selected with a mix of pilots and mission specialists. 

There are currently 108 astronauts and 36 management astronauts in the program; 133 

astronauts have retired or resigned; and 35 are deceased. 

Though most of the information in this document pertains only to U.S. Astronauts, several 

sections are included to provide information about the international astronauts and Russian 

trained Cosmonauts who are currently partners with the U.S. Space Program participating in the 

International Space Station endeavor. The non-U.S. information presented here was gathered 

from the biographies provided by the various space agencies with which these individuals are 

affiliated. 

Payload specialists are career scientists or engineers selected by their employer or country for 

their expertise in conducting a specific experiment or commercial venture on a space shuttle 

mission. Information about them is not included in the Astronaut Fact Book. 

The space flights and statistics listed in this publication are those which resulted from the vertical 

takeoff of an American space vehicle. Astronauts listed (unless otherwise noted) are individuals 

who participated in the United States astronaut program including those who are in the training 

program. 

NASA accepts applications for the Astronaut Candidate Program on a continuing basis and 

selects candidates as needed. 
4

CONTENTS

List of U.S. Astronauts ................................................................................................. 4 

List of International Astronauts Currently in the U.S. Program .................................... 12 

List of Cosmonauts Currently in the U.S. Program ...................................................... 13 

Biographical Sketches ................................................................................................. 14 

 Current U.S. Astronauts ......................................................................................... 14 

 International Astronauts Currently in the U.S. Space Program............................... 32 

 Cosmonauts Currently in the U.S. Space Program ................................................ 35 

 U.S. Astronauts in Management Positions ............................................................. 38 

Former U.S. Astronauts.......................................................................................... 44 

 Deceased U.S. Astronauts ..................................................................................... 65 

U.S. Astronaut Selection by Groups ............................................................................ 71 

Congressional Space Medal of Honor ......................................................................... 73 

Educational Institutions From Which U.S. Astronauts Earned Degrees ...................... 74 

United States Service Academies From Which U.S. Astronauts Earned Degrees ...... 77 

U.S. Astronauts' Birthplaces by State .......................................................................... 78 

Astronauts Born in Other Countries ............................................................................. 79 

Astronauts Affiliations to States ................................................................................... 80 

Astronauts' Scouting Records...................................................................................... 87 

Current U.S. Astronauts in Active Military Service ....................................................... 88 

U.S. Space Program Human Space Flight Log............................................................ 89 

Cover Art 

STS113-E-05433 Back dropped by the blackness of space and Earth’s horizon, this full view of the 

International Space Station (ISS) was photographed by an STS-113 crewmember on board the Space 

Shuttle Endeavour following the undocking of the two spacecraft.
UNITED STATES ASTRONAUTS

Astronaut Selection Year Group # Flights Status 

5

Adamson, James C. 1984 10 2 Former 

Akers, Thomas D. 1987 12 4 Former 

Aldrin, Buzz 1963 3 2 Former 

Allen, Andrew M. 1987 12 3 Former 

Allen, Joseph P. 1967 6 2 Former 

Altman, Scott D. 1995 15 3 Current 

Anders, William A. 1963 3 1 Former 

Anderson, Clayton C. 1998 17 0 Current 

Anderson, Michael P. 1995 15 2 Deceased 

Antonelli, Dominic A. 2000 18 0 Current 

Apt, Jerome 1985 11 4 Former 

Archambault, Lee J. 1998 17 0 Current 

Armstrong, Neil A. 1962 2 2 Former 

Ashby, Jeffrey S. 1995 15 3 Current 

Bagian, James P. 1980 9 2 Former 

Baker, Ellen S. 1984 10 3 Management 

Baker, Michael A. 1985 11 4 Management 

Barratt, Michael R. 2000 18 0 Current 

Barry, Daniel T. 1992 14 3 Management

Bassett, Charles A., II 1963 3 0 Deceased

Bean, Alan L. 1963 3 2 Former 

Behnken, Robert L. 2000 18 0 Current 

Blaha, John E. 1980 9 5 Former 

Bloomfield, Michael J. 1995 15 3 Current 

Bluford, Guion S., Jr. 1978 8 4 Former 

Bobko, Karol J. 1969 7 3 Former 

Boe, Eric A. 2000 18 0 Current 

Bolden, Charles F., Jr. 1980 9 4 Former 

Borman, Frank 1962 2 2 Former 

Bowen, Stephen G. 2000 18 0 Current 

Bowersox, Kenneth D. 1987 12 5 Current 

Brady, Charles E., Jr. 1992 14 1 Former 

Brand, Vance D. 1966 5 4 Management 

Brandenstein, Daniel C. 1978 8 4 Former 

Bridges, Roy D., Jr. 1980 9 1 Management 

Brown, Curtis L., Jr. 1987 12 6 Former 

Brown, David M. 1996 16 1 Deceased 

Brown, Mark N. 1984 10 2 Former 

Buchli, James F. 1978 8 4 Former 

Bull, John S. 1966 5 0 Former 

Burbank, Daniel C. 1996 16 1 Current 

Bursch, Daniel W. 1990 13 4 Management 

Cabana, Robert D. 1985 11 4 Management 
UNITED STATES ASTRONAUTS

Astronaut Selection Year Group # Flights Status 

6

Cagle, Yvonne D. 1996 16 0 Current 

Caldeiro, Fernando (Frank) 1996 16 0 Current 

Caldwell, Tracy E. 1998 17 0 Current 

Camarda, Charles J. 1996 16 0 Current 

Cameron, Kenneth D. 1984 10 3 Former 

Carey, Duane G. 1996 16 1 Current 

Carpenter, M. Scott 1959 1 1 Former 

Carr, Gerald P. 1966 5 1 Former 

Carter, Manley Lanier, Jr. 1984 10 1 Deceased 

Casper, John H. 1984 10 4 Management 

Cernan, Eugene A. 1963 3 3 Former 

Chaffee, Roger B. 1963 3 0 Deceased 

Chamitoff, Gregory E. 1998 17 0 Current 

Chang-Diaz, Franklin R. 1980 9 7 Management 

Chapman, Philip K. 1967 6 0 Former 

Chawla, Kalpana 1995 15 2 Deceased 

Chiao, Leroy 1990 13 3 Current 

Chilton, Kevin P. 1987 12 3 Former 

Chretien, Jean-Loup J. M. 1995 15 3 Former 

Clark, Laurel B. 1996 16 1 Deceased 

Cleave, Mary L. 1980 9 2 Management 

Clifford, Michael R. 1990 13 3 Former 

Coats, Michael L. 1978 8 3 Former 

Cockrell, Kenneth D. 1990 13 5 Current 

Coleman, Catherine G. 1992 14 2 Current 

Collins, Eileen M. 1990 13 3 Current 

Collins, Michael 1963 3 2 Former 

Conrad, Charles, Jr. 1962 2 4 Deceased 

Cooper, L. Gordon, Jr. 1959 1 2 Former 

Covey, Richard O. 1978 8 4 Former 

Creamer, Timothy J. 1998 17 0 Current 

Creighton, John O. 1978 8 3 Former 

Crippen, Robert L. 1969 7 4 Former 

Culbertson, Frank L., Jr. 1984 10 3 Former 

Cunningham, Walter 1963 3 1 Former 

Curbeam, Robert L., Jr. 1995 15 2 Current 

Currie, Nancy J. 1990 13 4 Management 

Davis, N. Jan 1987 12 3 Management 

Drew, Alvin B. 2000 18 0 Current 

Duffy, Brian 1985 11 4 Former 

Duke, Charles M., Jr. 1966 5 1 Former 

Dunbar, Bonnie J. 1980 9 5 Management 

Edwards, Joe F., Jr. 1995 15 1 Former 
UNITED STATES ASTRONAUTS

Astronaut Selection Year Group # Flights Status 

7

Eisele, Donn F. 1963 3 1 Deceased 

England, Anthony W. 1967 6 1 Former 

Engle, Joe H. 1966 5 2 Former 

Evans, Ronald E. 1966 5 1 Deceased 

Fabian, John M. 1978 8 2 Former 

Ferguson, Christopher J. 1998 17 0 Current 

Feustel, Andrew J. 2000 18 0 Current 

Fincke, E. Michael 1996 16 0 Current 

Fisher, Anna L. 1978 8 1 Current 

Fisher, William F. 1980 9 1 Former 

Foale, C. Michael 1987 12 5 Current 

Ford, Kevin A. 2000 18 0 Current 

Foreman, Michael J. 1998 17 0 Current 

Forrester, Patrick G. 1996 16 1 Current 

Fossum, Michael E. 1998 17 0 Current 

Freeman, Theodore C. 1963 3 0 Deceased

Frick, Stephen N. 1996 16 1 Current 

Fullerton, Charles G. 1969 7 2 Management 

Garan, Ronald J., Jr. 2000 18 0 Current 

Gardner, Dale A. 1978 8 2 Former 

Gardner, Guy S. 1980 9 2 Former 

Garriott, Owen K. 1965 4 2 Former 

Gemar, Charles D. 1985 11 3 Former 

Gernhardt, Michael L. 1992 14 4 Current 

Gibson, Edward G. 1965 4 1 Former 

Gibson, Robert L. 1978 8 5 Former 

Givens, Edward G., Jr. 1966 5 0 Deceased 

Glenn, John H., Jr. 1959 1 2 Former 

Godwin, Linda M. 1985 11 4 Management 

Good, Michael T. 2000 18 0 Current 

Gordon, Richard F., Jr. 1963 3 2 Former 

Gorie, Dominic L. 1995 15 3 Current 

Grabe, Ronald J. 1980 9 4 Former 

Graveline, Duane E. 1965 4 0 Former 

Gregory, Frederick D. 1978 8 3 Management 

Gregory, William G. 1990 13 1 Former 

Griggs, S. David 1978 8 1 Deceased 

Grissom, Virgil I. 1959 1 2 Deceased 

Grunsfeld, John M. 1992 14 4 Current 

Gutierrez, Sidney M. 1984 10 2 Former 

Haise, Fred W., Jr. 1966 5 1 Former 

Halsell, James D., Jr. 1990 13 5 Current 
UNITED STATES ASTRONAUTS

Astronaut Selection Year Group # Flights Status 

8

Ham, Kenneth T. 1998 17 0 Current 

Hammond, L. Blaine, Jr. 1984 10 2 Former 

Harbaugh, Gregory J. 1987 12 4 Former 

Harris, Bernard A., Jr. 1990 13 2 Former 

Hart, Terry J. 1978 8 1 Former 

Hartsfield, Henry W., Jr. 1969 7 3 Former 

Hauck, Frederick H. 1978 8 3 Former 

Hawley, Steven A. 1978 8 5 Management 

Helms, Susan J. 1990 13 5 Former 

Henize, Karl G. 1967 6 1 Deceased 

Henricks, Terence T. 1985 11 4 Former 

Herrington, John B. 1996 16 1 Current 

Hieb, Richard J. 1985 11 3 Former 

Higginbotham, Joan E. 1996 16 0 Current 

Hilmers, David C. 1980 9 4 Former 

Hire, Kathryn P. 1995 15 1 Management 

Hobaugh, Charles O. 1996 16 1 Current 

Hoffman, Jeffrey A. 1978 8 5 Former 

Holmquest, Donald L. 1967 6 0 Former 

Horowitz, Scott J. 1992 14 4 Current 

Hurley, Douglas G. 2000 18 0 Current 

Husband, Rick D. 1995 15 2 Deceased 

Irwin, James B. 1966 5 1 Deceased 

Ivins, Marsha S. 1984 10 5 Management 

Jemison, Mae C. 1987 12 1 Former 

Jernigan, Tamara E. 1985 11 5 Former 

Jett, Brent W. 1992 14 3 Current 

Johnson, Gregory C. 1998 17 0 Current 

Johnson, Gregory H. 1998 17 0 Current 

Jones, Thomas D. 1990 13 4 Former 

Kavandi, Janet L. 1995 15 3 Current 

Kelly, James M. 1996 16 1 Current 

Kelly, Mark E. 1996 16 1 Current 

Kelly, Scott J. 1996 16 1 Current 

Kerwin, Joseph P. 1965 4 1 Former 

Kilrain, Susan L. 1995 15 2 Former 

Kopra, Timothy L. 2000 18 0 Current 

Kregel Kevin R. 1992 14 4 Management 

Lawrence, Wendy B. 1992 14 3 Current 

Lee, Mark C. 1984 10 4 Former 

Leestma, David C. 1980 9 3 Management 
UNITED STATES ASTRONAUTS

Astronaut Selection Year Group # Flights Status 

9

Lenoir, William B. 1967 6 1 Former 

Lind, Don L. 1966 5 1 Former 

Lindsey, Steven W. 1995 15 3 Current 

Linenger, Jerry M. 1992 14 2 Former 

Linnehan, Richard M. 1992 14 3 Current 

Llewellyn, John A. 1967 6 0 Former 

Lockhart, Paul S. 1996 16 2 Current 

Lopez-Alegria, Michael E. 1992 14 3 Current 

Loria, Christopher J. 1996 16 0 Current 

Lounge, John M. 1980 9 3 Former 

Lousma, Jack R. 1966 5 2 Former 

Love, Stanley G. 1998 17 0 Current 

Lovell, James A., Jr. 1962 2 4 Former 

Low, G. David 1984 10 3 Former 

Lu, Edward T. 1995 15 2 Current 

Lucid, Shannon W. 1978 8 5 Management 

Magnus, Sandra H. 1996 16 1 Current 

Massimino, Michael J. 1996 16 1 Current 

Mastracchio, Richard A. 1996 16 1 Current 

Mattingly, Thomas K., II 1966 5 3 Former 

McArthur, K. Megan 2000 18 0 Current 

McArthur, William S., Jr. 1990 13 3 Current 

McBride, Jon A. 1978 8 1 Former 

McCandless, Bruce, II 1966 5 2 Former 

McCool, William C. 1996 16 1 Deceased 

McCulley, Michael J. 1984 10 1 Former 

McDivitt, James A. 1962 2 2 Former 

McMonagle, Donald R. 1987 12 3 Former 

McNair, Ronald E. 1978 8 1 Deceased 

Meade, Carl J. 1985 11 3 Former 

Melnick, Bruce E. 1987 12 2 Former 

Melroy, Pamela A. 1995 15 2 Current 

Melvin, Leland D. 1998 17 0 Current 

Michel, F. Curtis 1965 4 0 Former 

Mitchell, Edgar D. 1966 5 1 Former 

Morgan, Barbara R. 1998 17 0 Current 

Morin, Lee M. 1996 16 1 Current 

Mullane, Richard M. 1978 8 3 Former 

Musgrave, Story 1967 6 6 Former 

Nagel, Steven R. 1978 8 4 Management 

Nelson, George D. 1978 8 3 Former 

Newman, James H. 1990 13 4 Management 

Noriega, Carlos I. 1995 15 2 Current 
UNITED STATES ASTRONAUTS

Astronaut Selection Year Group # Flights Status 

10

Nowak, Lisa M. 1996 16 0 Current 

Nyberg, Karen L. 2000 18 0 Current 

Ochoa, Ellen 1990 13 4 Management 

O'Connor, Bryan D. 1980 9 2 Management 

O'Leary, Brian T. 1967 6 0 Former 

Oefelein, William A. 1998 17 0 Current 

Olivas, John D. 1998 17 0 Current 

Onizuka, Ellison S. 1978 8 1 Deceased 

Oswald, Stephen S. 1985 11 3 Former 

Overmyer, Robert F. 1969 7 2 Deceased 

Parazynski, Scott E. 1992 14 4 Current 

Parker, Robert A. R. 1967 6 2 Management 

Patrick, Nicholas J. M. 1998 17 0 Current 

Peterson, Donald H. 1969 7 1 Former 

Pettit, Donald R. 1996 16 1 Current 

Phillips, John L. 1996 16 1 Current 

Pogue, William R. 1966 5 1 Former 

Poindexter, Alan G. 1998 17 0 Current 

Polansky, Mark L. 1996 16 1 Current 

Precourt, Charles J., Jr. 1990 13 4 Management 

Readdy, William F. 1987 12 3 Management 

Reightler, Kenneth S., Jr. 1987 12 2 Former 

Reilly, James F. 1995 15 2 Current 

Reisman, Garrett E. 1998 17 0 Current 

Resnik, Judith A. 1978 8 1 Deceased 

Richards, Paul W. 1996 16 1 Former 

Richards, Richard N. 1980 9 4 Former 

Ride, Sally K. 1978 8 2 Former 

Robertson, Patricia Hilliard 1998 17 0 Deceased 

Robinson, Stephen K. 1995 15 2 Current 

Rominger, Kent V. 1992 14 5 Management 

Roosa, Stuart A. 1966 5 1 Deceased 

Ross, Jerry L. 1980 9 7 Management 

Runco, Mario, Jr. 1987 12 3 Management 

Schirra, Walter M., Jr. 1959 1 3 Former 

Schmitt, Harrison H. 1965 4 1 Former 

Schweickart, Russell L. 1963 3 1 Former 

Scobee, Francis R. 1978 8 1 Deceased 

Scott, David R. 1963 3 3 Former 

Scott, Winston E. 1992 14 2 Former 

Searfoss, Richard A. 1990 13 3 Former 
UNITED STATES ASTRONAUTS

Astronaut Selection Year Group # Flights Status 

11

Seddon, Margaret Rhea 1978 8 3 Former 

See, Elliot M., Jr. 1962 2 0 Deceased 

Sega, Ronald M. 1990 13 2 Former 

Sellers, Piers J. 1996 16 1 Current 

Shaw, Brewster H., Jr. 1978 8 3 Former 

Shepard, Alan B., Jr. 1959 1 2 Deceased 

Shepherd, William M. 1984 10 4 Former 

Shriver, Loren J. 1978 8 3 Former 

Slayton, Donald K. 1959 1 1 Deceased 

Smith, Michael J. 1980 9 0 Deceased 

Smith, Steven L. 1992 14 4 Management 

Spring, Sherwood C. 1980 9 1 Former 

Springer, Robert C. 1980 9 2 Former 

Stafford, Thomas P. 1962 2 4 Former 

Stefanyshyn-Piper, Heidemarie M. 1996 16 0 Current 

Stewart, Robert L. 1978 8 2 Former 

Stott, Nicole P. 2000 18 0 Current 

Sturckow, Frederick W. 1995 15 2 Current 

Sullivan, Kathryn D. 1978 8 3 Former 

Swanson, Steven R. 1998 17 0 Current 

Swigert, John L., Jr. 1966 5 1 Deceased 

Tani, Daniel M. 1996 16 1 Current 

Tanner, Joseph R. 1992 14 3 Current 

Thagard, Norman E. 1978 8 5 Former 

Thomas, Andrew S. W. 1992 14 3 Management 

Thomas, Donald A. 1990 13 4 Current 

Thorne, Stephen D. 1985 11 0 Deceased 

Thornton, Kathryn C. 1984 10 4 Former 

Thornton, William E. 1967 6 2 Former 

Thuot, Pierre J. 1985 11 3 Former 

Truly, Richard H. 1969 7 2 Former 

van Hoften, James D. A. 1978 8 2 Former 

Veach, Charles Lacy 1984 10 2 Deceased 

Virts, Terry W., Jr. 2000 18 0 Current 

Voss, James S. 1987 12 5 Former 

Voss, Janice E. 1990 13 5 Current 

Walheim, Rex J. 1996 16 1 Current 

Walker, David M. 1978 8 4 Deceased 

Walz, Carl E. 1990 13 4 Management 

Weber, Mary E. 1992 14 2 Former 

Weitz, Paul J. 1966 5 2 Former 

Wetherbee, James D. 1984 10 6 Current 
UNITED STATES ASTRONAUTS

Astronaut Selection Year Group # Flights Status 

12

Wheelock, Douglas H. 1998 17 0 Current 

White, Edward H., II 1962 2 1 Deceased 

Whitson, Peggy A. 1996 16 1 Current 

Wilcutt, Terrence W. 1990 13 4 Current 

Williams, Clifton C., Jr. 1963 3 0 Deceased 

Williams, Donald E. 1978 8 2 Former 

Williams, Jeffrey N. 1996 16 1 Current 

Williams, Sunita L. 1998 17 0 Current 

Wilmore, Barry E. 2000 18 0 Current 

Wilson, Stephanie D. 1996 16 0 Current 

Wisoff, Peter J. K. 1990 13 4 Former 

Wolf, David A. 1990 13 3 Current 

Woodward, Neil W., III 1998 17 0 Current 

Worden, Alfred M. 1966 5 1 Former 

Young, John W. 1962 2 6 Management 

Zamka, George D. 1998 17 0 Current 
INTERNATIONAL ASTRONAUTS CURRENTLY IN THE U.S. PROGRAM 

Astronaut Selection Agency Country # US Flights Status 

 Year 

13

Doi, Takao 1995 NASDA Japan 1 Current 

Eyharts, Leopold 1998 ESA France 0 Current 

Fuglesang, Christer 1996 ESA Sweden 0 Current 

Hadfield, Chris A. 1992 CSA Canada 2 Current 

MacLean, Steve 1996 CSA Canada 1 Current 

Nespoli, Paolo 1998 ESA Italy 0 Current 

Nicollier, Claude 1980 ESA Switzerland 4 Current 

Noguchi, Soichi 1996 NASDA Japan 0 Current 

Payette, Julie 1996 CSA Canada 1 Current 

Pontes, Marcos 1998 BSA Brazil 0 Current 

Schlegel, Hans 1998 ESA Germany 0 Current 

Thirsk, Robert B. 1998 CSA Canada 1 Current 

Tognini, Michel 1995 ESA France 2 Current 

Vittori, Roberto 1998 ESA Italy 0 Current 

Wakata, Koichi 1992 NASDA Japan 2 Current 

Williams, Dafydd Rhys 1995 CSA Canada 1 Current 
RUSSIAN COSMONAUTS CURRENTLY IN THE U.S. PROGRAM 

Cosmonaut # U.S. Flights Status 

14 

Budarin, Nikolai 3 Current 

Dezhurov, Vladimir 3 Current 

Gidzenko, Yuri 2 Current 

Korzun, Valery 1 Current 

Krikalev, Sergei 5 Current 

Lonchakov, Yuri 1 Current 

Malenchenko, Yuri 2 Current 

Morukov, Boris 1 Current 

Onufrienko, Yuri 3 Current 

Poleshchuk, Alexander 1 Current 

Ryumin, Valery 4 Current 

Sharipov, Salizhan 1 Current 

Solovyev, Anatoly 4 Current 

Strekalov, Gennady 4 Current 

Titov, Vladimir 5 Current 

Tokarev, Valery 1 Current 

Treschev, Sergei 1 Current 

Turin, Mikhail 2 Current 

Usachev, Yuriy 5 Current 

Yurchikhin, Fyodor 1 Current 
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS 

15

ALTMAN, Scott D., Commander, U.S. Navy 

Pilot. 

Born August 15, 1959, in Lincoln, Illinois. Hometown, Pekin, Illinois. 

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical/astronautical engineering from University of Illinois; 

Master of Science in aeronautical engineering, Naval Postgraduate School. 

Flew on STS-90, STS-106 and STS-109. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 926. 

ANDERSON, Clayton C., Civilian 

Mission Specialist. 

Born February 23, 1959, in Omaha, Nebraska. Hometown, Ashland, Nebraska. 

Bachelor of Science in physics from Hastings College, Nebraska; Master of Science in 

aerospace engineering from Iowa State University. 

ANTONELLI, Dominic A., Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Navy 

Pilot. 

Born in Detroit, Michigan. 

Bachelor of Science in aeronautics & astronautics from the Massachusetts Institute of 

Technology; Masters of Science in aeronautics & astronautics from the University of 

Washington. 

ARCHAMBAULT, Lee J., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force 

Pilot. 

Born August 25, 1960, in Oak Park, Illinois. Hometown, Bellwood, Illinois. 

Bachelor and Master of Science in aerospace/aeronautical engineering from University 

of Illinois-Urbana. 

ASHBY, Jeffrey S., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired) 

Pilot. 

Born June 16, 1954, in Dallas, Texas. Hometown, Evergreen, Colorado. 

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from University of Idaho; Master of 

Science in aviation systems from University of Tennessee, Knoxville. 

Flew on STS-93, STS-100 and STS-112. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 655. 

BARRATT, Michael R., Civilian 

Mission Specialist. 

Born April 16, 1959, in Vancouver, Washington. 

Bachelor of Science in zoology from the University of Washington; Doctor of Medicine 

from Northwestern University; Masters of Science in aerospace medicine from 

Wright State University. 

BEHNKEN, Robert L., Captain, U.S. Air Force 

Mission Specialist. 

Born July 28, 1970, in Creve Coeur, Missouri. 

Bachelors of Science in physics & mechanical engineering from Washington University; 

Masters of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in mechanical engineering from the 

California Institute of Technology. 
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS 

16

BLOOMFIELD, Michael J., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force 

Pilot. 

Born March 16, 1959, in Flint, Michigan. Hometown, Lake Fenton, Michigan. 

Bachelor of Science in engineering mechanics from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master 

of Science in engineering management from Old Dominion University. 

Flew on STS-86, STS-97 and STS110. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 777. 

BOE, Eric A., Major, U.S. Air Force 

Pilot. 

Born October 1, 1964, in Miami, Florida. 

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S Air Force Academy; 

Master of Science in electrical engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology. 

BOWEN, Stephen G., Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Navy 

Mission Specialist. 

Born February 13, 1964, in Cohasset, Massachusetts 

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy; degree of 

Ocean Engineer from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 

BOWERSOX, Kenneth D., Captain, U.S. Navy 

Pilot. 

Born November 14, 1956, in Portsmouth, Virginia. Hometown, Bedford, Indiana. 

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of 

Science in mechanical engineering from Columbia University. 

Flew on STS-50, STS-61, STS-73, STS-82 and STS 113/Exp 6. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 5,408. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 13 hours 

BURBANK, Daniel C., Commander, U.S. Coast Guard 

Mission Specialist. 

Born July 27, 1961, in Manchester, Connecticut. Hometown, Tolland, Connecticut. 

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from the U.S. Coast Guard Academy and a 

Master of Science in aeronautical science from Embry-Riddle Aeronautical 

University. 

Flew on STS-106. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 283. 

CAGLE, Yvonne D., Colonel, U.S. Air Force 

Mission Specialist. 

Born in West Point, New York. Hometown, Novato, California. 

Bachelor of Science in biochemistry from San Francisco State University and a Doctor 

of Medicine from the University of Washington. 
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS 

17

CALDEIRO, Fernando (Frank), Civilian 

Mission Specialist. 

Born June 12, 1958, in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Hometowns, New York City, NY and 

Merritt Island, Florida. 

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from the University of Arizona, an A.A.S. 

in aerospace technology from the State University of New York at Farmingdale and 

a Master of Science in engineering management from the University of Central 

Florida. 

CALDWELL, Tracy E., Civilian 

Mission Specialist. 

Born August 14, 1969, in Arcadia, California. 

Bachelor of Science in chemistry from California State University-Fullerton; Doctor of 

Philosophy in physical chemistry from the University of California-Davis. 

CAMARDA, Charles J., Civilian 

Mission Specialist. 

Born May 8, 1952, in New York, New York. 

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the Polytechnic Institute of New 

York, a Master of Science in engineering science from George Washington 

University and a Doctor of aerospace engineering from Virginia Polytechnic Institute 

and State University. 

CAREY, Duane G., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force 

Pilot. 

Born April 30, 1957, in St. Paul, Minnesota. 

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering and mechanics and a Master of Science 

in aerospace engineering from the University of Minnesota-Minneapolis. 

Flew on STS 109. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 262. 

CHAMITOFF, Gregory E., Civilian 

Mission Specialist. 

Born August 6, 1962, in Montreal, Canada. Hometown, San Jose, California. 

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from California Polytechnic State 

University; Master of Science in aeronautical engineering from California Institute of 

Technology; Master of Science in Space Science from the University of Houston, 

Clear Lake; Doctor of Philosophy in aeronautics/astronautics from the 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 

CHIAO, Leroy, Civilian 

Mission Specialist. 

Born August 28, 1960, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Hometown, Danville, California. 

Bachelor of Science in chemical engineering from University of California, Berkeley; 

Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in chemical engineering from the 

University of California, Santa Barbara. 

Flew on STS-65, STS-72 and STS-92. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 876. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 26 hours. 
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS 

18

COCKRELL, Kenneth D., Civilian (U.S. Naval Reserve, Retired) 

Pilot. 

Born April 9, 1950, in Austin, Texas. Hometown, Rockdale, Texas. 

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from the University of Texas; Master of 

Science in aeronautical systems from the University of West Florida. 

Flew on STS-56, STS-69, STS-80, STS-98 and STS-111. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,547. 

COLEMAN, Catherine G., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force 

Mission Specialist. 

Born December 14, 1960, in Charleston, South Carolina. 

Bachelor of Science in chemistry from Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Doctor of 

Philosophy in polymer science & engineering from University of Massachusetts. 

Flew on STS-73 and STS-93. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 500. 

COLLINS, Eileen M., Colonel, U.S. Air Force 

Pilot. 

Born November 19, 1956, in Elmira, New York. 

Bachelor of Arts in math and economics from Syracuse University; Master of Science in 

operations research from Stanford University; Master of Arts in space systems 

management from Webster University. 

Flew on STS-63, STS-84 and STS-93. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 538. 

CREAMER, Timothy J., Lieutenant Colonel, U. S. Army 

Mission Specialist. 

Born November 15, 1959, in Ft. Huachuca, Arizona. Hometown, Upper Marlboro, 

Maryland. 

Bachelor of Science in chemistry from Loyola College in Baltimore, Maryland; Master of 

Science in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 

CURBEAM, Robert L., Jr., Commander, U.S. Navy 

Mission Specialist. 

Born March 5, 1962, in Baltimore, Maryland. 

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the United States Naval Academy; 

Master of Science in aeronautical engineering from the Naval Postgraduate School; 

Degree of aeronautical and astronautical engineering from the Naval Postgraduate 

School. 

Flew on STS-85 and STS-98. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 593. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 19 hours. 

DREW, B. Alvin, Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force 

Mission Specialist. 

Born November 5, 1962, in Washington, D.C. 

Bachelor of Science in physics & astronautical engineering from the U.S. Air Force 

Academy; Master of Science in aeronautical science from Embry-Riddle 

Aeronautical University. 
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS 

19

FERGUSON, Christopher J., Commander, U.S. Navy 

Pilot. 

Born September 1, 1961, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from Drexel University; Master of 

Science in aeronautical engineering from the Naval Postgraduate School. 

FEUSTEL, Andrew J., Civilian 

Mission Specialist. 

Born August 25, 1965, in Lancaster, Pennsylvania. 

Bachelor of Science in solid earth sciences and Master of Science in geophysics from 

Purdue University; Doctor of Philosophy in seismology from Queen’s UniversityCanada. 

FINCKE, Edward Michael “Mike”, Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force 

Mission Specialist. 

Born March 14, 1967, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Hometown, Emsworth, 

Pennsylvania. 

Bachelor of Science in aeronautics and astronautics as well as earth, atmospheric and 

planetary sciences from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a Master of 

Science in aeronautics and astronautics from Stanford University. 

FISHER, Anna L., Civilian 

Mission Specialist. 

Born August 24, 1949, in St. Albans, New York. Hometown, San Pedro, California. 

Bachelor, Master of Science in chemistry and Doctor of Medicine from the University of 

California at Los Angeles. 

Flew on STS 51-A. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 191. 

FOALE, C. Michael, Civilian 

Mission Specialist. 

Born January 6, 1957, in Louth, England. Hometown, Cambridge, England. 

Bachelor of Arts in physics and Doctor of Philosophy in laboratory astrophysics from 

Cambridge University. 

Flew on STS-45, STS-56, STS-63, STS-84/Mir, Mir/STS-86 and STS-103. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 4,104. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 19 hours. 

FORD, Kevin A., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force 

Pilot. 

Born July 7, 1960, in Portland, Indiana. 

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Notre Dame; 

Master of Science in international relations from Troy State University; Master of 

Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Florida; Doctor of 

Philosophy in astronautical engineering from the Air Force Institute of Technology.

FOREMAN, Michael J., Captain, U.S. Navy 

Mission Specialist. 

Born March 29, 1957, in Columbus, Ohio. Hometown, Wadsworth, Ohio. 
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS 

20

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of 

Science in aeronautical engineering from the Naval Postgraduate School. 
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS 

21

FORRESTER, Patrick G., Colonel, U.S. Army 

Mission Specialist. 

Born March 31, 1957, in El Paso, Texas. 

Bachelor of Science in applied sciences and engineering from the U.S. Military Academy 

and a Master of Science in mechanical and aerospace engineering from the 

University of Virginia. 

Flew on STS-105. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 285. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 11 hours. 

FOSSUM, Michael E., Civilian, U.S. Navy Reserve 

Mission Specialist. 

Born December 19, 1957, in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Hometown, McAllen, Texas. 

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from Texas A&M University; Master of 

Science in systems engineering from the Air Force Institute of Technology; Master of 

Science in physical science (space science) from the University of Houston-Clear 

Lake. 

FRICK, Stephen N., Commander, U.S. Navy 

Pilot. 

Born September 30, 1964, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy and a 

Master of Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate 

School. 

Flew on STS-110. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 259. 

GARAN, Ronald J., Jr., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force 

Pilot. 

Born October 30, 1961, in Yonkers, New York. 

Bachelor of Science in economics from the State University of New York; Master of 

Aeronautical Science in aeronautics from Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University; 

Master of Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Florida. 

GERNHARDT, Michael L., Civilian 

Mission Specialist. 

Born May 4, 1956, in Mansfield, Ohio. 

Bachelor of Science in physics from Vanderbilt University; Master of Science and Doctor 

of Philosophy in bioengineering from the University of Pennsylvania. 

Flew on STS-69, STS-83, STS-94 and STS-104. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,037. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 22 hours. 

GOOD, Michael T., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force 

Mission Specialist. 

Born October 13, 1962, in Parma, Ohio. 

Bachelor and Master of Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Notre 

Dame. 
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS 

22

GORIE, Dominic L., Captain, U.S. Navy 

Pilot. 

Born May 2, 1957, in Lake Charles, Louisiana. 

Bachelor of Science in ocean engineering from the United States Naval Academy; 

Master of Science in aviation systems from the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. 

Flew on STS-91, STS-99 and STS-108. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 789. 

GRUNSFELD, John M., Civilian 

Mission Specialist. 

Born October 10, 1958, in Chicago, Illinois. 

Bachelor of Science in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Master 

of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in physics from the University of Chicago. 

Flew on STS-67, STS-81, STS-103 and STS-109. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,097. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 37 hours. 

HALSELL, James D., Jr., Colonel, U.S. Air Force 

Pilot. 

Born September 29, 1956, in Monroe, Louisiana. 

Bachelor of Science in engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master of Science 

in management from Troy State University; Master of Science in space operations 

from the Air Force Institute of Technology. 

Flew on STS-65, STS-74, STS-83, STS-94 and STS-101. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,257. 

HAM, Kenneth T., Lt. Commander, U.S. Navy 

Pilot. 

Born December 12, 1964, in Plainfield, New Jersey. 

Bachelor of Science aerospace engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of 

Science in aeronautical engineering from the Naval Postgraduate School. 

HERRINGTON, John B., Commander, U.S. Navy 

Mission Specialist. 

Born September 14, 1958, in Wetumka, Oklahoma. 

Bachelor of Science in applied mathematics from the University of Colorado at Colorado 

Springs and a Master of Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval 

Postgraduate School. 

Flew on STS-113. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 330. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 19 hours. 

HIGGINBOTHAM, Joan E., Civilian 

Mission Specialist. 

Born August 3, 1964, in Chicago, Illinois. 

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from Southern Illinois University at 

Carbondale; Masters of Science in management and in space systems from the 

Florida Institute of Technology. 
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS 

23

HOBAUGH, Charles O., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps 

Pilot. 

Born November 5, 1961, in Bar Harbor, Maine. 

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy. 

Flew on STS-114. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 306. 

HOROWITZ, Scott J., Colonel, U.S. Air Force 

Pilot. 

Born March 24, 1957, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Hometown, Thousand Oaks, 

California. 

Bachelor of Science in engineering from California State University at Northridge; Master 

of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in aerospace engineering from the Georgia 

Institute of Technology. 

Flew on STS-75, STS-82, STS-101 and STS-105. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,138. 

HURLEY, Douglas G., Major, U.S. Marine Corps 

Pilot. 

Born October 21, 1966, in Endicott, New York. 

Bachelor of Science in civil engineering from Tulane University. 

JETT, Brent W., Captain, U.S. Navy 

Pilot. 

Born October 5, 1958, in Pontiac, Michigan. Hometown, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida. 

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of 

Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School. 

Flew on STS-72, STS-81 and STS-97. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 717. 

JOHNSON, Gregory C., Civilian (U.S. Naval Reserve) 

Pilot. 

Born July 30, 1954, in Seattle, Washington. 

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Washington. 

JOHNSON, Gregory H., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force 

Pilot. 

Born May 12, 1962, in Upper Ruislip, Middlesex, United Kingdom. 

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy; 

Master of Science in flight structures engineering from Columbia University. 

KAVANDI, Janet L., Civilian 

Mission Specialist. 

Born July 17, 1959, in Springfield, Missouri. 

Bachelor of Science in chemistry from Missouri Southern State College; Master of 

Science in chemistry from the University of Missouri; Doctor of Philosophy in 

analytical chemistry from the University of Washington. 

Flew on STS-91 and STS-99 and STS-104. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 810. 
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS 

24

KELLY, James M., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force 

Pilot. 

Born May 14, 1964, in Burlington, Iowa. 

Bachelor of Science in astronautical engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy; 

Master of Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Alabama. 

Flew on STS-102. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 307. 

KELLY, Mark E., Commander, U.S. Navy 

Pilot. 

Born February 21, 1964, in Orange, New Jersey. Hometown, West Orange, New 

Jersey. 

Bachelor of Science in marine engineering and nautical science from the U.S. Merchant 

Marine Academy and a Master of Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. 

Naval Postgraduate School. 

Flew on STS-108. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 283. 

KELLY, Scott J., Commander, U.S. Navy 

Pilot. 

Born February 21, 1964, in Orange, New Jersey. 

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from the State University of New York 

Maritime College and a Master of Science in aviation systems from the University of 

Tennessee, Knoxville. 

Flew on STS-103. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 191.

KOPRA, Timothy L., Major, U.S. Army 

Mission Specialist. 

Born April 9, 1963, in Austin, Texas. 

Bachelor of Science in computer science from the U.S. Military Academy; Master of 

Science in aerospace engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology.

LAWRENCE, Wendy B., Captain, U.S. Navy 

Mission Specialist. 

Born July 2, 1959, in Jacksonville, Florida. 

Bachelor of Science in ocean engineering from the U. S. Naval Academy; Master of 

Science in ocean engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 

Flew on STS-67, STS-86 and STS-91. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 894. 

LINDSEY, Steven W., Colonel, U.S. Air Force 

Pilot. 

Born August 24, 1960, in Arcadia, California. Hometown, Temple City, California. 

Bachelor of Science in engineering sciences from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master 

of Science in aeronautical engineering from the Air Force Institute of Technology. 

Flew on STS-87, STS-95 and STS-104. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 895 
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS 

25

LINNEHAN, Richard M., Civilian 

Mission Specialist. 

Born in Lowell, Massachusetts. 

Bachelor of Science in animal sciences from the University of New Hampshire; Doctor of 

Veterinary Medicine from Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine. 

Flew on STS-78, STS-90 and STS-109. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,049. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 21 hours. 

LOCKHART, Paul S., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force 

Pilot. 

Born April 28, 1956, in Amarillo, Texas. 

Bachelor of Arts in mathematics from Texas Tech University and a Master of Science in 

aerospace engineering from the University of Texas. 

Flew on STS-111 and STS-113. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 663. 

LOPEZ-ALEGRIA, Michael E., Captain, U.S. Navy 

Mission Specialist. 

Born May 30, 1958, in Madrid, Spain. Hometowns, Madrid, Spain, and Mission Viejo, 

California. 

Bachelor of Science in systems engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of 

Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School. 

Flew on STS-73, STS-92 and STS-113. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,020. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 33 hours. 

LORIA, Christopher J., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps 

Pilot. 

Born July 9, 1960, in Newton, Massachusetts. Hometown, League City TX 

Bachelor of Science in general engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of 

Science in aeronautical engineering from Florida Institute of Technology; NASA 

Harvard Fellow. 

LOVE, Stanley G., Civilian 

Mission Specialist. 

Born June 8, 1965, in San Diego, California. Hometown, Eugene, Oregon. 

Bachelor of Science in physics from Harvey Mudd College; Master of Science and 

Doctor of Philosophy in astronomy from the University of Washington. 

LU, Edward T., Civilian 

Mission Specialist. 

Born July 1, 1963, Springfield, Massachusetts. Hometowns, Honolulu, Hawaii, and 

Webster, New York. 

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from Cornell University; Doctor of 

Philosophy in applied physics from Stanford University. 

Flew on STS-84 and STS-106. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 504. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 6 hours. 
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS 

26

MAGNUS, Sandra H., Civilian 

Mission Specialist. 

Born October 30, 1964, in Belleville, Illinois. 

Bachelor of Science in physics and Master of Science in electrical engineering from the 

University of Missouri-Rolla, and a Doctor of Philosophy in materials science and 

engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology. 

Flew on STS-112. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 252 

MASSIMINO, Michael J., Civilian 

Mission Specialist. 

Born August 19, 1962, in Oceanside, New York. Hometown, Franklin Square, New 

York. 

Bachelor of Science in industrial engineering from Columbia University; Master of 

Science in mechanical engineering, Master of Science in technology and policy, a 

degree of mechanical engineer and Doctor of Philosophy in mechanical engineering 

from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 

Flew on STS-109. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 262. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 14 hours. 

MASTRACCHIO, Richard A., Civilian 

Mission Specialist. 

Born February 11, 1960, in Waterbury, Connecticut. 

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering and computer science from the University 

of Connecticut, a Master of Science in electrical engineering from the Rensselaer 

Polytechnic Institute and a Master of Science in physical sciences from the 

University of Houston-Clear Lake. 

Flew on STS-106. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 283. 

McARTHUR, K. Megan, Civilian 

Mission Specialist. 

Born August 30, 1971, in Honolulu, Hawaii. 

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the University of California-Los 

Angeles; Doctor of Philosophy in oceanography from the University of California-San 

Diego. 

McARTHUR, William S., Jr., Colonel, U.S. Army (Retired) 

Mission Specialist. 

Born July 26, 1951, in Laurinburg, North Carolina. Hometown, Wakulla, North Carolina. 

Bachelor of Science in applied science and engineering from the U.S. Military Academy; 

Master of Science in aerospace engineering from the Georgia Institute of 

Technology. 

Flew on STS-58, STS-74 and STS-92. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 841. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 13 hours. 
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS 

27

MELROY, Pamela A., Colonel, U.S. Air Force 

Pilot. 

Born September 17, 1961, in Palo Alto, California. Hometown, Rochester, New York. 

Bachelor of Science in physics and astronomy from Wellesley College; Master of 

Science in earth and planetary sciences from the Massachusetts Institute of 

Technology. 

Flew on STS-92 and STS-112. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 562. 

MELVIN, Leland D., Civilian 

Mission Specialist. 

Born February 15, 1964, in Lynchburg, Virginia. 

Bachelor of Science in chemistry from the University of Richmond; Master of Science in 

materials science engineering from the University of Virginia. 

MORGAN, Barbara R., Civilian 

Mission Specialist. 

Born November 28, 1951, in McCall, Idaho. 

Bachelor of Arts in human biology from Stanford University; teaching credentials from 

the College of Notre Dame in Belmont, California. 

MORIN, Lee M., Captain, U.S. Navy 

Mission Specialist. 

Born September 9, 1952, in Manchester, New Hampshire. 

Bachelor of Science in mathematical/electrical science from the University of New 

Hampshire; Master of Science in biochemistry, Doctor of Medicine and microbiology 

degrees from New York University, and Master of public health from the University of 

Alabama at Birmingham. 

Flew on STS-110. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 259. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 14 hours. 

NORIEGA, Carlos I., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired) 

Mission Specialist. 

Born October 8, 1959, in Lima, Peru. Hometown, Santa Clara, California. 

Bachelor of Science in computer science from the University of Southern California; 

Master of Science in computer science from the Naval Postgraduate School; Master 

of Science in space systems operations from the Naval Postgraduate School. 

Flew on STS-84 and STS-97. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 480. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 19 hours. 

NOWAK, Lisa M., Commander, U.S. Navy 

Mission Specialist. 

Born May 10, 1963, in Washington, D. C. 

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy and a 

Master of Science in aeronautical engineering and a degree of aeronautical and 

astronautical engineer from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School. 
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS 

28

NYBERG, Karen L., Civilian 

Mission Specialist. 

Born October 7, 1969, in Parkers Prairie, Minnesota. 

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from the University of North Dakota; 

Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in mechanical engineering from the 

University of Texas. 

OEFELEIN, William A., Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Navy 

Pilot. 

Born March 29, 1965, in Ft. Belvoir, Virginia. Hometown, Anchorage, Alaska. 

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from Oregon State University; Master of 

Science in aviation systems from the University of Tennessee Space Institute.

OLIVAS, John D., Civilian 

Mission Specialist. 

Born May 25, 1966, in North Hollywood, California. Hometown, El Paso, Texas. 

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from the University of Texas-El Paso; 

Master of Science in mechanical engineering from the University of Houston; Doctor 

of Philosophy in mechanical engineering & materials science from Rice University. 

PARAZYNSKI, Scott E., Civilian 

Mission Specialist. 

Born July 28, 1961, in Little Rock, Arkansas. Hometowns, Palo Alto, California, and 

Evergreen, Colorado. 

Bachelor of Science in biology and Doctor of Medicine from Stanford University. 

Flew on STS-66, STS-86, STS-95 and STS-100. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,018. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 19 hours. 

PATRICK, Nicholas J.M., Civilian 

Mission Specialist. 

Born March 22, 1964, in Saltburn, North Yorkshire, United Kingdom. Hometowns, 

London, England and Rye, New York. 

Bachelor and Master of Arts in engineering from the University of Cambridge, England; 

Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in mechanical engineering from the 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 

PETTIT, Donald R., Civilian 

Mission Specialist. 

Born April 20, 1955, in Silverton, Oregon. 

Bachelor of Science in chemical engineering from Oregon State University and a Doctor 

in chemical engineering from the University of Arizona. 

Flew on STS-113(up)/Exp 6. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 3,865. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 13 hours. 
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS 

29

PHILLIPS, John L., Civilian, U.S. Naval Reserve 

Mission Specialist. 

Born April 15, 1951, in Fort Belvoir, Virginia. Hometown, Scottsdale, Arizona. 

Bachelor of Science in mathematics and Russian from the U.S. Naval Academy; a 

Master of Science in aeronautical systems from the University of West Florida; and a 

Master of Science in geophysics and space physics, and a Doctor in geophysics and 

space physics from the University of California-Los Angeles. 

Flew on STS-100. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 283. 

POINDEXTER, Alan G., Commander, U.S. Navy 

Pilot. 

Born November 5, 1961, in Pasadena, California. Hometown, Rockville, Maryland. 

Bachelor of aerospace engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology; Master of 

Science in aeronautical engineering from the Naval Postgraduate School. 

POLANSKY, Mark L., Civilian 

Pilot. 

Born June 2, 1956, in Paterson, New Jersey. Hometown, Edison, New Jersey. 

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical and astronautical engineering and a Master of 

Science in aeronautics and astronautics from Purdue University. 

Flew on STS-98. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 309. 

REILLY, James F., Civilian 

Mission Specialist. 

Born March 18, 1954, Mountain Home Air Force Base, Idaho. Hometown, Mesquite, 

Texas. 

Bachelor of Science, Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in geosciences from 

the University of Texas-Dallas 

Flew on STS-89 and STS-104. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 517. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 16 hours. 

REISMAN, Garrett E., Civilian 

Mission Specialist. 

Born February 10, 1968, in Morristown, New Jersey. Hometown, Parsippany, New 

Jersey. 

Bachelor of Science in economics and in mechanical engineering from the University of 

Pennsylvania; Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in mechanical 

engineering from the California Institute of Technology. 

ROBINSON, Stephen K., Civilian 

Mission Specialist. 

Born October 26, 1955, in Sacramento, California. 

Bachelor of Science in mechanical/aeronautical engineering from the University of 

California; Master of Science in mechanical engineering from Stanford University; 

Doctor of Philosophy in mechanical engineering from Stanford University. 

Flew on STS-85 and STS-95. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 497. 
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS 

30

SELLERS, Piers J., Civilian 

Mission Specialist. 

Born April 11, 1955, in Crowborough, Sussex, United Kingdom. 

Bachelor of Science in ecological science from the University of Edinburgh (Scotland), 

and Doctor of Philosophy in biometeorology from Leeds University (United 

Kingdom). 

Flew on STS-112. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 252. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 19 hours. 

STEFANYSHYN-PIPER, Heidemarie M., Commander, U.S. Navy 

Mission Specialist. 

Born February 7, 1963, in St. Paul, Minnesota. 

Bachelor and a Master of Science in mechanical engineering from the Massachusetts 

Institute of Technology. 

STOTT, Nicole P., Civilian

Mission Specialist. 

Born November 19, 1962, in Albany, New York. 

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from Emery Riddle Aeronautical 

University; Master of Aeronautical Science from the University of Central Florida. 

STURCKOW, Frederick W., Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Marine Corps 

Pilot. 

Born August 11, 1961, in La Mesa, California. Hometown, Lakeside, California. 

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from California Polytechnic State University. 

Flew on STS-88 and STS-105. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 568. 

SWANSON, Steven R., Civilian 

Mission Specialist. 

Born December 3, 1960, in Syracuse, New York. Hometown, Steamboat Springs, 

Colorado. 

Bachelor of Science in engineering physics from the University of Colorado-Boulder; 

Master of Applied Science in computer systems from Florida Atlantic University; 

Doctor of Philosophy in computer science from Texas A&M University. 

TANI, Daniel M., Civilian 

Mission Specialist. 

Born February 1, 1961, in Ridley Park, Pennsylvania. Hometown, Lombard, Illinois. 

Bachelor and Master of Science in mechanical engineering from the Massachusetts 

Institute of Technology. 

Flew on STS-108. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 283. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 4 hours.
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS 

31

TANNER, Joseph R., Civilian 

Mission Specialist. 

Born January 21, 1950, in Danville, Illinois. 

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from the University of Illinois. 

Flew on STS-66, STS-82 and STS-97. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 761. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 33 hours. 

THOMAS, Donald A., Civilian 

Mission Specialist. 

Born May 6, 1955, in Cleveland, Ohio. 

Bachelor of Science in physics from Case Western Reserve University; Master of 

Science and Doctor of Philosophy in materials science from Cornell University. 

Flew on STS-65, STS-70, STS-83 and STS-94. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,040. 

VIRTS, Terry W., Jr., Major, U.S. Air Force 

Pilot. 

Born December 1967, in Baltimore, Maryland. 

Bachelor of Science in mathematics from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master of 

Aeronautical Science in aeronautics from Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University. 

VOSS, Janice E., Civilian 

Mission Specialist. 

Born October 8, 1956, in South Bend, Indiana. Hometown, Rockford, Illinois. 

Bachelor of Science in engineering science from Purdue University; Master of Science in 

electrical engineering and Doctor of Philosophy in aeronautics and astronautics from 

the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 

Flew on STS-57, STS-63, STS-83, STS-94 and STS-99. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,178. 

WALHEIM, Rex J., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force 

Mission Specialist. 

Born October 10, 1962, in Redwood City, California. Hometown, San Carlos, California. 

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from the University of CaliforniaBerkeley and Master of Science in industrial engineering from the University of 

Houston. 

Flew on STS-110. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 259. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 14 hours. 

WETHERBEE, James D., Captain, U.S. Navy 

Pilot. 

Born November 27, 1952, in Flushing, New York. Hometown, Huntington Station, New 

York. 

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Notre Dame. 

Flew on STS-32, STS-52, STS-63, STS-86, STS-102 and STS-113. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,592. 
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS 

32

WHEELOCK, Douglas H., Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Army 

Mission Specialist. 

Born May 5, 1960, in Binghamton, New York. Hometown, Windsor, New York. 

Bachelor of Science in applied science from the U.S. Military Academy; Master of 

Science in aerospace engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology. 

WHITSON, Peggy A., Civilian 

Mission Specialist. 

Born February 9, 1960, in Mt. Ayr, Iowa. 

Bachelor of Science in biology/chemistry from Iowa Wesleyan College and Doctor of 

Biochemistry from Rice University. 

Flew on STS-111(up)/Exp 5/STS-113(down). 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 3,701. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 4 hours. 

WILCUTT, Terrence W., Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps 

Pilot. 

Born October 31, 1949, in Russellville, Kentucky. Hometown, Louisville, Kentucky. 

Bachelor of Arts in math from Western Kentucky University. 

Flew on STS-68, STS-79, STS-89, and STS-106. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,007. 

WILLIAMS, Jeffrey N., Colonel, U.S. Army 

Mission Specialist. 

Born January 18, 1958, in Superior, Wisconsin. Hometown, Winter, Wisconsin 

Bachelor of Science in applied sciences/engineering from the U.S. Military Academy; 

Master of Science in aeronautical engineering and degree of aeronautical engineer 

from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School; Master of Arts degree in National security 

and strategic studies from the U.S. Naval War College. 

Flew on STS-101. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 236. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 6 hours. 

WILLIAMS, Sunita L., Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Navy 

Mission Specialist. 

Born September 19, 1965, in Euclid, Ohio. Hometown, Needham, Massachusetts. 

Bachelor of Science in physical science from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of 

Science in engineering management from the Florida institute of Technology. 

WILMORE, Barry E., Commander, U.S. Navy 

Pilot. 

Born December 29, 1962, in Murfreesboro, Tennessee. 

Bachelor and Master of Science in electrical engineering from Tennessee Technical 

University; Master of Science from the University of Tennessee-Knoxville. 

WILSON, Stephanie D., Civilian 

Mission Specialist. 

Born September 27, 1966, in Boston, Massachusetts. 

Bachelor of Science in engineering science from Harvard University and a Master of 

Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Texas. 
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS 

33

WOLF, David A., Civilian 

Mission Specialist. 

Born August 23, 1956, in Indianapolis, Indiana. 

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from Purdue University; Doctor of Medicine 

from Indiana University. 

Flew on STS-58, STS-86/Mir, Mir/STS-89 and STS-112. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 3,660. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 23 hours. 

WOODWARD, Neil W., III, Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Navy 

Mission Specialist. 

Born July 26, 1962, in Chicago, Illinois. 

Bachelor of Science in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Master 

of Arts in physics from the University of Texas-Austin. 

ZAMKA, George D., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps 

Pilot. 

Born June 29, 1962, in Jersey City, New Jersey. Hometown, Rochester, Michigan. 

Bachelor of Science in mathematics from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of Science in 

engineering management from the Florida Institute of Technology. 
INTERNATIONAL ASTRONAUTS CURRENTLY IN THE U.S. SPACE PROGRAM

34

DOI, Takao, Japanese Space Agency 

Mission Specialist. 

Born September 18, 1954 in Tokyo, Japan. 

Bachelor and Master of Engineering from the University of Tokyo; Doctor of Philosophy 

in aerospace engineering from the University of Tokyo. 

Flew on STS-87. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 376. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 12 hours. 

EYHARTS, Léopold, European Space Agency 

Mission Specialist. 

Born April 28, 1957, in Biarritz, France. 

Graduated as engineer from the Salon de Provence Air Force Academy. 

FUGLESANG, Christer, European Space Agency 

Mission Specialist. 

Born March 18, 1957, in Stockholm, Sweden. 

Master of Science in engineering physics from the Royal Institute of Technology (KTH), 

Stockholm, Sweden; Doctor of Philosophy in experimental particle physics from the 

University of Stockholm. 

HADFIELD, Chris A., Canadian Space Agency, Colonel, Canadian Air Force 

Mission Specialist. 

Born August 29, 1959, in Sarnia, Ontario, Canada. 

Bachelor degree in mechanical engineering, Royal Military College, Kingston, Ontario, 

Canada; post-graduate research at University of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada; Master 

of Science in aviation systems, University of Tennessee. 

Flew on STS-74 and STS-100. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 479. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 14 hours. 

MACLEAN, Steve, Canadian Space Agency 

Mission Specialist. 

Born December 14, 1954, in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada. 

Bachelor of Science in honors physics, and Doctor of Philosophy in physics from York 

University, Toronto, Canada. 

Flew as a payload specialist on STS-52. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 236. 

NESPOLI, Paolo, European Space Agency 

Mission Specialist. 

Born April 6, 1957, in Milan, Italy. Hometown, Verano Brianza, Milan, Italy. 

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering and Master of Science in aeronautics and 

astronautics from the Polytechnic University of New York. Laurea in Ingegneria 

Meccanica, Universita degli Studi di Firenze. 
INTERNATIONAL ASTRONAUTS CURRENTLY IN THE U.S. SPACE PROGRAM 

35

NICOLLIER, Claude, European Space Agency 

Mission Specialist. 

Born September 2, 1944, in Vevey, Switzerland. 

Bachelor of Science in physics from the University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Master of 

Science in astrophysics from University of Geneva. 

Flew on STS-46, STS-61, STS-75 and STS-103. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,000. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 8 hours. 

NOGUCHI, Soichi, Japanese Space Agency 

Mission Specialist. 

Born April 15, 1965, in Yokohama, Japan. Hometown, Chigasaki, Kanagawa, Japan. 

Bachelor and Master of aeronautical engineering from the University of Tokyo, Japan. 

PAYETTE, Julie, Canadian Space Agency 

Mission Specialist. 

Born October 20, 1963 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada. 

International baccalaureate,United World International College of the Atlantic, South 

Wales, UK; Bachelor of electrical engineering from McGill University, Masters of 

Applied Science in computer engineering from the University of Toronto, 

Flew on STS-96. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 235. 

PONTES, Marcos, Brazilian Space Agency, Major, Brazil Air Force 

Mission Specialist. 

Born March 11, 1963 in Bauru, Brazil. 

Bachelor of Science degree in aeronautical engineering from the Instituto Technologico 

de Aeronautica University, and Master of Science in systems engineering from the 

Navy Post Graduate School in Monterey, California. 

SCHLEGEL, Hans, European Space Agency 

Mission Specialist. 

Born August 3, 1951, in Überlingen, Germany. Hometown, Aachen, Germany. 

Masters degree in Physics from Aachen University. 

Flew as a payload specialist on STS-55. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 222. 

THIRSK, Robert B., Canadian Space Agency 

Mission Specialist. 

Born August 17, 1953, in New Westminister, British Columbia. 

Received a Bachelor of Science degree in mechanical engineering from the University 

of Calgary, a Master of Science degree in mechanical engineering from the 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) in 1978, a Doctorate Of Medicine from 

McGill University, and A Master Of Business Administration from the MIT Sloan 

School of Management. 

Flew on STS-78. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 405. 
INTERNATIONAL ASTRONAUTS CURRENTLY IN THE U.S. SPACE PROGRAM 

36

TOGNINI Michel, European Space Agency, Brigadier General, French Air Force 

Mission Specialist. 

Born September 30, 1949, in Vincennes, France. 

Educated at Lycee de Cachan, Paris. Received an advanced mathematics degree from 

Epa Grenoble and an engineering degree from the French Air Force Academy. 

Flew on STS-93. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 456. 

VITTORI, Roberto, European Space Agency. 

Mission Specialist. 

Born October 15, 1964, in Viterbo, Italy. 

Graduate of the Italian Airforce Academy. Currently attending the IV year of a Physics 

degree at the University of Perugia. 

WAKATA, Koichi, Japanese Space Agency 

Mission Specialist. 

Born August 1, 1963, in Omiya, Saitama, Japan. 

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering and Master of Science in applied 

mechanics from Kyushu University. 

Flew on STS-72 and STS-92. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 523. 

WILLIAMS, Dafydd (David) Rhys, Canadian Space Agency 

Mission Specialist. 

Born May 16, 1954 in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. 

Bachelor of Science in biology, Master of Science in physiology, Doctor of Medicine and 

master of surgery from McGill University, Montreal. 

Flew on STS-90 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 381. 
RUSSIAN COSMONAUTS CURRENTLY IN THE U.S SPACE PROGRAM 

(Trained by the Russian Space Agency) 

Flight times include non-U.S. flight information from Cosmonaut bio sheets 

37

BUDARIN, Nikolai, Russian Space Agency. 

Born April 29, 1953, at Kirya Settlement, Chuvashia, Russia. 

Graduated from the S. Ordzhonikidze Moscow Aviation Institute with a mechanical 

engineering diploma. 

Flew on STS-71 (Mir crew upload.) and STS-113 

DEZHUROV, Vladimir, Russian Space Agency. 

Born June 30, 1962, at Yavas Settlement, Zubovo-Polyansk district, Mordovia, Russia. 

Graduated from the S.I. Gritsevis Khalikov Higher Military Aviation School with a flight 

engineering diploma. 

Flew on STS-71 (Mir crew download.) and STS-105(up)/Exp 3/STS-108(down). 

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 244 

GIDZENKO, Yuri, Russian Space Agency. 

Born March 26, 1962, in Elanets, Elanetsky district, Nikolayev region. 

Graduated from Kharkov Military Aviation College of Pilots and from Moscow State 

University of land-surveying and cartography. 

Flew on Exp 1/STS-102(down). 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 3,384 

KORZUN, Valery, Russian Space Agency. 

Born March 5, 1953, in Krasny Sulin. 

Graduate of the Kachin Military Aviation College; Commander Department of the 

Gagarin Air Force Academy. 

Flew on STS-111(up)/Exp 5/STS-113(down). 

Cumulative hours of U.S. space flight are more than 4,438. 

KRIKALEV, Sergei, Russian Space Agency. 

Born August 27, 1958, in Leningrad (St. Peterburg,) Russia. 

Received a mechanical engineering degree from the Leningrad (St. Peterburg) 

Mechanical Institute. 

Flew on STS-60, STS-88 and Exp 1/STS-102(down). 

Cumulative space flight time is more than 1 year, 7 months and 39 days. 

Flight time includes 7 EVAs. 

LONCHAKOV, Yuri, Russian Space Agency. 

Born March 4, 1965, in Balkhash, Dzhezkazkansk Region. 

Graduated from Oresburg Air Force Pilot School as a pilot-engineer and Zhukovski Air 

Force Academy as pilot-engineer-researcher. 

Flew on STS-100. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 283. 

MALENCHENKO, Yuri, Russian Space Agency. 

Born December 22, 1961, in Svetlovodsk, Kirovograd region, Ukraine. 

Graduated from S.I. Gritsevets Kharkov Higher Military Aviation School with a pilotengineer's diploma; graduated from the Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering Academy. 

Flew on STS-106. 

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 137. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 18 hours.
RUSSIAN COSMONAUTS CURRENTLY IN THE U.S SPACE PROGRAM 

(Trained by the Russian Space Agency) 

Flight times include non-U.S. flight information from Cosmonaut bio sheets 

38
RUSSIAN COSMONAUTS CURRENTLY IN THE U.S SPACE PROGRAM 

(Trained by the Russian Space Agency) 

Flight times include non-U.S. flight information from Cosmonaut bio sheets 

39

MORUKOV, Boris, Russian Space Agency. 

Born October 1, 1950, in Moscow, Russia. 

Doctor of Medicine from the 2nd Moscow Medical Institute (now Moscow Medical 

University;) Doctor of Philosophy in space, aviation and naval medicine from the 

Institute for Biomedical Problems. 

Flew on STS-106. 

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 11. 

ONUFRIENKO, Yuriy, Russian Space Agency. 

Born February 6, 1961, in Ryasnoe, Zolochev district, Kharkov region, Ukraine. 

Graduated from the V.M. Komarov Eisk Higher Military Aviation School for Pilots with a 

pilot-engineer's diploma; graduated from Moscow State University with a degree in 

cartography. 

Flew on STS-108(up)/Exp 4/STS-111(down). 

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 388. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 12 hours.

POLESCHUK, Alexander, Russian Space Agency. 

Born October 30, 1953, in Cheremkhovo, Irkutsk region, Russia. 

Graduated from S. Ordzhonikidze Moscow Aviation Institute with a mechanical 

engineering diploma. 

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 179. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 9 hours. 

RYUMIN, Valery, Russian Space Agency. 

Born August 16, 1939, in the city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur in the Russian Far East. 

Graduated from the Kaliningrad Mechanical Engineering Technical College with the 

specialty "Cold Working of Metal;" graduated from the Department of Electronics 

and Computing Technology of the Moscow Forestry Engineering Institute with the 

specialty "Spacecraft Control Systems." 

Flew on STS-91. 

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 362. 

SHARIPOV, Salizhan, Russian Space Agency. 

Born August 24, 1964, in Uzgen, Oshsk region, Kirghizia. 

Graduated from the Air Force Pilot School; graduated from Moscow State University 

with a degree in cartography. 

Flew on STS-89. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 211. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 5 hours. 

SOLOVYEV, Anatoly, Russian Space Agency. 

Born January 16, 1948, in Riga. 

Graduated from the Lenin Komsomol Chernigov Higher Military Aviation School. 

Flew on STS-71 (Mir crew upload.) 

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 188. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 5 hours. 
RUSSIAN COSMONAUTS CURRENTLY IN THE U.S SPACE PROGRAM 

(Trained by the Russian Space Agency) 

Flight times include non-U.S. flight information from Cosmonaut bio sheets 

40

STREKALOV, Gennady, Russian Space Agency. 

Born October 26, 1940, in the Mytishohi Moscow region, Russia. 

Graduated from N.E. Bauman Moscow Higher Technical School with an engineer's 

diploma. 

Flew on STS-71 (Mir crew download.) 

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 153. 

TITOV, Vladimir, Russian Space Agency. 

Born January 1, 1947, in Sretensk, in the Chita Region of Russia. 

Graduated from the Higher Air Force College in Chernigov in the Ukraine, and the Yuri 

Gagarin Air Force Academy. 

Flew on STS-63 and STS-86. 

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 387. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 18 hours. 

TOKAREV, Valery, Russian Space Agency. 

Born October 29, 1952, at the town of Kap-Yar, Astrakhan region, Russia. 

Master's degree in state administration from the National Economy Academy affiliated 

with the Russian Federation Government in Moscow. 

Flew on STS-96. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 235. 

TRESCHEV, Sergei, Russian Space Agency. 

Born August 18, 1958 in Volynsky District, Lipetsk Region (Russia). 

Graduated from the Moscow Energy Institute 

Flew on STS-111(up)/Exp 5/STS-113(down). 

Cumulative hours of U.S. space flight are more than 4,438. 

TURIN, Mikhail, Russian Space Agency. 

Born March 2, 1960, in Kolomna, Russia. 

Graduated from the Moscow Aviation Institute with a degree in engineering and a 

specialization in creating mathematical models related to mechanical flight. He is 

currently doing graduate work in his field of research. 

Flew on STS-105(up)/Exp 3/STS-108(down). 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 3,096 

USACHEV, Yuriy, Russian Space Agency. 

Born October 9, 1957, in Donetsk, Rostov on Don Region, Russia. 

Graduated from the Moscow Aviation Institute with an engineering diploma. 

Flew on STS-101 and STS-102(up)/Exp 2/STS-105(down).

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 4,252. 

Space flights include 6 EVAs. 

YURCHIKHIN, Fyodor, Russian Space Agency. 

Born January 3, 1959, in Batumi, Autonomous Republic of Ajara in Georgia (Russia). 

Attended the Moscow Aviation Institute named after Sergey Ordzhonikidze and is 

qualified as a mechanical engineer, specializing in airspace vehicles. Received a 

PhD in economics from the Moscow Service State University. 

Flew on STS-112. 
RUSSIAN COSMONAUTS CURRENTLY IN THE U.S SPACE PROGRAM 

(Trained by the Russian Space Agency) 

Flight times include non-U.S. flight information from Cosmonaut bio sheets 

41

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 252. 
U.S. ASTRONAUTS IN NASA MANAGEMENT POSITIONS 

42

BAKER, Ellen S., Civilian 

Born April 27, 1953, in Fayetteville, North Carolina. Hometown, New York, New York. 

Bachelor of Arts in geology from State University of New York at Buffalo; Masters in 

public health from the University of Texas School of Public Health. Doctor of 

Medicine from Cornell University 

Flew on STS-34, STS-50 and STS-71. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 686. 

BAKER, Michael A., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired) 

Born October 27, 1953, in Memphis, Tennessee. Hometown, Lemoore, California. 

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Texas. 

Flew on STS-43, STS-52, STS-68 and STS-81. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 965. 

BARRY, Daniel T., Civilian 

Born December 30, 1953, in Norwalk, Connecticut. Hometown, South Hadley, 

Massachusetts. 

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from Cornell University; Master of 

Engineering, Master of Arts and a Doctor of Philosophy in electrical engineering and 

computer science from Princeton University; Doctor of Medicine from the University 

of Miami. 

Flew on STS-72, STS-96 and STS-105. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 734. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 25 hours. 

BRAND, Vance D., Civilian 

Born May 9, 1931, in Longmont, Colorado. 

Bachelor of Science in business and aeronautical engineering from the University of 

Colorado; Master of Science in business administration from the University of 

California at Los Angeles. 

Flew on Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, STS-5, STS 41-B, and STS-35. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 746. 

BRIDGES, Roy D., Jr., Major General, U.S. Air Force (Retired) 

Born July 19, 1943, in Atlanta, Georgia. 

Bachelor of Science in engineering science from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master of 

Science in astronautics from Purdue University. 

Flew on STS 51-F. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 190. 

BURSCH, Daniel W., Captain, U.S. Navy 

Born July 25, 1957, in Bristol, Pennsylvania. Hometown, Vestal, New York. 

Bachelor of Science in physics from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of Science in 

engineering science from the Naval Postgraduate School. 

Flew on STS-51, STS-68, STS-77, STS-108(up)/Exp 4/STS-111(down). 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 5445. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 11 hours. 
U.S. ASTRONAUTS IN NASA MANAGEMENT POSITIONS 

43

CABANA, Robert D., Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired) 

Born January 23, 1949, in Minneapolis, Minnesota. 

Bachelor of Science in mathematics from the U.S. Naval Academy. 

Flew on STS-41, STS-53, STS-65 and STS-88. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,010. 

CASPER, John H., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired) 

Born July 9, 1943, in Greenville, South Carolina. Hometown, Gainesville, Georgia. 

Bachelor of Science in engineering science from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master of 

Science in astronautics from Purdue University. 

Flew on STS-36, STS-54, STS-62 and STS-77. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 825. 

CHANG-DIAZ, Franklin R., Civilian 

Born April 5, 1950, in San Jose, Costa Rica. 

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from the University of Connecticut; 

Doctor of Philosophy in applied plasma physics from the Massachusetts Institute of 

Technology. 

Flew on STS 61-C, STS-34, STS-46, STS-60, STS-75, STS-91 and STS-111. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,601. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 19 hours 

CLEAVE, Mary L., Civilian 

Born February 5, 1947, in Southampton, New York. 

Bachelor of Science in biological sciences from Colorado State University; Master of 

Science in microbial ecology and Doctor of Philosophy in civil and environmental 

engineering from Utah State University. 

Flew on STS 61-B and STS-30. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 262. 

CURRIE, Nancy J. (Sherlock), Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Army 

Born December 29, 1958, in Wilmington, Delaware. Hometown, Troy, Ohio. 

Bachelor of Arts in biological science from Ohio State; Master of Science in safety 

engineering from the University of Southern California; Doctor of Philosophy in 

industrial engineering from the University of Houston. 

Flew on STS-57, STS-70, STS-88 and STS-109. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 999. 

DAVIS, N. Jan, Civilian 

Born November 1, 1953, in Cocoa Beach, Florida. Hometown, Huntsville, Alabama. 

Bachelor of Science in applied biology from the Georgia Institute of Technology; 

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from Auburn University; Master of 

Science and Doctor of Philosophy in mechanical engineering from the University of 

Alabama in Huntsville. 

Flew on STS-47, STS-60 and STS-85. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 673. 
U.S. ASTRONAUTS IN NASA MANAGEMENT POSITIONS 

44

DUNBAR, Bonnie J., Civilian 

Born March 3, 1949, in Sunnyside, Washington. 

Bachelor and Master of Science in ceramic engineering from University of Washington; 

Doctor of Philosophy in mechanical/biomedical engineering from the University of 

Houston. 

Flew on STS 61-A, STS-32, STS-50, STS-71 and STS-89. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,208. 

FULLERTON, Charles G., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired) 

Born October 11, 1936, in Rochester, New York. 

Bachelor and Master of Science in mechanical engineering from the California Institute 

of Technology. 

Flew Space Shuttle approach and landing tests 1, 3 and 5; STS-3 and STS 51-F. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 382. 

GODWIN, Linda M., Civilian 

Born July 2, 1952, in Cape Girardeau, Missouri. Hometown, Jackson, Missouri. 

Bachelor of Science in mathematics and physics from Southeast Missouri State; Master 

of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in physics from the University of Missouri. 

Flew on STS-37, STS-59, STS-76 and STS-108. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 917. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 10 hours. 

GREGORY, Frederick D., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired) 

Born January 7, 1941, in Washington, D.C. 

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master of Science in information 

systems from George Washington University. 

Flew on STS 51-B, STS-33, and STS-44. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 455. 

HAWLEY, Steven A., Civilian 

Born December 12, 1951, in Ottawa, Kansas. Hometown, Salina, Kansas. 

Bachelor of Arts in physics and astronomy from the University of Kansas; Doctor of 

Philosophy in astronomy and astrophysics from the University of California at Santa 

Cruz. 

Flew on STS 41-D, STS 61-C, STS-31, STS-82 and STS-93. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 770. 

HIRE, Kathryn P., Civilian, U.S. Naval Reserve 

Born August 26, 1959, in Mobile, Alabama. 

Bachelor of Science in engineering and management from the U.S. Naval Academy; 

Master of Science in space technology from the Florida Institute of Technology. 

Flew on STS-90. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 381. 
U.S. ASTRONAUTS IN NASA MANAGEMENT POSITIONS 

45

IVINS, Marsha S., Civilian 

Born April 15, 1951, in Baltimore, Maryland. 

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Colorado. 

Flew on STS-32, STS-46, STS-62, STS-81 and STS-98. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,341. 

KREGEL, Kevin R., Civilian 

Born September 16, 1956, in New York, New York. Hometown, Amityville, New York. 

Bachelor of Science in astronautical engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy; 

Master of public administration from Troy State University. 

Flew on STS-70, STS-78, STS-87 and STS-99. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,265. 

LEESTMA, David C., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired) 

Born May 6, 1949, in Muskegon, Michigan. 

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of 

Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School. 

Flew on STS 41-G, STS-28, and STS-45. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 532. 

LUCID, Shannon W., Civilian 

Born January 14, 1943, in Shanghai, China. Hometown, Bethany, Oklahoma. 

Bachelor of Science in chemistry; Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in 

biochemistry from University of Oklahoma. 

Flew on STS 51-G, STS-34, STS-43, STS-58, STS-76/Mir and Mir/STS-79. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 5,354. 

NAGEL, Steven R., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired) 

Born October 27, 1946, in Canton, Illinois. 

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical and astronautical engineering from the University of 

Illinois; Master of Science in mechanical engineering from California State University 

- Fresno. 

Flew on STS 51-G, STS 61-A, STS-37, and STS-55. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 721. 

NEWMAN, James H., Civilian 

Born October 16, 1956, in Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. Hometown, San Diego, 

California. 

Bachelor of Arts in physics from Dartmouth College; Master of Arts and a Doctor of 

Philosophy in physics from Rice University. 

Flew on STS-51, STS-69, STS-88 and STS-109. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,042. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 43 hours. 

OCHOA, Ellen, Civilian 

Born May 10, 1958, in Los Angeles, California. Hometown, La Mesa, California. 

Bachelor of Science in physics from San Diego State University; Master of Science and 

Doctor of Philosophy in electrical engineering from Stanford University. 

Flew on STS-56, STS-66, STS-96 and STS-110. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 978. 
U.S. ASTRONAUTS IN NASA MANAGEMENT POSITIONS 

46

O'CONNOR, Bryan D., Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired) 

Born September 6, 1946, in Orange, California. 

Bachelor of Science in engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of Science in 

aeronautical systems from West Florida University. 

Flew on STS 61-B and STS-40. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 383. 

PARKER, Robert A. R., Civilian 

Born December 14, 1936, in New York City, New York. 

Bachelor of Arts in astronomy and physics from Amherst College; Doctor of Philosophy 

in astronomy from the California Institute of Technology. 

Flew on STS-9 and STS-35. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 462. 

PRECOURT, Charles J., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired) 

Born June 29, 1955, in Waltham, Massachusetts. Hometown, Hudson, Massachusetts. 

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy; 

Master of Science in engineering management from Golden Gate University; Master 

of Arts in national security affairs and strategic studies from the United States Naval 

War College. 

Flew on STS-55, STS-71, STS-84 and STS-91. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 932. 

READDY, William F., Civilian Captain, U.S. Naval Reserve (Retired) 

Born January 24, 1952, in Quonset Point, Rhode Island. Hometown, McLean, Virginia. 

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy. 

Flew on STS-42, STS-51 and STS-79. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 672. 

ROMINGER, Kent V., Captain, U.S. Navy 

Born August 7, 1956, in Del Norte, Colorado. 

Bachelor of Science in civil engineering from Colorado State University; Master of 

Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School. 

Flew on STS-73, STS-80, STS-85, STS-96 and STS-100. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,608. 

ROSS, Jerry L., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired) 

Born January 20, 1948, in Crown Point, Indiana. 

Bachelor and Master of Science in mechanical engineering from Purdue University. 

Flew on STS 61-B, STS-27, STS-37, STS-55, STS-74, STS-88 and STS-110. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,391. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 58 hours. 

RUNCO, Mario, Jr., Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Navy (Retired) 

Born January 26, 1952, in Bronx, New York. Hometown, Bronx, New York. 

Bachelor of Science in meteorology and physical oceanography from City College of 

New York; Master of Science in meteorology from Rutgers University; Doctor of 

Philosophy in earth science from the City College of New York. 

Flew on STS-44, STS-54 and STS-77. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 551. 
U.S. ASTRONAUTS IN NASA MANAGEMENT POSITIONS 

47

Cumulative EVA time is more than 4 hours
U.S. ASTRONAUTS IN NASA MANAGEMENT POSITIONS 

48

SMITH, Steven L., Civilian 

Born December 30, 1958, in Phoenix, Arizona. Hometown, San Jose, California. 

Bachelor and Master of Science in electrical engineering and Masters in business 

administration from Stanford University. 

Flew on STS-68, STS-82, STS-103 and STS-110. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 959. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 49 hours. 

THOMAS, Andrew S. W., Civilian 

Born December 18, 1951, in Adelaide, Australia. 

Bachelor of engineering and Doctor of Philosophy in mechanical engineering from the 

University of Adelaide (Australia). 

Flew on STS-77, STS-89/Mir, Mir/STS-91 and STS-102. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 3,922. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 6 hours. 

WALZ, Carl E., Colonel, U.S. Air Force 

Born September 6, 1955, in Cleveland, Ohio. 

Bachelor of Science in physics from Kent State University; Master of Science in solid 

state physics from John Carroll University. 

Flew on STS-51, STS-65, STS-79 and STS-108(up)/Exp 4/STS-111(down). 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 5,532. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 18 hours. 

YOUNG, John W., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired) 

Born September 24, 1930, in San Francisco, California. 

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from Georgia Institute of Technology. 

Flew on Gemini 3, Gemini 10, Apollo 10, Apollo 16, STS-1 and STS-9. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 835. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 20 hours (on the moon.)
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS 

49

ADAMSON, James C., Colonel, U.S. Army (Retired) 

Born March 3, 1946, in Warsaw, New York. 

Bachelor of Science in engineering from the U.S. Military Academy; Master of Science in 

aerospace engineering from Princeton University. Graduate of the U.S. Navy Test 

Pilot School. 

Flew on STS-28 and STS-43. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 334. 

AKERS, Thomas D., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired) 

Born May 20, 1951, in St. Louis, Missouri. Hometown, Eminence, Missouri. 

Bachelor and Master of Science in applied mathematics from the University of MissouriRolla. 

Flew on STS-41, STS-49, STS-61 and STS-79. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 814. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 29 hours. 

ALDRIN, Buzz, Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired) 

Born January 20, 1930, in Montclair, New Jersey. 

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from the U.S. Military Academy; Doctor 

of Science in astronautics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 

Flew on Gemini 12 and Apollo 11. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 289. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 2 hours. 

ALLEN, Andrew M., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired) 

Born August 4, 1955, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from Villanova University. 

Flew on STS-46, STS-62 and STS-75. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 904. 

ALLEN, Joseph P., Civilian 

Born June 27, 1937, in Crawfordsville, Indiana. 

Bachelor of Arts in mathematics and physics from DePauw University; Master of Science 

and Doctor of Philosophy in physics from Yale University. 

Flew on STS-5 and STS 51-A. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 313. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 12 hours. 

ANDERS, William A., Civilian Major General, U.S. Air Force Reserve (Retired) 

Born October 17, 1933, in Hong Kong. 

Bachelor of Science in nuclear engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of 

Science in nuclear engineering from the Air Force Institute of Technology. 

Flew on Apollo 8. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 147. 
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS 

50

APT, Jerome, Civilian 

Born April 28, 1949, in Springfield, Massachusetts. Hometown, Pittsburgh, 

Pennsylvania. 

Bachelor of Arts in physics from Harvard College; Doctor of philosophy in physics from 

the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 

Flew on STS-37, STS-47, STS-59 and STS-79. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 847. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 10 hours. 

ARMSTRONG, Neil A., Civilian 

Born August 5, 1930, in Wapakoneta, Ohio. 

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from Purdue University; Master of 

Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Southern California. 

Flew on Gemini 8 and Apollo 11. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 205. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 2 hours. 

BAGIAN, James P., Civilian 

Born February 22, 1952, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from Drexel University; Doctor of 

Medicine from Thomas Jefferson University. 

Flew on STS-29 and STS-40. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 337. 

BEAN, Alan L., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired) 

Born March 15, 1932, in Wheeler, Texas. 

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the University of Texas. 

Flew on Apollo 12 and Skylab 3. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,671. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 10 hours. 

BLAHA, John E., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired) 

Born August 26, 1942, in San Antonio, Texas. 

Bachelor of Science in engineering science from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master of 

Science in astronautical engineering from Purdue University. 

Flew on STS-29, STS-33, STS-43, STS-58, STS-79/Mir and Mir/STS-81. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 3,864. 

BLUFORD, Guion S., Jr., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired) 

Born November 22, 1942, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from Pennsylvania State University; 

Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in aerospace engineering from the Air 

Force Institute of Technology; Master of Business Administration from the University 

of Houston-Clear Lake. 

Flew on STS-8, STS 61-A, STS-39, and STS-53. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 688. 
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS 

51

BOBKO, Karol J., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired) 

Born December 23, 1937, in New York, New York. 

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master of Science in aerospace 

engineering from the University of Southern California. 

Flew on STS-6, STS 51-D, and STS-51-J. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 386. 

BOLDEN, Charles F., Jr., Brigadier General, U.S. Marine Corps 

Born August 19, 1946, in Columbia, South Carolina. 

Bachelor of Science in electrical science from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of 

Science in systems management from the University of Southern California. 

Flew on STS-61C, STS-31, STS-45, and STS-60. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 680. 

BORMAN, Frank, Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired) 

Born March 14, 1928, in Gary, Indiana. 

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Military Academy; Master of Science in aeronautical 

engineering from the California Institute of Technology. 

Flew on Gemini 7 and Apollo 8. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 477. 

BRADY, Charles E., Jr., Captain, U.S. Navy 

Born August 12, 1951, in Pinehurst, North Carolina. Hometown, Robbins, North 

Carolina. 

Doctor of Medicine from Duke University. 

Flew on STS-78. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 405. 

BRANDENSTEIN, Daniel C., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired) 

Born January 17, 1943, in Watertown, Wisconsin. 

Bachelor of Science in mathematics and physics from the University of Wisconsin - River 

Falls 

Flew on STS-8, STS 51-G, STS-32, and STS-49. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 788. 

BROWN, Curtis L., Jr., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired) 

Born March 11, 1956, in Elizabethtown, North Carolina. 

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy. 

Flew on STS-47, STS-66, STS-77, STS-85, STS-95 and STS-103. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,381. 

BROWN, Mark N., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired) 

Born November 18, 1951, in Valparaiso, Indiana. 

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical and astronautical engineering from Purdue 

University; Master of Science in astronautical engineering from the U.S. Air Force 

Institute of Technology. 

Flew on STS-28 and STS-48. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 249. 
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS 

52

BUCHLI, James F., Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired) 

Born June 20, 1945, in New Rockford, North Dakota. Hometown, Fargo, North Dakota. 

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of 

Science in aeronautical engineering systems from the University of West Florida. 

Flew on STS 51-C, STS 61-A, STS-29, and STS-48. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 490. 

BULL, John S., Civilian 

Born September 25, 1934, in Memphis, Tennessee. 

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from Rice University; Master of Science 

and Doctor of Philosophy in aeronautical engineering from Stanford University. 

CAMERON, Kenneth D., Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired) 

Born November 29, 1949, in Cleveland, Ohio. 

Bachelor and Master of Science in aeronautics and astronautics from the Massachusetts 

Institute of Technology. 

Flew on STS-37, STS-56 and STS-74. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 562. 

CARPENTER, M. Scott, Commander, U.S. Navy (Retired) 

Born May 1, 1925, in Boulder, Colorado. 

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the University of Colorado. 

Flew on Mercury 7. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 4. 

CARR, Gerald P., Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired) 

Born August 22, 1932, in Denver, Colorado. 

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from the University of Southern 

California; Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval 

Postgraduate School; Master of Science in aeronautical engineering from Princeton 

University; honorary Doctor of Science in aeronautical engineering from Parks 

College, St. Louis University. 

Flew on Skylab 4. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 2,017. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 15 hours. 

CERNAN, Eugene A., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired) 

Born March 14, 1934, in Chicago, Illinois. 

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from Purdue University; Master of Science 

in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Navy Postgraduate School. 

Flew on Gemini 9, Apollo 10, and Apollo 17. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 566. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 22 hours. 

CHAPMAN, Philip K., Civilian 

Born March 5, 1935, in Melbourne, Australia. 

Bachelor of Science in physics and mathematics from the University of Sydney; Master 

of Science in aeronautics and astronautics and Doctor of Science in instrumentation 

from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS 

53

CHILTON, Kevin P., Brigadier General, U.S. Air Force 

Born November 3, 1954, in Los Angeles, California. 

Bachelor of Science in engineering sciences from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master of 

Science in mechanical engineering from Columbia University. 

Flew on STS-49, STS-59 and STS-76. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 704. 

CHRETIEN, Jean-Loup J.M., Civilian Brigadier General, French Air Force (Retired) 

Born August 20, 1938, in La Rochelle, France. 

Educated at L’Ecole communale a Ploujean, the College Saint-Charles a Saint-Brieuc, 

and the Lycee de Morlaix. He received a master’s degree in aeronautical 

engineering from the French Air Force Academy. 

Flew on STS-86. 

CLIFFORD, Michael R., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Army (Retired) 

Born October 13, 1952, in San Bernardino, California. Hometown, Ogden, Utah. 

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Military Academy; Master of Science in aerospace 

engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology. 

Flew on STS-53, STS-59 and STS-76. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 666. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 6 hours. 

COATS, Michael L., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired) 

Born January 16, 1946, in Sacramento, California. 

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of Science in administration 

of science and technology from George Washington University; Master of Science in 

aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School. 

Flew on STS 41-D, STS-29, and STS-39. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 463. 

COLLINS, Michael, Civilian Major General, U.S. Air Force Reserve (Retired) 

Born October 31, 1930, in Rome, Italy. 

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Military Academy. 

Flew on Gemini 10 and Apollo 11. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 265. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 1 hour. 

COOPER, L. Gordon, Jr., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired) 

Born March 6, 1927, in Shawnee, Oklahoma. 

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology; Doctor of Science in 

aeronautical engineering from Oklahoma City University. 

Flew on Mercury 9 and Gemini 5. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 225. 

COVEY, Richard O., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired) 

Born August 1, 1946, in Fayetteville, Arkansas. Hometown, Fort Walton Beach, Florida. 

Bachelor of Science in engineering sciences from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master of 

Science in aeronautics and astronautics from Purdue University. 

Flew on STS 51-I, STS-26, STS-38, and STS-61. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 645. 
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS 

54

CREIGHTON, John O., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired) 

Born April 28, 1943, in Orange, Texas. 

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of Science in administration 

of science and technology from George Washington University. 

Flew on STS 51-G, STS-36, and STS-48. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 404. 

CRIPPEN, Robert L., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired) 

Born September 11, 1937, in Beaumont, Texas. 

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Texas. 

Flew on STS-1, STS-7, STS 41-C, and STS 41-G. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 565. 

CULBERTSON, Frank L., Jr., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired) 

Born May 15, 1949, in Charleston, South Carolina. Hometown, Holly Hill, South 

Carolina. 

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy. 

Flew on STS-38, STS-51 and STS 105(up)/Exp 3/STS-108(down). 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 3,450. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 5 hours. 

CUNNINGHAM, Walter, Civilian Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps Reserve (Retired) 

Born March 16, 1932, in Creston, Iowa. 

Bachelor and Master of Arts in physics from the University of California - Los Angeles. 

Advanced management program, Harvard Graduate School of Business. 

Flew on Apollo 7. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 263. 

DUFFY, Brian, Colonel, U.S. Air Force 

Born June 20, 1953, in Boston, Massachusetts. 

Bachelor of Science in mathematics from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master of 

Science in systems management from the University of Southern California. 

Flew on STS-45, STS-57, STS-72 and STS-92. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 976. 

DUKE, Charles M., Jr., Brigadier General, U.S. Air Force (Retired) 

Born October 3, 1935, in Charlotte, North Carolina. 

Bachelor of Science in naval sciences from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of Science 

in aeronautics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 

Flew on Apollo 16. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 265. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 20 hours. 

EDWARDS, Joe F, Jr., Commander, U.S. Navy (Retired) 

Born February 3, 1958, in Richmond, Virginia. Hometowns, Roanoke and Lineville, 

Alabama. 

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the United States Naval Academy; 

Master of Science in aviation systems from the University of Tennessee, Knoxville. 

Flew on STS-89. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 211. 
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS 

55

ENGLAND, Anthony W., Civilian 

Born May 15, 1942, in Indianapolis, Indiana. 

Bachelor and Master of Science in earth sciences from the Massachusetts Institute of 

Technology; Doctor of Philosophy in geophysics from the Massachusetts Institute of 

Technology. 

Flew on STS 51-F. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 190. 

ENGLE, Joe H., Major General, Air National Guard/U.S. Air Force (Retired) 

Born August 26, 1932, in Dickinson County, Kansas. 

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the University of Kansas. 

Flew 16 flights in USAF/NASA X-15 - 3 flights into space; flew on Space Shuttle 

approach and landing tests 2 and 4, STS-2, and STS 51-I. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 224. 

FABIAN, John M., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired) 

Born January 28, 1939, in Goosecreek, Texas. 

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from Washington State University; 

Master of Science in aerospace engineering from the U.S. Air Force Institute of 

Technology; Doctor of Philosophy in aeronautics and astronautics from the University 

of Washington. 

Flew on STS-7 and STS 51-G. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 316. 

FISHER, William F., Civilian 

Born April 1, 1946, in Dallas, Texas. 

Bachelor of Arts from Stanford University; Master of Science in engineering from the 

University of Houston; Doctor of Medicine from the University of Florida. 

Flew on STS 51-I. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 170. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 11 hours. 

GARDNER, Dale A., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired) 

Born November 8, 1948, in Fairmont, Minnesota. 

Bachelor of Science in engineering physics from the University of Illinois. 

Flew on STS-8 and STS 51-A. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 336. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 11 hours. 

GARDNER, Guy S., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired) 

Born January 6, 1948, in Altavista, Virginia. 

Bachelor of Science in engineering sciences, astronautics and mathematics from the 

U.S. Air Force Academy; Master of Science in astronautics from Purdue University. 

Flew on STS-27 and STS-35. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 320. 
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS 

56

GARRIOTT, Owen K., Civilian 

Born November 22, 1930, in Enid, Oklahoma. 

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from the University of Oklahoma; Master of 

Science and Doctor of Philosophy in electrical engineering from Stanford University. 

Flew on Skylab 3 and STS-9. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,674. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 13 hours. 

GEMAR, Charles D., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Army 

Born August 4, 1955, in Yankton, South Dakota. Hometown, Scotland, South Dakota. 

Bachelor of Science in engineering from the U.S. Military Academy. 

Flew on STS-38, STS-48 and STS-62. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 581. 

GIBSON, Edward G., Civilian 

Born November 8, 1936, in Buffalo, New York. 

Bachelor of Science in engineering from the University of Rochester; Master of Science 

in engineering from the California Institute of Technology; Doctor of Philosophy in 

engineering and physics from the California Institute of Technology. 

Flew on Skylab 4. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 2,017 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 15 hours. 

GIBSON, Robert L., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired) 

Born October 30, 1946, in Cooperstown, New York. Hometown, Lakewood, California. 

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from California Polytechnic Institute. 

Flew on STS 41-B, STS 61-C, STS-27, STS-47 and STS-71. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 868. 

GLENN, John H., Jr., Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired) 

Born July 18, 1921, in Cambridge, Ohio. 

Bachelor of Science in engineering from Muskingum College. 

Flew on Mercury 6, and STS-95. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 217. 

GORDON, Richard F., Jr., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired) 

Born October 5, 1929, in Seattle, Washington. 

Bachelor of Science in chemistry from the University of Washington; honorary Doctor of 

Science from Niagara University. 

Flew on Gemini 11 and Apollo 12. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 315. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 1 hour. 

GRABE, Ronald J., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired) 

Born June 13, 1945, in New York, New York. 

Bachelor of Science in engineering science from the U.S. Air Force Academy. 

Flew on STS 51-J, STS-30, STS-42, and STS-57. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 627. 
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS 

57

GRAVELINE, Duane F., Civilian 

Born March 2, 1931, in Newport, Vermont. 

Bachelor of Science and Doctor of Medicine from the University of Vermont; Master of 

Science in public health from Johns Hopkins University. 

GREGORY, William G., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired) 

Born May 14, 1957, in Lockport, New York. 

Bachelor of Science in engineering science from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master of 

Science in engineering mechanics from Columbia University; Master of Science in 

management from Troy State University. 

Flew on STS-67. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 399. 

GUTIERREZ, Sidney M., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired) 

Born June 27, 1951, Albuquerque, New Mexico. 

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master 

of Arts in management from Webster College. 

Flew on STS-40 and STS-59. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 488. 

HAISE, Fred W., Jr., Civilian 

Born November 14, 1933, in Biloxi, Mississippi. 

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the University of Oklahoma. 

Flew on Apollo 13 and Space Shuttle approach and landing tests 1, 3, and 5. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 142. 

HAMMOND, L. Blaine, Jr., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired) 

Born January 16, 1952, in Savannah, Georgia. Hometown, St. Louis, Missouri. 

Bachelor of Science in engineering science and mechanics from the U.S. Air Force 

Academy; Master of Science in engineering science and mechanics from the 

Georgia Institute of Technology. 

Flew on STS-39 and STS-64. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 462. 

HARBAUGH, Gregory J., Civilian 

Born April 15, 1956, in Cleveland, Ohio. Hometown, Willoughby, Ohio. 

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical and astronautical engineering from Purdue 

University; Master of Science in physical science from the University of HoustonClear Lake. 

Flew on STS-39, STS-54, STS-71 and STS-82. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 817. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 18 hours. 

HARRIS, Bernard A., Jr., Civilian 

Born June 26, 1956, in Temple, Texas. 

Bachelor of Science in biology from the University of Houston; Doctor of Medicine from 

Texas Tech University. 

Flew on STS-55 and STS-63. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 438. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 4 hours. 
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS 

58
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS 

59

HART, Terry J., Civilian 

Born October 27, 1946, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 

Bachelor of Science from Lehigh University; Master of Science in mechanical 

engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Master of Science in 

electrical engineering from Rutgers University; honorary Doctor of Engineering from 

Lehigh University. 

Flew on STS 41-C. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 167. 

HARTSFIELD, Henry W., Jr., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired) 

Born November 21, 1933, in Birmingham, Alabama. 

Bachelor of Science in physics from Auburn University; Master of Science in engineering 

science from the University of Tennessee. 

Flew on STS-4, STS 41-D, and STS 61-A. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 482. 

HAUCK, Frederick H., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired) 

Born April 11, 1941, in Long Beach, California. 

Bachelor of Science in physics from Tufts University; Master of Science in nuclear 

engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 

Flew on STS-7, STS 51-A, and STS-26. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 435. 

HELMS, Susan J., Colonel, U.S. Air Force 

Born February 26, 1958, in Charlotte, North Carolina. Hometown, Portland, Oregon. 

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy; 

Master of Science in aeronautics and astronautics from Stanford University. 

Flew on STS-54, STS-64, STS-78, STS-101 and STS-102(up)/Exp 2/STS-105(down). 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 5056. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 8 hours. 

HENRICKS, Terence T. “Tom”, Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired) 

Born July 5, 1952, in Bryan, Ohio. Hometown, Woodville, Ohio. 

Bachelor of Science in civil engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master of Arts 

in public administration from Golden Gate University. 

Flew on STS-44, STS-55, STS-70 and STS-78. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,026. 

HIEB, Richard J., Civilian 

Born September 21, 1955, in Jamestown, North Dakota. 

Bachelor of Arts in mathematics and physics from Northwest Nazarene College; Master 

of Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Colorado. 

Flew on STS-39, STS-49, and STS-65. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 766. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 17 hours. 
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS 

60

HILMERS, David C., Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired) 

Born January 28, 1950, in Clinton, Iowa. 

Bachelor of Arts in mathematics from Cornell University; Master of Science in electrical 

engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School. 

Flew on STS 51-J, STS-26, STS-36, and STS-42. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 494. 

HOFFMAN, Jeffrey A., Civilian 

Born November 2, 1944, in Brooklyn, New York. Hometown, Scarsdale, New York. 

Bachelor of Arts in astronomy from Amherst College; Masters degree in materials 

science from Rice University; Doctor of Philosophy in astrophysics from Harvard 

University. 

Flew on STS 51-D, STS-35, STS-46, STS-61 and STS-75. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,211. 

HOLMQUEST, Donald L., Civilian 

Born April 7, 1939, in Dallas, Texas. 

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from Southern Methodist University; Doctor 

of Philosophy in physiology and Doctor of Medicine from Baylor University; juris 

doctor from the University of Houston. 

JEMISON, Mae C., Civilian 

Born October 17, 1956, in Decatur, Alabama. 

Bachelor of Science in chemical engineering from Stanford University; Doctor of 

Medicine from Cornell University. 

Flew on STS-47. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 190. 

JERNIGAN, Tamara E., Civilian 

Born May 7, 1959, in Chattanooga, Tennessee. 

Bachelor of Science in physics and Master of Science in engineering science from 

Stanford University; Master of Science in astronomy from the University of California 

at Berkeley; Doctor of Philosophy in space physics and astronomy from Rice 

University. 

Flew on STS-40, STS-52, STS-67, STS-80 and STS-96. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,513. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 7 hours. 

JONES, Thomas D., Civilian 

Born January 22, 1955, in Baltimore, Maryland. Hometown, Essex, Maryland. 

Bachelor of Science in basic sciences from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Doctor of 

Philosophy in planetary science from the University of Arizona. 

Flew on STS-59, STS-68, STS-80 and STS-98. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,272. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 19 hours. 
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS 

61

KERWIN, Joseph P., Captain, Medical Corps, U.S. Navy (Retired) 

Born February 19, 1932, in Oak Park, Illinois. 

Bachelor of Arts in philosophy from the College of the Holy Cross; Doctor of Medicine 

from Northwestern University Medical School. Naval Aviator. 

Flew on Skylab 2. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 672. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 3 hours. 

KILRAIN, Susan Still, Commander, U.S. Navy 

Born October 24, 1961, in Augusta, Georgia. 

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from Embry-Riddle University; Master 

of Science in aerospace engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology. 

Flew on STS-83 and STS-94. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 471. 

LEE, Mark C., Colonel, U.S. Air Force 

Born August 14, 1952, in Viroqua, Wisconsin. 

Bachelor of Science in civil engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master of 

Science in mechanical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 

Flew on STS-30, STS-47, STS-64 and STS-82. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 789. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 26 hours. 

LENOIR, William B., Civilian 

Born March 14, 1939, in Miami, Florida. 

Bachelor of Science, Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in electrical 

engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 

Flew on STS-5. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 122. 

LIND, Don L., Civilian 

Born May 18, 1930, in Midvale, Utah. 

Bachelor of Science in physics from the University of Utah; Doctor of philosophy in high 

energy nuclear physics from the University of California - Berkeley. 

Flew on STS 51-B. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 168. 

LINENGER, Jerry M., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired) 

Born January 16, 1955, in Mount Clemens, Michigan. Hometowns, Eastpointe, 

Michigan, and Coronado, California. 

Bachelor of Science in bioscience from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of Science in 

systems management from the University of Southern California; Doctor of Medicine 

from Wayne State University; Master of Public Health in health policy from the 

University of North Carolina; Doctor of Philosophy in epidemiology from the 

University of North Carolina. 

Flew on STS-64, STS-81/Mir and Mir/STS-84. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 3,435. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 5 hours. 
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS 

62

LLEWELLYN, John A., Civilian 

Born April 22, 1933, in Cardiff, Wales, UK. 

Bachelor of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in chemistry from the University College at 

Cardiff. 

LOUNGE, John M., "Mike," Civilian 

Born June 28, 1946, in Denver, Colorado. 

Bachelor of Science in physics and mathematics from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master 

of Science in astrogeophysics from the University of Colorado. 

Flew on STS 51-I, STS-26, and STS-35. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 482. 

LOUSMA, Jack R., Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired) 

Born February 29, 1936, in Grand Rapids, Michigan. 

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the University of Michigan; degree 

of aeronautical engineer from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School. 

Flew on Skylab 3 and STS-3. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,619. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 11 hours. 

LOVELL, James A., Jr., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired) 

Born March 25, 1928, in Cleveland, Ohio. 

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Naval Academy; Advanced Management Program, 

Harvard Business School. 

Flew on Gemini 7, Gemini 12, Apollo 8, and Apollo 13. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 715. 

LOW, G. David, Civilian 

Born February 19, 1956, in Cleveland, Ohio. 

Bachelor of Science in physics-engineering from Washington and Lee University, and in 

mechanical engineering from Cornell University; Master of Science in aeronautics 

and astronautics from Stanford University. 

Flew on STS-32, STS-43 and STS-57. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 714. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 5 hours. 

MATTINGLY, Thomas K., II, Rear Admiral, U.S. Navy (Retired) 

Born March 17, 1936, in Chicago, Illinois. 

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from Auburn University. 

Flew on Apollo 16, STS-4, and STS 51-C. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 508. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 1 hour. 

McBRIDE, Jon A., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired) 

Born August 14, 1943, in Charleston, West Virginia. 

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate 

School. 

Flew on STS 41-G. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 197. 
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS 

63

McCANDLESS, Bruce, II, Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired) 

Born June 8, 1937, in Boston, Massachusetts. 

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of Science in electrical 

engineering from Stanford University; Master of Science in business administration 

from the University of Houston Clear Lake. 

Flew on STS 41-B and STS-31. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 312. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 11 hours. 

McCULLEY, Michael J., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired) 

Born August 4, 1943, in San Diego, California. 

Bachelor and Master of Science in metallurgical engineering from Purdue University. 

Flew on STS-34. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 119. 

McDIVITT, James A., Brigadier General, U.S. Air Force (Retired) 

Born June 10, 1929, in Chicago, Illinois. 

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the University of Michigan. 

Flew on Gemini 4 and Apollo 9, and was the Apollo Spacecraft Program Manager. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 338. 

McMONAGLE, Donald R., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired) 

Born May 14, 1952, in Flint, Michigan. 

Bachelor of Science in astronautical engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy; 

Master of Science in mechanical engineering from California State University - 

Fresno. 

Flew on STS-39, STS-54 and STS-66. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 605. 

MEADE, Carl J., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired) 

Born November 16, 1950, at Chanute Air Force Base, Illinois. 

Bachelor of Science in electronics engineering from the University of Texas; Master of 

Science in electronics engineering from the California Institute of Technology. 

Flew on STS-38, STS-50 and STS-64. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 712. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 6 hours. 

MELNICK, Bruce E., Commander, U.S. Coast Guard (Retired) 

Born December 5, 1949, in New York, New York. 

Bachelor of Science in engineering from the U.S. Coast Guard Academy; Master of 

Science in aeronautical systems from West Florida University. 

Flew on STS-41 and STS-49. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 311. 

MICHEL, F. Curtis, Civilian 

Born June 5, 1934, in LaCrosse, Wisconsin. 

Bachelor of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in physics from the California Institute of 

Technology. 
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS 

64

MITCHELL, Edgar D., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired) 

Born September 17, 1930, in Hereford, Texas. 

Bachelor of Science in industrial management from the Carnegie Institute of Technology 

(now Carnegie-Mellon University); Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering 

from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School; Doctor of Science in aeronautics and 

astronautics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 

Flew on Apollo 14. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 216. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 9 hours. 

MULLANE, Richard M., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired) 

Born September 10, 1945, in Wichita Falls, Texas. 

Bachelor of Science in military engineering from the U.S. Military Academy; Master of 

Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology. 

Flew on STS 41-D, STS-27, and STS-36. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 356. 

MUSGRAVE, Story, Civilian 

Born August 19, 1935, in Boston, Massachusetts. Hometown, Lexington, Kentucky. 

Bachelor of Science in mathematics and statistics from Syracuse University; Bachelor of 

Arts in chemistry from Marietta College; Master of Business Administration in 

operations analysis and computer programming from the University of California at 

Los Angeles; Master of Science in physiology and biophysics from the University of 

Kentucky; Master of Arts in literature from the University of Houston; Doctor of 

Medicine from Columbia University. 

Flew on STS-6, STS 51-F, STS-33, STS-44, STS-61 and STS-80. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,166. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 26 hours. 

NELSON, George D., Civilian 

Born July 13, 1950, in Charles City, Iowa. 

Bachelor of Science in physics from Harvey Mudd College; Master of Science and 

Doctor of Philosophy in astronomy from the University of Washington. 

Flew on STS 41-C, STS 61-C, and STS-26. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 410. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 9 hours. 

O'LEARY, Brian T., Civilian 

Born January 27, 1940, in Boston, Massachusetts. 

Bachelor of Arts in physics from Williams College; Master of Arts in astronomy from 

Georgetown University; Doctor of philosophy in astronomy from the University of 

California at Berkeley. 

OSWALD, Stephen S., Civilian 

Born June 30, 1951, in Seattle, Washington. Hometown, Bellingham, Washington. 

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy. 

Flew on STS-42, STS-56 and STS-67. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 814. 
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS 

65

PETERSON, Donald H., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired) 

Born October 22, 1933, in Winona, Mississippi. 

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Military Academy; Master of Science in nuclear 

engineering from the U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology. Graduate of Air Force 

Test Pilot School and War College. 

Flew on STS-6. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 120. 

POGUE, William R., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired) 

Born January 23, 1930, in Okemah, Oklahoma. 

Bachelor of Science in education from Oklahoma Baptist University; Master of Science in 

mathematics from Oklahoma State University. 

Flew on Skylab 4. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 2,017. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 13 hours. 

REIGHTLER, Kenneth S., Jr., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired) 

Born March 24, 1951, in Patuxent River, Maryland. Hometown, Virginia Beach, Virginia. 

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of 

Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School; 

Master of Science in systems management from the University of Southern 

California. 

Flew on STS-48 and STS-60. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 327. 

RICHARDS, Paul W., Civilian 

Born May 20, 1964, in Scranton, Pennsylvania. Hometown, Dunmore, Pennsylvania. 

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from Drexel University and a Master of 

Science in mechanical engineering from the University of Maryland. 

Flew on STS-102. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 307. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 6 hours. 

RICHARDS, Richard N., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired) 

Born August 24, 1946, in Key West, Florida. Hometown, St. Louis, Missouri. 

Bachelor of Science in chemical engineering from the University of Missouri; Master of 

Science in aeronautical systems from the University of West Florida. 

Flew on STS-28, STS-41, STS-50 and STS-64. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 813. 

RIDE, Sally K., Civilian 

Born May 26, 1951, in Los Angeles, California. 

Bachelor of Science in physics; Bachelor of Arts in english; Master of Science and 

Doctor of Philosophy in physics from Stanford University. 

Flew on STS-7 and STS 41-G. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 343. 
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS 

66

SCHIRRA, Walter M., Jr., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired) 

Born March 12, 1923, in Hackensack, New Jersey. 

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Naval Academy; graduate of the U.S. Naval Test Pilot 

School. 

Flew on Mercury 8, Gemini 6, and Apollo 7. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 295. 

SCHMITT, Harrison H., Civilian 

Born July 3, 1935, in Santa Rita, New Mexico. 

Bachelor of Science in geology from the California Institute of Technology; Doctor of 

Philosophy in geology from Harvard University. 

Flew on Apollo 17. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 301. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 22 hours. 

SCHWEICKART, Russell L., Civilian 

Born October 25, 1935 in Neptune, New Jersey. 

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of 

Technology; Master of Science in aeronautics and astronautics from the 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 

Flew on Apollo 9. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 241. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 1 hour. 

SCOTT, David R., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired) 

Born June 6, 1932, in San Antonio, Texas. 

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Military Academy; Master of Science in aeronautics 

and astronautics and engineer in aeronautics and astronautics from the 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 

Flew on Gemini 8, Apollo 9, and Apollo 15. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 546. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 20 hours. 

SCOTT, Winston E., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired) 

Born August 6, 1950, in Miami, Florida. 

Bachelor of Arts in music from Florida State University; Master of Science in aeronautical 

engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School. 

Flew on STS-72 and STS-87. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 590. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 19 hours. 

SEARFOSS, Richard A., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired) 

Born June 5, 1956, in Mount Clemens, Michigan. Hometown, Portsmouth, New 

Hampshire. 

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy; 

Master of Aeronautics from the California Institute of Technology. 

Flew on STS-58, STS-76 and STS-90. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 938. 
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS 

67

SEDDON, Margaret Rhea, Civilian 

Born November 8, 1947, in Murfreesboro, Tennessee. 

Bachelor of Arts in physiology from the University of California at Berkeley; Doctor of 

Medicine from the University of Tennessee. 

Flew on STS 51-D, STS-40 and STS-58. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 722. 

SEGA, Ronald M., Civilian Colonel, U.S. Air Force Reserve 

Born December 4, 1952, in Cleveland, Ohio. Hometowns, Northfield, Ohio, and 

Colorado Springs, Colorado. 

Bachelor of Science in physics and math from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master of 

Science in physics from Ohio State University; Doctor of Philosophy in electrical 

engineering from the University of Colorado. 

Flew on STS-60 and STS-76. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 420. 

SHAW, Brewster H., Jr., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired) 

Born May 16, 1945, in Cass City, Michigan. 

Bachelor and Master of Science in engineering mechanics from the University of 

Wisconsin. 

Flew on STS-9, STS 61-B, and STS-28. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 533. 

SHEPHERD, William M., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired) 

Born July 26, 1949, in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Hometown, Babylon, New York. 

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy; degree of 

ocean engineer and Master of Science in mechanical engineering from the 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 

Flew on STS-27, STS-41, STS-52 and Exp 2/STS-102(down). 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 3,824. 

SHRIVER, Loren J., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired) 

Born September 23, 1944, in Jefferson, Iowa. 

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy; 

Master of Science in astronautical engineering from Purdue University. 

Flew on STS 51-C, STS-31, and STS-46. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 386. 

SPRING, Sherwood C., Colonel, U.S. Army (Retired) 

Born September 3, 1944, in Hartford, Connecticut. 

Bachelor of Science in general engineering from the U.S. Military Academy; Master of 

Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Arizona. 

Flew on STS 61-B. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 165. 
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS 

68

SPRINGER, Robert C., Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired) 

Born May 21, 1942, in St. Louis, Missouri. 

Bachelor of Science in naval science from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of Science in 

operations research and systems analysis from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School. 

Flew on STS-29 and STS-38. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 237. 

STAFFORD, Thomas P., Lieutenant General, U.S. Air Force (Retired) 

Born September 17, 1930, in Weatherford, Oklahoma. 

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Naval Academy. 

Flew on Gemini 6, Gemini 9, Apollo 10, and Apollo-Soyuz Test Project. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 507. 

STEWART, Robert L., Brigadier General, U.S. Army (Retired) 

Born August 13, 1942, in Washington, D.C. 

Bachelor of Science in mathematics from Southern Mississippi University; Master of 

Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Texas at Arlington. 

Flew on STS 41-B and STS 51-J. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 289. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 12 hours. 

SULLIVAN, Kathryn D., Civilian 

Born October 3, 1951, in Paterson, New Jersey. 

Bachelor of Science in earth sciences from the University of California - Santa Cruz; 

Doctor of Philosophy in geology from Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia. 

Flew on STS 41-G, STS-31, and STS-45. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 532. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 3 hours. 

THAGARD, Norman E., Civilian 

Born July 3, 1943, in Marianna, Florida. Hometown, Jacksonville, Florida. 

Bachelor and Master of Science in engineering science from Florida State University; 

Doctor of Medicine from the University of Texas. 

Flew on STS-7, STS 51-B, STS-30, STS-42 and Mir/STS-71. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 3,360 including time on Mir.

THORNTON, Kathryn C., Civilian 

Born August 17, 1952, in Montgomery, Alabama. 

Bachelor of Science in physics from Auburn University; Master of Science and Doctor of 

Philosophy in physics from the University of Virginia. 

Flew on STS-33, STS-49, STS-61 and STS-73. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 975. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 21 hours. 

THORNTON, William E., Civilian 

Born April 14, 1929, in Faison, North Carolina. 

Bachelor of Science in physics and Doctor of Medicine from the University of North 

Carolina. 

Flew on STS-8 and STS-51B. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 313. 
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS 

69
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS 

70

THUOT, Pierre J., Commander, U.S. Navy 

Born May 19, 1955, in Groton, Connecticut. Hometowns, Fairfax, Virginia and New 

Bedford, Massachusetts. 

Bachelor of Science in physics from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of Science in 

systems management from the University of Southern California. 

Flew on STS-36, STS-49 and STS-62. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 654. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 17 hours. 

TRULY, Richard H., Vice Admiral, U.S. Navy (Retired) 

Born November 12, 1937, in Fayette, Mississippi. 

Bachelor of aeronautical engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology. 

Flew on Space Shuttle approach and landing tests 2 and 4, STS-2, and STS-8. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 199. 

VAN HOFTEN, James D. A., Civilian 

Born June 11, 1944, in Fresno, California. 

Bachelor of Science in civil engineering from the University of California - Berkeley; 

Master of Science in hydraulic engineering and Doctor of Philosophy in fluid 

mechanics from Colorado State University. 

Flew on STS 41-C and STS 51-I. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 337. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 21 hours. 

VOSS, James S., Colonel, U.S. Army (Retired) 

Born March 3, 1949, in Cordova, Alabama. Hometown, Opelika, Alabama. 

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from Auburn University; Master of 

Science in aerospace engineering sciences from the University of Colorado. 

Flew on STS-44, STS-53, STS-69, STS-101 and STS-102(up)/Exp 2/STS-105(down). 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 4,846. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 15 hours. 

WEBER, Mary E., Civilian 

Born August 24, 1962, in Cleveland, Ohio. Hometown, Bedford Heights, Ohio. 

Bachelor of Science in chemical engineering from Purdue University; Doctor of 

Philosophy in physical chemistry from the University of California at Berkeley. 

Flew on STS-70 and STS-101. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 450. 

WEITZ, Paul J., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired) 

Born July 25, 1932, in Erie, Pennsylvania. 

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from Pennsylvania State University; Master 

of Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School. 

Flew on Skylab 2 and STS-6. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 793. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 2 hours. 
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS 

71

WILLIAMS, Donald E., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired) 

Born February 13, 1942, in Lafayette, Indiana. 

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from Purdue University. 

Flew on STS 51-D and STS-34. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 287. 

WISOFF, Peter J. K., Civilian 

Born August 16, 1958, in Norfolk, Virginia. 

Bachelor of Science in physics from University of Virginia; Master of Science and Doctor 

of Philosophy in applied physics from Stanford University. 

Flew on STS-57, STS-68, STS-81 and STS-92. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,063. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 19 hours. 

WORDEN, Alfred M., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired) 

Born February 7, 1932, in Jackson, Michigan. 

Bachelor of Science in military science from the U.S. Military Academy; Master of 

Science in astronautical and aeronautical engineering and instrumentation 

engineering from the University of Michigan. 

Flew on Apollo 15. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 295. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 39 minutes. 
DECEASED U.S. ASTRONAUTS 

72

ANDERSON, Michael P., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force 

Born December 25, 1959, in Plattsburgh, New York. Hometown, Spokane, Washington. 

Bachelor of Science in physics/astronomy from University of Washington; Master of 

Science in physics from Creighton University. 

Flew on STS-89 and STS-107 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 593. 

Died February 1, 2003, in the STS-107 accident. 

BASSETT, Charles A., II, Captain, U.S. Air Force 

Born December 30, 1931, in Dayton, Ohio. 

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from the Texas Technological College. 

Died February 28, 1966, in St. Louis, Missouri, in the crash of a T-38 jet. 

BROWN, David M., Captain, U.S. Navy 

Born April 16, 1956, in Arlington, Virginia. 

Bachelor of Science in biology from the College of William and Mary and a Doctor of 

Medicine from Eastern Virginia Medical School. 

Flew on STS-107. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 382. 

Died February 1, 2003, in the STS-107 accident. 

CARTER, Manley Lanier, Jr., "Sonny," Captain, U.S. Navy 

Born August 15, 1947, in Macon, Georgia. 

Bachelor of Arts in chemistry and Doctor of Medicine from Emory University. 

Flew on STS-33. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 120. 

Died April 5, 1991, near New Brunswick, Georgia, in the crash of a commercial airliner 

while on NASA business travel. 

CHAFFEE, Roger B., Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Navy 

Born February 15, 1935, in Grand Rapids, Michigan. 

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from Purdue University. 

Died January 27, 1967, at NASA John F. Kennedy Space Center, Florida, in the Apollo 

spacecraft fire. 

CHAWLA, Kalpana, Civilian 

Born July 1, 1961, in Karnal, India. 

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from Punjab Engineering College; 

Master of Science in aerospace engineering from University of Texas at Arlington; 

Doctor of Philosophy in aerospace engineering from University of Colorado. 

Flew on STS-87 and STS-107. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 758. 

Died February 1, 2003, in the STS-107 accident. 

CLARK, Laurel B., Commander, U.S. Navy 

Born March 10, 1961, in Ames, Iowa. Hometown, Racine, Wisconsin. 

Bachelor of Science in zoology and a Doctor of Medicine from the University of 

Wisconsin-Madison. 

Flew on STS-107. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 382. 
DECEASED U.S. ASTRONAUTS 

73

Died February 1, 2003, in the STS-107 accident. 

CONRAD, Charles, Jr., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired) 

Born June 2, 1930, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. 

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from Princeton University. 

Flew on Gemini 5, Gemini 11, Apollo 12, and Skylab 2. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,179. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 13 hours. 

Died July 8, 1999, in Ojai, California, in a motorcycle accident. 

EISELE, Donn F., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired) 

Born June 23, 1930, in Columbus, Ohio. 

Bachelor of Science in astronautics from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of Science in 

astronautics from the U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology. 

Flew on Apollo 7. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 260. 

Died December 2, 1987, in Tokyo, Japan, of a heart attack. 

EVANS, Ronald E., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired) 

Born November 10, 1933, in St. Francis, Kansas. 

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from the University of Kansas; Master of 

Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School. 

Flew on Apollo 17. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 301. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 1 hour. 

Died April 6, 1990, in Scottsdale, Arizona, of a heart attack. 

FREEMAN, Theodore C., Captain, U.S. Air Force 

Born February 18, 1930, in Haverford, Pennsylvania. 

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of Science in aeronautical 

engineering from the University of Michigan. 

Died October 31, 1964, at Ellington Air Force Base, Houston, Texas, in the crash of a T38 jet. 

GIVENS, Edward G., Jr., Major, U.S. Air Force 

Born January 5, 1930, in Quanah, Texas. 

Bachelor of Science in naval sciences from the U.S. Naval Academy. 

Died June 6, 1967, near Houston, Texas, in an automobile accident. 

GRIGGS, S. David, Civilian 

Born September 7, 1939, in Portland, Oregon. 

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of Science in administration 

from George Washington University. 

Flew on STS 51-D. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 167. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 3 hours. 

Died June 17, 1989, near Earle, Arkansas, in the crash of a World War II era training 

plane. 
DECEASED U.S. ASTRONAUTS 

74

GRISSOM, Virgil I., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force 

Born April 3, 1926, in Mitchell, Indiana. 

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from Purdue University. 

Flew on Mercury 4 and Gemini 3. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 5. 

Died January 27, 1967, at NASA John F. Kennedy Space Center, Florida, in the Apollo 

spacecraft fire. 

HENIZE, Karl G., Civilian 

Born October 17, 1926, in Cincinnati, Ohio. 

Bachelor of Arts in mathematics from the University of Virginia; Master of Arts in astronomy 

from the University of Virginia; Doctor of Philosophy in astronomy from the University of 

Michigan. 

Flew on STS 51-F. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 190. 

Died October 5, 1993, of respiratory and heart failure during a climb of Mount Everest. 

HUSBAND, Rick D., Colonel, U.S. Air Force 

Born July 12, 1957, in Amarillo, Texas. 

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from Texas Tech University; Master of 

Science in mechanical engineering from California State University. 

Flew on STS-96 and STS-107. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 617. 

Died February 1, 2003, in the STS-107 accident. 

IRWIN, James B., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired) 

Born March 17, 1930, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. 

Bachelor of Science in naval science from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of Science in 

aeronautical engineering and instrumentation engineering from the University of 

Michigan. 

Flew on Apollo 15. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 295. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 19 hours. 

Died August 8, 1991, of a heart attack. 

McCOOL, William C., Commander, U.S. Navy 

Born September 23, 1961, in San Diego, California. 

Bachelor of Science in applied science from the U.S. Naval Academy, a Master of 

Science in computer science from the University of Maryland and a Master of 

Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School. 

Flew on STS-107. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 382. 

Died February 1, 2003, in the STS-107 accident. 

McNAIR, Ronald E., Civilian 

Born October 21, 1950, in Lake City, South Carolina. 

Bachelor of Science in physics from North Carolina A&T State College; Doctor of 

Philosophy in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. 

Flew on STS 41-B. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 191. 
DECEASED U.S. ASTRONAUTS 

75

Died January 28, 1986, in the STS 51-L accident. 

ONIZUKA, Ellison S., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force 

Born June 24, 1946, in Kealakekua, Kona, Hawaii. 

Bachelor and Master of Science in aerospace engineering from the University of 

Colorado. 

Flew on STS 51-C. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 73. 

Died January 28, 1986, in the STS 51-L accident. 

OVERMYER, Robert F., Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired) 

Born July 14, 1936, in Lorain, Ohio. 

Bachelor of Science in physics from Baldwin Wallace College; Master of Science in 

aeronautics from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School. 

Flew on STS-5 and STS 51-B. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 290. 

Died March 22, 1996, in the crash of a light aircraft he was testing. 

RESNIK, Judith A., Civilian 

Born April 5, 1949, in Akron, Ohio. 

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from Carnegie-Mellon University; Doctor of 

Philosophy in electrical engineering from the University of Maryland. 

Flew on STS 41-D. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 144. 

Died January 28, 1986, in the STS 51-L accident. 

ROBERTSON, Patricia Hilliard, Civilian 

Born March 12, 1963, in Indiana, Pennsylvania. Hometown, Homer City, Pennsylvania. 

Bachelor of Science in biology from Indiana University of Pennsylvania; Doctor of 

Medicine from the Medical College of Pennsylvania. 

Died May 24, 2001, of injuries sustained in the crash of a private plane at Wolfe Air 

Park, Manvel, Texas.

ROOSA, Stuart A., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired) 

Born August 16, 1933, in Durango, Colorado. 

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the University of Colorado. 

Flew on Apollo 14. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 216. 

Died December 12, 1994, due to complications of pancreatitis. 

SCOBEE, Francis R., Major, U.S. Air Force (Retired) 

Born May 19, 1939, in Cle Elum, Washington. 

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Arizona. 

Flew on STS 41-C. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 167. 

Died January 28, 1986, in the STS 51-L accident. 

SEE, Elliot M., Jr., Civilian 

Born July 23, 1927, in Dallas, Texas. 

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy; Master of Science in 

engineering from the University of California - Los Angeles. 
DECEASED U.S. ASTRONAUTS 

76

Died February 28, 1966, in St. Louis, Missouri, in the crash of a T-38 jet. 

SHEPARD, Alan B., Jr., Rear Admiral, U.S. Navy (Retired) 

Born November 18, 1923, in East Derry, New Hampshire. 

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Naval Academy. 

Flew on Mercury 3 and Apollo 14. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 216. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 9 hours. 

Died July 21, 1998, after a lengthy illness. 

SLAYTON, Donald K., Civilian Major, U.S. Air Force Reserve 

Born March 1, 1924, in Sparta, Wisconsin. 

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the University of Minnesota. 

Flew on Apollo-Soyuz Test Project. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 217. 

Died June 13, 1993, in League City, Texas, from complications of a brain tumor. 

SMITH, Michael J., Captain, U.S. Navy 

Born April 30, 1945, in Beaufort, North Carolina. 

Bachelor of Science in naval science from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of Science in 

aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School. 

Died January 28, 1986, in the STS 51-L accident. 

SWIGERT, John L., Jr., Civilian 

Born August 30, 1931, in Denver, Colorado. 

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from the University of Colorado; Master 

of Science in aerospace science from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; Master of 

Business Administration from Hartford College. 

Flew on Apollo 13. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 142. 

Died December 27, 1982, of cancer. 

THORNE, Stephen D., Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Navy 

Born February 11, 1953, in Frankfurt-am-Main, West Germany. 

Bachelor of Science in engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy. 

Died May 24, 1986, in Alta Loma, Texas, in an airplane crash. 

VEACH, Charles Lacy, Civilian 

Born September 18, 1944, in Chicago, Illinois. Hometown, Honolulu, Hawaii. 

Bachelor of Science in engineering management from the U.S. Air Force Academy. 

Flew on STS-39 and STS-52. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 436. 

Died October 3, 1995, following a lengthy illness. 

WALKER, David M., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired) 

Born May 20, 1944, in Columbus, Georgia. Hometown, Eustis, Florida. 

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Naval Academy. 

Flew on STS 51-A, STS-30, STS-53 And STS-69. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 724. 

Died April 23, 2001, following a sudden and brief illness 
DECEASED U.S. ASTRONAUTS 

77
DECEASED U.S. ASTRONAUTS 

78

WHITE, Edward H., II, Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force 

Born November 14, 1930, in San Antonio, Texas. 

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Military Academy; Master of Science in aeronautical 

engineering from the University of Michigan. 

Flew on Gemini 4. 

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 97. 

Cumulative EVA time is more than 23 minutes. 

Died January 27, 1967, at NASA John F. Kennedy Space Center, Florida, in the Apollo 

spacecraft fire. 

WILLIAMS, Clifton C., Jr., Major, U.S. Marine Corps 

Born September 26, 1932, in Mobile, Alabama. 

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from Auburn University. 

Died October 5, 1967, near Tallahassee, Florida, in the crash of a T-38 jet. 
U.S. ASTRONAUT SELECTION BY GROUP 

79

GROUP 1 -- Mercury Astronauts, April 1959: Carpenter, Cooper, Glenn, Grissom, Schirra, Shepard, 

Slayton (7) 

GROUP 2 -- Pilot Astronauts, September 1962: Armstrong, Borman, Conrad, Lovell, McDivitt, 

See, Stafford, White, Young (9) 

 

GROUP 3 -- Pilot Astronauts, October 1963: Aldrin, Anders, Bassett, Bean, Cernan, Chaffee, M. 

Collins, Cunningham, Eisele, Freeman, Gordon, Schweickart, D. Scott, C. Williams (14) 

GROUP 4 -- Scientist Astronauts, June 1965: Garriott, E. Gibson, Graveline, Kerwin, Michel, 

Schmitt (6) 

GROUP 5 -- Pilot Astronauts, April 1966: Brand, Bull, Carr, Duke, Engle, Evans, Givens, Haise, 

Irwin, Lind, Lousma, Mattingly, McCandless, Mitchell, Pogue, Roosa, Swigert, Weitz, 

Worden (19) 

GROUP 6 -- Scientist Astronauts, August 1967: J. Allen, Chapman, England, Henize, 

Holmquest, Lenoir, Llewellyn, Musgrave, O'Leary, Parker, W. Thornton (11) 

GROUP 7 -- Air Force Manned Orbiting Laboratory Astronauts, August 1969: Bobko, Crippen, 

Fullerton, Hartsfield, Overmyer, Peterson, Truly (7) 

GROUP 8 -- Pilots and Mission Specialists, January 1978: Bluford, Brandenstein, Buchli, Coats, 

Covey, Creighton, Fabian, A. Fisher, D. Gardner, R. Gibson, F. Gregory, Griggs, Hart, 

Hauck, Hawley, Hoffman, Lucid, McBride, McNair, Mullane, Nagel, Nelson, Onizuka, Resnik, 

Ride, Scobee, Seddon, Shaw, Shriver, Stewart, Sullivan, Thagard, van Hoften, Walker, D. 

Williams (35) 

GROUP 9 -- Pilots and Mission Specialists, January 1980: Bagian, Blaha, Bolden, Bridges, 

Chang-Diaz, Cleave, Dunbar, W. Fisher, G. Gardner, Grabe, Hilmers, Leestma, Lounge, 

O'Connor, R. Richards, Ross, M. Smith, Spring, Springer (19) 

GROUP 10 -- Pilots and Mission Specialists, May 1984: Adamson, E. Baker, M. Brown, 

Cameron, Carter, Casper, Culbertson, Gutierrez, Hammond, Ivins, Lee, Low, McCulley, 

Shepherd, K. Thornton, Veach, Wetherbee (17) 

GROUP 11 -- Pilots and Mission Specialists, June 1985: Apt, M. Baker, Cabana, Duffy, Gemar, 

Godwin, Henricks, Hieb, Jernigan, Meade, Oswald, Thorne, Thuot (13) 

GROUP 12 -- Pilots and Mission Specialists, August 1987: Akers, A. Allen, Bowersox, C. Brown, 

Chilton, Davis, Foale, Harbaugh, Jemison, McMonagle, Melnick, Readdy, Reightler, Runco, 

James Voss (15) 

GROUP 13 -- Pilots and Mission Specialists, January 1990: Bursch, Chiao, Clifford, Cockrell, 

E. Collins, Currie (Sherlock), W. Gregory, Halsell, Harris, Helms, Jones, W. McArthur, 

Newman, Ochoa, Precourt, Searfoss, Sega, D. Thomas, Janice Voss, Walz, Wilcutt, Wisoff, 

Wolf (23) 
U.S. ASTRONAUT SELECTION BY GROUP 

80

GROUP 14 -- Pilots and Mission Specialists, March 1992: Barry, Brady, Coleman, Gernhardt, 

Grunsfeld, Horowitz, Jett, Kregel, Lawrence, Linenger, Linnehan, Lopez-Alegria, Parazynski, 

Rominger, W. Scott, S. Smith, Tanner, A. Thomas, Weber (19) 

GROUP 15 -- Pilots and Mission Specialists, January 1995: Altman, M. Anderson, Ashby, 

Bloomfield, Chawla, Chretien, Curbeam, Edwards, Gorie, Hire, Husband, Kavandi, Lindsey, Lu, 

Melroy, Noriega, Reilly, S. Robinson, Kilrain (Still), Sturckow (20) 

GROUP 16 -- Pilots and Mission Specialists, May 1996: D. Brown, Burbank, Cagle, Caldeiro, 

Camarda, Carey, Clark, Fincke, Forrester, Frick, Herrington, Higginbotham, Hobaugh, J. Kelly, 

M. Kelly, S. Kelly, Lockhart, Loria, Magnus, Massimino, Mastracchio, McCool, Morin, Nowak, 

Pettit, Phillips, Polansky, P. Richards, Sellers, Stefanyshyn-Piper, Tani, Walheim, Whitson, J. 

Williams, Wilson (35) 

GROUP 17 -- Pilots and Mission Specialists, June 1998: C. Anderson, Archambault, Caldwell, 

Chamitoff, Creamer, Ferguson, Foreman, Fossum, Ham, G. C. Johnson, G. H. Johnson, Love, 

Melvin, Morgan, Oefelein, Olivas, Patrick, Poindexter, Reisman, Robertson, Swanson, 

Wheelock, S. Williams, Woodward, Zamka (25) 

GROUP 18 -- Pilots and Mission Specialists, July 2000: Antonelli, Barratt, Behnken, Boe, Bowen, 

Drew, Feustel, Ford, Garan, Good, Hurley, Kopra, M. McArthur, Nyberg, Stott, Virts, Wilmore 

(17)
CONGRESSIONAL SPACE MEDAL OF HONOR 

81

In honor of NASA's 20th anniversary, President Jimmy Carter visited NASA John F. Kennedy Space Center 

on October 1, 1978, and awarded the first Congressional Space Medal of Honor to six former astronauts. 

Authorized by Congress in 1969, the award recognized "any astronaut who in the performance of his 

duties has distinguished himself by exceptionally meritorious efforts and contributions to the welfare of the 

Nation and mankind." These astronauts received this special honor: 

Neil A. Armstrong, for actions to overcome problems on the Gemini 8 mission and for Apollo 11 when 

he took his "...giant leap for mankind." 

Frank Borman, who commanded the Gemini 7 and Apollo 8 missions. The latter was the first manned 

spacecraft to orbit the Moon. 

Charles Conrad, Jr., who participated in four space flights of increasing duration, complexity and 

achievement: Gemini 5, Gemini 11, Apollo 12, and Skylab 2. On the first manned Skylab mission, 

he commanded the crew that performed repairs to the damaged orbital workshop, thus saving the 

two billion dollar program from potential failure. 

John H. Glenn, Jr., who in Mercury 6 was the first American to orbit the Earth. The success of his flight 

demonstrated the value of the human pilot in space. 

Virgil I. Grissom (posthumously), the second American in space, who took part in Mercury and Gemini 

flights and lost his life during preparations for the first Apollo flight. He flew on Mercury 4 and Gemini 

3. 

Alan B. Shepard, Jr., who was the first American in space, aboard Mercury 3. He also commanded the 

Apollo 14 mission. 

John W. Young, who demonstrated leadership, courage, and technical skill in a space flight career that 

spanned two decades and five (at that time) space flights pivotal to human progress in space. He flew on 

Gemini 3, Gemini 10, Apollo 10, Apollo 16, and STS-1 prior to receipt of the medal which was presented 

May 19, 1981, by President Ronald Reagan. 

Thomas J. Stafford, who commanded the first flight of the lunar module to the Moon and the American crew 

that rendezvoused with a Soviet spacecraft in 1975. He was recognized for his past contributions, and for 

continuing to serve the Nation in charting a future vision for our space program. He flew on Gemini 6 and 

9, Apollo 10, and the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project. The medal was presented January 19, 1991, by Vice 

President Dan Quayle at the direction of President George Bush. 

James A. Lovell, who flew on Gemini 7 and 12, and Apollo 8 and 13, was presented the medal on July 26, 

1995. In his remarks, President Bill Clinton especially commended Lovell for his performance on Apollo 13, 

which demonstrated, “the kind of resourcefulness, grit, and grace under pressure that is the province of 

heroes.” 

Shannon Lucid, who spent 188 days in space on the U.S. shuttle and Russian space station Mir, was 

presented the medal on December 2, 1996. Noting that the medal is given out sparingly because it honors 

“extraordinary service to the nation,” President Bill Clinton added that “Dr. Lucid achieved that kind of 

service for 188 days this year, the longest flight by an American in space, the longest time for any woman 

of any nation in space, five shuttle missions altogether.”

William Shepherd, who was the first astronaut to command a crew on the International Space Station, 

received the medal from President George W. Bush on January 15, 2003. Shepherd and the two other 

members of his crew spent 141 days in space, beginning a new era of international cooperation in space 

exploration. 
82 

ASTRONAUTS BORN IN OTHER COUNTRIES* (Includes Current International Astronauts) 

ARGENTINA: Caldeiro

AUSTRALIA: Chapman, A. Thomas 

BRAZIL: Pontes 

CANADA: Chamitoff, Hadfield, MacLean, 

Payette, D. R. Williams, Thirsk 

CHINA: Anders, Lucid 

COSTA RICA: Chang-Diaz 

ENGLAND: Foale, G.H. Johnson, Sellers, 

Patrick 

FRANCE: Eyharts, Chretien, Tognini 

GERMANY: Schlegel, Thorne

INDIA: Chawla 

ITALY: M. Collins, Nespoli, 

Vittori 

JAPAN: Doi, Wakata, 

Noguchi 

PACIFIC ISLANDS: Newman 

PERU: Noriega

SPAIN: Lopez-Alegria 

SWEDEN: Fuglesang

WALES: Llewellyn 

*See biographical sketches for city.
QUICK LOOK 

ASTRONAUTS AFFILIATIONS TO STATES

CURRENT-REGULAR - FORMER-ITALICS - DECEASED BOLD ITALICS

83 

ST BIRTHPLACE HOME TOWN COLLEGE 

AK Oefelein 

AL Hire, K. Thornton, C. 

Williams 

Hartsfield, Jemison, 

James Voss

Davis 

Edwards, James 

Voss 

U of Alabama: J. Kelly 

U of A (Huntsville): Davis 

U of A (Birmingham): Morin 

Auburn: Davis, K. Thornton, C. Williams. 

Hartsfield, Mattingly, James Voss

Troy State: Ford, Halsell, Kregel 

W. Gregory

AR Parazynski 

Covey

 

AZ Creamer, S. Smith Phillips U of Arizona: Caldeiro, Pettit 

Jones, Spring 

Scobee

CA Caldwell, Lindsey, 

Love, Melroy, Morgan, 

Ochoa, O'Connor, 

Olivas, Poindexter, 

Robinson, Sturckow, 

Walheim, Young 

Chilton, Clifford, 

Coats, Hauck, 

McCulley, Ride, van 

Hoften

McCool 

M. Baker, Cagle, 

Chamitoff, Chiao, 

A. Fisher, 

Horowitz, 

Lindsey, LopezAlegria, Newman, 

Noriega, Ochoa, 

Parazynski, S. 

Smith, Sturckow, 

Walheim 

R. Gibson, 

Linenger

CA Institute of Tech: Behnken, Chamitoff, Fullerton, 

Parker, Reisman 

Borman, E. Gibson, Meade, Michel, Schmitt, 

Searfoss 

U of CA (Berkley): Chiao, Walheim

Jernigan, Lind, O'Leary, Seddon, van Hoften, Weber 

U of CA (LA): Brand, A. Fisher, K. McArthur, Phillips, 

Robinson

Cunningham, Musgrave 

See 

CA Polytechnic: Chamitoff, Sturckow 

R. Gibson

U of CA (Davis): Caldwell, Robinson

U of CA (San Diego): K. McArthur

U of CA (Santa Barbara): Chiao

U of CA (Santa Cruz): Hawley 

Sullivan 

CA State (Fresno): Nagel 

McMonagle 

Husband

CA State (Fullerton): Caldwell 

CA State (Northridge): Horowitz 

Golden Gate: Precourt 

Henricks

Harvey Mudd: Love 

Nelson 

San Diego State: Ochoa 

San Francisco: Cagle

Southern Cal: Currie, Noriega

Armstrong, Bobko, Bolden, Carr, Duffy, Linenger, 

Reightler, Thuot 

Stanford: E. Collins, Fincke, Lu, Morgan, Ochoa, 
QUICK LOOK 

ASTRONAUTS AFFILIATIONS TO STATES

CURRENT-REGULAR - FORMER-ITALICS - DECEASED BOLD ITALICS

84 

Parazynski, Robinson, S. Smith

Bull, W. Fisher, Garriott, Helms, Jemison, Jernigan, 

Low, McCandless, Ride, Wisoff

ST BIRTHPLACE HOME TOWN COLLEGE 

CA 

Cont. 

 Naval Postgrad: Altman, Bursch, Curbeam, Ferguson, 

Foreman, Frick, Ham, Herrington, Jett, M. Kelly, 

Leestma, Lopez-Alegria, Noriega, Nowak, 

Poindexter, Rominger, J. Williams 

Carr, Cernan, Coats, Hilmers, Lousma, McBride, 

Mitchell, Reightler, W. Scott, Springer, Weitz 

Evans, McCool, Overmyer, M. Smith

CO Brand, Rominger, 

Carpenter, Carr, 

Lounge 

Roosa, Swigert 

Ashby, Swanson U of Colorado: Brand, Herrington, Ivins, Swanson 

Carpenter, Hieb, Lounge, Sega, James Voss 

Chawla, Onizuka, Roosa, Swigert

Colorado State: Cleave, Rominger 

van Hoften 

Air Force Acad: Bloomfield, Boe, Bridges, Casper, 

Drew, F. Gregory, Halsell, G. H. Johnson, J. Kelly, 

Kregel, Lindsey, Precourt, Stott, Virts 

Blaha, Bobko, C. Brown, Chilton, Covey, Duffy, G. 

Gardner, Grabe, W. Gregory, Gutierrez, Hammond,

Helms, Henricks, Jones, Lee, McMonagle, 

Searfoss, Sega, Shriver 

Veach

CT Barry, Burbank,

Mastracchio 

Spring, Thuot

Burbank U of Connecticut: Chang-Diaz, Mastracchio 

Hartford: Swigert

Yale: J. Allen

Coast Guard Acad: Burbank, Melnick 

DE Currie 

DC Drew, F. Gregory, 

Nowak 

Stewart

Georgetown: O’Leary

George Washington: Camarda, F. Gregory

Coats, Creighton 

Griggs

FL Boe, Davis, Lawrence 

Lenoir, R. Richards, 

W. Scott, Thagard 

Caldeiro, Jett 

Covey, Thagard 

Walker 

Embry-Riddle: Burbank, Drew, Garan, Stott, Virts, 

Kilrain 

Florida Atlantic: Swanson 

FL Tech: Higginbotham, Hire, S. Williams, Zamka

Florida State: W. Scott, Thagard 

U of Central Florida: Caldeiro 

U of Florida: Ford, Garan 

W. Fisher

U of Florida (Central): Stott 

U of Miami: Barry 

West Florida: Cockrell, O'Connor, Phillips 

Buchli, Melnick, R. Richards

GA Bridges Casper Emory: Carter

GA Tech: Boe, Davis, Horowitz, Kopra, Mangus, W. 
QUICK LOOK 

ASTRONAUTS AFFILIATIONS TO STATES

CURRENT-REGULAR - FORMER-ITALICS - DECEASED BOLD ITALICS

85 

Hammond, Kilrain

Carter, Walker 

McArthur, Poindexter, Wheelock, Young 

Clifford, Hammond, Kilrain, Truly

ST BIRTHPLACE HOME TOWN COLLEGE 

HI K. McArthur 

Onizuka 

Lu 

IA J. Kelly, Whitson 

Cunningham, Hilmers, 

Nelson, Shriver 

Clark 

Cornell: Hilmers 

Iowa State: C. Anderson 

Iowa Wesleyan: Whitson

ID Reilly U of Idaho: Ashby

Northwest Nazarene: Hieb

IL Altman, Archambault, 

Grunsfeld, 

Higginbotham, 

Magnus, Nagel, 

Tanner, Woodward 

Cernan, Kerwin, 

Mattingly, McDivitt, 

Meade 

Veach

Altman, 

Archambault, 

Tani, Jan Voss 

U of Chicago: Grunsfeld 

U of Illinois: Altman, Archambault, Higginbotham, 

Nagel, Tanner 

D. Gardner

Northwestern: Barratt

Kerwin 

IN Ford, Ross, Jan Voss, 

Wolf 

J. Allen, Borman, M. 

Brown, England, D. 

Williams 

Grissom 

Bowersox Depauw: J. Allen 

Indiana: Wolf 

Notre Dame: Ford, Good, Wetherbee 

Purdue: Bridges, Casper, Feustel, Polansky, Ross, 

Janice Voss, Wolf 

Armstrong, Blaha, M. Brown, Cernan, Covey, G. 

Gardner, Harbaugh, McCulley, Shriver, Weber, D. 

Williams

Chaffee, Grissom

KS Hawley 

Engle 

Evans 

Hawley U of Kansas: Hawley 

Engle

Evans

KY Wilcutt Wilcutt 

Musgrave

U of Kentucky: Musgrave 

Western Kentucky: Wilcutt

LA Gorie, Halsell Tulane: Hurley

MA Bowen, Linnehan, 

Loria, Lu, Precourt, 

Wilson 

Apt, Duffy, McCandless,

Musgrave, O'Leary

Barry, Precourt, 

S. Williams 

Amherst: Parker 

Hoffman

MIT: Antonelli, Bowen, Chamitoff, Chang-Diaz, 

Coleman, Creamer, Fincke, Grunsfeld, Lawrence, 

Massimino, Melroy, Patrick, Stefanyshyn-Piper, 
QUICK LOOK 

ASTRONAUTS AFFILIATIONS TO STATES

CURRENT-REGULAR - FORMER-ITALICS - DECEASED BOLD ITALICS

86 

Tani, Janice Voss, Woodward 

Aldrin, Apt, Cameron, Chapman, Duke, England, 

Hart, Hauck, Lee, Lenoir, Mitchell, Schweickart, D.

Scott, Shepherd

McNair

ST BIRTHPLACE HOME TOWN COLLEGE 

MA 

(cont) 

 U of Mass: Coleman 

Harvard College: Apt

Harvard University: Wilson 

Hoffman, Schmitt 

Holy Cross: Kerwin

Tufts: Hauck 

Williams: O'Leary

MD Curbeam, Ivins, Virts 

Jones, Reightler

Creamer, 

Poindexter 

Jones 

Johns Hopkins: Graveline

Loyola: Creamer 

U of Maryland: P. Richards 

McCool, Resnik

Naval Acad: Bowen, Bowersox, Bursch, Cabana, 

Curbeam, Foreman, Frick, Gorie, Ham, Hire, 

Hobaugh, Jett, Lawrence, Leestma, Lopez-Alegria, 

Loria, Nowak, O'Connor, Phillips, Readdy, S. 

Williams, Zamka 

Anders, Bolden, Buchli, Coats, Creighton, 

Culbertson, Duke, Edwards, Linenger, Lounge, 

Lovell, McCandless, Oswald, Reightler, Schirra,

Shepherd, Springer, Stafford, Thuot 

Eisele, Freeman, Givens, Griggs, Irwin, McCool, 

Shepard, M. Smith, Thorne, Walker

ME Hobaugh

MI Antonelli, Bloomfield, 

Jett, Leestma 

Linenger, Lousma, 

McMonagle, Searfoss, 

Shaw, Worden 

Chaffee 

Bloomfield, 

Zamka 

U of Michigan: Lousma, McDivitt, Worden 

Freeman, Henize, Irwin, White

MN Cabana, Carey, 

Nyberg, StefanyshynPiper 

D. Gardner

 U of Minnesota: Carey 

Slayton 

MO Behnken, Godwin, 

Kavandi 

Akers, Springer

Godwin 

Hammond, R. 

Richards 

U of Missouri: Godwin 

R. Richards

U of Missouri (Rolla): Magnus, Kavandi 

Akers

Missouri Southern: Kavandi 
QUICK LOOK 

ASTRONAUTS AFFILIATIONS TO STATES

CURRENT-REGULAR - FORMER-ITALICS - DECEASED BOLD ITALICS

87 

Southeast Missouri: Godwin 

Washington Univ: Behnken 

Webster: E. Collins 

Gutierrez

ST BIRTHPLACE HOME TOWN COLLEGE 

MS Haise, Peterson, Truly Southern Miss: Stewart

MT John Carroll: Walz

NC E. Baker, W. 

McArthur 

Brady, C. Brown, 

Duke, Helms, W. 

Thornton 

M. Smith 

W. McArthur 

Brady 

Duke: Brady 

U of North Carolina: Brady 

Linenger, W. Thornton 

Agricultural & Tech State: McNair

ND Buchli, Hieb Buchli U of North Dakota: Nyberg

NE C. Anderson C. Anderson Creighton: M. Anderson

Hastings: C. Anderson 

Wayne State: Linenger

NH Morin

Shepard 

Searfoss Dartmouth: Newman 

U of New Hampshire: Linnehan, Morin

NJ Ham, M. Kelly, S. 

Kelly, Polansky, 

Reisman, Zamka 

Aldrin, Schirra, 

Schweickart, Sullivan

M. Kelly, 

Polansky, 

Reisman 

Rutgers: Runco 

Hart

Princeton: Barry 

Adamson, Carr, 

Conrad

NM Gutierrez, Schmitt

NY Cagle, Camarda, 

Cleave, E. Collins, A. 

Fisher, Fullerton, 

Garan, Hurley, Kregel, 

Massimino, Parker, 

Runco, Stott, 

Swanson, Wetherbee, 

Wheelock 

Adamson, Bobko, E. 

Gibson, R. Gibson, 

Grabe, W. Gregory, 

Hoffman, Melnick 

M. Anderson 

E. Baker, Bursch, 

Kregel, Lu, 

Massimino, 

Melroy, Patrick, 

Runco, 

Wetherbee, 

Wheelock 

Hoffman, 

Shepherd 

City College: Runco 

Columbia: Bowersox, G. H. Johnson, Massimino 

Chilton, W. Gregory, Musgrave

Cornell: E. Baker, Barry, Lu, D. Thomas 

Jemison, Low 

New York U.: Morin 

NY Polytechnic: Camarda

Rensselaer Polytechnic: Mastracchio

Swigert 

Rochester: E. Gibson

NY State: E. Baker, Garan 

NY State (Farmingdale): Caldeiro 

NY State (Maritime): S. Kelly

Syracuse: E. Collins 

Musgrave 

Merchant Marine Acad: M. Kelly See 
QUICK LOOK 

ASTRONAUTS AFFILIATIONS TO STATES

CURRENT-REGULAR - FORMER-ITALICS - DECEASED BOLD ITALICS

88 

West Point: Kopra, Forrester, W. McArthur, Wheelock, 

J. Williams 

Adamson, Aldrin, Borman, Clifford, M. Collins,

Gemar, W. Mullane, Peterson, D. Scott, Spring,

Worden 

White

ST BIRTHPLACE HOME TOWN COLLEGE 

OH Foreman, Gernhardt, 

Good, D. Thomas, 

Walz, S. Williams 

Armstrong, Cameron, 

Glenn, Harbaugh, 

Henricks, Lovell, Low, 

Sega, Weber 

Bassett, Eisele, 

Henize, Overmyer, 

Resnik 

Currie, Foreman 

Harbaugh, 

Henricks, Sega 

Baldwin-Wallace: Overmyer 

Case Western: D. Thomas 

Kent State: Walz 

Marietta: Musgrave

Ohio State: Currie, Linnehan 

Sega

Muskingum: Glenn 

Wright State: Barratt 

Air Force Inst of Tech: Ford, Fossum, Halsell, Lindsey, 

Anders, Bluford, M. Brown, Cooper, Fabian, Mullane, 

Peterson 

Eisele

OK Herrington, 

Cooper, Garriott, 

Pogue, Stafford

Lucid U of Oklahoma: Lucid

Garriott, Haise

OK Baptist: Pogue

OK City: Cooper 

OK State: Pogue 

OR Petit 

Griggs 

Love 

Helms 

Oregon State2: Oefelein, Pettit

PA Bursch, Ferguson, 

Feustel, Fincke, Frick, 

Horowitz, Tani 

A. Allen, Bagian, 

Bluford, Hart, P. 

Richards, Weitz 

Conrad, Freeman, 

Irwin, Robertson 

Fincke 

Apt, P Richards 

Carnegie-Mellon: Mitchell 

Resnik 

Drexel: Ferguson 

Bagian, P. Richards

Lehigh: Hart 

PA Med College: Robertson 

Penn State: Bluford, Weitz 

U of Pennsylvania: Gernhardt, Reisman 

Robertson

Thomas Jefferson: Bagian

Villanova: A. Allen

RI Readdy Naval War College: J. Williams

SC Casper, Coleman, 

Fossum 

Bolden, Culbertson 

McNair 

Culbertson 

SD Fossum Gemar 
QUICK LOOK 

ASTRONAUTS AFFILIATIONS TO STATES

CURRENT-REGULAR - FORMER-ITALICS - DECEASED BOLD ITALICS

89 

Gemar

TN M. Baker, Wilmore 

Bull, Jernigan, 

Seddon, Shepherd

Tennessee Tech: Wilmore

U of Tennessee: Ashby, Gorie, Hurley, S. Kelly, 

Wilmore 

Edwards, Hartsfield, Seddon

Vanderbilt: Gernhardt 

Tenn Space Institute: Oefelein

ST BIRTHPLACE HOME TOWN COLLEGE 

TX Ashby, Cockrell, 

Forrester, Kopra, 

Lockhart 

Bean, Blaha, 

Creighton, Crippen, 

Fabian, W. Fisher, 

Harris, Holmquest, 

Mitchell, Mullane, D. 

Scott 

Givens, Husband, 

See, White 

Cockrell, 

Fossum, Loria, 

Olivas, Reilly 

Baylor: Holmquest 

U of Houston: Currie, Dunbar, Mastracchio, Olivas, 

Walheim 

Bluford, W. Fisher, Harbaugh, Harris, Holmquest, 

McCandless, Musgrave

U of Houston (Clear Lake): Fossum 

Rice: Newman, Olivas, Whitson 

Bull, Hoffman, Jernigan

Southern Methodist: Holmquest 

U of Texas: M. Baker, Cockrell, Lockhart, Nyberg, 

Wilson, Woodward 

Bean, Crippen, Meade, Thagard

U of Texas (Arlington): Stewart 

Chawla

U of Texas (Dallas): Reilly

U of Texas (El Paso): Olivas 

U of Texas-Public Health: E. Baker 

Texas A&M: Fossum, Swanson 

Texas Tech: Lockhart 

Harris 

Bassett, Husband

UT Lind Clifford U of Utah: Lind

Utah State: Cleave

VT Graveline U of Vermont: Graveline

VA Bowersox, Melvin, 

Oefelein, Phillips 

Edwards, G. Gardner, 

Wisoff 

D. Brown 

Readdy 

Reightler, Thuot 

Eastern VA Medical: D. Brown

Old Dominion: Bloomfield 

Virginia Polytech: Camarda 

William & Mary: D. Brown

U of Richmond: Melvin 

U of Virginia: Forrester, Melvin 

K. Thornton, Wisoff 

Henize

Washington and Lee: Low

WA Barratt, Dunbar, G. C. 

Johnson, 

Gordon, Oswald 

Scobee 

Oswald 

M. Anderson, 

Clark 

U of Washington: Antonelli, Barratt, Cagle, Dunbar, G. 

C. Johnson, Kavandi, Love 

Fabian, Gordon, Nelson 

M. Anderson

Washington State: Fabian
QUICK LOOK 

ASTRONAUTS AFFILIATIONS TO STATES

CURRENT-REGULAR - FORMER-ITALICS - DECEASED BOLD ITALICS

90 

WV McBride

WI Chiao, J. Williams 

Brandenstein, Lee, 

Michel 

Slayton 

J. Williams U of Wisconsin: Shaw 

Clark

U of Wisconsin (River Falls): Brandenstein
CURRENT-REGULAR - FORMER-ITALICS - DECEASED BOLD ITALICS

91 

ASTRONAUTS’ SCOUTING RECORDS (Includes Current International Astronauts) 

EAGLE: 

Bowersox, Chamitoff, Forrester, Fossum, 

Fullerton, G.H. Johnson, G.H. Johnson, 

Lindsey, Tanner, 

Adamson, Armstrong, Bagian, Bluford, Brady,

Carr, Covey, Creighton, Duke, W. Gregory, 

Hoffman, Jones, Lee, Lind, Llewellyn (King's 

Scout, U.K.), Lovell, McCulley, O'Leary, 

Reightler, Truly

Carter, Chaffee, Eisele, Griggs, McCool,

Onizuka, See, D. Walker 

LIFE: 

M. Baker, Brand, Bridges, Casper, F. Gregory, 

Kregel, W. McArthur, Poindexter, Robinson, 

Anders, Cooper, Fabian, G. Gardner, Low,

Mattingly, Mitchell, D. Scott, Spring, Springer, 

van Hoften

Bassett, D. Brown, Evans, Givens, C. 

Williams 

STAR: 

Barry, Noguchi, J. Williams 

Cameron, England, W. Fisher, Garriott, R. 

Gibson, Gordon, Haise, Lounge, Stafford

Grissom, McNair

1st Class: 

C. Anderson, Bloomfield, Camarda, Foreman, 

Linnehan, Oefelein, Reilly

J. Allen, Bean, Clifford, Coats, Edwards, 

Engle, D. Gardner, E. Gibson, Hammond, 

Nelson, Schirra, Schweickart, W. Scott,

Worden 

Freeman, Henize, Overmyer, Shepard,

Veach

2nd Class: 

Altman, Herrington, Parker, Woodward, Young

Bolden, Buchli, Carpenter, Cernan,

Culbertson, Mullane, Pogue, Shriver, W. 

Thornton 

Husband, Swigert, White 

TENDERFOOT: 

Bursch, Frick, Garan, Hawley, Kopra, Love, S. 

Smith 

Aldrin, Lousma, McDivitt, Michel, P. Richards,

Schmitt

EXPLORER: 

Barratt 

O'Connor, D. Williams

GIRL SCOUT: 

Cagle, E. Collins, Currie, Davis, A. Fisher, 

Higginbotham, Hire, Kilrain, Lawrence, Magnus, 

Morgan, Nowak, Stefanyshyn-Piper, Janice 

Voss 

Helms, Jernigan, Seddon, Sullivan, K.

Thornton, Weber 

Clark

CUB SCOUT: 

Burbank, Carey, Foale (Wolf, Germany), 

Gernhardt, Hadfield, Hobaugh, M. Kelly, S. 

Kelly, Lopez-Alegria, Loria, Massimino, Phillips, 

Readdy, Rominger, Sellers (Wolf), Thomas, 

D.R. Williams, Wolf 

A. Allen, C. Brown, Duffy, Henricks, Leestma, 

McBride, Meade, Musgrave, Shepherd, Thuot 

Conrad

WEBELO: 

Drew, Fincke, Ford, Gorie, J. Kelly, Loria, 

Massimino, Noriega, Olivas 

M. Anderson

RANK UNKNOWN: 

Morin, Polansky 

Bull, Harris, James Voss
92 

CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS IN ACTIVE & RESERVE MILITARY SERVICE 

AIR FORCE: 

Archambault, Behnken, Bloomfield, Boe, 

Cagle, Carey, Coleman, E. Collins, Drew, 

Fincke, Ford, Garan, Good, Halsell, 

Horowitz, G. H. Johnson, J. Kelly, Lindsey, 

Lockhart, Melroy, Virts, Walheim, Walz 

AIR FORCE RESERVES: 

Fossum 

ARMY: 

Creamer, Currie, Forrester, Kopra, 

Wheelock, J. Williams 

COAST GUARD: 

Burbank

MARINE CORPS: 

Hobaugh, Hurley, Loria, Sturckow, 

Wilcutt, Zamka 

NAVY: 

Altman, Antonelli, Bowen, Bowersox, Bursch, 

Curbeam, Ferguson, Foreman, Frick, Gorie, 

Ham, Herrington, Jett, M. Kelly, S. Kelly, 

Lawrence, Lopez-Alegria, Morin, Nowak, 

Oefelein, Poindexter, Rominger, StefanyshynPiper, Wetherbee, S. Williams, Wilmore, 

Woodward 

NAVY RESERVES: 

Hire, G.C. Johnson, Phillips
U.S. HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT LOG

93 

Mission Crew Date Mission Cumulative 

 elapsed U.S. man-hr. 

 time(MET), in space, 

 hr:min:sec hr:min:sec 

Mercury-Redstone 3 Shepard May 5, 1961 00:15:22 00:15:22 

Mercury-Redstone 4 Grissom July 21, 1961 00:15:37 00:30:59 

Mercury-Atlas 6 Glenn Feb. 20, 1962 04:55:23 05:26:22 

Mercury-Atlas 7 Carpenter May 24, 1962 04:56:05 10:22:27 

Mercury-Atlas 8 Schirra Oct. 3, 1962 09:13:11 19:35:38 

Mercury-Atlas 9 Cooper May 15-16, 1963 34:19:49 53:55:27 

Total - Project Mercury - 53:55:27 

Gemini-Titan III Grissom, Young Mar. 23, 1965 04:52:31 63:40:29 

Gemini-Titan IV McDivitt, White June 3 to 7, 1965 97:56:12 259:32:53 

Gemini-Titan V Cooper, Conrad Aug. 21 to 29, 1965 190:55:14 641:23:21 

Gemini-Titan VII Borman, Lovell Dec. 4 to 18, 1965 330:35:01 1302:33:23 

Gemini-Titan VI-A Schirra, Stafford Dec. 15 and 16, 1965 25:51:24 1354:16:11 

Gemini-Titan VIII Armstrong, D. Scott Mar. 16, 1966 10:41:26 1375:39:03 

Gemini-Titan IX-A Stafford, Cernan June 3 to 6, 1966 72:20:50 1520:20:43 

Gemini-Titan X Young, M. Collins July 18 to 21, 1966 70:46:39 1661:54:01 

Gemini-Titan XI Conrad, Gordon Sept. 12 to 15, 1966 71:17:08 1804:28:17 

Gemini-Titan XII Lovell, Aldrin Nov. 11 to 15, 1966 94:34:31 1993:37:19 

Total - Gemini Program - 1939:41:52 

Apollo-Saturn 7 Schirra, Eisele, Cunningham Oct. 11-22, 1968 260:09:03 2774:04:28 

Apollo-Saturn 8 Borman, Lovell, Anders Dec. 21-27, 1968 147:00:42 3215:06:34 

Apollo-Saturn 9 McDivitt, D. Scott, Schweickart Mar. 3-13, 1969 241:00:54 3938:09:16 

Apollo-Saturn 10 Stafford, Young, Cernan May 18-26, 1969 192:03:23 4514:19:25 

Apollo-Saturn 11 Armstrong, M. Collins, Aldrin July 16-24, 1969 195:18:35 5100:15:10 

Apollo-Saturn 12 Conrad, Gordon, Bean Nov. 14-24, 1969 244:36:24 5834:04:22 

Apollo-Saturn 13 Lovell, Swigert, Haise Apr. 11-17, 1970 142:54:41 6262:48:25 

Apollo-Saturn 14 Shepard, Roosa, Mitchell Jan. 31-Feb. 9, 1971 216:01:58 6910:54:19 

Apollo-Saturn 15 D. Scott, Worden, Irwin Jul. 26-Aug. 7, 1971 295:11:53 7796:29:58 

Apollo-Saturn 16 Young, Mattingly, Duke Apr. 16-27, 1972 265:51:05 8594:03:13 

Apollo-Saturn 17 Cernan, Evans, Schmitt Dec. 7-19, 1972 301:51:59 9499:39:10 

Total - Apollo Program - 7506:01:51 

Skylab SL-2 Conrad, Kerwin, Weitz May 25-Jun. 22, 1973 672:49:49 11518:08:37 

Skylab SL-3 Bean, Garriott, Lousma Jul. 28-Sep. 25, 1973 1427:09:04 15799:35:49 

Skylab SL-4 Carr, E. Gibson, Pogue Nov. 16/73-Feb. 8/74 2017:16:00 21851:23:49 

Total - Skylab Program - 12351:44:39 

Apollo-Soyuz Test Stafford, Brand, Slayton July 15 to 24, 1975 217:28:23 22503:48:58 

Project (ASTP) 

Total ASTP - 652:25:09 

Source: NASA Historical Data Book Volumes 1 and 11 
U.S. HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT LOG

94 

Space Transportation System

Mission Crew Date MET (lift-off Cumulative 

 to main gear U.S. man-hr 

 touchdown). space, 

 hr:min:sec hr:min:sec 

STS-1 Young, Crippen Apr. 12-14, 1981 54:20:53 22612:30:44 

STS-2 Engle, Truly Nov. 12-14, 1981 54:13:11 22720:57:06 

STS-3 Lousma, Fullerton Mar. 22-30, 1982 192:04:46 23105:06:38 

STS-4 Mattingly, Hartsfield Jun. 27-Jul. 4, 1982 169:09:31 23443:25:40 

STS-5 Brand, Overmyer, J. Allen, Lenoir Nov. 11-16, 1982 122:14:26 23932:23:24 

STS-6 Weitz, Bobko, Peterson, Musgrave Apr. 4-9, 1983 120:23:42 24413:58:12 

STS-7 Crippen, Hauck, Ride, Fabian, Thagard Jun. 18-24, 1983 146:23:59 25145:58:07 

STS-8 Truly, Brandenstein, D. Gardner, Bluford, Aug. 30-Sep. 5, 1983 145:08:43 25871:41:42 

 W. Thornton 

STS-9 Young, Shaw, Garriott, Parker, Lichtenberg, Nov. 28-Dec. 8, 1983 247:47:24 27358:26:06 

 Merbold 

41-B Brand, R. Gibson, McCandless, McNair, Stewart Feb. 3-11, 1984 191:15:55 28314:45:41 

41-C Crippen, Scobee, van Hoften, G. Nelson, Hart Apr. 6-13, 1984 167:40:07 29153:06:16 

41-D Hartsfield, Coats, Resnik, Hawley, Mullane, Aug. 30-Sep. 5, 1984 144:56:04 30022:42:40 

 C. Walker 

41-G Crippen, McBride, Ride, Sullivan, Leestma, Oct. 5-13, 1984 197:23:38 31404:28:06 

 Garneau, Scully-Power 

51-A Hauck, D. Walker, D. Gardner, A. Fisher, J. Allen Nov. 8-16, 1984 191:44:56 32363:12:46 

51-C Mattingly, Shriver, Onizuka, Buchli, Payton Jan. 24-27, 1985 73:33:23 32730:59:41 

51-D Bobko, Williams, Seddon, Hoffman, Griggs, Apr. 12-19, 1985 167:55:23 33906:27:22 

 C. Walker, Garn 

51-B Overmyer, F. Gregory, Lind, Thagard, Apr. 29-May 6, 1985 168:08:46 35083:28:44 

 W. Thornton, van den Berg, Wang 

51-G Brandenstein, Creighton, Lucid, Fabian, Nagel, Jun. 17-24, 1985 169:38:52 36271:00:48 

 Baudry, Al-Saud 

51-F Fullerton, Bridges, Musgrave, England, Henize, Jul. 29-Aug. 6, 1985 190:45:26 37606:18:50 

 Acton, Bartoe 

51-I Engle, Covey, van Hoften, Lounge, W. Fisher Aug. 27-Sep. 3, 1985 170:17:42 38457:47:20 

51-J Bobko, Grabe, Hilmers, Stewart, Pailes Oct. 3-7, 1985 97:44:38 38946:30:30 

61-A Hartsfield, Nagel, Buchli, Bluford, Dunbar, Furrer, 

 Messerschmid, Ockels Oct. 30-Nov. 6, 1985 168:44:53 40296:29:34 

61-B Shaw, O’Connor, Cleave, Spring, Ross, Neri-Vela, Nov. 26-Dec. 3, 1985 165:04:49 41452:03:17 

 C. Walker 

61-C R. Gibson, Bolden, Chang-Diaz, Hawley, Jan. 12 to 18, 1986 146:03:51 42474:30:14 

 G. Nelson, Cenker, B. Nelson 

51-L Scobee, M. Smith, Resnik, Onizuka, McNair, Jan. 28, 1986 n/a 42474:30:14 

 Jarvis, McAuliffe 

STS-26 Hauck, Covey, Lounge, G. Nelson, Hilmers Sep. 29-Oct. 3, 1988 97:00:11 42959:31:09 

STS-27 R. Gibson, G. Gardner, Mullane, Ross, Shepherd Dec. 2-6, 1988 105:05:37 43484:59:14 

STS-29 Coats, Blaha, Bagian, Buchli, Springer Mar. 13-18, 1989 119:38:50 44083:13:24 

STS-30 D. Walker, Grabe, Thagard, Cleave, Lee May 4-8, 1989 96:56:27 44567:55:39 

STS-28 Shaw, R. Richards, Adamson, Leestma, M. Brown Aug. 8-3, 1989 121:00:08 45172:56:19 

STS-34 Williams, McCulley, Chang-Diaz, Lucid, E. Baker Oct. 18-23, 1989 119:39:21 45771:13:04 

STS-33 F. Gregory, Blaha, Musgrave, Carter, K. Thornton Nov. 22-27, 1989 120:06:48 46371:47:04 

STS-32 Brandenstein, Wetherbee, Dunbar, Low, Ivins Jan. 9-20, 1990 261:00:36 47676:50:04 

STS-36 Creighton, Casper, Mullane, Hilmers, Thuot Feb. 28-Mar. 4, 1990 106:18:22 48208:21:54 

STS-31 Shriver, Bolden, Hawley, McCandless, Sullivan Apr. 24-29, 1990 121:16:06 48814:42:24 
U.S. HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT LOG

95 

STS-41 R. Richards, Cabana, Shepherd, Melnick, Akers Oct. 6-10, 1990 98:10:04 49305:32:44 
U.S. HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT LOG

96 

Space Transportation System

Mission Crew Date MET (lift-off Cumulative 

 to main gear U.S. man-hr 

 touchdown). in space, 

 hr:min:sec hr:min:sec 

STS-38 Covey, Culbertson, Springer, Meade, Gemar Nov. 15-20, 1990 117:54:31 49895:05:19 

STS-35 Brand, G. Gardner, Hoffman, Lounge, Parker, Dec. 2-10, 1990 215:05:08 51400:41:15 

 Durrance, Parise 

STS-37 Nagel, Cameron, Ross, Apt, Godwin Apr. 5-11, 1991 143:32:44 52118:34:55 

STS-39 Coats, Hammond, Bluford, Harbaugh, Hieb, Apr. 28-May 6, 1991 199:22:23 53514:01:36 

 McMonagle, Veach 

STS-40 O’Connor, Gutierrez, Seddon, Bagian, Jernigan, Jun. 5-14, 1991 218:14:20 55041:41:56 

 Gaffney, Hughes-Fulford 

STS-43 Blaha, M. Baker, Lucid, Adamson, Low Aug. 2-11, 1991 213:21:25 56108:29:01 

STS-48 Creighton, Reightler, Buchli, Gemar, M. Brown Sep. 12-18, 1991 128:27:38 56750:47:11 

STS-44 F. Gregory, Henricks, Musgrave, Runco, Nov. 24-Dec. 1, 1991 166:50:44 57751:51:35 

 James Voss, Hennen 

STS-42 Grabe, Oswald, Thagard, Hilmers, Readdy, Jan. 22-30, 1992 193:14:44 59104:34:43 

 Bondar, Merbold 

STS-45 Bolden, Duffy, Sullivan, Leestma, Foale, Frimout, Mar. 24-Apr. 2, 1992 214:09:28 60603:40:59 

 Lichtenberg 

STS-49 Brandenstein, Chilton, Hieb, Melnick, Thuot, May 7-16, 1992 213:17:38 62096:44:25 

 K. Thornton, Akers 

STS-50 R. Richards, Bowersox, Dunbar, E. Baker, Meade, Jun. 25-Jul. 9, 1992 331:30:04 64417:14:53 

 DeLucas, Trinh 

STS-46 Shriver, A. Allen, Hoffman, Chang-Diaz, Jul. 31-Aug. 8, 1992 191:15:03 65756:00:14 

 Nicollier, Ivins, Malerba 

STS-47 R. Gibson, C. Brown, Lee, Apt, Davis, Jemison, Sep. 12-20, 1992 190:30:23 67089:32:55 

 Mohri 

STS-52 Wetherbee, M. Baker, Veach, Shepherd, Oct. 22-Nov. 1, 1992 236:56:13 68511:10:13 

 Jernigan, MacLean 

STS-53 D. Walker, Cabana, Bluford, James Voss, Clifford Dec. 2-9, 1992 175:19:47 69387:49:08 

STS-54 Casper, McMonagle, Runco, Harbaugh, Helms Jan. 13-19, 1993 143:38:19 70106:00:43 

STS-56 Cameron, Oswald, Foale, Cockrell, Ochoa Apr. 8-17, 1993 222:08:24 71216:42:43 

STS-55 Nagel, Henricks, Ross, Precourt, Harris, Walter, Apr. 26-May 6, 1993 239:39:59 72894:22:36 

 Schlegel 

STS-57 Grabe, Duffy, Low, Currie, Wisoff, Janice Voss Jun. 21-Jul. 1, 1993 239:44:54 74332:52:00 

STS-51 Culbertson, Readdy, Newman, Bursch, Walz Sept. 12-22, 1993 236:11:11 75513:47:55 

STS-58 Blaha, Searfoss, Seddon, W. McArthur, Wolf, Lucid, Oct. 18-Nov. 1, 1993 336:12:32 77867:15:39 

 Fettman 

STS-61 Covey, Bowersox, Musgrave, K. Thornton, Dec. 2-2, 1993 259:58:37 79427:07:21 

 Nicollier, Hoffman, Akers 

STS-60 Bolden, Reightler, Chang-Diaz, Davis, Sega, Feb. 3-11, 1994 199:09:22 80622:03:33 

 Krikalev 

STS-62 Casper, A. Allen, Thuot, Gemar, Ivins Mar. 4-18, 1994 335:16:41 82298:26:58 

STS-59 Gutierrez, Chilton, Godwin, Apt, Clifford, Jones Apr. 9-20, 1994 269:49:30 83917:23:58 

STS-65 Cabana, Halsell, Hieb, Walz, Chiao, Thomas, July 8-23, 1994 353:55:00 86040:53:58 

 Mukai 

STS-64 R. Richards, Hammond, Linenger, Helms, Meade, Lee Sep. 9-20, 1994 262:49:57

 87617:53:40 

STS-68 Baker, Wilcutt, Wisoff, S. Smith, Bursch, Jones Sep. 30-Oct. 11, 1994 269:46:08 89236:30:28 

STS-66 McMonagle, C. Brown, Ochoa, Tanner, Clervoy, Nov. 3-14, 1994 262:34:02 90811:54:40 
U.S. HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT LOG

97 

 Parazynski 
U.S. HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT LOG

98 

Space Transportation System

Mission Crew Date MET (lift-off Cumulative 

 to main gear U.S. man-hr 

 touchdown). in space, 

 hr:min:sec hr:min:sec 

STS-63 Wetherbee, E. Collins, Harris, Foale, Feb. 3-11, 1995 198:28:15 92002:44:10 

 Janice Voss, Titov 

 

STS-67 Oswald, W. Gregory, Grunsfeld, Lawrence, Mar. 2-18, 1995 399:08:48 94796:45:46 

 Jernigan, Durrance, Parise 

STS-71 R. Gibson, Precourt, E. Baker, Harbaugh, Dunbar, Jun. 27-Jul. 7, 1995 235:22:17 Due to the 

 Solovyev, Budarin, Dezhurov, Strekalov, Thagard multi-vehicle 

STS-70 Henricks, Kregel, Thomas, Currie, Weber Jul. 13-22, 1995 214:20:05 missions and 

STS-69 Walker, Cockrell, Jim Voss, Newman, Gernhardt Sep. 7-18, 1995 260:28:56 change out of 

STS-73 Bowersox, Rominger, Coleman, Lopez-Alegria, Oct. 20-Nov. 5, 1995 381:52:21 crews, 

 K. Thornton, Leslie, Sacco Cumulative 

STS-74 Cameron, Halsell, Hadfield, Ross, W. McArthur Nov. 12-20, 1995 196:30:46 man-hours 

STS-72 Duffy, Jett, Chiao, W. Scott, Wakata, Barry Jan 1-20, 1996 214:00:45 will no longer 

STS-75 A. Allen, Horowitz, Hoffman, Cheli, Nicollier, Feb. 22-Mar. 9, 1996 377:40:21 be calculated. 

 Chang-Diaz, Guidoni 

STS-76 Chilton, Searfoss, Sega, Clifford, Godwin, Lucid Mar. 22-31, 1996 221:15:53 

STS-77 Casper, C. Brown, A. Thomas, Bursch, Runco, May 19-29, 1996 240:39:24 

 Garneau 

STS-78 Henricks, Kregel, Linnehan, Helms, Brady, Jun. 20-Jul. 7, 1996 405:47:36 

 Favier, Thirsk 

STS-79 Readdy, Wilcutt, Apt, Akers, Walz, Blaha, Lucid Sep. 16-26, 1996 243:18:00 

STS-80 Cockrell, Rominger, Jernigan, Jones, Nov. 19-Dec. 7, 1996 423:53:00 

 Musgrave 

STS-81 M. Baker, Jett, Wisoff, Grunsfeld, Ivins, Jan. 12-22, 1997 244:55:00 

 Linenger, Blaha 

STS-82 Bowersox, Horowitz, Tanner, Hawley, Feb. 11-21, 1997 239:37:00 

 Harbaugh, M. Lee, S. Smith 

STS-83 Halsell, Kilrain, Janice Voss, Gernhardt, D. Thomas, Apr. 4-8, 1997 95:12:00 

 Crouch, Linteris 

STS-84 Precourt, E. Collins, Clervoy, Noriega, Lu, May 15-24, 1997 221:20:00 

 Kondakova, Foale, Linenger 

STS-94 Halsell, Kilrain, Janice Voss, Gernhardt, D. Thomas, Jul. 1-17, 1997 376:45:00 

 Crouch, Linteris 

STS-85 C. Brown, Rominger, Davis, Curbeam, Robinson, Aug. 7-19, 1997 284:27:00 

 Tryggvason 

STS-86 Wetherbee, Bloomfield, Titov, Parazynski, Sep. 25-Oct. 6, 1997 259:21:00 

 Chretien, Lawrence, Wolf, Foale 

STS-87 Kregel, Lindsey, Chawla, W. Scott, Doi, Nov. 19-Dec. 5, 1997 376:34:00 

 Kadenyuk 

STS-89 Wilcutt, Edwards, Reilly, M. Anderson, Dunbar, Jan. 22-31, 1998 211:47:00 

 Sharipov, A. Thomas, Wolf 

STS-90 Searfoss, Altman, Linnehan, Hire, Dave Williams, Apr. 17-May 3, 1998 381:50:00 

 Buckey, Pawelczyk 

STS-91 Precourt, Gorie, Chang-Diaz, Lawrence, Jun. 2-12, 1998 235:54:00 

 Kavandi, Ryumin, A. Thomas 
U.S. HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT LOG

99 

STS-95 C. Brown, Lindsey, Robinson, Parazynski, Duque, Oct. 29-Nov. 7, 1998 213:44:00 

 Mukai, Glenn 
U.S. HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT LOG

100 

Space Transportation System

Mission Crew Date MET (lift-off 

 to main gear 

 touchdown). 

 hr:min:sec 

STS-88 Cabana, Sturckow, Ross, Currie, Newman, Krikalev Dec. 4-15, 1998 238:18:00 

STS-96 Rominger, Husband, Jernigan, Ochoa, Barry, May 27-Jun. 6, 1999 235:13:00 

 Payette, Tokarev 

STS-93 E. Collins, Ashby, Coleman, Hawley, Tognini Jul. 22-27, 1999 118:49:00 

STS-103 C. Brown, S. Kelly, S. Smith, Clervoy, Grunsfeld, Dec. 19-27, 1999 191:11:00 

 Foale, Nicollier 

STS-99 Kregel, Gorie, Thiele, Kavandi, Janice Voss, Mohri Feb. 11-22, 2000 269:38:00 

STS-101 Halsell, Horowitz, Weber, J. Williams, James Voss, May 19-29, 2000 236:09:00 

 Helms, Usachev 

STS-106 Wilcutt, Altman, Burbank, Lu, Mastracchio, Sep. 8-20, 2000 283:10:57 

 Malenchenko, Morukov 

STS-92 Duffy, Melroy, Chiao, McArthur, Wisoff, Oct. 11-24, 2000 309:40:25 

 Lopez-Alegria, Wakata 

STS-97 Jett, Bloomfield, Tanner Noriega, Garneau, Nov. 30-Dec. 1, 2001 259:58:20 

STS-98 Cockrell, Polansky, Curbeam, Ivins, Jones Feb. 7-20, 2001 309:20:00 

STS-102 Wetherbee, J. Kelly, A. Thomas, P. Richards, Mar. 8-21, 2001 309:49:00 

 Jim Voss, Helms, Usachev, Shepherd, 

 Gidzenko, Krikalev 

STS-100 Rominger, Ashby, Hadfield, Phillips, Apr. 19-May 1, 2001 283:30:00 

 Parazynski, Guidoni, Lonchakov 

STS-104 Lindsey, Hobaugh, Gernhardt, Kavandi, Reilly Jul. 12-24, 2001 306:35:00 

STS-105 Horowitz, Sturckow, Forrester, Barry, Aug. 10-22, 2001 285:13:00 

 Culbertson, Dezhurov, Tyurin, Jim Voss, 

 Helms, Usachev 

STS-108 Gorie, M. Kelly, Godwin, Tani, Walz, Bursch Dec. 5-17, 2001 283:36:00 

 Onufrienko, Culbertson, Dezhurov, Tyurin 

STS-109 Altman, Carey, Grunsfeld, Currie, Linnehan Mar. 1-12, 2002 262:10:00 

 Newman, Massimino 

STS-110 Bloomfield, Frick, Walheim, Ochoa, Morin, Apr. 8-19, 2002 259:43:00 

 Ross, Smith 

STS-111 Cockrell, Lockhart, Chang-Diaz, Perrin, Korzun, Jun 5-19, 2002 332:35:00 

 Whitson, Treschev, Onufrienko, Walz, 

 Bursch 

STS-112 Ashby, Melroy, Wolf, Magnus, Sellers, Yurchikhin Oct. 7-18, 2002 252:58:00 

STS-113 Weatherbee, Lockhart, Lopez-Alegria, Herrington, Nov. 23-Dec. 7, 2002 330:47:00 

 Bowersox, Budarin, Pettit, Korzun, Whitson, 

 Treschev 

STS-107 Husband, McCool, Chawla, D Brown, M Anderson Jan. 16-Feb. 1, 2003 382:20:00 

 Clark, Ramon Broke apart on reentry.