042111

NDIC publications are available on the following web sites:

INTERNET www.justice.gov/ndic

ADNET https://www.adnet.smil.mil/web/ndic/index.htm

LEO https://www.leo.gov/http://leowcs.leopriv.gov/lesig/ndic/index.htm

JWICS http://www.intelink.ic.gov/sites/ndic

RISS ndic.riss.net

Questions and comments may be directed to 

National Drug Threat Assessment Unit, National Threat Analysis Branch.

National Drug Intelligence Center

319 Washington Street 5th Floor, Johnstown, PA 15901-1622 • (814) 532-4601
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use 

on American Society

NATIONAL DRUG INTELLIGENCE CENTER

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF JUSTICE

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.

April 2011
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

ii

Acknowledgement 

This publication was sponsored by the United States Department of Justice, National Drug Intelligence 

Center (NDIC). It was prepared under agreement W909MY-09-P-0031 with Carnevale Associates, LLC. 

Ronald Simeone, Simeone Associates, Inc., served as the Principal Investigator, and Matthew Maggio 

served as the Project Manager for NDIC. 

Disclaimer 

The opinions expressed herein are the views of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the official 

policy of the Federal Government. 

Public Domain Notice 

All material appearing in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced without permission 

from NDIC or the authors. Citation of the source is appreciated. Suggested citation: 

National Drug Intelligence Center

2011 The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society. Washington D.C.: 

United States Department of Justice. 

Electronic Access to Publication 

This document can be accessed electronically through the following World Wide Web address: 

http://www.justice.gov/ndic/

Originating Office 

United States Department of Justice

National Drug Intelligence Center

Printed in April 2011

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

iii

Table of Contents

List of Figures. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

List of Tables. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . vii

Executive Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix

Comparison of Drug Costs to Other Societal Costs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi

Policy Implications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi

References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xii

Overview. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Prevalence and Incidence-Based Approaches. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Current Scope of Research. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Summary of Findings. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Organization of the Report. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Chapter 1. The Impact of Illicit Drug Use on Crime. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Attribution of Causality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Criminal Justice System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Crime Victims. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Chapter 2. The Impact of Illicit Drug Use on Health. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Specialty Treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Hospitals and Emergency Departments. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Homicide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Insurance Administration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Chapter 3. The Impact of Illicit Drug Use on Productivity. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Labor Participation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Specialty Treatment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Hospitalization. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Incarceration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Premature Mortality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

iv

Appendix A. 

Attribution Factors for Criminal Offenses. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Appendix B. 

Statistical Tables for Premature Mortality. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Appendix C. 

Statistical Tables for Homicide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

Appendix D. 

Statistical Tables for Present Discounted Value. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Acronym Glossary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

References. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

v

List of Figures

Overview

Statistical Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Chapter 1. The Impact of Illicit Drug Use on Crime

Figure 1.1. Method for Attribution. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Figure 1.2. Criminal Justice System Cost Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Figure 1.3. Criminal Justice System Cost Component Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Figure 1.4. Crime Victim Cost Component Summary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Chapter 2. The Impact of Illicit Drug Use on Health

Figure 2.1. Specialty Treatment, Hospital, and Emergency Department Cost Components. . . 22

Chapter 3. The Impact of Illicit Drug Use on Productivity

Figure 3.1. Lost Productivity Cost Components. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Figure 3.2. Incidence-Based. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Figure 3.3. Prevalence-Based. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

Figure 3.4. ICD-9/ICD-10 Comparability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

vi

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

vii

List of Tables

Chapter 1. The Impact of Illicit Drug Use on Crime

Table 1.1. Offense Attribution Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Table 1.2. Proportion of Criminal v Civil Cases. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Table 1.3. Victimization Costs for Lost Productivity: Violent Crimes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Table 1.4. Victimization Costs for Lost Productivity: Property Crimes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Chapter 2. The Impact of Illicit Drug Use on Health

Table 2.1. Specialty Treatment, Hospital, and Emergency Department Cost Components. . . 24

Chapter 3. The Impact of Illicit Drug Use on Productivity

Table 3.1. Labor Participation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Table 3.2. Specialty Treatment (State). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Table 3.3. Specialty Treatment (Federal). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

Table 3.4. Hospitalization (Full Attribution). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Table 3.5. Hospitalization: Hepatitis B (Partial Attribution). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Table 3.6. Hospitalization: Hepatitis C (Partial Attribution). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Table 3.7. Hospitalization: HIV (Partial Attribution). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Table 3.8. Hospitalization: Tuberculosis (Partial Attribution). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Table 3.9. Hospitalization: Non-Drug-Induced Primary Diagnosis (Partial Attribution). . . . 43

Table 3.10. Incarceration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Table 3.11. Premature Mortality: Males (Without ICD-10 Correction). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Table 3.12. Premature Mortality: Females (Without ICD-10 Correction). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

Table 3.13. Premature Mortality: Males (With ICD-10 Correction). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

Table 3.14. Premature Mortality: Females (With ICD-10 Correction). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Table 3.15. Premature Mortality: Male Homicides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Table 3.16. Premature Mortality: Female Homicides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
viii

The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
U.S. Department of Justice

National Drug Intelligence Center

Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 

ix

The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use 

on American Society

Executive Summary

The National Drug Intelligence Center (NDIC) 

prepares an annual National Drug Threat 

Assessment (NDTA) that provides federal 

policymakers and senior officials with a comprehensive appraisal of the danger that trafficking and use of illicit drugs pose to the security 

of our nation. To expand the scope of its NDTA, 

and to provide the Office of National Drug 

Control Policy (ONDCP) and other federal 

officials with a broad and deep understanding of 

the full burden that illicit drug use places on our 

country, NDIC has prepared this assessment—

The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on 

American Society. The assessment is conducted 

within a Cost of Illness (COI) framework that 

has guided work of this kind for several decades. As such, it monetizes the consequences 

of illicit drug use, thereby allowing its impact to 

be gauged relative to other social problems. 

In 2007, the cost of illicit drug use totaled 

more than $193 billion.

1

 Direct and indirect 

costs attributable to illicit drug use are estimated in three principal areas: crime, health, 

and productivity. Each of these areas has 

several components, which appear as rows in 

the Statistical Summary table presented on the 

following page. Because it is possible to 

characterize productivity lost to drug-induced 

incarceration and drug-induced homicide as 

either crime or productivity costs, a “scenario” 

is provided for each method of accounting―

and these scenarios appear as columns (a) and 

(b) of the Statistical Summary table. 

1. This is the most recent year for which data are available.

(a) Incarceration and homicide components of Productivity not included in 

Crime. This may be considered the “base 

model” in the analysis. Since some productivity is lost to crime (as when incarceration 

or homicide ensues), these elements may be 

treated as either crime costs or productivity 

costs. The numbers in this column parse the 

estimates so that all lost productivity is treated 

as a productivity cost. Thus: 

• Crime includes three components: criminal 

justice system costs ($56,373,254), crime 

victim costs ($1,455,555), and other crime 

costs ($3,547,885). These subtotal 

$61,376,694.

• Health includes five components: specialty 

treatment costs ($3,723,338), hospital and 

emergency department costs for nonhomicide cases ($5,684,248), hospital and 

emergency department costs for homicide 

cases ($12,938), insurance administration 

costs ($544), and other health costs 

($1,995,164). These subtotal $11,416,232.

• Productivity includes seven components: 

labor participation costs ($49,237,777), 

specialty treatment costs for services 

provided at the state level ($2,828,207), 

specialty treatment costs for services 

provided at the federal level ($44,830), 

hospitalization costs ($287,260), incarceration costs ($48,121,949), premature mortality costs (nonhomicide: $16,005,008), and 

premature mortality costs (homicide: 

$3,778,973). These subtotal $120,304,004. 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

x

Crime (b) (a) Incarceration and homicide components of Productivity

not included in Crime Crime $61,

Criminal Justice System $56,373,254 $56,373,254 Health $11,

Productivity $120,

Crime Victim $1,455,555 $1,455,555 $193,

Personal $134,864

Property $1,320,691

Crime $113,

Other $3,547,885 $3,547,885 Health $11,

Productivity $68,

Productivity $0 $51,900,922 $193,

Subtotal $61,376,694 $113,277,616

Health (b)

Specialty Treatment $3,723,338 $3,723,338

State $3,368,564

Federal $354,774

Hospital and Emergency Department

Non-homicide $5,684,248 $5,684,248

Hospital $5,523,189

Emergency Department $161,059 (b) Incarceration and homicide components of Productivity

included in Crime

Homicide $12,938 $12,938

Hospital $12,700

Emergency Department $238

Insurance Administration $544 $544 $544

Other $1,995,164 $1,995,164

Federal Prevention $803,761

Federal Research $569,340

AIDS $622,063

Subtotal $11,416,232 $11,416,232

Productivity (b)

Labor Participation $49,237,777 $49,237,777

Males $34,998,122

Females $14,239,655

Specialty Treatment (State) $2,828,207 $2,828,207

Males $1,981,428

Females $846,779

Specialty Treatment (Federal) $44,830 $44,830

Males $43,252

Females $1,578

Hospitalization $287,260 $287,260

Males $178,016

Females $109,244

Incarceration $48,121,949 $0

Males $44,048,432

Females $4,073,517

Premature Mortality (Non-Homicide) $16,005,008 $16,005,008

Males $11,710,119

Females $4,294,889

Premature Mortality (Homicide) $3,778,973 $0

Males $3,089,080

Females $689,893

Subtotal $120,304,004 $68,403,082

Total $193,096,930 $193,096,930

(a)

(a)

(a)

(b)

(a)

$61,376,694

$11,416,232

$120,304,004

Crime Health Productivity

$113,277,616

$11,416,232

$68,403,082

Crime Health Productivity

Statistical Summary

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

xi

Taken together, these costs total $193,096,930, 

with the majority share attributable to lost 

productivity. The findings are consistent with 

prior work that has been done in this area using a 

generally comparable methodology (Harwood et 

al., 1984, 1998; ONDCP, 2001, 2004). It is important to note that there is no double-counting 

among the cost components identified above. In 

cases where a component involves incapacitation (as with drug-induced incarceration, specialty treatment, and hospitalization), society 

essentially pays twice: once to deal with the 

problem behavior of an individual and again 

because after the behavior has been dealt with, 

the individual becomes nonproductive.

(b) Incarceration and homicide components of Productivity included in Crime. 

As noted above, some elements of productivity costs may be viewed as crime costs. In 

column (b) lost productivity attributable to 

illicit-drug-induced incarceration and illicitdrug-induced homicide are treated as crime 

costs. This causes crime costs to increase from 

$61,376,694 to $113,277,616 and productivity costs to decrease from $120,304,004 to 

$68,403,082. The total remains unchanged.

Comparison of Drug Costs to Other 

Societal Costs

The estimates presented above place illicit 

drug use on par with other serious chronic 

health problems in the United States. A recent 

study conducted by the National Institute of 

Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases 

(2008) estimated that diabetes costs the United 

States more than $174 billion each year. As 

was the case here, that study included both 

direct costs (medical care and services) and 

indirect costs (short-term and permanent 

disability as well as premature death). Finkelstein et al. (2009) report that medical costs 

associated with obesity totaled more than $147 

billion in 2008. This is driven largely by the 

fact that obese Americans spend approximately 

40 percent more on medical services (an average 

of $1,429 per year) than those whose weight is 

in the healthy range. The Centers for Disease 

Control and Prevention (CDC) report that 

between 1995 and 1999, smoking caused an 

estimated 440,000 premature deaths each year 

and was responsible for at least $157 billion 

annually in health-related economic costs 

(CDC, 2002). The approach taken by the CDC 

authors was similar to the approach taken here 

and was based upon estimates of annual smokingattributable mortality, years of potential life 

lost, smoking-attributable medical expenditures 

for adults and infants, and lost productivity for 

adults. Heart disease exacts perhaps the highest 

toll. During 2010 alone, it cost the United 

States an estimated $316 billion. This includes 

the costs of health care services, medications, 

and lost productivity (CDC, 2010).

Policy Implications

Illicit drug use is not like other health problems in that its consequences may include 

criminal sanctions. Since it is well known that 

illicit drug use sometimes progresses from 

experimentation to recreational use and eventually to abuse or dependence, it is relatively 

easy to draw inferences from the findings 

presented above. 

It is important that illicit drugs be made as 

difficult and costly to obtain as possible. This 

points to the value of law enforcement efforts. 

It is best if illicit drug use not be initiated at all. 

This points to the value of community-based 

prevention initiatives. If illicit drug use is 

initiated, then the earlier in the drug-use career 

that intervention takes place, the better society 

is served. This points to the value of screening and brief intervention activities. Later in 

the career, consequences involving specialty 

treatment, hospitalization, and incarceration 

are more likely to occur. These outcomes are 

expensive on two counts: once because society incurs costs by addressing the problem 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

xii

and again because productivity is lost when 

incapacitation ensues. This points both to the 

value of providing effective and broadly available specialty treatment and to the value of 

diverting nonviolent drug users into alternative 

specialty treatment settings whenever possible. 

The findings thus validate the basic premises 

of the National Drug Control Strategy. Strong 

law enforcement efforts that reduce cultivation, production, and distribution of illicit 

drugs both limit consumer access and enhance 

public safety. Prepared communities that support comprehensive local prevention initiatives 

reduce the probability that individuals will 

initiate illicit drug use. And a well-developed 

system of specialty treatment serves ultimately 

to break the cycle of drug use and criminality. 

References

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 

2002 Annual smoking-attributable mortality, years of potential life lost, and economic costs—United States, 

1995–1999. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 51(14):300-303. 

http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5114a2.htm, accessed November 1, 2010.

2010 “Heart Disease and Stroke: Addressing the Nation’s Leading Killers,” 

http://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/resources/publications/aag/dhdsp.htm, accessed November 1, 2010. 

Finkelstein, Eric A., Justin G. Trogdon, Joel W. Cohen, and William Dietz

2009 Annual medical spending attributable to obesity: payer- and service-specific estimates. Health Affairs

28(5):w822-w831.

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases 

2008 National Diabetes Statistics, 2007 Factsheet. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 

National Institutes of Health, http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/statistics/, accessed November 1, 2010. 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
U.S. Department of Justice

National Drug Intelligence Center

Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 

1

The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use 

on American Society

Overview

This is the first comprehensive assessment 

of societal costs attributable to illicit drug use 

to be completed in more than a decade. As 

such, it builds upon original work completed 

by Harwood et al. (1984, 1998) and extended 

by the same author under the auspices of 

ONDCP (2001, 2004). We have attempted to 

maintain consistency with this research and 

therefore employ a COI methodology that focuses narrowly on the tangible impact of illicit 

drug use on American society.1

 This inquiry 

does not involve monetization of intangible 

losses associated with reduced quality of life 

and addresses only the consequences of illicit 

drug use as they relate to crime, health, and 

productivity.2

 Although many of the conventions used in the earlier studies are retained, 

the task is redefined when necessary in order 

to maintain conceptual integrity.

1. The COI approach is normally attributed to Rice (1967) and 

has been applied broadly in studies assessing the tangible 

consequences of medical disorders (for recent meta-analyses of published work, see Akobundu et al., 2006; Clabaugh 

and Ward, 2008). Guidelines for conducting COI research 

were provided initially by Hodgson and Meiners (1982) and 

involved conventions related to the measurement of direct

costs, indirect (productivity) costs, and psychosocial costs. 

Those conventions are adopted here. 

2. One of the major criticisms of the COI approach is that it 

fails to consider intangible costs related to pain and suffering 

(McCollister et al., 2010; Miller et al., 1996, 2006; Rajkumar 

and French, 1997). Over time, research on the consequences 

of illicit drug use has become increasingly inclusive, incorporating concepts related to jury compensation (Cohen et al., 

1988; Miller et al., 1996, 2006), “willingness to pay” (Cohen

et al., 2004), and Quality-Adjusted Life Years (QALYs)—for 

a relevant example, see Nicosia et al., 2009). The application 

of COI methodologies nonetheless remains common and 

allows comparison between the findings presented here and 

other medical disorders.

Prevalence and Incidence-Based 

Approaches 

Estimates may be based on the prevalence of 

a disorder during a given period of time and on 

the costs associated with treating this disorder 

during the same period of time or on the incidence of a disorder during a given period of 

time and on the costs associated with treating 

this disorder over the entire course of its existence. These are defined respectively here as 

prevalence and incidence-based approaches. 

Given these definitions, it is possible to argue 

that prior work in this area has employed a 

mixed model in which some costs have been 

measured in a manner consistent with a 

prevalence-based approach while other costs 

have been measured in a manner consistent with 

an incidence-based approach. Thus the burden 

that illicit drug use places on the criminal justice 

system has been assigned the value of current 

period costs, while illicit drug-induced premature mortality has been assigned the present 

discounted value of lifetime earnings. The 

combination of estimates so derived can produce 

a distorted picture of the relative magnitude of 

cost components, and that problem is avoided by 

adopting a more strictly prevalence-based 

approach.3

 This requires various methodological 

accommodations that are discussed in detail in 

subsequent sections of the report. 

3. We believe that this allows a more accurate depiction of the contributions that individual cost components make to the overall 

cost of illicit drug use. But the refinement renders the estimates 

provided here and the estimates provided in earlier reports incomparable for lost productivity due to premature mortality and 

homicide. As an aid to comparison, we provide conventional

estimates in these areas as supplemental appendices.

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

2

Current Scope of Research

The objective is to estimate societal costs 

attributable to illicit drug use and realized during 

calendar year (CY) 2007―the most recent year 

for which data are available. Our approach 

assumes that any number of possible states may 

be occupied by illicit drug-using individuals. 

They may be in a jail or prison, in a specialty 

treatment program or hospital, in the general 

population, or elsewhere. Presence in these states 

is episodic, and, at any given moment, the states 

may be regarded as mutually exclusive. In some 

cases, societal costs are attributable to an episode 

of limited duration that falls entirely within the 

1-year observation period. An emergency room 

visit is an episode of this kind. But in many 

cases, an episode exceeds the limits of the 

observation period. A term in prison is an episode of this kind. When episodes exceed the 

limits of the observation period, it is necessary to 

make certain assumptions about the constancy of 

movement among states during the observation 

period. And so, in the analysis that follows, the 

system is assumed to be at equilibrium.

Within this context, methods are developed 

for identifying illicit drug-using individuals and 

determining whether their criminality, health 

problems, or reduced productivity is attributable 

to illicit drug use. When estimating criminal 

justice system costs, information provided by 

prisoners regarding the circumstances of their 

crime is examined in order to render an assessment of whether it was actually induced by illicit 

drug use. And then a generalization is made from 

this assessment to all crimes of a similar kind. 

Estimating the health and productivity costs attributable to illicit drug use requires that similar 

assessments be made regarding its causal role.4

4. Harwood et al. (1999) provide commentary criticizing 

past efforts of this kind. They argue that estimates of the 

economic impact of illicit drug use rely excessively upon 

guesswork and untested assumptions. Our position is 

that despite their limitations, such estimates do allow the 

economic impact of illicit drug use to be assessed relative 

to other diseases and, assuming constant bias, changes in 

the magnitude of the problem to be monitored over time.

The health estimates provided here are based 

only on costs that are reimbursed by public 

payers. We adopt this restrictive definition in an 

effort to assess the shared burden that illicit drug 

use places on all members of society and in so 

doing to make information of interest available 

to the primary consumers of the report. These 

estimates are not the sum of all drug-induced 

health costs. In this sense, the present research 

differs from prior work by Harwood et al. (1984, 

1998) and ONDCP (2001, 2004). 

It is important to note that this analysis occurs 

within the context of a “what if” scenario in 

which illicit drug use no longer exists. As such, 

it may again not be much different from earlier 

studies, save that this fact is stated explicitly 

and allowed to guide our estimation efforts 

more completely (Harwood et al., 1984, 1998; 

ONDCP, 2001, 2004). The result can be demonstrated by the manner in which productivity 

losses attributable to incarceration are estimated. It is usual practice to attribute mean market 

or household productivity values to individuals 

who are in jails and prisons to determine what 

they might otherwise have contributed to 

society had they been at liberty. But these mean 

values for productivity are based on a general 

population that includes illicit drug users. So in 

this analysis, a statistical basis for increasing 

the mean market productivity and household 

productivity values for members of the general 

population is developed before attributing these 

values to members of incarcerated populations.

As noted above, this is a rather tightly circumscribed exercise that deals only with the 

tangible consequences of illicit drug use as they 

relate to crime, health, and productivity. It does 

not attempt to estimate costs associated with the 

intangible consequences of illicit drug use, nor 

does it attempt to estimate costs in areas where 

consequences may be tangible but unmeasurable (the environmental impact of methamphetamine production), nor does it attempt to 

estimate once-removed or “second generation” 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

3

costs (foster care placement resulting from illicit drug use on the part of the parent or legal 

guardian). The scope of this inquiry is limited 

further to include only drugs scheduled by the 

Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA). This 

leads us to consider any use of Schedule I drugs 

(principally marijuana and heroin) and nonmedical use of Schedule II-IV drugs (cocaine 

and methamphetamine as well as prescription pain relievers, tranquilizers, stimulants 

and sedatives) in the analysis that follows.5

 In 

either case, such behavior is termed “illicit drug 

use.” Applying the same convention, the use 

of alcohol or unregulated solvents (inhalants) as 

intoxicants is not considered. Wherever possible, 

the estimates are derived from publicly available 

data-collection systems that the United States 

government is likely to continue to support in 

future years. This increases the probability that 

5. The terms pain relievers, stimulants, tranquilizers, and 

sedatives are defined operationally in a manner consistent

with the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH). 

Pain relievers include all narcotic analgesics: buprenorphine 

(Buprenex®); codeine (Tylenol with Codeine®); dextropropoxyphene (Darvocet®, Darvon®); hydrocodone (Hycomine®, 

Lorcet®, Lortab®, Lortab ASA®, Vicodin®, Vicoprofen®); 

hydromorphone (Dilaudid®, Palladone®); meperidine 

(Demerol®, Mepergan®); morphine (MS-Contin®, Oramorph 

SR®, MSIR®, Roxanol®, Kadian®, RMS®); methadone 

(Dolophine®); oxycodone (OxyContin®, OxyIR®, Percocet®, 

Percodan®, Tylex®); and pentazocine (Talacen®, Talwin®, 

Talwin Nx®). Tranquilizers include longer-acting benzodiazepines, chlordiazepoxide, and meprobromate: alprazolam 

(Xanax®), chlordiazepoxide (Librium®), clonazepam 

(Klonopin®), clorazepate (Tranxene®), diazepam (Valium®), 

halazepam (Paxipam®), lorzepam (Ativan®), oxazepam 

(Serax®), prazepam (Centrax®), quazepam (Doral®); 

chlordiazepoxide (Librium®, Limbitrol®); and meprobromate 

(Miltown®, Equanil®). Stimulants include all amphetamines, 

methylphenidate, and anorectics: amphetamine (Adderall®, 

Biphetamine®, Dexedrine®, Dextrostat®), methamphetamine 

(Desoxyn®); methylphenidate (Concerta®, Methylin®, 

Provigil®, Ritalin®); benzphetamine (Didrex®), diethylproprion (Tenuate®, Tepanil®), mazindol (Sanorex®, Mazanor®), 

phendimetrazine (Bontril®, Plegine®, Prelu-27®), and 

phentermine (Ionamin®, Lonamin®, Fastin®, Adipex®). 

Sedatives include all barbiturates, chloral hydrate, and 

shorter-acting benzodiazepines: amobarbital (Amytal®), 

aprobarbital (Alurate®), butabarbital (Butisol®,Tuinal®), 

butalbital (Fiorinal®), mephobarbital (Mebaral®), methohexital (Brevital®), pentobarbital (Nembutal®), phenobarbital 

(Luminal®), secobarbital (Seconal®), talbutal (Lotusate®), 

thiamyl (Surital®), thiopental (Pentothal®); chloral hydrate 

(Aquachloral®, Noctec®); estazolam (ProSom®), flurazepam 

(Dalmane®), temazepam (Restoril®), triazolam (Halcion®); 

zolpidem (Ambien®), and zaleplon (Sonata®).

successive rounds of estimation can be completed without incurring start-up costs or engaging 

in primary data-collection activities.

Summary of Findings

The Statistical Summary provided in this 

report draws together findings in the three key 

areas: crime, health, and productivity. Cost 

components of each area appear on the row 

axis of the table, and two alternative scenarios 

for allocating costs to crime, health, and 

productivity appear on the column axis of the 

table. The scenarios are identified there as (a) 

and (b) and discussed in detail below. Unless 

otherwise noted, all societal costs are reported 

in thousands and appear in red italics.

(a) Incarceration and homicide components 

of Productivity not included in Crime. This 

may be considered the “base model” in the 

analysis. Since some productivity is lost to crime 

(as when incarceration or homicide ensues), these 

elements may be treated as either crime costs or 

productivity costs. The numbers in this column 

parse the estimates so that all lost productivity is 

treated as a productivity cost. Thus: 

• Crime includes three components: criminal 

justice system costs ($56,373,254), crime 

victim costs ($1,455,555), and other crime 

costs ($3,547,885). These subtotal 

$61,376,694.

• Health includes five components: specialty 

treatment costs ($3,723,338), hospital and 

emergency department costs for nonhomicide 

cases ($5,684,248), hospital and emergency 

department costs for homicide cases 

($12,938), insurance administration costs 

($544), and other health costs ($1,995,164). 

These subtotal $11,416,232.

• Productivity includes seven components: labor 

participation costs ($49,237,777), specialty 

treatment costs for services provided at the 

state level ($2,828,207), specialty treatment 

costs for services provided at the federal level 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

4

($44,830), hospitalization costs ($287,260), 

incarceration costs ($48,121,949), premature 

mortality costs (nonhomicide: $16,005,008), 

and premature mortality costs (homicide: 

$3,778,973). These subtotal $120,304,004. 

Taken together, these costs total $193,096,930, 

with the majority share attributable to lost 

productivity. The findings are consistent with 

prior work that has been done in this area using a 

generally comparable methodology (Harwood et 

al., 1984, 1998; ONDCP, 2001, 2004). It is important to note that there is no double-counting 

among the cost components identified above. In 

cases where a component involves incapacitation 

(as with drug-induced incarceration, specialty 

treatment, and hospitalization), society essentially pays twice: once to deal with the problem 

behavior of an individual and again because after 

the behavior has been dealt with, the individual 

becomes nonproductive. 

(b) Incarceration and homicide components of Productivity included in Crime.

As noted above, some elements of productivity costs may be viewed as crime costs. In 

column (b), lost productivity attributable to 

illicit drug-induced incarceration and illicit 

drug-induced homicide are treated as crime 

costs. This causes crime costs to increase from 

$61,376,694 to $113,277,616 and productivity costs to decrease from $120,304,004 to 

$68,403,082. The total remains unchanged.

The estimates presented above place illicit 

drug use on par with other serious health 

problems in the United States. A recent study 

conducted by the National Institute of Diabetes 

and Digestive and Kidney Diseases (2008) 

estimated that diabetes costs the United States 

more than $174 billion each year. As was 

the case here, that study included both direct 

costs (medical care and services) and indirect 

costs (short-term and permanent disability as 

well as premature death). Finkelstein et al. 

(2009) report that medical costs associated 

with obesity totaled more than $147 billion 

in 2008. This is driven largely by the fact that 

obese Americans spend approximately 40 

percent more on medical services (an average 

of $1,429 per year) than those whose weight 

is in the healthy range. The CDC reported that 

between 1995 and 1999, smoking caused an 

estimated 440,000 premature deaths each year 

and was responsible for at least $157 billion 

annually in health-related economic costs 

(CDC, 2002). The approach taken by the CDC 

authors was also similar to the approach taken 

here and was based upon estimates of annual 

smoking-attributable mortality, years of potential life lost, smoking-attributable medical 

expenditures for adults and infants, and lost 

productivity for adults. Heart disease exacts 

perhaps the highest toll. During 2010 alone, 

it cost the United States an estimated $316 

billion. This includes the costs of health care 

services, medications, and lost productivity 

(CDC, 2010). 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

5

Crime (b) (a) Incarceration and homicide components of Productivity

not included in Crime Crime $61,3

Criminal Justice System $56,373,254 $56,373,254 Health $11,4

Productivity $120,3

Crime Victim $1,455,555 $1,455,555 $193,0

Personal $134,864

Property $1,320,691

Crime $113,2

Other $3,547,885 $3,547,885 Health $11,4

Productivity $68,4

Productivity $0 $51,900,922 $193,0

Subtotal $61,376,694 $113,277,616

Health (b)

Specialty Treatment $3,723,338 $3,723,338

State $3,368,564

Federal $354,774

Hospital and Emergency Department

Non-homicide $5,684,248 $5,684,248

Hospital $5,523,189

Emergency Department $161,059 (b) Incarceration and homicide components of Productivity

included in Crime

Homicide $12,938 $12,938

Hospital $12,700

Emergency Department $238

Insurance Administration $544 $544 $544

Other $1,995,164 $1,995,164

Federal Prevention $803,761

Federal Research $569,340

AIDS $622,063

Subtotal $11,416,232 $11,416,232

Productivity (b)

Labor Participation $49,237,777 $49,237,777

Males $34,998,122

Females $14,239,655

Specialty Treatment (State) $2,828,207 $2,828,207

Males $1,981,428

Females $846,779

Specialty Treatment (Federal) $44,830 $44,830

Males $43,252

Females $1,578

Hospitalization $287,260 $287,260

Males $178,016

Females $109,244

Incarceration $48,121,949 $0

Males $44,048,432

Females $4,073,517

Premature Mortality (Non-Homicide) $16,005,008 $16,005,008

Males $11,710,119

Females $4,294,889

Premature Mortality (Homicide) $3,778,973 $0

Males $3,089,080

Females $689,893

Subtotal $120,304,004 $68,403,082

Total $193,096,930 $193,096,930

(a)

(a)

(a)

(b)

(a)

$61,376,694

$11,416,232

$120,304,004

Crime Health Productivity

$113,277,616

$11,416,232

$68,403,082

Crime Health Productivity

Statistical Summary

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

6

Organization of the Report

Three chapters follow that describe the estimation procedure in detail: 

Chapter 1 examines crime-related costs 

attributable to illicit drug use in the United 

States. Within this context, criminal justice 

system costs, crime victim costs, and other 

costs are discussed.

Chapter 2 examines health-related costs 

attributable to illicit drug use in the United 

States. Within this context, treatment for illicit 

drug use delivered in specialty settings (detoxification, residential, outpatient, and outpatient 

methadone programs), treatment for illicit 

drug use—as well as illicit drug-induced disorders—delivered in hospitals and emergency 

departments, treatment for illicit drug-induced 

homicides delivered in hospitals and emergency departments, and insurance administration 

are discussed. The federal cost of funding state 

and local prevention initiatives, the federal 

cost of funding for treatment and prevention 

research, and the cost of living with illicit 

drug-induced AIDS are also assessed here.

Chapter 3 examines productivity-related 

costs attributable to illicit drug use in the 

United States. This involves measurement of 

various states of temporary incapacitation (in 

jails and prisons, residential drug treatment 

programs, and hospitals) as well as premature 

mortality attributable to illicit drug use (on 

the part of the deceased and on the part of the 

perpetrator in the case of illicit-drug-induced 

homicide).

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

7

In this section we attempt to assess the impact 

of illicit drug use on crime in the United States. 

Our conceptual model includes three primary 

components: criminal justice system costs, 

victim costs, and other costs. Because so much 

depends on the assumptions that we make 

regarding the relationship between illicit drug 

use and crime, we begin with a discussion of 

attribution. 

Attribution of Causality

Our interest in assessing the crime costs 

associated with illicit drug use derives from an 

assumption that illicit drug use in some way 

causes crime to occur. There is no doubt that this 

is true in some cases. If a person engages in 

larceny specifically to support a heroin habit, 

then we can argue that had there been no heroin 

use the larceny would never have occurred. 

Instrumental offenses of this kind are inherently 

drug-induced. But if a person commits homicide 

out of anger and while under the influence of 

cocaine, then the situation is less clear. Given 

sufficient enmity and the proper circumstances, 

the crime might have occurred in any case. Or, 

perhaps the cocaine produced disinhibiting 

effects that led ultimately to murder. Related 

offenses of this kind may be drug-induced, but 

this is not necessarily true. In the work on 

offense attribution that follows, we attempt to 

differentiate between instrumental offenses that 

are inherently drug-induced and related offenses 

that may or may not be drug-induced.6

6. The relationship between illicit drug use and criminal 

behavior is well documented in the literature (Ball et al., 

1981; Chaiken and Chaiken, 1990; French et al., 2000). The 

distinction that we make here between instrumental offenses 

and related offenses is consistent with the tripartite framework set forth by Goldstein (1985) in which instrumentality 

and impulsivity are treated as causal and where (as a third

component) both illicit drug use and crime are viewed as correlated indicators of some underlying phenomenon (perhaps 

poverty). This latter form of “systemic” crime is important 

to us, and the SILJ, SISCF, and SIFCF all include questions 

related to gang membership as well as participation in drug 

distribution activities. Unfortunately there are few responses 

to these items, and we are left with no empirical basis upon 

which to make attribution in this area. As such, our estimates 

should be regarded as conservative.

Figure 1.1. Method for Attribution

All Offenses

Related 

Offenses

Instrumental 

Offenses

Drug-Induced 

Offenses

Our general scheme is depicted in Figure 

1.1. As shown there, all instrumental offenses 

are drug-induced offenses; instrumental offenses and related offenses are correlated; 

and some related offenses are drug-induced 

offenses. Offense attribution makes use of 

information from three surveys supported 

by the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS): the 

Survey of Inmates in Local Jails (SILJ), last 

conducted in 2002 (BJS, 2006); the Survey of 

Inmates in State Correctional Facilities (SISCF), 

last conducted in 2004 (BJS, 2007); and the 

Survey of Inmates in Federal Correctional 

Facilities (SIFCF), also last conducted in 2004 

(BJS, 2007). All three surveys have similar 

questions and skip patterns.

Respondents are asked a series of screening 

questions regarding any prior use of a number 

of illicit drugs. Summing over all individuals 

with complete response sets for the screening questions ((1 2) = 1, else = 0) forms a 

denominator that is used in the calculation of 

two attribution factors as described below. An 

affirmative response to any of the screening 

questions leads two additional questions to be 

asked: “Did you commit the (governing offense) 

in order to get money to buy drugs?” and 

Chapter 1. The Impact of Illicit Drug Use on Crime

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

8

“Were you under the influence of drugs when 

you committed the (governing offense)?” For 

individuals with complete response sets on the 

screener, the sum over all (yes =1, else =0) 

responses to the first question (the red area 

in Figure 1.1), divided by the denominator as 

defined above (“All Offenses” in Figure 1.1), 

provides an attribution factor for instrumental offenses for each Uniform Crime Report 

(UCR) offense category. The sum over all 

cases where the response to the first question 

= 0 and the response to the identically coded 

second question =1, divided by the denominator as defined above, provides an attribution factor for related offenses for each UCR 

offense category. This essentially assigns the 

commonality between the two questions to the 

first question, which allows causality to be assigned with certainty. 

We are then left with the task of discounting some portion of the attribution factor for 

related offenses to reflect the fact that not all 

related offenses are drug-induced (leaving the 

blue area in Figure 1.1). There appear to be 

no research-based findings that might justify 

our selection of a probability here, and so we 

choose to err conservatively by assuming that 

the proportion of related offenses that are drug 

induced is 0.10. This is an area where additional research effort is warranted. We make 

exception to this procedure in the case of 

offenses involving drug possession and sales. 

Here it is unnecessary to attempt to draw 

inference regarding causality since we can 

assume that drug offenses are drug-induced 

by definition. There is no discount applied to 

related offenses of this kind, and the attribution factor is fixed at 1.00.7

Using this approach, we construct attribution 

factors for instrumental offenses and related 

offenses for each UCR offense category. This 

task is performed separately for each of the 

populations represented by the various sur7. We do nonetheless provide separate estimates for instrumental offenses and related offenses.

vey samples (local jails for the SILJ, state 

prisons for the SISCF, and federal prisons for 

the SIFCF). In the case of the jail population, 

we construct attribution factors for instrumental offenses and related offenses only for 

individuals who have been sentenced, and 

differentiate between those who have been 

sentenced to a term in jail and those who have 

been sentenced and are awaiting transfer to 

another correctional facility. Probation and parole attribution factors are inferred based upon 

the distributions of offenses reported by BJS 

(2009b). Our findings for these groups are presented in detail in Appendix A. In summary:

• The overall attribution rate that we estimate, 

based upon incarcerated populations, is 

approximately 0.36. Harwood et al. (1998) 

and ONDCP (2001, 2004) make use of a 

somewhat lower attribution rate (approximately 0.34). The discrepancy may be due 

to procedural differences.

• Drug offenses per se contribute heavily to this 

attribution rate; in the absence of possession 

and sales offenses, the overall attribution rate 

would be on the order of 0.18.

• Instrumental offenses are more highly 

represented among property offenses than 

among violent offenses, and related offenses

are more highly represented among violent 

offenses than among property offenses.

A summary of our findings is presented in 

Table 1.1 where “Adjusted Attribution” indicates only that the procedures described above 

have been applied to the data. The attribution 

rate varies significantly across correctional 

populations, ranging from a high of 0.60 for 

federal prisoners to a low of 0.31 for prisoners housed in local jails. The relatively high 

rates for probation and parole populations are 

indicative of the manner in which drug possession and sales cases are processed both before 

and after sentencing. Row proportions in Table 

1.1 may not sum properly due to rounding.

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

9

Table 1.1. Offense Attribution Factors

Drug-Induced

yes no total prop. yes no total prop. prop.

Number 26,529 190,506 217,035 0.12 34,670 182,253 216,922 0.16 0.28

Adjusted Attribution 0.12 0.19 0.31

Number 9,440 34,733 44,173 0.21 9,424 34,749 44,173 0.21 0.43

Adjusted Attribution 0.21 0.20 0.42

Number 35,969 225,239 261,208 0.14 44,093 217,002 261,095 0.17 0.31

Adjusted Attribution 0.14 0.19 0.33

Number 201,662 993,786 1,195,448 0.17 232,270 963,162 1,195,432 0.19 0.36

Adjusted Attribution 0.17 0.17 0.34

Number 23,333 102,008 125,340 0.19 17,209 108,074 125,283 0.14 0.32

Adjusted Attribution 0.19 0.42 0.60

Probation and Parole Populations

Probation 0.39

Parole 0.49

Probation 0.35

Parole 0.45

Incarcerated Populations

Source: Probation and Parole in the United States, 2007 (BJS, 2009b); SIFCF, 2004 (BJS, 2007) 

Sentenced to Jail

Sentenced Awaiting Transfer

All Jail Cases

State Prison

Federal Prison

Source: SILJ, 2002 (BJS, 2006)

Source: SILJ, 2002 (BJS, 2006)

Source: SILJ, 2002 (BJS, 2006)

Source: SISCF, 2004 (BJS, 2007)

Individual-level data are not available for these populations

Source: Probation and Parole in the United States, 2007 (BJS, 2009b); SISCF, 2004 (BJS, 2007) 

Individual-level data are not available for these populations

State

Federal

Source: SIFCF, 2004 (BJS, 2007)

Instrumental Offenses Related Offenses

Table 1.1 Offense Attribution Factors 

A summary of our findings is presented in Table 1.1 where “Adjusted Attribution” indicates only that the 

procedures described above have been applied to the data. The attribution rate varies significantly across 

correctional populations ranging from a high of .60 for federal prisoners to a low of .31 for prisoners 

housed in local jails. The relatively high rates for probation and parole populations are indicative of the 

manner in which drug possession and sales cases are processed both before and after sentencing. Row 

proportions in Table 1.1 may not sum properly due to rounding. 

Criminal Justice System 

Our component-based model of criminal justice system costs is depicted in Figure 1.2. Costs associated 

with victimization and other are treated separately and do not appear there. The diagram differentiates 

generally between state and local and federal criminal justice systems and establishes measures related to 

the impact of illicit drug use on police protection, adjudication, and correctional activities. Attribution 

factors associated with each UCR offense are used to burden the system accordingly.

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 9 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

Criminal Justice System

Our component-based model of criminal 

justice system costs is depicted in Figure 

1.2. Costs associated with victimization and 

other are treated separately and do not appear 

there. The diagram differentiates generally 

between state and local and federal criminal 

justice systems and establishes measures 

related to the impact of illicit drug use on police protection, adjudication, and correctional 

activities. Attribution factors associated with 

each UCR offense are used to burden the 

system accordingly.

The model requires that we differentiate 

between criminal and civil cases in order to 

properly assign adjudication costs associated 

with illicit drug use. While the Administrative 

Office of the United States Courts (AOUSC: 

2009) makes information available on the 

proportion of federal cases that are criminal 

rather than civil, there are no data of this kind 

readily available at the state and local level. 

We therefore canvassed states and were able 

to solicit responses from an ad hoc sample of 

nine respondents. Our findings are presented 

in Table 1.2.

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

10

Figure 1.2. Criminal Justice System Cost Components

Adjudication

Proportion of cases thatare criminal

Probation

Jail

Prison Parole

Proportion probation 

caseload attributed to drug

-induced offences

Probation costs

Proportion jail population 

attributed to drug-induced 

offences

Jail costs

Proportion parole caseload

attributed to drug-induced 

offenses

Parole costs

Proportion prison 

population attributed to 

drug-induced offences

Prison costs

Adjudication

Proportion cases that are criminalAdjudication costs

Prison

Jail

Probation

Parole

Proportion prison 

population attributed to 

drug-induced offences

Prison costs

Proportion parole caseload

attributed to drug-induced 

offences

Parole costs

Proportion probation 

caseload attributed to drug

-induced offenses

Probation costs

Proportion of arrests that 

are drug-induced

Adjudication costs

Crime Costs

State and LocalFederal

Arrest

Police protection costs

Arrest

Police protection costs

Proportion of arrests that 

are drug-induced

Arrests

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

11

Table 1.2. Proportion of Criminal v Civil Cases

e odeeques tat we deetate betweecaad cvcases odeto popey assg

adjudication costs associated with illicit drug use. While the Administrative Office of the United States 

Courts (AOUSC: 2009) makes information available on the proportion of federal cases that are criminal 

rather than civil there are no data of this kind readily available at the state and local level. We therefore 

canvassed states and were able to solicit responses from an ad hoc sample of nine respondents. Our 

findings are presented in Table 1.2. 

Table 1.2 Proportion Criminal v Civil Cases 

Source: AOUSC (2009); primary data collection as described above 

The weighted mean proportion of cases that were processed in 2007 as criminal rather than civil for this 

group of states is .54. The corresponding number for the federal system is .21. 

State and Local Criminal Justice 

Attribution factors for state and local components are derived from an analysis of data on local jail, and 

state prison, parole, and probation populations. 

 The estimation of police protection costs makes use of attribution factors for local jail and state 

prison populations weighted to reflect the relative sizes of their populations. These attribution 

factors are applied to the distribution of UCR offenses reported to the Federal Bureau of 

Investigation (FBI) for 2007 (FBI, 2008). The resulting proportion of arrests attributable to illicit 

drug use is multiplied by state and local police protection expenditures reported by BJS for 2007 

(BJS, 2010b) to produce an estimate of costs related to illicit drug use. 

 The estimation of adjudication costs makes use of a similar procedure although here we deal not 

only with attribution factors for local jail and state prison populations weighted to reflect the 

relative sizes of their populations but with the proportion of cases processed at the state and local 

level that are criminal rather than civil (from Table 1.2). 

System Criminal Civil Total prop.

Arizona 471,960 324,458 796,418 0.59

California 1,089,957 1,286,517 2,376,474 0.46

Kentucky 249,225 157,954 407,179 0.61

New York 1,726,148 1,814,190 3,540,338 0.49

North Carolina 146,437 26,799 173,236 0.85

Pennsylvania 512,517 216,447 728,964 0.70

South Dakota 169,057 82,830 251,887 0.67

Texas 937,716 722,733 1,660,449 0.56

Utah 129,539 85,892 215,431 0.60

Total 5,432,556 4,717,820 10,150,376

Mean 0.54

Federal 68,413 257,507 325,920 0.21

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 11 11/12

Source: AOUSC (2009); primary data collection as described above

The weighted mean proportion of cases that 

were processed in 2007 as criminal rather than 

civil for this group of states is 0.54. The corresponding number for the federal system is 0.21.

State and Local Criminal Justice

Attribution factors for state and local components are derived from an analysis of data 

on local jail and state prison, parole, and probation populations. 

• The estimation of police protection costs 

makes use of attribution factors for local 

jail and state prison populations weighted 

to reflect the relative sizes of their populations. These attribution factors are applied 

to the distribution of UCR offenses reported to the Federal Bureau of Investigation 

(FBI) for 2007 (FBI, 2008). The resulting 

proportion of arrests attributable to illicit 

drug use is multiplied by state and local 

police protection expenditures reported by 

BJS for 2007 (BJS, 2010b) to produce an 

estimate of costs related to illicit drug use.

• The estimation of adjudication costs makes 

use of a similar procedure, although here we 

deal not only with attribution factors for local 

jail and state prison populations weighted to 

reflect the relative sizes of their populations 

but also with the proportion of cases processed at the state and local level that are

criminal rather than civil (from Table 1.2). 

• The estimation of corrections costs makes 

use of attribution factors for local jail and 

state prison, parole, and probation populations. The attribution factor for each population is multiplied by its midyear census 

for 2007 (BJS, 2008b, 2008c, 2009b), 

allowing us to calculate the proportion of 

each population with offenses related to 

illicit drug use. Information on corrections 

costs for 2007 is disaggregated for local jail 

and state prison, parole, and probation 

populations using supplemental data 

provided by the Pew Center on the States 

(2009). The proportion of each population 

attributable to illicit drug use is multiplied 

by its estimated expenditures for 2007 to 

produce a corresponding estimate of costs 

related to illicit drug use. 

Federal Criminal Justice 

In a similar way, attribution factors for the 

federal components are derived from the 

analysis of data on federal prison, parole, and 

probation populations. 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

12

• The estimation of police protection costs 

makes use of an attribution factor for the 

federal prison population. This attribution 

factor is applied to the distribution of 

bookings made by United States Marshals 

for 2007 (BJS, 2010a). The resulting 

proportion of arrests attributable to illicit 

drug use is multiplied by federal police 

protection expenditures reported by BJS for 

2007 (BJS, 2010b) to produce an estimate 

of costs related to illicit drug use.

• The estimation of adjudication costs makes 

use of a similar procedure, although here 

we deal not only with an attribution factor 

for the federal prison population but also 

with the proportion of cases processed at 

the federal level that is criminal rather than 

civil (from Table 1.2).

• The estimation of corrections costs makes 

use of attribution factors for federal prison, 

parole, and probation populations. As 

before, the attribution factor for each 

population is multiplied by its midyear 

census for 2007 (BJS, 2008c, 2009b), 

allowing us to calculate the proportion of 

each population with offenses related to 

illicit drug use. Information on corrections 

costs for 2007 is disaggregated for federal 

prison, parole, and probation populations 

using supplemental data provided by the 

Federal Bureau of Prisons (BOP: Federal 

Register, 2009). The proportion of each 

population attributable to illicit drug use is 

multiplied by its estimated expenditures for 

2007 to produce a corresponding estimate 

of costs related to illicit drug use.

Our estimates are presented in Figure 1.3. 

The cost associated with any given component 

is given by multiplying through the elements 

in the corresponding row. These elements of 

cost are of two kinds: those relating to proportions and those relating to costs. The former 

include estimates of the probability that crime 

is attributable to illicit drug use and estimates 

of the proportions of court cases that are 

criminal rather than civil. The latter include 

police protection, adjudication, and corrections costs. Using this approach, we estimate 

criminal justice system costs of $56,373,254

attributable to illicit drug use.8

Crime Victims

We build upon studies of victim costs that 

make use of the COI approach (Harwood et 

al., 1984, 1998; ONDCP, 2001, 2004). The 

basic components of such estimates include 

what are commonly referred to as “tangible” 

losses attributable to medical expenses, property losses, and lost productivity. As a practical matter, medical expenses occur only in 

conjunction with violent offenses.

Within this context, theft per se is treated as 

a transfer of wealth since, while it results in a 

cost to the victim, it does not result in a cost to 

society. This is not true, however, when property is damaged or destroyed (in which case 

theft does result in a loss to society). Cash 

losses on the part of the victim may be regarded in a similar manner. Some have argued that 

“society disagrees” with this reasoning, and 

there is a continuing discussion on the matter 

(Miller et al., 1996).

Victimization often results in some loss 

of productivity (particularly when a violent 

crime is involved), which can be estimated 

using data on lost wages for individuals who 

are workforce participants. Measures are 

sometimes taken to estimate both lost market 

productivity and lost household productivity by modeling the ratio of work days lost 

8. Corrections costs for state and local prison, parole, and 

probation are calculated using per diem rates provided by 

the Pew Center on the States (2009) and midyear census 

counts provided by BJS (2008b, 2008c, 2009b). Total 

state and local correctional expenditures are set equal to 

the number provided by BJS (2010b), and this allows a 

per diem rate to be imputed for jails. The Adjustment for 

Federal is the discrepancy between corrections costs reported by BJS (2010b) and the product of federal per diem 

rates reported by BOP (Federal Register, 2009) and BJS 

midyear census counts (BJS, 2008c, 2009b). This may be 

due to undercounting of prisoners held in other statuses.

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

13

Figure 1.3. Criminal Justice System Cost Component Summary

Proportion of arrests that 

are drug-related

Police protection costs

Proportion state and local 

cases that are criminal

Adjudication costs

Proportion jail costs 

attributable to drugrelated offenses

Jail costs

Proportion prison costs 

attributable to drugrelated offenses

Prison costs

Proportion parole costs 

attributable to drugrelated offenses

Parole costs

Proportion probation 

costs attributable to drugrelated offenses

Probation costs

Drug-induced costs

 Local nd State a

Arrests $80,311,670 = $19,499,701

Adjudication 5 )06,918,73$X45.( 0 = $4,914,602

Jail $19,321,697 0.33 X = $6,401,922

Prison = 299,780,83$X43.0 $12,922,781

Parole = 689,869,1$X94.0 $961,567

Probation $5,280,689 0.39 X $2,076,922

l era Fed

Arrests $19,617,000

0.24

0.27

X

X

0.24

0.27

X

X

= $5,250,996

Adjudication 0 )00,459,01$X12.( 0 = $615,474

Prison = 076,138,5$X06.0 $3,515,598

Parole

===

291,393$X54.0 $177,414

Probation $103,138 0.35 X $36,278

Total $56,373,254

State and Local Note:

Jail Prison Parole Probation

Corrections Total $19,321,697 $1,968,986 $5,280,689

Per Diem $67.82 $78.95 $7.47 $3.42

Population 780,581 1,321,731 722,153 4,230,305

Product $19,321,697 $38,087,992 $1,968,986 $5,280,689

Adjustment 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Federal

Prison Parole Probation

831,301$291,393$ latoT snoitcerroC

Per Diem $68.28 $9.92 $9.92

Population 196,804 91,333 23,958

Product $4,904,789 $330,699 $86,745

Adjustment 1.19 1.19 1.19

Corrections Police Protection Adjudication

$38,087,992

$5,831,670

Cost information is derived from a report that BJS produces each year on police protection, adjudication, and 

corrections expenditures (BJS, 2010b). In preparing this report it draws upon data compiled by the United States 

Census Bureau (USCB). Unlike state and local government expenditures, which the USCB collects through its 

own surveys, federal expenditures are obtained from the Budget of the United States as prepared by the Office of 

Management and Budget (OMB). The USCB thus follows OMB conventions for the most part when classifying 

federal expenditures.

Within this context the activities of the Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) are classified in their entirety 

as performing a police protection function, as are the activities of Immigration and Customs Enforcement (ICE). 

Most of the activities of Customs and Border Protection (CBP), including those of the Office of Field Operations 

(CBP-OFO), Border Patrol (CBP-BP), and Air & Marine (CBP-A&M) are classified as performing a police

protection function as well. The only exceptions are activities associated with operation Puerto Rico and a few 

miscellaneous agricultural programs. The activities of the Transportation Security Administration (TSA) are not 

classified as performing a police protection function. 

The USCB coding procedure treats interdiction as police protection. This is true regardless of whether the 

interdiction activities occur in the United States or in another country. But if the interdiction activities are 

performed as part of another function, and serve only a minor role, then they are generally coded in a manner 

consistent with the dominant function.

Attribution factors are rounded to the nearest hundredth for illustration purposes.

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

14

per criminal incident to “home days” lost per 

criminal incident (Miller, 1993; Miller et al., 

1996, 2006). This requires using data that are 

ancillary to the National Criminal Victimization 

Survey (NCVS: BJS, 2008a), which often provides the basis for estimates of lost productivity.

One aspect of these procedures involves 

inclusion of homicide risk as a component 

of victim costs (Harwood et al., 1984, 1998; 

McCollister et al., 2010; Miller et al., 1996, 

2006; ONDCP, 2001, 2004). This is important 

because self-report data such as the NCVS 

by definition exclude homicide cases. Only 

the living can be interviewed; this leaves the 

UCR as the principal source of information on 

deaths. But the UCR sometimes records the 

crime leading to a homicide rather than the 

homicide itself in its statistics (Rajkumar and 

French, 1997). Thus NCVS-based productivity 

losses are commonly burdened by the probability that a nonfatal crime of a particular kind 

leads to homicide, times the present discounted value of lifetime earnings for the victim.

The COI approach has a number of limitations that have been discussed at length. Rajkimar and French (1997) have noted that some 

people may not actually be able to provide 

accurate self-reports of their medical expenses. And so reliance upon the NCVS for this 

purpose may result in underestimation. In response, some have drawn upon alternate data 

sources when developing estimates of medical 

expenses (Miller et al., 1996). The survey does 

not gather information on costs associated 

with mental health care, and, again, a variety 

of means have been employed to supplement 

the NCVS (Miller et al., 1996, 2006). But 

many have argued that the most significant 

shortcoming associated with the COI approach 

is that it fails to consider the “intangible” costs 

of pain, suffering, and reduced quality of life 

associated with criminal victimization. 

As McCollister et al. (2010), Miller et al. 

(1996, 2006), and Rajkumar and French 

(1997) have noted, there are a number of other 

approaches that make use of more inclusive 

definitions of victim costs. These usually 

involve “jury compensation”―which assigns 

monetary value to intangibles based upon 

actual jury awards (Cohen et al., 1988; Miller 

et al., 1996, 2006) or “willingness to pay”―

which assigns monetary value to intangibles 

based upon how much people are willing to 

pay in order to avoid having a particular kind 

of crime occur (Cohen et al., 2004).

In an effort to maintain consistency with earlier work completed by ONDCP (2001, 2004), we 

adopt a COI methodology. But because of our 

approach to the problem of estimating societal 

costs, we inherit only some of its shortcomings:

• Because we proceed from a prevalence-based 

perspective rather than from an incidencebased perspective, we must estimate current 

period productivity losses rather than the 

present discounted value of lifetime earnings. 

This makes recent estimates of tangible losses 

unusable for our purposes (McCollister et al., 

2010). But it has the beneficial consequence

of mitigating concerns related to the longterm health and mental health consequences 

of victimization. 

• Because the prevalence of drug-induced 

homicide is estimated using National 

Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) Multiple Cause of Death Public Use Data 

(MCODPUD) rather than UCR crime data, 

the necessity of adjusting the NCVS data 

for homicide risk disappears.

Viewed through this lens, the components 

of victim costs are just medical expenses, 

damaged property losses, and current period 

productivity losses. Component estimates 

for medical expenses and damaged property 

losses are based upon NCVS data alone (BJS, 

2009a), while estimates for nonhomiciderelated productivity losses are made using 

both NCVS and American Time Use Survey 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

15

(ATUS) data.9

 The latter are derived from a 

representative sample of the noninstitutionalized population of the United States and 

gathered annually by the Bureau of Labor 

Statistics (BLS). Respondents are asked to 

keep logs recording their activities during a 

given 24-hour period. These data can be used 

to produce estimates of Market Productivity 

Value (MPV) and Household Productivity 

Value (HPV) for males and females by age. 

Such estimates have been provided for CY2007 

by Grosse et al., 2009. Thus:

• Medical expenses are given by NCVS data 

on “total medical expenses” associated 

with the victimization event (these must 

involve a public payer).

• Damaged property losses are given by NCVS 

data as well. Here we estimate the proportion 

reduction in property value associated with 

cases in which all theft items have been 

recovered and multiply this times the total 

value of stolen property (thereby assuming 

that unrecovered property is damaged at the

same rate as recovered property).

• Productivity losses are given by multiplying the mean number of days lost per 

incident times the mean daily MPV or HPV 

for a given sex by age category as reported 

by Grosse et al. (2009).10

Estimates are provided separately for violent 

crimes and property crimes. The NCVS gathers information only on the number of work 

days lost to a criminal incident. And so the 

corresponding number of home days lost to the 

incident is inferred using sex by age category 

ratios also estimated by Gross et al. (2009). 

9. Estimates for homicide-related productivity losses are 

provided in Chapter 3.

10. Grosse et al. (2009) include the value of noncash fringe 

benefits and employer payroll taxes. MPV and HPV 

reported in Tables 1.3 and 1.4 are adjusted to compensate 

for the fact that the ATUS sample includes illicit drug 

users whose productivity is reduced relative to nonusers. 

This procedure is described in detail in Chapter 3. Estimation of lost productivity due to homicide is also discussed 

there within the context of premature mortality.

Annualized work and home day losses are then 

given by multiplying the number of victims in a 

given category by the corresponding values for 

mean work days and mean home days.

Crime victim costs are summarized in 

Figure 1.4. The public share of medical costs 

associated with victimization averaged $40.21 

per event for violent crimes and $0.00 per 

event for property crimes. When medical costs 

are multiplied by the corresponding number 

of victimization events of each kind, the costs 

subtotal $216,522 and $0.00.

The mean dollar amounts for stolen property prior to discount are $124.57 for violent 

crimes and $801.66 for property crimes. Recovered property is damaged at a mean rate of 

0.11 for violent crimes and 0.26 for property 

crimes. Damage costs thus averaged $13.59 

per event for violent crimes and $205.14 per 

event for property crimes. When the number 

of victimization events of each kind is multiplied times the mean value of damage costs, 

the products subtotal $73,204 and $3,683,547. 

Drawing now from Tables 1.3 and 1.4―MPV 

and HPV costs totaled $660,419 and $173,721 

for violent crimes and $408,224 and $168,521

for property crimes. Total Productivity Value 

(TPV) costs (the sum of MPV and HPV 

costs) associated with violent and personal 

crimes subtotaled $834,140 and $576,746, 

respectively. Because only some victimization events are caused by illicit drug use, we 

apply the attribution factors defined earlier 

in this chapter for violent offenses (0.12) and 

property offenses (0.31) to the sum of medical 

costs, property costs, and productivity costs 

resulting in costs of $134,864 and $1,320,691

attributable to drug-induced violent crimes 

and drug-induced property crimes. These costs 

sum to $1,455,555.

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

16

Figure 1.4. Crime Victim Cost Component Summary

Violent Property Total

Number of Events 5,385,240 17,955,838 23,341,078

Medical Costs Per Event $40.21 $0.00

Subtotal $216,522 $0.00 $216,522

Property Costs Per Event $124.57 $801.66

Damage Rate 0.11 0.26

Loss per Event $13.59 $205.14

Subtotal $73,204 $3,683,547 $3,756,751

Productivity Costs

Males MPV $550,390 $298,980 $849,370

HPV $60,848 $71,051 $131,899

Females MPV $110,029 $109,245 $219,274

HPV $112,873 $97,470

Sum (Males+Females) MPV $660,419 $408,224 $1,068,643

Sum (Males+Females) HPV $173,721 $168,521 $342,242

Subtotal TPV $834,140 $576,746 $1,410,886

Total $1,123,866 $4,260,292 $5,384,159

Attribution 0.12 0.31

Total Loss with Attribution $134,864 $1,320,691 $1,455,555

Crime Type

Other

The ONDCP fiscal year (FY) 2009 Budget 

Summary (ONDCP, 2008) provides final drug 

spending estimates for FY2007 (versus those 

enacted for 2008 and proposed for 2009). The 

methodology used in preparing the report has 

remained unchanged since 2004.11 It identifies 

five “Other” areas. These include spending by 

the Department of Defense (DoD), the Department of State (DOS), and the Coast Guard 

(USCG), spending on the High Intensity 

Drug Trafficking Area (HIDTA) program, and 

spending by ONDCP. 

11. The agency may revise its time series in 2011 per congressional instruction, but the numbers provided in the report 

are official as of this date.

Funds for DoD are appropriated generally to 

the Counternarcotics Central Transfer Account 

(CCTA). Some funds were also appropriated 

in FY2007 to a supplemental account that 

Congress provided and which was related 

to the war in Iraq. The total amount of DoD 

spending in FY2007 was $1,188,325. This includes funding for the United States National 

Guard (USNG). Appropriations in this area 

are used to pay for intelligence, interdiction, 

source nation, state and local assistance, and 

research and development activities. 

The DOS receives appropriations for counternarcotics activities as well, and there are 

two entities that account for spending in this 

area: the Bureau of International Narcotics 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

17

and Law Enforcement Affairs (INL) and the 

United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The latter is responsible 

for the majority share. The DOS funds for the 

most part support source country activities―

although a small portion is scored by ONDCP 

as interdiction. Total spending for DOS in 

FY2007 was $1,010,581.

The USCG is now part of the Department of 

Homeland Security (DHS) rather than the Department of Transportation (DOT). It is counted 

as a separate and distinct program within DHS. 

This allows us to identify its counternarcotics 

spending relatively easily. A total of $1,080,916

was reported for FY2007, largely for interdiction (a small amount was also scored by 

ONDCP as research and development). 

Some funding for HIDTAs is captured in 

the BJS expenditure data (BJS, 2010b). If 

law enforcement personnel are assigned to a 

HIDTA by a parent agency (such as the DEA 

or the FBI), then their salaries are covered by 

the parent agency. But ONDCP also receives an 

appropriation to provide assistance to federal, 

state, and local agencies within each HIDTA 

to carry out activities that address the specific 

threats within a particular region. Expenditures 

associated with such assistance are in addition 

to those associated with detailed staff. They are 

scored variously by ONDCP as intelligence, interdiction, investigations, research and development, and prosecution. A total of $218,430 was 

attributed to HIDTA spending in FY2007.

Spending by the Executive Office of the 

President (EOP) is not captured by BJS (2010b) 

or other data sources. Therefore, we include 

funding for the ONDCP Counternarcotics Technology Assessment Center (CTAC) ($20,000), 

Special Funds ($13,761), and ONDCP operations as reflected in its own Salaries and Expenses (S&E) account ($15,872).

The Other expenditures total approximately 

$3,547,885.

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

18

Table 1.3. Victimization Costs for Lost Productivity: Violent Crimes

Lost Work Ratio Lost Home MPV HPV TPV MPV HPV TPV

(N) (Mean Days) (Home/Work) (Mean Days) (Work) (Home) (Annual) (Annual) (Annual) (Total) (Total) (Total)

Males

15–19 72,642 1.84 0.73 1.34 367 267 $6,333 $4,659 $10,992 $2,323 $1,244 $3,567

20–24 251,192 0.86 0.38 0.33 590 225 $23,600 $6,213 $29,813 $13,912 $1,398 $15,311

25–29 340,136 3.32 0.38 1.26 3,098 1,171 $45,940 $9,058 $54,997 $142,315 $10,607 $152,92230–34 304,776 2.49 0.47 1.16 2,080 969 $56,933 $11,159 $68,092 $118,403 $10,810 $129,213

35–39 325,759 4.01 0.49 1.97 3,582 1,758 $62,887 $11,810 $74,696 $225,263 $20,762 $246,025

40–44 404,756 0.55 0.49 0.27 609 295 $64,475 $11,538 $76,012 $39,258 $3,407 $42,665

45–49 457,789 0.98 0.49 0.47 1,223 594 $64,553 $11,512 $76,065 $78,964 $6,841 $85,805

50–54 322,258 0.75 0.44 0.33 665 292 $63,289 $10,254 $73,545 $42,090 $2,993 $45,083

55–59 184,096 1.12 0.58 0.65 564 329 $51,913 $11,352 $63,264 $29,304 $3,735 $33,039

60–64 92,787 0.04 0.84 0.03 9 8 $39,271 $11,863 $51,132 $372 $94 $467

65–69 32,589 0.56 1.83 1.02 50 91 $15,789 $12,917 $28,706 $785 $1,174 $1,958

70–74 49,489 0.00 2.96 0.00 0 0 $9,757 $13,291 $23,048 $0 $0 $0

75–79 16,954 0.00 5.80 0.00 0 0 $5,478 $12,588 $18,067 $0 $0 $0

80 + 22,362 0.00 6.54 0.00 0 0 $3,853 $9,810 $13,663 $0 $0 $0

All 2,877,586 1.63 0.62 0.76 12,833 5,999 $42,889 $10,143 $53,031 $550,390 $60,848 $611,238

Attribution 0.12 $66,047 $7,302 $73,349

Females

15–19 44,511 0.28 1.33 0.37 34 45 $5,057 $7,598 $12,655 $171 $342 $513

20–24 235,445 0.17 0.90 0.16 112 100 $16,835 $12,801 $29,636 $1,881 $1,284 $3,165

25–29 243,882 1.49 1.16 1.73 998 1,159 $28,336 $18,827 $47,163 $28,279 $21,816 $50,095

30–34 297,971 0.08 1.52 0.12 66 101 $29,707 $22,337 $52,045 $1,965 $2,253 $4,218

35–39 331,543 1.41 1.43 2.02 1,283 1,834 $33,543 $22,150 $55,694 $43,052 $40,625 $83,678

40–44 407,619 0.06 1.25 0.07 62 78 $35,955 $20,588 $56,543 $2,241 $1,602 $3,843

45–49 368,417 0.87 1.03 0.90 879 904 $37,045 $17,911 $54,956 $32,549 $16,186 $48,735

50–54 196,473 0.65 0.96 0.63 351 338 $36,861 $16,370 $53,230 $12,935 $5,532 $18,467

55–59 168,894 1.23 1.19 1.46 568 674 $30,497 $17,036 $47,534 $17,328 $11,476 $28,804

60–64 110,880 0.80 1.70 1.36 243 413 $21,322 $17,702 $39,024 $5,172 $7,318 $12,489

65–69 45,115 0.00 4.60 0.00 0 0 $6,528 $18,408 $24,936 $0 $0 $0

70–74 14,791 0.00 8.25 0.00 0 0 $2,919 $17,550 $20,469 $0 $0 $075–79 16,563 1.30 15.88 20.61 59 935 $1,271 $16,510 $17,781 $75 $15,439 $15,514

80 + 25,551 0.00 33.00 0.00 0 0 $646 $12,862 $13,507 $0 $0 $0

All 2,507,655 0.68 1.75 0.96 4,654 6,580 $23,642 $17,153 $40,795 $110,029 $112,873 $222,902

Attribution 0.12 $13,203 $13,545 $26,748

Total 5,385,240 $660,419 $173,721 $834,140

Attribution $79,250 $20,847 $100,097

Lost Productivity Adjusted Productivity Incident Consequences: Violent Crimes

Annualized Product

Table 1.3 Victimization Costs for Lost Productivity: Violent Crimes

Source: Grosse et al. (2009); NCVS, 2007 (BJS, 2009a); NSDUH, 2007 (SAMHSA, 2009b) 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 18 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

Source: Grosse et al. (2009); NCVS, 2007 (BJS, 2009a); NSDUH, 2007 (SAMHSA, 2009b)

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

19

Table 1.4. Victimization Costs for Lost Productivity: Property Crimes

Lost Work Ratio Lost Home MPV HPV TPV MPV HPV TPV

(N) (Mean Days) (Work/Home) (Mean Days) (Work) (Home) (Annual) (Annual) (Annual) (Total) (Total) (Total)

Males

15–19 196,588 1.65 0.73 1.20 888 646 $6,333 $4,659 $10,992 $5,623 $3,011 $8,634

20–24 889,332 0.14 0.38 0.05 340 130 $23,600 $6,213 $29,813 $8,015 $806 $8,821

25–29 805,733 0.30 0.38 0.11 663 250 $45,940 $9,058 $54,997 $30,437 $2,269 $32,706

30–34 820,605 0.10 0.47 0.05 235 110 $56,933 $11,159 $68,092 $13,387 $1,222 $14,609

35–39 1,027,583 0.51 0.49 0.25 1,448 711 $62,887 $11,810 $74,696 $91,074 $8,394 $99,468

40–44 1,075,824 0.52 0.49 0.25 1,534 744 $64,475 $11,538 $76,012 $98,907 $8,585 $107,491

45–49 1,020,279 0.11 0.49 0.05 309 150 $64,553 $11,512 $76,065 $19,971 $1,730 $21,702

50–54 806,955 0.30 0.44 0.13 655 288 $63,289 $10,254 $73,545 $41,483 $2,950 $44,433

55–59 562,662 0.13 0.58 0.08 200 117 $51,913 $11,352 $63,264 $10,396 $1,325 $11,721

60–64 389,002 0.03 0.84 0.03 32 27 $39,271 $11,863 $51,132 $1,252 $317 $1,570

65–69 264,487 0.00 1.83 0.00 0 0 $15,789 $12,917 $28,706 $0 $0 $0

70–74 168,106 0.00 2.96 0.00 0 0 $9,757 $13,291 $23,048 $0 $0 $075–79 161,430 1.50 5.80 8.67 661 3,833 $5,478 $12,588 $18,067 $3,623 $48,251 $51,874

80 + 110,258 0.00 6.54 0.00 0 0 $3,853 $9,810 $13,663 $0 $0 $0

All 8,298,844 0.31 0.76 0.31 6,971 7,005 $42,889 $10,143 $53,031 $298,980 $71,051 $370,031

Attribution 0.31 $92,684 $22,026 $114,710

Females

15–19 196,127 0.01 1.33 0.02 7 10 $5,057 $7,598 $12,655 $36 $73 $10920–24 854,546 0.09 0.90 0.08 208 186 $16,835 $12,801 $29,636 $3,496 $2,387 $5,883

25–29 976,884 0.12 1.16 0.14 333 386 $28,336 $18,827 $47,163 $9,427 $7,273 $16,700

30–34 931,841 0.06 1.52 0.08 141 215 $29,707 $22,337 $52,045 $4,182 $4,794 $8,976

35–39 1,126,498 0.10 1.43 0.15 319 456 $33,543 $22,150 $55,694 $10,707 $10,104 $20,811

40–44 1,116,727 0.33 1.25 0.41 1,011 1,263 $35,955 $20,588 $56,543 $36,360 $25,996 $62,356

45–49 1,132,832 0.13 1.03 0.14 408 420 $37,045 $17,911 $54,956 $15,117 $7,517 $22,635

50–54 905,737 0.78 0.96 0.75 1,928 1,857 $36,861 $16,370 $53,230 $71,086 $30,399 $101,48555–59 778,400 0.07 1.19 0.09 158 188 $30,497 $17,036 $47,534 $4,828 $3,197 $8,025

60–64 503,595 0.00 1.70 0.00 0 0 $21,322 $17,702 $39,024 $0 $0 $0

65–69 413,374 0.05 4.60 0.25 62 286 $6,528 $18,408 $24,936 $406 $5,263 $5,669

70–74 264,866 0.05 8.25 0.41 36 297 $2,919 $17,550 $20,469 $105 $5,207 $5,312

75–79 196,414 0.01 15.88 0.22 8 120 $1,271 $16,510 $17,781 $10 $1,975 $1,98580 + 259,153 0.00 33.00 0.00 0 0 $646 $12,862 $13,507 $0 $0 $0

All 9,656,994 0.17 2.71 0.21 4,621 5,683 $23,642 $17,153 $40,795 $109,245 $97,470 $206,715

Attribution 0.31 $33,866 $30,216 $64,082

Total 17,955,838 $408,224 $168,521 $576,746

Attribution $126,550 $52,242 $178,791

Annualized Product

Lost Productivity Adjusted Productivity Incident Consequences: Property Crimes

Table 1.4 Victimization Costs for Lost Productivity: Property Crimes 

Source: Grosse et al. (2009); NCVS, 2007 (BJS, 2009a); NSDUH, 2007 (SAMHSA, 2009b) 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 19 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

Source: Grosse et al. (2009); NCVS, 2007 (BJS, 2009a); NSDUH, 2007 (SAMHSA, 2009b)

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

20

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

21

Chapter 2. The Impact of Illicit Drug Use on Health

and we use the 2007 admissions component 

to identify the proportions of populations in 

detoxification, residential, outpatient, and 

outpatient methadone programs whose 

charges are covered by public payers, as 

well as the proportions of populations in 

detoxification, residential, outpatient, and 

outpatient methadone programs whose 

primary substance of abuse is an illicit drug 

(SAMHSA, 2010).

3. The Substance Abuse Treatment Cost 

Allocation and Analysis Template

(SATCAAT) was developed by SAMHSA 

to provide a standardized format for collecting data on provider expenses. The 

approach is rigorous and compliant with 

Generally Acceptable Accounting Principles (GAAP), but has been applied in 

only a limited number of community-based 

Service Delivery Units (SDUs). Nonetheless, this is the best available source of 

information on the cost of detoxification, 

and we use the number provided by the 

SATCAAT report, adjusted to 2007 dollars, 

as our estimate for detoxification (Harwood 

et al., 2001).

4. The Alcohol and Drug Services Study 

(ADSS) was a more comprehensive and 

representative study completed by SAMHSA 

that developed cost data for residential, 

outpatient, and outpatient methadone 

programs (SAMHSA, 2003). We use the 

numbers reported there as our estimates for 

programs of this kind, again adjusted to 

2007 dollars.

In this section we attempt to place a dollar 

value on healthcare costs attributable to illicit 

drug use. Our general analytical scheme is 

presented in Figure 2.1. As is made evident 

there, we focus on treatment for illicit drug 

use delivered in specialty settings (detoxification, residential, outpatient, and outpatient 

methadone), treatment for illicit-drug use as 

well as illicit drug use-induced medical disorders delivered in hospitals and emergency 

departments, and treatment for illicit drug 

use-induced homicide delivered in hospitals 

and emergency departments. We also consider 

other components of cost not represented 

in Figure 2.1, notably those associated with 

insurance administration, as well as federally 

funded drug prevention initiatives, federally 

funded prevention and treatment research, and 

living with AIDS.

Specialty Treatment

We rely upon four sources of data in developing estimates associated with treatment for 

illicit drug use delivered in specialty settings:

1. The National Survey of Substance Abuse 

Treatment Services (N-SSATS) is conducted annually by the Substance Abuse and 

Mental Health Services Administration 

(SAMHSA) and includes aggregate (facility-level) data on population characteristics, 

service settings, and other information that 

is relevant to our task. We use data for 2007 

to develop estimates of the size of the 

in-care populations for detoxification, 

residential, outpatient, and outpatient 

methadone programs (SAMHSA, 2009a). 

2. The Treatment Episode Data Set (TEDS)―

another SAMHSA reporting system―includes components for both admissions to 

(TEDS-A) and discharges from (TEDS-D) 

all state-licensed programs in the United 

States. These are individual-level databases,

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

22

Figure 2.1. Specialty Treatment, Hospital, and Emergency Department Cost Components

Detoxification

Residential

Number of individuals in 

care with illicit drug as primary drug

Cost per year

Specialty

Treatment

Hospitals

Number of events with illicit drug use as primary 

diagnosis

Number of events with illicit drug use-induced

disorders

Health Costs

Outpatient

Outpatient

(Methadone)

Number of individuals in 

care with illicit drug as 

primary drug

Number of individuals in 

care with illicit drug as 

Number of ind

primary drug

ividuals in 

care with illicit drug as 

Co

primary drug

st per year

Cost per yearCost per year

Number of events with illicit drug use as

secondary diagnosis only

Number of illicit drug useinduced homicide events

Emergency

Departments

Number of events with illicit drug use as primary 

diagnosis

Number of events with illicit drug use-induced 

disorders

Number of events with illicit drug use as

secondary diagnosis only

Number of illicit drug useinduced homocide events

Cost per event

Cost per event

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

23

Our findings are presented in Table section 

2.1-a (Specialty Treatment for Illicit Drug 

Use). Reading across the column titles: 

• Total (census) is the estimated size of the 

in-care population of each specialty treatment type that has charges covered by a 

public payer. These estimates are based 

upon the number of facilities of each type 

times the mean facility census of each 

corresponding facility type as reported by 

N-SSATS, times the proportion of TEDS-A 

admissions for each corresponding facility 

type in which charges are covered by a 

public payer.

• Attribution (a) is the proportion of the Total 

(census) for each specialty treatment type 

that has an illicit drug as its primary substance of abuse. This estimate is also based 

upon TEDS-A admissions data.

• Attribution (b) is the proportion of the Total 

(census) that has an illicit drug use as its 

primary substance of abuse and to which 

causal inference will be made. This is by 

definition 1.00. 

• Attribution (c) is the product of (Total 

(census)) (Attribution (a)) (Attribution (b)). 

It is thus the size of the in-care population 

of each specialty treatment type that has 

treatment charges covered by a public 

payer, an illicit drug as its primary substance of abuse, and to which causal inference will be made. 

• Cost (per day) is based upon SAATCAT 

estimates for detoxification and ADSS 

estimates for residential, outpatient, and 

outpatient methadone. These numbers are 

expressed in 2007 dollars.

• Cost (per person) is annualized Cost (per 

day) and again expressed as 2007 dollars.

• Total Cost is the product of (Attribution (c)) 

(Cost (per person)).

The public costs of specialty treatment for 

illicit drug use are estimated to be $465,213, 

$1,223,800, $1,028,994, and $650,557, for 

detoxification, residential, outpatient, and 

outpatient methadone programs, respectively, 

subtotaling $3,368,564. Beyond this, the 

United States Department of Veterans Affairs 

(VA) obligated $347,504 for treatment of illicit drug use (VA, 2008). Treatment expenditures by DoD and ONDCP are adjusted by the 

proportion of TEDS-A cases for CY2007 with 

an illicit drug as the primary drug of abuse 

(approximately 0.56), yielding an additional 

$7,825 and summing (with $347,504) to 

$354,774. Specialty Treatment costs thus total 

$3,723,338.

Hospitals and Emergency Departments

In the preceding chapter we were able 

to identify drug possession and trafficking 

crimes based upon the controlling offense, 

and these were attributed wholly to illicit drug 

use. The same held true for what we termed 

instrumental offenses. But we found it necessary to make attribution regarding the role of 

illicit drugs in motivating offenses that were 

only drug-related in nature. A similar problem 

exists here: We are able to identify hospital 

and emergency department events that are 

clearly drug-induced (involving dependence 

or poisoning, for example) as well as those 

that can be caused by drug-using behavior 

(including hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV, and 

tuberculosis). But in the latter case, attribution 

is required.

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

24

Table 2.1. Specialty Treatment, Hospital, and Emergency Department Cost Components

Total Attribution (a) Attribution (b) Attribution (c) Cost Cost Cost

Table 2.1-a (Census) (Prop.) (Prop.) (Census) (Per Day) (Per Person) (Total)Specialty Treatment for Illicit Drug Use

Detoxification 9,203 0.553 1.000 5,093 $250.26 $91,345 $465,213

Residential 59,166 0.707 1.000 41,854 $80.11 $29,240 $1,223,800

Outpatient 384,449 0.620 1.000 238,320 $11.83 $4,318 $1,028,994

Outpatient (Methadone) 141,033 0.949 1.000 133,882 $13.31 $4,859 $650,557

Subtotal $3,368,564

Total Attribution (a) Attribution (b) Attribution (c) Cost Cost Cost

Table 2.1-b (Events) (Prop.) (Prop.) (Events) (Per Day) (Per Event) (Total)Treatment for Illicit Drug-Induced Illness

HospitalsIllicit Drug Use (DU) 195,076 1.000 1.000 195,076

― $16,588 $3,235,842

Hepatitus B (HB) 1,444 0.181 1.000 261

― $38,131 $9,951

Hepatitus C (HC) 6,352 0.162 1.000 1,029

― $32,955 $33,909

HIV (HV) 43,393 0.213 1.000 9,247

― $52,445 $484,963

Tuberculosis (TB) 3,707 0.048 1.000 177

― $81,078 $14,335

Other (OT) 21,758,339 0.029 0.100 62,011

― $28,127 $1,744,188

Subtotal $5,523,189

Emergency DepartmentsIllicit Drug Use (DU) 76,758 1.000 1.000 76,758

― $2,064 $158,432

HIV (HV) 6,904 0.002 1.000 12

― $2,263 $28

Other (OT) 35,337,480 0.001 0.100 1,767

― $1,471 $2,600

Subtotal $161,059

Total Attribution (a) Attribution (b) Attribution (c) Cost Cost Cost

Table 2.1-c (Events) (Prop.) (Prop.) (Events) (Per Day) (Per Event) (Total)Treatment for Illicit Drug-Induced Homicide 

Hospitals 976

― 0.120 117

― $108,378 $12,700

Emergency Departments 329

― 0.120 39

― $6,033 $238

Subtotal $12,938

Insurance Administration 0.06 ―――――― $544

Total ―――――― $9,066,294Source: ADSS (SAMHSA, 2003); N-SSATS, 2007 (SAMHSA, 2009a); SATCAAT (Harwood et al.,2001); TEDS-A, 2007 (SAMHSA, 2010)Source: NEDS, 2007 (AHRQ, 2010); NIS, 2007 (AHRQ, 2009)Source: NEDS, 2007 (AHRQ, 2010); NIS, 2007 (AHRQ, 2009)

Table 2.1 Specialty Treatment, Hospital, and Emergency Department Cost Components 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 33 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

25

Each year the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) via the Healthcare 

Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP) collects 

data on nationally representative samples of 

inpatient hospital discharge events and emergency department events. These are the Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS) and Nationwide 

Emergency Department Sample (NEDS), 

respectively. In 2007, the NIS included more 

than 8 million records and the NEDS included 

more than 26 million records (AHRQ, 2009, 

2010). Identical data-coding schemes are used 

in the two studies for variables that are of 

interest to us.

Information on diagnoses is coded using International Classification of Diseases-Revision 

9 (ICD-9) conventions. Data on as many as 

15 diagnoses are provided on the discharge 

record, and the primary diagnosis always appears in position one. As many as four “external cause of injury” codes (E-codes) are stored 

in separate arrays. We proceed in the following manner: 

• Cases in the NIS are selected where charges are covered by a public payer. NIS cases 

may include emergency department charges 

(as when an individual is admitted to the 

hospital following treatment in an emergency department); if this occurs, then 

emergency department charges are included 

in the cost of hospital treatment.

• Cases in the NEDS are also selected where 

charges are covered by a public payer. Such 

cases may be released routinely, admitted 

to a hospital with which an emergency 

department is associated, or transferred to 

another hospital. In order to avoid doublecounting relative to the NIS, we include 

only cases that are released routinely.12

12. There are other less common release statuses as well, 

involving, for example, transfers to nursing facilities (and 

these are excluded from consideration). Death is also a 

possible outcome, and we allow this as a valid release 

status for nonhomicide cases.

• A measure is constructed using information 

on the primary diagnosis coded to indicate 

the presence of a mental or behavioral 

disorder (MD), intentional poisoning (IP), 

accidental poisoning (AP), or poisoning of 

unknown intent (UP) that has been induced 

by illicit drug use. In the discussion that

follows, these codes (MD, IP, AP, and UP) 

are identified collectively as drug use (DU). 

A primary diagnosis of hepatitis B, hepatitis 

C, HIV, or tuberculosis is coded as a value 

for this measure as well (HB, HC, HV, or 

TB, respectively). Cases in which there is no 

primary diagnosis of DU, HB, HC, HV, or 

TB are assigned a preliminary value of 

“Other” (OT).

• A second measure is constructed by examining the remaining 14 diagnosis fields and 

the four E-code fields for evidence of illicit 

drug use. This is treated as a dichotomous 

variable. In cases where there is evidence 

in the primary diagnosis field that a drug 

was involved but the drug is unspecified, 

this second measure is used as appropriate 

to impute a primary diagnosis of DU. 

• A cross-tabulation of the first measure 

against the second shows that cases in 

which the first measure is coded DU are 

100 percent drug-induced (this is true by 

definition): row percentages for HB, HC, 

HV, TB, and OT constitute the attribution 

factors for the primary diagnoses that are 

used in subsequent analyses.

Our findings are presented in Table section 

2.1-b (Treatment for Illicit Drug-Induced Illness). Reading across the column titles: 

• Total (events) is the estimated number of 

hospital or emergency department events 

that have treatment charges covered by a 

public payer.

• Attribution (a) is the proportion of Total (events) 

for hospitals or emergency departments that 

have an indication of illicit drug use. 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

26

• Attribution (b) is the proportion of Total 

(events) for hospitals or emergency departments that have an indication of illicit drug 

use and to which causal inference will be 

made. This is 1.00 for DU, HB, HC, HV, 

and TB, but category OT is discounted 

arbitrarily by 90 percent (resulting in a 

value of 0.10 for Attribution (b)).

• Attribution (c) is the product of (Total 

(events)) (Attribution (a)) (Attribution (b)). 

It is the number of events for hospitals or 

emergency departments that have treatment 

charges covered by a public payer, have an 

indication of illicit drug use, and to which 

causal inference will be made. 

• Cost (per event) is based upon NIS data for 

hospitals and NEDS data for emergency 

departments. These numbers are expressed 

in 2007 dollars.

• Total Cost is the product of (Attribution 

(c)) (Cost (per event)).

Costs associated with hospital treatment 

for DU, HB, HC, HV, TB, and OT subtotal 

$5,523,189, while costs associated with emergency department treatment of DU, HV, and 

OT subtotal $161,059. Costs associated with 

hospital treatment and emergency department 

treatment thus total $5,684,248.

Homicide

The same procedure is followed here as 

was the case when dealing with hospital and 

emergency department treatment for illicit 

drug-induced disorders. Again we draw upon 

the NIS and the NEDS and apply the same selection and definitional criteria. However, now 

we make use of ICD-9 codes for intentional 

assault, require that NIS cases be dead upon 

discharge from the hospital, and require that 

NEDS cases be dead upon release from the 

emergency department. There is no Attribution (a) for these cases because illicit drugs are 

assumed to be in the body of the perpetrator 

rather than in the body of the victim. And for 

Attribution (c) we use the overall attribution rate 

for violent offenses as described in the preceding chapter on crime (0.12). Our findings are 

presented in Table section 2.1-c (Treatment for 

Illicit Drug-Induced Homicide). The hospital 

costs associated with drug-induced homicide 

are $12,700 and the emergency department 

costs associated with drug-induced homicide 

are $238, for a subtotal of $12,938. 

Concern has often been expressed regarding 

the high medical costs associated with treatment of homicide victims. And we do in fact 

find that the cost of treating a homicide victim 

in a hospital setting is greater than other 

hospital-based costs. But we also find that the 

number of homicide victims actually receiving hospital or emergency department care is 

very small.

As a check on these estimates, consider that 

about 16,000 homicides occurred in 2007. 

One study conducted in Memphis reported 

that the proportion of homicide victims Dead 

on Arrival (DOA) was about 0.74 (Giacopassi 

et al., 1992). Another study conducted in upstate New York reported that the proportion of 

homicide victims DOA was about 0.71 (Katz 

et al., 1979). Most homicide victims do not 

arrive at a hospital in time to receive medical 

care. And when we consider―based upon our 

analysis of NIS and NEDS data―that when 

medical care is received by a homicide victim, 

it is typically “self-paid” (and excluded because there is no cost to the public), then the 

estimates appear quite plausible.13

13. There is also a well-documented decline in rates of lethality relative to rates of assault: if the victim of an assault 

survives long enough to make it to a hospital, then he is 

more likely to survive than had been the case in the past 

(see, for example, Harris et al., 2002).

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

27

Insurance Administration

Insurance administration costs are not 

included in the costs of care identified above, 

and they typically amount on average to 6 percent overhead on medical services (Harwood 

et al., 1998; ONDCP, 2001, 2004; Mark et al., 

2005, 2007). We use that number here, and 

this yields a cost of $544.

Other

Three other components are relevant to our 

calculation of health costs: These are federal 

funding for state and local prevention initiatives, federal funding for research on prevention and treatment of illicit drug use, and the 

prescription drug costs associated with treating drug-induced AIDS.

• In FY2007, the federal government obligated $1,428,400 for drug abuse prevention. 

This includes monies that are in principle 

available to support programs dealing with 

alcohol and tobacco as well as illicit drugs. 

As before, we multiply this quantity by the

proportion of TEDS-A cases for CY2007 

with an illicit drug as the primary drug of 

abuse (approximately 0.56) to arrive at an 

estimate of $803,761 for prevention spending related to illicit drug use.

• The federal government is also a major 

contributor of funding for substance abuse 

treatment and prevention research. In 

FY2007, this totaled $1,011,800. We apply 

the same procedure as above to arrive at an 

estimate for research related to illicit drug 

use and this yields $569,340.

• Although not directly comparable for 

methodological reasons, the CDC reported 

about 1 million individuals living with HIV/

AIDS in both 2003 and 2006 (CDC, 2008). 

In 2006, about 18.5 percent of these cases 

were attributable to injection drug use. 

Using similar numbers, Teshale et al. (2005) 

estimated that about 269,000 individuals were 

receiving antiretroviral treatment (ART) 

in 2003. With the annual cost of ART 

averaging about $12,500, this translates 

(conservatively) into illicit drug-induced 

costs of (12,500) (0.185) (269,000) 

=$622,063 for 2007. 

Taken together, other costs total $1,995,164. 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

28

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

29

In this section, we attempt to place a dollar 

value on lost productivity attributable to illicit 

drug use. Lost productivity occurs generally by virtue of incapacitation: in one case, 

a woman works less than she could because 

of illness or lack of motivation; in another, a 

man in a residential treatment program, in a 

hospital, or in prison may realize none of his 

productive potential. In a sense we can regard 

lost productivity as a consequence of events 

that occur in the preceding domains that we 

have discussed (Health and Crime). Our general analytical scheme is presented in Figure 

3.1. As is made evident there, we focus on 

labor participation, specialty drug treatment, 

hospitalization, incarceration, and premature 

mortality attributable to illicit drug use as the 

principal components of lost productivity.

Labor Participation

Gauging the reduction in productivity attributable to illicit drug use requires that we have 

estimates of productivity (both workforce 

and household) for a population unaffected 

by illicit drug use. These should be available 

at a level of resolution sufficient to capture 

variability in productivity known to be correlated with both sex and age. There is no single 

source of information that is well suited to this 

purpose, and so we rely upon two nationally 

representative studies to support our analyses.

The National Survey on Drug Use and 

Health (NSDUH) is a large household survey 

conducted each year by SAMHSA. In 2007, 

it included 67,870 respondents (SAMHSA, 

2009b). Although some classes of drug users are known to be underrepresented in the 

survey, it remains the most comprehensive 

and widely used source of information on 

illicit drug use in the United States. NSDUH 

provides indicators for drug abuse and dependence, and it is possible to construct a composite measure of illicit drug use consistent with 

Chapter 3. The Impact of Illicit Drug Use on Productivity

the definitions set forth in the Overview of this 

report. This includes prior year abuse of or dependence upon heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, and marijuana as well as controlled 

pharmaceuticals (pain relievers, tranquilizers, 

stimulants, and sedatives). That is the approach taken here. 

NSDUH also provides information that 

might be used to construct measures of productivity, including both income and hours 

worked. But income falls short on two counts: 

it does not monetize the value of household 

productivity, and it is too coarsely coded for 

use in our analyses. Information on hours 

worked (with a range of 1–61) is gathered 

only on workforce participants. But by expanding the definition of hours worked to 

include nonworkforce participants (resulting 

in a measure with a range of 0–61) and limiting this measure to include only respondents 

aged 15 and older, we can produce an index 

that allows the percent reduction in productivity to be estimated―separately for males and 

females―for later use in projecting onto an 

external set of estimates for both workforce 

and household productivity. That source, 

ATUS, was introduced in Chapter 1.

ATUS is conducted each year by the BLS. 

A large, nationally representative sample of 

household members is selected and asked to 

record their activities in a diary for one 24-

hour period. The information may be used to 

produce national estimates of MPV, HPV, and 

TPV. Grosse et al. (2009) provide such estimates for males and females disaggregated by 

age in 5-year increments for CY2007.

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

30

Figure 3.1. Lost Productivity Cost Components

Specialty

Treatment

(Non-Federal)

Specialty

Treatment

(Federal)

State and Local 

Corrections

Number of individuals in

residential programs with 

illicit drug use as primary.

MPV, HPV and TPV by sex 

and age.

Number of individuals in

residential programs with 

illicit drug use as primary.

MPV, HPV and TPV by sex 

and age.

Number of individuals incarcerated on illicit drug

use-induced offenses.

Treatment

Health-Related 

Incapicatation

Federal

Corrections

Number of individuals incarcerated on illicit drug

use-induced offenses.

MPV, HPV and TPV by sex and age.

Crime-Related 

Incapicitation

MPV, HPV and TPV by sex and age.

Labor 

Participation

Number of illicit drug users 

in the general population.

Percent reduction in 

productivity attributable to illicit drug use.

MPV, HPV and TPV by sex and age.

Number of individuals in 

care with illicit drug use as 

primary diagnosis.

MPV, HPV and TPV by sex and age.

Hospitalization

Premature 

Mortality

Number of individuals with 

illicit drug use as cause of

death.

MPV, HPV and TPV by sex 

and age.

Productivity 

Costs

Number of individuals in 

care with other illicit druginduced primary diagnosis. 

Number of individuals with 

drug-induced homicide as 

cause of death.

Number of individuals in care with illicit drug-use as 

secondary diagnosis only. 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

31

Since information on both workforce and 

household productivity is gathered and available by sex and age, this would at first blush 

appear to be a viable base upon which to construct our estimates. But ATUS does not allow 

us to identify illicit drug users. And since this is 

a sample of the general population, we must assume that it includes individuals who are users 

of illicit drugs. If, as we believe, there is a relationship between illicit drug use and individual 

productivity, then ATUS estimates of MPV, 

HPV, and TPV will be affected accordingly.

• We therefore begin with NSDUH by developing separate Ordinary Least Squares 

(OLS) estimates for males and females of 

the reduction in productivity attributable to 

illicit drug use, holding other factors (age, 

marital status, education, and alcohol abuse

or dependence) constant. Interactions 

between age and these independent variables 

are not included in the model due to sample 

size constraints (relatively few illicit drug 

users are represented in NSDUH). For 

respondents aged 15 and over, the results 

indicate a 17 percent reduction in productivity attributable to drug abuse or dependence for males and an 18 percent reduction 

in productivity attributable to drug abuse or 

dependence for females.

• Because productivity is related to age and 

there are few age categories represented in 

NSDUH, we make use of the ATUS 5-year 

groupings described above. This requires 

mapping the NSDUH age distribution for 

illicit drug users to the total ATUS age 

distribution for males and females. In some 

cases, there is a one-to-one correspondence 

between age categories. Where this is not 

the case, NSDUH age categories spanning 

several ATUS age categories are distributed 

across ATUS age categories using ATUSadjusted proportions. So if 100 NSDUH 

illicit drug users are in an age category 

comprising two ATUS age categories and 

these two ATUS age categories represent 

10 and 20 percent of the entire ATUS 

population, respectively, then 100 (10/30) = 

33 NSDUH illicit drug users would be 

assigned to the first ATUS category and 

100 (20/30) = 67 NSDUH illicit drug users 

would be assigned to the second. 

• The reduction in productivity attributable 

to illicit drug use is assumed to vary by sex. 

But as noted above, there are no sex-by-age 

category interactions. Expressed as a 

proportion, this number is 0.17 for males 

and 0.18 for females. We assume that the 

proportion applicable to MPV is applicable 

to HPV as well. Values for MPV, HPV, and 

TPV given by Grosse et al. (2009) for any 

sex and age category are therefore adjusted 

by the factor 1/(1-ab), where a is the illicit 

drug-using proportion of the population in 

a given sex and age category and b is the 

reduction in productivity attributable to 

males or females, as appropriate.

The findings on labor participation are 

presented in Table 3.1. As a practical matter, 

the impact of our exercise on MPV, HPV, and 

TPV estimates for each sex and age category 

is modest―and this is due to the fact that 

there are relatively few users of illicit drugs in 

the general population.

We find that the aggregate impact of illicit 

drug use on labor participation-related TPV 

during 2007 is $34,998,122 for males and 

$14,239,655 for females. These losses sum to 

$49,237,777.

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

32

Table 3.1. Labor Participation

ATUS NSDUH Estimated

Population Drug Users Drug Users MPV HPV TPV MPV HPV TPV MPV HPV TPV

(N) (Prop.) (N) (Annual) (Annual) (Annual) (Annual) (Annual) (Annual) (Total) (Total) (Total)

Males 15–19 11,178,644 0.0902 1,007,870 $6,233 $4,586 $10,819 $6,333 $4,659 $10,992 $1,114,766 $820,202 $1,934,968

20–24 9,916,897 0.0845 837,554 $23,252 $6,121 $29,373 $23,600 $6,213 $29,813 $3,452,360 $908,821 $4,361,18125–29 9,742,499 0.0845 822,825 $45,262 $8,924 $54,186 $45,940 $9,058 $54,997 $6,602,131 $1,301,697 $7,903,82830–34 9,781,758 0.0455 444,704 $56,481 $11,070 $67,551 $56,933 $11,159 $68,092 $4,422,064 $866,703 $5,288,76735–39 10,266,252 0.0283 290,273 $62,576 $11,752 $74,327 $62,887 $11,810 $74,696 $3,188,262 $598,767 $3,786,97940–44 10,980,328 0.0283 310,464 $64,157 $11,481 $75,637 $64,475 $11,538 $76,012 $3,496,179 $625,647 $4,121,77245–49 10,869,679 0.0283 307,335 $64,234 $11,455 $75,689 $64,553 $11,512 $76,065 $3,465,102 $617,940 $4,083,04250–54 9,618,780 0.0119 114,414 $63,158 $10,233 $73,392 $63,289 $10,254 $73,545 $1,264,737 $204,916 $1,469,67255–59 8,166,240 0.0119 97,136 $51,805 $11,328 $63,133 $51,913 $11,352 $63,264 $880,736 $192,587 $1,073,32360–64 6,187,718 0.0119 73,602 $39,189 $11,838 $51,026 $39,271 $11,863 $51,132 $504,832 $152,497 $657,31665–69 4,561,338 0.0057 25,868 $15,773 $12,904 $28,678 $15,789 $12,917 $28,706 $71,334 $58,359 $129,698

70–74 3,754,599 0.0057 21,293 $9,747 $13,278 $23,025 $9,757 $13,291 $23,048 $36,285 $49,430 $85,714

75–79 3,471,698 0.0057 19,689 $5,473 $12,576 $18,049 $5,478 $12,588 $18,067 $18,839 $43,289 $62,128

80+ 2,936,225 0.0057 16,652 $3,849 $9,800 $13,649 $3,853 $9,810 $13,663 $11,205 $28,530 $39,736

All 111,432,655 0.0389 4,334,783 $42,791 $10,010 $52,801 $42,889 $10,143 $53,031 $28,528,832 $6,469,383 $34,998,122

Reduction 0.17

Females 15–19 10,754,387 0.0624 671,204 $4,999 $7,510 $12,509 $5,057 $7,598 $12,655 $627,680 $942,963 $1,570,643

20–24 10,011,191 0.0386 386,240 $16,715 $12,710 $29,425 $16,835 $12,801 $29,636 $1,202,355 $914,264 $2,116,61925–29 9,628,736 0.0386 371,485 $28,134 $18,693 $46,827 $28,336 $18,827 $47,163 $1,946,441 $1,293,269 $3,239,71030–34 10,082,407 0.0162 163,356 $29,618 $22,270 $51,889 $29,707 $22,337 $52,045 $897,333 $674,712 $1,572,07535–39 10,497,826 0.0128 134,065 $33,464 $22,098 $55,562 $33,543 $22,150 $55,694 $831,536 $549,106 $1,380,64240–44 11,345,832 0.0128 144,895 $35,870 $20,539 $56,409 $35,955 $20,588 $56,543 $963,322 $551,594 $1,514,91645–49 11,234,717 0.0128 143,476 $36,958 $17,869 $54,826 $37,045 $17,911 $54,956 $982,821 $475,189 $1,457,98350–54 10,221,375 0.0061 62,516 $36,819 $16,351 $53,170 $36,861 $16,370 $53,230 $426,104 $189,229 $615,333

55–59 8,651,357 0.0061 52,914 $30,463 $17,017 $47,480 $30,497 $17,036 $47,534 $298,395 $166,687 $465,081

60–64 6,948,180 0.0061 42,497 $21,298 $17,682 $38,980 $21,322 $17,702 $39,024 $167,550 $139,103 $306,653

65–69 5,276,799 0.0000 0 $6,528 $18,408 $24,936 $6,528 $18,408 $24,936 $0 $0 $0

70–74 4,623,782 0.0000 0 $2,919 $17,550 $20,469 $2,919 $17,550 $20,469 $0 $0 $0

75–79 4,709,730 0.0000 0 $1,271 $16,510 $17,781 $1,271 $16,510 $17,781 $0 $0 $0

80+ 5,191,327 0.0000 0 $646 $12,862 $13,507 $646 $12,862 $13,507 $0 $0 $0

All 119,177,646 0.0180 2,147,443 $23,676 $17,029 $40,704 $23,642 $17,153 $40,795 $8,343,536 $5,896,115 $14,239,655

Reduction 0.18Total 230,610,301 6,482,226 $36,872,368 $12,365,499 $49,237,777

ATUS Productivity Adjusted Productivity Lost Productivity

Table 3.1 Labor Participation 

Source: Grosse et al, 2009; NSDUH, 2007 (SAMHSA, 2009b) 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 40 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

 Source: Grosse et al., 2009; NSDUH, 2007 (SAMHSA, 2009b)

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

33

Specialty Treatment

Illicit drug users who enter residential drug 

treatment are not able to realize either market 

productivity or household productivity while 

in care. To estimate the impact of illicit drug 

use associated with specialty treatment, we 

turn again to TEDS-A and TEDS-D.

The former provides information on all individuals admitted to state-licensed drug treatment programs during CY2007 (SAMHSA, 

2010). Our interest is in individuals admitted 

to non-hospital-based short-term and longterm residential treatment programs. The 

latter provides information on all individuals 

discharged from state-licensed drug treatment 

programs during a given year. Of particular 

relevance to us here is the fact that it provides information on length of stay (LOS). 

As before, we are interested in individuals 

discharged from short- term and long-term 

non-hospital-based residential treatment 

programs.14 TEDS-D for 2006 is used for this 

purpose (SAMHSA, 2009c).

Drug treatment programs deal with individuals who use alcohol only and illicit drugs only, 

although as a practical matter, there are few 

illicit drug users who do not also use alcohol. 

TEDS (A and D) provide information on primary, secondary, and tertiary drugs of abuse. It 

is conventional to make use of the primary drug 

of abuse as a criterion variable in work of this 

kind, and so we limit our analyses to include 

only individuals whose primary drug of abuse 

is heroin, cocaine, methamphetamine, marijuana, or a controlled pharmaceutical (pain relievers, stimulants, tranquilizers, and sedatives).

14. A question may arise as to why N-SSATS census numbers 

were used to estimate the sizes of in-care populations in 

Chapter 2, whereas TEDS-A and TEDS-D data are used 

for that purpose here. The answer is that we would like 

to capture variability in LOS associated with age before 

recalibrating our estimates to be consistent with N-SSATS 

censuses. This is important because productivity changes 

in a predictable manner over the course of life.

The size of the in-care population for nonhospital-based residential programs is given 

by multiplying the mean number of admissions experienced per day during 2007 (from 

TEDS-A) by the mean number of days in care 

for each sex and age category (from TEDS-D 

for 2006). Since the age categories in TEDS 

do not map exactly to the age categories that 

are used elsewhere in the calculation of lost 

productivity, we make use of the procedure 

described above for redistributing cases across 

ATUS age categories.

Based upon TEDS-D data, lengths of stay for 

non-hospital-based residential programs would 

appear to average about 70 days. But when this 

number is used to estimate the size of the incare population, we find that it is lower than the 

census figure reported in N-SSATS. The ADSS 

authors note that facility directors have difficulty 

reporting accurately on LOS and often find it 

necessary to correct these numbers (SAHMSA, 

1993). We proceed on the assumption that LOS 

is biased downward in TEDS-D and adjust the 

estimates of LOS derived from that source to 

comport with the overall N-SSATS count. Our 

findings are presented in Table 3.2. TPV losses 

are estimated here to be $1,981,428 for males 

and $846,779 for females. These losses sum to 

$2,828,207. 

Numbers for residential treatment programs 

operated by the VA are reported separately 

in Table 3.3. These are 100 percent attributable to illicit drug use (provided in this manner at our request) and involve TPV losses 

of $43,252 for males and $1,578 for females. 

These losses sum to $44,830.

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

34

Table 3.2. Specialty Treatment (State)

MPV HPV TPV MPV HPV TPV

(N) (Prop.) (Prop.) (Per Day) (LOS) (In Care) (Annual) (Annual) (Annual) (Total) (Total) (Total)

Males 15–19 11,178,644 0.10 0.53 54.99 113.06 6,217 $6,333 $4,659 $10,992 $39,369 $28,966 $68,335

20–24 9,916,897 0.09 0.47 48.78 113.06 5,515 $23,600 $6,213 $29,813 $130,156 $34,263 $164,419

25–29 9,742,499 0.09 1.00 52.59 98.99 5,206 $45,940 $9,058 $54,997 $239,151 $47,152 $286,30330–34 9,781,758 0.09 1.00 40.66 100.83 4,100 $56,933 $11,159 $68,092 $233,438 $45,753 $279,19135–39 10,266,252 0.09 1.00 45.34 104.43 4,735 $62,887 $11,810 $74,696 $297,746 $55,918 $353,65940–44 10,980,328 0.10 1.00 45.19 109.02 4,926 $64,475 $11,538 $76,012 $317,623 $56,839 $374,45745–49 10,869,679 0.10 1.00 34.91 109.35 3,818 $64,553 $11,512 $76,065 $246,445 $43,949 $290,39450–54 9,618,780 0.09 1.00 17.60 107.76 1,897 $63,289 $10,254 $73,545 $120,039 $19,449 $139,49055–59 8,166,240 0.07 0.28 2.47 108.08 267 $51,913 $11,352 $63,264 $13,854 $3,029 $16,883

60–64 6,187,718 0.06 0.21 1.87 108.08 202 $39,271 $11,863 $51,132 $7,941 $2,399 $10,339

65–69 4,561,338 0.04 0.16 1.38 108.08 149 $15,789 $12,917 $28,706 $2,353 $1,925 $4,279

70–74 3,754,599 0.03 0.13 1.14 108.08 123 $9,757 $13,291 $23,048 $1,197 $1,631 $2,828

75–79 3,471,698 0.03 0.12 1.05 108.08 113 $5,478 $12,588 $18,067 $622 $1,428 $2,050

80 + 2,936,225 0.03 0.10 0.89 108.08 96 $3,853 $9,810 $13,663 $370 $941 $1,311

All 111,432,655 1.00 37,363 $42,889 $10,143 $53,031 $1,602,470 $378,963 $1,981,428

Females 15–19 10,754,387 0.09 0.52 30.29 100.64 3,049 $5,057 $7,598 $12,655 $15,418 $23,162 $38,580

20–24 10,011,191 0.08 0.48 28.20 100.64 2,838 $16,835 $12,801 $29,636 $47,777 $36,329 $84,106

25–29 9,628,736 0.08 1.00 39.46 99.03 3,908 $28,336 $18,827 $47,163 $110,741 $73,579 $184,32030–34 10,082,407 0.08 1.00 28.25 101.37 2,863 $29,707 $22,337 $52,045 $85,058 $63,956 $149,016

35–39 10,497,826 0.09 1.00 28.28 102.40 2,896 $33,543 $22,150 $55,694 $97,142 $64,148 $161,290

40–44 11,345,832 0.10 1.00 25.03 103.04 2,579 $35,955 $20,588 $56,543 $92,719 $53,091 $145,810

45–49 11,234,717 0.09 1.00 16.79 101.12 1,697 $37,045 $17,911 $54,956 $62,882 $30,403 $93,283

50–54 10,221,375 0.09 1.00 6.99 98.59 689 $36,861 $16,370 $53,230 $25,408 $11,284 $36,692

55–59 8,651,357 0.07 0.24 0.63 92.82 58 $30,497 $17,036 $47,534 $1,772 $990 $2,762

60–64 6,948,180 0.06 0.20 0.50 92.82 47 $21,322 $17,702 $39,024 $995 $826 $1,821

65–69 5,276,799 0.04 0.15 0.38 92.82 35 $6,528 $18,408 $24,936 $231 $652 $884

70–74 4,623,782 0.04 0.13 0.33 92.82 31 $2,919 $17,550 $20,469 $91 $545 $636

75–79 4,709,730 0.04 0.13 0.34 92.82 32 $1,271 $16,510 $17,781 $40 $522 $562

80+ 5,191,327 0.04 0.15 0.38 92.82 35 $646 $12,862 $13,507 $23 $448 $471

All 119,177,646 1.00 20,757 23,642 17,153 40,795 $490,740 $356,040 $846,779

Total 230,610,301 58,120 $2,093,210 $735,003 $2,828,207

Lost Productivity

ATUS

Adjusted Productivity Residential Treatment (Hospitals Not Included)

TEDS Admissions

Table 3.2 Specialty Treatment (State) 

Source: Grosse et al., 2009; NSDUH, 2007 (SAMHSA, 2009b); TEDS-A, 2007 (SAMHSA, 2010); TEDS-D, 2007 (SAMHSA, 2009c) 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 42 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

 Source: Grosse et al., 2009; NSDUH, 2007 (SAMHSA, 2009b); TEDS-A, 2007 (SAMHSA, 2010); TEDS-D, 2007 (SAMHSA, 2009c)

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

35

Table 3.3. Specialty Treatment (Federal)

MPV HPV TPV MPV HPV TPV

(N) (Per Day) (LOS) (In Care) (Annual) (Annual) (Annual) (Total) (Total) (Total)

Males

15–19 0 0.00 0.00 0 $6,333 $4,659 $10,992 $0 $0 $0

20–24 121 0.33 27.06 9 $23,600 $6,213 $29,813 $212 $56 $26725–29 248 0.68 28.06 19 $45,940 $9,058 $54,997 $876 $173 $1,04930–34 224 0.61 32.25 20 $56,933 $11,159 $68,092 $1,127 $221 $1,348

35–39 589 1.61 32.79 53 $62,887 $11,810 $74,696 $3,328 $625 $3,95340–44 1,024 2.81 33.85 95 $64,475 $11,538 $76,012 $6,123 $1,096 $7,219

45–49 2,277 6.24 34.59 216 $64,553 $11,512 $76,065 $13,929 $2,484 $16,41250–54 2,339 6.41 33.64 216 $63,289 $10,254 $73,545 $13,644 $2,211 $15,85455–59 1,555 4.26 32.87 140 $51,913 $11,352 $63,264 $7,270 $1,590 $8,860

60–64 470 1.29 29.81 38 $39,271 $11,863 $51,132 $1,508 $455 $1,96365–69 85 0.23 31.58 7 $15,789 $12,917 $28,706 $116 $95 $211

70–74 27 0.07 29.85 2 $9,757 $13,291 $23,048 $22 $29 $51

75–79 7 0.02 25.29 0 $5,478 $12,588 $18,067 $3 $6 $9

80 + 1 0.00 21.00 0 $3,853 $9,810 $13,663 $0 $1 $1

All 8,967 24.57 33.20 816 $42,889 $10,143 $53,031 $34,980 $8,272 $43,252Attribution 1.00 $34,980 $8,272 $43,252Females

15–19 0 0.00 0.00 0 $5,057 $7,598 $12,655 $0 $0 $0

20–24 8 0.02 20.38 0 $16,835 $12,801 $29,636 $8 $6 $13

25–29 13 0.04 26.38 1 $28,336 $18,827 $47,163 $27 $18 $44

30–34 28 0.08 26.75 2 $29,707 $22,337 $52,045 $61 $46 $107

35–39 47 0.13 33.96 4 $33,543 $22,150 $55,694 $147 $97 $244

40–44 94 0.26 36.59 9 $35,955 $20,588 $56,543 $339 $194 $533

45–49 134 0.37 31.37 12 $37,045 $17,911 $54,956 $427 $206 $63350–54 84 0.23 32.05 7 $36,861 $16,370 $53,230 $272 $121 $393

55–59 18 0.05 31.83 2 $30,497 $17,036 $47,534 $48 $27 $75

60–64 6 0.02 53.33 1 $21,322 $17,702 $39,024 $19 $16 $34

65–69 2 0.01 19.50 0 $6,528 $18,408 $24,936 $1 $2 $3

70–74 0 0.00 0.00 0 $2,919 $17,550 $20,469 $0 $0 $0

75–79 0 0.00 0.00 0 $1,271 $16,510 $17,781 $0 $0 $0

80 + 0 0.00 0.00 0 $646 $12,862 $13,507 $0 $0 $0

All 434 1.19 32.53 39 23,642 17,153 40,795 $914 $663 $1,578

Attribution 1.00 $914 $663 $1,578

Total 9,401 26 854 $35,895 $8,936 $44,830Attribution $35,895 $8,936 $44,830

Residential Treatment Lost Productivity Adjusted Productivity

VA Admissions

Table 3.3 Specialty Treatment (Federal) 

Source: Grosse et al., 2009; NSDUH, 2007 (SAMHSA, 2009b); Special Analysis by VA Staff (VA, 2010) 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 43 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

 Source: Grosse et al., 2009; NSDUH, 2007 (SAMHSA, 2009b); special analysis by VA staff (VA, 2010)

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

36

Hospitalization

Whereas the motivation for admission to 

residential drug treatment is clear, the motivation for hospitalization must in part be inferred. When dealing with criminal behavior, 

we were able to identify drug possession and 

trafficking offenses based upon the controlling 

offense, and these were attributed wholly to illicit drug use. The same held true for what we 

termed instrumental offenses. But we found 

it necessary to make attribution regarding the 

role of illicit drugs in motivating offenses that 

were drug-related in nature. A similar problem 

exists here: We are able to identify hospital 

stays that are clearly drug-induced (involving 

dependence or poisoning for example) as well 

as those that are caused in part by drug-using 

behavior (including hepatitis B, hepatitis C, 

HIV, and tuberculosis). In the latter case, some 

form of attribution is required. The role of 

drug use in producing a marginal increase in 

hospital LOS is often cited in the literature as 

well―and we consider this possibility in the 

discussion that follows.

As noted in Chapter 2, AHRQ―via HCUP―

collects data annually on a nationally representative sample of inpatient hospital discharge events. In 2007, the NIS included more 

than 8 million records. We take these as our 

source here (AHRQ, 2009). 

Information on diagnoses is coded using 

ICD-9 conventions. Data on as many as 15 

diagnoses are provided on the discharge record, 

and the primary diagnosis always appears in 

position one. As many as four “external cause of 

injury” codes (E-codes) are stored in separate 

arrays. We proceed in the following manner:

• A measure is constructed using information 

on the primary diagnosis coded to indicate 

the presence of a mental or behavioral 

disorder (MD), intentional poisoning (IP), 

accidental poisoning (AP), or poisoning of 

unknown intent (UP) that has been induced 

by illicit drugs. A primary diagnosis of 

hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV, or tuberculosis is coded as a value for this measure as 

well (HB, HC, HIV, or TB, respectively).

• A second measure is constructed by examining the remaining 14 diagnosis fields and 

the four E-code fields for evidence of illicit 

drug use. This is treated as a dichotomous 

variable. In cases where there is evidence 

in the primary diagnosis field that a drug 

was involved but the drug is unspecified, 

this second measure is used to impute, 

where appropriate, a primary diagnosis 

involving illicit drug use.

• A cross-tabulation of the first measure 

against the second shows that cases in 

which the first measure is coded MD, IP, 

AP, or UP are 100 percent drug-induced 

(this is true by definition): row percentages 

for HB, HC, HIV and TB constitute the 

attribution factors for these primary diagnoses that are used in subsequent analyses.

As was the case in the preceding section, we 

again assume that the hospital population is 

at equilibrium over the course of CY2007 and 

make use of information on admissions per 

day and mean LOS (measured in days) to construct population estimates for each category 

of sex and age. These are in turn multiplied by 

adjusted ATUS productivity estimates to produce estimates of hospitalization-related lost 

productivity attributable to illicit drug use.

Our findings are presented in Table 3.4 for 

primary diagnoses that are fully attributable 

to illicit drug use and in Tables 3.5–3.8 for 

hepatitis B, hepatitis C, HIV, and tuberculosis. Summing over Tables 3.4–3.8, the results 

show hospitalization-related TPV losses of 

$148,942 for males and $99,311 for females 

attributable to illicit drug use.

We are also interested in cases in which the 

primary diagnosis is not illicit drug use or an 

illicit drug use-induced disorder per se but 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

37

rather another medical problem with which 

illicit drug use is comorbid. Our findings are 

presented in Table 3.9. The proportion of cases 

of this kind is relatively small (0.03 for males 

and 0.01 for females). Applying an arbitrary attribution factor of 0.10 to these numbers yields 

$29,074 for males and $9,933 for females. 

The role of illicit drug use in extending LOS 

in cases where the primary diagnosis is not 

drug-induced is often cited in the literature. We 

find that while LOS is on average a day longer 

when illicit drug use is comorbid with another 

disorder, its independent effect (when modeled 

simultaneously with other comorbid conditions) 

can be measured in minutes. And so we do not 

consider the matter further.15

Losses attributable to hospitalization sum to 

$287,260. 

Incarceration

In Chapter 2 we reported on the impact of illicit drug use on crime in the United States. As 

part of that exercise, we calculated the numbers of individuals in jail, prison, probation, 

and parole statuses held on what we believed 

to be drug-induced offenses. This involved 

the use of attribution factors associated with 

different offense types. We carry those numbers forward here and provide estimates of 

lost productivity associated with drug-induced 

incarceration.

In considering how to value the productivity 

of those incapacitated by incarceration, we 

have two options. We can acknowledge that 

given all that has occurred to date in the lives 

of individuals under correctional supervision, 

their productive value is likely to be less than 

that of their counterparts in the general population (and apply some arbitrary discount 

factor to their productivity) or proceed on the 

assumption that if there had been no illicit 

drug use, their lives would have been different 

15. Such individuals have on average seven comorbid diagnoses in addition to illicit drug use.

entirely (and therefore apply no discount 

factor to their productivity). As might be 

expected, we proceed based upon the latter 

assumption, which is consistent with the 

general approach described in the Overview of 

this report. 

Using information on inmate populations 

believed to be incarcerated on drug-induced 

offenses presented initially in Chapter 2, we 

populate Table 3.10 and provide estimates of 

lost productivity by sex and ATUS age category. Our findings indicate incarceration-related 

lost TPV totaling $44,048,432 for males and 

$4,073,517 for females attributable to illicit 

drug use. These losses sum to $48,121,949. 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

38

Table 3.4. Hospitalization (Full Attribution)

MPV HPV TPV MPV HPV TPV

(N) (Per Day) (LOS) (In Care) (Annual) (Annual) (Annual) (Total) (Total) (Total)

Males

15–19 12,782 35.02 4.69 164 $6,333 $4,659 $10,992 $1,041 $766 $1,806

20–24 22,057 60.43 4.31 260 $23,600 $6,213 $29,813 $6,145 $1,618 $7,762

25–29 24,532 67.21 4.17 280 $45,940 $9,058 $54,997 $12,876 $2,539 $15,41430–34 25,347 69.44 3.94 274 $56,933 $11,159 $68,092 $15,574 $3,052 $18,62635–39 26,177 71.72 4.31 309 $62,887 $11,810 $74,696 $19,420 $3,647 $23,06640–44 28,502 78.09 4.25 332 $64,475 $11,538 $76,012 $21,399 $3,829 $25,22845–49 26,942 73.81 4.39 324 $64,553 $11,512 $76,065 $20,928 $3,732 $24,66050–54 22,275 61.03 4.37 267 $63,289 $10,254 $73,545 $16,876 $2,734 $19,61155–59 11,251 30.82 4.49 138 $51,913 $11,352 $63,264 $7,188 $1,572 $8,760

60–64 5,877 16.10 4.46 72 $39,271 $11,863 $51,132 $2,822 $852 $3,674

65–69 3,570 9.78 4.45 44 $15,789 $12,917 $28,706 $688 $563 $1,250

70–74 2,411 6.61 4.69 31 $9,757 $13,291 $23,048 $303 $412 $71575–79 2,369 6.49 4.84 31 $5,478 $12,588 $18,067 $172 $395 $56880 + 2,998 8.21 4.58 38 $3,853 $9,810 $13,663 $145 $369 $514

All 217,091 594.77 4.31 2,564 $42,889 $10,143 $53,031 $109,965 $26,005 $135,970

Attribution 1.00 $109,965 $26,005 $135,970Females

15–19 15,726 43.08 3.40 146 $5,057 $7,598 $12,655 $741 $1,113 $1,85420–24 19,870 54.44 3.65 199 $16,835 $12,801 $29,636 $3,349 $2,546 $5,895

25–29 20,618 56.49 3.78 214 $28,336 $18,827 $47,163 $6,056 $4,024 $10,080

30–34 22,305 61.11 3.68 225 $29,707 $22,337 $52,045 $6,683 $5,025 $11,708

35–39 21,900 60.00 4.16 250 $33,543 $22,150 $55,694 $8,379 $5,533 $13,912

40–44 25,714 70.45 3.86 272 $35,955 $20,588 $56,543 $9,781 $5,601 $15,382

45–49 24,385 66.81 3.95 264 $37,045 $17,911 $54,956 $9,777 $4,727 $14,503

50–54 20,796 56.98 4.02 229 $36,861 $16,370 $53,230 $8,442 $3,749 $12,190

55–59 11,113 30.45 4.41 134 $30,497 $17,036 $47,534 $4,096 $2,288 $6,384

60–64 7,045 19.30 4.57 88 $21,322 $17,702 $39,024 $1,880 $1,561 $3,442

65–69 5,659 15.50 4.57 71 $6,528 $18,408 $24,936 $463 $1,305 $1,768

70–74 4,155 11.38 4.71 54 $2,919 $17,550 $20,469 $157 $942 $1,09875–79 3,819 10.46 5.09 53 $1,271 $16,510 $17,781 $68 $880 $948

80 + 6,082 16.66 4.92 82 $646 $12,862 $13,507 $53 $1,054 $1,107

All 209,187 573.11 3.98 2,281 23,642 17,153 40,795 $53,932 $39,129 $93,060

Attribution 1.00 $53,932 $39,129 $93,060Total 426,277 1,168 4,845 $163,897 $65,134 $229,030

Attribution $163,897 $65,134 $229,030

Drug-Induced Hospital Admissions Lost Productivity Adjusted Productivity

Table 3.4 Hospitalization (Full Attribution) 

Source: Grosse et al., 2009; NIS, 2007 (AHRQ, 2009); NSDUH, 2007 (SAMHSA, 2009b) 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 46 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

 Source: Grosse et al., 2009; NIS, 2007 (AHRQ, 2009); NSDUH, 2007 (SAMHSA, 2009b)

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

39

Table 3.5. Hospitalization: Hepatitis B (Partial Attribution)

MPV HPV TPV MPV HPV TPV

(N) (Per Day) (LOS) (In Care) (Annual) (Annual) (Annual) (Total) (Total) (Total)

Males

15–19 9 0.02 4.82 0 $6,333 $4,659 $10,992 $1 $1 $1

20–24 64 0.18 4.29 1 $23,600 $6,213 $29,813 $18 $5 $22

25–29 191 0.52 3.71 2 $45,940 $9,058 $54,997 $89 $18 $107

30–34 236 0.65 4.32 3 $56,933 $11,159 $68,092 $159 $31 $190

35–39 305 0.84 4.56 4 $62,887 $11,810 $74,696 $240 $45 $285

40–44 325 0.89 4.23 4 $64,475 $11,538 $76,012 $243 $44 $287

45–49 262 0.72 5.79 4 $64,553 $11,512 $76,065 $268 $48 $316

50–54 295 0.81 5.12 4 $63,289 $10,254 $73,545 $262 $42 $304

55–59 166 0.45 5.46 2 $51,913 $11,352 $63,264 $129 $28 $157

60–64 149 0.41 5.32 2 $39,271 $11,863 $51,132 $85 $26 $111

65–69 102 0.28 5.56 2 $15,789 $12,917 $28,706 $25 $20 $45

70–74 30 0.08 10.91 1 $9,757 $13,291 $23,048 $9 $12 $20

75–79 34 0.09 5.43 1 $5,478 $12,588 $18,067 $3 $6 $980 + 38 0.10 9.01 1 $3,853 $9,810 $13,663 $4 $9 $13

All 2,206 6.04 4.97 30 $42,889 $10,143 $53,031 $1,288 $305 $1,592Attribution 0.20 $258 $61 $318

Females

15–19 9 0.03 6.19 0 $5,057 $7,598 $12,655 $1 $1 $2

20–24 42 0.12 3.74 0 $16,835 $12,801 $29,636 $7 $6 $13

25–29 150 0.41 5.11 2 $28,336 $18,827 $47,163 $59 $39 $99

30–34 158 0.43 4.66 2 $29,707 $22,337 $52,045 $60 $45 $105

35–39 173 0.47 4.65 2 $33,543 $22,150 $55,694 $74 $49 $123

40–44 149 0.41 4.83 2 $35,955 $20,588 $56,543 $71 $41 $112

45–49 158 0.43 4.99 2 $37,045 $17,911 $54,956 $80 $39 $119

50–54 176 0.48 5.18 2 $36,861 $16,370 $53,230 $92 $41 $133

55–59 128 0.35 7.97 3 $30,497 $17,036 $47,534 $85 $48 $133

60–64 60 0.16 7.48 1 $21,322 $17,702 $39,024 $26 $22 $48

65–69 47 0.13 5.35 1 $6,528 $18,408 $24,936 $4 $13 $17

70–74 68 0.19 5.15 1 $2,919 $17,550 $20,469 $3 $17 $20

75–79 55 0.15 5.94 1 $1,271 $16,510 $17,781 $1 $15 $16

80 + 31 0.09 8.01 1 $646 $12,862 $13,507 $0 $9 $9

All 1,405 3.85 5.40 21 23,642 17,153 40,795 $491 $357 $848Attribution 0.21 $103 $75 $178

Total 3,610 10 51 $1,779 $661 $2,440

Attribution $361 $136 $497

Drug-Induced Hospital Admissions Lost Productivity Adjusted Productivity

Hepatitis B

Table 3.5 Hospitalization: Hepatitis B (Partial Attribution) 

Source: Grosse et al., 2009; NIS, 2007 (AHRQ, 2009); NSDUH, 2007 (SAMHSA, 2009b) 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 47 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

 Source: Grosse et al., 2009; NIS, 2007 (AHRQ, 2009); NSDUH, 2007 (SAMHSA, 2009b)

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

40

Table 3.6. Hospitalization: Hepatitis C (Partial Attribution)

MPV HPV TPV MPV HPV TPV

(N) (Per Day) (LOS) (In Care) (Annual) (Annual) (Annual) (Total) (Total) (Total)

Males

15–19 28 0.08 4.43 0 $6,333 $4,659 $10,992 $2 $2 $420–24 57 0.16 3.52 1 $23,600 $6,213 $29,813 $13 $3 $16

25–29 118 0.32 2.67 1 $45,940 $9,058 $54,997 $40 $8 $48

30–34 272 0.74 4.34 3 $56,933 $11,159 $68,092 $184 $36 $220

35–39 205 0.56 4.47 3 $62,887 $11,810 $74,696 $158 $30 $187

40–44 582 1.59 4.62 7 $64,475 $11,538 $76,012 $475 $85 $560

45–49 1320 3.62 4.40 16 $64,553 $11,512 $76,065 $1,027 $183 $1,210

50–54 2125 5.82 5.36 31 $63,289 $10,254 $73,545 $1,974 $320 $2,293

55–59 1503 4.12 5.97 25 $51,913 $11,352 $63,264 $1,276 $279 $1,555

60–64 624 1.71 6.00 10 $39,271 $11,863 $51,132 $403 $122 $524

65–69 248 0.68 4.32 3 $15,789 $12,917 $28,706 $46 $38 $84

70–74 139 0.38 5.62 2 $9,757 $13,291 $23,048 $21 $28 $49

75–79 121 0.33 6.08 2 $5,478 $12,588 $18,067 $11 $25 $36

80 + 67 0.18 6.18 1 $3,853 $9,810 $13,663 $4 $11 $15

All 7,408 20.30 5.17 105 $42,889 $10,143 $53,031 $4,504 $1,065 $5,569

Attribution 0.17 $766 $181 $947

Females

15–19 37 0.10 2.27 0 $5,057 $7,598 $12,655 $1 $2 $320–24 88 0.24 4.49 1 $16,835 $12,801 $29,636 $18 $14 $32

25–29 87 0.24 4.20 1 $28,336 $18,827 $47,163 $28 $19 $47

30–34 184 0.50 3.99 2 $29,707 $22,337 $52,045 $60 $45 $104

35–39 248 0.68 4.52 3 $33,543 $22,150 $55,694 $103 $68 $171

40–44 433 1.19 4.95 6 $35,955 $20,588 $56,543 $211 $121 $332

45–49 592 1.62 5.07 8 $37,045 $17,911 $54,956 $304 $147 $452

50–54 890 2.44 6.37 16 $36,861 $16,370 $53,230 $573 $254 $827

55–59 736 2.02 5.10 10 $30,497 $17,036 $47,534 $313 $175 $488

60–64 323 0.89 5.27 5 $21,322 $17,702 $39,024 $100 $83 $182

65–69 260 0.71 5.91 4 $6,528 $18,408 $24,936 $27 $77 $105

70–74 191 0.52 5.03 3 $2,919 $17,550 $20,469 $8 $46 $54

75–79 172 0.47 5.26 2 $1,271 $16,510 $17,781 $3 $41 $44

80 + 158 0.43 5.67 2 $646 $12,862 $13,507 $2 $32 $33

All 4,399 12.05 5.29 64 23,642 17,153 40,795 $1,507 $1,093 $2,600

Attribution 0.15 $226 $164 $390

Total 11,807 32 169 $6,011 $2,158 $8,169Attribution $992 $345 $1,337

Drug-Induced Hospital Admissions Lost Productivity Adjusted Productivity

Hepatitis C

Table 3.6 Hospitalization: Hepatitis C (Partial Attribution) 

Source: Grosse et al., 2009; NIS, 2007 (AHRQ, 2009); NSDUH, 2007 (SAMHSA, 2009b) 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 48 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

 Source: Grosse et al., 2009; NIS, 2007 (AHRQ, 2009); NSDUH, 2007 (SAMHSA, 2009b) 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

41

Table 3.7. Hospitalization: HIV (Partial Attribution)

MPV HPV TPV MPV HPV TPV

(N) (Per Day) (LOS) (In Care) (Annual) (Annual) (Annual) (Total) (Total) (Total)

Males

15–19 305 0.84 7.80 7 $6,333 $4,659 $10,992 $41 $30 $72

20–24 953 2.61 10.33 27 $23,600 $6,213 $29,813 $636 $168 $80425–29 2,265 6.21 8.67 54 $45,940 $9,058 $54,997 $2,471 $487 $2,958

30–34 5,578 15.28 9.43 144 $56,933 $11,159 $68,092 $8,203 $1,608 $9,811

35–39 6,640 18.19 9.53 173 $62,887 $11,810 $74,696 $10,900 $2,047 $12,94740–44 8,988 24.63 9.03 222 $64,475 $11,538 $76,012 $14,338 $2,566 $16,90445–49 8,390 22.99 9.38 216 $64,553 $11,512 $76,065 $13,916 $2,482 $16,39850–54 6,955 19.05 8.95 170 $63,289 $10,254 $73,545 $10,790 $1,748 $12,53855–59 3,022 8.28 9.34 77 $51,913 $11,352 $63,264 $4,013 $877 $4,890

60–64 1,554 4.26 10.64 45 $39,271 $11,863 $51,132 $1,779 $537 $2,316

65–69 601 1.65 9.17 15 $15,789 $12,917 $28,706 $238 $195 $433

70–74 398 1.09 10.40 11 $9,757 $13,291 $23,048 $111 $151 $26175–79 122 0.33 13.03 4 $5,478 $12,588 $18,067 $24 $55 $7980 + 22 0.06 12.35 1 $3,853 $9,810 $13,663 $3 $7 $10

All 45,792 125.46 9.30 1,167 $42,889 $10,143 $53,031 $50,062 $11,839 $61,901Attribution 0.17 $8,511 $2,013 $10,523Females

15–19 409 1.12 12.87 14 $5,057 $7,598 $12,655 $73 $109 $18220–24 554 1.52 8.39 13 $16,835 $12,801 $29,636 $214 $163 $377

25–29 1,384 3.79 9.18 35 $28,336 $18,827 $47,163 $986 $655 $1,642

30–34 3,475 9.52 8.73 83 $29,707 $22,337 $52,045 $2,469 $1,857 $4,326

35–39 3,491 9.56 8.72 83 $33,543 $22,150 $55,694 $2,796 $1,847 $4,643

40–44 4,382 12.00 8.34 100 $35,955 $20,588 $56,543 $3,602 $2,062 $5,664

45–49 3,965 10.86 9.51 103 $37,045 $17,911 $54,956 $3,828 $1,851 $5,679

50–54 2,806 7.69 9.72 75 $36,861 $16,370 $53,230 $2,754 $1,223 $3,977

55–59 1,220 3.34 8.93 30 $30,497 $17,036 $47,534 $911 $509 $1,419

60–64 473 1.30 11.34 15 $21,322 $17,702 $39,024 $313 $260 $573

65–69 213 0.58 10.20 6 $6,528 $18,408 $24,936 $39 $110 $148

70–74 162 0.44 10.70 5 $2,919 $17,550 $20,469 $14 $83 $9775–79 31 0.08 6.59 1 $1,271 $16,510 $17,781 $1 $9 $10

80 + 10 0.03 12.83 0 $646 $12,862 $13,507 $0 $5 $5

All 22,573 61.84 9.10 563 23,642 17,153 40,795 $13,306 $9,654 $22,960Attribution 0.24 $3,194 $2,317 $5,510Total 68,365 187 1,730 $63,369 $21,493 $84,861Attribution $11,704 $4,330 $16,034

Drug-Induced Hospital Admissions Lost Productivity Adjusted Productivity

HIV

Table 3.7 Hospitalization: HIV (Partial Attribution) 

Source: Grosse et al., 2009; NIS, 2007 (AHRQ, 2009); NSDUH, 2007 (SAMHSA, 2009b) 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 49 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

 Source: Grosse et al., 2009; NIS, 2007 (AHRQ, 2009); NSDUH, 2007 (SAMHSA, 2009b)

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

42

Table 3.8. Hospitalization: Tuberculosis (Partial Attribution)

MPV HPV TPV MPV HPV TPV

(N) (Per Day) (LOS) (In Care) (Annual) (Annual) (Annual) (Total) (Total) (Total)

Males

15–19 193 0.53 19.84 10 $6,333 $4,659 $10,992 $66 $49 $11520–24 383 1.05 17.23 18 $23,600 $6,213 $29,813 $427 $112 $54025–29 342 0.94 15.93 15 $45,940 $9,058 $54,997 $685 $135 $82030–34 454 1.24 14.82 18 $56,933 $11,159 $68,092 $1,049 $206 $1,25535–39 435 1.19 16.87 20 $62,887 $11,810 $74,696 $1,265 $238 $1,50340–44 443 1.21 17.97 22 $64,475 $11,538 $76,012 $1,406 $252 $1,65845–49 633 1.73 21.16 37 $64,553 $11,512 $76,065 $2,368 $422 $2,79050–54 519 1.42 14.18 20 $63,289 $10,254 $73,545 $1,275 $207 $1,48255–59 408 1.12 19.70 22 $51,913 $11,352 $63,264 $1,143 $250 $1,39360–64 345 0.94 18.76 18 $39,271 $11,863 $51,132 $696 $210 $90665–69 305 0.84 14.82 12 $15,789 $12,917 $28,706 $196 $160 $35670–74 209 0.57 15.42 9 $9,757 $13,291 $23,048 $86 $117 $20375–79 256 0.70 17.77 12 $5,478 $12,588 $18,067 $68 $157 $22580 + 278 0.76 18.39 14 $3,853 $9,810 $13,663 $54 $137 $191

All 5,202 14.25 17.41 248 $42,889 $10,143 $53,031 $10,640 $2,516 $13,156Attribution 0.09 $958 $226 $1,184

Females

15–19 78 0.21 14.55 3 $5,057 $7,598 $12,655 $16 $24 $3920–24 198 0.54 21.24 12 $16,835 $12,801 $29,636 $194 $147 $34125–29 349 0.96 12.05 12 $28,336 $18,827 $47,163 $326 $217 $54330–34 237 0.65 11.43 7 $29,707 $22,337 $52,045 $220 $165 $38635–39 199 0.55 10.00 5 $33,543 $22,150 $55,694 $183 $121 $30440–44 188 0.51 13.59 7 $35,955 $20,588 $56,543 $251 $144 $39545–49 186 0.51 16.46 8 $37,045 $17,911 $54,956 $310 $150 $46050–54 220 0.60 11.83 7 $36,861 $16,370 $53,230 $263 $117 $37955–59 133 0.37 11.89 4 $30,497 $17,036 $47,534 $133 $74 $20760–64 189 0.52 13.89 7 $21,322 $17,702 $39,024 $154 $128 $281

65–69 176 0.48 13.27 6 $6,528 $18,408 $24,936 $42 $118 $16070–74 199 0.55 13.58 7 $2,919 $17,550 $20,469 $22 $130 $15275–79 203 0.56 11.64 6 $1,271 $16,510 $17,781 $8 $107 $115

80 + 285 0.78 15.80 12 $646 $12,862 $13,507 $8 $159 $167

All 2,840 7.78 13.58 106 23,642 17,153 40,795 $2,498 $1,813 $4,311

Attribution 0.04 $100 $73 $172

Total 8,042 22 354 $13,138 $4,329 $17,467Attribution $1,058 $299 $1,357

Drug-Induced Hospital Admissions Lost Productivity Adjusted Productivity

Tuberculosis

Table 3.8 Hospitalization: Tuberculosis (Partial Attribution) 

Source: Grosse et al., 2009; NIS, 2007 (AHRQ, 2009); NSDUH, 2007 (SAMHSA, 2009b) 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 50 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

 Source: Grosse et al., 2009; NIS, 2007 (AHRQ, 2009); NSDUH, 2007 (SAMHSA, 2009b) 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

43

Table 3.9. Hospitalization: Non-Drug-Induced Primary Diagnosis (Partial Attribution)

MPV HPV TPV MPV HPV TPV

(N) (Per Day) (LOS) (In Care) (Annual) (Annual) (Annual) (Total) (Total) (Total)

Males

15–19 274,457 751.94 4.76 3,576 $6,333 $4,659 $10,992 $22,647 $16,663 $39,309

20–24 313,869 859.92 5.07 4,364 $23,600 $6,213 $29,813 $102,982 $27,109 $130,091

25–29 344,421 943.62 5.02 4,737 $45,940 $9,058 $54,997 $217,601 $42,903 $260,504

30–34 411,052 1126.17 4.80 5,402 $56,933 $11,159 $68,092 $307,557 $60,280 $367,837

35–39 515,495 1412.32 4.74 6,693 $62,887 $11,810 $74,696 $420,884 $79,044 $499,921

40–44 718,622 1968.83 4.80 9,447 $64,475 $11,538 $76,012 $609,122 $109,003 $718,116

45–49 943,389 2584.63 4.95 12,782 $64,553 $11,512 $76,065 $825,135 $147,148 $972,283

50–54 1,141,013 3126.06 5.08 15,866 $63,289 $10,254 $73,545 $1,004,137 $162,692 $1,166,845

55–59 1,157,425 3171.03 5.16 16,365 $51,913 $11,352 $63,264 $849,576 $185,773 $1,035,349

60–64 1,179,871 3232.52 5.23 16,906 $39,271 $11,863 $51,132 $663,899 $200,547 $864,429

65–69 1,212,214 3321.13 5.30 17,605 $15,789 $12,917 $28,706 $277,955 $227,397 $505,369

70–74 1,179,365 3231.14 5.45 17,613 $9,757 $13,291 $23,048 $171,842 $234,095 $405,938

75–79 1,217,315 3335.11 5.67 18,907 $5,478 $12,588 $18,067 $103,581 $238,012 $341,594

80 + 2,056,507 5634.27 5.77 32,486 $3,853 $9,810 $13,663 $125,163 $318,679 $443,841

All 12,665,015 34698.67 5.27 182,749 $42,889 $10,143 $53,031 $7,837,881 $1,853,556 $9,691,415Attribution 0.003 $23,514 $5,561 $29,074Females

15–19 796,093 2181.08 3.22 7,027 $5,057 $7,598 $12,655 $35,540 $53,392 $88,932

20–24 1,562,667 4281.28 2.87 12,296 $16,835 $12,801 $29,636 $207,002 $157,403 $364,405

25–29 1,760,648 4823.69 2.94 14,190 $28,336 $18,827 $47,163 $402,100 $267,166 $669,266

30–34 1,604,979 4397.20 3.13 13,755 $29,707 $22,337 $52,045 $408,615 $307,241 $715,870

35–39 1,232,244 3376.01 3.47 11,722 $33,543 $22,150 $55,694 $393,200 $259,650 $652,850

40–44 983,810 2695.37 3.99 10,742 $35,955 $20,588 $56,543 $386,214 $221,144 $607,358

45–49 1,064,691 2916.96 4.38 12,770 $37,045 $17,911 $54,956 $473,087 $228,735 $701,810

50–54 1,131,934 3101.19 4.69 14,544 $36,861 $16,370 $53,230 $536,116 $238,084 $774,200

55–59 1,140,960 3125.92 4.99 15,611 $30,497 $17,036 $47,534 $476,084 $265,946 $742,030

60–64 1,185,953 3249.19 5.21 16,925 $21,322 $17,702 $39,024 $360,886 $299,614 $660,500

65–69 1,248,287 3419.96 5.25 17,961 $6,528 $18,408 $24,936 $117,252 $330,633 $447,885

70–74 1,311,462 3593.05 5.41 19,444 $2,919 $17,550 $20,469 $56,758 $341,249 $398,008

75–79 1,487,419 4075.12 5.60 22,814 $1,271 $16,510 $17,781 $28,996 $376,656 $405,652

80 + 3,475,700 9522.47 5.64 53,694 $646 $12,862 $13,507 $34,687 $690,617 $725,249

All 19,986,847 54758.48 4.45 243,497 23,642 17,153 40,795 $5,756,755 $4,176,622 $9,933,364Attribution 0.001 $5,757 $4,177 $9,933

Total 32,651,862 89,457 426,246 $13,594,636 $6,030,178 $19,624,779

Attribution $29,270 $9,737 $39,008

Drug-Related Hospital Admissions Lost Productivity Adjusted Productivity

(Non Drug-Induced Primary Diagnosis)

Table 3.9 Hospitalization: Non-Drug-Induced Primary Diagnosis (Partial Attribution) 

Source: Grosse et al., 2009; NIS, 2007 (AHRQ, 2009); NSDUH, 2007 (SAMHSA, 2009b) 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 51 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

 Source: Grosse et al., 2009; NIS, 2007 (AHRQ, 2009); NSDUH, 2007 (SAMHSA, 2009b)

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

44

Table 3.10. Incarceration

Total MPV HPV TPV MPV HPV TPV

(Prop.) (n) (Prop.) (n) (Prop.) (n) (n) (Annual) (Annual) (Annual) (Total) (Total) (Total)

Males 15–19 0.07 18,868 0.02 8,897 0.00 0 27,766 $6,333 $4,659 $10,992 $175,834 $129,372 $305,205

20–24 0.21 54,578 0.15 68,999 0.11 12,492 136,069 $23,600 $6,213 $29,813 $3,211,242 $845,347 $4,056,589

25–29 0.15 38,316 0.17 77,819 0.19 22,052 138,187 $45,940 $9,058 $54,997 $6,348,272 $1,251,646 $7,599,918

30–34 0.14 36,374 0.16 70,538 0.20 23,682 130,594 $56,933 $11,159 $68,092 $7,435,115 $1,457,246 $8,892,362

35–39 0.14 35,712 0.15 66,371 0.14 16,809 118,892 $62,887 $11,810 $74,696 $7,476,687 $1,404,149 $8,880,716

40–44 0.08 19,903 0.14 61,066 0.12 14,351 95,320 $64,475 $11,538 $76,012 $6,145,813 $1,099,803 $7,245,521

45–49 0.05 13,786 0.08 36,381 0.10 11,727 61,894 $64,553 $11,512 $76,065 $3,995,428 $712,514 $4,707,942

50–54 0.01 3,026 0.03 14,224 0.05 6,439 23,689 $63,289 $10,254 $73,545 $1,499,268 $242,915 $1,742,207

55–59 0.00 742 0.01 5,329 0.01 1,119 7,190 $51,913 $11,352 $63,264 $373,259 $81,619 $454,878

60–64 0.00 383 0.00 1,093 0.01 1,071 2,547 $39,271 $11,863 $51,132 $100,018 $30,213 $130,229

65–69 0.00 0 0.00 709 0.00 282 991 $15,789 $12,917 $28,706 $15,652 $12,805 $28,45770–74 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 191 191 $9,757 $13,291 $23,048 $1,867 $2,543 $4,409

75–79 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0 $5,478 $12,588 $18,067 $0 $0 $0

80 + 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0 $3,853 $9,810 $13,663 $0 $0 $0

All 0.86 221,688 0.92 411,427 0.93 110,215 743,330 $42,889 $10,143 $53,031 $36,778,454 $7,270,171 $44,048,432

Females 15–19 0.00 970 0.00 477 0.00 14 1,460 $5,057 $7,598 $12,655 $7,386 $11,096 $18,482

20–24 0.02 5,673 0.01 4,396 0.01 764 10,833 $16,835 $12,801 $29,636 $182,373 $138,675 $321,048

25–29 0.02 5,806 0.01 5,764 0.01 1,419 12,989 $28,336 $18,827 $47,163 $368,058 $244,548 $612,606

30–34 0.03 7,375 0.01 6,165 0.01 1,686 15,226 $29,707 $22,337 $52,045 $452,331 $340,111 $792,457

35–39 0.03 7,521 0.02 8,974 0.01 1,271 17,767 $33,543 $22,150 $55,694 $595,951 $393,537 $989,489

40–44 0.03 6,507 0.01 6,636 0.01 1,504 14,648 $35,955 $20,588 $56,543 $526,650 $301,557 $828,208

45–49 0.01 2,115 0.01 3,339 0.01 987 6,442 $37,045 $17,911 $54,956 $238,644 $115,383 $354,020

50–54 0.00 979 0.00 979 0.01 610 2,567 $36,861 $16,370 $53,230 $94,617 $42,019 $136,63655–59 0.00 0 0.00 235 0.00 66 301 $30,497 $17,036 $47,534 $9,191 $5,134 $14,32660–64 0.00 0 0.00 55 0.00 105 160 $21,322 $17,702 $39,024 $3,412 $2,833 $6,246

65–69 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0 $6,528 $18,408 $24,936 $0 $0 $0

70–74 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0 $2,919 $17,550 $20,469 $0 $0 $0

75–79 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0 $1,271 $16,510 $17,781 $0 $0 $0

80+ 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0 $646 $12,862 $13,507 $0 $0 $0

All 0.14 36,945 0.08 37,021 0.07 8,427 82,393 23641.99354 17152.66191 40794.60225 $2,478,614 $1,594,894 $4,073,517

Total 780,581 1,321,731 196,804 $39,257,067 $8,865,065 $48,121,949

Attribution 0.33 0.34 0.60Adjusted 258,632 448,447 118,642

Lost Productivity

Jails Federal Prisons State Prisons

Incarcerated Populations Adjusted Productivity

Table 3.10 Incarceration 

Source: Grosse et al., 2009; NSDUH, 2007 (SAMHSA, 2009b); SIFCF, 2004 (BJS, 2007); SILJ, 2002 (BJS, 2006); SISCF, 2004 (BJS, 2007) 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 52 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

Source: Grosse et al., 2009; NSDUH, 2007 (SAMHSA, 2009b); SIFCF, 2004 (BJS, 2007); SILJ, 2002 (BJS, 2006); SISCF, 2004 (BJS, 2007)

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

45

Premature Mortality

Past work on premature mortality has relied 

heavily upon what we have called an incidencebased approach. Within this context, all present 

and future productivity losses associated with a 

drug-induced death are realized during the period in which the death occurs. When assessed 

simultaneously with other components that are 

measured using a prevalence-based approach, 

a distorted picture emerges. This is because the 

prevalence-based components realize only present costs for the same period.

Lost productivity due to premature mortality remains a principal component of all costs 

that drug use imposes on American society. 

But it is not possible to assess its relative 

contribution unless all measures are defined 

consistently from either an incidence-based or 

prevalence-based perspective. 

We therefore depart from the tradition of 

using an incidence-based approach and its 

measure (the present discounted value associated with drug-induced deaths that have 

occurred during the current period) in favor 

of a prevalence-based approach and its measure (the present value of drug-induced deaths 

that have occurred during the current and all 

preceding periods). 

To see how this is accomplished, we refer 

the reader to Figure 3.2, in which the productivity of an individual is depicted over time. 

Productivity typically begins at a relatively 

low level, reaches a peak during the middle 

and latter years, and then drops off sharply 

following retirement. Productivity itself may 

include several components, and as noted 

above, it is not uncommon to differentiate 

between MPV and HPV. 

In any case, when a person dies a drug-induced death, that portion of their productivity 

which lies to the right of their time of death is 

lost. And in an incidence-based model, all of 

that productivity is taken as a 2007 loss. 

Figure 3.2. Incidence-Based

In a prevalence-based model, only the productivity that would have occurred during the 

2007 period is taken as a loss. But the prevalence-based approach then also requires that we 

include current period losses associated with 

individuals who died drug-induced deaths during the preceding period, the period before that, 

and so on, as depicted in Figure 3.3.

Figure 3.3. Prevalence-Based

Approaching the problem in this manner 

requires that we go back far enough in time so 

that people who died early in life are represented in our analysis. We therefore make use 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

46

of NCHS MCODPUD covering 1968-2007 

in our analysis (NCHS, 1980-2009). For any 

given year, cases attributable to drug use are 

identified and allowed to age into the current 

period following a survival function derived 

from all deaths occurring during that same 

year. Sex- and age-specific productivity factors are then attributed to these individuals 

based upon research findings provided recently by Grosse et al. (2009).

The exercise is complicated by the fact that 

the coding scheme for underlying cause of 

death and contributing factors changes three 

times over the period 1968-2007, with the 

ICD-8 covering the years 1968-1978, the 

ICD-9 covering the years 1979-1998, and the 

ICD-10 covering the years 1999-2007. This 

means that we must adopt some set of rules 

for establishing comparability across the three 

reporting systems, which sometimes differ in 

significant ways. 

The NCHS data include codes for the underlying cause of death and for other factors 

that may have contributed to the death (these 

are called record-axis codes). Fourteen recordaxis codes are stored in the ICD-8 files and 20 

in the ICD-9 and ICD-10 files. 

When using ICD-8 and ICD-9 classification 

systems, a distinction is made between E-codes 

and Nature of Injury codes (N-codes). Because 

E-codes and N-codes make use of the same 

numerical sequences (which overlap but do not 

indicate the same cause of death), they are differentiated in the record-axes by the presence of 

a 0 or 1 in the fifth character position. 

As a rule, the E-code is stored as the underlying cause in cases involving what we would 

consider to be a drug-induced death. But in 

cases where the drug itself is unknown (or not 

given), the examination of record-axis codes 

sometimes provides more definitive information. The record-axis codes have relevance 

as well to the identification of drug use as a 

contributing factor in cases where the underlying cause of death does not itself appear to 

involve drugs (many of these are diseases of 

the circulatory system). 

The ICD-10 involved significant changes 

relative to the ICD-9, and the overlap between 

numerical sequences for E-codes and N-codes 

disappeared. A much more refined taxonomy 

for identifying drug-induced deaths emerged 

in this revision as well. But the general practice of identifying an underlying cause of 

death as well as its contributing factors (as 

record-axis codes) remained.

We seek to maintain consistency with operationalizations adopted in preceding chapters. 

Thus drug-induced deaths involve the use of 

Schedule I drugs (principally marijuana and 

heroin) and Schedule II-IV drugs (cocaine 

and methamphetamine as well as prescription 

pain relievers, stimulants, tranquilizers, and 

sedatives). As noted above, this operational 

definition allows us to include deaths attributable to both illicit drugs (such as heroin) and 

licit drugs (other opiates in this example) in 

our analysis. Since many deaths are related to 

prescribed substances, it is important to characterize drug-induced deaths in this manner. 

Within this context the following conventions apply:

• If the underlying cause of death is newborn 

withdrawal, drug psychosis, drug dependence, or nondependent drug use involving 

a drug that is an element of the set of drugs 

defined above, then the death is treated as 

drug-induced.

• If the underlying cause of death is an 

unintentional overdose, intentional overdose, or overdose of undetermined intent 

involving a drug that is an element of the 

set of drugs defined above, then the death is 

treated as drug-induced.

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

47

• If the underlying cause of death is newborn 

withdrawal, drug psychosis, drug dependence, nondependent drug use, unintentional 

overdose, intentional overdose, overdose of 

undetermined intent, or assault (by drug), 

and the drug associated with the underlying 

cause of death is unknown, but any of the 

record-axis codes is an element of the set of 

drugs defined above, then the death is 

treated as drug-induced.

• If the underlying cause of death does not 

involve drug use but any of the record-axis 

codes is an element of the set of drugs 

defined above, then the death is treated as 

drug-related.

16

The fact that there is some art involved in 

this exercise cannot be denied. While it is clear 

that death attributable to a deliberate overdose 

of barbiturates is drug-induced, it is less clear 

that death attributable to a deliberate overdose 

of “Other Central Nervous System Stimulants 

with Abuse Potential” is drug- induced as well. 

Fortunately, the equivalences among ICD-8, 

ICD-9, and ICD-10 coding schemes are in 

most cases fairly clear. It is also important to 

note that using information on age at death to 

construct a survival function―as we have done 

here―ignores advances in medicine that might 

prolong life. 

Our findings are presented in Tables 3.11 

and 3.12 for males and females, respectively. 

Information is provided there on the 2007 age 

distribution of individuals who would otherwise have died during each year depicted on 

the vertical axis. Total lost productivity and its 

components (MPV and HPV) appear below 

in red. The most detailed source of information on the proportion of deaths that are 

drug-related rather than drug-induced comes 

from our analysis of ICD-10 data. Here we 

16. Drug-related deaths include all events in which the underlying cause of death is not illicit drug use but where some 

indication of illicit drug use exists among the record axis 

codes. A case in which the underlying cause of death is 

coded as a motor vehicle accident and where illicit drug use 

is indicated in the record axis would be represented here.

find that about 20 percent of cases involving 

drugs are drug-related but not drug-induced 

(using the conventions adopted above). We 

have no mechanism at present for making a 

statistical determination of the role of drug 

use as a contributing factor in drug-related 

deaths. In the absence of such information, 

we assign 10 percent of the 20 percent as 

drug-induced, yielding an attribution factor 

of 0.80 + 0.02=0.82. These calculations result 

in TPV losses of $10,863,663 for males and 

$3,990,096 for females. These losses sum to 

$14,853,759.

There appears to be significant discontinuity between estimates for 1998 and 1999, and 

these are likely attributable to transition from 

ICD-9 to ICD-10. Comparability ratios are 

routinely developed when revisions of the 

ICD are made, and this is done by cross-coding the same medical records, using alternative versions of the classification scheme―in 

this case ICD-9 and ICD-10. These have been 

calculated by Anderson et al. (2001), but they 

provide no detail on deaths due to illicit drug 

use (this is a consequence of small sample 

size). SAMHSA states that 1.20 may be used 

as a comparability ratio for deaths attributable 

to drugs (ONDCP, 2001). We have confirmed 

this independently, using trend data on deaths 

and on morphine-equivalent grams per capita 

reported by Simeone and Holland (2006). 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

48

Table 3.11. Premature Mortality: Males (Without ICD-10 Correction)

Year 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+

1968 20 1 5 112 175 106 55 31 131969 15 2 7 160 233 121 55 29 111970 15 2 10 258 414 178 102 51 32 121971 18 1 11 354 633 262 108 67 33 161972 18 0 13 297 565 288 115 74 35 131973 14 2 6 198 479 275 117 54 30 121974 11 1 5 186 487 313 146 60 30 101975 8 2 3 170 679 479 218 89 45 23 91976 8 2 6 118 518 460 194 91 48 22 81977 6 1 3 66 253 249 128 55 26 15 71978 6 2 3 66 218 225 132 55 23 15 61979 16 1 2 95 338 461 263 112 67 31 151980 13 4 2 83 326 526 351 181 99 54 26 131981 14 4 6 56 292 506 399 203 109 54 27 91982 9 0 5 69 266 603 516 242 96 62 26 11

1983 11 0 4 53 253 523 520 284 133 65 29 111984 9 0 6 55 229 505 591 339 161 63 30 14

1985 7 0 3 55 259 599 803 581 228 115 57 25 91986 13 1 6 69 250 625 907 698 306 127 74 27 91987 18 4 5 58 207 484 756 685 298 144 60 31 12

1988 5 0 3 69 233 487 872 780 400 187 69 34 11

1989 13 2 9 87 211 479 759 805 399 168 75 35 10

1990 12 3 4 65 172 394 642 732 448 188 92 49 21 7

1991 16 2 7 64 191 408 617 690 537 203 107 54 24 81992 11 1 9 67 228 491 760 979 711 301 135 53 29 91993 20 8 6 76 264 510 890 1,157 990 392 143 59 30 81994 15 3 8 69 252 500 923 1,080 1,015 499 179 69 26 81995 13 4 5 82 314 562 932 1,297 1,180 651 115 58 44 15 6

1996 13 4 8 120 306 521 880 1,170 1,183 778 127 54 42 24 7

1997 13 5 8 125 350 559 910 1,295 1,322 874 164 62 48 19 8

1998 15 5 6 147 411 578 936 1,272 1,449 1,002 162 75 58 20 8

1999 14 3 11 225 599 916 1,293 1,929 2,293 1,790 352 144 114 44 13

2000 19 19 3 10 248 712 893 1,220 1,849 2,212 1,866 345 145 115 35 112001 27 26 1 17 323 808 945 1,238 1,830 2,275 1,977 420 160 128 46 122002 15 15 3 16 380 972 1,105 1,486 2,092 2,579 2,250 569 214 172 50 152003 25 25 3 11 395 1,212 1,236 1,546 2,122 2,693 2,500 699 235 191 71 152004 22 22 2 17 526 1,302 1,462 1,524 2,025 2,624 2,618 840 265 217 69 182005 23 2 15 402 1,180 1,388 1,435 1,768 2,555 2,690 1,901 896 323 101 44 18 152006 32 6 21 567 1,752 2,063 2,055 2,440 3,268 3,518 2,769 1,374 422 169 62 23 162007 28 4 18 485 1,466 1,725 1,745 2,104 2,912 3,104 2,335 1,135 372 135 53 21 16

83 118 226 1,560 4,577 7,841 12,639 16,639 24,536 34,627 41,522 34,064 12,031 5,027 2,829 1,200 443

Market Productivity Value (MPV) By Age $6,333 $23,600 $45,940 $56,933 $62,887 $64,475 $64,553 $63,289 $51,913 $39,271 $15,789 $9,757 $5,478 $3,853Lost MPV By Age $9,877 $108,010 $360,235 $719,559 $1,046,360 $1,581,946 $2,235,272 $2,627,890 $1,768,365 $472,460 $79,377 $27,600 $6,574 $1,705Lost MPV With Attribution 0.82 $8,099 $88,568 $295,392 $590,038 $858,015 $1,297,196 $1,832,923 $2,154,869 $1,450,060 $387,417 $65,089 $22,632 $5,391 $1,398

Total Lost MPV $9,057,088Household Production Value (HPV) By Age $4,659 $6,213 $9,058 $11,159 $11,810 $11,538 $11,512 $10,254 $11,352 $11,863 $12,917 $13,291 $12,588 $9,810Lost HPV By Age $7,267 $28,433 $71,025 $141,030 $196,510 $283,092 $398,621 $425,777 $386,682 $142,718 $64,939 $37,599 $15,106 $4,342Lost HPV With Attribution 0.82 $5,959 $23,315 $58,240 $115,645 $161,138 $232,135 $326,870 $349,137 $317,079 $117,029 $53,250 $30,831 $12,387 $3,560Total Lost HPV $1,806,575Total Production Value (TPV) By Age $17,144 $136,443 $431,260 $860,589 $1,242,870 $1,865,038 $2,633,894 $3,053,666 $2,155,047 $615,178 $144,316 $65,199 $21,680 $6,047Lost TPV With Attribution 0.82 $14,058 $111,883 $353,633 $705,683 $1,019,154 $1,529,331 $2,159,793 $2,504,006 $1,767,138 $504,446 $118,339 $53,463 $17,777 $4,958

Total Lost TPV $10,863,663

Age in 2007 (Males)

Table 3.11 Premature Mortality: Males (Without ICD-10 Correction) 

Source: Grosse et al., 2009; MCODPUD, 1968-2006 (NCHS, 1980-2009); NSDUH, 2007 (SAMHSA, 2009b) 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 56 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

Source: Grosse et al., 2009; MCODPUD, 1968-2006 (NCHS, 1980-2009); NSDUH, 2007 (SAMHSA, 2009b)

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

49

Table 3.12. Premature Mortality: Females (Without ICD-10 Correction)

Year 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+

1968 10 1 2 45 70 75 67 56 341969 12 0 8 86 108 106 64 59 331970 15 2 9 116 171 120 89 79 62 361971 25 3 9 149 226 143 93 94 77 421972 9 4 19 98 204 181 100 75 63 38

1973 15 2 7 87 204 133 98 65 59 311974 9 1 8 101 198 158 88 67 52 31

1975 7 3 4 77 235 196 113 64 81 61 251976 6 1 6 79 223 187 116 66 72 50 231977 10 2 5 44 172 140 97 62 60 46 221978 11 0 3 38 130 155 97 67 53 51 201979 23 1 8 74 209 241 212 168 104 84 461980 10 4 4 63 194 242 222 166 131 93 74 351981 9 5 8 76 154 222 221 148 127 107 74 48

1982 15 1 4 74 167 246 231 186 124 90 79 331983 10 4 13 52 157 249 244 182 132 94 76 32

1984 6 1 1 58 135 230 270 185 135 104 68 30

1985 6 2 18 58 140 234 322 220 150 129 73 56 231986 10 2 7 71 135 249 345 304 184 129 92 56 291987 5 2 3 81 115 243 348 299 189 105 96 63 22

1988 4 2 13 82 128 233 339 338 222 130 77 57 331989 10 3 15 84 108 253 341 315 242 143 76 64 21

1990 9 2 15 56 102 197 280 314 236 150 104 89 43 241991 10 3 13 58 112 173 286 346 263 180 97 77 57 221992 14 2 14 65 91 182 325 380 297 201 114 59 50 231993 14 6 16 53 117 189 354 415 367 207 127 74 48 191994 11 4 14 57 101 210 350 428 386 236 140 88 51 171995 13 0 9 51 119 177 349 452 447 275 82 61 52 30 151996 13 4 9 51 119 219 351 481 491 348 101 71 61 34 171997 7 7 8 55 98 225 339 494 549 363 125 67 58 39 161998 10 6 5 64 120 214 361 564 628 397 145 66 57 39 171999 9 4 4 85 188 309 543 871 947 723 170 92 80 45 182000 8 8 3 13 97 194 313 520 863 1,059 809 239 92 81 41 19

2001 6 6 3 8 108 242 313 546 947 1,167 906 233 119 104 45 20

2002 22 22 1 9 130 333 386 653 1,053 1,449 1,300 343 159 140 71 242003 16 16 5 7 150 384 452 698 1,114 1,527 1,408 417 174 154 73 232004 15 15 7 23 161 411 509 725 1,111 1,677 1,604 498 208 184 74 25

2005 11 3 15 125 373 490 638 952 1,423 1,514 1,062 486 211 101 57 36 312006 27 3 17 196 532 747 815 1,265 1,891 2,134 1,570 797 280 142 63 39 432007 19 3 16 160 453 618 727 1,108 1,657 1,824 1,316 642 246 122 60 37 37

56 75 165 577 1,502 2,940 4,806 7,451 12,015 17,404 20,185 16,324 7,466 4,419 3,322 2,240 1,095

Market Productivity Value (MPV) By Age $5,057 $16,835 $28,336 $29,707 $33,543 $35,955 $37,045 $36,861 $30,497 $21,322 $6,528 $2,919 $1,271 $646Lost MPV By Age $2,916 $25,283 $83,320 $142,765 $249,917 $432,006 $644,738 $744,050 $497,838 $159,198 $28,845 $9,697 $2,848 $707Lost MPV With Attribution 0.82 $2,391 $20,732 $68,322 $117,067 $204,932 $354,245 $528,685 $610,121 $408,227 $130,542 $23,653 $7,951 $2,335 $580

Total Lost MPV $2,479,784Household Production Value (HPV) By Age $7,598 $12,801 $18,827 $22,337 $22,150 $20,588 $17,911 $16,370 $17,036 $17,702 $18,408 $17,550 $16,510 $12,862Lost HPV By Age $4,381 $19,225 $55,360 $107,346 $165,033 $247,365 $311,728 $330,426 $278,098 $132,169 $81,339 $58,300 $36,989 $14,086Lost HPV With Attribution 0.82 $3,593 $15,764 $45,395 $88,024 $135,327 $202,839 $255,617 $270,949 $228,041 $108,379 $66,698 $47,806 $30,331 $11,550Total Lost HPV $1,510,312Total Production Value (TPV) By Age $7,297 $44,507 $138,680 $250,111 $414,950 $679,370 $956,466 $1,074,476 $775,937 $291,367 $110,184 $67,996 $39,837 $14,793Lost TPV With Attribution 0.82 $5,984 $36,496 $113,717 $205,091 $340,259 $557,084 $784,302 $881,070 $636,268 $238,921 $90,351 $55,757 $32,666 $12,130

Total Lost TPV $3,990,096

Age in 2007 (Females)

Table 3.12 Premature Mortality: Females (Without ICD-10 Correction) 

Source: Grosse et al., 2009; MCODPUD, 1968-2006 (NCHS, 1980-2009); NSDUH, 2007 (SAMHSA, 2009b) 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 57 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

Source: Grosse et al., 2009; MCODPUD, 1968-2006 (NCHS, 1980-2009); NSDUH, 2007 (SAMHSA, 2009b)

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

50

Figure 3.4. ICD-9/ICD-10 Comparability

0

5000

10000

15000

20000

25000

30000

35000

40000

1967 1977 1987 1997 2007

ICD-10 Backcast ICD-9/ICD-10

We therefore use 1.20 as a comparability 

ratio and recalibrate observations over the 

period 1968-1998 accordingly. The product of 

this exercise is depicted in Figure 3.4.

Using these revised numbers, we estimate TPV 

losses of $11,710,119 (for males) and $4,294,889

(for females) attributable to drug-induced premature mortality and realized in CY2007 (Tables 

3.13 and 3.14).17 These losses sum to $16,005,008. 

Detailed material related to these calculations is 

provided in Appendix B.

We must then consider homicide cases involving illicit drug use. To accomplish this, we 

use the same data sources as described above 

but focus only on cases in which the underlying cause of death is death due to assault.18 Our 

findings are provided in Tables 3.15 and 3.16. 

Prior work by Anderson et al. (2001) suggests a 

comparability ratio between ICD-9 and ICD-10 

of about 1.00 for homicide, and so we do not 

apply a correction here as we did above.

17. Data for 2007 deaths were unavailable when this draft was 

completed, and so we use the mean taken over the preceding 2 years as a proxy measure.

18. To avoid double-counting, we exclude homicide cases in 

which prior attribution has been made, using the conventions described above for premature mortality.

Since only some homicides are related to illicit 

drug use on the part of the perpetrator, we use 

the weighted attribution factor for violent crimes 

that was derived in Chapter 1 of this report 

(approximately 0.12). Using these numbers, we 

estimate TPV losses of $3,089,080 (for males) 

and $689,893 (for females) resulting from 

homicide. These losses sum to $3,778,973. 

Detailed material related to these calculations is 

provided in Appendix C.

Present discounted value calculations of 

TPV and MPV at 0 percent, 3 percent, and 5 

percent for males and females by age are 

provided in Appendix D for individuals 

wishing to make comparisons with other work 

that uses this approach. These are also made 

based upon estimates of lifetime earnings 

provided by Grosse et al. (2009). 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

51

Table 3.13. Premature Mortality: Males (With ICD-10 Correction)

Year 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+

1968 24 1 6 135 210 127 66 37 161969 18 2 9 192 279 145 66 35 131970 18 2 13 309 497 214 123 62 38 151971 21 1 13 424 760 315 129 80 39 201972 21 0 16 356 678 345 138 89 42 161973 17 2 7 238 575 330 140 65 36 151974 13 1 6 224 584 376 175 72 36 121975 10 2 3 204 814 574 261 107 54 28 101976 10 2 7 141 621 552 232 109 57 26 91977 8 1 4 80 304 299 154 66 31 18 81978 8 2 4 80 261 270 158 66 28 18 81979 19 1 2 113 405 553 316 135 80 37 171980 15 4 2 99 392 631 421 217 119 65 31 161981 17 4 7 67 351 607 479 244 130 65 32 111982 11 0 6 82 320 723 619 290 115 74 31 131983 13 0 4 64 304 627 624 341 160 78 35 131984 11 0 7 66 275 606 710 406 193 75 35 171985 8 0 3 66 310 719 963 698 274 137 68 30 11

1986 16 1 8 83 300 750 1,088 837 367 153 89 32 111987 22 4 5 69 249 581 907 822 358 173 72 37 151988 6 0 3 83 280 584 1,046 936 480 224 83 41 13

1989 16 2 11 105 253 574 911 966 479 202 90 41 12

1990 14 3 4 78 206 473 771 878 537 226 110 58 25 8

1991 20 2 8 76 229 489 740 828 644 243 129 64 28 101992 13 1 11 80 273 589 912 1,175 854 361 162 64 35 101993 24 9 7 91 316 612 1,068 1,389 1,188 471 171 71 36 91994 17 3 9 82 303 600 1,108 1,296 1,217 599 214 83 31 91995 15 5 6 98 377 674 1,118 1,557 1,416 781 138 69 53 18 7

1996 15 5 9 144 367 626 1,056 1,404 1,419 934 152 65 50 28 8

1997 15 6 9 150 420 670 1,092 1,554 1,587 1,049 196 74 58 22 101998 18 6 7 176 493 694 1,123 1,526 1,739 1,203 195 90 70 24 101999 14 3 11 225 599 916 1,293 1,929 2,293 1,790 352 144 114 44 13

2000 19 19 3 10 248 712 893 1,220 1,849 2,212 1,866 345 145 115 35 112001 27 26 1 17 323 808 945 1,238 1,830 2,275 1,977 420 160 128 46 122002 15 15 3 16 380 972 1,105 1,486 2,092 2,579 2,250 569 214 172 50 152003 25 25 3 11 395 1,212 1,236 1,546 2,122 2,693 2,500 699 235 191 71 152004 22 22 2 17 526 1,302 1,462 1,524 2,025 2,624 2,618 840 265 217 69 182005 23 2 15 402 1,180 1,388 1,435 1,768 2,555 2,690 1,901 896 323 101 44 18 152006 32 6 21 567 1,752 2,063 2,055 2,440 3,268 3,518 2,769 1,374 422 169 62 23 162007 28 4 18 485 1,466 1,725 1,745 2,104 2,912 3,104 2,335 1,135 372 135 53 21 16

83 118 236 1,578 4,596 7,955 12,998 17,393 26,035 37,321 45,490 37,595 13,569 5,720 3,176 1,364 505

Market Productivity Value (MPV) By Age $6,333 $23,600 $45,940 $56,933 $62,887 $64,475 $64,553 $63,289 $51,913 $39,271 $15,789 $9,757 $5,478 $3,853Lost MPV By Age $9,992 $108,472 $365,466 $740,043 $1,093,777 $1,678,588 $2,409,157 $2,879,043 $1,951,690 $532,847 $90,304 $30,982 $7,475 $1,945Lost MPV With Attribution 0.82 $8,193 $88,947 $299,682 $606,835 $896,897 $1,376,442 $1,975,509 $2,360,815 $1,600,385 $436,935 $74,050 $25,406 $6,130 $1,595

Total Lost MPV $9,757,821Household Production Value (HPV) By Age $4,659 $6,213 $9,058 $11,159 $11,810 $11,538 $11,512 $10,254 $11,352 $11,863 $12,917 $13,291 $12,588 $9,810Lost HPV By Age $7,352 $28,555 $72,056 $145,045 $205,415 $300,386 $429,631 $466,469 $426,768 $160,960 $73,879 $42,206 $17,176 $4,953Lost HPV With Attribution 0.82 $6,028 $23,415 $59,086 $118,937 $168,441 $246,317 $352,297 $382,505 $349,950 $131,987 $60,580 $34,609 $14,085 $4,061Total Lost HPV $1,952,298Total Production Value (TPV) By Age $17,343 $137,026 $437,523 $885,087 $1,299,192 $1,978,974 $2,838,788 $3,345,512 $2,378,458 $693,807 $164,183 $73,189 $24,651 $6,898Lost TPV With Attribution 0.82 $14,221 $112,362 $358,769 $725,772 $1,065,337 $1,622,759 $2,327,806 $2,743,320 $1,950,336 $568,922 $134,630 $60,015 $20,214 $5,656

Total Lost TPV $11,710,119

Age in 2007 (Males)

Table 3.13 Premature Mortality: Males (With ICD-10 Correction) 

Source: Grosse et al., 2009; MCODPUD, 1968-2006 (NCHS, 1980-2009); NSDUH, 2007 (SAMHSA, 2009b) 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 59 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

 Source: Grosse et al., 2009; MCODPUD, 1968-2006 (NCHS, 1980-2009); NSDUH, 2007 (SAMHSA, 2009b)

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

52

Table 3.14. Premature Mortality: Females (With ICD-10 Correction)

Year 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+

1968 12 1 3 53 84 90 80 67 411969 14 0 10 103 129 128 76 71 401970 17 2 10 139 205 144 107 95 74 441971 29 3 11 179 271 172 111 112 93 501972 11 4 23 117 245 217 120 90 76 461973 18 2 8 104 245 160 117 78 71 371974 11 1 9 122 237 190 105 80 62 371975 9 3 4 93 282 235 136 77 97 74 301976 7 1 8 95 267 224 139 80 86 60 271977 12 2 5 53 207 168 117 74 72 55 261978 14 0 3 46 156 186 117 80 64 61 241979 27 1 10 89 251 289 254 201 125 101 55

1980 13 5 4 76 233 291 267 199 157 112 89 421981 10 6 10 92 185 266 265 177 152 128 88 57

1982 18 1 4 89 201 295 277 223 148 108 95 401983 11 5 16 62 189 299 293 218 158 113 91 38

1984 7 1 1 70 163 276 324 221 162 125 82 36

1985 7 2 22 70 168 281 387 265 179 155 88 67 281986 12 2 8 85 163 298 414 365 221 155 111 68 35

1987 6 2 3 97 138 292 418 359 227 126 115 76 27

1988 5 2 16 98 154 280 406 405 266 156 93 69 391989 12 3 18 101 130 303 409 378 290 172 91 77 26

1990 11 2 18 68 122 236 336 376 284 180 124 107 52 291991 12 3 15 70 135 207 343 415 315 216 117 93 68 261992 16 2 17 78 109 219 390 456 357 241 136 71 60 271993 16 7 20 63 141 227 425 498 440 248 153 89 58 231994 13 5 16 68 122 252 420 513 463 284 168 106 61 201995 15 0 11 62 143 212 419 542 537 330 99 74 63 36 18

1996 15 5 11 61 143 263 421 578 589 417 121 86 73 41 211997 8 8 9 67 118 270 407 593 659 435 150 81 70 47 19

1998 12 7 6 77 144 257 433 676 754 477 174 80 69 47 201999 9 4 4 85 188 309 543 871 947 723 170 92 80 45 182000 8 8 3 13 97 194 313 520 863 1,059 809 239 92 81 41 19

2001 6 6 3 8 108 242 313 546 947 1,167 906 233 119 104 45 20

2002 22 22 1 9 130 333 386 653 1,053 1,449 1,300 343 159 140 71 242003 16 16 5 7 150 384 452 698 1,114 1,527 1,408 417 174 154 73 232004 15 15 7 23 161 411 509 725 1,111 1,677 1,604 498 208 184 74 25

2005 11 3 15 125 373 490 638 952 1,423 1,514 1,062 486 211 101 57 36 312006 27 3 17 196 532 747 815 1,265 1,891 2,134 1,570 797 280 142 63 39 432007 19 3 16 160 453 618 727 1,108 1,657 1,824 1,316 642 246 122 60 37 37

56 75 173 591 1,518 3,011 4,980 7,819 12,687 18,599 21,868 17,854 8,432 5,061 3,802 2,596 1,267

Market Productivity Value (MPV) By Age $5,057 $16,835 $28,336 $29,707 $33,543 $35,955 $37,045 $36,861 $30,497 $21,322 $6,528 $2,919 $1,271 $646Lost MPV By Age $2,990 $25,554 $85,327 $147,955 $262,277 $456,163 $688,996 $806,063 $544,493 $179,790 $33,035 $11,097 $3,300 $818Lost MPV With Attribution 0.82 $2,452 $20,954 $69,968 $121,323 $215,067 $374,053 $564,977 $660,972 $446,484 $147,428 $27,089 $9,100 $2,706 $671

Total Lost MPV $2,663,245Household Production Value (HPV) By Age $7,598 $12,801 $18,827 $22,337 $22,150 $20,588 $17,911 $16,370 $17,036 $17,702 $18,408 $17,550 $16,510 $12,862Lost HPV By Age $4,493 $19,431 $56,694 $111,248 $173,195 $261,197 $333,126 $357,966 $304,160 $149,265 $93,154 $66,722 $42,868 $16,292Lost HPV With Attribution 0.82 $3,684 $15,934 $46,489 $91,224 $142,020 $214,181 $273,163 $293,532 $249,412 $122,397 $76,386 $54,712 $35,152 $13,359Total Lost HPV $1,631,644Total Production Value (TPV) By Age $7,483 $44,985 $142,021 $259,203 $435,472 $717,359 $1,022,122 $1,164,029 $848,653 $329,055 $126,189 $77,819 $46,168 $17,110Lost TPV With Attribution 0.82 $6,136 $36,888 $116,457 $212,547 $357,087 $588,235 $838,140 $954,504 $695,896 $269,825 $103,475 $63,812 $37,858 $14,030

Total Lost TPV $4,294,889

Age in 2007 (Females)

Table 3.14 Premature Mortality: Females (With ICD-10 Correction) 

Source: Grosse et al., 2009; MCODPUD, 1968-2006 (NCHS, 1980-2009); NSDUH, 2007 (SAMHSA, 2009b) 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 60 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

Source: Grosse et al., 2009; MCODPUD, 1968-2006 (NCHS, 1980-2009); NSDUH, 2007 (SAMHSA, 2009b)

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

53

Table 3.15. Premature Mortality: Male Homicides

Year 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+

1968 161 52 84 628 897 674 417 228 1061969 185 52 78 713 1,020 739 426 241 1131970 183 52 123 877 1,352 1,013 655 402 223 1001971 223 67 113 933 1,617 1,199 748 469 261 1081972 202 38 131 997 1,784 1,319 789 503 289 1181973 235 70 145 1,027 1,716 1,377 856 484 267 1171974 212 65 139 1,136 1,869 1,450 911 529 279 1251975 260 53 127 1,198 2,065 1,757 1,135 694 431 251 1031976 218 74 136 1,118 1,900 1,706 1,020 664 415 224 891977 252 86 119 1,150 1,958 1,713 1,095 692 404 208 911978 228 79 138 1,137 2,160 1,847 1,164 717 412 214 951979 231 80 125 1,360 2,394 2,085 1,385 779 430 237 991980 268 68 128 1,479 2,876 2,605 1,814 1,088 642 390 209 791981 273 76 149 1,378 2,688 2,534 1,872 1,061 635 407 221 831982 312 73 108 1,326 2,471 2,461 1,768 1,088 607 344 204 701983 253 73 125 1,087 2,240 2,157 1,604 979 607 304 164 681984 285 65 133 1,001 2,073 2,141 1,532 1,007 573 318 163 651985 275 78 147 1,098 2,159 2,200 1,738 1,189 735 419 228 132 501986 353 62 134 1,249 2,494 2,474 1,941 1,308 742 440 244 132 441987 301 72 151 1,277 2,371 2,266 1,776 1,262 724 410 227 133 461988 350 91 153 1,538 2,506 2,434 1,910 1,294 786 422 206 118 471989 363 83 190 1,781 2,611 2,495 2,005 1,330 821 443 241 107 491990 370 66 214 2,315 3,190 2,862 2,191 1,625 1,021 566 314 167 99 351991 421 67 248 2,622 3,525 2,844 2,308 1,646 1,060 631 341 188 104 381992 407 74 276 2,600 3,534 2,650 2,188 1,558 1,038 620 322 172 93 341993 446 100 284 2,791 3,612 2,551 2,161 1,577 1,026 629 339 170 89 341994 425 71 261 2,832 3,431 2,474 2,045 1,557 1,051 580 320 162 83 341995 417 83 274 2,592 3,142 2,299 1,879 1,370 1,026 642 272 169 129 68 211996 373 91 207 2,350 2,892 2,100 1,660 1,353 961 606 256 157 121 64 211997 381 90 191 2,109 2,816 2,031 1,531 1,249 930 647 239 155 121 60 231998 387 80 165 1,844 2,532 1,840 1,325 1,147 914 564 233 136 106 54 201999 260 71 121 1,448 2,008 1,567 1,119 949 740 494 193 110 87 52 182000 270 270 56 121 1,329 2,175 1,558 1,126 911 769 498 194 110 87 43 192001 294 293 55 93 1,341 2,364 1,668 1,142 934 726 535 197 108 86 51 182002 281 281 49 94 1,325 2,401 1,735 1,210 967 762 545 234 121 98 45 182003 285 284 61 132 1,593 2,751 1,995 1,368 1,020 840 639 226 121 98 50 212004 255 254 53 128 1,538 2,558 2,040 1,351 994 815 604 248 142 116 58 212005 224 50 106 1,479 2,394 1,844 1,306 874 805 618 414 219 135 66 54 24 13

2006 320 69 163 1,927 2,864 2,223 1,499 1,090 918 785 519 317 179 80 55 31 142007 272 59 134 1,703 2,629 2,033 1,402 982 862 701 466 268 157 73 54 27 14

815 1,564 3,603 7,869 11,433 26,629 45,325 48,088 49,370 54,827 54,724 45,534 28,892 17,300 10,302 5,602 2,281

Market Productivity Value (MPV) By Age $6,333 $23,600 $45,940 $56,933 $62,887 $64,475 $64,553 $63,289 $51,913 $39,271 $15,789 $9,757 $5,478 $3,853Lost MPV By Age $49,830 $269,827 $1,223,317 $2,580,478 $3,024,085 $3,183,142 $3,539,207 $3,463,447 $2,363,819 $1,134,615 $273,137 $100,513 $30,693 $8,789Lost MPV With Attribution 0.12 $5,980 $32,379 $146,798 $309,657 $362,890 $381,977 $424,705 $415,614 $283,658 $136,154 $32,776 $12,062 $3,683 $1,055Total Lost MPV $2,549,388Household Production Value (HPV) By Age $4,659 $6,213 $9,058 $11,159 $11,810 $11,538 $11,512 $10,254 $11,352 $11,863 $12,917 $13,291 $12,588 $9,810Lost HPV By Age $36,663 $71,031 $241,193 $505,761 $567,934 $569,628 $631,155 $561,155 $516,887 $342,738 $223,455 $136,926 $70,527 $22,378Lost HPV With Attribution 0.12 $4,400 $8,524 $28,943 $60,691 $68,152 $68,355 $75,739 $67,339 $62,026 $41,129 $26,815 $16,431 $8,463 $2,685Total Lost HPV $539,692Total Production Value (TPV) By Age $86,492 $340,858 $1,464,510 $3,086,239 $3,592,020 $3,752,771 $4,170,362 $4,024,602 $2,880,706 $1,477,354 $496,592 $237,439 $101,220 $31,166Lost TPV With Attribution 0.12 $10,379 $40,903 $175,741 $370,349 $431,042 $450,332 $500,443 $482,952 $345,685 $177,282 $59,591 $28,493 $12,146 $3,740

Total Lost TPV $3,089,080

Age in 2007 (Males)

Table 3.15 Premature Mortality: Male Homicides 

Source: Grosse et al., 2009; MCODPUD, 1968-2006 (NCHS, 1980-2009); NSDUH, 2007 (SAMHSA, 2009b) 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 61 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

Source: Grosse et al., 2009; MCODPUD, 1968-2006 (NCHS, 1980-2009); NSDUH, 2007 (SAMHSA, 2009b)

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

54

Table 3.16. Premature Mortality: Female Homicides

Year 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+

1968 165 55 46 180 293 210 154 106 511969 151 40 63 219 300 233 177 98 511970 179 49 77 246 394 296 195 160 109 411971 208 61 87 290 396 331 235 183 115 501972 172 45 89 336 476 335 253 158 113 491973 216 51 93 388 555 390 288 215 132 541974 204 55 79 416 570 438 312 201 128 471975 192 70 89 449 608 470 338 243 179 112 441976 219 56 84 384 591 466 301 215 145 102 411977 212 84 99 423 619 487 326 236 162 92 401978 206 74 112 420 639 504 334 232 162 90 421979 213 69 77 457 705 552 359 245 161 116 371980 223 72 109 469 788 656 442 332 199 138 90 331981 241 57 87 411 703 612 495 286 198 147 75 381982 246 75 88 413 713 628 455 312 208 129 87 331983 230 61 69 360 650 633 432 306 209 138 75 381984 260 80 117 364 695 624 434 317 210 126 67 341985 250 80 85 336 606 667 540 391 244 166 104 70 331986 275 63 93 403 696 748 545 397 262 151 105 60 321987 278 60 94 374 682 745 606 416 267 172 106 68 311988 318 78 105 369 660 796 634 410 267 153 101 70 301989 338 88 112 380 621 724 608 429 285 166 103 61 301990 315 83 122 450 622 731 690 480 305 196 113 82 53 261991 356 65 110 446 731 738 733 517 353 242 137 87 69 331992 322 66 139 418 652 722 669 495 358 214 138 65 53 291993 331 87 154 476 682 746 717 534 385 230 121 82 51 301994 333 78 130 433 606 633 656 577 321 208 125 72 50 251995 327 69 115 502 523 596 648 544 399 232 113 67 57 53 281996 365 83 114 403 461 496 548 529 353 273 92 69 59 50 231997 293 76 80 371 446 449 496 485 366 259 103 70 60 46 251998 318 82 112 332 431 457 446 484 389 244 89 57 50 40 221999 221 76 76 294 400 375 372 402 314 194 73 53 46 36 212000 212 212 50 70 263 366 329 338 408 310 213 77 57 50 36 172001 219 219 48 56 231 385 357 357 398 329 209 90 65 57 46 212002 226 226 56 64 255 397 332 351 369 317 231 98 55 48 32 162003 230 230 50 55 249 462 357 368 372 339 272 109 59 52 37 192004 253 252 48 66 288 386 359 336 311 362 275 105 78 69 44 162005 152 40 69 210 347 301 273 317 289 229 134 93 59 49 42 35 292006 226 65 67 293 407 408 301 362 338 288 224 134 87 51 42 29 352007 189 53 68 252 377 355 287 339 313 259 179 113 73 50 42 32 32

568 1,299 2,868 3,050 3,777 6,474 9,219 12,082 15,094 18,423 17,650 14,035 9,179 6,142 4,321 2,827 1,326

Market Productivity Value (MPV) By Age $5,057 $16,834 $28,335 $29,707 $33,543 $35,955 $37,045 $36,861 $30,497 $21,322 $6,528 $2,919 $1,271 $646

Lost MPV By Age $15,422 $63,589 $183,450 $273,864 $405,258 $542,714 $682,502 $650,578 $428,029 $195,721 $40,098 $12,612 $3,593 $856Lost MPV With Attribution 0.12 $1,851 $7,631 $22,014 $32,864 $48,631 $65,126 $81,900 $78,069 $51,363 $23,487 $4,812 $1,513 $431 $103

Total Lost MPV $419,794Household Production Value (HPV) By Age $7,597 $12,801 $18,826 $22,337 $22,150 $20,588 $17,911 $16,369 $17,036 $17,702 $18,408 $17,550 $16,510 $12,862Lost HPV By Age $23,169 $48,352 $121,889 $205,920 $267,613 $310,756 $329,986 $288,916 $239,102 $162,491 $113,070 $75,829 $46,675 $17,051Lost HPV With Attribution 0.12 $2,780 $5,802 $14,627 $24,710 $32,114 $37,291 $39,598 $34,670 $28,692 $19,499 $13,568 $9,099 $5,601 $2,046Total Lost HPV $270,098Total Production Value (TPV) By Age $38,591 $111,941 $305,338 $479,784 $672,871 $853,470 $1,012,488 $939,494 $667,131 $358,213 $153,168 $88,441 $50,268 $17,907Lost TPV With Attribution 0.12 $4,631 $13,433 $36,641 $57,574 $80,745 $102,416 $121,499 $112,739 $80,056 $42,986 $18,380 $10,613 $6,032 $2,149

Total Lost TPV $689,893

Age in 2007 (Females)

Table 3.16 Premature Mortality: Female Homicides 

Source: Grosse et al., 2009; MCODPUD, 1968-2006 (NCHS, 1980-2009); NSDUH, 2007 (SAMHSA, 2009b) 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 62 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

Source: Grosse et al., 2009; MCODPUD, 1968-2006 (NCHS, 1980-2009); NSDUH, 2007 (SAMHSA, 2009b)

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

55

Appendix A. 

Refer to Chapter 1

Attribution Factors for Criminal Offenses

Table 1.5. Jail Attribution Factors (Sentenced to Jail). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Table 1.6. Jail Attribution Factors (Sentenced Awaiting Transfer). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Table 1.7. Jail Attribution Factors (All Sentenced Cases). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Source (Tables 1.5–1.7): SILJ, 2002 (BJS, 2006) 

Table 1.8. State Prison Attribution Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Source: SISCF, 2004 (BJS, 2007)

Table 1.9. Federal Prison Attribution Factors. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Source: SIFCF, 2004 (BJS, 2007)

Table 1.10. Weighted Attribution Factors (State and Local Incarcerated Populations). . . . . . . . 61

Source: SILJ, 2002 (BJS, 2006); SISCF, 2004 (BJS, 2007)

Table 1.11. Weighted Attribution Factors (All Incarcerated Populations). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Source: SILJ, 2002 (BJS, 2006); SIFCF, 2004 (BJS, 2007); SISCF, 2004 (BJS, 2007)

Table 1.12. Probation and Parole Attribution Factors (State and Federal). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Source: Probation and Parole in the United States, 2007 (BJS, 2009b)

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

56

Table 1.5. Jail Attribution Factors (Sentenced to Jail)

UCR Offense Drug-Induced

yes no total prop. yes no total prop. prop.

Total 26,529 190,506 217,035 0.12 34,670 182,253 216,922 0.16 0.28

Parameter Adjusted 0.12 0.19 0.31

Murder 117 2,565 2,682 0.04 201 2,481 2,682 0.08 0.12

Forcible rape 235 4,744 4,978 0.05 816 4,163 4,978 0.16 0.21

Robbery 1,331 4,064 5,396 0.25 895 4,501 5,396 0.17 0.41

Aggravated assault 645 20,394 21,039 0.03 2,771 18,269 21,039 0.13 0.16

Other assaults 122 4,386 4,508 0.03 1,090 3,418 4,508 0.24 0.27

Violent Offenses 2,449 36,154 38,603 0.06 5,772 32,831 38,603 0.15 0.21

Parameter Adjusted 0.06 0.01 0.08

Burglary 3,533 8,079 11,612 0.30 1,657 9,955 11,612 0.14 0.45

Larceny-theft 4,018 11,200 15,217 0.26 1,600 13,617 15,217 0.11 0.37

Motor vehicle theft 411 1,487 1,898 0.22 601 1,297 1,898 0.32 0.53

Arson 0 448 448 0.00 24 425 448 0.05 0.05

Forgery and fraud 2,608 6,528 9,136 0.29 570 8,566 9,136 0.06 0.35

Embezzlement 0 226 226 0.00 0 226 226 0.00 0.00

Stolen property 466 3,577 4,043 0.12 469 3,574 4,043 0.12 0.23

Vandalism 29 2,547 2,576 0.01 323 2,253 2,576 0.13 0.14

Property Offenses 11,065 34,092 45,156 0.25 5,244 39,912 45,156 0.12 0.36

Parameter Adjusted 0.25 0.01 0.26

Drug Offenses 9,324 39,432 48,756 0.19 12,697 36,059 48,756 0.26 0.45

Parameter Adjusted 1.00

Weapons Offenses 0 3,335 3,335 0.00 786 2,548 3,335 0.24 0.24

Parameter Adjusted 0.00 0.02 0.02

Prostitution 374 391 765 0.49 117 648 765 0.15 0.64

Sex offenses 0 2,393 2,393 0.00 270 2,123 2,393 0.11 0.11

Gambling

Family and children 274 5,356 5,630 0.05 340 5,289 5,630 0.06 0.11

DUI 715 24,492 25,207 0.03 2,293 22,914 25,207 0.09 0.12

Liquor laws 0 159 159 0.00 159 0 159 1.00 1.00

Drunkenness 267 3,318 3,585 0.07 519 3,066 3,585 0.14 0.22

Disorderly conduct

Vagrancy

All other offenses 2,061 40,854 42,915 0.05 6,221 36,581 42,802 0.15 0.19

Suspicion

Curfew and loitering

Runaways 0 532 532 0.00 251 281 532 0.47 0.47

Other Offenses 3,691 77,495 81,186 0.05 10,170 70,902 81,073 0.13 0.17

Parameter Adjusted 0.05 0.01 0.06

Offense Parameters:

Violent Offenses = 0.10

Property Offenses = 0.10

Drug Offenses = 1.00

Weapons Offenses = 0.10

Other Offenses = 0.10

x

x

x

x

Indicators

x

Related Total

Instrumental Offenses Related Offenses

Table 1.5 Jail Attribution Factors (Sentenced to Jail) 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 22 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

57

Table 1.6. Jail Attribution Factors (Sentenced Awaiting Transfer)

UCR Offense Drug-Induced

yes no total prop. yes no total prop. prop.

Total 9,440 34,733 44,173 0.21 9,424 34,749 44,173 0.21 0.43

Parameter Adjusted 0.21 0.20 0.42

Murder 0 1,628 1,628 0.00 315 1,313 1,628 0.19 0.19

Forcible rape 0 937 937 0.00 114 823 937 0.12 0.12

Robbery 756 1,548 2,304 0.33 920 1,384 2,304 0.40 0.73

Aggravated assault 0 2,362 2,362 0.00 1,106 1,256 2,362 0.47 0.47

Other assaults 0 799 799 0.00 0 799 799 0.00 0.00

Violent Offenses 756 7,273 8,029 0.09 2,455 5,574 8,029 0.31 0.40

Parameter Adjusted 0.09 0.03 0.12

Burglary 1,264 2,651 3,915 0.32 514 3,401 3,915 0.13 0.45

Larceny-theft 1,265 2,619 3,884 0.33 497 3,387 3,884 0.13 0.45

Motor vehicle theft 336 1,163 1,499 0.22 113 1,387 1,499 0.08 0.30

Arson 0 126 126 0.00 51 75 126 0.41 0.41

Forgery and fraud 1,251 1,870 3,121 0.40 301 2,820 3,121 0.10 0.50

Embezzlement 29 74 103 0.28 0 103 103 0.00 0.28

Stolen property 0 302 302 0.00 152 149 302 0.51 0.51

Vandalism 0 313 313 0.00 197 115 313 0.63 0.63

Property Offenses 4,146 9,117 13,263 0.31 1,825 11,438 13,263 0.14 0.45

Parameter Adjusted 0.31 0.01 0.33

Drug Offenses 3,771 8,348 12,119 0.31 3,693 8,426 12,119 0.30 0.62

Parameter Adjusted 1.00

Weapons Offenses 0 1,658 1,658 0.00 691 966 1,658 0.42 0.42

Parameter Adjusted 0.00 0.04 0.04

Prostitution 113 121 234 0.48 121 113 234 0.52 1.00

Sex offenses 0 464 464 0.00 0 464 464 0.00 0.00

Gambling

Family and children 0 456 456 0.00 0 456 456 0.00 0.00

DUI 0 2,334 2,334 0.00 296 2,038 2,334 0.13 0.13

Liquor laws

Drunkenness 0 264 264 0.00 0 264 264 0.00 0.00

Disorderly conduct

Vagrancy

All other offenses 654 4,699 5,353 0.12 343 5,010 5,353 0.06 0.19

Suspicion

Curfew and loitering

Runaways

Other Offenses 767 8,338 9,105 0.08 760 8,345 9,105 0.08 0.17

Parameter Adjusted 0.08 0.01 0.09

Offense Parameters:

Violent Offenses = 0.10

Property Offenses = 0.10

Drug Offenses = 1.00

Weapons Offenses = 0.10

Other Offenses = 0.10

x

x

Indicators

Instrumental Offenses Related Offenses

Related Total

x

x

x

Table 1.6 Jail Attribution Factors (Sentenced Awaiting Transfer) 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 23 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

58

Table 1.7. Jail Attribution Factors (All Sentenced Cases)

UCR Offense Drug-Induced

yes no total prop. yes no total prop. prop.

Total 35,969 225,239 261,208 0.14 44,093 217,002 261,095 0.17 0.31

Parameter Adjusted 0.14 0.19 0.33

Murder 117 4,193 4,310 0.03 516 3,794 4,310 0.12 0.15

Forcible rape 235 5,680 5,915 0.04 929 4,985 5,915 0.16 0.20

Robbery 2,087 5,613 7,700 0.27 1,815 5,884 7,700 0.24 0.51

Aggravated assault 645 22,756 23,401 0.03 3,877 19,525 23,401 0.17 0.19

Other assaults 122 5,185 5,307 0.02 1,090 4,217 5,307 0.21 0.23

Violent Offenses 3,205 43,426 46,631 0.07 8,227 38,405 46,631 0.18 0.25

Parameter Adjusted 0.07 0.02 0.09

Burglary 4,797 10,730 15,527 0.31 2,171 13,356 15,527 0.14 0.45

Larceny-theft 5,283 13,819 19,101 0.28 2,097 17,004 19,101 0.11 0.39

Motor vehicle theft 747 2,650 3,397 0.22 714 2,684 3,397 0.21 0.43

Arson 0 575 575 0.00 75 500 575 0.13 0.13

Forgery and fraud 3,859 8,398 12,257 0.31 871 11,386 12,257 0.07 0.39

Embezzlement 29 300 329 0.09 0 329 329 0.00 0.09

Stolen property 466 3,879 4,344 0.11 622 3,723 4,344 0.14 0.25

Vandalism 29 2,860 2,889 0.01 520 2,369 2,889 0.18 0.19

Property Offenses 15,210 43,209 58,419 0.26 7,069 51,350 58,419 0.12 0.38

Parameter Adjusted 0.26 0.01 0.27

Drug Offenses 13,095 47,780 60,875 0.22 16,390 44,485 60,875 0.27 0.48

Parameter Adjusted 1.00

Weapons Offenses 0 4,992 4,992 0.00 1,477 3,515 4,992 0.30 0.30

Parameter Adjusted 0.00 0.03 0.03

Prostitution 487 512 999 0.49 238 761 999 0.24 0.73

Sex offenses 0 2,857 2,857 0.00 270 2,587 2,857 0.09 0.09

Gambling

Family and children 274 5,812 6,086 0.05 340 5,746 6,086 0.06 0.10

DUI 715 26,826 27,541 0.03 2,589 24,952 27,541 0.09 0.12

Liquor laws 0 159 159 159 0 159

Drunkenness 267 3,581 3,849 0.07 519 3,330 3,849 0.13 0.20

Disorderly conduct

Vagrancy

All other offenses 2,715 45,553 48,268 0.06 6,564 41,591 48,155 0.14 0.19

Suspicion

Curfew and loitering

Runaways 0 532 532 251 281 532

Other Offenses 4,459 85,833 90,291 0.05 10,930 79,248 90,178 0.12 0.17

Parameter Adjusted 0.05 0.01 0.06

Offense Parameters:

Violent Offenses = 0.10

Property Offenses = 0.10

Drug Offenses = 1.00

Weapons Offenses = 0.10

Other Offenses = 0.10

x

x

Indicators

Instrumental Offenses Related Offenses

Related Total

x

x

x

Table 1.7 Jail Attribution Factors (All Sentenced Cases) 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 24 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

59

Table 1.8. State Prison Attribution Factors

UCR Offense Drug-Induced

yes no total prop. yes no total prop. prop.

Total 201,662 993,786 1,195,448 0.17 232,270 963,162 1,195,432 0.19 0.36

Parameter Adjusted 0.17 0.17 0.34

Murder 9,165 157,884 167,049 0.05 37,565 129,483 167,049 0.22 0.28

Forcible rape 1,914 102,695 104,609 0.02 17,380 87,321 104,701 0.17 0.18

Robbery 39,118 111,710 150,827 0.26 30,507 120,215 150,723 0.20 0.46

Aggravated assault 2,949 89,286 92,234 0.03 19,742 72,492 92,234 0.21 0.25

Other assaults 487 7,336 7,823 0.06 1,268 6,555 7,823 0.16 0.22

Violent Offenses 53,632 468,911 522,542 0.10 106,462 416,066 522,530 0.20 0.31

Parameter Adjusted 0.10 0.02 0.12

Burglary 31,371 66,273 97,644 0.32 15,371 82,273 97,644 0.16 0.48

Larceny-theft 17,572 29,038 46,610 0.38 5,258 41,351 46,610 0.11 0.49

Motor vehicle theft 2,220 12,629 14,849 0.15 4,063 10,787 14,849 0.27 0.42

Arson 351 6,178 6,530 0.05 1,548 4,981 6,530 0.24 0.29

Forgery and fraud 11,385 21,888 33,273 0.34 2,498 30,775 33,273 0.08 0.42

Embezzlement 191 958 1,148 0.17 61 1,087 1,148 0.05 0.22

Stolen property 3,244 9,537 12,781 0.25 2,563 10,218 12,781 0.20 0.45

Vandalism 46 3,873 3,919 0.01 946 2,973 3,919 0.24 0.25

Property Offenses 66,379 150,374 216,753 0.31 32,308 184,445 216,753 0.15 0.46

Parameter Adjusted 0.31 0.01 0.32

Drug Offenses 67,304 186,952 254,255 0.26 61,505 192,656 254,161 0.24 0.51

Parameter Adjusted 1.00

Weapons Offenses 1,754 27,787 29,541 0.06 6,603 22,938 29,541 0.22 0.28

Parameter Adjusted 0.06 0.02 0.08

Prostitution 295 2,387 2,682 0.11 379 2,303 2,682 0.14 0.25

Sex offenses 285 23,391 23,676 0.01 2,891 20,876 23,767 0.12 0.13

Gambling

Family and children 35 3,743 3,778 0.01 395 3,383 3,778 0.10 0.11

DUI 97 31,670 31,767 0.00 2,857 28,910 31,767 0.09 0.09

Liquor laws 0 24 24 0.00 0 24 24 0.00 0.00

Drunkenness 0 1,462 1,462 0.00 95 1,367 1,462 0.06 0.06

Disorderly conduct

Vagrancy

All other offenses 11,882 96,921 108,802 0.11 18,776 90,027 108,802 0.17 0.28

Suspicion

Curfew and loitering

Runaways 0 166 166 0.00 0 166 166 0.00 0.00

Other Offenses 12,594 159,764 172,357 0.07 25,392 147,056 172,448 0.15 0.22

Parameter Adjusted 0.07 0.01 0.09

Offense Parameters:

Violent Offenses = 0.10

Property Offenses = 0.10

Drug Offenses = 1.00

Weapons Offenses = 0.10

Other Offenses = 0.10

Indicators

Instrumental Offenses Related Offenses

Related Total

x

x

x

x

x

Table 1.8 State Prison Attribution Factors 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 25 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

60

Table 1.9. Federal Prison Attribution Factors

UCR Offense Drug-Induced

yes no total prop. yes no total prop. prop.

Total 23,333 102,008 125,340 0.19 17,209 108,074 125,283 0.14 0.32

Parameter Adjusted 0.19 0.42 0.60

Murder 183 3,406 3,589 0.05 415 3,174 3,589 0.12 0.17

Forcible rape 0 965 965 0.00 144 821 965 0.15 0.15

Robbery 2,346 8,360 10,706 0.22 1,530 9,176 10,706 0.14 0.36

Aggravated assault 121 1,472 1,593 0.08 225 1,368 1,593 0.14 0.22

Other assaults 0 210 210 0.00 89 121 210 0.43 0.43

Violent Offenses 2,650 14,413 17,063 0.16 2,404 14,659 17,063 0.14 0.30

Parameter Adjusted 0.16 0.01 0.17

Burglary 185 412 596 0.31 50 546 596 0.08 0.39

Larceny-theft 49 523 572 0.09 24 548 572 0.04 0.13

Motor vehicle theft 0 154 154 0.00 0 154 154 0.00 0.00

Arson 0 215 215 0.00 0 215 215 0.00 0.00

Forgery and fraud 285 2,854 3,139 0.09 205 2,934 3,139 0.07 0.16

Embezzlement 0 152 152 0.00 0 152 152 0.00 0.00

Stolen property 62 387 449 0.14 62 387 449 0.14 0.28

Vandalism 0 106 106 0.00 31 75 106 0.29 0.29

Property Offenses 580 4,802 5,383 0.11 372 5,011 5,383 0.07 0.18

Parameter Adjusted 0.11 0.01 0.11

Drug Offenses 17,567 51,593 69,160 0.25 10,232 58,834 69,066 0.15 0.40

Parameter Adjusted 1.00

Weapons Offenses 1,241 12,455 13,696 0.09 2,965 10,769 13,734 0.22 0.31

Parameter Adjusted 0.09 0.02 0.11

Prostitution 33 825 858 0.04 53 805 858 0.06 0.10

Sex offenses 0 115 115 0.00 0 115 115 0.00 0.00

Gambling

Family and children 0 88 88 0.00 0 88 88 0.00 0.00

DUI 0 252 252 0.00 0 252 252 0.00 0.00

Liquor laws

Drunkenness 0 73 73 0.00 0 73 73 0.00 0.00

Disorderly conduct

Vagrancy

All other offenses 1,261 17,392 18,653 0.07 1,184 17,469 18,653 0.06 0.13

Suspicion

Curfew and loitering

Runaways

Other Offenses 1,294 18,744 20,038 0.06 1,237 18,801 20,038 0.06 0.13

Parameter Adjusted 0.06 0.01 0.07

Parameters:

Violent Offenses = 0.10

Property Offenses = 0.10

Drug Offenses = 1.00

Weapons Offenses = 0.10

Other Offenses = 0.10

Indicators

Instrumental Offenses Related Offenses

Related Total

x

x

x

x

x

Table 1.9 Federal Prison Attribution Factors 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 26 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

61

Table 1.10. Weighted Attribution Factors (State and Local Incarcerated Populations)

UCR Offense Drug-Induced Drug-Induced Weighted

yes no total prop. yes no total prop. prop. yes no total prop. yes no total prop. prop. prop.

Total 35,969 225,239 261,208 0.14 44,093 217,002 261,095 0.17 0.31 201,662 993,786 1,195,448 0.17 232,270 963,162 1,195,432 0.19 0.36 0.35

Parameter Adjusted 0.14 0.19 0.33 0.17 0.17 0.34 0.34

Murder 117 4,193 4,310 0.03 516 3,794 4,310 0.12 0.15 9,165 157,884 167,049 0.05 37,565 129,483 167,049 0.22 0.28 0.28

Forcible rape 235 5,680 5,915 0.04 929 4,985 5,915 0.16 0.20 1,914 102,695 104,609 0.02 17,380 87,321 104,701 0.17 0.18 0.18

Robbery 2,087 5,613 7,700 0.27 1,815 5,884 7,700 0.24 0.51 39,118 111,710 150,827 0.26 30,507 120,215 150,723 0.20 0.46 0.46Aggravated assault 645 22,756 23,401 0.03 3,877 19,525 23,401 0.17 0.19 2,949 89,286 92,234 0.03 19,742 72,492 92,234 0.21 0.25 0.24

Other assaults 122 5,185 5,307 0.02 1,090 4,217 5,307 0.21 0.23 487 7,336 7,823 0.06 1,268 6,555 7,823 0.16 0.22 0.23

Violent Offenses 3,205 43,426 46,631 0.07 8,227 38,405 46,631 0.18 0.25 53,632 468,911 522,542 0.10 106,462 416,066 522,530 0.20 0.31 0.30

Parameter Adjusted 0.07 0.02 0.09 0.10 0.02 0.12 0.12

Burglary 4,797 10,730 15,527 0.31 2,171 13,356 15,527 0.14 0.45 31,371 66,273 97,644 0.32 15,371 82,273 97,644 0.16 0.48 0.47

Larceny-theft 5,283 13,819 19,101 0.28 2,097 17,004 19,101 0.11 0.39 17,572 29,038 46,610 0.38 5,258 41,351 46,610 0.11 0.49 0.46

Motor vehicle theft 747 2,650 3,397 0.22 714 2,684 3,397 0.21 0.43 2,220 12,629 14,849 0.15 4,063 10,787 14,849 0.27 0.42 0.42

Arson 0 575 575 0.00 75 500 575 0.13 0.13 351 6,178 6,530 0.05 1,548 4,981 6,530 0.24 0.29 0.28

Forgery and fraud 3,859 8,398 12,257 0.31 871 11,386 12,257 0.07 0.39 11,385 21,888 33,273 0.34 2,498 30,775 33,273 0.08 0.42 0.41

Embezzlement 29 300 329 0.09 0 329 329 0.00 0.09 191 958 1,148 0.17 61 1,087 1,148 0.05 0.22 0.19

Stolen property 466 3,879 4,344 0.11 622 3,723 4,344 0.14 0.25 3,244 9,537 12,781 0.25 2,563 10,218 12,781 0.20 0.45 0.40

Vandalism 29 2,860 2,889 0.01 520 2,369 2,889 0.18 0.19 46 3,873 3,919 0.01 946 2,973 3,919 0.24 0.25 0.23Property Offenses 15,210 43,209 58,419 0.26 7,069 51,350 58,419 0.12 0.38 66,379 150,374 216,753 0.31 32,308 184,445 216,753 0.15 0.46 0.44

Parameter Adjusted 0.26 0.01 0.27 0.31 0.01 0.32 0.31

Drug Offenses 13,095 47,780 60,875 0.22 16,390 44,485 60,875 0.27 0.48 67,304 186,952 254,255 0.26 61,505 192,656 254,161 0.24 0.51 0.50

Parameter Adjusted 1.00 1.00 1.00

Weapons Offenses 0 4,992 4,992 0.00 1,477 3,515 4,992 0.30 0.30 1,754 27,787 29,541 0.06 6,603 22,938 29,541 0.22 0.28 0.28

Parameter Adjusted 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.06 0.02 0.08 0.07

Prostitution 487 512 999 0.49 238 761 999 0.24 0.73 295 2,387 2,682 0.11 379 2,303 2,682 0.14 0.25 0.38

Sex offenses 0 2,857 2,857 0.00 270 2,587 2,857 0.09 0.09 285 23,391 23,676 0.01 2,891 20,876 23,767 0.12 0.13 0.13GamblingFamily and children 274 5,812 6,086 0.05 340 5,746 6,086 0.06 0.10 35 3,743 3,778 0.01 395 3,383 3,778 0.10 0.11 0.11

DUI 715 26,826 27,541 0.03 2,589 24,952 27,541 0.09 0.12 97 31,670 31,767 0.00 2,857 28,910 31,767 0.09 0.09 0.11

Liquor laws 0 159 159 0.00 159 0 159 1.00 1.00 0 24 24 0.00 0 24 24 0.00 0.00

Drunkenness 267 3,581 3,849 0.07 519 3,330 3,849 0.13 0.20 0 1,462 1,462 0.00 95 1,367 1,462 0.06 0.06 0.17

Disorderly conductVagrancyAll other offenses 2,715 45,553 48,268 0.06 6,564 41,591 48,155 0.14 0.19 11,882 96,921 108,802 0.11 18,776 90,027 108,802 0.17 0.28 0.25SuspicionCurfew and loiteringRunaways 0 532 532 0.00 251 281 532 0.47 0.47 0 166 166 0.00 0 166 166 0.00 0.00

Other Offenses 4,459 85,833 90,291 0.05 10,930 79,248 90,178 0.12 0.17 12,594 159,764 172,357 0.07 25,392 147,056 172,448 0.15 0.22 0.20

Parameter Adjusted 0.05 0.01 0.06 0.07 0.01 0.09 0.08

Offense Parameters:Violent Offenses = 0.10 0.10Property Offenses = 0.10 0.10Drug Offenses = 1.00 1.00Weapons Offenses = 0.10 0.10Other Offenses = 0.10 0.10 x x

x

x x

x

x xx x

Related Total

Jail Indicators State Prison Indicators

Related Total

Instrumental Offenses Related Offenses Instrumental Offenses Related Offenses

Table 1.10 Weighted Attribution Factors (State and Local Incarcerated Populations) 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 27 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

62

Table 1.11. Weighted Attribution Factors (All Incarcerated Populations) 

UCR Offense Drug-Induced Drug-Induced Drug-Induced Weighted

total prop. total prop. prop. total prop. total prop. prop. total prop. total prop. prop. prop.

Total 261,208 0.14 261,095 0.17 0.31 1,195,448 0.17 1,195,432 0.19 0.36 125,340 0.19 125,283 0.14 0.32 0.35

Parameter Adjusted 0.14 0.19 0.33 0.17 0.17 0.34 0.19 0.42 0.60 0.36

Murder 4,310 0.03 4,310 0.12 0.15 167,049 0.05 167,049 0.22 0.28 3,589 0.05 3,589 0.12 0.17 0.27

Forcible rape 5,915 0.04 5,915 0.16 0.20 104,609 0.02 104,701 0.17 0.18 965 0.00 965 0.15 0.15 0.18Robbery 7,700 0.27 7,700 0.24 0.51 150,827 0.26 150,723 0.20 0.46 10,706 0.22 10,706 0.14 0.36 0.46

Aggravated assault 23,401 0.03 23,401 0.17 0.19 92,234 0.03 92,234 0.21 0.25 1,593 0.08 1,593 0.14 0.22 0.24Other assaults 5,307 0.02 5,307 0.21 0.23 7,823 0.06 7,823 0.16 0.22 210 0.00 210 0.43 0.43 0.23

Violent Offenses 46,631 0.07 46,631 0.18 0.25 522,542 0.10 522,530 0.20 0.31 17,063 0.16 17,063 0.14 0.30 0.30

Parameter Adjusted 0.07 0.02 0.09 0.10 0.02 0.12 0.16 0.01 0.17 0.12

Burglary 15,527 0.31 15,527 0.14 0.45 97,644 0.32 97,644 0.16 0.48 596 0.31 596 0.08 0.39 0.47

Larceny-theft 19,101 0.28 19,101 0.11 0.39 46,610 0.38 46,610 0.11 0.49 572 0.09 572 0.04 0.13 0.46

Motor vehicle theft 3,397 0.22 3,397 0.21 0.43 14,849 0.15 14,849 0.27 0.42 154 0.00 154 0.00 0.00 0.42

Arson 575 0.00 575 0.13 0.13 6,530 0.05 6,530 0.24 0.29 215 0.00 215 0.00 0.00 0.27

Forgery and fraud 12,257 0.31 12,257 0.07 0.39 33,273 0.34 33,273 0.08 0.42 3,139 0.09 3,139 0.07 0.16 0.39Embezzlement 329 0.09 329 0.00 0.09 1,148 0.17 1,148 0.05 0.22 152 0.00 152 0.00 0.00 0.17Stolen property 4,344 0.11 4,344 0.14 0.25 12,781 0.25 12,781 0.20 0.45 449 0.14 449 0.14 0.28 0.40

Vandalism 2,889 0.01 2,889 0.18 0.19 3,919 0.01 3,919 0.24 0.25 106 0.00 106 0.29 0.29 0.23

Property Offenses 58,419 0.26 58,419 0.12 0.38 216,753 0.31 216,753 0.15 0.46 5,383 0.11 5,383 0.07 0.18 0.43

Parameter Adjusted 0.26 0.01 0.27 0.31 0.01 0.32 0.11 0.01 0.11 0.31

Drug Offenses 60,875 0.22 60,875 0.27 0.48 254,255 0.26 254,161 0.24 0.51 69,160 0.25 69,066 0.15 0.40 0.48

Parameter Adjusted 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00

Weapons Offenses 4,992 0.00 4,992 0.30 0.30 29,541 0.06 29,541 0.22 0.28 13,696 0.09 13,734 0.22 0.31 0.29

Parameter Adjusted 0.00 0.03 0.03 0.06 0.02 0.08 0.09 0.02 0.11 0.08

Prostitution 999 0.49 999 0.24 0.73 2,682 0.11 2,682 0.14 0.25 858 0.04 858 0.06 0.10 0.33

Sex offenses 2,857 0.00 2,857 0.09 0.09 23,676 0.01 23,767 0.12 0.13 115 0.00 115 0.00 0.00 0.13

GamblingFamily and children 6,086 0.05 6,086 0.06 0.10 3,778 0.01 3,778 0.10 0.11 88 0.00 88 0.00 0.00 0.10

DUI 27,541 0.03 27,541 0.09 0.12 31,767 0.00 31,767 0.09 0.09 252 0.00 252 0.00 0.00 0.11

Liquor laws 159 0.00 159 1.00 1.00 24 0.00 24 0.00 0.00

Drunkenness 3,849 0.07 3,849 0.13 0.20 1,462 0.00 1,462 0.06 0.06 73 0.00 73 0.00 0.00 0.16Disorderly conductVagrancyAll other offenses 48,268 0.06 48,155 0.14 0.19 108,802 0.11 108,802 0.17 0.28 18,653 0.07 18,653 0.06 0.13 0.24SuspicionCurfew and loiteringRunaways 532 0.00 532 0.47 0.47 166 0.00 166 0.00 0.00

Other Offenses 90,291 0.05 90,178 0.12 0.17 172,357 0.07 172,448 0.15 0.22 20,038 0.06 20,038 0.06 0.13 0.20

Parameter Adjusted 0.05 0.01 0.06 0.07 0.01 0.09 0.06 0.01 0.07 0.08

Offense Parameters: Related Total Related Total Related TotalViolent Offenses = x 0.10 x 0.10 x 0.10

Property Offenses = x 0.10 x 0.10 x 0.10

Drug Offenses = x 1.00 x 1.00 x 1.00

Weapons Offenses = x 0.10 x 0.10 x 0.10Other Offenses = x 0.10 x 0.10 x 0.10

Federal Prison Indicators

Instrumental Offenses Related Offenses

Jail Indicators

Instrumental Offenses Related Offenses

State Prison Indicators

Instrumental Offenses Related Offenses

Table 1.11 Weighted Attribution Factors (All Incarcerated Populations) 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 28 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

63

Table 1.12. Probation and Parole Attribution Factors (State and Federal)

State and Local 12/31/2007 Midyear Attribution Drug-Induced

Probation 4,190,896 4,269,713 4,229,881 1,663,800

Violent 0.17 712,452 725,851 726,343 0.12 87,168

Property 0.24 1,005,815 1,024,731 1,025,426 0.31 318,716

Drug 0.27 1,131,542 1,152,823 1,153,604 1.00 1,153,604

Other 0.31 1,299,178 1,323,611 1,324,508 0.08 104,312

Total Attribution 0.39

Parole 710,882 733,424 722,153 352,669

Violent 0.26 184,829 190,690 187,760 0.12 22,533

Property 0.25 177,721 183,356 180,538 0.31 56,114

Drug 0.37 263,026 271,367 267,197 1.00 267,197

Other 0.12 85,306 88,011 86,658 0.08 6,825

Total Attribution 0.49

Federal 12/31/2007 Midyear Attribution Drug-Induced

Probation 24,465 23,450 23,955 8,427

Violent 0.17 4,159 3,987 4,114 0.17 697

Property 0.24 5,872 5,628 5,807 0.11 666

Drug 0.27 6,606 6,332 6,533 1.00 6,533

Other 0.31 7,584 7,270 7,501 0.07 531

Total Attribution 0.35

Parole 89,993 92,673 91,333 41,211

Violent 0.26 23,398 24,095 23,747 0.17 4,023

Property 0.25 22,498 23,168 22,833 0.11 2,619

Drug 0.37 33,297 34,289 33,793 1.00 33,793

Other 0.12 10,799 11,121 10,960 0.07 775

Total Attribution 0.45

1/1/2007

1/1/2007

Table 1.12 Probation and Parole Attribution Factors (State and Federal) 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 29 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

64

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

65

Appendix B. 

Refer to Chapter 3

Statistical Tables for Premature Mortality

Table 3.17. Age at Death for Males: Drug-Induced (Without ICD-10 Correction). . . . . . . . . . . 66

Table 3.18. Age at Death for Males: Drug-Induced (With ICD-10 Correction). . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Table 3.19. Age at Death for All Males. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

Table 3.20. Age at Death for All Males: Proportion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Table 3.21. Age at Death for All Males: 1-Cumulative Proportion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Source (Tables 3.17–3.21): MCODPUD, 1968-2006 (NCHS, 1980-2009)

Table 3.22. Premature Mortality: Males (Without ICD-10 Correction). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71

Table 3.23. Premature Mortality: Males (With ICD-10 Correction). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Source (Tables 3.22–3.23): Grosse et al., 2009; MCODPUD, 1968-2006 (NCHS, 1980-2009); 

NSDUH, 2007 (SAMHSA, 2009b)

Table 3.24. Age at Death for Females: Drug-Induced (Without ICD-10 Correction). . . . . . . . . 73

Table 3.25. Age at Death for Females: Drug-Induced (With ICD-10 Correction). . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Table 3.26. Age at Death for All Females. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Table 3.27. Age at Death for All Females: Proportion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Table 3.28. Age at Death for All Females: 1-Cumulative Proportion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Source (Tables 3.24–3.28): MCODPUD, 1968-2006 (NCHS, 1980-2009)

Table 3.29. Premature Mortality: Females (Without ICD-10 Correction). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Table 3.30. Premature Mortality: Females (With ICD-10 Correction). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

Source (Tables 3.29–3.30): Grosse et al., 2009; MCODPUD, 1968-2006 (NCHS, 1980-2009); 

NSDUH, 2007 (SAMHSA, 2009b)

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

66

Table 3.17. Age at Death for Males: Drug-Induced (Without ICD-10 Correction)

Year 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+ Total

1968 24 1 7 168 310 238 174 163 139 109 103 111 63 48 45 26 24 1,753

1969 18 2 10 240 414 272 174 154 118 110 90 91 74 55 51 28 23 1,9241970 17 2 13 345 622 317 231 163 166 128 99 73 64 66 41 24 36 2,4071971 20 1 13 470 943 462 240 207 166 166 111 91 63 60 50 28 33 3,1241972 20 0 16 392 834 502 254 228 178 134 74 84 80 30 40 32 42 2,9401973 16 2 7 261 703 476 256 164 147 121 79 82 68 43 35 36 30 2,5261974 12 1 6 244 710 538 318 181 144 98 88 58 45 49 28 33 16 2,5691975 9 2 3 206 886 695 372 194 135 112 82 55 43 39 35 29 27 2,9241976 9 2 7 142 669 660 326 194 140 102 71 57 52 40 27 28 22 2,5481977 7 1 4 80 327 357 215 117 77 70 63 49 48 40 33 19 24 1,5311978 7 2 4 80 280 320 219 116 68 70 59 34 33 29 33 21 23 1,3981979 18 1 2 114 434 656 436 234 194 141 133 100 79 56 52 33 28 2,7111980 14 4 2 96 392 671 495 296 203 153 115 116 57 55 43 31 34 2,7771981 15 4 7 65 350 642 559 329 220 152 118 82 65 50 33 23 33 2,7471982 10 0 6 79 317 759 714 387 192 170 113 95 43 39 29 37 42 3,0321983 12 0 4 61 299 651 709 447 259 174 123 91 70 45 45 37 43 3,0701984 10 0 7 63 271 628 804 531 311 166 123 119 59 53 46 24 42 3,2571985 7 0 3 62 297 710 999 788 356 219 148 102 76 49 42 31 32 3,9211986 14 1 7 78 289 747 1,136 949 477 243 193 109 73 50 47 28 36 4,4771987 19 4 5 65 240 579 948 930 462 273 153 124 99 57 40 33 47 4,0781988 5 0 3 78 271 584 1,096 1,057 617 352 174 134 86 66 38 34 52 4,6471989 14 2 10 99 246 578 961 1,098 617 317 188 135 79 57 36 30 48 4,5151990 12 3 4 72 195 461 778 928 610 290 172 121 81 54 44 35 49 3,9091991 17 2 7 70 216 477 748 877 731 311 199 132 89 61 39 44 55 4,0751992 11 1 10 73 257 573 922 1,246 969 459 248 130 109 64 41 30 64 5,2071993 21 8 6 83 297 595 1,079 1,473 1,348 595 259 141 107 57 49 30 53 6,2011994 15 3 8 75 284 583 1,122 1,381 1,387 759 323 164 93 56 37 33 53 6,3761995 13 4 5 87 341 629 1,083 1,574 1,507 888 390 174 103 53 40 26 60 6,9771996 13 4 8 127 330 578 1,010 1,402 1,491 1,048 399 189 95 80 47 39 42 6,9021997 13 5 8 132 376 614 1,033 1,532 1,648 1,164 478 240 106 61 55 43 46 7,5541998 15 5 6 155 440 633 1,057 1,498 1,798 1,331 584 237 127 65 53 31 62 8,0971999 14 3 11 237 639 999 1,455 2,265 2,841 2,378 1,183 513 243 139 79 43 60 13,1022000 19 3 10 261 760 974 1,373 2,176 2,755 2,494 1,347 507 244 108 70 48 62 13,2112001 27 1 18 340 863 1,031 1,396 2,159 2,850 2,662 1,607 622 272 141 75 57 69 14,1902002 15 3 17 400 1,038 1,204 1,672 2,465 3,229 3,039 2,008 846 363 150 90 66 78 16,6832003 25 3 11 416 1,294 1,346 1,739 2,501 3,379 3,393 2,299 1,049 403 212 92 64 76 18,3022004 22 2 18 554 1,391 1,592 1,711 2,384 3,296 3,566 2,603 1,268 458 204 104 74 63 19,3102005 23 2 15 413 1,228 1,462 1,532 1,921 2,862 3,156 2,379 1,220 487 173 91 52 88 17,1042006 33 6 21 583 1,825 2,178 2,199 2,659 3,668 4,138 3,483 1,890 645 295 131 68 93 23,9152007 28 4 18 498 1,527 1,820 1,866 2,290 3,265 3,647 2,931 1,555 566 234 111 60 91 20,510

Total 605 90 329 7,566 21,878 27,971 33,545 39,368 41,755 35,251 22,461 11,435 5,444 3,049 2,006 1,428 1,810 255,991

Age at Death for Males (Drug-Induced and Drug-Related)

0

5,000

45,00040,00035,00030,00025,00020,00015,00010,000

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+

Table 3.17 Age at Death for Males: Drug-Induced (Without ICD-10 Correction) 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 65 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

67

Table 3.18. Age at Death for Males: Drug-Induced (With ICD-10 Correction)

Year 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+ Total

1968 29 1 8 202 372 286 209 196 167 131 124 133 76 58 54 31 29 2,104

1969 22 2 12 288 497 326 209 185 142 132 108 109 89 66 61 34 28 2,3091970 20 2 16 414 746 380 277 196 199 154 119 88 77 79 49 29 43 2,8881971 24 1 16 564 1,132 554 288 248 199 199 133 109 76 72 60 34 40 3,7491972 24 0 19 470 1,001 602 305 274 214 161 89 101 96 36 48 38 50 3,5281973 19 2 8 313 844 571 307 197 176 145 95 98 82 52 42 43 36 3,0311974 14 1 7 293 852 646 382 217 173 118 106 70 54 59 34 40 19 3,0831975 11 2 4 247 1,063 834 446 233 162 134 98 66 52 47 42 35 32 3,5091976 11 2 8 170 803 792 391 233 168 122 85 68 62 48 32 34 26 3,0581977 8 1 5 96 392 428 258 140 92 84 76 59 58 48 40 23 29 1,8371978 8 2 5 96 336 384 263 139 82 84 71 41 40 35 40 25 28 1,6781979 22 1 2 137 521 787 523 281 233 169 160 120 95 67 62 40 34 3,2531980 17 5 2 115 470 805 594 355 244 184 138 139 68 66 52 37 41 3,3321981 18 5 8 78 420 770 671 395 264 182 142 98 78 60 40 28 40 3,2961982 12 0 7 95 380 911 857 464 230 204 136 114 52 47 35 44 50 3,6381983 14 0 5 73 359 781 851 536 311 209 148 109 84 54 54 44 52 3,6841984 12 0 8 76 325 754 965 637 373 199 148 143 71 64 55 29 50 3,9081985 8 0 4 74 356 852 1,199 946 427 263 178 122 91 59 50 37 38 4,7051986 17 1 8 94 347 896 1,363 1,139 572 292 232 131 88 60 56 34 43 5,3721987 23 5 6 78 288 695 1,138 1,116 554 328 184 149 119 68 48 40 56 4,8941988 6 0 4 94 325 701 1,315 1,268 740 422 209 161 103 79 46 41 62 5,5761989 17 2 12 119 295 694 1,153 1,318 740 380 226 162 95 68 43 36 58 5,4181990 14 4 5 86 234 553 934 1,114 732 348 206 145 97 65 53 42 59 4,6911991 20 2 8 84 259 572 898 1,052 877 373 239 158 107 73 47 53 66 4,8901992 13 1 12 88 308 688 1,106 1,495 1,163 551 298 156 131 77 49 36 77 6,2481993 25 10 7 100 356 714 1,295 1,768 1,618 714 311 169 128 68 59 36 64 7,4411994 18 4 10 90 341 700 1,346 1,657 1,664 911 388 197 112 67 44 40 64 7,6511995 16 5 6 104 409 755 1,300 1,889 1,808 1,066 468 209 124 64 48 31 72 8,3721996 16 5 10 152 396 694 1,212 1,682 1,789 1,258 479 227 114 96 56 47 50 8,2821997 16 6 10 158 451 737 1,240 1,838 1,978 1,397 574 288 127 73 66 52 55 9,0651998 18 6 7 186 528 760 1,268 1,798 2,158 1,597 701 284 152 78 64 37 74 9,7161999 14 3 11 237 639 999 1,455 2,265 2,841 2,378 1,183 513 243 139 79 43 60 13,1022000 19 3 10 261 760 974 1,373 2,176 2,755 2,494 1,347 507 244 108 70 48 62 13,2112001 27 1 18 340 863 1,031 1,396 2,159 2,850 2,662 1,607 622 272 141 75 57 69 14,1902002 15 3 17 400 1,038 1,204 1,672 2,465 3,229 3,039 2,008 846 363 150 90 66 78 16,6832003 25 3 11 416 1,294 1,346 1,739 2,501 3,379 3,393 2,299 1,049 403 212 92 64 76 18,3022004 22 2 18 554 1,391 1,592 1,711 2,384 3,296 3,566 2,603 1,268 458 204 104 74 63 19,3102005 23 2 15 413 1,228 1,462 1,532 1,921 2,862 3,156 2,379 1,220 487 173 91 52 88 17,1042006 33 6 21 583 1,825 2,178 2,199 2,659 3,668 4,138 3,483 1,890 645 295 131 68 93 23,9152007 28 4 18 498 1,527 1,820 1,866 2,290 3,265 3,647 2,931 1,555 566 234 111 60 91 20,510

Total 690 103 371 8,438 24,446 31,408 37,639 43,536 45,130 37,336 23,571 12,139 5,910 3,374 2,261 1,619 2,054 280,026

Age at Death for Males (Drug-Induced and Drug-Related)

0

5,000

45,00040,00035,00030,00025,00020,00015,00010,000

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+

Table 3.18 Age at Death for Males: Drug-Induced (With ICD-10 Correction) 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 66 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

68

Table 3.19. Age at Death for All Males

Year 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+ Total

1968 51,303 5,401 5,451 14,231 15,722 12,469 12,332 17,635 28,915 44,531 64,175 89,119 112,170 128,517 142,419 138,375 204,045 1,086,810

1969 50,072 5,335 5,395 15,316 17,188 13,305 12,630 17,503 28,891 44,520 63,028 88,422 111,143 128,187 138,099 136,136 205,349 1,080,5191970 49,408 5,072 5,454 15,267 17,952 13,500 12,936 17,062 28,292 44,372 63,140 88,617 112,317 128,688 136,559 135,499 205,189 1,079,3241971 45,468 4,871 5,324 15,746 18,990 14,071 13,042 16,868 26,962 43,137 62,574 86,970 112,017 127,754 135,982 136,908 211,440 1,078,1241972 41,094 4,512 5,434 16,280 19,480 14,996 13,578 16,516 26,516 43,584 63,936 87,458 115,356 131,772 139,398 140,058 217,272 1,097,2401973 38,242 4,487 5,501 16,798 20,059 15,940 14,315 16,691 25,606 42,459 62,975 86,454 114,545 133,242 139,121 137,500 223,954 1,097,8891974 35,977 4,037 5,173 16,305 19,610 15,849 14,288 15,867 24,029 40,747 61,798 83,189 111,553 131,992 138,059 132,058 222,192 1,072,7231975 33,981 3,740 4,760 15,699 19,973 16,766 14,193 15,626 22,937 38,249 60,260 81,250 109,103 130,551 135,990 129,925 219,106 1,052,1091976 32,307 3,641 4,458 15,074 19,353 16,516 13,789 15,159 22,138 36,823 58,679 81,113 108,865 131,561 136,302 131,161 226,377 1,053,3161977 31,666 3,571 4,363 15,642 20,140 17,025 14,711 15,581 21,502 35,178 57,177 80,460 106,679 130,075 138,346 129,674 225,805 1,047,5951978 31,033 3,380 4,149 15,544 20,680 17,193 15,184 16,207 21,163 33,830 56,019 80,100 106,753 131,053 141,062 131,708 231,706 1,056,7641979 30,645 3,210 3,781 15,625 21,193 18,431 16,105 16,379 20,836 32,479 53,964 78,990 103,675 129,304 140,292 132,364 229,213 1,046,4861980 30,633 3,012 3,606 15,295 21,858 19,170 17,095 16,923 20,890 31,599 53,162 80,247 104,386 132,717 145,139 138,375 242,845 1,076,9521981 29,198 2,816 3,452 13,511 20,329 19,260 17,800 17,013 20,847 30,972 51,026 78,058 104,300 130,586 145,278 138,478 243,225 1,066,1491982 28,626 2,741 3,217 12,553 19,015 18,348 17,350 17,406 20,341 29,644 48,688 75,479 104,276 130,395 145,880 141,271 242,729 1,057,9591983 27,544 2,557 3,141 11,437 17,595 17,690 17,354 17,548 20,975 28,824 46,817 75,277 104,902 130,446 149,702 147,034 254,662 1,073,5051984 26,566 2,494 3,118 11,001 17,843 17,855 18,089 18,775 21,970 28,924 45,147 73,347 105,608 129,460 150,398 148,289 259,234 1,078,1181985 27,282 2,442 3,075 10,908 17,458 18,321 19,231 20,638 23,001 29,264 44,237 72,387 105,680 130,476 152,982 152,841 269,019 1,099,2421986 26,541 2,452 3,090 11,851 18,191 19,710 21,713 23,102 23,987 29,455 43,078 69,344 103,331 130,844 152,664 154,461 271,670 1,105,4841987 26,105 2,646 2,956 11,330 17,105 19,526 22,394 24,124 25,387 30,200 42,853 67,253 101,501 131,378 152,173 155,997 276,647 1,109,5751988 26,292 2,586 2,919 11,747 16,968 19,769 23,437 25,529 27,088 31,710 42,433 65,368 100,385 132,199 152,229 158,850 287,827 1,127,3361989 26,533 2,523 2,939 11,338 16,016 20,054 24,334 26,836 28,678 32,821 42,240 63,169 96,849 130,122 148,806 157,290 285,510 1,116,0581990 25,892 2,375 2,779 11,742 16,333 19,907 24,362 27,713 29,950 33,230 41,669 60,697 94,320 128,655 147,957 158,102 289,629 1,115,3121991 25,115 2,303 2,992 11,423 16,313 19,093 24,838 28,624 32,127 34,493 41,799 59,510 92,306 126,663 149,757 158,511 297,701 1,123,5681992 23,412 2,256 2,874 10,810 15,575 18,171 24,979 29,725 33,455 36,727 42,795 58,285 89,070 124,515 150,198 158,441 303,084 1,124,3721993 23,007 2,224 3,018 11,233 15,848 17,848 26,023 31,287 35,298 38,195 45,511 59,305 87,979 125,710 154,438 163,892 322,883 1,163,6991994 21,706 2,206 3,019 11,510 15,419 17,234 26,152 32,114 36,802 40,335 47,364 58,853 85,730 122,268 154,469 161,603 327,826 1,164,6101995 20,281 2,231 3,022 11,134 14,813 16,686 25,347 32,423 37,888 42,713 48,437 59,006 83,645 119,636 154,816 164,555 338,051 1,174,6841996 19,380 2,216 2,823 10,756 13,760 14,953 21,373 28,910 35,608 43,193 47,948 59,140 82,396 116,928 152,770 167,574 345,781 1,165,5091997 18,965 2,061 2,741 10,333 13,154 13,865 18,023 25,171 33,163 41,570 49,286 59,332 79,895 114,063 150,350 170,005 353,935 1,155,9121998 18,761 2,052 2,666 10,010 12,922 13,009 16,431 24,116 33,208 41,834 50,140 61,047 79,451 110,429 149,427 171,632 362,029 1,159,1641999 18,375 1,979 2,544 9,840 12,758 12,665 15,834 23,779 33,544 43,427 52,516 63,600 79,481 107,794 147,664 175,053 376,314 1,177,1672000 18,294 1,864 2,563 9,768 13,526 12,754 15,392 23,378 34,198 45,262 55,423 64,610 79,111 104,200 143,716 173,528 381,873 1,179,4602001 18,166 1,749 2,461 9,819 14,326 13,140 15,862 23,841 34,534 46,685 58,423 65,968 79,342 102,342 139,705 171,507 387,154 1,185,0242002 18,316 1,720 2,514 9,924 14,694 13,072 15,891 22,723 35,078 47,833 60,152 69,966 81,723 100,781 136,670 169,843 399,983 1,200,8832003 18,781 1,654 2,530 9,777 15,071 13,174 15,689 21,853 34,837 49,282 61,722 72,379 84,476 100,542 131,369 167,571 403,457 1,204,1642004 18,408 1,656 2,373 9,732 15,032 13,669 14,894 20,621 33,342 48,691 62,837 73,595 84,834 98,695 124,670 160,500 400,279 1,183,8282005 15,451 1,279 1,873 8,241 13,004 11,879 12,649 16,790 27,775 41,066 54,494 65,256 73,356 82,621 104,693 134,281 352,226 1,016,9342006 18,581 1,560 2,084 9,982 16,262 15,294 15,150 20,259 32,200 49,232 66,394 81,667 87,891 98,970 119,715 154,446 414,982 1,204,6692007 17,016 1,420 1,979 9,112 14,633 13,587 13,900 18,525 29,988 45,149 60,444 73,462 80,624 90,796 112,204 144,364 383,604 1,110,802

Total 1,087,407 110,911 135,632 484,532 661,528 632,177 694,789 838,315 1,103,958 1,507,090 2,074,316 2,824,287 3,780,400 4,756,131 5,569,264 5,885,296 11,312,203 43,458,236

Age at Death for All Males

0

8,000,0006,000,0004,000,0002,000,000

12,000,00010,000,000

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+

Table 3.19 Age at Death for All Males 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 67 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

69

Table 3.20. Age at Death for All Males: Proportion

Year 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+

1968 0.0472 0.0050 0.0050 0.0131 0.0145 0.0115 0.0113 0.0162 0.0266 0.0410 0.0590 0.0820 0.1032 0.1183 0.1310 0.1273 0.18771969 0.0463 0.0049 0.0050 0.0142 0.0159 0.0123 0.0117 0.0162 0.0267 0.0412 0.0583 0.0818 0.1029 0.1186 0.1278 0.1260 0.19001970 0.0458 0.0047 0.0051 0.0141 0.0166 0.0125 0.0120 0.0158 0.0262 0.0411 0.0585 0.0821 0.1041 0.1192 0.1265 0.1255 0.19011971 0.0422 0.0045 0.0049 0.0146 0.0176 0.0131 0.0121 0.0156 0.0250 0.0400 0.0580 0.0807 0.1039 0.1185 0.1261 0.1270 0.19611972 0.0375 0.0041 0.0050 0.0148 0.0178 0.0137 0.0124 0.0151 0.0242 0.0397 0.0583 0.0797 0.1051 0.1201 0.1270 0.1276 0.19801973 0.0348 0.0041 0.0050 0.0153 0.0183 0.0145 0.0130 0.0152 0.0233 0.0387 0.0574 0.0787 0.1043 0.1214 0.1267 0.1252 0.20401974 0.0335 0.0038 0.0048 0.0152 0.0183 0.0148 0.0133 0.0148 0.0224 0.0380 0.0576 0.0775 0.1040 0.1230 0.1287 0.1231 0.20711975 0.0323 0.0036 0.0045 0.0149 0.0190 0.0159 0.0135 0.0149 0.0218 0.0364 0.0573 0.0772 0.1037 0.1241 0.1293 0.1235 0.20831976 0.0307 0.0035 0.0042 0.0143 0.0184 0.0157 0.0131 0.0144 0.0210 0.0350 0.0557 0.0770 0.1034 0.1249 0.1294 0.1245 0.21491977 0.0302 0.0034 0.0042 0.0149 0.0192 0.0163 0.0140 0.0149 0.0205 0.0336 0.0546 0.0768 0.1018 0.1242 0.1321 0.1238 0.21551978 0.0294 0.0032 0.0039 0.0147 0.0196 0.0163 0.0144 0.0153 0.0200 0.0320 0.0530 0.0758 0.1010 0.1240 0.1335 0.1246 0.21931979 0.0293 0.0031 0.0036 0.0149 0.0203 0.0176 0.0154 0.0157 0.0199 0.0310 0.0516 0.0755 0.0991 0.1236 0.1341 0.1265 0.21901980 0.0284 0.0028 0.0033 0.0142 0.0203 0.0178 0.0159 0.0157 0.0194 0.0293 0.0494 0.0745 0.0969 0.1232 0.1348 0.1285 0.22551981 0.0274 0.0026 0.0032 0.0127 0.0191 0.0181 0.0167 0.0160 0.0196 0.0291 0.0479 0.0732 0.0978 0.1225 0.1363 0.1299 0.22811982 0.0271 0.0026 0.0030 0.0119 0.0180 0.0173 0.0164 0.0165 0.0192 0.0280 0.0460 0.0713 0.0986 0.1233 0.1379 0.1335 0.22941983 0.0257 0.0024 0.0029 0.0107 0.0164 0.0165 0.0162 0.0163 0.0195 0.0269 0.0436 0.0701 0.0977 0.1215 0.1395 0.1370 0.23721984 0.0246 0.0023 0.0029 0.0102 0.0166 0.0166 0.0168 0.0174 0.0204 0.0268 0.0419 0.0680 0.0980 0.1201 0.1395 0.1375 0.24051985 0.0248 0.0022 0.0028 0.0099 0.0159 0.0167 0.0175 0.0188 0.0209 0.0266 0.0402 0.0659 0.0961 0.1187 0.1392 0.1390 0.24471986 0.0240 0.0022 0.0028 0.0107 0.0165 0.0178 0.0196 0.0209 0.0217 0.0266 0.0390 0.0627 0.0935 0.1184 0.1381 0.1397 0.24571987 0.0235 0.0024 0.0027 0.0102 0.0154 0.0176 0.0202 0.0217 0.0229 0.0272 0.0386 0.0606 0.0915 0.1184 0.1371 0.1406 0.24931988 0.0233 0.0023 0.0026 0.0104 0.0151 0.0175 0.0208 0.0226 0.0240 0.0281 0.0376 0.0580 0.0890 0.1173 0.1350 0.1409 0.25531989 0.0238 0.0023 0.0026 0.0102 0.0144 0.0180 0.0218 0.0240 0.0257 0.0294 0.0378 0.0566 0.0868 0.1166 0.1333 0.1409 0.25581990 0.0232 0.0021 0.0025 0.0105 0.0146 0.0178 0.0218 0.0248 0.0269 0.0298 0.0374 0.0544 0.0846 0.1154 0.1327 0.1418 0.25971991 0.0224 0.0020 0.0027 0.0102 0.0145 0.0170 0.0221 0.0255 0.0286 0.0307 0.0372 0.0530 0.0822 0.1127 0.1333 0.1411 0.26501992 0.0208 0.0020 0.0026 0.0096 0.0139 0.0162 0.0222 0.0264 0.0298 0.0327 0.0381 0.0518 0.0792 0.1107 0.1336 0.1409 0.26961993 0.0198 0.0019 0.0026 0.0097 0.0136 0.0153 0.0224 0.0269 0.0303 0.0328 0.0391 0.0510 0.0756 0.1080 0.1327 0.1408 0.27751994 0.0186 0.0019 0.0026 0.0099 0.0132 0.0148 0.0225 0.0276 0.0316 0.0346 0.0407 0.0505 0.0736 0.1050 0.1326 0.1388 0.28151995 0.0173 0.0019 0.0026 0.0095 0.0126 0.0142 0.0216 0.0276 0.0323 0.0364 0.0412 0.0502 0.0712 0.1018 0.1318 0.1401 0.28781996 0.0166 0.0019 0.0024 0.0092 0.0118 0.0128 0.0183 0.0248 0.0306 0.0371 0.0411 0.0507 0.0707 0.1003 0.1311 0.1438 0.29671997 0.0164 0.0018 0.0024 0.0089 0.0114 0.0120 0.0156 0.0218 0.0287 0.0360 0.0426 0.0513 0.0691 0.0987 0.1301 0.1471 0.30621998 0.0162 0.0018 0.0023 0.0086 0.0111 0.0112 0.0142 0.0208 0.0286 0.0361 0.0433 0.0527 0.0685 0.0953 0.1289 0.1481 0.31231999 0.0156 0.0017 0.0022 0.0084 0.0108 0.0108 0.0135 0.0202 0.0285 0.0369 0.0446 0.0540 0.0675 0.0916 0.1254 0.1487 0.31972000 0.0155 0.0016 0.0022 0.0083 0.0115 0.0108 0.0131 0.0198 0.0290 0.0384 0.0470 0.0548 0.0671 0.0883 0.1218 0.1471 0.32382001 0.0153 0.0015 0.0021 0.0083 0.0121 0.0111 0.0134 0.0201 0.0291 0.0394 0.0493 0.0557 0.0670 0.0864 0.1179 0.1447 0.32672002 0.0153 0.0014 0.0021 0.0083 0.0122 0.0109 0.0132 0.0189 0.0292 0.0398 0.0501 0.0583 0.0681 0.0839 0.1138 0.1414 0.33312003 0.0156 0.0014 0.0021 0.0081 0.0125 0.0109 0.0130 0.0181 0.0289 0.0409 0.0513 0.0601 0.0702 0.0835 0.1091 0.1392 0.33512004 0.0155 0.0014 0.0020 0.0082 0.0127 0.0115 0.0126 0.0174 0.0282 0.0411 0.0531 0.0622 0.0717 0.0834 0.1053 0.1356 0.33812005 0.0152 0.0013 0.0018 0.0081 0.0128 0.0117 0.0124 0.0165 0.0273 0.0404 0.0536 0.0642 0.0721 0.0812 0.1029 0.1320 0.34642006 0.0154 0.0013 0.0017 0.0083 0.0135 0.0127 0.0126 0.0168 0.0267 0.0409 0.0551 0.0678 0.0730 0.0822 0.0994 0.1282 0.34452007 0.0153 0.0013 0.0018 0.0082 0.0131 0.0122 0.0125 0.0167 0.0270 0.0406 0.0544 0.0660 0.0725 0.0817 0.1012 0.1301 0.3454

Mean 0.0250 0.0025 0.0031 0.0112 0.0153 0.0145 0.0159 0.0191 0.0253 0.0348 0.0480 0.0654 0.0872 0.1092 0.1277 0.1350 0.2608

Age at Death for All Males (Proportion)

0.300.250.200.150.100.050.00

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+

Table 3.20 Age at Death for All Males: Proportion 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 68 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

70

Table 3.21. Age at Death for All Males: 1-Cumulative Proportion

Year 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+

1968 0.9528 0.9478 0.9428 0.9297 0.9152 0.9038 0.8924 0.8762 0.8496 0.8086 0.7496 0.6676 0.5644 0.4461 0.3151 0.1877 0.0939

1969 0.9537 0.9487 0.9437 0.9296 0.9136 0.9013 0.8896 0.8734 0.8467 0.8055 0.7472 0.6653 0.5625 0.4438 0.3160 0.1900 0.09501970 0.9542 0.9495 0.9445 0.9303 0.9137 0.9012 0.8892 0.8734 0.8472 0.8061 0.7476 0.6655 0.5614 0.4422 0.3156 0.1901 0.09511971 0.9578 0.9533 0.9484 0.9338 0.9162 0.9031 0.8910 0.8754 0.8503 0.8103 0.7523 0.6716 0.5677 0.4492 0.3231 0.1961 0.09811972 0.9625 0.9584 0.9535 0.9386 0.9209 0.9072 0.8949 0.8798 0.8556 0.8159 0.7576 0.6779 0.5728 0.4527 0.3257 0.1980 0.09901973 0.9652 0.9611 0.9561 0.9408 0.9225 0.9080 0.8949 0.8797 0.8564 0.8177 0.7604 0.6816 0.5773 0.4559 0.3292 0.2040 0.10201974 0.9665 0.9627 0.9579 0.9427 0.9244 0.9096 0.8963 0.8815 0.8591 0.8211 0.7635 0.6860 0.5820 0.4589 0.3302 0.2071 0.10361975 0.9677 0.9641 0.9596 0.9447 0.9257 0.9098 0.8963 0.8814 0.8596 0.8233 0.7660 0.6888 0.5851 0.4610 0.3317 0.2083 0.10411976 0.9693 0.9659 0.9616 0.9473 0.9290 0.9133 0.9002 0.8858 0.8648 0.8298 0.7741 0.6971 0.5937 0.4688 0.3394 0.2149 0.10751977 0.9698 0.9664 0.9622 0.9473 0.9280 0.9118 0.8977 0.8829 0.8624 0.8288 0.7742 0.6974 0.5956 0.4714 0.3393 0.2155 0.10781978 0.9706 0.9674 0.9635 0.9488 0.9292 0.9130 0.8986 0.8833 0.8632 0.8312 0.7782 0.7024 0.6014 0.4774 0.3439 0.2193 0.10961979 0.9707 0.9676 0.9640 0.9491 0.9289 0.9112 0.8959 0.8802 0.8603 0.8293 0.7777 0.7022 0.6031 0.4796 0.3455 0.2190 0.10951980 0.9716 0.9688 0.9654 0.9512 0.9309 0.9131 0.8972 0.8815 0.8621 0.8328 0.7834 0.7089 0.6120 0.4887 0.3540 0.2255 0.11271981 0.9726 0.9700 0.9667 0.9541 0.9350 0.9169 0.9002 0.8843 0.8647 0.8357 0.7878 0.7146 0.6168 0.4943 0.3580 0.2281 0.11411982 0.9729 0.9704 0.9673 0.9554 0.9375 0.9201 0.9037 0.8873 0.8681 0.8400 0.7940 0.7227 0.6241 0.5009 0.3630 0.2294 0.11471983 0.9743 0.9720 0.9690 0.9584 0.9420 0.9255 0.9093 0.8930 0.8735 0.8466 0.8030 0.7329 0.6352 0.5136 0.3742 0.2372 0.11861984 0.9754 0.9730 0.9702 0.9599 0.9434 0.9268 0.9101 0.8926 0.8723 0.8454 0.8036 0.7355 0.6376 0.5175 0.3780 0.2405 0.12021985 0.9752 0.9730 0.9702 0.9602 0.9444 0.9277 0.9102 0.8914 0.8705 0.8439 0.8036 0.7378 0.6416 0.5229 0.3838 0.2447 0.12241986 0.9760 0.9738 0.9710 0.9603 0.9438 0.9260 0.9063 0.8854 0.8637 0.8371 0.7981 0.7354 0.6419 0.5236 0.3855 0.2457 0.12291987 0.9765 0.9741 0.9714 0.9612 0.9458 0.9282 0.9080 0.8863 0.8634 0.8362 0.7976 0.7369 0.6455 0.5271 0.3899 0.2493 0.12471988 0.9767 0.9744 0.9718 0.9614 0.9463 0.9288 0.9080 0.8854 0.8613 0.8332 0.7956 0.7376 0.6485 0.5313 0.3962 0.2553 0.12771989 0.9762 0.9740 0.9713 0.9612 0.9468 0.9289 0.9071 0.8830 0.8573 0.8279 0.7901 0.7335 0.6467 0.5301 0.3968 0.2558 0.12791990 0.9768 0.9747 0.9722 0.9616 0.9470 0.9291 0.9073 0.8825 0.8556 0.8258 0.7884 0.7340 0.6495 0.5341 0.4014 0.2597 0.12981991 0.9776 0.9756 0.9729 0.9628 0.9482 0.9313 0.9091 0.8837 0.8551 0.8244 0.7872 0.7342 0.6521 0.5393 0.4060 0.2650 0.13251992 0.9792 0.9772 0.9746 0.9650 0.9511 0.9350 0.9128 0.8863 0.8566 0.8239 0.7859 0.7340 0.6548 0.5441 0.4105 0.2696 0.13481993 0.9802 0.9783 0.9757 0.9661 0.9525 0.9371 0.9148 0.8879 0.8575 0.8247 0.7856 0.7346 0.6590 0.5510 0.4183 0.2775 0.13871994 0.9814 0.9795 0.9769 0.9670 0.9538 0.9390 0.9165 0.8889 0.8573 0.8227 0.7820 0.7315 0.6579 0.5529 0.4203 0.2815 0.14071995 0.9827 0.9808 0.9783 0.9688 0.9562 0.9420 0.9204 0.8928 0.8605 0.8242 0.7829 0.7327 0.6615 0.5597 0.4279 0.2878 0.14391996 0.9834 0.9815 0.9790 0.9698 0.9580 0.9452 0.9268 0.9020 0.8715 0.8344 0.7933 0.7426 0.6719 0.5715 0.4405 0.2967 0.14831997 0.9836 0.9818 0.9794 0.9705 0.9591 0.9471 0.9315 0.9098 0.8811 0.8451 0.8025 0.7511 0.6820 0.5833 0.4533 0.3062 0.15311998 0.9838 0.9820 0.9797 0.9711 0.9600 0.9487 0.9346 0.9138 0.8851 0.8490 0.8058 0.7531 0.6846 0.5893 0.4604 0.3123 0.15621999 0.9844 0.9827 0.9805 0.9722 0.9614 0.9506 0.9371 0.9169 0.8884 0.8516 0.8069 0.7529 0.6854 0.5938 0.4684 0.3197 0.15982000 0.9845 0.9829 0.9807 0.9725 0.9610 0.9502 0.9371 0.9173 0.8883 0.8499 0.8029 0.7482 0.6811 0.5927 0.4709 0.3238 0.16192001 0.9847 0.9832 0.9811 0.9728 0.9607 0.9497 0.9363 0.9162 0.8870 0.8476 0.7983 0.7426 0.6757 0.5893 0.4714 0.3267 0.16342002 0.9847 0.9833 0.9812 0.9730 0.9607 0.9498 0.9366 0.9177 0.8885 0.8486 0.7986 0.7403 0.6722 0.5883 0.4745 0.3331 0.16652003 0.9844 0.9830 0.9809 0.9728 0.9603 0.9494 0.9363 0.9182 0.8892 0.8483 0.7971 0.7370 0.6668 0.5833 0.4742 0.3351 0.16752004 0.9845 0.9831 0.9810 0.9728 0.9601 0.9486 0.9360 0.9186 0.8904 0.8493 0.7962 0.7340 0.6624 0.5790 0.4737 0.3381 0.16912005 0.9848 0.9835 0.9817 0.9736 0.9608 0.9491 0.9367 0.9202 0.8929 0.8525 0.7989 0.7347 0.6626 0.5814 0.4784 0.3464 0.17322006 0.9846 0.9833 0.9816 0.9733 0.9598 0.9471 0.9345 0.9177 0.8909 0.8501 0.7950 0.7272 0.6542 0.5721 0.4727 0.3445 0.17222007 0.9847 0.9834 0.9816 0.9734 0.9603 0.9481 0.9356 0.9189 0.8919 0.8513 0.7969 0.7310 0.6584 0.5767 0.4755 0.3454 0.1727

Mean 0.9750 0.9724 0.9693 0.9581 0.9429 0.9283 0.9124 0.8933 0.8680 0.8332 0.7852 0.7199 0.6327 0.5235 0.3958 0.2608 0.1304

Age at Death for All Males (1-Cumulative Proportion)

1.000.900.800.700.600.500.400.300.200.100.00

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+

Table 3.21 Age at Death for All Males: 1-Cumulative Proportion 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 69 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

71

Table 3.22. Premature Mortality: Males (Without ICD-10 Correction)

Year 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+

1968 20 1 5 112 175 106 55 31 131969 15 2 7 160 233 121 55 29 111970 15 2 10 258 414 178 102 51 32 121971 18 1 11 354 633 262 108 67 33 161972 18 0 13 297 565 288 115 74 35 131973 14 2 6 198 479 275 117 54 30 121974 11 1 5 186 487 313 146 60 30 101975 8 2 3 170 679 479 218 89 45 23 91976 8 2 6 118 518 460 194 91 48 22 81977 6 1 3 66 253 249 128 55 26 15 71978 6 2 3 66 218 225 132 55 23 15 61979 16 1 2 95 338 461 263 112 67 31 151980 13 4 2 83 326 526 351 181 99 54 26 131981 14 4 6 56 292 506 399 203 109 54 27 91982 9 0 5 69 266 603 516 242 96 62 26 11

1983 11 0 4 53 253 523 520 284 133 65 29 111984 9 0 6 55 229 505 591 339 161 63 30 14

1985 7 0 3 55 259 599 803 581 228 115 57 25 91986 13 1 6 69 250 625 907 698 306 127 74 27 91987 18 4 5 58 207 484 756 685 298 144 60 31 12

1988 5 0 3 69 233 487 872 780 400 187 69 34 11

1989 13 2 9 87 211 479 759 805 399 168 75 35 10

1990 12 3 4 65 172 394 642 732 448 188 92 49 21 7

1991 16 2 7 64 191 408 617 690 537 203 107 54 24 81992 11 1 9 67 228 491 760 979 711 301 135 53 29 91993 20 8 6 76 264 510 890 1,157 990 392 143 59 30 81994 15 3 8 69 252 500 923 1,080 1,015 499 179 69 26 81995 13 4 5 82 314 562 932 1,297 1,180 651 115 58 44 15 6

1996 13 4 8 120 306 521 880 1,170 1,183 778 127 54 42 24 7

1997 13 5 8 125 350 559 910 1,295 1,322 874 164 62 48 19 8

1998 15 5 6 147 411 578 936 1,272 1,449 1,002 162 75 58 20 8

1999 14 3 11 225 599 916 1,293 1,929 2,293 1,790 352 144 114 44 13

2000 19 19 3 10 248 712 893 1,220 1,849 2,212 1,866 345 145 115 35 112001 27 26 1 17 323 808 945 1,238 1,830 2,275 1,977 420 160 128 46 122002 15 15 3 16 380 972 1,105 1,486 2,092 2,579 2,250 569 214 172 50 152003 25 25 3 11 395 1,212 1,236 1,546 2,122 2,693 2,500 699 235 191 71 152004 22 22 2 17 526 1,302 1,462 1,524 2,025 2,624 2,618 840 265 217 69 182005 23 2 15 402 1,180 1,388 1,435 1,768 2,555 2,690 1,901 896 323 101 44 18 152006 32 6 21 567 1,752 2,063 2,055 2,440 3,268 3,518 2,769 1,374 422 169 62 23 162007 28 4 18 485 1,466 1,725 1,745 2,104 2,912 3,104 2,335 1,135 372 135 53 21 16

83 118 226 1,560 4,577 7,841 12,639 16,639 24,536 34,627 41,522 34,064 12,031 5,027 2,829 1,200 443

Market Productivity Value (MPV) By Age $6,333 $23,600 $45,940 $56,933 $62,887 $64,475 $64,553 $63,289 $51,913 $39,271 $15,789 $9,757 $5,478 $3,853Lost MPV By Age $9,877 $108,010 $360,235 $719,559 $1,046,360 $1,581,946 $2,235,272 $2,627,890 $1,768,365 $472,460 $79,377 $27,600 $6,574 $1,705Lost MPV With Attribution 0.82 $8,099 $88,568 $295,392 $590,038 $858,015 $1,297,196 $1,832,923 $2,154,869 $1,450,060 $387,417 $65,089 $22,632 $5,391 $1,398

Total Lost MPV $9,057,088Household Production Value (HPV) By Age $4,659 $6,213 $9,058 $11,159 $11,810 $11,538 $11,512 $10,254 $11,352 $11,863 $12,917 $13,291 $12,588 $9,810Lost HPV By Age $7,267 $28,433 $71,025 $141,030 $196,510 $283,092 $398,621 $425,777 $386,682 $142,718 $64,939 $37,599 $15,106 $4,342Lost HPV With Attribution 0.82 $5,959 $23,315 $58,240 $115,645 $161,138 $232,135 $326,870 $349,137 $317,079 $117,029 $53,250 $30,831 $12,387 $3,560Total Lost HPV $1,806,575Total Production Value (TPV) By Age $17,144 $136,443 $431,260 $860,589 $1,242,870 $1,865,038 $2,633,894 $3,053,666 $2,155,047 $615,178 $144,316 $65,199 $21,680 $6,047Lost TPV With Attribution 0.82 $14,058 $111,883 $353,633 $705,683 $1,019,154 $1,529,331 $2,159,793 $2,504,006 $1,767,138 $504,446 $118,339 $53,463 $17,777 $4,958

Total Lost TPV $10,863,663

Age in 2007 (Males)

Table 3.22 Premature Mortality: Males (Without ICD-10 Correction) 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 70 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

Total

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

72

Table 3.23. Premature Mortality: Males (With ICD-10 Correction)

Year 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+

1968 24 1 6 135 210 127 66 37 161969 18 2 9 192 279 145 66 35 131970 18 2 13 309 497 214 123 62 38 151971 21 1 13 424 760 315 129 80 39 201972 21 0 16 356 678 345 138 89 42 161973 17 2 7 238 575 330 140 65 36 151974 13 1 6 224 584 376 175 72 36 121975 10 2 3 204 814 574 261 107 54 28 101976 10 2 7 141 621 552 232 109 57 26 91977 8 1 4 80 304 299 154 66 31 18 81978 8 2 4 80 261 270 158 66 28 18 81979 19 1 2 113 405 553 316 135 80 37 171980 15 4 2 99 392 631 421 217 119 65 31 161981 17 4 7 67 351 607 479 244 130 65 32 111982 11 0 6 82 320 723 619 290 115 74 31 131983 13 0 4 64 304 627 624 341 160 78 35 131984 11 0 7 66 275 606 710 406 193 75 35 171985 8 0 3 66 310 719 963 698 274 137 68 30 11

1986 16 1 8 83 300 750 1,088 837 367 153 89 32 111987 22 4 5 69 249 581 907 822 358 173 72 37 151988 6 0 3 83 280 584 1,046 936 480 224 83 41 13

1989 16 2 11 105 253 574 911 966 479 202 90 41 12

1990 14 3 4 78 206 473 771 878 537 226 110 58 25 8

1991 20 2 8 76 229 489 740 828 644 243 129 64 28 101992 13 1 11 80 273 589 912 1,175 854 361 162 64 35 101993 24 9 7 91 316 612 1,068 1,389 1,188 471 171 71 36 91994 17 3 9 82 303 600 1,108 1,296 1,217 599 214 83 31 91995 15 5 6 98 377 674 1,118 1,557 1,416 781 138 69 53 18 7

1996 15 5 9 144 367 626 1,056 1,404 1,419 934 152 65 50 28 8

1997 15 6 9 150 420 670 1,092 1,554 1,587 1,049 196 74 58 22 101998 18 6 7 176 493 694 1,123 1,526 1,739 1,203 195 90 70 24 101999 14 3 11 225 599 916 1,293 1,929 2,293 1,790 352 144 114 44 13

2000 19 19 3 10 248 712 893 1,220 1,849 2,212 1,866 345 145 115 35 112001 27 26 1 17 323 808 945 1,238 1,830 2,275 1,977 420 160 128 46 122002 15 15 3 16 380 972 1,105 1,486 2,092 2,579 2,250 569 214 172 50 152003 25 25 3 11 395 1,212 1,236 1,546 2,122 2,693 2,500 699 235 191 71 152004 22 22 2 17 526 1,302 1,462 1,524 2,025 2,624 2,618 840 265 217 69 182005 23 2 15 402 1,180 1,388 1,435 1,768 2,555 2,690 1,901 896 323 101 44 18 152006 32 6 21 567 1,752 2,063 2,055 2,440 3,268 3,518 2,769 1,374 422 169 62 23 162007 28 4 18 485 1,466 1,725 1,745 2,104 2,912 3,104 2,335 1,135 372 135 53 21 16

83 118 236 1,578 4,596 7,955 12,998 17,393 26,035 37,321 45,490 37,595 13,569 5,720 3,176 1,364 505

Market Productivity Value (MPV) By Age $6,333 $23,600 $45,940 $56,933 $62,887 $64,475 $64,553 $63,289 $51,913 $39,271 $15,789 $9,757 $5,478 $3,853Lost MPV By Age $9,992 $108,472 $365,466 $740,043 $1,093,777 $1,678,588 $2,409,157 $2,879,043 $1,951,690 $532,847 $90,304 $30,982 $7,475 $1,945Lost MPV With Attribution 0.82 $8,193 $88,947 $299,682 $606,835 $896,897 $1,376,442 $1,975,509 $2,360,815 $1,600,385 $436,935 $74,050 $25,406 $6,130 $1,595

Total Lost MPV $9,757,821Household Production Value (HPV) By Age $4,659 $6,213 $9,058 $11,159 $11,810 $11,538 $11,512 $10,254 $11,352 $11,863 $12,917 $13,291 $12,588 $9,810Lost HPV By Age $7,352 $28,555 $72,056 $145,045 $205,415 $300,386 $429,631 $466,469 $426,768 $160,960 $73,879 $42,206 $17,176 $4,953Lost HPV With Attribution 0.82 $6,028 $23,415 $59,086 $118,937 $168,441 $246,317 $352,297 $382,505 $349,950 $131,987 $60,580 $34,609 $14,085 $4,061Total Lost HPV $1,952,298Total Production Value (TPV) By Age $17,343 $137,026 $437,523 $885,087 $1,299,192 $1,978,974 $2,838,788 $3,345,512 $2,378,458 $693,807 $164,183 $73,189 $24,651 $6,898Lost TPV With Attribution 0.82 $14,221 $112,362 $358,769 $725,772 $1,065,337 $1,622,759 $2,327,806 $2,743,320 $1,950,336 $568,922 $134,630 $60,015 $20,214 $5,656

Total Lost TPV $11,710,119

Age in 2007 (Males)

Table 3.23 Premature Mortality: Males (With ICD-10 Correction) 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 71 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

Total

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

73

Table 3.24. Age at Death for Females: Drug-Induced (Without ICD-10 Correction)

Year 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+ Total

1968 11 1 3 59 102 128 143 174 215 217 213 196 146 90 68 57 44 1,867

1969 13 0 10 114 157 180 135 182 205 243 237 195 152 121 89 62 42 2,1371970 16 2 10 143 226 175 151 168 191 224 220 198 176 118 90 55 52 2,2151971 27 3 11 182 296 207 154 194 230 248 218 174 142 117 104 47 51 2,4051972 10 4 22 118 264 258 164 154 184 222 172 190 184 110 62 46 68 2,2321973 16 2 8 104 262 188 159 130 167 175 191 149 124 103 83 64 48 1,9731974 10 1 9 121 252 222 141 133 143 171 174 141 123 102 77 57 38 1,9151975 8 3 4 88 280 249 158 103 160 168 136 133 97 98 65 45 48 1,8431976 6 1 7 89 263 235 160 105 139 132 120 109 108 92 64 52 46 1,7281977 11 2 5 50 203 176 134 98 116 121 115 125 93 89 72 54 48 1,5121978 12 0 3 43 152 193 133 104 101 131 103 113 68 77 55 39 40 1,3671979 24 1 9 83 244 299 287 260 196 215 235 178 166 111 91 55 65 2,5191980 11 4 4 69 216 280 273 222 200 173 183 174 128 102 67 66 65 2,2371981 9 5 9 83 171 255 270 197 192 196 180 233 130 101 71 50 53 2,2051982 16 1 4 80 185 281 280 246 186 164 193 161 130 88 79 53 80 2,2271983 10 4 14 56 173 283 293 238 195 168 181 152 119 88 87 75 81 2,2171984 6 1 1 63 149 261 323 240 199 184 161 141 134 89 79 51 85 2,1671985 6 2 19 62 151 257 364 262 193 188 128 129 106 89 75 72 72 2,1751986 10 2 7 75 146 273 390 360 237 187 160 129 134 95 72 77 61 2,4151987 5 2 3 86 124 267 393 354 242 151 165 142 101 103 73 67 83 2,3611988 4 2 14 87 138 256 382 398 282 186 131 127 145 87 80 55 88 2,4621989 10 3 16 89 117 278 385 371 307 204 128 141 94 95 58 69 83 2,4481990 9 2 16 59 108 212 308 354 278 190 147 149 95 104 76 60 77 2,2441991 10 3 13 61 119 186 314 390 309 227 137 129 122 93 63 54 71 2,3011992 14 2 15 68 96 196 357 429 349 252 159 98 107 97 78 59 86 2,4621993 14 6 17 55 124 203 388 467 429 258 176 121 101 81 70 49 97 2,6561994 11 4 14 59 107 225 384 482 452 294 193 143 105 69 67 52 103 2,7641995 13 0 9 53 124 186 374 495 504 322 189 102 84 61 61 45 78 2,7001996 13 4 9 52 124 230 375 526 552 406 206 125 97 68 70 58 85 3,0001997 7 7 8 57 102 236 361 538 616 423 261 154 91 77 64 57 72 3,1311998 10 6 5 66 124 224 384 613 703 462 315 178 89 77 66 53 95 3,4701999 9 4 4 87 194 323 577 945 1,059 840 490 209 123 86 68 81 106 5,2052000 8 3 13 100 200 327 552 937 1,185 942 510 294 123 79 73 44 98 5,4882001 6 3 8 111 250 327 580 1,030 1,311 1,060 702 288 159 85 76 53 97 6,1462002 22 1 9 133 344 403 693 1,145 1,628 1,523 862 424 213 134 90 74 127 7,8252003 16 5 7 154 396 471 741 1,212 1,717 1,654 1,054 519 234 138 86 92 115 8,6112004 15 7 23 165 425 531 770 1,210 1,890 1,892 1,228 623 281 140 93 82 121 9,4962005 11 3 15 127 381 502 658 991 1,506 1,645 1,194 572 263 136 86 66 113 8,2692006 27 3 17 199 544 767 842 1,319 2,005 2,324 1,772 945 353 194 96 72 159 11,6382007 19 3 16 163 463 635 750 1,155 1,756 1,985 1,483 759 308 165 91 69 136 9,954

Total 485 112 410 3,713 8,496 11,385 14,680 18,931 22,529 20,767 14,822 9,262 5,748 4,049 3,035 2,388 3,177 143,987

Age at Death for Females (Drug-Induced and Drug-Related)

0

5,000

25,00020,00015,00010,000

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+

Table 3.24 Age at Death for Females: Drug Induced (Without ICD-10 Correction) 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 72 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

74

Table 3.25. Age at Death for Females: Drug-Induced (With ICD-10 Correction)

Year 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+ Total

1968 13 1 4 71 122 154 172 209 258 260 256 235 175 108 82 68 53 2,240

1969 16 0 12 137 188 216 162 218 246 292 284 234 182 145 107 74 50 2,5641970 19 2 12 172 271 210 181 202 229 269 264 238 211 142 108 66 62 2,6581971 32 4 13 218 355 248 185 233 276 298 262 209 170 140 125 56 61 2,8861972 12 5 26 142 317 310 197 185 221 266 206 228 221 132 74 55 82 2,6781973 19 2 10 125 314 226 191 156 200 210 229 179 149 124 100 77 58 2,3681974 12 1 11 145 302 266 169 160 172 205 209 169 148 122 92 68 46 2,2981975 10 4 5 106 336 299 190 124 192 202 163 160 116 118 78 54 58 2,2121976 7 1 8 107 316 282 192 126 167 158 144 131 130 110 77 62 55 2,0741977 13 2 6 60 244 211 161 118 139 145 138 150 112 107 86 65 58 1,8141978 14 0 4 52 182 232 160 125 121 157 124 136 82 92 66 47 48 1,6401979 29 1 11 100 293 359 344 312 235 258 282 214 199 133 109 66 78 3,0231980 13 5 5 83 259 336 328 266 240 208 220 209 154 122 80 79 78 2,6841981 11 6 11 100 205 306 324 236 230 235 216 280 156 121 85 60 64 2,6461982 19 1 5 96 222 337 336 295 223 197 232 193 156 106 95 64 96 2,6721983 12 5 17 67 208 340 352 286 234 202 217 182 143 106 104 90 97 2,6601984 7 1 1 76 179 313 388 288 239 221 193 169 161 107 95 61 102 2,6001985 7 2 23 74 181 308 437 314 232 226 154 155 127 107 90 86 86 2,6101986 12 2 8 90 175 328 468 432 284 224 192 155 161 114 86 92 73 2,8981987 6 2 4 103 149 320 472 425 290 181 198 170 121 124 88 80 100 2,8331988 5 2 17 104 166 307 458 478 338 223 157 152 174 104 96 66 106 2,9541989 12 4 19 107 140 334 462 445 368 245 154 169 113 114 70 83 100 2,9381990 11 2 19 71 130 254 370 425 334 228 176 179 114 125 91 72 92 2,6931991 12 4 16 73 143 223 377 468 371 272 164 155 146 112 76 65 85 2,7611992 17 2 18 82 115 235 428 515 419 302 191 118 128 116 94 71 103 2,9541993 17 7 20 66 149 244 466 560 515 310 211 145 121 97 84 59 116 3,1871994 13 5 17 71 128 270 461 578 542 353 232 172 126 83 80 62 124 3,3171995 16 0 11 64 149 223 449 594 605 386 227 122 101 73 73 54 94 3,2401996 16 5 11 62 149 276 450 631 662 487 247 150 116 82 84 70 102 3,6001997 8 8 10 68 122 283 433 646 739 508 313 185 109 92 77 68 86 3,7571998 12 7 6 79 149 269 461 736 844 554 378 214 107 92 79 64 114 4,1641999 9 4 4 87 194 323 577 945 1,059 840 490 209 123 86 68 81 106 5,2052000 8 3 13 100 200 327 552 937 1,185 942 510 294 123 79 73 44 98 5,4882001 6 3 8 111 250 327 580 1,030 1,311 1,060 702 288 159 85 76 53 97 6,1462002 22 1 9 133 344 403 693 1,145 1,628 1,523 862 424 213 134 90 74 127 7,8252003 16 5 7 154 396 471 741 1,212 1,717 1,654 1,054 519 234 138 86 92 115 8,6112004 15 7 23 165 425 531 770 1,210 1,890 1,892 1,228 623 281 140 93 82 121 9,4962005 11 3 15 127 381 502 658 991 1,506 1,645 1,194 572 263 136 86 66 113 8,2692006 27 3 17 199 544 767 842 1,319 2,005 2,324 1,772 945 353 194 96 72 159 11,6382007 19 3 16 163 463 635 750 1,155 1,756 1,985 1,483 759 308 165 91 69 136 9,954

Total 555 128 470 4,208 9,555 12,804 16,383 20,728 24,223 22,147 15,927 10,187 6,486 4,627 3,490 2,739 3,598 158,258

Age at Death for Females (Drug-Induced and Drug-Related)

0

5,000

25,00020,00015,00010,000

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+

Table 3.25 Age at Death for Females: Drug-Induced (With ICD-10 Correction) 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 73 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

75

Table 3.26. Age at Death for All Females

Year 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+ Total

1968 37,998 3,674 3,016 5,436 5,751 5,586 6,862 10,939 17,941 26,617 35,439 46,940 60,047 79,964 102,646 124,223 269,508 842,587

1969 37,291 3,566 3,135 5,825 6,093 5,744 7,045 10,701 17,615 26,208 34,868 46,644 59,295 79,354 101,224 122,482 273,715 840,8051970 36,928 3,360 3,022 5,833 6,378 6,023 6,898 10,457 16,973 26,522 35,713 47,267 60,495 79,101 101,579 122,408 273,960 842,9171971 33,873 3,316 3,118 6,066 6,586 6,144 7,041 10,028 16,622 25,867 35,544 46,601 61,393 77,400 101,040 123,620 286,335 850,5941972 30,344 3,218 3,108 6,108 6,646 6,314 7,194 9,802 16,098 25,600 35,340 46,924 62,150 81,022 103,258 126,476 298,620 868,2221973 28,313 3,065 2,992 6,207 6,617 6,347 7,275 9,762 15,409 24,989 35,824 47,277 62,630 80,505 102,257 125,915 311,304 876,6881974 26,782 2,626 2,872 5,774 6,347 6,409 7,108 9,082 14,593 23,438 34,964 45,561 62,203 79,612 101,235 121,574 313,055 863,2351975 25,732 2,480 2,573 5,657 6,425 6,350 6,925 8,715 13,591 22,227 33,865 45,290 60,442 78,217 98,241 118,578 307,269 842,5771976 24,684 2,423 2,437 5,585 6,292 6,492 6,818 8,472 12,884 21,354 33,429 45,436 61,053 79,212 97,468 119,670 324,404 858,1131977 23,743 2,291 2,411 5,889 6,511 6,369 7,016 8,518 12,675 20,417 32,639 45,323 60,674 79,720 98,045 117,590 324,105 853,9361978 23,475 2,305 2,245 5,753 6,775 6,592 7,056 8,564 12,430 19,915 31,957 45,571 60,946 80,563 100,299 119,798 338,847 873,0911979 23,264 2,121 2,120 5,553 6,603 6,513 7,136 8,813 11,898 18,444 30,715 44,868 59,942 80,091 100,252 119,702 341,582 869,6171980 23,190 2,106 2,060 5,553 6,635 6,727 7,528 8,860 12,004 18,352 30,429 46,023 62,078 83,939 105,543 125,528 369,044 915,5991981 22,518 1,839 1,940 4,970 6,423 6,745 7,810 8,861 11,630 17,728 29,523 45,549 62,589 83,692 105,259 123,837 373,651 914,5641982 21,713 1,850 1,874 4,555 6,223 6,590 7,445 8,945 11,737 17,040 28,140 44,501 63,521 83,563 106,843 126,822 377,959 919,3211983 21,003 1,742 1,776 4,382 5,918 6,607 7,366 9,047 11,951 16,864 27,722 44,721 64,595 84,820 110,126 130,823 398,594 948,0571984 20,497 1,672 1,839 4,310 5,906 6,514 7,694 9,578 12,454 16,961 26,500 43,845 65,049 85,641 111,794 133,863 409,541 963,6581985 20,218 1,747 1,717 4,264 5,570 6,543 8,001 9,910 12,470 17,122 26,290 43,041 65,908 86,594 113,251 137,611 428,999 989,2561986 19,941 1,660 1,657 4,463 5,684 6,905 8,453 10,491 13,034 17,091 25,814 41,189 65,667 88,154 114,595 139,348 437,747 1,001,8931987 19,872 1,679 1,513 4,382 5,468 7,107 8,902 10,873 13,296 17,524 25,601 40,553 64,535 89,119 114,164 141,037 450,553 1,016,1781988 20,159 1,790 1,674 4,365 5,315 7,185 9,017 11,207 13,866 18,112 25,500 40,227 64,314 89,718 115,197 144,034 471,586 1,043,2661989 20,516 1,817 1,699 4,322 5,061 7,027 9,393 11,143 14,501 18,180 25,365 38,554 62,068 89,383 113,714 144,290 470,202 1,037,2351990 19,503 1,641 1,688 4,070 4,851 6,820 9,270 11,530 14,656 18,801 25,259 37,395 60,814 89,125 113,034 143,378 474,175 1,036,0101991 18,982 1,643 1,589 3,974 4,987 6,522 9,460 12,050 15,583 19,310 25,425 37,286 59,527 88,242 114,870 143,696 485,768 1,048,9141992 18,089 1,526 1,623 3,689 4,706 6,306 9,331 12,485 15,886 19,941 25,908 36,584 57,712 86,989 117,056 143,621 492,885 1,054,3371993 17,632 1,729 1,748 3,860 4,768 6,359 9,666 13,173 16,538 21,222 27,240 37,274 57,588 88,054 120,422 149,220 531,242 1,107,7351994 16,895 1,569 1,740 3,857 4,678 6,270 9,883 13,767 17,051 22,338 28,206 37,269 55,829 86,522 121,201 149,037 541,143 1,117,2551995 15,780 1,580 1,824 4,044 4,491 6,141 9,833 14,183 18,031 23,051 29,107 37,872 55,538 85,057 122,080 151,249 560,240 1,140,1011996 15,163 1,587 1,760 4,002 4,189 5,942 9,206 13,737 18,079 24,023 29,532 37,827 54,926 83,523 121,489 153,970 573,211 1,152,1661997 14,668 1,617 1,715 4,022 4,270 5,540 8,355 13,136 18,213 23,691 30,711 39,036 54,268 81,110 119,544 156,110 585,253 1,161,2591998 14,963 1,501 1,624 3,905 4,065 5,291 8,064 13,247 18,577 23,749 31,121 39,836 53,953 79,724 120,217 158,171 603,117 1,181,1251999 14,372 1,514 1,610 4,033 4,278 5,196 7,657 13,156 19,055 24,867 32,566 41,537 54,922 79,296 118,657 163,628 630,481 1,216,8252000 14,309 1,420 1,627 3,894 4,408 5,097 7,539 12,937 19,663 25,769 34,302 42,422 55,334 77,955 116,157 164,512 639,517 1,226,8622001 14,133 1,376 1,574 3,812 4,531 5,256 7,765 13,209 20,391 27,176 36,171 43,816 55,583 76,257 113,401 162,503 647,064 1,234,0182002 14,168 1,327 1,653 3,991 4,695 5,051 7,647 12,759 20,868 28,412 36,369 45,704 56,471 75,161 111,116 160,646 659,012 1,245,0502003 14,296 1,269 1,564 3,921 5,055 5,245 7,530 12,370 20,757 29,087 37,139 47,248 59,019 74,631 107,718 158,001 662,781 1,247,6312004 14,392 1,254 1,603 4,051 4,844 5,253 7,326 11,499 20,271 29,462 37,190 47,859 59,010 73,689 103,391 150,576 645,536 1,217,2062005 11,802 1,067 1,175 3,197 4,081 4,344 6,046 9,508 16,684 25,036 32,443 41,321 50,418 62,027 85,708 125,533 564,772 1,045,1622006 14,674 1,191 1,355 3,853 5,031 5,752 7,088 11,407 19,585 30,323 39,697 51,779 60,866 73,295 98,908 143,636 657,284 1,225,7242007 13,238 1,129 1,265 3,525 4,556 5,048 6,567 10,458 18,135 27,680 36,070 46,550 55,642 67,661 92,308 134,585 611,028 1,135,443

Total 839,113 78,287 79,535 184,952 217,711 244,266 314,216 437,379 633,695 900,510 1,255,637 1,730,520 2,389,014 3,247,702 4,335,307 5,521,301 18,415,089 40,824,232

Age at Death for All Females

0

8,000,0006,000,0004,000,0002,000,000

20,000,00018,000,00016,000,00014,000,00012,000,00010,000,000

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+

Table 3.26 Age at Death for All Females 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 74 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

76

Table 3.27. Age at Death for All Females: Proportion

Year 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+

1968 0.0451 0.0044 0.0036 0.0065 0.0068 0.0066 0.0081 0.0130 0.0213 0.0316 0.0421 0.0557 0.0713 0.0949 0.1218 0.1474 0.3199

1969 0.0444 0.0042 0.0037 0.0069 0.0072 0.0068 0.0084 0.0127 0.0210 0.0312 0.0415 0.0555 0.0705 0.0944 0.1204 0.1457 0.32551970 0.0438 0.0040 0.0036 0.0069 0.0076 0.0071 0.0082 0.0124 0.0201 0.0315 0.0424 0.0561 0.0718 0.0938 0.1205 0.1452 0.32501971 0.0398 0.0039 0.0037 0.0071 0.0077 0.0072 0.0083 0.0118 0.0195 0.0304 0.0418 0.0548 0.0722 0.0910 0.1188 0.1453 0.33661972 0.0349 0.0037 0.0036 0.0070 0.0077 0.0073 0.0083 0.0113 0.0185 0.0295 0.0407 0.0540 0.0716 0.0933 0.1189 0.1457 0.34391973 0.0323 0.0035 0.0034 0.0071 0.0075 0.0072 0.0083 0.0111 0.0176 0.0285 0.0409 0.0539 0.0714 0.0918 0.1166 0.1436 0.35511974 0.0310 0.0030 0.0033 0.0067 0.0074 0.0074 0.0082 0.0105 0.0169 0.0272 0.0405 0.0528 0.0721 0.0922 0.1173 0.1408 0.36271975 0.0305 0.0029 0.0031 0.0067 0.0076 0.0075 0.0082 0.0103 0.0161 0.0264 0.0402 0.0538 0.0717 0.0928 0.1166 0.1407 0.36471976 0.0288 0.0028 0.0028 0.0065 0.0073 0.0076 0.0079 0.0099 0.0150 0.0249 0.0390 0.0529 0.0711 0.0923 0.1136 0.1395 0.37801977 0.0278 0.0027 0.0028 0.0069 0.0076 0.0075 0.0082 0.0100 0.0148 0.0239 0.0382 0.0531 0.0711 0.0934 0.1148 0.1377 0.37951978 0.0269 0.0026 0.0026 0.0066 0.0078 0.0076 0.0081 0.0098 0.0142 0.0228 0.0366 0.0522 0.0698 0.0923 0.1149 0.1372 0.38811979 0.0268 0.0024 0.0024 0.0064 0.0076 0.0075 0.0082 0.0101 0.0137 0.0212 0.0353 0.0516 0.0689 0.0921 0.1153 0.1376 0.39281980 0.0253 0.0023 0.0022 0.0061 0.0072 0.0073 0.0082 0.0097 0.0131 0.0200 0.0332 0.0503 0.0678 0.0917 0.1153 0.1371 0.40311981 0.0246 0.0020 0.0021 0.0054 0.0070 0.0074 0.0085 0.0097 0.0127 0.0194 0.0323 0.0498 0.0684 0.0915 0.1151 0.1354 0.40861982 0.0236 0.0020 0.0020 0.0050 0.0068 0.0072 0.0081 0.0097 0.0128 0.0185 0.0306 0.0484 0.0691 0.0909 0.1162 0.1380 0.41111983 0.0222 0.0018 0.0019 0.0046 0.0062 0.0070 0.0078 0.0095 0.0126 0.0178 0.0292 0.0472 0.0681 0.0895 0.1162 0.1380 0.42041984 0.0213 0.0017 0.0019 0.0045 0.0061 0.0068 0.0080 0.0099 0.0129 0.0176 0.0275 0.0455 0.0675 0.0889 0.1160 0.1389 0.42501985 0.0204 0.0018 0.0017 0.0043 0.0056 0.0066 0.0081 0.0100 0.0126 0.0173 0.0266 0.0435 0.0666 0.0875 0.1145 0.1391 0.43371986 0.0199 0.0017 0.0017 0.0045 0.0057 0.0069 0.0084 0.0105 0.0130 0.0171 0.0258 0.0411 0.0655 0.0880 0.1144 0.1391 0.43691987 0.0196 0.0017 0.0015 0.0043 0.0054 0.0070 0.0088 0.0107 0.0131 0.0172 0.0252 0.0399 0.0635 0.0877 0.1123 0.1388 0.44341988 0.0193 0.0017 0.0016 0.0042 0.0051 0.0069 0.0086 0.0107 0.0133 0.0174 0.0244 0.0386 0.0616 0.0860 0.1104 0.1381 0.45201989 0.0198 0.0018 0.0016 0.0042 0.0049 0.0068 0.0091 0.0107 0.0140 0.0175 0.0245 0.0372 0.0598 0.0862 0.1096 0.1391 0.45331990 0.0188 0.0016 0.0016 0.0039 0.0047 0.0066 0.0089 0.0111 0.0141 0.0181 0.0244 0.0361 0.0587 0.0860 0.1091 0.1384 0.45771991 0.0181 0.0016 0.0015 0.0038 0.0048 0.0062 0.0090 0.0115 0.0149 0.0184 0.0242 0.0355 0.0568 0.0841 0.1095 0.1370 0.46311992 0.0172 0.0014 0.0015 0.0035 0.0045 0.0060 0.0089 0.0118 0.0151 0.0189 0.0246 0.0347 0.0547 0.0825 0.1110 0.1362 0.46751993 0.0159 0.0016 0.0016 0.0035 0.0043 0.0057 0.0087 0.0119 0.0149 0.0192 0.0246 0.0336 0.0520 0.0795 0.1087 0.1347 0.47961994 0.0151 0.0014 0.0016 0.0035 0.0042 0.0056 0.0088 0.0123 0.0153 0.0200 0.0252 0.0334 0.0500 0.0774 0.1085 0.1334 0.48441995 0.0138 0.0014 0.0016 0.0035 0.0039 0.0054 0.0086 0.0124 0.0158 0.0202 0.0255 0.0332 0.0487 0.0746 0.1071 0.1327 0.49141996 0.0132 0.0014 0.0015 0.0035 0.0036 0.0052 0.0080 0.0119 0.0157 0.0209 0.0256 0.0328 0.0477 0.0725 0.1054 0.1336 0.49751997 0.0126 0.0014 0.0015 0.0035 0.0037 0.0048 0.0072 0.0113 0.0157 0.0204 0.0264 0.0336 0.0467 0.0698 0.1029 0.1344 0.50401998 0.0127 0.0013 0.0014 0.0033 0.0034 0.0045 0.0068 0.0112 0.0157 0.0201 0.0263 0.0337 0.0457 0.0675 0.1018 0.1339 0.51061999 0.0118 0.0012 0.0013 0.0033 0.0035 0.0043 0.0063 0.0108 0.0157 0.0204 0.0268 0.0341 0.0451 0.0652 0.0975 0.1345 0.51812000 0.0117 0.0012 0.0013 0.0032 0.0036 0.0042 0.0061 0.0105 0.0160 0.0210 0.0280 0.0346 0.0451 0.0635 0.0947 0.1341 0.52132001 0.0115 0.0011 0.0013 0.0031 0.0037 0.0043 0.0063 0.0107 0.0165 0.0220 0.0293 0.0355 0.0450 0.0618 0.0919 0.1317 0.52442002 0.0114 0.0011 0.0013 0.0032 0.0038 0.0041 0.0061 0.0102 0.0168 0.0228 0.0292 0.0367 0.0454 0.0604 0.0892 0.1290 0.52932003 0.0115 0.0010 0.0013 0.0031 0.0041 0.0042 0.0060 0.0099 0.0166 0.0233 0.0298 0.0379 0.0473 0.0598 0.0863 0.1266 0.53122004 0.0118 0.0010 0.0013 0.0033 0.0040 0.0043 0.0060 0.0094 0.0167 0.0242 0.0306 0.0393 0.0485 0.0605 0.0849 0.1237 0.53032005 0.0113 0.0010 0.0011 0.0031 0.0039 0.0042 0.0058 0.0091 0.0160 0.0240 0.0310 0.0395 0.0482 0.0593 0.0820 0.1201 0.54042006 0.0120 0.0010 0.0011 0.0031 0.0041 0.0047 0.0058 0.0093 0.0160 0.0247 0.0324 0.0422 0.0497 0.0598 0.0807 0.1172 0.53622007 0.0116 0.0010 0.0011 0.0031 0.0040 0.0044 0.0058 0.0092 0.0160 0.0243 0.0317 0.0409 0.0489 0.0596 0.0813 0.1186 0.5383

Mean 0.0217 0.0020 0.0020 0.0047 0.0055 0.0061 0.0078 0.0107 0.0156 0.0223 0.0314 0.0434 0.0599 0.0812 0.1076 0.1359 0.4421

Age at Death for All Females (Proportion)

0.500.450.400.350.300.250.200.150.100.050.00

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+

Table 3.27 Age at Death for All Females: Proportion 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 75 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

77

Table 3.28. Age at Death for All Females: 1-Cumulative Proportion

Year 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+

1968 0.9549 0.9505 0.9470 0.9405 0.9337 0.9271 0.9189 0.9059 0.8846 0.8530 0.8110 0.7553 0.6840 0.5891 0.4673 0.3199 0.1599

1969 0.9556 0.9514 0.9477 0.9408 0.9335 0.9267 0.9183 0.9056 0.8846 0.8534 0.8120 0.7565 0.6860 0.5916 0.4712 0.3255 0.16281970 0.9562 0.9522 0.9486 0.9417 0.9341 0.9270 0.9188 0.9064 0.8863 0.8548 0.8124 0.7564 0.6846 0.5907 0.4702 0.3250 0.16251971 0.9602 0.9563 0.9526 0.9455 0.9377 0.9305 0.9222 0.9104 0.8909 0.8605 0.8187 0.7639 0.6917 0.6008 0.4820 0.3366 0.16831972 0.9651 0.9613 0.9578 0.9507 0.9431 0.9358 0.9275 0.9162 0.8977 0.8682 0.8275 0.7734 0.7019 0.6085 0.4896 0.3439 0.17201973 0.9677 0.9642 0.9608 0.9537 0.9462 0.9389 0.9306 0.9195 0.9019 0.8734 0.8326 0.7786 0.7072 0.6154 0.4987 0.3551 0.17751974 0.9690 0.9659 0.9626 0.9559 0.9486 0.9411 0.9329 0.9224 0.9055 0.8783 0.8378 0.7850 0.7130 0.6208 0.5035 0.3627 0.18131975 0.9695 0.9665 0.9635 0.9567 0.9491 0.9416 0.9334 0.9230 0.9069 0.8805 0.8403 0.7866 0.7148 0.6220 0.5054 0.3647 0.18231976 0.9712 0.9684 0.9656 0.9591 0.9517 0.9442 0.9362 0.9263 0.9113 0.8864 0.8475 0.7945 0.7234 0.6311 0.5175 0.3780 0.18901977 0.9722 0.9695 0.9667 0.9598 0.9522 0.9447 0.9365 0.9265 0.9117 0.8878 0.8495 0.7965 0.7254 0.6321 0.5172 0.3795 0.18981978 0.9731 0.9705 0.9679 0.9613 0.9536 0.9460 0.9379 0.9281 0.9139 0.8911 0.8545 0.8023 0.7325 0.6402 0.5253 0.3881 0.19411979 0.9732 0.9708 0.9684 0.9620 0.9544 0.9469 0.9387 0.9286 0.9149 0.8937 0.8584 0.8068 0.7378 0.6457 0.5304 0.3928 0.19641980 0.9747 0.9724 0.9701 0.9641 0.9568 0.9495 0.9412 0.9316 0.9185 0.8984 0.8652 0.8149 0.7471 0.6554 0.5402 0.4031 0.20151981 0.9754 0.9734 0.9712 0.9658 0.9588 0.9514 0.9429 0.9332 0.9205 0.9011 0.8688 0.8190 0.7506 0.6591 0.5440 0.4086 0.20431982 0.9764 0.9744 0.9723 0.9674 0.9606 0.9534 0.9453 0.9356 0.9228 0.9043 0.8737 0.8253 0.7562 0.6653 0.5491 0.4111 0.20561983 0.9778 0.9760 0.9741 0.9695 0.9633 0.9563 0.9485 0.9390 0.9264 0.9086 0.8794 0.8322 0.7641 0.6746 0.5584 0.4204 0.21021984 0.9787 0.9770 0.9751 0.9706 0.9645 0.9577 0.9497 0.9398 0.9269 0.9093 0.8818 0.8363 0.7688 0.6799 0.5639 0.4250 0.21251985 0.9796 0.9778 0.9761 0.9718 0.9661 0.9595 0.9514 0.9414 0.9288 0.9115 0.8849 0.8414 0.7748 0.6872 0.5728 0.4337 0.21681986 0.9801 0.9784 0.9768 0.9723 0.9667 0.9598 0.9513 0.9409 0.9278 0.9108 0.8850 0.8439 0.7784 0.6904 0.5760 0.4369 0.21851987 0.9804 0.9788 0.9773 0.9730 0.9676 0.9606 0.9519 0.9412 0.9281 0.9108 0.8856 0.8457 0.7822 0.6945 0.5822 0.4434 0.22171988 0.9807 0.9790 0.9774 0.9732 0.9681 0.9612 0.9525 0.9418 0.9285 0.9112 0.8867 0.8482 0.7865 0.7005 0.5901 0.4520 0.22601989 0.9802 0.9785 0.9768 0.9727 0.9678 0.9610 0.9520 0.9412 0.9272 0.9097 0.8852 0.8481 0.7882 0.7021 0.5924 0.4533 0.22671990 0.9812 0.9796 0.9780 0.9740 0.9694 0.9628 0.9538 0.9427 0.9285 0.9104 0.8860 0.8499 0.7912 0.7052 0.5961 0.4577 0.22881991 0.9819 0.9803 0.9788 0.9750 0.9703 0.9641 0.9550 0.9436 0.9287 0.9103 0.8860 0.8505 0.7938 0.7096 0.6001 0.4631 0.23161992 0.9828 0.9814 0.9799 0.9764 0.9719 0.9659 0.9571 0.9452 0.9302 0.9112 0.8867 0.8520 0.7972 0.7147 0.6037 0.4675 0.23371993 0.9841 0.9825 0.9809 0.9775 0.9732 0.9674 0.9587 0.9468 0.9319 0.9127 0.8881 0.8545 0.8025 0.7230 0.6143 0.4796 0.23981994 0.9849 0.9835 0.9819 0.9785 0.9743 0.9687 0.9598 0.9475 0.9322 0.9122 0.8870 0.8536 0.8037 0.7262 0.6177 0.4844 0.24221995 0.9862 0.9848 0.9832 0.9796 0.9757 0.9703 0.9617 0.9492 0.9334 0.9132 0.8877 0.8545 0.8057 0.7311 0.6241 0.4914 0.24571996 0.9868 0.9855 0.9839 0.9805 0.9768 0.9717 0.9637 0.9518 0.9361 0.9152 0.8896 0.8568 0.8091 0.7366 0.6311 0.4975 0.24881997 0.9874 0.9860 0.9845 0.9810 0.9774 0.9726 0.9654 0.9541 0.9384 0.9180 0.8916 0.8579 0.8112 0.7414 0.6384 0.5040 0.25201998 0.9873 0.9861 0.9847 0.9814 0.9779 0.9735 0.9666 0.9554 0.9397 0.9196 0.8932 0.8595 0.8138 0.7463 0.6445 0.5106 0.25531999 0.9882 0.9869 0.9856 0.9823 0.9788 0.9745 0.9682 0.9574 0.9418 0.9213 0.8946 0.8604 0.8153 0.7501 0.6526 0.5181 0.25912000 0.9883 0.9872 0.9859 0.9827 0.9791 0.9749 0.9688 0.9582 0.9422 0.9212 0.8933 0.8587 0.8136 0.7500 0.6554 0.5213 0.26062001 0.9885 0.9874 0.9862 0.9831 0.9794 0.9751 0.9688 0.9581 0.9416 0.9196 0.8903 0.8548 0.8097 0.7479 0.6560 0.5244 0.26222002 0.9886 0.9876 0.9862 0.9830 0.9793 0.9752 0.9691 0.9588 0.9420 0.9192 0.8900 0.8533 0.8079 0.7476 0.6583 0.5293 0.26472003 0.9885 0.9875 0.9863 0.9831 0.9791 0.9749 0.9688 0.9589 0.9423 0.9190 0.8892 0.8513 0.8040 0.7442 0.6579 0.5312 0.26562004 0.9882 0.9871 0.9858 0.9825 0.9785 0.9742 0.9682 0.9587 0.9421 0.9179 0.8873 0.8480 0.7995 0.7390 0.6540 0.5303 0.26522005 0.9887 0.9877 0.9866 0.9835 0.9796 0.9754 0.9697 0.9606 0.9446 0.9206 0.8896 0.8501 0.8018 0.7425 0.6605 0.5404 0.27022006 0.9880 0.9871 0.9860 0.9828 0.9787 0.9740 0.9682 0.9589 0.9429 0.9182 0.8858 0.8436 0.7939 0.7341 0.6534 0.5362 0.26812007 0.9884 0.9874 0.9863 0.9832 0.9792 0.9747 0.9689 0.9597 0.9438 0.9194 0.8877 0.8468 0.7979 0.7383 0.6570 0.5383 0.2692

Mean 0.9783 0.9762 0.9742 0.9695 0.9639 0.9578 0.9500 0.9393 0.9237 0.9014 0.8701 0.8267 0.7668 0.6856 0.5781 0.4421 0.2211

Age at Death for All Females (1-Cumulative Proportion)

1.000.900.800.700.600.500.400.300.200.100.00

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+

Table 3.28 Age at Death for All Females: 1-Cumulative Proportion 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 76 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

78

Table 3.29. Premature Mortality: Females (Without ICD-10 Correction)

Year 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+

1968 10 1 2 45 70 75 67 56 341969 12 0 8 86 108 106 64 59 331970 15 2 9 116 171 120 89 79 62 361971 25 3 9 149 226 143 93 94 77 421972 9 4 19 98 204 181 100 75 63 38

1973 15 2 7 87 204 133 98 65 59 311974 9 1 8 101 198 158 88 67 52 31

1975 7 3 4 77 235 196 113 64 81 61 251976 6 1 6 79 223 187 116 66 72 50 231977 10 2 5 44 172 140 97 62 60 46 221978 11 0 3 38 130 155 97 67 53 51 201979 23 1 8 74 209 241 212 168 104 84 461980 10 4 4 63 194 242 222 166 131 93 74 351981 9 5 8 76 154 222 221 148 127 107 74 48

1982 15 1 4 74 167 246 231 186 124 90 79 331983 10 4 13 52 157 249 244 182 132 94 76 32

1984 6 1 1 58 135 230 270 185 135 104 68 30

1985 6 2 18 58 140 234 322 220 150 129 73 56 231986 10 2 7 71 135 249 345 304 184 129 92 56 291987 5 2 3 81 115 243 348 299 189 105 96 63 22

1988 4 2 13 82 128 233 339 338 222 130 77 57 331989 10 3 15 84 108 253 341 315 242 143 76 64 21

1990 9 2 15 56 102 197 280 314 236 150 104 89 43 241991 10 3 13 58 112 173 286 346 263 180 97 77 57 221992 14 2 14 65 91 182 325 380 297 201 114 59 50 231993 14 6 16 53 117 189 354 415 367 207 127 74 48 191994 11 4 14 57 101 210 350 428 386 236 140 88 51 171995 13 0 9 51 119 177 349 452 447 275 82 61 52 30 151996 13 4 9 51 119 219 351 481 491 348 101 71 61 34 171997 7 7 8 55 98 225 339 494 549 363 125 67 58 39 161998 10 6 5 64 120 214 361 564 628 397 145 66 57 39 171999 9 4 4 85 188 309 543 871 947 723 170 92 80 45 182000 8 8 3 13 97 194 313 520 863 1,059 809 239 92 81 41 19

2001 6 6 3 8 108 242 313 546 947 1,167 906 233 119 104 45 20

2002 22 22 1 9 130 333 386 653 1,053 1,449 1,300 343 159 140 71 242003 16 16 5 7 150 384 452 698 1,114 1,527 1,408 417 174 154 73 232004 15 15 7 23 161 411 509 725 1,111 1,677 1,604 498 208 184 74 25

2005 11 3 15 125 373 490 638 952 1,423 1,514 1,062 486 211 101 57 36 312006 27 3 17 196 532 747 815 1,265 1,891 2,134 1,570 797 280 142 63 39 432007 19 3 16 160 453 618 727 1,108 1,657 1,824 1,316 642 246 122 60 37 37

56 75 165 577 1,502 2,940 4,806 7,451 12,015 17,404 20,185 16,324 7,466 4,419 3,322 2,240 1,095

Market Productivity Value (MPV) By Age $5,057 $16,835 $28,336 $29,707 $33,543 $35,955 $37,045 $36,861 $30,497 $21,322 $6,528 $2,919 $1,271 $646Lost MPV By Age $2,916 $25,283 $83,320 $142,765 $249,917 $432,006 $644,738 $744,050 $497,838 $159,198 $28,845 $9,697 $2,848 $707Lost MPV With Attribution 0.82 $2,391 $20,732 $68,322 $117,067 $204,932 $354,245 $528,685 $610,121 $408,227 $130,542 $23,653 $7,951 $2,335 $580

Total Lost MPV $2,479,784Household Production Value (HPV) By Age $7,598 $12,801 $18,827 $22,337 $22,150 $20,588 $17,911 $16,370 $17,036 $17,702 $18,408 $17,550 $16,510 $12,862Lost HPV By Age $4,381 $19,225 $55,360 $107,346 $165,033 $247,365 $311,728 $330,426 $278,098 $132,169 $81,339 $58,300 $36,989 $14,086Lost HPV With Attribution 0.82 $3,593 $15,764 $45,395 $88,024 $135,327 $202,839 $255,617 $270,949 $228,041 $108,379 $66,698 $47,806 $30,331 $11,550Total Lost HPV $1,510,312Total Production Value (TPV) By Age $7,297 $44,507 $138,680 $250,111 $414,950 $679,370 $956,466 $1,074,476 $775,937 $291,367 $110,184 $67,996 $39,837 $14,793Lost TPV With Attribution 0.82 $5,984 $36,496 $113,717 $205,091 $340,259 $557,084 $784,302 $881,070 $636,268 $238,921 $90,351 $55,757 $32,666 $12,130

Total Lost TPV $3,990,096

Age in 2007 (Females)

Table 3.29 Premature Mortality: Females (Without ICD-10 Correction) 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 77 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

Total

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

79

Table 3.30. Premature Mortality: Females (With ICD-10 Correction)

Year 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+

1968 12 1 3 53 84 90 80 67 411969 14 0 10 103 129 128 76 71 401970 17 2 10 139 205 144 107 95 74 441971 29 3 11 179 271 172 111 112 93 501972 11 4 23 117 245 217 120 90 76 461973 18 2 8 104 245 160 117 78 71 371974 11 1 9 122 237 190 105 80 62 371975 9 3 4 93 282 235 136 77 97 74 301976 7 1 8 95 267 224 139 80 86 60 271977 12 2 5 53 207 168 117 74 72 55 261978 14 0 3 46 156 186 117 80 64 61 241979 27 1 10 89 251 289 254 201 125 101 55

1980 13 5 4 76 233 291 267 199 157 112 89 421981 10 6 10 92 185 266 265 177 152 128 88 57

1982 18 1 4 89 201 295 277 223 148 108 95 401983 11 5 16 62 189 299 293 218 158 113 91 38

1984 7 1 1 70 163 276 324 221 162 125 82 36

1985 7 2 22 70 168 281 387 265 179 155 88 67 281986 12 2 8 85 163 298 414 365 221 155 111 68 35

1987 6 2 3 97 138 292 418 359 227 126 115 76 27

1988 5 2 16 98 154 280 406 405 266 156 93 69 391989 12 3 18 101 130 303 409 378 290 172 91 77 26

1990 11 2 18 68 122 236 336 376 284 180 124 107 52 291991 12 3 15 70 135 207 343 415 315 216 117 93 68 261992 16 2 17 78 109 219 390 456 357 241 136 71 60 271993 16 7 20 63 141 227 425 498 440 248 153 89 58 231994 13 5 16 68 122 252 420 513 463 284 168 106 61 201995 15 0 11 62 143 212 419 542 537 330 99 74 63 36 18

1996 15 5 11 61 143 263 421 578 589 417 121 86 73 41 211997 8 8 9 67 118 270 407 593 659 435 150 81 70 47 19

1998 12 7 6 77 144 257 433 676 754 477 174 80 69 47 201999 9 4 4 85 188 309 543 871 947 723 170 92 80 45 182000 8 8 3 13 97 194 313 520 863 1,059 809 239 92 81 41 19

2001 6 6 3 8 108 242 313 546 947 1,167 906 233 119 104 45 20

2002 22 22 1 9 130 333 386 653 1,053 1,449 1,300 343 159 140 71 242003 16 16 5 7 150 384 452 698 1,114 1,527 1,408 417 174 154 73 232004 15 15 7 23 161 411 509 725 1,111 1,677 1,604 498 208 184 74 25

2005 11 3 15 125 373 490 638 952 1,423 1,514 1,062 486 211 101 57 36 312006 27 3 17 196 532 747 815 1,265 1,891 2,134 1,570 797 280 142 63 39 432007 19 3 16 160 453 618 727 1,108 1,657 1,824 1,316 642 246 122 60 37 37

56 75 173 591 1,518 3,011 4,980 7,819 12,687 18,599 21,868 17,854 8,432 5,061 3,802 2,596 1,267

Market Productivity Value (MPV) By Age $5,057 $16,835 $28,336 $29,707 $33,543 $35,955 $37,045 $36,861 $30,497 $21,322 $6,528 $2,919 $1,271 $646

Lost MPV By Age $2,990 $25,554 $85,327 $147,955 $262,277 $456,163 $688,996 $806,063 $544,493 $179,790 $33,035 $11,097 $3,300 $818Lost MPV With Attribution 0.82 $2,452 $20,954 $69,968 $121,323 $215,067 $374,053 $564,977 $660,972 $446,484 $147,428 $27,089 $9,100 $2,706 $671

Total Lost MPV $2,663,245Household Production Value (HPV) By Age $7,598 $12,801 $18,827 $22,337 $22,150 $20,588 $17,911 $16,370 $17,036 $17,702 $18,408 $17,550 $16,510 $12,862Lost HPV By Age $4,493 $19,431 $56,694 $111,248 $173,195 $261,197 $333,126 $357,966 $304,160 $149,265 $93,154 $66,722 $42,868 $16,292Lost HPV With Attribution 0.82 $3,684 $15,934 $46,489 $91,224 $142,020 $214,181 $273,163 $293,532 $249,412 $122,397 $76,386 $54,712 $35,152 $13,359Total Lost HPV $1,631,644Total Production Value (TPV) By Age $7,483 $44,985 $142,021 $259,203 $435,472 $717,359 $1,022,122 $1,164,029 $848,653 $329,055 $126,189 $77,819 $46,168 $17,110Lost TPV With Attribution 0.82 $6,136 $36,888 $116,457 $212,547 $357,087 $588,235 $838,140 $954,504 $695,896 $269,825 $103,475 $63,812 $37,858 $14,030

Total Lost TPV $4,294,889

Age in 2007 (Females)

Table 3.30 Premature Mortality: Females (With ICD-10 Correction) 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 78 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

Total

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

80

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

81

Appendix C. 

Refer to Chapter 3

Statistical Tables for Homicide

Table 3.31. Age at Death for Males: Drug-Induced. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Table 3.32. Age at Death for All Males. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Table 3.33. Age at Death for All Males: Proportion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Table 3.34. Age at Death for All Males: 1-Cumulative Proportion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Source (Tables 3.31–3.34): MCODPUD, 1968-2006 (NCHS, 1980-2009)

Table 3.35. Premature Mortality: Male Homicides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Source: Grosse et al., 2009; MCODPUD, 1968-2006 (NCHS, 1980-2009); NSDUH, 2007 

(SAMHSA, 2009b)

Table 3.36. Age at Death for Females: Drug-Induced. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Table 3.37. Age at Death for All Females. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

Table 3.38. Age at Death for All Females: Proportion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Table 3.39. Age at Death for All Females: 1-Cumulative Proportion. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90

Source (Tables 3.36–3.39): MCODPUD, 1968-2006 (NCHS, 1980-2009)

Table 3.40. Premature Mortality: Female Homicides. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91

Source: Grosse et al., 2009; MCODPUD, 1968-2006 (NCHS, 1980-2009); NSDUH, 2007 

(SAMHSA, 2009b)

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

82

Table 3.31. Age at Death for Males: Drug-Induced

Year 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+ Total

1968 189 64 112 941 1,590 1,511 1,322 1,212 1,126 955 686 529 369 263 144 86 71 11,170

1969 218 65 104 1,072 1,813 1,665 1,349 1,269 1,185 923 666 557 362 273 147 71 61 11,8001970 210 61 153 1,173 2,032 1,805 1,481 1,273 1,174 1,052 835 613 454 291 169 83 101 12,9601971 255 79 139 1,240 2,407 2,112 1,664 1,453 1,333 1,106 842 596 489 304 172 118 85 14,3941972 230 44 160 1,316 2,632 2,302 1,742 1,546 1,460 1,196 922 696 506 250 176 84 100 15,3621973 267 82 177 1,350 2,517 2,385 1,877 1,471 1,308 1,150 917 719 492 333 214 123 88 15,4701974 241 76 169 1,488 2,725 2,491 1,984 1,603 1,349 1,207 1,047 664 562 332 221 138 103 16,4001975 290 60 148 1,455 2,696 2,551 1,940 1,505 1,299 1,206 992 699 546 369 231 130 120 16,2371976 242 83 157 1,347 2,455 2,448 1,718 1,416 1,222 1,042 824 651 481 323 225 120 99 14,8531977 281 97 138 1,388 2,529 2,457 1,839 1,469 1,192 967 845 628 513 309 217 124 113 15,1061978 254 90 160 1,368 2,775 2,629 1,936 1,503 1,197 975 870 627 472 317 194 105 104 15,5761979 258 91 145 1,640 3,078 2,969 2,296 1,625 1,244 1,082 901 710 466 344 200 124 118 17,2911980 294 76 145 1,715 3,454 3,325 2,559 1,778 1,314 1,103 927 705 495 395 227 142 141 18,7951981 298 84 168 1,594 3,217 3,217 2,619 1,720 1,284 1,136 969 725 503 320 198 143 159 18,3541982 339 81 122 1,527 2,941 3,100 2,446 1,743 1,212 948 887 610 491 324 231 135 147 17,2841983 273 80 140 1,244 2,646 2,686 2,188 1,541 1,181 813 692 574 462 280 197 131 133 15,2611984 307 71 149 1,148 2,452 2,664 2,083 1,580 1,108 840 678 541 435 256 211 120 133 14,7761985 291 84 161 1,232 2,480 2,607 2,163 1,612 1,145 802 593 540 408 290 188 125 102 14,8231986 374 67 148 1,411 2,887 2,956 2,432 1,779 1,156 841 632 538 357 292 191 134 133 16,3281987 318 78 166 1,441 2,746 2,710 2,227 1,712 1,122 777 582 535 370 288 196 153 144 15,5651988 370 98 169 1,737 2,909 2,921 2,401 1,755 1,212 795 521 463 367 270 199 150 136 16,4731989 383 89 209 2,017 3,045 3,014 2,538 1,813 1,269 835 607 420 382 274 197 137 141 17,3701990 385 70 230 2,552 3,615 3,345 2,653 2,061 1,391 871 588 417 381 269 185 135 132 19,2801991 437 71 266 2,884 3,989 3,326 2,800 2,091 1,444 968 633 464 391 286 205 140 129 20,5241992 422 78 295 2,848 3,987 3,094 2,656 1,983 1,414 947 592 418 344 254 191 123 152 19,7981993 462 105 303 3,051 4,068 2,975 2,620 2,008 1,396 954 616 406 321 247 183 112 123 19,9501994 440 74 278 3,090 3,860 2,886 2,486 1,991 1,437 881 579 385 296 244 170 127 132 19,3561995 426 86 287 2,752 3,414 2,575 2,184 1,662 1,310 876 551 411 302 235 147 102 100 17,4201996 381 94 216 2,486 3,120 2,328 1,905 1,622 1,212 816 555 381 274 216 139 99 109 15,9531997 389 93 199 2,227 3,023 2,233 1,738 1,478 1,159 861 507 351 266 195 152 113 127 15,1111998 395 82 172 1,944 2,709 2,014 1,497 1,351 1,134 749 518 340 230 172 128 111 93 13,6391999 265 73 126 1,523 2,143 1,709 1,259 1,114 917 656 424 281 185 164 111 94 94 11,1382000 275 58 126 1,399 2,321 1,699 1,268 1,072 958 666 436 285 185 132 117 77 98 11,1722001 299 57 97 1,412 2,525 1,821 1,288 1,102 910 721 473 292 183 156 109 83 94 11,6222002 286 50 98 1,395 2,564 1,891 1,362 1,140 954 736 496 348 206 136 110 78 83 11,9332003 290 63 137 1,678 2,938 2,173 1,538 1,202 1,054 867 581 339 207 150 123 105 107 13,5522004 259 54 133 1,621 2,733 2,221 1,517 1,170 1,024 823 623 374 245 173 123 80 96 13,2692005 227 51 108 1,519 2,492 1,943 1,394 950 902 725 518 298 204 114 112 70 76 11,7032006 325 70 166 1,980 2,984 2,347 1,604 1,188 1,030 923 653 436 273 140 117 89 82 14,4072007 276 61 137 1,750 2,738 2,145 1,499 1,069 966 824 586 367 239 127 115 80 79 13,055

Total 12145 2929 6576 67,205 110,511 97,105 76,573 59,563 46,738 35,791 26,778 19,566 14,475 9,980 6,767 4,414 4,359 601,475

Age at Death for Males (Homicide)

0

80,00060,00040,00020,000

120,000100,000

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+

Table 3.31 Age at Death for Males: Drug Induced 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 81 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

83

Table 3.32. Age at Death for All Males

Year 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+ Total

1968 51,303 5,401 5,451 14,231 15,722 12,469 12,332 17,635 28,915 44,531 64,175 89,119 112,170 128,517 142,419 138,375 204,045 1,086,810

1969 50,072 5,335 5,395 15,316 17,188 13,305 12,630 17,503 28,891 44,520 63,028 88,422 111,143 128,187 138,099 136,136 205,349 1,080,5191970 49,408 5,072 5,454 15,267 17,952 13,500 12,936 17,062 28,292 44,372 63,140 88,617 112,317 128,688 136,559 135,499 205,189 1,079,3241971 45,468 4,871 5,324 15,746 18,990 14,071 13,042 16,868 26,962 43,137 62,574 86,970 112,017 127,754 135,982 136,908 211,440 1,078,1241972 41,094 4,512 5,434 16,280 19,480 14,996 13,578 16,516 26,516 43,584 63,936 87,458 115,356 131,772 139,398 140,058 217,272 1,097,2401973 38,242 4,487 5,501 16,798 20,059 15,940 14,315 16,691 25,606 42,459 62,975 86,454 114,545 133,242 139,121 137,500 223,954 1,097,8891974 35,977 4,037 5,173 16,305 19,610 15,849 14,288 15,867 24,029 40,747 61,798 83,189 111,553 131,992 138,059 132,058 222,192 1,072,7231975 33,981 3,740 4,760 15,699 19,973 16,766 14,193 15,626 22,937 38,249 60,260 81,250 109,103 130,551 135,990 129,925 219,106 1,052,1091976 32,307 3,641 4,458 15,074 19,353 16,516 13,789 15,159 22,138 36,823 58,679 81,113 108,865 131,561 136,302 131,161 226,377 1,053,3161977 31,666 3,571 4,363 15,642 20,140 17,025 14,711 15,581 21,502 35,178 57,177 80,460 106,679 130,075 138,346 129,674 225,805 1,047,5951978 31,033 3,380 4,149 15,544 20,680 17,193 15,184 16,207 21,163 33,830 56,019 80,100 106,753 131,053 141,062 131,708 231,706 1,056,7641979 30,645 3,210 3,781 15,625 21,193 18,431 16,105 16,379 20,836 32,479 53,964 78,990 103,675 129,304 140,292 132,364 229,213 1,046,4861980 30,633 3,012 3,606 15,295 21,858 19,170 17,095 16,923 20,890 31,599 53,162 80,247 104,386 132,717 145,139 138,375 242,845 1,076,9521981 29,198 2,816 3,452 13,511 20,329 19,260 17,800 17,013 20,847 30,972 51,026 78,058 104,300 130,586 145,278 138,478 243,225 1,066,1491982 28,626 2,741 3,217 12,553 19,015 18,348 17,350 17,406 20,341 29,644 48,688 75,479 104,276 130,395 145,880 141,271 242,729 1,057,9591983 27,544 2,557 3,141 11,437 17,595 17,690 17,354 17,548 20,975 28,824 46,817 75,277 104,902 130,446 149,702 147,034 254,662 1,073,5051984 26,566 2,494 3,118 11,001 17,843 17,855 18,089 18,775 21,970 28,924 45,147 73,347 105,608 129,460 150,398 148,289 259,234 1,078,1181985 27,282 2,442 3,075 10,908 17,458 18,321 19,231 20,638 23,001 29,264 44,237 72,387 105,680 130,476 152,982 152,841 269,019 1,099,2421986 26,541 2,452 3,090 11,851 18,191 19,710 21,713 23,102 23,987 29,455 43,078 69,344 103,331 130,844 152,664 154,461 271,670 1,105,4841987 26,105 2,646 2,956 11,330 17,105 19,526 22,394 24,124 25,387 30,200 42,853 67,253 101,501 131,378 152,173 155,997 276,647 1,109,5751988 26,292 2,586 2,919 11,747 16,968 19,769 23,437 25,529 27,088 31,710 42,433 65,368 100,385 132,199 152,229 158,850 287,827 1,127,3361989 26,533 2,523 2,939 11,338 16,016 20,054 24,334 26,836 28,678 32,821 42,240 63,169 96,849 130,122 148,806 157,290 285,510 1,116,0581990 25,892 2,375 2,779 11,742 16,333 19,907 24,362 27,713 29,950 33,230 41,669 60,697 94,320 128,655 147,957 158,102 289,629 1,115,3121991 25,115 2,303 2,992 11,423 16,313 19,093 24,838 28,624 32,127 34,493 41,799 59,510 92,306 126,663 149,757 158,511 297,701 1,123,5681992 23,412 2,256 2,874 10,810 15,575 18,171 24,979 29,725 33,455 36,727 42,795 58,285 89,070 124,515 150,198 158,441 303,084 1,124,3721993 23,007 2,224 3,018 11,233 15,848 17,848 26,023 31,287 35,298 38,195 45,511 59,305 87,979 125,710 154,438 163,892 322,883 1,163,6991994 21,706 2,206 3,019 11,510 15,419 17,234 26,152 32,114 36,802 40,335 47,364 58,853 85,730 122,268 154,469 161,603 327,826 1,164,6101995 20,281 2,231 3,022 11,134 14,813 16,686 25,347 32,423 37,888 42,713 48,437 59,006 83,645 119,636 154,816 164,555 338,051 1,174,6841996 19,380 2,216 2,823 10,756 13,760 14,953 21,373 28,910 35,608 43,193 47,948 59,140 82,396 116,928 152,770 167,574 345,781 1,165,5091997 18,965 2,061 2,741 10,333 13,154 13,865 18,023 25,171 33,163 41,570 49,286 59,332 79,895 114,063 150,350 170,005 353,935 1,155,9121998 18,761 2,052 2,666 10,010 12,922 13,009 16,431 24,116 33,208 41,834 50,140 61,047 79,451 110,429 149,427 171,632 362,029 1,159,1641999 18,375 1,979 2,544 9,840 12,758 12,665 15,834 23,779 33,544 43,427 52,516 63,600 79,481 107,794 147,664 175,053 376,314 1,177,1672000 18,294 1,864 2,563 9,768 13,526 12,754 15,392 23,378 34,198 45,262 55,423 64,610 79,111 104,200 143,716 173,528 381,873 1,179,4602001 18,166 1,749 2,461 9,819 14,326 13,140 15,862 23,841 34,534 46,685 58,423 65,968 79,342 102,342 139,705 171,507 387,154 1,185,0242002 18,316 1,720 2,514 9,924 14,694 13,072 15,891 22,723 35,078 47,833 60,152 69,966 81,723 100,781 136,670 169,843 399,983 1,200,8832003 18,781 1,654 2,530 9,777 15,071 13,174 15,689 21,853 34,837 49,282 61,722 72,379 84,476 100,542 131,369 167,571 403,457 1,204,1642004 18,408 1,656 2,373 9,732 15,032 13,669 14,894 20,621 33,342 48,691 62,837 73,595 84,834 98,695 124,670 160,500 400,279 1,183,8282005 15,451 1,279 1,873 8,241 13,004 11,879 12,649 16,790 27,775 41,066 54,494 65,256 73,356 82,621 104,693 134,281 352,226 1,016,9342006 18,581 1,560 2,084 9,982 16,262 15,294 15,150 20,259 32,200 49,232 66,394 81,667 87,891 98,970 119,715 154,446 414,982 1,204,6692007 17,016 1,420 1,979 9,112 14,633 13,587 13,900 18,525 29,988 45,149 60,444 73,462 80,624 90,796 112,204 144,364 383,604 1,110,802

Total 1,087,407 110,911 135,632 484,532 661,528 632,177 694,789 838,315 1,103,958 1,507,090 2,074,316 2,824,287 3,780,400 4,756,131 5,569,264 5,885,296 11,312,203 43,458,236

Age at Death for All Males

0

8,000,0006,000,0004,000,0002,000,000

12,000,00010,000,000

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+

Table 3.32 Age at Death for All Males 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 82 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

84

Table 3.33. Age at Death for All Males: Proportion

Year 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+

1968 0.0472 0.0050 0.0050 0.0131 0.0145 0.0115 0.0113 0.0162 0.0266 0.0410 0.0590 0.0820 0.1032 0.1183 0.1310 0.1273 0.18771969 0.0463 0.0049 0.0050 0.0142 0.0159 0.0123 0.0117 0.0162 0.0267 0.0412 0.0583 0.0818 0.1029 0.1186 0.1278 0.1260 0.19001970 0.0458 0.0047 0.0051 0.0141 0.0166 0.0125 0.0120 0.0158 0.0262 0.0411 0.0585 0.0821 0.1041 0.1192 0.1265 0.1255 0.19011971 0.0422 0.0045 0.0049 0.0146 0.0176 0.0131 0.0121 0.0156 0.0250 0.0400 0.0580 0.0807 0.1039 0.1185 0.1261 0.1270 0.19611972 0.0375 0.0041 0.0050 0.0148 0.0178 0.0137 0.0124 0.0151 0.0242 0.0397 0.0583 0.0797 0.1051 0.1201 0.1270 0.1276 0.19801973 0.0348 0.0041 0.0050 0.0153 0.0183 0.0145 0.0130 0.0152 0.0233 0.0387 0.0574 0.0787 0.1043 0.1214 0.1267 0.1252 0.20401974 0.0335 0.0038 0.0048 0.0152 0.0183 0.0148 0.0133 0.0148 0.0224 0.0380 0.0576 0.0775 0.1040 0.1230 0.1287 0.1231 0.20711975 0.0323 0.0036 0.0045 0.0149 0.0190 0.0159 0.0135 0.0149 0.0218 0.0364 0.0573 0.0772 0.1037 0.1241 0.1293 0.1235 0.20831976 0.0307 0.0035 0.0042 0.0143 0.0184 0.0157 0.0131 0.0144 0.0210 0.0350 0.0557 0.0770 0.1034 0.1249 0.1294 0.1245 0.21491977 0.0302 0.0034 0.0042 0.0149 0.0192 0.0163 0.0140 0.0149 0.0205 0.0336 0.0546 0.0768 0.1018 0.1242 0.1321 0.1238 0.21551978 0.0294 0.0032 0.0039 0.0147 0.0196 0.0163 0.0144 0.0153 0.0200 0.0320 0.0530 0.0758 0.1010 0.1240 0.1335 0.1246 0.21931979 0.0293 0.0031 0.0036 0.0149 0.0203 0.0176 0.0154 0.0157 0.0199 0.0310 0.0516 0.0755 0.0991 0.1236 0.1341 0.1265 0.21901980 0.0284 0.0028 0.0033 0.0142 0.0203 0.0178 0.0159 0.0157 0.0194 0.0293 0.0494 0.0745 0.0969 0.1232 0.1348 0.1285 0.22551981 0.0274 0.0026 0.0032 0.0127 0.0191 0.0181 0.0167 0.0160 0.0196 0.0291 0.0479 0.0732 0.0978 0.1225 0.1363 0.1299 0.22811982 0.0271 0.0026 0.0030 0.0119 0.0180 0.0173 0.0164 0.0165 0.0192 0.0280 0.0460 0.0713 0.0986 0.1233 0.1379 0.1335 0.22941983 0.0257 0.0024 0.0029 0.0107 0.0164 0.0165 0.0162 0.0163 0.0195 0.0269 0.0436 0.0701 0.0977 0.1215 0.1395 0.1370 0.23721984 0.0246 0.0023 0.0029 0.0102 0.0166 0.0166 0.0168 0.0174 0.0204 0.0268 0.0419 0.0680 0.0980 0.1201 0.1395 0.1375 0.24051985 0.0248 0.0022 0.0028 0.0099 0.0159 0.0167 0.0175 0.0188 0.0209 0.0266 0.0402 0.0659 0.0961 0.1187 0.1392 0.1390 0.24471986 0.0240 0.0022 0.0028 0.0107 0.0165 0.0178 0.0196 0.0209 0.0217 0.0266 0.0390 0.0627 0.0935 0.1184 0.1381 0.1397 0.24571987 0.0235 0.0024 0.0027 0.0102 0.0154 0.0176 0.0202 0.0217 0.0229 0.0272 0.0386 0.0606 0.0915 0.1184 0.1371 0.1406 0.24931988 0.0233 0.0023 0.0026 0.0104 0.0151 0.0175 0.0208 0.0226 0.0240 0.0281 0.0376 0.0580 0.0890 0.1173 0.1350 0.1409 0.25531989 0.0238 0.0023 0.0026 0.0102 0.0144 0.0180 0.0218 0.0240 0.0257 0.0294 0.0378 0.0566 0.0868 0.1166 0.1333 0.1409 0.25581990 0.0232 0.0021 0.0025 0.0105 0.0146 0.0178 0.0218 0.0248 0.0269 0.0298 0.0374 0.0544 0.0846 0.1154 0.1327 0.1418 0.25971991 0.0224 0.0020 0.0027 0.0102 0.0145 0.0170 0.0221 0.0255 0.0286 0.0307 0.0372 0.0530 0.0822 0.1127 0.1333 0.1411 0.26501992 0.0208 0.0020 0.0026 0.0096 0.0139 0.0162 0.0222 0.0264 0.0298 0.0327 0.0381 0.0518 0.0792 0.1107 0.1336 0.1409 0.26961993 0.0198 0.0019 0.0026 0.0097 0.0136 0.0153 0.0224 0.0269 0.0303 0.0328 0.0391 0.0510 0.0756 0.1080 0.1327 0.1408 0.27751994 0.0186 0.0019 0.0026 0.0099 0.0132 0.0148 0.0225 0.0276 0.0316 0.0346 0.0407 0.0505 0.0736 0.1050 0.1326 0.1388 0.28151995 0.0173 0.0019 0.0026 0.0095 0.0126 0.0142 0.0216 0.0276 0.0323 0.0364 0.0412 0.0502 0.0712 0.1018 0.1318 0.1401 0.28781996 0.0166 0.0019 0.0024 0.0092 0.0118 0.0128 0.0183 0.0248 0.0306 0.0371 0.0411 0.0507 0.0707 0.1003 0.1311 0.1438 0.29671997 0.0164 0.0018 0.0024 0.0089 0.0114 0.0120 0.0156 0.0218 0.0287 0.0360 0.0426 0.0513 0.0691 0.0987 0.1301 0.1471 0.30621998 0.0162 0.0018 0.0023 0.0086 0.0111 0.0112 0.0142 0.0208 0.0286 0.0361 0.0433 0.0527 0.0685 0.0953 0.1289 0.1481 0.31231999 0.0156 0.0017 0.0022 0.0084 0.0108 0.0108 0.0135 0.0202 0.0285 0.0369 0.0446 0.0540 0.0675 0.0916 0.1254 0.1487 0.31972000 0.0155 0.0016 0.0022 0.0083 0.0115 0.0108 0.0131 0.0198 0.0290 0.0384 0.0470 0.0548 0.0671 0.0883 0.1218 0.1471 0.32382001 0.0153 0.0015 0.0021 0.0083 0.0121 0.0111 0.0134 0.0201 0.0291 0.0394 0.0493 0.0557 0.0670 0.0864 0.1179 0.1447 0.32672002 0.0153 0.0014 0.0021 0.0083 0.0122 0.0109 0.0132 0.0189 0.0292 0.0398 0.0501 0.0583 0.0681 0.0839 0.1138 0.1414 0.33312003 0.0156 0.0014 0.0021 0.0081 0.0125 0.0109 0.0130 0.0181 0.0289 0.0409 0.0513 0.0601 0.0702 0.0835 0.1091 0.1392 0.33512004 0.0155 0.0014 0.0020 0.0082 0.0127 0.0115 0.0126 0.0174 0.0282 0.0411 0.0531 0.0622 0.0717 0.0834 0.1053 0.1356 0.33812005 0.0152 0.0013 0.0018 0.0081 0.0128 0.0117 0.0124 0.0165 0.0273 0.0404 0.0536 0.0642 0.0721 0.0812 0.1029 0.1320 0.34642006 0.0154 0.0013 0.0017 0.0083 0.0135 0.0127 0.0126 0.0168 0.0267 0.0409 0.0551 0.0678 0.0730 0.0822 0.0994 0.1282 0.34452007 0.0153 0.0013 0.0018 0.0082 0.0131 0.0122 0.0125 0.0167 0.0270 0.0406 0.0544 0.0660 0.0725 0.0817 0.1012 0.1301 0.3454

Mean 0.0250 0.0025 0.0031 0.0112 0.0153 0.0145 0.0159 0.0191 0.0253 0.0348 0.0480 0.0654 0.0872 0.1092 0.1277 0.1350 0.2608

Age at Death for All Males (Proportion)

0.300.250.200.150.100.050.00

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+

Table 3.33 Age at Death for All Males: Proportion 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 83 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

85

Table 3.34. Age at Death for All Males: 1-Cumulative Proportion

Year 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+

1968 0.9528 0.9478 0.9428 0.9297 0.9152 0.9038 0.8924 0.8762 0.8496 0.8086 0.7496 0.6676 0.5644 0.4461 0.3151 0.1877 0.0939

1969 0.9537 0.9487 0.9437 0.9296 0.9136 0.9013 0.8896 0.8734 0.8467 0.8055 0.7472 0.6653 0.5625 0.4438 0.3160 0.1900 0.09501970 0.9542 0.9495 0.9445 0.9303 0.9137 0.9012 0.8892 0.8734 0.8472 0.8061 0.7476 0.6655 0.5614 0.4422 0.3156 0.1901 0.09511971 0.9578 0.9533 0.9484 0.9338 0.9162 0.9031 0.8910 0.8754 0.8503 0.8103 0.7523 0.6716 0.5677 0.4492 0.3231 0.1961 0.09811972 0.9625 0.9584 0.9535 0.9386 0.9209 0.9072 0.8949 0.8798 0.8556 0.8159 0.7576 0.6779 0.5728 0.4527 0.3257 0.1980 0.09901973 0.9652 0.9611 0.9561 0.9408 0.9225 0.9080 0.8949 0.8797 0.8564 0.8177 0.7604 0.6816 0.5773 0.4559 0.3292 0.2040 0.10201974 0.9665 0.9627 0.9579 0.9427 0.9244 0.9096 0.8963 0.8815 0.8591 0.8211 0.7635 0.6860 0.5820 0.4589 0.3302 0.2071 0.10361975 0.9677 0.9641 0.9596 0.9447 0.9257 0.9098 0.8963 0.8814 0.8596 0.8233 0.7660 0.6888 0.5851 0.4610 0.3317 0.2083 0.10411976 0.9693 0.9659 0.9616 0.9473 0.9290 0.9133 0.9002 0.8858 0.8648 0.8298 0.7741 0.6971 0.5937 0.4688 0.3394 0.2149 0.10751977 0.9698 0.9664 0.9622 0.9473 0.9280 0.9118 0.8977 0.8829 0.8624 0.8288 0.7742 0.6974 0.5956 0.4714 0.3393 0.2155 0.10781978 0.9706 0.9674 0.9635 0.9488 0.9292 0.9130 0.8986 0.8833 0.8632 0.8312 0.7782 0.7024 0.6014 0.4774 0.3439 0.2193 0.10961979 0.9707 0.9676 0.9640 0.9491 0.9289 0.9112 0.8959 0.8802 0.8603 0.8293 0.7777 0.7022 0.6031 0.4796 0.3455 0.2190 0.10951980 0.9716 0.9688 0.9654 0.9512 0.9309 0.9131 0.8972 0.8815 0.8621 0.8328 0.7834 0.7089 0.6120 0.4887 0.3540 0.2255 0.11271981 0.9726 0.9700 0.9667 0.9541 0.9350 0.9169 0.9002 0.8843 0.8647 0.8357 0.7878 0.7146 0.6168 0.4943 0.3580 0.2281 0.11411982 0.9729 0.9704 0.9673 0.9554 0.9375 0.9201 0.9037 0.8873 0.8681 0.8400 0.7940 0.7227 0.6241 0.5009 0.3630 0.2294 0.11471983 0.9743 0.9720 0.9690 0.9584 0.9420 0.9255 0.9093 0.8930 0.8735 0.8466 0.8030 0.7329 0.6352 0.5136 0.3742 0.2372 0.11861984 0.9754 0.9730 0.9702 0.9599 0.9434 0.9268 0.9101 0.8926 0.8723 0.8454 0.8036 0.7355 0.6376 0.5175 0.3780 0.2405 0.12021985 0.9752 0.9730 0.9702 0.9602 0.9444 0.9277 0.9102 0.8914 0.8705 0.8439 0.8036 0.7378 0.6416 0.5229 0.3838 0.2447 0.12241986 0.9760 0.9738 0.9710 0.9603 0.9438 0.9260 0.9063 0.8854 0.8637 0.8371 0.7981 0.7354 0.6419 0.5236 0.3855 0.2457 0.12291987 0.9765 0.9741 0.9714 0.9612 0.9458 0.9282 0.9080 0.8863 0.8634 0.8362 0.7976 0.7369 0.6455 0.5271 0.3899 0.2493 0.12471988 0.9767 0.9744 0.9718 0.9614 0.9463 0.9288 0.9080 0.8854 0.8613 0.8332 0.7956 0.7376 0.6485 0.5313 0.3962 0.2553 0.12771989 0.9762 0.9740 0.9713 0.9612 0.9468 0.9289 0.9071 0.8830 0.8573 0.8279 0.7901 0.7335 0.6467 0.5301 0.3968 0.2558 0.12791990 0.9768 0.9747 0.9722 0.9616 0.9470 0.9291 0.9073 0.8825 0.8556 0.8258 0.7884 0.7340 0.6495 0.5341 0.4014 0.2597 0.12981991 0.9776 0.9756 0.9729 0.9628 0.9482 0.9313 0.9091 0.8837 0.8551 0.8244 0.7872 0.7342 0.6521 0.5393 0.4060 0.2650 0.13251992 0.9792 0.9772 0.9746 0.9650 0.9511 0.9350 0.9128 0.8863 0.8566 0.8239 0.7859 0.7340 0.6548 0.5441 0.4105 0.2696 0.13481993 0.9802 0.9783 0.9757 0.9661 0.9525 0.9371 0.9148 0.8879 0.8575 0.8247 0.7856 0.7346 0.6590 0.5510 0.4183 0.2775 0.13871994 0.9814 0.9795 0.9769 0.9670 0.9538 0.9390 0.9165 0.8889 0.8573 0.8227 0.7820 0.7315 0.6579 0.5529 0.4203 0.2815 0.14071995 0.9827 0.9808 0.9783 0.9688 0.9562 0.9420 0.9204 0.8928 0.8605 0.8242 0.7829 0.7327 0.6615 0.5597 0.4279 0.2878 0.14391996 0.9834 0.9815 0.9790 0.9698 0.9580 0.9452 0.9268 0.9020 0.8715 0.8344 0.7933 0.7426 0.6719 0.5715 0.4405 0.2967 0.14831997 0.9836 0.9818 0.9794 0.9705 0.9591 0.9471 0.9315 0.9098 0.8811 0.8451 0.8025 0.7511 0.6820 0.5833 0.4533 0.3062 0.15311998 0.9838 0.9820 0.9797 0.9711 0.9600 0.9487 0.9346 0.9138 0.8851 0.8490 0.8058 0.7531 0.6846 0.5893 0.4604 0.3123 0.15621999 0.9844 0.9827 0.9805 0.9722 0.9614 0.9506 0.9371 0.9169 0.8884 0.8516 0.8069 0.7529 0.6854 0.5938 0.4684 0.3197 0.15982000 0.9845 0.9829 0.9807 0.9725 0.9610 0.9502 0.9371 0.9173 0.8883 0.8499 0.8029 0.7482 0.6811 0.5927 0.4709 0.3238 0.16192001 0.9847 0.9832 0.9811 0.9728 0.9607 0.9497 0.9363 0.9162 0.8870 0.8476 0.7983 0.7426 0.6757 0.5893 0.4714 0.3267 0.16342002 0.9847 0.9833 0.9812 0.9730 0.9607 0.9498 0.9366 0.9177 0.8885 0.8486 0.7986 0.7403 0.6722 0.5883 0.4745 0.3331 0.16652003 0.9844 0.9830 0.9809 0.9728 0.9603 0.9494 0.9363 0.9182 0.8892 0.8483 0.7971 0.7370 0.6668 0.5833 0.4742 0.3351 0.16752004 0.9845 0.9831 0.9810 0.9728 0.9601 0.9486 0.9360 0.9186 0.8904 0.8493 0.7962 0.7340 0.6624 0.5790 0.4737 0.3381 0.16912005 0.9848 0.9835 0.9817 0.9736 0.9608 0.9491 0.9367 0.9202 0.8929 0.8525 0.7989 0.7347 0.6626 0.5814 0.4784 0.3464 0.17322006 0.9846 0.9833 0.9816 0.9733 0.9598 0.9471 0.9345 0.9177 0.8909 0.8501 0.7950 0.7272 0.6542 0.5721 0.4727 0.3445 0.17222007 0.9847 0.9834 0.9816 0.9734 0.9603 0.9481 0.9356 0.9189 0.8919 0.8513 0.7969 0.7310 0.6584 0.5767 0.4755 0.3454 0.1727

Mean 0.9750 0.9724 0.9693 0.9581 0.9429 0.9283 0.9124 0.8933 0.8680 0.8332 0.7852 0.7199 0.6327 0.5235 0.3958 0.2608 0.1304

Age at Death for All Males (1-Cumulative Proportion)

1.000.900.800.700.600.500.400.300.200.100.00

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+

Table 3.34 Age at Death for All Males: 1-Cumulative Proportion 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 84 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

86

Table 3.35. Premature Mortality: Male Homicides

Year 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+

1968 161 52 84 628 897 674 417 228 1061969 185 52 78 713 1,020 739 426 241 1131970 183 52 123 877 1,352 1,013 655 402 223 1001971 223 67 113 933 1,617 1,199 748 469 261 1081972 202 38 131 997 1,784 1,319 789 503 289 1181973 235 70 145 1,027 1,716 1,377 856 484 267 1171974 212 65 139 1,136 1,869 1,450 911 529 279 1251975 260 53 127 1,198 2,065 1,757 1,135 694 431 251 1031976 218 74 136 1,118 1,900 1,706 1,020 664 415 224 891977 252 86 119 1,150 1,958 1,713 1,095 692 404 208 911978 228 79 138 1,137 2,160 1,847 1,164 717 412 214 951979 231 80 125 1,360 2,394 2,085 1,385 779 430 237 991980 268 68 128 1,479 2,876 2,605 1,814 1,088 642 390 209 791981 273 76 149 1,378 2,688 2,534 1,872 1,061 635 407 221 831982 312 73 108 1,326 2,471 2,461 1,768 1,088 607 344 204 701983 253 73 125 1,087 2,240 2,157 1,604 979 607 304 164 681984 285 65 133 1,001 2,073 2,141 1,532 1,007 573 318 163 651985 275 78 147 1,098 2,159 2,200 1,738 1,189 735 419 228 132 501986 353 62 134 1,249 2,494 2,474 1,941 1,308 742 440 244 132 441987 301 72 151 1,277 2,371 2,266 1,776 1,262 724 410 227 133 461988 350 91 153 1,538 2,506 2,434 1,910 1,294 786 422 206 118 471989 363 83 190 1,781 2,611 2,495 2,005 1,330 821 443 241 107 491990 370 66 214 2,315 3,190 2,862 2,191 1,625 1,021 566 314 167 99 351991 421 67 248 2,622 3,525 2,844 2,308 1,646 1,060 631 341 188 104 381992 407 74 276 2,600 3,534 2,650 2,188 1,558 1,038 620 322 172 93 341993 446 100 284 2,791 3,612 2,551 2,161 1,577 1,026 629 339 170 89 341994 425 71 261 2,832 3,431 2,474 2,045 1,557 1,051 580 320 162 83 341995 417 83 274 2,592 3,142 2,299 1,879 1,370 1,026 642 272 169 129 68 211996 373 91 207 2,350 2,892 2,100 1,660 1,353 961 606 256 157 121 64 211997 381 90 191 2,109 2,816 2,031 1,531 1,249 930 647 239 155 121 60 231998 387 80 165 1,844 2,532 1,840 1,325 1,147 914 564 233 136 106 54 201999 260 71 121 1,448 2,008 1,567 1,119 949 740 494 193 110 87 52 182000 270 270 56 121 1,329 2,175 1,558 1,126 911 769 498 194 110 87 43 192001 294 293 55 93 1,341 2,364 1,668 1,142 934 726 535 197 108 86 51 182002 281 281 49 94 1,325 2,401 1,735 1,210 967 762 545 234 121 98 45 182003 285 284 61 132 1,593 2,751 1,995 1,368 1,020 840 639 226 121 98 50 212004 255 254 53 128 1,538 2,558 2,040 1,351 994 815 604 248 142 116 58 212005 224 50 106 1,479 2,394 1,844 1,306 874 805 618 414 219 135 66 54 24 13

2006 320 69 163 1,927 2,864 2,223 1,499 1,090 918 785 519 317 179 80 55 31 142007 272 59 134 1,703 2,629 2,033 1,402 982 862 701 466 268 157 73 54 27 14

815 1,564 3,603 7,869 11,433 26,629 45,325 48,088 49,370 54,827 54,724 45,534 28,892 17,300 10,302 5,602 2,281

Market Productivity Value (MPV) By Age $6,333 $23,600 $45,940 $56,933 $62,887 $64,475 $64,553 $63,289 $51,913 $39,271 $15,789 $9,757 $5,478 $3,853Lost MPV By Age $49,830 $269,827 $1,223,317 $2,580,478 $3,024,085 $3,183,142 $3,539,207 $3,463,447 $2,363,819 $1,134,615 $273,137 $100,513 $30,693 $8,789Lost MPV With Attribution 0.12 $5,980 $32,379 $146,798 $309,657 $362,890 $381,977 $424,705 $415,614 $283,658 $136,154 $32,776 $12,062 $3,683 $1,055Total Lost MPV $2,549,388Household Production Value (HPV) By Age $4,659 $6,213 $9,058 $11,159 $11,810 $11,538 $11,512 $10,254 $11,352 $11,863 $12,917 $13,291 $12,588 $9,810Lost HPV By Age $36,663 $71,031 $241,193 $505,761 $567,934 $569,628 $631,155 $561,155 $516,887 $342,738 $223,455 $136,926 $70,527 $22,378Lost HPV With Attribution 0.12 $4,400 $8,524 $28,943 $60,691 $68,152 $68,355 $75,739 $67,339 $62,026 $41,129 $26,815 $16,431 $8,463 $2,685Total Lost HPV $539,692Total Production Value (TPV) By Age $86,492 $340,858 $1,464,510 $3,086,239 $3,592,020 $3,752,771 $4,170,362 $4,024,602 $2,880,706 $1,477,354 $496,592 $237,439 $101,220 $31,166Lost TPV With Attribution 0.12 $10,379 $40,903 $175,741 $370,349 $431,042 $450,332 $500,443 $482,952 $345,685 $177,282 $59,591 $28,493 $12,146 $3,740

Total Lost TPV $3,089,080

Age in 2007 (Males)

Table 3.35 Premature Mortality: Male Homicides 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 85 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

Total

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

87

Table 3.36. Age at Death for Females: Drug-Induced

Year 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+ Total

1968 187 64 57 238 428 357 330 330 320 230 162 128 101 76 46 48 45 3,147

1969 171 47 78 290 438 394 375 302 314 257 157 148 98 83 57 36 48 3,2931970 198 55 90 303 521 432 330 340 334 255 184 138 110 88 63 54 68 3,5631971 228 68 101 354 519 479 392 380 341 297 195 156 158 75 87 52 82 3,9641972 188 50 102 406 616 478 416 322 328 284 198 170 122 80 78 58 88 3,9841973 235 57 107 466 713 552 468 432 372 302 232 163 133 117 95 85 84 4,6131974 221 61 90 496 726 615 502 400 354 259 256 167 148 121 115 85 92 4,7081975 206 76 98 510 723 598 473 390 355 308 240 176 149 127 97 103 111 4,7401976 234 60 92 433 697 586 416 340 281 269 219 178 147 106 104 109 129 4,4001977 226 91 109 476 729 612 450 373 314 243 213 184 161 111 115 79 114 4,6001978 220 80 123 471 748 628 456 362 309 232 216 165 128 115 116 91 123 4,5831979 227 74 84 511 821 684 486 380 304 295 186 167 163 150 133 78 149 4,8921980 235 77 117 511 877 758 542 445 303 256 223 164 155 139 126 102 137 5,1671981 253 60 93 447 780 704 605 381 301 271 183 185 165 121 91 129 142 4,9111982 258 79 94 448 789 719 551 412 313 235 211 160 152 117 115 103 156 4,9121983 240 64 73 389 715 720 519 401 310 247 179 180 129 133 92 120 150 4,6611984 271 84 125 393 764 708 519 412 309 223 157 159 149 114 107 99 141 4,7341985 259 83 89 357 652 732 610 465 315 242 182 162 152 139 111 107 155 4,8121986 285 66 98 428 750 821 616 471 337 219 183 138 147 141 127 107 171 5,1051987 287 62 99 397 735 818 684 492 341 247 182 154 138 139 139 125 173 5,2121988 328 81 110 392 711 874 715 483 340 218 172 155 134 159 133 115 170 5,2901989 349 92 118 404 670 796 687 506 361 236 174 134 132 148 120 104 155 5,1861990 323 86 127 472 660 787 758 542 359 248 160 138 115 114 110 113 183 5,2951991 365 67 114 467 775 795 805 584 415 305 193 145 148 144 102 127 170 5,7211992 330 68 144 437 690 776 734 558 420 269 193 108 114 124 123 107 151 5,3461993 339 89 159 497 720 801 786 601 450 287 167 133 106 126 132 96 186 5,6751994 340 80 134 451 640 679 719 650 376 259 172 117 104 103 115 95 153 5,1871995 333 70 118 517 544 628 694 596 450 271 196 140 92 107 113 103 156 5,1281996 371 85 117 415 478 521 585 578 397 319 171 114 94 100 91 95 137 4,6681997 298 77 82 381 462 471 529 528 410 302 163 127 94 92 100 90 150 4,3561998 323 84 115 341 446 478 475 526 435 284 146 109 77 79 86 72 142 4,2181999 224 77 78 302 413 392 395 436 351 225 164 89 70 69 81 72 103 3,5412000 215 51 72 270 378 343 359 443 347 248 163 95 76 70 65 74 106 3,3752001 222 49 57 237 397 373 379 433 369 244 167 111 87 87 79 77 113 3,4812002 229 57 65 261 410 346 373 401 356 271 183 121 73 61 60 59 106 3,4322003 233 51 56 255 477 372 391 405 381 320 200 136 79 70 73 73 122 3,6942004 256 49 67 296 399 374 357 339 408 324 184 131 106 83 61 80 124 3,6382005 154 41 70 214 354 309 282 330 306 249 151 109 73 66 64 64 108 2,9442006 229 66 68 298 416 419 311 377 358 314 253 159 110 70 64 54 130 3,6962007 192 54 69 256 385 364 297 354 332 282 202 134 92 68 64 59 119 3,320

Total 10,282 2,732 3,859 15,487 24,166 23,293 20,371 17,500 14,076 10,646 7,532 5,747 4,781 4,232 3,850 3,499 5,142 177,192

Age at Death for Females (Homicide)

0

5,000

30,00025,00020,00015,00010,000

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+

Table 3.36 Age at Death for Females: Drug-Induced 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 86 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

88

Table 3.37. Age at Death for All Females

Year 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+ Total

1968 37,998 3,674 3,016 5,436 5,751 5,586 6,862 10,939 17,941 26,617 35,439 46,940 60,047 79,964 102,646 124,223 269,508 842,587

1969 37,291 3,566 3,135 5,825 6,093 5,744 7,045 10,701 17,615 26,208 34,868 46,644 59,295 79,354 101,224 122,482 273,715 840,8051970 36,928 3,360 3,022 5,833 6,378 6,023 6,898 10,457 16,973 26,522 35,713 47,267 60,495 79,101 101,579 122,408 273,960 842,9171971 33,873 3,316 3,118 6,066 6,586 6,144 7,041 10,028 16,622 25,867 35,544 46,601 61,393 77,400 101,040 123,620 286,335 850,5941972 30,344 3,218 3,108 6,108 6,646 6,314 7,194 9,802 16,098 25,600 35,340 46,924 62,150 81,022 103,258 126,476 298,620 868,2221973 28,313 3,065 2,992 6,207 6,617 6,347 7,275 9,762 15,409 24,989 35,824 47,277 62,630 80,505 102,257 125,915 311,304 876,6881974 26,782 2,626 2,872 5,774 6,347 6,409 7,108 9,082 14,593 23,438 34,964 45,561 62,203 79,612 101,235 121,574 313,055 863,2351975 25,732 2,480 2,573 5,657 6,425 6,350 6,925 8,715 13,591 22,227 33,865 45,290 60,442 78,217 98,241 118,578 307,269 842,5771976 24,684 2,423 2,437 5,585 6,292 6,492 6,818 8,472 12,884 21,354 33,429 45,436 61,053 79,212 97,468 119,670 324,404 858,1131977 23,743 2,291 2,411 5,889 6,511 6,369 7,016 8,518 12,675 20,417 32,639 45,323 60,674 79,720 98,045 117,590 324,105 853,9361978 23,475 2,305 2,245 5,753 6,775 6,592 7,056 8,564 12,430 19,915 31,957 45,571 60,946 80,563 100,299 119,798 338,847 873,0911979 23,264 2,121 2,120 5,553 6,603 6,513 7,136 8,813 11,898 18,444 30,715 44,868 59,942 80,091 100,252 119,702 341,582 869,6171980 23,190 2,106 2,060 5,553 6,635 6,727 7,528 8,860 12,004 18,352 30,429 46,023 62,078 83,939 105,543 125,528 369,044 915,5991981 22,518 1,839 1,940 4,970 6,423 6,745 7,810 8,861 11,630 17,728 29,523 45,549 62,589 83,692 105,259 123,837 373,651 914,5641982 21,713 1,850 1,874 4,555 6,223 6,590 7,445 8,945 11,737 17,040 28,140 44,501 63,521 83,563 106,843 126,822 377,959 919,3211983 21,003 1,742 1,776 4,382 5,918 6,607 7,366 9,047 11,951 16,864 27,722 44,721 64,595 84,820 110,126 130,823 398,594 948,0571984 20,497 1,672 1,839 4,310 5,906 6,514 7,694 9,578 12,454 16,961 26,500 43,845 65,049 85,641 111,794 133,863 409,541 963,6581985 20,218 1,747 1,717 4,264 5,570 6,543 8,001 9,910 12,470 17,122 26,290 43,041 65,908 86,594 113,251 137,611 428,999 989,2561986 19,941 1,660 1,657 4,463 5,684 6,905 8,453 10,491 13,034 17,091 25,814 41,189 65,667 88,154 114,595 139,348 437,747 1,001,8931987 19,872 1,679 1,513 4,382 5,468 7,107 8,902 10,873 13,296 17,524 25,601 40,553 64,535 89,119 114,164 141,037 450,553 1,016,1781988 20,159 1,790 1,674 4,365 5,315 7,185 9,017 11,207 13,866 18,112 25,500 40,227 64,314 89,718 115,197 144,034 471,586 1,043,2661989 20,516 1,817 1,699 4,322 5,061 7,027 9,393 11,143 14,501 18,180 25,365 38,554 62,068 89,383 113,714 144,290 470,202 1,037,2351990 19,503 1,641 1,688 4,070 4,851 6,820 9,270 11,530 14,656 18,801 25,259 37,395 60,814 89,125 113,034 143,378 474,175 1,036,0101991 18,982 1,643 1,589 3,974 4,987 6,522 9,460 12,050 15,583 19,310 25,425 37,286 59,527 88,242 114,870 143,696 485,768 1,048,9141992 18,089 1,526 1,623 3,689 4,706 6,306 9,331 12,485 15,886 19,941 25,908 36,584 57,712 86,989 117,056 143,621 492,885 1,054,3371993 17,632 1,729 1,748 3,860 4,768 6,359 9,666 13,173 16,538 21,222 27,240 37,274 57,588 88,054 120,422 149,220 531,242 1,107,7351994 16,895 1,569 1,740 3,857 4,678 6,270 9,883 13,767 17,051 22,338 28,206 37,269 55,829 86,522 121,201 149,037 541,143 1,117,2551995 15,780 1,580 1,824 4,044 4,491 6,141 9,833 14,183 18,031 23,051 29,107 37,872 55,538 85,057 122,080 151,249 560,240 1,140,1011996 15,163 1,587 1,760 4,002 4,189 5,942 9,206 13,737 18,079 24,023 29,532 37,827 54,926 83,523 121,489 153,970 573,211 1,152,1661997 14,668 1,617 1,715 4,022 4,270 5,540 8,355 13,136 18,213 23,691 30,711 39,036 54,268 81,110 119,544 156,110 585,253 1,161,2591998 14,963 1,501 1,624 3,905 4,065 5,291 8,064 13,247 18,577 23,749 31,121 39,836 53,953 79,724 120,217 158,171 603,117 1,181,1251999 14,372 1,514 1,610 4,033 4,278 5,196 7,657 13,156 19,055 24,867 32,566 41,537 54,922 79,296 118,657 163,628 630,481 1,216,8252000 14,309 1,420 1,627 3,894 4,408 5,097 7,539 12,937 19,663 25,769 34,302 42,422 55,334 77,955 116,157 164,512 639,517 1,226,8622001 14,133 1,376 1,574 3,812 4,531 5,256 7,765 13,209 20,391 27,176 36,171 43,816 55,583 76,257 113,401 162,503 647,064 1,234,0182002 14,168 1,327 1,653 3,991 4,695 5,051 7,647 12,759 20,868 28,412 36,369 45,704 56,471 75,161 111,116 160,646 659,012 1,245,0502003 14,296 1,269 1,564 3,921 5,055 5,245 7,530 12,370 20,757 29,087 37,139 47,248 59,019 74,631 107,718 158,001 662,781 1,247,6312004 14,392 1,254 1,603 4,051 4,844 5,253 7,326 11,499 20,271 29,462 37,190 47,859 59,010 73,689 103,391 150,576 645,536 1,217,2062005 11,802 1,067 1,175 3,197 4,081 4,344 6,046 9,508 16,684 25,036 32,443 41,321 50,418 62,027 85,708 125,534 564,772 1,045,1632006 14,674 1,191 1,355 3,853 5,031 5,752 7,088 11,407 19,585 30,323 39,697 51,779 60,866 73,295 98,908 143,636 657,284 1,225,7242007 13,238 1,129 1,265 3,525 4,556 5,048 6,567 10,458 18,135 27,680 36,070 46,550 55,642 67,661 92,308 134,585 611,028 1,135,444

Total 839,113 78,287 79,535 184,952 217,711 244,266 314,216 437,379 633,695 900,510 1,255,637 1,730,520 2,389,014 3,247,702 4,335,307 5,521,302 18,415,089 40,824,234

Age at Death for All Females

0

8,000,0006,000,0004,000,0002,000,000

20,000,00018,000,00016,000,00014,000,00012,000,00010,000,000

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+

Table 3.37 Age at Death for All Females 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 87 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

89

Table 3.38. Age at Death for All Females: Proportion

Year 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+

1968 0.0451 0.0044 0.0036 0.0065 0.0068 0.0066 0.0081 0.0130 0.0213 0.0316 0.0421 0.0557 0.0713 0.0949 0.1218 0.1474 0.3199

1969 0.0444 0.0042 0.0037 0.0069 0.0072 0.0068 0.0084 0.0127 0.0210 0.0312 0.0415 0.0555 0.0705 0.0944 0.1204 0.1457 0.32551970 0.0438 0.0040 0.0036 0.0069 0.0076 0.0071 0.0082 0.0124 0.0201 0.0315 0.0424 0.0561 0.0718 0.0938 0.1205 0.1452 0.32501971 0.0398 0.0039 0.0037 0.0071 0.0077 0.0072 0.0083 0.0118 0.0195 0.0304 0.0418 0.0548 0.0722 0.0910 0.1188 0.1453 0.33661972 0.0349 0.0037 0.0036 0.0070 0.0077 0.0073 0.0083 0.0113 0.0185 0.0295 0.0407 0.0540 0.0716 0.0933 0.1189 0.1457 0.34391973 0.0323 0.0035 0.0034 0.0071 0.0075 0.0072 0.0083 0.0111 0.0176 0.0285 0.0409 0.0539 0.0714 0.0918 0.1166 0.1436 0.35511974 0.0310 0.0030 0.0033 0.0067 0.0074 0.0074 0.0082 0.0105 0.0169 0.0272 0.0405 0.0528 0.0721 0.0922 0.1173 0.1408 0.36271975 0.0305 0.0029 0.0031 0.0067 0.0076 0.0075 0.0082 0.0103 0.0161 0.0264 0.0402 0.0538 0.0717 0.0928 0.1166 0.1407 0.36471976 0.0288 0.0028 0.0028 0.0065 0.0073 0.0076 0.0079 0.0099 0.0150 0.0249 0.0390 0.0529 0.0711 0.0923 0.1136 0.1395 0.37801977 0.0278 0.0027 0.0028 0.0069 0.0076 0.0075 0.0082 0.0100 0.0148 0.0239 0.0382 0.0531 0.0711 0.0934 0.1148 0.1377 0.37951978 0.0269 0.0026 0.0026 0.0066 0.0078 0.0076 0.0081 0.0098 0.0142 0.0228 0.0366 0.0522 0.0698 0.0923 0.1149 0.1372 0.38811979 0.0268 0.0024 0.0024 0.0064 0.0076 0.0075 0.0082 0.0101 0.0137 0.0212 0.0353 0.0516 0.0689 0.0921 0.1153 0.1376 0.39281980 0.0253 0.0023 0.0022 0.0061 0.0072 0.0073 0.0082 0.0097 0.0131 0.0200 0.0332 0.0503 0.0678 0.0917 0.1153 0.1371 0.40311981 0.0246 0.0020 0.0021 0.0054 0.0070 0.0074 0.0085 0.0097 0.0127 0.0194 0.0323 0.0498 0.0684 0.0915 0.1151 0.1354 0.40861982 0.0236 0.0020 0.0020 0.0050 0.0068 0.0072 0.0081 0.0097 0.0128 0.0185 0.0306 0.0484 0.0691 0.0909 0.1162 0.1380 0.41111983 0.0222 0.0018 0.0019 0.0046 0.0062 0.0070 0.0078 0.0095 0.0126 0.0178 0.0292 0.0472 0.0681 0.0895 0.1162 0.1380 0.42041984 0.0213 0.0017 0.0019 0.0045 0.0061 0.0068 0.0080 0.0099 0.0129 0.0176 0.0275 0.0455 0.0675 0.0889 0.1160 0.1389 0.42501985 0.0204 0.0018 0.0017 0.0043 0.0056 0.0066 0.0081 0.0100 0.0126 0.0173 0.0266 0.0435 0.0666 0.0875 0.1145 0.1391 0.43371986 0.0199 0.0017 0.0017 0.0045 0.0057 0.0069 0.0084 0.0105 0.0130 0.0171 0.0258 0.0411 0.0655 0.0880 0.1144 0.1391 0.43691987 0.0196 0.0017 0.0015 0.0043 0.0054 0.0070 0.0088 0.0107 0.0131 0.0172 0.0252 0.0399 0.0635 0.0877 0.1123 0.1388 0.44341988 0.0193 0.0017 0.0016 0.0042 0.0051 0.0069 0.0086 0.0107 0.0133 0.0174 0.0244 0.0386 0.0616 0.0860 0.1104 0.1381 0.45201989 0.0198 0.0018 0.0016 0.0042 0.0049 0.0068 0.0091 0.0107 0.0140 0.0175 0.0245 0.0372 0.0598 0.0862 0.1096 0.1391 0.45331990 0.0188 0.0016 0.0016 0.0039 0.0047 0.0066 0.0089 0.0111 0.0141 0.0181 0.0244 0.0361 0.0587 0.0860 0.1091 0.1384 0.45771991 0.0181 0.0016 0.0015 0.0038 0.0048 0.0062 0.0090 0.0115 0.0149 0.0184 0.0242 0.0355 0.0568 0.0841 0.1095 0.1370 0.46311992 0.0172 0.0014 0.0015 0.0035 0.0045 0.0060 0.0089 0.0118 0.0151 0.0189 0.0246 0.0347 0.0547 0.0825 0.1110 0.1362 0.46751993 0.0159 0.0016 0.0016 0.0035 0.0043 0.0057 0.0087 0.0119 0.0149 0.0192 0.0246 0.0336 0.0520 0.0795 0.1087 0.1347 0.47961994 0.0151 0.0014 0.0016 0.0035 0.0042 0.0056 0.0088 0.0123 0.0153 0.0200 0.0252 0.0334 0.0500 0.0774 0.1085 0.1334 0.48441995 0.0138 0.0014 0.0016 0.0035 0.0039 0.0054 0.0086 0.0124 0.0158 0.0202 0.0255 0.0332 0.0487 0.0746 0.1071 0.1327 0.49141996 0.0132 0.0014 0.0015 0.0035 0.0036 0.0052 0.0080 0.0119 0.0157 0.0209 0.0256 0.0328 0.0477 0.0725 0.1054 0.1336 0.49751997 0.0126 0.0014 0.0015 0.0035 0.0037 0.0048 0.0072 0.0113 0.0157 0.0204 0.0264 0.0336 0.0467 0.0698 0.1029 0.1344 0.50401998 0.0127 0.0013 0.0014 0.0033 0.0034 0.0045 0.0068 0.0112 0.0157 0.0201 0.0263 0.0337 0.0457 0.0675 0.1018 0.1339 0.51061999 0.0118 0.0012 0.0013 0.0033 0.0035 0.0043 0.0063 0.0108 0.0157 0.0204 0.0268 0.0341 0.0451 0.0652 0.0975 0.1345 0.51812000 0.0117 0.0012 0.0013 0.0032 0.0036 0.0042 0.0061 0.0105 0.0160 0.0210 0.0280 0.0346 0.0451 0.0635 0.0947 0.1341 0.52132001 0.0115 0.0011 0.0013 0.0031 0.0037 0.0043 0.0063 0.0107 0.0165 0.0220 0.0293 0.0355 0.0450 0.0618 0.0919 0.1317 0.52442002 0.0114 0.0011 0.0013 0.0032 0.0038 0.0041 0.0061 0.0102 0.0168 0.0228 0.0292 0.0367 0.0454 0.0604 0.0892 0.1290 0.52932003 0.0115 0.0010 0.0013 0.0031 0.0041 0.0042 0.0060 0.0099 0.0166 0.0233 0.0298 0.0379 0.0473 0.0598 0.0863 0.1266 0.53122004 0.0118 0.0010 0.0013 0.0033 0.0040 0.0043 0.0060 0.0094 0.0167 0.0242 0.0306 0.0393 0.0485 0.0605 0.0849 0.1237 0.53032005 0.0113 0.0010 0.0011 0.0031 0.0039 0.0042 0.0058 0.0091 0.0160 0.0240 0.0310 0.0395 0.0482 0.0593 0.0820 0.1201 0.54042006 0.0120 0.0010 0.0011 0.0031 0.0041 0.0047 0.0058 0.0093 0.0160 0.0247 0.0324 0.0422 0.0497 0.0598 0.0807 0.1172 0.53622007 0.0116 0.0010 0.0011 0.0031 0.0040 0.0044 0.0058 0.0092 0.0160 0.0243 0.0317 0.0409 0.0489 0.0596 0.0813 0.1186 0.5383

Mean 0.0217 0.0020 0.0020 0.0047 0.0055 0.0061 0.0078 0.0107 0.0156 0.0223 0.0314 0.0434 0.0599 0.0812 0.1076 0.1359 0.4421

Age at Death for All Females (Proportion)

0.500.450.400.350.300.250.200.150.100.050.00

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+

Table 3.38 Age at Death for All Females: Proportion 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 88 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

90

Table 3.39. Age at Death for All Females: 1-Cumulative Proportion

Year 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+

1968 0.9549 0.9505 0.9470 0.9405 0.9337 0.9271 0.9189 0.9059 0.8846 0.8530 0.8110 0.7553 0.6840 0.5891 0.4673 0.3199 0.1599

1969 0.9556 0.9514 0.9477 0.9408 0.9335 0.9267 0.9183 0.9056 0.8846 0.8534 0.8120 0.7565 0.6860 0.5916 0.4712 0.3255 0.16281970 0.9562 0.9522 0.9486 0.9417 0.9341 0.9270 0.9188 0.9064 0.8863 0.8548 0.8124 0.7564 0.6846 0.5907 0.4702 0.3250 0.16251971 0.9602 0.9563 0.9526 0.9455 0.9377 0.9305 0.9222 0.9104 0.8909 0.8605 0.8187 0.7639 0.6917 0.6008 0.4820 0.3366 0.16831972 0.9651 0.9613 0.9578 0.9507 0.9431 0.9358 0.9275 0.9162 0.8977 0.8682 0.8275 0.7734 0.7019 0.6085 0.4896 0.3439 0.17201973 0.9677 0.9642 0.9608 0.9537 0.9462 0.9389 0.9306 0.9195 0.9019 0.8734 0.8326 0.7786 0.7072 0.6154 0.4987 0.3551 0.17751974 0.9690 0.9659 0.9626 0.9559 0.9486 0.9411 0.9329 0.9224 0.9055 0.8783 0.8378 0.7850 0.7130 0.6208 0.5035 0.3627 0.18131975 0.9695 0.9665 0.9635 0.9567 0.9491 0.9416 0.9334 0.9230 0.9069 0.8805 0.8403 0.7866 0.7148 0.6220 0.5054 0.3647 0.18231976 0.9712 0.9684 0.9656 0.9591 0.9517 0.9442 0.9362 0.9263 0.9113 0.8864 0.8475 0.7945 0.7234 0.6311 0.5175 0.3780 0.18901977 0.9722 0.9695 0.9667 0.9598 0.9522 0.9447 0.9365 0.9265 0.9117 0.8878 0.8495 0.7965 0.7254 0.6321 0.5172 0.3795 0.18981978 0.9731 0.9705 0.9679 0.9613 0.9536 0.9460 0.9379 0.9281 0.9139 0.8911 0.8545 0.8023 0.7325 0.6402 0.5253 0.3881 0.19411979 0.9732 0.9708 0.9684 0.9620 0.9544 0.9469 0.9387 0.9286 0.9149 0.8937 0.8584 0.8068 0.7378 0.6457 0.5304 0.3928 0.19641980 0.9747 0.9724 0.9701 0.9641 0.9568 0.9495 0.9412 0.9316 0.9185 0.8984 0.8652 0.8149 0.7471 0.6554 0.5402 0.4031 0.20151981 0.9754 0.9734 0.9712 0.9658 0.9588 0.9514 0.9429 0.9332 0.9205 0.9011 0.8688 0.8190 0.7506 0.6591 0.5440 0.4086 0.20431982 0.9764 0.9744 0.9723 0.9674 0.9606 0.9534 0.9453 0.9356 0.9228 0.9043 0.8737 0.8253 0.7562 0.6653 0.5491 0.4111 0.20561983 0.9778 0.9760 0.9741 0.9695 0.9633 0.9563 0.9485 0.9390 0.9264 0.9086 0.8794 0.8322 0.7641 0.6746 0.5584 0.4204 0.21021984 0.9787 0.9770 0.9751 0.9706 0.9645 0.9577 0.9497 0.9398 0.9269 0.9093 0.8818 0.8363 0.7688 0.6799 0.5639 0.4250 0.21251985 0.9796 0.9778 0.9761 0.9718 0.9661 0.9595 0.9514 0.9414 0.9288 0.9115 0.8849 0.8414 0.7748 0.6872 0.5728 0.4337 0.21681986 0.9801 0.9784 0.9768 0.9723 0.9667 0.9598 0.9513 0.9409 0.9278 0.9108 0.8850 0.8439 0.7784 0.6904 0.5760 0.4369 0.21851987 0.9804 0.9788 0.9773 0.9730 0.9676 0.9606 0.9519 0.9412 0.9281 0.9108 0.8856 0.8457 0.7822 0.6945 0.5822 0.4434 0.22171988 0.9807 0.9790 0.9774 0.9732 0.9681 0.9612 0.9525 0.9418 0.9285 0.9112 0.8867 0.8482 0.7865 0.7005 0.5901 0.4520 0.22601989 0.9802 0.9785 0.9768 0.9727 0.9678 0.9610 0.9520 0.9412 0.9272 0.9097 0.8852 0.8481 0.7882 0.7021 0.5924 0.4533 0.22671990 0.9812 0.9796 0.9780 0.9740 0.9694 0.9628 0.9538 0.9427 0.9285 0.9104 0.8860 0.8499 0.7912 0.7052 0.5961 0.4577 0.22881991 0.9819 0.9803 0.9788 0.9750 0.9703 0.9641 0.9550 0.9436 0.9287 0.9103 0.8860 0.8505 0.7938 0.7096 0.6001 0.4631 0.23161992 0.9828 0.9814 0.9799 0.9764 0.9719 0.9659 0.9571 0.9452 0.9302 0.9112 0.8867 0.8520 0.7972 0.7147 0.6037 0.4675 0.23371993 0.9841 0.9825 0.9809 0.9775 0.9732 0.9674 0.9587 0.9468 0.9319 0.9127 0.8881 0.8545 0.8025 0.7230 0.6143 0.4796 0.23981994 0.9849 0.9835 0.9819 0.9785 0.9743 0.9687 0.9598 0.9475 0.9322 0.9122 0.8870 0.8536 0.8037 0.7262 0.6177 0.4844 0.24221995 0.9862 0.9848 0.9832 0.9796 0.9757 0.9703 0.9617 0.9492 0.9334 0.9132 0.8877 0.8545 0.8057 0.7311 0.6241 0.4914 0.24571996 0.9868 0.9855 0.9839 0.9805 0.9768 0.9717 0.9637 0.9518 0.9361 0.9152 0.8896 0.8568 0.8091 0.7366 0.6311 0.4975 0.24881997 0.9874 0.9860 0.9845 0.9810 0.9774 0.9726 0.9654 0.9541 0.9384 0.9180 0.8916 0.8579 0.8112 0.7414 0.6384 0.5040 0.25201998 0.9873 0.9861 0.9847 0.9814 0.9779 0.9735 0.9666 0.9554 0.9397 0.9196 0.8932 0.8595 0.8138 0.7463 0.6445 0.5106 0.25531999 0.9882 0.9869 0.9856 0.9823 0.9788 0.9745 0.9682 0.9574 0.9418 0.9213 0.8946 0.8604 0.8153 0.7501 0.6526 0.5181 0.25912000 0.9883 0.9872 0.9859 0.9827 0.9791 0.9749 0.9688 0.9582 0.9422 0.9212 0.8933 0.8587 0.8136 0.7500 0.6554 0.5213 0.26062001 0.9885 0.9874 0.9862 0.9831 0.9794 0.9751 0.9688 0.9581 0.9416 0.9196 0.8903 0.8548 0.8097 0.7479 0.6560 0.5244 0.26222002 0.9886 0.9876 0.9862 0.9830 0.9793 0.9752 0.9691 0.9588 0.9420 0.9192 0.8900 0.8533 0.8079 0.7476 0.6583 0.5293 0.26472003 0.9885 0.9875 0.9863 0.9831 0.9791 0.9749 0.9688 0.9589 0.9423 0.9190 0.8892 0.8513 0.8040 0.7442 0.6579 0.5312 0.26562004 0.9882 0.9871 0.9858 0.9825 0.9785 0.9742 0.9682 0.9587 0.9421 0.9179 0.8873 0.8480 0.7995 0.7390 0.6540 0.5303 0.26522005 0.9887 0.9877 0.9866 0.9835 0.9796 0.9754 0.9697 0.9606 0.9446 0.9206 0.8896 0.8501 0.8018 0.7425 0.6605 0.5404 0.27022006 0.9880 0.9871 0.9860 0.9828 0.9787 0.9740 0.9682 0.9589 0.9429 0.9182 0.8858 0.8436 0.7939 0.7341 0.6534 0.5362 0.26812007 0.9884 0.9874 0.9863 0.9832 0.9792 0.9747 0.9689 0.9597 0.9438 0.9194 0.8877 0.8468 0.7979 0.7383 0.6570 0.5383 0.2692

Mean 0.9783 0.9762 0.9742 0.9695 0.9639 0.9578 0.9500 0.9393 0.9237 0.9014 0.8701 0.8267 0.7668 0.6856 0.5781 0.4421 0.2211

Age at Death for All Females (1-Cumulative Proportion)

1.000.900.800.700.600.500.400.300.200.100.00

0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+

Table 3.39 Age at Death for All Females: 1-Cumulative Proportion 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 89 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

91

Table 3.40. Premature Mortality: Female Homicides

Year 0-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44 45-49 50-54 55-59 60-64 65-69 70-74 75-79 80+

1968 165 55 46 180 293 210 154 106 511969 151 40 63 219 300 233 177 98 511970 179 49 77 246 394 296 195 160 109 411971 208 61 87 290 396 331 235 183 115 501972 172 45 89 336 476 335 253 158 113 491973 216 51 93 388 555 390 288 215 132 541974 204 55 79 416 570 438 312 201 128 471975 192 70 89 449 608 470 338 243 179 112 441976 219 56 84 384 591 466 301 215 145 102 411977 212 84 99 423 619 487 326 236 162 92 401978 206 74 112 420 639 504 334 232 162 90 421979 213 69 77 457 705 552 359 245 161 116 371980 223 72 109 469 788 656 442 332 199 138 90 331981 241 57 87 411 703 612 495 286 198 147 75 381982 246 75 88 413 713 628 455 312 208 129 87 331983 230 61 69 360 650 633 432 306 209 138 75 381984 260 80 117 364 695 624 434 317 210 126 67 341985 250 80 85 336 606 667 540 391 244 166 104 70 331986 275 63 93 403 696 748 545 397 262 151 105 60 321987 278 60 94 374 682 745 606 416 267 172 106 68 311988 318 78 105 369 660 796 634 410 267 153 101 70 301989 338 88 112 380 621 724 608 429 285 166 103 61 301990 315 83 122 450 622 731 690 480 305 196 113 82 53 261991 356 65 110 446 731 738 733 517 353 242 137 87 69 331992 322 66 139 418 652 722 669 495 358 214 138 65 53 291993 331 87 154 476 682 746 717 534 385 230 121 82 51 301994 333 78 130 433 606 633 656 577 321 208 125 72 50 251995 327 69 115 502 523 596 648 544 399 232 113 67 57 53 281996 365 83 114 403 461 496 548 529 353 273 92 69 59 50 231997 293 76 80 371 446 449 496 485 366 259 103 70 60 46 251998 318 82 112 332 431 457 446 484 389 244 89 57 50 40 221999 221 76 76 294 400 375 372 402 314 194 73 53 46 36 212000 212 212 50 70 263 366 329 338 408 310 213 77 57 50 36 172001 219 219 48 56 231 385 357 357 398 329 209 90 65 57 46 212002 226 226 56 64 255 397 332 351 369 317 231 98 55 48 32 162003 230 230 50 55 249 462 357 368 372 339 272 109 59 52 37 192004 253 252 48 66 288 386 359 336 311 362 275 105 78 69 44 162005 152 40 69 210 347 301 273 317 289 229 134 93 59 49 42 35 292006 226 65 67 293 407 408 301 362 338 288 224 134 87 51 42 29 352007 189 53 68 252 377 355 287 339 313 259 179 113 73 50 42 32 32

568 1,299 2,868 3,050 3,777 6,474 9,219 12,082 15,094 18,423 17,650 14,035 9,179 6,142 4,321 2,827 1,326

Market Productivity Value (MPV) By Age $5,057 $16,834 $28,335 $29,707 $33,543 $35,955 $37,045 $36,861 $30,497 $21,322 $6,528 $2,919 $1,271 $646

Lost MPV By Age $15,422 $63,589 $183,450 $273,864 $405,258 $542,714 $682,502 $650,578 $428,029 $195,721 $40,098 $12,612 $3,593 $856Lost MPV With Attribution 0.12 $1,851 $7,631 $22,014 $32,864 $48,631 $65,126 $81,900 $78,069 $51,363 $23,487 $4,812 $1,513 $431 $103

Total Lost MPV $419,794Household Production Value (HPV) By Age $7,597 $12,801 $18,826 $22,337 $22,150 $20,588 $17,911 $16,369 $17,036 $17,702 $18,408 $17,550 $16,510 $12,862Lost HPV By Age $23,169 $48,352 $121,889 $205,920 $267,613 $310,756 $329,986 $288,916 $239,102 $162,491 $113,070 $75,829 $46,675 $17,051Lost HPV With Attribution 0.12 $2,780 $5,802 $14,627 $24,710 $32,114 $37,291 $39,598 $34,670 $28,692 $19,499 $13,568 $9,099 $5,601 $2,046Total Lost HPV $270,098Total Production Value (TPV) By Age $38,591 $111,941 $305,338 $479,784 $672,871 $853,470 $1,012,488 $939,494 $667,131 $358,213 $153,168 $88,441 $50,268 $17,907Lost TPV With Attribution 0.12 $4,631 $13,433 $36,641 $57,574 $80,745 $102,416 $121,499 $112,739 $80,056 $42,986 $18,380 $10,613 $6,032 $2,149

Total Lost TPV $689,893

Age in 2007 (Females)

Table 3.40 Premature Mortality: Female Homicides 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 90 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

Total

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

92

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

93

Appendix D. 

Refer to Chapter 3

Statistical Tables for Present Discounted Value

Table 3.41. Lost Productivity for Premature Mortality (Present Discounted Value). . . . . . . . . . 94

Table 3.42. Lost Productivity for Homicide (Present Discounted Value). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Source (Tables 3.41–3.42): Grosse et al., 2009

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

94

Table 3.41. Lost Productivity for Premature Mortality (Present Discounted Value)

Deaths

Discount 0% 3% 5% 0% 3% 5% (n) 0% 3% 5% 0% 3% 5%

Sex

Males

0–4 $4,693,378 $1,311,631 $628,941 $3,642,720 $1,055,542 $509,777 28 $131,415 $36,726 $17,610 $101,996 $29,555 $14,274

5–9 $4,477,640 $1,450,507 $765,688 $3,475,277 $1,167,304 $620,615 4 $17,911 $5,802 $3,063 $13,901 $4,669 $2,482

10–14 $4,263,437 $1,601,092 $930,483 $3,309,026 $1,288,488 $754,187 18 $76,742 $28,820 $16,749 $59,562 $23,193 $13,575

15–19 $4,044,557 $1,748,121 $1,110,093 $3,143,437 $1,411,865 $905,053 498 $2,014,189 $870,564 $552,826 $1,565,432 $703,109 $450,71620–24 $3,780,128 $1,844,798 $1,258,288 $2,943,468 $1,498,868 $1,035,988 1,527 $5,770,365 $2,816,084 $1,920,777 $4,493,204 $2,288,022 $1,581,436

25–29 $3,427,916 $1,844,830 $1,327,228 $2,662,002 $1,498,314 $1,094,516 1,820 $6,238,807 $3,357,591 $2,415,555 $4,844,844 $2,726,931 $1,992,019

30–34 $2,990,567 $1,738,369 $1,300,327 $2,305,038 $1,404,556 $1,068,787 1,866 $5,578,903 $3,242,927 $2,425,760 $4,300,048 $2,620,199 $1,993,822

35–39 $2,521,845 $1,565,688 $1,210,037 $1,920,278 $1,253,824 $988,265 2,290 $5,775,025 $3,585,426 $2,770,985 $4,397,437 $2,871,257 $2,263,127

40–44 $2,057,228 $1,354,530 $1,078,213 $1,535,803 $1,067,628 $869,329 3,265 $6,716,849 $4,422,540 $3,520,365 $5,014,397 $3,485,805 $2,838,359

45–49 $1,616,414 $1,122,073 $918,016 $1,168,503 $860,435 $722,714 3,647 $5,895,062 $4,092,200 $3,348,004 $4,261,530 $3,138,006 $2,635,738

50–54 $1,206,118 $874,833 $732,563 $823,247 $636,629 $549,561 2,931 $3,535,132 $2,564,136 $2,147,142 $2,412,937 $1,865,960 $1,610,763

55–59 $843,765 $632,108 $538,397 $519,056 $416,060 $366,678 1,555 $1,312,055 $982,928 $837,207 $807,132 $646,973 $570,18460–64 $551,914 $421,378 $362,170 $284,083 $231,736 $206,489 566 $312,383 $238,500 $204,988 $160,791 $131,163 $116,873

65–69 $352,992 $272,429 $234,750 $139,257 $112,185 $99,095 234 $82,600 $63,748 $54,932 $32,586 $26,251 $23,188

70–74 $240,568 $191,289 $167,358 $79,092 $64,308 $57,035 111 $26,703 $21,233 $18,577 $8,779 $7,138 $6,331

75–79 $161,490 $131,923 $117,009 $46,641 $35,286 $31,434 60 $9,689 $7,915 $7,021 $2,798 $2,117 $1,886

80 and over $111,999 $94,191 $84,811 $19,654 $17,213 $15,878 91 $10,136 $8,524 $7,675 $1,779 $1,558 $1,437

Total 20,510 $43,503,966 $26,345,664 $20,269,236 $32,479,154 $20,571,907 $16,116,211

Attribution 0.82 $35,673,252 $21,603,445 $16,620,774 $26,632,906 $16,868,964 $13,215,293

Females 

0–4 $3,951,799 $1,087,261 $525,518 $2,104,312 $622,653 $304,664 19 $75,084 $20,658 $9,985 $39,982 $11,830 $5,789

5–9 $3,768,255 $1,201,797 $639,475 $2,006,576 $688,245 $370,729 3 $11,305 $3,605 $1,918 $6,020 $2,065 $1,112

10–14 $3,587,568 $1,326,408 $777,016 $1,910,361 $759,607 $450,467 16 $57,401 $21,223 $12,432 $30,566 $12,154 $7,207

15–19 $3,392,917 $1,439,351 $918,713 $1,810,004 $828,706 $537,306 163 $553,045 $234,614 $149,750 $295,031 $135,079 $87,581

20–24 $3,140,416 $1,491,416 $1,015,066 $1,678,185 $866,123 $602,417 463 $1,452,442 $689,780 $469,468 $776,161 $400,582 $278,61825–29 $2,816,466 $1,460,296 $1,039,955 $1,496,005 $847,313 $618,969 635 $1,787,048 $926,558 $659,851 $949,215 $537,620 $392,73630–34 $2,447,841 $1,361,188 $1,002,209 $1,286,575 $787,753 $598,261 750 $1,835,881 $1,020,891 $751,657 $964,931 $590,815 $448,69635–39 $2,076,515 $1,229,570 $932,905 $1,076,076 $710,210 $560,805 1,155 $2,398,375 $1,420,153 $1,077,505 $1,242,868 $820,293 $647,730

40–44 $1,713,660 $1,073,246 $836,630 $861,132 $608,829 $498,625 1,756 $3,008,330 $1,884,083 $1,468,704 $1,511,717 $1,068,799 $875,336

45–49 $1,372,246 $903,964 $722,490 $648,683 $488,452 $414,083 1,985 $2,723,222 $1,793,917 $1,433,781 $1,287,311 $969,333 $821,748

50–54 $1,057,483 $727,693 $594,551 $443,947 $353,119 $308,794 1,483 $1,568,247 $1,079,169 $881,719 $658,373 $523,675 $457,94255–59 $775,575 $551,675 $458,088 $261,424 $216,941 $194,501 759 $588,274 $418,445 $347,460 $198,290 $164,550 $147,529

60–64 $542,695 $394,674 $330,738 $123,083 $104,482 $95,083 308 $167,150 $121,560 $101,867 $37,910 $32,180 $29,286

65–69 $375,466 $278,664 $235,155 $45,409 $37,681 $33,861 165 $61,952 $45,980 $38,801 $7,492 $6,217 $5,587

70–74 $268,487 $206,591 $177,479 $20,589 $16,938 $15,143 91 $24,432 $18,800 $16,151 $1,874 $1,541 $1,378

75–79 $187,882 $149,780 $131,025 $10,221 $7,463 $6,616 69 $12,964 $10,335 $9,041 $705 $515 $457

80 and over $130,803 $107,955 $96,140 $3,781 $3,265 $2,988 136 $17,789 $14,682 $13,075 $514 $444 $406

Total 9,954 $16,342,942 $9,724,452 $7,443,166 $8,008,960 $5,277,693 $4,209,136Attribution 0.82 $13,401,212 $7,974,051 $6,103,396 $6,567,347 $4,327,708 $3,451,492

TPV MPV TPV MPV

Lifetime Productivity Lost Productivity

Table 3.41 Lost Productivity for Premature Mortality (Present Discounted Value) 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 93 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

95

Table 3.42. Lost Productivity for Homicide (Present Discounted Value)

Deaths

Discount 0% 3% 5% 0% 3% 5% (n) 0% 3% 5% 0% 3% 5%Sex

Males 

0–4 $4,693,378 $1,311,631 $628,941 $3,642,720 $1,055,542 $509,777 276 $1,295,372 $362,010 $173,588 $1,005,391 $291,330 $140,6985–9 $4,477,640 $1,450,507 $765,688 $3,475,277 $1,167,304 $620,615 61 $270,897 $87,756 $46,324 $210,254 $70,622 $37,547

10–14 $4,263,437 $1,601,092 $930,483 $3,309,026 $1,288,488 $754,187 137 $584,091 $219,350 $127,476 $453,337 $176,523 $103,324

15–19 $4,044,557 $1,748,121 $1,110,093 $3,143,437 $1,411,865 $905,053 1,750 $7,075,952 $3,058,338 $1,942,108 $5,499,443 $2,470,058 $1,583,39020–24 $3,780,128 $1,844,798 $1,258,288 $2,943,468 $1,498,868 $1,035,988 2,738 $10,349,990 $5,051,057 $3,445,193 $8,059,215 $4,103,901 $2,836,535

25–29 $3,427,916 $1,844,830 $1,327,228 $2,662,002 $1,498,314 $1,094,516 2,145 $7,352,880 $3,957,160 $2,846,904 $5,709,994 $3,213,884 $2,347,73730–34 $2,990,567 $1,738,369 $1,300,327 $2,305,038 $1,404,556 $1,068,787 1,499 $4,482,860 $2,605,815 $1,949,190 $3,455,252 $2,105,429 $1,602,11235–39 $2,521,845 $1,565,688 $1,210,037 $1,920,278 $1,253,824 $988,265 1,069 $2,695,852 $1,673,720 $1,293,530 $2,052,777 $1,340,338 $1,056,45540–44 $2,057,228 $1,354,530 $1,078,213 $1,535,803 $1,067,628 $869,329 966 $1,987,282 $1,308,476 $1,041,554 $1,483,586 $1,031,329 $839,77245–49 $1,616,414 $1,122,073 $918,016 $1,168,503 $860,435 $722,714 824 $1,331,925 $924,588 $756,445 $962,846 $708,998 $595,51650–54 $1,206,118 $874,833 $732,563 $823,247 $636,629 $549,561 586 $706,182 $512,215 $428,916 $482,011 $372,746 $321,768

55–59 $843,765 $632,108 $538,397 $519,056 $416,060 $366,678 367 $309,662 $231,984 $197,592 $190,494 $152,694 $134,571

60–64 $551,914 $421,378 $362,170 $284,083 $231,736 $206,489 239 $131,631 $100,499 $86,378 $67,754 $55,269 $49,248

65–69 $352,992 $272,429 $234,750 $139,257 $112,185 $99,095 127 $44,830 $34,598 $29,813 $17,686 $14,247 $12,585

70–74 $240,568 $191,289 $167,358 $79,092 $64,308 $57,035 115 $27,545 $21,903 $19,162 $9,056 $7,363 $6,531

75–79 $161,490 $131,923 $117,009 $46,641 $35,286 $31,434 80 $12,838 $10,488 $9,302 $3,708 $2,805 $2,499

80 and over $111,999 $94,191 $84,811 $19,654 $17,213 $15,878 79 $8,848 $7,441 $6,700 $1,553 $1,360 $1,254

Total 13,055 $38,668,640 $20,167,397 $14,400,174 $29,664,356 $16,118,896 $11,671,542

Attribution 0.12 $4,640,237 $2,420,088 $1,728,021 $3,559,723 $1,934,267 $1,400,585

Females 

0–4 3,951,799 1,087,261 525,518 2,104,312 622,653 304,664 192 $756,770 $208,210 $100,637 $402,976 $119,238 $58,343

5–9 3,768,255 1,201,797 639,475 2,006,576 688,245 370,729 54 $201,602 $64,296 $34,212 $107,352 $36,821 $19,834

10–14 3,587,568 1,326,408 777,016 1,910,361 759,607 450,467 69 $247,542 $91,522 $53,614 $131,815 $52,413 $31,082

15–19 3,392,917 1,439,351 918,713 1,810,004 828,706 537,306 256 $868,587 $368,474 $235,191 $463,361 $212,149 $137,550

20–24 3,140,416 1,491,416 1,015,066 1,678,185 866,123 602,417 385 $1,209,060 $574,195 $390,800 $646,101 $333,457 $231,93125–29 2,816,466 1,460,296 1,039,955 1,496,005 847,313 618,969 364 $1,025,194 $531,548 $378,544 $544,546 $308,422 $225,305

30–34 2,447,841 1,361,188 1,002,209 1,286,575 787,753 598,261 297 $725,785 $403,592 $297,155 $381,469 $233,569 $177,384

35–39 2,076,515 1,229,570 932,905 1,076,076 710,210 560,805 354 $734,048 $434,653 $329,782 $380,393 $251,059 $198,245

40–44 1,713,660 1,073,246 836,630 861,132 608,829 498,625 332 $568,935 $356,318 $277,761 $285,896 $202,131 $165,544

45–49 1,372,246 903,964 722,490 648,683 488,452 414,083 282 $386,287 $254,466 $203,381 $182,604 $137,499 $116,564

50–54 1,057,483 727,693 594,551 443,947 353,119 308,794 202 $213,612 $146,994 $120,099 $89,677 $71,330 $62,376

55–59 775,575 551,675 458,088 261,424 216,941 194,501 134 $103,927 $73,924 $61,384 $35,031 $29,070 $26,063

60–64 542,695 394,674 330,738 123,083 104,482 95,083 92 $49,657 $36,113 $30,263 $11,262 $9,560 $8,700

65–69 375,466 278,664 235,155 45,409 37,681 33,861 68 $25,532 $18,949 $15,991 $3,088 $2,562 $2,303

70–74 268,487 206,591 177,479 20,589 16,938 15,143 64 $17,183 $13,222 $11,359 $1,318 $1,084 $969

75–79 187,882 149,780 131,025 10,221 7,463 6,616 59 $11,085 $8,837 $7,730 $603 $440 $390

80 and over 130,803 107,955 96,140 3,781 3,265 2,988 119 $15,566 $12,847 $11,441 $450 $389 $356

Total 3,320 $7,160,370 $3,598,160 $2,559,342 $3,667,942 $2,001,194 $1,462,939

Attribution 0.12 $859,244 $431,779 $307,121 $440,153 $240,143 $175,553

TPV MPV TPV MPV

Lifetime Productivity Lost Productivity

Table 3.42 Lost Productivity for Homicide (Present Discounted Value) 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands. 94 11/12

Coordinating Draft—Do Not Disseminate

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

96

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

97

Acronym Glossary

ADSS Alcohol and Drug Services Study

AHRQ Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality

AOUSC Administrative Office of the United States Courts

ATUS American Time Use Survey

BJS Bureau of Justice Statistics

COI Cost of Illness

HPV Household Productivity Value

LOS length of stay

MCODPUD Multiple Cause of Death Public Use Data

MPV Market Productivity Value

NCHS National Center for Health Statistics

NCVS National Criminal Victimization Survey

NDIC National Drug Intelligence Center

NEDS Nationwide Emergency Department Sample

NIS Nationwide Inpatient Sample

NSDUH National Survey on Drug Use and Health

N-SSATS National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services

ONDCP Office of National Drug Control Policy

SAMHSA Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration

SATCAAT Substance Abuse Treatment Cost Allocation and Analysis Template

SIFCF Survey of Inmates in Federal Correctional Facilities

SILJ Survey of Inmates in Local Jails

SISCF Survey of Inmates in State Correctional Facilities

TEDS-A Treatment Episode Data Set-Admissions

TEDS-D Treatment Episode Data Set-Discharges

TPV Total Productivity Value

UCR Uniform Crime Report

VA Veterans Administration

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

98

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

99

References

Administrative Office of the United States Courts 

2009 Federal Judicial Caseload Statistics: March 31, 2009. Washington, D.C.: United States Courts. 

Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) 

2010 Nationwide Emergency Department Sample (NEDS), 2007. Rockville, Maryland: U.S. Department of Health 

and Human Services, AHRQ, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP). 

2009 Nationwide Inpatient Sample (NIS), 2007. Rockville, Maryland: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 

AHRQ, Healthcare Cost and Utilization Project (HCUP).

Akobundu, Ebere, Jing Ju, Lisa Blatt, and C. Daniel Mullins

2006 Cost-of-illness studies: a review of current methods. Pharmacoeconomics 24(9):869-890. 

Anderson, Robert N., Arialdi M. Minino, Donna L. Hoyert, and Harry M. Rosenberg

2001 Comparability of cause of death between ICD-9 and ICD-10: preliminary estimates. National Vital Statistics 

Report 49(2) Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 

Ball, John C., Lawrence Rosen, J. A. Flueck, and David N. Nurco

1981 The criminality of heroin addicts: when addicted and when off opiates in The Drugs Crime Connection edited 

by James. A. Inciardi, 39–65. Beverly Hills, CA: Sage Publications.

Bureau of Justice Statistics

1992 Drugs Crime and the Justice System: A National Report for the Bureau of Justice Statistics. NCJ No. 133652 

Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. http://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/ 

abstract.aspx?ID=133652 Accessed November 1, 2010. 

1993 Technical Appendix: Drugs, Crime, and the Justice System, Jun3 1993. NCJ No. 139578 GPO: 1993-342-

471:80005. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. http://www.ncjrs.gov/App/Publications/ 

abstract.aspx?ID=139578 Accessed November 1, 2010.

2006 Survey of Inmates in Local Jails (SILJ), 2002. U.S. Department of Justice. Conducted by U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Bureau of the Census. ICPSR04359-v2. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and 

Social Research [producer and distributor], 2006-11-21. http://dx.doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR04359 

2007 Survey of Inmates in State and Federal Correctional Facilities, 2004. U.S Department of Justice. Ann Arbor, 

MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [producer and distributor], 2007-02-28. 

http://dx.doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR04572 

2008a Criminal Victimimization, 2007. NCJ No. 224390. Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. 

http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=764 Accessed November 1, 2010.

2008b Jail Inmates at Midyear, 2007. NCJ No 221945. Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. 

http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=1005 Accessed November 1, 2010.

2008c Prison Inmates at Midyear 2007 BJS Bulletin, NCJ No. 221944. Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. 

http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=840 Accessed November 1, 2010. 

2009a National Crime Victimization Survey, 2007. U.S. Department of Justice. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2009-08-24. http://dx.doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR25141 

2009b Probation and Parole in the United States, 2007 NCJ No. 224707. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of 

Justice. http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=1099 Accessed November 1, 2010.

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

100

2010a Federal Justice Statistics, 2007 – Statistical Tables. NCJ No. 230889. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of 

Justice. http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=2196 Accessed November 1, 2010.

2010b Justice Expenditure and Employment Extracts, 2007. NCJ No. 231540. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department 

of Justice. http://bjs.ojp.usdoj.gov/index.cfm?ty=pbdetail&iid=2315 Accessed November 1, 2010. 

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention 

2002 Annual smoking-attributable mortality, years of potential life lost, and economic costs—United States, 1995-

1999. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 51(14):300-303. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/ 

mmwrhtml/mm5114a2.htm Accessed November 1, 2010.

2003 Direct and indirect costs of arthritis and other rheumatic conditions—United States, 1997. Morbidity and 

Mortality Weekly Report 52(46):1124-1127. http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5246a3.htm 

Accessed November 1, 2010. 

2008 HIV prevalence estimates—United States, 2006. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 57(39):1073-1076. 

http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm5739a2.htm Accessed November 1, 2010. 

2010 Heart Disease and Stroke: Addressing the Nation’s Leading Killers. http://www.cdc.gov/chronicdisease/ 

resources/publications/aag/dhdsp.htm Accessed November 1, 2010. 

Chaiken, Jan M. and Marcia R. Chaiken

1990 Drugs and predatory crime. Drugs and Crime Vol. 13 Crime and Justice edited by Michael Tonry and 

James Q. Wilson, 203-239. Chicago, IL: Chicago University Press.

Chernew, Michael E. Peter D. Jacobson, Timothy P. Hofer, Keith D. Aaronson, and A. Mark Fendrick

2004 Barriers to constraining health care cost growth. Health Affairs 23(6):122-128.

Clabaugh, Gerd and Marcia M. Ward

2008 Cost-of-illness studies in the United States: a systematic review of methodologies used for direct cost. 

Value in Health 11(1):13-21.

Cohen, Mark A. 

1988 Pain, suffering, and jury awards: a study of the cost of crime to victims. Law and Society Review 22:537–555.

Cohen, Mark A., Roland T. Rust, Sara Steen, and Simon T. Tidd

2004 Willingness-to-pay for crime control programs. Criminology 42:89–109.

Federal Bureau of Investigation

2008 Crime in the United States, 2007. Washington D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice. 

http://www.fbi.gov/ucr/cius2007/index.html Accessed November 1, 2010. 

Federal Register

2009 Annual Determination of Average Cost of Incarceration; Notice. 74 (131): 33279. DOCID: fr13jn08-91.

Fendrick, Mark A., Arnold S. Monto, Brian Nightengale, and Matthew Sarnes

2003 The economic burden of non–influenza-related viral respiratory tract infection in the United States. 

Archives of Internal Medicine 163:487-494.

Finkelstein, Eric A., Justin G. Trogdon, Joel W. Cohen, and William Dietz

2009 Annual medical spending attributable to obesity: payer- and service-specific estimates. 

Health Affairs 28(5):w822-w831. 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

101

French, Michael T., Laura J. Dunlap, Gary A. Zarkin, Kerry Anne McGeary, and Thomas A. McLellan

1997 A structured instrument for estimating the economic cost of drug abuse treatment. Journal of Substance Abuse 

Treatment 14(5):445-455. 

French, Michael T., Kerry Anne McGeary, Dale D. Chitwood, Clyde B. McCoy, James A. Inciardi, and Duane 

McBride

2000 Chronic drug use and crime. Substance Abuse 21(2):95-109.

French, Michael T., Helena J. Salome, Jody L. Sindelar, and Thomas A. McLellan

2002 Benefit-cost analysis of addiction treatment: methodological guidelines and empirical application using the 

DATCAP and ASI. Health Services Research 37(2):433-455.

Giacopassi, David J. and Jerry R. Sprager

1992 The effects of emergency medical care on the homicide rate: some additional evidence. Journal of Criminal 

Justice 20(3):249-259.

Goldstein, Paul J. 

1985 The drugs/violence nexus: a tripartite conceptual framework. Journal of Drug Issues 15(4):493–506.

Gropper, Bernard A. 

1985 Probing the Links Between Drugs and Crime. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, 

National Institute of Justice.

Grosse, Scott D., Kurt V. Krueger, and Mercy Mvundura

2009 Economic productivity by age and sex: 2007 estimates for the United States. 

Medical Care 47(7) Supp. 1:S94-S103.

Harris, Anthony R., Stephen H. Thomas, Gene A Fisher, and David J. Hirsch

2002 Murder and medicine: the lethality of criminal assault 1960-1999. Homicide Studies 6(2):128-166.

Harwood, Henrick J., Douglas Fountain, and Gina Livermore 

1998 The Economic Costs of Alcohol and Drug Abuse in the United States–1992. Rockville, MD: National Institutes 

on Drug Abuse http://archives.drugabuse.gov/economiccosts/Index.html Accessed November 1, 2010.

Harwood, Henrick J., Douglas Fountain, and Gina Livermore; Peter Reuter, Mark A. R. Kleiman, 

Pierre Kopp, and Mark A. Cohen

1999 A report and commentaries: cost estimates for alcohol and drug abuse. Addiction 94(5):631-647. 

Harwood, Henrick J., Sophie Kallinis, and Connie Liu

2001 The Cost and Components of Substance Abuse Treatment. National Evaluation Data Services. Rockville, 

MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.

Harwood, Henrick J., Diane M. Napolitano, Patricia L. Kristiansen, and James L. Collins 

1984 Economic Costs to Society of Alcohol and Drug Abuse and Mental Illness: 1980. Report to Alcohol, Drug 

Abuse, and Mental Health Administration. Pub No. RTI/2734/00-01FR. Research Triangle Park, NC: 

Research Triangle Institute.

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

102

Hellinger, Fred J. and John A. Fleishman

2000 Estimating the national cost of treating people with HIV disease: patient, payer, and provider data. 

Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 24:182-188.

Heron, Melonie, Donna L. Hoyert, Sherry L. Murphy, Jiaquan Xu, Kenneth D. Kochanek, 

and Betzaida Tejada-Vera

2009 Deaths: final data for 2006. National Vital Statistics Reports 57(14) Hyattsville, MD: National Center for 

Health Statistics.

Hodgson, Thomas A., and Mark R. Meiners 

1982 Cost-of-illness methodology: a guide to current practices and procedures. Milbank Memorial Fund Quarterly: 

Health and Society 60(3):429-462.

Johannesson, Magnus and Goran Karlsson 

1997 The friction cost method: a comment. Journal of Health Economics 16(2):249-255. 

Katz, Barry P., Michael S. Zdeb, and Gene D. Therriault

1979 Where people die. Public Health Reports 94(6):522-527. 

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1431737/pdf/pubhealthrep00132-0032.pdf 

Accessed November 1, 2010.

Koopmanschap, Marc A., Frans F. H. Rutten, B. Martin van Ineveld, and Leona van Roijen

1995 The friction cost method of measuring indirect costs of disease. Journal of Health Economics 14(2):171-189. 

Liljas, Bengt 

1998 How to calculate indirect costs in economic evaluations. Pharmacoeconomics 13(1 pt 1):1-7. 

Lloyd-Jones, Donald, Robert J. Adams, Todd M. Brown, Mercedes Carnethon, Shifan Dai, Giovanni De Simone, and T. Bruce Ferguson et al. 

2010 Heart disease and stroke statistics 2010 update: a report from the American Heart Association 

Circulation 121(7):e46-e215. 

Manchlin, Steven R. 

2006 Expenses for a hospital emergency room visit, 2003. Statistical Brief #111. Rockville, MD: Agency for 

Healthcare Research and Quality http://meps.ahrq.gov/mepsweb/data_files/publications/st111/stat111.shtml 

Accessed November 1, 2010. 

Mark, Tami L. and Rosanna M. Coffey 

2004 Trends: the decline in receipt of substance abuse treatment by the privately insured: 1992-2001. 

Health Affairs 23(6):157-162. 

Mark, Tami L., Rosanna M. Coffey, David R. McKusick, Henrick J. Harwood, Edward C. King, 

Ellen Bouchery, James S. Genuardi, Rita Vandivort-Warren, Jeffery A. Buck, and Joan Dilonardo 

2005 National Estimates of Expenditures for Mental Health Services and Substance Abuse Treatment, 1991–2001. 

SAMHSA Publication No. SMA 05-3999. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services 

Administration. 

Mark, Tami L., Rosanna M. Coffey, Rita Vandivort-Warren, Henrick J. Harwood, Edward C. King, and the 

MHSA Spending Estimates Team

2005 U.S. spending for mental health and substance abuse treatment, 1991–2001. Health Affairs Jan–Jun; 

Supplemental Web Exclusives: W5-133-W5-142. 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

103

Mark, Tami L., Katharine R. Levit, Rosanna M. Coffey, David R. McKusick, Henrick J. Harwood, Edward 

C. King, Ellen Bouchery, James S. Genuardi, Rita Vandivort-Warren, Jeffery A. Buck, and Katheryn Ryan 

2007 National Expenditures for Mental Health Services and Substance Abuse Treatment, 1993–2003. SAMHSA Publication No. SMA 07-4227. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration.

Mark, Tami L., George E. Woody, Tim Juday, Herbert D. Kleber

2001 The economic costs of heroin addiction in the United States. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 61:195-206. 

Max, Wendy, Dorothy P. Rice, Hal-Yen Sung, Martha Michel, Wendy Breuer, and Xiulan Zhang

2002 The economic burden of prostate cancer, 1998. Cancer 94(11):2906-2913. 

McCollister, Kathryn E., Michael T. French, and Hai Fang

2010 The cost of crime to society: new crime-specific estimates for policy and program evaluation. Drug and Alcohol Dependence 108:98-109. 

McGloin, Jean M. 

2005 Street Gangs and Interventions: Innovative Problem Solving with Network Analysis. COPS Innovations: A 

Closer Look. Washington, D.C.: U. S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services. 

Miller, Ted R., Mark A. Cohen, and Shelli B. Rossman

1993 Victim costs of violent crime and resulting injuries. Health Affairs 12(4):186-197. 

Miller, Ted. R., Mark A. Cohen, and Brian Wiersema 

1996 Victim Costs and Consequences: A New Look. NCJ No. 155282. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Justice, National Institute of Justice. http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles/victcost.pdf Accessed November 1, 2010. 

Miller, Ted R., David T. Levy, and Mark A. Cohen

2006 Costs of alcohol and drug involved crime. Prevention Science 7:333-342. 

Moore, Timothy J. and Jonathan Caulkins 

2006 How cost-of-illness studies can be made more useful for illicit drug policy analysis. 

Applied Health Economics and Health Policy 5(2):75-85. 

National Association of State Alcohol and Drug Abuse Directors 

1999 State Resources and Services Related to Alcohol and Drug Problems. Washington, D.C.: National Association 

of State Alcohol and Drug Abuse Directors http://www.nasadad.org/index.php?doc_id=96 Accessed November 1, 2010. 

National Center for Health Statistics

1980 Multiple Cause of Death Public Use Data ICDA-8, 1968-1978. Hyattsville MD: U.S. Department of Health 

and Human Services, NCHS. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/dt78icd8.pdf Accessed November 1, 2010. 

1982 Multiple Cause of Death Public Use Data, 1979. Hyattsville MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NCHS. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/dt79icd9.pdf Accessed November 1, 2010. 

1983 Multiple Cause of Death Public Use Data, 1980. Hyattsville MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NCHS. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/dt80icd9.pdf Accessed November 1, 2010. 

1984 Multiple Cause of Death Public Use Data, 1981. Hyattsville MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NCHS. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/dt81icd9.pdf Accessed November 1, 2010. 

1985a Multiple Cause of Death Public Use Data, 1982. Hyattsville MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NCHS. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/dt82icd9.pdf Accessed November 1, 2010. 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

104

1985b Multiple Cause of Death Public Use Data, 1983. Hyattsville MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NCHS. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/dt83icd9.pdf Accessed November 1, 2010. 

1986 Multiple Cause of Death Public Use Data, 1984. Hyattsville MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NCHS. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/dt84icd9.pdf Accessed November 1, 2010. 

1987 Multiple Cause of Death Public Use Data, 1985. Hyattsville MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NCHS. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/dt85icd9.pdf Accessed November 1, 2010. 

1988 Multiple Cause of Death Public Use Data, 1986. Hyattsville MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NCHS. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/dt86icd9.pdf Accessed November 1, 2010. 

1989 Multiple Cause of Death Public Use Data, 1987. Hyattsville MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NCHS. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/dt87icd9.pdf Accessed November 1, 2010. 

1991 Multiple Cause of Death Public Use Data, 1988. Hyattsville MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NCHS. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/dt88icd9.pdf Accessed November 1, 2010. 

1992 Multiple Cause of Death Public Use Data, 1989. Hyattsville MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NCHS. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/dt89icd9.pdf Accessed November 1, 2010. 

1993a Multiple Cause of Death Public Use Data, 1990. Hyattsville MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NCHS. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/dt90icd9.pdf Accessed November 1, 2010. 

1993b Multiple Cause of Death Public Use Data, 1991. Hyattsville MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NCHS. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/dt91icd9.pdf Accessed November 1, 2010.

1994 Multiple Cause of Death Public Use Data, 1992. Hyattsville MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NCHS. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/dt92icd9.pdf Accessed November 1, 2010.

1995 Multiple Cause of Death Public Use Data, 1993. Hyattsville MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NCHS. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/dt93icd9.pdf Accessed November 1, 2010.

1996 Multiple Cause of Death Public Use Data, 1994. Hyattsville MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NCHS. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/dt94icd9.pdf Accessed November 1, 2010.

1997 Multiple Cause of Death Public Use Data, 1995. Hyattsville MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NCHS. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/dt95icd9.pdf Accessed November 1, 2010.

1998 Multiple Cause of Death Public Use Data, 1996. Hyattsville MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NCHS. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/dt96idc9.pdf Accessed November 1, 2010.

1999 Multiple Cause of Death (Inclusive of Underlying Cause of Death) Public Use Data, 1997. Hyattsville MD: 

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NCHS. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/mcd/1997mcd.htm 

Accessed November 1, 2010.

2000 Multiple Cause of Death (Inclusive of Underlying Cause of Death) Public Use Data, 1998. Hyattsville MD: 

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NCHS. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nvss/mcd/1998mcd.htm 

Accessed November 1, 2010.

2001 Multiple Cause of Death Public Use Data, 1999. Hyattsville MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, NCHS. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/Mort99doc.pdf Accessed November 1, 2010.

2002a Multiple Cause of Death Public Use Data, 2000. [Interim Files] Hyattsville MD: U.S. Department of Health and 

Human Services, NCHS. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/interim2000p1.pdf Accessed November 1, 2010.

2002b Multiple Cause of Death Public Use Data, 2001. [Interim Files] Hyattsville MD: U.S. Department of Health and 

Human Services, NCHS. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/interim2001p1.pdf Accessed November 1, 2010.

2002c Multiple Cause of Death Public Use Data, 2002. [Interim Files] Hyattsville MD: U.S. Department of Health and 

Human Services, NCHS. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/interim2002p1.pdf Accessed November 1, 2010.

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

105

2004a Multiple Cause of Death Public Use Data, 2003. [Interim Files] Hyattsville MD: U.S. Department of Health and 

Human Services, NCHS. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/Record_Layout_2003.pdf Accessed November 1, 2010.

2004b Multiple Cause of Death Public Use Data, 2004. [Interim Files] Hyattsville MD: U.S. Department of Health 

and Human Services, NCHS. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/Record_Layout_2004.pdf 

Accessed November 1, 2010

2005 Multiple Cause of Death Public Use Data, 2005. [Interim Files] Hyattsville MD: U.S. Department of Health 

and Human Services, NCHS. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/Record_Layout_2005.pdf 

Accessed November 1, 2010

2009 Multiple Cause of Death Public Use Data, 2006. [Interim Files] Hyattsville MD: U.S. Department of Health 

and Human Services, NCHS. http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/dvs/Record_Layout_2006.pdf 

Accessed November 1, 2010

National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases 

2008 National Diabetes Statistics, 2007 Factsheet. Bethesda, MD: U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 

National Institutes of Health. http://diabetes.niddk.nih.gov/dm/pubs/statistics/ Accessed November 1, 2010. 

Nicosia, Nancy, Rosalie L. Pacula, Beau Kilmer, Russell Lundberg, and James Chiesa

2009 The Economic Cost of Methamphetamine Use in the United States, 2005. Santa Monica, California: RAND 

Crop. http://www.rand.org/pubs/monographs/2009/RAND_MG829.pdf Accessed November 1, 2010. 

O’Conner, Robert E., Richard J. Bord, and Ann Fisher

1998 Rating threat mitigators: faith in experts, governments, and individuals themselves to create a safer world. 

Risk Analysis 18(5):547-556. 

Office of National Drug Control Policy

2001 The Economic Costs of Drug Abuse in the United States, 1992-1998. NCJ No. 190636. 

Washington, D.C.: Executive Office of the President http://web.archive.org/web/20070606015604/http://

www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/publications/pdf/economic_costs98.pdf Accessed November 1, 2010.

2004 The Economic Costs of Drug Abuse in the United States, 1992-2002. NCJ No. 207303. Washington, D.C.: 

Executive Office of the President http://www.ncjrs.gov/ondcppubs/publications/pdf/economic_costs.pdf 

Accessed November 1, 2010.

2008 National Drug Control Strategy: FY2009 Budget Summary. Washington, D.C.: Executive Office of the 

President. http://www.whitehousedrugpolicy.gov/publications/policy/09budget/index.html 

Accessed November 1, 2010. 

Paulozzi, Leonard J., Daniel S. Budnitz, and Yongli Xi

2006 Increasing deaths from opioid analgesics in the United States. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety 

15:618-627. 

Peden, Edgar A. and Mark S. Freeland

1995 A historical analysis of medical spending growth 1960-1993. Health Affairs 14(2):235-247. 

Pew Center on the States

2009 One in 31: The Long Reach of American Corrections. Washington, D.C.: The Pew Charitable Trusts. 

Rajkumar, Andrew S. and Michael T. French

1997 Drug abuse, crime costs, and the economic benefits of treatment. 

Journal of Quantitative Criminology 13:291–323. 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

106

Rhodes, William, Ryan Kling, and Patrick Johnston

2007 Using booking data to model drug user arrest rates: a preliminary to estimating the prevalence of chronic drug 

use. Journal of Quantitative Criminology 23:1-22. 

Rice, Dorothy P. 

1967 Estimating the cost of illness. American Journal of Public Health, Nations Health 57:424–440. 

Rice, Dorothy P., Sander Kelman, Leonard S. Miller, and Sarah Dunmeyer

1999 The Economic Costs of Alcohol and Drug Abuse and Mental Illness 1985. DHHS Pub. No. (ADM) 90-1694, 

submitted for the Alcohol, Drug Abuse, and Mental Health Administration, U.S. Department of Health and 

Human Services. San Francisco, CA: Institute for Health and Aging, University of California. 

RTI International

2006 Cost of Illness Summaries for Selected Conditions. RTI-UNC Center of Excellence in Health Promotion Economics. http://www.rti.org/files/COI_Summaries.pdf Accessed November 1, 2010.

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration 

2003 The ADSS Cost Study: Costs of Substance Abuse Treatment in the Specialty Sector. Office of Applied Studies. 

DHHS Publication No. SMA 03-3762, Analytic Series A-20. Rockville, MD: U.S. Department of Health and 

Human Services. http://www.oas.samhsa.gov/adss/ADSSCostStudy.pdf Accessed November 1, 2010. 

2009a National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services (N-SSATS), 2007. SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies. 

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. ICPSR23540-v1. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium 

for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2009-01-27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR23540 

2009b National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH), 2007. SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies. U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. ICPSR23782-v2. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for 

Political and Social Research [distributor], 2009-08-12. http://dx.doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR23782

2009c Treatment Episode Data Set – Discharges (TEDS-D), 2006. SAMSHSA, Office of Applied Studies. U.S. 

Department of Health and Human Services. ICPSR24461-v1. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium for 

Political and Social Research [distributer], 2009-06-22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR24461

2010 Treatment Episode Data Set – Admissions (TEDS-A), 2007. SAMHSA, Office of Applied Studies. 

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. ICPSR24280-v4. Ann Arbor, MI: Inter-university Consortium 

for Political and Social Research [distributor], 2010-04-23. http://dx.doi.org/10.3886/ICPSR24280 

Simeone, Ronald, Lynn Holland, and Roman Viveros-Aguilero

2003 Estimating the size of an illicit drug-using population. Statistics in Medicine 22(19):2969-2993. 

Simeone, Ronald and Lynn Holland

2006 An Evaluation of Prescription Drug Monitoring Programs. NCJ No. 217269. Washington, D.C.: United 

States Department of Justice.

Small, Gary S., Dianna D. McDonnell, Rachelle L. Brooks, and George Papadopoulos

2002 The impact of symptom severity on the cost of Alzheimer’s disease. Journal of the American Geriatrics Society 

50(2):321-327. 

Taylor, Donald H. Jr., Margaret Schenkman, Jing Zhou, and Frank A. Sloan 

2001 The relative effect of Alzheimer’s disease and related dementias, disability, and comorbidities on cost of care 

for elderly persons. Journal of Gerontology: Social Sciences 56B(5):S285-S293. 

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
Product No. 2011-Q0317-002 National Drug Intelligence Center

107

Teshale, Eyasu H., L. Kamimoto, N. Harris, J. Li, H. Wang, and M. McKenna 

2005 Estimated number of HIV-infected persons eligible for and receiving HIV antiretroviral therapy, 2003—United States. 12th Conference on Retroviruses & Opportunistic Infections Abstract No.167. Atlanta, GA: Centers 

for Disease Control and Prevention. 

Thorpe, Kenneth E., Curtis S. Florence, and Peter Joski

2004 Which medical conditions account for the rise in health care spending? Health Affairs Jul-Dec; Suppl Web 

Exclusives: W4-437-45. 

U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs 

2008 Independent Review of the VA’s Fiscal Year 2007 Detailed Accounting Submission to the Office of National 

Drug Control Policy. Report No. 08-00782-93. Washington, D.C.: U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Office of the Inspector General. 

Verstappen, S. M. M., A. Boonen, H. Verkleij, J. W. J. Bijlsma, E. Buskens, and J. W. G. Jacobs

2005 Productivity costs among patients with rheumatoid arthritis: the influence of methods and sources to value 

loss of productivity. Annals of the Rheumatic Diseases 64:1754-1760. 

Wagner, Todd H., Shou Chen, and Keith Humphreys

2006 Spending for VA Specialized Substance Use Treatment. Health Economics Resource Center Technical Report 

19: VA Palo Alto Health Care System March 15, 2006.

Warner, Margaret, Li Hui Chen, and Diane M. Makuc

2009 Increase in Fatal Poisonings Involving Opioid Analgesics in the United States, 1999-2006. NCHS Data Brief 

No. 22, Hyattsville, MD: National Center for Health Statistics. 

http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/databriefs/db22.pdf Accessed November 1, 2010. 

Watters, John K., Craig Reinarman, and Jeffery Fagan

1985 Causality, context, and contingency: relationships between drug abuse and delinquency. 

Contemporary Drug Problems 12(3):351-372. 

Wellford, Charles and James Cronin

2000 Clearing up homicide clearance rates. National Institute of Justice Journal No. 243 April 2000. 

http://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/jr000243b.pdf Accessed November 1, 2010.

Xu, Jiaquan, Kenneth D. Kochanek, and Betzaida Tejada-Vera 

2009 Deaths: preliminary data for 2007. National Vital Statistics Reports 58(1) Hyattsville, MD: National Center 

for Health Statistics. 

Yelin, Edward, Miriam G. Cisternas, David J. Pasta, Laura Trupin, Louise Murphy, and Charles G. Helmick

2004 Medical care expenditures and earnings losses of persons with arthritis and other rheumatic conditions in the 

United States in 1997. Arthritis & Rheumatism 50(7):2317-2326.

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.
The Economic Impact of Illicit Drug Use on American Society

108

All costs reported in red italics are in thousands.

042111

NDIC publications are available on the following web sites:

INTERNET www.justice.gov/ndic

ADNET https://www.adnet.smil.mil/web/ndic/index.htm

LEO https://www.leo.gov/http://leowcs.leopriv.gov/lesig/ndic/index.htm

JWICS http://www.intelink.ic.gov/sites/ndic

RISS ndic.riss.net

Questions and comments may be directed to 

National Drug Threat Assessment Unit, National Threat Analysis Branch.

National Drug Intelligence Center

319 Washington Street 5th Floor, Johnstown, PA 15901-1622 • (814) 532-4601