18-520

Abid v. Barr

BIA

Christensen, IJ

A206 228 816

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SECOND CIRCUIT

SUMMARY ORDER

RULINGS BY SUMMARY ORDER DO NOT HAVE PRECEDENTIAL EFFECT. CITATION 

TO A SUMMARY ORDER FILED ON OR AFTER JANUARY 1, 2007, IS PERMITTED 

AND IS GOVERNED BY FEDERAL RULE OF APPELLATE PROCEDURE 32.1 AND THIS 

COURT=S LOCAL RULE 32.1.1. WHEN CITING A SUMMARY ORDER IN A DOCUMENT 

FILED WITH THIS COURT, A PARTY MUST CITE EITHER THE FEDERAL APPENDIX 

OR AN ELECTRONIC DATABASE (WITH THE NOTATION “SUMMARY ORDER”). A 

PARTY CITING TO A SUMMARY ORDER MUST SERVE A COPY OF IT ON ANY PARTY 

NOT REPRESENTED BY COUNSEL.

1 At a stated term of the United States Court of Appeals 

2 for the Second Circuit, held at the Thurgood Marshall 

3 United States Courthouse, 40 Foley Square, in the City of 

New York, on the 28th 4 day of December, two thousand twenty.

5

6 PRESENT:

7 DEBRA ANN LIVINGSTON,

8 Chief Judge,

9 PIERRE N. LEVAL,

10 STEVEN J. MENASHI,

11 Circuit Judges.

12 _____________________________________

13

14 MUHAMMAD NOMAN ABID,

15 Petitioner,

16

17 v. 18-520

18 NAC

19 WILLIAM P. BARR,

20 UNITED STATES ATTORNEY GENERAL,

21 Respondent.

22 _____________________________________

23

24 FOR PETITIONER: Anas J. Ahmed, Esq., New York, NY.

25

26 FOR RESPONDENT: Joseph H. Hunt, Assistant Attorney 

27 General; Carl McIntyre, Assistant 

28 Director; Virginia Lum, Trial 
2

1 Attorney, Office of Immigration 

2 Litigation, United States 

3 Department of Justice, Washington, 

4 DC.

5 UPON DUE CONSIDERATION of this petition for review of a 

6 Board of Immigration Appeals (“BIA”) decision, it is hereby 

7 ORDERED, ADJUDGED, AND DECREED that the petition for review 

8 is DENIED.

9 Petitioner Muhammad Noman Abid, a native and citizen of 

10 Pakistan, seeks review of a January 24, 2018, decision of the 

11 BIA affirming a November 9, 2016, decision of an Immigration 

12 Judge (“IJ”) denying Abid’s application for asylum, 

13 withholding of removal, and relief under the Convention

14 Against Torture (“CAT”). In re Muhammad Noman Abid, No. A

15 206 228 816 (B.I.A. Jan. 24, 2018), aff’g No. A 206 228 816

16 (Immig. Ct. N.Y. City Nov. 9, 2016). We assume the parties’ 

17 familiarity with the underlying facts and procedural history.

18 We have reviewed both the IJ’s and the BIA’s decisions 

19 “for the sake of completeness.” Wangchuck v. Dep’t of 

20 Homeland Sec., 448 F.3d 524, 528 (2d Cir. 2006). The 

21 applicable standards of review are well established. See 8 

22 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B); Hong Fei Gao v. Sessions, 891 F.3d 

23 67, 76 (2d Cir. 2018) (reviewing adverse credibility 

24 determination for substantial evidence). 
3

1 “Considering the totality of the circumstances, and all 

2 relevant factors, a trier of fact may base a credibility 

3 determination on the demeanor, candor, or responsiveness of 

4 the applicant . . . , the consistency between the applicant’s 

5 . . . written and oral statements . . . , the internal 

6 consistency of each such statement, [and] the consistency of 

7 such statements with other evidence of record . . . without 

8 regard to whether an inconsistency, inaccuracy, or falsehood 

9 goes to the heart of the applicant’s claim, or any other 

10 relevant factor.” 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii). “We defer 

11 . . . to an IJ’s credibility determination unless, from the 

12 totality of the circumstances, it is plain that no reasonable 

13 fact-finder could make such an adverse credibility ruling.” 

14 Xiu Xia Lin v. Mukasey, 534 F.3d 162, 167 (2d Cir. 2008); 

15 accord Hong Fei Gao, 891 F.3d at 76. 

16 “[A]dverse credibility determinations based on 

17 ‘discrepancies’ with a credible fear interview should be 

18 examined with care.” Ming Zhang v. Holder, 585 F.3d 715, 725 

19 (2d Cir. 2009) (citing Ramsameachire v. Ashcroft, 357 F.3d 

20 169, 180-81 (2d Cir. 2004)). But “[w]here the record of a 

21 credible fear interview displays the hallmarks of 

22 reliability, it appropriately can be considered in assessing 
4

1 an alien’s credibility.” Id. “Hallmarks of reliability” 

2 include whether the interview is a typewritten list of 

3 questions and answers, whether it demonstrates that the 

4 applicant understood the questions and reflects questions 

5 about past harm or fear of future harm, and whether it was 

6 conducted with an interpreter. Id. 

7 The agency properly relied on Abid’s credible fear 

8 interview because the interview record was reliable. See 

9 8 U.S.C. § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii). The “hallmarks of 

10 reliability” listed in Ming Zhang are present here: the 

11 interview was conducted with an interpreter in a language 

12 Abid said he understood; Abid had retained counsel but 

13 declined to have his attorney present; it is memorialized in 

14 a question-and-answer format; the questions posed were 

15 designed to elicit details of an asylum claim; and Abid’s 

16 responses indicated that he understood the questions. 585 

17 F.3d at 725. Further, Abid’s counsel did not object when the 

18 IJ admitted the interview record into evidence. 

19 Because the record of the credible fear interview was 

20 reliable, substantial evidence supports the agency’s 

21 determination that Abid was not credible as to his claim of 

22 political persecution. See Xiu Xia Lin, 534 F.3d at 165-66. 
5

1 Abid was inconsistent with his credible fear interview 

2 about when a rival political party member threatened him, and 

3 he omitted the murders of his seven cousins during that 

4 interview. Abid was not confronted with the inconsistency, 

5 but because it was obvious, was about when Sadiq first 

6 threatened him, and related to the date of the elections 

7 during which Abid claimed to have been active, the agency was 

8 permitted to rely upon it as part of the totality of the 

9 circumstances. See Majidi v. Gonzales, 430 F.3d 77, 81 (2d 

10 Cir. 2005) (“Nor have we ever required that an IJ, when faced 

11 with inconsistent testimony of an asylum applicant, must 

12 always bring any apparent inconsistencies to the applicant’s 

13 attention and actively solicit an explanation.”); Ming Shi 

14 Xue v. BIA, 439 F.3d 111, 114 (2d Cir. 2006) (IJ need not 

15 solicit explanations for “inconsistencies that are 

16 ‘dramatic’—that is, sufficiently conspicuous and central to 

17 the applicant’s claim as to be self-evident”).

18 As for the omission, Abid first testified that he told

19 the asylum officer that his cousins had been murdered, but 

20 then claimed that he had wanted to tell the officer but did 

21 not because she had instructed him only to answer the 

22 questions she asked. He explained that he was nervous and 
6

1 was not as comfortable with the Urdu interpreter because he 

2 speaks Punjabi better than Urdu. These explanations are not 

3 compelling because the credible fear record demonstrates that 

4 the asylum officer asked probing questions to elicit more 

5 details, including a final question asking Abid if he wanted 

6 to add anything else that had not been covered during the 

7 interview. See Majidi, 430 F.3d at 80 (“A petitioner must 

8 do more than offer a plausible explanation for his 

9 inconsistent statements to secure relief; he must demonstrate 

10 that a reasonable fact-finder would be compelled to credit 

11 his testimony.” (internal quotations omitted)). 

12 Concerning the officer’s directive to answer the 

13 questions asked, she said this twice after Abid was 

14 unresponsive to questions; it was not a command to limit his 

15 answers but rather a request to address what was being asked 

16 of him. While it is plausible that Abid was stressed during

17 his interview (which the IJ recognized), stress does not 

18 explain why he was able to tell the officer that Nawaz Party 

19 members harmed him twice and threatened him four to five times 

20 but unable to include a major part of his claim: that they 

21 also killed seven of his family members when trying to shoot 

22 him. Abid’s claim that he did not completely understand the 
7

1 Urdu interpreter at his credible fear interview (and his 

2 border interview as discussed below) because he speaks 

3 Punjabi better than Urdu does not explain his omissions and 

4 inconsistencies because he requested an Urdu interpreter for 

5 his interviews, and he indicated in his subsequent asylum 

6 application that Urdu was his native language.

7 We recognize that the agency may err if it relies too 

8 heavily on minor omissions, at least where the omitted 

9 information would have supplemented, rather than 

10 contradicted, earlier statements, but the agency did not err 

11 here because Abid’s omission——the murder of his seven

12 cousins——concerned a major event that was central to his claim 

13 of persecution. See Ming Zhang, 585 F.3d at 726 (holding 

14 that the agency may “draw an adverse inference about 

15 petitioner’s credibility based, inter alia, on h[is] failure 

16 to mention” important details or events in prior statements). 

17 Further, the agency did not rely solely on this omission but 

18 rather noted it in combination with other inconsistencies. 

19 See Hong Fei Gao, 891 F.3d at 78, 82 (holding that “the 

20 probative value of a witness’s prior silence on particular 

21 facts depends on whether those facts are ones the witness 

22 would reasonably have been expected to disclose” and that 
8

1 “[o]missions need not go to the heart of a claim to be 

2 considered in adverse credibility determinations, but they 

3 must still be weighed in light of the totality of the 

4 circumstances and in the context of the record as a whole”).

5 The agency also reasonably found that Abid’s testimony

6 and asylum application were inconsistent with his border 

7 interview as to the motive of his persecutors. See 8 U.S.C. 

8 § 1158(b)(1)(B)(iii). Abid testified and wrote in his 

9 application that members of the Nawaz Party, including a man 

10 named Danish Sadiq, threatened and tried to kill him (and in 

11 the process, killed seven of his cousins) because of his 

12 political work with the rival Quaid Party. But he previously 

13 told a border patrol agent that he feared returning to 

14 Pakistan because his “family was threatened by a man who is 

15 known to have killed eight people in [his] village to take 

16 [his family’s] land.” There is no copy of this border 

17 interview in the record, but Abid did not contest the 

18 Department of Homeland Security (“DHS”) attorney’s 

19 characterization during cross-examination that he told the 

20 border patrol officer that he had been targeted because of a 

21 land dispute; he explained that he did not mention his 

22 persecutors’ political motives because “the lady who was 
9

1 interviewing me, she was asking me and telling me to answer 

2 only what she was asking.” This explanation was not 

3 compelling because the question1 that the border patrol agent 

4 asked was a broad one designed to solicit the basis for his 

5 fear, and Abid never mentioned land disputes he had with the 

6 Nawaz Party in his subsequent asylum application and 

7 testimony until confronted. See Majidi, 430 F.3d at 80; see 

8 also Xian Tuan Ye v. Dep’t of Homeland Sec., 446 F.3d 289, 

9 295 (2d Cir. 2006) (holding that “material inconsistency in 

10 an aspect of [an applicant’s] story that served as an example 

11 of the very persecution from which he sought asylum . . . 

12 afforded substantial evidence to support the adverse 

13 credibility finding.” (internal quotation marks and citation 

14 omitted)). 

15 Finally, the agency properly found that Abid was 

16 inconsistent about whether he returned home after the June 

17 15, 2013 shooting. Abid’s explanation that he was hiding in 

18 his large house did not resolve this inconsistency. See

19 Majidi, 430 F.3d at 80.

1 According to the DHS attorney during cross-examination, the 

border agent asked Abid, “If you are sent back to your 

country, do you fear that you will be persecuted or tortured?” 

Abid said he recalled the question from his border interview.
10

1 Having questioned Abid’s credibility, the agency 

2 reasonably relied on his failure to rehabilitate his 

3 testimony with reliable corroborating evidence. See Biao 

4 Yang v. Gonzales, 496 F.3d 268, 273 (2d Cir. 2007) (“An 

5 applicant’s failure to corroborate his or her testimony may 

6 bear on credibility, because the absence of corroboration in 

7 general makes an applicant unable to rehabilitate testimony 

8 that has already been called into question.”). The IJ 

9 determined that Abid’s witness was not reliable, and he has 

10 not challenged that determination. Abid submitted affidavits 

11 from relatives, his party membership card, warrants for his 

12 arrest, numerous police reports and statements, information 

13 about his father’s political activities and alleged political 

14 persecution, and death reports of his family members. The 

15 agency did not err in declining to afford significant weight 

16 to these documents because the authors of the affidavits, 

17 issuer of the party membership card, and persons who provided 

18 statements to the police were not available for cross19 examination; his family members were interested parties; and 

20 the police and government documents were not authenticated. 

21 See Y.C. v. Holder, 741 F.3d 324, 332 (2d Cir. 2013) (“We 

22 generally defer to the agency’s evaluation of the weight to 
11

1 be afforded an applicant’s documentary evidence.”); see also 

2 In re H-L-H- & Z-Y-Z-, 25 I. & N. Dec. 209, 214 n.5, 215 (BIA 

3 2010) (finding that unsworn letters from friends and family 

4 were insufficient to provide substantial support for claims 

5 because they were from interested witnesses not subject to 

6 cross-examination and noting that the “failure to attempt to 

7 prove the authenticity of a document through [8 C.F.R. § 

8 1287.6] or any other means is significant”), overruled on 

9 other grounds by Hui Lin Huang v. Holder, 677 F.3d 130, 133–

10 38 (2d Cir. 2012). 

11 Accordingly, given the record inconsistencies, the 

12 credible fear interview omission, and the lack of reliable 

13 corroboration, the adverse credibility determination is 

14 supported by substantial evidence. See Xiu Xia Lin, 534 F.3d 

15 at 165–66. The adverse credibility determination was 

16 dispositive of asylum, withholding of removal, and CAT relief 

17 because all three forms of relief were based on the same 

18 discredited factual predicate. See Paul v. Gonzales, 444 

19 F.3d 148, 156–57 (2d Cir. 2006).

20
12

1 For the foregoing reasons, the petition for review is

2 DENIED. All pending motions and applications are DENIED and 

3 stays VACATED.

4 FOR THE COURT: 

5 Catherine O’Hagan Wolfe,

6 Clerk of Court