| 2.   | Based                upon my knowledge, this report does not contain any untrue statement                of a                material fact or omit to state a material                fact necessary to make the statements made, in light                of the circumstances under which such statements were made, not misleading                with respect to the period covered by this                report. |
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| 3.   | Based                on my knowledge, the financial statements, and other financial                information included in this report, fairly present                in                all material respects the financial condition, results of operations                and                cash flows of the registrant as of, and for, the periods presented                in this                report. |
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| 4.   | I                am responsible                for establishing and maintaining disclosure                controls and procedures (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e)                and                15d-15(e) for the registrant and                have: |
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| (a)   | designed                such disclosure controls and procedures, or caused such disclosure                controls and procedures to be designed under my supervision, to ensure                that material information relating to                the registrant, including its consolidated subsidiaries, is made                known to me by others within those entities, particularly                during the period in which this report is being                prepared; |
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| (b)   | evaluated                the effectiveness of the registrant's disclosure controls and procedures                and presented in this report my conclusions                about the effectiveness of the disclosure controls                and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this report                based on                such evaluation; and |
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| (c)   | disclosed                in this report any change in the registrant's internal                control over financial reporting that occurred during                the registrant's most recent fiscal quarter (the registrant's fourth                quarter in the case of an annual report) that has materially affected,                or                is reasonably likely to materially affect, the registrant's internal                control over financial reporting. |
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| 5.   | I                have disclosed, based on my most recent evaluation of internal                control over financial reporting, to the registrant's                auditors and the audit committee of registrant's board of directors                (or                persons performing equivalent                functions): |
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| (a)   | all                significant deficiencies and material weaknesses in the design or                operation of internal control over financial reporting which are                reasonably likely to adversely affect the registrant's ability to                record,                process, summarize and report financial information;                and |
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| (b)   | any                fraud, whether or not material, that involves management or other                employees who have a significant role in the registrant's internal                controls over financial reporting. |
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