# Patent

## Title
Utility grid power averaging and conditioning

## Abstract

As system is disclosed for providing power averaging for the utility grids and more specifically to utilizing a unique EESU unit with the capability to store electrical energy over 24 hour periods each day and provide power averaging to homes, commercial, and industrial sites to reduce the peak power requirements. Charging such power averaging units during the non-peak times and delivering the energy during the peak-demands times provides for more efficient utilization of utility-grid power-generating plants and the already existing power transmission lines. Such a unit may also have the capability of isolating the users from utility-grid power failures, transients, and AC noise.

## Background
CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION(S)
The present application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/180,311, filed May 21, 2009, entitled “UTILITY GRID POWER AVERAGING AND CONDITIONING,” naming inventor Richard D. Weir, which application is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
The present application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/297,470, filed Jan. 22, 2010, entitled “UTILITY GRID POWER AVERAGING AND CONDITIONING,” naming inventor Richard D. Weir, which application is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.
The present application claims priority from U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/499,594, filed Aug. 2, 2006, entitled “SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR UTILITY GRID POWER AVERAGING, LONG TERM UNINTERRUPTIBLE POWER SUPPLY, POWER LINE ISOLATION FROM NOISE AND TRANSIENTS AND INTELLIGENT POWER TRANSFER ON DEMAND,” naming inventors Richard D. Weir and Carl W. Nelson, which application is incorporated by reference herein in its entirety.


FIELD OF THE DISCLOSURE
This disclosure relates generally to circuitry and methods for providing power averaging for utility grids.
BACKGROUND
The most common method of providing line isolation and utility grid primary power backup is the use of uninterrupted power systems (UPS) as a secondary power source for providing sufficient power duration until motor generator units are running and the power stabilized. Such a system can provide utility-grid primary power backup, as indicated in FIG. 1. Common types of motor generator units are internal combustion engines (ICs), gas turbines (GTs), and microturbines (MTs). Each of these types of motor generator units have finite start up times and other issues as indicated in Table I. The negative issues of motor generators as indicated in Table I are the high unit cost, high fuel consumption cost, low electrical efficiencies, high operating and maintenance costs (O&M), and environmental issues associated with their emissions.
Other hidden costs involved in the installation of motor generators for primary power utility-grid power backup include expenses and length of time to obtain permits for these power sources. Concerns about environmental issues make obtaining such permits more difficult and in some areas around the world, impossible.







TABLE I







Characteristics of Motor Generator Technologies











Internal





Combustion
Gas Turbines
Microturbines


Technology
(IC) Engine
(GT)
(MT)













Cost:





Unit Cost ($/kW)
300-900
 300-1000
 700-1100


O&M Cost ($/kWh)
0.007-0.015
0.004-0.010
0.005-0.016


Other Characteristics:





Fuel Type
Natural gas
Natural gas
Natural gas


Equipment life
20 years
20 years
10 years


Start-up times (cold start) 
10 secs
10 mins
2-5 mins


Electrical efficiency
  30-37%
22-37%
23-28%


Available (%)
91.2-95.8
90-93.3
95


Emissions:





NOx (lb/MWh)
4.7
1.15
0.44


SOx (lb/MWh)
0.454
0.008
0.008


PM-10 (lb/MWh)
0.78
0.08
0.09









UPS systems conventionally use stored energy as a secondary power source to protect critical loads and provide sufficient time to switch motor generators on-line to assure limited loss in power to the user when utility grid power is lost. The reliability of such stored energy is fundamental to the reliability of the system. Lead-acid batteries are the most commonly used type of stored energy in UPS systems. For a variety of reasons, including their ability to sustain deep charge/discharge cycles, as compared to common lead-acid batteries, Valve-Regulated Lead-Acid (VRLA) batteries are predominantly used. But despite battery manufacturers' best efforts to improve their products, experience has shown that the useful life of a VRLA battery array in conventional double-conversion UPS systems is two to three years. Beyond two years cell failure rates quickly reach unacceptable levels.
Electrochemical batteries prematurely reach end of life for two reasons: manufacturing defects and battery management issues. Manufacturing defects include “cold” welds between adjacent cells; inter-cell shorts; reversed plates; incomplete casting of the “straps,” which results in “dropped” plates; defects in paste mixing, which leads to poor paste adhesion; and contamination of the paste or electrode. Detecting defects in batteries after assembly is very difficult and expensive. Quality cannot practically be inspected-in after construction.
To overcome such problems of lead-acid batteries, a battery management strategy is tailored to the type of battery and its application. VRLA batteries in conventional double-conversion UPS systems, as indicated in FIG. 2, have limitations in the degrees of freedom that can be employed for battery management. Batteries in such systems are always “float” charged. That is, they are continuously supplied with a low charging voltage, in the range of 13.4 to 13.6 volts per jar, as a result of their connection to the DC bus of the rectifier/inverter combination, which is always active. The circuit topology also provides a level of DC ripple current which continuously flows in the batteries from the rectification/inversion process. As a result, a significant amount of heat is continuously generated in the batteries. VRLA batteries employ Absorbed Glass Mat (AGM) or gel electrolyte technology, in which the electrolyte is not free to move, making heat removal more difficult.
In contrast, some systems utilize maintenance-free flooded lead-acid batteries made with lead-calcium grids, in an off-line circuit topology that does not subject the battery string to continuous float charging or ripple currents. Batteries are not subjected to a continuous float charge. Instead they are periodically recharged by means of two different regimens: normal charge and equalize charge.
Temperature control is of concern in a battery management strategy. High temperature accelerates corrosion that destroys a battery's capacity to generate current.
Limiting the depth of discharge is utilized in controlling electrolyte stratification in flooded lead-acid batteries. Stratification is the increase of electrolyte specific gravity at the bottom of the battery.
Stratification can also be reduced by agitating the electrolyte. In vehicle applications, agitation occurs naturally with the movement of the vehicle. In stationary applications, agitation can be accomplished by periodically “gassing” the battery, by raising the charging voltage to the level where electrolysis of water occurs and hydrogen and oxygen gases are created within the electrolyte. The gas bubbles, moving through the electrolyte, provide a stirring action. The technique for providing this function is called equalize-charging which is used to replenish the energy losses in the battery due to self-discharge and operate the control function of the battery management system. However, if the equalize-charge process is performed too frequently, the oxygen generated from electrolysis can accelerate positive grid plate oxidation. Such oxidation can cause the plates to “grow” and short to the negative straps causing battery failure. Another reason to control the number of equalize charges is electrolysis of the water during each charging process diminishes the amount of water in the electrolyte, which can also lead to battery failure.
Other problems associated with lead-acid battery technology include low energy density, typically 70.2 W·h/L; low specific energy, typically 46.0 W·h/kg; high discharge rate; high life reduction with deep cycle use; high energy storage reduction with temperature; and it contains hazardous material.



BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS
The present disclosure may be better understood, and its numerous features and advantages made apparent to those skilled in the art by referencing the accompanying drawings.
FIG. 1 is a configuration of on-site motor generator utility grid power backup with UPS secondary power assistance that can be used in this combination to provide improved power reliability.
FIG. 2 is a traditional double conversion UPS online operation wherein the internal battery is only used for seamless switching from utility grid power to external AC power.
FIG. 3 is a system architecture wherein the capacitive electrical energy storage unit (main) is utilized to isolate the output power from the utility grid and to provide additional functions in a seamless manner.



The use of the same reference symbols in different drawings indicates similar or identical items.
DESCRIPTION OF THE PREFERRED EMBODIMENT(S)
Reference will now be made in detail to the preferred embodiments of the invention. While the invention will be described in conjunction with the preferred embodiment, it will be understood that they are not intended to limit the invention to those embodiments. On the contrary, the invention is intended to cover alternatives, modification, and equivalents, which may be included within the scope of the invention as defined by the claims.
Capacitive electrical energy storage unit (EESU) technology and a unique system architecture utilizing this unit with associated hardware and software may provide 1) primary energy storage for power averaging, 2) line isolation from transients and noise, 3) protection against utility grid power loss, 4) on-line primary energy storage incremental increases, 5) limited emission of environmentally hazardous products, liquids, or gasses, 6) a totally green product, 7) at a cost competitive with any primary utility-grid backup technology, or any combination thereof.
The electrical energy storage unit (EESU) may include the enabling technology for providing the primary on-line energy storage capability. Whereas lead-acid battery technology, with its restrictive capabilities is limited to secondary utility-grid energy storage as indicated in the following Table II.







TABEL II







COMPARISON BETWEEN THE 


EESU AND LEAD-ACID BATTERY












EESU
LEAD-ACID















Energy Density, W · h/L
>752 
70.2



Specific Energy, W · h/kg
>495 
46.0



Specific Energy, W/kg
* >10,000
150



High Discharge Rate
No
Yes



Life Reduction with 
No
High



Deep Cycle Use





Energy Storage Reduction 
Very Low
Very High



with Temperature





Contains Hazardous Material
No
Yes



Requires Battery 
No
Yes



Management System





Requires Battery Stratification
No
Yes







* EESU power delivery is only restricted by the electronic circuits due to the extremely low dc internal resistance (21.2 μΩ)






The electrical energy storage units identified, for example, in FIG. 3, are fabricated utilizing an ultra-capacitor configuration. The ultra-capacitors can be fabricated utilizing a dielectric ceramic particulate, such as composition-modified barium titanate powder coated with aluminum oxide, and immersed in either a glass, such as calcium magnesium aluminosilicate glass, or a polymer matrix.
In an embodiment, an aspect of the EESU technology is the packaging of the components within a hermetically sealed metal box. If the point of use is located inland, then the metal may be Type 316 stainless steel to assist in reducing issues arising from exposure to the environment. If the point of use is located near or on salt water, then the metal may be titanium, which may reduce reaction to salt spray. Hermetic seals may assist with long-term life, >50 years, utilized by utility-grid companies.
System Design Features
As indicated in FIG. 3, the utility grid energy directly charges the EESU main unit 310 as a primary source of electrical energy to users in homes, commercial, and industrial sites. Aspects of the system may include automated utility grid power averaging, ultra effective isolation from power line noise and transients, utility grid primary power backup along with utilizing portable EESU based power delivery units for providing long term power backup capability, and real-time additions to the EESU main units 310 without disrupting the output power.
As illustrated in FIG. 3, power is received from a power source, such as a utility power grid, at a bridge 380, such as a full wave bridge. A DC current limiting unit 330 is connected to the bridge 380 via input filters. The EESU main unit 310 is connected to the DC current limiting unit 330 via solid state switches SS5 and SS6 and is connected to an EESU buffer 2 (350) via switches SS9 and SS10. In an example, an EESU buffer unit 1 (360) is connected in parallel with the EESU main unit 310 to DC current limiting unit 330 via solid state switches SS7 and SS8 and to the EESU buffer 2 (350) via solid state switches SS11 and SS12.
In the example illustrated, a DC/AC converter 370 is electrically coupled to the EESU buffer 2 (350). The DC/AC converter 370 is connected to the output power via output filters. In an example, the output power is connected to critical loads. In some embodiments, the output power can be connected to a portion of the utility power grid.
Portable power sources can also be connected to the system. For example, portable EESU sources (340 and 345) can be connected to the EESU buffer 2 (350) via solid state switched SS1, SS2, SS3, and SS4. In an example, such portable EESU power sources (340 and 345) can be used to supplement utility grid power.
A control computer 300 can control the system. In particular, control computer 300 can be connected to a control bus 320 for solid state switches to activate and deactivate the solid state switches of the system. Further, the control computer 300 can monitor aspects of the system, such as power levels of EESU units (e.g., 340, 345, 310, 350, and 360). In addition, the control computer 300 can monitor the utility grid power. Further, the control computer 300 can control the DC current limiting unit.
Many utility companies charge more for energy during the peak-demand times, which is usually from 2:00 PM to about 8:00 PM. During that time, the cost of energy increases significantly for each step-up in energy usage. For example, in homes and small businesses the off-peak cost for energy may be in the range of $0.05/kW·h and the peak cost may be $0.25/kW·h or higher. Industrial sites may range from $0.12/kW·h for the non-peak energy cost to $0.35/kW·h or higher in the peak energy demand times. Peak-demand energy costs have become a significant portion of the electrical bills for most users in the United States of America. Utility grid companies have many reasons for increasing the cost of energy in the peak-demand times, but whatever the reason, the increase in energy cost during the peak demand time continues and as the cost to produce energy increases, so does the peak cost.
In an embodiment, a system provides electrical energy users a method of averaging energy usage over a 24-hour period. The method is called power averaging or “peak shaving”. The functionally aspects of power averaging are indicated in FIG. 3. In the power averaging mode, solid state switches (SS5, SS6, SS9, and SS10) are active and other solid state switches are inactive. The control computer 300 sets the input flow rate (kW·h) from the utility grid that provides the user with sufficient energy for a 24-hour period to the EESU main unit 310 so that the stored electrical energy in this unit is not depleted to zero. Therefore, the EESU main units 310 may be configured to provide sufficient energy to the user during the peak demand time while the energy supplied by the utility grid is constant over the 24 hour power averaging period. However, if the energy in the EESU main unit 310 is depleted to a minimum set level, the control computer 300 may increase the system input energy flow rate so that the primary minimum energy storage level is maintained. If this condition continues the control computer 300 may order additional EESU main unit 310 storage which can be installed real time.
At the end of the peak energy demand period, the input energy may be sufficient to not only supply output energy demand but also recharge the EESU main units 310. As an example, an average home in the USA uses around 600 kW·h per month. It is estimated that around 70% of the energy may be used in the peak demand period. On a yearly basis, 5,040 kW·h of energy is used in the peak-demand period and 2,160 kW·h may be consumed in the non-peak-demand period. The yearly cost in this example may be $1,260 for the peak-demand energy and the cost for the energy in the non peak demand period may be $108, with a year total cost of $1,368. With the power averaging unit, the total yearly cost may be $360, providing a yearly saving of $1,008. The estimated cost for the power averaging system for a home with this amount of energy usage may be in the range of $4,000 to $5,000. Of course, in the industrial utility-grid energy supply market, the cost of energy is higher and the difference between the non-peak costs and peak costs are significantly wider, the return on the investment may be much faster and the yearly saving may be significant.
In another embodiment, the architecture may be a primary power backup to provide continual power to the user in case the utility grid power is interrupted. If the control computer 300 detects an input power loss, SS5 and SS6 may be deactivated. Primary power source may be delivered by the EESU main units 310. If the energy in the EESU main units 310 is reduced to a set level, then the computer 300 may automatically notify the user and order portable EESU primary backup energy sources (340 and 345). The EESU specification data, as shown in Table II, indicates that electrical energy for the first time is highly portable due to the ultrahigh energy storage and ultralow discharge rate. If a trainload of EESUs is charged in west Texas and held in reserve for a year, only around 0.22% of the energy may be lost. With the use of the shipping, railroad, and trucking capabilities of the world, a truckload of portable EESU backup units could be readily delivered and continued to be delivered until the utility grid power loss has been corrected. When the computer 300 detects that portable EESU primary energy is desired, it may ensure that EESU Buffer 2 (350) is fully charged and may deactivate SS9 and SS10 and activate SS1 and SS2. The fully charged EESU Buffer 2 (350) ensures that the output power is not interrupted during the process of activating the portable energy source. If the computer 300 detects that the portable energy source 1 (340) energy level is depleted to a specified level, it may again ensure that the EESU buffer 2 (350) is fully charged and deactivate SS1 and SS2 and activate SS3 and SS4, which completes the action of activating portable EESU primary energy source 2 (345). This process of switching between portable energy source 1 (340) and 2 (345) continues until the control computer 300 detects that the utility grid power has been reactivated. The computer 300 may activate SS5 and SS6 and charge the EESU main units 310 up to an acceptable level. When that has been completed, the solid state switches associated with the portable power may be deactivated and SS9 and SS10 may be activated.
In another embodiment, the architecture may provide real time incremental changes to the EESU main unit 310 energy storage capability, sometimes called “hot swapping.” This aspect can also be used to perform maintenance on the EESU main units 310. When the control computer 300 is notified to activate this aspect, it may first ensure that EESU buffers 1 (360) and 2 (350) are fully charged, then SS5, SS6, SS9, and SS10 may be deactivated. SS7, SS8, SS11, and SS12 may be activated. The computer 300 may increase the power delivery to a level that ensures that the EESU buffers 1 (360) and 2 (350) remain at full charge. When the computer is notified that the process has been completed, it may again ensure that the energy storage buffers are fully charged and deactivate SS7, SS8, SS11, and SS12 and activate SS5, SS6, SS9, and SS10.
Yet another feature of this architecture is the ability to provide energy of demand to selected locations on an intelligent utility grid. Such systems could be located at strategic location on computer controlled utility grids of the world and be fully charged so the grid energy could be delivered on demand to locations requiring critical electrical grid energy. In an example, the output power of the system is the utility grid. Such power averaging features allow for higher average energy outputs for the already existing utility grid power generating plants. Such an intelligent grid energy storage feature would allow for an increase in yearly output of approximately 40% to 45%.
The system architecture indicated in FIG. 3 is just one example of many that can perform the aspects of the system. The detailed design of these many enabling architectures can also be successful completed and provide the aspects of the system. In an example, the EESU described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 7,033,406 and 7,466,536 may be advantageously used as part of the system.
In a first aspect, a power system includes an input connected to a utility grid to receive alternating current (AC) input voltage, a full wave bridge electrically connected to the input and to provide full wave reactivation of the AC input voltage, an input filter electrically connected to the full wave bridge to provide direct current (DC) voltage, a DC current limiting unit electrically connected to the input filter to provide power to the system at a rate approximately a 24-hour average consumption rate, a main electrical energy storage unit electrically connected to the DC current limiting unit via a first set of solid state switches, a mid filter electrically connected to the main electrical energy storage units via a second set of solid state switches, an electrical energy storage unit buffer electrically connected to the mid filter, a DC/AC converter unit electrically connected to the mid filter, and an output filter electrically connected to the DC/AC converter unit.
In an example of the first aspect, the DC current limiting unit is to provide constant power output to the main electrical energy storage unit. In another example of the first aspect, the main electrical energy storage unit is a capacitive electrical energy storage unit to provide power on demand to the mid filter, the capacitive electrical energy storage unit to reduce utility grid line AC noise, transients, and short and long term drop outs.
In an additional example of the first aspect, the DC/AC converter unit is to convert DC voltage from the main electrical energy storage unit to utility grid acceptable voltages.
In a further example of the first aspect, the power system further includes a computational circuitry to control the first and second set of solid state switches or the DC current limiting unit to perform at least one of: adjusting the DC current limiting unit to change the power provided to the main electrical energy storage unit on an as needed basis; switching delivery of the output power from the main electrical energy storage unit to the electrical energy storage unit buffer and isolating the main electrical energy storage unit to permit adding, removing, or replacing capacitive electrical energy storage units of the main electrical energy storage unit; switching from the main electrical energy storage units to a portable electrical energy storage unit as a DC power source to the DC/AC converter unit; or providing a seamless delivery of power without loss of output power or adding switching noise to the output power.
In another example of the first aspect, the main electrical energy storage unit is an ultra capacitor configuration fabricated utilizing a composition-modified barium titanate powder coated with aluminum oxide and immersed in a calcium magnesium aluminosilicate glass or polymer matrix.
In a second aspect, a power system includes an input coupled to a utility power grid, a bridge electrically connected to the utility power grid and to convert alternating current to direct current, an electrical energy storage unit electrically connected to the bridge, the electrical energy storage unit comprising a dielectric layer disposed between first and second electrode layers, the dielectric layer comprising a high permittivity ceramic material, a converter electrically connected to the electrical energy storage unit and to convert direct current to alternating current, and a power output electrically connected to the converter.
In an example of the second aspect, the dielectric layer comprises the high permittivity ceramic material dispersed in a polymer matrix. In another example of the second aspect, the high permittivity ceramic material is coated with an aluminum oxide coating.
In a further example of the second aspect, the power system further includes a solid state switch electrically connected between the bridge and the electrical energy storage unit, and further comprising a control computer to control the solid state switch. The control computer can to control the converter.
In an additional example of the second aspect, the power system further includes an electrical energy storage unit buffer electrically connected between the electrical energy storage unit and the converter, the electrical energy storage unit buffer comprising a second dielectric layer disposed between third and fourth electrode layers, the second dielectric layer comprising a high permittivity ceramic material.
In another example of the second aspect, the power system further includes a portable electrical energy storage unit comprising a third dielectric layer disposed between fifth and sixth electrode layers, the third dielectric layer comprising a high permittivity ceramic material, the portable electrical energy storage unit electrically connected to the converter.
In an example of the second aspect, the power system further includes an electrical energy storage unit buffer electrically connected in parallel with the electrical energy storage unit, the electrical energy storage unit buffer comprising a fourth dielectric layer disposed between seventh and eighth electrode layers, the fourth dielectric layer comprising a high permittivity ceramic material.
In a third aspect, a method of power averaging includes receiving power from a utility grid at a bridge of a power system. The power system includes an input coupled to a utility power grid, the bridge electrically connected to the utility power grid and to convert alternating current to direct current, a current limiting circuit connected to an output of the bridge, an electrical energy storage unit electrically connected to the current limiting circuit, the electrical energy storage unit comprising a dielectric layer disposed between first and second electrode layers, the dielectric layer comprising a high permittivity ceramic material, a converter electrically connected to the electrical energy storage unit and to convert direct current to alternating current, and a power output electrically connected to the converter. The method further includes determining an average daily usage rate with a control computer and controlling current supplied by the current limiting circuit with the control computer based on the average daily usage rate.
In an example of the third aspect, controlling the current includes controlling the current to be constant based on the average daily usage rate. In another example of the third aspect, controlling the current includes controlling the current to fill the electrical energy storage unit during off-peak times.
In an additional example of the third aspect, the method further includes controlling access to portable energy storage units based on availability of utility grid power and power level of the electrical energy storage unit.
In a further example of the third aspect, the method further includes isolating the electrical energy storage unit and activating a buffer unit connected in parallel with the electrical energy storage unit.
In a particular example of the third aspect, the power output is connected to a portion of the utility grid.
Note that not all of the activities described above in the general description or the examples are required, that a portion of a specific activity may not be required, and that one or more further activities may be performed in addition to those described. Still further, the order in which activities are listed are not necessarily the order in which they are performed.
In the foregoing specification, the concepts have been described with reference to specific embodiments. However, one of ordinary skill in the art appreciates that various modifications and changes can be made without departing from the scope of the invention as set forth in the claims below. Accordingly, the specification and figures are to be regarded in an illustrative rather than a restrictive sense, and all such modifications are intended to be included within the scope of invention.
As used herein, the terms “comprises,” “comprising,” “includes,” “including,” “has,” “having” or any other variation thereof, are intended to cover a non-exclusive inclusion. For example, a process, method, article, or apparatus that comprises a list of features is not necessarily limited only to those features but may include other features not expressly listed or inherent to such process, method, article, or apparatus. Further, unless expressly stated to the contrary, “or” refers to an inclusive-or and not to an exclusive-or. For example, a condition A or B is satisfied by any one of the following: A is true (or present) and B is false (or not present), A is false (or not present) and B is true (or present), and both A and B are true (or present).
Also, the use of “a” or “an” are employed to describe elements and components described herein. This is done merely for convenience and to give a general sense of the scope of the invention. This description should be read to include one or at least one and the singular also includes the plural unless it is obvious that it is meant otherwise.
Benefits, other advantages, and solutions to problems have been described above with regard to specific embodiments. However, the benefits, advantages, solutions to problems, and any feature(s) that may cause any benefit, advantage, or solution to occur or become more pronounced are not to be construed as a critical, required, or essential feature of any or all the claims.
After reading the specification, skilled artisans will appreciate that certain features are, for clarity, described herein in the context of separate embodiments, may also be provided in combination in a single embodiment. Conversely, various features that are, for brevity, described in the context of a single embodiment, may also be provided separately or in any subcombination. Further, references to values stated in ranges include each and every value within that range.

## Claims

1. A method of power averaging, the method comprising:
receiving power from a utility grid at a bridge of a power system, the power system comprising:
an input coupled to a utility power grid;
the bridge to convert alternating current to direct current;
a current limiting circuit , wherein the bridge is electrically connected between the input and the current limiting circuit;
an electrical energy storage unit coupled to the current limiting circuit, the electrical energy storage unit comprising a dielectric layer disposed between first and second electrode layers, the dielectric layer comprising a high permittivity ceramic material;
a converter to convert direct current to alternating current; and
a power output connected to a portion of the utility grid, wherein the converter is electrically connected between the electrical energy storage unit and the power output;

determining an average daily usage rate with a control computer; and
controlling current supplied by the current limiting circuit with the control computer based on the average daily usage rate.

2. The method of claim 1, wherein controlling the current includes controlling the current to be constant based on the average daily usage rate.

3. The method of claim 1, wherein controlling the current includes controlling the current to fill the electrical energy storage unit during off-peak times.

4. The method of claim 1, further comprising controlling access to portable energy storage units based on availability of utility grid power and power level of the electrical energy storage unit.

5. The method of claim 1, further comprising isolating the electrical energy storage unit and activating a buffer unit connected in parallel with the electrical energy storage unit.

6. A method of power averaging, the method comprising:
receiving power from a utility grid at a bridge of a power system, the power system comprising:
an input coupled to a utility power grid;
the bridge to convert alternating current to direct current;
a current limiting circuit coupled to an output of the bridge, wherein the bridge is electrically connected between the input and the current limiting circuit;
an electrical energy storage unit comprising a dielectric layer disposed between first and second electrode layers, the dielectric layer comprising a high permittivity ceramic material;
a converter to convert direct current to alternating current; and
a power output, wherein the converter is electrically connected between the electrical energy storage unit and the power output;

determining an average daily usage rate with a control computer;
controlling current supplied by the current limiting circuit with the control computer based on the average daily usage rate; and
accessing a portable energy storage unit based on availability of utility grid power and power level of the electrical energy storage unit.

7. The method of claim 6, wherein controlling the current includes controlling the current to be constant based on the average daily usage rate.

8. The method of claim 6, wherein controlling the current includes controlling the current to fill the electrical energy storage unit during off-peak times.

9. The method of claim 6, further comprising isolating the electrical energy storage unit and activating a buffer unit connected in parallel with the electrical energy storage unit.

10. The method of claim 6, wherein the power output is connected to a portion of the utility grid.