DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTOR

BULLETIN

FAUNA OF THE WEWOKA FORMATION 

OF OKLAHOMA

BY

GEORGE H. GIRTY

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1915

CONTENTS.

Page.

Introduction.............................................................. 5

Description of species............... ^....................................... 15

Protozoa............................................................... 15

Foraminifera..................................................... 15

Spongise............................................................... 17

Lithistida........................................................ 17

Ccelenterata............................................................ 19

Tetracoralla...................................................... 19

Tabulata......................................................... 29

Echinodermata......................................................... 30

Crinoidea........................................................ 30

Echinoidea...................................................... 37

Annelida.............................................................. 38

Tubicola......................................................... 38

Molluscoidea........................................................... 44

Bryozoa...............................................:........... 44

Brachiopoda...................................................... 49

Mollusca.............................................................. 105

Pelecypoda........................................................ 105

Scaphopoda....................................................... 145

Gastropoda........................................................ 149

Cephalopoda...................................................... 224

Nautiloidea................................................... 224

Ammoiioidea................................................... 247

Crustacea............................................................. 265

Trilobita......................................................... 265

Ostracoda..................................":..................... 270

Register of localities....................................................... 271

Index.................................................................... 351

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page. 

PLATES I-XXXV. Fossils of the Wewoka formation.......................... 273

FAUNA OF THE WEWOKA FORMATION OF

OKLAHOMA.

By GEORGE H. GIETY.

INTRODUCTION.

In his scientific work the paleontologist is at once a biologist and a 

stratigrapher. As a biologist he is concerned with the discrimination 

and identification of species; as a stratigrapher he is concerned with 

the discrimination and identification of faunas. The stratigraphic 

paleontologist or, as he might be called, the stratilogist, is not primarily concerned with the delineation of geologic formations on a map. 

He can work from measured sections alone, and his special task is the 

correlation of formations that are geographically separated, a task 

which can not ordinarily 'be performed by the stratigrapher.

Faundl descriptions. In order to identify a fauna one must have 

for comparison faunas previously described, and in order to justify 

his identification he must describe the fauna that he is especially considering. He may accomplish this either by describing and figuring 

each species, which is a considerable task, or by merely listing them, 

a task which is comparatively easy, but which is practicable only if the 

species have already been described. An undescribed fauna may, of 

course, be listed by genera merely, and the general character of new 

species may be indicated by suggesting their relationship to known 

species, but this method of describing a fauna is at best imperfect and 

unsatisfactory. To list a fauna without describing it is in effect to 

state conclusions without producing evidence, and such identifications find acceptance only according to the known accuracy and carefulness of the writer. As it seems to be a psychological fact that formulating a description in words stimulates as well as necessitates 

detailed and accurate observation, so the faunas listed by even the 

most careful writers are less reliable and satisfactory than the faunas 

described, while the lists of some authors have hardly any value at all. 

The formulation of a description not only conduces to greater accuracy and refinement of scientific work, but, with the figures, it 

serves also as a voucher which puts the reader into possession of the 

principal facts that led the author to his identification. It follows

5
6 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

from this that quoted descriptions and figures presented by other 

writers and based on alien material serve little purpose save to reproduce in another place statements which are perhaps already accessible in their original place.

Just which method should be employed in describing any particular 

fauna must depend on the attendant circumstances and on the object 

in view. In works dealing with new territory, however, and in works 

of authority and permanence dealing with old territory'the descriptive 

method is the only one which is satisfactory, and this fact is so generally recognized that faunal lists are commonly treated as more or 

less provisional and are held in but little regard.

Range of a fauna. A similar latitude of judgment must be conceded as to the geographic area or geologic limit to be covered by a 

faunal investigation. The word "fauna" is used with meanings varying greatly in extent. In the most restricted sense paleontologists use 

"fauna" or "flora" for the fossils that occur at a single geographic 

point and at a single 'geologic horizon. More loosely, they apply that 

designation to the organic types ranging upward or downward for 

varying distances from a particular horizon, or to the same types 

appearing at the same horizon at varying distances from a particular 

locality. Both stratigraphically and geographically, however, either 

far away or close at hand, the faunal facies will so change that the 

fossil groups can no longer be said to constitute a fauna. Many such 

changes are abrupt, but others are gradual, and it may be difficult to 

decide whether a particular collection, representing a considerable 

geographic or stratigraphic range, can more properly and advantageously be considered to constitute one fauna or two. But, however 

the fossils are grouped, it is evident that usually in the statement and 

always in the investigation the geographic or geologic units should be 

rigidly distinguished.

Carboniferous faunas. Most of the early work done in the Carboniferous formations of the United States should be classed as biologic 

rather than stratigraphic. The purpose of most writers on the paleontology of the Carboniferous period seems to have been to describe species rather than faunas. An eminent exception is found in the work 

of James Hall, who with some other workers proceeded along lines 

that were in part faunistic. Of late years investigators have assembled and presented their facts somewhat more nearly along faunal 

lines, perhaps because the need of this method has become more 

apparent.

The failure of the early paleontologists to work along faunal or at 

least stratigraphic lines is more noticeable perhaps in papers on the 

Pennsylvanian than in those on the Mississippian series, this failure 

probably being due to the fact that the Pennsylvanian faunas are less 

sharply differentiated. However, some important faunal works on
\ INTRODUCTION. 7

the Pennsylvanian were written, such as those of Geinitz * and of 

Meek,2 the latter being in a manner a critique on the former.

Although it often answers every immediate purpose to describe 

faunas from an explored or exploited area merely by listing, this 

method becomes less practicable in proportion as the faunal occurrence is remote from known areas. As much of the early and some of 

the later work on Carboniferous fossils was concentered in the relatively small portion of the Carboniferous outcrop in the Ohio and upper 

Mississippi valleys, a very great amount of work remains to be done 

to make known the Carboniferous faunas of the United States, and it 

must be performed, if performed properly, by the descriptive method.

1 This deficiency I have set myself to remedy so far as my qualifications 

and my opportunities permit.

The Oklahoma section. The Carboniferous area of Oklahoma is 

especially interesting because it is so far removed from the well-known 

Carboniferous areas farther north and east (or perhaps I might better 

say that the rocks were laid down under physical conditions so different) that both its sediments and its faunas show marked differences from those already studied. The Oklahoma section is one of 

those whose faunas I hope to investigate and describe in detail. A 

beginning of this project was made in 1909, when I described the fauna 

of the lower portion of the Caney shale, and the present work is another item in the same scheme. If this work were done serially, the 

Wewoka fauna would not be undertaken for a long time, for it is 

many formations higher in the section than the Caney shale. Its 

investigation was taken up out of the logical order because of the 

unusually excellent preservation of its fossils, which offered an opportunity for careful generic and specific studies that will be advantageous as a starting point for work on less satisfactory material.

The Wewoka formation is typically exposed in the northwestern 

part of the Coalgate and the southwestern part of the Wewoka quadrangles. The details of its extension into other areas have not been 

determined. The collections described in the present report came

,' from the two quadrangles mentioned.

Acknowledgments. I embrace this occasion to express my gratitude to the former State geologist of Oklahoma, Prof. C. N. Gould, 

for his cooperation in obtaining paleontologic data. A valuable 

series of collections lent by him formed an important supplement to 

those already in the possession of the United States Geological Survey. 

The latter were made at various times by J. A. Taff, G. I. Adams, 

R. D. Mesler, and myself. To all these colleagues grateful acknowledgment is made.

i J Geinitz, H. B., Carbonformation und Dyas in Nebraska, 1866.

 2 Meek, F. B., Report on the paleontology of eastern Nebraska: U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska Final 

Kept., pt. 2,1872.
8 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FOEMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

WewoTca formation. The following description of the Wewoka formation was given by Taff in the Coalgate folio: *

Above the Watumka shale there is a succession of massive and, for the most part, 

friable sandstones and shales, seven in number, in alternate beds 40 to 130 feet thick.. 

These beds together are about 700 feet thick and are named the Wewoka formation, 

from the town of the same name in the Wewoka quadrangle to the north. The separate 

massive beds composing the formation are of sufficient thickness to be mapped, but on 

account of the obscurity of the contact lines, due to the friable nature of the beds, it is 

not possible to accurately distinguish them.

The lowest of the four sandstone divisions of the Wewoka formation is thinner, 

though generally harder, than the succeeding ones. At its base there are local indurated beds of sandy chert conglomerate. These conglomerates are most prominent 

near the western border of the quadrangle where they form bluffs facing Boggy Creek 

valley. This group of sandstones and conglomerates becomes thinner eastward and 

northward, so that its outcrop is hardly perceptible on the border of the Canadian 

River valley.

Above this sandstone and conglomerate there is fossiliferous friable blue clay shale 

 for 120 feet, ending locally in thin white fossiliferous limestone. This shale is exposed 

in many deep gulches bordering the Canadian River on the south, and outcrops in the 

rolling prairie land between Alien and Leader. Especially good exposures may be 

seen in the deep ravines in NE. £ sec. 23, T. 5 N., R. 8 E., where abundant fossil shells 

weather out free and also occur in calcareous clay concretions.

The succeeding sandstone member is about 110 feet thick. It caps the high land 

near the western border of the quadrangle, south of Canadian River and forma high 

bluffs surmounting the escarpments, facing eastward upon the north side of the river. 

Its beds are massive and friable, breaking down readily into loose sand and weathering 

into rounded- ledges. . Above this sandstone, and near the middle of the formation, there is a soft fossiliferous blue shale nearly 130 feet thick. This shale is remarkable for the abundant and 

perfectly preserved fossil shells which it contains. Its full section is exposed on 

the Memphis Choctaw Railroad, 2 milea north of the mouth of Little River. Above 

this thick shale there is a sandstone member of the formation, which is estimated to be 

'about 100 feet in thickness. The uppermost beds of this sandstone are shaly and 

culminate in a shelly sandy limestone. These uppermost strata of the Wewoka formation are concealed for the most part in the valley of Little River, across the northwest 

corner of the quadrangle.

On account of the friable nature of the sandstone, fine, loose sand derived from it is 

spread over the whole surface of the formation north of Canadian River, as well as 

over the wertern part of its outcrop south of that stream. The soil is a loose sandy loam 

and the country is covered by heavy forest.

- Fossils from the Wewoka formation. The present report is based 

upon 36 collections, 12 from the Coalgate quadrangle and 24 from 

the Wewoka quadrangle. Stratigraphically, all the collections came 

from the two lower shaly members of the formation. Geographically, 

they were obtained in groups along the line of outcrop made by the 

valley of Canadian River, which here runs nearly northeast. The 

report on these collections was completed in June, 1911.

The collections from the Coalgate quadrangle are credited to stations 2026, 2001, 7193, and 2004. The most westerly was obtained

i Tafl, J. A., U. S. Geol. Survey Geol. Atlas, Coalgate folio (No. 74), 1901.
INTRODUCTION". 9

at station 2026 in the southwest corner of sec. 32, T. 5. N., R. 8 E.,1 

from the thin, light-colored limestone mentioned in Taff's description, 

quoted above, as locally occurring near the top of the lower shale: 

From the western part of sec. 24 and the northeastern and northwestem parts of sec. 23 come seven collections. Two of them are stated 

to be from the lower shale, 50 feet below the sandstone, and the five 

others were no doubt obtained at about the same horizon. As the 

localities are at most not much over a mile apart and probably represent about the same stratigraphic horizon, it would seem to be 

introducing unnecessary details to give separate lists for each of them 

and I will list the paleontologic data obtained at these seven localities 

under station 2001. Two other collections from the lower shale, 

one from sec. 32, the other from the SW. I sec. 33, T. 6 N., K. 9 E., 

may be regarded as a third group which will be entered under station 

7193.

Two other collections were obtained close by, almost at the same 

spot, one from the southeast corner of the SW.J sec. 32, the other from 

the southwest corner of the SE. J..of the same section. One of the two 

was found in the middle instead of in the lower shale (from which the 

preceding group was obtained) and the other may provisionally be 

assumed to have come from the same stratigraphic position. These 

two collections will be cited as from station 2004.

The collections from the Wewoka quadrangle are credited to stations 2010, 2009, 2005, 2006, and 2021. Station 2010 is said to lie in 

sec. 10, T. 6 N., R. 9 E., in blue shale below sandstone, apparently 

the lower shale, as the middle shale comes in farther back from the 

river and at a much higher topographic .position. A small collection 

(2009) is said to come from a railroad cut near the center of sec. 9 in 

the same township. The matrix, would indicate that it might have 

come from the sandstone separating the lower and middle shales, but 

I believe that it actually did come from a thin sandstone in the lower 

shale. Four collections made in the SE. £ sec. 2 (station 2005) were 

taken, according to some of the labels but not according to others, 

from the middle shale, about 50 feet below the sandstone. Seventeen 

collections come from the northern part of sec. 5, T. 6 N., R. 9 E., 

and the adjacent .southern part of sec. 32, T. 7 N., R. 9 E.; they 

were closely grouped along a lino of bluffs and were all from the middle shale, from 25 to 75 feet below the sandstone which divides that 

member from the upper shale; these collections I group under station 

2006. Lastly, a single collection (2021) comes from the NW. f sec. 

31, T. 7 N., R. 9 E.; the horizon is not given but it appears to be 

in the middle shale.

1 For a detailed description of localities indicated by number in this report, refer to the register of localities 

on p. 271.
10 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

The following table shows the fossil species thus far found in the' 

Wewoka formation, their geographic distribution, and their stratigraphic range:

Range and distribution of species in the WewoJca formation.

Wewokella solida. .................................

Crinoid stems, group A ............................

Cromyocrinus? sp .................................

Delocrinus hemisphericus? ........................

Echinocrinus aff. E. cratis. ........................

Conularia crustula. ......'...........................

Fistulipora carbonaria var. nebraskensis. ...........

Stenopora aff. S. distans ...........................

Rhombopora lepidodendroides? ...................

Chainodictyon laxum? ............................

Lingula carbonaria?. .......:.......................

Lingulipora nebraskensis. ..........................

Rcemerella patula .................................

Rcemerella? sp. .....................................

Strep torhynchus Oklahoma} . .......................

Chonetes granulifer . . ..............................

Chonetes granulifer var. armatus ...................

Chonetes mesolobus var. euampygus ...............

Productus inflates var. coloradoensis. ..............

Productus insinuatus. .............................

Marginiferalasallensis?. ........................'....

Pugnax osagensis ..................................

Pugnax osagensis var. percostata. ..................

Rhynchopora illinoisensis ..........................

Spiriferina kentuckyensis ..........................

Spirifer aff. S. boonensis. . .........................

Yoldiaelabra... ...................................

o

o

CN

X 

X 

X

X

X

Y

X

Y

X 

X

?

X

Y

Y

X 

X

X 

X

Y

X 

X

X

X 

X

X

Y

X 

X 

X 

X

^

X

X 

X 

X

X

y

X

X

X 

X 

X 

X

X

X 

X

X 

X 

X

?

X

X

X 

X 

X 

X

Y

X

xxxxxx

s 

s

X

X

?

X

V

X 

X

X

X

X

?

X

?

X

X 

X

X

X 

X.

Y

Y

X 

X 

X 

X

X

xxxxxx

§o

<N

X

Y

X

Y

X

Y

Y

Y

Y

Y

X 

X

Y

X 

X

y

X

X

X

?

X

X 

X

X 

X

X

Y

X 

X

y

y

X 

X 

X 

X

Y

Y

X

Y

xxxxxx:

g

8

Y

o

§

y

?

X

X 

X 

X

1

X

Y

to

Y

y

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3l^.

X 

X 

X

X

X

X

X

X

X

X 

X

X 

X 

X

X 

X

?

X

X

xxxx

X

"x"

X 

X

y

Lower shale.

X 

X 

X

X

?

v

X

V

X

X

X

X

?

X 

X 

Y

X 

X 

X

y

X 

X

X 

X

X

xxxx

Y

xxxxxx:

Lime tso.n e

lens.

X

....

....

Middle shal.

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X

xxxxxx

X

X 

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X 

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?

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X
INTEODUCTION. 11

Range and distribution of species in the Wewoka formation Continued.

ft

Orestes nodosus

g

y

X

y

y

X 

y

X 

X 

X 

X 

X

X 

X 

X 

X

X

V

?

X

X

X 

X

V

X

X

V

Y

X

X

I

X

X

X 

X 

X 

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X

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.CO

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"x"

X

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jg

s

£

3

v

V

X 

X

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X 

X

X 

X

X

V

X 

X 

X

y

X

X

X

X

X

X

Y

X

X

y

X

Lime stone 

lens.

X

Middle shale.

X 

X 

X 

X 

X

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

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X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

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X 

X 

X 

X 

X 

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X 

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X
12 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

In addition to the collections definitely included in the Wewoka 

fauna, two others may be noted which show "the Wewoka facies but 

which are supposed to have come from the overlying formation, the 

Holdenville shale. Both are from, the Wewoka quadrangle; one 

(station 2031) is said to'have been obtained from blue clay shale in 

the northeast corner of the NW. I sec. 2, T. 6 N., K. 8 E.; the other 

(station 2032)-also from blue clay shale, was obtained in the northeast 

corner of sec. 26, T. 7 N., R. 8 E., about 1£ miles southwest of Holdenville. Both collections consist of common Wewoka species; the 

latter represents a somewhat larger fauna containing Nuculopsis 

ventricosa-, Leda lellistriata, Astartella concentrica, Plianerotrema 

grayviTlense, Orestes nodosus, Trepospira depressa, EupTiemus carbonarius, and Pseudorthoceras knoxense. The former contains only 

R&merella patula and Trepospira depressa.

It has already been said that the fossils considered in this report 

represent three horizons in the Wewoka formation the lower shale, 

a limestone lens near the top of the lower shale, and the middle shale. 

The fossils occurring at these horizons are listed in the last three 

columns of the preceding table, the lower shale comprising lots 2001, 

2009, 2010, and 7193; the limestone lens being represented only by lot 

2026; and the middle shale comprising lots 2004, 2005, 2006, and 2021. 

A comparison of these three columns shows at once that the very 

small fauna of the limestone lens is peculiar to it, while the faunas 

of the two shales are very closely related. Certain diversities nevertheless appear. The crinoidal representatives seem to be restricted 

chiefly to the middle shale, as do also the Conularias, the rare Bryozoa, and the Lingulas. Aside from the Lingulas the discrepancies 

among the Brachiopoda are not essentially noteworthy and may be 

readily seen from the table. All the abundant Pelecypoda occur 

equally in the two beds. With a few exceptions the rarer ones appear 

to be restricted to the middle shale, probably because the collections 

from that bed are- much more complete than those from the lower. 

Possibly the same is true of the Dentalia, which, as recorded, appear 

to be restricted practically to the upper zone. The same Gastropoda 

also occur in both shales, but it is .perhaps deserving of mention that 

PJiarTcidonotus percarinatus, all the Zygopleuras, and most of the 

Sphserodomas have been found only in the upper shale.

The cephalopods are nowhere very abundant, and it is only in 

accord with the generally more extensive fauna occurring in the 

middle shale, and with the more numerous collections made from it, 

that while nearly all the cephalopods of the lower shale occur also in 

the middle shale, a large proportion of those found in the middle 

shale are not known from the lower.

The collections from the Wewoka quadrangle illustrate three distinct types of lithology and preservation. One lot (station 2026) is
INTRODUCTION. 13

contained in a whitish granular limestone, the same which is mentioned in the description of the Wewoka formation as occurring 

locally near the top of the lower shale. On close inspection the 

constituent particles of the limestone prove to be small crinoid stems, 

a small species of Fusulina with other Foramioifera, oolitic grains, 

and the like, thickly scattered through a fine calcareous base. The 

single hand specimen of the limestone collected is rather friable. 

Another small collection (station 2009) is in a soft fine-grained yellow 

sandstone, in which the fossils are preserved as molds, the containing 

rock being so pressed together that the cavities represented by the 

original shells no longer exist. This collection may have come from 

the sandstone between the lower and middle shales, but is believed 

to have come from a thin bed in the lower shale. It is perhaps noteworthy that these two collections (2026 and 2009), which differ 

markedly from the rest in the matter of lithology, seem, for the known 

faunas are extremely small, to present an almost equal contrast 

faunally.

The great bulk of the collections from the Wewoka consist of free 

specimens, which have weathered out of the shales. Although most 

of them are more or less broken, at least, about their margins, and a 

few are compressed, some are almost perfect and have unusually well 

preserved surface characters. These fossils possess one exceptional 

feature. The original carbonate of lime (calcite or aragonite), of 

which most Carboniferous fossils were composed, has been replaced 

not by silica or by pyrite, the most common replacement substances, 

but by a compound of the carbonates of iron, magnesia, and lime; 

which shows but little effervescence with cold hydrochloric acid.

Considered as a fauna, the fossils of the Wewoka formation show 

remarkable diversity. In the majority of the Pennsylvanian faunas 

the brachiopods predominate, and some of them contain little else. 

In the "Wewoka fauna, however, most of the important zoologic 

groups are represented, and with exceptional balance. The brachiopods do not predominate. In fact, numerically they are probably not 

so well represented as the pelecypods and gastropods, both of which, 

though often almost absent from many other collections, are abundant in those from the Wewoka, as are also the cephalopods, both 

nautiloids and ammonoids, which are absent even from many faunas 

in which the other mollusks are present. Except for their single occurrence at station 2026, the Fusulinas, which are so characteristic of 

the Carboniferous and which in some places occur in great profusion, 

are entirely absent. Sponges, generally rare, are represented by a 

few specimens. Corals are abundantly represented by the single 

species Lophophyllum profundum. Crinoids, which commonly occur 

as fragments of stems, are represented by stems, plates, and a few 

more or less entire cups. Conspicuously rare in this fauna, though
14 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

abundant in many other Pennsylvanian faunas, are the Bryozoa. Not 

even a single fenestellid has come to hand. As already noted, the 

brachiopods are proportionally less well represented than usual. 

Several types are notably rare. The strophomenoids are very rare; 

not a Meekella, not even a Derbya has been found, the few known 

representatives of this group appearing to belong to the uncommon 

genus Streptorhynchus. The Producti, especially the large representatives of Productus, like semireticulatus and punctatus, are rare or 

absent, yet there is hardly a fossil more typically Carboniferous than 

P. semireticulatus. Spirifer cameratus, an ubiquitous fossil in most 

Pennsylvanian faunas, is rare and not typical, and Composita subtilita is also rather rare. Thus, these four most characteristic and 

usually most abundant brachiopod types of the Pennsylvanian are 

relatively inconspicuous. On the other hand, Pugnax rockymontana, 

a specie's very seldom seen, is fairly common. The unusual abundance of the true mollusks has already been noted. Astartella concentrica, Nuculopsis ventricosa, and PJianerotrema grayviUense are 

probably the most common species in the entire fauna, and a few 

other mollusks are scarcely less abundant.

The general composition of the Wewoka fauna, the presence of 

Clionetes mesolobus, and the absence of Meekella and like forms, suggest an early stage of the Pennsylvanian, and the fauna resembles 

the faunas of the early Pennsylvanian much more closely than those 

of the late Pennsylvanian of the upper Mississippi Valley. The 

Wewoka formation is almost too remote from the Pennsylvanian 

sections of the Mississippi Valley to justify its correlation with any of 

the numerous and sometimes thin formations which there make up 

the system. However, in the Survey collections from Kansas, those 

from about the horizon of the Fort Scott limestone show a striking 

resemblance to the Wewoka fauna, and the relationship suggested by 

this resemblance appears to be corroborated by the stratigraphy, for 

Prof. Gould l recently reported that a sandstone which immediately 

overlies the Wewoka formation has been traced north to a position 

closely aligned with the southward extension of the Fort Scott limestone.

1 Gould, C. N., oral communication. Prof. Gould desires me to state that most of the tracing was done 

by J. A. Tafl.
DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES. 

PROTOZOA.

FORAMINIFERA. 

Family FUSULINID^E.

Genus FTJSULINA Fischer-de-Waldheim.

FUSULINA INCONSPICUA Girty.

Plate I, figures 1-8.

1911. Fusulina inconspicua. Girty, New York Acad. Sci. Annals, vol. 21, p. 120. 

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla.

Shell small, subcylindrical to somewhat 'fusiform. The average 

length is perhaps 3 millimeters, with a diameter of about 1 millimeter, 

but specimens 3.5 millimeters long are not uncommon. A few have 

a length of 4 millimeters, while one specimen provisionally referred to 

this species is nearly 5 millimeters long and 1.5 millimeters thick. 

For the most part this species is of very regular growth with a subcylindrical sheh1 abruptly rounded at the ends. Different specimens 

diifer appreciably in proportions, some being slender and others more 

robust, and some also taper more distinctly than others. In general 

the slender shape and gentle taper seem to be immature characters, 

appearing in young shells more frequently than in mature ones and 

being retained in some to a later stage than in others. '

The initial cell is rather large, about 0.1 millimeter in diameter. The 

largest measured had a diameter of. 0.11 millimeter, others of 0.099 

millimeter, still others of 0.084 millimeter; others were even smaller. 

It seems reasonable to infer that the initial cell varies in size in different 

specimens but that many of the smaller measurements are due to the 

section not passing through its center. The walls are thin, the septa 

and outer wall being nearly equal in thickness. The specimens studied 

do not show the minute structure. In mature specimens (1 millimeter in diameter) 5 or even 6 revolutions of the outer wall can be 

counted in addition to the initial cell. In a mature specimen (1 millimeter in diameter) some 23 septa occur in the outer volution, and this 

appears to be about normal.

The specimens examined may not show this character with accuracy, 

but the suture or superficial lines formed by the septa are indistinct 

and not depressed. The septal walls are straight or nearly straight at 

the surface, but a little below it they appear to become strongly 

plicated.

The height of the final chamber is about 0.07 or 0.08 millimeter; the 

thickness of the outer wall is about one-third to one-fourth as much, 

or 0.028 to 0.02 millimeter.

15
16 FAUNA OP WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

This diminutive species, which occurs in great numbers at the one 

horizon in the Wewoka formation where it is found at all, is readily 

distinguished from all other American species thus far known by its 

much smaller size, and from-some of them by its elongated and cylindrical instead of fusiform shape. In size it resembles the European 

' F. minima Schellwien,1 but is somewhat larger; in shape it is more 

slender and less fusiform. Its shape suggests F. lutugini Schellwien 2 

and F. longissima Holler,3 but it is very much smaller.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Coalgate* quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2026).

Family NUMMULINID^E,

Genus ARCHJEODISCTJS Brady.

ARCTLZEODISCUS ? sp.

Thin sections of limestone taken from the lens at station 2026 show 

that the rock consists largely of Fusulina inconspicua and small crinoid 

stems together with a considerable amount of transparent calcareous 

cement. The appearance of the Fusulinas varies greatly, depending on the part of the shell traversed by the section and the angle 

at which the shell is cut. The specimens that can be positively referred to F. inconspicua show, indeed, variation so great that I hesitate 

to exclude from that species a few shells of more unusual type, and still 

more to name a genus in which they can be placed, because they are 

so few that it is impossible to assemble them in concept in a form that 

will be related to three dimensions instead of only two. Some of them 

are comparable to Holler's figures of Archseodiscus karreri Brady.4 

All are .under 0.6 millimeter in diameter, somewhat'smaller than the 

originals of Holler's figures, and all are more or less elliptical in shape, 

and a few are somewhat pointed at the.ends.

If these specimens are to be excluded from Fusulina the sections 

examined may possibly contain several other genera. One small 

form, only 0.2 millimeter in diameter, suggests Cristellaria. Two 

may perhaps represent a SpiriJlina. They are about 0.4 millimeter 

long and are very slender, so that they must be cut at a right angle 

to the plane of revolution. Still another type, which has a diameter 

of 0.6 millimeter, is somewhat suggestive of Discorbina. Another 

unique form resembles Ammodiscus, but it is not arenaceous and is 

very small, measuring only about 0.15 millimeter in diameter.

i Schellwien, Ernst, Monographie der Fusulinen, Teil 1, Die Fusulinen des russisch-arktischeh Meeresgebietes: Palseontographica, vol. 5 , p. 167, pi. 13, fig. 23,1908.

«Idem, p. 177, pi. 17, figs. 2, 3, 7,"8,12-14.

a Idem, p. 163, pi. 13, figs. 14-20.

4 Moller, V. von,-Die Foraminiferen des russischen Kohlenkalks: Acad. imp. sci. St.-Pe'tersbourg M6m., 

ser. 7, vol. 27, No. 5, p. 77, pi. 7, figs. 4 and 5,1879.
J SPONGLE. 17

x These specimens are all very small and the structure in some is not 

distinct. Some may really belong to Fusulina, but if they do they 

must represent very young individuals, or perhaps mature individuals 

cut nearly tangent to the small ends, or they may be merely fragments. The fact that no similar bodies have been found macroscop- 

] ically either on rock surfaces or among broken-up material appears 

'>' to weigh against their being regarded as distinct from Fusulina.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, 

- Okla. (station 2026).

SPONGLE.

IITHISTIDA. i

Genus WEWOKELLA Girty. 

} 1911. Wewokella. Girty, New York Acad. Sci. Annals, vol. 21, p. 121.

The form for which this title is introduced is rare in the Wewoka

formation, only two specimens having come to hand. They might

perhaps be referred to the genus Doryderma were it not for the fact

/ that they indicate a form which has a large central cloaca instead

of a number of axial canals and which apparently lacks the radial

/ canals of Doryderma. The type is nevertheless supposed to be related

to that genus, which has also been cited from Carboniferous strata.

The form is roughly that of a cylinder with a large tubular cloaca. 

No dermal layer has been observed. The walls are rigid and are 

( made up of large interlaced spicules. The typical spicule appears 

' to be the tetraxon, but many do not show this shape and appear to 

be long, irregularly branched, and more or less contorted. Generally speaking, however, the trend.of the spicules is longitudinal. 

Type species. Wewolcellasolida.

WEWOKELLA SOLIDA Girty. 

Plate I, figures 12-13b.

1911. Weivokella solida. Girty, New York Acad. Sci. Annals, vol. 21, p. 121. 

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla.

Sponge body irregularly cylindrical, attaining a diameter of at 

least 25 millimeters. The center is occupied by a large tubular 

cloaca, the walls being about 7 millimeters thick and showing no 

evidence of being pierced by radial canals. A dermal layer, if 

originally present, has been lost. The walls are now made up of 

large spicules, which are doubtless typically 4-rayed, with one of the 

rays more or less reduced. Some of the others are perhaps aborted, 

so that many of the spicules seem to be irregularly branched. They 

are so interwoven as to make up a wall having considerable rigidity 

to augment which they may be partly cemented, although it is

37003° Bull. 544 15 2
18 FAUNA OP WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA. J

doubtful if they anastomose. The structure, then, though extremely 

varied in detail, makes on the whole a homogeneous wall which is 

apparently the same on the inside as on the outside. Among the 

large spicules are other much smaller tetraxons.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2004).

Genus VIRGTTLA Girty.

VlKGULA? sp. ' i 

Plate I, figures 11-llb.

This type is represented by a single specimen, which probably ' 

had originally a cylindrical shape, but which is now compressed to S 

an inconsiderable thickness and has a width of 6 or 7 millimeters. 

It appears to be made up of large spicules, between which is a rela- l 

tively coarse and open mesh. The structure is unusually regular, 

and as the openings left between the arms of the spicules are approximately hexagonal, the spicules were probably normally of the 4-rayed 

type. Their ends appear to be solidly connected. I

This structure if interpreted aright would indicate that the specimen was a Lithistid sponge of the suborder Tetracladina, but most \ 

of the described genera of that group are of Mesozoic age, and few 

of them have the form of a solid or hollow cylinder like the present 

species. The Guadalupian fauna, however, contains a few Carboniferous types having a cylindrical or branching shape, and it is } 

nOt unlikely that the present species may be referred to one of these, \ 

the genus Virgula.1

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla, (station 2006).

INCERT-ffi SEDIS.

SPONGE? sp.

Plate I, figures 9-10a.

A few of the crinoid stems and one of the plates show a pathologic 

condition, apparently due to some boring organism, probably a 

species of sponge that is, they are in places perforated with closely 

set, nearly circular holes of irregular size, the smaller holes being 

on the outer edges of the area affected. These perforations are 

rounded or cup-shaped at the bottom, and so far as observed are 

more or less superficial, none .passing through the stem or plate, 

and the area in which they appear is irregularly enlarged or swollen. 

My specimens seem to indicate that these perforations do not 

represent one organism attached to another, but a pathologic condition of one caused by another. There is no apparent difference

i Girty, G. H., The Guadalupian fauna: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 58, p. 73,1908.
TETBACOBALLA. 19

in structure and no sharp line between the affected and the normal 

portions, as there would be if there were really two organisms, and 

although the stems are conspicuously deformed the plate seems to 

be in no way distorted, unless perhaps it is "somewhat thickened.

If the general facts are as stated, the particular cause of this 

deformity can not be determined. Many organisms possess the 

power of boring or absorbing hard substances such as stone or shell, 

yet it seems hardly likely that the agent here was some boring 

bivalve like Saxicava or Lithophagus. A gastropod boring for food 

would probably not produce such an excavation, for it would doubtless be better instructed by instinct than to bore into a crinoid 

stem or only partly through a crinoid plate. It is important to 

note that these perforations are restricted to the Crinoidea; they 

have not been observed on any of the Mollusca or Molluscoidea, 

although this fact might be cited with almost equal force against 

any of the other hypotheses. The work was more probably that 

of a sponge, although the boring sponges that I have seen produce 

more irregular and interlacing work.

At all events the following consideration seems to be in a general 

way determinative. If, as seems probable, the phenomena are due 

to a pathologic condition in the crinoid and not to another organism 

attached to it, the deformation must have been of slow growth, 

covering a period of weeks if not of months. It seems likely, then, 

that the agent was not excavating for a habitation, still less for food, 

-although- hypotheses covering both suppositions might be framed. 

The apparently slow progress of the derangement and its colonylike nature suggest not the work of single depredators seeking food 

or shelter, but a gradually expanding parasite whose growth was 

compensated by development in the organism attacked.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2006).

CCELENTERATA.

TETRACORALLA. 

Family ZAPHKENTID^E.

Genus LOPHOPHYLLTJM Milne-Edwards and Haime.

LOPHOEHYLLUM PKOFUNDUM Milne-Edwards and Haime. 

Plate II, figures l-6a; Plate VI, figures 12,14: 

1851. Cyathaxonia profunda. Milne-Ed wards and Haime, Mon. des Polyp. Foss., p. 323.

Carboniferous: Flint Ridge, Ohio. 

1860. Cyathaxonia profunda. Milne-Edwards, Hist. Nat. Coralliaires, vol. 3, p. 331.

Carboniferous: Ohio.

1860. Cyathaxona prolifera. McChesney, Desc. New Spec. Foss., p. 75. (Date of 

imprint, 1859.)

Coal Measures: Widely distributed in the Western States.
20 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FOEMATION" OF OKLAHOMA. j

1865. Cyathaxonia proliferu. McChesney, Illiis. New Spec. Foss., pi. 2, figs. 1-3.

1866. Cyathaxonia (?) sp. Geinitz, Garb, und Dyas in Nebraska, pp. 65, 66, tab. 5,

figs. 3, 4.

Upper Coal Measures: Plattsmotith, Nebr. 

1868. Cyathaxonia prolifera. McChesney, Chicago Acad. Sci. Trans., vol. 1, p. 1,

pi. 2, figs. 1-3. (Date of imprint, 1867.) 

Coal Measures: Springfield, 111. ',

1872. Lophophyllum proliferum. Meek, U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska Final Kept.,

p. 144, pi. 5, figs. 4a,' 4b.

Upper Coal Measures: 'Nebraska City and Rock Bluff, Nebr.; Springfield and 

LaSalle, 111.; Texas.

1873. Lophophyllum proliferum. Meek and Worthen, Illinois Geol. Survey, vol. 5,

p. 560, pi. 24, fig. 1.

Upper Coal Measures: Springfield, 111. \ 

1876. Lophophyllum proliferum. White, U. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey Terr., 2d

div., Powell's Kept. Geology Uinta.Mountains, p. 88. 

Lower Aubrey group: Confluence of Grand and Green rivers, Utah. 

1884. Lophophyllum proliferum. White, Indiana Dept. Geology and Nat. Hist.

Thirteenth Ann. Kept., pt. 2, p. 118, pi. 23, figs. 6, 7. 

Coal Measures: 'Indiana, Illinois, Iowa. 

1887. Cyathaxonia prolifera. Foerste, Denison Univ. Sci. Lab. Bull., vol. 2, p. 86,

pi. 7, figs. 15a-c. 

Coal Measures: Flint Ridge and Bald Hill, Ohio.

1887. Zaphrentis sp. Herrick, idem, p. 50, pi. 2, fig. 21. . Coal Measures: Flint Ridge, Ohio.

1888. Lophophyllum profunda. Foerste, idem, vol. 3, p. 136.

Coal Measures: Flint Ridge, Ohio. 

1888. Lophophyllum proliferum. Keyes, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 225.

(Date of imprint, 1889.)

Lower Coal Measures: Des Moines, Iowa. i 

1890. Lophophyllum profundum. Worthen, Illinois Geol. Survey, vol. 8, p. 79, pi. 10,

figs. 14, 14a. . - ' 

Coal Measures: Lasalle, 111. 

1894. Lophophyllum proiiferum. Keyes, Missouri Geol. Survey, vol. 4, p. 115,

pi. 13, figs. 8a, 8b.

Upper Coal Measures: Kansas-City, Mo.

1896. Lophophyllum proliferum. Smith, Am. Philos. Soc. Proc., vol. 35, p. 235. 

Upper Coal Measures:' Poteau Mountain, Okla.

1897. Lophophyllum proliferum. Smith, Leland Stanford Junior Univ. Pub., Contrib.

Biology Hopkins Seaside Lab., No. IX, p. 25. 

Upper Coal Measures: Poteau Mountain, Okla. 

1900. Lophophyllum profundum. Beede, Kansas Univ. Geol. Survey, vol. 6, p. 17.

pi. 2, figs. 7, 7b.

Upper and Lower Coal Measures: Fort Scott, Marmaton, Bourbon County", 

Thayer, Olathe, Kansas City, Lawrence, Lecompton, Topeka, McFarland, 

Grand Summit, Kans.

1903. Lophophyllum profundum. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 16, p. 320. 

Hermosa formation: San Juan region and Sinbads Valley, Colo. 

Maroon formation: Crested Butte district, Colo. 

Glenwood Springs and Uinta Mountain region, Colo. 

1906. Lophophyllum profundum. Woodruff, Nebraska Geol. Survey, vol. 2, pt. '2,

p. 260, pi. 5, fig. 4.

Carboniferous: Weeping Water, Louisville, Cedar Creek, and Nehawka, Nebr. 

1910. Lophophyllum profundum. Raymond, Carnegie Mus. Annals, vol. 7, No. 1,

p. 157, pi. 25, fig, 2; pi. 27, fig. 4. 

Ames limestone: Brilliant cut-off, Pittsburgh, Pa.
TETBACORALLA. 21

The fossils here under consideration are abundant in the Wewoka 

formation and show great variety. They have the usual conical 

shape and vary from gently curved to nearly straight, but some specimens expand more abruptly than others, most of the short specimens 

expanding more abruptly than the long ones. In the long specimens the sharpest curvature and expansion occur in the lower part, 

the upper part being more nearly straight and cylindrical. A 

length of 55 millimeters and a diameter of 24 millimeters are about 

the maxima observed. These fossils bear concentric stride and growth 

lines, which in some specimens are very sharp and regular. More 

pronounced irregularities of growth are common, and appear to be 

more highly developed in the short, abruptly expanding forms but 

are in some degree common to all. The longitudinal striations are 

strongly marked and are intimately connected with the development

of the septa, each of the little grooves occurring opposite one of the 

septa and each of the ridges opposite an interseptal loculus. Three 

lines of discrepancy can usually be discerned in the arrangement of 

these ridges which branch more or less pinnately from them. They 

divide the perimeter approximately into a half and two quarters. 

Another external structure consists of small stolons or apophyses, 

which are given off by some specimens in considerable numbers, 

though others have only a few, and still others lack them altogether. 

They seem to be especially abundant on the short, spreading specimens, which have been separated as a distinct variety. In L. profundum as here interpreted they are rare.

The septa are of two orders, the short ones projecting but slightly 

and the long ones reaching to the center. There are from 24 to 31 or 

less of each, the number depending on the size of the specimen. 

Interseptal tissue is scantily developed and is possibly absent in some 

individuals. In others the interseptal loculi are subdivided by plates 

which occur at irregular intervals and extend obliquely from the center 

downward. The fossula is large.

A very striking feature of these organisms is the columella, which 

in numerous specimens is extremely large and prominent. It is generally more or less oval in cross section and subangular at the ends 

of the long diameter. In many specimens it is asymmetric, one end 

being rounded and the other angular, and in some it is additionally 

differentiated, the sculpture passing around one end and the other 

end having its angular carina intensified by two slight longitudinal 

grooves. In some specimens the columella is nearly circular; in 

others, particularly near the upper extremity, it is very attenuate, like 

a thin, sharp blade. It is marked by ridges that vary much in size and 

arrangement. In some specimens they are coarse and rather regular 

and may be either directly longitudinal or somewhat spiral; in others, 

they are much finer and more or less inosculating, producing a rather
22 FAUNA, OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

reticulate appearance; or they may be combined with reticulations, 

which occur chiefly near the apex. These markings are confined to 

the upper part of the columella, the lower part being smooth. In 

very many specimens the columella appears to be connected with one 

of the septa and to have the fossula opposite it. In others, several 

or possibly all the septa appear to unite with the columella. In some 

specimens the septa are much enlarged near the middle of the coral.

The different parts that are unsymmetrical usually bear a constant 

relation to one another. So far as I have observed the long axis of the 

columella invariably extends through the fossula and is connected with 

one of the septa at the end opposite the fossula, if such a connection is 

apparent at all. As already noted, the columella is not connected 

with any of the septa in the cavity of the calice, though it may be connected with several or all of them below. In the specimens observed, 

which show especially the condition at the bottom of the calice, the 

only septum regularly connected with the columella, or the one most 

conspicuously connected, is that opposite the fossula. Furthermore, 

contrary to what might be expected, the carinated side of the columella is usually directed toward the fossula and the rounded side toward 

the septum, with which the columella itself is especially united. Most 

of the coralla are conspicuously, regularly, and gently curved, the 

curvature being almost invariably such that its direction is in line 

with the longer axis of the columella. A very small number of specimens are bent at right angles to the columella and, as has already been 

stated, some are essentially straight or were differently flexed at different stages of growth. Furthermore, the curvature is normally 

such that the fossula lies on the concave side of the corallum, though 

in a few specimens it lies on the convex side.

Thin Sections give what is in some respects a better idea of the 

structure of this coral, modifying somewhat the impressions derived 

from other methods of study. Probably the minute structure of the 

specimens sectioned has been more or less changed by fossilization, 

but it is sufficiently preserved to permit at least a distinction between 

the original structure and that produced by subsequent development 

of stereoplasma, a development that took place especially in the older 

parts of the corallum, the original structures being best seen in the 

calicinal portions.

Sections through the lower part of the calice show the theca, the 

septa, and the columella. The septa consist of single plates of more 

or less dense and uniform tissue, probably the primitive central lamellae of Nicholson (Primar-streif).

The theca consists of alternating transverse bands of translucent and 

of denser tissue, the latter narrower than the former. The denser 

bands are a continuation of the median plate (here equivalent to the 

septum), but they are not sharply defined, being more or less broken
TETRACORALLA. 23

up into dark strips with light strips between, the light strips being 

mottled with dark flecks.

The columella has a radiating structure, obvious in some specimens 

and very obscure in others, the radii seeming to correspond in texture 

and more or less in direction with the median plates. The spaces 

between the lines of greater density are filled in with stereoplasma 

(like that composing the walls ?), which forms a solid relatively large 

column of subcircular or oval section, having in some specimens distinctly fluted margins. The line of denser tissue through the long 

diameter is more striking and persistent than the lines that radiate 

laterally. -The stereoplasma appears to have been deposited along 

these radii or plates and a rather distinct line appears where the deposits occurring on the opposite sides of adjacent plates meet midway 

between them to complete the.solid axis.

A secondary deposit of stereoplasma seems to have gathered along 

these primary structures, chiefly, perhaps, about the ends of the septa 

and along the walls, but also probably about the columella and the 

sides of the septa. This deposit ultimately fills more or less completely the interseptal loculi, but the first result of its formation is to 

bring one or more of the septa into fused contact with the columella 

and with each other, tins result, of course, being more complete in the 

early part of the corallum than in the calice. Although one or more 

and in some specimens perhaps all the septa are united with the columella the union is not primary but secondary for, as shown by Nicholson for Lopliophyllum eruca and by Duerden for- the present species, 

the columella in the early stages is intrinsically connected with one 

of the septa, the primitive central lamella being continuous from 

one to the other. In the specimens studied in the thin sections the 

median plate of the septum stops short of the columella and does not 

unite with the corresponding primary plate of that structure, but 

only a few specimens were studied in this manner.

Although the ridges of the exterior of the theca are directly connected with the septa and may be said to represent them, the tetrameral symmetry is usually much more clearly shown by the ridges 

than by the septa themselves, for the ridges show the stage of development of the septa, whereas the ordinary method of observing 

the septa in thin section or at the base of the calice shows merely 

their position at one stage of growth.

Of the three lines of discrepancy observed in the external ridges on 

the differentiated half of the corallum the median line is correlated with 

the septum that lies in the fossula. This line is frequently marked 

by the greater prominence of two of the ridges which extend from 

top to bottom of the coral but from which the others diverge pinna-tely. 

The internal and external features can not invariably be observed on 

the same specimen, but in this correlation of the fossular septum with
24 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

the median division of the external ridges I feel some confidence. The 

lateral divisions, as previously remarked, are less obvious in the septa 

themselves than on the outside, but more than once a disparity in the 

septa on opposite sides of the cor-allum has been observed about a 

quadrant distant from the main f ossula, suggesting the sporadic occurrence of auxiliary lateral fossulse.

The names which should be used for the critical septa in this coral 

can hardly be doubted. The septum corresponding to the median of 

the three discrepant lines among the external ridges is the cardinal 

septum; that opposite each of the lateral lines, an alar septum; and 

that opposite the cardinal septum, with which the columella is connected, is the counter septum. As already noted, the alar septa are 

not as a rule clearly differentiated on the interior of the corallum. 

The cardinal septum then lies normally in the f ossula on the concave 

side of the corallum, and the counter septum is on the convex side and 

is connected with the columella. In the rare specimens in which the 

curvature is reversed the cardinalseptum is on the convex side of the 

columella and the counter septum on the concave side.

This nomenclature requires some comment, because Nicholson 

states that the cardinal septum is placed on the convex side of the 

corallum but also defines it as that from which new septa are developed on both sides, in a pinnate manner. By this rule, the septum 

which I call the counter septum, as determined by the curvature of the 

corallum, he would call the counter septum, and the septum which I 

call the cardinal, as determined by the symmetry of arrangement, he 

also would call the cardinal. The variability of the curvature with 

reference to the internal structure as. shown in the present species 

would indicate that the curvature was subordinate in importance to 

the symmetry. Consequently, the definition that seems preferable is 

Jakowlew's, that the cardinal septum is always the one contained in the 

fossula, or Gordon's,1 that it is the one with which the secondary septa 

in the same quadrant exhibit a pinnate arrangement.

Many of the observations and comments set down above have been 

anticipated by Duerden 2 and Gordon,3 who have discussed this species at length in connection with the bearing which its ontogenetic 

changes have on the classification and relations of the rugose corals. 

Merely to show that my observations were independent and perhaps 

on that account have additional weight, I may state that they were 

made and formulated before I took up the discussions written by the 

authors mentioned. My own observations, however, do not cover 

the growth stages of Lophophyttum profundum, and their papers may

1 Gordon, C. E., Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 21, p. 117,1906.

2 Duerden, J. E., Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 7th ser:, vol. 9, pp. 381-398,1902; vol. 18, pp. 22G-242,1906. 

a Op. cit., pp. 109-127.
TETEACORALLA. 25

be advantageously consulted on all the structural features of the species and especially on the developmental features.

The structure and development of this species have been studied 

by several investigators and the facts observed have been used in 

classifying the Paleozoic corals. A controversy has arisen between 

J. D. Duerden and C. E. Gordon concerning the interpretation of 

some of the early stages. The investigation of the ontogeny of L. profundum and especially a discussion of the affinities of the rugose 

corals are beyond the purview of the present paper. There seems to 

be a general agreement regarding the structure of mature L. profundum, and the mature organism furthermore has little bearing on the 

subject. I therefore purpose to take no part in the dispute except as 

regards a few minor points. In the identification of the cardinal and 

counter septa my conclusions agree with those of Gordon and not 

with those of Duerden, who, in fact, now accepts the same view. I 

regard the septum in the fossula as the cardinal septum and. that connected .with the columella as' the counter septum, so that my cardinal 

septum is what Duerden in his original discussion called counter septum, and my counter septum is what he called cardinal septum. This 

terminology (that employed by Gordon and myself) is the one used 

also by Nicholson.1

On the other hand, my observations apparently do not support 

Gordon's contention in the interpretation of the structure. The controversy between him and Duerden is not easy to follow and my 

understanding of it may not be entirely accurate, but it would appear 

to be essentially this that Duerden has observed six septa in a very 

early stage of L. profundum and therefore believes that the original 

symmetry of that species and of the whole group of rugose corals, in so 

far as L. profundum is representative of it, is hexagonal, like the living 

corals. It is his conclusion, furthermore, that in the Rugosa the 

original hexagonal symmetry is subsequently modified and concealed 

by the development and introduction of septa in only four of the six 

original mesenteries, so that in later stages the symmetry appears to 

be tetrameral instead of hexagonal. Duerden therefore regards all 

the six original septa as primary, whereas Gordon believes that two 

of the six apparently original septa are secondary septa, which by 

acceleration have appeared almost contemporaneously with the primary ones, so that the original symmetry is not hexameral but tetrameral. To support this view, which he presents rather as a hypothesis 

than as a conclusion, Gordon adduces a number of facts (such as the 

asymmetric position of two of the six original septa) which are not 

without weight but which are rather discredited by some of the observations recorded here. He builds, in other words, partly on a resem1 Nicholson, H. A., Manual of paleontology, 3d ed., vol. 1, p. 295,1889.
26 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

blance, certainly rather striking, between Duerden's figures showing 

the arrangement of the septa in, cross sections and the familiar diagram employed by textbook writers to show the development of the 

septa in the Tetracoralla, a diagram corresponding to the arrange- 

'ment of the septal ridges on the outside of the corallum. This seems 

to me, however, a false analogy, not only (1) because the mutual 

relation of the septa as seen in cross sections and their development as 

shown by the septal ridges are two very different things intrinsically, 

but also (2) because the analogy appears only when the two diagrams 

are inversely arranged, so that the cardinal segment of the diagram 

showing development is compared with the counter segment of the 

section showing septal arrangement at a given stage, and vice versa. 

In so far then as Gordon's conclusions depend for support upon this 

analogy, it seems to me they fall to the ground. His hypothesis nevertheless is interesting and is sufficiently probable to deserve serious 

attention and further investigation.

As already pointed out, in the mature corallum not one of the septa 

(as described by Nicholson for Lophophyllum) nor two opposite ones 

(as described by Milne-Edwards and Haime for the same genus) are 

intrinsically united with the columella. By" stereoplasmic deposits, 

however, not one septum only but several, and in 'some specimens 

all the septa, may be united with the columella, thus simulating, 

though perhaps only superficially, the genus Cyathaxonia. I have 

not seen a description of the structure of the columella in either 

authentic Lophophyllum or Cyathaxonia, but apparently the columella in the present form is not merely the enlargement of the end 

of one of the septa, except at a very early stage. The columella in Lprofundum is very much enlarged as compared with the species 

studied by Nicholson. He did not find the primary and secondary

septa well differentiated, whereas in L. profundum they are sharply 

and regularly differentiated. L. profundum certainly has more 

or less interseptal tissue, which is said to be entirely absent from 

Cyathaxonia, but, on the other hand, it does not appear to have 

the ample development of tabulae and dissepiments shown by Nicholson. The present form exhibits marked tetrameral symmetry, as 

does also Lophophyllum, according to the descriptions, whereas 

Cyathaxonia is described as being radially symmetrical or undifferentiated.1

L. profundum therefore does not agree entirely with either genus 

as described, but it shows fewer lines of departure from Lophophyllum 

than from Cyathaxonia. Some specimens present enough of the 

appearance of Cyathaxonia, however, to suggest that species may have 

been referred to that genus which really belonged to Lophophyllum,

1 Zittel, K. A. von, Textbook of paleontology, Am. cd., vol. 1, p. 74,1900.
; ' TBTKACOEALLA. 27

f - .

or possibly even that Lophophyllum and Cyathaxonia are essentially 

i the same.

Not only, then, is the generic position of this form in some doubt,

but its specific relations also are not entirely clear. It has been the

1 practice to refer the columella-bearing corals of the Pennsylvanian to

^ Lophophyllum proliferum McChesney, or, more recently, to L. pro1 ; j fundum, McChesney's species being placed in the synonymy of the

,'; latter; and the Wewoka fossils are almost certainly specifically

 *. identical with many of these corals so referred.

I L. profundum was based on an external mold of a calice from Flint

: Ridge, Ohio, in which the following characters were observed or

^ ' inferred: The calice is subcircular and deep, with a strong, sub-

| elliptical columella. A septal fossula is- present. The principal

v1 ! septa are rather strong and well developed, are 24 in number, and

I alternate with an equal number of smaller septa. They are said to be 

disposed near the columella in a subramified manner. The coral 

was inferred to be curved. The mold had a diameter of 18 milli- 

.£ meters and a depth of 15 millimeters.

;' So far as it goes this definition applies well to the form under consideration, to McChesney's L. proliferum, and to most of the corals 

which have been described and figured as L. proliferum or L. profundum. 

None of the descriptions, however, mentions ah1 the characters which 

my specimens show for example, the structure of the columella, its 

striated exterior, and the variation in the number of the septa that 

unite with it. It seems rather more probable that the same char-

\ acters were present in the other corals but that they were not so well

! developed and were overlooked, for the descriptions agree in many

i other particulars. Consequently I am referring the form in hand 

to L. profundum.

; Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle 

'[. (stations 2005, 2006, and 2010); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (stai tions 2001, 2004, and 7193).

: LOPHOPHYLLUM PROFUNDUM yar. RADICOSUM Girty.

Plate II, figures 7-9.

/ 1911. Lophophyllum profundum var. radicosum. Girty, New York Acad. Sci. Annals,

,', vol. 21, p. 122.

i Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Coalgate quadrangle, Okla.

Associated with individuals having the character of Lopliopliyllum

profundum, described above, occur other specimens, which differ

) strikingly in the profuse development of hollow, spiniform stolons.

\ Correlated with this character we usually find a more rapid expan-

'/ sion, a more irregular growth, a rather straighter shape, and a thinner

1 more knifelike pseudocolumella. The stolons, which are usually
28 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.'

broken off close to the epitheca, disclosing their tubular structure, 

are especially developed in the lower portion of the corallum. It 

seems doubtful whether these structures served primarily for support, 

since they are found in specimens having an unusually broad and 

secure attachment and are absent from others in which the point of 

attachment is small and the anchorage apparently insecure. . The stolons vary from large and very numerous to small and very 

few, some specimens showing only one or two. In this way a transition appears between the two forms of L. profundum (which in their 

extreme expressions look very much unlike each other), so that a 

dividing line can hardly be drawn between them. The forms with 

more or less straight, irregular, rapidly expanding coralla grade on 

the one hand into forms with very abundant stolons and on the other 

into forms having the narrow, more or less curved, regular coralla 

of typical profundum. Few of the narrow, regular coralla, however, 

exhibit any development of the rootlike process.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (stations 2001, 

2004, and 7193).

Genus HAPSOPHYLLTJM Simpson.

HAPSOPHYLLUM? sp. 

Plate II, figure 10.

A few specimens, though presenting no appreciable difference on 

the outside, are distinguished from LopTiophyUum profundum, the common coral in the Wewoka formation, by having, instead of the large 

central boss or pseudocolumella, a fovea or pit of about the same 

size and in the same place. Some specimens of L. profundum present 

much the same appearance through the breaking away of the pseudocolumella below the bottom of the calice, but the presence of this 

structure can be usually determined by sectioning. Another difference also seems to exist between these forms and L. profundum. 

All the specimens that can definitely be included in this group 

have only primary septa, but most specimens of L. profundum of 

the same size have secondary septa. The septa in most of the 

specimens examined number about 24, the smallest number counted 

being 21 and the largest 28. Interseptal tissue is developed sparingly 

about as in L. profundum.

The weathered specimen represented by my figure shows in the 

center of the calice a large subcircular depression connecting with 

a considerably narrower channel, the fossula, which leads down to 

the wall of the calice. The boundary of this depressed area is 

formed by the thickened and connate ends of the septa. A fracture 

section through another specimen having similar external features 

shows the median portion of the corallurn filled in with stereoplasma,
TABULATA. 29

in which no definite columella can be distinguished. The number of 

specimens which it has been possible to examine is not large nor 

is their condition very favorable for study, but such as have been 

included in this group appear to have no columella. Nevertheless 

I am inclined to suspect that they may really be misleading examples 

of L. profundum, in spite of the strong resemblance to Hapsophyllum 

which some of them present. If these specimens really belong to 

Hapsophyllum they should have septa of the secondary order. 

Even in the few specimens provisionally included in this group that 

possess secondary septa these secondary septa are free, as in L. 

profundum and do not bend toward and unite with the primary 

septa in the manner characteristic of Hapsophyllum.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005 and 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (stations

2001, 2004, and 7193).

TABUIATA.

Family FAVOSITIDJE.

Genus MICHELINIA De Koninck.

MlCHELINIA EUGENES White. 

Plate II, figures 11, lla.

1884. Miclidina Eugenese. White, Indiana Dept. Geology and Nat. Hist. Thirteenth

Ann. Kept., pt. 2, p. 119, pi. 23, figs. 14-16. 

Coal Measures: Edwardsport, Knox County, and Eugene, Vermilion County,

Ind. 

1900. Michelina eugenex. Beede, Kansas Univ. Geol. Survey, vol. 6, p. 21, pi. 2,

figs. 12,12b. 

Upper Coal Measures: Pomeroy, Wyandotte County, Kans.

A single specimen referred to this species may be described as 

irregularly hemispherical, but it has been, perhaps, somewhat compressed. The diameter and the maximum height are about 20 millimeters. The base is wedge-shaped, convex on one side and concave 

on the other. The point of attachment, represented by a broken 

surface, is small, but the concave side of the basal portion seems 

to have been in contact with though not attached to some other 

object. Both sides of the base are covered with a concentrically 

wrinkled epitheca. The walls are thin and the cells are irregularly 

polygonal. They .are of unequal size, the larger ones having a 

diameter of 2.5 or even 3 millimeters. The surface of the cell walls 

is covered with small granules, which are obscurely arranged in 

longitudinal rows.

This form, agrees closely with White's description, and if the 

single specimen obtained is representative the identification is 

probably correct.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2006).
30 FAUNA OP WEWOKA FORMATION" OF OKLAHOMA.

ECHINODERMATA.

CRINOIDEA.

Crinoidal remains are of rather common occurrence in the Wewoka 

formation. They consist mostly of stems and of dissociated plates. 

Entire crinoid heads are very rare. As usual, the stems are of 

more common occurrence than other portions of the organism and as 

they are abundant it seems desirable to give some brief account of 

them. Almost every specimen shows peculiarities in which it 

differs from others. For purposes of description, however, it seems 

necessary to make some rough division among them, although it is 

not conceived that these divisions of necessity have any scientific 

value or correspond to genera or species based on the diagnostic 

parts of the crinoid.

In external appearance the crinoid stems of the Wewoka formation 

fall into two general types. All are circular in cross section but in 

one type (group B) the segments have rounded instead of flat edges, 

so that the sutures are depressed and the stems have as a whole a 

more or less strongly annulated appearance. In the other type 

(group A) the segments have straight sides so that the stems are 

smoothly cylindrical and the sutures between adjacent segments are 

inconspicuous. This division into two groups, however, is not entirely 

satisfactory, because specimens occur which are not strongly annulated yet are not exactly smooth and cylindrical, presenting an 

appearance that may possibly be due to weathering and solution.

CRINOID STEMS (GROUP A).

In group A, which is by far the more abundant, the stems (PI. 

Ill, figs. 1-6) differ greatly in size, ranging in diameter from about 

2 to about 38 millimeters. Some of the smaller stems, to judge 

from their size and markings, may belong to Hydreionocnnus patulus 

or some of the other types represented in the collection by plates, 

but the larger stems are far too large for any heads that have been 

observed. In all except one specimen, to be mentioned later, the 

segments are of uniform height but their proportional thickness 

varies inversely to their diameter. In general they are very, thin 

and discoidal. An extreme is presented by one specimen in which 

the segments are only 1.5 niillimeters in thickness but have a diameter 

of 20 millimeters.

As a rule the median portion of the upper and lower sides of each 

disk-shaped segment is depressed, the elevated margin, which may 

be narrow or broad, being marked by regularly arranged radiating 

ridges, which of course articulate with corresponding markings on the 

contiguous segments. These ridges bifurcate once or even twice and 

new ones are introduced, so that the denticulation of the outer edge
OBINOIDEA. 31

is finer.than that of the inner. The depressed median portion is 

pierced by an axial canal having the shape of a cinquefoil, usually of 

large size. - The relative dimensions of the parts differ greatly in 

different specimens.

Generally speaking, the nodes to which cirri were apparently 

attached are very small, few, and irregular. In some specimens, 

however, especially those of smaller size, the cirri were not only 

relatively but actually larger, and they manifest a tendency to be 

arranged in longitudinal rows. Where the joints of the cirri are 

large, their articulation may extend from one plate to an adjacent one.

Possibly several subdivisions of this group of stems might be recognized. One imperfect specimen is distinguished by having very thin 

and rather unequal segments with strongly serrated sutures. The 

diameter of this stem is 15 millimeters and the 'thicker segments are 

only 1 millimeter in thickness.

Another group might be made of the smaller stems which had 

large nodes for cirri. As already noted, the size of the ring and 

the shape of the axial canal in Hydreionocrinus patulus suggest that 

some of the smallest of these stems may belong with that species, 

but they may also be cirri of some of the larger stems. The fiverayed shape of the axial canal is less obvious in some specimens than 

in others; in the very small ones particularly it appears to be very 

nearly if not quite circular. This is true, also of the basal disk of 

H. patulus and it is likewise true of the nodes for cirri on the sides of 

the large stems.

A third group might be constituted of the specimens to which the 

foregoing general description applies, without the exceptions noted.

Some segments of moderate size seem to have a large circular 

(instead of 5-rayed) axial canal without any depressed areas around 

it. If this is not an accidental character, these may constitute still 

a fourth group. None of these groups, however, has any sharp 

demarcation.

These stems served as the host or perhaps I might better say support 

or place of attachment for various organisms. The Bryozoan genera 

Stenopora and Fistulipora are especially numerous, most of the 

specimens collected being so attached. Occasionally also a Lophophyllum or a Crania or ,a Serpulopsis is found, though hardly as 

frequently as one would exp'ect. Some of the stems and a few of the 

plates appear to have been affected by an organism which bored in 

them large, round, shallow holes, which are accompanied by an 

abnormal growth of the parts adjacent. The nature of this organism 

is not definitely known; its effects are more fully described under the 

title Sponge sp. A.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle 

(stations 2006 and 2021); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla (station 7193).
32 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA. 

CRINOID STEMS (GROUP B).

The stems (PI. Ill, figs. 7-8a) of group B are much less common in 

the Wewoka formation than those of group A, from which thoy are 

distinguished by being annulated, each of the constituent segments 

being rounded from suture to suture. In detail they do not differ 

materially from those of group A, except that the axial canal is 

relatively smaller and the arms of the cinquefoil narrower. The 

periphery of each segment is marked by a row of granules, not very 

conspicuous in some specimens, and by occasional small nodes for cirri.

Stems having these characters may be further subdivided into two 

groups, in one of which the segments are of equal and in the other of 

distinctly unequal height. The inequality is more or less regular. 

Frequently two thin segments occur between two of greater height 

(but not of greater diameter), or more rarely three intermediate 

segments are found, the middle one being slightly larger. In some 

stems the annulation is less marked, and possibly a gradation may 

be noted to the smooth cylindrical form of group A.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2006 and 2021).

Family POTERIOCRINID^E.

Genus EUPACHYCBINirS Meek and Worthen.

EUPACHYCRINUS VERnucosus White and St. John ? 

Plate III, figure 12.

1868. Hydrdonocrinus? verrucosus. White and St. John, Chicago Acad. Sci. Trans.,

vol. 1, p. 117, fig. 1. 

Upper Coal Measures: Western Iowa. 

1872. Eupachycrinus verrucosus. Meek, U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska Final Kept.,

p. 150, figs. 3, 4.

Upper Coal Measures: Plattamouth, Nebr. 

1894. Eupachycrinus verrucosus. Keyes, Missouri Geol. Survey, vol. 4, p. 217, pi. 27,

fig. 2. 

Upper Coal Measures: Kansas City, Mo.

This species is represented in the collection by a few dissociated plates 

covered with large, strong tubercles, which differ in different plates or 

even on the same plate. These tubercles vary in outline from circular 

to elliptical or even to elongate and vermicular. On some plates 

they are much more regularly circular than on others, but probably 

on none are those of the more or less elongate type wholly lacking. 

They vary also in prominence but as a rule are strongly elevated, the 

circular ones standing out like short, blunt spines, some of which are 

even slightly undercut. They vary also in size, those on some plates 

being finer than those on others. They are rather closely arranged, 

usually less than their own diameter apart. For the most part they 

have no regular order, but in a few specimens an arrangement into
CEINOIDEA. 33

rows is rather conspicuous. Both the spaces between the tubercles 

and the sides of the tubercles themselves are covered with fine but 

prominent granules of various sizes. The sides of the plates are not 

beveled, and indeed I judge that when in position the sutures would 

not be strongly depressed.

It may be that we have here more than a single species, but due 

allowance must be made for 'individual variation and for variation in 

sculpture normal to different plates of the same crinoid. At all 

events nothing certain can be determined on this point until it is possible to study specimens that have the parts in place.

Satisfactory identification of this form is impossible from the data 

at hand. Several spscies are more or less similar to it although, of 

course, a comparison can not be made of characters shown by the 

organism as a whole. This form resembles E. tuberculatus in the 

absence of beveled edges to the plates and a few specimens show a 

linear arrangement of the tubercles, but in the general lack of such 

arrangement, in the elongated instead of circular shape of many of 

the tubercles, in their close arrangement, and in the granulose surface 

they differ from that species.

Miller and Gurley compare their E. magister with E. tuberculatus, 

and perhaps the differences which they point out are sufficient. 

They do not, however, compare it with E. verrucosus, with which it 

seems to be still more closely related. I know of no very marked 

difference between my specimens and either of the species named, 

except that mine lack the beveling on the edges of the plates. The 

granulated surface of my specimens is especially suggestive of E. 

verrucosus. The size of some of the plates, however, indicates a 

larger crinoid than Meek's figure of verrucosus and one more the size 

of E. tuberculatus. The tuberculation is also on a larger scale in some 

of the specimens. Very similar differences exist when this form is 

compared with E. magister as described by Miller and Gurley.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (stations 2001 and 

2004).

EUPACHYCKINUS Sp. 

Plate III, figure 11.

Under this title is included especially a single pentagonal basal 

plate which agrees with those called E. verrucosus? in not having 

beveled edges but differs in being rather smaller and in having the 

nodose elevations relatively coarser "and connected with one another 

so as to form a labyrinthine pattern. It is not certain that the de-, 

.pressed areas between the elongated confluent nodes are granulose.

I know of no species of Eupachycrinus which has heavy vermicular 

markings comparable to these. A second smaller but otherwise^

37003° Bull. 544 15 3
34 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

rather similar basal has also come to hand. Mr. Springer writes me 

that the plates with the very large confluent nodes or wrinkles, if 

numerous enough to show constancy, might well be ranked as of a 

new species. Among a good many specimens of verrucosus from 

different localities showing considerable variation, he had observed 

none that went so far as this.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2006).

Genus CROMYOCBINUS Trautschold. 

CROMYOCRINUS? sp.

Under this title are included three dissociated plates which possibly 

belong to a species of Cromyocrinus; the exact, relationship is at present undeterminable,

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2006).

Genus POTEBIOCBINUS Miller. 

POTERIOCRINUS? sp.

This form is represented by dissociated plates which at some localities are fairly abundant. It appears to have had a rather high calyx 

and is probably an undescribed species, but the data at hand are not 

adequate for a specific description. In generic position it is allied to 

both Poteriocrinus and Scaphiocrinus but is more like the former on 

account of its relatively short radial facets.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle 

(stations 2006 and 2021); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2004).

Genus SCAPHIOCRINUS Hall. 

SCAPHIOCRINUS? sp.

A single plate in the collection has the usual broad radial facet of 

Scaphiocrinus. It may be compared with similar plates of S. washlurni Beede from the Topeka limestone of Kansas.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2006).

Genus DELOCRINUS Miller and Gurley. 

DELOCRINUS HEMISPHERICUS Shumard?

Plate III, figures 9, 9a.

1858. Poteriocrinus hemisphericus. Shuinard, Acad. Sci. Si. Louis Trans., vol. 1,

p. 221. (Whole volume bears date of imprint, 1860.)

Coal Measures: Hinkston Creek, Boone County, and near Lexington, Mo.;

headwaters of Verdigris River, and 9 miles southwest of Council Grove, Kans.

1872. Scaphiocrinus? hemisphxricus. Meek, II. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska Final

Kept., p. 147, pi. 5, figs, la, Ib; pi. 7, figs. la-c.

Upper Coal Measures: Nebraska City, Bennetts Mill, and Omaha, Nebr. 

Coal Measures: Iowa, Kansas, Illinois.
CEIlSrOIDEA. / 35

1873. Scaphiocrinus? hemisphericus. Meek and Worthen, Illinois Geol. Survey, vol

5, p. 561, pi. 24, fig. 5.

Upper Coal Measures: Springfield and La Salle, 111. 

1890. Delocrinus hemisphericus. Miller and Gurley, Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist. Jour.,

vol. 13, p. 12, pi. 2, figs. 8-10. 

Upper Coal Measures: Kansas City, Mo.

1890. Delocrinus hemisphericus. Miller and Gurley, Indiana Dept. Geology and Nat. 

Hist. Sixteenth Ann. Kept., for 1888, p. 335, pi. 2, figs. 8-10; p. 370, pi. 10, 

fig. 5. (Date of imprint, 1889.) 

Upper Coal Measures; Kansas City, Mo. 

1894. Ceriocrinus hemisphericus. Keyes, Missouri Geol. Survey, vol. 4, p. 220, pi. 28,

figs. 2, 5.

Upper Coal Measures: Lexington, Columbia, and Kansas City, Mo. 

1900. Ceriocrinus hemisphericus. Beede, Kansas Univ. Geol. Survey, vol. 6, p. 34,

pi. 6, figs. 5, 5b.

Upper Coal Measures: Jefferson County, Kans. 

1906. Ceiiocrinus hemisphericus. Woodruff, Nebraska Geol. Survey, vol. 2, pt. 2,

p. 264.

Carboniferous: Louisville, Cedar Creek, and Nehawka, Nebr. 

1906. Scaphioainus hemisphericus. Woodruff, Nebraska Geol., Survey,-vol. 2, pt. 2,

p. 264, pi. 7, fig. 6. 

Carboniferous: Cedar Creek, Nebr.

This species is represented by a few loose plates and a fragment of 

a cup made up of four plates, more or less broken; one of them, 

fortunately, is the azygous plate, which is hexagonal, somewhat 

longer than wide, and has parallel sides, which are perpendicular to 

the base. The upper three sid.es form a truncated triangle. This 

plate is curved, so that this extremity is considerably interior to the 

edges of the radials, which are not known in their entirety but appear 

to have been strongly transverse and five-sided. The base of the 

pentagonal is long and in position uppermost. The upper surface 

of these plates is marked close to the outer edge by a rather deep 

groove, within which on either side is a short ridge, crenulated as is 

also the outer side of the groove. Another and shallower groove 

traverses the outer side of the plate close to its upper margin with 

an abrupt slit in the median portion. This groove likewise is crenulated.

The brachials, or the plates which from their configuration and 

sculpture appear to belong with the imperfect calyx described above,, 

are so produced as to form a short blunt spine. The surface of the 

plates is marked by small, abruptly raised granules, which on the 

radials are more crowded toward the upper margin.

Mr. Frank Springer writes me that some of these plates may 

belong to an undescribed species with a higher calyx which occurs 

in the Florena shale member of the Garrison formation and in the 

Winfield limestone of Kansas, but that the others are probably correctly referred to the species named above.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2006, 2005?, and 2010?).
36 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA. .

DELOCRINUS ? sp. 

Plate III, figures 10-10b.

Here are subsumed a number of plates, chiefly radials and first 

brachials, which I had originally included with Hydreionocrinus 

patulus though with more or less doubt. The radials seemed to agree 

with those in the calyx of the described specimen of H. patulus and 

the first brachials also were referred to that species, because of a close 

agreement in their markings. Mr. Springer writes me, however, that 

aside from the single calyx taken as the type there is nothing which 

he would positively identify as of the genus Hydreionocrinus, and he 

thinks it is more probable that the specimens belong to Delocrinus.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle 

(stations 2005 and 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (stations 2001

and 2004).

Genus HYDBEIONOCRINTIS De Koninck.

HYDKEIONOCRINUS PATULUS Girty.

Plate III, figures 13-13c.

1911. Hydreionocrinus patulus. Girty, New York Acad. Sci. Annals, vol. 21, p. 122. 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla.

This species is based on a somewhat imperfect calyx, distinguished 

by its low convexity. The median portion of the under side is 

strongly concave and the height of the whole is but little greater 

than the thickness of the plates. These peculiarities may, however, 

have been somewhat enhanced by compression.

The general shape is pentagonal, with angular notches at the 

corners and a wider irregularity at the azygous angle. The plates 

themselves are thick and highly tumid on the outer side. They tend 

to recurve near the margins, so that the sutures are not so depressed

as the general curvature of the surface if continued to the edges 

would make them. The plates near their margins tend to be rather 

regularly and finely crenulated and the infrabasals and adjacent 

portions of the basals are finely granulose. Unless lost through 

abrasion these markings do not extend to the other plates, but among 

the dissociated plates provisionally referred to this species are some 

that retain this feature.

The infrabasals form a small pentagon of which the radius of the 

scar of the stem occupies half the distance from the center to the side. 

The scar is small, crenulated about the circumference, and has a 

diminutive round axial canal. The basals are irregularly pentagonal, 

like a triangle with its basal angles truncated. That to the right of 

the azygous plates is slightly larger than the others and is not symmetrical.

The radials are seven-sided, twice as wide as they are high, the base 

of the heptagon being upward and very long. The two apical sides 

are also' long and somewhat concave, while the two lateral sides are
ECHINOIDEA. 37

short. The two plates near the azygous group are asymmetric, 

and have the apical sides of unequal length. Just below the upper 

margin of each of the radials there is a short slitlike excavation. 

Above this, on the broad upper side of the'plate, is a triangular 

depression defined by two elevations or ridges which also bend outward and extend along the outer margin of the upper surface. A 

somewhat similar triangular excavation marks the inner side of the 

upper edge of the thick plate.

Ti.3 azygous basal is subquadrate, much longer than wide, being 

in reality seven-sided, with a relatively broad base. The sides are 

formed by a broken line of which the lower portion is much shorter 

than the upper. The upper side is also made by a broken line, the 

dextral part of which is long and oblique and the sinistral part short, 

merely truncating the angle which the other would otherwise make 

with the left side. This plate is therefore bounded below by the 

infrabasal, on the right and left sides by the basal and the radial, 

and on the upper side by the two other azygous plates. The second 

and third azygous plates are.missing from the specimen as are also 

the brachials.

This species resembles H. discoidalis and H. crassidiscus. From 

the former it may be distinguished by its larger size, more convex 

plates, granulose surface, and the shape and arrangement of the azygous plates. The azygous basal in H. patulus is differently shaped, 

so that it is in contact at the right with the radial, thus separating the 

second azygous plate from the adjacent basal on that side.

The relationship is rather closer with H. crassidiscus, all the basals 

("subradials") of which, however, are described as hexagonal, whereas 

those of H. patulus are five-sided except the azygous one, which is 

seven-sided. The azygous basal in H. crassidiscus does not reach the 

second basal, " as is usual in this genus." Furthermore, in the present 

species the second azygous plate intervenes between the first and the 

radial to the right.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle,

Okla. (station 2005).

ECHINOIDEA.

Family ARCEL^OCIDARID^E.

Genus ECHINOCBINTTS Agassiz.

ECHINOCKINUS aff. E. GRATIS White.1

Plate IV, figure 1.

Echinoids are represented in the Wewoka fauna by both spines 

and plates, but rather sparingly. One well-preserved plate is 7 millimeters long and 5 millimeters wide, and is thus somewhat elliptical, 

but its ends are very obtuse, so that it really has the form of a long

1 Powell, J. W., Report on the geology of the eastern portion of the Uinta Mountains, U. S. Geol. and 

Geog. Survey Terr., 2d div., 1876, p. 109. .
38 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

bilateral hexagon. It has an elevated rim which bears a row of 

rather large granules and is more prominent at the ends than at the 

sides. The mamelon is perforated, and is surrounded on the boss 

by a circular furrow. The boss itself is smooth and is mounted on a 

low platform in the scrobicule, the platform being defined by a shallow groove.

The foregoing description is based on an isolated plate from station 

2005B, but fragmentary plates of. the same general character have 

been found at station 2001, where they are associated with spines 

whose size and other characters indicate that they may belong to the 

same species. These spines are rather abundant, but all the specimens seen are fragmentary. The largest is 37 millimeters long and 

is incomplete at both ends. These spines have a long, rather slender 

shaft which gives off moderately large lateral spines. The arrangement of the lateral spines varies greatly, so that the most marked types 

might be referred to different species according to the criteria by 

which species are recognized in this group, but the specimens seem 

to show so much intergradation that separation into species would 

be practically impossible or at least unsatisfactory.

In one type the spines are given off alternately on opposite sides of 

the long shaft. They are strongly oblique and occur at long intervals. 

In other specimens the spines on opposite sides are close together, but 

are separated from the next group above or below by long intervals, 

as in the former type. In still other specimens the spines are much 

more closely arranged, and in others they are essentially opposite, 

b.ut even more closely arranged. If they are developed opposite or 

nearly opposite, the shaft appears considerably enlarged and also 

compressed, a feature which is much less apparent if the spines are 

alternating. If the lateral spines are opposite, the shaft presents 

much the appearance of E. triplex, except that the lower side should 

be angulated, whereas the evidence at hand indicates that it is not.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle 

(station 2005); Coalgate quadrangle/Okla. (stations 2001 and 7193).

ANNELIDA.

TTJBICOLA.

Genus ENCHOSTOMA MUler.

ENCHOSTOMA SERPULIFORME Girty.

Plate XXVI, figures 8,8a.

1911. Enchostoma serpuliforme. Girty, New York Acad. Sci. Annals, vol. 21, p. 123. 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla.

Attached to a large Orthoceras which I have distinguished as Ortfioceras sp. C are some slender tubular organisms seeming to belong to 

the genus Enchostoma. One, from which the present description is
TUBICOLA. 39

drawn, has a diameter of 1 millimeter or less and winds about on the 

Orthoceras to a length of almost 140 millimeters without appreciably 

increasing its diameter. Neither the initial point nor the true aperture appear to be shown. The cross section must have been nearly 

circular. The shell substance that has been preserved appears to be 

lamellose, phosphatic, of light-bluish color, and in places distinctly 

nacreous. For the most part, however, the shell appears to be missing 

and only the muddy infilling of the tube remains. This is of a rusty 

color and is partly covered with a dark limonitic coating. Where the 

entire organism as well as the true shell have been lost their place is 

represented by a groove. As the original test of the Orthoceras is 

now absent, this groove naturally occurs on the mold of the inside, 

and the explanation of the phenomenon is difficult. The septa seem 

to bar the assumption that the organism was originally attached to 

the inside of the Orthoceras. It may, however, have been attached to 

the outside or have been partly embedded in the shell, through the 

gradual solution of which these external bodies, insoluble under prevailing conditions, were brought into contact with the mud which 

filled the interior. This hypothesis, however, is unsatisfactory because 

the specimen is not bent but broken by the compression which it has 

suffered, showing that it was rigid when the force was applied.

The shape and phosphatic appearance of this organism are characteristic of Enchostoma, but such Enchostomas as I have heretofore 

seen are free and are larger than this form. The small size, sessile 

condition, and probably false appearance of having been partly 

embedded in the shell of its host are very suggestive of the organism 

which I have here called Serpulopsis insita, but the specimens of Serpulopsis show no evidence of having had phosphatic shells, and are 

also smaller and very much shorter. The relationship of this form and 

its position in the animal kingdom remain undetermined.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2006).

ENCHOSTOMA sp.

Plate V, figure 6.

This form is fairly abundant at station 2001, where it occurs as 

narrow ribbon-like strips of whitish or bluish phosphatic material that 

pass over and through the concretionary lumps of mud and shells 

which is' the mode of occurrence of the fossils at that locality. The 

specimens, though fairly abundant, are fragmentary, only short and 

imperfect pieces being exposed at one time. Much diversity is shown 

in the size and shape of these pieces, and it is difficult to determine how 

far this is due to fossilization and how far to differences in the stage 

of growth. For the present all the specimens are referred to one 

species. The widest are 5 millimeters across, and on those which are 

best preserved it is possible to see that two bands of material, thicker
40 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

and stiffer than the rest, originally ran up opposite sides of the tube. 

Some of these bands, have sharply defined boundaries and resist compression. Thus, if the organism lies symmetrically in the bedding v -> 

cross section is elliptical in outline, the ends of the ellipse being thickened and rigid and the much broader sides flattened and wrinkled in 

such a way as to show that they were flexible. The demarcation 

between the sides and the ends is defined by a groove. In some 

specimens the sides are marked by regular transverse striae.

It is evident that by the crumpling up of the thin sides or by the 

tearing away of the stiff ends, much diversity of width and of general 

appearance might be produced, but certain appearances can hardly 

be accounted for in this way. Thus, some specimens are strongly 

elliptical in section, but the sides do not appear to be membranous 

nor are the ends conspicuously thickened. Still others are nearly 

circular in section, a fact that suggests a uniform thickness of the 

test a suggestion that observation seems not to contradict and even 

if compressed would still be appreciably smaller than the rest. 

The small specimens with rounded section possibly belong to E. serpuliforme, and may be specifically distinct from the large specimens 

with membranous sides, or they may be only immature forms of the 

same species, but if so the organism must have been extremely long 

for the size of the tube. These different forms might be regarded as 

distinct species were it not that a few specimens seem to show a transition from the first type to the second, or from the second to the third. 

The significance of this is not apparent to me. I may add that some 

of the narrow specimens lie in the rock in such a way as to suggest that 

they branched from the broad ones. From the evidence at hand this 

appearance can be explained as produced either by a drifting of specimens over one another or by a tearing away of the lateral connecting 

tissue so as to leave the stiff sides projecting. This form is of the type 

of E. Ucarinatus, but the larger pieces are much broader.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2001).

.Genus SEBPTJLOPSIS Girty. 

1911. Serpulopsis. Girty, New York Acad. Sci. Annals, vol. 21, p. 124.

This name is introduced for some small tubular organisms which 

enlarge very gradually and many of which are much contorted during 

part of their growth. They have the habit of attaching themselves 

to other organisms and are more or less embedded in the shell of the 

host, keeping near the surface, but are perhaps as seldom completely superficial as they are completely embedded.

I can scarcely 'doubt that the fossils on which this genus is founded 

belong to White's Serpula insita, which, consequently, is taken as the 

type.
TTJBICOLA. 41

Serpulopsis is distinguished from Serpula by its burrowing habit, 

which is in fact abnormal for the annelids. Even if the excavations 

alone and not the tubes which ordinarily occupy them were known, it 

would be impossible to refer these structures to the boring sponges, 

which they somewhat suggest, because of their strictly superficial, 

linear, and not inosculating character. In some respects they suggest 

Rhopalonaria among the Bryozoa, but, though specimens occur together in considerable numbers, they appear to form groups of independent individuals and not colonies; nor is there any evidence that 

the individual tubes were composite. On the whole, therefore, it 

seems more probable that this fossil was an abnormal type of annelid.

Type species. Serpulopsis insita.

SERPULOPSIS INSITA White. 

Plate V, figures 7,8; Plate VI, figure 13.

878. Serpula Insita. White, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 37.

Coal Measures: Newport, Vermilion County, Ind. 

1880. Serpula insita. White, U. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey Terr. (Extract Twelfth Ann.

Kept., for 1878), Contrib. Inv. Pal., No. 8, p. 171, pi. 42, fig. 8a. 

Coal Measures: Newport, Vermilion County, Ind. 

1883. Serpula insita. White, U. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey Terr. (Extract Twelfth

Ann. Kept., for 1878), pt. 1, p. 171, pi. 42, fig. 8a. 

Coal Measures: Newport, Vermilion County, Ind.

As described by White, this organism consists of slender tubes 

attached to other fossils. His very brief description covers about 

all that may fairly be said of it. He characterizes it as minute, sessile 

or free, tortuous, and cylindrical. My specimens show considerable 

variation in point of size, and of course the initial portion of each 

individual is smaller than the distal portion.

S. insita has not been described or figured since it was first established, probably by neglect rather than because of the rarity of the 

organisms themselves. At all events, they are extremely abundant 

in the Wewoka formation.. Perhaps from the nature of the occurrence 

of the fossils in this formation only sessile or attached examples have 

been observed, but it is probably no great exaggeration to say that 50 

per cent of the Wewoka fossils have one or more of these small contorted tubes adhering to them, and some are literally covered with 

them.

After careful investigation I am including under S. insita a class of 

fossils which at first seemed to show very different affinities. I refer 

to certain fine channelings in the tests of corals and brachiopods. 

When I first discovered these I took them to be the product of some 

boring Bryozoa of the nature of Rhopalonaria, but that they could not 

be placed with Rhopalonaria itself was proved by the fact that the 

excavations failed to show the characteristic enlargements. The 

organism which produced them must have had a regularly tubular
42 FAtJNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

shape instead of being composed of zooecia connected by stolons. On 

further investigation some specimens were found in which these exca-, 

vations were in part occupied by tubes of 8. insita and were in part 

vacant, a certain portion of the organism having been broken away. 

This helped to explain also an observation which I had made on 8. 

insita itself without, however, grasping its significance, namely, that 

many of the tubes, instead of rising above the surface of the shell to 

which they were attached, to a height corresponding to their width, 

were nearly flush with its surface, as if they had been flattened or 

crushed. By cutting into such specimens I was able to assure myself 

that a portion of the bulk lay below the surface of the host.

These molds extend along the surface, varying somewhat in depth 

but being almost always open on the upper side, though rarely 

and for short distances the shell of the host passes above and incloses 

them. They are generally almost straight or slightly curved and 

some appear to bifurcate. Bifurcation has not been observed in the 

tubes themselves and I do not know how to explain it in the excavations. It is true, however, that some of the tubes are so laced together 

that they cross one another. Some apparent transgressions may in 

fact be bifurcations, or, on the other hand, some apparent bifurcations 

may be due to two tubes lying across one another. It is strange also 

that the excavations do not show the highly contorted shape of some 

of the tubes, though this may be explained by the fact that the excavations from which the tubes have broken out are much less numerous than those in which the tubes still remain and that probably the 

tubes broke out more readily from a straight excavation than from 

a contorted one.

Although it is possible that these excavations were made by two 

distinct organisms whose traces look very much alike, it seems certain 

that they were made by an organism that secreted a tube indistinguishable from 8. insita and it appears probable to me that all the 

tubes and excavations were really produced by a single type of animal.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle 

(stations 2005 and 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (stations 2001, 

2004, and 7193); and most of the other localities where fossils have

been obtained.

Family CONUIiARIID^E.

Genus CONULABIA Miller. 

GONULARIA CRUSTULA White. 

Plate V, figures 4,5.

1880. Conularia crustula. White, U. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey Terr. (Extract

Twelfth Ann. Rept., for 1878), Contrib. Inv. Pal., p. 170, pi. 42, fig. 4a. 

Coal Measures: Kansas City, Mo.; near Taos, N. Mex.
TUBICOLA. 43

1881. Conularia crustula. White, U. S. Geog. Surveys W. 100th Mer. Kept., vol. 3,

Supp., Appendix, p. xxviii, pi. 3, figs. 4a,'4b. 

Carboniferous: Near Taos, N. Mex. 

1883. Conularia crustula. White, U. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey Terr. Twelfth Ann.

Bept., for 1878, pt. 1, p. 170, pi. 42, fig. 4a. 

Coal Measures: Kansas City, Mo.; near Taos, N. Mex. 

i 1895. Conularia crustula. Keyes, Missouri Geol. Survey, vol. 5, p. 219, pi. 35, fig. 2.

(Date of imprint, 1894.) 

Upper Coal Measures: Kansas City, Mo.

1896. Conularia conf. crustula. Smith, Am. Philos. Soc. Proc., vol. 35, p. 41. 

Coal Measures: Scott County, Ark.

1897. Conularia cf. crustula. Smith, Leland Stanford Junior Univ. Pub., Contrib. 

Biology Hopkins Seaside Lab., No. 9, p. 41.

Coal Measures: Scott County, Ark. 

1903. Conularia crustula. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 16, p. 332.

Hermosa formation: San Juan region, Colo.

Grand River region, Colo.

This species is relatively abundant in the Wewoka formation. All 

the specimens seem to be small, the largest observed having a diameter 

of about 16 millimeters, but some forms from Colorado that have 

been tentatively referred to this species are considerably larger and 

more coarsely ornamented. The shape is regularly conical, the 

sides are nearly flat, and the cross section is square. The angles are 

strongly indented and a rib runs longitudinally down the middle of 

each side. This rib is more projecting on the interior than on the 

j exterior and on exfoliated specimens it may appear as a groove, as 

] described by White, but in the most perfect examples it appears as a 

'" narrow, slightly elevated ridge. The transverse costte are rather 

coarse, about 8 (7 to 9) in 5 millimeters, but they are, of course, more 

closely arranged toward the apex. They are strongly convex outwardly and are evidently made up of 8 more or less independent 

sections, 2 to each face. These tend to meet at the four angles and 

down the four median lines, but are occasionally alternating. They 

generally die out at the angles and are exceptionally replaced by 

sharp strise which form V-shaped depressions one above another. 

The costse are subangular and the interspaces more or less flat. If 

they are well preserved or preserved as internal molds it is possible 

to observe that the crest is marked by a row of closely arranged 

nodes. Most specimens bear scarcely any trace of this feature, 

which was not retained on the typical examples, but was noted by 

White in others from New Mexico, that he believed to belong to the 

same species. The concave spaces between the costce are marked by 

incremental lines and in some specimens those near the aperture are 

marked by more or less regular oblique wrinkles.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005 and 2006).
44 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

CONULARIA CRUSTULA Var. HOLDENVILL^E Girty. 

Plate V, figures 1-3.

1911. C&nularia crustula var. holdenvillx. Girty, New York Acad. Sci. Annals,

vol. 21, p. 125. 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Coalgate quadrangle, Okla.

A few specimens from the Wewoka agree in a general way with 

Conularia crustula but differ from it in having much finer sculpture. 

Unlike typical crustula, which apparently had an unusually thick 

rigid test, these specimens are also more or less compressed and distorted. The costse number about 25 in a linear distance of 5 millimeters and are thus much more closely spaced than in the typical 

form.

Among the specimens examined this form is readily distinguished 

by its sculpture, the difference being so great that it seems desirable 

to discriminate it as a new variety if not as a new species. It may 

possibly be a young stage of C. rwperi, the only other Pennsylvanian Conularia which has been described, although it tapers more 

rapidly than C. rozperi, which has nearly parallel sides.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle 

(station 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2004).

MOLLUSCOIDEA.

BRYOZOA. 

Family FISTULIPOKID^E.

Genus FISTULIPOBA McCoy.

FlSTULIPORA CARBON ARIA Ulrich.

Plate XXVI," figure 5.

1884. Fistulipora carbonaria. Ulrich, Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist. Jour., vol. 7, p. 45,

pi. 3, figs. 1, la.

Upper Coal Measures: Kansas City, Mo. 

1895. Fistulipora carbonaria. Keyes, Missouri Geol. Survey, vol. 5, p. 16. (Date

of imprint, 1894.)

Upper Coal Measures: Kansas City, Mo. 

1903. Fistulipora carbonaria. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 16, p. 334.

Hermosa formation: San Juan region, Colo. 

1903. Fistulipora carbonaria. Condra, Nebraska Geol. Survey, vol. 2, pt. 1, p. 32,

pi. 1, figs. 6-10.

Coal Measures: Kansas City, Mo.; Manhattan, Kans.; and many localities in 

Nebraska.

Specimens of Fistulipora carbonaria are more abundant than the 

Stenoporas with which they are associated but, for much the. same 

reason the small size of the colonies and their imperfect preservation they have not been studied in thin section. The colonies 

have an explanate, incrusting mode of growth, and the largest meas-
BEYOZOA. 45

ures 30 millimeters in longest diameter. Most of the individuals are 

very thin, less than 1 millimeter in height, but one has a thickness 

in one place of almost 3 millimeters.

In a young colony there are conspicuous maculae formed by noncelluliferous, somewhat elongated spots, from which the cells are 

directed obliquely outward in a radial direction. The maculae tend to 

be arranged in alternating rows, those in the same row being about 6 

millimeters apart, though the rows themselves are rather more closely 

arranged. The young cells have elevated peristomes which project 

much more, on one side than on the other and give the zocecia an 

oblique and hooded appearance. The zocecia are nearly in contact 

and the spaces between, as well as the macular areas, are granulose.

In the best-preserved mature specimen the zooecia are more or 

less circular and have a diameter of about 0.3 millimeter, or more in 

those near the maculae. The peristome is sharply and equally elevated, the hooded appearance being absent, possibly through erosion. For the same reason, perhaps, the maculae are less conspicuous. 

The lunarium is distinct. The cells are occasionally in contact but 

usually separated by intervals of less than their own diameter. In 

slightly worn specimens the intervals are filled by vesicles, usually 

in a single series. Diaphragms are fairly abundant in the mature 

zooecia, though in the thin colonies probably none at all are developed.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 7193).

FISTULIPOKA CARBON ARIA var. NEBRASKENSis Condra. 

Plate XXVI, figures 6, 7.

1902. Pisiulipora carbonaria var. nebrascensis. Condra, Am. Geologist, vol. 30, p. 337,

pi. 18, figs. 1, 2. 

Coal Measures: Louisville, Nebr.

1903. Fistulipora carbonaria-nebrascensis. Condra, Nebraska Geol. Survey, vol. 2,

pt. 1, p. 33, pi. 2, figs. 1, 2. 

Coal Measures: Louisville, Nebr.

Associated with the zoaria referred to F. carbonaria are others, 

which are distinguished by having the zooecia conspicuously smaller 

and more widely separated. They stand about their own diameter 

apart and measure about 0.2 millimeter across. The lunarium is conspicuous.

Neither for the present form nor for that referred to F. carbonaria 

do my measurements quite agree with Condra's, who gives the zooecia 

of F. carbonaria a diameter of 0.35 millimeter and those of the variety 

nebraslcensis a diameter of 0.28 millimeter. My measurements for 

both are rather smaller, but it should be remembered that they were 

not made from thin sections, whereas Condra's probably were.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

. Okla. (station 2006).
46 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

Family BATOSTOMELLID^B. 

Genus STENOPOBA Lonsdale.

STENOPOKA aff. S. DISTANS Condra.1

This species is represented by two specimens, one of which especially is small and fragmentary. Both are incrusting on crinoid 

stems and have a very explanate growth, their thickness being but 

1 millimeter or a little more. The surface is marked by maculae and 

low monticules. The walls are much thickened above, so that the 

zocecial apertures are subcircular. The tops of the walls appear to 

be finely granulose and large acanthopores occur at the angles of the 

cells. When viewed longitudinally the walls are seen to be strongly 

annulated. The zocecia are erect for most of their length, the outer 

portion being intersected by a few diaphragms. Some 8 or 9 apertures 

occur in 3 millimeters.

Nine species of Stenopora have been described from the American 

Pennsylvanian rocks, most of which have a ramose mode of growth. 

Stenopora carlonaria and its two varieties form large branches (10 to 

15 millimeters in diameter), whereas 8. oliioensis, 8. polyspinosa, and 

S. spissa have small branches (4 to 8 millimeters in diameter). To 

this group probably belongs also 8. spinulosa, which is described as 

incrusting, but from which cylindrical stems, 2 millimeters in diameter, are said to proceed. This species would appear to be merely the 

basal expansion of one of the ramose group. 8. spissa, however, as 

shown by the sections illustrated, is suggestive rather of a Lioclema 

than of a Stenopora.

Of the two remaining species, 8. distans is described as incrusting 

and 8. heteropora as massive, but as Jieteropora is said and is shown 

by the illustrations to have short zocecial tubes (3 millimeters long) 

of the same length as 8. distans, the reason for this distinction is not 

apparent. The Wewoka form, therefore, appears to be allied to both 

of the species from Nebraska, though it is even more explanate in its 

manner of growth; but I have not satisfactorily determined the 

degree of relationship by means of thin sections, both because my 

material is scanty and because it has undergone replacement, so that 

it does not yield the best results under the microscope.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2006).

Family RHABDOMESID^E.

Genus BHOMBOPOBA Meek. 

RHOMBOPORA LEPIDODENDROIDES Meek?

1866. Stenopora columnaris. Geinitz (pars), Garb, und Dyas in Nebraska, p. 66.

(Not Schlotheim, 1813.) 

Upper Coal Measures: Nebraska City, Bennetts Mill, and Wyoming, Nebr.

1 Am. Geologist, vol. 30, p. 341, pi. 20, figs. 3-5.
BRYOZOA. 47

1872. Rhombopora lepidodendroides. Meek, U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska Final

Kept., p. 141, pi. 7, figs. 2a-f. 

Upper Coal Measures: Nebraska City, Bennetts Mill, Wyoming, Rock Bluff,

and Plattsmouth, Nebr.; Kansas; Iowa; Missouri; Illinois. 

1877. Rhombipora lepidodendroides. White, U. S. Geog. Surveys W. 100th Mer.

Kept., vol. 4, pt. 1,,p. 99, pi. 6, figs. 5a-d. 

Carboniferous: West face of Oquirrh Range, near "E. T. City," Utah, and at

confluence of White Mountain and Black rivers, Ariz. 

1884. Rhombopora lepidodendroidea. Ulrich, Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist. Jour., vol. 7,

p. 27, pi. 1, figs. 1-lb.

Upper Coal Measures: Kansas City, Mo.; Nebraska City and Wyoming, Nebr. 

1887. Rhombopora lepidodendroidea: Foerste, Denison Univ. Sci. Lab. Bull., vol. 2,

p. 73, pi. 7, figs. 3a, 3b. 

Coal Measures: Flint Ridge and Bald Hill, Ohio.

1887. Rhombopora . Foerste, idem, p. 74, pi. 7, figs. 5a-c. 

Coal Measures: Flint Ridge, Ohio.

1888. Rhombopora lepidodendroides. Keyes, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc.,

p. 225. -(Date of imprint, 1899.) 

Lower Coal Measures: Des Moines, Iowa.

1895. Rhombopora lepidodendroides. Keyes, Missouri Geol. Survey, vol. 5, p. 35,

pi. 33, figs. 4a, 4b. (Date of imprint, 1894.) 

Upper Coal Measures: Kansas City, Mo.

1896. Rhombopora lepidodendroides. Smith, Am. Philos. Soc. Proc., vol. 35, p. 237. 

Upper Coal Measures: Poteau Mountain, Okla.

1897. Rhombopora lepidodendroides. Smith, Leland Stanford Junior Univ. Pub., 

Contrib. Biology Hopkins Seaside Lab., No. 9, p. 27.

Upper Coal Measures: Poteau Mountain, Okla. 

1903. Rhombopora lepidodendroides. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 16, p. 341.

Molas and Hermosa formations: San Juan region, Colo.

Weber formation: Leadville district, Colo.

Carboniferous: Grand River and Uinta Mountain regions, Colo. 

1903. Rhombopora lepidodendroides. Condra, Nebraska Geol. Survey, vol. 2, pt. 1, 

p. 99, pi. 6, figs. 2-4; pi. 7, figs. 1-12.

Coal Measures: Nebraska (20 localities).

Permian: Blue Springs and Wymore, Nebr. 

1903. Rhombopora lepidodendroides. Condra, Am. Geologist, vol. 31, p. 22, pi. 2.

Permian: Numerous localities in Nebraska.

Permian: Kansas.

1906. Rhombopora lepidodendroides. Woodruff, Nebraska Geol. Survey, vol; 2, pt. 2, 

pi. 9, figs. 2-4.

Carboniferous: Nebraska.

1908. Rhombopora aff. R. lepidodendroides. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

58, p. 153, pi. 31, fig. 17.

Delaware Mountain formation: Mountains northwest of Marathon, Tex.

This species is represented by two small fragments, the largest of 

which .has a length of 7 millimeters and a diameter of 1 millimeter. 

The cells are regularly arranged in oblique rows and a relatively large 

spine is situated between each couple longitudinally.

In as far as it goes this agrees reasonably well with R. lepidodendroides, but in view of the unsatisfactory status of that species and 

the scanty material from the Wewoka formation it does not seem 

advisable to attempt final identification.
48 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

I am also provisionally including here what appears to be a basal 

expansion of the same form. Its mode of growth is incrusting and, 

for a distance of 14 millimeters at the longest point, it completely 

covers a crinoid stem having a diameter of 3£ millimeters. The 

thickness of the zoarium is slight. Small cells (mesopores?) are 

rather sparingly distributed over it, but there are also maculae caused 

by assemblages of a number of such mesopores. Monticules are also 

developed. At one point the zoarium was produced into a slender 

branch (now broken off all but the base) which appears to have had 

the character of the stems provisionally identified as R. lepidodendroides. The walls are rather thick and their edges are covered with 

fine granules, some of the larger ones being at the ends of the slightly 

elongated cells. Instead of the large granule a minute depression 

resembling a mesopore sometimes appears at this point. Some of 

the maculae appear to consist of these granules or of the minute 

depressions, but others are composed of larger mesopores.

It is not probable that all the works cited belong in the synonymy 

of Meek's species, and I can not but suspect that some of them include 

more than a single species under the title.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2006).

Family PHYLLOPORINID^E.

Genus CHAINODICTYON Foerste.

CHAINODICTYON LAXTJM Foerste?

1887. Chainodictyon laxum. Foerste, Denison Univ. Sci. Lab. Bull., vol. 2, p. 81, pi.

7, figs. 8a-c. 

Coal Measures: Flint Ridge, Ohio.

1887. Chainodictyon laxum. TJlrich, idem, p. 87. 

Coal Measures: Seville, 111.

1888. Chainodictyon laxum. Foerste, idem, vol. 3, p. 135. 

1903. Chainodictyon laxum. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 16, p. 337. 

Hermosa formation: San Juan region, Colo.

This interesting species is represented by a single ill-preserved 

fragment, measuring approximately 9 millimeters in diameter. The 

character of neither surface is shown. The branches are about 5 

millimeters in .diameter, but expand toward the points of anastomosis. 

They form a rather regular network, with elliptical to subcircular 

openings which have a length of about 2 millimeters and a width of 

about 1^ milhmeters. The zooecial tubes are short and occur in 

three or four longitudinal rows.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2001).
FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA. 49

BRACHIOPODA. 

Family LINGULIDJE.

Genus LINGULA Bruguiere. 

LINGULA CAEBONAEIA Shumard ? x

1858. Lingula carbonaria. Shumard, Acad. Sci. St. Louis Trans., vol. 1, p. 215.

Coal Measures: Clark County, Mo. 

1873. Lingula mytiloides? Meek and Worthen, Illinois Geol. Survey, vol. 5, p. 572,

pi. 25, fig. 2. 

Coal Measures: Illinois. 

1899. Lingula mytiloides? Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Nineteenth Ann. Kept., pt. 3,

p. 575. . 

Upper Coal Measures: Atoka quadrangle, Hartshorne, Okla.; roof shale of the

Grady or Hartshorne coal.

1903. Lingula carbonaria. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 16, p. 342. 

Weber formation: Leadville district, Colo.

Shumard described this species without figuring it. Later Meek 

and Worthen figured a shell from Illinois which they doubtfully 

identified with the English form Lingula mytiloides. I believe, however, that their form is probably L. carbonaria of Shumard and I am 

provisionally employing Meek's figures to supplement Shumard's 

description.

The material under consideration consists of two specimens from 

Oklahoma in an imperfect state of preservation. So far as can be 

observed both have a regular, elongate-ovate shape. The specimen 

from station 7189 is of large size, having a length of 18 millimeters, 

almost the same size and very nearly the same proportions as the largest of Meek and Worthen's figures, which may be an enlargement of 

one of their smaller illustrations. The surface is not well shown, but 

appears to be nearly smooth or obscurely striated.

The second specimen (from station 7195) appears to have been 

somewhat smaller. It is very imperfect but has the surface well 

preserved, showing very fine, closely arranged, raised lines, with much 

broader and flat interspaces. This sculpture, which is of microscopic 

proportions, is less like what I have reason to believe is found on 

typical L. carbonaria (from Illinois) than that on the specimen from 

station 7189.

These shells are too poorly preserved for satisfactory description or 

identification, but it is at least certain that they belong to an altogether different group from Lingulipora nebraskensis. It is possible 

also that they may not represent the same species, but their condition 

does not seem to warrant separating them. To some extent the 

sculpture of the specimen from station 7195 suggests a distinction 

from the other.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle,

> Okla. (stations 2005 and 2006).

37003° Bull. 544 15 4
50 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

Genus LINGTJLIPORA Girty.

LlNGULIPORA NEBRASKENSIS Meek.

Plate VI, figures 11, lla.

1872,'Lingula Scotica var. Nebrascensis. Meek, U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska Final

Kept., p. 158, pi. 8, figs. 3a, 3b. 

Upper Coal Measures: Nebraska City, Nebr.

1889. Lingula nebraskensis. Miller, North American geology and paleontology, p. 350. 

1897. Glossina nebraskensis. Schuchert, U. S. Geol. Suryey Bull. 87, p. 224.

This rare species is represented in our collection by -some half 

dozen specimens, each from a different locality and all more or less 

fragmentary. They are characterized by their broadly cuneate shape 

and coarse concentric sculpture. The most perfect specimen is 

only a little longer than wide. The sides arid front are gently convex 

and the anterolateral angles are abruptly rounded. The greatest 

width is situated not far from the anterior margin. The convexity 

is low.

The sculpture consists of regularly arranged, abruptly elevated, 

concentric hrae, which leave between them relatively broad, flat interspaces. The interspaces themselves are rather finely and regularly 

striated.

The shell structure is finely punctate.

This form is in very close agreement with L. scoticd var. nebrasIcensis of Meek, differing only in being slightly larger and slightly 

more transverse, although it is not certain that either difference is 

constant. I can not feel much doubt that the two forms belong to 

the same species.

By reason of its punctate shell this species should be placed with 

the group for which I introduced the subgeneric name Lingulipora,

but its shape is characteristic of the group for which Glossina has 

been employed. Which classification should be adopted is therefore 

open to some argument. As there are both punctate and impunctate (?) Glossinas and punctate and impunctate Lingulas, it might 

be practical to employ both fundamenta. diyisionis and thus have 

four groups. It Seems to me, however, that the character of the shell 

structure is a more fundamental difference and one more practicable 

of application than the shape, of which all gradations exist, and I am 

therefore using it to the exclusion of the other as a taxonomic feature. 

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2004).
BBACHIOPODA. 51

Family DISCINID^E.

Genus R03MERELLA Hall and Clarke.

RCEMEKELLA PATULA Girty. 

Plate VI, figures 1-9; Plate X, figures 14a, 14b.

1911. Rosmerella patula. Girty, New York Acad. Sci. Annals, vol. 21, p. 125. 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Coalgate quadrangle, Okla.

Shell rather small for the genus, rarely exceeding 18 millimeters in 

diameter, though one specimen reaches nearly 30 millimeters. Shape 

slightly oval in some specimens, apparently circular in others. 

. Convexity of dorsal valve low, regular. Apex small, slightly 

though conspicuously eccentric, situated about two-thirds of a radius 

from the posterior margin. The outline from the apex to the front 

is slightly curved, so that the shape is not truly conical, being somewhat inflated in the apical portion.

The curvature of the ventral valve is usually compound, more or 

less strongly convex over the posterior portion and more or less 

strongly concave at the front and sides. The prominent portion 

projects above the reflexed rim. The point of highest convexity is 

usually well marked and is diametrically opposite to that of the 

dorsal valve, or about two-thirds of a radius forward from the 

posterior margin. The pedicle fissure is situated on the slope posterior to the point of greatest elevation. It is a conspicuous feature, 

rather long and narrow, with strongly introverted sides. It extends 

in mature shells from the point of greatest elevation halfway to the 

posterior margin and the characteristic sculpture passes around it 

without interruption.

The sculpture, as usual, consists of narrow, sharply raised concentric lirse with considerably wider flattened interspaces which are also 

finely striated. The lirae are somewhat irregular and are probably 

stronger and more persistent on the ventral than on the dorsal valve, 

on which they are often evanescent about the margins for a greater 

or less distance. They vary considerably in different specimens, 

being more closely arranged in some than in others; from 9 to 11 

occur in 3 millimeters. They also vary on the same specimen in 

proportion to their distance from the apex, and are more crowded on 

the posterior than on the anterior side; consequently the measurement given above is a relative one, representing the condition toward 

the front in well-grown specimens. Exfoliation obliterates much of 

the concentric marking and instead often brings to view fine radial 

lines and striae, probably due to setae which projected from the margin 

of the shell.

On the interior the dorsal valve has a short septum passing longitudinally through the apex, and extending farther on the anterior
52 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

than on the posterior side of it. There are also two-symmetrical 

ridges, straight, parallel, and close together for some distance anterior 

to the apex and rapidly diverging and somewhat curved near it so as 

partly to surround it. Between the straight extended anterior portion of these arms there is a median groove which extends backward 

and graduates into the septum, which has depressed sides. The 

curved armlike markings probably represent the boundary of a line 

of muscular attachment. In one specimen these lines, near the apex, 

distinctly expand into oval areas, one on each side, each of which is 

separated by an oblique line of division into two scars. These areas, 

without much question, are the loci of pairs of muscles.

The internal markings of the dorsal valve described above are 

conspicuous on most of the specimens examined, many of which are 

preserved as internal molds. The markings differ in detail in different 

specimens. This peculiar structure seems to be identical with that 

on which Hall and Clarke based the subgenus Rcemerella, and though 

there may be a little doubt as to its subgeneric value, it serves, 

together with the configuration, readily to distinguish this form from 

other Pennsylvanian discinoids. Some specimens, however, especially those that are incompletely exfoliated, fail to show this 

structure.

Ramerella patula is rather abundant in the Wewoka formation, 

most of the specimens occurring as dissociated valves in small concretions. Occasionally, however, the two valves are found in conjunction, though usually they are more or less displaced.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005 and 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (stations 

2004 and 7193).

R<EMERELLA ? Sp.

Plate VI, figures 10, lOa.

A few dorsal valves associated with R. patula are distinguished by 

being much more strongly convex. This difference is perhaps some- 

.what exaggerated by the flattening which many specimens of R. 

meniscus have suffered, as indicated by radiating cracks around the 

margin. Correlated with the greater height are other differences, all 

the examples observed being of small size and having the apex more 

marginal as well as more elevated. A ventral valve belonging to one 

specimen is less convex than in R. patula, being, in fact, flat, or even 

concave.

These specimens show a median ridge or septum but, so far as 

observed, no armlike lateral ridges. It is somewhat uncertain, 

therefore, whether they belong with B.cemerella or with Lingulidiscina, 

the evidence afforded by the four specimens thus far obtained not 

being conclusive. I am also in doubt as to whether they should be 

considered a variety of R. patula or a distinct species.
BEACHIOPODA. 53

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (stations 2001 and

2004).

Family CRANIIDJE.

Genus CRANIA Retzius.

CEANIA MODESTA White and St. John. 

Plate VI, figures 12-14.

1868. Crania modesta. White and St. John, Chicago Acad. Sci. Trans., vol. 1, p. 118.

Upper Coal Measures: Fremont County, Iowa. 

1882. Crania carbonaria. Whitfield, New York Acad. Sci. Annals, vol. 2, p. 229.

Coal Measures: Carbon Hill, Hocking County, Ohio. 

1884. Crania modesta. White, Indiana Dept. Geology and Nat. Hist. Thirteenth Ann.

Kept., pfr. 2, p. 121, pi. 35, fig. 9;. pi. 36, fig. 5. 

Coal Measures: Eugene and Newport, Vermilion County, and Merom, Sullivan.

County, Ind. 

1891. Crania carbonaria. Whitfield, New York Acad. Sci. Annals, vol. 5, p. 599,

pi. 15, figs. 11, 12.

Coal Measures: Carbon Hill, Hocking County, Ohio. 

1895. Crania carbonaria. Whitfield, Ohio Geol. Survey Kept., vol. 7, p. 484, pi. 11,

figs. 11, 12. (Date of imprint, 1893.) 

Coal Measures: Carbon Hill, Hocking County, Ohio.

1900. Crania modesta. Beede, Kansas Univ. Geol. Survey, vol. 6, p. 57, pi. 8, fig. 4. 

Upper Coal Measures: Kansas City, Eudora, Grand Summit, Kans.

1901. Crania modesta. Rowley, in Greene, Contrib. Indiana Paleontology, pt. 7,

p. 60, pi. 21, figs. 23-24. 

Upper Coal Measures: Hooser, Kans.

This species is rather rare in the Wewoka formation, but where it 

occurs at all it seems to be abundant; that is, each host carries two 

or more individuals. Most of the specimens observed are lower 

valves and are attached -to shells of Composite, subtilita and LopJiopJiyllum profundum. In shape they are subcircular or subpolygonal 

with diameters up to 12 millimeters, but tend more or less strongly 

to contract posteriorly and to have that portion of their outline 

somewhat rectilinear. The shell substance is extremely tenuous, 

excep't for the muscle scars and a thickened rim outlining the specimen. The posterior adductors are large and situated on elevated 

bosses. There is also a subcentral elevation, which is probably the 

locus of the central adductors. Far from showing traces of two 

distinct muscles, this elevation is in many specimens more or less 

pointed and without traces of muscular attachment; in fact, it looks 

so much like the apex of a conical upper v.alve as to suggest that we 

really have here two very thin valves pressed one upon the other. 

In some specimens, however, this central elevation is bipartite, and 

it should probably be interpreted as representing the site of the 

confluent central adductors.

The surface is smooth except for more or less obscure concentric 

irregularities, some of which on some specimens are sublamellose. In
54 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

specimens attached to rugose corals the costse of the host are clearly 

expressed on the parasitic form.

There can be little doubt that this is the same shell that White 

identified in Indiana as Crania robusta. His specimens, like these, 

were ventral valves, whereas the type shell was a dorsal valve.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005 and 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (stations 2001, 2004, and 7193).

Family STROPHOMENID^E.

Genus DERBYA Waagen.

DEEBYA CRASSA Meek and Hayden.

Plate VII, figures l-lc.

1852. Orthis umbraculum? Hall, Stansbury'e Expl. and Survey Great Salt Lake of 

Utah, p. 412, pi. 3, fig. 6. (Another edition was printed in Washington with 

the imprint date. 1853, and a third, printed like the first in Philadelphia, 

bears the imprint 1855. The pagination is the same in all.) 

Carboniferous: Missouri River, above Fort Leavenworth, Kans.

1852. Orthis umbraculum? Owen, Kept. Geol. Survey Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota, pi. 5, fig. 11. . . Carboniferous: Missouri River, near mouth of Keg Creek and at Council Bluffs,

Iowa. 

1852. Orthis arachnoidea. Roemer, Kreid. von Texas, p: 89, pi. 11, figs. 9a, 9b.

Carboniferous: San Saba Valley, Tex. 

71857. Orthis arachnoidea. Hall, United States and Mexican Boundary Survey Rept.,

vol. 1, pi. 20, fig. 3. 

1858. Orthisina crassa. Meek and Hayden, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc.,

p. 261. . - Coal Measures: Leavenworth, Kans.

71858. Orthis crenistria. Marcou, Geology of North America, p. 49. 

Mountain limestone: Pecos village, N. Mex.

I860. Orthis lasallensis. McChesney, Desc. New Spec. Foss., p. 32. (Date of 

imprint, 1859.)

Upper Coal Measures: Lasalle, 111. 

1860. Orthis richmonda. McChesney, idem, p. 32.

Coal Measures: Twelve miles northwest of Richmond, Mo.

71860. Orthis pratteni. McChesney, idem, p. 33. 

Coal Measures: Charboniere, Mo.

71861. Streptorhynchus umbraculum. Newberry, Ives'e Rept. Colorado River of the

West, pt. 3, p. 125. .

 Upper Carboniferous (Cherty limestone): Canyon of Cascade River near the 

junction of the Colorado Chiquito with the Colorado; at Agua Azul; east of 

'Fort Defiance; at Santa Fe; at Ojo Vernal, and on Cottonwood Creek, Kans.

1864. Eemipronites crassus'. Meek and Hayden, Smithsonian Contrib. Knowledge

(vol. 14), No. 172, p. 26, pi. 1, figs. 7a-d. 

Coal Measures: Leavenworth, Kans.

1865. Orthis richmonda. McChesney, Illus. New Spec. Foss., pi. 1, figs. 5a-c. 

1865. Orthis lasallensis. McChesney, idem, pi. 1, figs. 6a, 6b.
BBACHIOPODA. 55

^i 1866. Orthis crenistria. Geinitz, Carb. und Dyas in Nebraska, p. 46, pi. 3, figs. 20, 21. 

'1 Upper Coal Measures: Bellevue and Plattsmduth, Nebr.; Stage Bb, at Bennetts 

il Mill, southwest of Nebraska City; Stages Bblv, Cc11 , Ccv, at Nebraska City,

Nebr.

it> 1868. Hemipronites lasallensis. McChesney, Chicago Acad. Sci. Trans., vol. 1, p. 28, 

, pi. 1, figs. 6a, 6b. 

* Upper Coal Measures: La Salle, 111.

18G8. Hemipronites crassus. McChesney, idem, vol. 1, p. 28, pi. 1, figs. 5a-c. 

Coal Measures: 12 miles northeast of Richmond, Mo.

1872. Hemipronites crassus. Meek, U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska Final Kept., 

| p. 174, pi. 5, figs. lOa-c; pi. 8, fig. 1.

i!^ Upper Coal Measures: Nebraska City, Bennetts Mill, Wyoming, Cedar Bluff, 

!'r. Rock Bluff, Plattsmouth, Bellevue, Omaha, Peru, Rulo, and Brownsville,

Nebr.

Coal Measures: Kansas, Iowa, Missouri, Illinois. 

Chester limestone: West Virginia.

1873. Hemipronites crassus. Meek and Worthen, Illinois Geol. Survey, vol. 5, p. 570,

pi. 25, fig. 12. ' ; . Upper Coal Measures: La Salle, 111.

1875. Hemipronites crinistria. White, U. S. Geog. Surveys W. 100th Mer. Rept.,

vol. 4, p. 124, pi. 10, fig. 9a. (Whole volume published in 1877.) 

Carboniferous: Meadow Creek, south of Fillmore; Star district, Picacho Range; 

, North Fork of Lewiston Canyon, Oquirrh Range; below Ophir City, Kanab 

Canyon, Wasatch Range; pass between Rush and Cedar valleys; and east 

side of Mount Nebo, Utah; top of Grass Mountain, Ely Range; Fossil Hill; 

Camp Apache; Old Potosi mine; Tenney's ranch; Kaibab Plateau; and at 

confluence of White Mountain and Black rivers, Nev.

1876. Hemipronites crenistria. White, U. S. Geog. Survey Terr., 2d div., Powell's

Rept. Geology Uinta Mountains, pp. 90, 91. 

Lower Aubrey group; Near Echo Park and at confluence of Grand and Green

rivers, Utah. 

Upper Aubrey group; Beehive Point, near Horseshoe Canyon, Utah.

1883. Streptorhynchus Richmondi. Hall, New York State Geologist Rept., 1882,

-pi. (10) 40, figs. 10, 11. 

Coal Measures: Iowa. 

"* 1884. Hemipronites crassus. White, Indiana Dept. Geology and Nat. Hist. Thirteenth

Ann. Rept., pt. 2, p. 129, pi. 26, figs. 4-11.

Coal Measures: Lodi, Eugene, Perrysville, Merom, Big Creek, and New Harmony, Ind.

1884. Derbyia.crassa. Waagen, India Geol. Survey Mem., Paleeontologia Indica, ser. 

i 13, vol. 1, p. 592.

j 1887. Hemipronites crassus. Herrick, Denison Univ. Sci. Lab. Bull., vol. 2, p. 50, 

'! pi. 2, fig. 19.

Coal Measures: Flint Ridge, Ohio. 

1888. Streptorhynchus crenistria. Keyes, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 229.

Lower Coal Measures: Des Moines, Iowa.

71891. Streptorhynchus crassum. Whitfield, New York Acad. Sci. Annals, vol.- 5, 

i p. 580, pi. 13, figs. 11, 12.

Maxville limestone: Ohio. 

; 1892. Derbya crassa. Hall and Clarke, New York State Geologist Eleventh Ann.

Rept., for 1891, pi. 17, figs. 1-4, 9. 

Upper Coal Measures: Kansas City, Mo.; Winterset, Iowa.
56 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

1892. Derbyia crassa. Hall and Clarke, New York Geol. Survey, Paleontology, vol. 

8, pt. 1, pi. 10, figs. 10, 11"; pi. 11A, figs, 28-33; pi. 11B, figs. 23, 24; pi. 20, 

figs. 12, 13. '

Upper Coal Measures: Near Kansas .City, Mo., and Winterset, Iowa. 

71893. Streptorhynchus crassum. Whitfield, Ohio Geol. Survey Kept., vol. 7, p. 468,

pi. 9, figs. 11, 12. 

Maxville limestone: Ohio.

1894. Derbya crassa. Hall and Olarke, Introd. Study Brach., pt. 1, pi. 17, figs. 1-4, 9. 

Upper Coal Measures: Kansas City, Mo.; Winterset, Iowa.

1895. Streptorhynchus crenistria. Keyes, Missouri Geol. Survey, vol. 5, p. 67, pi. 38,

figs. 8a-h. (Date of imprint, 1894.) 

Coal Measures: Kansas City, Clinton, and Lexington, Mo.

1896. Derbyia crassa. Smith, Leland Stanford Junior Univ. Pub., Contrib. Biology

Hopkins Seaside Lab. No. 9, p. 28. 

Upper Coal Measures: Poteau Mountain, Okla. 

Lower Coal Measures: Con way County, Ark.

1896. Derbyia crassa. Smith, Am. Philos. Soc. Proc., vol. 35, p. 238. 

Upper Coal Measures: Poteau Mountain, Okla. 

Lower Coal Measures: Conway County, Ark. 

1900. Derbya crassa. Beede, Kansas Univ. Geol. Survey, vol. 6, p: 62, pi. 8, figs.

11, lib. 

Upper and Lower Coal Measures: Fort Scott, Kansas City, Lawrence, Topeka,

Kans. 

1900. Derbia (Hemipronites) crassus. Herrick and Bendrat, Am. Geologist, vol. 25,

No. 4, p. 240. 

Coal Measures: Sandia Mountains, N. Mex.

1903. Derbya crassa. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 16, p. 347. 

Hermosa formation: Ouray and San Juan region, Colo. 

Weber formation: Crested Butte and Leadville districts, Colo. 

Maroon formation: Crested Butte district, Colo. 

Carboniferous: Glen wood Springs, Colo.

1904. Derbya crassa. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 21, p. 52, pi. 11, fig. 3.

Pennsylvanian (Naco limestone): Bisbee quadrangle, Ariz.

1906. Derbya crassa. Woodruff, Nebraska Geol. Survey, vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 276, pi. 12, 

fig. 10.

Carboniferous: Weeping Water, Cedar Creek, Nehawka, and Rock Bluff, Nebr.

Strophomenoid shells are rare in the Wewoka formation. The 

Survey collection contains only one nearly perfect and finely preserved example and a few fragments from three other localities. 

The fragments indicate a size much greater than that of the specimen on which the identification of D. crassa is based, a size as great 

as D. robusta >or any other large Pennsylvanian species. They are 

too imperfect, however, to allow me to point out differences, other 

than size, by which they can be distinguished from the more, perfect 

specimen.

The single specimen definitely referred to D. crassa is subcircular 

and somewhat transverse. The outline contracts considerably 

at the hinge. The cardinal slopes of the ventral valve meet very 

obtusely and do not form conspicuous cardinal angles at their junction with the sides.
BRACHIOPODA. 57

The ventral valve is gently convex with beak somewhat projecting, somewhat depressed and somewhat twisted. The area is low, 

projecting rather strongly backward, and it is much shorter than the 

width of the shell in front. The pseudodeltidium is higher than 

wide, moderately projecting, and slightly depressed along its center. 

. The dorsal valve is moderately convex. The beak is small and 

depressed, with depressed and flattened areas on either side of it.

Both valves are more or less undulating and contorted and are 

marked by several varices of growth. The surface is marked by thin, 

strongly and abruptly elevated lirae, separated by relatively broad 

flat interspaces. The liras are more or less regularly alternating or 

unequal, of two, three, or even four series. Eight or nine occur in 5 

millimeters. The surface is also crossed by regular, fine, crenulating 

lamellae, which occur both on the interspaces and on the radii, where

they are apt to be a little stronger, producing scalelike projections.

This form agrees so closely with Meek's description and also with 

specimens which can safely be referred to D. crassa that there can be 

little doubt of the identification.

In proportion as it is difficult to discriminate species in the genus 

Derbya and related groups, so is it hard to assemble the synonymy 

of one of them in any but an undiscriminating and mechanical way. 

The synonymy printed here is in the' main that which is generally 

accepted. It seems rather doubtful, however, whether any of the 

Mississippian identifications,1 even those from the higher horizons, 

will eventually be referred to the Pennsylvanian species. The improbability is so great in the case of Lane and Cooper's 2 identification 

from the lower Mississippian at Point aux Barques, Mich., that it is 

reasonably safe to remove that citation from the synonymy.

Another citation which can be dropped is that by Meek and Hayden 

in 1859,3 under the title Orthisina umbraculum? from the "Upper Coal 

Measures" of Kansas. For that type they suggested the reversional 

name multistriata, and it is highly probable that their form is distinct 

from D. crassa as well as from the European species with which they 

provisionally identified it.

It also seems somewhat doubtful whether Hemipronites or Ortliis 

lasallensis of McChesney (of the dates 1860, 1865, and 1868) belongs 

to this species.

Certain citations from localities in the far West (as Hall 1857, 

Marcou 1858, Newberry 1861, White 1875, and perhaps my own 

citations in 1903 and 1904), where the association is with a widely 

different fauna from that of typical D. crassa, may for that reason be 

held doubtful until some one shall have investigated the matter.

1 As IJemipronites crassus Meek (pars) 1872 and Streptorhynelius crassum Whitfleld 1893.

2 Lano and Cooper, Michigan Geol. Survey, vol. 7, pt. 2,1900, p. 259. 

8 Meek and Hayden, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., 1859, p. 26.
58 FAUNA OP WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

A few of the forms to which references are retained in the synonymy 

are of unusual size and some may belong to the related species which 

Hall described as D. robusta (cf. Hall 1852, Owen, 1852, and Keyes 

1858).

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005? 2006?); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (stations 

2001? and 2004).

Genus STREPTORHYNCHTJS King. 

STREPTORHYNCHUS OKLAHOMA Girty. 

Plate VI, figures 15-15b.

1911. StreptorhynchtLS oklahomx. Girty, New York Acad. Sci. Annals, vol. 21, p. 126. 

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla.

The Wewoka collections include two specimens that appear to belong to the genus Streptorhynchus. They are preserved as internal 

molds and show dental callosities in the ventral valve without any trace 

of a septum. In the dorsal valve the socket plates are fairly well developed and one specimen has a low dorsal septum. In point of convexity the dorsal valve is only gently arched, the ventral rather high 

and more or less contorted. The shell contracts at the hinge, the area 

being moderately high and strongly inclined backward. The sculpture consists of fine, regular, subequal lirae, which in one specimen 

are more or less distinctly alternating. In the specimen figured the 

lirae are equal over the median portion and are separated by intervals 

slightly greater than their own width; 10 of them occur in 5 millimeters.. Toward the sides they are rather more distantly spaced and 

alternate in size.

The rarity of this genus in the American Pennsylvanian rocks constitutes an a priori argument against the assignment of these specimens to Strep torhynchus. On the other hand, it is difficult to understand how the process of fossilization could permit the dental callosities to be preserved and could yet obliterate all trace of the septum.

It is possible that one or two of the specimens assigned to Derlya 

crassa may really belong to Streptorhynchus oklaTiomse, but I could not 

determine that fact without mutilating them, which I was unwilling 

to do.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka, formation: Coalgate quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2001).
BBACHIOPODA. 59

Family PRODUCTION.

Genus CHONETES Fischer-de-Waldheim.

CHONETES GRANULIFER Owen.

Plate VII, figures 12-13 b.

1852. Chonetes granulifera. Owen, Kept. Geol. Survey Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minne'

eota, p. 583, pi. 5, fig. 12.

Carboniferous limestone: Near mouth, of Keg Creek, Mo. 

1854. Chonetes Smiihii. Norwood and Pratten, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Jour., 2d

ser., vol. 3, p. 24, pi. 2, figs. 2a-d. (Entire volume bears imprint 1855.) 

Coal Measures: Belleville, 111. 

1854. Chonetes Granulifera. Norwood and Pratten, idem, p. 24.

Coal Measures: Belleville, 111.; Keg Creek, Mo. 

1854. Chonetes Flemingii. Norwood and Pratten, idem, p. 26, pi. 2, figs. 5a-c.

[Coal Measures:] Ten miles northwest of Richmond, Mo. 

1873. Chonetes Smithii. Meek and Worthen, Illinois Geol. Survey, vol. 5, p. 570,

pi. 25, fig. 11.

Coal Measures: St. Clair County, 111. 

?1875. Chonetes granulifera. White, U. S. Geog. Surveys W. 100th Mer. Kept., vol.

4, pt. 1, p. 122, pi. 9, figs. 8a-c. (Volume bears imprint 1877.) 

Carboniferous (Upper Aubrey Limestone): Kanab Canyon, Ariz. 

?1876. Chonetes granulifera. Wh,ite, U. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey Terr., 2d div.,

PowelPs Kept. Geology Uinta Mountains, p. 90. 

Lower Aubrey group: Confluence of Grand and Green rivers, Utah.

1891. Chonetes Jlemingi. Keyes (pars, non C. verneuilianus), Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 247. 

Lower Coal Measures: Des Moines, Iowa.

1892. Chonetes Smithi. Hall and Clarke, New York Geol. Survey, Paleontology, vol.

8, pt. 1, pi. 15B, fig. 12. 

Coal Measures: Illinois. 

71895. Chonetes granulifera. Keyes, Missouri Geol. Survey, vol. 5, p. 56. (Date

of imprint, 1894.)

Upper Coal Measures: Kansas City, Mo. 

1903. Chonetesflemingi. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 16, p. 352, pi. 1, figs.

17,18,18a.

Weber limestone and Maroon formation: Crested Butte district, Colo. 

Hermosa formation: Ouray, Colo. 

Carboniferous: Glen wood Springs, Colo.

1908. Chonetes granulifer. Greene (pars?), Jour. Geology, vol. 16, p. 654. 

Pennsylvanian and Permian: Kansas.

In the Pennsylvanian rocks of the Mississippi Valley there occur 

two closely related species of Chonetes which I have heretofore tried 

to discriminate under the names C. granulifer Owen and G. Jlemingi 

Norwood and Pratten. C. Jlemingi appears to be best developed 

in the lower beds if not restricted to them, but C. granulifer is best 

developed in the upper beds. Both are marked by regular radiating 

lirse of about the same degree of fineness, and they are chiefly distinguished by their shape, C. granulifer being, as a rule, larger,
60 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

flatter, and more extended on the hinge, with a narrower cardinal 

area, a less prominent ventral beak, and less distinct and in some 

specimens evanescent sinus. C.flemingi also shows greater inequality in the curvature of the two valves. As both species vary somewhat, these differences do not hold in all specimens. C. flemingi 

is covered witji numerous small spines, a feature which is less conspicuous in the specimens of 0. granulifer that I have examined but 

is certainly present and possibly was observed and figured by Meek, 1 ' 

though the structures shown in his figure may represent the pores 

that occur between instead of the spines that occur on the liras, 

which are numerous, and, where the shell is exfoliated, are very conspicuous. The two forms should probably be regarded as distinct 

varieties, though possibly not as distinct species.

The names which should be employed for them are somewhat 

doubtful. Meek and Hayden described the large mucronate type as 

CJionetes mucronatus but later placed that species in the synonymy of 

0. granulifer Owen and consequently are responsible for the general 

application of the name C. granulifer to the spreading mucronate 

type of shell. From Owen's very poor description and figures, however, it appears tha't he was considering a subquadrate shell like 

C.flemingi, rather than an extended.one like C. mucronatus. Therefore I should be disposed to associate the name C. granulifer rather 

with the type of shell which Norwood and Pratten called C. flemingi. 

It is unfortunate that the appropriate and well-defined term 0. 

mucronatus was preoccupied by StropTiomena ( = CJionetes) mucronata 

Hall, 1843, .for it is in consequence unavailable. Another species 

that is commonly placed in the synonymy of C. granulifer is C. 

smithii, but this also appears to be one of the subquadrate, strongly 

arched shells, related rather to 0. flemingi, and typical 0. granulifer 

than to C. mucronatus. Thus, in so far as the facts are known to 

me, the transverse form which Meek and Hayden call C. mucronatus 

is discriminable from C. granulifer Owen, and stands at present 

without a distinguishing name. The name C. meekanus is herewith 

proposed for it.

For the other form, C. granulifer evidently has priority, and it 

should probably be substituted for C. flemingi. Several other species 

may tentatively be placed in this synonymy. In then* monograph 

on the genus Chonetes, Norwood and Pratten recognize C. granulifer, 

and describe amongst new species C. flemingi, C. smithii, and C. 

verneuilianus, all of which appear to be closely related. It is unfortunate and somewhat surprising that these authors do not discuss 

the relationship between these kindred forms. As already remarked, 

I can not but feel it to be highly probable that C. flemingi and C. 

granulifer are the same species. It also seems probable that C.

1 Meek, F. B., U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska Final Kept., 1872, PI. VIII, fig. 7.
BRACHIOPODA. 61

flemingi and C. smithii are the same. The only obvious difference 

lies in the little pores or spine bases which Norwood and Pratten 

describe as characteristic of C. smithii; but this is really a feature 

which I have observed in a number of species and believe to belong 

to all forms of the group to a greater or less extent. It is extremely 

liable to the accidents of preservation, and may be well shown by 

specimens from one locality and obscured in specimens from another. 

In size and external form 0. smithii is Singularly close to 0. granulifer 

as figured by Owen, and tentatively I shall include both species in 

the same synonymy. It is possible that all these forms will prove 

to be the same as C. variolatus D'Orbigny, of which C. flemingi has 

some tunes been considered a synonym. Authors have apparently 

been influenced in this by the interlira pores which both D'Orbigny 

and Norwood and Pratten describe as distinguishing characters of 

either species, but which I believe are common to all or nearly all 

species of the genus, their conspicuousness being largely determined 

by preservation, though many well-preserved specimens do not show 

them. The pores appear as lines of minute perforations following 

the striae that are characteristic of at least one extensive group of 

the genus and they are best shown when the surface is somewhat 

exfoliated. A deeper exfoliation brings to light considerably larger 

and less numerous openings, less conspicuously arranged in rows 

also., which are indicative of the small internal spines or pustules 

characteristic of the genus.

G. verneuilianus, though related' to the other species, -is probably 

a distinguishable form. I have heretofore regarded it as a variety 

of the C. jlemingi, and consequently assume it to occupy a similar 

relationship to G. granulifer.

For the present, therefore, I am using the name G. granulifer for 

the subquadrate, strongly arched type of Chonetes, while recognizing 

that the name may have to be superseded by G. variolatus D'Orbigny.

As represented in the Wewoka formation this species seems persistently to accompany G. mesolobus var. decipiens, abut though it 

occurs at many localities it is rare at all of them, only two or three 

specimens having been obtained at each. Most of the specimens 

are small and as a rule are not very perfect, but so far as their characters are shown, they agree with specimens from the Mississippi 

Valley which I regard as characteristic C. granulifer. They are readily 

distinguishable from G. mesolobus by their striated sculpture and by 

their configuration.

Mr. F. C. Greene has made an elaborate study of this species based 

on extensive collections from a wide range of horizons. Speaking 

without nearly so thorough an investigation, I hesitate to accept 

entirely his conclusions as to specific limits in this group, if I understand them aright. He appears to attach more importance to pro-
62 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

portional length and breadth than a priori seems to me wise, and he 

seems inclined to assemble under C. granulifer modifications which I 

should be disposed to discriminate.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005 and 2006).

CHONETES GRANULIFER var. ARMATUS Girty. 

Plate VII, figures 2-4.

1911. Chonetes granulifer var. armatus. Girty, New York Acad. Sci. Annals, vol. 21, 

p. 127. . Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla.

The fossils included under this title occur associated with C. mesolobus var. decipiens, and with the more closely related C. granulifer. 

They are small, 15 millimeters being the maximum width observed, 

moderately convex if not compressed, subquadrate in shape, and 

have rather prominent beaks and faint though distinct insinuations. 

About seven cardinal spines occur on each side.

The surface is marked by obsolescent lirse and by numerous small 

though prominent spines.

This variety is distinguished from the closely related C. granulifer 

by its smaller and less projecting beak, its nearly obsolete liration, 

and the number and prominence of its surface spines, although the 

latter character may be to some extent the result of preservation. 

With the evidence at hand, however, I would not feel justified in 

regarding these shells as true representatives of G. granulifer.

Horizon and locality.' Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 7193).

CHONETES MESOLOBUS var. DECIPIENS Girty.

Plate VII, figures 5-7a.

1899. Chonetes mesolobus. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Nineteenth Ann. Kept., pt. 3,

p. 576.

Upper Coal Measures: Atoka quadrangle, Okla. 

1903. Chonetes mesolobus. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 16, p. 357, pi. 1,

figs. 20-23.

Hermoso formation: San Juan region, Colo. 

Rico formation: San Juan region, Colo. 

Maroon formation: Crested Butte district, Colo. 

Carboniferous: Grand River region, Colo. 

1911. Chonetes mesolobus var. decipiens. Girty, New York Acad. Sci. Annals, vol.

21, p. 127. 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Coalgate quadrangle, Okla.

This form differs from typical G. mesolobus in having a smooth 

instead of a striated surface. Though I was at first disposed to 

describe it as a new species rather than a new variety, the lower taxonomic rank is probably more in accordance with the facts.
BBACHIOPODA. 63

The peculiar configuration of C. mesolobus is well known. The 

typical form is described as possessing fine, radiating striae. Some 

well-preserved specimens from Ohio show this feature very clearly. 

The lirse are fine and moderately strong; and they give rise to a large 

number of minute spines, a feature not mentioned by Norwood and 

Pratten, though perhaps represented in one of their figures. Mr. 

Beede 1 also appears to record it when he describes the surface as 

"coarsely punctate." He may, however, be referring to another 

and altogether different feature, namely, to more numerous perforations, which occur between the striae instead of on them and which 

project as rows of spinules or pustules on the inside of the shellThese are best shown on exfoliated specimens or internal molds. The 

structures to which I refer also resemble punctae where the surface 

is worn, but where it is better preserved they show projecting edges, 

as of downward pointing spines, very similar to the minute spines 

found on many orthoids.

This variety has the characteristic configuration of C. mesolobus, 

but the surface is entirely without radiating sculpture and is marked 

only on the best specimens by fine growth lines. The absence of radial 

striation is not due to erosion nor to any circumstance or condition 

of fossilization, for it persists through an extensive series of specimens from many localities. Furthermore, the radial markings could 

hardly have been lost when the more delicate growth lines had been 

retained.

In characteristic specimens this difference is so strongly marked that 

one would be led to refer the two forms to altogether different groups, 

and as already noted I was at first disposed to regard them as distinct 

species. When large series of specimens from different horizons are 

examined, however, individuals more or less intermediate in character 

are found. That is, associated with the smooth variety are a few 

shells which show faint yet unmistakable traces of radial sculpture. 

Such specimens must be carefully examined, however, to determine 

whether this character is not adventitious, for under exfoliation the 

rows of internal spinules which have oblique pores connecting with 

them form little grooves and produce a fine, more or less regular 

radiating striae.

The shells belonging to the smooth variety rarely show traces of 

the spines found on the other. Except for a few incremental lines 

the surface is usually featureless.

0. mesolobus var. decipiens is very abundant in the Wewoka formation. It is also abundant in some of the earlier Pennsylvani an deposits 

of the Kansas section at about the horizon of the Parsons formation.

In the literature no citation can definitely be included in the synonymy except my own identifications' of specimens obtained in

i Kansas Univ. Geol. Survey, vol. 6, p. 71,1900.
64 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

Oklahoma and in Colorado. When I remarked of the form from 

Colorado that the specimens were characteristic in every way, I 

had for comparison not typical striated (7. mesololus but specimens 

of the present variety.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005 ? and 2007); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (stations 

2001, 2004, and 7193). °

CHONETES MESOLOBUS var. EUAMPYGUS Girty. 

Plate VII, figures 8-9c.

1911. Chonetes mesolobus var. euampygus. Girty, New York Acad. Sci. Annals,

vol. 21, p. 129. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Coalgate quadrangle, Okla.

Shells of the mesololus group vary considerably in the development 

of the characteristic lobation. In some of the larger individuals 

especially it can hardly be distinguished at all, and such of these specimens as belong to the smooth or decipiens type simulate C. geinitzianus 

very closely. C. geinitzianus may possibly have had this derivation, 

though one would have sai.d a priori that such phylogeny was of all 

the least probable.

The strength of the lobation generally varies inversely as the size 

of the individual. At ah1 events one group of shells, here discriminated as var. euampygus, stands out strongly and distinctly by 

reason of their small size and deep lobation. That they are mature 

shells is indicated by their strong convexity and by the fact that 

young individuals of the larger form would be more faintly lobed. 

Though they intergrade with the larger, less strongly lobate shells 

through larger, examples which have an almost equal strength of 

lobation, they form a distinct and as a rule an easily discriminated 

group which in places occur alone to the exclusion of the typical 

variety. In sculpture these shells seem to be allied to the. variety 

deci'piens. They are usually unstriated but show traces of strias 

more frequently than decipiens. Seldom, if ever, is the striation as 

strong as hi well-characterized specimens of C. mesololus s. s.

None of the specimens referred to here exceeds 10 millimeters in 

width, and they average nearer 7 millimeters.

Horizon'and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005 and 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station

2001).

Genus PRODTJCTUS Sowerby.

PRODUCTUS INFLATUS var. COLORADOENSIS n. var. 

Plate VIII, figures 1, 2.

71890. Productus Boliviensis (non D'Orbigny). Nikitin, Com. Ge"ol. [Russia] Me"m.,

vol. 5, No. 5, p. 57, pi. 1, figs. 4a-c. 

Gschelstufe: Near Moscow, Russia.
BKACHIOPODA. 65

71902. Productus inflatus (non McChesney). Tschernyschew, Com. Ge"ol. [Russia]

Me"m., vol. 16, No. 2, p. 261, 612, pi. 28, figs. 1-6. 

Gschelstufe: Ural and Timan mountains, Russia.

1903. Productus inflatus (non McChesney). Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper

16, p. 359, pi. 3, figs, 1-lb, 2, 2a, 3. 

Hermosa formation: San Juan region and Ouray, Colo. 

Weber limestone: Crested Butte and Leadville districts, Colo. 

Carboniferous: Glenwood Springs, Colo.

1904. Productus inflatus? (non McChesney). Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper

21, p.- 52, pi. 11, figs, 5, 6. 

Pennsylvanian (Naco limestone): Bisbee quadrangle, Ariz.

Under this title are included a few not very perfect specimens of 

the usual semireticulatus type. They are characterized by medium 

size, medium convexity, distinct though not strong insinuation, 

moderately fine liration, moderately fine and strong concentric wrinkles, and a moderate number of spines of moderate size.

Of the more or less similar species with which they are associated 

they resemble especially Marginifera lasallensis. It is not certain 

that the fossils referred to this variety have the internal characters of 

Productus or that the fossils referred to M.lasallensis have the internal 

characters of Marginifera, but, if they have, this fact would assign them 

to very distinct groups. In point of appearance, however, external 

characters being all that are plainly shown, no clear-cut differences 

exist. The most characteristic examples of each show that the present form is larger and less strongly sinuate, but many specimens can 

not be satisfactorily assigned to one group or the other, either because 

they are actually intermediate or, more commonly, because they are 

so imperfect that the characters are not well shown.

The best and most characteristic specimens referred to this variety 

resemble the form from Colorado identified by me as P. inflatus 

rather than the one described as P. semireticulatus var. hermosanus. 

Having had an opportunity to study what are probably characteristic specimens of P. inflatus, I have reached the conclusion that the 

shell from Colorado is a distinct form and propose for it the varietal 

name coloradoensis.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2001 and 7193).

PRODUCTUS NEBRASKENSIS Owen. 

Plate X, figures 6, 6a, 7.

1852. Productus nebrascensis. Owen, Rept. Geol. Survey Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota, p. 584, pi. 5, fig. 3.

Carboniferous limestone: Bellevue, Missouri River, Nebr.

1854. Productus Rogersii. Norwood and Pratten, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia 

Jour., 2d ser., vol. 3, p. 9, pi. 1, figs. 3a-c. (Whole volume appeared in 

1855.)

Coal Measures: Near Huntsville, Mo. 

37003° Bull. 544 15 5
66 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

1854. Productus Nebrascensis. Norwood and Pratten, idem, p. 21.

Coal Measures: Crossing of Big Nemaha, Nebraska Terr. 

1856. Productus Rogersi. Hall, Pacific Railroad Kept., vol. 3, pt. 4, p. 104, pi. 2,

figs. 14,15.

Carboniferous limestone: Pecos village, N. Mex. 

1859. Productus Rogersi. Meek and Hayden, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc.,

p. 26. (Imprint of entire volume, 1860.)

Upper Coal Measures: Kansas River valley, below mouth of Blue River, Kans. 

1859. Productus asperus. McChesney, Desc. New Spec. Foss., p. 34.

Coal Measures: La Salle and Springfield, 111. 

1861. Productus Rogersi. Newberry, Ives's Rept. Colorado River of the West, pt. 3,

P-121. 

Coal Measures: Pecos village and Kansas.

1865. Productus asperus. McChesney, Illus. New Spec. Foss., pi. 1, figs. 7a, 7b.

1866. Strophalosia horrescens. Geinitz, Garb, und Dyas in Nebraska, p. 49.

Coal Measures: Bellevue, Plattsmouth, Nebraska City, and Bennetts Mill,

Nebr. 

1868. Productus nebrascensis. McChesney, Chicago Acad. Sci. Trans., vol. 1, p. 24,

pi. 1, figs. 7a, 7b. (Date of imprint, 1867.) 

Coal Measures: La Salle and Springfield, 111.

1872. Productus Nebrascensis. Meek, U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska Final Rept., 

p. 165, pi. 2, fig. 2; pi. 4, fig. 6; pi. 5, figs, lla-c.

Upper Coal Measures: Nebraska City, Wyo.; Behnetts Mill, Rock Bluff, Plattsmouth, Bellevue, and Omaha, Nebr.

Coal Measures: Illinois, Missouri, Iowa, Kansas, and New Mexico.

1873. Productus Nebrascensis. Meek and Worthen, Illinois Geol. Survey, vol. 5,

p. 569, pi. 25, fig. 8. , - 

Coal Measures: Sangamon and La Salle counties, 111.

1875. Productus Nebrascensis. White, U. S. Geog. Surveys W. 100th Mer. Rept.,

pt. 1, vol. 4, p. 116, pi. 8, figs. 3a-d. (Whole volume published in 1877.) 

Carboniferous: Camp Apache and Carrizo Creek, Maricopa County, Ariz.; 

Rubyville, Schell Creek Range, and top of Grass Mountain, Ely Range, 

Nev.; Meadow Creek, south of Fillmore, Utah. (Specimens figured from 

Santa Fe, N. Mex., and from Nebraska.)

1876. Productus Nebrascensis. White, U. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey Terr., 2d div.;

Powell's Rept. Geology Uinta Mountains, p. 90. 

Lower Aubrey group: Confluence of Grand and Green rivers.

1877. 'Productus Nebrascensis. Meek, U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Par., Rept., vol. 4, 

p. 65. "

1883. Productus aspersus. Hall, New York State Geologist [Second Ann.] Rept. for

1882, pi. (19) 50, figs. 5-7. 

Coal Measures: La Salle, 111.

1884. Productus Nebrascensis. White, Dept. Geology and Nat. Hist. Indiana Thirteenth Ann. Rept., for 1883, pt. 2, p. 122, pi. 24, figs. 7-9. 

Coal Measures: Fountain, Vermilion, Parke, and Vigo counties, Ind. 

1886. Productus Nebrascensis? Heilprin, Pennsylvania [Second] Geol. Survey Ann.

Rept. for 1885, p. 453, fig. 4c, p. 440, figs, 4-4b. 

Upper Coal Measures, Mill Creek limestone: Wilkes-Barre, Pa.

1886. Productus .Nebrascensis? Heilprin, Wyoming Hist, and Geol. Soc. Proc. and

Coll., vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 268, figs. 4, 4b. 

Upper Coal Measures, Mill Creek limestone: Wilkes-Barre, Pa.

1887. Productus Nebrascensis. Herrick, Denison Univ. Sci. Lab. Bull., vol. 2, p. 49,

pi. 2, fig. 30. 

Coal Measures: Flint Ridge, Ohio.
BRACHIOPODA. 67

1892. Productus Nebrascensis. Hall and Clarke, New York State Geologist Eleventh

Ann. Rept., for 1891, p. 22, fig. 7. 

Coal Measures.: La Salle, 111. 

1892. Productus Nebrascensis. Hall and Clarke, New York Geol. Survey, Paleontology,

vol. 8, pt. 1, pi. 19, figs. 5-7. 

Coal Measures: La Salle, 111.

1894. Productus Nebrascensis. Hall and Clarke, Introd. Study Brach., pt. 1, pi. 22,

fig. 7. 

Coal Measures: La Salle, 111.

1895. Productus nebrascensis: Keyes, Missouri Geol. Survey, vol. 5, p. 48, pi. 37,

figs. 3a-c. (Date of imprint, 1894.) 

Upper Coal Measures: Kansas City, Mo. 

1900. Productus nebrascensis. Beede, Kansas Univ. Geol. Survey, vol. 6, p. 84, pi. 9,

figs. 7-7f. 

Upper Coal Measures: Kansas City, Turner, Eudora, Lawrence, Lecompton,

Topeka, Manhattan, and Grand Summit, Kans. 

1900. Productus nebrascensis. Herrick and Bendrat, Am. Geology, vol. 25, No. 4,

p. 241. . Coal Measures: Sandia Mountains, N. Mex.

1903. Productus nebraskensis.' Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 16, p. 370, pi.

5, figs. 1, 2, 2a.

Hermosa formation: San Juan region and Ouray, Colo. 

Rico formation: San Juan region, Colo. 

Weber formation: Leadville district, Colo.

1904. Productus nebraskensis. Girty, U.- S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 21, p. 53, pi. 11,

figs. 7-9.

Pennsylvanian (Naco formation): Bisbee quadrangle, Ariz. 

1906. Productus nebrascensis. Woodruff, Nebraska Geol. Survey, vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 270,

pi. 10, fig. 3.

Carboniferous: Weeping Water, Louisville, and Cedar Creek, Nebr. 

1909. Productus nebraskensis. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 389, p. 62, pi. 7, figs. 5,6. 

Abo sandstone: Abo Canyon, Mesa del Yeso, and Sandia Mountains, N. Mex. 

Yeso formation: Mesa del Yeso, N. Mex. 

The fossils here included under Productus nebraskensis present 

much variation in matters of detail. Some, though apparently 

mature, as may be inferred from their convexity, are yet of very 

small size, having a width of but 16 millimeters or more; others are 

35 millimeters across. Most bear at least traces of a sinus, in others 

it is well marked, and in a few it is entirely absent.

The sculpture also varies. In some specimens the concentric 

grooves or undulations, which form a rather characteristic feature 

of the species, are strongly developed. In others they seem to be 

practically absent, though the fine wrinkles or sublamellose lines of 

growth are generally distinct. Some specimens are normal in showing conspicuously two different sets of spines, the large ones perpendicular to the surface and the small ones tangent to it, though such 

an arrangement is not found to be rigidly persistent. In some 

specimens, on the other hand, the large spines seem to be more sparingly developed and the surface characters have a finer, more even 

appearance. In others, the small spines seem to be less abundant
68 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

and the surface has a still different aspect. Generally speaking, 

however, all the spines seem to be small and oblique in the young 

stages and the same condition recurs after the shell has passed maturity, the spines being then developed in closely arranged rows and 

all being of the smaller size. The development of coarse transverse 

corrugations is commonly correlated with the development of strongly 

contrasted spines of two orders.

It does not seem to me advisable to subdivide these shells into 

distinct varieties, and at all events similar modifications are found 

among typical examples from Kansas and elsewhere.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka. quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005 and 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (stations 

2001, 2004, and 7193).

PKODUCTUS CORA D'Orbigny. 

Plate VIII, figures 4-6.

1842. Productus cora. D'Orbigny, Voyage dans I'Amerique mdridionale, Paleontology,

vol. 3, pt. 4, p. 55. 

Carboniferous: Above Patapatani, on an island in Lake Titicaca; Yarbichambi.

1845. Productus Lyelli. De Verneuil, Lyell's Travels in North America, vol. 2, p. 187. 

Mountain limestone: Windsor, Horton Bluff, Shubenacadie, Gays River, Debert 

River, Minudie, and Cape Breton.

1847. Productus cora. D'Orbigny, idem, vol. 8, pi. 5 (Geology), figs. 8-10.

?1847. Productus cora. De Koninck, Soc. Roy. Sci. Lie'ge Me"m., vol. 4, p. 148, pi. 

4, fig. 4a, 4b; pi. 5, figs. 2a-c. (No plates in the copy seen by me. 

G. H. G.) (Date of imprint, 1848-49.)

Lower Carboniferous limestone of Vise", of Chokier, and of Ratingen; in the 

shales of the median e"tage near Tournay, and in the upper Carboniferous 

elates of Epinoy near Binche, Hainaut; banks-of the Missouri; Kendal, in 

Westmoreland; Lowick; Yorkshire; Derbyshire; Ireland; banks of the Wilji, 

an affluent of the Taroussa; on the banks of the Louja, in the district of

Medynsk, province of Kalouga; beyond Cosatchi-Datchi, on the eastern side 

of the Urals; near Sterlitarnack, between Perm and Serebriansk; on the west 

side of the same chain from Kachira on the Oka and from Unj» near Kosimof; 

Flint Ridge, Zanesville, Guernsey County, Ohio; between New Harmony and 

Mount Vernon, Ind.; Windsor, Nova Scotia; Leaven worth, Ind.; on the 

Bolivian plateau, above Patapatani; in one of the islands of Lake Titicaca, 

and at Yarbichambi, South America. ' .

?1847. Producta Cora. De Koninck, Recherches animaux fossiles, pt. 1, p. 50, pi. 4,

figs. 4a, 4b; pi. 5, figs. 2a-e.

Carboniferous: Guernsey County, Flint Ridge, and Zanesville, Ohio; between 

New Harmony and Mount Vernon, Ind.; Leavenworth, Ind.; Windsor, Nova 

Scotia; Bolivia, etc., South America.

71848. Productus Martini. Christy, Letters on geology, pi. 5, figs. 6, 8, 9. 

[Carboniferous:] Pinckneyville, 111.

1852. Productus semireticulatus. Hall, Stansbury's Expl. and Survey Great Salt 

Lake of Utah, p. 411, pi. 3, figs. 3, 5a, 5b. (No plates in the copy seen by 

me. G. H. G.) (Reprinted in Washington in 1853 and in Philadelphia in 

1855.) . - . . Carboniferous: Near Fort Laramie and at Flat Rock Point and other places in the 

neighborhood of Great Salt Lake.
BEACHIOPODA. 69

71852. Productus sp. Hall, Stansbury's Expl. and Survey Great Salt Lake of Utah,

p. 411, pi. 3, fig. 4. . 

1852. Productus com. Owen, Kept. Geol. Survey Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota,

pp. 103, 136, pi. 5, fig. 1.

Carboniferous: Missouri River, below mouth of Little Platte River. 

1852. Productus Cora. Roerner, Kreid. von Texas, p. 90. 

Carboniferous: San Saba Valley, Tex.

1854. Productus Prattenianus. Norwood, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Jour., 2d ser.,

vol. 3, p. 17, pi. 1, figs. lOa-d. (Date of imprint, 1855-1858.) 

Coal Measures: Crossing of Big Nemahaw River, about 85 miles northwest of 

St. Joseph, Mo.

1855. Productus com. Salter, Belcher's Last of the Arctic voyages, vol. 2, p. 387, 

pi. 36, fig. 12.

Carboniferous: Top of Exmouth Island. 

1855. Productus Lyelli. Dawson, Acadian geology, p. 219, fig. 27g.

Lower Carboniferous limestone: Nova Scotia.

1858. Productus Cora. Marcou. Geology of North. America, p. 45, pi. 6, figs. 4, 4a.

Mountain limestone: Tigeras Canyon of San Antonio; Pecos village; summit of 

Sierra de Sandia, N. Mex.

1859. Productus Prattenianus. Meek and Hayden, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia

Proc., p. 26. (Date of imprint, 1860.) 

Coal Measures: Indian Creek and Leaven worth, Kans. 

71863. Productus Cora. Davidson, Geol. Soc. London Quart. Jour., vol. 19, p. 174,

pi. 9, figs. 22, 23.

Lower Carboniferous limestone: Windsor, Horton Bluff, Shubenacadie, Gays 

River, Cape Breton, Pugwash, east coast of Cumberland, Lennox Passage, 

McKenzies Mill, at eastern extremity of Wallace Harbor, etc., Nova Scotia. 

1866. Productus Flemingi. Geinitz, Garb, und Dyas in Nebraska, p. 52, tab. 4, figs.

1-4. (Not P. flemingi De Koninck.)

Upper Coal Measures: Bellevue, Plattsmouth, and Nebraska" City, Nebr. 

1866. Productus KonincJcianus? Geinitz, idem, p. 53, tab. 4, fig. 5. (Not P. KonincJcianus De Verneuil.)

Upper Coal Measures: Nebraska City, Bennetts Mill, Nebr.

1866. Productus Calhounianus. Geinitz, idem, p. 53. (Not P. Calhounianus Swallow.)

Upper Coal Measures: Diamond Spring, Santa Fe, Kans. 

1866. 'ProdiCclus Cora. Geinitz, idem, p. 50.

Carboniferous limestone and shales: Germany, Belgium, England, Ireland, 

Spain, Russia, North America, Bolivia, etc. Belleview, Plattsmouth, Nebr. 

71868. Productus com. Dawson, Acadian geology, p. 297, figs. 98a, 98b.

Carboniferous limestone: Windsor, Norton Bluff, Shubenacadie, Gays River, 

Minudie, Cape Breton, Pugwash on the east coast of Cumberland, Lennox 

Passage, McKenzies Mill, and Wallace Harbor, Nova Scotia. 

1869. Productus cf. cora. Toula, K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math, naturw. Classe,

Sitzungsber, vol. 59, Abth. 1, p. 441.

Carboniferous limestone: 10 miles from Cochabamba, Bolivia. 

1872. Productus Prattenianus. Meek, U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska Final Rept.,

p. 163, pi. 2, figs. 5a-c; pi. 5, fig. 13; pi. 8, figs. lOa, lOb. 

Upper Coal Measures: Nebraska City, Bennetts Mill, Cedar Bluff, Plattsmouth,

Bellevue, and Omaha, Nebr.; Kansas; Iowa; Illinois. 

Lower Coal Measures: Illinois. 

1874. Productus Cora (?). Derby, Cornell Univ. (Science) Bull., vol. 1, No. 2, p. 49,

pi. 2, fig. 17; pi. 6, fig. 17. 

Coal Measures: Itaituba and Barreirinha, Brazil.
70 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

1875. Productus Prattenianus. White, U. S. Geog. Surveys W. 100th Mer. Kept.,

vol. 4, p. 113, pi: 7, figs. la-c. (Entire volume published in 1877.) . 

Carboniferous: Near Santa Fe and Sandia Mountains, N. Mex.; Piloncillo 

Range near Gavilan Peak, and at the confluence of White Mountain and 

Black rivers, Ariz.; Egan Range, 35 miles south of Egan Pass; Fossil Hill, 

White Pine County; Roberts Creek Range, Lander County, and top of Grass 

Mountain, Ely Range, 35 miles north of Pibche, Nev.; near Beckwith Spring, 

Cedar Range; near top of Mount Nebo, and on west face of Oquirrh Range, 

Utah. . 

1876. Productus Prattenianus. White, II. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey Terr., 2d

div.; PowelFs Rept. Geology Uinta Mountains, p. 90. 

Lower Aubrey group: Confluence of Grand and Green rivers, Utah.

1876. Productus Cora. Derby, Mus. Comp. Zool. Bull., vol. 3> p. 281. 

Coal Measures: Yampopata.

1877. Productus Prattenianus. Meek, U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Par. Rept., vol. 4,

p. 72, pi. 7, fig. 7, 7a. ^ Carboniferous: Fossil Hill, White Pine district; Railroad Canyon, Diamond 

Mountains, Nev.

1878. Productus Cora. Dawson, Acadian geology, 3d'ed., p. 297, fig. 98.

Carboniferous limestone: Windsor, Horton Bluff, Shubenacadie, Gays River,

Minudie, and Cape Breton, Nova Scotia; Pugwash, on the eastern coast of

Cumberland; Lennox Passage; McKenzies.mill and at eastern extremity of

Wallace Harbor.

1884. Productus Cora. White, Indiana Dept. Geology and Nat. Hist. Thirteenth

Ann. Rept., pt. 2, p. 126, pi. 26, figs. 1-3, . . Coal Measures: Fountain, Vermilion, Parke, Montgomery, Clay, Owen, Pike,

Dubois, and Warrick counties, Ind. 

1886. Productus Cora. Heilprin, Pennsylvania [Second] Geol. Survey Ann. Rept.

for 1885, p. 452; p. 440, figs. 1, la. - 

Upper Coal Measures, Mill Creek limestone: Wilkes-Barre, Pa.

1886. Productus Cora. Heilprin, Wyoming Hist, and Geol. Soc: Proc. and Coll.,

vol. 2, p. 268, figs. 1, la. 

Upper Coal Measures, Mill Creek limestone: Wilkes-Barre, Pa.

1887. Productus cora. Waagen, India Geol. Survey Mem., Palseontologia Indica,

eer. 13, vol. 1, p. 677, pi. 66, fig. 3; pi. 67, figs. 1, 2. 

Productus limestone: Katta, Omarkheyl, Shekh Budin, and Jabi, India.

1887. Productus Cora. Herrick, Denison Univ. Sci. Lab. Bull., vol. 2, p. 47, pi. 2, 

. fig. 26. 

Coal Measures: Flint Ridge, Ohio. ' .

1888. Productus cora. Keyes (pars?), Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 227.

(Date of imprint, 1889.) 

Lower Coal Measures: Des Moines, Iowa.

1895. Productus cora. Keyes, Missouri Geol. Survey, vol. 5, p. 47, pi. 37, figs.

2a-c. (Date of imprint, 1894.) 

Coal Measures: Calhoun and Kansas City, Mo.

1896. Productus cora. Smith (pars), Am. Philos. Soc. Proc., vol. 35, p. 238. 

Upper Coal Measures: Poteau Mountain, Okla.

1897. Productus cora. Smith (pars), reprint of the same, p. 28.

Upper Coal Measures: Poteau Mountain, Okla.

1897. Productus cora. Smith (pars), Leland Stanford Junior University Pub., Contrib. 

Biology Hopkins Seaside Lab. No. 9, p. 28. (Date of imprint, 1896.)

Upper Coal Measures: Poteau Mountain, Okla.
BEACHIOPODA. 71

1900. Productus com. Beede, Kansas Univ. Geol. Survey, vol. 6, p. 75, pi. 11, figs.

l-le,lf(?). . . ' 

Upper Coal Measures: Kansas City, Eudora, Lawrence, Lecompton, Topeka,

Geary County, Melvern, Osage County, Kans.

1900. Productus com. Herrick and Bendrat, Am. Geologist, vol. 25, No. 4, p. 240. 

Coal Measures: Sandia Mountains, N. Mex.

1902. Productus com. Tschernyschew, Com. G6ol. [Russia] M6m., vol. 16, No. 2, 

pp. 280, 622.

1903. Productus com. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 16, p. 364, pi. 4, figs. 1-4.

Hermosa formation: San Juan region and Ouray, Colo.

Rico formation: San Juan region, Colo.

Weber and Maroon formations: Crested Butte and Leadville districts, Colo. 

1906. Productus com. Woodruff, Nebraska Geol. Survey, vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 270, pi. 11, 

fig. 1.

Carboniferous: Weeping Water, Nebr. 

1909. Productus com. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 389, p. 58.

Abo sandstone: Mesa del Yeso, Abo Canyon, and Sandia Mountains, N. Mex.

This species is so widely distributed and so well known that a 

description based on the shells under consideration, which are of the 

usual type, would be of little value. Waagen recognized two groups 

in the com type, one having a sinus on the visceral portion and the 

other not. To the latter group P. com itself was assigned. The 

forms under consideration do not fall quite clearly under either 

group, for in some of them the shell, which is rather broad, is 

flattened over the median portion or is obscurely depressed.

The shells from the Wewoka formation do not agree in some respects 

with those from India described by Waagen as belonging to the same 

species; he states, for.instance, 'that four to six of the costse unite 

at the base of each spine, but they do not so unite in my Wewoka 

specimens. In most respects, however, his description might have 

been drawn up from such representatives as have passed under my 

observation.

Considerable variation is shown hi the distribution of the spines, 

which, though always present in some number, are considerably more 

numerous in some specimens than in others. Their arrangement is 

in the main regular, though not mathematically so. They are not 

very large and are only slightly swollen at the base. They spring 

from the lirse, seldom from the intervening striae, and do not greatly 

interrupt their course. Occasionally two smaller lirse are initiated 

in front of a spine, -which may then be said to mark the point of 

bifurcation. The enlargement at the base is not elongated, and only 

exceptionally are the spiniferous lirse larger, more prominent, or 

otherwise differentiated from those from which no spines derive. 

Along the hinge some spines are developed, smaller than those over 

the body of the shell and arranged in one or two irregular rows.

I am referring to this species all the specimens from the shales of 

the Wewoka formation, although a few of them may possibly belong
72 FAUNA OP WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

to the related P. insinuatus, specimens of which have been found in 

a fossiliferous sandstone of the same formation. In so far as I have 

been able to determine, immature examples of the two species would 

be scarcely distinguishable. A few specimens from the shales which 

somewhat suggest P. insinuatus do so by reason of their relative lack 

of spines, or their transverse shape, or their lack of a ventral sinus. 

These differences are probably not constant for either P. cora or P. 

insinuatus, and they do not occur in combination in the specimens 

referred to. The majority of the shale specimens do not show a tendency to become transverse or to become angular along the median 

line, and they have larger and more numerous spines than I have 

observed in any of the specimens of P. insinuatus, so that their 

position with P. cora seems secure.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005, 2006, and 2010); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. 

(stations 2001, 2004, and 7193).

PRODUCTUS INSINUATUS Girty.

Plate VIII, figures 7, 8; Plate IX, figures l-3a.

1892. Productus sequicostatus. Hall and Clarkej New York Geol. Survey, Paleontology, vol. 8, pt. 1, pi. 17A, figs. 22, 23. 

Coal Measures: Nebraska. 

1892. Productus ssquicostatus. Hall and Clarke, New York State Geologist Eleventh

Ann. Kept., for 1891, pi. 22, figs. 11, 12. 

Coal Measures: Nebraska. 

1894. Productus sequicostatus. Hall and Clarke, Introd. Study Brach., pt. 1, pi. 22,

figs. 11, 12.

Coal Measures: Nebraska. 

1900. Productus cora var. ' americanus. Beede, Kansas Univ. Geol. Survey, vol. 6,

p. 77, pi. 11, fig. 2. 

Upper and Lower Coal Measures: Kansas City, Eudora, Anderson County,

Kans. 

1906. Productus cora var. americanus. Woodruff, Nebraska Geol. Survey, vol. 2,

pt. 2, p. 270, pi. 11, fig. 2. 

Carboniferous: Louisville, Nebr.

1911. Productus insinuatus. Girty, New York Acad. Sci. Annals, vol. 21, p. 129. 

Wewoka formation: Oklahoma. 

Pennsylvanian: Kansas.

Shell of the cora type, rather large, widest at the hinge, more or 

less strongly transverse. The immature form closely resembles P. 

cora itself, being strongly convex and more nearly quadrate. The 

growth in the maturer forms is more spreading, especially, at the sides, 

and the margins are flatter. Two varieties can be distinguished, one 

narrow and more highly arched and the other transverse and less 

convex. In the mature form also the ventral valve is elevated and 

angular along the median line. Correlated with this character is an 

inflection of the anterior margin, making a deep sinus in the outline. 

A sinus or depression in the shell itself is naturally absent.
> BEACHIOPODA. 73

The surface is marked by fine, even, rigid, rounded costse having 

the peculiarities of those of P. cora. As in that species, the costse 

bifurcate freely and in some specimens simultaneously all around the 

shell, making the striation for a space much finer about the margin 

than over the inner portion. In many specimens the costaa close to 

the carina bend inward toward the median line, which in some individuals appears to be without costae. Some large plications are found 

at the sides near the hinge, but few of them pass entirely across the 

shell. They are rather more persistent ori the dorsal valve, however, 

than on the ventral. Spines are scattered over the surface of the 

ventral valve, but they are usually small, not causing nodes on the 

costae, and they are liable to be overlooked when broken off. They 

appear to be few in number. A row of larger ones is developed along 

the cardinal line.

Typical examples of Productus insinuatus differ so obviously from 

typical P. cora that it is not necessary to point out the distinguishing 

characters. It has been distinguished from P. cora on the few occasions on which it has been figured, but it has then been referred to 

P. seguicostatus Shumard, or to P. americanus Swallow. It is evidently not the same as P. seguicostatus, which is probably a synonym 

of P. cora. Its relation to P. americanus is not so clear. A careful 

reading of Swallow's description, which is quoted in full below, fails 

to show the reason for this identification.1

Shell very large, ovate, very convex, strongly arched toward the beak; very much 

produced in front, costate and etriate. Ventral valve very convex in the middle; 

strongly arched over the umbo to the beak; flattened or concave toward the margins; 

elevated and rounded from the middle to the anterior margin; flattened or slightly 

depressed from the middle toward the beak; ears very large, flattened, slightly arched 

along the cardinal margin; beak small, strongly incurved over the cardinal line, which 

is as long as the width of the shell. Dorsal valve very concave, closely following the 

curvatures of the opposite valve; flattened on the visceral region; depressed under 

the beak; ears well defined and flattened. Surface ornamented with small, round, 

depressed, crowded, radiating costse (increased by implantations and by subdivisions); 

it also has fine raised concentric lines, which are most conspicuous on the costae; space 

between the costse narrow; but when exfoliated the costse become narrower and the 

spaces between wider; the costse often curved and geniculated; ears of the ventral 

valve marked with large, irregular rugse, which extend up on to the sides of the valve; 

somewhat obsolete on the visceral region; ears and visceral region of the dorsal valve 

marked with unequal rugae. It also has a row of spines on the cardinal margin.

Length, 3.50; width, 2.60; height, 1.35.

Variety magistos is larger, wider, and more depressed; the costae striate longitudinally when exfoliated. 

Length, 4.00; width, 4.00; height, 1.30.

Variety bombex smaller, more convex, more strongly arched; whole surface marked 

with distant, diagonal rows of spines.

This fossil most resembles the P. sequicostatits of Dr. Shumard; but it is much larger, 

longer in proportion, and very differently marked.

These magnificent fossils are abundant in the limestones of cthe Upper Coal Measures 

of Harrison County, Mo.

* Swallow, G. C., Acad. Sci. St. Louis Trans., vol. 2, pp. 91-92,1868.
74 FAUNA OP WEWOKA FORMATION. OP OKLAHOMA.

This description applies to P. insinuatus in many respects, just as 

it applies to many other species of Productus. In fact5 the description fails to indicate any distinguishing and peculiar marks in P. 

americanus, and in the absence of figures it is difficult to form an 

exact idea of the shell which Swallow really ha'd in hand. He compares it with P. sequicostatus Shumard, a much more normal representative of the com group than P. insinuatus. The only differences 

he indicates are that it is much larger, longer in proportion, and very 

differently marked. It is impossible to understand the last statement unless he has reference to the large spines abundantly developed 

in Shumard's species and apparently absent from his own. One of 

the most obvious peculiarities of P. insinuatus is, of course, the carinated character of the anterior portion of the shell and the concomitant deep sinus in the front margin. Not only does Swallow's description fail to make any mention of these characters (his description of 

the configuration, however, is not altogether "clear), but he fails to 

mention them as distinguishing P. americanus from P. sequicostatus, 

in which they are conspicuously absent. More positively, he gives 

the shape as much longer than wide, a character mentioned also in 

his comparison with P. sequicostatus, whereas P. insinuatus is regularly wider than long, in many specimens much wider. Other less 

striking differences might also be mentioned,, such as the continuation of the transverse wrinkles across the visceral area, but altogether 

it seems to me clear that Swallow did not propose P. americanus for 

the present species.

Some additional light is thrown on the true character of P. americanus by a remark of Meek's,1 to which Keyes 2 calls attention. Meek 

thinks that Swallow's species may be the same as his P. magnus, 

basing his opinion on the study of the original description and of 

tracings of drawings made from Swallow's typical specimens. I 

need hardly point out that P. magnus entirely lacks the peculiar 

configuration of P. insinuatus.

The peculiar configuration of P. insinuatus is perhaps of more 

importance philosophically than practically. The all but universal 

habit of the brachiopods is to develop a sinus in the ventral valve, 

and the present species is an exception in having the sinus in the dorsal valve and a corresponding fold in the ventral. Similar departures from this persistent habit have, in other genera of brachiopods, 

been .made the basis for division into subordinate groups, but it is 

doubtful whether such a course would be practicable with Productus. 

Indeed, the subordinate groups now recognized are determined by 

very different characters, though an attempted minor grouping in 

the cora group is based on the presence or absence of a sinus.

1 MeeK, F. B., Illinois Geol. Survey, vol. 3,1868, p. 530.

2 Keyes, C. R., Missouri Geol. Survey/vol. 5,1894, p. 44.
BRACHIOPODA. 75

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2009). Fort Scott limestone: Chetopa, Kans. Piqua 

limestone: Fredonia, Kans.

PRODUCTUS PEETENUIS Meek. 

Plate VIII, figures 3, 3a.

1866. Productus Cancrina. Geinitz, Garb, und Dyas in Nebraska, p. 54, tab. 4, fig.

6a-d. (Not P. cancrini de Verneuil, 1843.) 

Upper Coal Measures: Nebraska City, Nebr. 

1872. Productus pertenuis. Meek, U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska Final Rept., p. 164,

pi. 1, figs. 14a-e; pi. 8, figs. 9a-d. 

Upper Coal Measures: Nebraska City and Brownville, Nebr.; Grasshopper

Creek, 12 miles west of Leavenworth, and at Atchison, Kans.

1898. Productus pertenuis. Drake (pars), Am. Philos. Soc. Proc., vol. 36, p. 404. 

Reprinted without change of date, page, etc., in Leland Stanford Junior 

Univ. Pub., Contrib. Biology HopHns Seaside Lab. No. 14. 

Lower Coal Measures: 4 miles north of Vinita, Okla. 

Upper Coal Measures, Cavinol group: McClellan ford on the Verdigris River;

Poteau Group: 6 miles west of South Canadian, Okla. 

Permian division, upper bed of sandstone: 4 miles west of McDermitt; Pawhuska sandstone: 5 miles west of Gushing, Okla. 

1900. Productus pertenuis. Beede, Kansas Univ. Geol. Survey, vol. 6, p. 83, pi. 9,

figs. 5-5c. 

Upper Coal Measures: Kansas City, Eudora, Lawrence, Lecompton, Topeka,

Kans. 

71900. Productella pertenuis? Herrick and Bendrat, Am. Geologist, vol. 25, No. 4,

p. 241.

Coal Measures: Sandia Mountain, N. Mex. 

1903. Productus pertenuis? Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 16, p. 367.

Hermosa formation: San Juan region, Colo. 

71906. Productus pertenuis. Woodruff, Nebraska Geol. Survey, vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 272,

pi. 10, fig. 10. 

Carboniferous: Weeping Water, Nebr.

Productus pertenuis is intimately related to P. cora, though in most 

cases there is no difficulty in distinguishing the two. Its peculiarities 

are found in P. cora to a certain degree. The liration, however, is 

much finer, some 15 to 18 Itrse instead of 7 occurring in 5 millimeters. 

In P. cora the transverse wrinkles are mostly confined to the dorsal 

valve, only a few rather large ones being normally developed on the 

ears and sides of the ventral valve; in P. pertenuis, practically the 

entire surface of the ventral valve is covered-with fine, more or less 

irregular wrinkles. In P. cora the spines are relatively few and 

large; in P. pertenuis they are small, relative -to the much smaller 

size, are very numerous. In P. pertenuis they also have elongated 

bases and many of them spring from lirse larger and more elevated 

than the rest. This last feature occurs sporadically in P. cora also.

P. pertenuis is much more closely allied to the European P. cancrini. and P. cancriniformis, of which it is doubtless the American 

representative.
76 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005 and 2006).

Genus MARGINIFERA Waagen.

MAEGINIFERA SPLENDENS Norwood and Pratten.

Plate X, figures l-2b.

1854. Productus splendens. Norwood and Pratten, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia

Jour., 2d ser., vol. 3, 1855-1858, p. 11, pi. 1, figs. 5a-d. 

Coal Measures: Galatia, 111.; 6 miles west of Richmond, Mo.; near Big Creek,

Posey County, Ind. 

71855. Productus splendens. Schiel, Rept. Expl. Survey Mississippi River to Pacific

Ocean, vol. 2; Rept. Beckwith's Expl. 41st Par., p. 108, pi. 1, fig. 3. 

Carboniferous limestone: 6 miles west of Westport. 

71859. Productus splendens (?). Meek and Hayden, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia

Proc., p. 25.

Upper Coal Measures: Manhattan and Fort Riley, Kans. 

71861. Productus splendens? Newberry, Ives's Rept. Colorado River of the West,

pt. 3, p. 124.

Coal Measures limestone: Santa Fe road, 10 miles west of Burlingame, Kans. 

71892. Productus (Marginifera) splendens. Hall and Clarke, Geol. Survey New York,

Paleontology, vol. 8, pt. 1, pi. 19, figs. 1-4. 

Upper Coal Measures: Winterset, Iowa. 

Coal Measures: La Salle, 111.

71892. Productus (Marginifera) splendens. Hall and Clarke, New York State Geologist Rept. for 1891, pi. 22, figs. 13, 14. 

Upper Coal Measures: Winterset, Iowa. 

Coal Measures: La Salle, 111. 

71894. Productus (Marginifera) splendens. Hall and Clarke, Introd. Study Brach.,

pt. 1, pi. 22, figs. 13, 14. 

Upper Coal Measures: Winterset, Iowa. 

Coal Measures: La Salle, 111.

71896. Productus (Marginifera) splendens. Smith, Am. Philos. Soc. Proc., vol. 35,

p. 29. 

Upper Coal Measures: Sebastian County, Ark., and Poteau Mountain, Okla.

71897. Productus (Marginifera) splendens. Smith, Leland Stanford Junior Univ.

Pub., Contrib. Biology Hopkins Seaside Lab. No. 9, p. 29. 

Upper Coal Measures: Sebastian County, Ark., and Poteau Mountain, Okla.

The American Pennsylvanian rocks contain two productoid types 

whose close relationship to one another and to certain foreign species 

renders their discrimination and identification difficult. I refer to the 

shells which have been often identified as Productus longispinus. As 

both the American shells are Marginiferas, and as the English species, 

according to Waagen, probably does not show the characters of that 

group, P. longispinus can for the present safely be left out of the 

reckoning.

The two forms in question were, I believe, described by Norwood 

and Pratten under the names Productus splendens and P. wabashensis, 

but they are more closely related than Norwood and Pratten's figures
BRACHIOPODA. 77

would lead one to expect. As a rule one variety, that which I identify 

as Marginifera splendens, has rather coarser, fainter ribs, which in 

many specimens are entirely obsolete toward the front or are replaced 

by relatively coarse plications or folds proceeding from the large 

spines. The costse of M. wdbashensis are finer, stronger, and more 

persistent. M. splendens is, as Norwood and Pratten point out, more 

extended on the hinge, the cardinal angles of M. wabasJiensis being 

subquadrate. In M. wabasJiensis also the Marginifera structure is 

seldom so strikingly developed as it is in M. splendens. The spines 

of P. wdbashensis are as a rule smaller and more numerous.

On this basis two fairly distinct groups can be separated. Of the 

shells included in one of them as M. splendens but few.attained the size 

of the typical examples which Norwood and Pratten figure. Large 

specimens agreeing with their figures, however, do not show any 

appreciable and constant differences from the smaller and more common variety. The larger size, in fact, seems to be due to an anterior 

prolongation of the shell which must at one time have had the size and 

configuration of the smaller variety.

As most authors have referred all the shells of this group to a single 

species, Productus longispinus, and as the forms so dealt with are 

closely related, it is naturally difficult to arrange the synonymy in a 

satisfactory manner. Of the forms cited under Productus splendens, 

only the original safely belongs in the synonymy. The most doubtful 

references are the ones which are most complete those of Hall and 

Clark. Their form is, it seems highly probable, a wabasJiensis.

The specimens from the Wewoka formation are small, transverse, 

and extended at the hinge. The ventral valve is strongly convex, 

flattened across the median portion, falls away abruptly and nearly 

vertically at the sides, and is almost geniculate around the margin of 

the visceral area, which has a flattened appearance. A rather narrow, 

deep sinus is found in the anterior half of the shell, but it hardly 

extends back of the geniculation. The ears are relatively large, 

depressed, and extended.

The sculpture consists of rather fine, weak, transverse wrinkles 

which are confined to the visceral area. Moderately fine, more or 

less indistinct and irregular costae are developed over the same region, 

becoming as a rule obsolete farther forward. The spines are few and 

rather large and are chiefly developed on the anterior half of the 

shell, where they sometimes give rise to large longitudinal plications. 

Smaller spines are sparingly developed on the visceral area and along 

the hinge.

The dorsal valve is gently concave, and leaves considerable space 

between its inner surface and the ventral valve; it develops marginally the piled-up leaf-like lamellse characteristic of the genus. 

The surface markings on this valve are very obscure.
78 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (stations 2001 and 

2004).

MAEGINIFERA MURICATA Norwood-and Pratten..

Plate X, figures 3-4a.

?1852. Productus Flemingii. Roemer (non. De Koninck), Kreid. von Texas, p. 89,

pi. 11, figs. 8a, 8b.

Carboniferous: San Saba Valley, Tex.

1854. Productus muricatus. Norwood and Pratten (not P. muricatus Phillips), Acad. 

Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Jour., 2d ser., vol. 3, p. 14, pi. 1, figs. 8an3. (Date of 

imprint, 1855-1858.)

.Coal Measures: Fishhook Creek, Pike County, 111.; 6 miles northwest of Richmond, Mo. 

1857. Productus muricatus. Cox, Geol. Survey Kentucky Rept., vol. 3, p. 573,

pl- 9, fig. 6. , . Coal Measures: Union County, 111.; Lewisport, Hancock County, Ky.; Gallatin 

County, 111.

1876. Productus muricatus. White, U. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey Terr., 2d div.,

PowelFs Rept. Geology Uinta Mountains, p. 90. 

Lower Aubrey group: Near Echo Park, Utah.

1877. Productus muricatus. Whita, U. S. Geog. Surveys W. 100th Mer. Rept.,

vol. 4, p. 120, pl. 8, figs. 4a-c. 

Carboniferous: Rock Creek, Lake County, Colo.

1887. Productus muricatus. Herrick, Denison Univ. Sci. Lab. Bull., vol. 2, p. 49. 

Coal Measures: Flint Ridge, Ohio.

1888. Productus muricatus. Keyes, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 228. (Date 

. of imprint, 1889.)

Lower Coal Measures: Des Moines, Iowa. - 

1900. Productus longispinus. Knight, Univ. Wyoming, Wyoming Exp. Sta. Bull.

No. 45, pl. 3, fig. 10.

1903.. Marginifera muricata. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 16, p. 373; pl. 5, 

figs. 5-5b, 6-6b, 7.

Hermosa formation: San Juan region, Colo.

Weber limestone and Maroon formation: Crested Butte district, Colo.

Carboniferous: Glen wood Springs, Colo.

This species is fairly abundant at two or three localities in the 

Wewoka formation, though not more than three or four specimens 

have been obtained at any one locality. ' The fossils studied, though 

usually more or less broken, appear to be characteristic in every way. 

The size is small, the average width being about 20 millimeters. 

The shape is transverse and semicircular. The hinge line is nearly 

or quite as long as the greatest width. The ventral valve is moderately 

convex, the beak small, not much projecting, the ears small, depressed, 

subquadrate, not well defined. A narrow and undefined sinus is 

usually but not always present. The surface is marked by relatively 

coarse, somewhat irregular costse, by transverse wrinkles, and by 

spines. The wrinkles are largely confined to the ears, where they are 

rather fine and moderately distinct. They are f ainter over the visceral 

portion and obsolete over the anterior and lateral areas, which are,
BEACHIOPODA. 79

however, characterized by fine, more or less sublamellose incremental 

lines and irregularities of growth. The costse are indistinct over 

the posterior portion, where they are subordinate to the transverse 

wrinkles. Toward the margins they bifurcate and are irregular, 

some being larger than others and raised above the general level. 

They are indistinct at the sides toward the hinge line. Twenty to 

twenty-four are developed on the average specimen, but the size 

and consequently the number varies considerably in different 

individuals. The spines are numerous and small, variable in number 

in different specimens, and variable in size in the same specimen. 

They seem to be most numerous as a rule over the visceral portion, 

and on the sides near the ears. In some specimens a curved row of 

relatively large spines helps define the ears from the vault of the shell.

The dorsal valve is like the ventral jn shape, leaving but little space 

for the soft parts. Of course the beak is hardly perceptible. The 

sculpture also is like that of the ventral. Small spines are certainly 

present and numerous on some specimens, perhaps few or absent 

on others. They are smaller than the spines on the other valve.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005 and 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (stations 

2001, 2004, and 7193).

MAEGINIFERA LASALLENSIS Worthen? 

Plate X, figures 5,5a.

1873. Productus Lasallensis. Worthen, Illinois Geol. Survey, vol. 5, p. 569, pi. 25,

fig. 9.

Upper Coal Measures: La Salle, 111.

1892. Productus (Marginifera) Lasallensis. Hall and Clarke, New York State Geologist Eleventh Ann. Kept., for 1891, pi. 22, fig. 15. 

Upper Carboniferous: La Salle, 111. 

1892. Productus (Marginifera) Lasallensis. . Hall and Clarke, New York Geol. Survey,

Paleontology, vol. 8, pt. 1, pi. 17A, fig. 13. 

Upper Carboniferous: La Salle, 111. 

1894. Productus (Marginifera) Lasallensis. Hall and Clarke, Introd. Study Brach.,

pt. 1, pi. 22, fig. 15. 

Upper Carboniferous:. La Salle, 111. 

1903. Marginifera lasallensis? Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 16, p. 372,

pi. 5, figs. 4, 4a. 

Weber limestone: Crested Butte district, Colo.

The identification of most of the material here under consideration 

has presented difficulties that are practically insuperable and the 

results are far from satisfactory. The salient difficulty has been the 

discrimination of Productus semireticulatus, or at all events a member 

of that group, from the semireticulate Marginifera lasallensis.

M. lasallensis is the largest American representative of the genus, 

and the only one having the expression of Productus semireticulatus. 

It is distinguished primarily by its generic characters, and secondarily,
80 FAUNA'OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

in point of external form, by its rather small size and deep insinuation. 

As for the latter character, it is not readily distinguished from certain 

forms of Productus s. s. Most of the specimens under consideration 

are more or less imperfect and fragmentary, and none of them retains 

the Marginifera characters unmistakably. Some probably belong to 

Worthen's species; others, from their large size and somewhat different 

surface characters, can probably best be referred to the Producti 

semireticulati, though satisfactory evidence is not at hand to show 

that they are not Marginiferas. They are at least very probably 

distinct from M. lasallensis. Most of the specimens, however, are 

so imperfect that they can not with any certainty be placed in the 

one group rather than in the other.

The Wewoka fossils referred here to Marginifera lasallensis represent a larger and in part a more coarsely ribbed form than the 

typical specimen. Some are in fact more coarsely ribbed than others 

and some have the sinus less strongly developed than in the specimen 

figured. In their imperfect condition, therefore, they are not well 

differentiated from Productus inflatus var. coloradoensis, and indeed 

all may prove to be variants of the one type.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005 and 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (stations 

2004 and 7193).

Genus STROPHALOSIA King.

STKOPHALOSIA SPONDYLIFOKMIS White and St. John ? 

Plate X, figure 8.

1868. Aulosteges spondyliformis. White and St. John, Chicago Acad. Sci. Trans.,

vol. 1, p. 118, fig. 2.

Upper Coal Measures: Appanoose and Pottawattamie counties, Iowa. 

1890. Strophalosia spondyliformis. Beecher, Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 40, p. 242. 

71892. Strophalosia spondyliformis. Hall and Clarke, New York Geol. Survey,

Paleontology, vol. 8, pt. 1, pi. 17A, figs. 25, 26. 

Coal Measures: Missouri.

I have discovered only one specimen of this diminutive species. 

It is attached to an example of LopJiophyllum profundum. The body 

of the shell, represented by a sort of platform or prominence on the 

surface of the corallum, conforming, however, to the characteristic 

costse of the coral, has a subcircular shape and from it the anchoring 

spines project in an irregular manner. The specimen is so worn 

or broken that the position of the hinge line can not be determined. 

If this line was in one place the shape may have been elongate-ovate, 

like that of White and St. John's species; if it was in another, the shape 

may have been more transverse, the cardinal area being nearly equal 

to the greatest width and in excess of the greatest length. However, 

it is not likely that the shape of true S. spondyliformis is constant,
v BRACHIOPODA. 81

as such attached forms usually exhibit great variation in form. 

It is only on some such hypothesis that Hall and Clarke's reference 

can properly be included in the synonymy of S. spondyliformis. 

Their figures show a form of quite different shape, which is, moreover, 

attached only by the umbo, instead of by most of the surface of the 

ventral valve.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2005).

Family BHYNCHONELLIDJE.

Genus PTJG-NAX Hall and Clarke.

PUGNAX OSAGENSIS Swallow.

Plate X, figures 11-llc.

1852. Terebratula pugnus. Roemer (non Martin), Kreid. von Texas, p. 89.

Carboniferous: San Saba Valley, Tex. 

185§. Rhynconella (Camarophoria) Osagensis. Swallow, Acad. Sci. St. Louis Trans.,

vol. 1, p. 219 (date of volume, 1860). 

Upper Coal Measures: Missouri and Kansas. 

1859. Rhynchonella Via. Meek and Hayden, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc.,

p. 27.

Upper Coal Measures: Manhattan, Kans. 

71861. Rhynchonella uta. Newberry, Ives's Kept. Colorado River of the West, pt. 3,

p. 128.

Upper Carboniferous: Near mouth of Little Colorado River. 

71861. Rhynchonella sp. Salter, Geol. Soc. London Quart. Jour., vol. 17, p. : 64,

pi. 4, fig. 5.

Carboniferous: Isthmus of Copacabana, Lake Titicaca. 

1866. Camarophoria globulina. Geinitz (non Phillips), Garb, und Dyasin Nebraska,

p. 38, pi. 3, figs. 5a-d. 

Upper Coal Measures: Bennetts Mill and Nebraska City, Nebr.

1872. Rhynchonella Osagensis. Meek, U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska Final Rept,

p. 179, pi. 1, figs. 9a, 9b; pi. 6, figs. 2a, 2b. 

Upper Coal Measures: Nebraska City, Nebr. 

Coal Measures: Iowa, Missouri, Kansas. 

Upper, middle, and lower Coal Measures: Illinois.

1873. Rhynchonella Osagensis. Meek and Worthen, Illinois Geol. Survey, vol. 5,

p. 571, pi. 26, fig. 22.

Coal Measures: Danville and Fulton County, 111. 

?1875. Rhynchonella Uta. White, U. S. Geog. Surveys W. 100th Mer. Rept., vol. 4,

p. 128, pi. 9, figs. 2a-c. (Whole volume published in 1877.) 

Carboniferous: North Fork of Lewiston Canyon, Oquirrh Range, and at Meadow

Creek', south of Fillmore, Utah. 

1884. Rhynchonella uta. White, Indiana Dept. Geology and Nat. Hist. Thirteenth

Ann. Rept., pt. 2, p. 132, pi. 25, fig. 6. 

Coal Measures: Indiana. 

1891. Rhynchonella uta. Keyes, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 247.

Lower Coal Measures: Des Moines, Iowa. 

1893. Pugnax Uta. Hall and Clarke, New York Geol. Survey, Paleontology, vol. 8,

pt. 2, p. 204. (Advance distribution in fascicles.) 

Coal Measures: Manhattan, Kans. 

37003° Bull. 544 15 6
82 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

1894. Pugnax Utah. Hall and Clarke, New York State Geologist Thirteenth Ann.

Kept.,.for 1893, pi. 44, figs. 17-JL9. 

Coal Measures: Manhattan, Kans.

1894. Pugnax uta. Hall and Clarke, Introd. Study Brach., pt. 2, pi. 44, figs. 17-19. 

Coal Measures: Manhattan, Kans.

1895. Rhynchonella uta. Keyes, Missouri Geol. Survey, vol. 5, p. 103, pi. 41, fig. 7.

(Date of imprint, 1894.) 

Upper Coal Measures: Kansas City and Lexington, Mo.

1895. Pugnax Uta. Hall and Clarke, New York Geol. Survey, Paleontology, vol. 8,'

pt. 2, p. 204, pi. 60, figs. 39-42. (Date of imprint, 1894.) 

Coal Measures: Manhattan, Kans.

1896. Rhynchonella uta. Smith, Am. Philos. Soc. Proc., vol. 35, p. 240.

Upper Coal Measures: Sebastian County, Ark., and Poteau Mountain, Okla.

1897. Rhynchonella uta. Smith, Leland Stanford Junior Univ. Pub., Contrib.

Biology Hopkins Seaside Lab. No. 9, p. 30. (Date of imprint, 1896.) 

Upper Coal Measures: Sebastian County, Ark., and Poteau Mountain, Okla. 

1900. Pugnax utah. Beede, Kansas Univ. Geol. Survey, vol. 6, p. 93, pi. 12, figs. 7-7c. 

Upper Coal Measures: Bronson, Bourbon County, Kansas City, lola, Olathe,

Lawrence, Lecompton, Topeka, Beaumont, Grand Summit, Kans. 

1903. Pugnax utah. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 16, p. 412, pi. 7,-figs.

14-14b.

Maroon formation: Crested Butte district, Colo. 

71904. Pugnax uta. Reagan, Indiana Acad. Sci. Proc. for 1903, p. 240, pi., figs.

8a, 8b.

Upper Red Wall: White River, 12 miles southwest of Fort Apache, Ariz. 

1906. Pugnax utah. Woodruff, Nebraska Geol. Survey, vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 274. Carboniferous: Weeping Water, Louisville, Nehawka, and Rock Bluff, Nebr. 

1908. Pugnax osagensis. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 58, p. 317, pi. 24,

fig. 16.

Dark limestone: Guadalupe Mountains, Tex.

Delaware Mountain formation: Guadalupe Mountains, Delaware Mountains,Tex. 

Basal Black limestone: Guadalupe Mountains, Tex. 

1910. Pugnax utah. Raymond, Carnegie Mus. Annals, vol. 7, No. 1, p. 158, pi. 27,

fig. 3. 

Ames limestone: Brilliant cut-off, Pittsburgh, Pa.

I am interpreting this species according to Meek's description and 

"figures in his report on the paleontology of eastern Nebraska and 

am provisionally excluding from the synonymy P. utah Marcou, by 

which name it is more commonly called. In doing this I am following the example of Tschernyschew,1 and there are certainly differences enough between Marcou's figures and those of the Mississippi 

Valley form to show that they are distinct species if Marcou's figures 

can be depended on and if the two types are not too intimately connected by intermediate variations. Tschernyschew, however, claims 

to have found them in association at Manhattan, Kans:

Thus interpreted, P. osagensis comprises small, rather strongly gibbous, transverse, subtriangular to subpentagonal shells, normally with 

three somewhat rounded costse on the fold and two or three similar

1 Tschernyschew, Th., Com. G<§ol. [Russia] M6m., vol. 16, No.-2, p. 482.
BRACHIOPODA. ^ 83

ones on the side. The lateral costas are not so large nor so strong 

as the mesial ones.

Only three specimens in the collection under consideration can be 

referred to P. osagensis; one of them is badly compressed but all seem 

to be in every way characteristic.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2005); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2001).

PUGNAX OSAGENSIS var. PERCOSTATA Girty.

Plate X, figures 9-10c.

1911. Pugnax osagensi? var. percostata. Girty, New York Acad. Sci. Annals, vol. 21, 

. p. 130. 

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla.

This form is more abundant in the Wewoka formation than the 

- typical variety. The specimens here referred to it agree in a general 

way with P. osagensis, the only important difference being that the 

plications are more numerous, smaller, and more angular. Of these 

there are usually five fairly strong ones on each side, but there may be 

four or six. Three is the usual number for the fold but four and even 

five occur in a very few specimens. Individuals with three mesial 

plications and four laterals, especially those.in which one or two of the 

laterals are immature or imperfectly developed, might equally well be 

placed under P. osagensis itself. Apparently this variety has been 

referred by authors unqualifiedly to osagensis, but I believe it can 

be distinguished to advantage.

This form resembles P. osagensis var. occidentalis, which is, how-: 

ever, a much larger species, with, on the whole, more numerous 

mesial plications, and which occurs in a very different faunal association.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2001, 2004 ?, and 7193 ?).

PUGNAX ROCKYMONTANA Marcou. 

Plate X, figures 13-14b.

1858. Terebratula rocky-montana. Marcou, Geology of North America, p. 50, pi. 6, figs.

13-13c.

Mountain limestone: Pecos village, N. Mex. 

1860. Rhynchonella eatonixformis. McChesney, Desc. New Spec; Foss., p. 49. (Date

of imprint, 1859.) . Coal Measures: Graysville, 111.; Big Creek limestone, Indiana. 

1877. Rhynchonella Rockymontana. White, U. S. Geog. Surveys W. 100 Mer. Kept.,

vol. 4, p. 131, pi. 9, figs. la-d.

Carboniferous: Near Beckwith Spring, Cedar Range, Utah.

1893. Pugnax Eatoniiformis. Hall and Clarke, New York Geol. Survey, Paleontology, vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 204. (Advance distribution in fascicles.)
84 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

1895. Pugnax Eatoniiformis. Hall and Clarke, New York Geol. Survey, Paleontology,

vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 204, pi. 60, figs. 11,12. (Date of imprint, 1895.) 

Coal Measures: Grays ville, 111. 

1900. Pugnax rockymontana. Beede, Kansas Univ. Geol. Survey, vol. 6, p. 92, pi. 12,

figs. 8, 8b. 

Lower Coal Measures: Coffeyville, Montgomery County, and Kansas City, Kans.

This usually rare species is rather common in the Wewoka formation. The shell is large. The shape is, as a rule, more or less strongly 

triangular, or in some specimens pentagonal, though many young 

specimens are somewhat oval. The convexity is generally high. 

The dorsal valve is gently convex longitudinally and strongly convex 

transversely. The ventral valve is rather strongly convex longitudinally with a deep sinus and very prominent lateral angles. Its 

beak is small. The fold is marked by three and the sinus by two 

large, strong, angular plications. A very few specimens have a fourth 

supernumerary plication, smaller than the others and not coordinate 

with them. The plications are strong only toward the margin and 

they do not reach to the beak, dying out earlier in some specimens 

than in others. The sides are unplicated.

There is a small low septum in the dorsal valve, which divides close 

to the posterior extremity to form a diminutive spondylium. For 

some time I thought that the ventral valve was without the usual 

dental plates and in some specimens I have not been able to discover 

them. They seem to be small, far apart, and close to the rostral wall 

on either side, so that they are not easily detected.

Pugnax rockymontana has more the expression of typical Pugnax than 

any of the other species of the Pennsylvanian fauna. It has, however, 

a low septum and small spondylium, structures which seem to be lacking in P. acuminata. For the size of the shell, however, these structures are less well developed than in P. osagensis. In fact, according 

to my observations, most of. the. Carboniferous Pugnaces have these 

structures more or less well developed and differ only in degree (and 

some of them in no high degree) from Camarotoechia in this particularIt is my belief that if these shells are to be subdivided, as for.conven. 

ience it is desirable that they should be, a more satisfactory basis of division would be external expression. In this regard P. osagensis would 

perhaps be placed more properly with Camarotoechia than with such 

forms as Pugnax missouriensis or P. rockymontana, standing in many 

respects midway between the two groups.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (stations 2001,2004, 

and 7193).
BRACHIOPODA. 85 

Genus BHYNCHOPOBA HaU and Clarke. 

RHYNCHOPOKA ILLINOISENSIS Worthen.

Plate X, figures 12-12c. '

\

1884. Khynclionella illinoiensis. Worthen, Illinois State Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull. No. 2, 

' P-24.

Coal Measures: Peoria County, 111. 

1890. Rhynchonella illinoiensis. Worthen, Illinois Geol. Survey, vol. 8, p. 104, pi. 11,

figs. 3-3c.

Coal Measures: Peoria County, 111. 

1904. Rhynchopora illinoisensis. Greger, Am. Geologist, vol. 33, p. 299, figs. 1-3.

This species is represented by a single specimen, unfortunately 

very fragmentary, which agrees very closely with Worthen's description and figures. It is highly convex and globular, the ventral valve 

strongly arched from front to back and the dorsal valve correspondingly strongly arched from side to side. The width exceeds the 

' length. The plications are moderately strong and rather rounded 

and are distributed so that eight occur on the fold and about seven 

^ on each side; several more lateral costae are indicated by denticulations on the edges of the shell rather than by striae on the surface. 

The plications of the fold and sinus make strongly interlocking denticles on the flattened anterior portion. The specimen, which is an 

internal mold, clearly shows the punctate character of the shell.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2005).

Family SPIBIFEBIDJE. 

Genus SPIRIFERINA King.

SPIHIFERINA KENTUCKYENSIS. 

Plate XI, figures 8, 8a.

1852. Spirifer octoplicata? Hall, Stansbury's Expl. and Survey Great Salt Lake

of Utah, 1 p. 409, pi. 4, figs. 4a, 4b. (Not S. octoplicata Sow.) 

Carboniferous: Missouri River, near Weston.

1855. Spirifer Kentuckensis. Shumard, Missouri Geol. Survey Second Ann. Kept.,

p. 203. 

Coal Measures: Missouri River, near Weston, and Grayson County, Ky.

1856. Spirifer kentuckensis. Hall, Pacific Railroad Rept., vol. 3, pt. 4, p. 102, pi. 2,

figs. 10, 11.

Carboniferous: Pecos village, N. Mex. 

1859. Spirifer Kentucken§is. Meek and Hayden, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia

Proc., p. 27. (Date of imprint, 1860.) 

Upper Coal Measures:, Leaven worth, Kans.

1 This edition was printed in Philadelphia as a Senate executive document. Another edition, also a 

; Senate executive document, was printed in Washington in 1853, and a third appeared unofficially in Philadelphia in 1855. The pagination is the same in all.
86 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

1866. Spirifer laminosus. Geinitz, Garb, und Dyas in Nebraska, p. 45, tab. 3, figs.

19a-d. (Not$. laminosus McCoy.)

Upper Coal Measures: Plattsmouth and Nebraska City, Nebr. 

1872. Spiriferina Kentuckensis. Meek, U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska Final Kept.,

p. 185, pi. 6, figs. 3a-d; pi. 8, figs, lla, lib. 

Upper Coal Measures: Nebraska City, Nebr.; Kentucky; Illinois; Missouri;

Iowa; Nebraska; Kansas; Texas; New Mexico. 

Lower Coal Measures: .Illinois and Iowa.

1876. Spiriferina Kentuckensis. White, U. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey Terr., 2d

div., Powell's Kept. Geology Uinta Mountains, p. 90. 

Lower and Upper Aubrey group: Confluence of Grand and Green rivers, Utah.

1877. Spiriferina Kentuckensis. White, U. S. Geog. Surveys W. 100th Mer. Kept.,

vol. 4, p. 138, pi. 10, figs. 4a-c. . Carboniferous: Santa Fe, N. Mex.; Meadow Creek south of Fillmore, Utah.

Camp Apache, Ariz. 

71883. Spirifera (Spiriferina) Kentuckiensis. Hall, New York State Geologist Kept.,

for 1882, pi. (36) 61, figs. 14-16. 

Coal Measures. 

1884. Spiriferina Kentuckensis. White, Indiana Dept. Geology and Nat. Hist.

Thirteenth Ann. Kept., pt. 2, p. 135, pi. 35, figs. 13, 14. 

Upper and Middle Coal Measures: Vermilion, Vigo, Knox, Gibson, Poseyj

Vanderburg, Dubois, and Spencer counties, Ind. 

1888. Spiriferina kenluckensis. Keyes, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 231

(Date of imprint, 1889.) 

Lower Coal Measures: Des Moines, Iowa.

71893. Spiriferina Kentuckiensis. Hall and Clarke, New York Geol. Survey, Paleontology, vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 54. (Advance distribution in fascicles.) 

1895. Spiriferina kentuckensis. Keyes, Missouri Geol. Survey, vol. 5, p. 86. (Date

of imprint, 1894.)

Upper Coal Measures: Kansas City and Lexington, Mo.

71895. Spiriferina Kentuckiensis. Hall and Clarke, New York Geol. Survey, Paleontology, vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 54, pi. 29, fig. 17; pi. 36, figs. 14-16. (Date of imprint, 

1894.) 

Coal Measures: Vinton County, Ohio; Illinois.

1896. Spiriferina cristate. Smith (pars), Am. Philos. Soc. Proc., vol. 35, p. 242. 

Lower Coal Measures: Conway County, Ark. 

Upper Coal Measures: Sebastian County, Ark., and Poteau Mountain, Okla.

1897. Spiriferinacristata. Smith (pars), Leland Stanford Junior Univ. Pub., Contrib.

Biol. Hopkins Seaside Lab. No. 9, p. 32. (Date of imprint, 1896.) 

Lower Coal Measures: Conway County, Ark.

Upper Coal Measures: Sebastian County, Ark., and Poteau Mountain, Okla. 

1900. Spiriferina cristata." Beede, Kansas Univ. Geol. Survey, vol. 6, p. 96.

Upper and Lower Coal Measures: Fort Scott, Bronson, Bourbon County, Thayer, 

Kansas City, Lawrence, Lecompton, Topeka, Kans.

1903. Spiriferina kentuckyensis. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 16, p. 400,

pi. 6, figs. 11-llc.

Hermosa formation: San Juan region, Colo. 

Maroon formation: Crested Butte district, Colo. 

Carboniferous: Uinta Mountain region and Glenwood Springs, Colo.

1904. Spiriferina kentuckyensis. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 21, p. 53, pi.

11, figs. 17, 18. 

Pennsylvanian (Naco limestone): Bisbee quadrangle, Ariz.
BBACHIOPODA. 87

1906. Spiriferina cristata. Woodruff, Nebraska Geol. Survey, vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 280,

pi: 12, fig. 2.

Carboniferous: Weeping Water, Louisville, Cedar Creek, Nehawka, and Rock 

Bluff, Nebr.

Only one specimen belonging to this species has come to hand from 

the Wewoka formation, but it seems to be a characteristic representative. The shape is subtrigonal with acute extended cardinal angles. 

The lateral ph'cations are high and sharply rounded, five to seven in 

number. The fold and sinus are simple, larger, and more prominent 

than the lateral ribs. Usually traces of a mesial plication more or 

less faint can be seen on them. The surface is crossed by closely and 

regularly arranged lamellae with granulose edges.

Some authors regard Spiriferina Jcentuckyensis and S. spinosa as 

the same, but in so doing they confuse two entirely different species 

which can usually be distinguished without much difficulty even when 

exfoliated. Some authors also regard S. Kentucky ensis as a synonym 

of 8. cristata Schlotheim, but after examining specimens of the European species which I have reason to believe to be typical, I am satisfied 

that they are distinct.

The form which Hall and Clarke figured (in 1883 and 1895) as 

8. Icentuckyensis seems to be a different species. It is larger, less 

transverse, with a short instead of an extended hinge line, and with 

low and broad instead of narrow high plications. It is very suggestive of 8. subelliptica, but if really a Pennsylvanian species I should 

hardly know where to place it.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2006). .

Genus SPIBIFEB Sowerby. "

SPZRIFER CAMERATUS Morton.

Plate XI, figures 4-4b.

1836. Spirifer cameratus. Morton, Am. Jour. Sci., Istser., vol. 29, pp. 32, 150, pi. 2,

fig. 3.

Coal Measures: Putnam Hill, Zanesville, Ohio. 

1849. Spirifer Meusebachianus. Roemer, Texas, p. 420.

Carboniferous limestone: About 20 miles below the Spanish forts, San Saba

River, Tex.

1852. Spirifer triplicata. Hall, Stansbury's Exploration and Survey Great Salt Lake 

of Utah* p. 410, pi. 4, figs. 5a-e. (Printed in Philadelphia as a Senate executive document (No. 3). Reprinted in Washington in 1853, with same 

pagination. Reprinted in Philadelphia in 1855 but not as a Senate executive document.)

Carboniferous: Missouri River above Weston. 

1852. Spirifer fasciger? Owen, Rept. Geol. Survey Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota,

pi. 5, fig. 4. (Not Spirifer fasciger Keyserling.) 

Carboniferous: Missouri River, near mouth of Keg Creek, and Plattsburg, Mo.
88 FAUNA OF WEW(XKA FORMATION" OF OKLAHOMA.

1852. Spirifer inequicostatus? Owen, Kept. Geol. Survey Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota, p. 586, pi. 5, fig. 6. (See specimens in U. S. Nat. Mus. Cat. Invert. 

Foss., 17954.)

Carboniferous limestone of Iowa: Skunk River?, Iowa.

1852. Spirifer Meusebachanus. Roemer, Kreid. von Texas, p. 88, tab. 11, figs. 7a-c. 

Carboniferous: About 20 miles below the old Spanish forts, San Saba River,

Tex. 

1856. Spirifer cameratus. Hall, Pacific Railroad Rept., vol. 3, pt. 4, p. 102, pi. 2,

figs. 9, 12, 13.

Carboniferous: Pecos village, N. Mex. 

1858. Spirifer striatus var. triplicatus. Marcou, Geology of North America, p. 49,

pi. 7, fig. 3.

[Mountain limestone:] Abundant in the Rocky Mountains, especially at Pecos 

village, at Tigeras, on the summit of the Sierra de Sandia, in Great Salt Lake, 

' and on Vancouver Island. 

71858. Spirifer Rockymontani (pars). Marcou, idem, p. 50, pi. 7, figs. 4-4b.

Mountain limestone: Tigeras, N. Mex. 

1858. Spirifer cameratus. Hall, Rept. Geol. Survey Iowa, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 709, pi. 28,

figs. 2a, 2b.

Coal Measures: Ohio; Illinois; Iowa; Missouri; Nebraska; Santa Fe and Pimas 

village, N. Mex.

1858. Spirifer. Rogers, Geology of Pennsylvania, vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 833, fig. 694. 

Western Coal Measures: Pennsylvania.

1859. Spirifer cameratus. Meek and Hayden, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc.,

p. 27. (Date of imprint, 1860.) 

Upper Coal Measures: Kansas. 

71859. Spirifer cameratus. Shumard, Acad. Sci. St. Louis Trans., vol. 1, p. 391.

(Date of imprint, 1860.)

Permian sandstone and White limestone: Guadalupe Mountains, Tex. 

1861. Spirifer cameratus. Newberry, Ives's Rept. Colorado River of the West, pt. 3,

p.' 127.

Upper Carboniferous limestone: ,Santa Fe and Pecos Village, N. Mex'. 

1866. Spirifer cameratus. Geinitz, Garb, und Dyas in Nebraska, p. 44.

Carboniferous limestone: Bellevue and Plattsmouth, Nebr.; stage B, b 1 , 

Nebraska City, and stage B, b, Bennetts Mill, northwest of Nebraska City, 

Nebr.

1872. Spirifer cameratus. Meek, U. S, Geol. Survey Nebraska Final Rept., p. 183,

pi. 6, fig. 12; pi. 8, fig. 15. 

Upper Coal Measures: Nebraska City, Nebr. 

Coal Measures: Eastern Ohio, West Virginia, Pennsylvania, Iowa, Kansas,

Texas, New Mexico.

1873. Spirifer cameratus. Meek and Worthen, Illinois Geol. Survey, vol. 5, p. 573,

pi. 25, fig. 7. 

Coal Measures: Illinois.

1873. Spirifer, young of S. cameratus? Meek and Worthen, idem, pi. 25, figs. 6a-c. 

Coal Measures: Illinois.

1874. Spirifera camerata. Derby, Cornell Univ. (Science) Bull., vol. 1, No. 2, p. 12,

pi. 1, figs. 1, 3, 6, 9, 14; pi. 2, figs. 2, 15; pi. 4, fig. 5; pi. 5, fig. 11. 

Coal Measures: Bomjardim and Itaituba, Brazil.

1875. Spirifer cameratus. Toula, Neues Jahrb., p. 240, pi. 7, fig. 3.

Permo-Carboniferous: West coast of Spitzbergen.

71875. Spirifer ^ameratus. Toula, K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math. Naturw. Classe, Sitzungsber., vol. 71, Abth. 1, p. 543, pi. 2, figs. 2a, 2b.

Carboniferous limestone: Nova Zembla.
BEACHIOPODA. 89

1876. Spirifer cameratus. White, U. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey Terr., 2d div., Powell's

Bept. Geology Uinta Mountains, p. 90. 

Lower Aubrey group: Confluence of Grand and Green rivers, Utah.

.1876. Spirifercameratus. Newberry, Macomb's Rept. Expl. Exped. from Santa Fe to

Grand and Green rivers, p. 138. 

Upper Carboniferous: New Mexico and Utah.

71876. Spirifer earnerata. Meek, Engineer Dept. U. S. Army, Simpson's Rept. Expl.

Great Basin, Utah, p. 353, pi. 2, figs. 3a, 3b.

Yellow limestone (Upper Carboniferous?): Summit Spring Pass, east of Zuni 

Valley, etc.

1877. Spirifer cameratus. White, U. S. Geog. Surveys W. 100th Mer. Rept., vol. 4,

p. 132, pi. 10, figs. la-d.

Carboniferous: Fossil Hill, White Pine County; Ely Range; Old Potosi mine, 

Lincoln County, and Egan Range, 35 miles south of Egan Pass, Nevada; 

Camp Apache, Maricopa County; Salt River; confluence of White Mountain 

and Black rivers; and Canyon Butte, Ariz.; Oquirrh Range, near Camp 

Floyd; Lake Range on Fairfield road; west face of Oquirrh Range; North 

Fork of Lewiston Canyon, Oquirrh Range; cliff east of Bellevue; Meadow 

Creek, south of Fillmore; North Star district; Picacho Range; near Beckwith Spring, Cedar Range; Rock Canyon, Wasatch Range, near Provo; and 

Virgin Range, southwest of St. George, Utah; Santa Fe, N. Mex., and northern Missouri (figured specimens). 

?1877. Spinfer (Trigonotreta) cameratus. Meek, U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Par. Rept.,

vol. 4, p. 91, pi. 9, figs. 2, 2a.

Carboniferous limestone: Fossil Hill, White Pine district, Ruby group, Nev. 

Also, latitude 39° 33' north, longitude 115° 12' west.

1880. Spirifer cameratus. . White, Indiana Dept. Statistics and Geology Second Ann.

Rept., p. 517, pi. 8, fig. 3. 

Coal Measures: Waterman, Parke County, Ind.

1881. Spirifera cameratus. White, Indiana Geol. Rept., 1879-80, p. 149, pi. 8,

fig. 3. 

Coal Measures: Waterman, Parke County, Ind.

1883. Spirifera camerata. Hall, New York State Geologist Rept. for 1882, pi. (32)

57, figs. 9-15. 

Coal Measures: Ohio, Illinois, Iowa, and Missouri.

1884. Spirifer cameratus. White, Indiana Dept. Geology and Nat. Hist. Tlu'rteenth

Rept., pt. 2, p. 132, pi. 35, figs. 3-5. 

Coal Measures: Indiana.

1887. Spirifera camerata. Herrick, Denison Univ. Sci. Lab. Bull., vol. 2, p. 45, pi. 

. 2, fig. 22. 

Coal Measures: Flint Ridge, Ohio.

1888. Spirifera camerata. Keyes, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 230. 

Lower Coal Measures: DesMoines, Iowa.

1893. Spirifer cameratus. Hall and Clarke, New York Geol. Survey, Paleontology,

vol. 8, pt. 2, pp. 26, 38. (Advance distribution in fascicles.) 

Coal Measures: Ohio, Illinois, Missouri, and Iowa.

1894. Spirifer cameratus. Hall and Clarke, Introd. Study Brach., pt. 2, pi. 26, figs.

7 8 /, 0.

Coal Measures: Missouri, Illinois. 

1894. Spirifer cameratus. Hall, New York State Geologist Thirteenth Ann. Rept., for

1893, pi. 26, figs. 7, 8. 

Goal Measures: Missouri, Illinois.
90 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

1895. Spirifera camerata. Keyes, Missouri Geol. Survey, vol. .5, p. 83, pi. 40, figs.

5a-c. (Date of imprint, 1894.) 

Coal Measures: Clinton, Kansas City, and Lexington, Mo.

1895. Spirifer cameratus. Hall and Clarke, New York Geol. Survey, Paleontology,

vol. 8, pt. 2, pp. 26, 38, pi. 32, figs. 9-15. 

Coal Measures: Ohio, Illinois, Missouri, Iowa.

1896. Spirifer cameratus. Smith, Am. Philos. Soc. Proc., vol. 35, p. 241.

Upper Coal Measures: Sebastian County, Ark; Poteau Mountain, Okla. 

Lower Coal Measures: Conway County, Ark.

1897. Spirifer cameratus. Smith, Leland Stanford Junior Univ. Pub., Contrib.

Biology Hopkins Seaside Lab. No. 9, p. 31. (Date of imprint, 1896.) , 

Upper Coal Measures: Sebastian County, Ark.; Poteau Mountain, Okla. 

Lower Coal Measures: Conway County, Ark.

1898. Spirifer cameratus. Beede, Kansas Univ. Quart., vol. 7, No. 2, p. 103, figs. 1-3,

pi. 6. 

1900. Spirifer cameratus. Beede, Kansas Univ. Geol. Survey, vol. 6, p. 99, pi. 12,

figs. 5-5e. 

Upper Coal Measures: Kansas City, Lawrence, Lecompton, Topeka, Grand

Summit, Kans.

1903. Spirifer cameratus. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 16, p. 385. 

Hermosa formation: San Juan region, Ouray, and Sinbads Valley, Colo. 

Maroon formation: Crested Butte district, Colo. 

Carboniferous: Glenwood Springs, Colo.

1904. Spirifer cameratus. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 21, p. 53, pi. 11,

figs. 13, 14.

Pennsylvanian (Naco limestone): Bisbee quadrangle, Ariz. 

1906. Spirifer cameratus. Woodruff, Nebraska Geol. Survey, vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 279,

pi. 12, fig. 1.

Carboniferous: Louisville, Cedar Creek, Weeping Water, Nehawka, and Rock 

Bluff, Nebr.

This species is too well known and has been too often described 

for me to do more at this place than merely to call attention to 

certain points. One feature which few, if any, authors have remarked upon is the fine, microscopic ornamentation which was 

doubtless found on all specimens but which can now be observed 

only on the best preserved of them. In what are possibly typical 

examples this consists of extremely minute, radiating and concentric lines of nearly equal strength, with the transverse markings a 

little more prominent s and persistent than the others. The two 

systems are on about the same scale.

That such a sculpture was to be. expected is evident for I have 

observed it on many species of the striatus group and believe it to be, 

a group character. Different species, however, show different modifications, one system of lines dominating in one and the other in 

another, the scale also varying both as a combination and differentially.

Though S. cameratus is usually an abundant species in Pennsyl- 

.vanian faunas, it seems to be rare in the Wewoka formation, and to 

vary slightly from the type. Most of the specimens examined are 

more or less imperfect, the breakage being greatest where the shell 

is thinnest at the hinge extremities. Thus at first glance, since
BEACHIOPODA. 91

the specimens are with a single exception uniform in this regard, one 

receives the impression that the outline contracts at the hinge and 

that the 'greatest width is a little in front and does not have the 

usual excess over the greatest length. A study of the lines of growth, 

however, leaves little doubt that the original shape, while not extremely transverse, offered no departure from the normal. A real 

difference, as distinguished from that of appearance only, is found 

in the costation.; the costse have the characteristic fasciculation near 

the apex of either valve, but the large folds thus formed abruptly die 

out, so that the surface below is as even as that of the nonfasciculate 

group of Spirifers. I believe, but am not certain, that this same 

variation occurs in specimens from the Mississippi Valley, and for 

the present do not regard it of sufficient value for varietal distinction.

The preservation of these shells is not favorable to the retention of 

the minutiae of sculpture, but they show fine, crowded, sublamellose, 

transverse lirse, and I believe I have detected traces of fine radial 

markings.

Horizon and' locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (stations 2001, 

2004, and 7193).

SPIRIFER aff. S. BOONENSIS Swallow. 1

Plate XI, figure 5.

Among the Spirifers of the Wewoka formation a single specimen 

presents characters which seem to distinguish it from the more common Spirifer cameratus and to indicate that it belongs to an altogether 

different group. It has the general appearance of S. cameratus, being 

large and long-winged, but its plications are much larger, nonbifurcate, and therefore nonfasciculate. Toward the front especially they 

are broad, flat, and rather poorly defined by narrow, shallow striae, 

those in the sinus being particularly indistinct. Exception must be 

made to the statement that the costse do not divide, for those in the 

sinus divide freely, and one or two of the lateral ones nearest to the 

sinus show indications of dividing, but in the main the lateral costse 

are undivided even toward the front and are unfasciculate even at 

the beak.

The fine surface markings are not shown.

This shell apparently does not belong to the same species as those 

identified as S. cameratus, unless it be regarded as a very aberrant 

example. It seems better, however, to regard it as more nearly 

related to S. rockymontanus and S. loonensis, though hardly referable 

to either species on strict construction.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2006).

' Swallow, St. Louis Acad. Sci. Trans., vol. 1, p. 646,1860; also Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 

16, p. 381, PL VI, figs. 1-3,1903.
92 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

Genus SQTJAMULARIA Gemmellaro.

SQUAMULAEIA PERPLEXA McChesney.

Plate XI, figures l-3a.

1855. Spirifer lineatus. Shumard (not S. lineatus Martin), Missouri Geol. Survey

Second Ann. Kept., p. 216. 

Coal Measures: [Missouri].

1856. Spirifer lineatus. Hall (not S. lineatus Martin), Pacific Railroad Rept., vol. 3,

pt. 4, p. 101, pi. 2, figs. 6-8. 

Carboniferous: Pecos village, N. Mex.

1858. Spirifer lineatus. Marcou (not S. lineatus Martin), Geology of North America,

p. 50, pi. 7, figs. 5-5c. , Mountain limestone: Pecos village and Tigeras, N. Mex.

1859. Spirifer lineatus. Meek and Hayden (not S. lineatus Martin), Acad. Nat.

Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 28. (Date of imprint, 1860.) 

Upper Coal Measures: Leavenworth, Kans.

1860. Spirifer perplexa. McChesney, Desc. New Spec. Foss., p. 43. (Date of imprint,

1859.)

Upper Coal Measures: Almost every part of the country where rocks of that age 

occur.

1861. Spirifer lineatus. Newberry (not S. lineatus Martin), Ives's Rept. Colorado

River of the West, pt. 3, p. 127. 

Upper Carboniferous: Cherty limestone west of Little Colorado River; vicinity

of Santa Fe, N. Mex.; Kansas; Missouri.

71864. Spirifer lineatus. Meek (not S. lineatus Martin), California Geol. Survey, Paleontology, vol. 1, p. 13, pi. 2, figs. 6-6d. 

Carboniferous: Bass's ranch, Shasta County, Cal. 

1866. Spirifer lineatus. Swallow (not S. lineatus, Martin), Acad. Sci. St. Louis Trans.,

vol. 2, p. 408. (Date of imprint, 1868.) 

Coal Measures: Mississippi Valley. 

1866. Spirifer lineatus var. perplexa. Swallow, idem, p. 408.

Coal Measures: Mississippi Valley.

1866. Spirifer lineatus var. striato-lineatus. Swallow, idem, p. 408. 

Tipper and Middle Coal Measures: Missouri.

1872. Spirifer lineatus? Meek, U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska Final Rept., pi. 2, figs.

3a, 3b.

Upper Coal Measures: Platte River, Nebr. 

1874. Spirifera (Martinia) perplexa. Derby, Cornell Univ. (Science) Bull., vol. 1, No.

2, p. 16, pi. 3, figs. 27, 39, 40, 45, 50; pi. 8, fig. 13. 

Coal Measures: Bomjardim and Itaituba, Brazil, and River Pichis, Peru.

1881. Spirifer (Martinia) lineatus? White, U. S. Geog. Surveys W. 100th Mer. Rept.,

vol. 3, Suppl., Appendix, p. xii. 

Coal Measures: Coyote Creek, N. Mex.

1882. Spirifer (Martinia} lineatus. White, Indiana Dept. Geology and Nat. Hist.

Eleventh Rept., p. 372, pi. 42, figs. 4-6. 

Coal Measures: Eugene, Ind. 

1884. Spirifer (Martinia) lineatus. White, idem, Thirteenth Rept., pt. 2, p. 3.33,

pi. 27, figs. 4-6. 

Coal Measures: Fountain, Park, Vermilion, Vigo, Sullivan, Gibson, Pike, Knox,

Posey, Vanderburg, and Warrick counties, Ind. 

1886. Spirifer lineatus? Heilprin, Pennsylvania Second Geol. Survey Ann. Rept.

for 1885, p. 453. 

Upper Coal Measures, Mill Creek limestone: Wilkes-Barre, Pa.
BEACHIOPODA. 93

1886. Spirifer lineatusf Heilprin, Wyoming Hist, and Geol. Soc. Proc. and Coll.,

vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 269. 

Upper Coal Measures, Mill Creek limestone: Wilkes-Barre, Pa.

1887. Spin/era (Martinia) lineata? Herrick, Denison Univ. Sci. Lab. Bull., vol. 2,

p. 46, pi. 1, figs. 13a-c. 

Coal Measures: Flint Kidge, Ohio.

1888. Spirifera lineata. Keyes, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 230. (Date of

imprint, 1889.)

Lower Coal Measures: Des Moines, Iowa.

1893. Spirifer lineatus. Hall and Clarke (not S. lineatus Martin), New York Geol. 

Survey, Paleontology, vol. 8, pt. 2, pp. 10, 11, 17, 21, 30, 39. (Advance distribution in fascicles.) 

Coal Measures: Iowa.

1895. Spirifera perplexa. Keyes, Missouri Geol. Survey, vol. 5, p. 84. (Date of imprint, 1894.)

Upper Coal Measures: Kansas City, Mo.

1895. Spirifer lineatus. Hall and Clarke (not S. lineatiLS Martin), New York Geol. 

. Survey, Paleontology, vol. 8, pt. 2; pp. 10-, 11, 17, 21, 30, 39, pi. 38, figs.

2,4,7,8. 

Coal Measures: Iowa.

1899. Reticularia perplexa. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Nineteenth Ann. Kept., pt. 3,

p. 577, pi. 72, fig. la. 

Upper Coal Measures: McAlester quadrangle.

1900. Reticularia perplexa. Beede, Kansas Univ. Geol. Survey, vol. 6, p. 102, pi. 12,

figs. 4-4c. . 

Upper and lower Coal Measures to base of Permian: Fort Scott, lola, Lawrence,

Topeka, Kans. 

1900. Martinia lineata. Herrick and Bendrat, Am. Geologist, vol. 25, No. 4, p. 240.

Coal Measures: Sandia Mountains, N. Mex. 

1903. Squamularia perplexa. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 16, p. 392, pi. 6,

figs. 8, 8a, 9-9b, 10, lOa.

Herinosa formation: San Juan region and Ouray, Colo. 

Weber formation: Crested Butte and Leadville districts, Colo. 

Maroon formation: Crested Butte district, Colo. 

Kobinson limestone: Leadville district, Colo. 

1906. Reticularia perplexa. Woodruff, Nebraska Geol. Survey, vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 279,

pi. 11, fig. 5. 

Carboniferous: Weeping Water, Cedar Creek, Louisville, and Nehawka, Nebr.

1909. Squamularia perplexa. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 389, p. 66. 

Yeso formation: Mesa del Yeso, N. Mex. 

San Andreas formation: San Andreas, N. Mex.

1910. Squamularia perplexa. Raymond, Carnegie Mus. Annals, vol. 7, No. 1, p. 156,

pi. 24, fig. 3. 

Vanport limestone: New Castle, Pa.

This species is moderately1 abundant in the Wewoka formation and 

shows considerable variation. The size attained is rather uncommon, 

the largest specimen having a width of no less than 25 millimeters. 

The shape is subcircular to subquadrate; the length and breadth being 

about equal. In some specimens the length is distinctly greater; 

in others, including most young specimens, the width is greater. 

The form is usually highly gibbous, the ventral valve being much 

more strongly convex than the dorsal. Correspondingly, the umbonal
94 . FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

region of both valves is prominent and the beaks are distinct 

and strongly incurved. A faint, narrow sinus is usually present 

in the ventral valve. The outline is strongly and rather abruptly 

contracted at the hinge, which is considerably shorter than the width 

in front. The area is well defined, strongly arcuate, cut by. an equilateral delthyrium whose base occupies about one-third of the cardinal line. The deltidial plates are usually more or less completely preserved.

The sculpture consists of slightly elevated concentric ridges bearing fimbriose lamellae. The spines are small and in some specimens 

can be seen to be double-barreled. Great diversity is shown in the 

distance between the lamellae; the maximum interval observed is 3 

millimeters, but the average is much less, and in most mature shells 

the lamellae are more crowded near the front.

There are no internal plates.

I have removed from the synonymy Whitfield's citations in 1891 

and 1895 of specimens from Hocking County, Ohio, because I feel 

fairly confident that he had in hand an Athyroid, probably Cliothyridina orbicularis.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005, 2006, and 2010); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. 

(stations 2001, 2004, and 7193).

Genus AMBOCCELIA Hall.

AMBOCCELIA PLANICONVEXA Shumard. 

Plate XI, figures 6-7b.

1855. Spirifer plano-convexa. Shumard, Missouri Geol. Survey Second Ann. Kept.,

p. 202. 

Upper Coal Measures: On Missouri River, near mouth' of Platte River.

1859. Spirifer planoconvexa. Meek and Ha'yden, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc.,

p. 28. (Date of imprint, 1860.) 

Upper Coal Measures: Manhattan, Juniata, and Leavenworth, Kans.

1860. Ambocelia gemmula. McChesney, Desc. New Spec. Foss., p. 41. 

Coal Measures: Peoria and Bureau counties, 111.

1864. Spirifer (Martinia) plano-convexus. Meek and Hayden, Smithsonian Contrib.

Knowledge, No..172, p. 20, figs. a-e. 

' Coal Measures: Manhattan and Upper Mill Creek, Kans.

1865. Spirifer (Martinia) plano-convexus. Meek and Hayden, Smithsonian Contrib.

Knowledge, vol. 14, art. 5, p. 20, figs. a-e. 

Coal Measures: Manhattan and Upper Mill Creek, Kans.

1866. Spirifer plano-convexus. Geinitz, Garb, und Dyas in Nebraska, p. 42, tab. 3,

figs. 10-18.

Upper Coal Measures: Plattsmouth, Nebraska City, Nebr. 

1868. Martinia plano-convexa. McChesney, Chicago Acad. Sci. Trans., vol. 1, p. 34,

pi. 1, 3a-c. (Date of imprint, 1867.) 

Coal Measures: Peoria and Bureau counties, 111.
BRACHIOPODA. .95

1872. Spirifer (Martinia) planoconvexus. Meek, U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska Final

Kept., p. 184, pi. 4, figs. 4a, 4b; pi. 8, figs. 2a, 2b.

Upper Coal Measures: Nebraska City, Bennetts Mill,Wyoming, Cedar Bluff, Hock 

Bluff, Plattsmouth, Brownville, Otoe City, Kulo, Bellevue, and Omaha, 

Nebr.

Coal Measures: Iowa; Missouri; Kansas; Pittsburgh, Pa.; West Virginia. 

1874. Spirifera (Martinia) planoconvexa. Derby, Cornell Univ. (Science) Bull.,

vol. 1, No. 2, p. 19, pi. 8, figs. .12, 16,18; pi. 9, fig. 7. 

Coal Measures: Bomjardim and Itaituba, Brazil, and Pichis River, Peru. 

1877. Spirifer (Martinia) planoconvexus. White, U. S. Geog. Surveys W. 100th Mer.

Kept., vol. 4, p. 135, pi. 10, figs. 3a-c.

Carboniferous: Near Santa Fe,'N. Mex.; Elko Mountain, Nev. 

1884. Spirifer (Martinia) planoconvexa. White, Indiana Dept. Geology and Nat. Hist.

Thirteenth Ami. Kept., pt. 2, p. 134, pi. 32, figs. 23-24. 

Coal Measures: Indiana. Occurs from Virginia to Utah and New Mexico. 

1887. Spirifera (Martinia) planoconvexa. Herrick, Denison Univ. Sci. Lab. Bull-.,

vol. 2, p. 46, pi'. 1, fig. 12. 

Coal Measures: Flint Kidge, Ohio.

1893. Amboccelia planoconvexa. Hall and Clarke, New York Geol. Survey, Paleontology, vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 58. (Advance distribution in fascicles.)

1894. Amboccelia planoconvexa. Hall and Clarke, Introd. Study Brach., pt. 2, pi. 31,

figs. 14-17. 

Coal Measures: Illinois, Kansas.

1894. Ambocozlia planoconvexa. Hall and Clarke, New York State Geologist Thirteenth Ann. Eept., for 1893, vol. 2, pi. 31, figs. 14-17. 

Coal Measures: Illinois, Kansas.

1895. Spirifera planoconvexus. Keyes, Missouri Geol. Survey, vol. 5, p. 85. (Date

of imprint, 1894.)

Upper Coal Measures: Kansas City, Mo.

1895. Ambocodia planoconvexa. Hall and Clarke, New York Geol. Survey, Paleontology, vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 56, pi. 39, figs. 10-15. 

Coal Measures: Springfield, 111.; Manhattan,. Kans.

1900. Ambocoelia planoconvexa.' Beede, Kansas Univ. Geol. Survey, vol. 6, -p. 101. 

Upper and Lower Coal Measures: Fort Scott, Fredonia, Eudora, Lawrence, 

Lecompton, Topeka, Emporia, Kans.

1903. Ambocoelia planiconvexd. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 16, p. 394. 

Hermosa formation: San Juan region, Colo.

1904. Ambroc-slia planoconvexa. Reagan, Indiana Acad. Sci. Proc. for 1903, p. 241,

plate figs. 9a-9c. 

Upper Red Wall: White River canyon, 12 miles southwest of Fort Apache,

Ariz. 

1906. Ambocoelia planoconvexa. Woodruff, Nebraska Geol. Survey, vol. 2, pt. 2,

p. 279, pi. 10, fig. 5. 

Carboniferous: Weeping Water, Cedar Creek, and Rock Bluff, Nebr.

This species is faiiiy abundant in the Wewoka material examined. 

Few specimens attain a width of 10 millimeters. The valves are very 

unequal, the dorsal being nearly flat with a minute depressed beak, 

and the ventral strongly convex with a very prominent projecting 

incurved beak. The hinge line is a trifle shorter than the greatest 

width, which occurs just in front, and the cardinal angles are rounded. 

A shallow sulcus passes down the middle of the ventral valve and less
96 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

often another more indistinct sulcus passes down" the middle of the 

dorsal valve.

The surface appears smooth except for incremental lines, chiefly 

noticeable toward the margins and near the hinge, arid, at most, appears 

finely punctate. In one specimen, however, the surface is covered 

with a great number of very small spines which are not appreciably 

arranged in concentric rows except where the lamellose growth lines 

are apparent.

Considerable Variation is shown in the proportions of length and 

width. All the dorsal valves are conspicuously transverse, and some 

of them narrow toward the front, where they have a shield-shaped 

outline. Owing to the projection of the beak beyond the hinge the 

ventrals are much less transverse and in some the length exceeds 

the width. . Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005 and 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, 0kla. (stations 

2001,2004, and 7193).

Family ATHYRIDJE. 

Genus COMPOSITA Brown.

COMPOSITA SUBTILITA. 

Plate XII, figures 4-4c; Plate V, figure 7; Plate VI, figure 13.

1842. Terebratula Roissyi. D'Orbigny (not L'Eveille"), Voyage dans I'Am^rique

me'ridionale, Paleontology, vol. 3, pt. 4, p. 46. 

Carboniferous: Yarbichambi, Bolivia.

1847. Terebratula peruviana. Idem, vol.. 8, Geology, pi. 3, figs. 17-19. 

1852. Terebratula plano-sulcata. Owen, Rept. Geol: Survey Wisconsin, Iowa, and

Minnesota, pi. 5, fig. 9.

Carboniferous limestone: Near Council Bluffs, Iowa. 

1852. Terebratula subtilita. Hall, Stansbury'a Expl. and Survey Great Salt Lake of

Utah, 1 p. 409, pi. 4, figs, la, Ib, 2a-c. 

Carboniferous: Missouri River, near Weston,

71853. Terebratula subtilita. Shumard, Marcy's Expl. Red River of Louisiana, 32d

Cong., 2d sess., S. Doc. No. 54, p. 202, pi. 4 (Pal.), fig. 8. 

Carboniferous: Washington County, Ark.

71854. Terebratula subtilita. Shumard, idem, 33d Cong., 1st sess., H. Ex. Doc.,

p. 176, pi. 4 (Pal.), fig. 8. 

Carboniferous: Washington County, Ark.

1855. Terebratula subtilita. Schiel, Pacific Railroad Rept., vol. 2 [Second Rept.],

On line of 41at Par., p. 108, pi. 1, figs. 2a, ,2b. 

Carboniferous limestone: 8 miles west of Westport.

1856. Terebratula subtilita. Hall, Pacific Railroad Rept., vol. 3, pt. 4, p. 101, pi. 2,

figs. 3-5. 

Carboniferous: Pecos village, N. Mex.

1 Printed in Philadelphia; reprinted in Washington in 1853 also as a Senate executive document; 

a third edition (unofficial) was published in Philadelphia in 1855. All bear the same pagination.
BKACHIOPODA. 97

1857. Terebratula (?) subtilita. Davidson, Pal. Soc., Mon. British Garb. Brach., p. 18,

pi. 1, figs. 21, 22?. (Imprint of whole volume, 1863.) 

Carboniferous: Mayen Wais, England.

1858. Terebratula plano-sulcata. Marcou, Geology of North America, p. 52, pi. 6, figs.

8-8b. 

Mountain limestone: Tigeras, N. Mex.; Ohio; Indiana; Illinois; Kentucky;

Arkansas.

]858. Terebratula Roysii. Marcou (not L'Eveille'), idem, p. 51, pi. 6, figs. 10, lOb. 

Mountain limestone: Salt Lake City, Utah; El Paso, Chihuahua; headwaters

of the Rio Colorado Chiquito. 

71858. Terebratula subtilita. Marcou, idem, p. 52, pi. 6, figs. 9-9f.

Mountain limestone: Sierra Madre; Sierra de Magoyon; Great Salt Lake; Tigeras 

and Pecos village, N. Mex.; summit of Sierra de Sandia and Sierra de Ma- 

- goyan; El Paso, Chihuahua; junction of rivers San Pedro and Gila, Ariz.; 

sources of Rio Colorado Chiquito; Shasta County, Gal.;- Vancouver Island, 

British Columbia.

1858. Terebratula subtilita. Hall, Kept. Geol. Survey Iowa, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 714.

Coal Measures: Ohio; Indiana; Illinois; Iowa; Missouri; Kansas; Nebraska; and 

. Pecos village, N. Mex.

1859. Spirigera subtilita. Meek and Hayden, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., 

,!'' p. 28. (Date of imprint, 1860.) 

j Upper Coal Measures: Kansas. 

; & 1860. Athyris subtilita. ' Davidson, Pal. Soc. Mon. British Carb. Brach., p. 86, pi. 1,

figs. 21, 22; pi. 17, figs. 8-10. (Imprint of entire volume, 1863.) 

Carboniferous: Mayen Wais, Bolland, Kendal, England; Tournay, Belgium. 

1861. Athyris subtilita. Salter, Geol. Soc. London Quart. Jour., vol. 17, p. 64, pi. 4, 

. fig. 4.

Carboniferous: Isthmus of Copacabana, Lake Titicaca. 

1861. Athyris subtilita. Newberry, Ives's Rept. Colorado River'of the West, pt. 3,

p. 126.

\ Upper Carboniferous: Cherty limestone on banks of Colorado between Little 

* Colorado and Diamond rivers; Pecos village, east of Santa Fe. 

; 1862. Athyris subtilita. Davidson, Pal. Soc. Mon. British Carb. Brach., p. 217, 

' pi. 1, figs. 21, 22, pi. 17, figs. 8-10.

\ 1866. Athyris subtilita. Geinitz, Carb. und Dyas in Nebraska, p. 40, pi. 3, figs. 7-9. 

Upper Coal .Measures: Omaha City, Plattsmouth, Bennetts Mill, and Nebraska 

ij City, Nebr.

1869. Spirigera (Athyris) subtilita. Toula, K. Akad. Wiss. Wien, Math, naturw. 

llj, Classe, Sitzungsber., vol. 59, Abth. 1, p. 438, pi. 1, fig. 5.

Carboniferous limestone: 10 miles from Cochebamba, Bolivia.

1872. Athyris subtilita. Meek, U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska Final Rept., p. 180, 

. pi. 1, fig. 12; pi. 5, fig. 8; pi. 8, fig. 4.

Upper Coal Measures: Nebraska City, Bennetts Mill, Wyoming, Cedar Bluff,

Rock Bluff, Plattsmouth, Bellevue, and Omaha, Nebr.

Coal Measures: Illinois; Missouri; Iowa; West Virginia; Ohio; Kansas; Pecoa 

village, N. Mex.

1873. Athyris subtilita. Meek and Worthen, Illinois Geol. Survey, vol. 3, p. 570,

pi. 25, fig. 14, 

Coal Measures: Illinois.

; 1874. Athyris subtilita. Derby (pars), Cornell Univ. (Science) Bull., vol. 1, No. 2; 

| p. 7, pi. 1, figs. 5, 8 (not fig. 7 = Spirigerella derbyi); pi. 3, figs. 8, 16, 19,

pi. 6, fig. 2; pi. 9, fig. 4.

Coal Measures: Bomjardim, Itaituba, and Paredao, Brazil. 

37003° Bull. 544 15 7
98 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

1876. Spirigera subtilita. White, U. S. Geol. Geog. Survey Terr., 2d div., Powell's ^ <j^

Kept. Geology Uinta Mountains, p. 90. 

Lower Aubrey group: Confluence of Grand and Green rivers, and near Echo

Park, Utah.

Upper Aubrey group: Beehive Point, near Horseshoe Canyon, Utah. 

1876. Athyris subtilita. Meek, Simpson's Rept. Expl. Great Basin Utah, p. 350,

pi. 2, figs. 4a, 4b. . . 

Coal Measures: Yellow limestone, Humboldt Mountains.

1876. Athyris subtilita. Newberry, Macomb's Rept. Expl. Exped. Santa Fe to Grand '^^ 

and Green rivers, p. 138. - / 

Upper Carboniferous: On the Colorado; west of the San Francisco Mountains; v

junction of Grand and Green rivers; in the Sierra la Plata; at Santa Fe; Pecos. 

1876. Athyris subtilita. Derby, Mus. Comp. Zool. Bull., vol. 3, p. 279. 

Coal Measures: Yampopata, Brazil.

1876. Athyris subtilita. Meek, U. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey Terr. Bull., vol. 2,

p. 355, pi. 1, figs. 2, 2a. - ' \ 

Carboniferous: Katlahwoke Creek, Rocky Mountains.

1877. Spirigera subtilita. White, U. S. Geog. Surveys W. 100th Mer. Rept., vol. 4,

p. 141, pi. 10, figs. 6a-c. . . . 

Carboniferous: Carizo Creek, Maricopa County; Camp Apache; Tenney's 

ranch; Kaibab Plateau; confluence of White Mountain and Black rivers; 

Grass Mountain, 35 miles north of Pioche, and foothills of Dragoon Mountains, Ariz.; Fossil Hill, White Pine County, and Camp Cottonwood, Nev.; '*? 

15 miles south of St. George; near Ophir City; Rock Canyon, Wasatch range, / 

near Provo; and near Minersville, Utah. \ 

1877. Athyris subtilita. Meek, U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Par. Rept., vol. 4, p. 83, pi. 8,

figs. 6, 6a. 

Carboniferous limestone: Ruby group, Moleen Peak, near Humboldt River, i

Nev. 

1884. Athyris subtilita. White, Indiana Dept. Geology and Nat. Hist. Thirteenth

Ann. Rept., pt. 2, p. 136, pi. 35, figs. 6-9.

Lower, Middle, and Upper Coal Measures: Indiana. i^

1887. Athyris subtilita. Herrick, Denison Univ. Sci. Lab. Bull., vol. 2,.p. 44, pi. 1, "v

figs. 18 (16a-c). . ,

Coal Measures: Flint Ridge, Ohio. ;

1887. Athyris subtilita. De Koninck, Mus. roy. hist, nati Belgique Annales, vol.

14, p. 73, pi. 18, figs. 1-4, 7-10, 12-28; pi. 19, figs. 47-56. 

Carboniferous limestone: Lives and Nameche, Belgium.

1888. Athyris subtilita. Eeyes, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 231. (Date «,,

of imprint, 1889.)

Lower Coal Measures: Des Moines, Iowa. 

1891. Athyris subtilita. Whitfield, New York Acad. Sci. Annals, vol. 5, p. 604, pi. 16,

figs. 7-9. 

Coal Measures: Falls Township and Webb Summit, Hocking County, Ohio. 

1893. Seminula subtilita. Hall and Clarke, New York Geol. Survey, Paleontology,

vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 95, figs. 66, 67 on p. 95, and figs. 58, 59 on p. 86. (Advance L 

.distribution in fascicles.) ' ' . . 

, ^ St. Louis group: Pella, Iowa. - 

Coal Measures: Kansas City, Mo.; Winterset, Iowa. .

1894. Seminula subtilita. Hall and Clarke, New York State Geologist Thirteenth

Ann. Rept., for 1893, vol. 2, pi. 35, figs. 16-19. j 

Coal Measures: Chariton County, Mo.; Winterset, Iowa; Kansas City, Mo. ! 

1894. Seminula subtilita. Hall and Clarke, Introd. Study Brach., pt. 2, pi. 35, figs.

16-19. 

Coal Measures: Chariton County, Mo.; Winterset, Iowa; Kansas City, Mo.
BRACHIOPODA. 99

1895. Athyris argentea. Keyes, Missouri Geol. Survey, vol. 5, p. 92, pi. 39,.fig8. lla-d.

(Date of imprint, 1894.)

Coal Measures: Kansas City, Lexington, and Clinton, Mo.

1895. Seminula subtilita. Hall and Clarke, New York Geol. Survey, Paleontology, 

vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 95, figa. 66, 67 on p. 95, and figs. 58, 59 on p. 86; pi. 47, figs. 

17-31. (Date of imprint, 1894.) 

St. Louis group: Pella, Iowa.

(?) Chester limestone: Caldwell County, Ky.; Chester, 111. 

Coal Measures: Manhattan, Kans.; Coppers Creek, Iowa; Chariton County, 

Mo.; Winterset, Iowa; Miami County, Kans.; Kansas City, Mo.; Ohio.

1895. Athyris subtilita. Whitfield, Ohio Geol. Survey Kept., vol. 7, p. 488, pi. 12,

figs. 7-9. (Date of imprint, 1893.) 

Coal Measures: Falls Township and Webb Summit, Hocking County, Ohio.

1896. Athyris subtilita. Smith, Am. Philos. Soc. Proc., vol. 35, p. 241.

Upper.Coal Measures: Sebastian County, sec. 12, T. 8 N., B. 32 W., Arkansas;

Poteau Mountain, Okla. 

(?) Burlington or Lower Keokiik, Boone chert: Stone County, NW. J sec. 9,

T. 14 N., B. 10 W., Arkansas.

1897. Athyris subtilita. Smith, Leland Stanford Junior Univ. Pub., Contrib. Biology

Hopkins Seaside Lab. No. 9, p. 31. (Date of imprint, 1896.) 

Upper Coal Measures: Sebastian County, Ark., sec. 12, T. 8 N., B. 32 W.;

Poteau Mountain, Okla. 

(?) Burlington or Lower Keokuk, Boone chert: Stone County, Ark., NW. J

sec. 9, T. 14 N., B. 10 W. 

1900. Seminula argentea. Beede, Kansas Univ. Geol. Survey, vol. 6, p. 105, fig. 3c

on p. 53.

Upper and Lower Coal Measures: Marmaton station, Bourbon County, lola, 

Kansas City, Eudora, Lawrence, Lecompton, Topeka, Manhattan, Grand 

Summit, Kans.

1900. Seminula argentia. 'Knight, Univ. Wyoming, Wyoming Exp. Sta. Bull. 45, 

pi. 3, fig. 6.

1902. Seminula argentia. Beede, Kansas Univ. Sci. Bull., vol. 1, pp. 155-157, pi. 6.

1903. Seminula subtilita. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 16, p. 403, pi. 7,

figs. 1-lb, 2, 2a, 3, 3a, 4-7, 7a, 8-10. 

Molas formation: Sari Juan region, Colo. 

Hermosa formation: San Juan region and Ouray, Colo. 

Bico formation: San Juan region, Colo.

s Weber formation: Crested Butte and Leadville districts, Colo. 

/ Maroon formation: Crested Butte district, Colo. 

Bobinson limestone: Leadville district, Colo. 

Carboniferous: Glenwood Springs, Colo.

1904. Seminula subtilita. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey-Prof. Paper 21, p. 53, pi. 11,

figs. 15, 16. .

Pennsylvanian (Naco limestone): Bisbee quadrangle, Ariz. 

?1904. Seminula argentia. Beagan, Indiana Acad. Sci. Proc. for 1903, p. 242, pi.,

figs. 12a-c, 12e-g, 12m. 

Upper Bed Wall group and Lower Aubrey: Carrizo Creek, White Biver,

Maricopa County, Fort Apache, Jemez, N. Mex., White Biver, Ariz., etc. 

1906. Seminula argentea. Woodruff, Nebraska Geol. Survey, vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 274,

pi. 12, figs. 4-7.

Carboniferous: Louisville, Weeping Water, Cedar Creek, Nehawka, Nebr. 

1909. Composite subtilita? Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 389, p. 68. 

Yeso formation: Mesa del Yeso, N. Mex. 

Abo formation: Abo Canyon, N. Mex. 

San Andreas formation: Fra Cristobal, N. Mex.
100 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION" OF OKLAHOMA.

This ubiquitous species is one of the rarer brachiopods of the 

Wewoka formation. It is represented in a number of collections, 

but in most of them by only one or two specimens.

I shall not attempt to describe this well-known form, for the 

Wewoka fossils show no novel features but present the characters 

shown by the average specimens from the typical area. Possibly on 

account of its smooth surface, shells of this species were favorite 

hosts for the sessile Crania modesta, one specimen having no less than 

five Cranias attached to it.

The abnormal spiralia in Composita subtilita, which Dr. Beede describes (1902), are probably found in specimens in which, after decomposition of the soft parts, the spiral cones have become displaced 

and He at random in the internal cavity of the shell. Dr. Beede 

has apparently not determined the connection or disconnection of 

the cones with the loop in the posterior end of the dorsal valve, 

and I have no doubt that the explanation suggested is true of his 

specimens, as it is of specimens of other spire-bearing species which 

I have seen and which exhibit a similar fortuitous disarrangement.

It is a matter of some doubt what name should be employed for 

this species. Some writers use Terebratula argentea Shepard. Shepard's description and figures are so poor, however, that one might 

well take the position that nis species can not be recognized. Probably the best that can be said is that Terebratula argentea may be, 

not that it is, the species which was subsequently called by Hall 

Terebratula subtilita, and which for many years was known only by 

that name. It is impossible to tell, however, that T. argentea was not 

introduced for an altogether different type of shell, such as Sguamularia perplexa.

Another name which may possibly claim priority over Composita 

subtilita, and which was introduced for a closely related type of 

shell, is C. peruviana D'Orbigny. Salter cites D'Orbigny's species 

as a synonym of C. subtilita. The status of C. peruviana is peculiar. 

It would appear that D'Orbigny intended to introduce this as a new 

species and subsequently decided that it was the same as Spirifer 

roissyi L'E)veill4. At least, we find the species cited as Spirifer roissyi 

in the text and Terebratula peruviana in the plates. As against this 

hypothesis it would appear that the plates were not published until 

five'years after the text, the one bearing the imprint of 1842 and the 

other 1847. On the other hand, there are some indications that the 

plates, in part at least, were distributed before the text, since in the 

synonymy of Productus villiersi D'Orbigny gives "Productus villiersi 

D'Orbigny, 1839, Planches publics." Again, some of the plates, 

which appear to be lithographs, may have been engraved,a long time 

before the whole set was completed and published in fact, before 

the text itself was finished. The legends are printed, and though it
BRACHIOPODA. 101

would have been possible to change them, to do so would have been 

rather difficult. If some of the plates had already been published, 

there would have existed this additional reason for not making the 

change.

Furthermore, D'Orbigny says, under the title Spirifer roissyi, 

"Plate III, fig. 17-19 (sous le faux nom de Terebratula antisiensis)," 

but figures 17 to 19 appear on the plate as T. peruviana, and it is 

evident that D'Orbigny's description of 8. roissyi applies to T. peruviana of the plate and not to T. antisiensis, which is an altogether 

different form. "Antisiensis" is therefore a lapsus calami. Furthermore, D'Orbigny had already on a previous page of the same volume 

(p. 36) described a Devonian species as Terebratula peruviana. The 

Devonian form is entirely different from the Carboniferous species 

appearing on the plate as T. peruviana. Neither of them is a Terebratula, and neither belongs to the same genus as the other. Consequently, had the Carboniferous form been properly described and 

figured, I would have been inclined to recognize it as Composita 

peruviana, in which case the name would supersede C. sultilita if 

the two species are identical. However, since there may be some 

question as to the identity of the two species and also some question 

as to the validity of C. peruviana, it seems best for the present not to 

use D'Orbigny's name.

Horizon and locality. WeWbka formation: Wewoka quadrangle 

(stations 2005 and 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (stations 2004

and 7193).

Genus CLEIOTHYRIDINA .Buckman.

CLEIOTHYRIDINA ORBICULARIS McChesney.

Plate XII, figures l-3c.

1860. Athyrus orbicularis. McChesney, Desc. New Spec. Foss. p. 47. (Date of

imprint, 1859.)

Coal Measures: Western States. 

71860. Spirigera missouriensis. Swallow, Acad. Sci. St. Louis Trane., vol. 1, p. 650.

Coal Measures: Montgomery and Chariton counties, Mo. 

1866. Aihyris planosulcata. Geinitz, Garb, und Dyas in Nebraska, p. 42.

Coal Measures: Omaha City and Plattsmouth, Nebr. 

1874. Athyris sublamellosa. Derby, Cornell Univ. (Science) Bull., vol. 1, No. 2,

p. 10, pi. 2, figs. 9-12; pi. 3, figs. 15, 21, 29; pi. 6, fig. 16; pi. 9, figs. 5, 6. 

Coal Measures: Bomjardim and Itaituba, Brazil. 

1877. Spirigera planosulcata. White, U. S. Geog. Surveys W. 100th Mer. Bept., vol. 4,

p. 143, pi. 10, figs. 5a-d. . . 

Carboniferous: Santa Fe, N. Mex.; Rush Creek, Lake County, Colo. 

1891. Spirifera (Martinia) lineata. Whitfield, New York Acad. Sci. Annals, vol. 5,

p. 603, pi. 16, figs. 3-5. 

1895. Spirifera (Martinia) lineata. Whitfield, Ohio Geol. Survey Kept., vol. 7, p. 488,

pi. 12, figs. 3-5. (Date of imprint, 1893.) 

Coal Measures: Hocking County, Ohio. 

1897. Cleiothyris orbicularis.. Schuchert, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 87, p. 182.
102 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FOBMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

?1897. Cleiothyris missouriensis. Schuchert, idem, p. 182.

1900. Cleiothyris roissyi. Beede, Kansas Univ. Geol. Survey, vol. 6, p. 104, pi. 11,

figs. 5, 5b, 5c; pi. 12, fig. 2. 

Lower Coal Measures: Port Scott, Marmaton station, Bourbon County, Prescott,

Lynn County, Kans. 

1903. Cliothyris orbicularis. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 16, p. 407.

Pennsylvanian: Glenwood Springs, Colo.

Although this species is rather rare in our Pennsylvanian faunas, it 

is remarkable that it appears so seldom in the literature, and it is also 

remarkable, in view of its rarity elsewhere, that it should be one of the 

most common brachiopods of the Wewoka formation. Besides being 

very abundant it is also of large size.

The general shape of these shells is subcircular, the regularly 

rounded outline being but slightly interrupted by the strongly incurved beak of the ventral valve. In almost all specimens the width 

is greater than the length, and in many the shape is strongly transverse. 

Many specimens are highly gibbous, but others are more discoidal. 

The convexity of the dorsal valve is in most specimens greater than 

that of the ventral. The usual sinus is present in the ventral valve, 

and a narrow indistinct sinus is also developed in the dorsal valve, 

but one or both may be absent. In many specimens they are obscured by the mat of spines that thickly covers the surface. These 

spines spring from short lamellae and in many shells are well preserved 

and conspicuous, giving the shells the' appearance of being somewhat 

coarsely striated longitudinally. When they are broken off the lines 

of the transverse lamellae are revealed, which may or may not retain 

traces of the spines in serrated edges. Much variation is exhibited 

in the arrangement of the lamellae, some specimens having them more 

.widely spaced than others.

In another paper l I have discussed the relationship between 0. 

orbicularis, C. missouriensis, and C. sublamellosa. I am still strongly 

of the opinion that the two former are the same species and am 

almost equally confident that the Mississippian species is distinct 

from the Pennsylvanian, on account of the more transverse shape of 

C. orbicularis. The difference, however, is not entirely constant.

I am including in the synonymy Whitfield's citations of Spirifer 

lineatus (Squamularia perplexa), made in 1891 and 1895. As shown 

by the figures his specimens have not the configuration of Squamularia perplexa, being insufficiently transverse and having too well 

developed a sinus. In the internal molds the compressed shape of the 

ventral valve near its apex suggests the presence of dental plates, 

and the umbo of the dorsal valve shows muscular imprints and 

perhaps a low septum. Indeed, there is little in Whitfield's figures 

to distinguish them from the accompanying figures of Composita 

subtilita except, of course, the spinose character of the sculpture. I

1 The Carboniferous formations and faunas of Colorado: U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 16, p.-407.
BKACHIOPODA. 103

am fairly satisfied therefore that Whitfield was really dealing not with 

a Spirifer but with an Athyris, and if so, there can be little doubt, with 

Cliothyridina orbicularis.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005 and 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (stations 

2001, 2004, and 7193).

Genus HUSTEDIA Hall and Clarke, 1893.

HUSTEDIA MORMONI Marcou.

Plate XII, figures 5-6a.

1858 (February). Terebratula Mormonii. Marcou, Geology of North America, p. 51,

pi. 6, figs. 11-llc.

Mountain limestone: Salt Lake City, Utah. 

1858 (June). Retzia punctilifera. Shumard, Acad. Sci. St. Louis Trans., vol. 1,

p. 220. (Date of imprint, 1860.)

Upper Coal Measures: Audrain and Howard counties, Mo., below mouth of Platte 

River, Nebr.; near Manhattan, at Willowsprings, on Santa Feroad; and headwaters of Verdigris River, Kans. 

1859. Retzia Mormonii. Meek and Hayden, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 27.

(Date of imprint,I860.)

Upper Coal Measures: Manhattan and Leavenworth, K^ns.

 1860. Retzia subglobosa. McChesney, Desc. New Spec. Foss., p. 45. (Date of imprint, 1859.) 

Upper Coal Measures: Menard, Mason, Fulton, Peoria, Tazewell, Knox, and

Marshall counties, 111. 

71864. Retzia compressa. Meek, California Geol. Survey, Paleontology; vol. 1, p. 14,

pi. 2, figs. .7-7c. 

Carboniferous: Bass's ranch, Shasta County, Cal.

1865. Retzia subglobosa. McChesney, Illus. New Spec. Foss., pi. 1, fig. 1.

1866. Retzia Mormonii. Geinitz, Garb, und Dyas in Nebraska, p. 39, tab. 3, fig. 6.

Upper Coal Measures: Plattsmouth, Nebr. 

1868. Retzia punctulifera. McChesney, Chicago Acad. Sci. Trans., vol. 1, p. 32, pi. 1,

figs. la-c. (Date of imprint, 1867.) 

Upper Coal Measures limestone: Menard, Mason, Fulton, Peoria, Tazewell,

Knox, and Marshall counties, 111. 

1872. Retzia punctulifera. Meek,' U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska Final Rept., p. 181,

pi. 1, fig. 13; pi. 5, fig. 7.

Upper Coal Measures: Rock Bluff, Plattsmouth, and Nebraska City, Nebr. 

Coal Measures: Nebraska, Kansas, Illinois.

1874. Eumetria punctulifera. Derby, Cornell Univ. (Science) Bull., vol. 1, No. 2,

p. 4, pi. 8, figs. 4, 5, 7, 8, 10; pi. 9, fig. 3. 

Coal Measures: Bomjardim and Itaituba, Brazil, and Pichis River, Peru.

1875. Terebratula Mormonii. Marcou, Acad. Sci. St. Louis Trans., vol. 3, p. 252. 

1877. Retzia Mormonii. White, U. S." Geog. Surveys W. 100th Mer. Rept., vol. 4,

p. 141, pi. 10, figs. 7a-c. 

Carboniferous: Near Santa Fe, N. Mex., top of Grass Mountain, Ely Range,

30 miles north of Pioche, Nev. 

71883. Retzia compressa. Kayser, Richthofen's China, vol. 4, p. 176, pi. 22, figs. 1-4.

Upper Carboniferous: Lo-Ping, China. 

1884. Retzia radialis (pars). Walcott (non Phillips), U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 8, p. 220,

pi. 7, figs. 5f-h (not figf). 5-5e). 

Upper Carboniferous: Eureka district, Nev.
104 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

1884. Retzia Mormonii. White, Indiana Dept. Geology and Nat. Hist. Thirteenth

Ann. Kept., pt. 2, p. 136, pi. 35, figs: 10-12. 

Coal Measures: Indiana. 

1888. Retzia mormoni. Keyes, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 231. (Date

of imprint, 1889.) 

Lower Coal Measures: Des Moines, Iowa.

1893. Hustedia Mormoni. Hall and Clarke, New York Geol. Survey, Paleontology, 

vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 120, fig. 106.

1894. Hustedia Mormoni. Hall and Clarke, Introd. Study Brach., pt. 2, pi. 37, figs.

13-20. 

Coal Measures: Near Kansas City, Mo.

1894. Hustedia Mormoni. Hall and Clarke, New York State Geologist Thirteenth

Ann. Kept., for 1893, pi. 37, figs. 13-20. 

Coal Measures: Near Kansas City, Mo.

1895. Hustedia mormoni. Hall and Clarke, New York Geol. Survey, Paleontology,

vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 120, fig. 106; pi. 51, figs. 1-9. (Date of imprint, 1894.) 

Coal Measures: Near Kansas City, Mo.

1895. Retzia mormoni. Keyes, Missouri Geol. Survey, vol. 5, p. 95, pi. 41, figs. 2a-c.

(Date of imprint, 1894.) 

Upper Coal Measures: Kansas City and Lexington, Mo.

1896. Retzia radialis. Smith (non Phillips), Am. Philos. Soc. Proc., vol. 35, p. 241. 

Upper Coal Measures: Sebastian County, Ark., and Poteau Mountain, Okla.

1897. Retzia radialis. Smith (non Phillips), Leland Stanford Junior Univ. Pub.,

Contrib. Biology Hopkins Seaside Lab. No. 9, p. 31.

Upper Coal Measures: Sebastian County, Ark., and Poteau Mountain, Okla. 

1900. Hustedia mormoni. Beede, Kansas Univ. Geol. Survey, vol. 6, p. 103, pi. 9,

figs. 10, lOb-d, pi. 12, fig. 3.

1 Upper Coal Measures: Fort Scott, lola, Kansas City, Lawrence, Lecompton, 

Topeka, Beaumont, Kans.

1903. Hustedia mormoni. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 16, p. 411, pi. 7, figs.

12,12a, 13. 

Maroon formation: Crested Butte district, Colo.

1904. Hustedia mormoni. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 21, p. 53, pi. 11, 

figs. 19-21.

Pennsylvania!! (Naco limestone): Bisbee quadrangle, Ariz. 

1906. Hustedea mormoni. Woodruff, Nebraska Geol. Survey, vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 276.

Carboniferous: Weeping Water, Cedar Creek, Nehawka, and Red Bluff, Nebr.

This well-known species is found in many of the collections of the 

Wewoka formation, but it is rather rare, a specimen or two being the 

usual representation in each.

Meek states that each valve bears 14 to 15 (rarely 16 to 17) small 

costse and that the ventral valve shows traces of a sinus. The specimens seen exhibit greater variation in the number of plications, many 

having only 11 or 12 or even 10, and ranging from that number up to 

16. In some the sinus in the ventral valve is conspicuous; in others 

no sinus can be detected. Most of the specimens, however, have 

been more or less completely compressed, obliterating the sinus, if 

present, and making it difficult to count the plications.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2004).
FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA. 105

MOLLUSCA.

PEIECYPODA. 

Family GRAMMYSIID^.

Genus EDMONDIA De Koninck.

It is a little uncertain whether the American shells of which the two 

species described below are very characteristic really belong to De 

Koninck's genus. As Edmondia was originally defined it is certain 

that they do not. One important difference has to do with the 

lunule and another with the internal plate.

In his Latin description of Edmondia De Koninck described the 

shell as possessing a gaping lunule, and in his French description following he described the lunule as excavated. In Zittel's American 

textbook of paleontology the shell is said to be gaping in front, which 

is probably the idea that De Koninck wished to convey, rather than 

that it was actually lunulate. Hind takes the expression more literally, justly remarking "The figures show conclusively that there is no 

lunule, and no mention is made of this character in the amended 

diagnosis of 1885." 1 The same author adds that De Koninck professes to take Isocardia unioniformis Phillips as his type species of 

Edmondia but that he figured very different shells belonging to that 

species. ' ( But fortunately Phillips's shell undoubtedly belongs to the 

genus Edmondia and therefore may still be considered as the type of 

the genus."

With this conclusion of Hind's as to the type I can in nowise agree, 

for it is clear to me that the genotype is the species, whatever it may 

prove to be, to which the shells that De Koninck figured as Edmondia 

unioniformis actually belong. I may note in passing, however, that 

despite his remark above quoted and his repetition of it in substance in 

his discussion of E. unioniformis, Hind retains De Koninck's citation in 

the synonymy of that species. It would also appear from the passages above quoted that the character of the gaping anterior end was 

a wrong observation, whether the genus be founded upon E. unioniformis or on De Koninck's misidentified shell.

The other structure, however, which is apparently lacking in the 

American shells, is recognized as present by Hind also. He describes 

it thus: 2 "Casts show that there existed, posterior to the hinge 

plate, an internal ossicle, elongate, flattened, which was directed 

outwards and downwards into the cavity of the umbo." This structure I have never seen on any of our American Edmondias, but it is 

one which would be naturally difficult of observation and I may have 

overlooked it. Hind also describes the hinge as "edentulous, simple,

1 Hind, Wheelton, British Carboniferous Lamellibranchiata, vol. 1, p. 288, Paleontographical Soc.,1896- 

1900.

Idem, p. 287.
106 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

and erect, possessing a transverse, deeply situated, thickened ridge, 

separated from the edge of the valve by a smooth groove." Again, in 

describing the hinge plate of E. unioniformis, he remarks: 1 " The hinge 

is edentulous, with a deep, thick, vertical ridge of shell, and the flat 

expanded ossicle seen as a groove in casts." I confess that this is not 

at all clear to me and is not made more intelligible by his figures 

(PI. XXVII, figs. 16a, 16b). Furthermore, there is nothing in some 

very perfectly preserved American shells to which this description at all applies. The only structure of the kind which they show is 

a ligamental furrow formed by the thin projecting lower edge of the 

shell along the cardinal line, with a steplike rise a little farther back 

producing a narrow but well-marked shelf or groove for an external 

ligament. This structure is also mentioned by Hind and appears to 

be distinct from the one discussed above, which I can not recognize in 

American shells.

The American forms, of course, possess neither lunule nor escutcheon and, clearly, neither gape in front nor have an opening specially 

excavated at the end of the shell.

EDMONDIA OVATA Meek and Worthen. 

Plate XIV, figure 13.

1873. Edmondia ovata. Meek aiid Worthen, Illinois Geol. Survey, vol. 5, pi. 26, fig. 13. 

[Coal Measures: Illinois.]

1874. Edmondia ovata. Meek, Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 7, p. 580.

Shell of medium size, transversely ovate; width nearly twice, although distinctly less than twice, the height. Anterior outline regularly rounded. Ventral margin also regularly rounded, more gently 

in the middle than at the sides. Posterior margin about like the anterior but somewhat straightened above, so as to give this end of the shell 

a sub truncate appearance, meeting the cardinal border in an obscure, 

obtuse angle. Cardinal margin behind the beaks nearly straight. 

Convexity moderate, highest in the umbonal region. Shells somewhat compressed toward the posterior margin. Beaks rather prominent, situated about two-fifths of the width back from the front end.

Sculpture not well shown but seeming to consist of rather prominent lamellas arranged at regular and distant intervals with lamellose 

growth lines between. In one rather well preserved specimen the 

lamellae are more prominent near the anterior end than farther back.

This form resembles both E. ovata and E. subtruncata (which Meek 

suggests may be one and the same species), differing from the latter in 

just the characters by which Meek says that the two forms are to be 

distinguished, if at all. It is more transverse than E. subtruncata, 

with the beak slightly more central and the anterior extremity fuller

1 Op. cit., p. 293.
PELECYPODA. 107

above under the beak. It is perhaps a little more truncate behind 

than the type specimen of E. ovata.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2004).

EDMONDIA GIBBOSA McCoy ? 

Plate XIV, figure 12.

1844. Astarte gibbosa. McCoy, Syn. Garb. Foss. Ireland, p. 55, pi. 8, fig. 11.

Carboniferous: Ireland. 

1866. Astarte gibbosa. Geinitz, Garb, und Dyas in Nebraska, p. 16, pi. 1, figs. 23, 24.

Carboniferous: Plattsmouth, Nebr.

1903. Edmondia gibbosa. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 16, p. 447, pi. 9, 

figs. 7-9.

Rico formation: San Juan region, Colo."

Cisco group: Graham, Young County, Tex. 

1909. Edmondia gibbosa. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 389, p. 73.

Abo sandstone: Sandia Mountains, Abo Canyon, and Mesa del Yeso, N. Mex.

Yeso formation: Blackinton's ranch, N. Mex.

Shell rather small, subcircular. Shape transverse, about ono and 

one-fourth times "as wide as high; greatest height posterior to the 

middle. Anterior extremity rounded, most prominent above the 

middle. Basal outline regularly rounded, slightly diverging posteriorly with the cardinal line. The latter is nearly straight. The posterior outline is broadly curved, subrectilinear above, giving this portion a truncate effect. Posterior superior angle fairly distinct. Convexity moderate. Beaks prominent.

Surface marked by rather closely and regularly arranged concentric lamellae.

This is clearly the same species as the shell from the Cisco formation 

of Texas which I figured as Edmondia gilibosa in 1903. Representatives of the same species occur in the present collection from the same 

formation and the same general locality.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005 and 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station

2004).

Family NTJCTJLIDJE.

The Nuculidse and Ledidse have sometimes been included by 

authors in a single family and it seems difficult to frame definitions 

of the two groups which will be mutually exclusive. Verrill and 

Bush say i 1

The family Nuculidse differs from Ledidae mainly in having no siphon tubes, the mantle edges being completely disunited. The Ledidse are remarkable for the great variations in the structure of the hinge teeth, ligament, cartilage, and mantle, as well as in 

the form of the shell.

1 Am. Jour. Sci., 4th ser., vol. 3, p. 52,1897.
108 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

On page 59, they define the two families as follows:

(Nuculidse D'Orb.) Shell not gaping, short-ovate, subtrigonal, or rounded; posterior 

end without a rostrum; beaks usually curved backward; no siphon tubes nor pallial 

sinus.

(Ledidae.) Shell ovate, oblong or lanceolate; posterior end generally the longer and 

usually more or less rostrated; siphon tubes and pallial sinus generally present.

In the American edition of Zittel/s textbook of paleontology (p. 363) 

the families are defined as follows:

Shell compact, closed, with the teeth in two series meeting below the umbones, separated by a chondrophore; area represented by an obscure lunule and escutcheon; no 

ligament, but a wholly internal, amphidetic, alivincular resilium; internal layer of 

shell nacreous; mantle lobes free, without siphons; pallial line simple. (Nuculidse.)

Shell as in the Nuculidae, but elongated with the ligament variable, the resilium 

sometimes external or absent, the internal shell layer subnacreous or porcellanous, the 

ends of the shell partly gaping; the mantle lobes more or less united; with complete, 

sometimes elongate siphons; pallial line usually sinuated. (Ledidse.)

To the Ledidae I have referred shells from the fauna under consideration which represent the genera Leda and Yoldia. Those referred 

to Leda would be excluded from the Ledidae by a strict application of 

the Zittel definition, because they are distinctly closed all around 

instead of gaping. The Yoldias, however, gap at both ends and both 

types are characterized by being transversely elongated and by having 

the beaks directed toward the long end which is posterior. This 

assignment does not contradict Verrill and Bush's definition either of 

the Ledidse or of the genus Leda.

To the Nuculidae I am referring shells which belong to Nucula and 

to the two new groups Nuculopsis and Anthraconeilo. In all three 

groups the beaks point toward the short side, differing in this respect 

from the Ledidae (of the same fauna), but in Nuculopsis they are 

directed forward toward the short side, whereas in the two other groups 

they are directed backward toward the short side.

Nuculopsis has an external ligament, a character which, under 

Zittel's definition, would debar it from the Nuculidae but would bring 

it within the special subfamily (the Glominae) made by Verrill and Bush 

for shells having an elongated ligament, which is partly external. Moreover, in Glomus, the only representative of the Glominae, the beaks are 

directed forward. In its general characters Nuculopsis more strongly 

resembles Nucula, to which genus the typical species has uniformly 

been referred, than it does Leda and Yoldia, and, as just pointed out, 

it can without much incongruity be included in a division of the Nuculidae. On the other hand, it appears to be more closely allied to Malletia and Tindaria; especially the latter, than to Glomus, and those 

two genera are members of the Ledidae. It may well be, therefore, 

that Nuculopsis really belongs in the Tindarinae of the Ledidae, the 

determining factor,, perhaps, residing in the soft parts (the presence or 

absence of siphon tubes) the character of which will never be known.
PELECYPODA. , 109

In the entirely external position of the ligament and in the.transverse 

and arcuate instead of oblique and straight teeth Nuculopsis differs 

from Glomus. . . Anthraconeilo differs from Nucula chiefly by being very transverse 

and extended instead of compact, possessing in fact more the shape of 

the Ledidas with the essential characters of Nucula. To some extent 

also the dentition of Anthraconeilo is peculiar. Its shape would exclude it from the Nuculidse as defined, but its relations seem to be 

clearly with that group. It may in fact be only a subgenus of Nucula.

Genus NUCULA Lamarck.

Conchologists generally have failed to find adequate differences 

between the Paleozoic shells representing Nucula and Leda and the 

typical living representatives of those genera. Recently Williams 

and Breger have sought to distinguish a group under the title Nuculoidea which would include most of the Paleozoic Nuculas. The only 

differentiating character of this new genus seems to be the absence of 

denticulations along the margins of the shell, a character which is 

present in many of the modern species. I am informed, however, that 

this character is absent in many living species also; that in some species it is present or absent at different stages of growth, and that it is 

regarded by conchologists as a practical group character but no more. 

Accordingly it does not seem advisable to use Nuculoidea, although all 

the representatives both of the Nuculidae and Ledidse discussed in this 

paper are without denticulate margins.

The evidence for separating the Paleozoic Ledas seems rather more 

cogent than that for separating'the Nuculas. It is doubtful whether 

the character of the pallial line is a practicable one for this purpose, 

for it is so seldom distinctly preserved in fossil shells. Of course, the 

typical Leda has a pallial sinus, and shells in which the pallial line is 

entire could not with propriety be referred to the same genus. Nevertheless some authors have described fossil lediform shells as having a 

simple pallia! line. The most persistent character available for differentiating the Paleozoic forms is an internal prominence or ridge passing diagonally from the beaks toward the longer end. This seems a 

trivial character and its significance is not understood, but it appears 

to be regularly present in the Paleozoic Ledas and absent from the living ones. Upon this prominence in the umbonal region is situated a 

rather well marked scar, which has no analogy in the living shells 

except in the less localized points of attachment of the mantle and 

with these this scar may provisionally be correlated. I may mention 

that in both the Ledas and Nuculas which enter into the present fauna 

the chondrophore seems not to interrupt the line of denticles but to 

be situated below it. My specimens are not entirely unambiguous 

in this regard and since a number of authors have described species
110 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

(not, however, the same that are discussed here) as having these features arranged in a normal way it seems probable that my specimens

are misleading.

NUCULA WEWOKANA Girty.

. Plate XIII, figures 6-8.

1911. Nucula wewokana. Girty, New York Acad. Sci. Annals, vol. 21, p. 131. 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Coalgate quadrangle, Okla.

Shell small, triangular; width slightly though distinctly greater 

than the height. Beaks set well toward the posterior end, toward 

which they more or less distinctly point. The convexity is high. 

The cardinal and posterior ends are abruptly flattened or depressed 

into a usually well defined escutcheon and lunule. The ventral border is regularly rounded. The anterior and cardinal lines are straight 

or gently convex according as the lunule and escutcheon are flat or 

project somewhat from the abrupt infolding of the shell along the two 

edges. The anterior end is strongly rounded; the posterior is subangular.

The surface is finely, sharply, and regularly striated.

This is a rare species in the collection, only 12 specimens having 

come to hand. They show differences among themselves but in general correspond to the description above. In the very gibbous specimen represented by figure 8, Plate XIII, the lunule and escutcheon 

are sharply defined and the shape is more deltoid than that of shells in 

which the inflected portion, less strongly and abruptly bent, projects 

farther beyond the line of flexure.

Nucula wewokana is related to N. parva McChesney, with which, 

in fact, I at first identified it. It differs, to judge by the figures of 

McChesney and of Meek and Worthen,.in being less transverse and in

having the shell at the posterior or shorter end less strongly projecting. N. wewokana is also very similar in outline to N. pulchetta Beede 

and Rogers, but N. pulcheUa is said not to have a distinct lunule and 

the posterior end seems to be abruptly truncated. In the present 

species the shell projects a little, so that the outline at this end-is 

usually gently convex and is formed by the edge of the shell, whereas 

in N. pulchella it is straight and is formed by the angle of flexure, 

which either overarches the margin or is coincident with it when 

viewed from above.

These little shells vary more or less owing to what may be called 

individual peculiarities, and slight inaccuracies of enlargement give 

them rather strongly different appearances. It may be that all these 

species and possibly also the one which Meek and Worthen identify as 

N. 'beyrichii will eventually be united, but it does not seem advisable 

to unite them at present.
PELECYPODA. Ill

Horizon and locality. -Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005 and 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (stations 

2001 and 7193).

NUCULA ANODONTOiDES Meek ?*

Plate XIII, figures 1-5.

1871. Nucula anodontoides. Meek, West Virginia Univ. Regents Third Ann. Kept.,

Appendix B, p. 71.

Coal Measures: Monongalia County, W. Va. 

1897. Nucula ventricosa. Hind, British Garb. Lamellibranchiata, vol. 1 (Paleontogr.

Soc., vol. 51), p. 180, pi. 14, figs. 16, 16a. 

Coal Measures: Oakwood, Vermilion County, 111.

As this species is known only from Meek's first description, and as 

that description is given in a work that is rare and hard to come at, I 

quote it in full as follows:

. Shell ovate, ventricose, the greatest convexity being in the umbonal region; posterior side short, faintly sub truncate vertically at the immediate extremity; basal 

margin semielliptical in outline; cardinal margin nearly straight externally, equaling 

about half the length of the valves, carinate at the extremities; anterior side rather 

long, very narrowly rounded in the middle of the extremity, to which point the basal 

margin rounds up rather gradually, and the anterior dorsal edge slopes obliquely from 

the edge of the hinge; beaks moderately prominent, convex, incurved without very 

distinct obliquity, and located about halfway between the middle and the posterior 

side; umbonal slopes, both before and behind, subangular, in consequence of the 

presence of a lunule and escutcheon-tike impression, of which that on the anterior or 

longer side is larger, being usually continued nearly or quite to the extremity of that 

side. Surface smooth, or only showing under a magnifier very obscure lines of growth.

Length of the largest specimen, 0.57 inch; height, 0.40 inch; convexity, 0.30 inch. 

Some of the other specimens are proportionably more convex.

I have described the shorter side as the posterior of this shell, which, of course, would 

probably be incorrect if it is not a true Nucula. Although I only know from some of 

the imperfect specimens that it has a rather coarsely crenate hinge, there can be little 

doubt that it has an internal ligament, and thus differs from Tellinomya and other 

Paleozoic types that have been separated under other names, since the dorsal margin 

of the valves can be seen to fit closely all the way along, so as to show no traces of an 

external ligament. It has not the physiognomy of the typical modern Nuculas, but 

looks externally like a miniature Anodon. It seems to be closely allied to N. Bey-- 

richi V. Schauer, from the Permian of Germany, but is larger, more robust, more nearly 

smooth, and differs in the lunule-like impressions before and behind the beaks.

Locality and position. Just below the Mahoning sandstone, Monongalia County, 

W. Va. Coal Measures.

The fossils under discussion are rather rare, though most of the 

collections contain one or more specimens. The shape may be described as transversely subovate; less commonly sub triangular. 

The average specimen is under 14 millimeters in width. The ventral 

border is rather regularly convex, contracting with the gently curved

1 Some American citations of Nuculopsis ventricosa, in whole or in part, probably belong in the synonymy 

of the form here provisionally referred to N. anodontoides. It is impossible from the literature to be sure 

whether some of the specimens described belong to one form or to the other or to both.
112 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

hinge line toward the longer or anterior end. The ends are regularly 

rounded, the anterior more narrowly than the posterior. The beaks 

are rather prominent, directed toward the shorter (posterior) side 

and situated about midway between the middle of the shell and the 

posterior extremity. The convexity is rather high. The lunule and 

escutcheon are fairly well defined in some specimens but are nearly 

obsolete in others.

The surface is marked by fine, regular, closely arranged, concentric 

striae.

The dentition is not well shown by the Wewoka specimens, but the 

teeth appear to be about 17 in number, gradually diminishing in 

size from either end toward the beak. About 10 may be called 

anterior teeth and 7 posterior. A chondrophore is probably present, but it appears to lie below the range of denticles and does not 

interrupt them. There are the usual large anterior and posterior 

adductor scars, with two pairs of pedal scars, one pair between the 

beak and the anterior and the other between the beak and the 

posterior adductors.

Without specimens or figures and with only the description to go 

by, it is, of course, uncertain that this is Meek's Nucula anodontoides, 

but certainly these shells agree closely with his description.

This form resembles more or less closely Meek's figures of N. beyrichi 

and N. ventricosa, given in his Nebraska report, and also Gemitz's 

identification of N. beyrichi. It is possible that one or another of 

these will find place in the present synonymy.

In the collections under discussion Nucula anodontoides? occurs 

associated with Nuculopsis ventricosa, and although the two are 

believed to be very unlike both in specific and generic characters, 

some specimens can not be referred with certainty to one species or 

the other. This uncertainty generally exists as to young specimens 

and those whose characters have been more or less obscured or altered. 

As to characteristic examples no doubt can arise. N. ventricosa has a 

more concave outline beneath the beaks, making a more pointed or 

nasute extremity. It has a well-marked constriction and emargination on the short end, .a less distinct lunule and escutcheon, a smooth or 

coarsely and irregularly instead of finely and regularly striated surface, and, of course, a ligamental furrow behind the beaks a fact 

which changes the entire orientation of the shell. I have also found 

difficulty in separating what may be young specimens of this species 

from N.- wewokana. The less transverse and nondeltoid shape of the 

latter, with its more distinct lunule and escutcheon, can generally be 

relied on to distinguish it.

In the description cited above it will be noticed that Meek states 

that N. anodontoides is closely allied to N. beyrichi. It is not sur-
PELECYPODA. 113

prising, therefore, that the shells which I am here identifying with the 

former species resemble more or less closely Meek's figures of the latter 

given in his Nebraska report,1 and also Geinitz's identification of N. 

beyrichi based on American specimens. On page 1191 have pointed out 

that authors may have referred two distinct forms to Nucula ventricosa 

of Hall, and it is possible that some of the citations of the latter species 

as well as of N. beyrichiwill find place in the synonymy of N.anodontoides.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005 and 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (stations 

2001,2004, and 7193).

Genus ANTHRACONEILO Girty. 

1911. Anthraconeilo. Girty, New York Acad. Sci. Annals, vol. 21, p. 131.

The sheUs included under this title are rather large, strongly transverse, very inequilateral, and considerably produced anteriorly. 

The beaks point toward the shorter side. The shell is closed all 

around. The dentition is taxodont, with a great many small teeth 

on the anterior side and a few large .teeth on the posterior. A chondrophore is probably present, but was not observed. The anterior 

and posterior scars are large. Probably two other smaller scars are 

situated near the hinge, one in front and the other behind the beak, 

between it and the anterior and posterior scars. The pallial line is 

apparently entire or with only an obscure sinus. If a sinus is 

really present the orientation here employed should be reversed; the 

long side would then be posterior and the beaks would point forward, 

toward the short side. The sculpture consists of fine regular concentric striae.

This type in general appearance is intermediate between Nucula and 

Leda. From Nucula it differs in its transverse shape and produced 

anterior extremity. From' Leda it differs in having the beak directed 

toward the short side, which is probably posterior, as in Nucula. The 

muscle scars seem to be much as I have observed them in L. bellistriata (see p. 124), but there is no oblique internal ridge crossing the 

umbonal region, and the arrangement of the teeth, chiefly to one side 

of the beak, is conspicuously different.

Anthraconeilo also much resembles Paleoneilo, but differs from it in 

lacking an external ligament and in being without the sinus developed 

in the inferior contour and in the lines of sculpture. The latest species 

which can with safety be referred to Paleoneilo occur in the early 

Mississippian.

From Yoldia, Anthraconeilo differs in not gaping behind and in 

having the beak directed toward the shorter side.

1 U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska Final Kept., 1872, pi. 10, figs. 18,19, the latter being copied from Geinitz. 

37003° Bull. 544 15 8
114 FAUNA OP WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

 In addition to the type species described beyond as Anthraconeilo 

taffiana, there can probably be transferred to this group three species 

that are now included under Yoldia Y. carlonaria, Y. knoxensis, 

and Y. oweni. The last two differ from Yoldia and agree with 

Anthraconeilo in having the beaks turned toward the short side of the 

, shell, and their inclusion in Anthraconeilo is therefore regarded as 

probably correct. The transfer of Y. carlonaria is more doubtful* 

since it seems presumptuous to suppose that so excellent a conchologist as Meek would assign to Yoldia a shell in which the beaks pointed 

toward the short side, and if they point toward the long side Y. carbonaria is clearly not a representative of Anthraconeilo. Even if the 

beaks point toward the long side, however, I should somewhat doubt 

the correctness of Meek's reference to Yoldia on account of the convexity of the shell and the prominence of the beaks. 

Type species. Anthraconeilo taffiana.

ANTHEACONEILO TAFFIANA Girty. 

Plate XV, figures 9-13.

1911. Anthraconeilo taffiana. Girty, New York Sci. Annals, vol. 21, p. 132. 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Goalgate quadrangle, Okla.

Shell rather large, transverse. Width nearly twice the height. 

Shape subelliptical. Posterior end strongly and symmetrically 

rounded. Dorsal border long, rectilinear. Ventral border convex, 

more strongly curved toward the posterior end, subrectilinear anteriorly. Anterior end produced, more or less symmetrical, somewhat 

truncated at the narrow extremity. Greatest height about one-third 

the shell length in front of the posterior margin. Convexity rather 

high, chiefly situated in the posterior third of the shell; compressed 

anteriorly, somewhat compressed near the posterior margin as well. 

Beak small, strongly incurved, pointing toward the short end of the 

shell. ' .--,

Surface not well shown but in many specimens apparently smooth. 

A few shells are marked by regular, closely arranged concentric 

striae, and many show more prominent irregularities of growth.

The dentition consists of about 6 large posterior teeth and about 

30 small anterior teeth. An interval beneath the beak is probably 

occupied by a number of additional teeth of small size.

There is the usual complement of large muscle scars, one anterior 

and one posterior, situated near the dorsal border. Apparently a 

small elongate scar occurs between the anterior adductor and the 

beak, close to the cardinal line. Possibly a corresponding scar occurs 

also between the beak and the posterior adductor. This arrangement is, therefore, very much as I have observed it in Leda lellistriata, 

but of the curved oblique internal ridge in the umbonal region with its
PELECYPODA. 115

attachment (?) scar no equivalent structure h as been observed in the 

present form. The shell is considerably thickened between the beak 

and the large posterior adductor, however, causing a deep excavation 

in internal molds, sharply defining the anterior boundary of the scar. 

The pallial line appears to be entire, or with a faint deflection in the 

anterior portion. It has not been clearly seen in that portion.

This species is related to Yoldia oweni McChesney, and I was 

for a time disposed to think that it might be the same. Its different shape, smooth surface, lack of a constriction, and smaller 

number of teeth, however, seem to show that it is distinct. Of 

the two other species of "Yoldia" provisionally included under 

Anihraconeilo, A. taffiana is probably most similar to A. carbonaria, 

whose assignment to this group is most in doubt. It differs from 

the latter in being not quite so transverse and in having the short 

side not quite so projecting. Of course if A. carbonaria is a true 

Yoldia, or at least if it has the beaks directed toward the long 

side, the generic relations are altogether different. A. Jcnoxensis is a 

smaller form with larger and more prominent umbones and a differently shaped and less projecting posterior extremity. A direct comparison of specimens will be desirable to demonstrate conclusively 

the independence as a distinct species of A. taffiana, but I felt disposed to assume importance for the differences pointed out and a distinct specific entity for the present form because I was making it the 

type of a new generic (or subgeneric) group.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005, 2006, and 2010); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. 

(stations 2001 and 2004).

Genus NTJCULOPSIS Girty. 

.1911. Nuculopsis. Girty, New York Acad. Sci. Annals, vol. 21, p. 133.

Much confusion exists in the writings of paleontologists as to the 

orientation of shells of the Nucuhdse and Ledidse. The general practice seems to have been to describe these shells as if they were normal 

in their construction, with the beak turned toward the shorter anterior end, whereas, as a general rule, the beaks in these forms are 

reversed, pointing to the posterior instead of to the anterior side. 

Furthermore, the long as well as the short side may be anterior, 

according as the subject belongs to one genus or to another.

In fact to determine the orientation of these shells is a matter of no 

small difficulty without the soft parts, and of course the soft parts are 

not known in the fossil condition. If an external ligament is present, 

it is fairly safe to consider its position as posterior (opisthodetic), and 

if a sinus is developed in the pallial line, the end of the shell on which 

it is found may be called the posterior side. Even if this character
116 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

could readily be determined in fossil shells the fact would still remain 

that many forms have no external ligament and no pallial sinus. In 

the case of such species the only course seems to be to depend on their 

zoologic affinities and their modern analogies.

There are, it is evident, only four possible conditions in regard to 

the position and direction of the beak: (a) Beaks turned toward the 

short side which is anterior; (&) beaks turned toward the short side 

which is posterior; (c) beaks turned toward the long side which is 

anterior, and (d) beaks turned toward the long side which is posterior. All these conditions save (c), in which the beaks are turned 

toward the long side which is anterior, seem to occur among the 

Nuculoid and Ledoid shells. To the first group, which represents the 

condition usually found in pelecypod shells, belong such forms as 

Malletia, Tindaria, and the genus here described as Nuculopsis. In 

this group the beaks are directed forward and the anterior side is the 

short side of the shell.

Nucula itself shows a reversal of two general rules that the beaks 

point forward and that the short side is anterior for the short side is 

posterior and the beak points toward it. The same condition is 

probably also found in Anthraconeilo.

In Leda and Yoldia, as in Nucula, the beaks point backward instead 

of forward, but in these groups the orientation is normal, the short 

rounded side being anterior and the contracted elongated side posterior.

The present genus is based on Nucula ventricosa of Hall and is distinguished from Nucula primarily because, though the beaks.point 

toward the short side of the shell, that side is not posterior but anterior. This fact is determined by the occurrence of a ligamental groove 

or area along the hinge margin on the long side of the shell. Though

varying in distinctness, traces of this structure appear in nearly all 

the numerous specimens examined. It is, therefore, a real and persistent character of the species and is hardly open to any other interpretation than that which I have put upon it. The existence of this 

structure then, which has no homologue in Nucula, and its almost 

definitive importance in determining that the long side instead of the 

short side of the shell is posterior, constitute the most important differences from that genus.

The shape is more elliptical than triangular and the long side is 

rather produced for Nucula itself. The beaks are conspicuously 

turned toward the shorter side. The typical species has a distinct 

though ill-defined and narrow constriction near the anterior extremity. The lunule and escutcheon are poorly defined. The surface is generally almost smooth. On the interior there are the usual 

large posterior and anterior adductors, in addition to which between 

those scars and the beaks a third and fourth pair of muscular imprints
PELECYPODA. 117

can be seen. The dentition consists of a continuous series of taxodont denticles, not apparently interrupted by a chondrophore. The 

anterior teeth are few and large, the posterior teeth numerous and 

diminishing in size toward the beak, where they seem to end abruptly 

against the large anterior teeth. A chondrophore is almost certainly 

present, but, unlike the structure of living shells, it seems to be situated within and below the row of cardinal teeth without extending to 

the beak and forming an interruption to them. This can not, however, be positively asserted.

Nuculopsis, in point of its most significant character, the external 

ligament, is suggestive of Glomus and of Malletia and -Tindaria, particularly the latter. Indeed, it is difficult to point out important characters unmistakably ascertained, by which Nucula ventricosa should 

be excluded from Tindaria. Feeling that there is a certain improbability in the occurrence of an isolated species in the Carboniferous 

belonging to a genus which is otherwise known only in Tertiary and 

recent faunas, I have attached importance to the fact that (1) the 

beaks are strongly anterior instead of subcentral; (2) the test is 

massive and the umbones prominent; (3) the structure which simulates a chondrophore, but which is situated below the row of teeth 

instead of across it, has no analogue in Tindaria; (4) the pallial line 

is entire (?). Only certain of these characters mark differences between Nuculopsis and Tindaria; others'mark those between the 

former genus and Malletia.

NUCULOPSIS VENTEICOSA Hall.

Plate XV, figures 1-8.

185$. Nucula ventricosa. Hall, Kept. Geol. Survey Iowa, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 716, pi. 29,

figs. 4, 5a, 5b. . . ^ 

Coal Measures: [Iowa]. 

1872. Nucula ventricosa. Meek, U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska Final Kept., p. 204,

pi. 10, figs. 17a-c.

Upper Coal Measures: Nebraska City and Rock Bluff, Nebr. 

Lower Coal Measures: West Virginia.

Coal Measures: Illinois. . 

1882. Nucula ventricosa. White, Indiana Geol. Survey Eleventh Ann. Bept., p. 371,

pi. 42, figs. 9, 10.

Coal Measures: Sullivan County, Ind. 

1884. Nucula ventricosa. White, Indiana Geol. Survey Thirteenth Ann. Kept., p. 146,

pi. 27, figs. 9, 10.

Coal Measures: Sullivan County, Ind. 

1888. Nucula ventricosa. Keyes, Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci. Proc., p. 233.

Lower Coal Measures: Des Moines, Iowa. 

1895. Nucula ventricosa. Keyes, Missouri Geol. Survey, vol. 5, p. 121, pi. 45,

figs. 3a, 3b. (Date of imprint, 1894.) 

Lower Coal Measures: Clinton, Mo. 

Upper Coal Measures: Kansas City and Gentry, Mo. "
118 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

1896. Nucula ventricosa. Smith, Am. Phllos.. Soc. Proc., vol. 35, p. 245. 

Lower Coal Measures: Conway County, Ark.

1897. Nucula ventricosa. Smith, Leland Stanford Junior Univ. Pub., Contrib. Biology Hopkins Seaside Lab. No. 9, p. 35. 

Lower Coal Measures: Conway County, Ark. 

1900. Nucula ventricosa. Beede, Kansas Univ. Geol. Survey, vol. 6, p. 150, pi. 22,

figs. 9, 9b. 

Upper Coal Measures: Kansas City, Bosedale, Turner, Topeka, Grand Summit,

Kans. . . 1903. Nucula ventricosa? Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 16, p. 441. 

Weber formation?: Leadville district, Colo.

Shell rather large, transversely elliptical, very ventricose. Beaks 

large, prominent, strongly incurved, and directed toward the short 

side of the shell. A narrow, ill-defined but usually distinct constriction can be seen near the ventral margin near the anterior end. 

This -end is more or less nasute owing to the outline being strongly 

retracted above under the beak and somewhat emarginate below as 

a result of the constriction. Ventral margin more or less sigmoidal, 

strongly convex in its posterior portion with the small sinus or emargination toward the front as just described. Posterior end abruptly 

rounded, the extreme projection being above the median line. Dorsal border gently arcuate, somewhat elevated above the umbonal 

ridge which lies near the cardinal border. The anterior end below 

the beaks is slightly concave, but the lunule is at best ill defined and, 

there is no distinguishable escutcheon.. Just back of the beaks, however, the shell is excavated along the margin into linear grooves, one 

on either valve, for an external ligament.

The surface is generally smooth but is sometimes marked by a 

few fault concentric striae. Many specimens have a few larger and 

deeper incremental striae, especially toward the margin.

On the interior there are the usual large anterior and posterior 

adductors, the latter situated near the cardinal line and close to the 

posterior margin. Slightly above and anterior to the posterior scar 

is another somewhat smaller scar which in some specimens is clearly 

duplicate, one portion being more deeply impressed than the rest. 

In a few individuals a fourth scar, rather large, but not deeply impressed, can be seen between the beaks and the anterior adductor.

The dentition is fairly well shown by the specimens, though certain 

details remain still in doubt. Apparently the posterior teeth extend 

quite to the beak, gradually diminishing hi size until the final ones 

are very diminutive. Under the beak the posterior teeth meet the 

anterior ones, which do not show a corresponding diminution hi size 

and are therefore much larger than those which abut against them. 

I think there can be no reasonable doubt that a chondrophore is present, but, unlike the chondrophore of living nuculoids it does not 

extend to the beaks, thus interrupting the dentition, but is interior
PELECYPODA. 119

to the row of teeth which surrounds the margin, and at a somewhat 

lower level. I can not be absolutely certain that this difference, 

which has been observed also in Leda bellistriata, really exists, but 

such are the indications. There appear to be 6 or 7, or in some specimens possibly only 5, large anterior teeth. The posterior teeth number 17 to 19, but owing to the minute size of those beneath the 

beaks, they can not be readily counted and usually only 14 or 15 are 

clearly shown.

In the Wewoka formation this species occurs associated with a 

true Nucula of somewhat similar aspect and perhaps the same association is found in Nebraska, Indiana, and elsewhere. If so, a certain amount of confusion may have been introduced into the synonymy, for I have been unable to satisfy myself from the descriptions 

and figures that all of the citations really belong here. Authors seem

not to have observed, or at least to have recorded, the characters by 

which I conceive this species to be distinguished the ligamental 

grooves, the usually almost smooth surface, the projecting and sharply 

rounding anterior extremity, the little constriction at the anterior 

end, and the strongly convex ventral border back of the middle. 

Thanks to the courtesy of the American Museum of Natural History 

I have been able to examine the types of Hall's Nucula ventricosa. 

They are clearly conspecific with one another and with the form here 

under consideration. lii the bivalve specimen the ligamental groove 

and the constriction are not so well marked as in some of those from 

the Wewoka formation; still, they are present. In the single (left) 

valve the ligamental groove is somewhat, and the constriction considerably, more marked than in the other. The chondrophore is not 

shown.

Without one exception the remaining citations have been retained 

in the synonymy, although it is probable that some of them, wholly 

or in part, belong elsewhere. The other form, if two really are involved, should be compared with that identified in the present report 

as N. anodontoides. In fact the only citation about which I do not 

feel considerable doubt is that of Keyes (1895). Meek apparently 

had characteristic specimens from Illinois 1 for he compares them with 

the English shell'' N. tumida " ( = N. giblosa) which has the peculiarities of expression of N. ventricosa as here defined. Yet Meek regards 

his Nebraska shell (which, I suspect, is a true Nucula) as the same 

species. He also suggests that Nucula beyrichi? of the same report 

may be conspecific with N. ventricosa.

The only citation which I have withdrawn from the synonymy of 

Nuculopsis ventricosa is that of Hind in 1897. He figures a specimen 

from Illinois to show how it differs from the English species N. giblosa

1 Meek, F. B., U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska Final Kept., p. 205,1872.
120 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

and his figures seem convincing. But typical N. ventricosa has just 

the form of N. gibbosa, and if Hind's specimen is distinct from the 

latter, it is also distinct from the former. It seems to agree, moreover, with the form here called N. anodontoides, and to that synonymy 

have I removed his reference.

Regarding N. ventricosa Hall and N. giblosa Fleming, Meek 1 states 

that no satisfactory differences were observed; and a resemblance 

extremely close seems to exist between the shell here under discussion, which is typical ventricosa, and the figures which Hind gives of 

N. gibbosa. Although, as already noted, Hind regards the two 

species as distinct, offering for a comparison figures of a specimen 

from Illinois which he-has received under the name of N. ventricosa 

Hall, and although I am satisfied that Hind's figures depict two distinct shells, I am also fairly satisfied that his figures of the American 

specimen do not appertain to typical Nuculopsis ventricosa. If it can 

be shown that the other characters are in agreement, it seems probable 

that both types belong to the same species, for no distinctive characters can be found, in the configuration at least.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

(stations 2005, 2006, and 2010); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (stations 2001, 2004, and 7193).

Family LEDIDJE.

The only genera occurring in our American Carboniferous which can 

be placed with the Ledidse are Leda, Yoldia, and Paleoneilo, the last 

named being restricted in its occurrence to lower Mssissippian and 

older horizons. The shells described under Nuculites are probably 

referable to other genera (Astartella and Paleoneilo). In the Pennsylvanian, therefore, the only representatives of this family belong to 

Leda and Yoldia. These two genera have a unity of expression that is 

quite lacking in the living representatives of the family, which present 

much greater variety and, in some of their modifications, show radical 

departures from the typical species.

The Carboniferous Ledas and Yoldias are very closely related to the 

living members of those genera, and their essential identity has usually 

been conceded. The excellent material representing these genera 

from the Wewoka formation has perhaps brought to light more differences than were supposed to exist. In the first place it seems 

probable that the chondrophore of these ancient shells differed from 

that of their living congeners in its relation to the dentition, for the 

denticles appear to constitute a single continuous series passing 

across the cardinal margin of the shell under the beak, the chondrophore being situated below them and not dividing them into two 

series, as it does in the living forms. This structure is not unmis-

>Meek, F. B.,loc.cit.
PELEC^PODA. 121

takably shown by any of the specimens, but it is suggested by a number of them in several genera, not only hi this family-but in the 

Nuculidse. Some difference also is found hi the muscle scars. Leda 

lellistriata has large, deep anterior and posterior adductor scars, and 

hi addition two pedal scars, one between the beak and the anterior 

adductor and the other between the beak and the posterior adductor. 

These smaller scars are found in the living shells also and are the 

points of attachment for muscles which extrude and draw back the 

foot. A fifth pair of scars is situated hi the umbonal region. It 

is not certain that the, living forms have anything exactly analogous to this. Many of them show hi the umbonal region scattered 

depressed points irregular in number and distribution, which are 

not properly muscle scars, but points of attachment of the mantle to 

the shells. Similar markings occur in the Paleozoic forms algo, and 

doubtless they had a similar origin. The structure observed hi Leda 

leHistriata may be a localized and intensified manifestation of the 

same tendency, but it has more the appearance of a true muscle 

scar. If so, however, its function would be somewhat problematic. In 

Yoldia glabra the anterior adductor scars have not been observed, 

though by analogy they may be assumed to be present. Owing to "the 

shell being thinner hi this group, the muscular imprints are naturally 

legs deep and distinct. On the other hand, the posterior auxiliary 

scar hi Y. glabra seems to be double, consisting of a large elongate 

scar and a small compact one. So many points of muscular attachment are not known hi the living Ledas and Yoldias.

As already noted, the two Pennsylvanian representatives of the 

family are very similar, both comprising transverse shells with beaks 

conspicuously pointed backward toward the long side of the shell, 

which is contracted and more or less pointed or attenuate. Yoldia, 

however, is distinguished from Leda by having a thin instead of thick 

shell, by being compressed instead of strongly convex, by having 

small instead of prominent beaks, by lacking a distinct umbonal 

ridge, and by being agape instead of closed at the posterior end.

If such distinguishing features are,accepted,' some of our Carboniferous Yoldias must without question be referred to other genera. 

Among the alien forms appear to be Y. Jcnoxensis, Y. oweni, Y. rushensis, and Y. carbonaria. The first two, not only on account of 

their convexity and the prominence of their beaks, but especially 

because their beaks point toward the short end of the shell, can safely 

be removed from Yoldia. Provisionally, I am placing them with 

Anthraconeilo. The same disposition can be made of Y. carbonaria, 

though with much less certainty. Meek describes it as more convex 

than Y. stevensoni, a typical Yoldia in expression at least, but he 

does not mention the end toward which the beaks are directed. 

From his figure this would appear to be the short end. At all events,
122 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

the general appearance of this shell seems to ally it with Anthraconeilo (Meek compares it with Paleoneilo) rather than with Yoldia. 

Y. rusJiensis, though almost certainly not a Yoldia, can not be disposed of so readily as the other forms. The shell is inflated and the 

beaks large and prominent. The general expression is suggestive of 

Nuculopsis, but the beaks are distinctly stated to be directed toward 

the long side of the shell. The dentition is not known, and. it may 

prove to be nuculoid or something entirely different. If nuculoid, I 

should expect that Y. rusJiensis would prove to be representative of 

a new genus resembling Yoldia, but differing in configuration and 

doubtless in other particulars.. Until more is known about it I am 

placing it in the genus Clinopistha, with which at least it has so much 

in common that the beaks point toward the long side of the shell. 

Although the expression of Yoldia rusJiensis differs sufficiently from 

that of the only known species of Clinopistha to prevent any question 

as to their specific distinction, yet the two are so generally similar that 

they may be included in the same genus. It is true that the typical 

species of Clinopistha shows radiating striae but the variety levis 

lacks them entirely or shows only traces of them, whereas one of 

McChesney's figures of Y. rusJiensis suggests, by its crenulated concentric, lines or lamellae, a sort of radial sculpture.

Genus LEDA Sch.umach.er

LEDA BELLISTRIATA Stevens. 

Plate XIV, figures l-9a.

1858. Leda bellistriata. Stevens, Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 25, p. 261.

Coal Measures: Danville, 111.; Summit, Ohio. 

1858. Nucula (Leda) Kazanensis. Swallow, Aca'd. Sci. St. LouisTrans., vol. 1, p. 190.

(Not N. kazanensis Verneuil, 1845.) 

Upper and Lower Permian: Valley of Cottonwood and near Smoky Hill Fork,

Kans. 

1858. Leda bellastriata. Hall, Kept. Geol. Survey Iowa, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 717, pi. 29, figs.

6a-d. Lower Coal Measures: Illinois.. 

1884. Nuculana bellistriata. White, Indiana Dept. Geology and Nat. Hist. Thirteenth

Ann. Kept., pt. 2, p. 146, pi. 31, figs. 8, 9. 

Coal Measures: Vermilion, Sullivan, Vanderburg, and Warrick counties, Ind.

1887. Nuculana bellistriata. Herrick, Denison Univ. Sci. Lab. Bull., vol. 2, p. 40,

pi. 4, fig. 26. 

Coal Measures: Flint Ridge, Ohio.

1888. Nuculana bellistriata. Keyes, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 233.

(Date of imprint, 1889.) 

Lower Coal Measures: DesMoines, Iowa. . 

1895. Nuculana bellistriata. Keyes, Missouri Geol. Survey, vol. 5, p. 122, pi. 45, figs.

4a, 4b. (Date of imprint, 1894.) 

Upper Coal Measures: Gentry and Kansas City, Mo.

?1896. Nuculana aff. bellistriata. Smith, Am. Philos.'Soc. Proc., vol. 35, p. 245. 

Upper Coal Measures: Scott County, Ark.
PELECYPODA. , 123

?1897. Nuculana aff. bellistriata. Smith, Leland Stanford Junior Univ. Pub., Contrib.

Biology Hopkins Seaside Lab. No. 9, p. 35. (Date of imprint, 1896.) 

Upper Coal Measures: Scott County, Ark. 

1900. Nuculana bellistriata. Beede, Kansas Univ. Geol. Survey, vol. 6, p. 148, pi. 20,

figs. 14,14b. ' Upper Coal Measures: Kansas City, Rosedale, Lawrence, Topeka, Kans. 

1903. Leda bellistriata? Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 16, p. 442.

Hermosa formation: San Juan region, Colo.

NOTE. A sulphur cast supposed to be of the type is probably a broken Leda bellistriata.

This well-known and characteristic Pennsylvanian species is exceedingly abundant in the Wewoka formation. The large number 

of specimens examined show considerable variation, and although 

most of the variations fall within a narrow range the extremes differ 

notably, especially in the prolongation of the posterior or longer side 

of the shell. Doubtless the other side varies also, but the variation is 

less conspicuous. The convexity is usually high, chiefly developed 

at the anterior end, the posterior extremity being more or less compressed. In many specimens a perceptible though not very distinct 

constriction passes obliquely downward, meeting the ventral border 

midway, or a greater or less distance back of the middle. It is 

chiefly perceptible near the margin. When the constriction is developed the posterior prolongation appears to be especially compressed 

and the shape is more or less fusiform. The umbonal ridge, though 

rounded, is fairly distinct; it is situated close to the dorsal border. 

In some specimens, though not in all, the actual cardinal edge appears 

above the umbonal ridge in the side view. This is because the shell 

between the umbonal ridge and the cardinal margin is more depressed 

and horizontal in some specimens than in others. The curvature of 

the surface here is concave, the shell bending upward to the cardinal 

margin. The escutcheon is large and well defined; the lunule is much 

smaller and less distinct.

The sculpture consists of fine, regularly arranged grooves or striae, 

leaving between them relatively wide, more or less rounded intervals. 

The upper border of each interval next the stria that defines it on the 

dorsal side is more or less elevated so that the effect is somewhat that 

of a backward imbrication. This sculpture dies out along the umbonal 

ridge, but is renewed in many individuals on the escutcheon, showing 

fine, sharp liration near the cardinal line.

For the size of the shell the test is exceedingly thick; it bears an 

oblique internal ridge which extends from the beak toward the ventral 

border at or behind the middle point and is most distinct in the 

umbonal region. Possibly this is the internal expression of the 

obscure constriction observed on the exterior, though it is always 

more conspicuous. Owing to this internal ridge and the great thickness of- the shell, internal molds have a very different shape from
124 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

testiferous specimens. The conspicuous groove which .the internal 

ridge produces on the mold of the interior seems to be characteristic 

of all Paleozoic species of the genus.

The teeth are large, stout, and from 23 to 25 in number. They extend across the median portion of the hinge, becoming much smaller, 

shorter, and crowded toward the middle. Those on the anterior portion are angular or arcuate. Their diminution in size under the beak 

is great and in some specimens is abrupt, but no satisfactory grouping 

can be made into anterior, posterior, and rostral. There are 11 or 12 

(rarely 10) teeth on the short side and 10 or 11 (rarely 9 or 13) on the 

long side, with perhaps 1 or 2, possibly 3 very minute ones just 

under the beak. On one specimen there seemed to be 7 rostral teeth 

with only 6 on the anterior side and 11 on the posterior; the total 

number (24) is normal, though the arrangement appears to be unusual. 

Stevens reports 25 teeth with about 5 smaller than the others clustered under the beaks: Below the small median teeth is situated the 

chondrophore. This structure is not easy of observation, but I have 

seen fairly good evidence of it in a few specimens.

The muscle scars are usually deep and well marked. There is a large 

anterior scar a little above and posterior to the end of the shell on the 

shorter side and a corresponding large posterior scar near the cardinal 

border about two-thirds of the way from the beak. A small pedal scar 

has been observed along the cardinal border about halfway between 

the posterior scar and the beak, and still another occupies a similar 

position on the short side of the shell between the beak and the anterior 

scar. A small but strong scar is also found in the umbonal region on 

the oblique internal thickening or ridge, but its function is uncertain. 

It has no analogue in the muscular system of recent Ledas, and may 

perhaps correspond, in intensified and localized form, to the little 

scattered pits which in the living species mark the points of attachment of the mantle.

Stevens did not illustrate the species to which he gave the name 

Leda bellistriata, but in spite of some disagreements in his description 

(as pointed out by Winchell) there is hardly room for much doubt 

that Hall's identification in 1858 is correct, and that Winchell's identifications in 1862 and 1865 based on specimens from the Marshall formation (Mississippian) of Michigan, as well as his identifications in 

1869 and 1870, based on specimens from the lower Mississippian of 

Tennessee, are incorrect. The Mississippian shells probably belong 

to the species which Stevens described from Battle Creek as Leda 

pandoriformis and to that synonymy I have accordingly transferred 

those four citations. The form from Arkansas which Smith compares 

with L. bellistriata, is more probably L. arata, but for the present I am 

retaining his citations here.
PELECYPODA. 125

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005, 2006, and 2010); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. 

stations 2001, 2004, and 7193).

LEDA BELLISTRIATA var. ATTENUATA Meek.

Plate XIV, figures 10-llb.

1866. Nucula Kazanensis. Geinitz, Carb. und Dyas in Nebraska, p. 20, pi. 1, figs. 33,

34.

Upper Coal Measures: Nebraska City, Nebr. 

1872. Nuculana bellistriata var. attenuata. Meek, U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska Final

Ropt., p. 206, pi. 10, figs, lla, lib.

Upper Coal Measures: Nebraska City, Nebr.; Leavenworth, Kans.; Iowa; Illinois.

Lower Coal Measures: West Virginia. 

1900. Nucidana bellistriata attenuata. Beede, Kansas Univ. Geol. Survey, vol. 6, p.

149. 

Upper Coal Measures: Kansas City, Topeka, Kane.

These shells occur associated with L. bellistriata its.elf, from which 

they differ in being smaller, more finely striated, more slender, and 

more pointed at the longer end. They are not merely young examples of the larger species, for their convexity indicates that they are 

mature, and, moreover, the immature form of L. bellistriata is represented by small, coarsely striated shells of the same shape; on the 

other hand, they are hardly a distinct and independent species. Not 

all specimens have the peculiarities as strikingly developed as those 

selected for illustration. Some have the shape of L. bellistriata but 

much finer liration; others, perhaps intermediate in shape, liration 

that is still finer and that lacks but little of the degree of fineness 

shown by the extreme examples. No small specimens having the 

slender shape and elongate pointed anterior end have been observed 

with anything but very fine liration.

The largest specimen referred here is less than 15 millimeters wide.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005 and 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (stations

2004 and 7193).

Genus YOLDIA Moller.

Dr. Wheelton Hind seems to doubt the occurrence of this genus in 

the Paleozoic and places all references to it, those of American authors 

included, in the synonymy of Nuculana (Leda). I am ready to admit 

and indeed have already shown in the present paper (p. 114) that at 

least two types have been referred by American authors to Yoldia, 

but Hind includes both of these under Leda. Only one type remains 

to be considered, and though I am not prepared to maintain that it is 

certainly congeneric with Yoldia, yet I feel very confident that it 

should not be assigned to Leda. It has a thin instead of a very thick
126 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

test, low convexity without umbonal ridges, small beaks, and gaping 

ends.

The only American Yoldia which Hind i seems to have been able to 

examine is Y. Icnoxensis, a species which I should certainly exclude 

from the group here placed under Yoldia, but which I should also as 

certainly exclude from Leda, if, a$ McChesney states, the beaks are 

directed toward the short end, instead of toward the long one, as in 

Leda. Indeed, I am provisionally including it in the group for which 

the new name Anthraconeilo is here introduced and I believe that 

such will really prove its proper position. Hind mentions observing 

in Yoldia Icnoxensis the presence of the oblique internal ridge characteristic of Leda, a feature which I have not seen in Anthraconeilo taffiana, but he does not figure the specimen upon which this observation was made, so that there is no way of judging whether his shell was 

properly identified.

YOLDIA GLABRA Beede and Rogers. 

Plate XIII, figures 9-15.

1899. Yoldia gldbra. Beede and Rogers, Kansas Univ. Quart., vol. 8, No. 3, p. 133,

pi. 34, figs. 4a,4b. 

.Coal Measures: Camerons Bluff, near Lawrence, Kans.

1900. Yoldia gldbra. Beede, Kansas Univ. Geol. Survey, vol. 6, p. 153, pi. 21, figs.

4a, 4b. ' . Upper Coal Measures: Lawrence.

The shells included under this title are numerous in the Wewoka 

formation and some of them attain a large size, measuring probably 

as much as 30 millimeters in width.

Though distinctly anterior to the middle, the.beaks are subcentral, 

small, and obviously pointed toward the long or posterior side. The 

shape is elliptical and very transverse. The posterior end is nearly 

as broad at its termination as the anterior and is regularly rounded in 

a similar manner, but most specimens are imperfect at this end; the 

greatest projection apparently lies above the middle. The beaks are 

so nearly central and the posterior extremity is in many specimens so 

little contracted that one is surprised when complete specimens are 

found, having expected this extremity to be more produced and tapered to a narrower shape. The convexity is very low, the beaks but 

little elevated, and no distinct umbonal ridge developed. The posterior and perhaps the anterior extremity are gaping. Some specimens 

show a very narrow, ill-defined area back of the beaks, suggesting an 

obscure escutcheon. The posterior edges of the shell are pinched 

together here so that they are in flat contact and have a vertical direction. This configuration hardly suggests a ligamental area, a similar 

structure on the short side of the beaks observable in some cases

1 Hind.Wheelton,British Carboniferous Lamellibranchiata, vol. 1, p. 194, Paleontographical Soc., 1896-1900.
PELECYPODA. 127

having more the appearance of ligamental grooves. If such is their 

nature, however, the entire orientation of the shell is changed and the' 

genus is very distinct from Yoldia.

A broad, indistinct constriction, developed in most specimens near 

the center of the ventral border or a little posterior to the beaks, produces a slight emargination or sudden contraction in the ventral outline and gives this end of the shell a compressed appearance. It also 

influences the sculpture, which consists of delicate, rather distant 

striae marked on the ventral side by a slight elevation of the shell. 

Near the constriction the striae are deflected, narrowed, and more or 

less discrepant, some cutting obliquely, or as it were unconformably, 

across the rest, or running out on the ventral border. In the postcardinal region they seem to become indistinct.

The teeth are very small, equal, and not so numerous as one would 

expect from the size of the shell, probably because the gaping ends 

do not permit the dorsal edges to come in contact far from the beaks 

on either side. The denticles seem to number about 12 or 13 on the 

anterior and 7 or 8 on the posterior side.

The shell, hi contrast to the other nuculoids and ledoids, is very 

thin and the muscular imprints are less well defined. There seems to 

be a large posterior adductor as in the other forms, but though doubtless such a muscle was present the anterior scar has not been observed. 

Two pairs of auxiliary scars, small, much elongated, and deeply impressed, are also found, one on each side of the beaks. That on the 

posterior side is close to the beak and appears to be double, the upper 

impression being large and narrow and the lower small and rounded. 

An ill-defined scar seems also to occur in the umbonal region of either 

valve, corresponding to structures in Leda lellistriata, but less deeply 

impressed. In a few specimens also a similar internal ridgelike thickening of the shell was observed but was not so pronounced as in L. 

lellistriata.

I am a little uncertain of the identity of this shell with Yoldia 

glabra, but hardly feel justified in introducing it as a new species, its 

general resemblance being in many respects so close. It attains a 

much larger size than the type of Yoldia glabra and even its average 

size is larger. The anterior and posterior ends are apt to be a little 

wider, especially in large specimens. The beak, is also smaller and 

less prominent, but that may be due to a defect in the original illustration. The surface of Y. glabra is said to be crossed by fine, rather 

distant striae, a word which unfortunately is used both for grooves 

and for ridges; the illustration seems to show slender concentric lirse 

separated by broad flat interspaces. This marking is of course quite 

distinct from that of the Wewoka fossils.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005 and 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (stations 

2004 and 7193). -
128 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FOBMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

Family PINNID^E.

Genus AVICULIPINNA Meek. . - 

AVICULIPINNA AMERICANA Meek.

Plate XVII, figures 1, la.

1866. Avicula pinnseformis. Geinitz, Garb, und Dyas in Nebraska, p. 31, tab. 2, fig. 13.

(Not Solen pinnseformis Geinitz, 1848.) 

Nebraska City, Nebraska.

1867. Aviculopinna americana. Meek, Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 44, p. 282.

1872. Aviculopinna americana. Meek, U. S! Geol. Survey Nebraska Final Kept.,

p. 197, pi. 9, figs. 12a-d.

Upper Coal Measures: Nebraska City, Nebr.; Iowa. 

1875. Aviculopinna americana: Meek, Ohio Geol. Survey, Paleontology, vol. 2, p.

337, pi. 20, fig. 2. 

Lower Coal Measures: Ohio.

Upper Coal Measures: Nebraska City, Nebr.; western Iowa. 

1887. Aviculopinna americana. Herrick, Denison Univ. Sci. Lab. Bull., vol. 2, p. 38,

pi. 1, fig. 20.

Coal Measures: Flint Ridge, Ohio.

1892. Aviculopinna americana. Hyatt, Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. Proc.,-vol. 25, p. 338. 

1895. Aviculopinna americana. Keyes, Missouri Geol. Survey, vol. 5, p. 115. (Date

of imprint, 1894.)

Upper Coal Measures: Forest City, Mo. . 

1900. Aviculopinna americana. Beede, Kans. Univ. Geol. Survey, vol. 6, p. 143,

pl. 18, fig. 2.

Upper Coal Measures: Kansas City, Lansing (Leavenworth County), Topeka, 

Kans.

Of this shell but two specimens have come to hand, one much more 

imperfect and obscure than the other. The size is rather small, the 

shape.triangular, very transverse, and gradually tapering to the acute 

anterior end. Both upper and lower margins are straight. The posterior margin is straight above, meeting the hinge line at nearly, though 

distinctly less than, a right angle. The outline thus slopes forward 

from the hinge and, becoming more curved below, passes without 

break into the ventral outline. This is the condition of the specimen 

represented by my figures. The second specimen has the posterior 

outline sloping somewhat the other way, so that the posterior superior angle is obtuse instead of acute. The convexity is low, the highest points being localized very nearly along the median line, somewhat 

compressed above, with the merest suggestion of' a broad furrow or 

sulcus. At the hinge the shell is again more prominent along a narrow linear band. This may be due to a thickening of the test or, as I 

suspect, it may correspond to an internal (or partly external) groove 

for the reception of a ligament.

The sculpture consists of rather fine, regularly arranged lamellsB 

following the outline of the posterior and ventral borders, but ending 

abruptly at the cardinal border'. In fact, the foregoing description of 

the posterior outline is based on the direction of the lines of sculpture 

rather than on a completed specimen. Toward the ventral margin
PELECYPODA. 129

these lamellae die down and at the same time they naturally become 

more crowded, so that near this border the shell is marked by fine, 

obscure striae, more or less parallel to the edge.

The identification adopted for this form is not entirely satisfactory. 

The outline certainly does not have a perceptible emargination below 

the hinge in the specimens examined, and in one of them it slopes 

rather more distinctly forward than it does in Meek's figures, although 

in the other it is more in agreement with them. The same difference 

is found in comparing the specimens with A. illinoisensis, which has 

furthermore curved cardinal and ventral borders, though these can 

hardly be a normal character of the species, which may prove to be 

the same as A. americana. The shape of the posterior end of the 

specimen here figured is rather comparable to A. consimilis from the 

Eureka district of Nevada, but it seems improbable that the two 

forms are conspecific when the associated faunas are so different'. 

Although these differences between the Wewoka specimens and A. 

americana are recognized, it would hardly be justifiable to introduce 

a name for the former (which would be the only alternative), because 

the differences seem almost too slight and too variable and because 

my knowledge as to the characterization of the two types is too 

imperfect.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: "Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2005); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2001).

Family PTERIID^E. 

Genus PSEUDOMONOTIS Beyrich.

PSEUDOMONOTIS KANSASENsis Beede. 

Plate XVII, figures 4,4a.

1858. Monotis radialis. Swallow, Acad. Sci. St. Louis Trans., vol. 1, p. 187. (Date

of imprint, 1860.) -

Upper Permian: Smoky Hill Fork, Kans. 

1872. Pseudomonotis radialis? Meek, U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska Final Rept.,

p. 201, pi. 9, fig. 3.

Upper Coal Measures: Nebraska City, Nebr. 

71887. Cf. Pseudomonotus radialis. Herrick, Denison Univ. Sci. Lab. Bull., vol. 2,

p. 145, pi. 14, fig. 26. - 

Coal Measures: Flint Ridge, Ohio.

1899. Pseudomonotis? tenuistriata. Beede, Kansas Univ. Quart., vol. 8, p. 81, pi. 18,

figs. 1-ld; pi. 19, fig. 3.

Upper Coal Measures: Turner, Wyandotte County, Topeka, Auburn, Shawnee 

County, Kans.

1900. Pseudomonotis kansasensis. Beede, Kansas Univ. Geol. Survey, vol. 6, p. 133,

pi. 14, figs. 1-ld, pi. 15, fig. 3.

Upper Coal Measures: Turner, Topeka, .Auburn (Sliawnee County), Kans. 

1903. Pseudomonotis kansasensis. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof, Paper 16, p. 428,

pi. 8, fig. 4. 

Rico formation: San Juan region, Colo.

37003° Bull. 544 15 9
130 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

Of this species our collection contains two specimens which seem to 

be growing, one on the other, somewhat as oysters grow, although, 

of course, not cemented. The smaller and more perfect specimen is 

uppermost and has a subcircular shape which contracts toward the 

rather short hinge. The ears are undefined and the beak is small. 

The convexity is rather high. The lower specimen is considerably 

larger and appears to have been more elongate and less convex.

The sculpture consists of sharply elevated, regular, radiating lirse, 

about 9 in 5 millimeters, and fine, regularly arranged, concentric, 

lamellose lines. The lirse are separated by strise having variable width. 

The strise near the center of the shell, if closely arranged, are narrower 

than the lirse, but in some places, especially at the sides, they are 

wider. The lirae are very nearly equal; they are, however, obscurely 

alternating. The lamellose lines are stronger on the lirae than on the 

striae between, producing little scalelike projections.

This form, with a high degree of probability, belongs to the species 

which Beede described from the "Upper Coal Measures" of Kansas. 

In some respects it suggests the rare species to which Meek and 

Worth-en gave the name Placunopsis carbonaria. The occurrence of 

the genus Placunopsis in the Carboniferous is, of course, a little 

unexpected, and it would perhaps be worth while for some one to 

examine that species with a view of determining whether it might not 

belong to the genus Pseudomonotis. Specimens of Placunopsis 

carbonaria have never come under my personal observation.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2005).

Family TRIGONIID^.

Genus SCHIZODUS King. 

SCHIZODUS ALPINUS Hall.

Plate XVII, figure 3.

1858. Dolabraf alpina: Hall, Rept. Geol. Survey Iowa, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 716, pi. 29,

fig. 2.

Lower Coal Measures: Alpine Dam, Iowa. 

1864. Schizodus alpina. Meek and Hayden, Sinithsonian Contrib. Knowledge, No.

172, p. 58. 

1891. Schizodus alpina. Keyes, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 249. (Date of

imprint,-1892.) 

Lower Coal Measures: Des Moines, Iowa.

Shell of , medium size, subcircular, slightly broader than long. 

Anterior end regularly rounded. , Ventral border also rather regularly 

curved, bending more strongly in front than behind. Posterior outline subtruncate, slightly oblique. Cardinal margin rectilinear, 

oblique, meeting the posterior outline in an obtuse, more or less distinct angle. Convexity moderate, most prominent in the umbonal
PELECYPODA. 131

region. Beaks subcentral, small, fairly prominent. Umbonal ridge 

indistinct.

Surface smooth or marked only with incremental lines.

This rare species is almost exactly the shape of S. alpina as figured 

by Hall, though the beak is perhaps not quite so prominent. The 

identification seems very likely.

The figures of Schizodus rossicus given by Meek and Worthen from 

Illinois specimens also resemble the present form, but they are much 

smaller and appear to have a more distinct umbonal ridge.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (stations 2001 and 

2004).

SCHIZODUS AFFINIS Herrick?

Plate XVII, figures 2, 2a.

1887. Schizodus affinis. Herrick, Denison Univ. Sci. Lab. Bull., vol. 2, p. 41, pi. 4,

figs. 22, 22a.

Coal Measures: Flint Ridge, Ohio. 

1899. Schizodus affinis. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Nineteenth Ann. Kept., p't. 3,

p. 582, pi. 72, figs. 4a-4f. 

Upper Coal Measures: McAlester quadrangle, Atoka quadrangle, Okla.

Shell small, transverse, subtriangular. Anterior extremity broadly 

and rather regularly rounded, most prominent below the middle. 

Ventral border with a sinuate outline, slightly concave posteriorly, 

gently and regularly convex over anterior two-thirds of the border. 

Cardinal margin sloping obliquely downward. Posterior outline 

nearly straight, obliquely truncating. the shell, about equal in 

length to the cardinal line and meeting it in an obscure obtuse angle. 

Inferior posterior angle acute, pointed. Convexity moderate, developed chiefly in the umbonal region. Umbonal ridge fairly distinct and obscurely angular. Post-umbonal slope slightly concave. 

A broad obscure constriction occurs near the ventral border a little 

in front of the umbonal ridge, producing an emargination of the outline. Posterior portion of the shell more or less compressed. Beaks 

small, subcentral. Surface smooth so far as shown.

In general. appearance this shell is very similar to 8. affinis, but 

if the difference existing between the single specimen from the Wewoka formation and Herrick's figure were constant, it would probably 

be advisable to regard them as distinct varieties. The smaller size, 

more prominent anterior extremity, smaller and less well defined 

beaks, and emarginate ventral border near the umbonal ridge are the 

only differences noted, and these are not very great. S.ovatus and 

8. symmetricus are also related forms, especially the latter, which is 

probably a synonym of S. affinis.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2001).
132 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

Family PECTINID^E. 

Genus DELTOPECTEN Etheridge.

DELTOPECTEN TEXANUS Girty. 

Plate XVI, figures l-2b.

1904. Limipectcn texanus. Girty, U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc., vol. 27, p. 722, pi. 45,

figs. 1, 2, 3; pi. 46, fig. 4?; pi. 47, figs. 1, 2, 3. 

Pennsylvanian (Cisco): Graham, Young County, Tex.

Shell large; length nearly equal to or slightly in excess of the width. The largest 

example observed must have been over 65 mm. long when complete. The hinge line 

is long, though somewhat shorter than the greatest width. The obliquity is slight 

but appears to be'forward as in Lima.

The convexity of the left valve is moderate or strong in different individuals. The 

umbo is large, well defined, and incurved. The wings are broad and the outline is 

not strongly withdrawn beneath them. They are of nearly equal size, the anterior 

one being possibly a trifle larger than the posterior. It is also much more strongly 

defined, for while the posterior wing is depressed and slightly upturned, and therefore 

bounded by an ill-defined groove, the descent to the anterior wing is abrupt and angular. This wing is flattened and somewhat oblique. The surface is crossed by rather 

coarse and radiatiug ribs, which are more or less regularly unequal in size. Frequently 

three gradations can be distinguished, every fourth rib being large, those halfway 

between somewhat smaller, while others alternating with these two systems are still 

smaller. The ribs do not extend onto the wings, though sometimes traces of slender 

ones appear. The surface is also crossed by delicate concentric lamellae, rather distant and irregular, which are much stronger and more crowded on and near the wings. 

They cross the shell in scalloped lines with pointed extensions in.the striae between 

the ribs.

The right valve is much flatter than the left and its surface ornamentation, though 

of the same general character, is so different that one would hardly think of the two 

belonging together, if found separately. The posterior wing is flat and not marked 

off from the rest of the shell. The anterior wing is, on the other hand, sharply defined, 

and the outline is strongly retracted beneath so as to make a deep byssal-sinus. While 

the umbo of the left valve is prominent and well defined, the right valve practically 

lacks this feature altogether. The surface is marked by somewhat depressed ribs, 

which are much finer and more numerous than those of the opposite valve. They are, 

as a rule, obsolete over and near the wings, but a few fault and slender ones can sometimes be seen. The concentric lamellae are in like manner finer and fainter than those 

of the left valve. They are obscure over most of the shell, and only distinct upon and 

near the wings.

There is a broad and massive hinge plate marked by structural lines parallel to the 

straight lower border, and just beneath the beaks a large distinct fossette for the resilium, which is very oblique and directed backward. Both valves seem to have thia 

structure of the same character and force. Near the center, under the hinge plate, are 

several small depressions arranged in a row, and some distance apart, which may mark 

the position of the pedal muscle.

The shell is thick and massive, especially in the upper and older portion. It is conspicuously constructed of two layers, an outer one which is relatively thin and which 

carries all the more delicate surface ornamentation, and an inner which is much 

thicker and receives only the strong plications. The inner layer consists of laminae 

approximately parallel to the surface. Because of the distinct demarcation of the 

outer layer I suspected that it might have a prismatic structure. Though in one or
PELECYPODA. 133

two'instances fine parallel lines were thought to be observed running across this layer 

on broken surfaces, no prismatic structure is shown by thin sections. These indicate, 

however, that the outer layer had a distinct composition of its own, for it is defined by 

a sharp line from the massive inner portion and is, furthermore, nearly transparent, 

while the other transmits light but imperfectly. The fact that in its present condition 

the outer layer is transparent and structureless inspires and leaves room for conjecture 

as to what may have been its original arrangement.

This species, while presenting some resemblance to Aviculipecten providensis Cox, 

is distinct both from it and from every other American form known to me. The shape 

of the Texan species is somewhat different from that described by Cox, being broader 

at the hinge line. Furthermore, his description as well as his figure indicates that 

the main ribs are subdivided by longitudinal striae into riblets. -Nothing of this sort 

occurs in Limipecteri texanus, the concentric lamella; of Which, on the other hand, are 

not mentioned as occurring in Aviculipecten providensis.

When Deltopecten texanus was first described it was made the type of 

a new genus, Limipecten. Since that time I have convinced myself 

that Limipecten is a synonym for the genus Deltopecton, which was 

founded on some Australian fossils and was not known to mo when 

the name Limipecten was introduced. This species was originally 

described from the Cisco formation of Texas and a few fragments from 

the Wewoka formation have also been referred to it. As the more 

recent representatives are fragmentary, it has seemed best to repro- 

. duce the original description and figures.

Of the generic distinction between Deltopecten and Aviculipecten 

there can not be a doubt. To Deltopecten belong probably a considerable number of our Carboniferous shells, commonly cited under 

Aviculipecten. Among those which I have determined as having 

the characters of Deltopecten are D. occidentalis, D. texanus, as above, 

and D. vanvleeti.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2005).

DELTOPECTEN VANVLEETI Beede?

Plate XVII, figure 5.

1877. Aviculopecten McCoyi. White, U. S. Geog. Surveys W. 100th Mer. Kept., vol.

4, p. 149, pi. 11, fig. 2a.

Carboniferous: Near Bear Spring, Camp Wingate, N. Mex. 

1902. Aviculopccten vanvleeti. Beede, Oklahoma Geol. Survey First Bien.' Kept.

Adv. Bull., p. 6, pi. 1, figs. 8, 8b. 

Red Beds: Whitehorse Springs, Okla. 

1907. Aviculopecten vanvleeti. Beede, Kansas Univ. Sci. Bull., vol. 4, No. 3, p. 159,

pi. 5, figs. 2, 2e.

Whitehorse sandstone: Whitehorse Springs, Okla. 

Quartermaster formation: Dozier, Tex.

1909. Ddtopccten vanvleeti. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 389, p. 86, pi. 9, fig. 5. 

San Andreas formation: Elephant Butte, San Andreas, and Engle, N. Mex. 

Abo sandstone: Abo Canyon, N. Mex.
134 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

Of this type our collection contains a single rather small left valve, 

imperfect at the edges and preserved as an internal mold. The shape 

can not at present be accurately determined, but there is little doubt 

that it was typically pectinoid, not differing essentially from the wellknown D. occidentals. The wings are strongly and. rather abruptly 

depressed, the anterior more so than the posterior. The sculpture 

consists of narrow, rounded costae, separated by relatively broad, 

gently concave striae. The radii are regularly and strongly unequal.. 

Those of the larger size usually contain between them three very much 

smaller ones, and of these three the median ,one is slightly larger than 

its fellows. The major costae appear to be nodose as if from the development of prominent squamae.

This form is very similar to that which occurs in the Manzano fauna, 

and which I there identified as Deltopecten vanvleeti. It differs from 

the figured example, however, in having the major costae more numerous and more closely arranged. The intermediate lirae in the Manzano form are finer and, owing to this fact and to the wider intervals 

between the larger ribs, more of them occur in the intermediate 

spaces. A series of specimens might show that- these differences 

were not constant, and it does not seem justifiable to discriminate the 

two forms positively in this place.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2001).

Genus ACANTHOPECTEN Girty. x 

ACANTHOPECTEN CARBONIFERUS StevenS.

Plate XVII, figures 10, lOa. ' '

1858. Pecten carboniferus. Stevens, Am. Jour. Sci., 2d ser., vol. 25, p. 261. " 

Coal Measures: Crooked Creek, Marion County, 111. .

1863. Pecten Broadheadii. Swallow, Acad. Sci. St. Louis Trans., vol. 2, p. 97. (Date

of imprint, 1868.) 

Upper Coal Measures: Harrison County, Mo. .

1866. Pecten Hawni. Geinitz, Garb, und Dyas in Nebraska, p. 36, tab. 2, figs. 19a, 19b. 

Coal Measures: Nebraska City, Nebr.

1872. Aviculopecten carboniferus. Meek, U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska Final Eept.,

p. 193, pi. 4, fig. 8; pi. 9, figs. 4a, 4b. 

Upper Coal Measures: Nebraska City, Nebr. 

Coal Measures: Iowa, Illinois, West Virginia.

1873. Aviculopecten carboniferus. Meek and Worthen, Illinois Geol. Survey, vol. 5,

pi. 26, fig. 8. . 

Coal Measures: Illinois.

1874. Aviculopecten carboniferus. Meek, Am. Jour. Sci., 3d-ser., vol. 7,.p. 489.

1884. Aviculopecten carboniferus. White, Indiana Dept. Geology.and Nat. Hist.

Thirteenth Ann. Rept., pt. 2, p. 144, pi. 28, figs. 5-6.

Coal Measures: Lick Branch, near Silverwood, Fountain County, and in Vermilion County, Ind.
PELECYPODA. 135

1887. Aviculopecten carboniferus. Herrick, Denison Univ. Sci. Lab. Bull., vol. 2,

p. 67, pi. 3, fig. 13. 

Coal Measures: Flint Ridge, Ohio. 

* <£/ 1895. Aviculopecten carboniferus. Keyes, Missouri Geol. Survey, vol. 5, p. Ill, pi.

43, figs. 4a, 4b. (Date of imprint, 1894.) 

Upper Coal Measures: Kansas City, Mo. 

1896. Aviculopecten carboniferus. Smith, Am. Philos. Soc. Proc., vol. 35, p. 243.

Lower Coal Measures: White and Con way counties, Ark.

k 1897. Aviculopecten carboniferus. Smith, Leland Stanford Junior Univ. Pub., Coni trib. Biology Hopkins Seaside Lab. No. 9, p. 33.

Lower Coal Measures: White and Conway counties, Ark. 

1900. Aviculopecten carboniferus. Beede, Kansas Univ. Geol. Survey, vol. 6, p. 117,

pi. 13, fig. 9. 

Upper Coal Measures: Kansas City, Turner, Eudora, Lawrence, Lecompton,

Topeka, Kans. 

1903. Acanthopecten carboniferus. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 16, p. 418.

Hermosa and Rico formations: San Juan region, Colo. 

y Pennsylvanian: Leadville region, Colo.

1906. Aviculopecten carboniferus. Woodruff, Nebraska Geol. Survey, vol. 2, pt. 2, 

} p. 282, pi. 14, fig. 2.

Carboniferous: Louisville, Nehawka, and Rock Bluff, Nebr. 

1908. Acanthopecten aff. A. carboniferus. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 58,

p. 440. 

Delaware Mountain formation: Guadalupe Mountains, Tex.

^ Of this species our collection contains a single specimen, a left valve,

preserved as a mold but showing all the characteristic features. The

' 'shape is pectinoid with long straight hinge line and large projecting

J wings. . The lower part of the shell is subcircular with a slight though

distihctr'backward swing., The outline makes broad, concave curves

beneath the wings. The posterior wing is depressed but is not well

defined; the anterior wing is marked by an abrupt angular deflection

of the shell.

The surface is crossed by broad, subangular, radiating plications. 

The ventral margin is serrated by reason of the shell projecting in 

large spinelike points from the sulci between the plications. This 

feature recurs at regular intervals, the renewed growth in each case 

beginning beneath the spiniferous layer, so that the shell is covered 

with rather distant regularly arranged lamellae with jagged or dentate 

edges. There are also fine, regular, lamellose, concentric lines, strongest upon the ears, where no plications are developed.

The hinge characters consist of a narrow groove, parallel and close 

to the. hinge line, which produce.a welt on the exterior of the thin 

shell and probably served as the receptacle of a ligament. It diminishes hi thickness from the cardinal angles toward the beak.

It seems highly probable that the name of this species will have to 

be changed to Acanthopecten armiger, which was described by Conrad 

in 1835, whereas .Stevens's name was not introduced until 1858. For
136 FAUNA OP WEWOKA FOBMATION OP OKLAHOMA.

convenient reference I have reproduced Conrad's description and 

figure, from which it will be seen that his species is probably based 

upon nothing more than an elongate example of A. carboniferus. 

There can be little doubt, at all events, that it belongs to the group of 

Acanthopecten, and whether the difference in shape adequately distinguishes it from A. carboniferus is very doubtful. 

Conrad's description * of Pecten armigerus is as follows:

Shell ovate, with angular costse, and slender, erect, very prominent spines; ears 

unequal; one ear of the left valve elongated and pointed.

In slate; the interior of the left valve is the only specimen I have seen, but it is 

remarkably perfect and distinct.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2001). ' Family LIMID^E. , - J

Genus LIMA Bruguiere.

The recent Limas are divided into the subgenera Lima s. s., Limatula, and Plagiostoma, according as the shell is provided with strong 

radial ribs, is medially ribbed and laterally smooth, or is smooth or 

finely striated. All these types of sculpture occur among the Limas of 

our American Carboniferous. To Lima itself would probably belong 

L. retifera and L. chesterensis; to Limatula would belong only the 

Guadalupian species Limatula striaticostata; 2 and to Plagiostoma has 

been referred P. deltoideum from the same fauna. Even in the fauna 

under consideration three correspondingly decorated types can be distinguished. Of the same type as Lima is Lima retifera; of the same 

type as Limatula is Limatula fasciculata n. sp., and similar to Plagiostoma in sculpture is Plagiostoma? acosta; but concerning its generic 

position with the Limas there is much doubt.

In -this connection mast be considered the genus Paleolima, proposed by Hind for certain English Limidse, which, it seems highly 

probable, are congeneric with the American forms. Although the 

characters by which Paleolima is conceived to be distinguished 

from the recent genus have not yet been found in the American 

forms, yet I would refer them to Hind's genus, at least provisionally, 

on the strength of general probabilities and the absence of any evidence to the contrary, if it seemed that Paleolima were adequately 

established. Hind says of Paleolima: 3

Generic characters. Shell below medium size, obliquely ovate, almost equivalve, 

moderately swollen. Umbones small, pointed, almost central; ears small, depressed, 

apparently not slit for the byssus. Exterior surface smooth, or with well-marked radiating ribs and sulci. A deep groove between the umbones in each valve for the cartilage or ligament.

1 Pennsylvania Gcol. Soc. Trans., vol. 1, pt..2, p. 268, PI. XII, fig. 3,1S35.

2 By a slip of the pen this name was written Limatulina striaticostala in the original report.

3 Hind, Wheelton, British Carboniferous Lamellibranchiata, vol. 2, p. 38, Paleontographical Soc., 

1901-1905.
PELECYPODA. 137

Observations. This genus has been erected for shells which have somewhat the 

external form of Lima, but evidently differ from this genus in some details. So far as 

the hinge can be observed there are no hinge-teeth, and a strong ligament, which is 

external and lodged in a comparatively deep and broad groove, is therefore necessary. 

Three species are now referred to Palseolima. . As I understand the recent genus Lima s. s., it has all these characters with possibly one exception. Lima, according to my understanding, possesses both a cartilage along the area on either side of the beaks 

and a subinternal resilium beneath them.

Hind's expression seems to indicate the presence in Paleolima of the 

latter structure, for he would probably not speak of a deep groove 

between the umbones in describing an alivincular hinge. On the 

other hand, it would seem to be more natural to speak of the excavation for a resilium under the beak as a pit rather than a groove. In 

either event it would appear that a corresponding structure was

present in Lima, from which, accordingly, no difference would exist 

in Paleolima, unless Hind wishes to imply that the other structure, 

whichever it may be, external ligament or subinternal resilium, is 

absent from Paleolima, and this he seems not to have established. 

Consequently, while the probabilities point to the generic identity 

of the American and British Carboniferous Limas they also point 

to the generic identity of the British Limas which constitute Hind's 

group of Paleolima, with the living genus.

Apparently Hind includes under Paleolima shells possessing the 

differences in sculpture that in the recent forms have led to the 

establishment of the subgenera Lima s. s., Lima tula, and Plagiostoma. Whether corresponding subdivisions can profitably be made 

in Paleolima, provided its generic position can be established, remains 

to be determined.

LIMA RETIFERA Shumard.

Plate XVII, figure 8.

1858. Lima retifera. Shumard, Acad. Sci. St. Louis Trans., vol. 1, p. 214. (Date of 

imprint, 1860.)

Coal Measures: Valley of Verdigris, Kans. 

18GG. Lima retifera? Geinitz, Garb, und Dyas in Nebraska, p. 3G, tab. 2, figs. 20, 21.

Upper Coal Measures: Nebraska City, Nebr.

1872. Lima retifera. Meek, U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska Final Kept., p. 188, pi. 9,

fig. 5.

Upper Coal Measures: Nebraska City, Nebr.; Verdigris River, Kans. 

Coal Measures: Illinois.

1873. Lima retifera. Meek and Worthen, Illinois Geol. Survey, vol. 5, p. 588, pi. 26,

fig. 2.

Coal Measures: Springfield, 111. 

1884. Lima retifera. White, Indiana Dept. Geology and Nat. Hist. Thirteenth Ann.

Kept., pt. 2, p. 138, pi. 28, fig. 4. 

Coal Measures: Knox, Gibson, and Posey counties, Ind. .
138 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

1887. Lima retifera. Herrick, Denison Univ. Sci. Lab. Bull., vol. 2, p. 29, pi. 4, fig.25;

pi. 5, fig. 3. . 

Coal Measures: Flint Ridge, Ohio. 

1891. Lima retifera. Keyes, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 248. (Date of

imprint, 1892.) 

Lower Coal Measures: Des Moines, Iowa.

1895. Limaretifera. Keyes, Missouri Geol. Survey, vol. 5, p. 108, pi. 42, fig. 1. Coal 

Measures: Clinton and Kansas City, Mo.

1896. Limaretifera., Smith, Am. Philos. Soc. Proc., vol. 35, p..244. 

Upper Coal Measures: Poteau Mountain, Okla.

1897. Lima retifera. Smith, Leland Stanford Junior Univ. Pub., Contrib. Biology 

Hopkins Seaside Lab. No. 9, p. 34.

Upper Coal Measures: Poteau Mountain, Okla. 

1900. Lima retifera. Beede, Kansas Univ. Geol. Survey, vol. 6, p. 112, pi. 13, fig.-5.

Upper Coal Measures: Lawrence and Topeka, Kans.

Only one specimen of this shell has thus far come to hand an 

imperfect left valve. The general shape is ovate with a rather short 

hinge, toward which the outline contracts at both sides. The shell is 

moderately oblique, extended on the anterior side. Only the posterior 

auricle is shown by the specimen. It is small, undefined, slightly 

depressed, and recurved at the margin.

The surface is marked by regular, narrowly rounded radiating 

costse separated by slightly wider, flattened interspaces. A few of 

the costse bifurcate and they tend, to become obsolete on the posterior 

side toward the hinge. This latter circumstance constitutes about 

the only difference of any moment which I can discern between my 

own imperfect shell and that which Meek described and figured as 

L. retifera in his Nebraska report.

Perhaps the fossil under consideration would, on account of the 

obsolescence of the striae near the posterior border, be considered a 

representative of Limatula rather than of Lima s. s. ; whereas L. retifera, as described by Meek, would be a tj^ical Lima. But it seems 

to me unjustifiable to assign these two forms to different subgenera 

when in fact it seems probable that they belong to. the same species.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2005). * 

Genus LIMATULA Wood.

LIMATULA? FASCicuLATA Girty.

Plate XVII, figures 6, 7.

1911. Limatula ? fasdculata. Girty, New York Acad. Sci. Annals, vol. 21, p. 134. 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla.

Shell of medium size, elongate, slightly oblique. Hinge line short. 

Anterior and posterior outlines probably nearly straight above but 

becoming more and more strongly curved below where they merge 

with the (probably) regularly rounded ventral outline. The con-
PELECYPODA. 139

vexity is strong with a high area, so that a section cut longitudinally 

through the two valves would be wedge shaped. On the-anterior 

side the shell descends steeply and abruptly, making a rounded angle 

with the median portion. The posterior side seems to fall away in a 

low regular flexure.

The surface is marked by regularly arranged costse or groups of 

costse. Near the anterior side the costse are single and are separated 

by relatively wide spaces, but in the median and posterior regions 

they are in groups of three or, exceptionally, of two, their tops standing 

about level, and the dividing striae are essentially equal in width to the 

groups of costse. The anterior side, from the angulation to the margin, is smooth. Very likely the costse die out toward the posterior side 

also.

The area is somewhat imperfectly shown by one of the two specimens obtained. It appears to be high and resupinate, so that the 

beak overhangs the hinge line, and it is also rather concave. It is 

marked by several strong, broad, transverse furrows, but shows no 

definite pit for a resilium, though the projection of the beak and the 

concavity of the area seem to produce, beneath the beak, an ill-defined 

hollow which is longitudinal rather than transverse to the area.

This species is based on a single incomplete specimen; but a second 

specimen, which shows similar sculpture but is much broader and 

rounder, is referred to the same species. It is defective in the upper 

part, which may have had the configuration of Aviculipecten, for the 

shape so far as shown is suggestive rather of the Pectens than of the 

Limas.

If Hind's Paleolima is a valid genus the present species would be 

called Paleolima fasciculata, for its characters, so far as observed,' are 

consistent with Paleolima, but if that genus is to be divided into subgenera along the same lines as the living Limas, the present species 

would probably belong in a group as yet unnamed. For the present, however, I am not recognizing Paleolima as distinct from Lima, 

so that the generic designation to be used is probably Limatula, 

which is distinguished-by being smooth laterally and by having the 

valves not gaping. The former character seems to be possessed by 

the present species, but the latter can not be determined as we have 

only one valve. The only other American species referred to this 

subgenus is the Guadalupian form .Limatula striaticostata. By a 

lapsus calami L. striaticostata was described under Limatulina, but as 

the genus was ascribed to Wood instead of De Koninck, the group 

which I had in mind is apparent. The form is clearly not a Limatulina 

and the proper title is Limatula striaticostata. It differs from Limatula ? fasdculata'm. being much smaller, more oblique, and in having 

different surface ornamentation.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2006).
140 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA. 

Genus PLAGIOSTOMA Sowerby.

PLAGIOSTOMA ? ACOSTA Cox. 

Plate XVII, figures 11, lla.

1857. Avicula acosta. Cox, Kentucky Geol. Survey Kept., vol. 3, p. 572, pi. 9, fig. 3. 

Coal Measures: Union County, Kyt ; Gallatin County, 111.

Shell equivalve, very inequilateral, small, aviculate. Shape subquadrate. Hinge line long, straight, somewhat shorter than the 

greatest width. Ventral border regularly rounded. Anterior outline oblique, somewhat sigmoidal, straight or slightly concave above, 

.gently convex below, rounding into the basal outline without break. 

Posterior outline oblique, gently concave. Posterior inferior angle 

strongly and regularly rounded, gradually merging with the outlines 

of the posterior and basal portions. Anterior and posterior cardinal 

angles acute. Beaks subcentrally located on the cardinal line, small, 

slightly projecting. Convexity moderate, with the umbonal region 

rather prominent, more or less compressed around the free margins. 

Umbonal ridge indistinct, oblique, and backwardly curved. Posterior auricle rather flat, with a more abrupt descent from the umbonal 

elevation than occurs on the anterior side, this portion of the two 

valves being almost in contact.

Surface very nearly smooth, with fine, threadlike concentric lirse, 

which are rather regularly arranged. .

In its specific relations this shell is very close to Avicula acosta of 

Cox, the resemblance being so great that I have really little doubt as 

to the specific identity of the two forms. The unique specimen under 

discussion appears to be slightly more oblique and to have a narrower and more rounded posterior inferior angle. The shape in brief 

is a little more aviculoid, whereas Avicula acosta is a little more

pectinoid.

Though suggesting Avicula strongly in its general expression, it is 

unquestionable that the relationship of this shell to that genus is at 

most very remote. This is clear from the fact that the shell is equivalve without a byssal sinus in either valve, but .with a ligamental 

furrow on both sides of the beaks along the outer edge of the hinge 

line. These are the characters of the Limidse, but the shape is unlike 

that of most representatives of the family, which are rather conspicuously short hinged, by reason of the long projecting hinge line. 

The reference of the specimens to Plagiostoma is therefore provisional 

and is likely to be changed when the dentition (if any is present) is 

known. Not improbably the generic characters will show it to be 

new, and even if it belongs with the Limidse there is little doubt 

that it will constitute a distinct and new subgenus.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2006).
PELECYPODA. 141

Family MYTILID^B. 

Genus MODIOLA Lamarck.

MODIOLA SUBELLIPTICA Meek?

Plate XVII, figure 12.

186G. Clidophorus(&n Pleurophorus) ocddentalis. Geinitz, Garb, und Dyas in Nebraska,

p. 23, tab. 2, fig. 6. (Not Pleurophorus ocddentalis Meek and Hayden.) 

Upper Coal Measures: Nebraska City, Nebr. 

1872. Modiola? subelliptica. Meek, U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska Final Kept., p. 211,

pi. 10, fig..5. 

Upper Coal Measures: Nebraska City, Nebr.; Riverside, 3 miles below Atchison, Kans. 

71881. Pleurophorus subcostatus. White, U. S. Geog. Surveys W. 100th Mer. Kept.,

vol. 3, Supp., Appendix, p. xxvii, pi. 3, fig. 8. 

Carboniferous: Coyote Creek, N. Mex. 

1900. Modiola subelliptica. Beede, Kansas Univ. Geol. Survey, vol. 6, p. 136.

Upper Coal Measures: Topeka, Kaus.

1903. Modiola? subelliptica. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 16, p. 420. 

Hermosa formation: San Juan region, Colo;

This species is represented by a single bivalved specimen; from which, 

unfortunately, the anterior end has been broken away. It is a narrow 

transverse §hell contracting toward the front and having an obliquely 

truncated posterior extremity. The convexity is moderate. A subangular umbonal ridge meets the ventral border a little in front of the 

posterior inferior angle and traverses the shell obliquely forward and 

upward; its direction in the lower part would bring it to the cardinal 

border distinctly posterior to the beaks did it not bend forward in the 

upper part so that its obliquity to the dorsal border is less distinct 

and so that doubtless it connects in the usual way with the umbones, 

which were presumably nearly, terminal, at least if the provisional 

identification is approximately correct.

The shape) so far as it can be determined, the distinct subangular, 

curved, umbonal ridge, and its position with regard to the outline of 

°the shell, are very suggestive of Meek's species cited above, but a satisfactory determination must await more complete data than are now 

available.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2006).

Family PHOLADELLID^.

Genus ALLERISMA Kong. 

! ALLERISMA? sp..

Plate XVII, figure 13.

The subject of this note is a single small specimen having a transverse shape and nearly terminal beaks. The hinge line is long and 

straight. The ventral border is rather strongly curved, so that the 

greatest height is posterior to the middle, and the anterior end is somewhat abruptly contracted. The ends are regularly rounded, the ante-
142 ' FAUNA'OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

rior more sharply, the outline recurving there below the small, not 

very prominent beaks. A subangular inflection of the shell along 

the hinge line makes a narrow elongated escutcheon. There is no 

distinct umbonal ridge. The surface is" marked by rather strong, 

regular concentric folds, which die out more or less completely over 

the postumbonal slope.

The specific relations of this little shell are not apparent. It may 

be a young example of A. terminate.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2006).

Family PLEUROPHORID^B.

Genus ASTABTELLA HaU.

ASTARTELLA CONCENTRICA Conrad.

Plate XVIII, figures 2-9.

1842. Nuculites concentricus. Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Jour., 1st ser.,

vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 248. 

Coal Measures: Pennsylvania.

1859. Posidonia Moorei. Gabb, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 297. (Date

of imprint, 1860.) 

Coal Measures: Fort Belknap, Tex.

1860. Posidonia Moorei. Gabb, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 55, pi. 1, fig. 2. 

(Date of imprint, 1861.)

Shell attaining a rather large size, more or less transverse and generally subquadrilateral in shape. Dorsal outline nearly straight or 

gently convex. Ventral border straight or slightly concave near the 

posterior extremity, more and more strongly curved toward the front, 

where it rpunds in under the prominent beaks. Posterior outline 

straight or truncated, making an obtuse angle with the cardinal border. Beaks large, prominent, strongly incurved, and situated close 

to the anterior extremity.

Convexity high, chiefly localized in the umbonal region, the valves 

being rather compressed behind. Umbonal ridge angular, distinct 

to the inferior posterior angle. The surface between the umbonal 

ridge and the cardinal line is flattened or even.depressed. The umbonal ridge is emphasized in some specimens by a shallow indistinct 

constriction, situated just in front and chiefly noticeable toward the 

margin, in which it produces a deflection or reentrant curve. The 

lunule and escutcheon are large and very sharply defined, the lunule* 

by being abruptly bent inward, the escutcheon by the ridge formed by 

the recurved edge of the umbonal slope.

The surface is marked by regularly arranged, prominent lamellae 

with relatively wide, flat interspaces. The latter are also marked by 

fine, regular, concentric lirse. This ornamentation does not continue 

onto the lunule and escutcheon.
PELECYPODA. 143

The internal.characters are not known. The valves show around

^ their free edges a row of beading or denticles.

A This form is abundant in the Wewoka formation, but the material,

( though showing considerable variation, can not be advantageously

separated into distinguishable species and varieties. In shape the

^ chief variation is found in the relations.of length and breadth, some

specimens being less transverse than others. In some specimens also

1 the ventral border is more strongly rounded and has a less distinct

-A emargination near the inferior posterior angle. Such shells, if of 

the less transverse type, have a nearly circular outline. Those of the 

more transverse type are also more or less distinctive. Some specimens examined attain unusual size.

In sculpture more or less variation is found in the closeness of 

arrangement of the lamellae. The variation is not excessive between 

4 most specimens and it ranges toward, though probably not to, the 

j striking species A. varied. It is worthy of remark in this connection 

that the ornamentation on shells from station 2010 is unusually coarse. 

> However, here and there among all of the collections one or two specimens have been found in which the lamellae are more coarsely arranged 

than normal. The most coarsely sculptured of these shells are very 

^ nearly comparable to the most finely sculptured of A. varica. In 

I some larger, perhaps senile specimens, the sculpture about the margins loses its regularity and the projecting plates are less prominent 

s and more crowded. Some specimens also clearly show evidence of 

radiating striae in the depressed bands between the concentric lamellae. 

* In some cases, and perhaps in all, this appearance is due to exfoliation

-> and is probably to be connected with the rows of granules with which 

the margin is progressively marked.

Six species of Astartella have been described from the American

-> Carboniferous, the genus, so far as known, not occurring in tjjie Mississippian. These are A. concentrica McChesney, A. gurleyi White, 

' A. nasuta Girty, A. newberryi Meek, A. varica McChesney, and A. vera 

Hall. To these may be added Posidonia moorei Gabb, and Nuculites 

concentricus Conrad. The latter is clearly an Astartella and was recognized as such by Meek as early as 1875.1 P. moorei also is, from its 

configuration, almost as certainly a member of the same group. Fort 

Belknap, the original locality, is in Young County, Tex., not far from 

Graham, and the geologic formation is, with but little question, 

the Cisco.

The characters which distinguish these species are shape and sculpture. A. varica stands forth from the other species by reason of the 

wide intervals be.tween the heavy concentric ridges; A. gurleyi and 

A. nasuta are also probably distinct, differing by a combination of 

shape and sculpture; but A. concentrica Conrad, A. concentrica

i Ohio Geol. Survey, Paleontology, vol. 2, p. 341,1875.
144 ' FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

McChesney, A. moorei Gabb, A. newberryi Meek, and A. vera Hall are 

very closely related and possibly identical species, of which A. concentrica Conrad, 1842, was the first to be described. I am inclined 

also to believe that A. vera is a recognizable species, as I have seen a 

specimen, which seems to be typical, in which the ornamentation consisted of angular concentric ridges, more or less irregular in arrangement, rather than of thin lamellae separated by relatively broad flat 

interspaces. The remaining species appear to be distinguished largely 

by peculiarities of outline, not all of which are very marked. Some 

species, as A. newberryi, were based on a single specimen, so that the 

range of variation and the characters of the average specimen are not. 

known. After I had examined a rather extensive suite of specimens 

it seemed to me that it is not practicable in this group to distinguish 

species on slight variations in sh ape or slight variations in arrangement 

of the concentric lamellae. It has therefore appeared best to identify 

the shells under investigation with Conrad's A. concentrica, with the 

description and figure of which some of my specimens seem to be in 

exact agreement, and to include in the synonymy only Posidonia 

moorei, to which species some of the specimens, not to be distinguished 

from the others, with but little question belong. .Although I believe 

that A. newberryi will prove to be/only an abnormal or compressed 

individual of the same species, it will probably be best to retain the 

name provisionally. A. concentrica McChesney seems with even less 

probability to be a valid species, and for this reason, although the v 

name is preoccupied, I have not substituted a new one for it.

For the convenience of those who wish to compare the descriptions * 

and figures of A. concentrica Conrad and A. moorei Gabb, I reproduce 

below the descriptions by both authors:

N. concentrica. Plate XV, figure 19. Sub triangular, slightly ventricose, with rather

distant sharp concentric striae; umboiiial slope obtusely angulated; posterior dorsal V 

margin rectilinear, very oblique; posterior extremity truncated, the margin nearly 

direct; beaks near the anterior extremity; basal margin nearly straight in the middle. .7

Locality. Inclined plane of the Alleghany Mountain; No. 3, in bituminous shale 

overlying coal (Carboniferous system).

Posidonia moorei. Shell subquadrangular, slightly gibbons, cardinal edge straight; 

beaks small, near the anterior edge, and slightly projecting beyond the cardinal line; 

umbones prominent, anterior edge rounded; posterior edge straight above, rounded 

below to meet the basal margin, which is regularly curved; surface marked by about 

twenty prominent round concentric ribs.

Locality and position. From a buff-colored lijnestone above the coal, near Fort 

Belknap.

Horizon and, locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005, 2006, 2009, and 2010); Coalgate quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2001, 2004, and 7193).
SCAPHOPODA. 145

ASTAHTELLA VAiiiCA McChesney? 

Plate XVIII, figures 1-lb.

1860. Astartella varica. McChesney, Desc. New Spec. Foss., p. 55. (Date of imprint,

1859.)

Coal Measures: Springfield, 111.

1865. 'Astartella varica. McChesney, Illus. New Spec. Foss., pi. 2, fig. 7. 

1868. Astartella varica. McChesney, Chicago Acad. Sci. Trans., vol. 1, p. 42°, pi. 2,

fig. 7.

Coal Measures: Springfield, 111. 

1875. Astartella varica. Meek, Ohio Geol. Survey, Paleontology, vol. 2, p. 341, pi. 19,

fig. 2.

Coal Measures: Newark, Ohio. 

1887. Astartella varica. Herrick, Denison Univ. Sci. Lab. Bull., vol. 2, p. 39, pi. 4,

fig. 31. 

Coal Measures: Flint Ridge, Ohio.

From a few points in the Wewoka formation specimens have been 

referred to Astartella varica, but not without some doubt. They 

intergrade with A concentrica, with which they occur associated, and 

they present essentially the same modifications in shape, and I can not 

regard them as more than variations from the typical A. concentrica.

It may be that typical A. varica will prove to be no more than 

varietally distinct from A. concentrica, but as the fact is rather s\iggested than demonstrated by the evidence at hand, I am giving the 

species full specific recognition.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle 

Okla. (stations 2005, 2006, 2009, and 2010?); Coalgate quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2001 and 7193).

SCAPHOPODA. 

Family DENTALIIDJE.

Genus DENTALIUM Linnaeus.

DENTALIUM SEMICOSTATUM Girty.

Plate XXV, figure 11.

1911. Dentalium semicostatum. Girty, New York Acad. Sci. Annals, vol. 21, p. 135. 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla.

This type is represented by two fragments, which, so far as shown, 

indicate a straight or gently curved, slowly enlarging, conical shell. 

The cross section is distinctly elliptical, measuring in the larger fragment 7 millimeters in one direction and 6 millimeters in the other. 

The test is thick and is marked by rather fine, rounded, wavy, longitudinal costse, separated by linear striae, both confined to one side 

of the shell. About four or five costse occur in 1 millimeter. ' There are 

also transverse constrictions and incremental lines which lie obliquely

37003° Bull. 544 15 10
146 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

to the axis. The obliquity of these markings is in the direction of 

the long axis of the section, so that their most distal points occur 

down one of the narrow sides of the shell, and the most proximal 

down the other. The costae also are confined to the narrow side 

that on which the transverse striae are farthest from the apex.

Dentalium semicostatum is somewhat similar to D. mexicanum, 

but it. has slightly finer costae of a considerably larger size, and they 

are restricted to one side of the shell.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005 and 2006).

DENTALIUM INDIANUM Girty. 

Plate XXV, figures 12, 12a.

1911. Dentalium indianum. Girty, New York Acad. Sci. Annals, vol. 21, p. 135. 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla.

Shell rather small, gradually tapering, very slightly'curved. Section circular or obscurely elliptical. Surface marked by numerous 

thin, sharply elevated, longitudinal costae separated by intervals of 

about double their own width. The costse can not be counted with 

accuracy but number not far from 42. There appear to be also fine, 

transverse, crenulating striae.

This form stands nearest to D. mexicanum by reason of its numerous fine costae. These are, however, more numerous and are separated by relatively wider intervals, while the shell itself is gently 

curved instead of straight, as in the western form.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2006).

DENTALIUM SUBLEVE Hall.

Plate XXV, figures 13,13a.

1858. Dentalium obsoletum. Hall, Rept. Geol. Survey, Iowa, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 724, 

pi. 29, figs. 16, 17, 17a.

Coal Measures: Iowa.

1877. Dentalium sublseve. Hall, Miller's Am. Pal. Foss., 2d ed., p. 244. 

1891. Dentalium sublseve. Keyes, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 252.

Lower Coal Measures: Des Moines, Iowa. 

1903. Dentalium subLxve. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 16, p. 451.

Hermosa formation: San Juan region, Colo.

Maroon formation: Crested Butte district, Colo.

A single fragment represents this species and represents it somewhat doubtfully, for Hall's description is not specific and the specimen itself is not well preserved. It indicates a straight or nearly 

straight shell, very gradually tapering and having a circular section 

about 5£ millimeters in diameter. The test is rather thin and is marked 

externally by slender longitudinal ribs, in this specimen numbering 16.
SCAPHOPODA. 147

These ribs are slender and abruptly elevated and the nearly flat interspaces are three or four times as wide as the costae themselves.

Although my specimen does not show any curvature nor its partly 

defaced surface any transverse markings, I see no adequate reason for 

discriminating it from Hall's species. His description is indefinite, 

however, in not stating the number of costse and the distance they 

are apart. My specimen might almost as appropriately be referred 

to D. acutisulcatum, if that species can be considered adequately 

established and if it is not the same as the older one described by 

Hall. It has, however, fewer ribs and retains them to a stage (size) 

at which they are apparently obsolete in D. acutisulcatum.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Olda. (stations 2006? and 2005).

Genus PLAGIOGLYPTA Pilsbry. 

PLAGIOGLYPTA ANNULISTRIATA Meek and Worthen.

Plate XXV, figures 15-16a.

1870. Dentalium annulostriutum. Meek and Worthen, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia

Proc., 'p. 45.

Coal Measures: Danville, 111. 

1873. Dentalium?^ annulostriatum. Meek and Worthen, Illinois Geol. Survey, vol. 5,

p. 589, pi. 29, fig. 7. 

Coal Measures: Danville, 111. 

1888. Dentalium annulostriatum. Keyes, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 234.

(Date of imprint, 1889.) 

Lower Coal Measures: Des Moines, Iowa. 

1891. Dentalium annulostriatum. Keyes, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 251.

(Date of imprint, 1892.) 

Lower Coal Measures: Des Moines, Iowa. 

1903. Plagioglypta annulistriata. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 16, p. 452.

Of this species it has been possible to examine nine specimens. 

They show a small form which enlarges with moderate rapidity and is 

distinctly curved in the course of growth. The section is circular 

and the largest fragments have a diameter of only 3 millimeters.

The surface is marked by relatively strong, obliquely transverse 

lirse, which are subangular and are separated by rounded striae of some-, 

what greater width. The obliquity of the markings is generally 

strong, and is so directed that the points of greatest proximity to the 

large end of the shell occur along a line down the concave side. The 

liration varies exceedingly even on different parts of the same specimen, being fine and crowded in one place and coarser and more widely 

spaced in another, and more or less distinctly and variously alternating elsewhere. The larger specimens appear to be almost glabrous, 

but are included under the same species on the hypothesis that they 

represent a somewhat senile condition.
148 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

Authentic specimens of Plagioglypta meekiana and P. annulistriata, 

to both of which the present form is related, have not been at hand 

for comparison, but it seems to exhibit the sharp annulation of the 

latter rather than the finer, more obscure striations of the former.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2005); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2001).

PLAGIOGLYPTA MEEKIANA Geinitz.

Plate XXV, figures 14,14a. 

1866. Dentalium Meekianum. Geinitz, Garb, und Dyas in Nebraska, p., 13, tab. 1,

fig. 20. 

Dyas: Nebraska City, Nebr.

1872. Dentalium Meekianum. Meek, U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska Final Kept., p.

224, pi. 11, figs. 16a, 16b, 

Upper Coal Measures: Nebraska City, Nebr.

1873. Dentalium Meekianum? Meek and Worthen, Illinois Geol. Survey, vol. 5,

p. 590, pi. 29, fig. 8.

Coal Measures: Danville, 111. , 

1888. Dentalium meekianum. Keyes, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 234.

(Date, of imprint, 1889.) 

Lower Coal Measures: Des Moines, Iowa. 

1891. Dentalium meekianum. Keyes, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 251.

(Date of imprint, 1892..) . Lower Coal Measures: Des Moines, Iowa.

1895. Dentalium meekianum. Keyes, Missouri Geol. Survey, vol. 5, p. 133. (Date

of imprint, 1894.) 

Upper Coal Measures: Kansas City, Mo.

1896. Dentalium conf. meekianum. Smith, Am. Philos. Soc. Proc., vol. 35, p. 248. 

Upper Coal Measures: Crawford County, Ark.

1897. Dentalium cf. meekianum. Smith, Leland Stanford Junior Univ. Pub., Contrib.

Biology Hopkins Seaside Lab. No. 9, p. 38. 

Upper Coal Measures: Crawford County, Ark. , 

1903. Plagioglypta meekiana. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 16, p. 452.

This identification is based primarily on a single specimen, which 

in its fragmentary condition has a length of 15 millimeters, and a 

diameter at the larger end of a little less than 4 millimeters and at 

the smaller end of a little over 2 millimeters. It is gently curved and 

the section is slightly elongated in the direction of this curvature. 

The surface is marked by obscure incremental lines and larger striae 

due to irregularities of growth. These markings are somewhat oblique 

to the axis of the shell, the distal portion being on the concave side of 

the curvature and the proximal portion on its convex side.

This form quite closely resembles P. annulistriata and may be only 

a variety of it. It differs in the rather more irregular and much 

more obscure character of its surface markings, which appear in the 

one form more like mere irregularities of growth and in the other like 

sculpture or orientation.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2006).' ' ' .
FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA. 149

GASTROPODA.

Family PLEUROTOMARIID^E.

Genus PHANEROTREMA Fischer.

o

The name Phanerotrema was introduced by Fischer in 1885. The 

typical species is P. labrosum Hall, from the Helderberg group, and 

the original description cites the following characters: Shell turbinate; coils few, the last elevated; spire short. Region of the band 

of the sinus salient, aperture subrhomboidal.

Ulrich 1 discussed this genus in 1897, naming some characters not 

originally mentioned by Fischer, among them the fact that the inner 

lip is thick. This clearly refers to Hall's description of P. labrosum, 

where he says that the columellar lip is extremely thickened, the 

callosity extending to the outer lip. Ulrich further says: "Two of 

our Carboniferous species, however, PI. grayvillensis Norwood and 

Pratten, and PI. marcouiana Geinitz, appear to have all the essential 

characters of Phanerotrema, and we expect to find that they are 

actual continuations of the same generic type."

When I compare the specimens described below as P. grayvillense 

with these generic descriptions of Phanerotrema and with the typical 

species of the genus, I find numerous differences, most of which are 

perhaps of only specific importance. One, however, seems to have 

higher significance and'leads me to doubt whether after all these 

Carboniferous species are congeneric with P. labrosum. The character 

in question is the very one mentioned above as having been added 

to the original description. The inner lip in P. grayvillense is formed 

by the preceding volution without any callosity at all. The outer 

lip, making much more than a semicircle, is somewhat thickened and 

reflexed on the inner side of its anterior end, the reflexed portion 

partly covering the umbilicus, or perhaps making a. false umbilicus. 

In P. labrosum, on the other hand, there is a thick callosity forming 

the inner lip, which, to judge by Hall's figures, may extend beyond 

the tightly sealed umbilicus onto the outer lip. This feature is considered important in the classification of recent shells and appears 

to warrant doubt in the reference of the Carboniferous species to 

Phanerotrema.

o

PHANEROTREMA GRAYVILLENSE Norwood and Pratten.

Plate XXIII, figures 2-8c."

1855. Pleurolomaria Grayvillensis. Norwood and Pratten, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Jour., 2d ser., vol. 3, p. 75, pi. 9, figs. 7a, 7b.

Coal Measures: Grayville, 111.; near mouth of Rush Creek, Posey County, Ind.; 

Shawneetown and Galatia, 111.

1 Ulrich, E.G., Minnesota Gcol. and Nat. Hist. Survey, Final Kept., vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 952,1897.
150 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

1866. Pleurotomaria Grayvillensis. Geinitz, Garb, und Dyas in Nebraska, p. 9, tab. 1,

fig. 9.

Upper Coal Measures: .Nebraska City, Nebr. 

1872. Pleurotomaria Grayvillensis. Meek, U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska Final Kept.,

p. 233, pi. 11, fig. 9.

Upper Coal Measures: Nebraska City, Nebr.; Illinois; Kentucky; Iowa; Missouri; Kansas.

Lower Coal Measures: Illinois and West Virginia. 

1888. Pleurotomaria gravillensis. Keyes, Acad.Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc.,p. 238.

Lower Coal Measures: Des Moines, Iowa. 

1895. Pleurotomaria grayvillensis. Keyes, Missouri Geol. Survey, vol. 5, p. 141.

(Date of imprint, 1894.)

Lower Coal Measures: Kansas City and Pleasant Hill, Mo. 

1897. Phanerotrema grayvillensis. Ulrich, Minnesota Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey,

Final Kept., vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 952.

1903k Phanerotrema cf. grayvillense. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 16, p. 455. 

Weber formation: Leadville district, Colo.

Shell rather small, height and diameter about equal, final volution 

making up distinctly more than one-half the height. Volutions 

usually five, sometimes six. Whorl section at maturity more or less 

rhomboidal with a slit band on the peripheral angle. The upper 

surface of each volution is fiat or slightly concave, declining rather 

strongly from the suture. The slit band, situated on the peripheral 

angle, is very narrow, deeply concave, and defined by two sharply 

projecting edges of about equal prominence. Below the slit band is 

a groove slightly wider than the band, below which the shell rounds 

regularly inward and then upward to the umbilicus. The slit band 

therefore is the most prominent portion of the whorl. The umbilicus 

is small, partly covered by a reflexed edge of the outer lip. The 

inner lip is formed by the preceding volution, without a callosity. 

The outline of the outer lip is moderately convex above and directed

obliquely backward from the suture. At the periphery it is abruptly 

withdrawn into the slit which occupies about a sixth or an eighth of 

a volution. Below the slit the outline has a generally straight course 

to the umbilicus, but is gently flexed into two low, convex curves with 

a low concave curve between them. Each volution embraces the preceding one about to the band, with a general tendency to cover the 

band in the younger stages and to leave an uncovered space below it 

in the older. The tendency to leave an uncovered space begins at 

different ages in different specimens and correspondingly affects the 

shape. If it begins late it makes the spire low with a broad angle 

and a smooth ascent; if early it makes the spire higher, more acutely 

angular, and with steplike rise.

While maintaining the same general characters the surface shows 

much variation in detail in different specimens. It is crossed by 

regular revolving and transverse lines, but each system varies in 

coarseness and in strength, not only with reference to the other but
GASTROPODA. 151

on different parts of the surface. It is impossible to note all the 

little changes observed and my description must be confined to the 

general sculpture developed on the average specimen, together with 

some of the more important variations.

The revolving lirae show considerable diversity in number and 

arrangement. Above the slit band they number 7 to 10 (or less), 

and, of course, when the larger number are developed they are 

smaller and more closely arranged. In many specimens the one or 

two or even three nearest the suture are conspicuously larger than 

those below, which in some specimens, perhaps from abrasion, are 

very obscure. Below the band the revolving striae number from 9 

to 14 or even more. Those on the depressed portion below the band, 

three or four in number, may be finer than the others, and if they are 

so the coarser striae may be introduced abruptly where the convexity 

begins; but in some specimens the increase in size is more regular. 

Near the umbilicus in many shells the revolving lirae are smaller. 

The transverse lirae are usually much less distinct than the others 

and follow the direction of the aperture. In connection with these 

the revolving lirae are strongly enlarged at regular intervals so that 

they look like rows of nodes or pustules more or less connected at the 

base by raised lines. The revolving ornamentation is usually much 

more conspicuous than the transverse, and the nodose appearance 

is more striking, as it is also coarser, below the band than above it. 

In some shells, however, the transverse markings are as strong as the 

revolving ones but they are less abruptly elevated. The nodes above 

the band near the suture are also especially coarse and prominent. 

The sculpture here may consist of one or two or even three revolving 

rows of nodes, rapidly decreasing in size from the suture and more 

or less connected into transverse as well as revolving lines. Or the 

transverse arrangement may predominate so that the appearance is 

that of single radiating, more or less elongate nodes or plications. 

Frequently the shell along the suture is thickened so that it stands 

up as a sort of ridge, crowned at intervals by the nodes. In this case 

the upper surface of the whorl is rather concave than flat. The slit 

band is marked by fine, regular, transverse, incremental lines having 

a concave curvature. It bears no revolving striae. -

The shape of the whorls and their sculpture undergo various modifications before reaching the mature condition, but the stages are 

not represented by young specimens in the collection and have to be 

studied on the apical portion of mature ones. Although hundreds 

of specimens have been examined but few show this portion with 

the characters clearly preserved. Apparently at first for a turn or 

a turn and a half the section is circular and the surface smooth, 

perhaps marked with fine transverse incremental lines. Shortly the
_ . V

152 FAUNA 6r WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

upper surface becomes flattened and then indented in the middle so 

that the portion near the suture is elevated into a sort of ridge which 

soon becomes broken up into separate nodes. Later the revolving * 

lirse are introduced. These begin earlier on some specimens than on * 

others, or at least they can now be observed on older portions of the 

shell, but seldom can they be traced back for over two turns or, on 

large shells, for over three."

There can hardly be a doubt that this is the form described by 

Norwood and Pratten as Pleurotomaria grayvillensis. Only one difference has been noted between my specimens and their description. 

The spiral angle is given as 102°, distinctly greater than that in my 

specimens, in which it is invariably less than 90° and distinctly 

greater also than the angle shown by their figures. An additional 

character is given by Meek,1 who says that in typical specimens of 

P. grayvillensis the lirse are in two series, two to four smaller ones 

lying between the larger. This is clearly not a feature of the shells 

here considered, though in a few specimens the lirae on the lower side ^ 

of-the whorls appear to be alternating.

Ulrich suggests that this species is a representative of Phanerotrema, * 

and the only character at variance with that genus is the absence of a 

callosity on the inner lip. The specimens examined show no deposit 

against the preceding volution.

From the synonymy of this species I am removing three citations v 

by White of a form from the Wild Band Pockets in northern Arizona. 

If his figure is at all accurate the form from Arizona is clearly not 

typical grayvillense. In many respects it recalls P. manzanicum but 

is probably an undescribed species.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, -* 

Okla. (stations 2005, 2006, and 2010); Coalgate' quadrangle, Okla. , 

(stations 2001, 2004, and 7193). . ° (

Genus WOBTHENIA De Koninck. * 

WORTHENIA TABULATA Conrad. 

Plate XXII, figures l-4a.

1835. Turbo tabulatus. Conrad, Pennsylvania Geol. Soc. Trans., vol. l,pt. 2, p. 267,

pi. 12, fig. 1. 

1842. Pleurotomaria labulata. Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Jour., let eer.,

vol. 8, pt. 2, p. 272.

Carboniferous: Inclined plane of the Allegheny Mountains. 

1858. Pleurotomaria tabulata. Hall, Kept. Geol. Survey Iowa, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 721,

pi. 29, figs. 12a, 12b.

Coal Measures: Pennsylvania, Indiana, and Illinois. 

1881. Pleurotomaria tabulata. White, Indiana Dept. Geol. and Nat. Hist. Second

Ann. Kept., p. 519, pi. 18, figs. 4, 5. (Date of imprint, 1880.) 

 Coal Measures: Rush Creek, Posey County, Ind.

»Meek, F. B., U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska Final Kept., p. 233,1872.
GASTROPODA. . 153

1884. Pleurotomaria tabulata. White, Indiana Dept. Geology and Nat. Hist. Thirteenth Ann. Kept., pt. 2, p. 160, pi. 32, figs. 4, 5. 

Upper Coal Measures: Rush Creek, Posey County; Wagon-defeat Creek,

Sullivan County; and Warrick County, Ind. 

1895. Pleurotomaria tabulata. Keyes, Missouri Geol. Survey, vol. 5, p. 142. (Date

of imprint, 1894.)

Upper Coal Measures: Kansas City, Mo. 

1897. Worthenia tabulata. Ulrich, Minnesota Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey Final Kept.,

vol. 3, pt. 2, pp. 949, 950, 953. 

1903. Worthenia tabulata? Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 16, p. 456.

Hermosa formation: Sinbads Valley, Colo. 

1910. Worthenia tabulata. Raymond, Carnegie Mus. Annals, vol. 7, No. 1, p. 157,

pi. 26, fig.'2. 

Brush Creek limestone: Donohoe. Pa.

- The specimens thus far obtained from the Wewoka formation are 

immature or of small size. The spire is rather high and turreted. 

The height of the last whorl constitutes about one-half the entire 

height of the specimen, and its diameter is considerably less than the 

entire height. The volutions are flattened above, gently convex near 

the suture, gently concave near the carina. The upper surface declines 

rather strongly from the axis. A large, very prominent carina is developed a little above the middle of the whurl. Below the carina the 

surface is gently concave for a distance equal to about half the width 

of the upper surface. This lateral surface is nearly parallel to the 

axis, sloping slightly inward from the carina. By a rather abrupt 

change of direction, accompanied by more or less angulation, the 

surface becomes convex again, curving upward strongly when near 

the umbilicus, which is partly covered by a fold of the shell. Each 

volution embraces or conceals more or less of the lateral surface of 

the preceding one, but leaves a longer and longer open, space below 

the band as the size of the shell increases, so that mature examples 

are more conspicuously turreted than young ones.

The surface is marked by sharp, revolving and transverse lirae which 

are of about equal strength and in general form a regularly reticulate 

sculpture. As a rule the revolving lirse are more persistent and 

prominent than the others and are arranged at wider intervals. On 

the upper half of the upper surface these markings are coarser and 

some of them assume the appearance of small nodes in radiating and 

revolving rows, of which there are three or four in a spiral directionIn general the points of intersection of the two sets of elevations 

tend to be represented by nodelike prominences. On the lateral 

surface the sculpture is again very fine, assuming abruptly a coarser 

arrangement with the angulation below. On the lower surface, as 

near the suture, the sculpture in many specimens resembles nodes 

connected at their bases by lirae of two decussating systems, of which 

the revolving one is the more conspicuous. The transverse lirse,
154 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

following the shape of the aperture, are slightly convex above the 

carina and swing gently backward from the suture. Across the 

lateral surface they slope forward, and underneath it the direction 

is nearly direct to the umbilicus with a slight sinus or concavity below 

the angulation marking the junction of the lateral and inferior 

surfaces.

The slit band is situated on the carina. It is not depressed but is 

projecting and is marked by regularly and closely arranged prominences or crenulations. In many specimens the space between the 

crenulations is traversed by from one to three revolving lirse similar 

to those on the rest of the surface. The function of this portion 

of the shell as the slit band is clearly shown by the appearance in 

most specimens of thin lamellae bounding it above and below.

In the young stages the cross section was nearly circular arid 

smooth (?) for about two volutions. Then the median portion 

became depressed into a revolving groove, the lower of the two small 

ridges thus produced being the slit band. The reticulate sculpture 

seems to extend back onto or to the two or three earliest whorls.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005 and 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (stations 

2001, 2004, and 7193).

WORTHENIA TABULATA Var.

Plate XXII, figures 5-6.

A few specimens in the collection seem to represent a distinguishable variety of Worthenia tabulata with which, however, they intergrade. The most conspicuous difference consists in the fact that their 

spire is lower, with of course a broader angle, 'and that it is also less

turreted. This result seems to be due to two causes operating in 

varying degrees to a more complete overlapping of the volutions 

and to a lower obliquity of the axis of the volution in its direction to 

the spiral axis. So far as observed, the shells under consideration 

do not attain the size of typical W. tabulata, which in the Wewoka 

formation appears to be somewhat below the normal.

In the variety under consideration the sculpture seems to be almost 

exactly the same as in the other form. The carina is perhaps a little 

less prominent, but it is crenulated in the same manner, with revolving lirse between the crenulations. In the same manner also the 

sculpture tends to be fine above and below the carina on the lower 

half of the upper surface and on the lateral surface, and to be coarser 

on the upper half of the upper surface toward the suture and on the 

lower surface. The revolving lirse are usually distinctly coarser than 

the transverse lirae and dominate them. The points of intersection 

of the two series are more or less nodose.
^ GASTROPODA. 155

This form much resembles W. speciosa of Meek and Worthen, some 

i specimens more than others. It seemed best not to identify it with 

that species, however, for the following reasons: The spire is usually 

more turreted and the junction between the lateral and lower surface 

more prominent and angular than is represented by Meek and 

Worthen's description and figures. The lirse appear to be somewhat 

. more numerous, having one or two additional on both the lateral and 

upper surfaces. The transverse lines are of equal size, not having 

' every fourth or fifth more prominent near the suture, and the revolving lirae are more delicate near the carina, a feature that is not speci- 

. fied in the description of W. speciosa.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005 and 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (stations 

2001 and 2004).

Genus ORESTES Girty.

1911. Orestes. Girty, New York Acad. Sci. Annals, vol. 21, p. 136.

This name is introduced for a group of pleurotomarioid shells which

^ have a shape generally conical or slightly turreted with a gently

""*" convex basal portion. The band is not very strikingly defined and

has a peripheral position distinctly below the middle of the whorl. The

upper surface is in general flattened and oblique, with the zone which

lies just below the suture more or less prominent and marked by

nodes. The sculpture consists of fine, decussating, revolving, and

transverse lirse. The slit band is relatively broad and carries one or

more revolving lirae, which are sometimes nodulose and may conceal

-^ to a greater or less degree the structural character of this part of the

, shell. The slit has not been observed in any of the specimens seen,

but it was probably short. The umbilicus was apparently closed, but

1 a reflexed portion of the lower part of the outer lip produces a small

excavation which resembles a minute umbilical opening. 

' The inner lip is without a callosity. In fact, the mantle seems to 

have had the power to resorb the shell on the inner side of the aperture, so that this portion of the preceding volution is smooth and 

slightly depressed below the external ornamented areas. This has 

been, observed in many specimens and is surely not an accidental 

character.

v In one extreme these shells suggest Euconospira, from which they 

differ in their less regular, conical shape, and in the development of 

^ nodes below the suture and of revolving lirse in the slit band. They 

suggest also Phanerotrema, but have a more conical shape with a slit 

band that is at once broader, less defined, and marked by distinctive 

sculpture, and is situated not near the middle of the peritreme but 

well below. Worthenia is in some respects the most nearly related 

group, -at least in the ornamented character of the slit band. In
156 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

Worthenia the band is above rather than below the middle, is narrow 

instead of broad, and bears lunules which are much more prominent 

than the revolving lirse (in Orestes the lunules are hardly more than 

lamellose growth lines). Worthenia, too, has a more turreted, less 

conical shape. It is doubtful whether any of the groups mentioned 

have the peculiar eroded or resorbed character of the inner side of 

the aperture seen in the Wewoka specimens.

Orestes, then, is referred to a subgeneric position under Worthenia, 

although its relationship to Phanerotrema is also obvious. The 

generic name is intended to commemorate Orestes St. John, one of 

the early paleontologists of the United States and one of the early 

geologic explorers of Oklahoma.

Type species. Orestes nodosus.

ORESTES NODOSUS Girty. 

Plate XXII, figures 7-10.

1911. Orestes nodosus. Girty, New York Acad. Sci. Annals, vol. 21, p. 137. 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Coalgate quadrangle, Okla.

Shell small, irregularly conical. Diameter of last whorl about 

equal to greatest height, though less in some specimens. Height 

of last volution about equal to the height of the spire above. Volutions angular, most prominent below the middle. Spire somewhat 

turreted. Umbilicus apparently closed, but with the lower lip 

folded backward upon itself, so as to produce a small pit or false 

umbilicus. Suture considerably depressed. The shell projects 

strongly from the suture, then bends downward, and is flat or concave 

below to the first carina. Thus the upper third of the upper surface 

forms a sort of spiral ridge just below the suture. The lateral surface is about one-third as broad as the upper surface. It consists 

of two rather thick, rounded carinse guarding between them a relatively broad concave channel in which the band is situated. The 

upper carina is better defined than the other, but does not project quite 

as far. The lower surface is nearly horizontal, gently convex, more 

tumid near the umbilicus. The swollen band below the suture is 

marked by a row of distantly arranged nodes, which appear to be 

independent of the superficial sculpture.

The surface is crossed by regular and nearly equal, revolving and 

transverse lirse, the former heavier and dominant, the latter more 

closely arranged. The upper surface carries about five (four to 

six) revolving lines, arranged at regular and distant intervals. The 

upper line is on the subsutural prominence, just above which, in a 

few specimens, an additional lira is developed, giving the nodes a 

somewhat elongated double-topped appearance. The two carinse 

bounding the slit are similar revolving somewhat larger lirse. Just
GASTEOPODA.

within these two lirse are two small edges which define the true 

limits of the slit band. The band is medially traversed by another 

fine, revolving thread, or rarely by three threads. The lower carina 

;' carries about two fairly heavy lirse, and the lower surface is crossed 

'""^ by about twelve others, some of which may be fine and alternating 

"Ji with those of larger size. They are heavier and more crowded than 

4/ the lirse above. The transverse lirse, doubtless following the out- 

"'' line of the aperture, bend strongly backward, being convex near 

, | the suture and straightened or gently concave near the band. Over 

!' ! the latter they are deeply concave, producing fine, regular, closely 

"*j! arranged crenulations or lunules. On the under side they run

-^ obliquely backward with a strong convex turn on the lower carina. . v ' For most of the distance they are thus nearly straight. In the

r > region of the suture they seem to be fine, irregular, and crowded,

passing just below the nodose zone into regular, rather distant

L$. lirse, which give a finely nodose appearance to the upper carina and

generally tend to produce little prominences where they cross the

/ revolving lirse. Even below the nodose zone, fine, intermediate,'

//I incremental lines are more or less conspicuous. The transverse

lirse do not produce crenulations on the projecting edges of the

>_ band, but they have this effect to a greater or less extent on the

revolving line or lines which traverse it.

The volutions embrace up to the edge of the band of the preceding 

one. They are about five in number.

f For about one or one and one-half volutions the whorls are rounded

'''*- and smooth. For about two subsequent turns also they are nearly

^4 circular in cross section, but are marked by a reticulate sculpture.

i.j Below this the two carinse become prominent, producing a lateral

>'' angulation, and still later the zone below the suture becom.es inflated

_. i(j and conspicuously nodose.

'i; Almost constant variation marks the detail of sculpture in this

- '}' species. In some specimens the zone below the suture is scarcely 

/ijl tumid at all. The nodes also may be absent, but the development 

, \ of this tumid zone is correlated with the development of nodes, and 

both characters are usually present. The nodes may be elongated 

or double-topped or closely or distantly arranged. The tendency 

of the intersections of the revolving and transverse lirse to be 

strengthened into more or less conspicuous projections varies considerably. These are usually restricted to the immediate vicinity 

of the slit band, just above or just below. Rarely does the median 

lira of the. band show this tendency. In a few specimens three lirae 

appear in the band, all of which may be thickened and nodulose, 

more or less obscuring the character of this zone as the slit band and 

giving the shell generally an appearance different from the normal. 

The one or two specimens in which this feature is most developed
158 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

were thought at one time to belong to a distinct species or variety, 

but their relationship was traced so immediately into, the normal 

type that this interpretation was abandoned. The character of 

the revolving lirse and their number are also subject to considerable 

variation, especially perhaps on the lower part of the volutions. 

They may be fine with wide interspaces or coarse and more or less 

crowded and interspersed with a greater or less number of small 

intermediate lines. Considerable variation is also shown in the 

relative height and diameter of different specimens and correspondingly in the spiral angle. .

This species, while undoubtedly related to some shells from Texas 

which I have identified as 0. brazoensis, is clearly distinct from 

that species, differing not only in the shape of the spire but in many 

details of sculpture, the present form being the more ornate and 

having a more highly differentiated surface. Shumard's description 

of Pleurotomaria brazoensis applies fairly well to Orestes nodosus 

very nearly as well as to the form from Texas-which I have referred 

to Shumard's species but my specimens of 0. brazoensis were 

found at the same general locality and horizon as the original specimens, whereas the present form is known only from Oklahoma. 

Furthermore, the present form shows a number of sculptural modifications not mentioned in Shumard's description and not found in 

my Texas fossils. - Horizon and locality. Wewoka, formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005, 2006, and 2010); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. 

(stations 2001, 2004, and 7193).

Genus TREPOSPIRA TJlrich.

TKEPOSPIRA DEPRESSA Cox.

Plate XXI, figures 6-llc.

1857. Pleurotomaria depressa. Cox, Kentucky Geol. Survey Eept., vol. 3, p. 569,

pi. 8, figs. 10, lOa. . (Not P. depressa Phillips 1836.) 

Coal Measures: Bonharbour, Daviess County, and Airdrie, Muhlenberg County,

Ky.

1884. Pleurotomaria illinoiensis. Worthen, Illinois State Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull. No.

2, p. 4. 

Coal Measures: Mercer County, 111.

1888. Pleurotomaria modesta. Keyes, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 238,

pi. 12, figs. 2a, 2b. (Date of imprint, 1889.) 

Lower Coal Measures: Des Moines, Iowa.

1889. Pleurotomaria kenluckiensis. Miller, North American Geology and Paleontology, 

p. 421.

1890. Pleurotomaria illinoiensis. Worthen, Illinois Geol. Survey, vol. 8, p. 135, pi. 23,

figs. 6-6h. 

Coal Measures: Mercer County, 111.
J

GASTROPODA. 159

.

1891. Pleurotomaria modesta. Keyes, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 252.

(Date of imprint, 1892.) 

Lower Coal Measures: Des Moines, Iowa.

1892. Pleurotomaria modesta. Keyes, Iowa Acad. Sci. Proc., vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 22.

t Lower Coal Measures: Near Des Moines, Iowa. 

1895. Pleurotomaria illinoisensis. Keyes, Missouri Geol. Survey, vol. 5, p. 139. (Date

of imprint, 1894.)

Coal Measures: .Clinton, Knob Noster, and Kansas City, Mo. 

1890. Pleurotomaria modesta. Smith, Am. Philos. Soc. Proc., vol. 35, p. 249.

Upper Coal Measures: Crawford County, Ark. 

1897. Pleurotomaria modesta. Smith, Leland Stanford Junior Univ. Pub., Contrib.

Biology Hopkins Seaside Lab. No. 9, p. 39. 

Upper Coal Measures: Crawford County, Ark. 

1897. Trepospira depressa. Ulrich, Minnesota Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey Final

Kept., vol! 3, pt. 2, p. 958.

1897. Trepospira illinoisensis. Ulrich, idem, p. 958, fig. h on p. 1081. 

?1897. Trepospira convexa. Ulrich, idem, figs, d, e, f, g on p. 1081. , 

1910. Trepospira illinoisensis. Raymond, Carnegie Mus. Annals, vol. 7, No. 1, p. 157,

pi. 26, figs. 3, 4. 

Brush Creek limestone: Donohoe, Pa.

Shell attaining a large size, the largest specimen being 30 milli- 

' meters in diameter. Shape discoidal. The final volution occupies 

about one-half the entire height and about three-fourths of the shell 

lies above the plane of its carina. The spire is low with slightly 

convex sides, each volution joining the preceding one without breaking the general rise of the spire, except for the sculpture, to be 

described later. The cross section of mature whorls might be 

described as subrhomboidal or as transversely ovate with a sort of 

truncation on the inner side by reason of the preceding whorl. The 

upper exterior surface is but slightly convex and declines gently 

from the suture. The lower surface, by an abrupt change of direction, 

extends inward and somewhat downward. The convexity, at first 

gentle, causes it to curve upward as it approaches the columella. A 

little before reaching the line of the axis, however, it bends more 

strongly, finally becoming almost vertical. The upper interior outline is gently concave, formed by the projection of the preceding 

whorl. The peripheral angle has a sharp edge, emphasized in many 

cases by a slight groove above or below or both. The slit band is 

situated just above the carina and is rather broad. Its upper outline is in many specimens so obscure that the relation of the shell to, 

the Pleurotomarias is not apparent.

The surface, except at the suture, is smooth, few Wewoka specimens showing any trace whatever of growth lines. The shape of the 

aperture is therefore not to be determined in this way, and although 

this is one of the abundant forms of the fauna very few specimens 

have been observed that seem to show the unbroken aperture. In 

these specimens the margin bends rather strongly backward from the
160 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

suture and is well curved with a shallow, rounded notch at the broad 

slit band. The lower part of the lip is not shown but it appears to 

be slightly posterior to the upper. Each whorl overlaps the preceding one so as just to cover the slit band, and the usually thin shell is 

thickened at that point so as to form a characteristic row of nodes. 

This gives the sutures a slightly depressed effect which they would 

have had in any event, though less abruptly. The row of nodes is 

mounted on a more or less distinct elevation or ridge, variable in 

different specimens but in all more prominent, toward the aperture 

than on the earlier parts of the shell, where it is wanting altogether. 

The nodes vary considerably in arrangement not only in different 

specimens but in different parts of the same specimen. Usually the 

nodes are separated by intervals equal to or greater than their own 

width, but in some specimens they are more closely arranged. They 

are not rounded, but usually more or less distinctly elongated in directions radiating from the apex of the spire, and are more or less angular 

on top. Toward the aperture of some specimens they appear to be 

evanescent, but this feature is sporadic and has been observed not on 

the largest examples but on those of medium size. The umbilicus 

is depressed but is distinctly closed, and all the specimens show a 

thickening of the test, extending back from the edge of the aperture, 

its outer limit showing as a spiral ric^ge which makes about a single 

turn.

In its immature stages the shell shows characteristics differing considerably from the mature ones. The mature condition is found in 

about 3£ whorls in large shells and about 2£ in an average individual. 

It is characterized by the development of the row of sutural nodes, a 

feature not appearing on the immature whorls. The nodes are, of 

course, introduced gradually, the earliest being very small and the

later ones more prominent, with their bases connected into a ridge 

which increases in height with the growth of the shell. The immature condition is found in about 2^ turns. The whorls are at first 

apparently circular in cross section, but later become more transverse 

and flattened on top. The earlier portion of the immature shell, 

occupying about a turn and a half, is apt to project somewhat above 

the rest of the surface as a tiny knob on the apex of the spire.

The surface of the shell in these immature stages is not well shown, 

but I have some evidence for believing that during the earliest stage, 

that with rounded whorls, it was marked by transverse striae, extremely small in themselves but relatively coarse and strong for the 

size of the shell. During the second stage the surface appears to 

have been smooth, and during the third it was marked by the row of 

nodes along the suture above the slit band of the preceding whorl.

The literature of T. depressa may be summarized as follows: Eight 

species of Trepospira have been described from the Carboniferous of
.

" GASTROPODA. 161

< 

J» America, all of Pennsylvanian or at least post-MIssissippian age. 

These are T. convexa, T. coronula, T. depressa, T.Jiaworthi, T. illiT noisensis, T. Kentuckyensis, T. modesta, and T. spJiserulata. Of these 

^ T. Jiaworthi may be at once dismissed, as it is only remotely related 

' to Trepospira and manifestly belongs to some other genus. T. coronula of Hall is generally conceded to be a synonym of T. spJizerulata, 

a valid species and the type of the genus. All the others can probably be regarded as representatives of a second species, as most of 

them are now generally acknowledged to be.

The first of these to be described is T. depressa of Cox, who introduced the name in 1857. In 1884 Worthen described T. illinoisensis

* which he recognized as being related to T. depressa, but which he believed to be distinct. In 1888 Keyes proposed T. modesta, which he 

regarded as probably the same as T. depressa, but pointed out that

1 the combination Pleurotomaria depressa (under which genus all the 

species were then included) had been preoccupied. In 1889, or a 

year later, Miller, basing his action on the same grounds, but apparently ignoring Keyes and Worthen's work or accepting Worthen's 

judgment, proposed P. Kentuckyensis as a substitute for Cox's name. 

In 1890 Worthen reprinted his original description of P. illinoisensis. 

In 1891 Keyes expressed himself as satisfied that the form which he 

had described as P. modesta was the same as P. depressa of Cox, the 

latter name being preoccupied. In 1892 Keyes reprinted his first 

description of P. modesta. Two years later he revised the synonymy, 

^ recognizing his own species T. modesta, as the same as T. illinoisensis 

Worthen, previously described and not preoccupied, which name he 

therefore adopted, placing P. depressa, P. modesta, and P. Jcentuckyensis in the synonymy. In 1897 Ulrich proposed the genus Trepospira

{ with T. spTiserulata as the type and included in it the American species

*, T. depressa and T. illinoisensis, which according to Keyes are the 

j same species. He also figured but hardly described a new species, 

) T. convexa, which I am inclined to think is the same as T. depressa, 

and this name, as the shell is now known to belong to another genus 

than Pleurotomaria, can with propriety be retained. 

< It is impossible to identify this Wewoka shell with entire satisfaction. It is at, least fairly sure that it is distinct from T. spJis&rulata, 

which has a higher spire with a flatter top, the row of nodes elevated on a more prominent ridge, and the nodes themselves larger, 

though this difference is not so marked when compared with the 

coarse extreme of the present series. As to the other form, it will be 

noted that many of the shells from Oklahoma are rather large, whereas 

. those specimens, figured under various names, are all much smaller. 

Cox's description of T. depressa is brief and his figures are very poor, 

but I am inclined to believe that the present form can be referred to

37003° Bull. 544 15 11
162 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

it. The figures show two oblique views of a specimen that apparently 

has a nearly flat upper surface. This feature is also in accord with 

the description, according-to which the shell has five volutions, though 

the figures do not show so many. Specimens of the present form 

of the same size as Cox's have about the same number of volutions, 

but show a slightly higher spire. Specimens about the same size as 

Worthen's T. illinoisensis agree with his description and figures, 

except that he counts but about 10 nodes on the last volution, 

whereas, though variable in the form under consideration, the number 

is probably greater than this on all specimens, and on some it is twice 

as great or more. Worthen also states that his shell differs from 

Cox's T. depressa in having more flattened volutions, a depressed 

band .on the lower volution, and smaller and less conspicuous nodes. 

Ulrich describes T. convexa as differing from the other species in the 

gentle convexity of the upper side, of the whorls. Both Ulrich's and 

Worthen's species have a higher spire than P. depressa appears to 

have. P. depressa therefore must have the upper surface of the 

whorls of low convexity. Ulrich gives figures of both T. convexa and 

T. illinoisensis, but the type of T. convexa is a very small shell, only 

about 8 millimeters in diameter, and my observations seem to indicate that the convexity of young specimens is relatively less than 

that of large ones. Furthermore, in the series of shells from Oklahoma, which I certainly believe it would be inadvisable to divide into 

separate species, the height of the spire differs so greatly that some 

very small specimens agree with T. convexa and some larger ones 

agree with T. illinoisensis.

Now, I have not. the material on which to reach a conclusion of my 

own as to the specific relations of the five forms included in the 

synonymy and am therefore forced to rely largely on the opinions of 

others and to treat them as a single species, which indeed I think they 

will prove to be. The descriptions apparently indicate certain differences, which may be shown by critical study of typical or authentic 

material to be constant and characteristic, but I believe that they 

will prove to be due to individual peculiarities, age of the specimens- 

(with which are correlated appreciable differences in the specific 

characters), and the like, and that all the forms will fall within the 

confines of a not extremely variable species. I may observe in this 

connection that although Worthen describes the final volution of 

T. illinoisensis as possessing only 10 nodes, Ulrich's figure, which is 

a side view and therefore shows only half the shell, represents 10, 

and consequently the total number must have been almost exactly 

that of the form from Oklahoma.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005, 2006,' and 2010); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. 

(stations 2001, 2004, and 7193).
GASTEOPODA. 163

PLETJROTOMAKIA CARBONAKIA Norwood and Pratten ?

1855. Pleurotomaria carbonaria. Norwood and Pratten, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia

Jour., 2d ser., vol. 3, p. 75, pi. 9, fig. 8. 

Coal Measures: Rock Creek, Williamson County, 111. 

1888. Pleurotomaria carbonaria. Keyes, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 239.

(Date of imprint, 1889.) 

Low.er Coal Measures: Des Moines, Iowa. 

1891. Pleurotomaria carbonaria. Keyes, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 253.

(Date of imprint, 1892.) 

Lower Coal Measures: Des Moines, Iowa.

1891. Pleurotomaria harii. Miller, Indiana Dept. Geology and Nat. Hist. Seventeenth

Ann. Kept., Advance Sheets, p. 83, pi. 14, figs. 3, 4. 

Upper Coal Measures: Kansas City, Mo.

1892. Pleurotomaria harii. Miller, Indiana Dept. Geology and Nat. Hist. Seventeenth Ann. Kept., p. 693, pi. 14, figs. 3, 4. 

Upper Coal Measures: Kansas City, Mo.

1895. Pleurotomaria carbonaria. Keyes, Missouri Geol. Survey, vol. 5, p. 138. (Date

of imprint, 1894.) 

Upper Coal Measures: Kansas City, Mo.

1896. Pleurotomaria harii. Smith, Am. Philos. Soc. Proc., vol. 35, p. 250. 

Lower Coal Measures: Conway County, Ark.

1897. Pleurotomaria harii. Smith, Leland Stanford Junior Univ. Pub., Contrib.

Biology Hopkins Seaside Lab. No. 9, p. 40. 

Lower Coal Measures: Conway County, Ark. 

1903. Pleurotomaria? cf. carbonaria. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 16, p. 459.

Carboniferous: Glenwood Springs, Colo. 

1910. Pleurotomaria carbonaria. Raymond, Carnegie Mus. Annals, vol. 7, No. 1,

p. 157, pi. 26, fig: 1. 

Brush Creek limestone: Donohoe, Pa.

This type is represented by a mere fragment of the lower portion of 

a large pleurotomaroid shell of the carbonaria group, probably carbonaria itself. The surface is marked by angular, revolving lirse, of which 

23 can be counted and there were probably a few additional ones 

on the portion now broken away. They are separated by rounded 

grooves, usually wider than the lirae and on the upper portion very 

much wider. The grooves increase in width from the closed umbilicus 

upward, the lirae remaining about the same, or at least not increasing 

in proportion. This sculpture is crossed by fine, sharp, regular, 

incremental lines, which proceed obliquely and rather strongly 

backward to the periphery where, along a narrow band, they make a 

lunate reentrant curve, thus defining the shallow slit or notch. They 

then pass downward and gently backward to the umbilicus. The slit 

band is fairly well defined, both by revolving lira above and below (of 

the same character as those which elsewhere ornament the surface) 

and by the crenulating transverse lirse. The band bears one revolving 

line along its middle. There is a rather abrupt change in the sculpture above and below this zone, the lower half having conspicuously 

finer spiral striations than the upper.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2005). . .
164 FAUNA OP WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

Family BELLEROPHONTID^E.

Genus BELLEROPHON Montfort.

BELLEROPHON CRASSUS var. WEWOKANUS Girty.

Plate XIX, figures l-3b.

1911. Bellerophon crassus var. wewokanus. Girty, New York Acad. Sci. Annals, vol.

21, p. 138. 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Coalgate quadrangle, Okla.

The fossils under consideration are all small. They can be described 

most advantageously by comparing them with Bellerophon crassus, to 

which they are obviously very closely related. For this comparison 

it will be best to use the figures and description given by Meek and 

Worthen, not only because they are authentic, but because, although 

B. crassus has appeared in the literature not infrequently, few of the 

citations have been based on good and characteristic specimens. 

The most essential difference between Meek and Worthen's specimens 

and those from the Wewoka formation is that in the latter the umbilicus, instead of being partly open, is so solidly closed that there 

must have been a continuous imperforate columella. The Wewoka 

specimens, too, are very much smaller, the shape of the aperture is 

more transverse, and the band is possibly more elevated.

It may be that these differences are due to stage of growth, but 

shells which I am referring to B. crassus as representing a young 

condition are quite different. From these the Wewoka fossils differ 

in the following particulars: The volutions are relatively narrower; 

the slit band is broader and more prominent; the umbilici are more 

completely closed; the sculpture, instead of consisting of rather 

regular, transverse imbrications, is made up of fine, incremental lines 

which, at irregular intervals, become fasciculate, forming small 

angular costae or incipient plications.

The fissure as shown on one of the Wewoka specimens is rather 

deep, but I am not sure that this feature may not have been exaggerated by abrasion of the projecting band. Furthermore, on the best 

specimens the callosity of the inner lip appears to be imperfectly 

developed.

It is possible that this form may prove to be the same as B, in~ 

comptus, but after comparing my specimens with Gurley's types 

(which I have had the privilege of examining, thanks to the courtesy 

of the Walker Museum of Chicago University) I am disposed to think 

that they are different. The differences appear to me to be those 

already mentioned as existing between the var. wcwolcanus and 

young B. crassus.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005 and 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (stations 

2004 and 7193).. .
GASTROPODA. 165

Genus PHARKIDONOTTJS Girty. 

1911. Pharkidonotus. Girty, New York Acad. Set Annals, vol. 21, p. 138.

The extensive and varied series of shells which in the course of 

time had been grouped under Montfort's genus Bellerophon have of 

recent years been distributed among a number of genera and subgenera. Waagen has very properly restricted the genus Bellerophon 

to types having a rather narrow, well-developed slit band, a moderately deep fissure, a strong callosity on the inner lip, and a sculpture 

consisting only of more or less strong growth lines.1 Our well-known 

Pennsylvanian species B. crassus and the upper Mississippian 

B. sublevis are therefore typical Bellerophons.

The American Pennsylvanian faunas contain a species or perhaps 

a series of mutations which present well-marked differences from the 

characters possessed by typical Bellerophons, so that a subgeneric 

separation is justified if not demanded. The dorsuni is elevated 

into a prominent nodose carina, on which traces of a slit band can 

be detected in only a few specimens, so that many appear to lack 

such a structure altogether and to be related to the Indian Warthia 

and Mogulia. Some specimens retain unmistakable traces of a slit 

band, however, and there can be little doubt that this structure is a 

normal feature of this type. That it is obliterated so generally is 

probably due to its prominence and also, perhaps, to the tumid condition of the median line of the dorsum.

From Bellerophon this type also differs in the development of 

coarse, heavy, angular, transverse plications, quite distinct from the 

growth lines, which are not conspicuous. These plications are also 

in some specimens strengthened at two series of points, one on each 

of the sides, so as to form more or less prominent nodes, especially as 

they may be more or less connected by revolving ridges, the linear 

arrangement of which produces two carinse additional to the median 

one, which is the locus of the slit band.

Type species. Bellerophon percarinatus.

- PHARKIDONOTUS PERCARINATUS Conrad.

. Plate XIX, figures 4-9c.

1842. Bellerophon percarinatus, Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Jour., 1st ser.,

vol. 8, p. 268, pi. 16, fig. 5.

Carboniferous: Inclined plane of the Allegheny Mountains, in black ehale overlying the stratum of coal No. 7.

1883. Bellerophon Earrodi. Gurley, New Garb. Foss., Bull. No. 1, p. 5. 

Upper Coal Measures: Near Oakwood, Vermilion County, 111.

1884. Bellerophon percarinatus. White (pars), Indiana Dept. Geology and Nat. Hist.

Thirteenth Ann. Kept., pt. 2, p. 358, pi. 33, figs. 12-14. 

Coal Measures: Indiana. 

' - -

1 Waagen, W., Salt Range Fossils: Geol. Survey India Mem., 13th ser., vol. 1,1887, p. 130.
166 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

1886. Bellerophon percarinatus. Claypole, Wyoming Hist, and Geol. Soc. Proc. and

Coll., vol.,2, pt. 2, p. 246. . 

Lower Coal Measures: Wilkes-Barre, Pa.

1887. Bellerophon percarinatus. Herrick, Denison Univ. Sci. Lab. Bull., vol. 2, p. 17,

pi. 2, fig. 14. . 

Coal Measures: Flint Ridge, Ohio.

1888. Bellerophon percarinatus. Keyes, Acad. Nat. Sci. .Philadelphia Proc., p. 234.

(Date of imprint, 1889.) 

Lower Coal Measures: Des Moines, Iowa. 

1895. Bellerophon percarinatus. Keyes (pars), Missouri Geol. Survey, vol. 5, p. 153,

pi. 50, figs. 2a, 2c, 2e. (Date of imprint, 1894.) 

Upper Coal Measures: Kansas City, Mo. 

1897. Bellerophon percarinatus. Ulrich, Minnesota Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey

Final Eept., vol.' 3, pt. 2, p. 853. ' 

1899. Bellerophon percarinatus. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Nineteenth Ann. Kept.,

pt. 3, p. 592. 

1899. Bellerophon Harrodi. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Nineteenth Ann. Eept., pt. 3,

p. 592. 

1903. Bellerophon (s. s.) percarinatus. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 16,

p. 470.

Hermosa formation: San Juan region and Sinbads Valley, Colo. 

Weber formation: Leadville district, Colo.

There occur in the upper Carboniferous rocks of the interior basin 

two closely related species of Bellerophon, one of which, in fact, may 

be considered an intermediate stage or a stage of arrested development toward the other. Three specific names have been introduced 

for these shells, B. percarinatus, B. tricarinatus, and B. harrodi. By 

far the most common and best-known form.is that generally called 

B. percarinatus and it is not improbable that both'types have sometimes been included under that species.

In the form which passes as B. percarinatus the median line of the 

dorsum is raised into a prominent nodose carina and the sides are 

crossed by angular transverse plications, which are especially prominent not. far from the middle of the shell. The regular repetition of 

these projections or nodes down the dorsum gives the appearance of 

two more carinae, one on each side, especially if they are connected, as 

they tend to be, by a revolving ridge.

The second form has similar characters, the main difference being 

that the transverse plications are less strongly developed, and especially that they lack the regular recurring nodes, so that the dorsum 

appears to be marked by one medianly situated carina.

I have said that the former variety commonly passes as BeliefopJion 

percarinatus, this interpretation apparently dating from Norwood and 

Pratten. Meek and Worthen later gave their powerful sanction to 

it and it has been followed by most, indeed by possibly all, subsequent 

authors. Reference to the original description and figure, however, 

leaves scarcely a doubt that it was the other form which was originally described as B. percarinatus. Perhaps the failure to note this 

is due to the facts that the two forms are closely related and may have
GASTROPODA. 167

been considered the same, (as they really may be), and that the 

original work of Conrad is rare and perhaps has not been accessible 

to some of the paleontologists who have handled these species. For 

this reason I have reproduced Conrad's original description and 

figures. His brief description runs as follows:

Subglobose; back with a sharp, elevated, waved carina; sides with distant transverse acute ribs and intermediate minute striae; volutions concealed.

Locality. Inclined plane of the Alleghany Mountain, in black shale overlying the 

stratum of coal No. 7. Carboniferous system. Found by Dr. James Trimble, of 

 Huntingdon, Pa.

This same form was subsequently described without figures by 

Gurley as Bellerophon Tiarrodi. His work also is hard to come by, 

and I here quote his original description, and, thanks to the courtesy 

of the Walker Museum of the University of Chicago, I am also able to 

figure the original specimen upon which it is based. (See PI. XIX, 

fig. 9.)

Shell commonly attaining a growth above the medium size, outer or body whorl, 

broadly and regularly expanding; aperture reniform.

Dorsal margin not reflexed, but conforming to the direction of the growth of the 

body whorl. Lateral margins rapidly thickening and slightly reflexed, forming a 

stout flat lip, which, in joining the volution, entirely closes and conceals the umbilicus.

Dorsum regularly rounded, full semicircular in section, with a sharp prominent 

mesial or longitudinal nodose ridge, the nodes being developed by the continuation 

across the ridge of a series of transverse costaa or undulations extending to the umbilicus. 

These undulations are quite prominent toward the back of the shejl, but gradually 

become faint and indistinct along the last quarter of the outer volution, which is 

regularly marked by distinct lines of growth that occasionally thicken up, forming 

slight indications of undeveloped costae "or undulations, extending around the shell 

at irregular intervals.

Inner lip callous and in mature specimens it frequently swells out and thickens 

laterally, being quite prominent.

This species resembles B. percarinatus Conrad, but is easily distinguished from that" 

form by being less compressed and not having the lateral nodose ridges which so 

strongly characterize that form. Again, this species shows more clearly the close 

relation existing between the concentric lines of growth along the latter portion of 

the body whorl and the undulating lateral costse which ornament the shell back of 

the last quarter.

The specific name is given in honor of Dr. S. H. Harrod, of Canton, Ind., an untiring 

worker, and one to whom paleontologists are indebted for many new and interesting 

forms.

Position and locality. Upper Coal Measures, near Oakwood, Vermilion County, 111.

Comparison of the descriptions quoted above and the figures that 

illustrate them mil, I believe, leave little room for doubt that B. Tiarrodi and typical B. percarinatus are the same; and comparison of these 

data with those relating to the form commonly identified as B. percarinatus will make it equally clear that these two forms are not of 

the same species.

The form considered in the present work constitutes one of the 

rarer species of the fauna of the Wewoka formations though one
168 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

of the more common Bellerophons. Most of the local collections 

contain.representatives of this form, though only one of two specimens 

are in any one collection. The total number of specimens examined 

is therefore considerable, but most of them are poorly preserved. 

The majority are rather small, a width at the axis of 30 millimeters 

being about the maximum in examples confidently referred to this 

species. The volutions expand rapidly and the aperture projects 

strongly at the umbilicus. The umbilici are solidly closed, making a 

continuous imperforate columella. The dorsum is traversed by a 

large, blunt, prominent carina, which is thickened at regular intervals 

into heavy nodes. The sides are crossed transversely by regularly 

arranged, subangular costse or plications separated by relatively 

wide, rounded furrows. In many individuals growth lines, more or 

less numerous and distinct, are also preserved. The strength of these 

costse varies greatly in different specimens. In some they are low 

and appear like fascicles of the growth lines; in others they are high 

and sharp, with the growth lines inconspicuous or absent. They are 

most prominent near the carina but are obscure in a sulcus or 

depression by which the carina is emphasized on each side. They 

reappear on the carina itself, forming the nodes already referred to, 

which are frequently more prominent, more broad, and more rounded 

than the corresponding elevations on the sides.

Although many of the Wewoka shells show slight differences in one 

respect or another from the type specimen of Bellerophon Jiarrodi, 

there can hardly be a doubt that they belong to the same species. Of 

the figured specimens one (fig. 5), though smaller and somewhat immature, is very similar to the type; another (fig. 6) seems verging 

toward the variety tricarinatus, having stronger costae than B. Jiarrodi

and a more nodose carina. The carina of B. Jiarrodi itself, however,

is considerably less nodose, and the plications less strong near the 

outer lip than near the inner.

Although the plications of the shells under consideration vary much 

in strength and prominence, the difference, on the assumption that 

size is a true index of age, is not entirely one of ontogeny, specimens 

of about the same size being very dissimilar in this particular. Still, 

variation seems to be mainly proportional to .size. Where the plications are most highly developed there is usually a point of especial 

prominence repeated down the line of costae, suggesting an incipient 

condition of the feature which is so characteristic of the variety tricarinatus. It is, indeed, possible that this form is based on immature 

specimens of the latter, but I am inclined to believe rather that it represents in mature shells an incipient stage. At all events, it hardly 

seems advisable to regard the two as distinct species, the degree of 

their divergence probably being only varietal.

The slit band on these shells is usually obliterated, and they might 

be thought to be related to such types as Warthia and Mogulia were it
GASTBOPODA. 169

not that a few specimens still retain unmistakable traces of the narrow 

band passing along the top of the carina. Thus a relationship is 

shown to the typical Bellerophon more close than is at first apparent 

and the form here called Bellerophon crassus var. wewolcanus shows 

to some extent a transitional tendency in the fasciculation of the 

growth lines.

Several details of the synonymy of P. percarinatus deserve comment. Many of the works cited do not contain data sufficient for 

determining closely the character of the fossil identified, and such of 

course have been cited under the name given by the author. .An 

exception has been made in my own citation of BelleropJion percarinatus in 1903 which should be placed with the variety tricariiiatus, 

since I was then interpreting the species on the basis of the figures 

given by Norwood and Pratten and by Meek.

White undoubtedly included under B. percarinatus both the type 

which Gurley described as B. Jiarrodi and which had already received 

the name percarinatus and the type which Norwood and Pratten identified as B. percarinatus and which was subsequently described by 

Shumard as B. tricarinatus. Keyes (1895) uses White's figures, 

although he does not say so. He has also confused his description of 

the figures so that there would appear to be three instead of two originals, and so that views of different specimens appear to be drawn 

from the same. White's citation, therefore, as well as Keyes's, appears in the synonymy of both varieties. Herrick's description, on 

the other hand, is taken almost verbatim from White and naturally 

covers both percarinatus and its variety, but his figure from a Flint 

Ridge specimen shows only the percarinatus type, and since the Survey 

collections from the same locality contain the one type but probably 

not the other, Herrick's citation belongs in the present synonymy 

only.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005 and 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station

2004). '

Genus BUCANOPSIS Ulrich.

BUCANOPSIS MEEKIANA Swallow. 

Plate XX, figures 4-6.

1858. Bellerophon Meekianus. Swallow, St. Louis Acad. Sci. Trans., vol. 1, p. 204. 

(Date of imprint, 1860.) 

Middle Coal Measures: Lexington, Mo. 

Lower Coal -Measures: Howard County, Mo. 

1884. BelleropJion tenuilineatus. Gurley, New Garb. Foss., Bull. No. 2, p. 10.

Upper Coal Measures: Near Oakwood, Vermilion County, 111. 

1895. Bellerophon meekianus. Keyes, Missouri Geol. Survey, vol. 5, p. 149. (Date

of imprint, 1894.)

Lower Coal Measures: Howard County and Lexington, Mo.

1897. Bucanopsis Meekana. Ulrich, Minnesota Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey Final 

Kept., vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 854.
170 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

1899. Bucanopsis Meekana. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Nineteenth Ann. Kept., pt. 3,

p. 591. 

1899. Bucanopsis tenuilineata. Girty, idem, p. 591.

The fossils considered under this title are small and are rather variable in character. In some specimens the whorl section is more transverse and its peripheral surface is broadly rounded; in others the 

height is proportionally greater and the peripheral surface has more 

the shape of a gothic arch. The shell turns abruptly inward near the 

umbilicus, which is partly hooded over by a fold of the lip. The 

inner lip is well 'developed, concealing the sculpture. The aperture is 

reniform and is considerably expanded.

The surface is marked by fine, threadlike revolving lirse, which vary 

considerably in size and number. They are subequal in some shells 

and alternating in others. If the intermediate lirse are numerous the 

total number is of course greater and the sculpture is finer. A fairly 

typical specimen has 8 lirse on the slit band and 28 on each side, those 

on the sides becoming more irregular and more widely separated near 

the umbilicus. The lirae on the sides may number 30 or more, ranging commonly from 12 to 16 in 3 millimeters, but in some specimens 

numbering as many as 28. There are also transverse lir.se which are 

in the main of the same character as the revolving ones. They may 

be slightly more or less prominent and slightly more or less closely 

arranged. In some specimens a few of the transverse lirse are more 

prominent than the others. They occur at relatively long and irregular intervals. The transverse markings are nearly straight but are 

deflected backward near the slit band, which is broad and may be elevated above the general curvature or depressed below it or on the same 

level with it. In some specimens of the type last named the margins 

are elevated. The band is marked by fine revolving lirse like those on 

the rest of the shell, and in some specimens it is not by any means a 

striking feature; nor are its boundaries easily determined. Even if it 

is not defined topographically it is distinguished by the striae, which 

are likely to be somewhat differently arranged and are not crossed by 

the transverse markings. The band is marked on the outer lip by a 

rather abrupt notch, which is not completely shown by my specimens 

but which was pfrobably not very deep. In general, the sculpture may 

be said to be regularly cancellated and so fine as to be almost microscopic. If anything, the revolving lirse are more persistent and 

noticeable than the transverse ones.

There can hardly be a doubt that this is the same form which Gurley described as BeUeropJion tenuilineatus. I have been able to make 

comparisons with Gurley's type specimen, a privilege which I owe to the 

courtesy of the Walker Museum of the University of Chicago, and can 

find no important or constant differences. Some of the Wewoka 

shells show minor differences in one particular, others in another, but
GASTROPODA. 171

all agree in the main. The type specimen of B. tenuilineatus has 

the slit band depressed, a feature to which Gurley calls attention. It 

is also slightly depressed in some of my specimens, but it is slightly 

elevated in others. In some of my specimens the liration is a little 

coarser than that of the type; in others it is as fine if not a little finer. 

The transverse cancellating lines are generally but not invariably 

rather more distinct in the Wewoka fossils. In a few specimens, 

especially the larger ones, the dorsum is somewhat angular instead 

of being regularly rounded.

For the convenience of those who may not be able to consult Gurley's rare bulletin I quote his original description entire as follows, 

and am also able to supply figures of his type specimens (PI. XX, 

figs. 4-4d):

Shell medium size, subglobose; body whorl, moderately expanding; aperture 

broadly subovate, reniform, arcuate; umbilicus distinct, partially concealed by the 

thin, recurved extremity of the lip, which along the greater portion of the margin conforms to the general direction of the growth of the shell; the lateral margins of the lip 

gradually curve backward to the mesial band, where they join each other with a sharp 

backward curve, thereby forming a shallow sinus, which distinctly divides the lip into 

two parts.

Surface marked by fine, closely arranged longitudinal striae, which continue without interruption to the margin of the lip, there being about 35 on each side of the 

shell and 7 on the mesial band. The mesial band is small, slightly depressed, and 

barely distinguishable from the rest of the shell, being bounded on either side by a 

fine raised line, which is somewhat heavierthan those on the lateral portions of the shell. 

Kegularly arranged, faint transverse lines of growth cross the shell, with a moderate 

backward curve in the same direction as the margin of the lip; they are not sharp or 

prominent and do not interrupt the evenness of the revolving striae.

This shell bears a strong resemblance to B. marcouanus Geinitz in its ornamentation, 

but does not possess the broad, flattened lip of that form, and also differs materially 

in the form of the mesial band, which in that species is distinctly elevated in the center, whilst in this form it is depressed.

Position and locality. Same as the preceding [Upper Coal Measures, near Oakwood, 

Vermilion County, 111.].

Gurley does not compare B. tenuilineatus with Swallow's B. meekianus, but I strongly suspect that they are the same species. Swallow's description, which is also found in a rather rare work, runs as 

follows:

Shell small, gibbous, broadly rounded on the dorsal margin, carinated near the aperture, ornamented with fine, crowded, longitudinal striae and very minute transverse 

lines; aperture very much expanded, reniform, transverse, much modified by the preceding whorl; lip thickened and reflected over the umbilicus, with a linear callosity, 

extending back from the points of junction on to the adjacent whorl; volutions concealed; umbilicus shallow, distinctly modified by the thick reflexed lip.

Diameter, 0.77; width of aperture, 0.60; length of aperture, 0.35.

This beautiful little shell resembles the B. perlatus of Conrad (Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. 

Philadelphia, vol. 8, p. 270), but his specimen has no transverse striae, and ours is carinated only near the aperture. It is also similar to B. witryanus De Koninck(Animaux 

FossileSj PI. XXVIII, fig. 9, p. 341); but the latter is easily distinguished by its very
172 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

large umbilicus. B. decussatus Fleming (Phillips, Geology Yorkshire, vol. 2, p. 231, 

PL XVII, fig. 13) may be identified by the greater depth of the umbilicus and its welldefined carina.

Missouri State collection from the Middle Coal Measures near Lexington; also by Mr. 

Price in the Lower Coal Measures in Howard County.

Both descriptions indicate essentially the same characters, the fact 

that the band is depressed in Bellerophon tenuilineatus being of less 

importance -because forms with both elevated and depressed band 

occur among the specimens under.consideration and are not distinguishable by other characters into separate species.

It is highly probable that Bellerophon marcouanus Geinitz, especially 

the form figured by Meek under that name, will prove to be the same 

as this species. But Geinitz's own figure, if accurate, shows features 

of the carina which would apparently exclude it, and until more complete information is at hand it seems unwise to disturb the existing 

status.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005 and 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (stations 

2001 and 2004). , ,

Genus PATELLOSTITJM Waagen.

PATELLOSTIUM MONTFORTIANUM Norwood and Pratten.

Plate XX, figures l-3b.

1855. Bellerophon Montfortianus. Norwood and Pratten, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia

Jour., 2d ser., vol. 3, p. 74, pi. 9, figs. 5a-c.

Coal Measures: Galatia, 111., and 5 miles below New Harmony, Ind. 

1866. Bellerophon Montfortianus. Geinitz, Garb, und Dyas in Nebraska, p. 8, tab. 1,

fig. 13.

Coal Measures: Nebraska City, Nebr. 

1866. Bellerophon interlineatus. Geinitz, idem, p. 8, tab. 1, fig. 14.

Coal Measures: Nebraska City, Nebr. 

1872. Bellerophon Montfortianus. Meek, U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska Final Kept.,

p. 225, pi. 11, figs. 15, 12?. 

Upper Coal Measures: Nebraska City, Nebr. 

Coal Measures: Nebraska, Kansas, Iowa, Missouri, and Illinois. 

Lower Coal Measures: West Virginia. 

1876. Bellerophon Montfortianus. White, U. S. Geol. and Geog. Survey Terr., 2d

div., Powell's Kept. Geology Uinta Mountains, p. 92. 

Upper Aubrey group: Confluence of Grand and Green rivers, Utah. .

1887. Bellerophon Montfortianus. Herrick, Denison Univ. Sci. Lab. Bull.-, vol. 2,

p. 19, pi. 2, fig. 1; pi. 5, fig. 8, 8A. 

Coal Measures: -Flint Ridge, Ohio.

1888. Bellerophon montfortianus. Keyes, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 235.

(Date of imprint, 1889.) 

Lower Coal Measures: Des Moines, Iowa. 

1891. Bellerophon montfortianus. White, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 77, p. 26, pi. 3,

figs. 15, 16. 

Permian: Goodwin Creek, Baylor County, Tex.
GASTROPODA. 173

1891. Bellerophon montfortianus. Keyes, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 254.

(Date of imprint, 1892.) 

Lower Coal Measures: Des Moines, Iowa. 

1895. Bellerophon montfortianus. Keyes, Missouri Geol. Survey, vol. 5, p. 151.

(Date of imprint, 1894.) 

Upper Coal Measures: Kansas City, Mo. 

1897. Patellostium Montfortianum. Ulrich, Minnesota Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey

Final Kept., vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 854. 

Coal Measures. 

1899. Patellostium montfortianum. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Nineteenth Ann.

Kept., pt. 3, p. 589.

1903. Patellostium montfortianum. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 16, p. 473. 

Hermosa formation: San Juan region, Colo. 

Weber formation: Leadville district, Colo.

I shall not presume to give a complete description of the wellknown species from specimens occurring in the Wewoka formation, 

but shall confine my comments to a few points of especial interest. 

The greatly expanded, bell-like outer lip is, as usual in this species, 

more'or less broken in the Wewoka specimens, and in most of them, 

no trace of it remains. The largest specimen, one in which this feature is retained in greatest completeness, has a length of 20 millimeters. Whether this development ever took place in the small or, 

at least, in the immature examples is doubtful. It does not appear 

that this excessive expansion is a progressive development but 

rather that it was abruptly introduced at maturity and marks the 

end of increase in size. The younger stages were apparently either 

without it or else it suffered resorption. That resorption took place 

does not seem probable, and it is a pertinent question, whether the 

younger stages do not possess the characters of Bucanopsis, or, per 

contra, whether some of the shells ascribed to Bucanopsis would not 

have grown into a shape like Patellostium.

The umbilicus is not filled in, though it is partly covered over by a 

reflexed portion of the shell. The most striking sculptural feature 

is the series of strong, angular, transverse plications, by which the 

surface is crossed. These vary in prominence in shells of the same 

size but generally are fainter on small shells than on large ones. They 

are also lacking on the prolonged and expanded apertural areas. The 

slit band is but slightly affected by these plications and forms, as it 

were, a narrow, slightly undulating pathway down the middle of the 

dorsum. Longitudinally the shell is marked by rounded lirse of two 

or three different orders. Most prominent is a series of regularly 

arranged lirse set at intervals considerably greater than their own 

width. The intermediate spaces are marked by liras much finer than 

the others, usually three to five or more in number, with the middle 

one slightly larger than the rest. Toward the sides and possibly 

also on the flaring portion the liration tends to become more uniform,
174 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

owing to the decrease in size of the lirse of the first order, together 

with the nondevelopment of some of the smaller ones. Transverse 

markings are usually obscure and sporadic-^chiefly noticeable on 

the slit band.

The exact limits of the slit band are not always easy to determine. 

It does not occupy the whole of the depressed zone down the dorsum, 

but is bounded on either side by several fine lirse still within that zone. 

Usually the edges of the band are slightly more elevated than the 

other lirae occurring upon it; the median one of the latter is prominent above the others with one or possibly two intermediate ones 

on either side, making five in all, three large and two small. There is 

considerable variation in these details, and in some shells the liration 

of the depressed zone appears to be uniform. As already noted, the 

apertural prolongation has been observed in but one or two specimens, and in these the band-is defined by two rather strong striae. '

The inner lip is Well developed, continuing across the dorsum from 

the reflex edges, which partly cover the umbilici. Just within the 

aperture this thickening is often intensified into a large, bluntly 

pointed knob directed somewhat forward or outward.

The citation of this species from the Permian of Texas by White 

in 1891 is probably in error. His .figures suggest much rather a 

Bucanopsis of the type of B. betta.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005, 2006, and 2010); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. 

(stations 2001 and 2004).

Genus EUPHEMTJS McCoy. 

EUPHEMUS CAKBONARIUS Cox.

Plate XXI, figures l-3b.

1855. Bellerophon Urii. Norwood and Pratten, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Jour.,

2d ser., vol. 3, p. 75, pi. 9, figs. 6a-c. (Not B. urn Fleming 1828.) 

Coal Measures: Galatia and Grayville, 111., and 5 miles below New Harmony,

Ind. 

1857. Bellerophon carbonarius. Cox, Kentucky Geol. Survey Kept., vol. 3, p. 562.

Coal Measures: Kentucky. 

1860. Bellerophon vittatus. McChesney, Desc. New Spec. Foss., p. 59. (Date of

imprint, 1859.)

Coal Measures: Mouth of Hush Creek, Ind.; Grayville, 111. 

1860. Bellerophon blanyanus. McChesney, Desc. New Spec. Foss., p. 60.

Coal Measures: Saline and Peoria counties, and Danville and Grayville, 111.

1865. Bellerophon Blaneyanus. McChesney, 111. New Spec. Foss., pi. 2, figs. 5a-c.

1866. Bellerophon carbonarius. Geinitz, Carb. und Dyas in Nebraska, p. 6, tab. 1,

fig. 8.

Upper Carboniferous: Nebraska City, Nebr. 

1868. Bellerophon Blaneyanus. McChesney, Chicago Acad. Sci. Trans., vol. 1,

p. 45, pi. 2, figs. 5a-c. 

Coal Measures: Saline and Peoria counties, 111.; Danville and Grayville, 111.
GASTROPODA. 175

1872. Bellerophon carbonarius. Meek, U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska Final Bept.,

p. 224, pi. 4, fig. 16, pi. 11, figs, lla-c. 

Upper Coal Measures: Nebraska City, Nebr.

Coal Measures: Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Illinois, Kentucky, Indiana. 

Lower Coal Measures: West Virginia. 

1884. Bellerophon carbonarius. White, Indiana Dept. Geology and Nat. Hist.

Thirteenth Ann. Kept., pt. 2, p. 158, pi. 33, figs. 6-8. 

Coal Measures: Indiana.

1887. Bellerophon carbonarius. Herrick, Denison Univ. Sci. Lab. Bull., vol. 2, p. 19,

pi. 2, fig. 20. 

Coal Measures: Flint Ridge, Ohio.

1888. Bellerophon urii.' Keyes,-Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 235. (Date

of imprint, 1889.)

Lower Coal Measures: Des Moines, Iowa. 

1891. Bellerophon urii. Keyes, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 255. (Date

of imprint, 1892.) 

Lower Coal Measures: Des Moines, Iowa.

1895. Bellerophon urii. Keyes, Missouri Geol. Survey, vol. 5, p. 149, pi. 50, figs.

5a-c. (Date of imprint, 1894.) 

Upper Coal Measures: Kansas City, Mo.

1896. Bellerophon carbonarius. Smith, Am. Philos. Soc. Proc., vol. 35, p. 149. 

Lower Coal Measures: Conway County, Ark.

1897. Bellerophon carbonarius. Smith, Leland Stanford Junior Univ. Pub., Contrib.

Biology Hopkins Seaside Lab. No. 9, p. 39. 

Lower Coal Measures: Conway County, Ark. 

1897. Euphemus carbonarius. Ulrich, Minnesota Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey Final

Eept., vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 855. 

1899. Euphemus carbonarius. Girty, U.. S. Geol. Survey Nineteenth Ann. Bept.,

pt. 3, p. 592. 

1906. Bellerophon carbonarius. Woodruff, Nebraska Geol. Survey, vol. 2, pt. 2,

p. 282. 

Carboniferous: Weeping Water, Nebr.

This well-known species is certainly the most common Bellerophon 

in the Wewoka fauna. The specimens examined show considerable 

variation in breadth, sculpture, and configuration, as noted below.

The shell may be considered as divided into an anterior or apertural 

portion which is smooth, and a posterior or somatic portion which, 

as is well known, is marked by revolving lirse. The dorsum of both 

portions is generally more or less regularly rounded, but in many 

specimens the middle of the dorsum on the somatic portion is slightly 

depressed into a scarcely perceptible sulcus, and in a few the sides 

of the anterior portion are flattened, giving it a peaked or subangular 

appearance. Toward the umbilicus also the sides of the apertural 

portion are more or less flattened, expanded, and abruptly turned 

inward. 

The columella is solid, the thickened sides of the outer lip closing 

the umbilicus and extending obliquely upward as if forming a deflected 

part of the columella. The shell is more or less strongly excavated 

at either side of this in the axial region.
176 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FOEMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

The revolving lirse are rigid, thin, abruptly elevated, and separated 

by relatively wide, gently concave interspaces or striae. They vary 

considerably hi number. Meek states that there are from 18 to 25, 

and these extremes seem to be about those shown by the Wewoka 

specimens. Owing to variation in the number of these striae and in 

the width of the shell some examples are finely and others coarsely 

striated. The lirae are rather irregular, chiefly down the center of 

the dorsum and at the sides toward the umbilicus. The irregularities 

consist of the introduction of new lirge and the intermittence of the 

old ones. Generally speaking, the number of lirse seems to remain 

about constant on the same individual, but a few new ones may be 

introduced by intercalation. Very rarely do two unite into one. 

More commonly a lira stops for a shorter or longer space and is renewed 

beyond. It may be renewed along the same line of revolution, but 

oftener the continuation is offset slightly, so that the two overlap, the 

one beginning just before the other terminates. The tendency to be 

discontinuous is especially strong at the sides, and on this account it 

may be impossible to count the lirse closer than within three or four.

The mesial band is obscure over the striated portion of the shell. 

That the mesial line is more or less specialized, however, is indicated 

by the fact that there is frequently a slight sinus and that two or 

three of the mesial lirse are slightly finer and more crowded than the 

rest. Over the smooth anterior portion, however, the band is 

fairly distinct, rather broad, and marked by somewhat irregular, 

concave, incremental striae. In some shells it is traversed by a 

linear groove or stria passing up the center. It may be either slightly 

elevated above the general curvature, or it may lie in about that 

curvature, though distinctly defined by elevated lines along its sides.

The smooth anterior portion is generally, more or less broken 

away, but when complete it occupies a little less than one-half a 

volution. Its posterior boundary is concave, owing to a marked prolongation of the striated portion at the sides, the lirse being there 

more or less strongly intermittent. Its anterior outline is bilobate, 

owing to a rather shallow fissure with rounded reentrant edges. This 

area is almost smooth and characterless but for the band above 

described.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005, 2006, and 2010); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. 

(stations 2001, 2004, and 7193).

Family ETJOMPHALID./E. 

Genus SCHIZOSTOMA Bronn.

The species here to be considered was originally described under 

the genus Inachus as I. catilloides, but it has generally been cited as 

Euomphalus and more recently as Straparollus, and a related species
GASTROPODA. 177

has been placed with Phymatifer. The relations of these genera have 

been discussed by De Koninck, 1 whose investigation seems to show 

that Straparollus (type 8. dionysii) was based on a shell having a high 

spire, a deep umbilicus, and a rounded whorl section. Under Euomphalus (type E. pentangulatus Sowerby), a group containing both 

high-spired and low-spired species, he includes species having a single 

angular carina on the upper surface of the volutions, which are otherwise rounded. Phymatifer was a name introduced for shells of the 

general type of Euomphalus but having a series of nodes developed on 

the lower surface and the carina of the upper surface more or less 

replaced by a similar row of nodes. Under Schizostoma (type S. 

catillus) are grouped a few species having a discoidal shape, a flat or 

concave upper surface, two carinse, and a trapezoidal aperture.

Of these groups 8. catilloides agrees very closely with the last. The 

chief difference that I can point out is the tendency in the American 

form to fasciculation of the growth lines and a development of correlated transverse ridges and in some shells of nodes along the carinae. 

This tendency is carried still further in Euomphalus pernodosus, which 

has been referred by Frech to Phymatifer. The present species bears 

a less marked resemblance to Phymatifer and seems more closely allied 

to Schizostoma by reason of the depressed spire, flattened upper and 

lower surfaces of the volutions, generally quadrate aperture, and the 

inconspicuous and sporadic development of the nodes, which seem to 

occur mostly on the upper surface.

Although the different groups recognized by De Koninck doubtless 

intergrade to some extent, and although there may be a difference of 

opinion as to the rank which they should occupy, whether generic, subgeneric, or group, it seems to me that they exhibit real differences 

which it is desirable to recognize. Furthermore, it seems to me that 

it will be more convenient if each group receives a distinctive name, 

and that in the main at least the names employed by De Koninck are 

used for species closely allied to those which in each case may properly be regarded as typical. If these criteria and. this nomenclature 

be applied to the American species .the following division results: To 

Schizostoma belong without much question S. catilloides, S. subquadratus, S. sulcifer, and also probably the variety of 8. sulcifer called 

angulatus, though by the modification of some of its characters 

angulatus in a measure suggests the genus Euomphalus.

All the American species of Schizostoma are of upper Carboniferous 

age. They differ from the lower Carboniferous forms figured by De 

Koninck in having the upper and lower surfaces of the peritreme more 

nearly parallel and the two carinae more nearly marginal. This brings 

them into a position to some extent intermediate between the lower

1 Faune du calcaire carbouif&re de la Belgique: Mus. roy. hist. nat. Belgique Annales, tome 6, vol, 

2, pp. 106etseq., 1881.

37003° Bull. 544 15 12
178 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

Carboniferous forms of De Koninck and the Triassic genus Discohelix. 

The latter seems to be absolutely complanate and symmetrical with 

regard to a plane dividing the shell perpendicularly to the axis. The 

upper Carboniferous Schizostomas are of course distinctly asymmetric.

Under Straparollus I would include the following forms, all of which 

have at one time or another been referred to that genus:

Straparollus ammon White and Whitfield.

S. blairi Miller.

S. macromphalus Winchell.

S. missouriensis Miller and Gurley.

S. obtusus Hall.

S. ophirensis Hall and Whitfield.

S. planispira Hall.

S. quadrivolvis Hall.

S. epergenensis Hall.

S. spergenensis var. planorbiformis Hall.

S. spirorbis Hall.

S. springvalensis White.

S. subumbilicatus Worthen.

S. varsoviensis Worthen.

The Straparolli are all of Mississippian age, no Pennsylvanian species being known. They vary from nearly flat, discoidal shells to 

those having a high spire and a strongly conical shape, such, in fact, as 

is found in the typical species. Some have the volutions more or less 

flattened on top, thus seeming in a manner transitional to the genus 

Euomphalus, so that it is not always possible to determine satisfactorily, at least from literature, whether such forms belong to one group 

rather than the other.

The representatives of Euomphalus s. s. are all Mississippian and all 

more or less discoidal or at least low spired except E. umbilicatus, 

which is of Pennsylvanian age and has a high spire. To this group 

belong the following species:

Euomphalus angularis Weller. 

E. boonensis Swallow (possibly Schizostoma).

E. exortivus Dawson. 

E. latusHall.. 

E. luxus White.

E. planidorsatus Meek and Worthen.

E. roberti White.

E. similis Meek and Worthen.

E. similis var. planus Meek and Worthen.

E. umbilicatus Meek and Worthen.

E. Utahensis Hall and Whitfield.

To Phymatifer Frech1 has referred the American shell Euomphalus 

pernodosus Meek and Worthen, and probably EuompTwlus cornudanus 

Shumard belongs to the same group. Both species are of Pennsylvanian age.

The species thus enumerated comprise most of those which have 

been referred to the genera Straparollus and Euomphalus. There 

yet remain two forms whose characters debar them from any other 

groups so far considered. One of these is Euomplmlus lens Hall, which 

presents many of the characters possessed by the shells which De 

Koninck has included under Raphistoma. It is improbable that this 

disposition of them is correct, but as the American species clearly does 

not belong to any of the other Euomphaloid genera it may provil lathees* Geognostica; Letlisea Pa.Jseosoica, vol. 2, Lieferung 2, pp. 350, 373, 391,393,1899.
GASTROPODA. 179

sionally be referred to Raphistoma. A better reference is at all events 

impossible from the description and figures.

Another species which clearly does not belong to any of the genera 

thus far considered is Straparollus magnificus Shumard. On the 

assumption that this form is a gastropod its affinities are probably 

with the genus Porcellia and in that group I am provisionally including 

it. Because of the very large size of this shell and the fact that the 

peripheral portion is indented or concave I am inclined to believe that 

its real affinities are with the Nautiloidea and that it will ultimately 

find place in Ccelonautilus or some related genus.

SCHIZOSTOMA CATILLOIDES. 

Plate XXI, figures 4-5b.

1842. Inachus catilloides. Conrad, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Jour., let ser., vol. 8,

pt. 2, p. 273, pi. 15, fig. 3.

Carboniferous: Inclined plane of the Alleghany Mountain, Pa. 

1858. Euomphalus rugosus. Hall, Rept. Geol. Survey Iowa, vol. 1~ pt. 2, p. 722, pi. 29,

figs. 14a-c.

Coal Measures: Illinois. 

1866. Serpula (Spirorbis) Planorbites. Geinitz, Garb, und Dyas in Nebraska, p. 3,

tab. 1, fig. 6. 

Upper Coal Measures: Nebraska.

1872. Straparollus (Euomphalus) rugosus: Meek, U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska Final

Kept., p.. 230, pi. 6, figs. 5a, 5b; pi. 11, figs. 4a, 4b. 

Upper Coal Measures: Nebraska City, Rock Bluff, Aspinwall, and Cedar Bluff,

Nebr. 

Coal Measures: Kansas, Missouri, Iowa, Illinois.

1873. Straparollus (Euomphalus) subrugosus. Meek and Worthen, Illinois Geol.

Survey, vol. 5, p. 607, pi. 29, fig. lla-c. 

Coal Measures: Springfield, 111.

1874. Euomphalus rugosus. Meek, Am. Jour. Sci., 3d ser., vol. 7, p. 583.

Coal Measures: Illinois. 

1884. Euomphalus (Straparollus) subrugosus. Walcott, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 8,

p. 255, pi. 18, fig. 19.

Lower Carboniferous: Eureka district, Nev. 

1884. Euomphalus rugosus. White, Indiana Dept. Geology and Nat. Hist. Thirteenth

Ann. Rept., pt. 2, p. 161, pi. 32, figs. 11,12. 

Coal Measures: Indiana. 

1888. Euomphalus rugosus. Keyes, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 241. (Date

of imprint, 1889.)

Lower Coal Measures: Des Moines, Iowa. 

1891. Straparollus catilloides. Keyes, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 255.

(Date of imprint, 1892.) 

Lower Coal Measures: Des Moines, Iowa. 

1895. Straparollus catilloides. Keyes, Missouri Gepl. Survey, vol. 5, p. 160. (Date

of imprint, 1894.)

Upper Coal Measures: Kansas City, Mo.; Atchison, Kans. 

1903. Euomphalus catilloides. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 16, p. 465. 

Hermosa formation: San Juan region and Sinbads Valley, Colo. 

Maroon formation: Crested Butte district, Colo,
180 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

1906. Euomphalus rugosus. Woodruff, Nebraska Geol. Survey, vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 282,

pi. 15B, figs. 7, 8.

Carboniferous: Cedar Creek and Nehawka, Nebr. 

1910. Euomphalus catilloides. Raymond, Carnegie Mus. Annals, vol. 7, No. 1, p. 157,

pi. 25, fig. 5. 

Brush Creek limestone: Donohoe, Pa.

Shell rather small, thin, discoidal, with flat sides, the volutions 

numbering 5 or 5£. On the interpretation that the shell is dextral 

the upper surface is generally rather strongly concave and the lower 

nearly flat, though in some specimens the concavity of the two sides 

is about equal.

The volutions have a generally quadrate section, more or less elongated in a radial direction and contracted toward the axis. The surface is sharply divided by two carinse into lateral and upper and lower 

areas or zones. The lateral zone usually slopes somewhat outward 

from the upper carina but in some shells it is about vertical. It is 

traversed by two rather well marked narrow sulci, situated one near 

the upper and the other near the lower margin. The intervening band 

may be convex, in which case the sulci are conspicuous, orit may be flat, 

in which case they are not so noticeable. The upper and lower surfaces contract toward the axis. Each of these also is marked by a 

revolving groove or sulcus situated near the external border, the upper 

one usually* nearer the edge than the lower. As a rule the lower 

carina is more prominent and is defined by sharper sulci than the 

upper, which in some specimens has more the appearance of an angle 

than a carina.

The surface is crossed by fine, sharp, transverse lirse which, toward 

the carinse, become more or less prominent and fasciculate. The 

carinse on some specimens are marked by rather well-developed nodes 

at somewhat distant and irregular intervals. On other specimens 

there are angular transverse ridges, more or less lamellose and connected with the fasciculation or exaggeration of the lirse. The two 

styles of ornamentation, in extreme cases rather strikingly unlike, 

appear to merge with one another. The lamellose or crenulated type 

has usually a closer arrangement than the nodose. These markings 

are entirely superficial, due to thickening of the shell, the internal 

section being rounded. As a rule they are more strongly developed 

on the upper carina than on the lower, the upper being nodose, and 

the lower somewhat crenulated, but the two carinse may show similar 

characters. The lines of growth slope gently backward in passing 

around from the inner edge of the upper surface to the inner edge of 

the lower surface and are generally straight, though in some specimens 

slightly deflected by the carinae and sulci.

The volutions are not indented by their contact and are usually 

arranged very neatly, without overlapping above or below, and with 

a distinct but linear suture. In some shells the union of the volutions
GASTBOPODA. 181

was not so exact, the later volution being deflected upward or down-, 

ward.

The earlier volutions appear to have been circular in cross section 

and to have been gradually but rapidly developed to the mature 

shape, which was assumed at an early period.

The following is Conrad's original description:

Inachus catilloides. Discoidal; both sides concave from the outer margin to the 

center; all the volutions exposed, transversely wrinkled; large volution carinated on 

the margins; back obtusely carinated in the middle.

Length, three-eighths of an inch.

Locality. Same with Pleurotomaria tabulata described above._ [Inclined plane of 

the Allegheny Mountain.]

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005, 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (stations 

2001, 2004, and 7193).

Family PYRAMIDELLID^E.

The genera from the Wewoka fauna included in this family are 

Zygopleura, Holopea, Sphserodoma, Meekospira, and Bulimorpha.

Great differences of opinion exist as to the family relations of these 

genera, even between authors of works of high authority, such as 

Fisher's Manual of Conchology and Zittel's Textbook of Paleontology. 

Fisher recognizes two families, the Pyramidellidae and the Pseudomelaniidae; Zittel recognizes but one, placing the genus Pseudomelania in 

the Pyramidellidae. Zittel refers Zygopleura and Loxonema to the 

Pyramidellidae; Fisher refers Loxonema to the Pseudomelaniidae but 

does not mention Zygopleura, which, as a division of Loxonema, would 

doubtless be placed with it in the same family. Neither author includes Sphaerodoma in his work, but both recognize Macrocheilus 

(instead of Macrocheilina), Fisher referring it to the Pseudomelaniidae 

and Zittel to the Pyramidellidae. Both authors also omit Meekospira, 

and it is difficult to judge from other references where they would be 

likely to assign it. The type species was first doubtfully referred to 

Polypheinopsis, a genus which both Fisher and Zittel place in the 

synonymy of Subulites. Zittel in a manner includes Subulites in the 

Pyramidellidae, at the same time suggesting, that with certain other 

.genera, it represents a new family. With coincident view, apparently, 

Fisher recognizes a family, the Subulitidae, in which he includes not 

only Subulites but Bulimorpha, which, together with Polyphemopsis, 

he regards as a synonym of that genus. Zittel does not mention 

Bulimorpha. The new family which he suggests, presumably the 

Subulitidae of Fisher, was to include with Subulites also the genus 

Soleniscus; but Fisher refers Soleniscus not to the Subulitidse but to 

the Pseudomelaniidae.

I have in the main been following Zittel's classification in this work; 

but here, by reason of conflicting views and omissions on the part.of 

my authority, it is difficult to adhere to him; therefore, while recog-
182 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FOBMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

nizing the fact that these genera probably represent more than one 

valid family, I am provisionally referring them to the Pyramidellidse. 

The status of Holopea is somewhat different. The relations of that 

genus are still in doubt, but both Zittel and Fisher agree in placing it 

provisionally with the Littorinidse. I am provisionally extending 

Holopea to include a number of species which have a certain general 

resemblance to that genus, but which may prove, when more completely known, to belong to several genera. Some of these, at least, 

probably represent a type which it has been the custom to refer to 

Loxonema, and I have accordingly included Holopea with that genus 

in the Pyramidellidse without, however, compromising authentic 

Holopea, which may be a distinct type and may have different 

zoologic relations.

Genus ZYGOPLET7BA Koken.

The generic name Loxonema as applied to shells from the Carboniferous of North America includes a number of different types. One 

of the most well denned and easily recognized is that for which Koken 

in 1892 1 proposed the genus Zygopleura. Zygopleura was said to be 

related to Loxonema but to be characterized by distinct transverse 

furrows, which do not have the sigmoidal shape of the lirae of Loxonema but are gently concave toward the aperture. The volutions 

are more or less arched.

In his monumental work on the fauna of the Carboniferous limestone of Belgium, De Koninck discriminated a great number of species 

of Loxonema, which seems to have shown remarkable variability, 

and he divides these into two groups, the Isevigata and the costata. 

Among the latter are some which are not without claim to be referred 

to Koken's genus of Zygopleura. Although perhaps more readily 

distinguishable than the other types, one can, in a good series of species such as is figured by De Koninck, almost see how the plicated 

group (Zygopleura) is developed from the striated one (Loxonema s. s.). 

In fact, there are suggestions of two origins for the-type of sculpture 

characterizing Zygopleura, the one by f asciculation of the usually fine 

lirae until the surface becomes marked by longitudinal grooves and 

ridges; the other by the development of a row of nodes, the progressive 

prolongation of which eventually produces a similar result.

In the American faunas all the Zygopleuras occur in Pennsylvanian 

rocks, just as all the typical Loxonemas occur in the Mississippian. 

To this genus may probably be referred the following species, some of 

which, as they have not been figured, are doubtfully included:

Zygopleura attenuata Stevens. Described as a Chemnitzia and referred to Loxonema 

by Weller. The whorls are said to exhibit numerous scooped-out indentations 

which are continued to the upper edge of each volution, giving at the suture a nodulated appearance. This seems to indicate one of the Zygopleuras, to which group 

the species is provisionally transferred.

1 Neues Jahrb., 1892, vol. 2, p. 30.
GASTROPODA. 183

Zygopleura cara Dawson. Described without figures as a Loxonema. From the description and comparisons apparently a Zygopleura.

Zygopleura multicostata Meek and Worthen. Described as a Loxonema and clearly a 

finely plicated member of the group for which the name Zygopleura was 

introduced.

Zygopleura parva Cox. Described as a Chemnitzia and referred to Loxonema by Weller. Specifically very closely related to the foregoing.

Zygopleura plebeia Herrick. Described as a Loxonema and closely related to Z. multicostata.

Zygopleura plena Herrick. Described as a Loxonema. A characteristic Zygopleura 

and the largest known from this continent.

Zygopleura plicata Whitfield. A very slender species described as a Loxonema.

Zygopleura rugosa Meek and Worthen. Described as a Loxonema and always cited 

as such.

Zygopleura scitula Meek and Worthen. Described and always cited as a Loxonema.

Zygopleura swallowiana Shumard. Described as a Chemnitzia but never'figured. The 

description, however, indicates pretty clearly that the generic relations are with 

Zygopleura.

Zygopleura? terranovica Dawson. Described as a Macrocheilus and by Weller; doubtfully referred to Soleniscus. In shape this species appears to be made up of five 

strongly shouldered whorls and to have a rather broad spiral angle. The lower volutions are said to be marked each by 12 or 13 vertical ribs, more strongly developed 

at the suture and fading out below. This sculpture, which, as described, recalls 

that of the much slenderer species Z. attenuata, is not like that of any known form 

of Macrocheilus (Sphserodoma) or Soleniscus and is very suggestive of Zygopleura. 

This species and Z. cara seem to be exceptions to the statement that all the American Zygopleuras occur in Pennsylvanian rocks, but there is considerable doubt 

about Z. terranovica belonging to Zygopleura and I am not satisfied that all the 

limestones in Nova Scotia grouped with the Windsor formation as' 'Lower Carboniferous" really correspond to our Mississippian.

ZYGOPLEUEA RUGOSA Meek and Worthen. 

Plate XXV, figures 1, la.

1860. Loxonema rugosa. Meek and Worthen, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc.,

p. 465. (Date of imprint, 1861.) 

Upper Coal Measures: Springfield, 111. 

1866. Loxonema rugosa. Meek and Worthen, Illinois Geol. Survey, vol. 2, p. 378,

pi. 31, figs, lla-c.

Upper Coal Measures: Springfield, 111. 

1881. Loxonema rugosa. White, U. S. Geog. Surveys W. 100 Mer. Kept., vol. 3, Supp.,'

Appendix, p. xxxv, pi. 3, fig. 7a. 

Carboniferous: Near Taos and Coyote Creek, N. Mex.

Shell of medium size, elongate-conical, consisting of 8 or 9 volutions. 

Aperture less than one-third the entire height. Volutions rather 

regularly and strongly rounded. Suture depressed. Sculpture consisting of rather strong, subangular, longitudinal plications which are 

arranged so as to be more or less consecutive from apex to aperture. 

About 16 to 18 occur on each volution. The plications are direct or 

slightly oblique, dying down both toward the suture above and rather 

abruptly in the other direction a little below the middle; marked by 

growth lines, of which they may perhaps be considered fascicles. 

Aperture oval.
184 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

I can hardly doubt that the Wewoka fossils belong to Meek and 

Worthen's species, though they show some slight deviations from 

their description and figures. They are somewhat larger and consequently have one or two more volutions. The plications are perhaps 

a little more angular than Meek and Worthen apparently describe 

them, and the sides of the volutions a little more gibbous, so that the 

sutures are more depressed.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla, (station 2005).

ZYGOPLEURA MULTICOSTATA Meek and Worthen ? 

Plate XXV, figure 2.

1861. Loxonema multicostata. Meek and Worthen, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia

Proc., p. 146. (Date of imprint, 1862.) 

Coal Measures: Hodges.Creek, Macoupin County, 111. 

1866. Loxonema multicosta. Meek and Worthen, Illinois Geol. Survey, vol. 2, p. 378,

pi. 31, figs. 12a-c.

Coal Measures: Macoupin County, 111. 

1891. Loxonema multicosta,. Keyes, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 260.

(Date of imprint, 1892.) 

Lower Coal Measures: DesMoines, Iowa. 

1895. Loxonema multicosta. Keyes, Missouri Geol. Survey, vol. 5, p. 206. (Date

of imprint, 1894.) 

Upper Coal Measures: Kansas City, Mo.

A few specimens of Zygopleura in the Wewoka collection are distinguished by having very fine plications. Unfortunately all are 

fragmentary and the surface is so poorly preserved that the number of 

plications can not be counted, but there must have been at least 30 

and perhaps nearly 40 on the last volution which is about 10 millimeters 

in diameter. The shell is robust and the longest specimen seen can 

hardly have been less than 24 millimeters in length or have had 

less than 8 volutions. The volutions are regularly and moderately 

rounded and the sutures are well defined.

The shape and general characters of this form ally it with Zygopleura multicostata, but my specimens indicate a larger size and distinctly though not much finer plications. Better material might 

show that it is a different species, but provisionally it may be referred 

to Z. multicostata.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005 and 2006).

ZYGOPLEURA PARVA Cox? 

Plate XXV, figures 3-3b.

1857. Chimnitzia parva. Cox, Kentucky Geol. Survey Kept., vol. 3, p. 567, pi. 8,

figs. 3, 3a.

Coal Measures: Daviess County, Ky. 

1898. Loxonema parvum. Weller, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 153, p. 335.
GASTBOPODA. 185

1903. Loxonema parvum? Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 16, p. 460. 

Carboniferous: Glen wood Springs, Colo.

Two specimens resemble Zygopleura multicostata in the fineness of 

the longitudinal'plications but differ in having a wider spiral angle 

and in being considerably smaller. I am not sure, however, that 

they would not better be considered as a variety of that species than 

be identified even provisionally with Z. parva. They are as much 

larger than the latter species as smaller than the former, and the spiral 

angle is greater, though not to the same degree.

The specimens are so few and their condition so unsatisfactory that 

a proper disposition of them is hardly possible, whether it be identifying them with some known form or describing them as new.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2006).

ZTGOPLETJRA PLEBEIA Herrick? 

Plate XXV, figures 4,4a.

1887. Loxonemaep. Herrick, Denison Univ. Sci. Lab. Bull., vol. 2, p. 147, pi. 14, fig. 8

(L. plebium (n. sp.) in explanation of plate). 

Coal Measures: Flint Ridge, Ohio.

Of this form our collections contain a single rather ill-preserved 

specimen. It is now 10 millimeters long but must have measured 

about 13 millimeters and have consisted of 8 or more volutions, 

the sides of which are rather flattened, so that the sutures are not as 

depressed as in some other species. The plications on the last volution 

number about 20. They are nearly direct and consecutive.

In so far as the evidence at hand is concerned I see no reason for 

separating this shell from Z. plebeia, though the affirmative evidence 

is not conclusive. In its slender shape it resembles Z. plicata, but it 

is much more finely plicated. From the associated Z. rugosa it is distinguished by its more slender shape and finer plications.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2004).

Genus HOLOPEA Hall?

The generic name Loxonema has been made to include a great 

variety of forms. Even after the removal of species clearly belonging 

to other genera (such as Macrocheilus = Sphserodoma) the Loxonemas 

of the American Carboniferous faunas are very heterogeneous. 

Most of the species have a high spire composed of numerous rounded 

volutions, a short body whorl, and an oval or subcircular aperture. 

Among the shells to which Loxonema is thus applied three fairly distinct types can be distinguished, though these groups do not necessarily 

include all the species, nor have, with regard to one another, sharply 

defined boundaries.
186 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

One group, that of typical Loxonema, is marked with the characteristic sculpture of moderately coarse, regular, transverse lirse, which 

frequently have a sigmoidal course, being curved backward above 

and forward below. In many species the surface of the volutions 

is flattened or gently concave in the upper part. Very few Carboniferous shells from North America possess these characters and they 

are all of Mississippian age. Here belong probably Loxonema ddpJiicola Hall, a Devonian species but cited by Herrick from the 

Waverly group, L. difficile Sardeson, and possibly L. yandellanum 

Hall.

Another group has rounded whorls, marked by retrally concave 

longitudinal plications, which do not extend to the suture above nor 

to the under portion of the volution. This group is distinguished from 

typical Loxonema especially by the fact that the sculpture is not sigmoidal and that it is usually very much coarser. Shells of this type 

have received from Koken the generic name Zygopleura. As noted 

on another page, there are 11 species which with varying certainty 

can be placed under Zygopleura.

Weller's bibliography recognizes 25 species of Loxonema, to which 

may be added several others that were omitted or that have been 

subsequently described. If from these there be removed the 3 typical Loxonemas and 11 Zygopleuras there remain 15 species of varied 

generic affinities.

The difficulty of distinguishing some of the Loxonemas, especially 

the smooth forms, from other genera, particularly Macrocheilus and 

Polyphemopsis, has always been apparent and troublesome. De 

Koninck says that Loxonema is easily separated by the elongate form 

and especially by the absence of the twisted callosity on the columella, 

and, where present, by the striae and folds on the surface of the shell. 

It is, however, difficult to see any distinction between some of his 

Loxonemas and Macro cheilinas which name he uses as a substitute, 

for the older but preoccupied term Macrocheilus. Meek points out' 

that Loxonema may be distinguished from Polyphemopsis by lacking 

the truncated base of the columella and by the striated surface. From 

Macrocheilus, according to the same author, it is distinguished by its 

usually more elongated spire, by its less callous inner lip without fold 

or ridge, and by its striated surface. It is not surprising, therefore, 

to find that a number of these species of Loxonema probably belong 

in fact to the groups for which the names Macrocheilus and Polyphemopsis have been used. Such species are:

Loxonema acutulum Dawson. Described as a Loxonema but not figured. An extremely slender species composed of 15 or more whorls which are marked with 

traces of 5 revolving lines. This species may be provisionally removed to Solenospira, if, as suggested by Ulrich, S. attenuate, S. turritella, and S, vermicula properly 

belong there, for to these Loxonema acutulum appears to be closely related.

1 Meek, F. B., Illinois Geol. Survey, vol. 2, .p. 373,1866.
GASTROPODA. 187

Loxonema bellum Walcott. Provisionally referred to Meekospira on account of the 

flattened volutions and elongated aperture.

Loxonema danvillense Stevens. Described without figures and never reidentified. 

The body whorl is said to be inflated and the pillar lip to have a slight fold. The 

generic relations therefore appear to be with Sphaerodoma.

Loxonema halli Norwood and Pratten. A unique species which will probably some 

time be made the type of a new genus. Provisionally placed with Soleniscus 

because of the elongate and canaliculate anterior end of the aperture, though this 

may be accidental. 

Loxonema nodosum Stevens. A puzzling species on account of the nodose surface. 

From its apparent shape (it was described without figures) and from its lack of a 

. fold on the columella it is provisionally placed with Bulimorpha.

Loxonema politum Stevens. Like other species of Stevens, described but never figured. From the shape and from the slight fold on the columella probably a fusiform type of Sphaerodoma.

Loxonema semicostatum Meek. First described as a variety of Loxonema attenuatum 

and then as an independent species. From the absence of plications on the lower 

half of the shell, it may be placed with Eustylus rather than Zygopleura.

Loxonema tenuicarinatum Stevens. From the shape and other characters mentioned 

by Stevens this might be regarded as a species of. Sphferodoma, but the body 

whorl is said not to be inflated and the pillar lip to be without a fold. This suggests a provisional reference to Bulimorpha.

Loxonema tenuilineatum Shumard. Originally described as a Chemnitzia and referred 

by Keyes to Loxonema. The shape and the sculpture, which comprises revolving lirse with about 15 on the final volution, suggest Aclisina and I am assigning 

it to that genus.

There remain after the removal of these miscellaneous types six 

species which may be equally miscellaneous when their characters 

are completely known, but which agree in a general way in being 

more or less slender and many whorled, in having rounded volutions 

and deep sutures, and in being smooth or marked by only obscure or 

microscopic growth lines.

Forms similar to these have often been cited under Loxonema, 

forming a smooth section of the genus distinct from Zygopleura and 

Loxonema s. s. It seems to me that it would aid in the determination 

of species if Loxonema and Zygopleura were reserved for those types 

which are characteristic, the remaining smooth forms being retained 

under a separate generic name or distributed among other groups 

according to their intrinsic characters. Although recognizing the 

fact that no arrangement of these forms which even approaches finality can be made from the published figures alone, or even, for some 

of the forms, from specimens as imperfect as some of the actual types, 

I shall try to carry out this proposal.

In looking about for a genus which has the general characters mentioned above, it appears that Holopea, species of which have already 

been described from the Carboniferous of America, may best be used 

for the reception of such forms. It is true that some of the species 

transferred to Holopea have a rather higher spire than the typical ones, 

but except within certain limits this can hardly be made a generic 

character. Although the species are assembled in this way, it is with
188 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

no understanding that all have close zoological relationships either 

with one another or with the Ordovician genus. They merely look 

alike have many of the characters, or perhaps I should say the lack 

of distinctive characters, existing in the Ordovician and Carboniferous 

species alike. The most distinctive generic character of Holopea, 

the entire peristome, can not be determined from most of the descriptions and figures.

Holopea already contains five species from the Carboniferous of 

America, H. conica, H. grandis, H. newtonensis, H. proutana, and 

H. subconica.

H. grandis, however, is clearly not a member of the genus, differing 

not only in shape but in sculpture, for it is marked by a number of 

revolving costse and the transverse lirse, as shown in the illustration, 

curve backward both from above and below, indicating a deep anguilar notch in the outer lip. On account of this character it can hardly 

be placed with Cyclonema, under which genus it might otherwise have 

been entered, but may provisionally be referred to Pleurotomaria in 

spite of the absence of a distinct slit band. The four remaining species have in a general way the characters, of the six Loxonemas enumerated above, though each of them appears to present peculiarities 

incident possibly to their imperfect condition or to the position in 

which the specimen was posed for illustration.

Holopella furnishes some of the species which may be included in 

this group, but before these are discussed the genus itself may be considered. Holopella was briefly described by McCpy as follows: ' 'Shell 

spiral, elongate, slender, of numerous gradually increasing whorls, 

generally crossed by slightly arched striae; mouth circular, with the 

peristome entire; base rounded, with or without a minute umbilicus." 

A number of species are then cited, of which the first is H. cancellata 

Sowerby, which would naturally be taken as the type, but McCoy 

arranged his species alphabetically, and H. cancellata is marked by a 

few sharp, revolving lirse, a feature not possessed, I believe, by any of 

the other Holopellas, nor mentioned in the original description. It 

would be reasonable, perhaps, to pass over H. cancellata in selecting a 

genotype, for the remainder of the group is clearly more in accord 

with the generic diagnosis. If this is done, Holopella would appear 

to be merely a more elongate and attenuate type of Holopea. It 

would almost appear that McCoy introduced the name without a 

knowledge of Hall's genus. He does not refer to it, and certainly comparisons with Holopea are necessary, if with any genus. Nor does he 

give Holopea as the etymologic derivation from which he formed 

his generic name, but goes back to the original Greek words wliich 

Hall had used.

If, however, H. cancellata be taken as the type, Holopella to all 

appearances might be one of the Pleurotomarias, closely allied, per-
GASTROPODA. 189

haps, to Solenospira Ulrich. In view of this uncertainty, it seems 

desirable to neglect Holopella for the present in considering the nomenclature of American shells.

Only one American species has been referred to Holopella, H. mira, 

and this Mr. Weller regards as forming, with Holopea conica and H. 

subconica, two species mentioned above, .a single specific group. The 

name subconica in fact seems to have been preoccupied by Hall.

From Macrocheilus maybe included here a species which I provisionally referred to that genus with the specific name micula. It 

clearly does not belong to the Sphserodoma group but has rather the 

appearance of the present one. In fact, it is in miniature almost a 

representative of H. newtonensis.

But few American species have been described under or referred to 

Macrocheilina, but one of these, M. modesta, from the Guadalupe 

Mountains, appears to possess the characters of the present group. 

It much resembles the Kinderhook species H. conica.

Thus from different sources are assembled the following series of 

forms which may be advantageously kept together as a provisional, 

and doubtless intrinsically more or less artificial, group until more 

complete knowledge determines their real affinities. Then many of 

them will probably be removed to other genera.

Holopea blairi Miller. Described as a Macrocheilina and placed by Weller under 

Soleniscus? It closely resembles H. proutana and apparently was referred to 

Macrocheilina without substantial reason.

Holopea conica Winchell. Regarded by Weller as the same aa H. subconica and Holopella mira. Described under the present genus.

Holopea cerithiiformis Meek and Worthen. Described as a Loxonema. A slender, 

many-whorled, high-spired type with little nodes along the suture. A Holopella 

according to Waagen, and doubtfully included here.

Holopea cooperensis Swallow. Described but never figured. The original reference was 

to Macrocheilus and Key es placed it under Sphserodomaand later under Soleniscus, 

whereas Weller cites it as Sphserodoma. According to our very imperfect knowledge, it might better belong in the present group in close relationship with 

H. conica, H. modesta, and H. proutana.

Holopea fasdata King. A European species which Swallow cites as a Loxonema from 

Kansas. With probability proportionate to the closeness of his identification his 

species, which doubtless was not identical with the English one, was a fairly slender, many-whorled representative of the present group.

Holopea inconspicua Girty. Described as a Loxonema? A species closely related to 

that last mentioned.

Holopea keokuk Worthen. Described as a Polyphemopsis? and by Weller cited under 

Bulimorpha. A large species based on imperfect material which hardly deserves 

recognition and probably belongs to neither of the two genera mentioned, but is 

more likely a representative of the present group or else of typical Loxonema.

Holopea micula Girty. Described as a Macrocheilus but apparently belonging to the 

present group and closely related to H. newtonensis.

Holopea mira Winchell. Described as a Holopella and referred to the present genus 

by Weller, who regards it as identical with Holopea conica and H. subconica.

Holopea modesta Girty. Originally described as a Macrocheilina? In its specific 

characters much like H. conica.
190 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

Holopea newtonensis Whitfield. Originally described and always cited under this 

genus.

Holopea oligospira Winchell. Described as a Loxonema. Weller states that the surface is almost absolutely smooth and his figure seems to show a form congeneric 

with H. conica, though not specifically the same.

Holopea peoriensis Worthen. A slender species with numerous somewhat flattened 

whorls which clearly does not belong to Loxonema s. s. nor to Zygopleura, but is 

doubtfully included in the present group. It has always been known as a Loxonema.

Holopea permiana Beede. Described as a Loxonema and said to be related to the foregoing but almost too imperfect to deserve recognition.

Holopea proutana Hall. Always cited under this genus.

Holopea shumardiana Winchell. Described as a Murchisonia. Weller states that it 

clearly does not belong to that genus and refers it to Loxonema. Though larger, 

it seems to be closely similar to H. conica from the same group of rocks and to be 

congeneric with it.

Holopea subconica Winchell. Said by Weller to be the same as H. conica. The specific name was preoccupied by Hall.

Holopea subcorpulenta Whitfield. Described as a Macrocheilus and referred by Keyes 

to Sphserodoma. In shape it resembles H. modesta, H. proutana, and H. shumardiana. It is not clear why Whitfield referred this to a different genus from Holopea 

newtonensis.

Holopea turritiformis Hall. A species so imperfectly described (and without figures, 

too) as hardly to deserve recognition, but so far as the characters are known they a,re 

not at variance with the present group. The original reference was to Loxonema.

In shape these 19 species show a fairly continuous transition from 

broad-angled, low-spired forms like lilairi, cooperensis, micula, newtonensis, oligospira, proutana, shumardiana, and subcorpulenta to very 

slender, many-whorled forms, like cerithiiformis and peoriensis. As 

to geologic age, it appears that most of these species belong in the 

Mississippian (13 in all) and that the Mississippian types comprise 

chiefly species with broad spiral angle and few whorls, while most of 

the slender, many-whorled types are Pennsylvanian or Permian, 

though with each are some which are more or less intermediate. Of 

the intermediate type occurring at the higher horizon H. modesta is an 

example, while H. Jceolcuk and H. turritiformis, neither of which may 

really belong to the present group, are the Mississippian species which 

most clearly approach the peoriensis section. The slender, manywhorled, chiefly upper Carboniferous types might, perhaps, be regarded as more properly belonging in the genus Holopella, but it 

would be difficult to draw a generic separation between them and the 

others.

HOLOPEA PEORIENSIS Worthen?

1884. Loxonema peoriensis. Worthen, Illinois State Mus. Nat. Hist. Bull. No. 2, p. 7.

Coal Measures: Peoria County, 111. 

1890. Loxonema peoriense. Worthen, Illinois Geol. Survey, vol. 8, p. 139, pi. 23, figs.

10, lOb. . Coal Measures: Peoria County, 111. 

1903. Loxonema? peoriense. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof, Paper 16, p. 640, pi. 10,

fig. 8. 

Kico formation; San Juan region, Colo,
GASTROPODA. 191

The unique specimen here under consideration is an internal mold 

and is scarcely deserving of detailed mention. It is a many-whorled, 

gradually tapering form, much like the species named above, but considerably smaller. The volutions are at present rounded and the 

sutures deep, but such may not have been the original condition. 

The height is 7 millimeters and the greatest diameter a little over 2 

millimeters. About 10 volutions are preserved. The sutures are 

but slightly oblique and the volutions overlap little if at all.,

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2006).

Genus SPKffiRODOMA Keyes.

The shells of this group, most of which at one time or another have 

been cited under the generic title Macrocheilus, have presented difficulties to all the paleontologists who have dealt with them and have 

been the subject of wide differences of opinion. Meek and Worthen, 

who very carefully considered a number of American species, and to 

American species exclusively my own remarks refer, distinguished 

three groups, which they placed in the genera Macrocheilus, Polyphemopsis, and Soleniscus. To Soleniscus they referred but a single 

species and, while noting the general resemblance to Polyphemopsis 

and Macrocheilus in certain respects, they remark, "but the possession of'a distinct canal and straight columella remove it widely from 

these genera." 1 The two other genera they recognized as standing 

mutually closer. Of Macrocheilus they say:

The elongated species of this genus are not always easily distinguished from certain 

forms of Polyphemopsis, especially when the aperture and columella can not be seen. 

They, however, differ entirely in their thickened inner lip, usually provided with an 

obtuse fold, and in generally having the body whorl proportionally larger. They also 

differ in having a larger aperture, which is more rounded below. 2

Regarding this same point they speak again under Polyphemopsis, 

as follows:

Where the aperture and columella can not be seen, it is sometimes difficult to distinguish these shells from elongated forms of Macrocheilus, from which they differ in 

wanting the callosity and fold, or revolving ridge, of the columella, characterizing that 

type, and in the truncated base of the columella.

And again:

The presence of an inner lip below the middle of the columella, of some species 

of this genus, is stated with doubt in our diagnosis because we have only seen it in 

one species (ourP. peracuta), which may possibly not belong properly to this genus. 3

Here it may be recalled that Polyphemopsis peracuta was later 

made by Ulrich the type of a new genus, Meekospira, in which he 

included also P. nitidula and P. inornata.

J Illinois Qeol. Survey, vol. 2, p. 384,1866. ? Idem, p. 369r »Idem, p. 373.
192 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

Meek and Worthen gave especial consideration only to such species 

as came before them in connection with the State Survey of Illinois!, 

but the investigation involved a careful consideration of their generic 

relationships. At a much later date Keyes attempted a revision 

of the whole American representation of these genera but seems to 

have based much of his study, as I have based much of mine, on the 

literature.

Keyes 1 arranges-the species somewhat differently from Meek and 

Worthen. Their group of Polyphemopsis he retains but under the 

generic title Bulimorpha. Notably, he excepts Polyphemopsis peracuta, which he says manifestly does not belong to the Bulimorpha. 

group. He retains it in the genus Polyphemopsis but adds that the 

original reference to Eutima is probably correct. The species which 

Meek and Worthen singled out and made the type of their new genus 

Soleniscus, Keyes unites with the forms which they called Macrocheilus, and the species thus assembled, together with species described under Macrocheilus and other genera by other authors, and 

not discussed by Meek and Worthen, he divides into two groups, 

characterized externally by shape, the one comprising globose, the 

other fusiform species. For the fusiform shells he employs the 

generic term Soleniscus, which thus is made to include Soleniscus 

and part of Macrocheilus as identified by Meek and Worthen, and 

for the globose ones he introduces the new term Sphserodoma, with 

S. ponderosa as the type, a species which, as Macrocheilus primigenium, Meek and Worthen included with the more slender 

forms in Phillips's genus. Keyes apparently at first included the 

entire series of forms under Soleniscus, distinguishing, however, two 

groups among them, but later restricted the name to the fusiform 

group, which is of the same general character as Soleniscus typicus, 

and proposed Sphserodoma for the other.

In this connection it may be said that it was not the typical 

8. ponderosa of Swallow which Keyes had in mind and which must 

be taken as the type of Sphserodoma, but a form finely illustrated 

by White and incorrectly referred by him to Swallow's species, 

which I believe to be identical with S. primigenia Conrad. The latter species then, if I am correct, becomes the type of Sphserodoma.

One conspicuous feature which Soleniscus has in common with 

many of the Macrocheilea is a pronounced. fold on the columella. 

Of the two differences by which Meek and Worthen thought Soleniscus 

was widely separated from Macrocheilus, Keyes explained one, the 

anterior prolongation or canal, as due to breakage. He says: 2

By the removal of the lip the anterior portion of the shell seems more extended 

than in the unbroken specimen; and this feature was made unduly conspicuous by 

Meek and Worthen when they established the genus under consideration.

1 Keyes, C. R., Am. Naturalist, vol. 23, p. 420,1889, pi. 20. Also Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., 

p. 303,1889. 

* Am. Naturalist, vol. 23, p. 423,1889.
GASTROPODA. 193

The other imputed difference Keyes did not discuss and I am myself 

uncertain to what it refers. Meek and Worthen do not describe the 

columella of Macrocheilus as not being straight, though they do say,1 

"inner lip thin or wanting above the middle of the aperture, more 

or less thickened, and generally twisted into an obtuse fold below." 

But this latter structure appears to be homologous with that which 

in Soleniscus is described as a sharply elevated plate or fold on the 

columella. The callus on the inner lip, which, as in the quotation 

above, is said to be a feature of Macrocheilus but in the description 

'of Soleniscus is said to be missing, Keyes reports as varying so greatly 

according to the state of preservation and the locality that only in a 

general way can it be-relied upon as of generic importance.2

Keyes is probably correct in stating that although seldom noticed 

on account of the apertural part of the shell being filled with matrix, 

a more or less well defined columellar fold is observable in most of 

the shells hitherto called Macrocheilea. It also seems to be true, as 

noted by him and previously also by White, that the fold is scarcely 

discernible in the perfect shell until the outer lip is broken away 

when it is seen to become more and more pronounced as it passes 

inward from the aperture.

Keyes's description and remarks on the genus Sphserodoma are as 

follows: 3

The shells of the second section, are subglobose, with the spire relatively very small, 

short; the whorls convex, very rapidly expanding, the last ventricose, and forming, by 

far, the greater part of the shell; aperture oval; columella thickened, sometimes exhibiting obsolete traces of an obtuse angularity; test comparatively much thinner 

than in Soleniscus. Typified by Macrocheilus ponderpsum Swallow and M. texanum 

Shumard.

The enormous size of the body-whorl compared with the spire and the undeveloped 

columellar fold readily distinguish this form from that of Soleniscus.

It seems to me that Keyes's statements as to the distinction between 

Sphserodoma and Soleniscus, as the latter genus is interpreted by him, 

are not fully warranted by the facts. It is true that the enormous 

size of the body whorl and the undeveloped columellar fold readily 

distinguish Sphserodoma from Soleniscus if only extreme examples 

like the typical species Sphserodoma primigenia and Soleniscus typicus 

are compared, but so many intermediate forms are already known that 

a practically complete gradation may confidently be looked for. To 

show how closely the two series approach each other, I would cite 

SpTi&rodoma intercalaris, which Keyes regards as a synonym of S. 

medialis and includes under Sphserodoma, and Soleniscus altonensis, 

which he includes under Soleniscus, two forms so nearly similar, as 

represented by Meek and Worthen's figures, that I am much disposed

i Illinois Geol. Survey, vol. 2, p. 367,1866. 

8 Am. Naturalist, vol. 23, p. 423,1889.

» Keyes C. R., Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 305,1889. 

37003 8 Bull. 544 15 13
194 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

to include them not only in the same genus but in the same species. 

As for the claim that the undeveloped columellar fold readily distinguishes Sphserodoma from Soleniscus, Keyes himself states that 

in Soleniscus this feature is hardly perceptible at the aperture; 

he also states that in 1881 White referred to Soleniscus two, and 

in 1884 five other species, which had originally been placed under 

Macrocheilus.1 These include Soleniscus? ponderosus, Soleniscus? 

primigenius, Soleniscus? texanus, and Soleniscus? medialis, all cited by 

Keyes in his genus Sphserodoma and all placed by White in Soleniscus, 

because they do show the columellar fold which Keyes says is undeveloped in Sphserodoma. Then, too, Soleniscus altonensis, which shows 

no trace of a fold, is referred by Keyes to Soleniscus, and SpJiserodoma 

medialis (or S. intercalaris) is placed by him in Sphserodoma, although 

the description states and the figures show the presence of an obtuse 

fold on the columella at the aperture itself. Furthermore, I do not 

believe that any such diversity of habitat as claimed by Keyes really 

exists; witness the varied form in the present fauna, all from the same 

formation, all apparently marine, yet some belonging to "Soleniscus" 

and some to "SphaBrodoma." .Indeed, my own general experience 

of these types fails to support Keyes's contention. Equally unsubstantiated by such observations as I have been able to make is his 

statement that the test of Sphserodoma is apparently much thinner 

than that of Soleniscus. In fact, the test of Sphserodoma is apt to be 

unusually massive. It would also be difficult to find any constant 

differences in the thickening of the columella (callus ?) mentioned by 

Keyes as a character of Sphserodoma but not of Soleniscus.

In the shape and the relative height of the spire there appears to be 

gradation in these shells from one extreme to the other, if not complete at least without any strong interruption. It hardly needs to 

be stated that such a difference does not afford a practicable or valid 

basis for generic separation. In a large group it is often convenient to . 

establish subgenera even if the fundamentals of division are not very 

important in themselves, so they be practicable, but the division suggested by Keyes under Soleniscus and Sphserodoma does not seem to 

me to be practicable, both because there is too much common ground, 

and because there is, in a manner of speaking, too much ground that is 

proper to neither. That is, the variations not only more or less bridge 

the gap between the type species of the two genera, but go off into collateral branches which can not with propriety be referred to either, 

if strictly interpreted.

Now, regarding the inclusion of any of these forms under Soleniscus, 

as based on S. typicus, it appears to me that the evidence, though not 

entirely convincing the other way, quite fails to justify Keyes's course. 

As pointed out by Meek, the diagnostic feature of Soleniscus, aside

i Am. Naturalist, vol. 23, p. 420,1889.
GASTROPODA. 195

from its elongate fusiform shape, must be regarded as the possession of a distinct canal at the produced anterior end of the aperture, and I believe that Meek was too familiar with fossil shells and 

their occurrence to be easily misled by a broken specimen and too 

accomplished a conchologist to give a false value to a character thus 

observed. I. shall for the present, therefore, accept his dictum in both 

particulars. In a careful consideration of the species which Keyes has 

assigned to Soleniscus, I fail to find any which has the produced canaliculate anterior extremity of Soleniscus. Some species appear to be 

conspicuously the other way, such as S. altonensis, S. gracilis, and 

8. Jmmilis. Some have never been figured, and their characters are 

imperfectly known on that account. Still others, and perhaps the 

greater number, were figured from imperfect specimens, which did 

not show the character in point. It is, however, not without significance that these imperfect specimens are as a rule not broken along 

the outer lip so as to suggest the false appearance of being produced in 

front, as Keyes implied was the case with the typical material of 

Soleniscus, but are broken along the anterior extremity, so as to give 

them a broadly rounded outline and conceal their true character altogether. Some of these may, consequently, prove to be true Solenisci.

In the end, therefore, I find myself about where Meek left the discussion in 1866, with a large, varied, but in the main indiscriminate 

group of species (Meek's Macrocheilus), and another type, to which 

at present only a single species can perhaps be safely referred, his 

Soleniscus.

I can not, however, agree with Meek in the matter of nomenclature. 

Many generic names have been employed for these shells and in a 

brief review of the most important of them I may begin with the best 

known, that used by Meek and Worthen.

Macrocheilus Phillips 1841. Phillips proposed Macrocheilus in 1841 1 tentatively 

and without description for some shells generally referred to Buccinum. He 

mentioned a number of species as belonging more or less possibly to the genus, but 

designated none as the type. As a consequence the name was left very much in 

the air, some of the species so mentioned really belonging toNaticopsisand others 

to Loxonema. It is rather fortunate, therefore, that the name had been preoccupied in 1838, for a genus of Coleopterous insects. This was noticed by Meek, 2 

 who, however, continued to use Macrocheilus for the molluscan type. In 1879 

Bayle 3 proposed Duncania as a substitute for Macrocheilus (type D. arculata), 

but finding that that name also was preoccupied, he substituted Macrocheilina 

in 1880.4 Therefore Macrocheilus with its uncertainties is swept away and we 

have Macrocheilina covering to some extent the'same ground, fixed by a definite 

genotype. Schlotheims's figures of Bucdnites arculatus show a turreted shell of 

the general appearance of some of the Solenisci rather than the Sphserodomae (to 

continue the use of these terms in their Keyesian application). A conspicuous

1 Pal. Foss. Cornwall, 1841, p. 103. 3 Jour, de Conchyliologie, vol. 19, p. 35,1879.

2 Illinois Geol. Survey, vol. 2, p. 369,1866. 4 Idem, vol. 20, p. 241,1880.
196 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

feature of the configuration is a narrow shelf-like platform, nearly horizontal in 

direction, extending outward from the suture and joining in an angular, more 

or less nodulose shoulder, the ample lateral portion of the volution. Other illustrations of M. arculata represent this character much less distinctly, however, and 

so far as it is concerned the difference between Macrocheilina and Sphserodoma 

may be trivial. Correlated with this the figure contains suggestions of a notch at 

the posterior end of the aperture. The anterior end is somewhat effuse but not 

canaliculate. No callus is represented in the drawing and no fold on the columella, except possibly a faint suggestion. With one exception, M. angulifera 

White, all the American Macrocheilea are without any trace of this peculiar angle 

near the suture, but that one species possesses it in a striking degree. Provisionally this species can be referred to Macrocheilina. Several species of other groups, 

however, share this peculiarity of form, one of which, M. danvillensis n. sp., a 

form incorrectly identified by Meek and Worthen with Stevens's Loxonema 

minutum, I am provisionally referring to Macrocheilina. Bulimorpha canaliculata is another species of similar conformation, not to go farther afield and mention Pleurotomaria inornata and P. perhumerosa.

Duncania Bayle 1879. Preoccupied. See discussion under Macrocheilus.

Macrocheilina Bayle 1880. Substituted for Duncania. See discussion under Macrocheilus.

Plectostylus Conrad 1842. l As pointed out by Meek, this genus was founded upon 

internal molds of one or two species of "Macrocheilus," but Plectostylus was 

preoccupied by Beck in 1837 for "another group of mollusks.

Soleniscus Meek and Worthen 1860. As already noted, Keyes, though I believe 

unwisely, expanded Meek and Worthen's term Soleniscus to include a number of 

species of "Macrocheilus" which I find necessary to remove from that genus and 

restore to their original grouping, thus restricting Soleniscus nearly to its original 

content, the single species, S. typicus.. With it may be provisionally associated 

Soleniscus glaber Cumings and Soleniscus [Loxonema] halli Norwood and Pratten. 

The latter species would be incongruous with any group of American Carboniferous shells, and will probably find place in a new genus.

Sphserodoma Keyes 1889. Proposed for the more globose type of "Macrocheilus." 

The separation, however, proved to be artificial, and as the union of the more 

slender species with Soleniscus does not seem desirable, Sphserodoma is here expanded to cover the entire group of fusiform as well as globose species. It seems 

necessary to adopt Keyes's term for the group; however, should his interpretation of Soleniscus, which is here rejected, prove correct, that name would supplant Sphserodoma, unless, indeed, it should itself be supplanted by some name 

not here reckoned with, or by Macrocheilina.

In the present use of the term, therefore, Sphserodoma includes 

Soleniscus as interpreted by Keyes, exclusive of typical Soleniscus, 

together with his new group Sphserodoma; or, in other words, it 

includes the Macrocheilea of Meek and Worthen and other authors. 

In his bibliography Weller has adopted and carried out Keyes's determination of genera and species in this group and he recognizes 20 

species of Soleniscus and 10 species of Sphaerodoma.

Of the 10 species cited by Weller under Sphserodoma, I am excluding in this revision only three S. cooperensis, 8. littonana, var. genevievensis, and 8. subcorpulenta.

1 Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Jour., 1st ser., vol. 8 (1839-1842), p. 275,1842.
GASTROPODA. 197

Sphxrodoma cooperensis Swallow. This species was originally described as a Macrocheilus but was subsequently placed by Keyes under Sphaerodoma and later under 

Soleniscus. No figures have ever been given and the description affords a most 

inadequate basis for referring it to its proper genus. Partly from the convexity of 

the whorls and partly from the apparent rarity of Sphaerodoma in this country in 

the earlier horizons of the Carboniferous, it seems more probable to me that this 

is a representative of the group to which I am provisionally referring it, namely, 

Holopea.

Sphserodoma littonana var. genevievensis Meek and Worthen. This variety was originally described as Naticopsis littonana var. genevievensis. Natica littonana Hall 

seems to be a true Sphserodoma and this variety was included by Keyes in the 

synonymy of that species but was written separately by Weller in his bibliography. 

It seems to me, however, that Meek and Worthen were in fact dealing with a Naticopsis and were misled by wrongly identified specimens of Natica littonana which 

at that time had never been figured. They probably had Natica carleyana, which 

was described at the same time from the same locality. It is true they say that 

. their species resembles authentic specimens of Natica littonana from the original 

locality, but, on the other hand, they state that it is a true Naticopsis, a mistake 

they would hardly have made if they had been referring to a Sphserodoma. They 

mention the callus of the inner lip, a feature prominently shown in Whitfield's 

figure of Naticopsis carleyana but absent from his figure of Sphserodoma littonana, 

and their entire description reads like that of a Naticopsis rather than a Sphaerodoma.

Sphserodoma subcorpulenta Whitfield. This species first described as a Macrocheilus 

was later removed by Keyes to Sphserodoma. As figured by Whitfield, however, 

the shape and the configuration of the aperture are not those of. Sphserodoma, but 

agree much more closely with the group of species which I am tentatively including under Holopea.

Of the 20 species cited by Weller under Soleniscus, I am retaining 

only one, S. typicus, under that generic title, but I am not referring 

all the others to Sphserodoma, 8. angulifer,S. blairi, and S.terranovicus 

being placed under other genera.

Soleniscus? angulifer White. Described as a Macrocheilus. The shape with an angular shoulder a little below the suture, if the shape is generically characteristic, is 

that of Macrocheilina, and in that genus I am provisionally placing it. Certain 

Pleurotomarias, however, have a similar configuration.

Soleniscus? blairi Miller. Described as a Macrocheilina but apparently having neither 

the configuration of typical Macrocheilina nor the apertural structures of Macrocheilus (Sphserodoma). It is transferred to Holopea, to which group it apparently 

belongs so far as its characters are known.

Soleniscus? terranovicus Dawson. Referred by Dawson to Macrocheilus and by Weller 

to Soleniscus. This species has never been illustrated, but the description states 

that it is conical in form with five strongly shouldered volutions, of which the lower 

ones are each marked with 12 or 13 vertical ribs, more strongly developed at the 

suture and fading out below. This clearly does not describe a shell related to any 

known form of Sphserodoma, suggesting rather Zygopleura among the genera of our 

Pennsylvanian faunas.

These references to Sphserodoma and Soleniscus are mostly secondary. The content of this group as here constituted has been 

drawn from several original sources. I am recognizing 30 species of
198 FAUNA OP WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

Sphserodoma, of which Bulimorpha has furnished 1, Loxonema 5, 

Macrocheilina 2, Macrocheilus 16, Natica 1, Plectostylus 1, Polyphemopsis 1, Soleniscus 2, and Stylifer 1.

The species of Loxonema were described mostly (but not figured) by' 

Stevens. A few have been figured by later writers and recognized as 

belonging to the present group, and I have added several others. 

Stevens's descriptions make it fairly clear that most of the forms in 

question could not have belonged to Loxonema but must have had 

the configuration of Soleniscus, Sphaerodoma, Bulimorpha, or Meekospira. As between these genera the determination has been difficult, 

but most doubtful species have been assigned to the two genera Bulimorpha and Sphserodoma. Fortunately, in several of his descriptions 

Stevens noted that the columella bore a fold and in others that it was 

smooth. The inference would be that specimens of the former sort 

belong in Sphaerodoma and of the latter in Bulimorpha, but the twisting of the columella may not have been observed, for in many specimens it is imperfectly developed at the aperture. A similar uncertainty exists in a number of species other than Stevens's, but the characteristic structure has been observed in many of the forms referred 

here. Doubtless a mutual transfer of species between this and some 

of the genera mentioned above will be made as the characters of the 

species become better known.

The following is an annotated list of species from the Carboniferous 

of North America which can provisionally be cited under the genus 

Sphserodoma. I shall here deal practically with original descriptions 

only, but it should be noted that many subsequent citations have 

been so lax that the synonymy of each species will probably need to be 

critically examined:

Sphaerodoma alvensis Beede. Described as a Bulimorpha, but with a suggestion point- 

- ing to Macrocheilus (Sphserodoma). S.o imperfectly known as to be unidentifiable.

Sphserodoma brevis White. Described under Soleniscus. I do not agree that this is 

the same as S. ventricosa and am retaining both species. . -

Sphserodoma carinata Stevens. Described but never figured, and originally referred to 

Loxonema. It clearly belongs to the present group as was recognized by Keyes. 

The angulation near the suture would give a configuration like that of Macrocheilina, but it is said to have a distinct fold on the columella: The minute form 

incorrectly identified by Meek and Worthen with Loxonema minutum, another of 

Stevens's species, seems to be shaped much as S. carinata is described. Hall, 

however, who had the opportunity to examine the types of both species, regarded 

S. carinata and S. newberryi as the same.

Sphserodoma danvillensis Stevens. Described as a Loxonema, but clearly not a representative of that genus. The pillar lip is described as having a slight fold and the 

relations are probably with Sphserodoma.

Sphserodoma fusiformis Hall. Described as a Macrocheilus on rather poor material. 

Some much better specimens figured by White, very similar to Hall's type and 

probably closely identified, show an extensive callus on the inner lip and the 

distinctive fold on the columella.
GASTROPODA. 199

Sphaerodoma glacilis Cox. Originally referred to Macrocheilus. The figure does not 

show a fold on the columella, but indicates a callus on the inner lip.

Sphserodoma hallana Geinitz. Described under Macrocheilus and closely related to 

S: fusiformis.

Sphawodoma hildrethi Conrad. Originally described as a Plectostylus but probably 

belonging in this group, as suggested by Weller, though not represented with a fold 

on the columella. This is probably the same species as S. medialis Meek and 

Worthen and S. inhabilis Morton, which was described from about the same horizon and from a locality not very remote.

Sphserodoma humilis Keyes. Described under Macrocheilus and later referred to 

Soleniscus.

Sphaerodoma intercalaris Meek and Worthen. Originally described as Macrocheilus 

intercalare. The columellar fold in this species seems to be very feebly developed, 

but the callus is large. I am including Worthen's Soleniscus altonensis in the 

synonymy of this species.

Sphserbdoma kansasensis Swallow. First described as a Macrocheilus and referred by 

Keyes, probably correctly, to this group'. It has never been figured, but appears 

to belong to the group of S. intercalaris. The columellar fold is not mentioned in 

the description.

Sphserodoma keyesi Rowley. Originally referred to Macrocheilina, and probably belonging in the present group.

Sphserodoma Uipparti Meek. Described as a Macrocheilus and referred by Keyes to 

Soleniscus.

Sphserodoma littonana Hall. Described as a Natica, but later removed to Macrocheilus and then to Sphserodoma, where it seems properly to belong. The species 

described by Meek and Worthen as Naticopsis littonanavsuc. genevievensis, however, 

is almost surely a true Naticopsis.

Sphserodoma medialis Meek and Worthen. Described as a Macrocheilus, but later 

referred by White to Soleniscus and then by Keyes to Sphserodoma. It is distinguished by its well-developed-callosity and obsolete columellar fold. I am provisionally regarding S. (Fusus) inhabilis of Morton as a synonym of this species, 

and S. (Plectostylus) hildrethi may also belpng here. Both names were introduced 

long before Macrocheilus mediate, the oldest being inhabilis, but as the specific 

identity of these forms is still somewhat questionable, I am retaining Meek and 

Worthen's name, which was furnished with so much better description and illustration.

Sphserodoma melanoides Whitfield. Originally described as a Polyphemopsia and so a 

priori transferable to Bulimorpha (or Meekospira) with the other American species 

of Polyphemopsis. This transfer has in fact been made by Weller, but as the species is described as effuse below, and so far as could be observed with a twisted 

columella, it seems more likely that it is a Sphserodoma.

Sphserodoma missouriensis Swallow. Described but never figured. The original reference was to Macrocheilus, but Keyes transferred it to Soleniscus. The type 

specimen seems to have been an internal mold and the description is so poor that 

the species hardly deserves recognition.

Sphserodoma newberryi Stevens. Described as a Loxonema by Stevens and not figured 

by him, a deficiency later supplied by Hall and by White. Their figures represent apparently the same species, but it is somewhat doubtful whether'this is the 

same as Stevens's S. newberryi, which seems to be a more slender form than their 

figures show, one more like S. fusiformis. Hall, however, after examining the 

type specimens of S. newberryi and S. carinata, was unable to find any specific distinction either between these two species or the specimen which he figured as the 

former. Stevens's and Hall's descriptions mention and White's figures show the 

characteristic folded columella of Sphaerodoma.
200 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

Sphaerodoma paludiniformis Hall. Described under Macrocheilus and later referred 

to Soleniscus. A specimen smaller than Hall's but probably conspecific with it, 

was figured by White with the characteristic columellar folds of the genus. Hall 

remarks: "The genus Plectostylus of Conrad was founded upon a cast which very 

much resembles the cast of this species, and should it prove identical the .name 

Macrocheilus hildrethi will supersede the present one." Conrad's figure, however, 

differs very markedly from that of Hall.

Sphaerodoma pinguis Winchell. First called a Macrocheilus and subsequently referred 

 by Keyes to Sphserodoma, the type of which it much resembles.

Sphaerodoma planus White. This species was described as a Soleniscus and has always 

been cited under that genus. It is related to £. newbenyi and S.fus/iformis.

Sphxrodoma polita Stevens. Described but never figured, the original reference being 

to the genus Loxonema. The possession of a slight fold on the labium seems to 

warrant a reference to Sphserodoma, of which it appears to be a small fusiform 

type related to the foregoing.

Sphserodoma ponderosa Swallow. This species was not figured by Swallow and is best 

known from figures given by White. White, however, seems to have had a distinct and more ventricose form, one probably identical with S. primigenia Conrad. 

True ponderosa seems to be more similar to S. intercalaris; though misinterpreted, 

i,t belongs without much question to the present genus.

Sphserodoma primigenia Conrad. The original reference was to Stylifer, but Hall later 

referred it to Macrocheilus, whence its transfer to the present group was easy and 

correct. The synonymy of this species, which is quite complicated, is given in 

another place. It comprises citations of S-. ponderosa, S. texana, and other species. 

It is on specimens of this species, incorrectly identified with S. ponderosa, that the 

genus Sphserodoma is based.

Sphserodoma regularis Cox. This is the most slender and high-spired member of the 

genus. Owing to the excessive height of the spire, it might readily pass for a 

Meekospira, to which reference Cox's figure and description, neither of which indicates the presence of a fold on the columella, would lend some color. Whitfield, 

however, has illustrated a specimen, probably belonging to Cox's species, though 

showing some differences from his figure, in which this character is well developed.

Sphserodoma stinesvillensis Cumings. Described under Macrocheilus, but probably 

belonging in this group.

Sphserodoma tantilla Rowley. Originally referred to Macrocheilina, but probably a 

Sphserodoma.

Sphaerodoma texana Shumard. As in the case of S. ponderosa, this species was not figured by its author and subsequent identifications have been, there is scarcely 

room for doubt, incorrect. They probably are based merely on young specimens 

of S. primigenia. The original reference was to Macrocheilus and the removal to 

Sphserodoma appears to be safe.

Sphaerodoma ventricosa Hall. By later writers this species has been regarded as identical with S. brevis of White, but, I believe, erroneously, and I am retaining both 

names. S. ventricosa (originally Macrocheilus) is described as having a callosity 

on the inner lip, but mention is not made of a columellar fold.

Sphaerodoma worthenana Miller. This species was described by Worthen as Macrocheilus altonensis and was later renamed Macrocheilina worthenana by. Miller because 

of Macrocheilus (Macrocheilina) altonensis previously described by the same author. 

As the latter species is probably the same as S, intercalaris, it may be desirable to 

return to the original appellation for the present form. In fact, it is not certain 

that it really belongs in Sphserodoma.

Grouped according to geologic age, 23 of these species (including 

one Permian form) belong in the Pennsylvanian, leaving only 7 in 

the Mississippian. Grouped according to shape, species having the
GASTROPODA. 201

gibbous subspherical outline typical of the genus are much' in the 

minority. This type appears, however, to occur in both the Mississippian and Pennsylvanian, being represented in the early Mississippian 

by S. pinguis, in the late Mississippian by S. littonana, and in the 

Pennsylvanian by S. primigenia, etc.

For convenience the species of Sphserodoma may be assembled into 

groups, though many of the assignments must be largely a matter of 

personal judgment. I have distinguished a number of groups -based 

on the proportional height of the spire and body whorl, the degree pi 

inflation of the body whorl, and such characters.

Group of SpJiserodoma primigenia (subspherical shells with low 

spire and inflated body whorl): S. brevis, S. Jdldretlii, S. littonana, 

S. medialis, S. pinguis, S. primigenia, and S. texana.

Group of SpTiserodoma intercahris (fusiform species with rather low 

spire and moderately gibbous body whorl): S. alvensis, S. Tiallana, 

S. humilis, S. intercalaris, S. Icansasensis, S. ponderosa, and S. stinesviUensis.

Group of SpJiserodoma fusiformis (elongated species with high spire 

and relatively short body whorl): S. fusiformis, S. melanoides, and 

8. worthenana.

Group of Sphserodoma Jclipparti (fusiform shells with many deeply 

embracing, gently convex whorls, forming a high spire but at the same 

time a rather long body whorl): S. danvillensis, S. Hipparti, S. missouriensis, S. newberryi, S. paludiniformis, S. plana, and S. polita.

Group of SpJiserodoma regularis (form very elongated, consisting 

of numerous gently convex, deeply embracing volutions, forming a 

very high spire and fairly long body whorl): A single representative, 

S. regularis, might be considered an extreme example of the fusiformis 

group, or, on the other hand, an aberrant representative of the Mipparti group. In either, however, it appears considerably out of place.

Group of SpTiserodoma gracilis (species with a rather short gibbous 

body whorl and moderately long, slender, many-whorled spire): 

S. gracilis, S. Jceyesi, S. tantilla, and S. ventricosa.

Group of Sphserodoma carinata (elongated species with a carina 

near the spire, apparently with the peculiar configuration of Macrocheilina): * S. carinata.

SPH-tflRODOMA BREVIS White. 

Plate XXIV, figures 8-12a.

1881. Soleniscus brevis. White, U. S. Geog. Surveys W. 100 Mer. Kept., vol. 3, Supp.,

Appendix, p. xxviii, pi. 4, figs. 5a-c. 

Carboniferous: Coyote Creek; north of Black Lake; and near Taos,'N. Mex.

1 Stovens's description seems to indicate something of the sort. At the same time, Hall, who saw the 

type specimen, regarded S. carinata as of the same species as S. newberryi, which, of course, does not have 

the Macrocheilina shape. According to Hall's statement, S. carinata would be, if not a synonym of 

S. newberryi, at least a member of the same group.
202 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

1884. Soleniscus (Macrocheilus) ventricosus. White, U. S. Nat. Mus. Froc., vol. 6

p. 187, pi. 8, figs. 11,12. 

Carboniferous: Illinois. 

1884. Soleniscus (Macrocheilus) ventricosus. White, Indiana Dept. Geology and Nat.,

Hist. Thirteenth Ann. Kept., pt. 2, p. 155, pi. 34, figs. 11,12. 

Coal Measures: Illinois, Iowa, and New Mexico. 

1889. Soleniscus brevis. Keyes,, Am. Naturalist, vol. 23, p. 423, pi. 20, figs. 12, 14.

(Date of imprint, 1890.)

1889. Soleniscus brevis. Keyes, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 307. 

1895. Soleniscus brevis. Keyes, Missouri Geol. Survey, vol. 5, p. 212. (Date of imprint,

1894.) 

Upper Coal Measures: Kansas City and Clinton, Mo.

Sphserodoma brevis was described by White under the genus Soleniscus from fossils obtained at Coyote Creek and near Taos, N. Mex. 

He compared it with Macrocheilus ventricosum Hall, but concluded 

that it belonged to a different genus because it possessed a strong fold 

on the columella. On discovering later that this feature was present 

also in Hall's species he placed it in synonymy. White has perhaps 

included more than a single species in this group, but none of these, or 

at all events not the typical one, has the characters of true ventricosa, 

as represented by Hall's figure. The peculiarity distinctive of Sphserodoma brevis to which White refers is the unequal increase which 

makes the sides of the spire concave and the final volution exceedingly ventricose. Therefore I would say that S. brevis was distinguished from S. ventricosa by having the body whorl more inflated, 

and the spire lower, composed of fewer volutions, and with concave 

sides instead of tapering regularly.

The specimens figured by White, which are five in number, three 

from New Mexico and two from Illinois, present certain differences 

among themselves, Figure 5b of the western type clearly is more

nearly spherical than 5a and has a somewhat lower spire, and the 

Indiana specimen (PI. XXIV, fig. 11) is still more gibbous than 5b and 

the spire is a .trifle less concave in outline. Provisionally all three 

forms may be retained under S. brevis, but in case of a subdivision I 

propose to restrict the name to the specimen represented by 5b from 

New Mexico.

The specimens from the Wewoka formation are rather numerous 

and range in length to 22 millimeters, distinctly larger than the largest 

. specimen figured by White. The average, however, is much smaller 

and in general this may be called a small species. The shape 

also varies; the majority of specimens are strongly globose; few are 

as slender as the.most fusiform of White's specimens and the identification of these is provisional. In nearly all the specimens there is 

shown on the axis below the middle of the aperture a rather strong 

fold with a groove above it. Above the aperture as many as seven 

volutions can be counted. The volutions, at least the final volution,
GASTROPODA. 203

have the most prominent portion well up toward the suture so that 

the final one appears more or less flat on top.

S. brevis does not present great differences from primigenia and, on 

the other hand, graduates more or less completely into the elongated 

form, distinguished below as a variety which, in turn, is not sharply 

separated from S. intercalaris. Possibly the variety would better be 

regarded as .a modification of the latter species, to which it stands in 

somewhat the same relation that S. brevis itself does to primigenia.

This form greatly resembles Natica ventrica Norwood and Pratten, 

and I should with considerable confidence refer my specimens to that 

species but for the fact that Norwood and Pratten describe a certain 

system of sculpture on the upper, part of the volutions which is entirely 

lacking in the fossils under discussion. In addition it may be noted 

that those authors place Macrocheilus irihatile and Natica ventrica, 

which they describe and figure on the same page and plate, in different genera, whereas the identification of my shells with the latter 

species would show them to be congeneric.

In passing, I may again direct attention to the remarkable uncertainty which surrounds this species (N. ventrica) . In the first place the 

name was originally written Natica ventrica, as above, and not ventricosa, as currently cited. Under the title Naticopsis ventricosa Meek 

and Worthen figure a shell having altogether different characters 

from those shown by Norwood and Pratten's figures, stating that their 

specimen was borrowed from Prof. Cox, who had also lent it to Norwood and Pratten, by whom it was used as the type of Natica ventrica. Meek and Worthen's figures are so unlike Norwood and Pratten's however, that it is inconceivable that they were drawn from the 

same specimen. There is evidently a mistake which at the present 

time it is impossible to explain, and it seems best to cite Meek and 

Worthen's form as N. pricei, with which they felt sure that it was 

identical, and to regard N. ventrica as an altogether different species 

based upon Norwood and Pratten's descriptions and figures. Keyes 

figures a still different form as Natica ventricosa, but this is through 

an inadvertence, the figure of N. ventrica copied from Meek and 

Worthen being cited as Naticopsis (IsQnema) humilis, and the figure 

of the latter being cited as Natica ventricosa. I may also add that 

Meek and Worthen include in the synonymy of N. ventrica the species 

N. pricei, to which Weller in his bibliography gives separate entry; 

and that Weller cites N. magister Stevens as a synonym under N. ventricosa, this also being an inadvertence, I suspect, magister having 

been written instead of pricei. From Stevens's description N. magister seems to have different characters, as it is also a very much larger 

species and one which occurs associated with a Mississippian instead 

of a Pennsylvanian fauna.
204 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

On the whole I am inclined to believe that N. ventrica of Norwood 

and Pratten is distinct from the form figured by Meek and Worthen, 

which may provisionally be cited under N. pricei, a species, however, 

that is likely to prove a synonym of N. altonensis, as suggested by 

Keyes. It seems probable that N. magister is a still different species. 

While noting the very close resemblance of my shells to N. ventrica, I 

am forced to conclude that the latter is not a Sphserodoma, to which 

group mine without question belongs.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005 and 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (stations

2001 and 2004).

SPILERODOMA BREVIS var.

Plate XXIV, figures 7, 7a.

A few specimens there are which resemble Sphserodoma .brevis in 

having a slender and more or less concave-sided spire but differ from 

it in being distinctly less globose. Such as have thus far come to 

hand are rather imperfect but in so far as their characters are shown 

they resemble the slender specimen x which was included under S. 

Irevis when the species was first-described. They may be provisionally referred to the same species and a varietal separation, also 

provisional, may be established for them. The present material is 

too imperfect to serve as basis for a new name.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005 and 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 

2004).

SPILERODOMA GRACILIS Cox.

Plate XXIV, figures 3,3a.

1857. Macrocheilus gradlis. Cox, Kentucky Geol. Survey Rept., vol. 3, p. 570, pi. 8,

figs. 11, lla. 

Coal Measures: Bonharbour, Daviess County, Ky.

1888. Macrocheilus gradlis. Keyes, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 239. (Date

of imprint, 1889.)

Lower Coal Measures: Des Moines, Iowa. 

?1888. Macrocheilus* paludinseformis. Herrick, Denison Univ. Sci. Lab. Bull., vol. 4,

p. 122, pi. 11, fig. 10. 

Coal Measures: Fultonbow, Ohio. 

?1889. Soleniscus gradlis. Keyes, Am. Naturalist, vol. 23, p. 423, pi. 20, fig. 6.

1889. Soleniscus gradlis. Keyes, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 307. (Date

of imprint, 1890.) 

1891. Soleniscus gradlis. Keyes, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 262. (Date

of imprint, 1892.)

Lower Coal Measures: Des Moines, Iowa. 

1895. Soleniscus gradlis. Keyes, Missouri Geol. Survey, vol. 5, p. 211. (Date of

imprint, 1894.) 

Lower Coal Measures: Clinton, Mo.

i U. S. Geog. Surveys W. 100th Mer. Kept., vol. 3, Supp., Appendix, p. xxviii, fig. 5a.
GASTROPODA. 205

The single specimen concerned in this identification shows the 

following characters: The size is small; the height, when complete, 

must have been about 7£ millimeters and the greatest diameter is about 

4| millimeters. The height of the aperture is 4 millimeters or a little 

less, and the height of the spire above the last volution almost 3 

millimeters. The volutions are rather strongly convex and the 

sutures correspondingly deep. The volutions number 7 or possibly 8.

I am not sure that S. gracilis is not a variety or an immature condition of S. ventricosa. It seems to differ, however, aside from shape, 

in having a somewhat higher spire and volutions shorter in proportion to their breadth and more strongly ventricose. Similar differences exist between the Wewoka specimen and others from the same 

beds referred to S. ventricosa. Cox's figure represents the inner 

lip as covered .the entire length by a callosity, but without a columellar fold. The Wewoka specimen does not exhibit any distinct 

callosity, but there may have been a fold, now obscured by the breaking away of the lower portion of the aperture. Cox's figure shows a 

callosity comparable to that of S. medialis and at present I know of 

no reason why this species should not be included in the SoleniscusSphserodoma group, as has been done by Keyes.

Of the numerous citations by Keyes, only one is accompanied by 

a figure, and that is so different from the figure given by Cox as to 

leave much doubt as to the correct identification of Keyes's form. 

On the other hand, Herrick's figure of a shell from Fultonham, Ohio, 

is so unlike S. paludiniformis, to which he referred it, and so similar 

to the present species, that I am provisionally citing it in this 

synonymy.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2006).

SPH^KODOMA INTEECALARIS Meek and Worthen. 

Plate XXIV, figures l-2a. '

1860. Macrocheilus intercalates. Meek and Worthen, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia

Proc., p. 467. (Date of imprint, 1861.) 

Upper Coal Measures: Springfield, 111. 

1860. Macrocheilus pulchellus. Meek and Worthen, idem, p. 467.

Upper Coal Measures: Springfield, 111. 

1866. Macrocheilus intercalaris. Meek and Worthen, Illinois Geol. Survey, vol. 2,

p. 371, pi. 31, fig. 6a, 6b. . 

Upper Coal Measures: Springfield, 111.; Pittsburgh, Pa.

1872. Macrocheilus intercalaris var. pulchellus. Meek, U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska

Final Kept., p. 228, pi. 6, fig. 8.

Upper Coal Measures: Near Nebraska City, Nebr.; Springfield, 111. 

Coal Measures: Pittsburgh, Pa. 

Lower Coal Measures: West Virginia.

1873. Macrocheilus Altonensis. Worthen, Illinois Geol. Survey, vol. 5, p. 593, pi. 28,

fig. 8. , 

Lower Coal Measures: Alton, 111.
206 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

71884. Macrocheilus sp.? Walcott, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 8, p. 260, pi. 24, fig. 8.

Lower Carboniferous limestone: Eureka district, Nev. 

1889. Soleniscus altonensis. Keyes, Am. Naturalist, vol. 23, p. 423. 

1889. Soleniscus altonensis. Keyes, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 307.

(Date of imprint, 1890.)

1889. Sphserodoma medialis. Keyes, idem, p. 306 (pars). 

1891. Sphserodoma medialis (pars). Keyes, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 262.

(Date of imprint, 1892.) 

Lower Coal Measures: Des Moines, Iowa. 

1895. Sphaerodoma medialis (pars). Keyes, Missouri Geol. Survey, vol. 5, p. 215.

(Date of imprint, 1894.).

Upper Coal Measures: Kansas City and Clinton, Mo. 

71909. Soleniscus aff. altonensis. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 389, p. 108, pi. 11,

fig. 6.

Manzano group (Abo sandstone): Abo Canyon, N. Mex. 

1911. Soleniscus aff, altonensis. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 436, p. 51, pi. 6,

fig. 7. (Date of imprint, 1910.) 

Phosphate beds of the Park City formation: Thomas Fork,.Wyo.

Meek and Worthen give two figures representing this species, 

which have distinctly though not very different, shapes. They 

show opposite sides of the same individual. One would be disposed 

to regard that which has more gibbous whorls, especially a more 

gibbous body whorl, as being somewhat tilted and therefore foreshortened. The height in that case would obviously be somewhat 

less than in the other figure, whereas just the opposite is true. The 

measurements given by Meek and Worthen indicate that the proportions of the larger and more gibbous drawing are perhaps more 

nearly correct.

In the synonymy of this species I am placing Macrocheilus altonense 

of Worthen. Worthen did not institute comparisons of .If. altonense 

with other species, but his figures are in exceedingly close agreement 

with those given by himself collaborating with Meek to illustrate 

Macrocheilus intercalare. This is especially evident in the view representing the side opposite the aperture. The only difference which 

one can detect here is that the shape of M. altonense is very slightly 

more slender and the spire very slightly higher. These differences 

are, however, scarcely appreciable. In the apertural view the differences are more marked; indeed quite obvious. The inner lip of 

M. altonense is also broader (perhaps the specimen is not quite so 

much turned away to the right). In neither species is a spiral ridge 

shown on the columella. Two other species closely similar to these are 

.S. liallana and S. Jiumilis. Both, however, have the columella distinctly folded. S. Jmllana has also an appreciably higher spire, 

while S. Jiumilis is a minute form. It may perhaps prove to be a 

dwarfed variety or a young example of the other. I am not sure 

that it will be practicable to retain all three as distinct species.

The intergradation of the forms which Keyes has attempted to discriminate under different genera as Soleniscus and Sphserodoma is
GASTKOPODA. 207

shown by the fact that of the two species which are so similar that I 

am regarding them as the same, and which at least are closely related 

and congeneric, Keyes has placed one with one genus and the other 

with the other.1 They are indeed in point of configuration about on 

the border line which separates the two groups.

The shells referred to S. intercalaris from the Wewoka formation 

are nine in number, and the identification is more or less doubtful. 

The most obvious difference is that none of them shows a callosity on 

the inner lip such as is represented in the figures of both S. intercalaris and S. altonensis, arid that all which expose the columella at all 

possess a more or less well-developed revolving ridge. Slight variations are shown in shape, also in the height of the spire, in the spiral 

angle, in the proportions of length and breadth, and in the gibbosity of 

the whorls and the' correlated depression of the suture. Any further 

subdivisions if carried out consistently would almost result in placing 

each specimen in a distinct species. In length they range from 25 to 

13 millimeters.> The majority are smaller than the type specimen 

and are perhaps on the average a very little more slender. In size 

and proportions they especially resemble S. altonensis. As before 

noted, however, they have no callosity, and they do have the columellar fold.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2006 and 2010); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station

2001).

SPILERODOMA PALUDINIFORMIS Hall.

Plate XXIV, figures 5-6a.

1858. Macrocheilus paludinaeformis. Hall, Kept. Geol. Survey Iowa, vol. 1, pt. 2,

p. 719, pi. 29, fig. 10.

Lower Coal Measures: Des Moines Valley, Iowa. 

1884. Soleniscus (Macrocheilus) paludinxformis. White, U. S. Nat. Mus. Proc., vol. 6,

p. 187, pi. 8, fig. 17. 

Carboniferous: Indiana. 

1884. Soleniscus (Macrocheilus) paludinseformis. White, Indiana Dept. Geology and

Nat. Hist. Thirteenth Ann. Kept., pt. 2, p. 154, pi. 34, fig. 17. 

Coal measures: Vermilion County, Ind.

1889. Soleniscus paludinseformis. Keyes, Am. Naturalist, vol. 23, p. 423, pi. 20, fig. 16. 

1889. Soleniscus paludinseformis. Keyes, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 308.

(Date of imprint, 1890.) 

1891. Soleniscus paludinseformis. Keyes, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 262-.

(Date of imprint, 1892.) 

Lower Coal Measures: Des Moines, Iowa. 

1895. Soleniscus paludinxformis. Keyes, Missouri Geol. Survey, vol. 5, p. 211. (Date

of imprint, 1894.)

Upper Coal Measures: Kansas City, Mo.

1903. Soleniscus cf. paludiniformis. Girty, U. S. Geol. Survey Prof. Paper 16, p. 466. 

Carboniferous: Glenwood Springs, Colo.

1 He considered Macrocheilus intercalare a synonym of M. mediale and included the latter under Sphaerodoma.
208 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

The original specimen of S. paludiniformis was a rather large one, 

while those in the present collection are all of small size. Thus it is 

difficult to make comparisons. White, it is true, figures a smaller 

specimen than the type, but I am not sure that it is correctly identified, and here again comparisons are difficult, since Hall's figure and 

that of. White show opposite sides. Apparently White's specimen 

has a longer body whorl.

As nearly as can be determined, the Wewoka fossils, though for the 

most part much smaller, have about the same proportions as the 

larger shell. They resemble those referred to S. intercalaris but differ 

in having a greater number of volutions with higher spire and shorter 

body whorl..

Herrick's identification of S. paludiniformis in 1888 is almost certainly incorrect. His figure shows a shell with a shape very like 

S. gracilis though much larger, and I am provisionally including his 

citation in the synonymy of that species.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005 and 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 

2004). . . 

SPBLERODOMA PRIMIGENIA Conrad.

Plate XXIV, figures 13-17a.

1835. Stylifer primogenia. Conrad, Geol. Soc. Pennsylvania Trans., vol. 1, pt. 2,

p. 267, pi. 12, fig. 2. 

1855. Macrocheilus inhabilis. Norwood and Pratten, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia

Jour., 2d ser., vol. 3, p. 76, pi. 9, figs. 9a, 9b. 

Coal Measures: Grayville and Galatia, 111.; Posey County, Ind. 

1858. Macrocheilus primogenia. Hall, Kept. Geol. Survey Iowa, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 720,

pi. 29, fig. lla, lib.

Coal Measures: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa. 

1884. Soleniscus? (Macrocheilus) primigenius? White, U.-S. Nat. Mus. Proc., vol. 6,

p. 187, pi. 8, fig. 3. 

Carboniferous: Illinois. : 

1884. Soleniscus? (Macrocheilus) ponderosus? White, idem, p. 187, pi. 8, figs. 1, 2.

Carboniferous: Southern Iowa. 

1884. Soleniscus (Macrocheilus) texanus. White, idem, p. 187, pi. 8, figs. 13,14.

Coal Measures: Indiana. 

1884. Soleniscus? (Macrocheilus) primigenius. White, Indiana Dept. Geology and Nat.

Hist. Thirteenth Ann. Kept., pt. 2, p. 157, pi. 34, fig. 3. 

Coal Measures: Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, and Iowa. 

1884. Soleniscus? (Macrocheilus)ponderosus. White, idem, p. 156, pi. 34, figs. 1, 2.

Upper Coal Measures: Iowa. 

1884. Soleniscus (Macrocheilus) Texanus. White, idem, p. 155, pi. 34, figs. 13,14.

Coal Measures: Danville, 111. 

1886. Macrocheilus primigenius. Heilprin, Pennsylvania [Second] Geol. Survey

Ann. Kept, for 1885, p. 446, fig. 16; p. 457, fig. 16a. 

Mill Creek limestone, Upper Coal Measures: Wilkes-Barre,-Pa. 

1886. Macrocheilus primigenius. Heilprin, Wyoming Hist, and Geol. Soc. Proc. and

Coll., vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 274, fig. 16; p. 276, fig. 16a. 

Mill Creek limestone, Upper Coal Measures: Wilkes-Barre, Pa.
GASTROPODA. 209

1888. Macrocheilusponderosus. Herrick, Denison Univ. Sci. Lab. Bull., vol. 4, p. 122,

pi. 11, fig. 6. 

Coal Measures: Fultonham, Ohio.

1889. Sphserodoma primogenia. .Keyes, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 306.

1889. Sphserodoma ponderosa. Keyes, idem, p. 306.

1889. Sphserodoma texana. Keyes, idem, p. 306.

1895. Sphserodoma primogenia. Keyes, Missouri Geol. Survey, vol. 5, p. 215. (Date

of imprint, 1894.) 

Upper Coal Measures: Kansas City, Mo.

1895. Sphasrodoma ponderosa. Keyes, idem, p. 213. 

Coal Measures: Kansas City, Mo.

1896. Macrocheilus (Soleniscus) primigenius. Smith, Am. Philos. Soc. Proc., vol. 35,

p. 251. 

Lower Coal Measures: Conway County, Ark.

1897. Macrocheilus (Soleniscus) primigenius. Smith, Leland Stanford Junior Univ.

Pub., Contrib. Biology Hopkins Seaside Lab. No. 9, p. 41. 

Lower Coal Measures: Conway County, Ark.

Macrocheilus ponderosum'was not figured by its author, Swallow, 

and the current conception of -the species may safely be said to be 

based on the figures of a fine large specimen from Iowa, given by 

White. I am almost certain, however, that the Iowa specimen belongs 

to another species from Sphserodoma [Macrocheilus] ponderosa, which 

in reality seems to have more the shape of Sphxrodoma intercalaris 

Meek and Worthen. White's specimen is over twice as large as that 

of Swallow, which had a length of but 1.25 inches, and it has considerably different proportions. Its length is 2.65 inches and its greatest diameter 2.1 inches, with a ratio of 1.26, while Swallow's shell 

is 1.25 inches long and 0.85 inch wide, with a ratio of 1.47. Swallow 

gives the entire height as 1.25 inches and the spire, as 0.45 inch, so 

that the spire should constitute 0.36 of the entire length. In White's 

figure the spire seems to measure 0.38 inch, so that it constitutes 

about 0.14 of the height. 1 Furthermore, Swallow gives the spiral 

angle as 72° and that of White's specimen is distinctly over 90°. 

Therefore I believe that S. ponderosa of White is a larger species, 

having a shape less elongate, rather spherical than eUiptical, with a 

lower spire and a broader spiral angle.

I feel satisfied from the facts given above that S. ponderosa of 

White is not the original S. ponderosa, but some other species, and it 

seems probable that it really is the same as S. primigenia of Conrad. 

White remarks of S. ponderosa: 2

This shell, like the last described, is not known to possess a sharply raised fold within the aperture, but it has the deeply sinuous inner lip and a broad obtuse thickening

II am using the word "spire " to include the portion of the coiled shell lying above the last complete 

volution. If Swallow's measurement was made on the same basis, his form evidently had a spire more 

than twice as high as White's. In White's specimen the shell above the top of the aperture is 0.9 inch, or 

0.34 of the whole, or if measured on the view opposite to the' apertural side, the part above the suture 

of the final volution is 0.6 inch, constituting, therefore, 0.23 of the whole.

a Indiana Dept. Geology and Nat. Hist. Thirteenth Ann. Kept., for 1883, p. 156,1884, 

37003° Bull. 544 15 14
210 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

of the columella below it; in short, it has all the general characteristics of the more 

globose of the forms that have been referred to Macrocheilus, except, perhaps, a sharply 

raised columellar fold.

Referring to S. primigenia: 1

This shell is a somewhat common one in the Coal Measure rocks of Ohio, Indiana, 

Illinois, and Iowa. In form it resembles the M. 'ponderosus of Swallow, as it has just 

been identified, but it is regarded as specifically distinct. It differs still more widely 

from the Solemscus type than either of the two forms that have just been noticed under 

the respective specific names mediates and ponderosus. There seems to be nothing 

upon the columella that is suggestive of a fold, although just behind the place at which 

such a fold should appear there is a distinct concavity which passes around the columella within the aperture. The test is thick, and there is a considerable accumula-. 

tion of callus upon the inner lip, and the general characteristics of the shell are like 

those of the species that have already been noticed.

Keyes remarks of 8'. primigenia that it is similar to S. ponderosa, 

but smaller, with higher spire, more rounded volutions, and more 

deeply impressed suture. If we take Conrad's original figure of 8. 

primigenia and compare it with White's figure of S. ponderosa, these 

differences do not appear. In fact 8. primigenia has a lower spire in 

proportion to its size. Much the same is true if Hall's figures be 

taken, or White's. Slight differences in shape appear, but not constant 

ones, nor such as I conceive to be adequate for the discrimination of 

two valid species. As to the fold on the columella which White's 

remarks seem to suggest as being less strongly developed in S. primigenia, here also the differences are slight and hardly persistent. 

Conrad's original figure shows no such structure at all, but it-is probably inaccurate. White's own figure shows it as perhaps a little less 

well developed than in S. ponderosa, and Hall's figure represents it 

as of about the same development as S. ponderosa of White. As 

based on a comparison of the figures, therefore, the identifications of

S. primigenia andS.ponderosashow only inconsiderable and inconstant 

differences, so that they can provisionally at least be regarded as the 

same species.

Keyes also suggests that S. texana is based on a young stage of 

8. ponderosa, explaining the more prominent columellar fold of 8. texana as a youthful character, shown also in young specimens of S. poriderosa, and in old ones when the body whorl is removed. In this 

statement he no doubt has reference to White's identification of S. 

texana based on specimens from Illinois. The faunal association of 

typical 8. texana is so different as to make it probable that it is not the 

same species as S. texana of White. Indeed, the original description 

indicates a decidedly different form, since the body volution occupies 

three-fourths of the length and the spiral angle is given as but 69°. 

Shumard, in comparing his species to S. ponderosa, doubtless had in 

mind Swallow's description instead of wrongly identified specimens

1 Indiana Dept. Geology and Nat. Hist. Thirteenth Ann. Rept., for 1883, p. 157,1884.
GASTROPODA. 211

of a type similar to that of S. ponderosa White. Of course, White's 

work, on which oiir current conception of these species is based, was 

not extant at the time, ponderosa having been published in 1858, 

texana in 1859, and White's work not until 1884. I am forced to conclude, therefore, that S. texana of White and S. ponderosa of White 

are wrongly identified, and after a careful consideration of all the evidence I am inclined to believe that they are the same as his 8.- primigenia, which is the true primigenia of Conrad and of Hall.

For the convenience of the reader I reproduce Conrad's original 

description and figures; the other works are probably accessible to all. 

Conrad says:

Shell ventricose, volutions rounded; suture well defined; aperture more than half 

the length of the shell; margin of the labium arcuated.

It is with some doubt that I refer this shell to the genus Sty lifer of Sowerby, which 

has been founded on recent species alone; but it strongly resembles S. astericola, Sow., 

except that [it] is much larger; it has, however, some of the characters of Paludina, and 

may possibly have been a fresh-water shell. It varies much in outline, as the figures 

will show. Occurs in slate, and the shell replaced by crystallized carbonate of lime.

Only about a score of specimens from the Wewoka collections have 

been referred to S. primigenia. They show some variation in shape 

and much in size, the largest apparently having had a length of about 

40 millimeters, much less than that of the large specimen figured by 

White as ponderosa. Not many have the apical angle quite so wide 

and the final whorl quite so ventricose as shown in White's figure and 

in some of the other figures of ponderosa and primigenia. On the 

other hand, none has the elongate shape and narrow angle of S. medialis, nor does any show the striated callosity extending the full 

length of the aperture as in that species. Most of them have a rather 

strong fold on the columella.

A comparison with figures, however, is not satisfactory, because a 

slight inclination from the vertical will of course cause the length to 

appear too short relative to the breadth, the spiral angle too wide, and 

the spire too short. Being turned more or less to one side, even on a 

vertical axis, also affects the apparent height of the spire, though not 

the width of its angle. On the whole it has seemed impracticable to 

attempt to subdivide the series of specimens included in this group, 

and they can be most satisfactorily disposed of by referring them to 

8. primigenia. The differences now known are too slight to justify 

the introduction of a new name. On the other hand, the specimens 

clearly can not be identified as S. medialis, the only other species comparable with them, unless we except a few forms described without 

figures, and these are too imperfectly defined for practical purposes.

Some additional points in the synonymy of this species are deserving 

of comment. It has been the practice to place Fusus? irihabilis
212 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

Morton in the synonymy of Sphserodoma primigenia, apparently more 

on the strength of Norwood and Pratten's identification than of 

Morton's own figure. It is extremely doubtful whether, if Morton's 

figure is at all accurate, it is really the same as S. primigenia.1 On 

the other hand, though certain differences are obvious between Macrocheilus inhabile Norwood and Pratten (non Morton) and S. primigenia, it is probable that they belong to the same specific group. 

Another doubtful citation is Macrocheilus primigenium of Heilpr.in, 

his two citations in 1886 being identical as to matter. Heilprin gives 

two figures of this species, one a copy from Hall but unacknowledged; 

the other representing an imperfect specimen, doubtfully the same 

form, from the Mill Creek limestone of the Second Geological Survey 

of Pennsylvania. Herrick's citation in 1888 is also doubtful. Keyes 

in 1889 and 1895 cites both Sphserodoma primigenia and S. ponderosa 

but without illustrations. Not only may it be fairly inferred that 

his interpretation of both species, especially ponderosa, is largely, if 

not wholly, derived from White, but his remarks appear to indicate a 

conception of ponderosa just the reverse of the fact. Thus, he says 

that 8. primigenia has the higher spire and his conception is further 

illustrated by the fact that he considers 8. texana an immature condition of the larger species. Here, too, his interpretation is doubtless 

based on 8. texana of White, which may provisionally be considered 

distinct from typical texana. Keyes is probably correct in including 

White's citation of texana in the synonymy of ponderosa and I am following him in so doing. Mention has already- been made of the fact 

that Heilprin's paper on the fossils from the Mill Creek limestone was 

reprinted. The same is true also of White's paper' and of that of 

J. P. Smith, as shown in the synonymy.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005 and 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (stations 

2001?, 2004, and 7193).

SPHSERODOMA aff. S. REGULARIS Cox?

I am here considering a fragment of a large gastropod which is laterally compressed and has both the apex and the basal portion broken 

away. The length is 35 millimeters and the width at present 24 millimeters. Parts of 7 volutions remain and at least 3 others are needed 

to complete the spire. The volutions are rather flat and the suture 

slightly depressed.

This form in a general way suggests S. regularis. The spiral angle 

is considerably greater, but this difference is clearly much enhanced 

by the compression which the specimen has suffered. It also suggests

1 The shape is closely comparable to S. medialis Meek and Worthen, and if the figure can be relied on 

(which is probably not the case) they would doubtless be the same species. Morton's name would then 

replace S. medialis, if, indeed, it be regarded as adequately established.
GASTROPODA. '

8. paludiniformis, but even in its present crushed condition the spiral 

angle is considerably less. The shape of the final volution is not 

known, but I infer rather doubtfully that it was relatively short and 

broad. It does not seem probable to me that this can be a specimen 

" of Meekospira peracuta.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2006).

SPHJSKODOMA VENTRICOSA Hall.

Plate XXIV, figures 4,4a.

1858. Macrocheilus ventricosus. Hall, Kept. Iowa Geol. Survey, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 718,

pi. 29, fig. 8 (not Phasianella ventricosa Goldfuss, 1841). 

Lower Coal Measures: Des Moines Valley, Iowa.

This identification is primarily based on one specimen from station 

2006, which agrees very closely with Hall's description and figure. 

The shape is ovoid with an acute, somewhat attenuate, many-whorled 

spire. The entire height is 14 millimeters. The height of the aperture is 7 millimeters and the height of the spire above the last volution 3$ millimeters. , The last volution is gibbous and the spire has 

slightly concave sides. The volutions number 8 and the columella 

has a relatively strong fold. With this specimen, which agrees closely 

with typical 8. ventricosa, I have assembled others' in which the agreement is not quite so close, but which it seems inadvisable to distinguish specifically from the first. All are small specimens, some only 

half the size of that selected for illustration. One or two may possibly be identifiable with S. gracilis.

As noted elsewhere (p. 202) S. ventricosa of Hall has generally passed 

under the name subsequently introduced by White, S. brevis. White 

at first regarded S. brevis (based on specimens from New Mexico) as 

distinct from S. ventricosa but later, concluding that it was the same 

species, he employed Hall's name to the exclusion of his own. Keyes, 

however, adopted the latter name because of Macrocheilus or Buccinum ventricosum of Goldfuss, but until it is shown that the American 

species and the German one are congeneric I prefer to regard Soleniscus ventricosus or SpJiserodoma ventricosa as not preoccupied and am 

therefore employing, ventricosa for the species name.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005 and 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station

2001).

Genus MEEKOSPIRA Ulrich.

The relationship between Meekospira, Bulimorpha, and Polyphemopsis, not to mention Subulites and other genera, is difficult to determine and define. All comprise elongate, fusiform shells with narrow, 

flat-sided spires and elongated, deeply embracing whorls. Polyphe-
214 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

mopsis, the oldest to be described, apparently based on the Silurian 

species, P. elongata, is, so far, at least, as represented in Portlock's description and figures,1 without a canal at the anterior end of the aperture, 

without a callus on the inner lip, and without a fold on the columella. 

The first to apply the name Polyphemopsis to American shells was 

Meek,2 who included in it three Pennsylvanian species, P. inornata, 

P. nitidula, and P. peracuta. He states, however, that P. peracuta 

may not properly belong to this genus because of the presence of a 

callus on the inner lip, a feature not present in the other species. He 

also notes that P. bulimifomnis, P. canaliculata, and P. elongata, the 

three Mississippian shells on which Hall proposed to found the genus 

Bulimella, a name preoccupied by Pfeiffer, agree exactly in all their 

generic characters with Polyphemopsis. Whitfield subsequently included these species in a new genus, Bulimorpha, which he substitute^ 

for Bulimella and of which B. hulimiformis is the type. The columella 

is described as bent and truncated at the base, where it is separated 

from the outer lip by a notch, as in the recent genus Achatina. The 

outer lip is very slightly notched near the upper end. ' This character 

of a notch at the anterior end of the aperture is a feature not indicated 

by the original description and figures of Polyphemopsis, though it is 

noted in Meek and Worthen's definition of that genus, which is apparently based on the three Pennsylvanian species mentioned above. 

On the statements of Meek and of Whitfield one would feel disposed 

to hold Polyphemopsis and Bulimorpha as distinct and to refer to 

Bulimorpha the six American species already mentioned.

Keyes adopted this course in 1889 3 when he substituted Bulimorpha as a generic name for all American species previously referred 

to Polyphemopsis. He remarks that Polyphemopsis was founded on 

very imperfect material and that its structural characters have never 

been sufficiently understood to limit the group. This appears to 

me to be true only in part, and in that part to be applicable to a 

number of other genera. Portlock gives two figures of what appears to 

be an unusually perfect specimen of P. elongata, and while the generic 

description perhaps implies more than it actually states, together with 

the figures, if they are to be relied on, it gives a fairly complete 

conception of the genus. Keyes goes on to say that Polyphemopsis 

is regarded as a synonym of Macrocheilus by the majority of European 

writers, whereas Macrocheilus "has recently been shown to.be identical with Soleniscus." As Soleniscus, even as used by Keyes, is 

clearly distinct from Bulimorpha, the inference is that the name 

Polyphemopsis can not be applied to that group of shells. It does 

not appear to me, however, that Polyphemopsis is synonymous with 

Macrocheilus nor that Macrocheilus is the same as Soleniscus.

1 Geology of Londonderry, p. 415, pi. 31, fig. 2,1843.

2 Illinois Gcol. Survey, vol. 2, p. 372,1866. 

 8 Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 299,1889.
GASTEOPODA. 215

In 1897 Ulrich introduced the name Meekospira with M. peracuta 

as the type, the genus probably to include also M. inornata and M. 

nitidula. In his description of Meekospira, he says,''inner lip slightly 

reflected, simple, without folds winding about the columella so as to 

pass out of sight opposite the middle of the aperture, lines of growth 

nearly or quite straight and vertical."'1 As it stands this phraseology is scarcely intelligible, but if a semicolon or period be substituted for the comma before "lines of growth" and a comma be inserted after the words "without folds," the meaning becomes more 

clear and evidently refers to the feature of Meekospira peracuta to 

which Meek already called attention in these words: "Inner lip 

somewhat reflexed below, and winding around the columella so as to 

pass out of sight opposite the middle of the aperture." 2 It is this 

feature which led Meek to express a doubt as to whether Polyphemopsis peracuta were really congeneric with the two other species 

referred with confidence to that genus. Ulrich therefore makes 

Meekospira include just half of Meek's Polyphemopsis, since he evidently refers the three Mississippian species to Bulimorpha. He 

neglects to state how Meekospira differs from either that genus or 

from Polyphemopsis, from, which, if any, the distinguishing characters should have been named. He mentions that he conceives it 

to occupy an intermediate position between Loxonema and Soleniscus, 

which he follows Keyes in regarding as covering the same ground as 

Macrocheilus Phillips.

Apparently Meekospira must depend for its separation from related 

genera largely on the reflexed lip, which is well shown by some of the 

Wewoka specimens and which alone would seem to distinguish it from 

Polyphemopsis (as already noted by Meek), so that P. nitidula and 

P. inornata can not be reckoned veritable species of Meekospira. The 

reflexed lip and the absence of a notch at the anterior end of the 

aperture distinguish it from Bulimorpha, and the absence of the fold 

on the columella distinguishes it from Sphaarodoma (Macrocheilus 

auctorum).

The validity of these differentiating characters is perhaps open to 

question. The notch at the anterior end of the aperture is so liable 

to be caused by breakage-in shells which have it not, and obscured 

by the same cause in shells which originally possessed it, as to make 

it a character at least difficult of application. It is pretty clearly 

lacking in M. peracuta. On the other hand, it may be asked, since 

Sphaerodoma often has a callus on the inner lip and the fold on the 

columella obsolescent or even obsolete, whether there is any real distinction between Meekospira ancl Sphssrodoma. Keyes seems to 

think that the callus is an unreliable character in Sphaerodoma,

1 Minnesota Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey Final Rcpt., vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 1079,1897.

2 Illinois Geol. Survey, vol. 2, p. 370,1860.
216 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

sporadic and even more or less local in its development. Most specimens fail to show it. It is perhaps noteworthy that in Sphserodoma 

the callus either does not occur at all or else it completely covers the 

inner lip. However, it seems doubtful whether this structure can be ( 

compared in Sphaerodoma and Meekospira since in the latter it 

passes well out on to the broad, rounded, anterior portion of the 

outer lip, whereas in Sphserodoma it seems to be a deposit on the 

columella alone. Still less is its occurrence in Meekospira to be 

confused with the fold on the columella of Sphserodoma, though 

making an irregularity in much the same position. The fact that the 

columellar fold is best developed on the inner portion of the shell 

and is often obscured at the aperture shows that it is developed subsequent to the advance of the shell growth, whereas the reflexure in 

Meekospira, since it is a feature of the lip, must be external and its 

development must proceed abreast of the advance. Consequently I 

conclude that Meekospira should be regarded as distinct from Sphsero- I 

doma and also, though more provisionally, from Bulimorpha.

To Meekospira can be referred M. peracuta, the type species, but 

not the two other Pennsylvanian species of Polyphemopsis described 

by Meek and Worthen. By inference from their descriptions, these 

species do possess a notch at the anterior end of the aperture and do 

not show the reflexed and thickened lip passing around on to the lower 

half of the columella. With M. peracuta I am provisionally including X. 

a species described by Walcott under the genus Loxonema, L. helium. 

As the type specimen is an internal mold the critical characters are 

not shown, but from the flattened and elongated volutions I judge 

that the form is not a Loxonema, even of the smooth type which I am 

tentatively citing under Holopea. The height of the spire is unfavorable to a reference to either Sphserodoma or Bulimorpha, the ? 

general appearance in fact seeming more like that of typical Meekospira, to which genus it seems best to transfer it, in spite of the 

lack of conclusive confirmatory evidence.

MEEKOSPIRA PERACUTA var. CHOCTAWENSIS Girty. 

Plate XXV, figures 5-8a.

1911. Meekospira peracuta var. choctawensis. Girty, New York Acad. Sci. Annals,

vol. 21, p. 139. 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Coalgate quadrangle, Okla.

This fossil is very abundant in' the Wewoka formation and shows 

certain variations, some of which are probably adventitious. It has 

an acutely conical form with a very elongate spire and a narrow spiral 

angle. The sides of the spire are usually flat and the suture is only 

slightly depressed, but in some specimens the sides are more undulating and the suture is deeper, perhaps because of variation in
GASTROPODA. 217

curve of the outer surface of the whorl. In the more usual form the 

convexity is more regular; in the other form the upper surface of 

the volution is flattened and the greatest convexity is well below the 

middle, where it is overlain by the succeeding whorl. The rate of 

increase in growth seems to have been accelerated somewhat toward 

maturity, so that the sides of the spire are slightly concave. As a 

result, if the apex of a specimen is broken away, as it very commonly 

is, the frustum remaining shows a wider spiral angle than that which 

would be shown by the complete shell. In comparing these broken 

shells with more perfect specimens one is somewhat surprised to find 

that they may belong to the typical variety, as well as to find what a 

large number of volutions are present when the apex is complete, the 

number being proportionally much greater toward the top. On the 

side of a specimen 14 millimeters long parts of 9 volutions appear 

and as the apex is. broken there must have been one or two more. A 

full-sized specimen about. 30 millimeters long shows parts of 10 volutions with an apical break which may possibly account for two more. 

The number of complete volutions in a mature specimen is probably 

11 and possibly 12.

The callus is very distinct in well-preserved specimens, extending 

halfway or a little less than halfway up the inner lip. It is formed by 

a slight, backward flexure of the outer lip on itself as it passes up the 

axis and is there gradually lost in the aperture.

In its specific characters this species is intermediate between Meekospira peracuta and Bulimorplia nitidula'and does not exactly agree 

with either species. According to Meek and Worthen, B. nitidula 

has a lower spire with fewer volutions and broader spiral angle than 

M. peracuta; it is smaller, the volutions are more rounded, and the 

sutures are more deeply depressed.

The present form seems almost invariably to have a slightly broader 

spiral angle than M. peracuta, though it shows a certain amount of 

variation. The agreement in this respect is then distinctly with 

B. nitidula. As for the convexity of the volutions, some specimens 

resemble peracuta and others nitidula; but few, perhaps none, are 

quite so strongly convex as Meek and Worthen's figures of the latter 

species. In fact, one of their figures shows this character more 

strongly than the other, though both are drawn from the same specimen. The number of volutions is more like peracuta, which is said 

to have 13, than nitidula, which is said to have 8 or 8£. The size is 

that of nitidula, none of the specimens attaining the length of M. 

peracuta. In the most essential respect, the callus and reflexed lip, 

the Wewoka form agrees with M. peracuta and differs from B, nitidula, 

and if this character is regarded as of generic importance there can be 

no question about associating it with any species but M. peracuta. 

Ulrich seems inclined to include B. nitidula and B. inornata with M.
218 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

peracuta in his genus Meekospira, but it seems to me that the callus 

which is such a marked feature of M. peracuta must be a generic 

character, or its absence from the two other species accidental an 

assumption that seems unwarranted and I am referring those two 

species to another genus than Meekospira in which, of course, the 

present form must be included. Though closely related to M. peracuta' 

I can hardly place it in the same species because of its broader spiral 

angle and smaller size.

Most of the specimens referred to this species are -almost absolutely 

smooth, having but very obscure growth lines, but those from one or 

two localities (for example, station 2001) are regularly marked by more 

or less strong incremental lines, some of which are prominent and give 

an irregularly and intermittently corrugated appearance where most 

strongly developed. Some of these shells, furthermore, show slight 

modifications of curvature in the outer surface of the volution which 

gives the spire a slightly different outline from the normal. In others, 

however, the shape of the whorl section is entirely normal, so that no 

persistent difference can be pointed out save in the increased development of the striae of growth. It is possible that these sculptured specimens should be separated as a distinct variety, but the differences 

observed hardly seem to justify the distinction.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005, 2006, and 2010); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. 

(stations 2001, 2004, and 7193). . .

MEEKOSPIRA BELLA Walcott? 

Plate XXV, figure 9.

1884. Loxonema bella. Walcott, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 8, p. 258, pi. 24, figs, la, lb. 

Lower Carboniferous: Eureka district, Nev.

This form is distinguished from M. peracuta var. cfioctawensis, occurring in the same beds^ by its more rapidly tapering spire and shorter 

body whorl. The sides of the volutions are flat and the suture indistinct. Owing to this configuration there is a strong and rather abrupt 

curve by which the outward direction of the upper part of the volution 

is changed to an inward direction in the lower part. The volutions 

appear to number 8 or 9.

The single specimen included under this title has much the same 

spiral angle as that referred to BulimorpTia inornata?, but it is distinguished by the different shape of the body whorl and by the 

straight, less undulating outline of the spire, in which the suture is 

scarcely depressed below the regularly conical surface. The same 

characters as well as the larger size distinguish this from typical B. 

inornata. A similar peculiarity of shape appears to exist in M. bella, 

but that species has a more gradually tapering spire. It is far from
GASTROPODA. 219

certain that M. bella belongs to the genus Meekospira, nor have all the 

distinguishing characters of Meekospira been observed in the present 

specimen.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2006).

Genus BTJLIMORPHA.

' In first applying Portlock's genus Polyphemopsis to American 

shells in 1866, Meek arid Worthen * included under it six species, three 

of Pennsylvanian and three of Mississippian age. One of the Pennsylvanian species, P. peracuta, regarding which these authors were in 

some doubt, was subsequently made by Ulrich the type of a new genus, 

Meekospira, which was erroneously, I believe, made to include the two 

other Pennsylvanian species, P. inornata and P. nitidula.

The three Mississippian species had even at that time been made the 

content of a new generic group, Bulimella Hall, but as that name was 

preoccupied by Pfeiffer, Whitfield later substituted for it the appellation Bulimorpha. .

Provisionally, I am recognizing as valid all three of the genera 

named, retaining in the main the assemblage of Meek and Worthen. 

That'is, Meekospira Ulrich I recognize as including only the typical 

species M. peracuta, which is distinguished by having the anterior 

portion of the outer lip reflexed and thickened and extended on to the 

columella as a sort of callus halfway up the. length of the aperture.

The five remaining species cited by Meek and Worthen I am retaining as a natural group, but employing for it the name introduced by 

Whitfield Bulimorpha. It is perhaps doubtful whether this is really 

distinct from the Silurian genus Polyphemopsis, but Meek and 

Worthen mention for Polyphemopsis (as based on American Carboniferous species) and Whitfield mentions for Bulimorpha a character 

certainly not intimated either by the original description of Portlock 

or by his figures of the typical species, P. elongata that is, the possession of a notch or sinus separating the outer from the inner lip. If 

anything develops to show that this difference is not constant and 

important, it would appear necessary to return to Polyphemopsis as 

the generic name for the American shells.

In the possession of this notch or sinus Bulimorpha resembles Soleniscus, from which it is distinguished by the absence of a fold on the 

columella. A similar difference exists between Bulimorpha and 

Sphserodoma, which has in addition a callus on the inner lip and an 

effuse but not distinctly canaliculate anterior margin to the outer lip. 

The callus, however, is not a constant character and in fact seems to 

be rarely shown. The columellar fold is developed in varying degrees 

and is usually obscure at the aperture, and perhaps the conformation

1 Illinois Geol. Survey, vol. 2,1866, p. 372.
220 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

of the anterior end does not really differ greatly in many cases. It 

would appear, therefore, that in practice it might be difficult to distinguish between Bulimorpha and certain slender species of Sphserodoma.

Besides the species discussed by Meek, as named above, a number 

of other species have from tune to time been placed under Bulimorpha. Of these the following appear to be incorrectly referred:

Bulimorpha ahensis Beede. This form is too imperfectly known to merit description 

as a new species. The general shape suggests Bulimorpha or an elongated Sphserodoma. As the preservation is that of an internal mold the presence of a fold on 

the columella might easily escape detection, and though this structure is not known 

to be present it seems better to place B. alvensis under Sphserodoma provisionally 

and to reserve Bulimorpha for types in which the absence of a columellar fold is,. 

or is stated to be, absent.

Bulimorpha? Keokuk Worthen. Of somewhat similar status is this species of Worthen's which Keyes justly remarks is too imperfect to deserve recognition. In 

its broken condition the shape of the aperture shown by the figure is probably 

not intrinsic, while the strongly rounded whorls suggest a reference to Holopea. 

The true relationship, however, may be with Loxonema s..s. or with Polyphemopsis (=Bulimorpha) as originally written.

Polyphemopsis melanoides Whitfield. Probably owing to Whitfield's original reference to Polyphemopsis this species has been carried over by Weller into the 

genus Bulimorpha. ' Since Worthen states that the aperture is effuse below and 

that so far as can be observed the columella is twisted, it seems preferable to 

refer the species to Sphaarodoma until more is known of it.

Polyphemopsis minuta Stevens. Stevens gave a brief and unsatisfactory description 

without figures of this species in 1858, referring it to the genus Loxonema. Fifteen 

years later Meek and Worthen published two figures of it as Actxonina minuta 1 

without description. A cursory comparison of these figures with Stevens's diagnosis is enough to show that the shells can not possibly belong to the same species, 

if both figures and description are at all accurate. The figure represents an 

angulation just below the suture, such that the upper part of the volution is 

nearly horizontal and approximately perpendicular to the lateral portion. This 

feature is not noted by Stevens, though he seems to record it in Loxonema carinatum, a much larger form from the same locality. Furthermore, Stevens gives 

the length as 0.2 inch, or four times the width .of the body whorl, which is 0.05 

inch. Meek's figure, however, shows the length as scarcely two and one-half 

times the width of the body whorl. The name danvillensis is accordingly proposed for the form shown by Meek and Worthen's figures. The generic position 

of danvillensis is uncertain. Meek and Worthen's figures show a callosity covering 

the whole of the inner lip and apparently extending on to the anterior portion of 

the outer lip. Keyes, who subsequently referred the species to Bulimorpha,2 

states that the callus extends only half the length of the aperture and is separated from the outer lip by a distinct notch. In neither citation is a columellar 

fold indicated. The absence of this character would seem to debar the species 

from Sphaerodoma. The callus extending halfway up the inner lip is suggestive 

of Meekospira, but in danvillensis the structure appears to be a true callus and 

not a refiexure of the lip, at least if Keyes is to be relied upon; further, the relatively low spire and angulated whorls and the notch at the anterior end of the 

aperture, described by Keyes, are quite alien to Meekospira. Bulimorpha is not 

supposed to have a callus and the typical species is without the angulation of

1 Illinois Geol. Survey, vol. 5, pi. 29, fig. 2,1873.

2 Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 301,1889.
GASTROPODA. 221

danvillensis, though B. canaliculata possesses it. The presence of an angulation 

suggests the genus Macrocheilina, and if this be regarded as an important character, a reference to Macrocheilina would be in order. At the same time Macrocheilina is not known to possess a callus any more than Bulimorpha. Tentatively I would refer the species to Macrocheilina. Typical Loxonema minutum 

may provisionally be retained under Bulimorpha. No callus is mentioned and 

the columella is said to be smooth that is, without a fold.

In the genus Bulimorpha I am including the following species:

Bulimorpha bulimiformis Hall.

Bulimorpha? canaliculata Hall. This may prove to belong to a distinct genus. It 

apparently does not show the characteristic notch at the anterior end of the aperture, but it does show a notch at the posterior end, probably also indicated by the 

angulation in the contour just below the suture. This gives it the shape which is 

a peculiarity of Macrocheilina and which is not found in the other species of 

Bulimorpha.

Bulimorpha chrysalis Meek and Worthen.

Bulimorpha chrysalis var. delawarensis Girty. Not very completely known and possibly belonging to some other genus.

Bulimorpha? elongata Hall. Imperfectly known; evidently, however, the spire is 

very much longer than the body whorl, suggesting some other genus, such as 

Meekospira.

Bulimorpha inornata Meek and Worthen.

Bulimorpha minuta Stevens. Never figured, poorly defined, and doubtfully referred. 

Described as a Loxonema and referred by Keyes to Bulimorpha, apparently on 

the strength of specimens which do not belong to the species. The columella is 

described as being without a fold and the presence of a notch is not mentioned.

Bulimorpha? nodosa Stevens. . Referred by Stevens to Loxonema, a genus to which 

it pretty certainly does not belong. The description is inadequate and unaccompanied by figures. The rudimentary nodes suggest Trachydomia, but the elongated shape, two and one-half times as long as the width, is more like Meekospira, 

Bulimorpha, or certain narrow types of Sphserodoma. The columella is said to be 

smooth. Besides being very brief the description appears to be self-contradictory, 

since the mouth and the body whorl are stated to be equal, which is a physical 

impossibility in such types as these. The reference to Bulimorpha is very doubtful, but it is at least possible, whereas the reference to Loxonema appears to be 

out of the question.

Bulimorpha? tenuicarinata Stevens. Another of Stevens's species, of which the fore 

going remarks are true in nearly every respect. The length is said to be 0.5 inch 

, and the width 0.02 inch. This would make the length 25 times the width, a most 

abnormal relation. If the decimal is misplaced the species would be more 

natural, one might almost say more possible, but the description remains most 

inadequate. The hair-line- carina at the suture suggests the form which Meek 

and Worthen erroneously identified with another of Stevens's species, Loxonema 

minutum and which, as above, I have called by a new name. The danvillensis is 

much smaller than tenuicarinata, only 0.2 inch instead of 0.5 inch long. If the 

minute carina of Stevens is the same as the angulation shown by Meek and Worthen's figures, I should tentatively place it in the same genus Macrocheilina, in 

. spite of the fact that no callus is recorded in the description of the present form, a 

circumstance which, however, is much more favorable to Macrocheilina than 

against it. As the columella is said to be smooth (without a fold) this form apparently can not be placed with Sphserodoma, while the general configuration and 

the absence (?) of a reflexure of the lip indicate a reference to Bulimorpha rather 

than to Meekospira, between which the probabilities otherwise seem to lie.
222 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

BULIMORPHA INORNATA Meek and Worthen. 

Plate XXV, figures 10, lOa.

1860. Loxonema inornata. Meek and Worthen, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc.,

. p. 465. (Date of imprint, 1861.) 

Upper Coal Measures: Springfield, 111. 

1866. Polyphemopsis inornata. Meek and Worthen, Illinois Geol. Survey, vol. 2,

p. 374, pi. 31, figs. 8a-c. 

Upper Coal Measures: Springfield, 111. 

1887. Polyphemopsis inornata. Herrick, Denison Univ. Sci. Lab. Bull., vol. 2, p. 20,

pi. 2, fig. 15.

Coal Measures: Flint Ridge, Ohio.

1889. Bulimorpha inornata. Keyes, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelph % Proc., p. 301. 

(Date of imprint, 1890.)

1895. Bulimorpha inornata. Keyes, Missouri Geol. Survey, .vol. 5, p. 205, pi. 55, fig. 6.

(Date of imprint, 1894.) 

Upper Coal Measures: Kansas City, Mo.

1896. Polyphemopsis inornata. Smith, Am. Philos. Soc. Proc., vol. 35, p. 251. 

Upper Coal Measures: Crawford County, Ark.

1897. Polyphemopsis inornata. Smith, Leland Stanford Junior Univ. Pub., Contrib.

Biology Hopkins Seaside Lab. No. 9, p. 41. 

Upper Coal Measures: Crawford County, Ark. 

1897. Meekospira inornata. Ulrich, Minnesota Geol. and Nat. Hist. Survey Final

Kept., vol. 3, pt. 2, p. 1079.

Since this type is represented by only a single specimen, found in 

association with Meekospira peracuta var. choctawensis, it might perhaps more safely be considered only an abnormal example of the same 

species. It is, however, considerably less elongated and has a larger 

spiral angle. The volutions are probably broader and shorter, notably the final volution. ' In size and in the greatly rounded whorls 

the specimen resembles Bulimorpha, nitidula, but it has a more 

abruptly tapering spire. In shape it very closely resembles B. inornata but it is much larger, and the volutions are a little more gibbous, rather as in B. nitidula. The 'present example is incomplete, 

' consisting of but 4 volutions, perhaps as many more having been 

broken away from the apical portion.

Meek states that B. inornata is without the callosity of the inner 

lip found in Meekospira peracuta, and if this feature is persistent I 

question whether the form should be included under Meekospira. 

The single example from the Wewoka formation also appears to be 

without a callosity, but this feature may have been obscured.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2004).
GASTROPODA. ' 223

Family IANTHINIDJE??

Genus IANTHINOPSIS Meek and Worthen.

IANTHINOPSIS GOULDIANA Girty.

Plate XXIII, figures 1, la.

1911. lanthinopsis gouldiana. Girty, New York Acad. Sci. Annals, vol. 21, p. 141. 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla.

Shell rather large, subovate; length a little less than one and onehalf times the greatest width. Aperture about three-fourths and spire 

about one-eighth of the entire height. Volutions, 4 or 5, rather 

inflated, especially above, so that the upper surface of the volution 

appears flattened and not strongly oblique to the horizontal. Aperture fusiform, more than twice as long as wide.

Surface smooth, but marked on the more gibbous portion with a 

few (4 or 5) rather coarse but faint revolving striae. Axis solid.

The affinities of this type, represented as it is by only one specimen, 

are much in doubt. If it were not for the sculpture and for the shape 

with the most prominent part of the volutions so high up, this shell 

might be placed under Sphserodoma in the same series with- 8. intercalaris and 8. primigenia. The striation, though faint, is unmistakably visible in a good light, but it can only be seen in the region of. the 

aperture. The shape has doubtless been somewhat modified by compression, but not sufficiently to have produced the present result from 

a shell originally having the proportions of either of the two species 

named. - On the assumption that the peculiarities presented by. this form 

are inherent, it may be compared with the singular species described 

by Meek and Worthen under the name Pleurotomaria? tumida. 

While clearly distinct from P.? tumida the general resemblance is so 

striking that it would be overcautious not to conclude that it is a 

generically related species. The most important fundamental difference is stated by Meek the columella of the Illinois form is perforated (?), whereas that of the Wewoka shell is certainly solid.

Meek had not observed the presence of a slit band in P. ? tumida 

and justly remarked that that-species differs materially in outline 

from the usual form of Pleurotomaria. Suspecting that it was a 

representative of a new genus, he provisionally proposed the name 

lanthinopsis. I am ready, without having determined the absence 

of a slit band, to accept 7. tumida as representing a new generic type, 

and I am employing that name for the type specimen and for the 

Oklahoma shell also.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2006).
224 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

CEPHALOPODA. 

NAUTILOIDEA.

Family ORTHOCERATID^E.

Genus ORTHOCERAS Breyn.

OKTHOCEKAS TUBA Girty.

Plate XXVI, figures 1-4.

1911. Orthoceras tuba. Girty, New York Acad. Sci. Annals, vol. 21, p. 142. 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Coalgate quadrangle, Okla.

Orthoceratoid shells are abundant in the Wewoka formation and 

many of them possess the singular feature of accelerated expansion, 

so that they flare conspicuously at the larger end and if the tendency 

were carried out to a high degree the complete shell would be trumpetshaped, a configuration which many of them even now suggest. This 

peculiarity, however, is manifested in shells of very different sizes 

and presumably of ages corresponding to the sizes, and it is found 

in both the chamber of habitation and in the septate, portion.

It might be supposed (1) that the flaring is a feature of maturity, which is the natural supposition, or (2) that it is normal at 

all stages, the expanded portion being resorbed so that the shell 

is regularly conical except toward the aperture; but both suppositions are repugnant to the fact that in some specimens the flaring 

portion is septate. On the former supposition, furthermore, the 

mature stage must in some specimens be enormously accelerated or 

retarded.

Correlated with the peculiarity above described is a relatively 

abrupt expansion which gives the regular portion of the cone a 

rather strong taper. The siphuncle is conspicuously excentric, though 

this character has been seen in only a few individuals that at the 

same tune have the trumpet shape in a conspicuous degree. The 

septation is rather closely spaced, about 4£ to 5 chambers occurring 

within the distance of a diameter.

None of the shells having the characters enumerated possesses the 

peculiar secondary deposits of Pseudorthoceras. Indeed, they have 

the chambers filled with ocherous.clay and it is difficult to understand 

how this condition came about when the partitions are still retained. 

Possibly the fine mud permeated the chambers through the siphuncle, 

which is preserved in but few of the specimens examined. Most of 

the specimens are internal molds, though some retain a substantial 

outer investment.

With typical 0. tuba I am provisionally including a group of specimens which do not show the expanded aperture but have a similarly 

excentric siphuncle and similarly closely spaced partitions. They 

differ greatly in size and some of them are much larger than some of
CEPHALOPODA. 225

those which show the accelerated expansion, but in view of the extreme variation in size of the specimens having the latter character it 

seems that this fact alone can hardly be regarded as forbidding their 

grouping under a single species. This grouping, of course, can be 

made only on the hypothesis either that the trumpet shape was not 

an important character, or that these specimens, all of which naturally are now imperfect, possessed it or would have possessed it in 

their complete and mature condition.

I am inclined to believe that this peculiarity of configuration is not 

so much a specific character as that it is either generic or is of no fixed 

value at all, but I feel that its significance is too little understood to 

warrant establishing a new genus on the evidence in hand.

Few shells of this group are complete, all those examined being 

imperfect at one or both ends. Some were evidently broken before 

fossilization, for they bear on their septa small Roemerellas, apparently in their original places of attachment, places which of course 

they could not possibly have reached if the Orthoceras shells had not 

been fragments at the time of attachment.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005 and 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (stations 

2004 and 7193).

ORTHOCERAS sp. A.

Plate XXVII, figure 13.

The single specimen representing this type looks at first sight much 

like an ordinary Orthoceras, but a careful examination leaves some 

doubt whether it is even a cephalopod. Its shape is that of a gently 

expanding cone showing no septa, but its smaller end is rounded as if 

by a septum. The fragment tapers rather abruptly for the genus 

Orthoceras, having a diameter of 14.5 millimeters at the larger end 

and of 9 millimeters at the smaUer end, and a length of 33 millimeters.

The sculpture consists of abruptly elevated, fine, threadlike lirse, 

13 to 15 in a distance of 5 millimeters, separated by intervals of from 

once to twice their own thickness. The lirae have a slightly sinuous 

course, but are almost directly transverse. It is in the character of 

these markings that the doubt as to the cephalopod relationship of 

this form finds its chief support. In the first place, no substantial 

shell seems to be present, whereas the other Orthocerata have a rather 

thick though smooth test. The markings which have just been described consist of a thin film overlying the cone of rock forming the 

inside of the shell. The elevated lines are white; the depressed lines 

between them black and membranaceous. Furthermore, these 

markings pass over the rounded end of the shell, not regularly but 

as if plastered on, the fine costse being bent and separated in the 

process.

37003° Bull. 544 15 15
226 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

Only one hypothesis occurs to me on which this shell can be included 

with the Orthocerata. We know that the fossils from the Wewoka " 

formation have suffered chemical replacement and it is conceivable 

that in this process the substantial portion of the test was removed v 

without destroying a thin outer coating which may have had a different chemical composition.or a different physical structure from the 

rest and that this thin integument produced the phenomenon under 

consideration. The fact that a Cyrtoceras-like form (Cyrtoceras ? ? 

sp. of the present report) seems to show a similar type of preservation , 

somewhat strengthens this hypothesis.

If this is not an Orthoceras its zoologic relations are extremely 

doubtful. The shape and tenuity suggest some sort of a worm tube 

and a relationship to Conularia is suggested by the straightness of >- 

the shell and the regularly costate sculpture. If an Orthoceras, the 

form is probably distinct from anything else in the collection. Otherwise, it is almost necessary to regard it as representing an undescribed 

genus.

Horizon and locality.- Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2005).

ORTHOCERAS sp. B.

Plate XXVII, figures 12,12a.

A few specimens are characterized by having a well-marked con- v 

striction which is, as usual, due more to a thickening of the test than 

to an annular inflection. These are all rather large shells and all 

chambers of habitation, the constriction occurring close to the larger 

end. The section of these specimens is elliptical and the constriction, 

which is not straight, has its sinuosities oriented with reference to 

this shape, retral curves or lobes occurring on the ends and broader [ 

saddles on the sides. In one specimen the base of the living chamber 

formed by the first septum is preserved, showing a siphuncle which 

appears to be centrally located.

The type most difficult to distinguish from this form is Orthoceras 

tuba, the swelling above the constriction in the form here described 

looking in some specimens very much like the.abrupt expansion in ( 

0. tuba an expansion not connected with a constriction. In some 

specimens it is impossible to ascertain the distinguishing characters.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2005); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (stations 2004 

and 7193).

ORTHOCERAS sp. C.

Plate XXVI, figures 8, 8a.

The specimen especially discriminated under this title is large, has 

rather high chambers, which occur about three to a diameter, and a
CEPHALOPODA. .' 227

siphuncle apparently central in position. The pther specimens, three 

in number, are much smaller, but so far as can be determined show 

similar characters. All the specimens and especially the smaller ones, 

which might otherwise be united with P. knoxense, appear to lack the 

secondary deposits of Pseudorthoceras. Clearly this form can not be 

referred to Orihoceras tuba, but it might comprise septate portions of 

shells which in the chamber of habitation possessed the constriction 

characterizing Orthoceras sp. B. The smaller examples, however, 

seem to be circular in shape, not elliptical.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2006).

Genus PSETJDORTHOCERAS Girty. 

1911. Pseudorthoceras. Girty, New York Acad. Sci. Annals, vol. 21, p. 143.

Shells small (?), straight, gradually tapering. Siphuncle nearly 

central, small, but considerably expanded between the septa, without, 

however, becoming nummuloidal. Septa simple. Funnels apparently very short and thick. Chambers partly occupied by secondary 

deposits which accumulated, not about the funnels and siphuncle, 

but about the walls. In the type species the deposits fill about half 

of each chamber, thinnest toward the aperture, thickest toward the 

apex, and diminishing irregularly, so that the outline is shaped like 

an incomplete letter S. The deposit appears to be more or less vesicular, perhaps as the result of weathering. Shells which are not broken 

at the apex do not taper to a point but are obliquely truncated.

This type is rather clearly not a representative of true Orthoceras, 

nor have I been able to find a genus with which it can be assembled. 

Indeed, it is not certain that it can be included among the Orthoceratidse, though to that family it is for the present referred. The 

most diagnostic features are probably the enlarged siphuncle and 

more especially the secondary deposits accumulated not axially 

but circumferentially. In this item lies the main difference from 

Orthoceras, for in that genus, and indeed in that family, the secondary 

deposits are rather sparingly developed and they are accumulated 

about the funnels, not about the outer wall.

Type species. Pseudorthoceras Jcnoxense.

PSEUDORTHOCERAS KNOXENSE McChesney.

Plate XXVII, figures 1-6.

1860. Orthoceras knoxensis. McChesney, Desc. New Spec. Foss., p. 69. (Date of

imprint, 1859.) 

Coal Measures: Danville, Springfield, Peoria, and Dr. E. Hall's mill, Knox

County, 111.

1866. Orthoceras cribrosum. Geinitz, Garb, und Dyas in Nebraska, p. 4, tab. 1, fig. 5. 

Dyas: Nebraska City, Nebr.
228 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

1872. Orthoceras cribrosum. Meek, U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska Final Kept., p. 234,

pi. 11, figs. 18a,18b.

Upper Coal Measures: Nebraska City, Nebr.; Illinois. 

Lower Coal Measures: Illinois, West Virginia.

1873. Orthoceras Rushensis? Meek and Worthen, Illinois Geol. Survey, vol. 5, p. 612,

pi. 30, fig. 4.

Upper Coal Measures: Springfield, 111. 

1884. Orthoceras Rushensis. White, Indiana Dept. Geology and Nat. Hist. Thirteenth

Ann. Kept., pt. 2, p. 164, pi. 36, fig. 5.

Coal Measures: Eugene, Newport, Lodi, Merom, Graysville, New Harmony, 

Rush Creek, and Newberg, Ind.

1887. Orthoceras cribrosum? Herrick, Denison Univ. Sci. Lab. Bull., vol. 2, p. 17,

pl. 5, fig. 2. 

Coal Measures: Flint Ridge, Ohio."

1888. Orthoceras rushensis. Keyes, Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia Proc., p. 242. 

Lower Coal Measures: Des Moines, Iowa.

1891. Orthoceras rushensis? White, U. S. Geol. Survey Bull. 77, p. 22, pl. 2, figs.

14-16. 

Permian: Military Crossing, Baylor County, Tex.

1892. Orthoceras cribrosum. Miller, Indiana Dept. Geology and Nat. Hist. Eighteenth

Ann. Rept., Advance Sheets, p. 65. 

Upper Coal Measures: Turner station, near Kansas City, Mo.

1894. Orthoceras cribrosum. Miller, Indiana Dept. Geology and Nat. Hist. Eighteenth

Ann. Rept., p. 319. 

Upper Coal Measures: Turner Station, near Kansas City, Mo.

1895. Orthoceras rushense. Keyes, Missouri Geol. Survey, vol. 5, p. 226, pl. 56, fig. 6.

(Date of imprint, 1894.) 

Upper Coal Measures: Kansas City,. Mo.

1896. Orthoceras cribrosum. Smith, Am. Philos. Soc. Proc., vol. 35, p. 253. 

Upper Coal Measures: Poteau Mountain, Okla.

1896. Orthoceras cf. rushensis. Smith, idem, p. 253. 

Upper Coal Measures: Scott County, Ark.

1897. Orthoceras cribrosum. Smith, Leland Stanford Junior Univ. Pub., Contrib. 

Biology Hopkins Seaside Lab. No. 9, p. 43.

Upper Coal Measures: Poteau.Mountain, Okla. 

1897. Orthoceras cf. rushense. Smith, idem, p. 43.

Upper Coal Measures: Scott County, Ark.

This is an abundant species in the Wewoka formation. All the fossils subsumed here are rather small, gradually but conspicuously tapering, with a circular or nearly circular cross section, and a central or 

nearly central siphuncle. The septa are moderately concave and are 

separated by intervals such that, as a rule, three chambers occur in 

the diameter at the point of measurement. The septa are essentially 

straight and transverse.

My specimens rarely, perhaps never, show the original surface. The 

best appear to be smooth, bearing hardly a trace of even incremental 

markings. Many show little round pits such as Geinitz described as a 

feature of 0. cribrosum. These are sporadic in occurrence and irregular in arrangement. In some shells they project as tiny prominences instead of being depressed as tiny excavations. I have observed 

such markings on many kinds of cephalopods and am strongly dis-
CEPHALOPODA. 229

posed to beliteve, therefore, that, as suggested by Meek, this is not a 

characteristic feature of 0. cribrosum or of any other species, but is 

an extrinsic feature.

Owing perfiaps to the large number of specimens examined, for this 

species is corkmon in the Wewoka formation, a considerable degree of. 

variation has been observed. The cross section is in most specimens 

oval, though ,in some it is essentially circular. This difference is not 

generally asdribable to compression. The upper part of many specimens is flattened, particularly in the chamber of habitation, which is 

not strengthjened by partitions, but the lower part of only a very few 

has been compressed. The siphuncle seems to be nearly central, 

though in rAany shells it is very slightly off the center and in a few 

it is distinctly so. If displaced it is usually to one side of the long axis. 

Probably iri no feature do the specimens show greater variation than 

in the numb er of the chambers that occur in a given distance. Usually 

the number is three (four septa) in the diameter at any point, but not 

uncommonly it is a little more or a little less, the extreme limits 

being two apd four. Almost all specimens with two to a diameter 

are small, though others of the same size have three. On the other 

hand, most specimens with four chambers are larger, but others of 

the same dimensions have the normal number, three. In a few the 

chambers are irregular in height.

Theoretically, one might regard those specimens with two chambers 

to a diameter as one species, those with three as another species, and 

those with four as still another. But in attempting to apply such a 

basis of discrimination one would find not only the intermediate 

conditions shown by different specimens, but also variations in the 

same specimen at different stages variations that in some shells are 

considerable.

The suture has been described as in the main straight and direct, 

but this is especially true of the specimens .which have a circular section. Those that are compressed tend to have shallow lobes on the 

broad side and low saddles on the narrow sides. In some shells, furthermore, the lobe on one of the broad sides is better developed than 

that on the other, so that the suture is slightly oblique.

A -number of specimens have been found which seem to show the 

initial stages. These indicate that the shell does not taper directly to 

a point, but that at a diameter of 1 millimeter or less the slender cone 

is obliquely truncated, so that the apex occurs on one of the sides 

instead of at the center. The edges of the truncation and the apex 

itself are more or less rounded. The structures of this truncated end 

are not well shown, but at a diameter of 1 millimeter, or about! millimeter, the structure seems to be normal, the shell septate, and the 

siphuncle central.
230 FAUNA OF WEWOKA.FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

j

The internal structures show (modifications which nuake it impossible to regard this form as a representative of true Orthoceras. The 

siphuncle is rather slender at its passage through the septa, but just 

beyond them it abruptly expands on either side, about doubling in 

size; within the chambers it is fusiform in shape, for it is a little larger 

at the distal than at the proximal end. The funnels tfere short and 

thick(?). The chambers themselves are about half filled by a testaceous deposit which accumulated about the walls instead of about the 

funnels, as is the case in Orthoceras when there is any deposit at aU. 

The deposit has a somewhat annular form but is much thinner distally 

than proximally. The thickness does not decrease .regularly; it 

diminishes gradually at first, then abruptly, and then gradually again, 

so that in longitudinal sections of the shell the outline !within each 

chamber is sigmoidal or even somewhat anglar or steplike. On the 

inner surface the deposit is more or less corrugated longitudinally, and 

in a few weathered specimens it appears to consist of elongated cysts, 

although in sections it seems to be solid. In some specimens the 

deposit is bounded by layers of a substance darker tKan the rest, 

which is variously distributed; it may be very thick where the deposit 

is thickest and abruptly thinned where the deposit is thinnest. Since 

in Orthoceras such deposits accumulated about the funnels and 

siphuncle, it may be asked whether, after all, what I have called the 

deposit is not a chemical infiltrate and what I regard arB a chemical 

infiltrate is not the deposit. That this is not the case is indicated by 

the fact that the deposit in the peripheral region is uniform in character and distinctly lamellose in structure, whereas that i\n the axial 

region is variegated and more or less distinctly crystalline., Furthermore, the matrix, where it had access to the interior of tiie shell, is 

found filling not the marginal but the axial portion. ' , :

Owing to the regularly accumulated secondary deposits, specimens 

of this species paradoxically appear to possess a rather heavy outer 

shell and at the same time show the septa as if in an internal mold. 

Furthermore, specimens of Serpulopsis and in one instance of Stropholosia were observed hi contact with and apparently attached to 

these secondary deposits which simulate the true shell. It would 

almost appear that the true outer shell is entirely missing. In a few 

specimens a film partly covers the shell and conceals the septa, but it 

is doubtful whether this is the real outer shell. The -irregularly distributed pits already mentioned can hardly have anything to do 

directly with the sculpture or structure of the true outer shell. They 

may be indirectly connected with it, but their nature and function are 

unknown.

Two hypotheses especially invite attention in connection with these 

phenomena. One is that the outer shell was originally extremely
CEPHALOPODA. 231

thin; the other that it was originally of substantial thickness but has 

subsequently been lost through solution. The former hypothesis, 

which would also give a reason for the heavy secondary deposition, at 

first appears more probable, but it involves certain difficulties hard to 

explain. The chamber of habitation of most Orthoceras-like shells is 

relatively long at least several times as long as one of the chambers 

but one can hardly imagine a chamber of habitation as long as this 

and yet with a wall as extremely tenuous as the outer shell must 

have had if the indications are reliable. On the other hand, as the 

septa pass through the secondary deposits, the latter must be regarded 

as separate bodies confined in each case to a single chamber, so that 

the chamber of habitation, if strengthened by secondary deposits, 

must have been restricted in length to the chamber unit another 

supposition scarcely admissible.

The second hypothesis, on the other hand, grows rather more probable as it is further considered. It is common, indeed, to find the 

shells of cephalopods dissolved away while the shells of brachiopods 

and other organisms are preserved in their original composition and 

"structure. It is quite conceivable, therefore, that the shell of Pseudorthoceras might have been gradually dissolved out without the Serpulopsis or the Stropholosia or even the secondary deposits (which 

might readily have possessed a different molecular structure from the 

true shell) being affected; and that, as the shell was gradually dissolved, the parasitic organisms might have been brought into contact 

with the likewise resistant secondary shell, the inclosing shaly matrix 

having, under pressure, the action of a thoroughly plastic medium.

Some specimens possess an additional structure of very puzzling 

nature which suggests a second siphuncle more than anything else. 

It is marginal, lying in the peripheral surface of the secondary deposit 

and it looks like a narrow rod or band, usually preserved as limonite, 

having definite boundaries and being very distinct in every way. In 

some specimens this structure has weathered out, leaving an elongated 

cavity or, since it is especially developed in the lower part of each 

chamber near the apical partition, a linear series of cavities. This 

structure seems to have been observed by Herrick 1 in the species 

that he cites as cribrosumf and one resembling it seems to be figured 

by Miller in 0. colletti. One specimen appeared to have a second 

structure of similar character on the opposite side. It hardly seems 

that these features can be adventitious, but nevertheless they appear 

on only a small proportion of the specimens examined.

In so far as McChesney's description of 0. Jcnoxense is complete and 

accurate and the characters of the present shell have been ascertained, 

it seems .almost necessary to conclude that the shell belongs to

i Herrick, Denison Univ. Sci. Lab. Bull., vol. 2, p. 17, 1887.
232 FAUNA OP WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

McChesney's species. For ready comparison his original description 

is here quoted in full.

Shell very small, elongate conical, increasing but slightly in diameter in proportion 

to its length; septa circularj convex, distant from each other about one-third of their 

diameter; siphuncle minute, round and situated centrally.

Surface destitute of ornament, sometimes polished.

The only perfect specimen of this species in my possession is a very small one, and 

probably a young individual; but I have fragments from various localities of much 

larger specimens, apparently of the same species, which have the septa varying in distance from each other from one-sixth to one-fourth their diameter; from which it is 

probable that the chambers increase more in diameter than in length with their age.

This species differs from 0. mohiliformis of Swallow, in having a small siphuncle 

instead of a large one, and still more distinctly in being destitute of the annulations 

which, according to the description, constitute such a distinct feature in that species.

It will be seen that about the only characters which McChesney 

names are the smooth surface, small size, gradual enlargement, circular section, central (and small) siphuncle, and the fact that there are 

three chambers to a diameter. Other and larger specimens referred 

by him to the same species have four and even six chambers to a 

diameter. Some of the Wewoka shells seem to agree exactly in the 

characters named, although I have associated with them in the same 

species others which display certain differences, such as having less 

than three chambers to a diameter, having the section more or less 

compressed instead of circular, and having the siphuncle slightly 

eccentric instead of central.

In the synonymy of this species I have placed with some confidence 

the current identifications of 0. rusJiense. The latter species was 

described in a rare work and was never figured by its author. 

Meek and Worthen, however, gave a figure of a doubtfully identified 

specimen, and it is probably from this figure that many of the recent 

identifications of 0. rusJiense start. Meek and Worthen do not discuss 

this species, else some valuable data might have been expected as well 

as an explanation of an identification which seems almost certainly 

at fault. That the identification is wrong appears from the fact that 

McChesney describes rusJiense as being marked by shallow annulations spaced about equally with the septa and separated by shallow 

rounded depressions a character entirely absent in the specimen 

figured by Meek and Worthen, which is represented as having smooth, 

gradually tapering sides without annulations. In discussing in 1872 

the pitted surface which Geinitz described as characterizing 0. cribrosum, Meek states that the same species occurs in Illinois, and that 

it is probably identical with 0. Jcnoxense. I can hardly doubt that it 

is this species which he figured in 1873 (with the same sculpture) but 

for some reason identified as 0. rushense.

It seems probable that 0. cribrosum is likewise a synonym of P. 

knoxense, though based on somewhat larger specimens, for the type has
CEPHALOPODA. 233

a diameter of 5 millimeters at the smaller end. As 0. cnbrosum is 

described as having four to five septa in 5 millimeters, this would 

seem to mean that three or.four chambers occur in a. diameter. 

The cross section is said to be elliptical, but is probably compressed. 

The position of the siphuncle was not known to Gemitz, who thought 

that it might be marginal. In that event, of course, 0. cnbrosum 

is not the same species as Icnoxense. It is this species to which 

Gemitz ascribed the pitted sculpture which Meek justly thought might 

be accidental. As already noted, this is a conspicuous feature of 

many specimens from the Wewoka formation. In some shells these 

markings are not pits but stand up from the surface as little spherules, 

apparently of ferruginous nature, for they are of a dark, rusty color. 

When these spherules are removed by weathering the pitted appearance results. In arrangement these markings are sporadic and in 

size variable. Some are large, others small. They are absent on 

some specimens and thickly cover others. On some they are scatteringly arranged or are concentrated on one side or on opposite sides. 

Personally I have not the least doubt that this character is adventitious in the specimens which I have examined. At the same time 

it seems to be connected with some intrinsic peculiarity not of any 

species but of the cephalopod shell structure generally. I have 

observed it often riot only in the Orthoceras group but in the Nautiloid 

as well, and it is found in specimens from widely different localities 

and geologic horizons. I have not seen a similar phenomenon in other 

Mollusca not even in specimens associated with the cephalopods. 

Miller 1 discusses this character in 0. cnbrosum, but comes to a conclusion different from that here expressed.

Meek's figure of 0. rusJiense, which I am placing in synonymy, 

shows a surface pitted like the Wewoka form. The cross section, 

as represented by his figures, is strongly elliptical or compressed at 

the small end but is more nearly circular above, and the siphuncle is 

central. The number of chambers in a diameter at the small end 

seems to be three, but toward the large end it appears to be four, as 

in the Wewoka shell.

White's description and figure of 0. rushense, given in 1884, leave 

much to be desired. The species is.clearly not rusJiense, but it is not 

certain that it is Icnoxense. The chief difference that can be noted is 

that, according to the description, the surface is finely and distinctly 

striate d in specimens from which the epidermis is not removed.

Herrick's identification in 1888, reprinted in 1895, is based on a 

Waverly form, much larger than the specimens here considered as 

representing P. Icnoxense. Like these, it has three chambers to a 

diameter, but as I have observed a decided tendency to a diminution

1 Indiana Dept. Geology .and Nat. Hist. Eighteenth Ann. Eept., p. 319,1894.
234 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

in the proportional height of the chambers as growth progresses I infer 

that here also there is probably no agreement. Herrick's citation can 

with safety be eliminated from the synonymy.

Keyes's citation the same year (1888) is noncommittal. As he cites 

White (1884) in the synonymy and as he later (1895) again cites the 

species, giving a figure copied from White (without acknowledgment), 

it may be presumed that his shells are of the type of White's original 

rather than of Meek's, if there is any difference.

White's citation hi 1891, from specimens obtained at a much 

higher horizon than either typical Jcnoxense or the species here identified as such, is in doubt. The data which he furnishes are incomplete. 

His form is large and shows five or six chambers to a diameter. 

Whether this is excessive or not depends on the degree to which the 

characters of the smaller shells are conceived to be modified by 

growth. The form from Texas would hardly on this account, however, fall beyond the limits recognized originally by McChesney.

Smith cites this species, together with 0. cribrosum from Arkansas, 

in 1897, but he does not give data by which his citation can be tested. 

His discrimination of cribrosum is apparently based on the pitted 

surface, which is probably an accidental character.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005 and 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (stations 

2001, 2004, and 7193).

PSEUDOKTHOCEBAS SEMINOLENSE Girty.

Plate XXVII, figures 7-8a.

1911. Pseudorthoceras seminolense. Girty, New York Acad. Sci. Annals, vol. 21, 

p. 143.

~ Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla.

Three specimens in the collection appear to belong to Pseudorthoceras by reason of their central siphuncle and chambers partly filled 

by secondary deposits and at the same time to differ from P. Icnoxense 

by being very much larger. These large specimens have about 3£ 

chambers to a diameter and so do not differ essentially from the 

smaller species. One of the figured specimens is compressed and 

seems to show on one side a structure that suggests a marginal 

siphuncle. On the opposite side there is a slender strand of limonitic 

material, such as, in describing P. Icnoxense, I have called a''false 

siphuncle."

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005 and 2006).
CEPHALOPODA. 235

Family CYCLOCERATID^E.

Genus PROTOCYCLOCEBAS Hyatt.

PROTOCYCLOCERAS ? RUSHENSE McChesney?

Plate XXVII, figures 9-10b.

1860. Orthocerqp rusJiensfa. McChesney, Desc. New Spec. Foss., p. (>S. (Date of

imprint, 1859.) 

Coal Measures: Rush Creek, 5 miles below New Harmony, Ind.; Illinois.

Shell small, straight, conical, gradually enlarging. Cross section 

slightly elongate, so that the shape is elliptical. Position of siphuncle, height of chambers, and other features not shown. The surface 

is marked by strong, abruptly elevated annulations, which occur at 

varying but fairly regular intervals and are separated by relatively 

broad, flattened constrictions. The annulations, which are directly 

transverse, show fairly strong retral deflections or lobes on the narrow 

sides of the shell and are nearly straight or only obscurely concave 

over the broad sides;

Two specimens from station 2005 agree with the foregoing description and a third from station 2006 is tentatively referred to the same 

species, although it differs in having a circular instead of an elliptical 

section. A fourth specimen, also from station 2006, presents such 

differences that it probably must be regarded as a distinct variety.

I have elsewhere called attention to the fact that apparently 

through a clerical error, by which the name of one of McChesney's 

Carboniferous species was substituted for the other, Meek and Worthen gave currency to a wrong interpretation of Orthoceras rushense, 

causing it to appear in their work as a simple conical type, whereas 

McChesney distinctly described it as annulated. This and all subsequent citations of 0. rusliense based upon it may probably be transferred in a body to 0. knoxense, leaving the synonymy reduced to the 

original citation. From this the following description is quoted 

literally and in full:

Shell small, elongo-conical, tapering gradually, slightly sometimes almost imperceptibly flattened on one side; septa subelliptical or nearly circular, convex, distant 

from each other from one-sixth to one-third their diameter; siphuncle cylindrical, 

central or nearly so; shell marked by shallow annulations about equally distant with 

tbe septa, and separated by shallow rounded depressions.

This species differs from both 0. aculeatum and 0. occidentals of Swallow in the 

siphuncle being nearly central, and from the former in the siphuncle not being formed 

of a succession of hollow spheres; but no surface character of those species being given, 

it is difficult to make any further comparisons.

I have a specimen from Coal Measure slate in Kentucky, "which I take to be the 

same with the above; and if so, the siphuncle is irregularly cylindrical through the 

chambers and strongly constricted in the septa.
236 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION" OF OKLAHOMA.

It is impossible to be certain, partly owing to incompleteness of 

information about the present form, partly owing to incompleteness 

in McChesney's description (unaccompanied as it is by figures), that 

the two forms are really the same; but, on the other hand, it is 

impossible to point out any very important points of disagreement. 

Perhaps the most tangible are (1) that McChesney describes 0. 

rushense as slightly flattened on one side, whereas my specimens, 

except one which is circular, are flattened on opposite sides; (2) that 

the annulations on my specimens are apparently not quite so closely 

arranged, although this is not certain; and (3) that McChesney fails 

to mention the two slight sinuations or lobes occurring in the annulations on the narrow sides of the shell. I feel hardly justified, however, in proposing a new name until better distinctions are available.

Protocycloceras is described as including annulated orthoceratocones and cyrtoceratocones without longitudinal ridges, by the absence of which it is distinguished from Cycloceras. The siphuncle is 

large. Protocycloceras has previously been known only from the 

Ordovician, but Cycloceras is recorded from the Ordovician to the 

Permian. Partly influenced by the matter of range, I described under 

Cycloceras a species from the Caney shale of Oklahoma which was 

without longitudinal costse. But other Carboniferous species besides 

that from the Caney and those here noted from the Wewoka formation show annulations without longitudinal plications, so that it 

seems better to place these shells under Protocycloceras, whose range 

would thus be extended into the Carboniferous and be practically 

coextensive with that of Cycloceras. Though these shells are probably to be regarded as distinct from Cycloceras, they are as yet 

imperfectly known and when all the evidence is in they may prove 

to be distinct from Protocycloceras also.

To Protocycloceras, in addition to the two types recognized in the 

present paper, may also be referred Orfhoceras lasallense, distinguished 

from the present form by its more closely arranged annulations 

Cycloceras ~baILianum, previously referred to, and 0. randolpTiense.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005 and 2006).

PROTOCYCLOCERAS? RUSHENSE var. CREBRICINCTUM Girty. 

Plate XXVII, figures 11-llb.

1911. Protocycloceras? rushense var. crebricinctum. Girty, New York Acad. Sci.

Annals, vol. 21, p. 144. 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla.

Two specimens, though resembling P.? rushense?, are distinguished 

by having the annulations more closely arranged and somewhat 

alternating. The cross section is elliptical, as in that species, but an 

acceleration of expansion produces a flaring shape toward the aperture.
CEPHALOPODA. 237

The recun'ence of this latter character, which is found to a marked 

degree in one of the species of Orthoceras, is noteworthy and seems to 

bring its importance somewhat in doubt. Its significance is entirely 

unknown.

One of the specimens shows the surface to be marked by fine, subequal, somewhat wavy, threadlike, transverse lirae.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2006).

Family TRIBOLOCERATID^E. 

Genus COLOCEBAS Hyatt.

It would be difficult to name the type species of .Coloceras and to 

this extent the genus is not well founded. Hyatt says: ' 'The types of 

the genus are the specimens described above from Vise*, De Koninck

Coll. Mus. Comp. Zool., supposed to belong to C. globatum, sp. De 

Kon." 1 The C. globatum referred to is probably the form figured by 

De .Koninck in the work which Hyatt had already mentioned, 2 but 

the species there described and figured is not De Koninck's but 

Nautilus globatus Sower by. At least De Koninck regarded it as 

Sowerby's species, but Hyatt apparently places typical Nautilus 

globatus in the genus Planetoceras.3 He makes this disposition of 

Nautilus globatus Sowerby as figured by Foord, whose identification, 

so far as the literature has come before me, is unquestioned.

But not all of De Koninck's N. globatus is referred by Hyatt to 

Coloceras, for apparently he regards figures la and Ib of Plate XXXI 

as belonging to Coloceras coyanum De Koninck.4 Therefore Coloceras 

seems to rest on some specimens in the Museum of Comparative 

Zoology which are presumably conspecific with Nautilus globatus 

De Koninck (non Sowerby) pars (PI. X, figs. 1, 2, 3, and Pl/XXXI, 

figs. Ic-le, not la, Ib), which De Koninck thought, but Hyatt does 

not think, to be the same as Nautilus globatus of Sowerby.

COLOCERAS LIEATUM Girty. 

Plate XXVIII, figures 2-6a.

1911. Coloceras liratum. Girty, New York Acad. Sci. Annals, vol. 21, p. 144. 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Coalgate quadrangle, Okla.

Shell small, the largest specimen seen measuring 34 millimeters in 

the plane of revolution. Shape subglobose. Cross section sublunate, 

somewhat gibbous at the sides. Ventral surface rather regularly, 

curved, abruptly rounded inward at the umbilicus, forming two not 

very well defined umbilical zones, the direction of which is nearly hori1 Texas Geol. Survey Fourth Ann. Kept, (for 1892), [pt. 2], p. 451,1893.

2 Faune du calcaire carbonitere, vol. 1,1878, p. 95, PI. X, figs. 2, 3, 4; PI. XXXI, fig. 1.

3 Op. cit., p. 421. 

* Idem, p. 452.
238 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

zontal. At maturity the section is about twice as wide as high and 

the median line of the venter is broadly and faintly impressed. The 

rate of increase is rapid and the depressed zone is narrow, considerably less than half the width of the preceding whorl. The umbilicus 

is rather small and deep.

The surface is marked at the side by fine revolving lirae, separated 

by wide, flat interspaces. These extend from the umbilical zone 

over the subangular shoulder onto the extreme sides of the venter. 

In some shells the revolving lirse are crossed by much more closely 

arranged transverse lirse, producing fine crenulations. This cancellation seems to cover the entire surface in immature stages, but appears 

only in a band on the sides in the mature shell, and on the oldest 

specimens and some others the transverse markings .can not be seen 

at all. The ventral surface is crossed by fine, incremental striae, 

which indicate a deep subangular V-shaped sinus, whose sides are 

nearly straight over the median portion but curve gracefully outward 

with increasing rapidity toward the sides. In one specimen the striae 

are so arranged that every seventh or eighth is stronger than the 

others which cross the slightly elevated spaces between in crowded 

though regular order.

The septa are rather far apart, about 6 millimeters along a median 

line in a mature specimen. They are nearly straight, except for slight 

sinuosity across the venter caused by the shallow ventral lobe and a 

pair of obscure saddles. The siphuricle appears to be situated below 

the center (dorsad) but is not well shown.

This species is related to C. globulare. It appears to be more slender (though specimens vary somewhat) and to have more widely 

spaced septa, which show a slight lobe instead of a slight saddle on 

the ventral surface. The-sculpture of C. globulare is not known, so 

that additional differences may be discovered.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005 and 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Olda. (stations 

2001,2004, and 7193).

COLOCERAS LIRATUM var. OBSOLETUM Girty. 

Plate XXIX, figures l-3a.

1911. Coloceras liratum var. obsoletum. Girty, New York Acad. Sci. Annals, vol. 21, 

' p. 145. ' ' 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Coalgate quadrangle, Okla.

Generally associated with C. liratum are specimens which show 

certain minor differences from that species, the most constant, perhaps, being the absence of lirae on the umbilical zone. Correlated 

with this is a more regular curvature at the sides, making the umbilical zones less well defined. The incremental markings are perhaps 

stronger, or are at least more regularly preserved. Some but not all
CEPHALOPODA. 239

of the specimens are rather narrow. As the sculpture on the typical 

liratum might easily be obscured, it is possible that some specimens 

of the latter may have been referred to the variety olsoletum. The 

siphuncle of the variety seems to be ventrad or at least central, whereas 

that of liratum is or appears to be dorsad. This feature, however, 

is shown by few specimens and is not well shown by any of my 

specimens of liratum. .

There seems here to be a varietal or even a specific difference from 

C. liratum, but my material is not sufficiently good to show the degree 

of difference or the constancy of it, or whether possibly the shells 

assembled under this title are really conspecific.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle 

(stations 2005 and 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (stations 2004 ?

and 2001).

Family TAINOCEEATID^E.

Genus METACOCEKAS Hyatt.

Temnocheilus and Metacoceras are closely related groups. Aside 

from differences more or less embryonic, which it is seldom possible 

to observe, the chief distinction between them seems to lie in the whorl 

section, which in Temnocheilus is triangular and in Metacoceras quadrate. In Temnocheilus the base of the imperfect triangle is the ven-

/ tral surface, so that the shape contracts dorsally or toward the center. 

I have not seen it stated whether the two angles are the umbilical 

shoulders or the ventrilateral shoulders. From their position they 

would appear to be the latter, the lateral and dorsal zones not being 

differentiated, but it is possible to conceive of these angles as being the 

umbilical shoulders, the ventral and lateral zones merging and the

( umbilical zone being exceptionally broad. In Metacoceras, however,

) more distinct umbilical shoulders are developed. In Temnocheilus, 

therefore, the venter is broadest and the shell contracts to the impressed zone without umbilical shoulders. In Metacoceras, on the 

other hand, the umbilical shoulders are developed and the shell contracts from them to the ventral surface. An additional pair of saddles are developed on the umbilical shoulders.

Six American species of Metacoceras are recognized in the Carboniferous : ^M. cavatiforme, M. dubium, *^f. TiayifM. inconspicuumfM. 

sangamonense^ and "M. walcotti, and I am also provisionally removing 

^Temnocheilus crassum to this genus. To these are added 6-forms 

from the Wewoka formation described below, making 13 in all. 

These species are divisible into four groups, as follows:

The first group, represented by M. cavatiforme, has the height and 

width of the chambers more, or less equal, and consists of M. cavatiI forme, M. dubium, and M. inconspicuum, and M. cornutum and its 

three varieties, carinatum, multituberculatum, and sinuosum, described 

in the present report. These species are also characterized by having
240 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

a more or less distinct ventrilateral shoulder, furnished with spoutlike 

nodes, and a rounded or obscure umbilical shoulder.

A second group can probably be formed of M. crassum Hyatt and 

M. perelegans n. sp. In this the whorl section is similarly proportioned but is distinguished by having the sides marked by pilse extending downward from more or less distinct nodes on the ventrilateral 

shoulder. M. perelegans has, in addition, a subangular umbilical 

shoulder at which the pilae terminate in a second series of nodes less 

prom in pint, than the ventral series.

M. sangamonense may perhaps be regarded as representing a third 

group distinguished from the first group by its concave sides and 

angular umbilical shoulders, and from the second by its lack of pilae 

along the sides.

In a fourth group may be assembled M. liayi Hyatt, M. sculptile 

n. sp., and M. walcotti Hyatt. These forms have the height of the 

whorls much in excess of the width. In addition, the nodes along the 

ventrilateral shoulders are large and not very distinct in M. Tiayi, 

small and indistinct in M-. sculptile, and almost completely obsolete in 

M. walcotti. This order coincidentally corresponds with their stratigraphic occurrence, M. walcotti being the oldest and M. Jiayi the 

youngest species.

METACOCERAS CORNUTUM Girty.

Plate XXIX, figures 4-5b.

1911. Metacoceras cornutum. Girty, New York Acad. Sci. Annals, vol. 21, p. 145. 

Wewokaformation: Wewoka quadrangle, Coalgate quadrangle, Okla.

This species is founded on a fragment which must have had a diameter of 70 millimeters exclusive of the chamber of habitation, no portion of which is retained. The whorl section is subquadrate, distinctly wider than high. The height is .23 millimeters and the width 

29 millimeters. The ventral surface is gently convex, more nearly 

flat on the shell itself than on the internal mold. .The sides, exclusive 

of the prominent tubercles, are nearly flat and parallel. The lower 

portion of the whorl is tripartite, consisting of an impressed zone 

about 12 millimeters wide and two umbilical zones, each about 8 millimeters wide. The umbilical shoulder is abrupt and angular, the angle 

being somewhat greater than a right angle. The ventrilateral shoulder is also angular and is furnished with large, prominent, compressed 

nodes, which project outward and slightly upward and are flattened 

on the upper surface and more convex on the lower. Those on one 

side alternate with those on the other and those in the same row occur 

on about every other chamber.

The septa are about 6£ millimeters apart, measured along the median 

line of the venter, and the sutures are rather strongly bent. There
CEPHALOPODA. 241

is a broad, deep ventral lobe, almost angular at the middle in some 

sutures; a broad, moderate deep lateral lobe, the point of greatest 

convexity being below or interior to the middle; and a gently curved 

internal or dorsal lobe across the impressed zone. Abruptly rounded 

saddles occupy the ventrilateral angles and a broad saddle, flattened 

across the middle, occupies each of the umbilical zones. Each of the 

saddles last named, however, may be regarded as composed of two 

obscure saddles, one on the umbilical shoulder and one on the angle 

of the impressed zone, a scarcely perceptible lobe lying between.

The sculpture is not well shown. On the ventrilateral angles and 

tubercles it consists of regular, strong, sharp, transverse lirse, which 

are deeply curved, suggesting a broad, deep hyponomic sinus.

The test appears to be considerably thickened at the ventrilateral 

angles, so that the internal mold differs appreciably from the perfect 

shell, the shell being flatter across the ventral surface, with the sides 

more convergent toward the umbilicus, and with the tubercles very 

much more produced. Indeed, on the internal mold the tubercles are 

not at all prominent.

In the prominence of the tubercles this form suggests Nautilus latus 

and N. winslowi of the "Coal Measures" of Illinois, the latter rather 

more than the former, but owing to the very different shape of the 

cross section (to judge by the description, no figures being given which 

illustrate this point) the present form must be regarded as belonging 

to a different genus, to Metacoceras.rather than Temnocheilus. From 

the species of Metacbceras this would appear to be distinguished at 

once by the very prominent tubercles, but as most of those species have 

been described from internal molds and as the tubercles are much less 

conspicuous on the internal mold than on the shell itself, this difference must be discounted. The two most closely related species are 

evidently M. dubium and M. inconspicuum, the former more than the 

latter. The present species differs from inconspicuum in having a 

relatively broader section and in having the nodes farther apart, on 

alternating chambers instead of consecutive ones. M. dubium is 

described as having on the venter a depressed central zone with low, 

broad, longitudinal swellings on each side, features which, of course, 

are not found on the present species. The sutures appear to be less 

strongly flexed on the sides (the only place where they are shown) and 

they are differently shaped, having the greatest curvature toward the 

ventral rather than toward the dorsal side.

A second specimen has been included in this species, much smaller 

but more complete than the other. It answers to the foregoing 

description very closely, showing in addition the position of the 

siphuncle, which is almost exactly central. The sutures are naturally 

less strongly flexed.' The growth lines are fine and regular, becoming

:J7003° Bull. 544 15 .1.6
242 FAUNA OF WBWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA. /

stronger and coarser as they pass between the horns of the ventrilateral shoulder and sweeping backward to form a deep sinus across 

the ventral surface. When the development is traced backward to 

the immature stages, the cross section is seen to become more 

transverse and more regularly elliptical with obscure umbilical and 

ventrilateral shoulders. The horns on the ventrilateral shoulder 

become less and less prominent and extend farther down the sides 

of the shell, so that they are transformed into lateral plications without suggestion of especial prominence along the shoulder. The 

growth lines are also stronger and coarser.

This smaller specimen somewhat resembles M. perelegans, but is 

easily distinguished by the absence of nodes along the ventrilateral 

shoulder and of sharp pilse across the sides. It is also very similar 

to M. sangamonense but presents a number of minor differences such 

as a section less spreading on the dorsal side, more prominent nodes 

or horns along the ventrilateral shoulder, less closely arranged septa, 

and a more nearly central siphuncle.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2001); Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2005?).

METACOCEEAS CORNUTUM var. SINUOSUM Girty.

Plate XXX, figures 1-lb.

1911. Metacoceras cornutum var. sinuosum. Girty, New York Acad. Sci. Annals,

vol. 21, p. 146. 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla.

A single fragmentary specimen which retains the shell is all that 

represents this variety. It is smaller than the original species and 

with a less transverse cross section. The nodes are rounded instead 

of compressed and extend part way down the sides as low, broad, 

obscure plications which fall far short of the umbilical shoulder. 

The latter is regularly rounded and although strongly turned is not 

angulated. The ventral surface is marked by two obscure sulci with 

a gentle convexity between. The tubercles appear to be nearly 

opposite.

The surface is almost smooth, the incremental lines being very 

obscure except on the tubercles, where they develop into regular, fine, 

though sharp lirae. They make a deep sinus on the ventral surface, 

are nearly straight and gently sloped backward at the sides, and 

gradually change direction at the umbilical shoulder, beyond which 

on the umbilical zone they are gently concave.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2005).
CEPHALOPODA. 243

METACOCEEAS CORNUTUM var. CARINATUM Girty. 

Plate XXX, figures 3-4c.

1911. Metacoceras cornutum var. carinatum. Girty, New York Acad. Sci. Annals,

vol. 21, p. 146. 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Coalgate quadrangle, Okla.

This variety is represented by two fragments which apparently 

show the chamber of habitation but do not retain the septa. They 

are partly testiferous and partly exfoliated.

The variety carinatum is distinguished from both Metacoceras 

cornutum and the variety sinuosum by its more abrupt expansion 

and more transverse shape7 in which it exceeds even the original 

species itself. The sides are in consequence relatively very narrow. 

The tubercles are rounded, as in the variety sinuosum, but owing to 

the shortness of the sides they make more prominent plications. The 

ventral surface is rather strongly rounded and without sulci. The 

umbilical shoulder is very angular and is extended into a crest or 

carina, in which respect it shows a marked difference from the variety 

sinuosum though possibly not from M. cornutum itself. The growth 

lines indicate the presence of a deep hyponomic sinus.

It may be that these shells represent a young stage of M. cornutum 

(though hardly of the variety sinuosum), but they present certain 

differences (the abrupt expansion, greater breadth, and differently 

shaped tubercles) that are too important to make it safe to assume 

this relationship without more evidence.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2004).

METACOCERAS CORNUTUM var. MULTITUBERCULATUM Girty. 

Plate XXX, figures 2, 2a.

1911. Metacoceras cornutum var. mullituberculatum. Girty, New York Acad. Sci.

Annals, vol. 21, p. 147. 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Coalgate quadrangle, Okla.

Tins variety is founded on a crushed specimen which differs fiom 

all the others in that the tubercles are smaller and more closely 

arranged. They appear to be somewhat compressed rather than 

rounded. The umbilical shoulder is subangular, without the crest of 

carinatum, but more rounded than sinuosum. The height between 

the ventrilateral and umbilical angles is about 10 millimeters; the 

width across the venter (tubercles included) about 15 millimeters.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2004).
244 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

METACOCERAS PERELEGANS Girty. 

Plate XXX, figures 5-6.

1911. Metacoceras perelegans. Girty, New York Acad. Sci. Annals, vol. 21, p. 147. 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Coalgate quadrangle, Okla.

Shell rather small, so far as known not exceeding 31 millimeters in 

diameter. Cross section of mature whorls hexagonal, transverse; 

width about 20 millimeters; height about 12 millimeters; width of 

lateral zone 7 millimeters; of umbilical zone 6 millimeters; of impressed zone 8 millimeters; of ventral zone, including tubercles, 17 

millimeters. Ventral surface gently convex, flattened or slightly 

depressed along the center, gently upturned at the edges, owing to 

the tubercles. Lateral zone nearly flat except for the tubercles, the 

projection of which gives it a gently concave shape. Umbilical zone 

nearly flat. The lateral zone slopes gently outward from above and 

the umbilical zone strongly inward. When the shell is traced from 

the mature to the immature condition the transverse diameter of the 

cross section gradually equals then exceeds the longitudinal, so that 

the shape is more nearly elliptical, with an angular periphery a little 

above the middle and the usual recurved dorsal zone. Still considered with the actual order of development reversed, this change 

of shape results from an increasing inward slope of the umbilical 

zone and a corresponding loss of the umbilical shoulder. Both the 

ventrilateral and the umbilical shoulders, however, are more or less 

distinguished by an angulation.

The sculpture of the youthful stages is incompletely known, but the 

sides of the youngest example seen are marked by fine, even, transverse, rounded striae, separated by narrow, sharp lirse. Later the 

flattened sides are marked by strong, regular plications, the folds 

being angular and the furrows between relatively broad and rounded. 

On these are superposed strong, incremental stride, much less distinct 

in the furrows than on the crests between them. The pilse thus 

gradually formed tend to become more prominent at the ends, developing little nodes in which they terminate, the nodes appearing at an 

earlier stage and more strongly at the outer than the inner ends. 

At maturity the connecting ridges gradually fail of development, 

leaving two rows of nodes, the larger and more prominent along the 

ventrilateral shoulder, the. smaller and less prominent on the umbilical 

shoulder. Both these loci are well defined and more or less strongly 

angular during the periods of adolescence and maturity.

The sculpture at maturity consists of very obscure incremental 

lines which tend to become sharp lirse on the tubercles, and which 

show a deep sinus over the ventral surface.

The septa are not well exhibited by my specimens, though the 

fossil is fairly common in the Wewoka fauna. In a mature specimen
CEPHALOPODA. 245

they are 3£ millimeters apart along the middle of the venter; and the 

suture is very nearly straight, though depressed into a shallow ventral 

lobe with very obscure saddles on the ventrilateral shoulders. In 

the ventrilateral region the suture is likely to be more or less deflected by the pilae, which are not developed exactly with regard to 

' the septa. Some of the nodes occur on the septa; others occur 

between them, there being' about three nodes to four septa. A 

young specimen which probably belongs to this species shows a suggestion of a very small, pointed dorsal lobe, somewhat like that of 

the genus Endolobus. The siphuncle appears to be central or somewhat below the center.

I know of no American nautiloid which this species so much resembles as that which Hyatt described as Temnocheilus crassum. 

The whorl section of perelegans is more transverse and somewhat 

differently shaped, with distinct umbilical shoulders. The pilae have 

nodes at both ends instead of near the ventral surface only, and at 

maturity they disappear, leaving only the two rows of. nodes.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005 and 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (stations 

2001, 2004, and 7193).

METACOCERAS SCULPTILE Girty.

Plate XXXI, figures l-2a.

1911. Metacoceras sculptile. Girty, New York Acad. Sci. Annals, vol. 21, p. 148. 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla.

Shell rather large, attaining a diameter of 67 millimeters, discoidal, 

with large umbilicus, 31 millimeters across at the diameter named.

Whorl section irregularly hexagonal, consisting of a relatively narrow ventral surface, two broad lateral surfaces, two umbilical zones, 

and an impressed zone, all narrow. The ventrilateral and umbilical 

angles are distinct and only slightly rounded. The ventral surface 

is marked by two shallow sulci situated close to the margins, on 

either side of which the shell rises slightly into a gently convex 

median portion and gently elevated ventrilateral angles. The sides 

are flattened and slope distinctly outward from above to the umbilical shoulder. There, with an abrupt subangular change of direction, 

they are withdrawn inward and. somewhat downward to a rather 

deeply concave impressed zone. Greatest height of the final volution, 31 miUimeters; greatest width (at the umbilical shoulder), 25 

millimeters; width of ventral surface, 15 millimeters; width of lateral 

surface, 24 millimeters; width of umbilical zone, 8£ millimeters; width 

of impressed zone, 9£ millimeters.

The sculpture seems to consist of fine, even striae, which follow 

the lines of growth, leaving between them sharp, strong, angular
246 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

lirae. This sculpture, however, is more or less concealed in my 

specimens by a thin, even, superficial deposit, whether intrinsic or 

extrinsic I am unable to determine. This makes the surface look 

either smooth or, as the sculpture shows through, as though marked 

by obscure lines of increase. The lirse, which seem to strengthen and 

coarsen as they cross the ventrilateral shoulders, form a deep sinus 

on the venter. On the sides the direction is sigmoidal, convex above 

and concave below; similarly on the umbilical zone, save that the 

concave portion, which is below, is very slightly developed. When 

mature the ventrilateral shoulders are marked by small, rather indistinct nodes.

This species is of the type of M. walcotti and M. hayi. From both 

species it seems to differ in having the height proportionally less in 

comparison with the width; in having the sides contract toward the 

venter; in having the umbilical zones more nearly horizontal and 

the umbilical shoulders perhaps a little more angular. The nodes 

along the ventrilateral angles appear to be smaller and less distinct 

than in M. hayi, and the sculptured surface of M. sculptilis is not 

recorded for either species.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005 and 2006). ,

Family OOCERATID^E.

Genus CYRTOCEBAS Goldfuss.

CYRTOCERAS PECULIARS Girty. 

Plate XXVIII, figures 1-lb.

1911. Cyrtoceras peculiare. Girty, New York Acad. Sci. Annals, vol. 21, p. 149. 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla.

Shell rather small, expanding very rapidly. Apical angle about 

60°. Axis nearly/if not quite, straight. The rate of expansion 

is so great that unless the animal grew to a very large size,. the 

curvature of the axis would hardly be perceptible. The sides, therefore, appear to be nearly straight, but that on which the expansion 

is least strong may probably be regarded as the dorsal and the other 

as the ventral side. The siphuncle then is strongly dorsad. The 

cross section is broadly oval, contracting toward the dorsal side, 

which is somewhat flattened. Only five chambers are preserved, the 

oldest being about three times as high as the others. The prolongation of the chambers is so great on the ventral side that in the 

internal mold they make steplike projections. The sutures are 

nearly direct, but are more or less distinctly sinuated, with gentle 

lobes on the dorsal, ventral, and lateral surfaces and equally faint 

saddles between.
CEPHALOPODA. 247

The extremely abrupt expansion distinguishes this species from the 

few other Carboniferous representatives of the genus known in North 

America. It is, however, extremely doubtful whether C. peculiare 

is a true representative of Cyttoceras, a question which can be raised 

with equal propriety regarding the other American Carboniferous 

species referred to the genus.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2006).

CYBTOCERAS?? sp. 

Plate XXXII, figures 4-5a.

I am including under this title two specimens of extremely doubtful 

affinities. The general shape is conical with a rapid rate of enlargement. The larger specimen appears to be straight, but the smaller is 

so unequally developed that it appears to be curved; in both the apical 

portion is imperfect. The test of the smaller is moderately thick; 

that of the larger is much macerated.. Both are marked by thin, 

strongly and sharply elevated lamellae, rather closely and regularly 

arranged. The lamellae are not straight, but have a gently sinuous 

course. They tend to be regularly unequal, every seventh or eighth 

being more prominent.

I have seen Orthoceratites with sculpture very similar to this, but 

these shells are not chambered, so far as is shown in their present condition. If they are really Nautiloids, their shape is, of course, much 

more like Cyrtoceras than Orthoceras. In its shape and sculpture 

.the smaller specimen suggests Lingulidiscina, a genus to which the 

associated and kindred specimen could, of course, hardly belong, 

but the test is not phosphatic and the form probably does not belong 

in that group.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle,

Okla. (station 2005).

AMMONOIDEA.

Family PRONORITID^E. 

Genus PBONOBITES Mojsisovics.

PKONORITES?? sp.

Plate XXXIV, figures 5-5c.

A small imperfect specimen of discoidal shape, having a diameter 

of about 15 miUimeters and a thickness of 6 millimeters. The whorls 

are evolute and rapidly enlarging, leaving a wide umbilicus. The 

shape of the section is subelliptical, with a broad, gently concave, 

impressed zone. The sides are gently convex and the ventral surface 

more strongly rounded. The width is slightly greater toward the
248 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

venter than below and the sides round in gradually to the impressed 

zone, so that there are no distinct ventral, lateral, or umbilical areas.

The suture is not shown over the venter, but, beginning with the 

margin of the impressed zone, there are six saddles and five lobes on 

each side, with probably a ventral saddle and two ventral lobes obscured. The first four saddles, beginning from the side, are small, 

but show a gradual and regular increase in size. They are rounded, 

more or less flattened on top, and progressively tend to be inequilaterally enlarged and to overhang on the inner side. The lobes are 

narrower and rather more pointed. The fourth one conspicuously 

bends outward under the projecting portion of the fourth saddle, 

which is developed in an opposite direction. The next two saddles 

and included lobe are considerably larger than the four lateral ones, 

the lobe being larger than the saddle. They are broad and almost 

symmetrically rounded.

The generic position of this form is uncertain, as the suture seems 

to agree with none of the genera with which I have compared it. 

The small size of the fragment suggests that its characters are not 

mature, and only because of this suggestion can it be even questioningly referred to Pronorites. It may prove to belong to an undescribed genus, but even if I were sure of this I would hesitate to base 

a new genus on this single small and imperfect example.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2006).

Family GASTRIOCERATID^E.

Genus GASTRIOCERAS Hyatt.

The ' relation between Hyatt's Gastrioceras and Glyphioceras 

(Goniatites s. s.) has always given'trouble. According to the original 

author Gastrioceras includes species with open umbilici and whorls 

that are semilunar or trapezoidal in section. The abdomen is wider 

than the dorsum and the sides are often costated. As examples are 

given G. listeri, G. marianwn, and G. jossse, of Europe, and G. Tcingi 

and G. globulosum of America. G. listeri, which is the first mentioned 

and possesses the essential characters ascribed to the genus, must be 

regarded as the genotype.

The typical group as based on G. listeri should include subglobose 

,shells with trapezoidal section, broad, gently convex ventral surface, 

distinct subangular umbilical shoulders, inward-sloping umbilical 

zone, broad, open umbilici, and costated sides.

The suture Hyatt describes as having deep, straight-sided ventral 

lobes, and siphonal saddles which are often more or less prominent 

and angular. The first pair or primitive saddles are on the venter 

and often spatulate. Typically there are in the external suture two
CEPHALOPODA. 249

rounded saddles on either side of a small bifid siphonal saddle and 

two pointed lobes.

To a certain extent Hyatt confused Gastrioceras with Paralegoceras, since he referred to the latter genus Gastrioceras russense, 

because it had an additional pair of lobes in the external suture. 

.Subsequent examination of G. russense showed, however, that there 

were the same number of lobes and saddles in that species as in typical Gastrioceras and one pair less than in Paralegoceras. Gastrioceras therefore agrees with Goniatites s. s. in having nine lobes and 

nine saddles and G. russense merely differs from the typical species in 

having parts of the suture external and visible which in the other are 

internal and invisible. In thus distinguishing G. russense, however, 

Hyatt was inconsistent, because this same peculiarity is shown by 

Gastrioceras globulosum, one of the original Gastriocerata, and, indeed, 

it appears in a considerable number of species which have subsequently 

been placed with Gastrioceras.

The distinction thus made between Gastrioceras and Goniatites s. s. 

is not an essential one, nor one always easy to apply. Hyatt described Gastrioceras as being subglobose with wide umbilici and 

trapezoidal or semilunar whorl section, the venter being wider than 

the dorsum.

When critically considered this last distinction loses much of its 

significance, if not much of its meaning. The venter in these species 

is not differentiated from the sides; in some species, however, a more 

or less angular change of direction accompanies the descent of the 

sides to the umbilicus. From its position, as well as from other considerations, it seems appropriate to consider this angle as the umbilical shoulder rather than as the shoulder which is sometimes developed 

at the junction of the sides with the ventral surface. This umbilical 

shoulder is almost invariably the widest part of the shell and it can 

probably be considered as dividing the ventrilateral area from 

the dorsal surface, whether it is angulated, or rounded and indistinct. 

Since, then, only two lines are distinguished, those which separate the 

ventral and lateral surfaces from the dorsal, and since these lines 

almost invariably project the most, it of necessity follows that the 

venter, by which term Hyatt doubtless designates all of the surface 

above the umbilical shoulders, is wider than the dorsum. -Still more 

properly the dorsum and venter may be said to have the same width. 

Probably the point which Hyatt had in mind amounts to no more 

than that the umbilical shoulder is distinct and angulated.

A large proportion, at least, of the American-species of Gastrioceras lack the costae which mark the sides of the typical group. They 

are as a rule distinguished by being more or less evolute and by 

having a correspondingly wide umbilicus. Some, however, though 

evolute, are discoidal rather than globose. Thus no really persistent
250 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

differences distinguish Gastrioceras from Goniatites, though the 

extremes of the series are reasonably far apart. .

In studying some Goniatites of this group from the Caney shale I 

found that G. choctawensis (a typical Goniatites s. s.) was subglobose and 

had the umbilicus nearly closed throughout its development, whereas 

P. richardsonianwn (a species related to G. kingi, which Hyatt included 

among the typical Gastriocerata), was in its early stages discoidal 

and composed of many slowly enlarging, highly evolute whorls. It 

was provisionally assumed that this difference in the development characterized the two groups Goniatites s. s. and Gastrioceras. Whether 

any of the species here included under Gastrioceras manifest this character in the early stages is not definitely known. It seems rather 

doubtful in the case of G. wewolcanum, at least in a degree comparable 

with G. richardsonianum.

When Hyatt described the genus Glyphioceras 1 he did not name 

a genotype, but cited a number of species, among which he discriminated two groups. The name Glyphioceras would naturally attach 

itself to the first of these groups, of which G. crenistria, the species 

first named, would ordinarily be taken as the type species. If this 

course is followed, however, Glyphioceras becomes a synonym of 

Goniatites s. s., of which G. sphsericus is the type. Haug, however, 

has proposed to retain the name and associate it with the second 

group distinguished by Hyatt under Glyphioceras. Smith also, who 

in 1913 revised the American species of this group, assigns to Goniatites s. s. the first or typical division of the original Glyphioceras, 

and, following Haug, uses Glyphioceras for the second or less typical 

group. Under Glyphioceras thus redefined he includes four American species: G. calyx, G. hat?iawayanum, G. Iseviculum, and G. pygmseum. Now, it seems doubtful to me whether it is permissible thus 

to divert Glyphioceras from its original meaning, and, furthermore, 

whatever may be said of the European species of Glyphioceras so 

defined, it is not clear just how the American shells referred to that 

genus are distinguished from other genera. If Gastrioceras be restricted 

to shells closely similar to G. listen, then the major portion of the American Gastriocerata would be removed from Gastrioceras, some of 

them possibly to Glyphioceras of Haug. I have elsewhere suggested 

that Glyphioceras calyx', as identified by Smith, may be a youthful 

stage of Gastrioceras richardsonianum, mihi. G. Jrnthawayanum and 

G. Isemculum are probably referable to the genus Gonioloboceras. 

After examining the type specimen of G. pygmseum I am inclined to 

believe that its proper position is with Goniatites s. s.

There are now assembled under Gastrioceras forms of so great 

variety that it would probably be more convenient to unite the two

i The derivation of this name being rb&lf , Moc (not rM&v as given by Hyatt), the proper form is evidently Qlyphidoceras.
CEPHALOPODA. 251

groups (Gastrioceras and Goniatites) into one assemblage, since there 

is no real line of demarcation between them and since greater differences can be found between selected specimens of Gastrioceras than 

between selected specimens of Gastrioceras and Goniatites. The 

variation which exists among forms included under Gastrioceras is 

well shown by the American species. Fourteen out of nineteen 

species at present referred to the genus lack the lateral costae of the 

typical Gastrioceras. Many have on the visible portion of -the 

suture the additional saddles not shown in the typical section. Some 

have a much more discoidal shape than is typical and others lack the 

umbilical shoulder. The only point on which there is much agreement is in the relative size of the umbilicus, and even in this considerable diversity is shown. This character, on which in practice the 

differentiation of Gastrioceras from Goniatites seems mainly to depend,

appears to me less essential than some of the others more liable 

to variation in individuals of the same species. The development 

of an umbilical shoulder also appears to be of minor importance. 

Of somewhat higher significance is the development of costee and 

especially the shifting of the lines which define the exterior and 

interior sutures so as to make visible an extra pan- of lobes.

The typical Gastrioceras, in point of external or visible suture, has, 

besides the siphonal saddle, two lobes and two saddles on each side. 

There have, however, been referred to the genus a number of species 

in which a third lobe is exposed on the umbilical zone. This is not an 

additional lobe, because the total number remains the same, there 

being nine lobes and the same number of saddles in all; it is only a 

transfer of that portion of the suture from the internal concealed area 

to the external exposed area.

This feature, indeed, suggests the existence of structural differences of some importance and can conveniently be utilized to divide 

the Gastriocerata into two sections. It can hardly be regarded as a 

mere narrowing and broadening of the impressed zone so that more or 

less of the suture is exposed to view, although that explanation may 

be applicable in some cases. If, for the sake of speculation, the shell 

be conceived as a very gradually tapering cone, which is flexible and 

has the sutures marked on it, a highly involute form with narrow 

umbilicus could be reshaped into an evolute form with broad umbili-. 

cus by a spreading out or flattening of the ventral surface, without 

any change in the edges of the impressed zone or, consequently, in the 

limits of the visible suture. Furthermore, the Gastriocerata are 

typically distinguished by just this configuration, the broad, gently 

convex venter and wide umbilicus. On the other hand, if the shell, 

conceived in the manner described, pass from an involute shape to 

an evolute one having a narrow venter, high volutions, and as a whole 

a discoidal instead of a globose shell, the narrowing of the venter
252 FAUNA OP WEWOEA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

would entail the narrowing of the impressed zone with a shifting of 

internal concealed to external visible sutures consequent upon it. 

However, as there are broad and narrow species in both Goniatites 

and Gastrioceras, an explanation of this sort, which would in a measure 

belittle the importance of the phenomenon, need not be sought even 

in the case of the narrow types which have the additional lobe on the 

visible suture. Furthermore, even in the case hypothetized, transformation of the shape from globose to discoidal, with a narrow 

instead of a broad impressed zone, might readily be accompanied by 

a rearrangement of the sutures, so that the internal sutures would be 

compressed within the narrowed limits of the impressed zone and 

the external ones expanded over the broadened visible portion of 

the whorl.

In our American Carboniferous fauna the typical section of the 

genus, which may be called the Gastriocerata celata, comprises 12 

species: G. caneyanum, G. carlonarium, G. entogonum, G. Tcansasense, 

G. Icingi, G. nolinense, G. occidentale, G. planorbiforme, G. richardsonianum, G. serratum, G. subcavum, and the species described as G. 

venatum (p. 254). These are divisible into several groups. G. carbonarium constitutes one group, and it is the most typical in one 

respect because of the costate sides. The cross section, however, 

is semilunar, narrowing ventrally. The suture has rounded saddles 

and rather narrow, pointed lobes.

Another group is distinguished by having strong, coarse, revolving 

striae. This feature is possessed by G. caneyanum and G. entogonum. 

both of lower Carboniferous age. In section they are semilunar, 

The suture of entogonum is not known but caneyanum has rounded 

saddles and a broad, tongue-shaped, lateral lobe.

A third group comprises only G. serratum, characterized by its 

wide umbilicus, its trapezoidal section, by having its surface longitudinally striated down the venter, and by heavy plications on the 

sides. The suture is simple with rounded subequal lobes and saddles.

A fourth group distinguished consists of species that have rather 

wide umbilici and trapezoidal section with angular umbilical shoulders and distinct umbilical zones sloping strongly inward. The surface is smooth or marked by transverse lamellae. Here belong G. 

Icingi, one of the original species of Gastrioceras, G. richardsonianum, 

G. occidentale (with subnodose umbilical shoulders), G. subcavum, and 

G. planorbiforme. The sutures in these forms tend to have rounded 

saddles and pointed, more or less linguiform lobes, but no other 

general statement can be made regarding them.

There is possibly still another group much like the last, except that 

the umbilici are rather small and the sides round inward more gradually without a distinct umbilical shoulder. Two species are provisionally included here, G. Icansasense and G. nolinense. Both may
CEPHALOPODA. 253

have had a distinct umbilical shoulder in the testiferous condition, 

and both, especially G. Jcansasense, may really belong in the preceding 

group. G. nolinense is additionally distinguished by having the saddles as well as the lobes pointed and tongue-shaped, in which it 

differs so far as known from all the other species here included under 

Gastrioceras.

Probably still another group must be established for G. venatum, 

described below. This has rather wide umbilici and sub angular 

umbilical shoulders. The sides are plicated and the ventral surface 

marked by sublamellose transverse striae. The suture appears to be 

rather primitive, both lobes and saddles being rounded.

In the nontypical group, or the Gastriocerata aperta, may be 

included, with more or less confidence, G. Iranneri, G. compressum, 

G. excelsum, G. globulosum, G. illinoisense, G. listen, G. montgomeryense, 

G. welleri, and the two species described as G. angulatum (p. 256) and 

G. Tiyattianum (p. 254). These may be divided into two groups: 

(1) Species with costate sides (G. branneri, a slender, evolute, discoidal shell without distinct umbilical shoulders, and G. listen and G. 

montgomeryense, evolute shells with broad cross section and angular 

umbilical shoulder), and (2) species whose sides are not costate 

(G. compressum, G. excelsum, G. glolulosum, G. illinoisense, G. welleri, 

G. wewolcanum, and G. angulatum).

All these species appear to have a distinct, subangular umbilical 

shoulder except possibly G. illinoisense, whose characters in this particular are not clear from the description; and it is not unlikely, as 

most of the species were described from internal molds, that the 

shoulder in all of them was more angular than it now appears to be.

All the species in group 2 have a broad, gently convex venter, 

except G. compressum, which is compressed and discoidal in general 

shape. G. illinoisense, G. welleri, and G. wewolcanum are more or less 

intermediate in this respect between G. compressum on the one hand 

and G. excelsum, G. angulatum, and G. globulosum, which represent 

the opposite extreme, on the other. There is not much variation in 

the relative size of the umbilicus, but the species with plicated side 

are distinctly more evolute than the other. Of the nonplicated types 

G. wewokanum, though showing considerable variation, is somewhat 

distinguished by its narrower umbilicus.

All the species of whatever configuration agree in having the lobes 

pointed and the saddles rounded except compressum, which is unique 

in other particulars. That species is represented as "having the 

saddles pointed on the outer side of the thick suture, but rounded on 

the inner. In G. montgomeryense, which is based on a small and possibly immature form, both lobes and saddles are rounded, the latter 

more broadly than the former, and in G. listen the umbilical lobes are 

rounded instead of pointed. The detail of the sutures, of course,
254 FAUNA OP WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

varies in different species, the lobes being more acutely pointed in 

some than in others, and the sides of both lobes and saddles being 

nearly straight in one and more sigmoidal in another.

GASTEIOCERAS VENATUM Girty. 

Plate XXXII, figures l-3b. .

1911. Gastrioceras venatum. Girty, New York Acad. Sci. Annals, vol. 21, p. 149. 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Coalgate quadrangle, Okla.

Shell small, attaining a diameter of 18 millimeters, compressed 

globose. Umbilicus rather large. Whorl section lunate, somewhat 

tumid at the sides, with an ill-defined umbilical shoulder.

Sculpture consisting of angular pilae or plications at the sides with 

relatively broad, rounded interspaces. The pilse are short and divide 

irregularly into three or four branches of inferior size and prominence. 

Similar small plications are developed simultaneously in the sulci 

between the pilse, all of which become crowded and finer, so that the 

venter is crossed by regularly arranged, moderately coarse and strong 

striae which are bent into a rather broad, deep sinus as they pass to 

the other side.

The suture is rather simple. The siphonal saddle is small and 

indented on top, but the remaining lobes and saddles are rounded. 

The first lateral saddle is rather broad and symmetrical, the second 

still broader and very asymmetric, its outer side being straighter 

and more extended than the inner. The two lobes are symmetrical. 

The first is very small, narrower than the siphonal saddle. The second 

is fully twice as large as the first and somewhat more spreading.

This species resembles the few Carboniferous American Gastriocerata that have plicated sides, but the plications are finer and branch 

in a rather unusual manner. The suture is also distinctive in that 

the lobes are rounded instead of angular. In some respects the characters shown by this species suggest that it represents an immature 

stage, but some 15 specimens have been examined, all of which are 

of small and more or less uniform size.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2004).

GASTRIOCERAS HYATTIANUM Girty. 

Plate XXXII, figures 6, 6a; Plate XXXIII, figures l-4d.

1911. Gastrioceras hyattianum. Girty, New York Acad. Sci. Annals, vol. 21, p. 150. 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Coalgate quadrangle, Okla.

Shell subspherical with relatively wide umbilicus when young; compressed globose with relatively narrow umbilicus when mature; 

attaining a rather large size, the largest example having a diameter 

in the plane of revolution of 65 millimeters and being about 37 milli-
CEPHALOPODA. 255

meters thick at the widest part of the final volution. Umbilical 

shoulder angular and more or less carinated at all stages except perhaps when very immature. Cross section broadly lunate in the young 

and narrowly lunate in the mature condition. In the latter the curve 

of the venter and sides, which are not differentiated, is parabolic,, 

gradually expanding toward the umbilicus and much more strongly 

curved above than at the sides. In this condition the whorls are 

deeply embracing. Specimens of nearly the same size seem to vary 

considerably in thickness, some being more discoidal, others more 

globose. The chamber of habitation is long, one volution or possibly 

more.

The surface when very young is probably cancellated with fine 

transverse lirse and fine revolving ones. In an early'mature condition the strength of the liration seems to have diminished considerably. The transverse lirse are finer but persistent, and the revolving 

lirse are restricted to the umbilical surface and to the sides of the ventrilateral surface, the major portion of the venter showing only transverse markings. These have a more or less sinuous course with a 

gentle saddle in the center and obscure lobes toward the sides. When 

mature the shell seems to have had a perfectly smooth surface without lirse of either sort, except possibly a few revolving ones on the 

umbilical shoulder. My specimens do not show this sculpture except 

here and there, and the foregoing statements are based on scattered 

observations and not on any one specimen, still less on a series of 

specimens showing consecutive changes.

The suture (observed on a shell in an early mature stage) shows a 

high, narrow ventral saddle, indented on top, and two rounded lateral 

saddles, the first of which is relatively narrow and symmetrical and 

the other broad and asymmetric. Both are considerably higher 

than the ventral saddle. The two lobes are tongue shaped, the inner 

one being narrow and the outer broad and asymmetric. 'A third, 

broad, tongue-shaped lobe, smaller than the others, is found on the 

umbilical zone.

This species closely resembles Gastrioceras occidentale, the only 

positive difference of any moment suggested by the description and 

figures being that the umbilical shoulder of the latter is obscurely 

crenulated or subnodose. As neither the suture nor the sculpture 

are known, however, adequate grounds for comparison are wanting.

Gastrioceras glolulosum also resembles the present form, but it is a 

much thicker shell with somewhat differently shaped sutures and 

slightly different sculpture, for the transverse lirse are more sinuous 

and no revolving lirse are developed.

Although they are, of course, intrinsically very different, Gastrioceras hyattianum presents many points of. resemblance to Coloceras 

liratum, and it is extremely difficult to distinguish some specimens of
256 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

one form from specimens of the other, especially as they occur 

in association. Of course, when the suture is visible the distinction 

can be made at a glance. Mature shells of G. hyattianum attain a size 

much larger than is yet known in the Nautiloid, and their shape is 

more discoidal. This difference, however, is much less conspicuous 

in young specimens. The shell in 0. liratum expands more abruptly 

and the umbilical shoulder is somewhat less angular and lacks the 

carina or crest that is commonly developed in the other species. The 

sculpture, singularly enough, is very similar in the two types and in 

the main is restricted to the same areas, around the umbilici. The 

transverse markings in the Nautiloid, however, indicate a deep hyponomic sinus, whereas in the Goniatite they traverse the shell more 

directly and even bend outward into a saddle rather than form a 

sinus. Frequently also the presence or absence of constrictions is an 

assisting factor, since the constrictions appear to be invariably present 

in G. hyattianum and invariably absent in 0. liratum.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005, 2010?, and 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. 

(stations 2001, 2004, and 7193).

GASTKIOCEKAS ANGULATUM Girty

Plate XXXIV, figures l-3d.

1911. Gastrioceras angulatum. Girty, New York Acad. Sci. Annals, vol. 21, p. 151. 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Coalgate quadrangle, Okla.

Shell of medium size, subglobose. The largest specimen has a 

diameter of 32 millimeters. Cross section trapezoidal, much wider 

than high. Umbilical shoulders very angular. Umbilicus wide and 

deep. Ventral surface broadly rounded, more or less parallel to the 

impressed zone. Constrictions about five to a volution, gently curved 

across the venter with the convex side forward. A typical specimen 

has a diameter of 30 millimeters with an umbilicus 16 millimeters wide. 

The thickness at the widest part of the final volution is 25 millimeters. 

The height of the final volution is 7 millimeters, the width of the impressed zone 17| millimeters. A small specimen having a diameter of 

15 millimeters is composed of 7 volutions.

The surface over the venter appears to be smooth in mature shells. 

The region of the umbilical shoulder, however, is marked by moderately coarse revolving lirae, crossed by about equally coarse transverse lirae. This cancellated area appears to be narrow and to extend 

to or just beyond the umbilical shoulder, leaving the umbilical zone 

smooth. Doubtless in the younger stages the whole surface was cancellated, though this fact is not shown by my specimens. In the later 

stages also the transverse cancellating lirse appear to be absent, leaving only a few revolving ones on the umbilical shoulder.
CEPHALOPODA. 257

The suture is not well shown by my specimens. There is a narrow 

bifid siphonal saddle with sigmoidal sides. The first lobe is extraordinarily narrow, not so wide as the siphonal saddle and less than half 

as wide as the second lobe. Both the lobes are tongue-shaped. The 

saddles are rounded, the first a little broader than the second, and 

they are considerably higher than the siphonal saddle. The umbilical shoulder passes through the outer side of the second saddle aiid 

doubtless a third tongue-shaped lobe is situated on the umbilical zone. 

The internal sutures consist of three tongue-shaped lobes of very 

nearly equal size and shape, two rounded saddles also nearly equal, 

and half of two others, one at either margin, each being interrupted 

by the limit of the depressed zone.

This species resembles especially Gastrioceras globulosum, G. welleri, 

and G. subcavum. From globulosum it differs in having more compressed whorls and a wider umbilicus. The suture is somewhat different, notably in the shape and relative size of the saddles. Difference can also be found in the sculpture, angulatum having rather 

strong transverse and revolving lines, but only at the sides, whereas 

gldbulosum has only transverse lines which, moreover, seem to cross 

the ventral surface and to have a more sinuous course.

Smith does not compare his species G. welleri with G. subcavum, but 

they appear to be very closely similar, if not entirely identical. From 

both of these G. angulatum presents slight differences in shape, 

sculpture, and suture, of about the same character as those already 

pointed out for G. gldbulosum. There is not so marked a difference in 

the size of the umbilicus, but angulatum is a broader form with less 

convex venter.

There can hardly be a question of the specific distinction between 

this and G. Jiyattianum, but they appear to intergrade to some extent 

and it is difficult to refer some young specimens satisfactorily to one 

form or the other. The striking difference in shape is less obvious 

when immature examples of Jiyattianum are in point. The sutures 

are or appear to be distinctive in each species, but they are seldom 

shown. The sculpture appears to be similar in general, character and 

similarly restricted to the umbilical region, but so far as seen that of 

angulatum is coarser than that of Jiyattianum.

The constrictions of angulatum are more regularly curved, those of 

Jiyattianum more sigmoidal. The constancy of these differences is 

more or less questionable. Young specimens, unless very typical, 

can hardly be distinguished by differences in shape. I am also inclined 

to doubt the value, without corroboration, of the shape of the constriction. The sculpture, when discernible, will probably be found 

a better differentiating character, and-the suture the best of all.

37003° Bull. 544 15 17
258 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

In shape, too, G. Jiyattianum appears to be related to G. welleri, which 

is more or less intermediate in this respect between the two forms found 

in the Wewoka formation.

G. angulatum may possibly be based on small examples belonging 

to the same species as the much larger fragment identified as G. 

excelsum.

The small specimen (PI. XXIV, fig. 3) deserves some special mention in connection with the rather similar one referred to G. Jiyattianum. In the shape, the size of the umbilicus, the curvature of the 

ventral surface, and so forth, there is no appreciable difference between 

the two specimens, although one referred to angulatum is rather wider. 

The sculpture is missing from both. In the form referred to angulatum the constriction is straighter and considerable differences in suture 

can be found, such as a narrower ventral lobe and a wider first lobe 

and saddle, differences which ally it with mature angulatum rather 

than with mature Jiyattianum. Further, the lateral lobe points less 

inward and the second lobe occurs well on the umbilical zone instead 

of on the angular umbilical shoulder.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2006 ? and 2005); Coalgate quadrangle, OMa. (station

2001).

GASTKIOCERAS EXCELSUM Meek.

Plate XXIV, figure 4.

1876. Goniatites globulpsus var. excelsus. Meek, U. S. Geog. and Geol. Survey Terr.

Bull., vol. 1, 2d ser., p. 445. 

Coal Measures: Osage, Kans.

1896. Gastrioceras excelsum. Smith, Leland Stanford Junior Univ. Pub., Contrib.

Biology Hopkins Seaside Lab. No. 9, p. 50, pi. 17, fig. 1. 

Lower Coal Measures: Pope County, Ark.

1897. Gastrioceras excelsum. Smith, Am. Philos. Soc. Proc., vol. 35, p. 50, pi. 17, fig. 1.

Lower Coal Measures: Pope County, Ark.

1903. Gastrioceras excelsum. Smith, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 42, p. 88, pi. 16, fig. 2, 

pis. 28, 29.

Upper Coal Measures: Osage, Kans.

Middle Coal Measures: Pope County, Ark.

The collection contains only one specimen of this type, and it is 

very fragmentary, but it probably belongs to the species cited above 

because of its large size and its agreement with that species in such 

characters as it is possible to observe. However, although 62 millimeters wide, it is much smaller than the very large specimen which is 

possibly to be regarded as the type of G. excelsum.

A rather interesting question is involved in the determination of the 

type specimen of G. excelsum. In 1866 Meek and Worthen figured as 

Goniatites globulosus a specimen from an unknown locality in eastern 

Kansas differing in size and some other points from the Illinois material on which the species was founded. In 1876 Meek gave an account 

of a still larger specimen from Osage in eastern Kansas and suggested
CEPHALOPODA. 259

that the shell figured 10 years previously might belong to the same 

species. Because of the large size of this later specimen Meek introduced the varietal name excelsus, but he not only did not figure the 

shell but did not even give any character, except size, by which it 

could be distinguished from globulosus. I am rather disposed to think 

that without the figure given in 1866, the name, which Smith subsequently raised to the rank of a species, should be regarded as a nomen 

nudum, whereas with this figure the office of type would appear to 

revert to the specimen it represents. Smith, however, regards as the 

type the large specimen now in the National Museum, which was the 

subject of Meek's very incomplete memorandum in 1876. The 

Wewoka fossil is much smaller than the latter and somewhat smaller 

than the specimen first figured. It may be a very large example of 

the form described above as G. angulatum.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2001).

Family AGANIDID^E.

Genus DIMORPHOCERAS Hyatt.

DlMORPHOCERAS LENTICULARE Girty.

Plate XXXV, figures 1-lb.

1911. Dimorphoceras lenticulare. Girty, New York Acad. Sci. Annals, vol. 21, p. 152. 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Coalgate quadrangle, Okla.

This species is known only from one or two fragments, but the 

characters shown are sufficient for a fairly complete description.

The shape is discoidal, much thicker at the umbilicus than at the 

venter. The size indicated is about 40 millimeters in diameter and 

about 13 millimeters in thickness. As only the septate portion is 

known, complete specimens must have been considerably larger. 

The umbilicus was small and the shell highly involute. The shape 

of the whorl section is somewhat triangular, slightly higher than 

broad. The sides are gently convex, strongly and regularly contracting to the ventral surface, which is narrow and sharply rounded. 

Probably there was a more or less distinct umbilical shoulder and a 

narrow umbilical zone.

There is a broad, rounded ventral saddle with a median notch. 

The lateral sutures consist of two parts, that toward the umbilicus 

having large turns and that toward the venter having small ones. 

The small folds, which comprise two lobes and a saddle, can be 

thought of as a large lobe coordinate with those toward the umbilicus, 

which has been divided by a median saddle. The three plications 

thus formed are nearly equal, but the first lobe and the saddle are 

rounded, whereas the second lobe is tongue-shaped. The saddle is a 

little narrower than the two lobes and the second lobe projects a little
260 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

farther backward than the first. The remainder of the suture consists of high angular plications, a saddle and a lobe, together with 

the major part of another saddle, all of which probably come within 

the limits of the visible suture when fully exposed. These lobes and 

saddles are asymmetric and have more or less sigmoidal sides. 

They are so arranged that the point of the lateral lobe is almost in 

contact with the outer side of the preceding lobe somewhat less than 

halfway up. The final saddle is broad, rounded, and asymmetric.

The only American species of Dimorphoceras is D. texanum, which 

presents numerous differences. It is a more compressed or discoidal 

shell with the cross section much narrower for the height. The venter 

bears a median groove whereas in this species it is rounded. Smith 

states that the groove is a mature character, the venter of the youthful stage being rounded. However, the specimen on which lenticulare 

is based can hardly have been more than half a volution smaller 

than the type of texanum. The suture also differs in that the first 

lobe of the group of small lobes is rounded and relatively broader in 

lenticulare than in texanum and the inner sides of the large lateral 

saddles do not not come in contact as in the latter.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2005); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2001).

DIMORPHOCERAS OKLAHOMA Girty. 

Plate XXXV, figures 2-2b.

1911. Dimorphoceras oklahomse. Girty, New York Acad. Sci. Annals, vol. 21, p. 152. 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla.

Shell lenticular in shape, thick in the middle, thin at the edges. 

Diameter, 50 millimeters; thickness, 20 millimeters. Highly involute 

with small umbilicus, measuring about 5 millimeters. The whorl 

section is more or less triangular, with gently convex, converging 

sides and narrow, strongly rounded venter. Umbilical shoulder distinct; umbilical zone narrow.

Ventral saddle rather narrow, indented on top. The two small 

ventral lobes are pointed and tongue-shaped, the first one short, the 

second long and narrow. The saddle between them is rounded. 

There is not much difference between these four lobes and saddles in 

the matter of width. If anything the ventral saddle and the small 

lateral saddle are a little wider than the two lobes. The large lateral 

saddle and lobe are about equal, moderately narrow with somewhat 

sigmoidal .sides. There also seems to be part of another large, 

rounded, asymmetric saddle. Only part of the outer limb of this 

is retained on the only specimen found, but probably the remainder 

appeared on the confines of the visible suture not exposed in the type.

This species is most closely related to D. lenticulare, from which it 

has been discriminated because of the suture. Tha differences mani-
CEPHALOPODA. 261

fested in this feature can hardly be ascribed to difference in age, 

because the two type specimens must have been nearly of a size and 

presumably of corresponding stages of development. The differences 

noted are the narrower ventral saddle, the pointed instead of rounded 

shape of the first small lobe, and the much-elongated shape of the second. The outer sides of the first large lobe are also more approximate. 

D. oldahomse differs from D. texanum in about the same characters 

pointed out for D. lenticulare, but is rather more closely related. 

This is shown, for instance, in the first small lobe, which is pointed in 

oklaTiomse. and texanum but rounded in lenticulare.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2006).

Genus GONIOLOBOCERAS Hyatt.

1900. Gonioloboceras. Hyatt, Zittel's Textbook of paleontology (Am. ed.), p. 551.

1900. Milleroceras. Hyatt, idem, p. 550.

1903. Gonioloboceras. Smith, U. S. Geol. Survey Mon. 42, p. 123.

1903. Milleroceras? Smith, idem, p. 127.

This name was introduced by Hyatt in ZitteVs Textbook of Paleontology. He did not describe the genus but merely cited a type, 

Goniatites goniolobus, and so far no description of the genus appears to 

have been given, though the characters of the type species are pretty 

well known. As based largely on the type species, Gonioloboceras is 

discoidal in shape, with deeply embracing volutions, which are narrow 

and sometimes canaliculate over the venter. The umbilicus is narrow 

or closed. The sutures consist of a large siphonal saddle indented or 

open on top with two lateral lobes and one ventral saddle, all large 

and all pointed except the lateral saddle which is incomplete and 

rounded. The sides are nearly straight or gently curved (not sigmoidal),so that the lobes and saddles are strongly angular, not tongueshaped. The siphonal saddle is, however, more or less tongue-shaped 

with sigmoidal sides.

By this description, founded principally on the type species, the 

differences between Gonioloboceras and Goniatites s. s. are not striking. So far as known they consist only of the compressed and very 

discoidal shape of Gonioloboceras and the sutures, which are characterized by the large siphonal saddle, the nearly straight instead of 

sigmoidally curved sides of the lobes and saddles, and the angular 

shape of the ventral saddles, which are nearly like the lobes. The 

saddles in Goniatites are usually rounded, but in some species (for 

instance, G. choctawensis] they are rather narrow and pointed.

As a synonym of this genus I am placing Milleroceras Hyatt, as 

already suggested by Smith. Like Gonioloboceras, which was introduced in the same work, Milleroceras was named but not described, 

though a genotype (M. parishi) was selected. In shape and suture
262 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

Milleroceras parisJii approaches Goniolobocems gonioldbum very 

closely, the only essential difference being that the siphonal saddle of 

parisJii appears not to be indented on top, a feature which might 

easily be concealed or obscured in the small shell that forms the type 

of Milleroceras, and which in fact seems not to be present in all specimens of Gonioloboceras (cf. G. wetteri).

In view of the fact that Milleroceras first appears on page 550 of 

the same work 1 in which Gonioloboceras was introduced on page 551, 

I do not know that I am justified in using the name Gonioloboceras 

for this group. As the type species of Milleroceras is based on a 

small and possibly immature specimen, it would doubtless be advantageous to have the genus referred back to the large, fine original 

of Gonioloboceras goniolobum.

In addition to the type species named by Hyatt, Smith has also 

referred to Gonioloboceras, Goniatites aUei Winchell, G. limatus Miller 

and Faber, and G. welleri Smith. I am here adding to the genus a 

new variety of Smith's species together with Milleroceras parisJii and 

also tentatively Goniates Jiaihawayanus McChesney and G. Iseviculus 

Miller and Faber, which Smith places under Glyphioceras as restricted 

by Haug.

The species thus provisionally assembled show considerable variation, so that were they to be separated into different groups the group 

containing the genotype G. goniolobum would embrace in addition 

only G. parisJii and that somewhat doubtfully. After carefully 

examining the type specimen of G. allei, which Smith refers to Gonioloboceras, I find that I can not agree that that species is a proper member of the genus. It has the shape of Gonioloboceras, compressed 

and discoidal with very small umbilicus, but the sutures are those of 

the typical Goniatites, with rounded lobes, small siphonal saddle, 

and strongly sigmoidal curves to the sides of the lobes and saddles. 

Though not globose, as is typical Goniatites, this species appears to be 

more strongly allied with Goniatites than with Gonioloboceras.

Another group is typified by G. welleri which shows certain modifications of the suture that make it more or less intermediate with 

Goniatites s. s. The shape is discoidal, with narrow venter and small 

umbilicus, but the periphery has a median channel bounded by two 

angular ridges or carinse. The siphonal saddle is large. The lobes 

and saddles (except the lateral saddle) are pointed, though not so 

sharply as in typical Gonioloboceras, and their sides are sigmoidally 

curved. Here doubtless belongs also the variety wewoJcanum, in 

which the sinuous curvature of the sutures is less distinct than in 

typical welleri but the lobes and saddles more obviously rounded. 

Goniatites Jiathawayanus too, which Smith refers to Goniatites s. s.,

i Zittel's Textbook of paleontology (Am. ed.).
CEPHALOPODA. 263

is highly suggestive of the present group of Gonioloboceras, since it is 

discoidal with a narrow venter which is traversed by a linear sulcus. 

The umbilicus is described as comparatively wide and shallow, but 

this is not clear from the only figure given. The latter shows the 

septa only imperfectly, but they appear to resemble those of Q. welleri 

var. wewokanum. They have the lobes much more sharply turned 

than the saddles, the sides of which appear to be a simple curve not 

sigmoidal.

The species thus far considered are of Pennsylvanian age. Two 

Mississippian species may very provisionally be added Gfoniatites 

limatus and G. Iseviculus one of which Smith refers doubtfully to Gonioloboceras and the other to Glyphioceras. I do not see by what characters these two forms snould be referred to different genera. In 

shape they are almost identical. The suture of neither species has 

been shown in detail, but so far as can be determined, they do not 

differ materially. The siphonal saddle of limatus is not represented 

nor described as indented, but this fact would be adverse to receiving limatus rather than the other species into Gonioloboceras (G. parisJii has the siphonal saddle similarly pointed). This character, 

however, may well be obscured (compare also G. welleri). The 

two lobes appear to be somewhat more angular in limatus than in 

Iseviculus, but this difference is no more marked than in G. welleri and 

the variety wewokanum. These differences certainly do not impress 

me as being generic; but, although I Would treat both species in the 

same way, I am doubtful as to what group they should properly be 

referred. If they belong with Gonioloboceras, where Smith has tentatively placed one of them, they form a distinct group by reason of 

their relatively wide umbilici (compare, however, G. Tiaihawayanum). 

It is possible, however, that they belong with A. meslerianum, the 

species which I made the type of the subgenus Adelphoceras.

. GONIOLOBOCERAS WELLERI var. GRACILE Girty. 

Plate XXXV, figures 3-5b.

1911. Gonioloboceras welleri var. gradle. Girty, New York Acad. Sci. Annals, vol. 21,

p. 153. 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Coalgate quadrangle, Okla.

This species shows a diameter of 53 millimeters in a fragment 

entirely septate, but the type specimen has a diameter of 43 millimeters, and its thickness through the center is 14 millimeters. 

The umbilicus is small, only 3 millimeters wide, and the whorls are 

highly involute. The sides are gently convex, contracting to a very 

narrow- venter marked by a revolving channel guarded by two thin, 

angular ridges. In the early stages the shell is less compressed and 

the venter less distinctly channeled. When still younger the venter
264 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

was probably rounded, but the two carinse with their inclosed groove 

are largely a development of .the test and do not show clearly on the 

internal mold. The surface appears to be marked by obscure, incremental lirse, the direction of which indicates a deep, broad, hyponomic sinus.

The suture consists of two lobes and two saddles on .each side, 

together with a high, broad siphonal saddle, which is rounded, but 

has a notch on the median line. The latter feature is not clear. The 

suture lines bend sharply backward near the middle, but in most 

specimens they appear to be disconnected. In one, however, they 

appear to connect into a small V-shaped reentrant angle. The 

second saddle is broad and asymmetric. The first saddle and 

the two adjacent lobes are very nearly equal, the second lobe being 

slightly broader. They are subangular but not acutely pointed. 

The sutures are closely arranged,' the inner sides of the first saddles 

being almost in contact.

This form is closely, related to G. welleri but differs in some particulars. Smith figures two mature examples of G. wellen, and it is perhaps desirable to distinguish between the type and the auxiliary 

specimen. The type specimen of. the variety gracile is a little more 

compressed than the original specimens, but I am not sure that the 

difference would be constant. The venter also seems to be narrower 

than either of them and to show the channeled condition at a stage 

when the type was rounded. The sutures are more closely arranged 

than in Smith's second specimen, in which this feature is better 

shown and from which the detail was drawn, but not more closely 

than in the type. The sides of the lobes and saddles in G. welleri 

are more sigmoidal as given by Smith, and they are very nearly

a constant distance apart, whereas in the variety gracile they are 

nearly in contact at one point, as described above, and the first lobe 

is much narrower. These differences are not so marked in the type 

specimen of G. welleri, in which the point of the second lobe is nearly 

in contact with the inner side of the lobe immediately preceding, an 

arrangement quite different from the variety gracile. Furthermore, 

Smith definitely states that the ventral saddle in his form is not 

notched but has a tongue-shaped forward extension, whereas the 

extension in my shell is as certainly backward.

These differences appear to be rather constant for the material 

examined and it seems unwarranted to consider the Wewoka form 

as quite identical with the other.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation* Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005 and 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 

2004).
FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA. 265

CRUSTACEA.

TRILOBITA. 

Family PROETIDJG.

Genus PHILLIPSIA Portlock.

PHILLIPSIA SANGAMONENSIS Meek and Worthen.

Plate XVIII, figures 10-13a.

1865. Phillipsia (Grijfithides?) Sangamonensis. Meek and Worthen, Acad. Nat. Sci.

Philadelphia Proc., p. 271. (Date of imprint, 1866.) 

Upper Coal Measures: Springfield, 111. 

1873. Phillipsia (Griffithides?) Sangamonensis. Meek and Worthen, Illinois Geol.

Survey, vol. 5, p. 615, pi. 32, fig. 4. 

Upper Coal Measures: Springfield,. 111. 

1884. Phillipsia (Gri/ithides?) Sangamonensis. White, Indiana Dept. Geology and

Nat. Hist. Thirteenth Ann. Kept., pt. 2, p. 174, pi. 39, figs. 4, 5. 

Coal Measures: Indiana. 

1886. Phillipsia Sangamoensis. Heilprin, Pennsylvania Second Geol. Survey Ann.

Kept. 1885, p. 458, fig. 14a; p. 446, fig. 14. 

Upper Coal Measures (Mill Creek limestone): Wilkes-Barre, Pa.

1886. Phillipsia Sangamoensis. Heilprin, Wyoming Hist, and Geol. Soc. Proc. and

Coll., vol. 2, pt. 2, p. 274, fig. 14; p. 277, fig. 14a. 

Upper Coal Measures (Mill Creek limestone): Wilkes-Barre, Pa.

1887. Phillipsia Sangamonensis. Herrick, Denison Univ. Sci. Lab. Bull., vol. 2,

p. 61, pi. 5, fig. 13. 

1887. Griffithides Sangamonensis. Vogdes, New York Acad. Sci. Ann., vol. 4, p. 99,

pi. 3, figs. 7, 8. 

Upper Coal Measures: Springfield, 111.

General shape elliptical, nearly twice as long as broad, about 

equally divided into cephalon, thorax, and pygidium. The cephalon, 

however, is distinctly shorter than the two other parts and the pygidium is distinctly narrower than the cephalon.

The cephalon is much wider than long. The length from the front 

to the margin of the neck ring is about half the width, but owing 

to the prolongation of the cheeks at the sides into genal spines the 

total length is three-quarters of the width or more. The cranidium 

is about half as wide as the entire cephalon, slightly longer than wide, 

slightly narrower in front than at the eyes, and considerably narrower 

at the eyes than posteriorly, the outline of the suture contracting 

strongly before and behind the palpebral lobes. The glabella is 

broad, moderately elevated and defined, with subparallel sides and 

a subrectangular or subelliptical shape. It does not extend to the 

anterior margin, but is bounded in front by a moderately broad band 

denned by a distinct groove. A deep, somewhat curved furrow 

passes obliquely across each of the posterior angles, marking off two 

moderately large lobes and dividing the posterior margin of the
266 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

glabella at the neck furrow into three nearly equal parts. In some 

specimens two other very obscure furrows pass part way across the 

glabella defining two other pairs of obscure lobes. The palpebral 

lobes are moderately large, prominent, and sharply defined. The 

neck furrow is narrow and deep; the neck ring prominent with the 

usual narrow, ribbon-like extensions from its sides caused by the 

sudden divergence of the facial sutures. The free cheeks have a, 

generally triangular shape, prolonged posteriorly at the sides into 

moderately long, stout spines. Two grooves, one parallel to the 

outer side of the free cheek, and the other parallel to its posterior 

margin, divide it into two areas, each of which is again subdivided. 

The one area consists of a broad marginal band passing around two 

sides and extended posteriorly into the genal angle, while the other 

area is triangular in shape and has an interior position. The latter 

comprises the large, abruptly, strongly, and obliquely elevated 

ellipse of the many-faceted eye and a flatter, depressed portion 

adjacent. The lateral portion of the margin gradually broadens 

from the front to the genal spine and is really a dihedral angle, each 

face of which has a gradual increase in width corresponding to that 

of the whole. The hypostoma preserved in two specimens consists of 

an elongated triangular piece, which extends backward on the under 

side nearly the full length of the cephalon. It is strongly convex in 

a transverse direction and gently convex longitudinally, the convexity in both directions dying out toward the posterior end. A 

border begins to be developed about halfway back, broadens rapidly, 

and is wide and upturned at the narrow posterior end. Toward the 

latter the hypostoma has a pair of distinct lobes, corresponding to 

the large basal lobes of the glabella above.

The thorax consists of nine segments which have the usual character. The axial portion is about a third or more of the entire width 

and is moderately convex. ^The pleural portions are depressed, somewhat flattened medially, but bent downward more strongly toward 

the extremity. For purposes of articulation the anterior margin of 

each segment is abruptly depressed below the posterior; on the pleural portions the raised or posterior margin, which is there somewhat 

broader and less prominent, is divided by a slightly oblique furrow 

which does not extend to the axis.

The pygidium is sub triangular, slightly wider than long, contracting strongly to the posterior end, which is abruptly rounded, the 

sides being nearly straight. The convexity is high, rising rather 

strongly from a somewhat broad, smooth, flat, or gently concave 

border over the lateral lobes and then again over the very prominent 

axis. At the articulating margin of the pygidium the axis is about 

as wide as the lateral lobes, but all three narrow posteriorly to 

blunt points, the lateral lobes contracting much more rapidly than
CEUSTACEA. 267

the axis. The border, on the other hand, is widest over the posterior 

margin of the pygidium and narrows anteriorly. The axis, which 

is sharply defined by a groove on either side and rises high above 

the pleura! lobes, contains about 20 segments, and each of the pleura! lobes has about 11. All the segments are strongly defined by 

narrow, deep sulci, but the annulations tend to be obsolete on the 

sides of the axis. The segments of the axis are naturally narrower 

than the lateral ones. As is usual in this group the anterior or articulating segments of the pygidium, both axial and pleural, are imperfectly subdivided by a groove; a narrow supernumerary strip or segment which has no pleural portion correlated with it is developed at 

the anterior end of the axis. l

The surf ace is smooth or finely granulose and lacks regular nodose 

ornamentation.

The Specific relations of this form are somewhat uncertain. It 

resembles Phillipsia major and Phillipsia missouriensis in the lack of 

sculpture and in the segmentation of the pygidium, from which organ 

alone both species are known. P. major has 23 axial and 12 pleural 

segments and P. missouriensis has 18 axial and 11 pleural segments 

on the pygidium. The two descriptions read so much alike as to suggest that they refer to the same species. P. major has a greater number of segments, but it is also much larger than the other and, as everyone knows who has tried to count segments on trilobite pygidia, the 

final ones are very small and faint and likely to be obscured by the 

accidents of fossilization; young specimens either do not have quite 

so many segments as old specimens of the same species or else the 

terminal segments are so small and obscure that they can not 

usually be observed.

Our interpretation of P. major is derived largely from Meek, who 

gave figures, whereas Shumard, the author of the species, did not. 

Meek, however, expresses some doubt whether the form which he 

figured was really P. major, the chief difference, as he points out, 

being that his P. major had the pygidium considerably narrower 

than Shumard's. To pygidia that appear to be conspecific with 

Meek's type and to heads associated with them and apparently belonging to the same species, the Wewoka form is very similar. 

The pygidia are uniformly more spreading, but other differences are 

less constant, being found between some specimens but not between 

others.

Another extremely similar species is Phillipsia sangamonensis.' I 

can indicarte very few points indeed in which my fossils differ from 

Mee'k and Worthen's description and figures and those are not very 

essential ones. The outline of the cephalon contracts a little more 

distinctly from the genal angles forward. The axis of the thorax 

appears to be slightly broader in some specimens but not in all, and
FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA,

the border at the end of the pygidium slightly narrower; Meek states 

that in P. sangamonensis it is one-third the length of the axial portion. 

Unless specimens of P. sangamonensis reveal more important differences than I have been able to ascertain from, the description and 

figures, I can hardly consider the Wewoka form specifically distinct. 

At the same time I see no valid differences between the pygidium of 

my form and that of P. missouriensis or even that of P. major as 

described. At present it seems not improbable that the former, if 

not both species, will prove to be the same as P. sangamonensis. Both 

of Shumard's names have priority of publication.

After a careful consideration of the description and figures given by 

Meek and Worthen I am unable to see why Vogdes placed P. sangamonensis in the genus Grifiathides unless it be that the original 

authors described it as Phillipsia (Griffithides?) sangamonensis. The 

generic position of the Wewoka form, and also of that described by 

Meek arid Worthen, which it so closely resembles, appears to me to be 

decidedly with Phillipsia rather than with Griffithides.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005 and 2006); Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (stations 

2001, 2004, and 7193). [

Genus GRIFFITHrDES Portlock.

GRIFFITHEDES PARVULUS Girty. 

Plate XVIII, figures 14,15.

1911. Griffithides parvulus. Girty, New York Acad. Sci. Annals, vol. 21, p. 154. 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla.

Carapace small, elliptical, length about two and one-half times 

the width, nearly equally divided between cephalon, thorax, and

pygidium. The head, however, even without the genal angles, is 

longer than the pygidium.

Cephalon semielliptical, considerably wider than long (if the width 

is measured from the anterior extremity to the edge of the neck rings), 

and rather tumid. Genal angles prolonged into spines of undetermined length. A broad, striated border passes around the arc of the 

cephtilic shield, terminating posteriorly in the genal spines. The 

border is strongly arched or subangular transversely, so that the outer 

surface is directed obliquely downward and outward and the inner 

surface obliquely downward and inward, thus causing it to be defined 

from the inner parts of the cephalon by a deep sulcus. The sulcus 

dies down to a depressed line as it passes around the front of the 

:glabella, and at the same time the direction of the border becomes so 

changed that its surface is essentially vertical and the anterior outline 

of the glabella is terminal when the head is seen from above. The 

 outline of the facial suture is very sinuous. The sutures almost come
CRUSTACEA. 269

together at the end of the glabella, diverging strongly as their course 

is traced backward. At the sulcus which defines the border they 

assume an opposite direction, contracting gently for an equal distance. 

They make a strong arch around the palpebral lobes and from the neck 

furrow pass somewhat obliquely outward to the articulating margin. 

The glabella is much wider toward the front than behind, occupying nearly the whole of the cranidium so that there is little of the free 

cheek except the rather small palpebral lobes. The neck furrow is 

strong and broad, passing almost directly across the cephalon to the 

two sulci defining the border. The neck ring is very broad, oblique, 

prominent, much wider than the sort of band with which it is continuous, which is produced on either side by the neck furrow. The 

posterior part of the glabella is subdivided into three knoblike lobes 

by two oblique furrows cutting off the corners, so to speak, and a cross 

furrow connecting these, parallel to and a little in front of the neck 

furrow. These lobes are rounded and the furrows between coalesce 

around them into an undefined depressed area. A partial and indistinct transverse furrow, a little in front, indicates a second annulation of the glabella. The glabella is tumid, the palpebral lobes and 

neck ring-very prominent. The large, elliptical, many-faceted eye is 

strongly oblique, and the free cheek just external to the eye also slopes 

strongly downward toward the border. A small subangular ridge 

passes around the outer margin of the eye.

The somatic segments number nine with a highly arched axal lobe 

which comprises about one-third of the entire width. The pleural lobes 

are much depressed and are defined from the axial portion by sharp 

sulci. They are nearly planate over the median portion, but bend 

strongly and abruptly downward about halfway to the extremity. 

The pleural portion of each segment is subdivided by a furrow which 

reaches almost to the axis.

The pygidium is semielliptical in outline, is broadly rounded posteriorly, and has a broad, smooth, oblique and depressed border which 

narrows somewhat anteriorly. The axis is strongly and sharply elevated and defined by well-marked grooves. It is flattened on top and 

nearly quadrate in section. The lateral lobes are moderately inflated, 

the convexity being irregular, so that an angulation is formed down 

the center of each, appearing on the segments on either side as a row 

of prominences or nodes. The segmentation of the pygidium is 

strong, produced by deep, sharp grooves which do not extend onto 

the border nor onto the sides of the pygidium. They define about 

12 axial rings and about 7 lateral ones.

The surface is marked by granules or small nodes which appear on 

the more prominent parts of the surface, on the basal portion of the 

glabella, on the crest of the neck ring, along the little ridge under the 

eyes, and in rows across the segments of the axis of both thorax and
270 FAUNA OF WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

pygidium. The pleural segments are either without these nodes or 

have them fewer, smaller, and less conspicuous.

Except for Griffithides sangamonensis, which I believe to be a 

Phillipsia, only two species of Griffithides are known in our American 

Pennsylvanian, G. ornatus and G. scitulus; and of these two, only 

G. ornatus appears to be marked with nodes like those of G. parvulus. 

In manyjrespects G. parvulus is very similar to G. ornatus, but aside 

from being very much smaller, it presents important and striking 

differences in the configuration of the basal portion of the glabella.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, 

Okla. (stations 2005 and 2006).

OSTRACODA. 

Family CYTHERELLID^E.

Genus CYTHERELLA Jones.

CYTHERELLA sp.

This type is represented by a single rather imperfect specimen. 

The size is moderately large (length, 1.4 millimeters; width, 0.77 millimeter) and the shape elliptical with narrowly rounded ends. ' The convexity is relatively low and is greatest at a point rather more central 

than is common in the genus. The surface appears to be smooth. 

The larger valve does not project far beyond the smaller, the projection being greatest along the upper and lower margins.

The peculiarities of this form are its more than usual size, its somewhat pointed ends, and its more central than terminal convexity. In 

the latter particular comparisons can be made with C. subreniformis 

which, however, is a smaller and less elongated species. The present 

form is also comparable to the Pennsylvanian shell from Iowa which 

Jones, Kirkby, and Brady refer to C. concinna? The most noteworthy 

difference is that the convexity is highest near the middle instead of at 

one extremity. The same peculiarity, together with the less truncated ends and in some specimens the larger size, distinguishes this 

shell from other American Cytherellas.

Horizon and locality. Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, 

Okla. (station 2026).
REGISTEK OF LOCALITIES.

2001. Coalgate quadrangle. Seven collections, five from west of the center of sec. 24, 

and two from the northern part of sec. 23, T. 5 N., B. 8 E. All appear to be in 

the lower shale of the Wewoka formation.

:2004. Coalgate quadrangle. Two collections, one from the southeast corner of the 

southwest quarter, the other from the southwest corner of the southeast quarter of sec. 32, T. 6 N., B. 9 E. One and probably both are in the middle shale 

of the Wewoka formation, 50 feet below the sandstone.

2005. Wewoka quadrangle. Four collections from sec. 2 (three of them from the southeast quarter), T. 6 N., B. 9 E. The horizon appears to be in the middle shale 

of the Wewoka formation.

2006. Wewoka quadrangle. Seventeen collections from the bluffs on the north side 

of the Canadian Biver valley, from the northern part of sec. 5, T. 6 N., B. 9 E., 

and the adjacent southern part of sec. 32, T. 7 N., B. 9 E. The horizon is in 

the middle shale of the Wewoka formation, from 25 to 75 feet below the sandstone.

2009. Wewoka quadrangle. Bailroad cut near the center of sec. 9, T. 6 N., B. 9 E. 

From a sandstone, possibly the sandstone between the lower and middle shales, 

more probably a thin seam in the lower shale.

2010. Wewoka quadrangle. Bailroad cut in sec. 10, T. 6 N., B. 9 E. Probably the

lower shale of the Wewoka formation. 

2021. Wewoka quadrangle. Northeast corner of the NW. £ sec. 31, T. 7 N., B. 9 E.

Probably from the middle shale of the Wewoka formation. 

2026. Coalgate quadrangle. Southwest corner of sec. 32, T. 5 N., B. 8 E. From a thin

limestone locally developed near the top of the. lower shale of the Wewoka

formation. 

7193. Coalgate quadrangle. Two collections, "one from sec. 32, the other from the

SW. i sec. 33; both from the lower shale, 50 feet below the sandstone.

271

PLATES I-XXXV.

37003° Bull. 544 1.5 18 273
PLATE I.

FUSULINA INCONSPICUA 'p. 15).

FIGURE 1. A thin section cut longitudinally through a specimen, X 15.

2. Another thin section, longitudinal, X 15. 

. 3. A transverse section, X 15- 

4-8. Side views of five different specimens, X 5.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2026).

SPONGE? sp. A (p. 18).

FIGURE 9. A crinoid plate deformed by some boring organism, possibly a sponge. 

10. Side view of a crinoid stem similarly attacked. 

lOa. Opposite side of same.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

VlRGULA? sp. (p. 18).

FIGURE 11. Side view of an organism of somewhat doubtful affinities, X 2. 

lla. Opposite side, X 2. 

lib. Same in outline, natural size.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

WEWOKELLA SOLIDA (p. 17).

FIGURE 12. A fragmentary specimen; exterior side. 

12a. Part of same, X 2. 

13. Interior side of the typical specimen. 

13a. Exterior side. 

13b. Part of surface, X 2.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2004). 

274
U. 6. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

BULLETIN 644 PLATE I

13

FOSSILS OF THE WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA. 

PROTOZOA AND SPONGIXE.
PLATE II.

LOPHOPHYLLUM PROFUNDUM (p. 19).

FIGURE 1. A somewhat distorted specimen. The walls of the calice are broken away, 

so that the pseudocolumella is shown. View on the side of the cardinal 

septum, X 1£. 

la. Same, view on the side of one of the alar septa, X !£ 

2. Thin section through the mature portion of a characteristic specimen, 

X 4. Many of the septa are fused by stereoplasma with the pseudocolumella, but in no instance.does the primary plate extend to the axis 

of that structure.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2005).

3. A broken specimen showing dissepiments. The pseudocolumella is at the 

- right.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

4. View looking down on the broken calice of a weathered specimen.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2001). 

'5. A young specimen attached to a crinoid stem. 

6. Side view of a specimen showing calicinal gemmation. 

6a. Same, seen from above. The ' 'bud'' here conceals from view the pseudocolumella of the parent corallite, which is well shown in the side view. 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006). 

For other figures of this species see Plate VI, figures 12, 14.

LOPHOPHYLLUM PROFUNDUM var. RADICOSUM (p. 27).

FIGURE 7. Side view of a specimen with large and numerous stolons.

8. Side view of a specimen with much fewer stolons.

9. A characteristic specimen attached to a crinoid stem.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

HAPSOPHYLLUM ? sp. (p. 28).

FIGURE 10. A representative specimen of this group. It is not improbable, however, 

that this specimen is really a misleading example of Lophophyllum 

from which the pseudocolumella has been broken.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2005).

MlCHELINIA EUGENEJE (p. 29).

FIGURE 11. Side view of the only specimen of the species found. The surface of 

attachment is shown in the lower half of the figure, at the very base the 

initial point, 

lla. Opposite side of same.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006). 

276
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 544 PLATE II

la

10

lla

FOSSILS OF THE WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA. 

CCELENTERATA.
PLATE III.

CRINOID STEMS, EEPRESENTING GROUP A (p. 30).

FIGURE 1. Side view of a' fragment of a stem with, large cirri. The character of the 

ends is not well shown but it seems to resemble that seen in figure 3. 

The axial canal is smaller, however, here only about 3 millimeters in 

diameter.

2. Side view of a slender stem with large cirri. From its size and markings 

this might be the stem of Hydreionocrinus patulus; or it might be a cirrus of one of the larger stems.

2a. End view.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

3. A single large segment, seen from above. 

3a. Side of same.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2021).

4. Two segments of somewhat different detail. 

4a. Side view.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

5. A smaller segment somewhat different in detail. 

5a. Side view.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2021).

6. A specimen, unique of its kind, with numerous and small cirri.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 7193).

CRINOID STEMS, REPRESENTING GROUP B (p-. 32).

FIGURE 7. Side view of a stem with unusually numerous cirri, some of which are 

exceptionally large.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006). 

8. A single segment showing the markings of the flat side. 

8a. Side of same.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2021).

DELOCRINUS HEMISPHERICUS ? (p. 34).

FIGURE 9. Outer surface of a radial plate belonging to a species of Delocrinus, X 2. 

9a. Upper surface, X 2.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2005). 

DELOCRINUS? sp. (p. 36).'

FIGURE 10. First brachial plate; seen from above. 

lOa. Same; seen from below. 

lOb. End of same.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2005).

1 EUPACHYCRINUS sp. (p. 33).

FIGURE 11. A small-basal plate, characterized by its very coarse sculpture.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

EUPACHYCRINUS VERRUCOSUS? (p. 32).

FIGURE 12. A basal plate characteristic of the Wewoka form.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

HYDREIONOCRINUS PATULUS (p. 36).

FIGURE 13. The type specimen, seen from above. 

13a. Same, X 2.

13b. Same; seen from below, X 2. 

13c. Side view, X 2.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006). 

278
BULLETIN 544 PLATE 111

FOSSILS OF THE WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA. 

CRINOIDEA.
PLATE IV.

ECHINOCRINUS aff. GRATIS (p. 37).

FIGURE 1. At station 2001 the fossils occur as small irregular concretions, through 

which the shells are thickly sprinkled and from the surface of which 

they project in bold relief. The slab which the figure represents, X 1£ 

is thickly crossed by spines of an echinoderm, and as this is the only 

specimen in which such spines occur abundantly, it appears not improbable that they may all have come from a single individual.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2001). 

280 '
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 544 PLATE IV

FOSSILS OF THE WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

ECHINOIDEA.
PLATE V.

CONULAEIA CRUSTULA VaT. HOLDENVILL^ (p. 44).

FIGURE 1. Side view of a large fragment, X 2. 

la. Same in outline, natural size.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2004).

2. Side of a smaller, more nearly perfect specimen, X 2. 

2a. Same in outline, natural size. 

2b. Part of same, X 5.

3. Part of a very fragmentary specimen with well-preserved surface. The 

nodes on the costae, which in this specimen are angular, are in others 

round, and the regularity of the wrinkles in the intercostal tissue is not a 

constant feature, X 15. 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

CONULARIA CRUSTULA (p. 42).

FIGURE 4. Side view of the most complete specimen (but not the largest) in the

collection, X 2.

4a. Same in outline, natural size.

5. Part of a squeeze made from an internal mold, showing the crenulations of 

the costse, X 5. 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

ENCHOSTOMA sp. (p. 39).

FIGURE 6. A fragment of the broad type showing the lateral ribs and the flexible inter? 

mediate tissue, X 2.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2001) 

SERPULOPSIS INSITA (p. 41).

FIGURE 7. A specimen of Composita subtilita, thickly covered with the tubes of this 

form, X 2.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2004). 

8. Part of a specimen of Lophophyllum profundum, showing borings supposed 

to be made by this species, X 2. The specimen is.the same as that shown 

on Plate VI, figure 12.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2001). 

For other figures of this species see Plate VI, figure 13. 

282 "
U. 8. QEOLOGICAL SURVEY

la

XI5

XZ.

: 4 .-

FOSSILS OF THE WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA. 

ANNELIDA.
PLATE VI.

RCEMERELLA PATULA (p. 51).

FIGURE 1. A small dorsal valve; seen from above, X 2. 

la. Same, side view in outline, X 2.

2. A large dorsal valve. It is somewhat crushed, and to this perhaps is due 

the furrow down the posterior side, which is an abnormal feature. The 

striation is represented as somewhat too coarse because it was impossible 

to draw it to the natural scale. 

2a. Same, side view in outline.

3. A small dorsal valve; seen from above, X 2. 

3a. Same, side view in outline, X 2.

4. Internal mold of a dorsal valve;;.seen from above.

5. Internal mold of a dorsal,,valy.e.irw4ih-very strong septa; seen from above. 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka'quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

6. Internal mold of a dorsal valve, showing bipartite muscle scars; seen

from above, X 2. 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2010).

7. A ventral valve somewhat flattened by compression; seen from above, X 2.

8. Another ventral valve, also somewhat crushed; seen from above, X 2.

9. A small ventral valve, much exfoliated; seen from above.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).. 

For other figures of this species see Plate X, figures 14a, 14b.

RCEMEKELLA? Sp. (p. 52).

FIGURE 10. Internal mold of a dorsal valve of doubtful affinities; seen from above. 

lOa. Same, side view, in'outline.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

LlNGULIPORA NEBRASKENSIS (p. 50).

FIGURE 11. Exterior of an imperfect specimen, X 2. 

lla. Same, natural size, in outline.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2004).

CRANIA MODESTA (p. 53).

FIGURE 12. Side view of a large specimen of Lophophyllum profundum which has 10 

specimens of Crania modesta attached to it. Most of the Cranias appear to be ventral valves.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2001).

13. A Composita subtilita which has a large and a small specimen attached to 

it. Both Cranias are probably ventral valves.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 7193).

14. A ventral valve attached to Lophophyllum profundum. The posterior 

adductors are strongly elevated. 

Cisco formation: Graham, Tex.

STREPTOKHYNCHUS OKLAHOMA (p. 58).

FIGURE 15. Ventral valve of a fragmentary specimen preserved, as an internal mold.

No imprint of a median septum is shown. 

15a. Dorsal view of same. The imprints of the rather strong dental calluses

are well shown. 

15b. Side view in outline.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2001). 

284
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 544 PLATE VI

la 3a

10

lOa

13 '

FOSSILS OF THE WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA. 

BRACHIOPODA.
PLATE VII.

DERBYA CRASSA (p. 54).

FIGURE 1.. Dorsal view of a characteristic specimen, 

la. Ventral view. 

Ib. Side view, in outline. 

Ic. Part of surface, X 4.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle^ Okla. (station 2004).

CHONETES GRANULIFER var.'ARMATUS (p. 62).

FIGURE 2. Ventral, view of a small specimen with well-preserved spines. 

2a. Same, X 2.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

3. A somewhat compressed specimen of medium size; ventral view. 

3a. Same, X'2. . 

4. Ventral view of a large, imperfect specimen, X 2.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 7193).

CHONETES MESOLOBUS var. DECIPIENS (p. 62).

FIGURE 5. Ventral view of a strongly lobate specimen.

6. Ventral view of a characteristic specimen of rather large size, X 2;

7. Ventral view of a characteristic specimen.

7a. Same, X 2. . . 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

CHONETES MESOLOBUS var. EUAMPYGTJS (p. 64).

FIGURE 8. Ventral view of a large specimen intermediate with the variety decipiens. 

9. Dorsal view of a rather small specimen. 

9a. Dorsal view, X 2. 

9b. Ventral view of same. 

9c. Ventral view, X 2.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

CHONETES MESOLOBUS (figured for comparison).

FIGURE 10. A characteristic specimen of the typical variety, X 2.

11. Another specimen which shows clearly the bases of spinules, X 4. 

"Coal Measures": Flint Ridge, Ohio.

CHONETES GRANULIFER (p. 59).

FIGURE 12. A specimen from Oklahoma referred to this species. It seems to be somewhat compressed; ventral view, X 2.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006). 

13. A characteristic specimen of the type for which it is believed the name

Chbnetes granulifer was introduced. Ventral view. 

13a. Dorsal view. . 

13b. Ventral view, X 2.

Fort Scott limestone: Chetopa, Kans. 

286 ' '
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 544 PLATE VII

FOSSILS OF THE WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA. 

BRACHIOPODA.
PLATE VIII.

PRODUCTUS INFLATUS var. COLORADOENSIS n. var. (p. 64).

FIGURE 1. An imperfect and rather irregular ventral valve. 

2. An impression of a dorsal valve.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 7193).

PRODUCTUS PERTENUIS (p. 75).

FIGURE 3. A large ventral valve. . 

3a. Same, X 2.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2005).

PRODUCTUS CORA (p. 68).

FIGURE 4. A ventral valve, with scarcely perceptible sinus, 

4a. Side view in outline.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2001).

5. A ventral valve, in which the costse that develop spines are raised above 

the others.

6. An unusual ventral valve having an extended hinge line and numerous 

irregularly distributed spines.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2004).

PRODUCTUS INSINUATUS (p. 72).

FIGURE 7. A crushed ventral valve referred to this species. 

8. Another ventral valve of different proportions.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2009). 

For other figures of this species see Plate IX.

288 ' " ' .
U. 8. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 544 PLATE VIII

FOSSILS OF THE WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA. 

BRACHIOPODA.

37003° Bull. 544 15 10
PLATE IX.

PRODTJCTUS INSINUATUS (p. 72).

FIGURE 1. An imperfect ventral valve of the transverse type.

2. An imperfect valve similar to the foregoing but with the angular fold intact. 

Fort Scott limestone: Chetopa, Kans.

3. A ventral valve of the elongate type with deep marginal sinus.

Piqua limestone: Fredonia, Kans. 

3a. Side view in outline.
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY IULLETIN 644 PLATE IX

FOSSILS OF THE WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA. 

BRACHIOPODA.
PLATE X.

' MARGINIFERA SPLENDENS (p. 76).

\

FIGURE 1. Ventral view of a characteristic specimen, 

la. Anterior view. .v 

Ib. Side view, in outline. *.;*-. 

2. Dorsal view of a somewhat smaller specimen. 

2a. Side view, in outline. 

2b. Ventral view.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

MARGINIFEEA MURICATA (p. 78).

FIGURE 3. Ventral view of a coarsely ribbed specimen.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2005). 

4. Dorsal view of a characteristic specimen of the type found in the Wewoka

formation. 

4a. Ventral view of same.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 7193).

MARGINIFERA LASALLENSIS? (p. 79).

FIGURE 5. A characteristic specimen of a rather variable form provisionally referred 

to this species. It may not be a Marginifera at all, but only a variety 

of the associated species cited as Productus inftatus var. coloradoensis. 

5a. Side view, in outline.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle: Okla. (station 2006).

PEODUCTUS NEBRASKENSIS (p. 65).

FIGURE 6. Dorsal view of a specimen without a sinus, without coarse concentric undulations, and with small, crowded, subequal spines. 

6a. Ventral view.

. Wewoka .formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2001). 

7. Ventral view of a specimen with a sinus, with coarse, transverse undulations, and with spines of two distinct series.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 7193).

STEOPHALOSIA SPONDYLIFOEMIS ? (p.'80).

FIGURE 8. The only specimen discovered. It is attached to a corallum of Lophophyllum profundum, X 4.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2005). 

292
PLATE X. . 293

PUGNAX OSAGENSIS Var. PERCOSTATA (p. 83).

FIGURE 9. Dorsal view of a small specimen, intermediate between the species and

the variety.

9a. Anterior view, in outline. . 

9b. Ventral view.

10. Dorsal view of the typical specimen. 

lOa. .Ventral view of same. 

lOb. Anterior view, in outline. 

lOc. Side view, in outline.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2001).

PUGNAX OSAGENSIS (p. 81).

FIGURE 11. Dorsal view of a characteristic specimen, 

lla. Anterior view, in outline, 

lib. Side view, in outline, 

lie. Ventral view.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2001),

RHYNCHOPORA ILLINOISENSIS (p. 85).

FIGURE 12. The only specimen found. It is an internal mold and very imperfect.

Dorsal view. ' 

12a. Anterior view, in outline. 

12b. Side view, in outline. 

12c. Ventral view.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2005).

PUGNAX ROCKYMONTANA (p. S3).

FIGURE 13. Dorsal view of an abnormal specimen with four plications on the fold.

14. Dorsal view of a characteristic specimen. 

14a. Ventral view showing two young specimens of Rcemcrella patula in the

sinus. 

14b. Anterior view of same.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

BULLETIN 544 PLATE X

13

FOSSILS OF THE WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA. 

 . . BRACHIOPODA.
PLATE XL

SQUAMULARIA PERPLEX A (p. 92). *

FIGURE 1. An average, though perhaps somewhat gibbous specimen. Dorsal view, 

la. Side view, in outline.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2004).

2. An elongate and very gibbous specimen. Dorsal view. 

2a. Side view, in outline.

3. A young, transverse specimen. Dorsal view. 

3a. Side view, in outline.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 7193).

SPIRIFER. CAMERATUS (p. 87).

FIGURE 4. An imperfect specimen referred to this species. Side view, in outline. 

4a. Ventral view. 

4b. Dorsal \dew.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2001). '.

SPIRIFER aff. S. BOONENSIS (p. 91).

FIGURE 5. A ventral valve, the only specimen of the species found, and of doiibtful 

affinities. ' 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

AMBOCCELIA PLANICONVEXA (p. -94).

FIGURE 6. A narrow specimen with a distinct sinus. Ventral view. 

6a. Dorsal view. 

6b. Side view, in outline.

7. A broad specimen, in which a sinus is lacking. Ventral view. 

7a. Side view, in outline. 

7b. Dorsal view, X 2.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

SPIRIFERINA KENTUCKYENSIS (p. 85).

FIGURE 8. A crushed specimen, the only one obtained. Dorsal view. 

Sa. Same, X 3.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006). 

296
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 644 PLATE XI

6a

3a

FOSSILS OF THE WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA. 

BRACHIOPODA.
PLATE XII.

CLEIOTHYRIDINA ORBICULARIS (p. 101).

FIGURE 1. Dorsal view of a transverse, discoidal specimen, 

la. Dorsal view, X 2. 

Ib. Ventral view, X 2.. 

Ic. Side view, in outline.

2. A gibbous, elongate specimen. Dorsal view. 

2a. Dorsal view, X 2. 

2b. Side view, in outline. 

2c. Ventral view, X 2.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2005).

3. A gibbous transverse specimen. . Dorsal view. 

3a. Dorsal view, X 2. 

3b. Ventral view, X 2. 

3c. Side view, in outline.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla.- (station 2006).

COMPOSITA SUBTILITA (p. 96).

FIGURE 4; Ventral view of a characteristic specimen. 

4a. Dorsal view. 

4b. Anterior view, in outline. 

4c. Side view, in outline.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2004). 

For additional figures of this species, see Plate V, figure 7, and Plate VI, 

figure 13.

HUSTEDIA MORMONI (p. 103).

FIGURE 5. A large specimen with only 13 plications on the dorsal valve and a distinct

fold and sinus. Dorsal view. 

5a. Ventral view, X 2. 

5b. Anterior view, X 2.

6. Dorsal view of a small specimen with 16 plications 011 the dorsal valve. 

6a. Ventral view, X 2.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2004). 

298 .
U. 6. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 544 PLATE XII

lc

2b

3c

FOSSILS OF THE WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA. 

BRACHIOPODA.
PLATE XIII.

NUCULA ANODONTOIDES ? (p. 111).

FIGURE 1. Bight valve of a characteristic specimen, 

la. Same, X 2. 

Ib. Cardinal view.

 Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 7193).

2. Eight valve of another specimen.

. 2a. Internal mold of left valve of same, showing large anterior and posterior 

adductor scars, X 2. 

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2004).

3. Right valve of a large specimen. 

3a. Cardinal view of same.

4. Left valve of a specimen with rather distinct lunule and escutcheon, X 2. 

4a. Posterior view, X 2. . 

4b. Cardinal view, X 2.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2005).

5. Cardinal view of an internal mold, showing the anterior and posterior 

pedal scars, X 4.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2001).

NUCULA WEWOKANA (p. 110).

FIGURE 6. Right valve of a characteristic specimen, X 4. 

6a. Cardinal view, X 4. 

6b. Posterior view, X 4. 

7. Right valve of a similar specimen, X 4. 

7a. Same in outline, natural size. 

7b. Cardinal view, X 4. 

7c. Posterior view, X 4.

8; Right valve of a differently shaped specimen having the lunule and 

escutcheon ill defined, X 4. The identification of this species is

doubtful. . Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2005).

YOLDIA GLABRA.(p. 126).

FIGURE 9. Internal mold of a left valve showing muscle scars, X 3. 

9a. Cardinal view.of the same specimen, X 3.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

10. Left valve of a nearly perfect specimen.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle. Okla. (station 7193).

11. A specimen shaped much like the type; left valve.

12. Cardinal view of a specimen having structures resembling ligamental 

grooves in front of the beaks, X 2.

13. A specimen with well-marked constriction; left valve, X 2.

14. Left valve of a large specimen. 

14a. Cardinal view of same.

15. A still larger specimen; left valve.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006). 

300
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 544 PLATE XIII

FOSSILS OF THE WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA. 

PELECYPODA.
PLATE XIV.

LEDA BELLISTRIATA (p. 122).

FIGURE 1. Eight valve of a characteristic specimen, 

la. Same, X 2. 

ib. Cardinal view of same specimen, X 2. .

2. Right valve of a specimen less produced on the posterior end than usual. 

2a. Same, X 2.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

3. Right valve of a small specimen, less extended than usual. 

3a. Sahie, X 2.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2004).

4. Right valve of an internal mold showing muscle scars, X 2. 

4a. Cardinal view of same specimen, X 2. This view shows, besides the large 

posterior adductors, a pair of small anterior and posterior pedal scars, 

and a pair of umbonal impressions.

5. Interior of a right valve showing the chondrophore and the dentition, X 2.

6. Another specimen, showing the dentition of the same valve, X 2. A 

chondrophore here appears to be missing.

7. A very young specimen, right valve. 

7a. Same, X 2.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

8. Right valve of an abnormal specimen.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2004).

9. Internal mold of a specimen showing muscle scars and dentition. Cardinal view, X 3. 

9a. Left valve, X 3.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

LEDA BELLISTRIATA var. ATTENUATA (p. 125). 

FIGURE 10. Right valve of a characteristic specimen.

10a. Same, X 2. 

lOb. Cardinal view, X 2.

11. Right valve of a specimen showing extreme characters, possibly somewhat exaggerated by compression, X 2. 

lla. Same in outline, natural size. 

lib. Cardinal view of same, X 2.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

EDMONDIA GIBBOSA (p. 107).

FIGURE 12. A right valve.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

 -''' EDMONDIA OVATA (p. 106).

FIGURE 13. Left valve of a large specimen.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006). 

302
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 544 PLATE XIV

11

FOSSILS OF THE WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA. 

PELECYPODA.
PLATE XV.

NUCULOPSIS VENTRICOSA (p. 117).

FIGURE 1. Internal mold of a right valve, showing the large anterior and posterior

scars, X 2. 

la. Anterior view, X 2, showing two other small scars at the anterior end.

2. Internal mold of another right valve, X 2.

2a. Cardinal view of same, X 2. This view shows the line of interlocking 

denticles, the large posterior scar, and a pair of smaller pedal (?) scars just 

anterior. . 

3. Cardinal view of a specimen with the ligamental area very well shown, X 2. 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

4. A large specimen, well. preserved, and very characteristically shaped.

Left valve. 

.4a. Same, X 2. 

4b. Anterior view, X 2.

4c. Cardinal view, X 2. . 

Cisco formation, Ivan, Tex.

5. Left valve of a specimen from the Wewoka formation of average size and

characteristic shape. 

5a. Cardinal view. 

5b. Anterior view.

6. Interior of a left valve, X 2. The small posterior teeth appear to'terminate 

abruptly against the "large anterior ones without any visible chondrophore.

7. Interior of a right valve, X "2. The arrangement of the teeth is different 

in this specimen from the last, and a chondrophore seems to be present, 

not interrupting the line of denticles, but situated below them. 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

8. Left valve of a young specimen.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2004).

ANTHRACONEILO TAFFIANA (p ; 114).

FIGURE 9. Internal mold of a right valve, showing what appears to be the pallial line.

10. A characteristic mature specimen. Left valve. 

lOa. Cardinal view.

11. Left valve of smaller specimen, 

lla. Cardinal view of same.

12. Internal mold of a right valve. This seems to show the pallial line, which 

appears to have a sinus as in figure 9. There is also a thickening of the 

shell, or septum, just back of the beak which probably helps define the 

posterior scar. 

12a. Cardinal view, showing both valves, X 2.

13. The cardinal portion of a right valve, showing dentition, X 2. At the left 

 are a large number of small denticles and at the fight a few large ones, 

the intermediate portion being concealed.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006). 

304 . .
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 544 PLATE XV

x2

5b

12a 12

FOSSILS QJ THE WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA. 

PELECYPODA.

37003° Bull. 544/^15 20 . :
PLATE XVI.

DELTOPECTEN TEXANTJS (p. 132).

FIGURE ]. Left valve of a large specimen, 

la. Right valve of same. 

Ib. Side view, in outline. 

2. Right valve of the type specimen. Owing to breakage the cardinal area of

the left valve is also shown. 

2a. Side view,,in outline. 

2b. Left valve.

These are copies of the original illustrations based on specimens from 

Texas, the Wewoka examples being too fragmentary for illustration. 

 306
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 544 PLATE XVI

FOSSILS OF THE WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA. 

PELECYPODA.
PLATE XVII.

AVICULIPINNA AMERICANA (p. 128).

FIGURE 1. Right valve of an imperfect specimen, 

la. Cross section of same.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2005).

SCHIZODUS AFFINIS? (p. 131).

FIGURE 2. Left valve of a well-preserved specimen. 

2a. Cardinal view of same.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

SCHIZODUS ALPINUS (p. 130).

FIGURE 3. An imperfect left valve.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

PSEUDOMONOTIS KANSASENSIS (p. 129).

FIGURE 4. A small convex specimen apparently grown upon a larger, flatter specimen

of the same species, X 1J4a. The smaller example, natural size.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2005).

DELTOPECTEN VANVLEETI? (p. .133).

FIGURE 5. A fragmentary specimen preserved as an internal mold.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2001).

LlMATCJLA? FASCICULATA (p. 138).

FIGURE 6. An imperfect left valve. 

6a. Same, X 2. 

6b. Side view of same, X 2.

7. Another specimen, provisionally referred to the same species in spite of its 

much more rotund shape, X 2. Because of the abrupt deflection of the 

shell at the right side this would appear to be a right instead of a left 

valve. 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

LIMA RETIFERA (p. 137).

FIGURE 8. An imperfect left valve.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2005).

ACANTHOPECTEN ARMIGER.

FIGURE 9. A copy of Conrad's figure of Pecten armigerus; given to show its probable 

identity with Acanthopecten carboniferus.

Carboniferous: Allegheny Mountain, Pa. 

308
PLATE XVII. 309

ACANTHOPECTEN CAEBONIFERUS (p. 134).

FIGURE 10. An impression of a left valve. 

lOa. Same, X 2.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2001).

PLAGIOSTOMA? ACOSTA (p. 140).

FIGURE 11. A bivalve specimen. Bight valve, 

lla. Left valve.

Wewoka formation: AVewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

MODIOLA SUBELLIPTICA ? (p. 141).

FIGURE 12. Left valve of an imperfect specimen.

Wewoka formation: AVewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2005).

ALLEBISMA? sp. (p. 141).

FIGURE 13. Right valve of a small shell of doubtful specific affinities.

Wewoka formation: AVewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 5*4 PLATE XVII

lla

FOSSILS OF THE WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA. 

PE.LECYPODA.

13
PLATE XVIII.

ASTARTELLA VARICA ? (p. 145).

FIGURE 1. Right valve of a specimen resembling A. concentrica in shape, but with 

coarser sculpture. Many variations in shape are found with similarly 

widely spaced lamellae, 

la. Cardinal view. 

Ib. Anterior view.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006)-.

ASTARTELLA CONCENTRICA (p. 142).

FIGURE 2. A copy of Conrad's figure of Nuculites concentricns.' 

Carboniferous: Allegheny Mountain, Pa.

3. Left valve of a characteristic specimen from the Wewoka formation. 

3a. Cardinal view. 

3b. Anterior view.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

4. Right valve of a young specimen very similar to Posidonia moorei Gabb 

(fig. 8). 

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2004).

5. Left valve of a contracted variety.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

6. Right valve of a small specimen.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2001).

7. Right valve of an extremely abbreviated, subcircular specimen.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

8. A copy of Gabb's figure of Posidonia moorei. 

' ' Coal Measures ": Fort Belknap, Tex. 

9. Part of the surface of an abnormal specimen showing traces of costse, X 3. 

This may be due to weathering or to exfoliation. 

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2001).

PHILLIPSIA SANGAMONENSIS (p. 265).

FIGURE 10. A large specimen, more of less disjoin ted.

11. A well-preserved pygidium.

12. An imperfect cranidium; upper side. 

12a. Under side, X 2, showing the posterior portion of the hypostoma.

13. Upper side of another imperfect cranidium, X 2.

13a. Lower side of same, showing the anterior portion of the hypostoma, X 2. 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2005).

GRIFFITHIDES PARVULUS (p. 268).

FIGURE 14. A complete specimen, inrolled, and somewhat crushed. Posterior half,

X3. 

14a. Anterior half, X 3.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006). 

15. Posterior portion of another complete specimen, X 3.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2005). 

312
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 544 PLATE XVIII

lb

J_

3b 3a

14a

FOSSILS OF THE WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA. 

PELECYPODA AND TRILOBITA.
PLATE XIX.

BELLEROPHON CKASSUS var. WEWOKANUS (p. 164).

FIGURE 1. An imperfect specimen. Side view, somewhat tilted, showing the closed

umbilicus, X 2. 

la. Same, apertural view. 

Ib. Same, side view, in outline. 

Ic. Same, "dorsal" view, X 2.

2. "Dorsal" view of a small specimen, showing the fissure. 

2a. Same, apertural view.

3. "Dorsal" view of a narrow specimen, X 2. 

3a. Apertural view of same, in outline. 

3b. Side view of same, in outline.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

PHARKIDONOTUS PERCARINATUS (p. 165).

.FIGURES 4, 4a. Copies of Conrad's original figures of Bellerophon percarinatus. 

Carboniferous: Allegheny Mountain, Pa.

5. A characteristic specimen of "Bellerophon harrodi," with obscure slit

band. Apertural view, X 2. 

5a. Same, "dorsal" view, X 2. 

5b. Same, side view, X 2.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

6. A specimen more transitional to the variety tricarinatus, showing no

trace of a slit band. Side view in outline. 

6a. "Dorsal" view of same. 

6b. Apertural view, in outline.

7. A small specimen having an obscure slit band. "Dorsal" view, with 

aperture oblique, X 2. This specimen also has features suggesting the 

variety tricarinatus. 

7a; Same, natural size.

8. A small specimen with obscure slit band. Dorsal view with oblique

aperture. 

8a. Same, X 2.

Wewoka formation: Wewokr, quadrangle, Okla. (station 2005).

9. The type specimen of "Bellerophon harrodi;" side view, X 2. 

9a. Apertural view of same. 

9b. "Dorsal" view of same. 

9c. Same, X 2.

"Upper Coal Measures": Oakwood, Vermilion County, 111. 

314
U, S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 544 PLATE XIX

FOSSILS OF THE WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA. 

GASTROPODA.
PLATE XX.

PATELLOSTIUM MONTFORTIANUM (p. 172).

FIGURE 1. A specimen much broken at the aperture but with well-preserved sculpture; apertural view, 

la. "Dorsal" view. 

Ib. Same, X 3. 

Ic. Side view, in outline.

2. "Dorsal" view of a specimen much broken at the aperture, X 2. 

2a. Opposite view, showing the greatly developed callosity, X 2. 

2b. Side view, X 2.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2005).

3. The least imperfect specimen examined, one which is less strongly plicated 

than ?ome of the others. "Dorsal" view with the flaring aperture 

restored.

3a. Opposite view of same. 

3b. Side view of same, in outline without restoration.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

BUCANOPSIS MEEKIANA (p. 169).

FIGURE 4. The type specimen of "Bellerophon tenuilineatus; " apertural view. 

4a. Side view of same. 

4b. "Dorsal" view of same. 

4c. Same, X 2. 

4d. Part of the surface; the slit band is at the left.

"Upper Coal Measures," near Oakwood, Vermilion County, 111.

5. A nearly perfect specimen from the Wewoka formation; apertural view. 

5a. "Dorsal" view, X 2. 

5b. Side view, X 2.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2001).

6. A specimen with well-preserved and rather coarse sculpture, X 4. 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2005). 

316
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 544 PLATE XX

4c

FOSSILS OF THE WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA. 

GASTROPODA.
PLATE XXI.

EUPHEMUS CARBONARIUS (p. 174). .

FIGURE 1. " Dorsal" view of a small specimen, broken at the aperture, 

la. Apertural view of same. 

Ib. Side view, X 2.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2005).

2. Side view of a characteristic specimen, also broken at the outer lip. 

2a. "Dorsal" view. 

2b. Apertural view.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

3. Apertural view of a specimen with well-preserved sculpture and with the

outer lip~nearly complete. 

3a. Opposite side. 

3b. Side view.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2005).

SCHIZOSTOMA CATILLOIDES (p. 179).

FIGURE 4. A copy of Conrad's original figure of Inachus catilloides. . Carboniferous: Allegheny Mountain, Pa.

5. A small specimen characteristic of the form as it occurs in the Wewoka formation. Upper side (if the shell is regarded as sinistral). 

5a. Same, X 2.

5b. Side view. The more concave side is here uppermost. 

5c. Lower (?) side, opposite to that shown by figure 5.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2005).

TREPOSFIRA DEPRESSA (p. 158).

FIGURE 6. A specimen with very prominent nodose zone; apertural view, in outline. 

6a. Upper side of same.

7. Young specimen; apertural view, in outline. 

7a. Tipper side of same.

8. A specimen with large, coarse nodes; apertural view, in outline. 

8a. Upper side of same.

9. The apical portion of a large shell showing immature condition, X 5.

10. Side view, in outline, of a specimen with a high spire. 

lOa. Upper side of same.

11. A characteristic specimen having the outer lip nearly perfect; upper side, 

lla. Same, X 2.

lib. Apertural view in outline.. ," ;$ .,.,'. ' 

lie. Lower side.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006). 

318 .
U- S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 544 PLATE XXI

la

2a

2b

7a

5b

5c

Ha He

FOSSILS OF THE WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA. 

GASTROPODA.
PLATE XXII.

WORTHENIA TABULATA (p. 152).

FIGURE 1. A copy of Conrad's original figure of Pleurotomaria tabulata. 

Pennsylvania!!: Allegheny Mountain, Pa.

2. Side view of a small specimen from the Wewoka formation, X 2. 

2a. Apertural view of same.

3. Apertural view of the largest specimen seen.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2004),

4. Side view of a very young specimen (somewhat tilted). 

4a. Same; seen from above, X 2. 

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 7193).

' WORTHENIA TABULATA var. (p. 154).

FIGURE 5. A specimen, especially resembling W. speciosa; seen from above, X 2. 

5a. Same;, side view, X 2. 

5b. Same; apertural view.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2005). 

6. Side view, in outline, of a specimen having more the shape .of a low-spired 

W. tabulata. 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

ORESTES NODOSUS (p. 156).

FIGURE 7. Side view, X 3, of a specimen included with doubt in this species. If it

proves to be distinct the name Orestes lineatus is proposed for it. 

7a. Same; seen from above, X 3. .

8. A specimen having a rather high spire; seen from below, X 3. This may

be considered the type specimen. 

8a. Same; seen from above, X 3. 

8b. Same; side view, X 3.

9. A specimen of somewhat lower spire; seen from below, X 3. 

9a. Same; side view, X 3.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

10. Another specimen; seen from below, X 3. This figure, together with 

figures 8 and 9, shows the resorption of the sculpture on the inner lip.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2004). 

320
U. 8. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 544 PLATE XXII

>

2a 5b

4a

X3

FOSSILS OF THE WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA. 

GASTROPODA.

37003° Bull. 544 15 21
PLATE XXIII.

IANTHINOPSIS GOULDIANA (p. 223).

FIGURE 1. Side view of a unique specimen, 

la. Opposite side.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

PHANEROTREMA GRAYVILLENSE (p. 149).

FIGURE .2. Side view, in outline, of a large specimen with, acute spiral angle. 

2a. Another outline of same, showing slit band. 

2b; Apertural view in outline.

3. A small, well-preserved .specimen;-seen from above, X 2.

4. Lower side of a specimen, viewed somewhat obliquely, showing the lower 

lip, X 2.

5. A specimen with broad spiral angle; apertural view, in outline.

6. A small specimen; apertural view, in outline. 

6a. Lower side of same, X 3. 

6b. Upper side, X 3. 

6c. Side view, X 3.

7. Side view of another specimen, X 3. 

7a. Same, seeiHrom above, X 3. 

7b. ' Apertural view, in outline.

8. Side view of another specimen, X 3. 

8a. Apertural view of same. 

8b. Lower side, X 3. 

8c. Upper side, X 3.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006). 

322
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 544 PLATE XXIII

2b

2a

7b

FOSSILS OF THE WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA. 

GASTROPODA.
PLATE XXIV.

*

SPH^ERODOMA INTERCALARIS (p. 205).

FIGURE 1. A small, slender specimen; apertural view. 

la. Opposite side of same.

2. A characteristic specimen of the type referred to this species; side view. 

2a. Apertural view.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2001).

SPH^RODOMA GRACILIS (p. 204).

FIGURE 3. Apertural view of the only specimen observed, X 2. 

3a. Opposite side of same, X 2.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

SPILERODOMA VENTRICOSA (p. 213).

FIGURE 4. Side view of a specimen in close agreement with the type of the species. 

4a. Apertural view of same.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, C la. (station 2006).

SPH^RODOMA PALUDINIFORMIS (p. 207).

FIGURE 5. Side view of a rather large specimen, turned slightly to one side. The 

specimen is more gibbous than the drawing shows.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2004). 

6. Side view of a small specimen. 

6a. Apertural view of same.

Wewoka formation; Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

SPILERODOMA BREVIS var. (p. 204).

FIGURE 7. Apertural view of a specimen representing a narrow form related to

S. brevis. 

7a. Opposite side of same.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2005).

SPHJERODOMA BREVIS (p. 201).

FIGURE 8. A specimen provisionally referred to this variety. The spire is too high

and regularly enlarging to be characteristic. Side view. 

8a. Apertural view. 

8b. Same, X 2.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006). 

9. Side view of a young specimen, X 2. 

9a. Same, natural size, in outline. 

10. Side view of a typical specimen. 

lOa. Apertural view of same.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2005). 

324
PLATE XXIV. 325

FIGURE 11. Apertural view of another specimen, 

lla. Opposite side of same.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006). 

12. Apertural view of a smaller specimen. 

12a. Opposite side of same.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2005).

SPILERODOMA PRIMIGENIA (p. 208).

FIGURE 13. A copy of Conrad's original figure of Stylifer primigenius. 

Carboniferous: Allegheny Mountain, Pa.

14. Side view of a rather small and gibbous specimen.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

15. The largest and perhaps the least ventricose specimen referred to this 

species.

16. A specimen with broader spiral angle; apertural view. 

16a. Opposite side of same.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2005).

17. A small, nearly perfect specimen representing about the average of those

referred to this species; side view. 

17a. Apertural view.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 544 PLATE

FOSSILS OF THE WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA. 

GASTROPODA.
PLATE XXV.

ZYGOPLEURA HUGOS A (p. 183).

FIGURE L Apertural view of a well-preserved specimen referred to this species, 

la. Opposite side of same.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2005).

ZYGOPLEURA MULTICOSTATA ? (p. 184).

FIGURE 2. Side view of a somewhat compressed specimen with poorly preserved 

sculpture. 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2005).

ZYGOPLEURA PARVA? (p. 184).

FIGURE 3. Side view, in outline, of a poorly preserved specimen. 

3a. Apical .portion of same, X 5. 

3b. Side view, X 2.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

ZYGOPLEURA PLEBEIA? (p. 185).

FIGURE 4. Side view of the only specimen of the species found. 

4a. Same, X 2.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2004).

MEEKOSPIRA PERACUTA var. CHOCTAWENSIS (p. 216).

FIGURE 5. Apertural view of a small specimen. 

5a. Same, X 2.

6. Apertural view of a large imperfect specimen showing the inner lip. 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

7. Side of a full-sized, nearly perfect specimen. 

7a. Apertural view of same.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2004).

8. Side of the apical portion of a large specimen; in outline. 

8a. Same, X 2.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2005).

MEEKOSPIRA BELLA? (p. 218).

FIGURE . 9. Side view of the only specimen found.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

BULIMORPHA INORNATA? (p. 222).

FIGURE 10. Apertural view of the only specimen found. 

lOa. Opposite side.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2004). 

328
PLATE XXV. 329

DENTALIUM SEMICOSTATUM (p. 145).

FIGURE 11. A fragmentary specimen, X 2.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2005).

DENTALIUM INDIANUM (p. 145).

FIGURE "12. Side view of the type specimen, X 2.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

DENTALIUM SUBLEVE (p. 146).

FIGURE 13. Side view of a fragment referred to this species. 

13a. Same, X 2.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

PLAGIOGLYPTA MEEKIANA (p. 148).

FIGURE 14. Side view of a fragment referred to this species, X 2. Some fine obscure 

oblique incremental strife which can be made out on the specimen are 

not shown in the figure.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

PLAGIOGLYPTA ANNULISTRIATA (p. 147).

FIGURE 15. Side view of a fragmentary specimen referred to this species, X 3. 

15a. Same in outline, natural size.

16. A small specimen showing remarkable irregularity in the striation, 

owing in part to repair of injuries received during growth. Side view, 

X 5. 

16a. Same, in outline, natural size.

Wewoka formation: AVewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2005).

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 544 PLATE XXV

3a

11 X2

lOa

15a

16a

FOSSILS OF THE WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA. 

GASTROPODA AND SCAPHOPODA.
PLATE XXVI.

ORTHOCERAS TUBA (p. 224).

FIGURE 1. Side view of a typical specimen.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 7193).

2. Side view of another specimen.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2004).

3. A specimen doubtfully included in the species.

4. Another doubtful specimen, showing the position of the siphuncle. 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

FlSTULIPORA CARBON ARIA (p. 44).

FIGURE 5. Part of a mature zoarium, X 5.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 7193).

FlSTULIPORA CARBONARIA Var. NEBRASKENSIS (p. 45).

FIGURE 6. Part of an immature colony referred to this variety, X 5. 

7. Part of a mature zoarium, X 5^,,

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

ORTHOCERAS sp. C (p. 226); ENCHOSTOMA SERPULIFORME (p. 38).

FIGURE 8. The Orthoceras is an internal mold and has the Enchostoma, which is

testiferous, apparently attached to it.

8a. Opposite side of same. The Enchostoma is broken away in one place, 

leaving a groove in the mold. The Enchostoma can hardly, have been 

attached to the inside of the shell since it passes across the septa.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006). 

332
U. S- GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 544 PLATE XXVI

FOSSILS OF THE WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA. 

BRYOZOA AND CEPHALOPODA.
PLATE XXVII.

PSEUDORTHOCERAS KNOXENSE (p. 227).

FIGURE 1. A specimen ground down nearly to the siphuncle, showing the marginal 

filling of the chambers, X 2.

2. A specimen similarly ground, so that the section passes through the 

siphuncle, X 2.

3. A specimen showing the obliquely truncated initial portion, X 2.

4. A characteristic specimen.

5. A specimen showing the "false siphuncle" represented by a row of holes. 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

6. A similar specimen with the " false siphuncle " represented bylimonite. 

The septation. here is very irregular.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2001).

PSEUDORTHOCERAS SEMINOLENSE (p.234).

FIGURE 7. Side view of a somewhat crushed specimen.

8. A smaller specimen, also crushed and showing some peculiar structures. 

The longitudinal markings suggest a marginal siphuncle, but are probably not to be thus interpreted. The transverse markings are due in 

part to the septa and in part to the characteristic annular deposits about 

the lower portion of each chamber.

8a. Opposite side of the same. At the top the thickening of the walls, which 

has a somewhat cystose appearance, is shown in the partly exposed chamber. Below, a very slender chord of limonite, the "false siphuncle," 

can be seen.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

PROTOCYCLOCERAS? RUSHENSE? (p.235).

FIGURE 9. The broad side of a characteristic specimen. 

9a. The narrow side. 

9b. Cross section.

10. The broad side of another specimen.. 

lOa. The narrow side. 

lOb. Cross section.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2005).

PROTOCYCLOCERAS? RUSHENSE var. CREBRICINCTUM (p. 236).

FIGURE 11. The broad side of a specimen, 

lla. The narrow side, 

lib. Cross section.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

ORTHOCERAS sp. B (p. 226). 

FIGURE 12. Side view of a. characteristic specimen. The downward deflection (or

lobe) of the constriction at the sides does not come out in this view. 

12a. Cross section.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2005).

ORTHOCERAS sp. A (p. 225).

FIGURE 13. A fossil of doubtful affinities. The fine cross striae consist of a delicate 

film coating a conical mold of matrix. No really substantial shell 

remains.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2005). 

334
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 5+4- PLATE XXVil

lib lla

9b

10

lOb

lOa

FOSSILS OF THE WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA. 

. . CEPHALOPODA.
PLATE XXVIII.

CYRTOCERAS PECULIARE (p. 246).

FIGURE 1. The only specimen collected; lower side, 

la. Dorsal? view, in outline. 

Ib. Side view.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

COLOCERAS LIRATUM (p. 237).

FIGURE 2. Ventral view of a large, imperfectly preserved specimen. 

2a. Apertural view, in outline. 

2b. Side view.

3. Side view of a small testiferous specimen. 

3a. Apertural view, in outline. 

 3b. Part of the side opposite figure 3, showing the sculpture, X 3.

4. _ Ventral view of an imperfect specimen showing the shape of the aperture. 

4a. Apertural view in outline. The aperture being filled by matrix, and" its 

exact shape concealed thereby, allowance has not been made in the 

sketch for the inflection which would be produced in the outline of the 

aperture by the deep sinus.

5. Internal mold of a small specimen which can not with certainty be referred 

to this species. Ventral view, X 2. 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

6. Ventral view of a large, testiferous specimen. 

6a. Part of the surface along the middle of the venter, X 5.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle. Okla. (station 2005). 

336
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 544 PLATE XXVIII

FOSSILS OF THE WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA. 

CEPHALOPODA.

37003° Bull. 544 15 22
PLATE XXIX.

COLOCEKAS LIRATUM VEI. OBSOLETUM (p. 238).

FIGURE 1. An internal mold doubtfully referred to this variety; apertural view, X 2. 

la. Side view, X 2. 

Ib. Ventral view, X 2.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

2. Ventral view of an unusually contracted specimen showing the shape of the

aperture and its hyponomic sinus.

2a. Side view. The emargination made by the hyponomic sinus does not 

appear in this figure.

3. Ventral view of a fragmentary specimen. 

3a. Dorsal view.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2005).

METACOCERAS CORNUTUM (p. 240).

FIGURE 4. Side view of a small, rather perfect specimen.

4a. Gross section of same at the break on the lower right-hand side. 

4b. Apertural view.

5. Ventral view of a large fragmentary specimen.

5a. Side view of same. 

5b. Cross section.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2001). 

338
U. 8. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN B44 PLATE XXIX

2a

FOSSILS OF THE WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA. 

. , CEPHALOPODA.
PLATE XXX.

METACOCERAS CORNUTUM var. SINUOSUM (p. 242).

FIGURE 1. Side view of a testiferous specimen, 

la. Ventral surface of same. 

Ib. Cross section.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2005).

METACOCERAS CORNUTUM var. MULTTTUBERCULATUM (p. 243).

FIGURE 2. Side view of a crushed specimen.

2a. Opposite side. 

^- Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2004).

METACOCERAS CORNUTUM var. CARINATUM (p. 243).

FIGURE 3. Ventral side of an imperfect specimen. 

3a. Side view of same. 

3b. Cross section.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2004). 

4. Ventral side of a more rapidly expanding fragment. 

4a. Dorsal side of same. 

4b. Side view. 

4c. Cross section.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

METACOCERAS PERELEGANS (p. 244).

FIGURE 5. Side of the typical specimen. 

5a. Same, X 2. 

5b. Ventral view of same. 

5c. Apertural view.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2005). 

6. A somewhat crushed specimen, showing the suture.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 7193). 

340
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 544 PLATE XXX

o

3b

X2

FOSSILS OF THE WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA. 

CEPHALOFODA.
PLATE XXXI.

METAGOCEHAS SCULPTILE (p. 245).

FIGURE 1. Side view of a crushed specimen, 

la. Opposite side. 

Ib. Apertural view, in outline. 

Ic. Ventral view. 

Id. Part of the outer surface near the aperture, X 2.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006). 

2. Side view of a large imperfect specimen. 

2a. Same; apertural view, in outline.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2005). 

342
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 544 PLATE XXXI

FOSSILS OF THE WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA. 

CEPHALOPODA.
PLATE XXXII.

GASTRIOCERAS VENATUM (p. 254).

FIGURE 1. Side view of a large testiferous specimen, 

la. Apertural view, in outline. 

Ib. Side view, X 2.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006). 

' 2. A smaller specimen preserved as an internal mold; apertural view, in

outline. 

'2a. Suture, X 2.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2004). 

3. 'Side view of a still smaller specimen preserved as an internal mold, X 2. 

3a. Apertural view in outline. . 

3b. Ventral view, X 2.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

CYRTOCERAS?? sp. (p. 247).

FIGURE 4. Side view of a specimen of uncertain affinities, X 2. 

4a. Same, natural size.

5. A smaller, apparently related specimen; side view, in outline. 

5a. Lower side, X 2.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2005).

GASTRIOCERAS HYATTIANUM (p. 254).

FIGURE 6. A large specimen referred to this species; side view, in outline. 

6a. Apertural view, in outline.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2001). 

For other figures of this species see Plate XXXIII. 

344
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 544 PLATE XXXII

FOSSILS OF THE WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA.

CEPHALOPODA.
PLATE XXXIII.

GASTRIOCERAS HTATTIANUM (p. 254).

FIGURE 1. A large specimen referred to this species. . The shellis almost smooth; very 

obscure transverse striae cross the ventral surface, and a few fine revolving lirse are developed at the angular umbilical shoulder. Side view, 

in outline, 

la. Apertural view, in outline.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2005).

2. Ventral view of a young shell, X 2. 

2a. Apertural view, in outline. 

2b. Side view, in outline. 

2c. Suture, X 2.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

3. A larger specimen, apertural view, in outline. 

3a. Suture, X 2.

3b. Part of the sculpture across the venter of the inner whorl, X 2. 

3c. Same, near side, X 2.

4. Side view of a small testiferous specimen.

- 4a. Same, X 2.

4b. Opposite side, X 2. 

4c. Ventral view, X 2. 

4d. Apertural view, in outline.

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2001).

For other figures of this species see Plate XXXII, figures 6, 6a. 

346
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 544 PLATE XXXIII

2a

4a

FOSSILS OF THE WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA. 

CEPHALOPODA.
PLATE XXXIV.

GASTRIOCERAS ANGULATUM (p. 256).

FIGURE 1. Side view of a characteristic,..specimen, 

la. Apertural view. ' "...

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2001).

2. Side view of a specimen taken as the type. 

2a. Apertural view, showing the internal sutures. 

2b. Internal suture.

2c. External suture, X 2. The outlines of the sutures are not clear on the 

specimen and the drawing may not be accurate in consequence. 

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2005).

3. Side view of a young specimen doubtfully referred here. 

3a. Apertural view, in outline. 

3b. Ventral view, X 2. 

3c. Same, tilted backward, X 2. 

3d. Suture, X 2.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

GASTRIOCERAS EXCELSUM (p. 258).

FIGURE 4. A fragmentary specimen, the only one found. The mold is probably somewhat worn, owing to which the shape of the sutures may be proportionally distorted. The ventral saddle is not clearly shown by the 

specimen, and the drawing may not be accurate in consequence. 

Wewoka formation: Coalgate quadrangle, Okla. (station 2001).

PRONORITES?? sp. (p. 247).

FIGURE 5. A fragmentary specimen, the only one of its kind in the collection, X 3. 

5a. Same, natural size, in outline. 

5b. Cross section. 

5c. Suture, X 3.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006). 

' 348
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 544 PLATE XXXIV

2 .

2b

2c

3d

5a

0

5c . x3

FOSSILS OF THE WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA. 

CEPHALOPODA.
PLATE XXXV.

DlMORPHOCERAS LENTICULARE (p. 259).

FIGURE 1. A fragment taken as the type, side view.

la. A cross section, restored below at the sides but probably very close to the

true shape. 

Ib. Suture, X 2.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2005).

DlMORPHOCERAS OKLAHOMA (p. 260).

FIGURE'2. Side view of the type specimen. 

2a. Apertural view, in outline. 

2b. Suture.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

GONIOLOBOCERAS WELLERI var. GRACILE (p. 263).

FIGURE 3. Suture taken from a fragment, X 2.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka. quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006).

4. Type specimen, side view. 

4a. Apertural view, in outline. 

4b. Ventral view. 

4c. Suture.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2005).

5. Side view of an immature specimen. 

5a. Apertural view, in outline. 

5b. Ventral view.

Wewoka formation: Wewoka quadrangle, Okla. (station 2006). 

350
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 544 PLATE XXXV

4a

FOSSILS OF THE WEWOKA FORMATION OF OKLAHOMA. 

CEPHALOPODA.
INDEX.

A. Page.

Acanthopecten carboniferus Stevens....... 134-136

Acknowledgments for aid................... 7

Adams, G. I., acknowledgment to........... 7

Aganididse................................ 259-264

Allerisma?sp............................. 141-142

Amboccelia planiconvexa Shumard.......... 94-96

Ammonoidea. .............................. 247-264

Annelida.................................... 38-44

Anthraconeilo Girty........................ 113-114

tafflana Girty......................... 114-115

Archseodiscus ? sp........................... 16-17

Astartella concentrica Conrad............. 142-144

varica McChesney ?..................... 145

Athyridse.................................. 96-104

A viculipinna americana Meek............. 128-129

B. 

Batostomellidte............................. 46

Bellerophon crassus var. wewokanns Girty.. 164 

Bellerophontidffi.......................... 164-176

Brachiopoda........'....... '. ............... 49-104

Bryozoa..................................... 44-48

Bucanopsis meekiana Swallow............ 169-172

Bnlimorpha............................... 219-221

inornata Meek and Worthen............. 222

C. 

Cephalopoda.............................. 224-264

Chainodictyon laxum Foerste ?............. 48

Chonetes granulifer Owen................... 59-62

granulifer var. armatus G irty............ 62

mesolobus var. decipiens Girty.. .1...... 62-64

var. euampygus Girty............... 64

Cleiothyridina orbicularis McChesney..... 101-103

Coalgate quadrangle, collections from........ 271

Ccelenterata................................. 19-29

Collections studied for this report............ 8-9.

Coloceras Hyatt............................. 237

liratum Girty......................... 237-238

var. obsoletum G irty.............. 238-239

Composita subtilita........................ 96-101

Conrad, Timothy A., cited........ 136,144,167,211

Conuiaria crustula White.................... 42-43

crustula var. holdenvillse Girty.......... 44

Conulariidse................................. 42-44

Crania modesta White and St. John......... 53-54

Craniidse.................................... 53-54

Crinoid stems (group A)..................... 30-31

(group B)............................... 32

Crinoidea................................... 30-37

Cromyocrinus ?sp.......................... 34

Crustacea.................................. 265-270

Cycloceratidse..'........................... 235-237

Cyrtoceras peculiare Girty................. 246-247

................................ 247

37003° Bull. ">44 .15- -23

Page.. 

Cy therella sp................................ 270

Cytherellidse................................ 270

D. ' ,

Delocrinus hemisphericus Shumard ?........ 34-35

?sp..................................... 36

Deltopecten texanus Girty................ 132-133

vanvleeti Beede ?..................... 133-134

Dentaliidae................................ 145-143

Dentalium indianum Girty................. 146

semicostatum Girty................... 145-146

subleve Hall.......................... 146-147

Derbya crassa Meek and Hayden............ 54-58

Dimorphoceras lenticulare Girty.......... 259-260

Oklahoma Girty...................... 260-261

Discinidse................................... 51-53

Duerden, J. D., and Gordon, C. E., controversy between................... 25-27

E.

Echinocrinus aff. E. cratis White............ 37-38

Echinodermata............................. 30-38

Echinoidea................................... 37-33

EdmondiaDe Koninck.................... 105-106

gibbosa McCoy ?......................... 107

ovata Meek and Worthen............. 106-107

Enchostoma serpuliforme Girty............. 38-39

sp....................................... 39-40

Euomphalidse............................. 176-181

Euomphaluss. s...................... ..... 178

Eupachycrinus sp........................... 33-34

verrucosus White and St. John ?......... 32-33

Euphemus carbonarius Cox............... 174-176

F.

Fauna, Wewoka, characteristics of.......... 13-14

Faunas, Carboniferous...................... 6-7

descriptions of........................... 5-6

range of................................. 6

Favositidae.................................. 29

Fistulipora carbonaria Ulrich............... 44-45

carbonaria var. nebraskensis Condra..... 45

Fistuliporidse............................... 44-45

Foraminifera................................ 15-17

Fusulina inconspicua Girty................. 15-16

Fusulinidse.................................. 15-16

Gabb, William M., cited............. 1....... 144

Gastrioceras Hyatt........................ 248-254

angulatum Girty...................... 256-258

excelsum Meek........................ 258-259

hyattianum Girty..................... 254-256

venatum Girty....................... '... 254

351
352 INDEX.

Page. 

Gastrioceratidse............................ 248-259

Gastropoda................................ 149-223

Gonioloboceras Hyatt..................... 261-263

welleri var. gracile Girty............... 263-264

Gordon, C. E., and Duerden, J. D., controversy between................... 25-27

Oould, C. N., acknowledgment to......"..... 7

Grammy siidaj.....................'........ 105-107

Griffithldes parvulus Girty................ 268-270

Curley, W. F. E.,cited................... 167,171

H. 

Hapsophyllum ? sp.......................... 28-29

Hind, Wheelton, cited..................... 136-137

Holopea Hall ?............................ 185-190

peoriensis Worthen ?.................. 190-191

Hustedia mormoni Marcou................ 103-104

Hydreionocrinus patulus Girty.............. 36-37

Ilantninidae ??............:.............;.... . 223

lanthinopsis gouldiana Girty................ 223

K. 

Keyes, C. R., cited...................... 192,193

L.

Leda bellistriata Stevens.................. 122-125

.bellistriata var. attenuata Meek.......... 125

Ledidax................................... 120-127

LimaBruguiere........................... 136-137

: retiferaShumard...................... 137-138

timatula ? fasciculata Girty............... 138-139

JAaa&SB................................... 136-140

Lmgula carbonaria Shumard ?.............. 49

langulidse.................................... 49-50

Ungulipora nebraskensis Meek.............. 50

Lithistida................................... 17-19

Localities, register of......................... 271

Lophophyllum profundum Milne-Edwards

andHaime...................... 19-27

, profundum var. radicosum Girty...... 27-28

M.

McChesney, J. H., cited................... 232,235

Marginifera lasallensis Worthen ?............ 79-80

muricata Nonvood and Pratten......... 78-79

splendens Norwood and Pratten......... 76-78

Meek, F.B.,cited........................... Ill

and Worthen, A. H.,cited............... 191

Ulrich................................. 213-216

iHeekospira................................ 218-219

bella Walcott?........................ 218-219

peracuta var. choctawensis Girty...... 216-218

Hosier, R.. D., acknowledgment to........... 7

MetacocerasHyatt......................... 239-240

eornutum Girty....................... 240-242

var. carinatum Girty................ 243

var. multituberculatum Girty....... 243

var. sinuosum Girty................. 242

perelegans Girty................:...... 244-245

sculptile Girty.....................:... 245-246

Mfcnelinia eugenese White................... 29

Hodiola subelliptica Meek ?................. 141

MoEusca................................... 105-264

MoHuscoidea............................... 44-104

Mytilidse.................................... 141

N. < Page. 

Nautiloidea. .............................!. 224-247

Nucula Lamarck .......................... 109-1 10

anadontoides Meek ?.................. 111-113

wewokana Girty.... .I...'.............. 110-111

Nuculidaj ................................. 107-120

Nuculopsis Girty, description of ........... 115-117

ventricosa Hall. . ...................... 117-120

Nummulinidse. ............................. (16-17.

0. 

Ooceratidse. ............................... 246-247

Orestes Girty. ... .......................... 155-156

nodosus Girty. . .....:................. 156-158

Orthoceras sp. A. .............'............ 225-226

sp. B .................................. 226

tuba Girty..... ..................... '..5224-225

Orthoceratidse. .................'.......... .J224-234

Ostracoda.................................;. 270

P. '

Patellostium montfortianum Norwood and

Pratten. ....................... vl 72-174

Pectinidse ................................. 132-136

Pelecypoda. ............................... 105-145

Phanerotrema Fischer.. ..................... 149

grayvillense Norwood and Pratten .... 149-152

Pharkidonotus Girty.......... ...'...........- 165

percarinatus Conrad. . ................. 165-169

Phillipsia sangamonensis Meek and Worthen ............................. 265-268

PholadellidEe........... ................... 141-142

Phylloporinidse. .-. ........................... 48

Pinnidffi. .................................. 128-129

Plagioglypta annulistriata Meek and Worthen............................. 147-148

meekiana Geinitz.. ...................... 148

Plagiostoma ? acosta Cox. ................... 140

Plates and lists of figures. ................. 273-350

Pleurophoridse. ........................... 142-145

Pleurotomaria carbonaria Norwood and Pratten?............................. 163

Pleurotomariidaj.......................... 149-163

Poteriocrinidae.... ........................... 32-37

Poteriocrinus ? sp ...... 1 .................... 34

Productidse. ................................ 59-81

Productus cora D'Orbigny .................. 68-72

inflatus var. coloradoensis n. var ........ 64-65

insinuatus Girty... . ..................... 72-75

nebraskensis Owen. . .................... 65-68

pertenuis Meek. ......................... 75-76

Proetidee................. ................. 265-270

Pronorites ?? sp .......................... 247-248

Pronoritidse............................... 247-248

Protocycloceras ? rushense McChesney ?. . . 235-236 

rushense var. crebricinctum Girty. . . . . 236-237

Protozoa .................................... 15-17

Pseudomonotis kansasensis Beede ......... 129-130

Pseudorthoceras Girty... . ................... 227

knoxense McChesney .................. 227-234

seminolense Girty....................... 234

PteiMtB........ ........................... 129-130

Pugnax osagensis Swallow .................. 81-83

osagensis var. percostata Girty .......... 83

rockymontana Marcou. .................. 83-84

PyramidellidEe ............................ 181-222
INDEX. 353

K. Page. 

Rhabdomesidse.............................. 46-48

Rhombopora lepidodendroides Meek ? ..... 46-48

Rhynchonellidae............................. 81-85

Rhynchopora illinoisensis Wortheh.......... 85

Rcemerella patula Girty..................... 51-52

?sp..................................... 52-53

S. 

Scaphiocrinus ? sp........................... 34

Scaphopoda............................... 145-148

SchizodusafflnisHerrick ?.................. 131

alpinus Hall........................... 130-131

Schizostoma Bronn........................ 176-179

catilloides............................. 179-181

Serpulopsis.................................. 40-41

insita \\fhite............................. 41-42

Sphaerodoma Keyes.. '..................... 191-201

afi. S. rqgularis Cox ?.................. .212-213

brevis White.......................... 201-204

brevlsvar............................... 204

gracilisCox............................ 204-205

intercalaris Meek and Wortheii........ 205-207

paludiniformis Hall................... 207-208

primigeniaConrad..................... 208-212

ventricosa Hall.......................... 213

Spirifer aff. s. boonensis Swallow............ "91

camoratus Morton....................... 87-91

Spiriferidse.................................. 85-96

Spiriferina kentuckyensis.................... 85-87

Sponge ? sp................................. 18-19

Spongiae..................................... 17-19

Squamularia perplexa McChesney........... 92-94

Stenopora aff. S. distans Condra............. 46

Straparollus, species of...................... 178

Streptorhynchus oklahomae G irty........... 58

Strophalosia spondyliformis White and St.

John ?........................... 80-81

Strophomenidae............................. 54-58

Swallow, G. C., cited.............. 1....... 171-172

T. . . Page. 

Tabulata............'....... J.................. 29

Taff, J. A., acknowledgment to.............. 7

cited.................................... 8

Tainoceratidse...........';.............:... 239-246

Tetracoralla................................. 19-29

Trepospira depressa Cox.................. 1 158-102

Triboloceratidae........^.................1 237-239

Trigoniidss................................ 130-131

Trilobita.................................. 265-270

Tubicola................................... .-38-44

Verrill, A. E., and Bush, K. J., cited...... 107-108

Virgula?sp................................. 18

W.

Wewoka formation, description of ......"..... 8

range and distribution of species in, table

showing ......................... 10-11

Wewoka quadrangle, collections from. ....... 271

Wewokella Girty ............................ 17

splida Girty........ ..................... 17-18

White, Charles A., cited. .................. 209,210

Worthenia tabulata Conrad ............... 152+154

tabulata var. .......................... 154-155

Y.

Yoldia Moller ............................. 125-126

glabra Beede and Rogers. ............. 126-127

Zaphrentidse................................ 19-29

Zittel, Karl von, cited....................... 108

Zygopleura Koken......................... 182-183

multicostata Meek and Worthen ?....... 184

parva Cox............................. 184-185

plebeia Herrick ?........................ 185

rugosa Meek and Worthen............. 183-184

o