BART Exemption Modeling Report: 

Georgia Power Company 

Plant Kraft 

Prepared by: 

Southern Company Services and ENSR Corporation 

for Georgia Power Company 

September 2006
i September 2006 091506 Kraft BART Modeling Report.doc

Contents 

1.0 Introduction............................................................................................................................................... 1-1

1.1 Objectives ........................................................................................................................................ 1-1

1.2 Location of source vs. relevant Class I Areas ................................................................................ 1-1

2.0 Source description and emissions data ............................................................................................... 2-1

2.1 Unit-specific source data................................................................................................................. 2-1

3.0 Modeling results....................................................................................................................................... 3-1

Appendix A Delta-Deciview Values for The Top 20 Days – For Each Year/Each Class I Area 

 and for the Top 25 Days – Over Three Years.....................................................................A-1 
ii September 2006 091506 Kraft BART Modeling Report.doc

List of Tables 

Table 2-1 Plant Kraft modeling emission parameters.............................................................................. 2-3

Table 3-1 Summary of Results – Plant Kraft Refined BART Exemption Modeling................................ 3-1 

List of Figures 

Figure 1-1 Location of PSD Class I Areas in relation to Plant Kraft ......................................................... 1-2
1-1 September 2006 091506 Kraft BART Modeling Report.doc

1.0 Introduction 

1.1 Objectives 

The Regional Haze Rule requires Best Available Retrofit Technology (BART) for any BART-eligible source that 

‘‘emits any air pollutant which may reasonably be anticipated to cause or contribute to any impairment of 

visibility” in any mandatory Class I federal area. Pursuant to federal regulations, states have the option of 

exempting a BART-eligible source from the BART requirements based on dispersion modeling demonstrating

that the source cannot reasonably be anticipated to cause or contribute to visibility impairment in a Class I 

area. In addition, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has promulgated a rule allowing states subject 

to the Clean Air Interstate Rule (CAIR) to determine that CAIR satisfies the BART requirements for SO2 and 

NOx for electric generating units (EGUs). Feedback from the Georgia Environmental Protection Division 

indicates that CAIR satisfies BART for SO2 and NOx for EGUs. Therefore, this modeling report focuses on 

performing the BART modeling analysis for particulate matter (PM) only. 

Units 3 and 4 at Plant Kraft, located near Savannah, which is owned and operated by Georgia Power 

Company∗

, has been identified as a BART-eligible source. The modeling procedures outlined in the sourcespecific BART modeling protocol for Plant Kraft were used to determine whether the source is subject to BART 

requirements (exemption modeling). The modeling procedures are consistent with those outlined in the 

updated final VISTAS common BART modeling protocol (dated December 22, 2005, revision 3 – July 18, 

2006), available at http://www.vistas-sesarm.org/BART/BARTModelingProtocol_rev3_18Jul2006.pdf. This 

source-specific BART modeling protocol references relevant portions of the common VISTAS modeling 

protocol. 

1.2 Location of source vs. relevant Class I Areas 

The Georgia Environmental Protection Division, which is in charge of the state’s BART program, has 

determined that Units 3 and 4 at Plant Kraft are BART-eligible for PM. Figure 1-1 shows a plot of Plant Kraft 

relative to nearby Class I Areas. There are three Class I areas within 300 km of the plant: Cape Romain 

(161.7 km), Okefenokee (159.0 km), and Wolf Island (87.0 km). The BART exemption modeling was 

conducted for these Class I areas in accordance with the referenced VISTAS common BART modeling 

protocol and the procedures described in the source-specific BART modeling protocol. 

 

∗

 The merger of Georgia Power and Savannah Electric has been completed. Therefore, these units are now owned and 

operated by Georgia Power Company. 
1-2 September 2006 091506 Kraft BART Modeling Report.doc

 Figure 1-1 Location of Class I Areas in Relation to Plant Kraft 
2-1 September 2006 091506 Kraft BART Modeling Report.doc

2.0 Source description and emissions data 

2.1 Unit-specific source data 

The emissions data used to assess the visibility impacts at the Class I areas within 300 km of Plant Kraft are 

discussed in this section. The Georgia Environmental Protection Division has indicated that CAIR will satisfy 

BART for EGUs for SO2 and NOx. Therefore, this BART exemption modeling analysis focuses only on PM10. 

Since various components of PM10 emissions have different visibility extinction efficiencies, the PM10

emissions are divided, or “speciated,” into several components (VISTAS common protocol Sections 4.3.3 and 

4.4.2). The VISTAS protocol (Section 5) allows for the use of source-specific emissions and speciation factors 

and/or default values from AP-42. For the Kraft 3 coal-fired unit, where default speciation values are used, the 

data represents a unit where current (baseline) emission controls include electrostatic precipitators (ESPs), but 

no post-combustion NOx or SO2 control equipment exists. The PM10 emissions and speciation approach used 

for the Kraft 3 modeling is indicated in the bullets below. 

• Total PM10 is comprised of filterable and condensable emissions. 

• Baseline filterable PM10 emissions are based on the highest stack test for the most recent 3-year 

period (2003-2005). This stack test is combined with the highest 24 hour heat input value for this 

period from CEMS data to calculate the “maximum 24 hour average emission rate” as required by the 

VISTAS protocol. 

• Filterable PM10 has been subdivided by size category consistent with the default approach from AP-42 

Table 1-1.6, and as noted on pages 43 and 44 of the VISTAS common BART modeling protocol. The 

AP-42 Table 1-1.6 specifies for the emission controls indicated above that 55.6% of filterable PM10

emissions is coarse (greater than 2.5 microns in size) and 44.4% is fine. Of the fine portion, 3.7% is 

elemental carbon and the remainder is inorganic fine particulates (soil). 

• Condensable PM10 consists of inorganic and organic compounds. The inorganic portion is by default 

assumed to be H2SO4, although other non-sulfate inorganic condensables could be present. The 

organic portion is modeled as organic aerosols. 

• Baseline H2SO4 emissions are calculated consistent with the method used by Georgia Power to derive 

these emissions for TRI purposes. This approach assumes that the H2SO4 emissions released from 

the stack are proportional to SO2 emissions from combustion and are dependent on the fuel type and 

the removal of H2SO4 by downstream equipment (i.e., ESP and air heater). For eastern bituminous 

coal the baseline H2SO4 release rate is in the range of 0.3 to 0.8% of the SO2 emissions. Appendix A 

of the site-specific modeling protocol provides the basis for the site-specific values used. 

• Baseline emissions of condensable organics (the remaining portion of condensable PM10) are derived 

based on the supporting field observational information in Appendix B of the site-specific modeling 

protocol and is estimated as 0.32% of SO2 emitted. 

• Coarse filterable particles (between 2.5 and 10 microns in size) will be modeled with a geometric mass

mean diameter of 5 microns, while fine filterable and all condensable particles will be modeled with a

geometric mass mean diameter of 0.48 microns, consistent with the CALPUFF default value for fine 

particles. The geometric standard deviation for both fine and coarse particles will be set to 2 microns, 

consistent with the CALPUFF default value. The 0.48 micron diameter value for fine particles comes 

from the default values in sample input files presented on the TRC web site. There is no default 

value presented for the coarse particles on the TRC web site. However, since 5 is the geometric 

mass mean diameter of 2.5 and 10 (the bounds of coarse particle sizes), it is a reasonable estimate 

for the geometric mass mean diameter for that class of particles. 
2-2 September 2006 091506 Kraft BART Modeling Report.doc

Kraft 4 has can fire either natural gas or #6 oil. Since the highest emission rates for Kraft 4 occur when #6 oil 

is fired, where default speciation values are used they are based on this fuel. The PM10 emissions and 

speciation approach used for Kraft 4 is indicated in the bullets below. 

• Total PM10 is comprised of filterable and condensable emissions. 

• Since stack tests are not performed for Kraft 4, baseline filterable PM10 emissions are based on AP-42 

emissions factors and the highest 24 hour heat input for the most recent 3-year period (2003-2005). 

This results in the “maximum 24 hour average emission rate” as required by the VISTAS protocol. 

• Filterable PM10 has been subdivided by size category consistent with the default approach from AP-42 

Table 1-3.4, and as noted on pages 43 and 44 of the VISTAS common BART modeling protocol. The 

AP-42 Table 1-3.4 specifies for an uncontrolled boiler that 26.8% of filterable PM10 emissions is coarse 

(greater than 2.5 microns in size) and 73.2% is fine. Of the fine portion, 7.4% is elemental carbon and 

the remainder is inorganic fine particulates (soil). 

• Condensable PM10 consists of inorganic and organic compounds. The inorganic portion is by default 

assumed to be H2SO4, although other non-sulfate inorganic condensables could be present. The 

organic portion is modeled as organic aerosols. 

• Baseline H2SO4 emissions are calculated consistent with the method used by Georgia Power to derive 

these emissions for TRI purposes. This approach assumes that the H2SO4 emissions released from 

the stack are proportional to SO2 emissions from combustion and are dependent on the fuel type and 

the removal of H2SO4 by downstream equipment (i.e., Kraft 4 includes air heater). Appendix A of the 

site-specific modeling protocol provides the basis for the site-specific value used. 

• Baseline emissions of secondary organic aerosols (the remaining portion of condensable PM10) are 

derived consistent with the default approach based on AP-42 Table 1.3-2 (i.e., 0.225 lb/1000 gal). 

In practice, CALPUFF allows for the user to input certain components of PM10 as separate species and 

separate sizes, which will result in more accurate wet and dry deposition velocity results and also more 

accurate effects on light scattering. As noted above, the particle size distribution information is provided in 

AP-42 Tables 1-1.6 and 1-3.4, and will be used for the BART exemption modeling. 

Table 2-1 provides a summary of the modeling emission parameters used in the BART CALPUFF modeling, 

consistent with the source emissions data presented in Appendices A and B of the site-specific modeling 

protocol for the baseline. All of the emissions for Kraft 3 in Table 2-1 were derived from CEMS data for the 

2003 to 2005 period and represent the maximum 24-hour average lb/hr rates (excluding days where startup, 

shutdown, or malfunctions occurred). For NOx and SO2 the values are directly from CEMS. Filterable PM10

emissions were calculated using the highest stack test over the 2003 to 2005 period and multiplying these 

values times the maximum 24-hour average heat input derived from CEMS. These values were then adjusted 

using AP-42 factors from Table 1.1-6 that indicate that PM10 is 67% of total PM for a pulverized coal unit with

an ESP. PM10 speciation was then performed as indicated above such that total Filterable PM10 is made up of 

Coarse Soil plus total Fine PM and total Fine PM is made up of Fine Soil plus Elemental Carbon (EC). 

For Kraft 4, baseline emission values for NOx, SO2, and PM10 are based on AP-42 factors for a #6 oil-fired 

boiler considering the highest 24 hour heat input for the most recent 3-year period (2003-2005). PM10

speciation was then performed as indicated above such that total Filterable PM10 is made up of Coarse Soil 

plus total Fine PM and total Fine PM is made up of Fine Soil plus Elemental Carbon (EC). 

 
2-3 

091506 Kraft BART Modeling Report.doc

Table 2-1 Plant Kraft modeling emission parameters 

Location UTM 

(Zone 16 NAD-83) Emissions1 Parti

Case Source / Unit UTM 

East 

UTM 

North 

Actual 

Stack Ht 

Base 

Elev. 

Flue 

Diameter 

Gas 

Exit 

Vel. 

Stack 

Gas 

Exit 

Temp. SO2 NOX PM10 Filt. PM10 Coarse Soil Fine PM 

 m m m m m m/s deg K lbs/hr lbs/hr lbs/hr lbs/hr lbs/hr lbs/hr l

Baseline Data - Current Configuration (Unit Basis) 

Baseline Unit 3 486,248 3,556,917 83.8 1.5 6.7 13.4 413.6 1828.50 754.42 51.65 40.42 22.47 17.95 Baseline Unit 4 486,248 3,556,917 83.8 1.5 6.7 13.4 413.6 2815.72 212.56 187.33 133.01 35.65 97.36 9

Baseline Data - Current Configuration (Stack Basis)

Modeled 

Stk Ht3

m m m m m m/s deg K lbs/hr lbs/hr lbs/hr lbs/hr lbs/hr lbs/hr l

Stack 1 3&4 486,248 3,556,917 83.8 1.5 6.7 13.4 413.6 4644.22 966.98 238.98 173.43 58.12 115.31 

Stack Basis Emissions Converted to g/sec g/sec g/sec g/sec g/sec g/sec g/sec 

Stack 1 3&4 486,248 3,556,917 83.8 1.5 6.7 13.4 413.6 585.17 121.84 30.11 21.85 7.32 14.53 

1 SO2 and NOx emissions are not BART-applicable for EGU sources in CAIR states, if the state agency agrees with EPA’s interpretation 

emissions for SO2 and NOx are provided for information purposes, and for reference in the computation of certain particle species such 

2 Elemental carbon (EC) and Fine PM are a part of Filterable PM10 and H2SO4 and Organics are a part of Condensable PM10. Note that 

SO4. The molecular weights of H2SO4 and SO4 are 98 and 96 respectively, therefore the conversion factor from H2SO4 to SO4 is 96/98. 

3 Stack credit is equal to actual height. GEP of 327 ft (99.7 m) is greater than actual height therefore actual height is used for modeling. 
3-1 September 2006 091506 Kraft BART Modeling Report.doc

3.0 Modeling results 

The exemption modeling results are provided in Table 3-1, and Appendix A lists delta-deciview results for the 

top 20 days for each year modeled and the top 25 days for the overall three years at each Class I area. The 

table indicates that both the 8th highest day’s impacts for each year and the 22nd highest day’s impacts over all 

three years are below 0.5 delta-dv. These results demonstrate that Plant Kraft’s PM10 emissions do not cause 

or contribute to visibility impairment. Therefore, the source is not subject to BART for PM10, and no further 

BART analysis is required. 

Electronic data related to this application are provided on the attached disk. They include all input (INP) and 

list (LST) files.
3-1 September 2006 091506 Kraft BART Modeling Report.doc

Table 3-1 Summary of Results – Plant Kraft Refined BART Exemption Modeling 

2001 2002 2003 

Class I area 

Distance 

from source 

to Class I 

area 

boundary 

# of days and 

receptors 

beyond 98th

percentile with 

impact > 0.5 

delta-dv 

8

th

Highest 

delta-dv 

# of days and 

receptors 

beyond 98th

percentile with 

impact > 0.5 

delta-dv 

8

th

Highest 

delta-dv 

# of days and 

receptors 

beyond 98th

percentile with 

impact > 0.5 

delta-dv 

8

th

Highest 

delta-dv 

Highest of 

8

th Highest 

delta-dv 

for the 3-

years 

22nd

Highest 

delta-dv 

over 3-

year 

period 

 km Days Rec delta-dv Days Rec delta-dv Days Rec delta-dv delta-dv delta-dv 

Cape Romain 161.7 0 0 0.15 0 0 0.14 0 0 0.18 0.18 0.16 

Okefenokee 159.0 0 0 0.17 0 0 0.18 0 0 0.16 0.18 0.17 

Wolf Island 87.0 0 0 0.19 0 0 0.20 0 0 0.21 0.21 0.21 
Appendix A 

Delta-Deciview Values for the Top 20 Days – for Each Year/Each 

Class I Area and for the Top 25 Days – Over Three Years 
Ranked Daily Visibility Change for Cape Romain (Top 20 Days for Each Year) 

 % of Modeled Extinction by Species 

YEAR DAY HR REC DV(Total) DV(BKG) DELTA DV F(RH) %_SO4 %_NO3 %_OC %_EC %_PMC %_PMF Ranking

2001 313 0 531 7.746 7.519 0.227 3.4 76.91 0 2.84 7.56 2.35 10.34 1 

2001 241 0 578 7.728 7.519 0.209 4.1 80.58 0 2.47 6.57 1.39 8.99 2 

2001 240 0 534 7.711 7.519 0.192 4.1 79.96 0 2.45 6.52 2.15 8.92 3 

2001 224 0 532 7.711 7.519 0.192 4.1 80.2 0 2.46 6.54 1.86 8.94 4 

2001 8 0 532 7.693 7.519 0.174 3.3 76.47 0 2.91 7.75 2.28 10.59 5 

2001 220 0 531 7.666 7.519 0.147 4.1 80.16 0 2.46 6.53 1.91 8.94 6 

2001 242 0 532 7.664 7.519 0.146 4.1 80.35 0 2.46 6.55 1.68 8.96 7 

2001 225 0 532 7.664 7.519 0.145 4.1 79.82 0 2.45 6.51 2.33 8.9 8 

2001 222 0 562 7.657 7.519 0.138 4.1 80.33 0 2.46 6.55 1.7 8.96 9 

2001 63 0 562 7.657 7.519 0.138 2.9 74.37 0 3.22 8.57 2.12 11.72 10 

2001 158 0 532 7.651 7.519 0.132 3.7 78.39 0 2.66 7.08 2.18 9.69 11 

2001 277 0 532 7.65 7.519 0.131 3.7 78.15 0 2.65 7.06 2.48 9.66 12 

2001 233 0 562 7.648 7.519 0.129 4.1 80.46 0 2.46 6.56 1.55 8.97 13 

2001 201 0 531 7.648 7.519 0.129 3.6 77.78 0 2.71 7.22 2.4 9.88 14 

2001 53 0 531 7.646 7.519 0.127 3 74.18 0 3.11 8.26 3.15 11.3 15 

2001 223 0 547 7.636 7.519 0.117 4.1 80.27 0 2.46 6.54 1.78 8.95 16 

2001 139 0 531 7.634 7.519 0.116 3.2 76.07 0 2.99 7.95 2.13 10.87 17 

2001 221 0 531 7.631 7.519 0.112 4.1 80.49 0 2.47 6.56 1.5 8.98 18 

2001 48 0 532 7.63 7.519 0.111 3 74.33 0 3.11 8.28 2.95 11.33 19 

2001 192 0 578 7.624 7.519 0.105 3.6 78.24 0 2.73 7.26 1.83 9.94 20 

 

2002 198 0 532 7.687 7.519 0.169 3.6 77.8 0 2.71 7.22 2.39 9.88 1 

2002 232 0 532 7.687 7.519 0.168 4.1 79.97 0 2.45 6.52 2.14 8.92 2 

2002 231 0 531 7.683 7.519 0.164 4.1 80.27 0 2.46 6.54 1.77 8.95 3 

2002 146 0 562 7.683 7.519 0.164 3.2 76.09 0 2.99 7.95 2.1 10.87 4 

2002 6 0 532 7.683 7.519 0.164 3.3 76.16 0 2.9 7.71 2.68 10.55 5 

2002 233 0 578 7.681 7.519 0.163 4.1 79.98 0 2.45 6.52 2.14 8.92 6 

2002 236 0 550 7.679 7.519 0.16 4.1 80.16 0 2.46 6.54 1.9 8.94 7 

2002 202 0 692 7.657 7.519 0.138 3.6 78.07 0 2.72 7.25 2.04 9.91 8 

2002 260 0 532 7.656 7.519 0.137 4 79.69 0 2.5 6.66 2.04 9.11 9 

2002 214 0 531 7.654 7.519 0.135 4.1 80.42 0 2.46 6.56 1.6 8.97 10 

2002 187 0 578 7.652 7.519 0.133 3.6 77.94 0 2.72 7.24 2.21 9.9 11 

2002 272 0 531 7.649 7.519 0.13 4 79.71 0 2.5 6.66 2.01 9.11 12 

2002 199 0 681 7.648 7.519 0.129 3.6 78.35 0 2.73 7.27 1.7 9.95 13 

2002 153 0 562 7.646 7.519 0.127 3.7 78.45 0 2.66 7.09 2.11 9.69 14 

2002 179 0 562 7.644 7.519 0.125 3.7 78.75 0 2.67 7.11 1.73 9.73 15 

2002 123 0 572 7.644 7.519 0.125 3.2 76.01 0 2.98 7.94 2.21 10.86 16 

2002 209 0 626 7.64 7.519 0.121 3.6 78.16 0 2.73 7.26 1.93 9.93 17 

2002 169 0 537 7.637 7.519 0.119 3.7 78.12 0 2.65 7.06 2.51 9.65 18 

2002 237 0 531 7.637 7.519 0.118 4.1 79.97 0 2.45 6.52 2.14 8.92 19 

2002 18 0 532 7.633 7.519 0.114 3.3 76.72 0 2.92 7.77 1.96 10.63 20 

 

2003 172 0 580 7.739 7.519 0.22 3.7 78.62 0 2.67 7.1 1.89 9.71 1 

2003 317 0 532 7.72 7.519 0.202 3.4 77.06 0 2.85 7.58 2.16 10.36 2 

2003 211 0 571 7.708 7.519 0.189 3.6 77.77 0 2.71 7.22 2.42 9.88 3 

2003 263 0 578 7.707 7.519 0.188 4 80.43 0 2.53 6.72 1.13 9.19 4 

2003 128 0 532 7.702 7.519 0.183 3.2 75.75 0 2.97 7.91 2.54 10.82 5 

2003 35 0 532 7.697 7.519 0.178 3 74.63 0 3.12 8.31 2.56 11.37 6 

2003 236 0 579 7.695 7.519 0.176 4.1 80.25 0 2.46 6.54 1.79 8.95 7 

2003 230 0 537 7.694 7.519 0.175 4.1 80.1 0 2.45 6.53 1.98 8.93 8 

2003 3 0 532 7.688 7.519 0.169 3.3 76.56 0 2.91 7.75 2.16 10.61 9 

2003 178 0 540 7.679 7.519 0.16 3.7 78.56 0 2.67 7.1 1.96 9.71 10 

2003 202 0 531 7.674 7.519 0.155 3.6 77.61 0 2.71 7.21 2.62 9.86 11 

2003 198 0 550 7.674 7.519 0.155 3.6 78.28 0 2.73 7.27 1.77 9.94 12 

2003 190 0 558 7.672 7.519 0.154 3.6 77.69 0 2.71 7.21 2.52 9.87 13 

2003 186 0 595 7.671 7.519 0.152 3.6 78.01 0 2.72 7.24 2.11 9.91 14 

2003 185 0 531 7.664 7.519 0.145 3.6 78.04 0 2.72 7.25 2.08 9.91 15 

2003 218 0 531 7.66 7.519 0.141 4.1 79.84 0 2.45 6.51 2.3 8.9 16 

2003 192 0 533 7.66 7.519 0.141 3.6 77.63 0 2.71 7.21 2.6 9.86 17 

2003 6 0 562 7.658 7.519 0.139 3.3 77.17 0 2.94 7.82 1.39 10.69 18 

2003 147 0 577 7.656 7.519 0.137 3.2 75.82 0 2.98 7.92 2.45 10.83 19 

2003 322 0 693 7.642 7.519 0.123 3.4 77.02 0 2.85 7.57 2.2 10.36 20 
Ranked Daily Visibility Change for Cape Romain (Top 25 Days Over Three Years) 

 % of Modeled Extinction by Species 

YEAR DAY REC DV(Total) DV(BKG) DELTA DV F(RH) %_SO4 %_NO3 %_OC %_EC %_PMC %_PMF Ranking

2001 313 531 7.746 7.519 0.227 3.4 76.91 0.00 2.84 7.56 2.35 10.34 1 

2003 172 580 7.739 7.519 0.220 3.7 78.62 0.00 2.67 7.10 1.89 9.71 2 

2001 241 578 7.728 7.519 0.209 4.1 80.58 0.00 2.47 6.57 1.39 8.99 3 

2003 317 532 7.720 7.519 0.202 3.4 77.06 0.00 2.85 7.58 2.16 10.36 4 

2001 240 534 7.711 7.519 0.192 4.1 79.96 0.00 2.45 6.52 2.15 8.92 5 

2001 224 532 7.711 7.519 0.192 4.1 80.20 0.00 2.46 6.54 1.86 8.94 6 

2003 211 571 7.708 7.519 0.189 3.6 77.77 0.00 2.71 7.22 2.42 9.88 7 

2003 263 578 7.707 7.519 0.188 4.0 80.43 0.00 2.53 6.72 1.13 9.19 8 

2003 128 532 7.702 7.519 0.183 3.2 75.75 0.00 2.97 7.91 2.54 10.82 9 

2003 35 532 7.697 7.519 0.178 3.0 74.63 0.00 3.12 8.31 2.56 11.37 10 

2003 236 579 7.695 7.519 0.176 4.1 80.25 0.00 2.46 6.54 1.79 8.95 11 

2003 230 537 7.694 7.519 0.175 4.1 80.10 0.00 2.45 6.53 1.98 8.93 12 

2001 8 532 7.693 7.519 0.174 3.3 76.47 0.00 2.91 7.75 2.28 10.59 13 

2002 198 532 7.687 7.519 0.169 3.6 77.80 0.00 2.71 7.22 2.39 9.88 14 

2003 3 532 7.688 7.519 0.169 3.3 76.56 0.00 2.91 7.75 2.16 10.61 15 

2002 232 532 7.687 7.519 0.168 4.1 79.97 0.00 2.45 6.52 2.14 8.92 16 

2002 231 531 7.683 7.519 0.164 4.1 80.27 0.00 2.46 6.54 1.77 8.95 17 

2002 146 562 7.683 7.519 0.164 3.2 76.09 0.00 2.99 7.95 2.10 10.87 18 

2002 6 532 7.683 7.519 0.164 3.3 76.16 0.00 2.90 7.71 2.68 10.55 19 

2002 233 578 7.681 7.519 0.163 4.1 79.98 0.00 2.45 6.52 2.14 8.92 20 

2002 236 550 7.679 7.519 0.160 4.1 80.16 0.00 2.46 6.54 1.90 8.94 21 

2003 178 540 7.679 7.519 0.160 3.7 78.56 0.00 2.67 7.10 1.96 9.71 22 

2003 202 531 7.674 7.519 0.155 3.6 77.61 0.00 2.71 7.21 2.62 9.86 23 

2003 198 550 7.674 7.519 0.155 3.6 78.28 0.00 2.73 7.27 1.77 9.94 24 

2003 190 558 7.672 7.519 0.154 3.6 77.69 0.00 2.71 7.21 2.52 9.87 25 
Ranked Daily Visibility Change for Okefenokee (Top 20 Days for Each Year) 

 % of Modeled Extinction by Species 

YEAR DAY HR REC DV(Total) DV(BKG) DELTA DV F(RH) %_SO4 %_NO3 %_OC %_EC %_PMC %_PMF Ranking

2001 303 0 500 7.905 7.608 0.297 3.8 79.76 0 2.64 7.02 0.99 9.6 1 

2001 322 0 499 7.884 7.608 0.276 3.5 77.56 0 2.78 7.41 2.11 10.13 2 

2001 23 0 494 7.866 7.608 0.258 3.5 77.99 0 2.8 7.45 1.58 10.19 3 

2001 271 0 214 7.829 7.608 0.221 4 80.47 0 2.53 6.72 1.08 9.2 4 

2001 338 0 499 7.798 7.608 0.19 3.6 78.73 0 2.75 7.31 1.21 10 5 

2001 295 0 493 7.787 7.608 0.179 3.8 79.47 0 2.63 6.99 1.35 9.56 6 

2001 273 0 499 7.775 7.608 0.167 4 80.62 0 2.53 6.74 0.89 9.21 7 

2001 292 0 499 7.773 7.608 0.165 3.8 78.7 0 2.6 6.92 2.3 9.47 8 

2001 310 0 477 7.758 7.608 0.15 3.5 78.23 0 2.81 7.47 1.28 10.22 9 

2001 203 0 494 7.757 7.608 0.149 3.7 78.71 0 2.67 7.11 1.78 9.73 10 

2001 272 0 122 7.755 7.608 0.146 4 80.16 0 2.52 6.7 1.46 9.16 11 

2001 238 0 499 7.753 7.608 0.145 4.1 80.53 0 2.47 6.57 1.46 8.98 12 

2001 294 0 494 7.752 7.608 0.144 3.8 78.84 0 2.61 6.93 2.13 9.48 13 

2001 274 0 253 7.744 7.608 0.136 4 80.71 0 2.53 6.74 0.79 9.22 14 

2001 50 0 498 7.741 7.608 0.133 3.2 76.9 0 3.02 8.03 1.06 10.99 15 

2001 320 0 477 7.734 7.608 0.126 3.5 78.45 0 2.82 7.49 0.99 10.25 16 

2001 281 0 222 7.733 7.608 0.125 3.8 80.01 0 2.64 7.04 0.69 9.63 17 

2001 170 0 477 7.73 7.608 0.122 3.7 78.51 0 2.67 7.09 2.03 9.7 18 

2001 59 0 479 7.721 7.608 0.113 3.2 75.91 0 2.98 7.93 2.34 10.84 19 

2001 196 0 499 7.714 7.608 0.106 3.7 78.76 0 2.67 7.12 1.72 9.73 20 

 

2002 343 0 499 7.895 7.608 0.287 3.6 78.5 0 2.74 7.29 1.51 9.97 1 

2002 246 0 487 7.853 7.608 0.245 4 80.44 0 2.53 6.72 1.11 9.19 2 

2002 325 0 498 7.834 7.608 0.226 3.5 77.85 0 2.79 7.44 1.75 10.17 3 

2002 344 0 500 7.827 7.608 0.219 3.6 77.95 0 2.72 7.24 2.19 9.9 4 

2002 247 0 499 7.806 7.608 0.198 4 80 0 2.51 6.69 1.66 9.14 5 

2002 342 0 33 7.802 7.608 0.194 3.6 78.28 0 2.73 7.27 1.78 9.94 6 

2002 217 0 499 7.788 7.608 0.18 4.1 80.11 0 2.45 6.53 1.97 8.93 7 

2002 296 0 499 7.783 7.608 0.175 3.8 79.82 0 2.64 7.02 0.91 9.6 8 

2002 283 0 494 7.768 7.608 0.16 3.8 79.52 0 2.63 6.99 1.29 9.57 9 

2002 221 0 499 7.766 7.608 0.158 4.1 80.33 0 2.46 6.55 1.71 8.96 10 

2002 46 0 479 7.763 7.608 0.155 3.2 76.22 0 2.99 7.96 1.94 10.89 11 

2002 253 0 493 7.748 7.608 0.14 4 79.58 0 2.5 6.65 2.17 9.1 12 

2002 96 0 500 7.747 7.608 0.139 3 75.41 0 3.16 8.4 1.54 11.49 13 

2002 141 0 122 7.743 7.608 0.134 3.6 78.42 0 2.74 7.28 1.61 9.96 14 

2002 333 0 33 7.734 7.608 0.126 3.5 78.07 0 2.8 7.46 1.47 10.2 15 

2002 306 0 494 7.733 7.608 0.125 3.5 78.15 0 2.8 7.46 1.37 10.21 16 

2002 140 0 189 7.73 7.608 0.122 3.6 78.79 0 2.75 7.32 1.13 10.01 17 

2002 331 0 323 7.72 7.608 0.112 3.5 78.18 0 2.81 7.47 1.33 10.21 18 

2002 27 0 499 7.719 7.608 0.111 3.5 77.86 0 2.79 7.44 1.74 10.17 19 

2002 143 0 498 7.712 7.608 0.104 3.6 79.03 0 2.76 7.34 0.84 10.04 20 

 

2003 256 0 464 7.893 7.608 0.285 4 80.12 0 2.52 6.69 1.52 9.16 1 

2003 255 0 486 7.846 7.608 0.238 4 79.96 0 2.51 6.68 1.71 9.14 2 

2003 274 0 499 7.819 7.608 0.211 4 80.42 0 2.53 6.72 1.15 9.19 3 

2003 254 0 499 7.818 7.608 0.21 4 79.82 0 2.51 6.67 1.88 9.12 4 

2003 32 0 464 7.812 7.608 0.204 3.5 78.26 0 2.81 7.47 1.23 10.22 5 

2003 307 0 493 7.784 7.608 0.176 3.5 77.34 0 2.78 7.39 2.4 10.1 6 

2003 314 0 189 7.772 7.608 0.164 3.5 78.88 0 2.83 7.53 0.45 10.3 7 

2003 273 0 222 7.769 7.608 0.161 4 80.69 0 2.53 6.74 0.81 9.22 8 

2003 362 0 499 7.767 7.608 0.159 3.6 78.74 0 2.75 7.31 1.2 10 9 

2003 284 0 499 7.76 7.608 0.152 3.8 78.87 0 2.61 6.94 2.09 9.49 10 

2003 315 0 500 7.754 7.608 0.146 3.5 78.76 0 2.83 7.52 0.6 10.29 11 

2003 293 0 237 7.746 7.608 0.138 3.8 79.53 0 2.63 7 1.28 9.57 12 

2003 259 0 464 7.746 7.608 0.138 4 80.5 0 2.53 6.73 1.04 9.2 13 

2003 319 0 487 7.738 7.608 0.13 3.5 78.28 0 2.81 7.48 1.21 10.23 14 

2003 326 0 499 7.733 7.608 0.125 3.5 77.12 0 2.77 7.37 2.67 10.07 15 

2003 337 0 499 7.728 7.608 0.12 3.6 78.84 0 2.75 7.32 1.07 10.01 16 

2003 361 0 464 7.723 7.608 0.115 3.6 78.89 0 2.75 7.33 1.01 10.02 17 

2003 276 0 33 7.718 7.608 0.11 3.8 79.88 0 2.64 7.03 0.84 9.61 18 

2003 261 0 494 7.718 7.608 0.11 4 80.51 0 2.53 6.73 1.03 9.2 19 

2003 257 0 499 7.707 7.608 0.099 4 80.3 0 2.52 6.71 1.29 9.18 20 
Ranked Daily Visibility Change for Okefenokee (Top 25 Days Over Three Years) 

 % of Modeled Extinction by Species 

YEAR DAY REC DV(Total) DV(BKG) DELTA DV F(RH) %_SO4 %_NO3 %_OC %_EC %_PMC %_PMF Ranking

2001 303 500 7.905 7.608 0.297 3.8 79.76 0.00 2.64 7.02 0.99 9.60 1 

2002 343 499 7.895 7.608 0.287 3.6 78.50 0.00 2.74 7.29 1.51 9.97 2 

2003 256 464 7.893 7.608 0.285 4.0 80.12 0.00 2.52 6.69 1.52 9.16 3 

2001 322 499 7.884 7.608 0.276 3.5 77.56 0.00 2.78 7.41 2.11 10.13 4 

2001 23 494 7.866 7.608 0.258 3.5 77.99 0.00 2.80 7.45 1.58 10.19 5 

2002 246 487 7.853 7.608 0.245 4.0 80.44 0.00 2.53 6.72 1.11 9.19 6 

2003 255 486 7.846 7.608 0.238 4.0 79.96 0.00 2.51 6.68 1.71 9.14 7 

2002 325 498 7.834 7.608 0.226 3.5 77.85 0.00 2.79 7.44 1.75 10.17 8 

2001 271 214 7.829 7.608 0.221 4.0 80.47 0.00 2.53 6.72 1.08 9.20 9 

2002 344 500 7.827 7.608 0.219 3.6 77.95 0.00 2.72 7.24 2.19 9.90 10 

2003 274 499 7.819 7.608 0.211 4.0 80.42 0.00 2.53 6.72 1.15 9.19 11 

2003 254 499 7.818 7.608 0.210 4.0 79.82 0.00 2.51 6.67 1.88 9.12 12 

2003 32 464 7.812 7.608 0.204 3.5 78.26 0.00 2.81 7.47 1.23 10.22 13 

2002 247 499 7.806 7.608 0.198 4.0 80.00 0.00 2.51 6.69 1.66 9.14 14 

2002 342 33 7.802 7.608 0.194 3.6 78.28 0.00 2.73 7.27 1.78 9.94 15 

2001 338 499 7.798 7.608 0.190 3.6 78.73 0.00 2.75 7.31 1.21 10.00 16 

2002 217 499 7.788 7.608 0.180 4.1 80.11 0.00 2.45 6.53 1.97 8.93 17 

2001 295 493 7.787 7.608 0.179 3.8 79.47 0.00 2.63 6.99 1.35 9.56 18 

2003 307 493 7.784 7.608 0.176 3.5 77.34 0.00 2.78 7.39 2.40 10.10 19 

2002 296 499 7.783 7.608 0.175 3.8 79.82 0.00 2.64 7.02 0.91 9.60 20 

2001 273 499 7.775 7.608 0.167 4.0 80.62 0.00 2.53 6.74 0.89 9.21 21 

2001 292 499 7.773 7.608 0.165 3.8 78.70 0.00 2.60 6.92 2.30 9.47 22 

2003 314 189 7.772 7.608 0.164 3.5 78.88 0.00 2.83 7.53 0.45 10.30 23 

2003 273 222 7.769 7.608 0.161 4.0 80.69 0.00 2.53 6.74 0.81 9.22 24 

2002 283 494 7.768 7.608 0.160 3.8 79.52 0.00 2.63 6.99 1.29 9.57 25 
Ranked Daily Visibility Change for Wolf Island (Top 20 Days for Each Year) 

 % of Modeled Extinction by Species 

YEAR DAY HR REC DV(Total) DV(BKG) DELTA DV F(RH) %_SO4 %_NO3 %_OC %_EC %_PMC %_PMF Ranking

2001 260 0 524 8.011 7.58 0.431 4 79.68 0 2.5 6.66 2.05 9.11 1 

2002 1 0 524 7.909 7.58 0.329 3.5 77.41 0 2.78 7.39 2.3 10.11 2 

2001 261 0 508 7.865 7.58 0.285 4 79.57 0 2.5 6.65 2.19 9.09 3 

2001 275 0 530 7.857 7.58 0.277 3.7 78.13 0 2.65 7.06 2.5 9.65 4 

2001 272 0 527 7.84 7.58 0.26 4 79.49 0 2.5 6.64 2.29 9.08 5 

2001 365 0 530 7.828 7.58 0.248 3.5 77.76 0 2.79 7.43 1.87 10.16 6 

2001 291 0 530 7.789 7.58 0.209 3.7 78.76 0 2.67 7.12 1.72 9.73 7 

2001 172 0 524 7.77 7.58 0.19 3.7 78.43 0 2.66 7.09 2.13 9.69 8 

2001 44 0 530 7.758 7.58 0.178 3.1 75.64 0 3.06 8.16 1.98 11.15 9 

2001 36 0 524 7.753 7.58 0.173 3.1 75.46 0 3.06 8.14 2.22 11.13 10 

2001 45 0 502 7.747 7.58 0.167 3.1 75.84 0 3.07 8.18 1.72 11.18 11 

2001 55 0 530 7.745 7.58 0.165 3.1 75.53 0 3.06 8.14 2.13 11.14 12 

2001 11 0 529 7.742 7.58 0.162 3.4 76.65 0 2.83 7.54 2.67 10.31 13 

2001 3 0 529 7.74 7.58 0.16 3.4 77.09 0 2.85 7.58 2.11 10.37 14 

2001 4 0 524 7.729 7.58 0.149 3.4 76.73 0 2.83 7.54 2.58 10.32 15 

2001 274 0 524 7.715 7.58 0.135 4 79.63 0 2.5 6.65 2.11 9.1 16 

2001 228 0 530 7.715 7.58 0.135 4.1 79.78 0 2.44 6.5 2.38 8.9 17 

2001 356 0 529 7.707 7.58 0.127 3.5 77.48 0 2.78 7.4 2.22 10.12 18 

2001 24 0 529 7.695 7.58 0.115 3.4 76.73 0 2.83 7.54 2.58 10.32 19 

2001 68 0 529 7.692 7.58 0.112 3.1 74.87 0 3.03 8.07 2.98 11.04 20 

 

2002 308 0 529 8.107 7.58 0.527 3.5 77.12 0 2.77 7.37 2.67 10.07 1 

2002 56 0 528 7.963 7.58 0.383 3.1 75.01 0 3.04 8.09 2.8 11.06 2 

2002 126 0 530 7.938 7.58 0.358 3.3 76.78 0 2.92 7.78 1.88 10.64 3 

2002 337 0 524 7.912 7.58 0.332 3.5 77.49 0 2.78 7.4 2.21 10.12 4 

2002 307 0 529 7.82 7.58 0.24 3.5 77.31 0 2.77 7.38 2.44 10.1 5 

2002 155 0 529 7.807 7.58 0.227 3.7 78.12 0 2.65 7.06 2.52 9.65 6 

2002 324 0 524 7.804 7.58 0.224 3.5 77.6 0 2.78 7.41 2.07 10.14 7 

2002 331 0 524 7.78 7.58 0.2 3.5 77.36 0 2.78 7.39 2.36 10.11 8 

2002 341 0 524 7.772 7.58 0.192 3.5 77.88 0 2.79 7.44 1.71 10.17 9 

2002 312 0 530 7.767 7.58 0.187 3.5 77.8 0 2.79 7.43 1.82 10.16 10 

2002 261 0 528 7.763 7.58 0.183 4 79.37 0 2.49 6.63 2.43 9.07 11 

2002 17 0 530 7.733 7.58 0.153 3.4 76.72 0 2.83 7.54 2.59 10.32 12 

2002 305 0 524 7.727 7.58 0.147 3.7 78.87 0 2.68 7.12 1.59 9.74 13 

2002 352 0 527 7.723 7.58 0.143 3.5 77.43 0 2.78 7.4 2.28 10.11 14 

2002 281 0 529 7.721 7.58 0.141 3.7 78.35 0 2.66 7.08 2.23 9.68 15 

2002 135 0 530 7.713 7.58 0.133 3.3 76.46 0 2.91 7.75 2.29 10.59 16 

2002 286 0 530 7.709 7.58 0.129 3.7 77.93 0 2.65 7.04 2.76 9.63 17 

2002 319 0 524 7.706 7.58 0.126 3.5 77.13 0 2.77 7.37 2.67 10.07 18 

2002 54 0 530 7.702 7.58 0.122 3.1 75.12 0 3.04 8.1 2.66 11.08 19 

2002 301 0 530 7.7 7.58 0.12 3.7 77.92 0 2.65 7.04 2.76 9.63 20 

 

2003 335 0 530 7.914 7.58 0.334 3.5 77.27 0 2.77 7.38 2.48 10.09 1 

2003 253 0 524 7.893 7.58 0.313 4 79.7 0 2.5 6.66 2.02 9.11 2 

2003 252 0 517 7.888 7.58 0.308 4 79.38 0 2.49 6.63 2.42 9.07 3 

2003 356 0 529 7.82 7.58 0.24 3.5 77.42 0 2.78 7.39 2.3 10.11 4 

2003 259 0 524 7.813 7.58 0.233 4 79.48 0 2.5 6.64 2.29 9.08 5 

2003 83 0 524 7.803 7.58 0.223 3.1 74.9 0 3.03 8.08 2.95 11.05 6 

2003 251 0 518 7.802 7.58 0.222 4 79.85 0 2.51 6.67 1.84 9.13 7 

2003 292 0 524 7.789 7.58 0.209 3.7 78.26 0 2.66 7.07 2.34 9.67 8 

2003 284 0 524 7.774 7.58 0.194 3.7 79.04 0 2.68 7.14 1.37 9.77 9 

2003 279 0 530 7.769 7.58 0.189 3.7 78.26 0 2.66 7.07 2.35 9.67 10 

2003 347 0 530 7.76 7.58 0.18 3.5 77.58 0 2.78 7.41 2.09 10.13 11 

2003 256 0 530 7.757 7.58 0.177 4 79.97 0 2.51 6.68 1.69 9.14 12 

2003 361 0 524 7.732 7.58 0.152 3.5 77.15 0 2.77 7.37 2.64 10.08 13 

2003 331 0 529 7.732 7.58 0.152 3.5 77.84 0 2.79 7.43 1.77 10.17 14 

2003 261 0 530 7.727 7.58 0.147 4 79.38 0 2.49 6.63 2.42 9.07 15 

2003 135 0 529 7.702 7.58 0.122 3.3 76.37 0 2.91 7.74 2.4 10.58 16 

2003 144 0 530 7.701 7.58 0.121 3.3 77.06 0 2.93 7.81 1.53 10.68 17 

2003 32 0 524 7.695 7.58 0.115 3.4 76.98 0 2.84 7.57 2.26 10.35 18 

2003 114 0 529 7.687 7.58 0.107 3 74.58 0 3.12 8.31 2.62 11.36 19 

2003 342 0 524 7.685 7.58 0.105 3.5 77.49 0 2.78 7.4 2.21 10.12 20 
Ranked Daily Visibility Change for Wolf Island (Top 25 Days Over Three Years) 

 % of Modeled Extinction by Species 

YEAR DAY REC DV(Total) DV(BKG) DELTA DV F(RH) %_SO4 %_NO3 %_OC %_EC %_PMC %_PMF Ranking

2002 308 529 8.107 7.580 0.527 3.5 77.12 0.00 2.77 7.37 2.67 10.07 1 

2001 260 524 8.011 7.580 0.431 4.0 79.68 0.00 2.50 6.66 2.05 9.11 2 

2002 56 528 7.963 7.580 0.383 3.1 75.01 0.00 3.04 8.09 2.80 11.06 3 

2002 126 530 7.938 7.580 0.358 3.3 76.78 0.00 2.92 7.78 1.88 10.64 4 

2003 335 530 7.914 7.580 0.334 3.5 77.27 0.00 2.77 7.38 2.48 10.09 5 

2002 337 524 7.912 7.580 0.332 3.5 77.49 0.00 2.78 7.40 2.21 10.12 6 

2002 1 524 7.909 7.580 0.329 3.5 77.41 0.00 2.78 7.39 2.30 10.11 7 

2003 253 524 7.893 7.580 0.313 4.0 79.70 0.00 2.50 6.66 2.02 9.11 8 

2003 252 517 7.888 7.580 0.308 4.0 79.38 0.00 2.49 6.63 2.42 9.07 9 

2001 261 508 7.865 7.580 0.285 4.0 79.57 0.00 2.50 6.65 2.19 9.09 10 

2001 275 530 7.857 7.580 0.277 3.7 78.13 0.00 2.65 7.06 2.50 9.65 11 

2001 272 527 7.840 7.580 0.260 4.0 79.49 0.00 2.50 6.64 2.29 9.08 12 

2001 365 530 7.828 7.580 0.248 3.5 77.76 0.00 2.79 7.43 1.87 10.16 13 

2002 307 529 7.820 7.580 0.240 3.5 77.31 0.00 2.77 7.38 2.44 10.10 14 

2003 356 529 7.820 7.580 0.240 3.5 77.42 0.00 2.78 7.39 2.30 10.11 15 

2003 259 524 7.813 7.580 0.233 4.0 79.48 0.00 2.50 6.64 2.29 9.08 16 

2002 155 529 7.807 7.580 0.227 3.7 78.12 0.00 2.65 7.06 2.52 9.65 17 

2002 324 524 7.804 7.580 0.224 3.5 77.60 0.00 2.78 7.41 2.07 10.14 18 

2003 83 524 7.803 7.580 0.223 3.1 74.90 0.00 3.03 8.08 2.95 11.05 19 

2003 251 518 7.802 7.580 0.222 4.0 79.85 0.00 2.51 6.67 1.84 9.13 20 

2001 291 530 7.789 7.580 0.209 3.7 78.76 0.00 2.67 7.12 1.72 9.73 21 

2003 292 524 7.789 7.580 0.209 3.7 78.26 0.00 2.66 7.07 2.34 9.67 22 

2002 331 524 7.780 7.580 0.200 3.5 77.36 0.00 2.78 7.39 2.36 10.11 23 

2003 284 524 7.774 7.580 0.194 3.7 79.04 0.00 2.68 7.14 1.37 9.77 24 

2002 341 524 7.772 7.580 0.192 3.5 77.88 0.00 2.79 7.44 1.71 10.17 25