September 2000 NP-2000-09-008JSC

Astronaut Fact Book

To most people, the sky is the limit.

To those who love flight, the sky is home.

— anon

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Information Summaries
2

September, 2000

 PREFACE 

The National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) selected the first group of

astronauts in 1959. From 500 candidates having the required jet aircraft flight experience and

engineering training as well as height below 5 feet 11 inches, 7 military men became the

Nation’s first astronauts. The second and third groups chosen included civilians who had

extensive flying experience. By 1964, requirements had changed, and emphasis was placed on

academic qualifications; in 1965, 6 scientist astronauts were selected from a group of 400

applicants who had a Doctorate or equivalent experience in the natural sciences, medicine, or

engineering. The group named in 1978 was the first of space shuttle flight crews and since then,

8 additional groups have been selected with a mix of pilots and mission specialists.

There are currently 138 U.S. astronauts and 17 candidates in the program; 129 astronauts have

retired, resigned or been reassigned; and 27 are deceased.

Though most of the information in this document pertains only to U.S. Astronauts, several

sections are included to provide information about the international astronauts and Russian

trained Cosmonauts who are currently partners with the U.S. Space Program participating in the

International Space Station endeavor. The non-U.S. information presented here was gathered

from the biographies provided by the various space agencies with which these individuals are

affiliated.

Payload specialists are career scientists or engineers selected by their employer or country for

their expertise in conducting a specific experiment or commercial venture on a space shuttle

mission. Information about them is not included in the Astronaut Fact Book.

The space flights and statistics listed in this publication are those which resulted from the vertical

takeoff of an American space vehicle. Astronauts listed (unless otherwise noted) are individuals

who participated in the United States astronaut program including those who are in the training

program.

NASA accepts applications for the Astronaut Candidate Program on a continuing basis and

selects candidates as needed.
3

CONTENTS 

List of U.S. Astronauts ................................................................................................. 3

List of International Astronauts Currently in the U.S. Program..................................... 12

List of Cosmonauts currently in the U.S. Program ....................................................... 13

Biographical Sketches ................................................................................................. 14

Current U.S. Astronauts.......................................................................................... 14

International Astronauts Currently in the U.S. Space Program............................... 37

Cosmonauts Currently in the U.S. Space Program ................................................ 41

2000 U.S. Astronaut Candidate Class.................................................................... 44

Former U.S. Astronauts.......................................................................................... 47

Deceased U.S. Astronauts ..................................................................................... 67

U.S. Astronaut Selection by Groups ............................................................................ 72

Congressional Space Medal of Honor ......................................................................... 74

Educational Institutions From Which U.S. Astronauts Earned Degrees....................... 75

United States Service Academies From Which U.S. Astronauts Earned Degrees ...... 78

U.S. Astronauts’ Birthplaces by State .......................................................................... 79

Astronauts Born in Other Countries ............................................................................. 80

Astronauts’ Scouting Records...................................................................................... 81

Current U.S. Astronauts in Active Military Service ....................................................... 82

U.S. Space Program Human Space Flight Log............................................................ 83

Cover Art 

Astronaut works outside the Shuttle with the Earth as a backdrop
UNITED STATES ASTRONAUTS 

Astronaut Selection Year Group # Flights Status 

4

Adamson, James C. 1984 10 2 Former

Akers, Thomas D. 1987 12 4 Former

Aldrin, Buzz 1963 3 2 Former

Allen, Andrew M. 1987 12 3 Former

Allen, Joseph P. 1967 6 2 Former

Altman, Scott D. 1995 15 2 Current

Anders, William A. 1963 3 1 Former

Anderson, Clayton C. 1998 17 0 Current

Anderson, Michael P. 1995 15 1 Current

Antonelli, Dominic A. 2000 18 0 Candidate

Apt, Jerome 1985 11 4 Former

Archambault, Lee J. 1998 17 0 Current

Armstrong, Neil A. 1962 2 2 Former

Ashby, Jeffrey S. 1995 15 1 Current

Bagian, James P. 1980 9 2 Former

Baker, Ellen S. 1984 10 3 Current

Baker, Michael A. 1985 11 4 Current

Barratt, Michael R. 2000 18 0 Candidate

Barry, Daniel T. 1992 14 2 Current

Bassett, Charles A., II 1963 3 0 Deceased

Bean, Alan L. 1963 3 2 Former

Behnken, Robert L. 2000 18 0 Candidate

Blaha, John E. 1980 9 5 Former

Bloomfield, Michael J. 1995 15 1 Current

Bluford, Guion S., Jr. 1978 8 4 Former

Bobko, Karol J. 1969 7 3 Former

Boe, Eric A. 2000 18 0 Candidate

Bolden, Charles F., Jr. 1980 9 4 Former

Borman, Frank 1962 2 2 Former

Bowen, Stephen G. 2000 18 0 Candidate

Bowersox, Kenneth D. 1987 12 4 Current

Brady, Charles E., Jr. 1992 14 1 Current

Brand, Vance D. 1966 5 4 Former

Brandenstein, Daniel C. 1978 8 4 Former

Bridges, Roy D., Jr. 1980 9 1 Former

Brown, Curtis L., Jr. 1987 12 6 Former

Brown, David M. 1996 16 0 Current

Brown, Mark N. 1984 10 2 Former

Buchli, James F. 1978 8 4 Former

Bull, John S. 1966 5 0 Former

Burbank, Daniel C. 1996 16 1 Current

Bursch, Daniel W. 1990 13 3 Current
UNITED STATES ASTRONAUTS 

Astronaut Selection Year Group # Flights Status 

5

Cabana, Robert D. 1985 11 4 Current

Cagle, Yvonne D. 1996 16 0 Current

Caldeiro, Fernando (Frank) 1996 16 0 Current

Caldwell, Tracy E. 1998 17 0 Current

Camarda, Charles J. 1996 16 0 Current

Cameron, Kenneth D. 1984 10 3 Former

Carey, Duane G. 1996 16 0 Current

Carpenter, M. Scott 1959 1 1 Former

Carr, Gerald P. 1966 5 1 Former

Carter, Manley Lanier, Jr. 1984 10 1 Deceased

Casper, John H. 1984 10 4 Former

Cernan, Eugene A. 1963 3 3 Former

Chaffee, Roger B. 1963 3 0 Deceased

Chamitoff, Gregory E. 1998 17 0 Current

Chang-Diaz, Franklin R. 1980 9 6 Current

Chapman, Philip K. 1967 6 0 Former

Chawla, Kalpana 1995 15 1 Current

Chiao, Leroy 1990 13 2 Current

Chilton, Kevin P. 1987 12 3 Former

Chretien, Jean-Loup J. M. 1995 15 3 Current

Clark, Laurel B. 1996 16 0 Current

Cleave, Mary L. 1980 9 2 Former

Clifford, Michael R. 1990 13 3 Former

Coats, Michael L. 1978 8 3 Former

Cockrell, Kenneth D. 1990 13 3 Current

Coleman, Catherine G. 1992 14 2 Current

Collins, Eileen M. 1990 13 3 Current

Collins, Michael 1963 3 2 Former

Conrad, Charles, Jr. 1962 2 4 Deceased

Cooper, L. Gordon, Jr. 1959 1 2 Former

Covey, Richard O. 1978 8 4 Former

Creamer, Timothy J. 1998 17 0 Current

Creighton, John O. 1978 8 3 Former

Crippen, Robert L. 1969 7 4 Former

Culbertson, Frank L., Jr. 1984 10 2 Current

Cunningham, Walter 1963 3 1 Former

Curbeam, Robert L., Jr. 1995 15 1 Current

Currie, Nancy J. 1990 13 3 Current

Davis, N. Jan 1987 12 3 Former

Drew, Alvin B. 2000 18 0 Candidate

Duffy, Brian 1985 11 3 Current

Duke, Charles M., Jr. 1966 5 1 Former

Dunbar, Bonnie J. 1980 9 5 Current
UNITED STATES ASTRONAUTS 

Astronaut Selection Year Group # Flights Status 

6

Edwards, Joe F., Jr. 1995 15 1 Former

Eisele, Donn F. 1963 3 1 Deceased

England, Anthony W. 1967 6 1 Former

Engle, Joe H. 1966 5 2 Former

Evans, Ronald E. 1966 5 1 Deceased

Fabian, John M. 1978 8 2 Former

Ferguson, Christopher J. 1998 17 0 Current

Feustel, Andrew J. 2000 18 0 Candidate

Fincke, E. Michael 1996 16 0 Current

Fisher, Anna L. 1978 8 1 Current

Fisher, William F. 1980 9 1 Former

Foale, C. Michael 1987 12 5 Current

Ford, Kevin A. 2000 18 0 Candidate

Foreman, Michael J. 1998 17 0 Current

Forrester, Patrick G. 1996 16 0 Current

Fossum, Michael E. 1998 17 0 Current

Freeman, Theodore C. 1963 3 0 Deceased

Frick, Stephen N. 1996 16 0 Current

Fullerton, Charles G. 1969 7 2 Former

Garan, Ronald J., Jr. 2000 18 0 Candidate

Gardner, Dale A. 1978 8 2 Former

Gardner, Guy S. 1980 9 2 Former

Garriott, Owen K. 1965 4 2 Former

Gemar, Charles D. 1985 11 3 Former

Gernhardt, Michael L. 1992 14 3 Current

Gibson, Edward G. 1965 4 1 Former

Gibson, Robert L. 1978 8 5 Former

Givens, Edward G., Jr. 1966 5 0 Deceased

Glenn, John H., Jr. 1959 1 2 Former

Godwin, Linda M. 1985 11 3 Current

Good, Michael T. 2000 18 0 Candidate

Gordon, Richard F., Jr. 1963 3 2 Former

Gorie, Dominic L. 1995 15 2 Current

Grabe, Ronald J. 1980 9 4 Former

Graveline, Duane E. 1965 4 0 Former

Gregory, Frederick D. 1978 8 3 Former

Gregory, William G. 1990 13 1 Former

Griggs, S. David 1978 8 1 Deceased

Grissom, Virgil I. 1959 1 2 Deceased

Grunsfeld, John M. 1992 14 3 Current

Gutierrez, Sidney M. 1984 10 2 Former
UNITED STATES ASTRONAUTS 

Astronaut Selection Year Group # Flights Status 

7

Haise, Fred W., Jr. 1966 5 1 Former

Halsell, James D., Jr. 1990 13 5 Current

Ham, Kenneth T. 1998 17 0 Current

Hammond, L. Blaine, Jr. 1984 10 2 Former

Harbaugh, Gregory J. 1987 12 4 Current

Harris, Bernard A., Jr. 1990 13 2 Former

Hart, Terry J. 1978 8 1 Former

Hartsfield, Henry W., Jr. 1969 7 3 Former

Hauck, Frederick H. 1978 8 3 Former

Hawley, Steven A. 1978 8 5 Current

Helms, Susan J. 1990 13 3 Current

Henize, Karl G. 1967 6 1 Deceased

Henricks, Terence T. 1985 11 4 Former

Herrington, John B. 1996 16 0 Current

Hieb, Richard J. 1985 11 3 Former

Higginbotham, Joan E. 1996 16 0 Current

Hilmers, David C. 1980 9 4 Former

Hire, Kathryn P. 1995 15 1 Current

Hobaugh, Charles O. 1996 16 0 Current

Hoffman, Jeffrey A. 1978 8 5 Former

Holmquest, Donald L. 1967 6 0 Former

Horowitz, Scott J. 1992 14 3 Current

Hurley, Douglas G. 2000 18 0 Candidate

Husband, Rick D. 1995 15 1 Current

Irwin, James B. 1966 5 1 Deceased

Ivins, Marsha S. 1984 10 4 Current

Jemison, Mae C. 1987 12 1 Former

Jernigan, Tamara E. 1985 11 5 Current

Jett, Brent W. 1992 14 2 Current

Johnson, Gregory C. 1998 17 0 Current

Johnson, Gregory H. 1998 17 0 Current

Jones, Thomas D. 1990 13 3 Current

Kavandi, Janet L. 1995 15 2 Current

Kelly, James M. 1996 16 0 Current

Kelly, Mark E. 1996 16 0 Current

Kelly, Scott J. 1996 16 1 Current

Kerwin, Joseph P. 1965 4 1 Former

Kilrain, Susan L. 1995 15 2 Current

Kopra, Timothy L. 2000 18 0 Candidate

Kregel Kevin R. 1992 14 4 Current
UNITED STATES ASTRONAUTS 

Astronaut Selection Year Group # Flights Status 

8

Lawrence, Wendy B. 1992 14 3 Current

Lee, Mark C. 1984 10 4 Current

Leestma, David C. 1980 9 3 Former

Lenoir, William B. 1967 6 1 Former

Lind, Don L. 1966 5 1 Former

Lindsey, Steven W. 1995 15 2 Current

Linenger, Jerry M. 1992 14 3 Former

Linnehan, Richard M. 1992 14 2 Current

Llewellyn, John A. 1967 6 0 Former

Lockhart, Paul S. 1996 16 0 Current

Lopez-Alegria, Michael E. 1992 14 1 Current

Loria, Christopher J. 1996 16 0 Current

Lounge, John M. 1980 9 3 Former

Lousma, Jack R. 1966 5 2 Former

Love, Stanley G. 1998 17 0 Current

Lovell, James A., Jr. 1962 2 4 Former

Low, G. David 1984 10 3 Former

Lu, Edward T. 1995 15 2 Current

Lucid, Shannon W. 1978 8 5 Current

Magnus, Sandra H. 1996 16 0 Current

Massimino, Michael J. 1996 16 0 Current

Mastracchio, Richard A. 1996 16 1 Current

Mattingly, Thomas K., II 1966 5 3 Former

McArthur, K. Megan 2000 18 0 Candidate

McArthur, William S., Jr. 1990 13 2 Current

McBride, Jon A. 1978 8 1 Former

McCandless, Bruce, II 1966 5 2 Former

McCool, William C. 1996 16 0 Current

McCulley, Michael J. 1984 10 1 Former

McDivitt, James A. 1962 2 2 Former

McMonagle, Donald R. 1987 12 3 Former

McNair, Ronald E. 1978 8 2 Deceased

Meade, Carl J. 1985 11 3 Former

Melnick, Bruce E. 1987 12 2 Former

Melroy, Pamela A. 1995 15 0 Current

Melvin, Leland D. 1998 17 0 Current

Michel, F. Curtis 1965 4 0 Former

Mitchell, Edgar D. 1966 5 1 Former

Morgan, Barbara R. 1998 17 0 Current

Morin, Lee M. 1996 16 0 Current

Mullane, Richard M. 1978 8 3 Former

Musgrave, Story 1967 6 6 Former
UNITED STATES ASTRONAUTS 

Astronaut Selection Year Group # Flights Status 

9

Nagel, Steven R. 1978 8 4 Former

Nelson, George D. 1978 8 3 Former

Newman, James H. 1990 13 3 Current

Noriega, Carlos I. 1995 15 1 Current

Nowak, Lisa M. 1996 16 0 Current

Nyberg, Karen L. 2000 18 0 Candidate

Ochoa, Ellen 1990 13 3 Current

O’Connor, Bryan D. 1980 9 2 Former

O’Leary, Brian T. 1967 6 0 Former

Oefelein, William A. 1998 17 0 Current

Olivas, John D. 1998 17 0 Current

Onizuka, Ellison S. 1978 8 2 Deceased

Oswald, Stephen S. 1985 11 3 Former

Overmyer, Robert F. 1969 7 2 Deceased

Parazynski, Scott E. 1992 14 3 Current

Parker, Robert A. R. 1967 6 2 Former

Patrick, Nicholas J. M. 1998 17 0 Current

Peterson, Donald H. 1969 7 1 Former

Pettit, Donald R. 1996 16 0 Current

Phillips, John L. 1996 16 0 Current

Pogue, William R. 1966 5 1 Former

Poindexter, Alan G. 1998 17 0 Current

Polansky, Mark L. 1996 16 0 Current

Precourt, Charles J., Jr. 1990 13 4 Current

Readdy, William F. 1987 12 3 Current

Reightler, Kenneth S., Jr. 1987 12 2 Former

Reilly, James F. 1995 15 1 Current

Reisman, Garrett E. 1998 17 0 Current

Resnik, Judith A. 1978 8 2 Deceased

Richards, Paul W. 1996 16 0 Current

Richards, Richard N. 1980 9 4 Former

Ride, Sally K. 1978 8 2 Former

Robertson, Patricia Hilliard 1998 17 0 Current

Robinson, Stephen K. 1995 15 2 Current

Rominger, Kent V. 1992 14 4 Current

Roosa, Stuart A. 1966 5 1 Deceased

Ross, Jerry L. 1980 9 6 Current

Runco, Mario, Jr. 1987 12 3 Current

Schirra, Walter M., Jr. 1959 1 3 Former

Schmitt, Harrison H. 1965 4 1 Former

Schweickart, Russell L. 1963 3 1 Former

Scobee, Francis R. 1978 8 2 Deceased
UNITED STATES ASTRONAUTS 

Astronaut Selection Year Group # Flights Status 

10

Scott, David R. 1963 3 3 Former

Scott, Winston E. 1992 14 2 Former

Searfoss, Richard A. 1990 13 3 Former

Seddon, Margaret Rhea 1978 8 3 Former

See, Elliot M., Jr. 1962 2 0 Deceased

Sega, Ronald M. 1990 13 2 Former

Sellers, Piers J. 1996 16 0 Current

Shaw, Brewster H., Jr. 1978 8 3 Former

Shepard, Alan B., Jr. 1959 1 2 Deceased

Shepherd, William M. 1984 10 3 Current

Shriver, Loren J. 1978 8 3 Former

Slayton, Donald K. 1959 1 1 Deceased

Smith, Michael J. 1980 9 1 Deceased

Smith, Steven L. 1992 14 3 Current

Spring, Sherwood C. 1980 9 1 Former

Springer, Robert C. 1980 9 2 Former

Stafford, Thomas P. 1962 2 4 Former

Stefanyshyn-Piper, Heidemarie M. 1996 16 0 Current

Stewart, Robert L. 1978 8 2 Former

Stott, Nicole P. 2000 18 0 Candidate

Sturckow, Frederick W. 1995 15 1 Current

Sullivan, Kathryn D. 1978 8 3 Former

Swanson, Steven R. 1998 17 0 Current

Swigert, John L., Jr. 1966 5 1 Deceased

Tani, Daniel M. 1996 16 0 Current

Tanner, Joseph R. 1992 14 2 Current

Thagard, Norman E. 1978 8 5 Former

Thomas, Andrew S. W. 1992 14 2 Current

Thomas, Donald A. 1990 13 4 Current

Thorne, Stephen D. 1985 11 0 Deceased

Thornton, Kathryn C. 1984 10 4 Former

Thornton, William E. 1967 6 2 Former

Thuot, Pierre J. 1985 11 3 Former

Truly, Richard H. 1969 7 2 Former

van Hoften, James D. A. 1978 8 2 Former

Veach, Charles Lacy 1984 10 2 Deceased

Virts, Terry W., Jr. 2000 18 0 Candidate

Voss, James S. 1987 12 4 Current

Voss, Janice E. 1990 13 5 Current

Walheim, Rex J. 1996 16 0 Current

Walker, David M. 1978 8 4 Former

Walz, Carl E. 1990 13 3 Current

Weber, Mary E. 1992 14 2 Current
UNITED STATES ASTRONAUTS 

Astronaut Selection Year Group # Flights Status 

11

Weitz, Paul J. 1966 5 2 Former

Wetherbee, James D. 1984 10 4 Current

Wheelock, Douglas H. 1998 17 0 Current

White, Edward H., II 1962 2 1 Deceased

Whitson, Peggy A. 1996 16 0 Current

Wilcutt, Terrence W. 1990 13 4 Current

Williams, Clifton C., Jr. 1963 3 0 Deceased

Williams, Donald E. 1978 8 2 Former

Williams, Jeffrey N. 1996 16 1 Current

Williams, Sunita L. 1998 17 0 Current

Wilmore, Barry E. 2000 18 0 Candidate

Wilson, Stephanie D. 1996 16 0 Current

Wisoff, Peter J. K. 1990 13 3 Current

Wolf, David A. 1990 13 2 Current

Woodward, Neil W., III 1998 17 0 Current

Worden, Alfred M. 1966 5 1 Former

Young, John W. 1962 2 6 Current

Zamka, George D. 1998 17 0 Current
INTERNATIONAL ASTRONAUTS CURRENTLY IN THE U.S. PROGRAM

Astronaut Selection Country # Flights Status

 Year

12

Clervoy, Jean-Francois 1992 France 3 Current

Doi, Takao 1995 Japan 1 Current

Duque, Pedro 1996 Spain 1 Current

Eyharts, Leopold 1998 France 0 Current

Fuglesang, Christer 1996 Sweden 0 Current

Garneau, Marc 1992 Canada 2 Current

Guidoni, Umberto 1996 Italy 1 Current

Hadfield, Chris A. 1992 Canada 1 Current

MacLean, Steve 1996 Canada 1 Current

Mohri, Mamoru 1996 Japan 2 Current

Nespoli, Paolo 1998 Italy 0 Current

Nicollier, Claude 1980 Switzerland 4 Current

Noguchi, Soichi 1996 Japan 0 Current

Payette, Julie 1996 Canada 1 Current

Perrin, Philippe 1996 France 0 Current

Pontes, Marcos 1998 Brazil 0 Current

Schlegel, Hans 1998 Germany 0 Current

Thiele, Gerhard 1996 Germany 1 Current

Tognini, Michel 1995 France 2 Current

Tryggvason, Bjarni V. 1998 Canada 0 Current

Vittori, Roberto 1998 Italy 0 Current

Wakata, Koichi 1992 Japan 1 Current

Williams, Dafydd Rhys 1995 Canada 1 Current
RUSSIAN COSMONAUTS CURRENTLY IN THE U.S. PROGRAM

Cosmonaut # Flights Status

13

Budarin, Nikolai 2 Current

Dezhurov, Vladimir 1 Current

Gidzenko, Yuri 1 Current

Kondakova, Elena 2 Current

Krikalev, Sergei 4 Current

Lonchakov, Yuri 0 Current

Malenchenko, Yuri 2 Current

Morukov, Boris 1 Current

Onufrienko, Yuri 1 Current

Poleshchuk, Alexander 1 Current

Ryumin, Valery 4 Current

Sharipov, Salizhan 1 Current

Solovyev, Anatoly 4 Current

Strekalov, Gennady 4 Current

Titov, Vladimir 5 Current

Tokarev, Valery 1 Current

Turin, Mikhail 0 Current

Usachev, Yuriy 3 Current
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS

14

ALTMAN, Scott D., Commander, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born August 15, 1959, in Lincoln, Illinois. Hometown, Pekin, Illinois.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical/astronautical engineering from University of

Illinois; Master of Science in aeronautical engineering, Naval Postgraduate School.

Flew on STS-90 and STS-106.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 664.

ANDERSON, Clayton C., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born February 23, 1959, in Omaha, Nebraska. Hometown, Ashland, Nebraska.

Bachelor of Science in physics from Hastings College, Nebraska; Master of Science

in aerospace engineering from Iowa State University.

ANDERSON, Michael P., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Mission Specialist.

Born December 25, 1959, in Plattsburgh, New York. Hometown, Spokane,

Washington.

Bachelor of Science in physics/astronomy from University of Washington; Master of

Science in physics from Creighton University.

Flew on STS-89.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 211.

ARCHAMBAULT, Lee J., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Pilot.

Born August 25, 1960, in Oak Park, Illinois. Hometown, Bellwood, Illinois.

Bachelor and Master of Science in aerospace/aeronautical engineering from

University of Illinois-Urbana.

ASHBY, Jeffrey S., Captain, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born June 16, 1954, in Dallas, Texas. Hometown, Evergreen, Colorado.

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from University of Idaho; Master of

Science in aviation systems from University of Tennessee, Knoxville.

Flew on STS-93.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 188.

BAKER, Ellen S., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born April 27, 1953, in Fayetteville, North Carolina. Hometown, New York,

New York.

Bachelor of Arts in geology from State University of New York at Buffalo;

Masters in public health from the University of Texas School of Public Health.

Doctor of Medicine from Cornell University

Flew on STS-34, STS-50 and STS-71.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 686.
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS

15

BAKER, Michael A., Captain, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born October 27, 1953, in Memphis, Tennessee. Hometown, Lemoore, California.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Texas.

Flew on STS-43, STS-52, STS-68 and STS-81.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 965.

BARRY, Daniel T., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born December 30, 1953, in Norwalk, Connecticut. Hometown, South

Hadley, Massachusetts.

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from Cornell University; Master

of Engineering, Master of Arts and a Doctor of Philosophy in electrical engineering

and computer science from Princeton University; Doctor of Medicine from the

University of Miami.

Flew on STS-72 and STS-96.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 449.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 14 hours.

BLOOMFIELD, Michael J., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Pilot.

Born March 16, 1959, in Flint, Michigan. Hometown, Lake Fenton, Michigan.

Bachelor of Science in engineering mechanics from the U.S. Air Force Academy;

Master of Science in engineering management from Old Dominion University.

Flew on STS-86.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 259.

BOWERSOX, Kenneth D., Captain, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born November 14, 1956, in Portsmouth, Virginia. Hometown, Bedford,

Indiana.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy;

Master of Science in mechanical engineering from Columbia University.

Flew on STS-50, STS-61, STS-73 and STS-82.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,212.

BRADY, Charles E., Jr., Captain, U.S. Navy

Mission Specialist.

Born August 12, 1951, in Pinehurst, North Carolina. Hometown, Robbins,

North Carolina.

Doctor of Medicine from Duke University.

Flew on STS-78.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 405.

BROWN, David M., Captain, U.S. Navy

Mission Specialist.

Born April 16, 1956, in Arlington, Virginia.

Bachelor of Science in biology from the College of William and Mary and a Doctor of

Medicine from Eastern Virginia Medical School.
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS

16

BURBANK, Daniel C., Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Coast Guard

Mission Specialist.

Born July 27, 1961, in Manchester, Connecticut. Hometown, Tolland, Connecticut.

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from the U.S. Coast Guard Academy and

a Master of Science in aeronautical science from Embry-Riddle Aeronautical

University.

Flew on STS-106.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 283.

BURSCH, Daniel W., Captain, U.S. Navy

Mission Specialist.

Born July 25, 1957, in Bristol, Pennsylvania. Hometown, Vestal, New York.

Bachelor of Science in physics from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of

Science in engineering science from the Naval Postgraduate School.

Flew on STS-51, STS-68 and STS-77.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 746.

CABANA, Robert D., Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired)

Pilot.

Born January 23, 1949, in Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Bachelor of Science in mathematics from the U.S. Naval Academy.

Flew on STS-41, STS-53, STS-65 and STS-88.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,010.

CAGLE, Yvonne D., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Mission Specialist.

Born in West Point, New York. Hometown, Novato, California.

Bachelor of Science in biochemistry from San Francisco State University and a Doctor

of Medicine from the University of Washington.

CALDEIRO, Fernando (Frank), Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born June 12, 1958, in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Hometown, Merritt Island, Florida.

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from the University of Arizona, an

A.A.S. in aerospace technology from the State University of New York at

Farmingdale and a Master of Science in engineering management from the

University of Central Florida.

CALDWELL, Tracy E., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born August 14, 1969, in Arcadia, California.

Bachelor of Science in chemistry from California State University-Fullerton; Doctor of

Philosophy in physical chemistry from the University of California-Davis.
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS

17

CAMARDA, Charles J., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born May 8, 1952, in New York, New York.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the Polytechnic Institute of New

York, a Master of Science in engineering science from George Washington

University and a Doctor of aerospace engineering from Virginia Polytechnic Institute

and State University.

CAREY, Duane G., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Pilot.

Born April 30, 1957, in St. Paul, Minnesota.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering and mechanics and a Master of

Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Minnesota-Minneapolis.

CHAMITOFF, Gregory E., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born August 6, 1962, in Montreal, Canada. Hometown, San Jose, California.

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from California Polytechnic State

University; Master of Science in aeronautical engineering from California Institute

of Technology; Doctor of Philosophy in aeronautics/astronautics from the

Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

CHANG-DIAZ, Franklin R., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born April 5, 1950, in San Jose, Costa Rica.

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from the University of

Connecticut; Doctor of Philosophy in applied plasma physics from the

Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS 61-C, STS-34, STS-46, STS-60, STS-75 and STS-91.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,269.

CHAWLA, Kalpana, Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born July 1, 1961, in Karnal, India.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from Punjab Engineering College;

Master of Science in aerospace engineering from University of Texas at Arlington;

Doctor of Philosophy in aerospace engineering from University of Colorado.

Flew on STS-87.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 376.

CHIAO, Leroy, Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born August 28, 1960, in Milwaukee, Wisconsin. Hometown, Danville, California.

Bachelor of Science in chemical engineering from University of California,

 Berkeley; Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in chemical engineering from

the University of California, Santa Barbara.

Flew on STS-65 and STS-72.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 567.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 13 hours.
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS

18

CHRETIEN, Jean-Loup J.M., Brigadier General, French Air Force

Mission Specialist.

Born August 20, 1938, in La Rochelle, France.

Educated at L’Ecole communale a Ploujean, the College Saint-Charles a Saint-Brieuc,

and the Lycee de Morlaix. He received a master’s degree in aeronautical

engineering from the French Air Force Academy.

Flew on STS-86.

CLARK, Laurel B., Commander, U.S. Navy

Mission Specialist.

Born March 10, 1961, in Ames, Iowa. Hometown, Racine, Wisconsin.

Bachelor of Science in zoology and a Doctor of Medicine from the University of

Wisconsin-Madison.

COCKRELL, Kenneth D., Civilian

Pilot.

Born April 9, 1950, in Austin, Texas. Hometown, Rockdale, Texas.

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from the University of Texas;

Master of Science in aeronautical systems from the University of West Florida.

Flew on STS-56, STS-69 and STS-80.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 906.

COLEMAN, Catherine G., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Mission Specialist.

Born December 14, 1960, in Charleston, South Carolina.

Bachelor of Science in chemistry from Massachusetts Institute of

Technology; Doctor of Philosophy in polymer science & engineering from University

of Massachusetts.

Flew on STS-73 and STS-93.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 500.

COLLINS, Eileen M., Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Pilot.

Born November 19, 1956, in Elmira, New York.

Bachelor of Arts in math and economics from Syracuse University; Master

of Science in operations research from Stanford University; Master of Arts in space

systems management from Webster University.

Flew on STS-63, STS-84 and STS-93.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 537.

CREAMER, Timothy J., Lieutenant Colonel, U. S. Army

Mission Specialist.

Born November 15, 1959, in Ft. Huachuca, Arizona. Hometown, Upper Marlboro,

Maryland.

Bachelor of Science in chemistry from Loyola College in Baltimore, Maryland; Master

of Science in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS

19

CULBERTSON, Frank L., Jr., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Pilot.

Born May 15, 1949, in Charleston, South Carolina. Hometown, Holly Hill,

South Carolina.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy.

Flew on STS-38 and STS-51.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 354.

CURBEAM, Robert L., Jr., Commander, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born March 5, 1962, in Baltimore, Maryland.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the United States Naval

Academy; Master of Science in aeronautical engineering from the Naval

Postgraduate School; degree of aeronautical and astronautical engineering from the

Naval Postgraduate School.

Flew on STS-85.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 284.

CURRIE, Nancy J. (Sherlock), Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Army

Mission Specialist.

Born December 29, 1958, in Wilmington, Delaware. Hometown, Troy, Ohio.

Bachelor of Arts in biological science from Ohio State; Master of Science

in safety engineering from the University of Southern California; Doctor of

Philosophy in industrial engineering from the University of Houston.

Flew on STS-57, STS-70 and STS-88.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 737.

DUFFY, Brian, Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Pilot.

Born June 20, 1953, in Boston, Massachusetts.

Bachelor of Science in mathematics from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master

of Science in systems management from the University of Southern California.

Flew on STS-45, STS-57 and STS-72.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 667.

DUNBAR, Bonnie J., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born March 3, 1949, in Sunnyside, Washington.

Bachelor and Master of Science in ceramic engineering from University of

Washington; Doctor of Philosophy in mechanical/biomedical engineering from the

University of Houston.

Flew on STS 61-A, STS-32, STS-50, STS-71 and STS-89.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,208.
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS

20

FERGUSON, Christopher J., Commander, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born September 1, 1961, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from Drexel University; Master of

Science in aeronautical engineering from the Naval Postgraduate School.

FINCKE, Edward Michael “Mike”, Major, U.S. Air Force

Mission Specialist.

Born March 14, 1967, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Hometown, Emsworth,

Pennsylvania.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautics and astronautics as well as earth, atmospheric and

planetary sciences from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and a Master of

Science in aeronautics and astronautics from Stanford University.

FISHER, Anna L., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born August 24, 1949, in St. Albans, New York. Hometown, San Pedro, California.

Bachelor, Master of Science in chemistry and Doctor of Medicine from the University

of California at Los Angeles.

Flew on STS 51-A.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 191.

FOALE, C. Michael, Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born January 6, 1957, in Louth, England. Hometown, Cambridge, England.

Bachelor of Arts in physics and Doctor of Philosophy in laboratory astrophysics from

Cambridge University.

Flew on STS-45, STS-56, STS-63, STS-84/Mir, Mir/STS-86 and STS-103.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 4,104.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 19 hours.

FOREMAN, Michael J., Commander, U.S. Navy

Mission Specialist.

Born March 29, 1957, in Columbus, Ohio. Hometown, Wadsworth, Ohio.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master

of Science in aeronautical engineering from the Naval Postgraduate School.

FORRESTER, Patrick G., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Army

Mission Specialist.

Born March 31, 1957, in El Paso, Texas.

Bachelor of Science in applied sciences and engineering from the U.S. Military

Academy and a Master of Science in mechanical and aerospace engineering from

the University of Virginia.
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS

21

FOSSUM, Michael E., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born December 19, 1957, in Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Hometown, McAllen, Texas.

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from Texas A&M University; Master of

Science in systems engineering from the Air Force Institute of Technology; Master

of Science in physical science (space science) from the University of HoustonClear Lake.

FRICK, Stephen N., Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born September 30, 1964, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy and a

Master of Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate

School.

GERNHARDT, Michael L., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born May 4, 1956, in Mansfield, Ohio.

Bachelor of Science in physics from Vanderbilt University; Master of

Science and Doctor of Philosophy in bioengineering from the University of

Pennsylvania.

Flew on STS-69, STS-83 and STS-94.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 731.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 6 hours.

GODWIN, Linda M., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born July 2, 1952, in Cape Girardeau, Missouri. Hometown, Jackson, Missouri.

Bachelor of Science in mathematics and physics from Southeast Missouri State;

Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in physics from the University of

Missouri.

Flew on STS-37, STS-59 and STS-76.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 634.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 6 hours.

GORIE, Dominic L., Captain, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born May 2, 1957, in Lake Charles, Louisiana.

Bachelor of Science in ocean engineering from the United States Naval Academy;

Master of Science in aviation systems from the University of Tennessee, Knoxville.

Flew on STS-91 and STS-99.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 504.
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS

22

GRUNSFELD, John M., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born October 10, 1958, in Chicago, Illinois.

Bachelor of Science in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology;

Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in physics from the University of

Chicago.

Flew on STS-67, STS-81 and STS-103.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 835.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 16 hours.

HALSELL, James D., Jr., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Pilot.

Born September 29, 1956, in Monroe, Louisiana.

Bachelor of Science in engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master of

Science in management from Troy State University; Master of Science in space

operations from the Air Force Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-65, STS-74, STS-83, STS-94 and STS-101.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,257.

HAM, Kenneth T., Lt. Commander, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born December 12, 1964, in Plainfield, New Jersey.

Bachelor of Science aerospace engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of

Science in aeronautical engineering from the Naval Postgraduate School.

HARBAUGH, Gregory J., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born April 15, 1956, in Cleveland, Ohio. Hometown, Willoughby, Ohio.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical and astronautical engineering from Purdue

University; Master of Science in physical science from the University of HoustonClear Lake.

Flew on STS-39, STS-54, STS-71 and STS-82.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 817.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 11 hours.

HAWLEY, Steven A., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born December 12, 1951, in Ottawa, Kansas. Hometown, Salina, Kansas.

Bachelor of Arts in physics and astronomy from the University of Kansas; Doctor of

Philosophy in astronomy and astrophysics from the University of California at Santa

Cruz.

Flew on STS 41-D, STS 61-C, STS-31, STS-82 and STS-93.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 769.
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS

23

HELMS, Susan J., Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Mission Specialist.

Born February 26, 1958, in Charlotte, North Carolina. Hometown, Portland, Oregon.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy;

Master of Science in aeronautics and astronautics from Stanford University.

Flew on STS-54, STS-64, STS-78 and STS-101.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,048.

HERRINGTON, John B., Commander, U.S. Navy

Mission Specialist.

Born September 14, 1958, in Wetumka, Oklahoma.

Bachelor of Science in applied mathematics from the University of Colorado at

Colorado Springs and a Master of Science in aeronautical engineering from the

U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.

HIGGINBOTHAM, Joan E., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born August 3, 1964, in Chicago, Illinois.

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from Southern Illinois University at

Carbondale; Masters of Science in management and in space systems from the

Florida Institute of Technology.

HIRE, Kathryn P., Commander, U.S. Naval Reserve

Mission Specialist.

Born August 26, 1959, in Mobile, Alabama.

Bachelor of Science in engineering and management from the U.S. Naval Academy;

Master of Science in space technology from the Florida Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-90.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 381.

HOBAUGH, Charles O., Major, U.S. Marine Corps

Pilot.

Born November 5, 1961, in Bar Harbor, Maine.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy.

HOROWITZ, Scott J., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Pilot.

Born March 24, 1957, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. Hometown,

Thousand Oaks, California.

Bachelor of Science in engineering from California State University at Northridge;

Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in aerospace engineering from the

Georgia Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-75, STS-82 and STS-101.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 853.
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS

24

HUSBAND, Rick D., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Pilot.

Born July 12, 1957, in Amarillo, Texas.

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from Texas Tech University; Master

of Science in mechanical engineering from California State University.

Flew on STS-96.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 235.

IVINS, Marsha S., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born April 15, 1951, in Baltimore, Maryland.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Colorado.

Flew on STS-32, STS-46, STS-62 and STS-81.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,032.

JERNIGAN, Tamara E., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born May 7, 1959, in Chattanooga, Tennessee.

Bachelor of Science in physics and Master of Science in engineering science from

Stanford University; Master of Science in astronomy from the University of California

at Berkeley; Doctor of Philosophy in space physics and astronomy from Rice

University.

Flew on STS-40, STS-52, STS-67, STS-80 and STS-96.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,513.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 7 hours.

JETT, Brent W., Commander, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born October 5, 1958, in Pontiac, Michigan. Hometown, Ft. Lauderdale, Florida.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master

of Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.

Flew on STS-72 and STS-81.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 458.

JOHNSON, Gregory C., Civilian

Pilot.

Born July 30, 1954, in Seattle, Washington.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Washington.

JOHNSON, Gregory H., Lietenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Pilot.

Born May 12, 1962, in Upper Ruislip, Middlesex, United Kingdom.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy;

Master of Science in flight structures engineering from Columbia University.
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS

25

JONES, Thomas D., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born January 22, 1955, in Baltimore, Maryland. Hometown, Essex, Maryland.

Bachelor of Science in basic sciences from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Doctor of

Philosophy in planetary science from the University of Arizona.

Flew on STS-59, STS-68 and STS-80.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 963.

KAVANDI, Janet L., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born July 17, 1959, in Springfield, Missouri.

Bachelor of Science in chemistry from Missouri Southern State College; Master of

Science in chemistry from the University of Missouri; Doctor of Philosophy in

analytical chemistry from the University of Washington.

Flew on STS-91 and STS-99.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 504.

KELLY, James M., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Pilot.

Born May 14, 1964, in Burlington, Iowa.

Bachelor of Science in astronautical engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy;

Master of Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Alabama.

KELLY, Mark E., Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born February 21, 1964, in Orange, New Jersey. Hometown, West Orange, New

Jersey.

Bachelor of Science in marine engineering and nautical science from the U.S.

Merchant Marine Academy and a Master of Science in aeronautical engineering

from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.

KELLY, Scott J., Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born February 21, 1964, in Orange, New Jersey.

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from the State University of New York

Maritime College and a Master of Science in aviation systems from the University of

Tennessee, Knoxville.

Flew on STS-103.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 191.

KILRAIN, Susan Still, Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born October 24, 1961, in Augusta, Georgia.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from Embry-Riddle University;

Master of Science in aerospace engineering from the Georgia Institute of

Technology.

Flew on STS-83 and STS-94.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 471.
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS

26

KREGEL, Kevin R., Civilian

Pilot.

Born September 16, 1956, in New York, New York. Hometown, Amityville,

New York.

Bachelor of Science in astronautical engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy;

Master of public administration from Troy State University.

Flew on STS-70, STS-78, STS-87 and STS-99.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,265.

LAWRENCE, Wendy B., Commander, U.S. Navy

Mission Specialist.

Born July 2, 1959, in Jacksonville, Florida.

Bachelor of Science in ocean engineering from the U. S. Naval Academy; Master of

Science in ocean engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-67, STS-86 and STS-91.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 894.

LEE, Mark C., Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Mission Specialist.

Born August 14, 1952, in Viroqua, Wisconsin.

Bachelor of Science in civil engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master of

Science in mechanical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-30, STS-47, STS-64 and STS-82.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 789.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 26 hours.

LINDSEY, Steven W., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Pilot.

Born August 24, 1960, in Arcadia, California. Hometown, Temple City, California.

Bachelor of Science in engineering sciences from the U.S. Air Force Academy;

Master of Science in aeronautical engineering from the Air Force Institute of

Technology.

Flew on STS-87 and STS-95.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 589.

LINNEHAN, Richard M., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born in Lowell, Massachusetts.

Bachelor of Science in animal sciences from the University of New Hampshire; Doctor

of Veterinary Medicine from Ohio State University College of Veterinary Medicine.

Flew on STS-78 and STS-90.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 787.

LOCKHART, Paul S., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Pilot.

Born April 28, 1956, in Amarillo, Texas.

Bachelor of Arts in mathematics from Texas Tech University and a Master of Science

in aerospace engineering from the University of Texas.
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS

27

LOPEZ-ALEGRIA, Michael E., Commander, U.S. Navy

Mission Specialist.

Born May 30, 1958, in Madrid, Spain. Hometowns, Madrid, Spain, and Mission Viejo,

California.

Bachelor of Science in systems engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of

Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.

Flew on STS-73.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 381.

LORIA, Christopher J., Major, U.S. Marine Corps

Pilot.

Born July 9, 1960, in Newton, Massachusetts.

Bachelor of Science in general engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy.

LOVE, Stanley G., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born June 8, 1965, in San Diego, California. Hometown, Eugene, Oregon.

Bachelor of Science in physics from Harvey Mudd College; Master of Science and

Doctor of Philosophy in astronomy from the University of Washington.

LU, Edward T., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born July 1, 1963, Springfield, Massachusetts. Hometowns, Honolulu, Hawaii, and

Webster, New York.

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from Cornell University; Doctor of

Philosophy in applied physics from Stanford University.

Flew on STS-84 and STS-106.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 504.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 6 hours.

LUCID, Shannon W., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born January 14, 1943, in Shanghai, China. Hometown, Bethany, Oklahoma.

Bachelor of Science in chemistry; Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in

biochemistry from University of Oklahoma.

Flew on STS 51-G, STS-34, STS-43, STS-58, STS-76/Mir and Mir/STS-79.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 5,354.

MAGNUS, Sandra H., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born October 30, 1964, in Belleville, Illinois.

Bachelor of Science in physics and Master of Science in electrical engineering from

the University of Missouri-Rolla, and a Doctor of Philosophy in materials science

and engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology.
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS

28

MASSIMINO, Michael J., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born August 19, 1962, in Oceanside, New York. Hometown, Franklin Square, New

York.

Bachelor of Science in industrial engineering from Columbia University; Master of

Science in mechanical engineering, Master of Science in technology and policy, a

degree of mechanical engineer and Doctor of Philosophy in mechanical engineering

from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

MASTRACCHIO, Richard A., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born February 11, 1960, in Waterbury, Connecticut.

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering and computer science from the

University of Connecticut, a Master of Science in electrical engineering from the

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute and a Master of Science in physical sciences from

the University of Houston-Clear Lake.

Flew on STS-106.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 283.

McARTHUR, William S., Jr., Colonel, U.S. Army

Mission Specialist.

Born July 26, 1951, in Laurinburg, North Carolina. Hometown, Wakulla, North

Carolina.

Bachelor of Science in applied science and engineering from the U.S. Military

Academy; Master of Science in aerospace engineering from the Georgia Institute of

Technology.

Flew on STS-58 and STS-74.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 532.

McCOOL, William C., Commander, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born September 23, 1961, in San Diego, California.

Bachelor of Science in applied science from the U.S. Naval Academy, a Master of

Science in computer science from the University of Maryland and a Master of

Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.

MELROY, Pamela A., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Pilot.

Born September, 17, 1961, in Palo Alto, California. Hometown, Rochester, 

New York.

Bachelor of Science in physics and astronomy from Wellesley College; Master of

Science in earth and planetary sciences from the Massachusetts Institute of

Technology.
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS

29

MELVIN, Leland D., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born February 15, 1964, in Lynchburg, Virginia.

Bachelor of Science in chemistry from the University of Richmond; Master of Science

in materials science engineering from the University of Virginia.

MORGAN, Barbara R., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born November 28, 1951, in McCall, Idaho.

Bachelor of Arts in human biology from Stanford University; teaching credentials from

the College of Notre Dame in Belmont, California.

MORIN, Lee M., Captain, U.S. Navy

Mission Specialist.

Born September 9, 1952, in Manchester, New Hampshire.

Bachelor of Science in mathematical/electrical science from the University of New

Hampshire; Master of Science in biochemistry, Doctor of Medicine and microbiology

degrees from New York University, and Master of public health from the University

of Alabama at Birmingham.

NEWMAN, James H., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born October 16, 1956, in Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands. Hometown, San

Diego, California.

Bachelor of Arts in physics from Dartmouth College; Master of Arts and a Doctor of

Philosophy in physics from Rice University.

Flew on STS-51, STS-69 and STS-88.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 779.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 28 hours.

NORIEGA, Carlos I., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps

Mission Specialist.

Born October 8, 1959, in Lima, Peru. Hometown, Santa Clara, California.

Bachelor of Science in computer science from the University of Southern California;

Master of Science in computer science from the Naval Postgraduate School;

Master of Science in space systems operations from the Naval Postgraduate

School.

Flew on STS-84.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 221.

NOWAK, Lisa M., Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Navy

Mission Specialist.

Born May 10, 1963, in Washington, D. C.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy and a

Master of Science in aeronautical engineering and a degree of aeronautical and

astronautical engineer from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS

30

OCHOA, Ellen, Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born May 10, 1958, in Los Angeles, California. Hometown, La Mesa,

California.

Bachelor of Science in physics from San Diego State University; Master of Science

and Doctor of Philosophy in electrical engineering from Stanford University.

Flew on STS-56, STS-66 and STS-96.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 719.

OEFELEIN, William A., Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born March 29, 1965, in Ft. Belvoir, Virginia. Hometown, Anchorage, Alaska.

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from Oregon State University; Master of

Science in aviation systems from the University of Tennessee Space Institute.

OLIVAS, John D., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born May 25, 1966, in North Hollywood, California. Hometown, El Paso, Texas.

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from the University of Texas-El Paso;

Master of Science in mechanical engineering from the University of Houston;

Doctor of Philosophy in mechanical engineering & materials science from Rice

University.

PARAZYNSKI, Scott E., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born July 28, 1961, in Little Rock, Arkansas. Hometowns, Palo Alto, California, and

Evergreen, Colorado.

Bachelor of Science in biology and Doctor of Medicine from Stanford University.

Flew on STS-66, STS-86 and STS-95.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 735.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 5 hours.

PATRICK, Nicholas J.M., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born March 22, 1964, in Saltburn, North Yorkshire, United Kingdom. Hometowns,

London, England and Rye, New York.

Bachelor and Master of Arts in engineering from the University of Cambridge,

England; Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in mechanical engineering

from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

PETTIT, Donald R., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born April 20, 1955, in Silverton, Oregon.

Bachelor of Science in chemical engineering from Oregon State University and a

Doctor in chemical engineering from the University of Arizona.
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS

31

PHILLIPS, John L., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born April 15, 1951, in Fort Belvoir, Virginia. Hometown, Scottsdale, Arizona.

Bachelor of Science in mathematics and Russian from the U.S. Naval Academy; a

Master of Science in aeronautical systems from the University of West Florida; and

a Master of Science in geophysics and space physics, and a Doctor in geophysics

and space physics from the University of California-Los Angeles.

POINDEXTER, Alan G., Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born November 5, 1961, in Pasadena, California. Hometown, Rockville, Maryland.

Bachelor of aerospace engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology; Master

of Science in aeronautical engineering from the Naval Postgraduate School.

POLANSKY, Mark L., Civilian

Pilot.

Born June 2, 1956, in Paterson, New Jersey. Hometown, Edison, New Jersey.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical and astronautical engineering and a Master of

Science in aeronautics and astronautics from Purdue University.

PRECOURT, Charles J., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Pilot.

Born June 29, 1955, in Waltham, Massachusetts. Hometown, Hudson,

Massachusetts.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy;

Master of Science in engineering management from Golden Gate University;

Master of Arts in national security affairs and strategic studies from the United

States Naval War College.

Flew on STS-55, STS-71, STS-84 and STS-91.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 932.

READDY, William F., Captain, U.S. Naval Reserve

Pilot.

Born January 24, 1952, in Quonset Point, Rhode Island. Hometown,

McLean, Virginia.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy.

Flew on STS-42, STS-51 and STS-79.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 672.

REILLY, James F., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born March 18, 1954, Mountain Home Air Force Base, Idaho. Hometown, Mesquite,

Texas.

Bachelor of Science, Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in geosciences

from the University of Texas-Dallas

Flew on STS-89.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 211.
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS

32

REISMAN, Garrett E., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born February 10, 1968, in Morristown, New Jersey. Hometown, Parsippany, New

Jersey.

Bachelor of Science in economics and in mechanical engineering from the University

of Pennsylvania; Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in mechanical

engineering from the California Institute of Technology.

RICHARDS, Paul W., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born May 20, 1964, in Scranton, Pennsylvania. Hometown, Dunmore, Pennsylvania.

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from Drexel University and a Master of

Science in mechanical engineering from the University of Maryland.

ROBERTSON, Patricia Hilliard, Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born March 12, 1963, in Indiana, Pennsylvania. Hometown, Homer City,

Pennsylvania.

Bachelor of Science in biology from Indiana University of Pennsylvania; Doctor of

Medicine from the Medical College of Pennsylvania.

ROBINSON, Stephen K., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born October 26, 1955, in Sacramento, California.

Bachelor of Science in mechanical/aeronautical engineering from the University of

California; Master of Science in mechanical engineering from Stanford University;

Doctor of Philosophy in mechanical engineering from Stanford University.

Flew on STS-85 and STS-95.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 497.

ROMINGER, Kent V., Captain, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born August 7, 1956, in Del Norte, Colorado.

Bachelor of Science in civil engineering from Colorado State University; Master of

Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.

Flew on STS-73, STS-80, STS-85 and STS-96.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,325.

ROSS, Jerry L., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Mission Specialist.

Born January 20, 1948, in Crown Point, Indiana.

Bachelor and Master of Science in mechanical engineering from Purdue

University.

Flew on STS 61-B, STS-27, STS-37, STS-55, STS-74 and STS-88.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,132.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 44 hours.
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS

33

RUNCO, Mario, Jr., Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Mission Specialist.

Born January 26, 1952, in Bronx, New York. Hometown, Bronx, New York.

Bachelor of Science in meteorology and physical oceanography from City College of

New York; Master of Science in meteorology from Rutgers University; Doctor of

Philosophy in earth science form the City College of New York.

Flew on STS-44, STS-54 and STS-77.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 551.

SELLERS, Piers J., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born April 11, 1955, in Crowborough, Sussex, United Kingdom.

Bachelor of Science in ecological science from the University of Edinburgh (Scotland),

and Doctor of Philosophy in biometeorology from Leeds University (United

Kingdom).

SHEPHERD, William M., Captain, U.S. Navy

Mission Specialist.

Born July 26, 1949, in Oak Ridge, Tennessee. Hometown, Babylon, New York.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy;

degree of ocean engineer and Master of Science in mechanical engineering from

the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-27, STS-41, and STS-52.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 440.

SMITH, Steven L., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born December 30, 1958, in Phoenix, Arizona. Hometown, San Jose, California.

Bachelor and Master of Science in electrical engineering and Masters in business

administration from Stanford University.

Flew on STS-68, STS-82 and STS-103.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 700.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 35 hours.

STEFANYSHYN-PIPER, Heidemarie M., Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Navy

Mission Specialist.

Born February 7, 1963, in St. Paul, Minnesota.

Bachelor and a Master of Science in mechanical engineering from the Massachusetts

Institute of Technology.

STURCKOW, Frederick W., Major, U.S. Marine Corps

Pilot.

Born August 11, 1961, in La Mesa, California. Hometown, Lakeside, California.

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from California Polytechnic State

University.

Flew on STS-88.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 283.
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS

34

SWANSON, Steven R., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born December 3, 1960, in Syracuse, New York. Hometown, Steamboat Springs,

Colorado.

Bachelor of Science in engineering physics from the University of Colorado-Boulder;

Master of Applied Science in computer systems from Florida Atlantic University;

Doctor of Philosophy in computer science from Texas A&M University.

TANI, Daniel M., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born February 1, 1961, in Ridley Park, Pennsylvania. Hometown, Lombard, Illinois.

Bachelor and Master of Science in mechanical engineering from the Massachusetts

Institute of Technology.

TANNER, Joseph R., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born January 21, 1950, in Danville, Illinois.

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from the University of Illinois.

Flew on STS-66 and STS-82.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 502.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 14 hours.

THOMAS, Andrew S. W., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born December 18, 1951, in Adelaide, Australia.

Bachelor of engineering and Doctor of Philosophy in

mechanical engineering from the University of Adelaide (Australia).

Flew on STS-77, STS-89/Mir and Mir/STS-91.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 3,615.

THOMAS, Donald A., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born May 6, 1955, in Cleveland, Ohio.

Bachelor of Science in physics from Case Western Reserve University; Master of

Science and Doctor of Philosophy in materials science from Cornell University.

Flew on STS-65, STS-70, STS-83 and STS-94.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,040.

VOSS, James S., Colonel, U.S. Army (Retired)

Mission Specialist.

Born March 3, 1949, in Cordova, Alabama. Hometown, Opelika, Alabama.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from Auburn University; Master of

Science in aerospace engineering sciences from the University of Colorado.

Flew on STS-44, STS-53, STS-69 and STS-101.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 838.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 6 hours.
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS

35

VOSS, Janice E., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born October 8, 1956, in South Bend, Indiana. Hometown, Rockford, Illinois.

Bachelor of Science in engineering science from Purdue University; Master of Science

in electrical engineering and Doctor of Philosophy in aeronautics and astronautics

from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-57, STS-63, STS-83, STS-94 and STS-99.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,178.

WALHEIM, Rex J., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Mission Specialist.

Born October 10, 1962, in Redwood City, California. Hometown, San Carlos,

California.

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from the University of CaliforniaBerkeley and Master of Science in industrial engineering from the University of

Houston.

WALZ, Carl E., Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Mission Specialist.

Born September 6, 1955, in Cleveland, Ohio.

Bachelor of Science in physics from Kent State University; Master of

Science in solid state physics from John Carroll University.

Flew on STS-51, STS-65 and STS-79.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 833.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 7 hours.

WEBER, Mary E., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born August 24, 1962, in Cleveland, Ohio. Hometown, Bedford Heights, Ohio.

Bachelor of Science in chemical engineering from Purdue University; Doctor of

Philosophy in physical chemistry from the University of California at Berkeley.

Flew on STS-70 and STS-101.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 450.

WETHERBEE, James D., Captain, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born November 27, 1952, in Flushing, New York. Hometown, Huntington Station,

New York.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Notre Dame.

Flew on STS-32, STS-52, STS-63 and STS-86.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 955.
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS

36

WHEELOCK, Douglas H., Major, U.S. Army

Mission Specialist.

Born May 5, 1960, in Binghamton, New York. Hometown, Windsor, New York.

Bachelor of Science in applied science from the U.S. Military Academy; Master of

Science in aerospace engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology.

WHITSON, Peggy A., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born February 9, 1960, in Mt. Ayr, Iowa.

Bachelor of Science in biology/chemistry from Iowa Wesleyan College and Doctor of

Biochemistry from Rice University.

WILCUTT, Terrence W., Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps

Pilot.

Born October 31, 1949, in Russellville, Kentucky. Hometown, Louisville, Kentucky.

Bachelor of Arts in math from Western Kentucky University.

Flew on STS-68, STS-79, STS-89, and STS-106.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,007.

WILLIAMS, Jeffrey N., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Army

Mission Specialist.

Born January 18, 1958, in Superior, Wisconsin. Hometown, Winter, Wisconsin

Bachelor of Science in applied sciences/engineering from the U.S. Military Academy;

Master of Science in aeronautical engineering and degree of aeronautical engineer

from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School; Master of Arts degree in National

security and strategic studies from the U.S. Naval War College.

Flew on STS-101.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 236.

WILLIAMS, Sunita L., Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Navy

Mission Specialist.

Born September 19, 1965, in Euclid, Ohio. Hometown, Needham, Massachusetts.

Bachelor of Science in physical science from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of

Science in engineering management from the Florida institute of Technology.

WILSON, Stephanie D., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born September 27, 1966, in Boston, Massachusetts.

Bachelor of Science in engineering science from Harvard University and a Master of

Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Texas.
CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS

37

WISOFF, Peter J. K., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born August 16, 1958, in Norfolk, Virginia.

Bachelor of Science in physics from University of Virginia; Master of Science and

Doctor of Philosophy in applied physics from Stanford University.

Flew on STS-57, STS-68 and STS-81.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 754.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 5 hours.

WOLF, David A., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born August 23, 1956, in Indianapolis, Indiana.

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from Purdue University; Doctor of

Medicine from Indiana University.

Flew on STS-58, STS-86/Mir and Mir/STS-89.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 3,408.

WOODWARD, Neil W., III, Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Navy

Mission Specialist.

Born July 26, 1962, in Chicago, Illinois.

Bachelor of Science in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology;

Master of Arts in physics from the University of Texas-Austin.

YOUNG, John W., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Pilot.

Born September 24, 1930, in San Francisco, California.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from Georgia Institute of Technology.

Flew on Gemini 3, Gemini 10, Apollo 10, Apollo 16, STS-1 and STS-9.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 835.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 20 hours (on the moon.)

ZAMKA, George D., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Marine Corp.

Pilot.

Born June 29, 1962, in Jersey City, New Jersey. Hometown, Rochester, Michigan.

Bachelor of Science in mathematics from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of Science

in engineering management from the Florida Institute of Technology.
INTERNATIONAL ASTRONAUTS CURRENTLY IN THE U.S. SPACE PROGRAM

38

CLERVOY, Jean-François, European Space Agency

Mission Specialist.

Born November 19, 1958, in Longeville-les-Metz, France. Hometown, Toulouse,

France.

Baccalauréat from Collège Militaire de Saint Cyr l’Ecole; passed Math. Sup. and Math

Spé. M’ at Prytanée Militaire, La Flèche. Graduated from Ecole Polytechnique,

Paris; Ecole Nationale Supérieure de l’Aéronautique et de l’Espace, Toulouse; and

Ecole du Personnel Navigant d’Essais et de Reception, Istres, as a Flight Test

Engineer.

Flew on STS-66, STS-84 and STS-103.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 674.

DOI, Takao, Japanese Space Agency

Mission Specialist.

Born September 18, 1954 in Tokyo, Japan.

Bachelor and Master of Engineering from the University of Tokyo; Doctor of

Philosophy in aerospace engineering from the University of Tokyo.

Flew on STS-87.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 376.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 12 hours.

DUQUE, Pedro, European Space Agency

Mission Specialist.

Born March 14, 1963, in Madrid, Spain.

Degree of Aeronautical Engineering from the Escuela Tecnica Superior de Ingenieros

Aeronauticos, Universidad Politecnica, Madrid, Spain.

Flew on STS-95.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 213.

EYHARTS, Léopold, European Space Agency

Born April 28, 1957, in Biarritz, France.

Graduated as engineer from the Salon de Provence Air Force Academy.

FUGLESANG, Christer, European Space Agency

Mission Specialist.

Born March 18, 1957, in Stockholm, Sweden.

Master of Science in engineering physics from the Royal Institute of Technology

(KTH), Stockholm, Sweden; Doctor of Philosophy in experimental particle physics

from the University of Stockholm in 1987.
INTERNATIONAL ASTRONAUTS CURRENTLY IN THE U.S. SPACE PROGRAM

39

GARNEAU, Marc, Canadian Space Agency

Mission Specialist.

Born February 23, 1949, in Quebec City, Canada.

Bachelor of Science in engineering physics from the Royal Military College of

Kingston, Ontario, Canada, and Doctor of Philosophy in electrical engineering from

the Imperial College of Science and Technology, London, England. Attended the

Canadian Forces Command and Staff College of Toronto.

Flew on STS-41G and STS-77.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 437.

GUIDONI, Umberto, European Space Agency

Mission Specialist.

Born August 18, 1954, in Rome, Italy.

Bachelor of Science in physics and Doctor of Philosophy in astrophysics from the

University of Rome.

Flew as a Payload Specialist on STS-75

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 377.

HADFIELD, Chris A., Canadian Space Agency, Colonel, Canadian Air Force

Mission Specialist.

Born August 29, 1959, in Sarnia, Ontario, Canada.

Bachelor degree in mechanical engineering, Royal Military College,

Kingston, Ontario, Canada; post-graduate research at University of Waterloo,

Ontario, Canada; Master of Science in aviation systems, University of Tennessee.

Flew on STS-74.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 196.

MACLEAN, Steve, Canadian Space Agency

Mission Specialist.

Born December 14, 1954, in Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.

Bachelor of Science in honors physics, and Doctor of Philosophy in physics from York

University, Toronto, Canada.

Flew as a payload specialist on STS-52.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 236.

MOHRI, Mamoru, Japanese Space Agency

Mission Specialist.

Born January 28, 1948, in Hokkaido, Japan.

Bachelor and Master of Science in physical science from Hokkaido University, Doctor

of Philosophy in physical science from South Australia State Flinders University.

Flew on STS-47 (Payload Specialist) and STS-99 (Mission Specialist).

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 459.
INTERNATIONAL ASTRONAUTS CURRENTLY IN THE U.S. SPACE PROGRAM

40

NESPOLI, Paolo, European Space Agency

Mission Specialist.

Born April 6, 1957, in Milan, Italy. Hometown, Verano Brianza, Milan, Italy.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering and Master of Science in aeronautics

and astronautics from the Polytechnic University of New York. Laurea in

Ingegneria Meccanica, Universita degli Studi di Firenze.

NICOLLIER, Claude, European Space Agency

Mission Specialist.

Born September 2, 1944, in Vevey, Switzerland.

Bachelor of Science in physics from the University of Lausanne, Switzerland; Master

of Science in astrophysics from University of Geneva.

Flew on STS-46, STS-61, STS-75 and STS-103.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1000.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 8 hours.

NOGUCHI, Soichi, Japanese Space Agency

Mission Specialist.

Born April 15, 1965, in Yokohama, Japan. Hometown, Chigasaki, Kanagawa, Japan.

Bachelor and Master of aeronautical engineering from the University of Tokyo, Japan.

PAYETTE, Julie, Canadian Space Agency

Mission Specialist.

Born October 20, 1963 in Montreal, Quebec, Canada.

International baccalaureate,United World International College of the Atlantic, South

Wales, UK; Bachelor of engineering from McGill University, Masters of Applied

Science from the University of Toronto,

Flew on STS-96.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 235.

PERRIN, Philippe, Lieutenant. Colonel, French Air Force (ESA)

Mission Specialist.

Born January 6, 1963, in Meknes, Morocco. Hometown, Avignon, Provence.

Degree as Ingenieur Polytechnicien from the Ecole Polytechnique, Palaiseau,

France.

PONTES, Marcos, Major, Brazil Air Force (BSA)

Mission Specialist.

Born March 11, 1963 in Bauru, Brazil.

Bachelor of Science degree in aeronautical engineering from the Instituto

Technologico de Aeronautica University, and Master of Science in systems

engineering from the Navy Post Graduate School in Monterey, California.
INTERNATIONAL ASTRONAUTS CURRENTLY IN THE U.S. SPACE PROGRAM

41

SCHLEGEL, Hans, European Space Agency

Mission Specialist.

Born August 3, 1951, in Überlingen, Germany. Hometown, Aachen, Germany.

Masters degree in Physics from Aachen University.

Flew as a payload specialist on STS-55.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 222.

THIELE, Gerhard P.J., European Space Agency

Mission Specialist.

Born September 2, 1953, in Heidenhelm/Brenz, Germany. Hometown, Bruhl,

Nordrhein-Westfalen

Studied physics at Ludwig-Maximilians Universitat, Munich and Ruprecht-KarlsUniversitat in Heidelberg. Doctoral thesis at the Institute for Environmental

Physics of Heidelberg Universitat.

Flew on STS-99.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 268.

TOGNINI Michel, Brigadier General, French Air Force ESA

Mission Specialist.

Born September 30, 1949, in Vincennes, France.

Educated at Lycee de Cachan, Paris. Received an advanced mathematics degree

from Epa Grenoble and an engineering degree from the French Air Force Academy.

Flew on STS-93.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 456.

TRYGGVASON, Bjarni V., Canadian Space Agency

Mission Specialist.

Born September 21, 1945, in Reykjavik, Iceland. Hometown, Vancouver, B.C.

Bachelor of Applied Science in engineering physics from the University of British

Columbia, and postgraduate work in engineering with a specialization in applied

mathematics and fluid dynamics at the University of Western Ontario.

Flew as a payload specialist on STS-85.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 284.

VITTORI, Roberto, European Space Agency.

Born October 15, 1964, in Viterbo, Italy.

Graduate of the Italian Airforce Academy. Currently attending the IV year of a

Physics degree at the University of Perugia.

WAKATA, Koichi, Japanese Space Agency

Mission Specialist.

Born August 1, 1963, in Omiya, Saitama, Japan.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering and Master of Science in

applied mechanics from Kyushu University.

Flew on STS-72 and STS-92.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 332.
INTERNATIONAL ASTRONAUTS CURRENTLY IN THE U.S. SPACE PROGRAM

42

WILLIAMS, Dafydd (David) Rhys, Canadian Space Agency

Mission Specialist.

Born May 16, 1954 in Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.

Bachelor of Science in biology, Master of Science in physiology, Doctor of Medicine

and master of surgery from McGill University, Montreal.

Flew on STS-90

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 381.
RUSSIAN COSMONAUTS CURRENTLY IN THE U.S SPACE PROGRAM

(Trained by the Russian Space Agency)

Flight times include non-U.S. flight information from Cosmonaut bio sheets

43

BUDARIN, Nikolai, Russian Space Agency.

Born April 29, 1953, at Kirya Settlement, Chuvashia, Russia.

Graduated from the S. Ordzhonikidze Moscow Aviation Institute with a mechanical

engineering diploma.

Flew on STS-71 (Mir crew upload.)

DEZHUROV, Vladimir, Russian Space Agency.

Born June 30, 1962, at Yavas Settlement, Zubovo-Polyansk district, Mordovia,

Russia.

Graduated from the S.I. Gritsevis Khalikov Higher Military Aviation School with a flight

engineering diploma.

Flew on STS-71 (Mir crew download.)

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 115.

GIDZENKO, Yuri, Russian Space Agency.

Born March 26, 1962, in Elanets, Elanetsky district, Nikolayev region.

Graduated form Kharkov Military Aviation College of Pilots and from Moscow State

University of land-surveying and cartography.

KONDAKOVA, Elena, Russian Space Agency.

Born March 30, 1957, in Mitischi, Moscow region.

Graduated from Moscow Bauman High Technical College.

Flew on STS-84.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 178.

KRIKALEV, Sergei, Russian Space Agency.

Born August 27, 1958, in Leningrad (St. Peterburg,) Russia.

Received a mechanical engineering degree from the Leningrad (St. Peterburg)

Mechanical Institute.

Flew on STS-60 and STS-88.

Cumulative space flight time is more than 1 year, 3 months and 19 days.

Flight time includes 7 EVAs.

LONCHAKOV, Yuri, Russian Space Agency.

Born March 4, 1965, in Balkhash, Dzhezkazkansk Region.

Graduated from Oresburg Air Force Pilot School as a pilot-engineer and Zhukovski Air

Force Academy as pilot-engineer-researcher.

MALENCHENKO, Yuri, Russian Space Agency.

Born December 22, 1961, in Svetlovodsk, Kirovograd region, Ukraine.

Graduated from S.I. Gritsevets Kharkov Higher Military Aviation School with a pilotengineer’s diploma; graduated from the Zhukovsky Air Force Engineering

Academy.

Flew on STS-106.

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 137.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 18 hours.
RUSSIAN COSMONAUTS CURRENTLY IN THE U.S SPACE PROGRAM

(Trained by the Russian Space Agency)

Flight times include non-U.S. flight information from Cosmonaut bio sheets

44

MORUKOV, Boris, Russian Space Agency.

Born October 1, 1950, in Moscow, Russia.

Doctor of Medicine from the 2nd Moscow Medical Institute (now Moscow Medical

University;) Doctor of Philosophy in space, aviation and naval medicine from the

Institute for Biomedical Problems.

Flew on STS-106.

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 11.

ONUFRIENKO, Yuriy, Russian Space Agency.

Born February 6, 1961, in Ryasnoe, Zolochev district, Kharkov region, Ukraine.

Graduated from the V.M. Komarov Eisk Higher Military Aviation School for Pilots with

a pilot-engineer’s diploma; graduated from Moscow State University with a degree

in cartography.

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 193.

POLESCHUK, Alexander, Russian Space Agency.

Born October 30, 1953, in Cheremkhovo, Irkutsk region, Russia.

Graduated from S. Ordzhonikidze Moscow Aviation Institute with a mechanical

engineering diploma.

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 179.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 9 hours.

RYUMIN, Valery, Russian Space Agency.

Born August 16, 1939, in the city of Komsomolsk-on-Amur in the Russian Far East.

Graduated from the Kaliningrad Mechanical Engineering Technical College with the

specialty "Cold Working of Metal;" graduated from the Department of Electronics

and Computing Technology of the Moscow Forestry Engineering Institute with the

specialty "Spacecraft Control Systems."

Flew on STS-91.

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 362.

SHARIPOV, Salizhan, Russian Space Agency.

Born August 24, 1964, in Uzgen, Oshsk region, Kirghizia.

Graduated from the Air Force Pilot School; graduated from Moscow State University

with a degree in cartography.

Flew on STS-89.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 211.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 5 hours.

SOLOVYEV, Anatoly, Russian Space Agency.

Born January 16, 1948, in Riga.

Graduated from the Lenin Komsomol Chernigov Higher Military Aviation School.

Flew on STS-71 (Mir crew upload.)

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 188.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 5 hours.
RUSSIAN COSMONAUTS CURRENTLY IN THE U.S SPACE PROGRAM

(Trained by the Russian Space Agency)

Flight times include non-U.S. flight information from Cosmonaut bio sheets

45

STREKALOV, Gennady, Russian Space Agency.

Born October 26, 1940, in the Mytishohi Moscow region, Russia.

Graduated from N.E. Bauman Moscow Higher Technical School with an engineer’s

diploma.

Flew on STS-71 (Mir crew download.)

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 153.

TITOV, Vladimir, Russian Space Agency.

Born January 1, 1947, in Sretensk, in the Chita Region of Russia.

Graduated from the Higher Air Force College in Chernigov in the Ukraine, and the

Yuri Gagarin Air Force Academy.

Flew on STS-63 and STS-86.

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 387.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 18 hours.

TOKAREV, Valery, Russian Space Agency.

Born October 29, 1952, at the town of Kap-Yar, Astrakhan region, Russia.

Master’s degree in state administration from the National Economy Academy

affiliated with the Russian Federation Government in Moscow.

Flew on STS-96.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 235.

TURIN, Mikhail, Russian Space Agency.

Born March 2, 1960, in Kolomna, Russia.

Graduated from the Moscow Aviation Institute with a degree in engineering and a

specialization in creating mathematical models related to mechanical flight. He is

currently doing graduate work in his field of research.

USACHEV, Yuriy, Russian Space Agnecy.

Born October 9, 1957, in Donetsk, Rostov on Don Region, Russia.

 Graduated from the Moscow Aviation Institute with an engineering diploma.

Flew on STS-101.

Cumulative days of space flight are more than 376.

Space flights include 6 EVAs.
2000 U.S. ASTRONAUT CANDIDATE CLASS

46

ANTONELLI, Dominic A., Lieutenant, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born August 23, 1967, in Detroit, Michigan.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautics & astronautics from the Massachusetts Institute of

Technology; Masters of Science in aeronautics & astronautics from the University of

Washington.

BARRATT, Michael R., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born April 16, 1959, in Vancouver, Washington.

Bachelor of Science in zoology from the University of Washington; Doctor of Medicine

from Nortwestern University; Masters of Science in aerospace medicine from Wright

State University.

BEHNKEN, Robert L., Captain, U.S. Air Force

Mission Specilaist.

Born July 7, 1970, in Creve Coeur, Missouri.

Bachelors of Science in physics & mechanical engineering from Washington University;

Masters of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in mechanical engineering from the

California Institute of Technology.

BOE, Eric A., Major, U.S. Air Force

Pilot.

Born October 1, 1964, in Miami, Florida.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S Air Force Academy;

Master of Science in electrical engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology.

BOWEN, Stephen G., Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Navy

Mission Specialist.

Born February 13, 1964, in Cohasset, Massachusetts

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy; degree of

Ocean Engineer from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

DREW, B. Alvin, Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Mission Specialist.

Born November 5, 1962, in Washington, D.C.

Bachelor of Science in physics & astronautical engineering from the U.S. Air Force

Academy; Master of Science in aeronautical science from Embry-Riddle

Aeronautical University.

FEUSTEL, Andrew J., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born August 25, 1965, in Lancaster, Pennsylvania.

Bachelor of Science in solid earth sciences and Master of Science in geophysics from

Purdue University; Doctor of Philosophy in seismology from Queen’s UniversityCanada.
2000 U.S. ASTRONAUT CANDIDATE CLASS

47

FORD, Kevin A., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Pilot.

Born July 7, 1960, in Portland, Indiana.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Notre Dame;

Master of Science in international relations from Troy State University; Master of

Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Florida; Doctor of

Philosophy in astronautical engineering from the Air Force Institute of Technology.

GARAN, Ronald J., Jr., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Pilot.

Born October 30, 1961, in Yonkers, New York.

Bachelor of Science in economics from the State University of New York; Master of

Aeronautical Science in aeronautics from Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University;

Master of Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Florida.

GOOD, Michael T., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Mission Specialist.

Born October 13, 1962, in Parma, Ohio.

Bachelor and Master of Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Notre

Dame.

HURLEY, Douglas G., Major, U.S. Marine Corps

Pilot.

Born October 21, 1966, in Endicott, New York.

Bachelor of Science in civil engineering from Tulane University; Master of Science in

aviation systems from the Univerisity of Tennesee Space Institute (expected.)

KOPRA, Timothy L., Major, U.S. Army

Mission Specialist.

Born April 9, 1963, in Austin, Texas.

Bachelor of Science in computer science from the U.S. Military Academy; Master of

Science in aerospace engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology.

McARTHUR, K. Megan, Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born August 30, 1971, in Honolulu, Hawaii.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the University of California-Los

Angeles; Doctor of Philosophy in oceanography from the University of California-San

Diego (expected.)

NYBERG, Karen L., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born October 7, 1969, in Parkers Prairie, Minnesota.

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from the University of North Dakota;

Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in mechanical engineering from the

University of Texas.
2000 U.S. ASTRONAUT CANDIDATE CLASS

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STOTT, Nicole P., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born November 19, 1962, in Albany, New York.

Bachelor of Science in mathematics from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master of

Aeronautical Science from Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University.

VIRTS, Terry W., Jr., Major, U.S. Air Force

Pilot.

Born December 1, 1967, in Baltimore, Maryland.

Bachelor of Science in mathematics from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master of

Aeronautical Science in aeronautics from Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University.

WILMORE, Barry E., Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Navy

Pilot.

Born December 29, 1962, in Murfreesboro, Tennessee.

Bachelor and Master of Science in electrical engineering from Tennessee Technical

University; Master of Science from the University of Tennessee-Knoxville.
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS

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ADAMSON, James C., Colonel, U.S. Army (Retired)

Born March 3, 1946, in Warsaw, New York.

Bachelor of Science in engineering from the U.S. Military Academy; Master of Science

in aerospace engineering from Princeton University. Graduate of the U.S. Navy

Test Pilot School.

Flew on STS-28 and STS-43.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 334.

AKERS, Thomas D., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born May 20, 1951, in St. Louis, Missouri. Hometown, Eminence, Missouri.

Bachelor and Master of Science in applied mathematics from the University of

Missouri-Rolla.

Flew on STS-41, STS-49, STS-61 and STS-79.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 814.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 29 hours.

ALDRIN, Buzz, Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born January 20, 1930, in Montclair, New Jersey.

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from the U.S. Military Academy;

Doctor of Science in astronautics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Flew on Gemini 12 and Apollo 11.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 289.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 2 hours.

ALLEN, Andrew M., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired)

Born August 4, 1955, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from Villanova University.

Flew on STS-46, STS-62 and STS-75.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 904.

ALLEN, Joseph P., Civilian

Born June 27, 1937, in Crawfordsville, Indiana.

Bachelor of Arts in mathematics and physics from DePauw University;

Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in physics from Yale University.

Flew on STS-5 and STS 51-A.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 313.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 12 hours.

ANDERS, William A., Major General, U.S. Air Force Reserve (Retired)

Born October 17, 1933, in Hong Kong.

Bachelor of Science in nuclear engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of

Science in nuclear engineering from the Air Force Institute of Technology.

Flew on Apollo 8.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 147.
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APT, Jerome, Civilian

Born April 28, 1949, in Springfield, Massachusetts. Hometown, Pittsburgh,

Pennsylvania.

Bachelor of Arts in physics from Harvard College; Doctor of

philosophy in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-37, STS-47, STS-59 and STS-79.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 847.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 10 hours.

ARMSTRONG, Neil A., Civilian

Born August 5, 1930, in Wapakoneta, Ohio.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from Purdue University;

Master of Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Southern

California.

Flew on Gemini 8 and Apollo 11.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 205.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 2 hours.

BAGIAN, James P., Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born February 22, 1952, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from Drexel University;

Doctor of Medicine from Thomas Jefferson University.

Flew on STS-29 and STS-40.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 337.

BEAN, Alan L., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born March 15, 1932, in Wheeler, Texas.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the University of Texas.

Flew on Apollo 12 and Skylab 3.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,671.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 10 hours.

BLAHA, John E., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born August 26, 1942, in San Antonio, Texas.

Bachelor of Science in engineering science from the U.S. Air Force Academy;

Master of Science in astronautical engineering from Purdue University.

Flew on STS-29, STS-33, STS-43, STS-58, STS-79/Mir and Mir/STS-81.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 3,864.

BLUFORD, Guion S., Jr., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born November 22, 1942, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from Pennsylvania State

University; Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in aerospace engineering

from the Air Force Institute of Technology; Master of Business Administration from

the University of Houston-Clear Lake.

Flew on STS-8, STS 61-A, STS-39, and STS-53.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 688.
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BOBKO, Karol J., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born December 23, 1937, in New York, New York.

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master of Science in

aerospace engineering from the University of Southern California.

Flew on STS-6, STS 51-D, and STS-51-J.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 386.

BOLDEN, Charles F., Jr., Brigadier General, U.S. Marine Corps

Born August 19, 1946, in Columbia, South Carolina.

Bachelor of Science in electrical science from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of

Science in systems management from the University of Southern California.

Flew on STS-61C, STS-31, STS-45, and STS-60.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 680.

BORMAN, Frank, Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born March 14, 1928, in Gary, Indiana.

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Military Academy; Master of Science in

aeronautical engineering from the California Institute of Technology.

Flew on Gemini 7 and Apollo 8.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 477.

BRAND, Vance D., Civilian

Born May 9, 1931, in Longmont, Colorado.

Bachelor of Science in business and aeronautical engineering from the

University of Colorado; Master of Science in business administration from the

University of California at Los Angeles.

Flew on Apollo-Soyuz Test Project, STS-5, STS 41-B, and STS-35.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 746.

BRANDENSTEIN, Daniel C., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born January 17, 1943, in Watertown, Wisconsin.

Bachelor of Science in mathematics and physics from the University of Wisconsin -

River Falls

Flew on STS-8, STS 51-G, STS-32, and STS-49.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 788.

BRIDGES, Roy D., Jr., Major General, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born July 19, 1943, in Atlanta, Georgia.

Bachelor of Science in engineering science from the U.S. Air Force Academy;

Master of Science in astronautics from Purdue University.

Flew on STS 51-F.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 190.

BROWN, Curtis L., Jr., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born March 11, 1956, in Elizabethtown, North Carolina.

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy.

Flew on STS-47, STS-66, STS-77, STS-85, STS-95 and STS-103.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,381.
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BROWN, Mark N., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born November 18, 1951, in Valparaiso, Indiana.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical and astronautical engineering from

Purdue University; Master of Science in astronautical engineering from the U.S. Air

Force Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-28 and STS-48.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 249.

BUCHLI, James F., Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired)

Born June 20, 1945, in New Rockford, North Dakota. Hometown, Fargo, North

Dakota.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master

of Science in aeronautical engineering systems from the University of West Florida.

Flew on STS 51-C, STS 61-A, STS-29, and STS-48.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 490.

BULL, John S., Civilian

Born September 25, 1934, in Memphis, Tennessee.

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from Rice University; Master

of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in aeronautical engineering from Stanford

University.

CAMERON, Kenneth D., Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired)

Born November 29, 1949, in Cleveland, Ohio.

Bachelor and Master of Science in aeronautics and astronautics from the

Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-37, STS-56 and STS-74.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 562.

CARPENTER, M. Scott, Commander, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born May 1, 1925, in Boulder, Colorado.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the University of Colorado.

Flew on Mercury 7.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 4.

CARR, Gerald P., Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired)

Born August 22, 1932, in Denver, Colorado.

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from the University of Southern

California; Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval

Postgraduate School; Master of Science in aeronautical engineering from Princeton

University; honorary Doctor of Science in aeronautical engineering from Parks

College, St. Louis University.

Flew on Skylab 4.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 2,017.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 15 hours.
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS

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CASPER, John H., Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Born July 9, 1943, in Greenville, South Carolina. Hometown, Gainesville, Georgia.

Bachelor of Science in engineering science from the U.S. Air Force Academy;

Master of Science in astronautics from Purdue University.

Flew on STS-36, STS-54, STS-62 and STS-77.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 825.

CERNAN, Eugene A., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born March 14, 1934, in Chicago, Illinois.

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from Purdue University; Master

of Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Navy Postgraduate School.

Flew on Gemini 9, Apollo 10, and Apollo 17.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 566.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 24 hours.

CHAPMAN, Philip K., Civilian

Born March 5, 1935, in Melbourne, Australia.

Bachelor of Science in physics and mathematics from the University of Sydney;

Master of Science in aeronautics and astronautics and Doctor of Science in

instrumentation from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

CHILTON, Kevin P., Brigadier General, U.S. Air Force

Born November 3, 1954, in Los Angeles, California.

Bachelor of Science in engineering sciences from the U.S. Air Force Academy;

Master of Science in mechanical engineering from Columbia University.

Flew on STS-49, STS-59 and STS-76.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 704.

CLEAVE, Mary L., Civilian

Born February 5, 1947, in Southampton, New York.

Bachelor of Science in biological sciences from Colorado State University;

Master of Science in microbial ecology and Doctor of Philosophy in civil and

environmental engineering from Utah State University.

Flew on STS 61-B and STS-30.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 262.

CLIFFORD, Michael R., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Army (Retired)

Born October 13, 1952, in San Bernardino, California. Hometown, Ogden, Utah.

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Military Academy; Master of Science in

aerospace engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-53, STS-59 and STS-76.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 666.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 6 hours.
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS

54

COATS, Michael L., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born January 16, 1946, in Sacramento, California.

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of Science in

administration of science and technology from George Washington University;

Master of Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate

School.

Flew on STS 41-D, STS-29, and STS-39.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 463.

COLLINS, Michael, Major General, U.S. Air Force Reserve (Retired)

Born October 31, 1930, in Rome, Italy.

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Military Academy.

Flew on Gemini 10 and Apollo 11.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 265.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 1 hour.

COOPER, L. Gordon, Jr., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born March 6, 1927, in Shawnee, Oklahoma.

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology; Doctor

of Science in aeronautical engineering from Oklahoma City University.

Flew on Mercury 9 and Gemini 5.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 225.

COVEY, Richard O., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born August 1, 1946, in Fayetteville, Arkansas. Hometown, Fort Walton Beach, Florida.

Bachelor of Science in engineering sciences from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master of

Science in aeronautics and astronautics from Purdue University.

Flew on STS 51-I, STS-26, STS-38, and STS-61.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 645.

CREIGHTON, John O., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born April 28, 1943, in Orange, Texas.

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of Science in

administration of science and technology from George Washington University.

Flew on STS 51-G, STS-36, and STS-48.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 404.

CRIPPEN, Robert L., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born September 11, 1937, in Beaumont, Texas.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Texas.

Flew on STS-1, STS-7, STS 41-C, and STS 41-G.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 565.

CUNNINGHAM, Walter, Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps Reserve (Retired)

Born March 16, 1932, in Creston, Iowa.

Bachelor and Master of Arts in physics from the University of California - Los

Angeles. Advanced management program, Harvard Graduate School of Business.

Flew on Apollo 7.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 263.
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS

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DAVIS, N. Jan, Civilian

Mission Specialist.

Born November 1, 1953, in Cocoa Beach, Florida. Hometown, Huntsville, Alabama.

Bachelor of Science in applied biology from the Georgia Institute of Technology;

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from Auburn University; Master of

Science and Doctor of Philosophy in mechanical engineering from the University of

Alabama in Huntsville.

Flew on STS-47, STS-60 and STS-85.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 673.

DUKE, Charles M., Jr., Brigadier General, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born October 3, 1935, in Charlotte, North Carolina.

Bachelor of Science in naval sciences from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of

Science in aeronautics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Flew on Apollo 16.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 265.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 20 hours.

EDWARDS, Joe F, Jr., Commander, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born February 3, 1958, in Richmond, Virginia. Hometowns, Roanoke and Lineville,

Alabama.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the United States Naval

Academy; Master of Science in aviation systems from the University of Tennessee,

Knoxville.

Flew on STS-89.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 211.

ENGLAND, Anthony W., Civilian

Born May 15, 1942, in Indianapolis, Indiana.

Bachelor and Master of Science in earth sciences from the Massachusetts

Institute of Technology; Doctor of Philosophy in geophysics from the Massachusetts

Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS 51-F.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 190.

ENGLE, Joe H., Major General, Air National Guard/U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born August 26, 1932, in Dickinson County, Kansas.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the University of Kansas.

Flew 16 flights in USAF/NASA X-15 - 3 flights into space; flew on Space

Shuttle approach and landing tests 2 and 4, STS-2, and STS 51-I.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 224.
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FABIAN, John M., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born January 28, 1939, in Goosecreek, Texas.

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from Washington State

University; Master of Science in aerospace engineering from the U.S. Air Force

Institute of Technology; Doctor of Philosophy in aeronautics and astronautics from

the University of Washington.

Flew on STS-7 and STS 51-G.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 316.

FISHER, William F., Civilian

Born April 1, 1946, in Dallas, Texas.

Bachelor of Arts from Stanford University; Master of Science in engineering from the

University of Houston; Doctor of Medicine from the University of Florida.

Flew on STS 51-I.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 170.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 11 hours.

FULLERTON, Charles G., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born October 11, 1936, in Rochester, New York.

Bachelor and Master of Science in mechanical engineering from the California

Institute of Technology.

Flew Space Shuttle approach and landing tests 1, 3 and 5; STS-3 and STS 51-F.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 382.

GARDNER, Dale A., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born November 8, 1948, in Fairmont, Minnesota.

Bachelor of Science in engineering physics from the University of Illinois.

Flew on STS-8 and STS 51-A.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 336.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 11 hours.

GARDNER, Guy S., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born January 6, 1948, in Altavista, Virginia.

Bachelor of Science in engineering sciences, astronautics and mathematics from the

U.S. Air Force Academy; Master of Science in astronautics from Purdue University.

Flew on STS-27 and STS-35.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 320.

GARRIOTT, Owen K., Civilian

Born November 22, 1930, in Enid, Oklahoma.

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from the University of Oklahoma; Master

of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in electrical engineering from Stanford

University.

Flew on Skylab 3 and STS-9.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,674.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 13 hours.
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS

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GEMAR, Charles D., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Army

Born August 4, 1955, in Yankton, South Dakota. Hometown, Scotland, South Dakota.

Bachelor of Science in engineering from the U.S. Military Academy.

Flew on STS-38, STS-48 and STS-62.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 581.

GIBSON, Edward G., Civilian

Born November 8, 1936, in Buffalo, New York.

Bachelor of Science in engineering from the University of Rochester; Master of

Science in engineering from the California Institute of Technology; Doctor of

Philosophy in engineering and physics from the California Institute of Technology.

Flew on Skylab 4.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 2,017

Cumulative EVA time is more than 15 hours.

GIBSON, Robert L., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born October 30, 1946, in Cooperstown, New York. Hometown, Lakewood,

California.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from California Polytechnic Institute.

Flew on STS 41-B, STS 61-C, STS-27, STS-47 and STS-71.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 868.

GLENN, John H., Jr., Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired)

Born July 18, 1921, in Cambridge, Ohio.

Bachelor of Science in engineering from Muskingum College.

Flew on Mercury 6, and STS-95.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 217.

GORDON, Richard F., Jr., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born October 5, 1929, in Seattle, Washington.

Bachelor of Science in chemistry from the University of Washington; honorary

Doctor of Science from Niagara University.

Flew on Gemini 11 and Apollo 12.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 315.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 1 hour.

GRABE, Ronald J., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born June 13, 1945, in New York, New York.

Bachelor of Science in engineering science from the U.S. Air Force Academy.

Flew on STS 51-J, STS-30, STS-42, and STS-57.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 627.

GRAVELINE, Duane F., Civilian

Born March 2, 1931, in Newport, Vermont.

Bachelor of Science and Doctor of Medicine from the University of Vermont;

Master of Science in public health from Johns Hopkins University.
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS

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GREGORY, Frederick D., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born January 7, 1941, in Washington, D.C.

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master of Science in information

systems from George Washington University.

Flew on STS 51-B, STS-33, and STS-44.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 455.

GREGORY, William G., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born May 14, 1957, in Lockport, New York.

Bachelor of Science in engineering science from the U.S. Air Force Academy;

Master of Science in engineering mechanics from Columbia University; Master of

Science in management from Troy State University.

Flew on STS-67.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 399.

GUTIERREZ, Sidney M., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born June 27, 1951, Albuquerque, New Mexico.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy;

Master of Arts in management from Webster College.

Flew on STS-40 and STS-59.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 488.

HAISE, Fred W., Jr., Civilian

Born November 14, 1933, in Biloxi, Mississippi.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the University of Oklahoma.

Flew on Apollo 13 and Space Shuttle approach and landing tests 1, 3, and 5.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 142.

HAMMOND, L. Blaine, Jr., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born January 16, 1952, in Savannah, Georgia. Hometown, St. Louis, Missouri.

Bachelor of Science in engineering science and mechanics from the U.S. Air Force

Academy; Master of Science in engineering science and mechanics from the

Georgia Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-39 and STS-64.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 462.

HARRIS, Bernard A., Jr., Civilian

Born June 26, 1956, in Temple, Texas.

Bachelor of Science in biology from the University of Houston; Doctor of

Medicine from Texas Tech University.

Flew on STS-55 and STS-63.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 438.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 4 hours.
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS

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HART, Terry J., Civilian

Born October 27, 1946, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Bachelor of Science from Lehigh University; Master of Science in

mechanical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Master of

Science in electrical engineering from Rutgers University; honorary Doctor of

Engineering from Lehigh University.

Flew on STS 41-C.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 167.

HARTSFIELD, Henry W., Jr., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born November 21, 1933, in Birmingham, Alabama.

Bachelor of Science in physics from Auburn University; Master of Science in

engineering science from the University of Tennessee.

Flew on STS-4, STS 41-D, and STS 61-A.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 482.

HAUCK, Frederick H., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born April 11, 1941, in Long Beach, California.

Bachelor of Science in physics from Tufts University; Master of Science in

nuclear engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-7, STS 51-A, and STS-26.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 435.

HENRICKS, Terence T. “Tom”, Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born July 5, 1952, in Bryan, Ohio. Hometown, Woodville, Ohio.

Bachelor of Science in civil engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy; Master of

Arts in public administration from Golden Gate University.

Flew on STS-44, STS-55, STS-70 and STS-78.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,026.

HIEB, Richard J., Civilian

Born September 21, 1955, in Jamestown, North Dakota.

Bachelor of Arts in mathematics and physics from Northwest Nazarene

College; Master of Science in aerospace engineering from the University of

Colorado.

Flew on STS-39, STS-49, and STS-65.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 766.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 17 hours.

HILMERS, David C., Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired)

Born January 28, 1950, in Clinton, Iowa.

Bachelor of Arts in mathematics from Cornell University; Master of

Science in electrical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.

Flew on STS 51-J, STS-26, STS-36, and STS-42.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 494.
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HOFFMAN, Jeffrey A., Civilian

Born November 2, 1944, in Brooklyn, New York. Hometown, Scarsdale,

New York.

Bachelor of Arts in astronomy from Amherst College; Masters degree in materials

science from Rice University; Doctor of Philosophy in astrophysics from Harvard

University.

Flew on STS 51-D, STS-35, STS-46, STS-61 and STS-75.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,211.

HOLMQUEST, Donald L., Civilian

Born April 7, 1939, in Dallas, Texas.

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from Southern Methodist

University; Doctor of Philosophy in physiology and Doctor of Medicine from Baylor

University; juris doctor from the University of Houston.

JEMISON, Mae C., Civilian

Born October 17, 1956, in Decatur, Alabama.

Bachelor of Science in chemical engineering from Stanford University;

Doctor of Medicine from Cornell University.

Flew on STS-47.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 190.

KERWIN, Joseph P., Captain, Medical Corps, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born February 19, 1932, in Oak Park, Illinois.

Bachelor of Arts in philosophy from the College of the Holy Cross; Doctor of

Medicine from Northwestern University Medical School. Naval Aviator.

Flew on Skylab 2.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 672.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 3 hours.

LEESTMA, David C., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born May 6, 1949, in Muskegon, Michigan.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy;

Master of Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate

School.

Flew on STS 41-G, STS-28, and STS-45.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 532.

LENOIR, William B., Civilian

Born March 14, 1939, in Miami, Florida.

Bachelor of Science, Master of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in

electrical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-5.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 122.
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LIND, Don L., Civilian

Born May 18, 1930, in Midvale, Utah.

Bachelor of Science in physics from the University of Utah; Doctor of

philosophy in high energy nuclear physics from the University of California -

Berkeley.

Flew on STS 51-B.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 168.

LINENGER, Jerry M., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born January 16, 1955, in Mount Clemens, Michigan. Hometowns, Eastpointe,

Michigan, and Coronado, California.

Bachelor of Science in bioscience from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of Science in

systems management from the University of Southern California; Doctor of

Medicine from Wayne State University; Master of Public Health in health policy

from the University of North Carolina; Doctor of Philosophy in epidemiology from

the University of North Carolina.

Flew on STS-64, STS-81/Mir and Mir/STS-84.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 3,435.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 5 hours.

LLEWELLYN, John A., Civilian

Born April 22, 1933, in Cardiff, Wales, UK.

 Bachelor of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in chemistry from the University College

at Cardiff.

LOUNGE, John M., "Mike," Civilian

Born June 28, 1946, in Denver, Colorado.

Bachelor of Science in physics and mathematics from the U.S. Naval Academy;

Master of Science in astrogeophysics from the University of Colorado.

Flew on STS 51-I, STS-26, and STS-35.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 482.

LOUSMA, Jack R., Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired)

Born February 29, 1936, in Grand Rapids, Michigan.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the University of Michigan;

degree of aeronautical engineer from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.

Flew on Skylab 3 and STS-3.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,619.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 11 hours.

LOVELL, James A., Jr., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born March 25, 1928, in Cleveland, Ohio.

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Naval Academy; Advanced Management

Program, Harvard Business School.

Flew on Gemini 7, Gemini 12, Apollo 8, and Apollo 13.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 715.
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LOW, G. David, Civilian

Born February 19, 1956, in Cleveland, Ohio.

Bachelor of Science in physics-engineering from Washington and Lee

University, and in mechanical engineering from Cornell University; Master of

Science in aeronautics and astronautics from Stanford University.

Flew on STS-32, STS-43 and STS-57.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 714.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 6 hours.

MATTINGLY, Thomas K., II, Rear Admiral, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born March 17, 1936, in Chicago, Illinois.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from Auburn University.

Flew on Apollo 16, STS-4, and STS 51-C.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 508.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 1 hour.

McBRIDE, Jon A., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born August 14, 1943, in Charleston, West Virginia.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate

School.

Flew on STS 41-G.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 197.

McCANDLESS, Bruce, II, Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born June 8, 1937, in Boston, Massachusetts.

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of Science in electrical

engineering from Stanford University; Master of Science in business administration

from the University of Houston Clear Lake.

Flew on STS 41-B and STS-31.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 312.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 11 hours.

McCULLEY, Michael J., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born August 4, 1943, in San Diego, California.

Bachelor and Master of Science in metallurgical engineering from Purdue University.

Flew on STS-34.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 119.

McDIVITT, James A., Brigadier General, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born June 10, 1929, in Chicago, Illinois.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the University of Michigan.

Flew on Gemini 4 and Apollo 9, and was the Apollo Spacecraft Program Manager.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 338.
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS

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McMONAGLE, Donald R., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born May 14, 1952, in Flint, Michigan.

Bachelor of Science in astronautical engineering from the U.S. Air Force Academy;

Master of Science in mechanical engineering from California State University -

Fresno.

Flew on STS-39, STS-54 and STS-66.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 605.

MEADE, Carl J., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born November 16, 1950, at Chanute Air Force Base, Illinois.

Bachelor of Science in electronics engineering from the University of Texas; Master of

Science in electronics engineering from the California Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-38, STS-50 and STS-64.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 712.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 6 hours.

MELNICK, Bruce E., Commander, U.S. Coast Guard (Retired)

Born December 5, 1949, in New York, New York.

Bachelor of Science in engineering from the U.S. Coast Guard Academy; Master of

Science in aeronautical systems from West Florida University.

Flew on STS-41 and STS-49.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 311.

MICHEL, F. Curtis, Civilian

Born June 5, 1934, in LaCrosse, Wisconsin.

Bachelor of Science and Doctor of Philosophy in physics from the California

Institute of Technology.

MITCHELL, Edgar D., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born September 17, 1930, in Hereford, Texas.

Bachelor of Science in industrial management from the Carnegie Institute of

Technology (now Carnegie-Mellon University); Bachelor of Science in aeronautical

engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School; Doctor of Science in

aeronautics and astronautics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Flew on Apollo 14.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 216.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 9 hours.

MULLANE, Richard M., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born September 10, 1945, in Wichita Falls, Texas.

Bachelor of Science in military engineering from the U.S. Military Academy; Master of

Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS 41-D, STS-27, and STS-36.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 356.
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS

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MUSGRAVE, Story, Civilian

Born August 19, 1935, in Boston, Massachusetts. Hometown, Lexington, Kentucky.

Bachelor of Science in mathematics and statistics from Syracuse University; Bachelor

of Arts in chemistry from Marietta College; Master of Business Administration in

operations analysis and computer programming from the University of California at

Los Angeles; Master of Science in physiology and biophysics from the University of

Kentucky; Master of Arts in literature from the University of Houston; Doctor of

Medicine from Columbia University.

Flew on STS-6, STS 51-F, STS-33, STS-44, STS-61 and STS-80.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,166.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 26 hours.

NAGEL, Steven R., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born October 27, 1946, in Canton, Illinois.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical and astronautical engineering from the

University of Illinois; Master of Science in mechanical engineering from California

State University - Fresno.

Flew on STS 51-G, STS 61-A, STS-37, and STS-55.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 721.

NELSON, George D., Civilian

Born July 13, 1950, in Charles City, Iowa.

Bachelor of Science in physics from Harvey Mudd College; Master of

Science and Doctor of Philosophy in astronomy from the University of Washington.

Flew on STS 41-C, STS 61-C, and STS-26.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 410.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 10 hours.

O’CONNOR, Bryan D., Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired)

Born September 6, 1946, in Orange, California.

Bachelor of Science in engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of

Science in aeronautical systems from West Florida University.

Flew on STS 61-B and STS-40.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 383.

O’LEARY, Brian T., Civilian

Born January 27, 1940, in Boston, Massachusetts.

Bachelor of Arts in physics from Williams College; Master of Arts in

astronomy from Georgetown University; Doctor of philosophy in astronomy from

the University of California at Berkeley.

OSWALD, Stephen S., Civilian

Born June 30, 1951, in Seattle, Washington. Hometown, Bellingham, Washington.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy.

Flew on STS-42, STS-56 and STS-67.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 814.
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS

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PARKER, Robert A. R., Civilian

Born December 14, 1936, in New York City, New York.

Bachelor of Arts in astronomy and physics from Amherst College;

Doctor of Philosophy in astronomy from the California Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-9 and STS-35.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 462.

PETERSON, Donald H., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born October 22, 1933, in Winona, Mississippi.

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Military Academy; Master of Science in

nuclear engineering from the U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology. Graduate of

Air Force Test Pilot School and War College.

Flew on STS-6.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 120.

POGUE, William R., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born January 23, 1930, in Okemah, Oklahoma.

Bachelor of Science in education from Oklahoma Baptist University;

Master of Science in mathematics from Oklahoma State University.

Flew on Skylab 4.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 2,017.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 13 hours.

REIGHTLER, Kenneth S., Jr., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born March 24, 1951, in Patuxent River, Maryland. Hometown, Virginia

Beach, Virginia.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master

of Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School;

Master of Science in systems management from the University of Southern

California.

Flew on STS-48 and STS-60.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 327.

RICHARDS, Richard N., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born August 24, 1946, in Key West, Florida. Hometown, St. Louis, Missouri.

Bachelor of Science in chemical engineering from the University of Missouri; Master of

Science in aeronautical systems from the University of West Florida.

Flew on STS-28, STS-41, STS-50 and STS-64.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 813.

RIDE, Sally K., Civilian

Born May 26, 1951, in Los Angeles, California.

Bachelor of Science in physics; Bachelor of Arts in english; Master of

Science and Doctor of Philosophy in physics from Stanford University.

Flew on STS-7 and STS 41-G.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 343.
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS

66

SCHIRRA, Walter M., Jr., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born March 12, 1923, in Hackensack, New Jersey.

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Naval Academy; graduate of the U.S. Naval Test

Pilot School.

Flew on Mercury 8, Gemini 6, and Apollo 7.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 295.

SCHMITT, Harrison H., Civilian

Born July 3, 1935, in Santa Rita, New Mexico.

Bachelor of Science in geology from the California Institute of Technology;

Doctor of Philosophy in geology from Harvard University.

Flew on Apollo 17.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 301.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 22 hours.

SCHWEICKART, Russell L., Civilian

Born October 25, 1935 in Neptune, New Jersey.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the Massachusetts

Institute of Technology; Master of Science in aeronautics and astronautics from the

Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Flew on Apollo 9.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 241.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 1 hour.

SCOTT, David R., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born June 6, 1932, in San Antonio, Texas.

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Military Academy; Master of Science in

aeronautics and astronautics and engineer in aeronautics and astronautics from

the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Flew on Gemini 8, Apollo 9, and Apollo 15.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 546.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 20 hours.

SCOTT, Winston E., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born August 6, 1950, in Miami, Florida.

Bachelor of Arts in music from Florida State University; Master of Science in

aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.

Flew on STS-72 and STS-87.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 590.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 19 hours.

SEARFOSS, Richard A., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retire)

Born June 5, 1956, in Mount Clemens, Michigan. Hometown, Portsmouth,

New Hampshire.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Air Force

Academy; Master of Aeronautics from the California Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS-58, STS-76 and STS-90.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 938.
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS

67

SEDDON, Margaret Rhea, Civilian

Born November 8, 1947, in Murfreesboro, Tennessee.

Bachelor of Arts in physiology from the University of California at Berkeley; Doctor of

Medicine from the University of Tennessee.

Flew on STS 51-D, STS-40 and STS-58.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 722.

SEGA, Ronald M., Colonel, U.S. Air Force Reserve

Born December 4, 1952, in Cleveland, Ohio. Hometowns, Northfield, Ohio,

and Colorado Springs, Colorado.

Bachelor of Science in physics and math from the U.S. Air Force Academy;

Master of Science in physics from Ohio State University; Doctor of Philosophy in

electrical engineering from the University of Colorado.

Flew on STS-60 and STS-76.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 420.

SHAW, Brewster H., Jr., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born May 16, 1945, in Cass City, Michigan.

Bachelor and Master of Science in engineering mechanics from the University

of Wisconsin.

Flew on STS-9, STS 61-B, and STS-28.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 533.

SHRIVER, Loren J., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born September 23, 1944, in Jefferson, Iowa.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Air Force

Academy; Master of Science in astronautical engineering from Purdue University.

Flew on STS 51-C, STS-31, and STS-46.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 386.

SPRING, Sherwood C., Colonel, U.S. Army (Retired)

Born September 3, 1944, in Hartford, Connecticut.

Bachelor of Science in general engineering from the U.S. Military Academy;

Master of Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Arizona.

Flew on STS 61-B.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 165.

SPRINGER, Robert C., Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired)

Born May 21, 1942, in St. Louis, Missouri.

Bachelor of Science in naval science from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of

Science in operations research and systems analysis from the U.S. Naval

Postgraduate School.

Flew on STS-29 and STS-38.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 237.
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS

68

STAFFORD, Thomas P., Lieutenant General, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born September 17, 1930, in Weatherford, Oklahoma.

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Naval Academy.

Flew on Gemini 6, Gemini 9, Apollo 10, and Apollo-Soyuz Test Project.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 507.

STEWART, Robert L., Brigadier General, U.S. Army (Retired)

Born August 13, 1942, in Washington, D.C.

Bachelor of Science in mathematics from Southern Mississippi University;

Master of Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Texas at

Arlington.

Flew on STS 41-B and STS 51-J.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 289.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 12 hours.

SULLIVAN, Kathryn D., Civilian

Born October 3, 1951, in Paterson, New Jersey.

Bachelor of Science in earth sciences from the University of California - Santa Cruz;

Doctor of Philosophy in geology from Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia.

Flew on STS 41-G, STS-31, and STS-45.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 532.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 3 hours.

THAGARD, Norman E., Civilian

Born July 3, 1943, in Marianna, Florida. Hometown, Jacksonville, Florida.

Bachelor and Master of Science in engineering science from Florida State

University; Doctor of Medicine from the University of Texas.

Flew on STS-7, STS 51-B, STS-30, STS-42 and Mir/STS-71.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 3,360 including time on Mir.

THORNTON, Kathryn C., Civilian

Born August 17, 1952, in Montgomery, Alabama.

Bachelor of Science in physics from Auburn University; Master of Science

and Doctor of Philosophy in physics from the University of Virginia.

Flew on STS-33, STS-49, STS-61 and STS-73.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 975.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 21 hours.

THORNTON, William E., Civilian

Born April 14, 1929, in Faison, North Carolina.

Bachelor of Science in physics and Doctor of Medicine from the University of North

Carolina.

Flew on STS-8 and STS-51B.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 313.
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS

69

THUOT, Pierre J., Commander, U.S. Navy

Born May 19, 1955, in Groton, Connecticut. Hometowns, Fairfax, Virginia

and New Bedford, Massachusetts.

Bachelor of Science in physics from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of

Science in systems management from the University of Southern California.

Flew on STS-36, STS-49 and STS-62.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 654.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 17 hours.

TRULY, Richard H., Vice Admiral, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born November 12, 1937, in Fayette, Mississippi.

Bachelor of aeronautical engineering from the Georgia Institute of Technology.

Flew on Space Shuttle approach and landing tests 2 and 4, STS-2, and STS-8.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 199.

VAN HOFTEN, James D. A., Civilian

Born June 11, 1944, in Fresno, California.

 Bachelor of Science in civil engineering from the University of California - Berkeley;

Master of Science in hydraulic engineering and Doctor of Philosophy in fluid

mechanics from Colorado State University.

Flew on STS 41-C and STS 51-I.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 337.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 21 hours.

WALKER, David M., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born May 20, 1944, in Columbus, Georgia. Hometown, Eustis, Florida.

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Naval Academy.

Flew on STS 51-A, STS-30, STS-53 And STS-69.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 724.

WEITZ, Paul J., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born July 25, 1932, in Erie, Pennsylvania.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from Pennsylvania State University;

Master of Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate

School.

Flew on Skylab 2 and STS-6.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 793.

WILLIAMS, Donald E., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born February 13, 1942, in Lafayette, Indiana.

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from Purdue University.

Flew on STS 51-D and STS-34.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 287.
FORMER U.S. ASTRONAUTS

70

WORDEN, Alfred M., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born February 7, 1932, in Jackson, Michigan.

Bachelor of Science in military science from the U.S. Military Academy; Master

of Science in astronautical and aeronautical engineering and instrumentation

engineering from the University of Michigan.

Flew on Apollo 15.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 295.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 39 minutes.
DECEASED U.S. ASTRONAUTS

71

BASSETT, Charles A., II, Captain, U.S. Air Force

Born December 30, 1931, in Dayton, Ohio.

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from the Texas Technological College.

Died February 28, 1966, in St. Louis, Missouri, in the crash of a T-38 jet.

CARTER, Manley Lanier, Jr., "Sonny," Captain, U.S. Navy

Born August 15, 1947, in Macon, Georgia.

Bachelor of Arts in chemistry and Doctor of Medicine from Emory University.

Flew on STS-33.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 120.

Died April 5, 1991, near New Brunswick, Georgia, in the crash of a commercial airliner

while on NASA business travel.

CHAFFEE, Roger B., Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Navy

Born February 15, 1935, in Grand Rapids, Michigan.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from Purdue University.

Died January 27, 1967, at NASA John F. Kennedy Space Center, Florida, in the

Apollo spacecraft fire.

CONRAD, Charles, Jr., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born June 2, 1930, in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from Princeton University.

Flew on Gemini 5, Gemini 11, Apollo 12, and Skylab 2.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 1,179.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 13 hours.

Died July 8, 1999, in Ojai, California, in a motorcycle accident.

EISELE, Donn F., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born June 23, 1930, in Columbus, Ohio.

Bachelor of Science in astronautics from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of

Science in astronautics from the U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology.

Flew on Apollo 7.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 260.

Died December 2, 1987, in Tokyo, Japan, of a heart attack.

EVANS, Ronald E., Captain, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born November 10, 1933, in St. Francis, Kansas.

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from the University of Kansas; Master of

Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.

Flew on Apollo 17.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 301.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 1 hour.

Died April 6, 1990, in Scottsdale, Arizona, of a heart attack.
DECEASED U.S. ASTRONAUTS

72

FREEMAN, Theodore C., Captain, U.S. Air Force

Born February 18, 1930, in Haverford, Pennsylvania.

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of Science in

aeronautical engineering from the University of Michigan.

Died October 31, 1964, at Ellington Air Force Base, Houston, Texas, in the

crash of a T-38 jet. 

GIVENS, Edward G., Jr., Major, U.S. Air Force

Born January 5, 1930, in Quanah, Texas.

Bachelor of Science in naval sciences from the U.S. Naval Academy.

Died June 6, 1967, near Houston, Texas, in an automobile accident.

GRIGGS, S. David, Civilian

Born September 7, 1939, in Portland, Oregon.

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of Science in

administration from George Washington University.

Flew on STS 51-D.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 167.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 3 hours.

Died June 17, 1989, near Earle, Arkansas, in the crash of a World War II era training

plane.

GRISSOM, Virgil I., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Born April 3, 1926, in Mitchell, Indiana.

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from Purdue University.

Flew on Mercury 4 and Gemini 3.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 5.

Died January 27, 1967, at NASA John F. Kennedy Space Center, Florida, in the

Apollo spacecraft fire.

HENIZE, Karl G., Civilian

Born October 17, 1926, in Cincinnati, Ohio.

Bachelor of Arts in mathematics from the University of Virginia; Master of Arts in

astronomy from the University of Virginia; Doctor of Philosophy in astronomy from the

University of Michigan.

Flew on STS 51-F.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 190.

Died October 5, 1993, of respiratory and heart failure during a climb of Mount Everest.

IRWIN, James B., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born March 17, 1930, in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania.

Bachelor of Science in naval science from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of

Science in aeronautical engineering and instrumentation engineering from the

University of Michigan.

Flew on Apollo 15.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 2,952.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 18 hours.

Died August 8, 1991, of a heart attack.
DECEASED U.S. ASTRONAUTS

73

McNAIR, Ronald E., Civilian

Born October 21, 1950, in Lake City, South Carolina.

Bachelor of Science in physics from North Carolina A&T State College; Doctor of

Philosophy in physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.

Flew on STS 41-B.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 191.

Died January 28, 1986, in the STS 51-L accident.

ONIZUKA, Ellison S., Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Born June 24, 1946, in Kealakekua, Kona, Hawaii.

Bachelor and Master of Science in aerospace engineering from the University of

Colorado.

Flew on STS 51-C.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 73.

Died January 28, 1986, in the STS 51-L accident.

OVERMYER, Robert F., Colonel, U.S. Marine Corps (Retired)

Born July 14, 1936, in Lorain, Ohio.

Bachelor of Science in physics from Baldwin Wallace College; Master of

Science in aeronautics from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.

Flew on STS-5 and STS 51-B.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 290.

Died March 22, 1996, in the crash of a light aircraft he was testing.

RESNIK, Judith A., Civilian

Born April 5, 1949, in Akron, Ohio.

Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering from Carnegie-Mellon University; Doctor

of Philosophy in electrical engineering from the University of Maryland.

Flew on STS 41-D.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 144.

Died January 28, 1986, in the STS 51-L accident.

ROOSA, Stuart A., Colonel, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born August 16, 1933, in Durango, Colorado.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the University of Colorado.

Flew on Apollo 14.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 216.

Died December 12, 1994, due to complications of pancreatitis.

SCOBEE, Francis R., Major, U.S. Air Force (Retired)

Born May 19, 1939, in Cle Elum, Washington.

Bachelor of Science in aerospace engineering from the University of Arizona.

Flew on STS 41-C.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 167.

Died January 28, 1986, in the STS 51-L accident.
DECEASED U.S. ASTRONAUTS

74

SEE, Elliot M., Jr., Civilian

Born July 23, 1927, in Dallas, Texas.

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Merchant Marine Academy; Master of

Science in engineering from the University of California - Los Angeles.

Died February 28, 1966, in St. Louis, Missouri, in the crash of a T-38 jet.

SHEPARD, Alan B., Jr., Rear Admiral, U.S. Navy (Retired)

Born November 18, 1923, in East Derry, New Hampshire.

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Naval Academy.

Flew on Mercury 3 and Apollo 14.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 216.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 9 hours.

Died July 21, 1998, after a lengthy illness.

SLAYTON, Donald K., Major, U.S. Air Force Reserve

Born March 1, 1924, in Sparta, Wisconsin.

Bachelor of Science in aeronautical engineering from the University of Minnesota.

Flew on Apollo-Soyuz Test Project.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 217.

Died June 13, 1993, in League City, Texas, from complications of a brain tumor.

SMITH, Michael J., Captain, U.S. Navy

Born April 30, 1945, in Beaufort, North Carolina.

Bachelor of Science in naval science from the U.S. Naval Academy; Master of

Science in aeronautical engineering from the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School.

Died January 28, 1986, in the STS 51-L accident.

SWIGERT, John L., Jr., Civilian

Born August 30, 1931, in Denver, Colorado.

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from the University of Colorado;

Master of Science in aerospace science from the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute;

Master of Business Administration from Hartford College.

Flew on Apollo 13.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 142.

Died December 27, 1982, of cancer.

THORNE, Stephen D., Lieutenant Commander, U.S. Navy

Born February 11, 1953, in Frankfurt-am-Main, West Germany.

Bachelor of Science in engineering from the U.S. Naval Academy.

Died May 24, 1986, in Alta Loma, Texas, in an airplane crash.

VEACH, Charles Lacy, Civilian

Born September 18, 1944, in Chicago, Illinois. Hometown, Honolulu, Hawaii.

Bachelor of Science in engineering management from the U.S. Air Force Academy.

Flew on STS-39 and STS-52.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 436.

Died October 3, 1995, following a lengthy illness.
DECEASED U.S. ASTRONAUTS

75

WHITE, Edward H., II, Lieutenant Colonel, U.S. Air Force

Born November 14, 1930, in San Antonio, Texas.

Bachelor of Science from the U.S. Military Academy; Master of Science in

aeronautical engineering from the University of Michigan.

Flew on Gemini 4.

Cumulative hours of space flight are more than 97.

Cumulative EVA time is more than 23 minutes.

Died January 27, 1967, at NASA John F. Kennedy Space Center, Florida, in the

Apollo spacecraft fire.

WILLIAMS, Clifton C., Jr., Major, U.S. Marine Corps

Born September 26, 1932, in Mobile, Alabama.

Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering from Auburn University.

Died October 5, 1967, near Tallahassee, Florida, in the crash of a T-38 jet.
U.S. ASTRONAUT SELECTION BY GROUP

76

GROUP 1 -- Mercury Astronauts, April 1959: Carpenter, Cooper, Glenn, Grissom, Schirra,

Shepard, Slayton (7)

GROUP 2 -- Pilot Astronauts, September 1962: Armstrong, Borman, Conrad, Lovell, McDivitt,

See, Stafford, White, Young (9)

GROUP 3 -- Pilot Astronauts, October 1963: Aldrin, Anders, Bassett, Bean, Cernan, Chaffee, M.

Collins, Cunningham, Eisele, Freeman, Gordon, Schweickart, D. Scott, C. Williams (14)

GROUP 4 -- Scientist Astronauts, June 1965: Garriott, E. Gibson, Graveline, Kerwin, Michel,

Schmitt (6)

GROUP 5 -- Pilot Astronauts, April 1966: Brand, Bull, Carr, Duke, Engle, Evans, Givens, Haise,

Irwin, Lind, Lousma, Mattingly, McCandless, Mitchell, Pogue, Roosa, Swigert, Weitz,

Worden (19)

GROUP 6 -- Scientist Astronauts, August 1967: J. Allen, Chapman, England, Henize,

Holmquest, Lenoir, Llewellyn, Musgrave, O’Leary, Parker, W. Thornton (11)

GROUP 7 -- Air Force Manned Orbiting Laboratory Astronauts, August 1969: Bobko, Crippen,

Fullerton, Hartsfield, Overmyer, Peterson, Truly (7)

GROUP 8 -- Pilots and Mission Specialists, January 1978: Bluford, Brandenstein, Buchli, Coats,

Covey, Creighton, Fabian, A. Fisher, D. Gardner, R. Gibson, F. Gregory, Griggs, Hart,

Hauck, Hawley, Hoffman, Lucid, McBride, McNair, Mullane, Nagel, Nelson, Onizuka, Resnik,

Ride, Scobee, Seddon, Shaw, Shriver, Stewart, Sullivan, Thagard, van Hoften, Walker, D.

Williams (35)

GROUP 9 -- Pilots and Mission Specialists, January 1980: Bagian, Blaha, Bolden, Bridges,

Chang-Diaz, Cleave, Dunbar, W. Fisher, G. Gardner, Grabe, Hilmers, Leestma, Lounge,

O’Connor, R. Richards, Ross, M. Smith, Spring, Springer (19)

GROUP 10 -- Pilots and Mission Specialists, May 1984: Adamson, E. Baker, M. Brown,

Cameron, Carter, Casper, Culbertson, Gutierrez, Hammond, Ivins, Lee, Low, McCulley,

Shepherd, K. Thornton, Veach, Wetherbee (17)

GROUP 11 -- Pilots and Mission Specialists, June 1985: Apt, M. Baker, Cabana, Duffy, Gemar,

Godwin, Henricks, Hieb, Jernigan, Meade, Oswald, Thorne, Thuot (13)

GROUP 12 -- Pilots and Mission Specialists, August 1987: Akers, A. Allen, Bowersox, C. Brown,

Chilton, Davis, Foale, Harbaugh, Jemison, McMonagle, Melnick, Readdy, Reightler, Runco,

James Voss (15)
U.S. ASTRONAUT SELECTION BY GROUP

77

GROUP 13 -- Pilots and Mission Specialists, January 1990: Bursch, Chiao, Clifford, Cockrell,

E. Collins, W. Gregory, Halsell, Harris, Helms, Jones, W. McArthur, Newman, Ochoa,

Precourt, Searfoss, Sega, Sherlock (Currie), D. Thomas, Janice Voss, Walz, Wilcutt, Wisoff,

Wolf (23)

GROUP 14 -- Pilots and Mission Specialists, March 1992: Barry, Brady, Coleman, Gernhardt,

Grunsfeld, Horowitz, Jett, Kregel, Lawrence, Linenger, Linnehan, Lopez-Alegria, Parazynski,

Rominger, W. Scott, S. Smith, Tanner, A. Thomas, Weber (19)

GROUP 15 -- Pilots and Mission Specialists, January 1995: Altman, M. Anderson, Ashby,

Bloomfield, Chawla, Chretein, Curbeam, Edwards, Gorie, Hire, Husband, Kavandi, Lindsey, Lu,

Melroy, Noriega, Reilly, S. Robinson, Kilrain (Still), Sturckow (20)

GROUP 16 -- Pilots and Mission Specialists, May 1996: D. Brown, Burbank, Cagle, Caldeiro,

Camarda, Carey, Clark, Fincke, Forrester, Frick, Herrington, Higginbotham, Hobaugh, J. Kelly,

M. Kelly, S. Kelly, Lockhart, Loria, Magnus, Massimino, Mastracchio, McCool, Morin, Nowak,

Pettit, Phillips, Polansky, P. Richards, Sellers, Stefanyshyn-Piper, Tani, Walheim, Whitson, J.

Williams, Wilson (35)

GROUP 17 -- Pilots and Mission Specialists, June 1998: C. Anderson, Archambault, Caldwell,

Chamitoff, Creamer, Ferguson, Foreman, Fossum, Ham, Robertson, G. C. Johnson, G. H.

Johnson, Love, Melvin, Morgan, Oefelein, Olivas, Patrick, Poindexter, Reisman, Swanson,

Wheelock, S. Williams, Woodward, Zamka (25)

GROUP 18 (Candidates) -- Pilots and Mission Specialists, July 2000: Antonelli, Barratt, Behnken,

Boe, Bowen, Drew, Feustel, Ford, Garan, Good, Hurley, Kopra, M. McArthur, Nyberg, Stott,

Virts, Wilmore (17)
CONGRESSIONAL SPACE MEDAL OF HONOR

78

In honor of NASA’s 20th anniversary, President Jimmy Carter visited NASA John F. Kennedy Space Center

on October 1, 1978, and awarded the first Congressional Space Medal of Honor to six former astronauts.

Authorized by Congress in 1969, the award recognized "any astronaut who in the performance of his

duties has distinguished himself by exceptionally meritorious efforts and contributions to the welfare of the

Nation and mankind."

These astronauts received this special honor:

Neil A. Armstrong, for actions to overcome problems on the Gemini 8 mission and for Apollo 11 when he took

his "...giant leap for mankind."

Frank Borman, who commanded the Gemini 7 and Apollo 8 missions. The latter was the first manned

spacecraft to orbit the Moon.

Charles Conrad, Jr., who participated in four space flights of increasing duration, complexity and

achievement: Gemini 5, Gemini 11, Apollo 12, and Skylab 2. On the first manned Skylab mission, he

commanded the crew that performed repairs to the damaged orbital workshop, thus saving the two billion

dollar program from potential failure.

John H. Glenn, Jr., who in Mercury 6 was the first American to orbit the Earth. The success of his flight

demonstrated the value of the human pilot in space.

Virgil I. Grissom (posthumously), the second American in space, who took part in Mercury and Gemini flights

and lost his life during preparations for the first Apollo flight. He flew on Mercury 4 and Gemini 3.

Alan B. Shepard, Jr., who was the first American in space, aboard Mercury 3. He also commanded the

Apollo 14 mission.

John W. Young, who demonstrated leadership, courage, and technical skill in a space flight career that

spanned two decades and five (at that time) space flights pivotal to human progress in space. He flew on

Gemini 3, Gemini 10, Apollo 10, Apollo 16, and STS-1 prior to receipt of the medal which was presented

May 19, 1981, by President Ronald Reagan.

Thomas J. Stafford, who commanded the first flight of the lunar module to the Moon and the American crew

that rendezvoused with a Soviet spacecraft in 1975. He was recognized for his past contributions, and for

continuing to serve the Nation in charting a future vision for our space program. He flew on Gemini 6 and

9, Apollo 10, and the Apollo-Soyuz Test Project. The medal was presented January 19, 1991, by Vice

President Dan Quayle at the direction of President George Bush.

James A. Lovell, who flew on Gemini 7 and 12, and Apollo 8 and 13, was presented the medal on July 26,

1995. In his remarks, President Bill Clinton especially commended Lovell for his performance on Apollo 13,

which demonstrated, “the kind of resourcefulness, grit, and grace under pressure that is the province of

heroes.”

Shannon Lucid, who spent 188 days in space on the U.S. shuttle and Russian space station Mir, was

presented the medal on December 2, 1996. Noting that the medal is given out sparingly because it honors

“extraordinary service to the nation,” President Bill Clinton added that “Dr. Lucid achieved that kind of

service for 188 days this year, the longest flight by an American in space, the longest time for any woman

of any nation in space, five shuttle missions altogether.”
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS FROM WHICH U.S. ASTRONAUTS HAVE EARNED

DEGREES

79

Adelaide, University of, (Australia):

A. Thomas

Alabama, University of, (AL): J. Kelly

Alabama (Huntsville), University of, (AL):

Davis

Alabama (Birmingham), University of,

(AL): Morin

Amherst College (MA): Hoffman, Parker

Arizona, University of, (AZ): Caldeiro,

Jones, Pettit, Scobee, Spring

Auburn University (AL): Davis, Hartsfield,

Mattingly, K. Thornton, James Voss,

C. Williams

Baldwin-Wallace College (OH): Overmyer

Baylor University (TX): Holmquest

California Institute of Technology (CA):

Behnken, Borman, Chamitoff, Fullerton,

E. Gibson, Meade, Michel, Parker,

Reisman, Schmitt, Searfoss

California, University of, Berkeley (CA):

Chiao, Jernigan, Lind, O’Leary, Seddon,

van Hoften, Walheim, Weber

California, University of, Los Angeles (CA):

Brand, Cunningham, A. Fisher, K.

McArthur, Musgrave, Phillips, Robinson,

See

California Polytechnic State University

(CA): Chamitoff, R. Gibson, Sturckow

California, University of, Davis (CA):

Caldwell, Robinson

California, University of, San Diego (CA): K.

McArthur

California, University of, Santa Barbara

(CA): Chiao

California, University of, Santa Cruz (CA):

Hawley, Sullivan

California State University, Fresno (CA):

Husband, McMonagle, Nagel

California State University, Fullerton (CA)

Caldwell

California State University, Northridge

(CA): Horowitz

Cambridge University (UK): Foale, Patrick

Carnegie-Mellon University (formerly

Carnegie Institute of Technology) (PA):

Resnik, Mitchell

Case Western University (OH): D. Thomas

Central Florida, University of (FL): Caldeiro

City College of New York (NY): Runco

Chicago, University of, (IL): Grunsfeld

Colorado, University of, (CO): Brand,

Carpenter, Chawla, Herrington, Hieb,

Ivins, Lounge, Onizuka, Roosa, Sega,

Swanson, Swigert, James Voss

Colorado State University (CO): Cleave,

Rominger, van Hoften

Columbia University (NY): Bowersox,

Chilton, W. Gregory, G. H. Johnson,

Massimino, Musgrave

Connecticut, University of, (CN):

Chang-Diaz, Mastracchio

Cornell College (NY): Hilmers

Cornell University (NY): E. Baker, Barry,

Jemison, Low, Lu, D. Thomas

Creighton University (NE): M. Anderson

Dalhousie University (Nova Scotia): Sullivan

Dartmouth College (NH): Newman

Depauw University (IN): J. Allen

Drexel University (PA): Bagian, Ferguson, P.

Richards

Duke University (NC): Brady

Eastern Virginia Medical School (VA): D.

Brown

Edinburgh, University of (Scotland): Sellers

Embry-Riddle University (FL): Burbank,

Drew, Garan, Stott, Virts, Kilrain

Emory University (GA): Carter

Florida Atlantic University (FL): Swanson

Florida Institute of Technology (FL):

Higginbotham, Hire, S. Williams, Zamka

Florida, University of, (FL): W. Fisher, Ford,

Garan

Florida, University of Central (FL): Stott

Florida State University (FL): W. Scott,

Thagard

Georgetown University (DC): O’Leary

George Washington University (DC):

Camarda, Coats, Creighton, F. Gregory,

Griggs

Georgia Institute of Technology (GA):

Boe, Clifford, Davis, Hammond,

Horowitz, Kopra, Mangus, W. McArthur,

Poindexter, Kilrain, Truly, Wheelock,

Young

Golden Gate University (CA): Henricks,

Precourt

Hartford College (CT): Swigert

Harvard College (MA): Apt
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS FROM WHICH U.S. ASTRONAUTS HAVE EARNED

DEGREES

80

Harvard University (MA): Hoffman, Schmitt,

Wilson

Harvey Mudd College (CA): Love, Nelson

Hastings College (NE): C. Anderson

Holy Cross, College of the, (MA): Kerwin

Houston, University of, (TX): Bluford, Cheli,

Currie, Dunbar, W. Fisher, Harbaugh,

Harris, Holmquest, Mastracchio,

McCandless, Musgrave, Olivas, Walheim

Houston, University of, Clear Lake (TX):

Fossum

Idaho, University of, (ID): Ashby

Illinois, University of, (IL): Altman,

Archambault, D. Gardner, Higginbotham,

Nagel, Tanner

Indiana University, (IN): Wolf

Iowa State University (IA): C. Anderson

Iowa Wesleyan College (IA): Whitson

John Carroll University (MT): Walz

Johns Hopkins University (MD): Graveline

Kansas, University of, (KS): Engle, Evans,

Hawley

Kent State University (OH): Walz

Kentucky, University of, (KY): Musgrave

Leeds University (United Kingdom): Sellers

Lehigh University (PA): Hart

Loyola College (MD): Creamer

Marietta College (OH): Musgrave

Maryland, University of, (MD): McCool,

Resnik, P. Richards

Massachusetts Institute of Technology

(MA): Aldrin, Antonelli, Apt, Bowen,

Cameron, Chamitoff, Chang-Diaz,

Chapman, Coleman, Creamer, Duke,

Fincke, England, Grunsfeld, Hart, Hauck,

Lawrence, Lee, Lenoir, Massimino,

McNair, Melroy, Mitchell, Patrick,

Schweickart, D. Scott, Shepherd,

Stefanyshyn-Piper, Tani, Janice Voss,

Woodward

Massachusetts, University of (MA):

Coleman

Miami, University of (FL): Barry

Michigan, University of, (MI): Freeman,

Henize, Irwin, Lousma, McDivitt, White,

Worden

Minnesota, University of, (MN): Carey,

Slayton

Missouri, University of, (MO): Godwin,

Richards

Missouri, University of, Rolla (MO): Akers,

Mangus, Kavandi

Missouri Southern State College (MO):

Kavandi

Muskingum College (OH): Glenn

New Hampshire, University of (NH):

Linnehan, Morin

New York University, (NY): Morin

North Carolina, University of, (NC): Brady,

Linenger, W. Thornton

North Carolina Agricultural & Technical

State University (NC): McNair

North Dakota, University of, (ND): Nyberg

Northwest Nazarene College (ID): Hieb

Northwestern University (IL): Barratt, Kerwin

Notre Dame, University of, (IN): Ford, Good,

Wetherbee

Ohio State (OH): Currie, Linnehan, Sega

Oklahoma, University of, (OK): Garriott,

Haise, Lucid

Oklahoma Baptist University (OK): Pogue

Oklahoma City University (OK): Cooper

Oklahoma State University (OK): Pogue

Old Dominion University (VA): Bloomfield

Oregon State University (OR): Oefelein,

Pettit

Pennsylvania, Medical College of (PA):

Robertson

Pennsylvania State University (PA): Bluford,

Weitz

Pennsylvania, University of (PA): Gernhardt,

Robertson, Reisman

Princeton University (NJ): Adamson, Barry,

Carr, Conrad

Polytechnic Institute of New York (NY):

Camarda

Punjab Engineering College (India): Chawla

Purdue University (IN): Armstrong, Blaha,

Bridges, M. Brown, Casper, Cernan,

Chaffee, Covey, Feustel, G. Gardner,

Grissom, Harbaugh, McCulley, Polansky,

Ross, Shriver, Janice Voss, Weber, D.

Williams, Wolf

Queens University (Canada): Feustel

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute (NY):

Mastracchio, Swigert
EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS FROM WHICH U.S. ASTRONAUTS HAVE EARNED

DEGREES

81

Rice University (TX): Bull, Hoffman, Jernigan,

Newman, Olivas, Whitson

Richmond, University of (VA): Melvin

Rochester, University of, (NY): E. Gibson

Rutgers University (NJ): Hart, Runco

San Diego State University (CA): Ochoa

San Fransico University (CA): Cagle

Southeast Missouri State University (MO):

Godwin

Southern California, University of, (CA):

Armstrong, Bobko, Bolden, Carr, Currie,

Duffy, Linenger, Noriega, Reightler, Thuot

Southern Methodist University (TX):

Holmquest

Southern Mississippi, University of, (MS):

Stewart

Stanford University (CA): Bull, E. Collins,

Fincke, W. Fisher, Garriott, Helms,

Jemison, Jernigan, Low, Lu, McCandless,

Morgan, Ochoa, Parazynski, Ride,

Robinson, S. Smith, Wisoff

State University of New York (NY): E.

Baker, Garan

State University of New York-Farmingdale

(NY): Caldeiro

State University of New York Maritime

College (NY): S. Kelly

Sydney, University of, (Australia):

Chapman

Syracuse University (NY): E. Collins,

Musgrave

Tennessee Technical University (TN):

Wilmore

Tennessee, University of, (TN): Ashby,

Edwards, Gorie, Hartsfield, Hurley,

Seddon, S. Kelly, Wilmore

Texas, University of, (TX): M. Baker, Bean,

Cockrell, Crippen, Lockhart, Meade,

Nyberg, Thagard, Wilson, Woodward

Texas, University of, Arlington (TX):

Chawla, Stewart

Texas, University of, Dallas (TX): Reilly

Texas, University of, El Paso (TX): Olivas

Texas, University of, School of Public

Health (TX): E. Baker

Texas A&M University (TX): Fossum,

Swanson

Texas Tech University (TX): Bassett, Harris,

Husband, Lockhart

Thomas Jefferson University (PA): Bagian

Troy State (AL): Ford, W. Gregory, Halsell,

Kregel

Tulane University (LA): Hurley

Tufts University (MA): Hauck

Vanderbilt University (TN): Gernhardt

Vermont, University of, (VT): Graveline

Virginia, University of (VA): Melvin

University College at Cardiff (Wales):

Llewellyn

University of Tennessee Space Institute

(TN): Oefelein

Utah, University of, (UT): Lind

Utah State University (UT): Cleave

Villanova University (PA): A. Allen

Virginia, University of, (VA): Forrester,

Henize, K. Thornton, Wisoff

Virginia Polytechnic State University,

Camarda

Washington, University of, (WA): M.

Anderson, Antonelli, Barratt, Cagle,

Dunbar, Fabian, Gordon, G. C. Johnson,

Kavandi, Love, Nelson

Washington and Lee University (VA): Low

Washington State University (WA): Fabian,

Behnken

Wayne State University (NE): Linenger

Webster University (MO): E. Collins,

Gutierrez

Wellesley College: Melroy

West Florida, University of, (FL): Buchli,

Cockrell, Melnick, O’Connor, Phillips,

Richards

Western Kentucky University (KY): Wilcutt

William & Mary, College of, (VA): D. Brown

Williams College (MA): O’Leary

Wisconsin, University of, (WI): Clark, Shaw

Wisconsin, University of, River Falls (WI):

Brandenstein

Wright State University (OH): Barratt

Yale University (CT): J. Allen
82

UNITED STATES SERVICE ACADEMIES FROM WHICH ASTRONAUTS

EARNED DEGREES

U.S. Air Force Academy: Blaha, Bloomfield,

Bobko, Boe, Bridges, C. Brown, Casper,

Chilton, Covey, Drew, Duffy, G. Gardner,

Grabe, F. Gregory, W. Gregory,

Gutierrez, Halsell, Hammond, Helms,

Henricks, G. H. Johnson, Jones, J. Kelly,

Kregel, Lee, Lindsey, McMonagle,

Precourt, Searfoss, Sega, Shriver, Stott,

Veach, Virts

U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology:

Anders, Bluford, M. Brown, Cooper, Eisele,

Fabian, Ford, Fossum, Halsell, Lindsey,

Mullane, Peterson

U.S. Coast Guard Academy: Burbank,

Melnick

U.S. Merchant Marine Academy: M. Kelly, See

U.S. Military Academy: Adamson, Aldrin,

Borman, Clifford, M. Collins, Forrester,

Gemar, Kopra, W. McArthur, Mullane,

Peterson, D. Scott, Spring, Wheelock,

White, J. Williams, Worden

U.S. Naval Academy: Anders, Bolden,

Bowen, Bowersox, Buchli, Bursch,

Cabana, Coats, Creighton, Culbertson,

Curbeam, Duke, Edwards, Eisele,

Foreman, Freeman, Frick, Givens, Gorie,

Griggs, Ham, Hire, Hobaugh, Irwin, Jett,

Lawrence, Leestma, Linenger, LopezAlegria, Loria, Lounge, Lovell,

McCandless, McCool, Nowak, O’Connor,

Oswald, Phillips, Readdy, Reightler,

Schirra, Shepard, Shepherd, M. Smith,

Springer, Stafford, Thorne, Thuot, Walker,

S. Williams, Zamka

U.S. Naval Postgraduate School: Altman,

Bursch, Carr, Cernan, Coats, Curbeam,

Evans, Ferguson, Foreman, Frick, Ham,

Herrington, Hilmers, Jett, M. Kelly,

Leestma, Lopez-Alegria, Lousma,

McBride, McCool, Mitchell, Noriega,

Nowak, Overmyer, Poindexter, Reightler,

Rominger, W. Scott, M. Smith, Springer,

Weitz, J. Williams

U.S. Naval War College: J. Williams
83

U.S. ASTRONAUTS’ BIRTHPLACES BY STATE*

ALABAMA: Hartsfield, Hire, Jemison, K.

Thornton, James Voss, C. Williams

ARIZONA: Creamer, S. Smith

ARKANSAS: Covey, Parazynski

CALIFORNIA: Caldwell, Chilton, Clifford,

Coats, Hauck, Lindsey, Love, McCool,

McCulley, Melroy, Morgan, Ochoa,

O’Connor, Olivas, Poindexter, Ride,

Robinson, Sturckow, van Hoften, Walheim,

Young

COLORADO: Brand, Carpenter, Carr,

Lounge, Rominger, Roosa, Swigert

CONNECTICUT: Barry, Burbank,

Mastracchio, Spring, Thuot

DELAWARE: Currie

FLORIDA: Boe, Davis, Lawrence, Lenoir, R.

Richards, W. Scott, Thagard

GEORGIA: Bridges, Carter, Hammond,

Kilrain, Walker

HAWAII: K. McArthur, Onizuka

IDAHO: Reilly

ILLINOIS: Altman, Archambault, Cernan,

Grunsfeld, Higginbotham, Kerwin, Magnus,

Mattingly, McDivitt, Meade, Nagel, Tanner,

Veach, Woodward

INDIANA: J. Allen, Borman, M. Brown,

England, Ford, Grissom, Ross, Janice

Voss, D. Williams, Wolf

IOWA: Clark, Cunningham, Hilmers, J. Kelly,

Nelson, Shriver, Whitson

KANSAS: Engle, Evans, Hawley

KENTUCKY: Wilcutt

LOUISIANA: Gorie, Halsell

MAINE: Hobaugh

MARYLAND: Curbeam, Ivins, Jones,

Reightler, Virts

MASSACHUSETTS: Apt, Bowen, Duffy,

Linnehan, Loria, Lu, McCandless,

Musgrave, O’Leary, Precourt, Wilson

MICHIGAN: Antonelli, Bloomfield, Chaffee,

Jett, Leestma, Linenger, Lousma,

McMonagle, Searfoss, Shaw, Worden

MINNESOTA: Cabana, Carey, D. Gardner,

Nyberg, Stefanyshyn-Piper

MISSISSIPPI: Haise, Peterson, Truly

MISSOURI: Akers, Behnken, Godwin,

Kavandi, Springer

NEBRASKA: C. Anderson

NEW HAMPSHIRE: Morin, Shepard

NEW JERSEY: Aldrin, Ham, M. Kelly, S.

Kelly, Polansky, Reisman, Schirra,

Schweickart, Sullivan, Zamka

NEW MEXICO: Gutierrez, Schmitt

NEW YORK: Adamson, M. Anderson, Bobko,

Cagle, Camarda, Cleave, E. Collins, A.

Fisher, Fullerton, Garan, E. Gibson, R.

Gibson, Grabe, W. Gregory, Hoffman,

Hurley, Kregel, Massimino, Melnick,

Parker, Runco, Stott, Swanson,

Wetherbee, Wheelock

NORTH CAROLINA: E. Baker, Brady, C.

Brown, Duke, Helms, W. McArthur, M.

Smith, W. Thornton

NORTH DAKOTA: Buchli, Hieb

OHIO: Armstrong, Bassett, Cameron, Eisele,

Foreman, Gernhardt, Glenn, Good,

Harbaugh, Henize, Henricks, Lovell, Low,

Overmyer, Resnik, Sega, D. Thomas,

Walz, Weber, Williams

OKLAHOMA: Cooper, Garriott, Herrington,

Pogue, Stafford

OREGON: Griggs, Petit

PENNSYLVANIA: A. Allen, Bagian, Bluford,

Bursch, Conrad, Ferguson, Feustel,

Fincke, Freeman, Frick, Hart, Robertson,

Horowitz, Irwin, P. Richards, Tani, Weitz

RHODE ISLAND: Readdy

SOUTH CAROLINA: Bolden, Casper,

Coleman, Culbertson, Fossum, McNair

SOUTH DAKOTA: Gemar, Fossum

TENNESSEE: M. Baker, Bull, Jernigan,

Seddon, Shepherd, Wilmore

TEXAS: Ashby, Bean, Blaha, Cockrell,

Creighton, Crippen, Fabian, W. Fisher,

Forrester, Givens, Harris, Holmquest,

Husband, Kopra, Lockhart, Mitchell,

Mullane, D. Scott, See, White

UTAH: Lind

VERMONT: Graveline

VIRGINIA: Bowersox, D. Brown, Edwards, G.

Gardner, Melvin, Oefelein, Phillips, Wisoff

WASHINGTON DC: Drew, F. Gregory,

Nowak, Stewart

WASHINGTON: Barratt, Dunbar, Gordon, G.

C. Johnson, Oswald, Scobee

WEST VIRGINIA: McBride

WISCONSIN: Brandenstein, Chiao, Lee,

Michel, Slayton, J. Williams

*See biographical sketches for city
84

ASTRONAUTS BORN IN OTHER COUNTRIES* (Includes International Astronauts)

ARGENTINA: Caldeiro

AUSTRALIA: Chapman, A. Thomas

BRAZIL: Pontes

CANADA: Chamitoff, Garneau,

Hadfield, MacLean, 

Payette, Williams

CHINA: Lucid

COSTA RICA: Chang-Diaz

ENGLAND: Foale, G.H. Johnson, 

Sellers, Patrick

FRANCE: Clervoy, Eyharts, Chretien,

Tognini

GERMANY: Schlegel, Thiele, Thorne

HONG KONG: Anders

ICELAND: Tryggvason

INDIA: Chawla

ITALY: Cheli, M. Collins, 

Guidoni, Nespoli, Vittori

JAPAN: Doi, Mohri, Wakata, 

Noguchi

MOROCCO: Perrin

PACIFIC ISLANDS: Newman

PERU: Noriega

RUSSIA: Krikalev, Titov

SPAIN: Duque, Lopez-Alegria

SWEDEN: Fuglesang

SWITZERLAND: Nicollier

THE NETHERLANDS: Ockels

WALES: Llewellyn

*See biographical sketches for city.
85

ASTRONAUTS’ SCOUTING RECORDS (Includes International Astronauts)

EAGLE:

Adamson, Armstrong, Bagian, Bluford,

Bowersox, Brady, Carr, Carter, Chaffee,

Chamitoff, Covey, Creighton, Duke, Eisele,

Forrester, Fossum, Fullerton, W. Gregory,

Griggs, Hoffman, G.H. Johnson, Jones, Lee,

Lind, Lindsey, Llewellyn (King’s Scout, U.K.),

Lovell, McCool, McCulley, O’Leary, Onizuka,

Oswald, Parazynski, Pettit, Reightler,

Searfoss, See, Tanner, Truly, D. Walker

LIFE:

Anders, M. Baker, Bassett, Brand, Bridges, D.

Brown, Casper, Cooper, Evans, Fabian, G.

Gardner, Givens, F. Gregory, Kregel, Low,

Mattingly, W. McArthur, Mitchell, Poindexter,

Robinson, D. Scott, Spring, Springer, van

Hoften, C. Williams

STAR:

Barry, Cameron, England, W. Fisher, Garriott,

R. Gibson, Gordon, Grissom, Haise, Lounge,

McNair, Noguchi, Stafford

1st Class:

J. Allen, Anderson, Bean, Bloomfield,

Camarda, Clifford, Coats, Edwards, Engle,

Freeman, Foreman, D. Gardner, E. Gibson,

Hammond, Henize, Herrington, Linnehan,

Nelson, Oelelein, Overmyer, Reilly, Schirra,

Schweickart, W. Scott, Shepard, Veach,

Worden

2nd Class:

Altman, Bolden, Buchli, Carpenter, Cernan,

Culbertson, Husband, Mullane, Parker, Pogue,

Shriver, Swigert, W. Thornton, White,

Woodward, Young

TENDERFOOT:

Aldrin, Bursch, Frick, Garan, Hawley, Kopra,

Lousma, Love, McDivitt, Michel, P. Richards,

Schmitt, S. Smith

EXPLORER:

Barratt, O’Connor, D. Williams

GIRL SCOUT:

Cagle, Clark, E. Collins, Currie, Davis, A.

Fisher, Helms, Higginbotham, Hire, Jernigan,

Lawrence, Magnus, Morgan, Nowak, Seddon,

Stefanyshyyn-Piper, Kilrain, Sullivan, K.

Thornton, Janice Voss, Weber

CUB SCOUT:

A. Allen, C. Brown, Burbank, Carey, Conrad,

Duffy, Foale (Wolf, Germany), Gernhardt,

Hadfield, Henricks, Hobaugh, M. Kelly, S.

Kelly, Leestma, Lopez-Alegria, Loria,

Massimino, McBride, Meade, Musgrave,

Phillips, Readdy, Rominger, Sellers (Wolf),

Shepherd, Thomas, Thuot, D.R. Williams,

Wolf

WEBELO:

M. Anderson, Drew, Fincke, Ford, Gorie, J.

Kelly, Loria, Massimino, Noriega, Olivas

RANK UNKNOWN:

Bull, Clervoy, Garneau, Harris, Morin,

Polansky, Sellers, James Voss
86

CURRENT U.S. ASTRONAUTS IN ACTIVE MILITARY SERVICE

AIR FORCE:

M. Anderson, Archambault, Behnken,

Bloomfield, Boe, Cagle, Carey, Coleman,

E. Collins, Drew, Duffy, Fincke, Ford,

Garan, Good, Halsell, Helms, Horowitz,

Husband, G. H. Johnson, J. Kelly, Lee,

Lindsey, Lockhart, Melroy, Virts, Walheim,

Walz

AIR FORCE RESERVES:

Fossum, Kregel

ARMY:

Currie, Creamer, Forrester, Kopra, W. W.

McArthur, J. Williams, Wheelock

COAST GUARD:

Burbank

MARINE CORPS:

Hobaugh, Hurley, Loria, Noriega,

Sturckow, Wilcutt, Zamka

NAVY:

Altman, Antonelli, Ashby, M. Baker, Bowen,

Bowersox, Brady, D. Brown, Bursch, Clark,

Curbeam, Ferguson, Foreman, Frick, Gorie,

Ham, Herrington, Jett, M. Kelly, S. Kelly,

Lawrence, Lopez-Alegria, McCool, Morin,

Nowak, Oefelein, Poindexter, Rominger,

Shepherd, Stefanyshyn-Piper, Kilrain,

Wetherbee, S. Williams, Wilmore, Woodward

NAVY RESERVES:

Cockrell, Hire, G.C. Johnson, Phillips,

Readdy, P. Richards, Tanner
U.S. HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT LOG

87

Mission Crew Date Mission Cumulative

 elapsed U.S. man-hr.

 time(MET), in space,

 hr:min:sec hr:min:sec

Mercury-Redstone 3 Shepard May 5, 1961 00:15:22 00:15:22

Mercury-Redstone 4 Grissom July 21, 1961 00:15:37 00:30:59

Mercury-Atlas 6 Glenn Feb. 20, 1962 04:55:23 05:26:22

Mercury-Atlas 7 Carpenter May 24, 1962 04:56:05 10:22:27

Mercury-Atlas 8 Schirra Oct. 3, 1962 09:13:11 19:35:38

Mercury-Atlas 9 Cooper May 15-16, 1963 34:19:49 53:55:27

Total - Project Mercury - 53:55:27

Gemini-Titan III Grissom, Young Mar. 23, 1965 04:52:31 63:40:29

Gemini-Titan IV McDivitt, White June 3 to 7, 1965 97:56:12 259:32:53

Gemini-Titan V Cooper, Conrad Aug. 21 to 29, 1965 190:55:14 641:23:21

Gemini-Titan VII Borman, Lovell Dec. 4 to 18, 1965 330:35:01 1302:33:23

Gemini-Titan VI-A Schirra, Stafford Dec. 15 and 16, 1965 25:51:24 1354:16:11

Gemini-Titan VIII Armstrong, D. Scott Mar. 16, 1966 10:41:26 1375:39:03

Gemini-Titan IX-A Stafford, Cernan June 3 to 6, 1966 72:20:50 1520:20:43

Gemini-Titan X Young, M. Collins July 18 to 21, 1966 70:46:39 1661:54:01

Gemini-Titan XI Conrad, Gordon Sept. 12 to 15, 1966 71:17:08 1804:28:17

Gemini-Titan XII Lovell, Aldrin Nov. 11 to 15, 1966 94:34:31 1993:37:19

Total - Gemini Program - 1939:41:52

Apollo-Saturn 7 Schirra, Eisele, Cunningham Oct. 11-22, 1968 260:09:03 2774:04:28

Apollo-Saturn 8 Borman, Lovell, Anders Dec. 21-27, 1968 147:00:42 3215:06:34

Apollo-Saturn 9 McDivitt, D. Scott, Schweickart Mar. 3-13, 1969 241:00:54 3938:09:16

Apollo-Saturn 10 Stafford, Young, Cernan May 18-26, 1969 192:03:23 4514:19:25

Apollo-Saturn 11 Armstrong, M. Collins, Aldrin July 16-24, 1969 195:18:35 5100:15:10

Apollo-Saturn 12 Conrad, Gordon, Bean Nov. 14-24, 1969 244:36:24 5834:04:22

Apollo-Saturn 13 Lovell, Swigert, Haise Apr. 11-17, 1970 142:54:41 6262:48:25

Apollo-Saturn 14 Shepard, Roosa, Mitchell Jan. 31-Feb. 9, 1971 216:01:58 6910:54:19

Apollo-Saturn 15 D. Scott, Worden, Irwin Jul. 26-Aug. 7, 1971 295:11:53 7796:29:58

Apollo-Saturn 16 Young, Mattingly, Duke Apr. 16-27, 1972 265:51:05 8594:03:13

Apollo-Saturn 17 Cernan, Evans, Schmitt Dec. 7-19, 1972 301:51:59 9499:39:10

Total - Apollo Program - 7506:01:51

Skylab SL-2 Conrad, Kerwin, Weitz May 25-Jun. 22, 1973 672:49:49 11518:08:37

Skylab SL-3 Bean, Garriott, Lousma Jul. 28-Sep. 25, 1973 1427:09:04 15799:35:49

Skylab SL-4 Carr, E. Gibson, Pogue Nov. 16/73-Feb. 8/74 2017:16:00 21851:23:49

Total - Skylab Program - 12351:44:39

Apollo-Soyuz Test Stafford, Brand, Slayton July 15 to 24, 1975 217:28:23 22503:48:58

Project (ASTP)

Total ASTP - 652:25:09

Source: NASA Historical Data Book Volumes 1 and 11
U.S. HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT LOG

88

Space Transportation System

Mission Crew Date MET (lift-off Cumulative

to main gear U.S. man-hr

touchdown). space,

hr:min:sec hr:min:sec

STS-1 Young, Crippen Apr. 12-14, 1981 54:20:53 22612:30:44

STS-2 Engle, Truly Nov. 12-14, 1981 54:13:11 22720:57:06

STS-3 Lousma, Fullerton Mar. 22-30, 1982 192:04:46 23105:06:38

STS-4 Mattingly, Hartsfield Jun. 27-Jul. 4, 1982 169:09:31 23443:25:40

STS-5 Brand, Overmyer, J. Allen, Lenoir Nov. 11-16, 1982 122:14:26 23932:23:24

STS-6 Weitz, Bobko, Peterson, Musgrave Apr. 4-9, 1983 120:23:42 24413:58:12

STS-7 Crippen, Hauck, Ride, Fabian, Thagard Jun. 18-24, 1983 146:23:59 25145:58:07

STS-8 Truly, Brandenstein, D. Gardner, Bluford, Aug. 30-Sep. 5, 1983 145:08:43 25871:41:42

W. Thornton

STS-9 Young, Shaw, Garriott, Parker, Lichtenberg, Nov. 28-Dec. 8, 1983 247:47:24 27358:26:06

Merbold

41-B Brand, R. Gibson, McCandless, McNair, Stewart Feb. 3-11, 1984 191:15:55 28314:45:41

41-C Crippen, Scobee, van Hoften, G. Nelson, Hart Apr. 6-13, 1984 167:40:07 29153:06:16

41-D Hartsfield, Coats, Resnik, Hawley, Mullane, Aug. 30-Sep. 5, 1984 144:56:04 30022:42:40

C. Walker

41-G Crippen, McBride, Ride, Sullivan, Leestma, Oct. 5-13, 1984 197:23:38 31404:28:06

Garneau, Scully-Power

51-A Hauck, D. Walker, D. Gardner, A. Fisher, J. Allen Nov. 8-16, 1984 191:44:56 32363:12:46

51-C Mattingly, Shriver, Onizuka, Buchli, Payton Jan. 24-27, 1985 73:33:23 32730:59:41

51-D Bobko, Williams, Seddon, Hoffman, Griggs, Apr. 12-19, 1985 167:55:23 33906:27:22

C. Walker, Garn

51-B Overmyer, F. Gregory, Lind, Thagard, Apr. 29-May 6, 1985 168:08:46 35083:28:44

W. Thornton, van den Berg, Wang

51-G Brandenstein, Creighton, Lucid, Fabian, Nagel, Jun. 17-24, 1985 169:38:52 36271:00:48

Baudry, Al-Saud

51-F Fullerton, Bridges, Musgrave, England, Henize, Jul. 29-Aug. 6, 1985 190:45:26 37606:18:50

Acton, Bartoe

51-I Engle, Covey, van Hoften, Lounge, W. Fisher Aug. 27-Sep. 3, 1985 170:17:42 38457:47:20

51-J Bobko, Grabe, Hilmers, Stewart, Pailes Oct. 3-7, 1985 97:44:38 38946:30:30

61-A Hartsfield, Nagel, Buchli, Bluford, Dunbar, Furrer,

Messerschmid, Ockels Oct. 30-Nov. 6, 1985 168:44:53 40296:29:34

61-B Shaw, O’Connor, Cleave, Spring, Ross, Neri-Vela, Nov. 26-Dec. 3, 1985 165:04:49 41452:03:17

C. Walker

61-C R. Gibson, Bolden, Chang-Diaz, Hawley, Jan. 12 to 18, 1986 146:03:51 42474:30:14

G. Nelson, Cenker, B. Nelson

51-L Scobee, M. Smith, Resnik, Onizuka, McNair, Jan. 28, 1986 n/a 42474:30:14

Jarvis, McAuliffe

STS-26 Hauck, Covey, Lounge, G. Nelson, Hilmers Sep. 29-Oct. 3, 1988 97:00:11 42959:31:09

STS-27 R. Gibson, G. Gardner, Mullane, Ross, Shepherd Dec. 2-6, 1988 105:05:37 43484:59:14

STS-29 Coats, Blaha, Bagian, Buchli, Springer Mar. 13-18, 1989 119:38:50 44083:13:24

STS-30 D. Walker, Grabe, Thagard, Cleave, Lee May 4-8, 1989 96:56:27 44567:55:39

STS-28 Shaw, Richards, Adamson, Leestma, M. Brown Aug. 8-3, 1989 121:00:08 45172:56:19

STS-34 Williams, McCulley, Chang-Diaz, Lucid, E. Baker Oct. 18-23, 1989 119:39:21 45771:13:04

STS-33 F. Gregory, Blaha, Musgrave, Carter, K. Thornton Nov. 22-27, 1989 120:06:48 46371:47:04

STS-32 Brandenstein, Wetherbee, Dunbar, Low, Ivins Jan. 9-20, 1990 261:00:36 47676:50:04

STS-36 Creighton, Casper, Mullane, Hilmers, Thuot Feb. 28-Mar. 4, 1990 106:18:22 48208:21:54

STS-31 Shriver, Bolden, Hawley, McCandless, Sullivan Apr. 24-29, 1990 121:16:06 48814:42:24

STS-41 Richards, Cabana, Shepherd, Melnick, Akers Oct. 6-10, 1990 98:10:04 49305:32:44
U.S. HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT LOG

89

Space Transportation System

Mission Crew Date MET (lift-off Cumulative

to main gear U.S. man-hr

touchdown). in space,

hr:min:sec hr:min:sec

STS-38 Covey, Culbertson, Springer, Meade, Gemar Nov. 15-20, 1990 117:54:31 49895:05:19

STS-35 Brand, G. Gardner, Hoffman, Lounge, Parker, Dec. 2-10, 1990 215:05:08 51400:41:15

Durrance, Parise

STS-37 Nagel, Cameron, Ross, Apt, Godwin Apr. 5-11, 1991 143:32:44 52118:34:55

STS-39 Coats, Hammond, Bluford, Harbaugh, Hieb, Apr. 28-May 6, 1991 199:22:23 53514:01:36

McMonagle, Veach

STS-40 O’Connor, Gutierrez, Seddon, Bagian, Jernigan, Jun. 5-14, 1991 218:14:20 55041:41:56

Gaffney, Hughes-Fulford

STS-43 Blaha, M. Baker, Lucid, Adamson, Low Aug. 2-11, 1991 213:21:25 56108:29:01

STS-48 Creighton, Reightler, Buchli, Gemar, M. Brown Sep. 12-18, 1991 128:27:38 56750:47:11

STS-44 F. Gregory, Henricks, Musgrave, Runco, Nov. 24-Dec. 1, 1991 166:50:44 57751:51:35

James Voss, Hennen

STS-42 Grabe, Oswald, Thagard, Hilmers, Readdy, Jan. 22-30, 1992 193:14:44 59104:34:43

Bondar, Merbold

STS-45 Bolden, Duffy, Sullivan, Leestma, Foale, Frimout, Mar. 24-Apr. 2, 1992 214:09:28 60603:40:59

Lichtenberg

STS-49 Brandenstein, Chilton, Hieb, Melnick, Thuot, May 7-16, 1992 213:17:38 62096:44:25

K. Thornton, Akers

STS-50 Richards, Bowersox, Dunbar, E. Baker, Meade, Jun. 25-Jul. 9, 1992 331:30:04 64417:14:53

DeLucas, Trinh

STS-46 Shriver, A. Allen, Hoffman, Chang-Diaz, Jul. 31-Aug. 8, 1992 191:15:03 65756:00:14

Nicollier, Ivins, Malerba

STS-47 R. Gibson, C. Brown, Lee, Apt, Davis, Jemison, Sep. 12-20, 1992 190:30:23 67089:32:55

Mohri

STS-52 Wetherbee, M. Baker, Veach, Shepherd, Oct. 22-Nov. 1, 1992 236:56:13 68511:10:13

Jernigan, MacLean

STS-53 D. Walker, Cabana, Bluford, James Voss, Clifford Dec. 2-9, 1992 175:19:47 69387:49:08

STS-54 Casper, McMonagle, Runco, Harbaugh, Helms Jan. 13-19, 1993 143:38:19 70106:00:43

STS-56 Cameron, Oswald, Foale, Cockrell, Ochoa Apr. 8-17, 1993 222:08:24 71216:42:43

STS-55 Nagel, Henricks, Ross, Precourt, Harris, Walter, Apr. 26-May 6, 1993 239:39:59 72894:22:36

Schlegel

STS-57 Grabe, Duffy, Low, Currie, Wisoff, Janice Voss Jun. 21-Jul. 1, 1993 239:44:54 74332:52:00

STS-51 Culbertson, Readdy, Newman, Bursch, Walz Sept. 12-22, 1993 236:11:11 75513:47:55

STS-58 Blaha, Searfoss, Seddon, W. McArthur, Wolf, Lucid, Oct. 18-Nov. 1, 1993 336:12:32 77867:15:39

Fettman

STS-61 Covey, Bowersox, Musgrave, K. Thornton, Dec. 2-2, 1993 259:58:37 79427:07:21

Nicollier, Hoffman, Akers

STS-60 Bolden, Reightler, Chang-Diaz, Davis, Sega, Feb. 3-11, 1994 199:09:22 80622:03:33

Krikalev

STS-62 Casper, Allen, Thuot, Gemar, Ivins Mar. 4-18, 1994 335:16:41 82298:26:58

STS-59 Gutierrez, Chilton, Godwin, Apt, Clifford, T. Jones Apr. 9-20, 1994 269:49:30 83917:23:58

STS-65 Cabana, Halsell, Hieb, Walz, Chiao, Thomas, July 8-23, 1994 353:55:00 86040:53:58

Mukai

STS-64 Richards, Hammond, Linenger, Helms, Meade, Lee Sep. 9-20, 1994 262:49:57 87617:53:40

STS-68 Baker, Wilcutt, Wisoff, S. Smith, Bursch, T. Jones Sep. 30-Oct. 11, 1994 269:46:08 89236:30:28

STS-66 McMonagle, C. Brown, Ochoa, Tanner, Clervoy, Nov. 3-14, 1994 262:34:02 90811:54:40

Parazynski
U.S. HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT LOG

90

Space Transportation System

Mission Crew Date MET (lift-off Cumulative

to main gear U.S. man-hr

touchdown). in space,

hr:min:sec hr:min:sec

STS-63 Wetherbee, E. Collins, Harris, Foale, Feb. 3-11, 1995 198:28:15 92002:44:10

Janice Voss, Titov

STS-67 Oswald, Gregory, Grunsfeld, Lawrence, Mar. 2-18, 1995 399:08:48 94796:45:46

Jernigan, Durrance, Parise

STS-71 Gibson, Precourt, E. Baker, Harbaugh, Jun. 27-Jul. 7, 1995 235:22:17 Due to the

Dunbar, Solovyev, Budarin, Dezhurov, multi-vehicle

Strekalov, Thagard missions

STS-70 Henricks, Kregel, Thomas, Currie, Weber Jul. 13-22, 1995 214:20:05 and change

STS-69 Walker, Cockrell, Jim Voss, Newman, Gernhardt Sep. 7-18, 1995 260:28:56 out of crews,

STS-73 Bowersox, Rominger, Coleman, Lopez-Alegria, Oct. 20-Nov. 5, 1995 381:52:21 Cumulative

Thornton, Leslie, Sacco man-hours

STS-74 Cameron, Halsell, Hadfield, Ross, W. McArthur Nov. 12-20, 1995 196:30:46 will no

STS-72 Duffy, Jett, Chiao, Scott, Wakata, Barry Jan 1-20, 1996 214:00:45 longer be

STS-75 Allen, Horowitz, Hoffman, Cheli, Nicollier, Feb. 22-Mar. 9, 1996 377:40:21 calculated.

Chang-Diaz, Guidoni

STS-76 Chilton, Searfoss, Sega, Clifford, Godwin, Lucid Mar. 22-31, 1996 221:15:53

STS-77 Casper, C. Brown, A. Thomas, Bursch, Runco, May 19-29, 1996 240:39:24

Garneau

STS-78 Henricks, Kregel, Linnehan, Helms, Brady, Jun. 20-Jul. 7, 1996 405:47:36

Favier, Thirsk

STS-79 Readdy, Wilcutt, Apt, Akers, Walz, Blaha, Lucid Sep. 16-26, 1996 243:18:00

STS-80 Cockrell, Rominger, Jernigan, T. Jones, Nov. 19-Dec. 7, 1996 423:53:00

Musgrave

STS-81 M. Baker, Jett, Wisoff, Grunsfeld, Ivins, Jan. 12-22, 1997 244:55:00

Linenger, Blaha

STS-82 Bowersox, Horowitz, Tanner, Hawley, Feb. 11-21, 1997 239:37:00

Harbaugh, M. Lee, S. Smith

STS-83 Halsell, Kilrain, Janice Voss, Gernhardt, D. Thomas, Apr. 4-8, 1997 95:12:00

Crouch, Linteris

STS-84 Precourt, E. Collins, Clervoy, Noriega, Lu, May 15-24, 1997 221:20:00

Kondakova, Foale, Linenger

STS-94 Halsell, Kilrain, Janice Voss, Gernhardt, D. Thomas, Jul. 1-17, 1997 376:45:00

Crouch, Linteris

STS-85 C. Brown, Rominger, Davis, Curbeam, Robinson, Aug. 7-19, 1997 284:27:00

Tryggvason

STS-86 Wetherbee, Bloomfield, Titov, Parazynski, Sep. 25-Oct. 6, 1997 259:21:00

Chretien, Lawrence, Wolf, Foale

STS-87 Kregel, Lindsey, Chawla, W. Scott, Doi, Nov. 19-Dec. 5, 1997 376:34:00

Kadenyuk

STS-89 Wilcutt, Edwards, Reilly, M. Anderson, Dunbar, Jan. 22-31, 1998 211:47:00

Sharipov, A. Thomas, Wolf

STS-90 Searfoss, Altman, Linnehan, Hire, Dave Williams, Apr. 17-May 3, 1998 381:50:00

Buckey, Pawelczyk

STS-91 Precourt, Gorie, Chang-Diaz, Lawrence, Jun. 2-12, 1998 235:54:00

Kavandi, Ryumin, A. Thomas

STS-95 C. Brown, Lindsey, Robinson, Parazynski, Duque, Oct. 29-Nov. 7, 1998 213:44:00

Mukai, Glenn
U.S. HUMAN SPACE FLIGHT LOG

91

Space Transportation System

Mission Crew Date MET (lift-off

to main gear

touchdown).

hr:min:sec

STS-88 Cabana, Sturkow, Ross, Currie, Newman, Krikalev Dec. 4-15, 1998 238:18:00

STS-96 Rominger, Husband, Jernigan, Ochoa, Barry, May 27-Jun. 6, 1999 235:13:00

Payette, Tokarev

STS-93 Collins, Ashby, Coleman, Hawley, Tognin Jul. 22-27, 1999 118:49:00

STS-103 C. Brown, S. Kelly, S. Smith, Clervoy, Grunsfeld, Dec. 19-27, 1999 191:11:00

Foale, Nicollier

STS-99 Kregel, Gorie, Thiele, Kavandi, Janice Voss, Mohri Feb. 11-22, 2000 269:38:00

STS-101 Halsell, Horowitz, Weber, J. Williams, James Voss, May 19-29, 2000 236:09:00

Helms, Usachev

STS-106 Wilcutt, Altman, Burbank, Lu, Mastracchio, Sep. 8-20, 2000 283:10:57

Malenchenko, Morukov

This and other JSC fact sheets can be found on the Internet at: http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/pao/factshee