2020 IL App (1st) 190697 

No. 1-19-0697 

November 30, 2020 

FIRST DIVISION 

IN THE 

APPELLATE COURT OF ILLINOIS 

FIRST DISTRICT 

BETTER GOVERNMENT ASSOCIATION, ) Appeal from the Circuit Court 

) Of Cook County. 

Plaintiff-Appellee and Cross-Appellant, ) 

) 

v. ) No. 14 CH 10364 

) 

THE METROPOLITAN PIER AND ) 

EXPOSITION AUTHORITY and NAVY ) The Honorable 

PIER, INC., ) Thomas R. Allen, 

) Judge Presiding. 

Defendants-Appellants and ) 

Cross-Appellees. ) 

PRESIDING JUSTICE WALKER delivered the judgment of the court, with opinion. 

Justices Hyman and Coghlan concurred in the judgment and opinion. 

OPINION 

¶ 1 In 2014, the Better Government Association (BGA) sued the Metropolitan Pier and 

Exposition Authority (MPEA) and Navy Pier, Inc. (NPI) under the Freedom of Information 

Act (FOIA) (5 ILCS 140/1 et seq. (West 2014)), seeking records pertaining to the operation of 

Navy Pier. The trial court granted summary judgment in favor of BGA on its claim against 

MPEA, but after a bench trial, the court entered judgment in favor of NPI on BGA’s claims 
 

 

 

No. 1-19-0697 

directed against NPI. MPEA and NPI appeal from the summary judgment entered on the count 

against MPEA, and BGA cross-appeals from the judgment entered on the counts naming NPI 

as defendant. 

¶ 2 We find that NPI performs a governmental function on the behalf of MPEA and that the 

documents requested relate directly to that governmental function. Therefore, we affirm the 

summary judgment entered against MPEA. We also affirm the entry of judgment against BGA 

on the other counts because the court’s finding that NPI did not operate as a subsidiary body 

of MPEA, within the meaning of the FOIA, is not contrary to the manifest weight of the 

evidence. 

¶ 3 BACKGROUND 

¶ 4 In July 1989, the Illinois General Assembly created MPEA to promote and operate 

expositions and conventions in Chicago and “[t]o carry out or otherwise provide for the 

recreational, cultural, commercial, or residential development of Navy Pier.” 70 ILCS 210/4(b) 

(West 2014). In May 2010, the General Assembly directed MPEA’s trustee, James Reilly, to 

report to the General Assembly his findings on the issue of whether Navy Pier should remain 

within the control of the MPEA or serve as an entity independent from the MPEA. Reilly 

recommended that MPEA should transfer operation of Navy Pier to a private corporation 

“governed by a civically oriented not-for-profit board.” 

¶ 5 Some employees and directors of MPEA, along with others, incorporated NPI in 2011 “to 

support and sustain the operation of Navy Pier, a Chicago Landmark, so as to facilitate the 

ongoing recreational, cultural and other development of Navy Pier for the benefit of the general 

public, and all activities incidental or related thereto, including, in particular, maintaining and 

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operating the grounds, buildings, and facilities of Navy Pier.” NPI’s bylaws further elaborate 

its purpose: 

“The Corporation is organized and shall be operated exclusively for civic and 

charitable purposes, including (a) supporting, sustaining, investing its funds in and 

for, and lessening the burdens of government related to the operation of Navy Pier, so 

as to facilitate the ongoing recreational, educational, cultural and other development 

of Navy Pier for the benefit of the general public, and all activities incidental or 

related thereto; (b) maintaining, repairing, operating, designing, financing, subleasing, 

facilities, developing, redeveloping, and/or demolishing the grounds, buildings, 

facilities, and/or improvements of, and located on, Navy Pier and Gateway Park; and 

(c) supporting and benefiting the [MPEA] through the development and operation of 

Navy Pier.” 

¶ 6 MPEA leased Navy Pier to NPI for 25 years at $1 per year. The lease required NPI to “offer 

to the general public free admission to the public portions” of Navy Pier and to operate in 

accord with a “Framework Plan” that MPEA and NPI would develop together to further the 

objective of making Navy Pier “a world-class public place that celebrate[s] and showcases the 

vitality of Chicago, and provides for the enjoyment of Chicago-area residents and visitors, by 

creating an eclectic mix of public, cultural, recreational, retail, dining, entertainment and other 

compatible uses attracting a broad-range of visitors, and managed within a business framework 

that provides for the long-term financial sustainability of Navy Pier.” 

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¶ 7 MPEA granted NPI $220,000 and loaned it $5 million for start-up expenses, and it gave 

NPI $115 million to use for improvements to the property. MPEA also gave NPI other assets 

including a number of vehicles. 

¶ 8 In 2014, BGA, invoking the FOIA, requested from MPEA and NPI various records relating 

to the operation of Navy Pier. MPEA supplied some of the documents and said it did not have 

others in its possession. NPI denied the request claiming that it is not subject to the FOIA. 

¶ 9 On June 14, 2014, BGA filed a complaint accusing MPEA and NPI of violating the FOIA. 

In counts I and III, BGA sought a judgment declaring that NPI served as a public body obliged 

to respond directly to FOIA requests. In count II, BGA charged MPEA with violating the FOIA 

on the alternative theory that NPI performed a governmental function on the MPEA’s behalf 

and therefore MPEA had a duty to produce public records in NPI’s possession that relate 

directly to that governmental function. 

¶ 10 BGA and MPEA filed motions for summary judgment on count II. In response to MPEA’s 

motion for summary judgment, BGA presented reports that led to the creation of NPI, NPI’s 

tax returns claiming exemption because of its public purpose, hundreds of e-mails between 

MPEA personnel and NPI personnel, and a letter from the Attorney General concerning BGA’s 

request for NPI documents. The Attorney General said: 

“Navy Pier is a publicly-owned property. MPEA has contracted with NPI to 

operate Navy Pier for the benefit of the public. It is clear that if Navy Pier was 

currently being operated by MPEA or by the trustee, all records relating to its 

operation would ‘pertain to public business,’ for purposes of FOIA, and would be 

subject to disclosure. The fact that a non-profit entity created for that purpose 

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operates Navy Pier pursuant to contract with MPEA does not change the nature 

of the operation. Accordingly, the records prepared by or used by NPI in 

connection with the operation of Navy Pier unequivocally pertain to public 

business of MPEA, a public entity. 

*** 

The operation of Navy Pier—including its beer garden and other facilities—is 

clearly for the benefit of the public as a tourist attraction, and is therefore a 

‘governmental function’ of MPEA. Thus, the requested records directly relate to 

that governmental function, which NPI has contracted to perform. Accordingly, 

we conclude that records in the possession of NPI which are responsive [to] FOIA 

request[s] must be produced by MPEA under section 7(2) of FOIA.” 

¶ 11 The trial court held that MPEA hired NPI to perform a governmental function and therefore 

MPEA had a duty to produce all documents related to NPI’s performance of that function. The 

court then considered the particular documents BGA requested. BGA alleged that MPEA 

violated the FOIA by refusing BGA’s request for: 

“1. A list of NPI’s employees, titles and salaries since the date NPI was created 

***. 2. A list of all contracts to which NPI is a party, showing the name of the 

counterparty, the amount of the contract, the date of the contract, and the goods 

or services purchased ***. 3. A list of all leases at Navy Pier showing the owners 

of each business, the date the lease began and the date the lease ended or will end, 

and the revenue generated ***. 4. NPI’s annual budgets and financial statements 

since NPI was created. 5. The results of all audits of NPI. 6. Minutes of all NPI 

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board meetings since NPI was created. 7. All employment contracts governing the 

employment of any NPI employees. 8. All settlement agreements and 

employment termination or severance agreements involving NPI. 9. NPI’s articles 

of incorporation and by-laws, including all amendments. 10. All emails sent or 

received *** by NPI’s president/CEO, chief operating officer, board chair, board 

vice-chair, and/or director of external communications on March 21 or March 22, 

2014. 11. All expense reimbursement requests and statements for any credit card, 

debit card, procurement cards, or other payment mechanisms issued in whole or 

in part to NPI or MPEA, for NPI’s president/CEO dated January 1, 2014 to 

present. 12. All conflict-of-interest disclosures by any NPI employees or directors. 

13. All NPI policies and procedures. 14. All documents related to the $34,490 

transaction involving Patrick Gardner reported on Schedule L of NPI’s 2011 IRS 

Form 990.” 

¶ 12 The trial court held that all the requested documents related to NPI’s performance of a 

governmental function. The court granted summary judgment in favor of BGA for the relief 

requested in count II of the complaint. 

¶ 13 The court then heard evidence on BGA’s assertion that NPI counted as a public body. The 

FOIA defines “ ‘[p]ublic bod[ies]’ ” as 

“all legislative, executive, administrative, or advisory bodies of the State, state 

universities and colleges, counties, townships, cities, villages, incorporated towns, 

school districts and all other municipal corporations, boards, bureaus, committees, 

or commissions of this State, any subsidiary bodies of any of the foregoing 

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including but not limited to committees and subcommittees thereof, and a School 

Finance Authority created under Article 1E of the School Code.” 5 ILCS 140/2(a) 

(West 2014). 

¶ 14 The parties agreed that NPI met the definition of “public body” only if it qualified as a 

“subsidiary bod[y]” of MPEA. 

¶ 15 Marilynn Gardner, president of NPI, testified that NPI’s board has more than 30 members, 

and only 3 of those members work for MPEA. After NPI’s board approves its budget, the board 

presents the budget to MPEA. Some items in the budget might require MPEA approval, but 

MPEA did not generally retain veto power over NPI’s decisions. NPI mostly funds its 

operations from its revenues. Gardner detailed some of the capital improvements NPI made 

with the $115 million it obtained from MPEA. NPI repaid in full the $5 million MPEA loaned 

to NPI. 

¶ 16 The trial court entered a judgment in favor of NPI on counts I and III of the complaint, 

holding that NPI did not act as a subsidiary body of MPEA. MPEA and NPI filed an appeal 

from the summary judgment entered on count II, and BGA filed a cross-appeal from the 

judgments entered on counts I and III. 

¶ 17 ANALYSIS 

¶ 18 We address the appeal of MPEA and NPI first. We review de novo the trial court’s grant 

of summary judgment. Big Sky Excavating, Inc. v. Illinois Bell Telephone Co., 217 Ill. 2d 221, 

234 (2005). MPEA and NPI contend that NPI does not perform a governmental function within 

the meaning of the FOIA, and the documents requested do not directly relate to any 

governmental function NPI might perform. 

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¶ 19 A. Governmental Function 

¶ 20 Section 7(2) of the FOIA provides: 

“A public record that is not in the possession of a public body but is in the possession 

of a party with whom the agency has contracted to perform a governmental function 

on behalf of the public body, and that directly relates to the governmental function 

and is not otherwise exempt under this Act, shall be considered a public record of the 

public body, for purposes of this Act.” 5 ILCS 140/7(2) (West 2014). 

¶ 21 Our supreme court, interpreting the FOIA, defined “governmental function” as “a 

government agency’s conduct that is expressly or impliedly mandated or authorized by 

constitution, statute, or other law and that is carried out for the benefit of the general public.” 

(Internal quotation marks omitted.) Better Government Ass’n v. Illinois High School Ass’n, 

2017 IL 121124, ¶ 63 (IHSA). 

¶ 22 The General Assembly expressly imposed on MPEA the duty “[t]o carry out or 

otherwise provide for the recreational, cultural, commercial, or residential development of 

Navy Pier.” 70 ILCS 210/4(b) (West2014). MPEA delegated to NPI its responsibility for 

development of Navy Pier. NPI, in its bylaws, asserts that it 

“shall be operated exclusively for civic and charitable purposes, including (a) 

supporting,sustaining, investing its funds in and for, and lessening the burdens of 

government relatedto the operation of Navy Pier, so as to facilitate the ongoing 

recreational, educational, cultural and other development of Navy Pier for the 

benefit of the general public, and all activities incidental or related thereto; (b) 

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maintaining, repairing, operating, designing, financing, subleasing, facilities, 

developing, redeveloping, and/or demolishing the grounds, buildings, facilities, 

and/or improvements of, and located on, Navy Pier and Gateway Park; and (c) 

supporting and benefiting the [MPEA] through the development and operation of 

Navy Pier.” 

¶ 23 Insofar as NPI fulfills the duties the General Assembly assigned to MPEA, by “carry[ing] 

out or otherwise provid[ing] for the recreational, cultural, commercial or residential 

development of Navy Pier” (70 ILCS 210/5(c) (West 2014)), NPI performs a governmental 

function. See IHSA, 2017 IL 121124, ¶ 63. 

¶ 24 MPEA and NPI argue—at astounding length—that our supreme court did not intend to 

define “governmental function” in IHSA where the court found, “ ‘governmental function’ is 

defined as ‘a government agency’s conduct that is expressly or impliedly mandated or 

authorized by constitution, statute, or other law and that is carried out for the benefit of the 

general public.’ ” IHSA, 2017 IL 121124, ¶ 63 (quoting Black’s Law Dictionary (10th ed. 

2014)). If MPEA and NPI mean to argue on policy grounds that courts should not so define 

“governmental function,” they should present the argument to the General Assembly. We 

apply the definition our supreme court set out in IHSA. Because NPI fulfills the duties the 

General Assembly assigned by statute to MPEA, NPI performs a governmental function. 

¶ 25 B. Directly Related 

¶ 26 MPEA and NPI contend that the documents requested do not directly relate to NPI’s 

governmental function. For documents “in the possession of a party with whom the agency has 

contracted to perform a governmental function on behalf of the public body,” section 7(2) of 

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the FOIA limits the FOIA’s reach to documents “directly relate[d] to the governmental 

function [which are] not otherwise exempt under this Act.” 5 ILCS 140/7(2) (West 2014). The 

FOIA does not explain what documents directly relate to a governmental function. Rushton v. 

Department of Corrections, 2019 IL 124552, ¶ 28. 

“[T]he meaning of ‘directly relates’ must be considered in light of FOIA’s policy ***, and 

also the specific policy and purpose behind section 7(2). *** [S]ection 7(2) was the 

legislature’s response to the privatization of government responsibilities and its impact on 

the right of public information access and transparency and *** this section ensures that 

governmental entities must not be permitted to avoid their disclosure obligations by 

contractually delegating their responsibility to a private entity.” (Internal quotation marks 

omitted.) Rushton, 2019 IL 124552, ¶ 28. 

¶ 27 If MPEA had itself entered into the employment contracts, vendor contracts, and leases 

BGA seeks, MPEA would have had a duty to disclose them. See, e.g., Stern v. WheatonWarrenville Community Unit School District 200, 233 Ill. 2d 396, 405-06 (2009) (employment 

contracts); People ex rel. Ulrich v. Stukel, 294 Ill. App. 3d 193, 204 (1997) (expenditure of 

public funds); Mid-America Television Co. v. Peoria Housing Authority, 93 Ill. App. 3d 314, 

316-17 (1981) (leases). Budgets, audit reports, and the other documents requested apparently 

fall under the general presumption of accessibility for public records, as all the documents 

relate to NPI operations. NPI established in its bylaws that all its operations fulfill functions 

assigned to MPEA by statute. See Baudin v. City of Crystal Lake, 192 Ill. App. 3d 530, 534-

35 (1989). The Attorney General persuasively argued that MPEA could not use the 

arrangement with NPI to avoid disclosure of the documents BGA requested. 

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¶ 28 Finally, MPEA and NPI assert that the trial court erred by ordering MPEA to produce all 

the requested documents “Without Consideration Of Whether The Documents Were Otherwise 

Exempt From FOIA.” Both in the trial court and on appeal, MPEA and NPI have not identified 

any exemptions applicable to the requested documents. MPEA, as a public body, bears the 

burden of proving that records requested fall within an exemption. Chicago Alliance for 

Neighborhood Safety v. City of Chicago, 348 Ill. App. 3d 188, 198 (2004). MPEA has not 

attempted to meet that burden. We affirm the trial court’s order granting summary judgment 

in favor of BGA on count II of the complaint. 

¶ 29 C. Subsidiary Body 

¶ 30 BGA contends in its cross-appeal that the trial court erred when it entered judgment in 

favor of NPI on counts I and III of the complaint, which accused NPI itself of violating the 

FOIA and which asked the court for a judgment declaring that NPI served as a public body. 

We will not disturb the trial court’s findings of fact unless they are against the manifest weight 

of the evidence. Fox v. Heimann, 375 Ill. App. 3d 35, 46 (2007). 

¶ 31 The FOIA statute does not define “subsidiary body.” Our supreme court in IHSA held that, 

to determine whether the FOIA applied to an entity as a subsidiary body, the court should 

consider four factors: “(1) the extent to which the entity has a legal existence independent of 

government resolution, (2) the degree of government control exerted over the entity, (3) the 

extent to which the entity is publicly funded, and (4) the nature of the functions performed by 

the entity.” IHSA, 2017 IL 121124, ¶ 26. The IHSA court added, “no single factor is 

determinative or conclusive, but as the definition indicates, the key distinguishing factors are 

government creation and control.” IHSA, 2017 IL 121124, ¶ 26. 

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¶ 32 1. Independent Legal Identity 

¶ 33 The trial court found that Reilly’s recommendation to the legislature led to the creation of 

NPI as a spinoff from MPEA. The trial court said MPEA put “training wheels on the bike” to 

get NPI started. The court concluded that NPI had a separate legal identity from MPEA as a 

formally independent corporation, divorced from MPEA in accord with Reilly’s 

recommendation. The trial court’s finding that NPI has an independent legal identity was not 

against the manifest weight of the evidence. 

¶ 34 2. Control 

¶ 35 With respect to the second factor, BGA argues that the restrictions in the lease regarding 

how NPI can operate Navy Pier amount to governmental control. The testimony of Gardner 

and the documentary evidence show that MPEA exercised only general supervision under the 

framework plan. “Such general supervision does not transform the supervised company into a 

subsidiary of the government.” Rockford Newspapers, Inc. v. Northern Illinois Council on 

Alcoholism & Drug Dependence, 64 Ill. App. 3d 94, 97 (1978); see Hopf v. Topcorp, Inc., 256 

Ill. App. 3d 887 (1993). 

¶ 36 We find useful guidance in O’Toole v. Chicago Zoological Society, 2015 IL 118254. The 

Chicago Zoological Society (Society) was a private nonprofit corporation that controlled the 

operation of the Brookfield Zoo, a publicly owned property, just as NPI controls daily 

operations of Navy Pier. NPI, like the Society, purchased its own insurance and made its own 

employment decisions. The O’Toole court said, “The Society’s private, nonprofit corporate 

structure effectively insulates its officers from [the Forest Preserve District of Cook County 

(District)] control over management decisions. The officers, who handle the zoo’s day-to-day 

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operations, owe their positions to the trustees and, indirectly, to the governing members. 

Among these latter two groups the District enjoys only nominal representation.” (Internal 

quotation marks omitted.) O’Toole, 2015 IL 118254, ¶ 28. The court concluded that the 

District, a unit of local government, did not maintain operational control over the Society, and 

therefore the Society did not count as a public entity. O’Toole, 2015 IL 118254, ¶ 30. 

Following the reasoning of O’Toole, we find that MPEA does not maintain operational control 

of NPI. 

¶ 37 BGA argues that NPI’s assertions of tort immunity in other lawsuits count as admissions 

of government control. However, “ ‘[a] party is not bound by admissions regarding conclusions 

of law because the courts determine the legal effect of the facts adduced.’ ” IHSA, 2017 IL 

121124, ¶ 47 (quoting JPMorgan Chase Bank, N.A. v. Earth Foods, Inc., 238 Ill. 2d 455, 475 

(2010)). Courts conclude as a matter of law that tort immunity applies or does not apply. See 

Vesey v. Chicago Housing Authority, 145 Ill. 2d 404, 412 (1991). The assertion of tort 

immunity does not amount to an admission of fact. BGA presented no evidence that NPI ever 

asserted that MPEA controlled its operations. The trial court’s finding that MPEA does not 

control NPI accords with the manifest weight of the evidence. 

¶ 38 3. Public Funding 

¶ 39 MPEA gave NPI $220,000 in seed money to cover start-up costs. MPEA loaned NPI $5 

million at 0% interest, leased Navy Pier to NPI for $1 per year, and gave NPI property that 

included vehicles, worth about $2.5 million. MPEA also gave NPI $115 million for capital 

improvements at Navy Pier. The trial court held that public funding did not count as a factor 

in favor of finding that NPI operated as a subsidiary body of MPEA. 

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¶ 40 Apart from the funding for capital improvements, MPEA’s contributions did not form a 

large part of NPI’s funding. Most of NPI’s funds for daily operations came from its revenues 

from operations and charitable donations it raised without MPEA’s assistance. BGA 

emphasizes the $115 million MPEA gave NPI. We find this case similar to Hopf, in which the 

City of Evanston gave Topcorp funds as part of a plan for Topcorp to develop real estate in 

Evanston. The Hopf court noted that “the majority of the funds that the City has expended were 

not used to operate [the properties], but instead were used to make infrastructure improvements 

to the area where the research park is located.” Hopf, 256 Ill. App. 3d at 896-897. The Hopf 

court found that the public funding did not count as grounds for treating the private corporation 

as a subsidiary body. Likewise, where the $115 million served to improve the value of MPEA’s 

property, and not to fund NPI’s operations, we do not construe the contribution as public 

funding of NPI. The trial court’s finding concerning the public funding factor is not against the 

manifest weight of the evidence. 

¶ 41 4. Nature of the Functions Performed 

¶ 42 The trial court found that NPI performs a governmental function on the MPEA’s behalf 

and that the final factor weighed in favor of finding that NPI acted as a subsidiary body of 

MPEA. However, the court held that this factor did not outweigh the other factors, which all 

presented grounds for finding that NPI did not operate as a subsidiary of MPEA. We hold that 

the manifest weight of the evidence sufficiently supports the trial court’s finding that NPI is 

not a subsidiary body of MPEA within the meaning of the FOIA. 

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¶ 43 

¶ 44 

¶ 45 

CONCLUSION 

NPI performs a governmental function on behalf of the MPEA, and the records BGA 

requested directly relate to NPI’s performance of that governmental function. Accordingly, we 

affirm the trial court’s order granting BGA’s motion for summary judgment on count II of the 

complaint. Because NPI is not a subsidiary body of the MPEA, we affirm the trial court’s 

judgment in favor of NPI on counts I and III of the complaint. 

Affirmed. 

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No. 1-19-0697 

No. 1-19-0697 

Cite as: Better Government Ass’n v. Metropolitan Pier & Exposition 

Authority, 2020 IL App (1st) 190697 

Decision Under Review: Appeal from the Circuit Court of Cook County, No. 14-CH10364; the Hon. Thomas R. Allen, Judge, presiding. 

Attorneys Michele Odorizzi and Joseph M. Callaghan, of Mayer Brown LLP, 

for of Chicago, for appellant Metropolitan Pier & Exposition 

Appellant: Authority. 

Daniel P. Blondin, of Navy Pier, Inc., William R. Pokorny, 

of Franczek P.C., and Vincent D. Pinelli and Martin T. Burns, of 

Burke Burns & Pinelli, Ltd., all of Chicago, for other appellant. 

Attorneys Matthew Topic, Joshua Burday, and Merrick Wayne, 

for of Loevy & Loevy, of Chicago, for appellee. 

Appellee: 

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