FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

MAINE COMMUNITY HEALTH 

OPTIONS, 

Plaintiff-Appellant, 

 v. 

ALBERTSONS COMPANIES, INC., 

Defendant-Appellee.

No. 20-35931 

D.C. No. 1:19-cv-00448-JMM 

OPINION

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the District of Idaho

James Maxwell Moody, District Judge, Presiding

Argued and Submitted March 22, 2021

Pasadena, California

Before: William A. Fletcher, Paul J. Watford, and Andrew D. Hurwitz, Circuit 

Judges.

Opinion by Judge Hurwitz;

Concurrence by Judge Watford

HURWITZ, Circuit Judge:

This case requires us to determine whether the amount-in-controversy 

requirement in 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a) is satisfied in an action under Section 7 of the 

Federal Arbitration Act (“FAA”), 9 U.S.C. § 7, seeking enforcement of a third-party 

subpoena issued by arbitrators. Although the issue is of first impression in this 

FILED

MAR 31 2021

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
2 

Circuit, we agree with the Second Circuit that the amount in controversy in a Section 

7 enforcement action can be measured by either the benefit to the plaintiff or the 

detriment to the defendant that would result from enforcement of the subpoena. See 

Wash. Nat’l Ins. Co. v. OBEX Grp. LLC, 958 F.3d 126, 135 (2d Cir. 2020) (defining 

the amount in controversy in a nonmonetary claim as “the value of the object of the 

litigation”) (cleaned up); Hunt v. Wash. State Apple Advert. Comm’n, 432 U.S. 333, 

347 (1977) (same). Because there is a good faith allegation that the benefit to the 

plaintiff of obtaining the subpoenaed information in this controversy exceeds 

$75,000, we reverse the district court’s order dismissing for want of subject matter 

jurisdiction and remand for further proceedings concerning enforcement of the 

subpoena. 

I

Maine Community Health Options (“Health Options”), an insurer, is engaged 

in arbitration with Navitus Health Solutions, LLC, a pharmacy benefits manager, 

over the latter’s billings. In the arbitration, Health Options sought to obtain 

information from Navitus about billings by pharmacies within Navitus’s network, 

including the Albertsons Companies, alleging the information would show

overcharges. Navitus claimed not to have the information, and the arbitrators issued

a subpoena directing Albertsons to provide the requested documents.

After Albertsons objected to the subpoena, Health Options filed this action in 
3 

federal district court, invoking Section 7, which authorizes district courts to enforce 

third-party arbitration subpoenas. But the FAA does not itself confer federal 

question jurisdiction, see Moses H. Cone Mem’l Hosp. v. Mercury Constr. Corp., 

460 U.S. 1, 25 n.32 (1983), so a party seeking to enforce a subpoena under Section 

7 must establish a basis for subject matter jurisdiction, see, e.g., Stolt-Nielsen, SA v. 

Celanese AG, 430 F.3d 567, 572 (2d Cir. 2005); Am. Fed’n of Television & Radio 

Artists v. WJBK-TV, 164 F.3d 1004, 1007-08 (6th Cir. 1999); Amgen, Inc. v. Kidney 

Ctr. of Del. Cnty., Ltd., 95 F.3d 562, 567 (7th Cir. 1996).1

 Health Options asserted 

diversity jurisdiction, claiming that the parties to the enforcement action (Health 

Options and Albertsons) were citizens of different states and that the amount in 

controversy exceeded $75,000.

After allowing supplemental filings, the district court found that Health 

Options failed to show the amount in controversy exceeded $75,000 and dismissed 

the action for want of subject matter jurisdiction. Because it is undisputed that there 

is diversity of citizenship, the only issue raised by Health Options on appeal is 

whether the amount-in-controversy requirement was satisfied. Reviewing de novo, 

see Tijerino v. Stetson Desert Project, LLC, 934 F.3d 968, 971 (9th Cir. 2019), we 

1 We do not today address an “embedded proceeding,” in which the district 

court exercised original jurisdiction in compelling the parties to arbitrate. See 

Amgen, 95 F.3d at 567 (stating that “no difficulties with subject matter jurisdiction 

arise” with respect to a Section 7 enforcement action in those circumstances).
4 

find that it was. 

II

In a diversity case originally filed in federal court, the “sum claimed” in the 

complaint “controls if the claim is apparently made in good faith. It must appear to 

a legal certainty that the claim is really for less than the jurisdictional amount to 

justify dismissal.” Wash. Nat’l Ins., 958 F.3d at 135 (cleaned up); see Naffe v. Frey, 

789 F.3d 1030, 1040 (9th Cir. 2015) (same). When a complaint seeks nonmonetary 

relief, “the amount in controversy is measured by the value of the object of the 

litigation.” Hunt, 432 U.S. at 347. The “party asserting federal jurisdiction bears 

the burden of proving the case is properly in federal court.” In re Ford Motor 

Co./Citibank (S. Dakota), N.A., 264 F.3d 952, 957 (9th Cir. 2001).

When determining the amount in controversy in a non-class-action setting, 

this Court applies the “either viewpoint” rule. See Ridder Bros. Inc., v. Blethen, 142 

F.2d 395, 399 (9th Cir. 1944) (“The value of the thing sought to be accomplished by 

the action may relate to either or any party to the action.”) (cleaned up). In suits not 

seeking monetary relief, “if the value of the thing to be accomplished [is] equal to 

the dollar minimum of the jurisdictional amount requirement to anyone concerned 

in the action, then jurisdiction [is] satisfied.” Id. at 398; see also Hunt, 432 U.S. at 

347 (“[T]he amount in controversy is measured by the value of the object of the 

litigation.”). Albertsons says that its anticipated cost of compliance with the 
5 

subpoena is approximately $1,400, and Heath Options does not seriously dispute 

that estimate.2

 Thus, if the jurisdictional amount requirement is to be satisfied, it 

must be from Health Options’ viewpoint.

In considering the value to the plaintiff of obtaining compliance with a thirdparty arbitration subpoena, the Second Circuit found it persuasive that “the 

summonses . . . are relevant to whether [petitioner] is entitled to all or part of” the 

arbitral award. Wash. Nat’l Ins., 958 F.3d at 135. Under that approach, the amount 

in controversy can be established by a “good faith” allegation of the value of the 

subpoenaed information to the plaintiff in the underlying arbitration dispute. See id.

We agree. We therefore focus on how enforcement of the subpoena will affect the 

claims and the relief available to Health Options in the arbitration.

Health Options does not allege that the information subpoenaed from 

Albertsons will lead to the recovery of the entire $17 million it seeks against Navitus 

in the arbitration. Nor does it even claim that it will lead to the recovery of the $1.7 

million in billings made by Albertsons to Navitus on behalf of Health Options’ 

insureds. But Health Options does plausibly allege that the subpoenaed information 

will likely affect more than $75,000 of its claims against Navitus. The jurisdictional 

2 Health Options now argues on appeal that Albertsons spent far more than

$1,400 resisting this subpoena. But it is well settled that the jurisdictional amount 

is established “from the face of the pleadings,” Singer v. State Farm Mut. Auto Ins. 

Co., 116 F.3d 373, 375 (9th Cir 1997), “at the time a complaint is filed,” Wash. Nat’l 

Ins., 958 F.3d at 135 n.4. 
6 

amount requirement is but 4 percent of the total relevant billings from Albertsons to 

Navitus. In its supplemental pleading, Health Options provided an expert 

declaration that the subpoenaed information will likely document more than $75,000 

in Health Options’ alleged damages. See id. (finding that even if the subpoenaed 

information supports only a “small fraction of the award sought,” that value would 

exceed the jurisdictional amount) (cleaned up). Given Health Options’ plausible 

good faith allegations, it does not “appear to a legal certainty that the claim is really 

for less than the jurisdictional amount.” Id. (cleaned up).3

III

The district court’s order of dismissal for want of subject matter jurisdiction 

is reversed, and the case is remanded for further proceedings consistent with this 

opinion. 

REVERSED AND REMANDED. 

3 Because the amount in controversy in the federal action between Health 

Options and Albertsons is sufficient, we need not today consider whether federal 

jurisdiction in the Section 7 enforcement action could be established by determining 

that there is federal jurisdiction to compel arbitration in the underlying dispute.
Maine Community Health Options v. Albertsons Companies, Inc., No. 20-35931

WATFORD, Circuit Judge, concurring:

I agree that the district court erred in holding that it lacked subject-matter 

jurisdiction to enforce the subpoena at issue here, but I arrive at that conclusion by 

a different path.

Maine Community Health Options filed this motion under § 7 of the Federal 

Arbitration Act (FAA), 9 U.S.C. § 7, to enforce a third-party subpoena issued by a 

panel of arbitrators. The FAA itself does not provide a basis for subject-matter 

jurisdiction in federal court. Moses H. Cone Memorial Hospital v. Mercury 

Construction Corp., 460 U.S. 1, 25 n.32 (1983). So, to invoke the district court’s 

jurisdiction, Maine Community Health Options had to establish an independent 

basis for jurisdiction (diversity, federal-question, or admiralty). My colleagues 

analyze the motion as though it were a freestanding lawsuit brought by Maine 

Community Health Options against Albertsons, and they ask whether there is a 

basis for exercising subject-matter jurisdiction over the dispute between those two 

parties. In my view, that analysis focuses on the wrong dispute. The relevant 

controversy under the FAA is the one between the parties to the underlying 

arbitration proceeding: Maine Community Health Options and Navitus Health 

Solutions, LLC.

FILED

MAR 31 2021

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
Page 2 of 7

Sections 3 and 4 of the FAA are key to understanding why that is so, as they 

provide the jurisdictional anchor for all of the provisions that follow. Section 3 

authorizes a district court to stay proceedings in an action pending before it if the 

action involves a controversy that the parties have agreed to resolve through 

arbitration. 9 U.S.C. § 3. The court has the power to grant such relief, of course, 

only if it has subject-matter jurisdiction over the controversy in the first place. 

Section 4 likewise focuses on the court’s jurisdiction over the underlying 

controversy between the parties who have agreed to arbitrate. It states that a 

district court may grant a petition to compel arbitration if, absent the parties’ 

agreement, the court “would have jurisdiction under title 28 . . . of the subject 

matter of a suit arising out of the controversy between the parties.” § 4; see also 

Vaden v. Discover Bank, 556 U.S. 49, 62–63 (2009) (holding that federal courts 

may “look through” a § 4 petition to determine whether “the parties’ underlying 

substantive controversy” gives rise to subject-matter jurisdiction). I read these two 

provisions as defining the range of controversies that Congress deemed important 

enough, from a federalism standpoint, to warrant federal courts interceding to 

ensure that agreements to arbitrate such controversies “are enforced according to 

their terms.” Volt Information Sciences, Inc. v. Board of Trustees of Leland 

Stanford Junior University, 489 U.S. 468, 479 (1989).
Page 3 of 7

The rest of the provisions of the FAA authorize district courts to take actions 

necessary to ensure that the parties’ underlying controversy is successfully 

resolved through arbitration. Section 5 authorizes the court to appoint the 

arbitrators who will decide the dispute if for some reason the parties fail to do so 

themselves. 9 U.S.C. § 5. Section 7, the provision at issue here, authorizes district 

courts to enforce subpoenas compelling witnesses to testify at the arbitration 

hearing and to bring with them records or documents “which may be deemed 

material as evidence in the case.” Section 8 authorizes district courts, in cases in 

which subject-matter jurisdiction is founded upon admiralty, to assume in rem

jurisdiction over a vessel or other property that has been seized and to supervise 

enforcement of any resulting arbitration award against the res. Sections 9, 10, and 

11 authorize district courts to supervise entry of judgment on any resulting 

arbitration award by entering an order to confirm, vacate, modify, or correct the 

award.

Considering the structure of the FAA as a whole, it seems evident to me that 

Congress envisioned a § 7 petition not as a freestanding lawsuit, but as an adjunct 

to the “underlying substantive controversy” between the parties in arbitration. 

Vaden, 556 U.S. at 62. Thus, if the district court would have been able to exercise 

subject-matter jurisdiction over that controversy, it necessarily has jurisdiction to 

enforce a subpoena issued in connection with the ongoing arbitration proceeding. 
Page 4 of 7

And, by the same token, if the district court would not have been able to exercise 

subject-matter jurisdiction over the underlying controversy, then it lacks 

jurisdiction to enforce a subpoena arising out of the arbitration, regardless of any 

arguments that could be made for the existence of diversity jurisdiction with 

respect to the parties to the subpoena enforcement proceeding itself. The 

enforcement of an arbitration subpoena under § 7 “brings before the court one 

aspect of enforcing the parties’ agreement to arbitrate—not the right to arbitrate 

itself, but the enjoyment of a key procedural attribute of the arbitration the parties 

bargained for.” George A. Bermann et al., A Model Federal Arbitration Summons 

to Testify and Present Documentary Evidence at an Arbitration Hearing, 26 Am. 

Rev. Int’l Arb. 157, 173 (2015). Looking through the § 7 petition to the underlying 

substantive controversy to determine subject-matter jurisdiction, as with § 4 

petitions, follows naturally.

Analyzing subject-matter jurisdiction in § 7 enforcement proceedings in this 

fashion avoids two anomalies that arise under the majority’s approach. First, 

assume that the parties’ underlying substantive controversy provides a basis for 

subject-matter jurisdiction in federal court and that the district court either grants a 

motion to stay proceedings under § 3 or grants a motion to compel arbitration 

under § 4. Most courts appear to agree that, in these circumstances, if one of the 

parties in arbitration subsequently files a § 7 petition to compel enforcement of a 
Page 5 of 7

subpoena, the district court has jurisdiction to act on the petition, without any need 

to engage in a fresh jurisdictional analysis focused solely on the parties to the § 7 

enforcement proceeding. See, e.g., Stolt-Nielsen SA v. Celanese AG, 430 F.3d 567, 

572–73 (2d Cir. 2005); Amgen, Inc. v. Kidney Center of Delaware County, Ltd., 95 

F.3d 562, 567 (7th Cir. 1996). If that view is correct, though, it must be because 

the § 7 enforcement proceeding is simply an adjunct to the underlying controversy 

between the parties in arbitration. Why should the nature of the jurisdictional 

analysis change if the § 7 petition is the first matter filed in federal court related to 

the underlying controversy? From a federalism standpoint, the interest in having 

federal courts supervise the arbitration and ensure that it is successfully completed 

is no different in either scenario.

Second, and conversely, assume that the district court would not have had 

subject-matter jurisdiction over the underlying substantive controversy. Thus, the 

court would not have been able to compel arbitration under § 4, would not have 

been able to appoint arbitrators under § 5, and ultimately won’t be able to 

supervise entry of judgment on any resulting arbitration award under §§ 9–11. 

Assume further that one of the parties in arbitration files a § 7 petition to enforce a 

subpoena, the parties to this enforcement proceeding are of diverse citizenship, and 

a credible argument can be made that more than $75,000 could change hands 

depending on whether the subpoena is enforced or not. Why would Congress have 
Page 6 of 7

wanted federal courts to intervene to enforce a subpoena issued in an arbitration 

proceeding involving a controversy that itself is not important enough, from a 

federalism standpoint, to warrant federal-court oversight? And to do so when the 

federal courts will not (and cannot) have any other involvement in supervising the 

conduct of the arbitration? It seems far more likely that Congress intended parties 

seeking to enforce arbitration subpoenas in such circumstances to pursue whatever 

remedies are available to them in state court, where all other action related to the 

arbitration proceeding must occur anyway.

Grounding the jurisdictional analysis on the underlying controversy between 

the parties in arbitration has the added virtue of avoiding the tortured amount-incontroversy inquiry that federal courts will otherwise be forced to make. We have 

an established body of case law to help us determine whether the amount-incontroversy requirement has been met when one party is suing another on actual 

claims for relief. We have very little case law to guide us in determining whether

enforcement of an arbitration subpoena against a third party will enable someone 

to recover more than $75,000 in an arbitration dispute with a different party. See

Bermann et al., supra, 26 Am. Rev. Int’l Arb. at 172–73. From the standpoint of 

administrative feasibility, it is more sensible to ground the jurisdictional analysis 

on whether the district court would have been able to exercise subject-matter 
Page 7 of 7

jurisdiction over the underlying controversy, even in first-in-time § 7 enforcement 

proceedings like this one.

In this case, the district court plainly would have been able to exercise 

subject-matter jurisdiction over the underlying controversy between Maine 

Community Health Options and Navitus. It is undisputed that the parties are of 

diverse citizenship and that Maine Community Health Options has alleged in good 

faith that the underlying controversy involves a potential recovery in excess of $17

million. I therefore agree with my colleagues that the district court erred by 

dismissing this § 7 enforcement proceeding for lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. 

But I would reach that result by the path described above.