Filed 11/30/20 Marriage of Tetzlaff CA4/1

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COURT OF APPEAL, FOURTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

DIVISION ONE

STATE OF CALIFORNIA

In re the Marriage of KATHLEEN I. 

and ROBERT J. TETZLAFF.

KATHLEEN I. TETZLAFF,

Appellant,

v.

ROBERT J. TETZLAFF,

Respondent.

 D076922

 (Super. Ct. No. DS20219)

APPEAL from an order of the Superior Court of San Diego County, 

Maryann D’Addezio Kotler, Judge. Affirmed.

Law Office of Patrick L. McCrary and Patrick L. McCrary for 

Appellant.

Stephen Temko and Dennis G. Temko for Respondent.
2

Kathleen I. Tetzlaff (Kathy1) appeals from findings and an order after 

a post-judgment hearing at which, based on a request for an order by her 

former spouse, Robert J. Tetzlaff (Robert), the family court found changed 

circumstances, terminated child support for the parties’ adult child, J., set 

Kathy’s spousal support at $0, and terminated jurisdiction. As we explain, 

because Kathy has not established that the court’s findings of fact are 

unsupported by substantial evidence, the legal conclusions are erroneous, or 

the rulings are beyond the bounds of reason, Kathy has not met her burden of 

establishing that the family court abused its discretion. Accordingly, we 

affirm.

I. COMBINED FACTUAL AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND2

Kathy and Robert married in 1981 and separated more than 20 years 

later in 2001. Their daughter, J., was 20 years old at the time of separation

and 38 years old at the time of the filing of the order on appeal. 

In 2005, the parties entered into a marital settlement agreement and, 

in uncontested proceedings, obtained a judgment of dissolution of their 

marriage; the judgment incorporated the settlement agreement. In part, the 

agreement provided: Robert must pay Kathy monthly spousal support of 

$3,000; and Robert must pay Kathy monthly support of $1,734 for J.,

“pursuant to Family Code § 3910(a)[,] which provides for the payment of 

1 For clarity and ease of reading, both parties have used first names in 

their appellate briefs. In doing the same in this opinion, we intend no 

disrespect.

2 Given the deferential standard of review (see pt. II., post) and no 

statement of decision, we recite the facts, especially those where the evidence 

conflicts, in a light most favorable to Robert, as the prevailing party. (In re 

Marriage of Brooks (2019) 33 Cal.App.5th 576, 589.)
3

support for a child of whatever age who is incapacitated from earning a living 

and without sufficient means.”3

In 2014, the family court granted Robert’s request to modify Kathy’s 

spousal support and lowered the monthly amount to $1,700. In addition, the 

court also denied Robert’s request to terminate adult child support for J., 

then almost 33 years old, and set the monthly amount at $2,002. 

In 2018, more than 16 years after the parties separated and more than 

12 years after the parties divorced, Robert filed a request for orders to 

terminate spousal support for Kathy and to modify adult child support for J., 

who was then almost 37 years old (RFO). In support, he submitted a 

memorandum of points and authorities, a declaration, and an income and 

expense declaration. 

With regard to changed circumstances, Robert testified that, in 

February 2018 at a time when he was at least 66 years old, he was “forced 

into retirement” after having been laid off from his employment; and J. had 

become “fully capable of working.” As to the merits of the spousal support 

issue, Robert first emphasized that, at the time of the parties’ divorce in 

2005, “and at all subsequent hearings,” the family court had given Kathy at 

least six “Gavron warnings . . . to become self-supporting.”4 As to the merits 

3 Family Code section 3910, subdivision (a) (section 3910(a)) provides in 

full: “The father and mother have an equal responsibility to maintain, to the 

extent of their ability, a child of whatever age who is incapacitated from 

earning a living and without sufficient means.” (Further undesignated 

statutory references are the Family Code.)

4 Named after the rule announced in In re Marriage of Gavron (1988) 203 

Cal.App.3d 705, a “Gavron warning” requires that, before a spousal support 

order may be terminated or reduced, the supported party must be given fair 

notice of the expectation that the supported party become self-sufficient and a

reasonable opportunity to achieve that goal. (Id. at pp. 711-712.) In 
4

of the adult child support issue, Robert emphasized that, because J. is 

capable of working, she is no longer “incapacitated from earning a living” 

(§ 3910(a)); and because she is able to earn a living, he no longer has the 

section 3910(a) “responsibility to maintain” her. He then argued that, given 

his new monthly income of $4,677 and his ongoing monthly expenses of 

$6,454,5 he could no longer afford to pay spousal support or adult child 

support. 

Kathy opposed the RFO. In her responsive declaration, she set forth 

her reasons for maintaining the current spousal and adult child support and 

requested orders that Robert continue providing health insurance for J.,

reimburse Kathy for half of J.’s uninsured medical expenses, and award 

Kathy reasonable attorney fees. She filed a declaration from counsel in 

support of the attorney fees request and an income and expense declaration. 

At a hearing on September 17, 2018, the court issued the following 

“interim orders” on Robert’s RFO, pending a continued hearing in December 

2018: On a monthly basis, Robert was to pay “Interim Spousal Support” of 

$1,000 and “Interim Child Support” of $1,800; Kathy was to establish a 

special needs trust for J.; and Kathy was to apply for Social Security benefits 

for both herself and J. 

application, where a supported spouse has received a Gavron warning and 

“has unreasonably delayed or refused to seek employment consistent with 

his/her ability,” that factor may be considered in modification proceedings. 

(In re Marriage of Heistermann (1991) 234 Cal.App.3d 1195, 1204.) 

5 At the time Robert filed the RFO, his income and expense declaration 

established monthly income of $1,588 from “Pension/retirement fund 

payments” and $3,089 from “Social security retirement (not SSI)” and 

monthly expenses of $6,454. 
5

In preparation for the continued hearing in December 2018, Kathy filed 

a memorandum of points and authorities and additional declarations from 

her and her attorney. Likewise, Robert filed two declarations, one updating 

his income and expenses and another replying to the facts in Kathy’s recent 

declaration. 

The December 2018 hearing was continued until August 6, 2019, at 

which time the family court presided over a half-day evidentiary hearing. In 

preparation for this hearing, Robert filed an updated income and expense 

declaration.6 

In January 2020, the family court filed findings and an order after the 

hearing on Robert’s RFO (FOAH). 

In the FOAH, the court first found that Robert’s forced retirement 

constituted a material change in circumstances. The court then 

acknowledged that, for purposes of determining whether modification of 

spousal support was justified, “it must consider the criteria set forth in 

Family Code section 4320”;7 and we have no reason to believe this was not 

done. After analyzing some, but not all, of the section 4320 factors, the court 

set spousal support at $0 and terminated jurisdiction to order spousal 

6 By the time of the evidentiary hearing on the RFO almost a year after 

the interim awards, Robert’s current income and expense declaration 

disclosed total monthly income of $4,752 (comprised of $1,500 from 

“Pension/retirement fund payments” and $3,252 from “Social security 

retirement (not SSI)”) and total monthly expenses of $8,677. 

7 Section 4320 provides in part: “In ordering spousal support under this 

part, the court shall consider all of the following circumstances: [¶] (a) The 

extent to which the earning capacity of each party is sufficient to maintain 

the standard of living established during the marriage, taking into account 

all of the following: [¶] . . . [¶] . . . [¶] (n) Any other factors the court 

determines are just and equitable.” 
6

support. In doing so, the court found in part as follows: “[Robert] paid for 

[Kathy’s] education enabling her to find employment as a beauty technician”; 

however, “[s]he has never worked outside the home”; although the parties 

“separated in 2001 and have been divorced since 2005” and Kathy “has 

received approximately six Gavron warnings,” Kathy “chose not to seek 

employment for the last 18 years”; during this time, Kathy “has had ample 

time and the ability to become self-supporting.” The court further found that, 

although Kathy “does need financial support,” she received “approximately 

$200,000” at the time of the dissolution of marriage8 and “spousal support for 

18 years”; and the court concluded that Kathy “failed to manage her finances 

in such a manner to enable her to become self-supporting” (citing In re 

Marriage of McElwee (1988) 197 Cal.App.3d 902, 909-910 [“just as lack of 

diligence in seeking employment may lead to a refusal to award spousal 

support [citation], so too may improvident management of assets, which were 

sufficient to provide self-sufficiency in the accustomed lifestyle, justify 

termination of support and jurisdiction even though such an order may result 

in an alteration in the supported spouse’s lifestyle”]). Finally, consistent with 

the evidence in his income and expense declaration, the court also ruled that 

Robert “does not have the ability to pay spousal support.” 

With regard to adult child support, the family court granted Robert’s 

request and terminated Robert’s then-current obligations to provide 

section 3910(a) support for J. In principal part, the court relied on Robert’s 

testimony that J. was able to earn a living, on the additional evidence that J. 

had been denied Social Security benefits on several occasions, and on the 

8 At the time of the parties’ divorce, Robert paid Kathy the cash 

equivalent of half of his retirement accounts. We do not know whether those 

funds are part of the $200,000 payment.
7

record which lacked any expert evidence that J. was disabled or otherwise 

incapacitated from earning a living. 

Kathy appealed from the FOAH.9

II. DISCUSSION10

On appeal Kathy argues that the family court erred: (1) in imputing to 

Kathy the ability to become self-supporting; (2) in not making specific 

findings as to the standard of living during the parties’ marriage; (3) in 

terminating jurisdiction to order spousal support; and (4) in placing on 

Kathy, the non-moving party, the burden of proving that circumstances had 

not changed for purposes of determining whether adult child support could be 

modified. As we explain, because Kathy has not met her burden of 

establishing reversible error, we will affirm the FOAH.

We review an order modifying spousal support for an abuse of 

discretion. (In re Marriage of T.C. & D.C. (2018) 30 Cal.App.5th 419, 423.) 

9 Robert suggests that this court lacks jurisdiction because Kathy

appealed from the non-appealable August 2019 minute order. (See Schneer v. 

Llaurado (2015) 242 Cal.App.4th 1276, 1283 [where the court directs the 

preparation of a written order, “an appeal may not lie from the minute 

order”].) The argument is frivolous, since Robert was served with both 

(1) this court’s letter that, upon the submission of a formal order, we would 

construe Kathy’s notice of appeal as being from the formal order, and 

(2) Kathy’s submission of a formal order—i.e., the FOAH—10 days later. 

10 Kathy has not provided a reporter’s transcript (or agreed or settled 

statement) from the August 2019 half-day evidentiary hearing. Thus, as 

Kathy acknowledges in her opening brief, for any issue that depends on the 

adequacy of the evidence presented, her “ ‘[f]ailure to provide an adequate 

record . . . requires that the issue be resolved against [her].’ ” (Jameson v. 

Desta (2018) 5 Cal.5th 594, 609 (Jameson), italics added.) That is because 

the appellant has the burden of establishing reversible error on appeal (ibid.), 

and “it is presumed that the unreported . . . testimony would demonstrate the 

absence of error” (Estate of Fain (1999) 75 Cal.App.4th 973, 992 (Fain)).
8

We review an order terminating spousal support for an abuse of discretion. 

(In re Marriage of Pasco (2019) 42 Cal.App.5th 585, 590.) We review an order 

modifying adult child support for an abuse of discretion. (In re Marriage of 

Drake (2015) 241 Cal.App.4th 934, 939 (Drake).) 

“In exercising its discretion the trial court must follow established legal 

principles and base its findings on substantial evidence.” (In re Marriage of 

Schmir (2005) 134 Cal.App.4th 43, 47, fn. omitted [modification of spousal 

support].) Because a “proper exercise of judicial discretion requires the 

exercise of discriminating judgment within the bounds of reason, and an 

absence of arbitrary determination, capricious disposition, or whimsical 

thinking” (In re Marriage of Rosevear (1998) 65 Cal.App.4th 673, 682-683 [set 

aside judgment]), the family court abuses its discretion when, after 

considering all of the circumstances, its decision “ ‘has “exceeded the bounds

of reason” or it can “fairly be said” that no judge would reasonably make the 

same order under the same circumstances’ ” (In re Marriage of Smith (1990) 

225 Cal.App.3d 469, 480 (Smith) [modification of spousal support]).

A. Imputing to Kathy the Ability to Become Self-Supporting

Suggesting that “[t]he normal . . . retirement age here is 66” (citing 

In re Marriage of Shimkus (2016) 244 Cal.App.4th 1262, 1276), Kathy argues 

that the family court erred in imputing to her the ability to be selfsupporting, essentially requiring her to become employed. According to 

Kathy, she is 68 years old and “[n]o one should be compelled to work after 

their normal retirement age” (citing In re Marriage of McLain (2017) 7 

Cal.App.5th 262 (McLain)).11 

11 In passing, Kathy suggests that the FOAH denies her equal protection 

of the law, in that the effect of the FOAH allows 68-year-old Robert to retire 

whereas 68-year-old Kathy must now become employed. Preliminarily, 

neither the evidence from the hearing nor anything in the FOAH requires 
9

Initially, Kathy’s reliance on McLain is misplaced. In McLain, the 

court relied on In re Marriage of Reynolds (1998) 63 Cal.App.4th 1373

(Reynolds), and the issue in both McLain and Reynolds was whether the

supporting spouse can be compelled to work past retirement age in order to 

maintain the same level of spousal support as when the supporting spouse 

was fully employed. (McLain, supra, 7 Cal.App.5th at p. 268, quoting 

Reynolds, at p. 1378 [“ ‘we hold that no one may be compelled to work after 

the usual retirement age of 65 in order to pay the same level of spousal 

support as when he was employed’ ”].) Here, of course, Kathy is the 

supported spouse, and the authorities she cites do not speak to the work 

obligations of the supported spouse.12

Moreover, and determinative of the issue, the FOAH neither 

“imput[es to Kathy] the ability to be self-supporting” nor “requires Kathy

Kathy to work or precludes her from retiring. In any event, Kathy forfeited 

appellate review of this constitutional issue on at least two grounds: 

(1) Kathy did not raise an equal protection argument in the family court 

(In re Marriage of Minkin (2017) 11 Cal.App.5th 939, 958 [“A party typically 

forfeits constitutional issues not raised in earlier civil proceedings”]; In re 

Marriage of Brewster & Clevenger (2020) 45 Cal.App.5th 481, 510 (Brewster 

& Clevenger) [on appeal, “ ‘new arguments may be deemed waived, based on 

common notions of fairness’ ”]); and (2) in a two-sentence explanation of her 

equal protection argument, Kathy presents insufficient legal authorities or 

analyses (In re Marriage of Falcone & Fyke (2008) 164 Cal.App.4th 814, 830 

[“The absence of cogent legal argument or citation to authority allows this 

court to treat the contentions as waived”]; see Cal. Rules of Court, 

rule 8.204(a)(1)(B)). We thus express no opinion on her constitutional 

argument.

12 Thus, to the extent McLain and Reynolds are applicable here, they 

support only a ruling that Robert, as the supporting spouse, cannot be 

compelled to work past normal retirement age. (McLain, supra, 7 

Cal.App.5th at p. 268; Reynolds, supra, 63 Cal.App.4th at p. 1378.)
10

to become employed,” as she tells us. (Some capitalization and bolding 

omitted.) 

In attempting to convince us otherwise, Kathy argues that, “[a]bsent 

support[,] [she] lives on $1,001 per month,” citing the FOAH. However, that 

is not what the FOAH says. The court found only that Kathy “receives

[S]ocial [S]ecurity benefits in the amount of approximately $1001/month.”13 

(Italics added.) In any event, the court made other findings that fully support 

the rulings in the FOAH, regardless whether Kathy believes she must now 

seek employment. For example, despite having “received approximately 

$200,000 and . . . spousal support for 18 years,” Kathy “failed to manage her 

finances in such a manner to enable her to become self-supporting.”14 Also, 

13 Although Kathy’s statement about “liv[ing] on $1,001 per month” may 

be supported by evidence or inferences from evidence in the record, we do not 

consider it here for at least three independent reasons: (1) Kathy has not 

cited us to the evidence on which she might be relying; (2) the issue is not 

whether the record contains evidence in support of findings the losing party 

wishes the court had made, but “ ‘whether there is some evidence that, if 

believed, would support the findings’ ” actually made (In re Marriage of 

Fregoso & Hernandez (2016) 5 Cal.App.5th 698, 703 (Fregoso & Hernandez)); 

and (3) as the losing party, Kathy is not entitled to the benefit of inferences 

from evidence (In re Marriage of Bonds (2000) 24 Cal.4th 1, 35 [“the 

reviewing court should draw all reasonable inferences in favor of the 

judgment below,” reversing the intermediate appellate court decision that 

“incorrectly chose to draw those inferences least in favor of the judgment 

below”]).

14 We are aware of, and sympathetic to, Kathy’s explanation of what she 

characterizes in her appellate briefing as “her financial woes.” In addition,

we have reviewed the detailed evidence she submitted to the family court in 

opposition to the RFO, in which she explains the many causes (mostly out of 

her control) that she attributes to her financial situation. However, we do not 

consider that evidence for purposes of accepting the family court’s finding 

that Kathy mismanaged her finances (or any other finding); we consider only
11

in violation of at least six Gavron warnings (that the court expected her to 

become self-sufficient), Kathy “chose not to seek employment for the last 18 

years”—even though she “had ample time and the ability to become selfsupporting.” (Italics added.) Finally, due to the change in circumstances 

related to his (involuntary) loss of employment, Robert “does not have the 

ability to pay spousal support.” 

B. Findings Regarding the Marital Standard of Living

Kathy argues that the family court erred when, in ruling on Robert’s 

request to modify and terminate spousal support, the court failed to make a 

factual finding as to the marital standard of living.15 In support of her 

argument, Kathy relies on section 4332, which provides in part: “In a 

proceeding for dissolution of marriage . . . of the parties, the court shall make 

specific factual findings with respect to the standard of living during the 

marriage[.]” Here, the FOAH makes no mention of the marital standard of 

living, and on that basis Kathy contends the FOAH must be reversed and the 

matter remanded for a new trial on spousal support. 

However, not all error is reversible error. As we explain, even if we 

assume without deciding that the family court erred, because Kathy has not 

established that she suffered prejudice as a result of the lack of section 4332 

the evidence in support of the finding actually made, and if it is substantial, 

we must accept the finding, regardless whether there is other evidence, even 

weightier evidence, that is contrary to the court’s finding. (Fregoso &

Hernandez, supra, 5 Cal.App.5th at p. 703.)

15 “The marital standard of living is ‘a general description of the station in 

life the parties had achieved by the date of separation,’ rather than a 

‘mathematical standard.’ ” (In re Marriage of Grimes & Mou (2020) 45 

Cal.App.5th 406, 424.) It is not “ ‘the absolute measure of reasonable need,’ ” 

but “ ‘merely a threshold or reference point against which all of the statutory 

factors may be weighed.’ ” (Id. at pp. 424-425.) 
12

findings, she has not met her burden of establishing that the FOAH be 

reversed.

“We begin with the understanding that a procedural error by itself is 

generally insufficient to set aside a judgment or order.” (In re Marriage of 

Kent (2019) 35 Cal.App.5th 487, 496.) That is because “the presumption in 

the California Constitution is that . . . ‘. . . any error as to any matter of 

procedure,’ is subject to harmless error analysis and must have resulted in a 

‘miscarriage of justice’ in order for the judgment to be set aside.” (In re 

Marriage of Goddard (2004) 33 Cal.4th 49, 56 (Goddard); see Cal. Const., 

art. VI, § 13; Code Civ. Proc., § 475.16) In this regard, the burden is on the 

party challenging the order, here Kathy, to “demonstrate the error was

prejudicial, that is, that it is reasonably probable a result more favorable to 

that party would have been reached in the absence of the error.” (In re 

Marriage of Jackson (2006) 136 Cal.App.4th 980, 997 (Jackson).)

Because Kathy does not mention, let alone attempt to establish, 

prejudice, she necessarily failed to demonstrate reversible error. (Goddard, 

supra, 33 Cal.4th at p. 56; Jackson, supra, 136 Cal.App.4th at p. 997.)

In any event, because “the marital standard of living takes on less 

significance with the postseparation passage of time” (Hogoboom & King, Cal. 

16 Article VI, section 13 of the California Constitution provides in part: 

“No judgment shall be set aside . . . for any error as to any matter of 

procedure, unless, after an examination of the entire cause, including the 

evidence, the court shall be of the opinion that the error complained of has 

resulted in a miscarriage of justice.”

Code of Civil Procedure section 475 provides in part: “No judgment . . . 

shall be reversed . . . , unless it shall appear from the record that such error 

. . . was prejudicial, and also that by reason of such error, . . . the said party 

complaining or appealing sustained and suffered substantial injury, and that 

a different result would have been probable if such error . . . had not occurred 

or existed.”
13

Practice Guide: Family Law (The Rutter Group 2020) ¶ 17:156.2, p. 17-66), 

we have no difficulty concluding that the record on appeal establishes a lack 

of prejudice in the family court’s failure to make a finding as to the marital 

standard of living. The parties in this appeal separated in 2001, more than 

18 years prior to the FOAH. During those 18 years, Robert began paying 

Kathy temporary spousal support in 2001; and as of and after the judgment 

in this action, the court ordered permanent spousal support (of $3,000/mo. in 

2005) and twice modified it downward (to $1,700/mo. in 2014 and to 

$1,000/mo. in 2018) without any section 4322 findings regarding the marital 

standard of living. Very simply, if findings regarding the marital standard of 

living were not at issue over the course of 18 years and at least four rulings 

awarding spousal support, Kathy is not prejudiced by the failure to find the 

standard in this fifth ruling. Finally, we find further support for our ruling 

that Kathy suffered no prejudice, because regardless of the marital standard 

of living almost 20 years ago, today Robert “does not have the ability to pay 

spousal support.” 

C. Terminating Jurisdiction to Order Spousal Support

Kathy argues that the family court erred in terminating jurisdiction to 

order spousal support. Emphasizing that the parties here had a long-term 

marriage,17 Kathy relies on the following language from our Supreme Court 

regarding the retention of jurisdiction:

17 Section 4336 provides that, for purposes of retaining jurisdiction to 

order spousal support, “the court retains jurisdiction indefinitely in a 

proceeding for dissolution of marriage . . . where the marriage is of long 

duration,” and “there is a presumption . . . that a marriage of 10 years or 

more, from the date of marriage to the date of separation, is a marriage of 

long duration.” (§ 4336, subds. (a), (b).) That said, subdivision (c) directs that 

nothing in this statute “limits the court’s discretion to terminate spousal 

support in later proceedings on a showing of changed circumstances.”
14

“A trial court should not terminate jurisdiction to extend a

future support order after a lengthy marriage, unless the 

record clearly indicates that the supported spouse will be 

able to adequately meet his or her financial needs at the 

time selected for termination of jurisdiction. . . . If the 

record does not contain evidence of the supported spouse’s 

ability to meet his or her future needs, the court should not 

‘burn its bridges’ and fail to retain jurisdiction.” (In re 

Marriage of Morrison (1978) 20 Cal.3d 437, 453 (Morrison), 

italics added.) 

According to Kathy, because the record does not contain evidence that she, 

the supported spouse, “will be able to adequately meet . . . her financial needs 

at the time selected for termination of jurisdiction” (ibid.), the FOAH must be 

reversed.18 We disagree.

After the statement from Morrison on which Kathy relies, the Supreme 

Court continues, explaining that the above-quoted ruling “will not require a 

trial court to retain jurisdiction in every case involving a lengthy marriage.” 

(Morrison, supra, 20 Cal.3d at p. 453.) To the contrary, the family court 

continues to maintain the discretion to award—as the court did here—“no 

support . . . without a retention of jurisdiction.” (Ibid., italics added.) “Where 

jurisdiction has been retained in the original order, future modification 

hearings may well reveal that the supported spouse . . . has delayed seeking 

employment, or has refused available employment. At that time, the court 

may appropriately consider such factors in deciding whether or not to modify 

its original order.” (Ibid., citing In re Marriage of Rosan (1972) 24 Cal.App.3d

18 Because Kathy did not provide a reporter’s transcript, we normally 

presume that the unreported testimony from the evidentiary hearing 

contains evidence that Kathy is able to meet her financial needs. (Jameson, 

supra, 5 Cal.5th at p. 609; Fain, supra, 75 Cal.App.4th at p. 992.) However, 

since the court expressly found that Kathy “does need financial support,” we 

will not base our decision on the presumption. 
15

885, 896 [in modification proceedings, the family court may consider evidence 

that the supported party “has unreasonably delayed or refused to seek 

employment consistent with his or her ability”].)

Very simply, the general rule disfavoring termination of jurisdiction on 

which Kathy relies (i.e., after a lengthy marriage, a family court should not 

terminate spousal support unless the supported spouse is able to meet his or 

her financial needs) is subject to an exception, in the court’s discretion, where 

the supported spouse has refused to seek employment. (Morrison, supra, 20 

Cal.3d at p. 453.) Here, the court applied this exception after finding that 

Kathy “chose not to seek employment for the last 18 years,” despite the fact 

that “[Robert] paid for [Kathy’s] education enabling her to find employment 

as a beauty technician.” 

D. Burden of Proving Changed Circumstances to Modify Adult 

Child Support

As part of its ruling terminating adult child support for J., the family 

court stated: “Insufficient evidence was presented for the court to find that 

[J.] is a disabled adult child per Family Code section 3910(a).”19 Based on 

this statement, Kathy contends that the court erred in placing the burden on 

her to establish whether J. qualified as “a child . . . who is incapacitated from 

earning a living and without sufficient means” for purposes of section

3910(a). As we explain, we reject this contention, because that is not what 

the family court did. As we explain first, we also reject Kathy’s argument 

that the court’s earlier awards of section 3910(a) support precluded the court 

from revisiting the issue of whether J. currently qualified for support under 

section 3910(a). 

19 Under section 3910(a), the family court considers two factors: “is the 

adult child incapacitated from earning a living”?; and “does the adult child 

have sufficient means”? (Drake, supra, 241 Cal.App.4th at p. 940.)
16

As part of their 2005 marital settlement agreement, which is attached 

to and incorporated into the judgment, the parties agreed (and the court 

ordered) that Robert pay Kathy monthly support of $1,734 for J., “pursuant 

to Family Code § 3910(a)[,] which provides for the payment of support for a 

child of whatever age who is incapacitated from earning a living and without 

sufficient means.” In 2014, the court denied Robert’s request to terminate 

section 3910(a) support for J. From these two rulings, Kathy argues that the 

family court erred in terminating support, because “the issue [whether J. is 

an adult dependent child for purposes of section 3910(a)] is ‘res judicata.’ ” 

Once again, however, for at least two reasons, Kathy has forfeited appellate 

review of this res judicata argument: (1) Kathy did not raise this argument 

in the family court (Brewster & Clevenger, supra, 45 Cal.App.5th at p. 510; 

and (2) the above-quoted statement is Kathy’s entire presentation—i.e., one 

without legal authorities or analyses (Falcone & Fyke, supra, 164 

Cal.App.4th at p. 830; see Cal. Rules of Court, rule 8.204(a)(1)(B)).

Even if we were to consider the argument, however, the result would be 

no different. That is because “[t]he court retains the power to modify its 

award [of adult child support] if circumstances change.” (Rebensdorf v. 

Rebensdorf (1985) 169 Cal.App.3d 138, 143 [under statutory scheme prior to 

§ 3910(a)].) This is not a new concept. (See Paxton v. Paxton (1907) 150 Cal. 

667, 672 [under statutory scheme prior to § 3910(a), “changed conditions in 

the future should justly demand a modification”].) Indeed, the doctrine of 

res judicata is the reason for requiring a showing of changed circumstances 

before modifying a final support order. (In re Marriage of Cohen (2016) 3 

Cal.App.5th 1014, 1025 [child support].) That is because without a change of 

circumstances, a modification motion would be “ ‘ “ ‘ “nothing more than an 
17

impermissible collateral attack on a prior final order.” ’ ” ’ ” (In re Marriage of 

Usher (2016) 6 Cal.App.5th 347, 357 [child support].)

Initially, with regard to the change of circumstances, we reject Kathy’s

argument that a reversal is necessary, because “there has been no evidence to 

show that there was a change in circumstances concerning the dependency of 

the adult child.” (Italics added.) As Kathy acknowledges, because she did not 

provide a reporter’s transcript, we must presume that the unreported 

proceedings contain substantial evidence to support all findings expressly or 

impliedly made. (Jameson, supra, 5 Cal.5th at p. 609; Fain, supra, 75 

Cal.App.4th at p. 992.)

In any event, Kathy concedes: “It is not contested that there has been a

‘change in circumstances’ as Robert has retired.” In addition, and not 

acknowledged by Kathy, is the following testimony from Robert: “[J.] is 

capable of working and has done so throughout the years. She is capable of 

taking care of herself. . . . She is . . . being treated for her schizophrenia and 

bi-polar [disorder]. These do not preclude her from working and being selfsupporting.” Together, this constitutes substantial evidence of both a 

material change in circumstances and a basis on which to conclude that J. 

was no longer “incapacitated from earning a living” for purposes of awarding 

adult child support. 

Kathy suggests that, because the FOAH provides that “ ‘[i]nsufficient 

evidence was presented for the court to find that [J.] is a disabled adult child 

per Family Code section 3910(a),’ ” the court (improperly) placed the burden 

on Kathy to prove no change in circumstances. We disagree. In the FOAH, 

the court identified the issue as “[Robert’s request] to find [J.] is not disabled 

pursuant to Family Code section 3910(a)”; and from the evidence set forth in 

the preceding paragraph and the presumptions from the unreported 
18

proceedings, the record contains substantial evidence in support of Robert’s 

request. There is no indication that the court placed any burden on Kathy

other than providing responsive evidence to rebut Robert’s prima facie 

showing that J. was no longer disabled for purposes of section 3910(a). In 

context, the court’s statement is easily understood to mean that, in 

attempting to meet her burden in response to Robert’s showing that J. no 

longer qualifies for section 3910(a) support, Kathy did not persuade the court

to the contrary.

III. DISPOSITION

The January 27, 2020 findings and order after hearing is affirmed. 

Robert is entitled to his costs on appeal. (Cal. Rules of Court, 

rule 8.278(a)(2).)

IRION, J.

WE CONCUR:

McCONNELL, P. J.

BENKE, J.