NOT PRECEDENTIAL

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE THIRD CIRCUIT

____________

No. 16-3866

____________

ANA RUTH DUENAS-DECERRITOS; 

KEYSI DAYANA CERRITOS-DUENAS;

 Petitioners

v.

ATTORNEY GENERAL OF THE

UNITED STATES OF AMERICA,

 Respondent

____________

On Petition for Review from an

Order of the Board of Immigration Appeals

(Board Nos. A206-730-262 & A206-730-263)

Immigration Judge: Leo A. Finston

____________

Submitted Pursuant to Third Circuit LAR 34.1(a)

December 12, 2017

Before: RESTREPO, GREENBERG and FISHER, Circuit Judges.

(Filed: March 9, 2018)

____________

OPINION*

____________

 * This disposition is not an opinion of the full Court and pursuant to I.O.P. 5.7 

does not constitute binding precedent.
2

FISHER, Circuit Judge.

Petitioner Ana Ruth Duenas de Cerritos and her minor daughter, Keysi Dayana 

Cerritos Duenas, seek review of a final decision issued by the Board of Immigration 

Appeals (BIA). The BIA upheld the Immigration Judge’s denial of Petitioner’s 

application for asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the United Nations 

Convention Against Torture (CAT). We will deny the petition. 

I.

Petitioner and her daughter are natives and citizens of El Salvador. They entered 

the United States, without inspection, in May of 2014 (supposedly to join Petitioner’s 

husband who had been in the United States, without legal status, for several years). The 

Department of Homeland Security commenced removal proceedings, charging Petitioner 

and her daughter with inadmissibility under 8 U.S.C. § 1182(a)(6)(A)(i). After admitting

all factual allegations and conceding removability, Petitioner filed an application for 

asylum, withholding of removal, and protection under the CAT.

Prior to her hearing, Petitioner submitted a signed, written declaration in which 

she explained that she was afraid to return to El Salvador because she had been 

“threatened by [the Mara 18 gang] and specifically by an individual named Giovanni who 

associated . . . with the Maras.”1 According to the declaration, Giovanni used to transport 

Petitioner to town to purchase groceries. But after Giovanni made several unwanted 

 1 Administrative Record (A.R.) 277.
3

sexual advances and harassing phone calls to Petitioner, she discarded and replaced her 

phone’s chip—thereby changing her phone number. Giovanni then threatened Petitioner 

and her daughter, stating that he would kill them if she contacted the police. Shortly after 

this incident, Petitioner started receiving extortionate phone calls, supposedly from the

Maras, demanding $3,000 in exchange for her safety. She believed the extortionate calls 

were linked to Giovanni because “he told [Petitioner] that he had connections with the 

Maras.”2 After several calls from the Maras, she escaped to her sister’s village, and later

entered the United States. 

At Petitioner’s hearing before the Immigration Judge (IJ), however, her testimony 

deviated from her written declaration in several respects. Some inconsistencies were 

minor, such as dates that did not match those in her declaration or in a police report she 

submitted to Salvadoran authorities. Other discrepancies were more significant and 

related to key facts. For example, although Petitioner wrote that Giovanni phoned her 

repeatedly and that she discarded the chip in her phone as a result, she testified before the 

IJ that Giovanni never phoned her and that she instead discarded the phone chip due to 

the extortionate phone calls by the Maras. Additionally, in contrast to her written 

testimony, Petitioner testified before the IJ that Giovanni never transported her to town. 

The IJ repeatedly provided Petitioner opportunities to explain the discrepancies, noting 

that “the controlling case law requires [him] to give [Petitioner] an opportunity to explain 

 2 A.R. 277. 
4

these types of discrepancies.”3 Petitioner, however, failed to provide any meaningful 

explanation; in several instances, she merely stated she was confused or nervous and 

failed to provide additional explanation.

Ultimately, the IJ determined that Petitioner was not a credible witness “due to the 

numerous inconsistencies and omissions contained in her testimony and between her 

testimony and the written record.”4 According to the IJ, Petitioner “had no explanation 

for why her testimony changed or why it differed from the written record in the first 

place.”5 In addition to the adverse credibility determination, the IJ found that Petitioner’s 

case was not adequately corroborated. Specifically, although numerous letters and 

affidavits were submitted in support of Petitioner, the letters were “vague,” they failed to 

“discuss the specific details of [Petitioner’s] alleged problems in El Salvador,” and they 

“lack[ed] any foundation.”6 Accordingly, the IJ determined these letters had “basically no 

probative value whatsoever.”7 Moreover, the IJ highlighted that Petitioner’s sister, who 

was “the one witness who might corroborate [Petitioner’s] story” (because she took 

Petitioner in during the period of the alleged threats),8 did not submit a letter. The IJ 

considered this, too, in concluding that Petitioner’s claim was not adequately 

corroborated. 

 3 A.R. 183.

4 A.R. 77.

5 A.R. 78.

6 A.R. 78.

7 A.R. 78.

8 A.R. 79.
5

The IJ further determined that “[e]ven if the Court believed [Petitioner’s] 

testimony,” her proposed particular social group—“female targets of sexual assault who 

have a family member in the United States and are perceived as having wealth”—was not 

cognizable because it was not a “distinct social group,” and because it lacked 

“particularity in that the group is shifting and amorphous.”9 Lastly, the IJ determined that 

the CAT claim was meritless because there was “no indication at all that a public official 

or person acting in an official capacity has the specific intent for the respondent to be 

tortured.”10

Petitioner appealed to the BIA, which agreed with the IJ’s reasoning and upheld 

the decision. Regarding the adverse credibility determination, the BIA noted the various 

discrepancies in the record—including date discrepancies, conflicting testimony 

regarding Giovanni, and conflicting testimony regarding the phone calls and the 

discarding of the phone chip. Accordingly, the BIA upheld the credibility determination 

because it was “based upon discrepancies present in the record.”11 Moreover, the BIA 

agreed with the IJ that the proposed particular social group was not cognizable because it 

lacked “particularity and social distinction” and was “circularly defined.”12 Lastly, the 

BIA upheld the IJ’s determination regarding Petitioner’s CAT claim. Petitioner filed a 

timely petition for review in this Court. 

 9 A.R. 79. 

10 A.R. 80.

11 A.R. 3. 

12 A.R. 4. 
6

II.

The BIA had appellate jurisdiction over the IJ’s decision, and we have jurisdiction 

to review the BIA’s final order.13 “When the BIA issues its own opinion, we generally 

review that decision as the final agency decision.”14 “Here, however, the BIA’s opinion 

‘invokes specific aspects of the IJ's analysis and fact-finding in support of [its] 

conclusions,’ and so we are obliged to review both the decisions of the IJ and the BIA.”15

“We exercise de novo review over constitutional claims or questions of law and the 

application of law to facts.”16 We review findings of fact, in comparison, under the 

deferential “substantial evidence” standard, under which such findings are “conclusive 

unless any reasonable adjudicator would be compelled to conclude to the contrary.”17

III.

Petitioner argues that: (A) the BIA erred in upholding the IJ’s adverse credibility 

determination; (B) the IJ violated her due process rights by failing to act as an 

independent arbiter; and (C) the BIA erred in upholding the IJ’s rejection of her proposed 

particular social group. We address these arguments in turn. 

A.

 13 8 C.F.R. § 1003.1(b)(3); 8 U.S.C. § 1252(a)(1).

14 Green v. Att’y Gen., 694 F.3d 503, 506 (3d Cir. 2012) (citing Sarango v. Att’y 

Gen., 651 F.3d 380, 383 (3d Cir. 2011)).

15 Id. (alteration in original) (quoting Voci v. Gonzales, 409 F.3d 607, 613 (3d Cir. 

2005)).

16 Garcia v. Att’y Gen., 665 F.3d 496, 502 (3d Cir. 2011) (quoting Yusupov v. Att’y 

Gen., 518 F.3d 185, 197 (3d Cir. 2008)), as amended (Jan. 13, 2012). 17 Id. (quoting 8 U.S.C. § 1252(b)(4)(B)).
7

Petitioner first argues that the BIA erred in upholding the IJ’s adverse credibility 

determination, suggesting that the determination was “not based on specific, cogent 

reasons, but [was] instead based upon speculation and conjecture.”18 “Adverse credibility 

determinations are factual findings” that we review under the deferential substantial 

evidence standard.19 Because the adverse credibility determinations here were properly

“based on inconsistent statements, contradictory evidence, and inherently improbable 

testimony,”20 Petitioner’s argument fails. 

If the minor date discrepancies were the only discrepancies at issue, the IJ’s 

adverse credibility determination might have been in error. However, the IJ also relied on 

the more significant discrepancies discussed above: whether Giovanni phoned Petitioner

repeatedly and she discarded the chip in her phone as a result, or whether Giovanni never 

phoned her she and she instead discarded the phone chip due to extortionate phone calls 

by the Maras—and whether Giovanni ever transported her into town to buy groceries.

Petitioner further argues that the adverse credibility determination was unfair 

because, inter alia, she has little schooling and the “IJ engaged in leading and confusing 

questioning.”21 To the extent that the IJ engaged in limited leading questioning, the 

record does not reflect that such questioning precipitated Petitioner’s contradictory 

 18 Pet’r Br. 10. 

19 Zheng v. Gonzales, 417 F.3d 379, 381 (3d Cir. 2005)). 

20 Ordonez–Tevalan v. Att’y Gen., 837 F.3d 331, 341 (3d Cir. 2016) (quoting 

Toure v. Att’y Gen., 443 F.3d 310, 325 (3d Cir. 2006)). 

21 Pet’r Br. 11.
8

testimony. Rather, the IJ’s questioning was in response to Petitioner’s contradictory 

testimony and directed towards clarifying the record. Indeed, the IJ repeatedly afforded 

Petitioner opportunities to explain the discrepancies, once even allowing her to restart a 

line of testimony due to an apparent contradiction. Ultimately, this is not a case where an 

“adverse credibility determination was . . . based . . . upon speculation and conjecture,”22

but rather on substantial evidence in the record. Accordingly, Petitioner’s claim fails. 

B.

Petitioner now argues that the IJ violated her due process rights “by abdicating his 

duty to act as an independent arbiter by interjecting himself into the proceedings by 

becoming an advocate against the Petitioner.”23 “Aliens are ‘entitled to a full and fair 

hearing of [their] claims and a reasonable opportunity to present evidence,’”24 and we 

exercise de novo review over such allegations.25 To prevail on a due process claim like 

the one Petitioner advances here, an alien must show “substantial prejudice.”26

At the outset, we note that the record reflects scant evidence of prejudice, let alone 

substantial prejudice. Even assuming that Petitioner’s argument had merit, however, such 

a claim “remains subject to administrative exhaustion requirements [in 8 U.S.C. § 

 22 Sukwanputra v. Gonzales, 434 F.3d 627, 637 (3d Cir. 2006) (internal citation 

omitted) (remanding for reconsideration of credibility determination when adverse 

credibility determination was based on “speculation and conjecture”). 

23 Pet’r Br. 17. 

24 Singh, 432 F.3d at 541 (alteration in original) (quoting Chong, 264 F.3d at 386). 25 Abdulrahman v. Ashcroft, 330 F.3d 587, 595–96 (3d Cir. 2003). 

26 Singh, 432 F.3d at 541 (citing Bonhometre v. Gonzales, 414 F.3d 442, 448 (3d 

Cir. 2005)). 
9

1252(d)(1)] mandating that the issue be raised before the board.”27 Here, Petitioner never 

raised her due process claim before the BIA. Accordingly, her failure to exhaust this 

claim before the agency “deprives us of jurisdiction to consider” it.28

C.

Petitioner’s remaining argument is that the BIA erred in “upholding the IJ's 

finding that . . . Petitioner’s proposed social group lacked particularity and social 

distinction and that she failed to establish a nexus to said ground.”29 As explained supra, 

however, 8 U.S.C. § 1252(d)(1) requires administrative exhaustion.30 A particular social 

group definition, like any other argument, should first be raised before the BIA. On 

appeal, however, Petitioner advances a new particular social group definition that she did 

not raise before the agency; therefore, we lack jurisdiction to consider it.31

Before the IJ, Petitioner alleged membership in a particular social group defined as 

“someone who has been targeted for sexual assault who ha[s] close family members in 

 27 Abdulrahman, 330 F.3d at 595 n.5; see also Castro v. Att’y Gen., 671 F.3d 356, 

365 (3d Cir. 2012) (“A petitioner’s failure to exhaust an issue by presenting it to the BIA 

deprives us of jurisdiction to consider that issue.”); Bonhometre, 414 F.3d at 448 

(concluding that petitioner’s failure to argue his due process claim before the BIA was 

“fatal to our jurisdiction over [his] petition”).

28 See Castro, 671 F.3d at 365. 29 Pet’r Br. 20.

30 See Castro, 671 F.3d at 365.

31 See Ramirez v. Att’y Gen., 603 F. App’x 108, 113 (3d Cir. 2015) (citing Lin v. 

Att’y Gen., 543 F.3d 114, 120–21 (3d Cir. 2008)) (court lacked jurisdiction to consider 

particular social group not presented “during the immigration proceedings or on appeal to 

the BIA”); see also Hernandez-De La Cruz v. Lynch, 819 F.3d 784, 786 (5th Cir. 2016)

(same); Kanagu v. Holder, 781 F.3d 912, 917 (8th Cir. 2015) (same). 
10

the United States,” and is “perceived to have wealth.”32 Before the BIA, she properly 

raised the same particular social group: “female targets of sexual assault that have a 

family member in the United States and are perceived as having wealth.”33 Before this 

Court, however, she advances a new theory: “that [she is] a family member to her 

husband who resides in the United States.”34 Petitioner seemingly argues that we should 

overlook the exhaustion requirement here because “[f]ormations and enunciations of a 

particular social group is at best an intellectual exercise and at worse an exercise in 

futility.”35 But Petitioner perhaps overlooks that we do not apply the exhaustion 

requirement in “draconian fashion.”36 Rather, we implement a “liberal exhaustion 

policy,”37 and “so long as an immigration petitioner makes some effort, however 

insufficient, to place the Board on notice of a straightforward issue being raised on 

appeal, a petitioner is deemed to have exhausted her administrative remedies.”38 Here, 

Petitioner has failed to make such any such effort. Accordingly, Petitioner’s failure to 

present some version of this new theory before the agency “deprives us of jurisdiction to 

consider” it.39

 32 A.R. 187. 

33 A.R. 3. 

34 Pet’r Br. 24.

35 Pet’r Br. 24.

36 Lin, 543 F.3d at 121. 37 Joseph v. Attorney Gen. of U.S., 465 F.3d 123, 126 (3d Cir. 2006), as amended

(Nov. 27, 2006). 38 Lin, 543 F.3d at 121 (quoting Joseph, 465 F.3d at 126).

39 Castro, 671 F.3d at 365.
11

IV.

For the reasons set forth above, we will deny the petition.