July 12, 2010 1 

# Review of European Small Boiler Regulation and Technology

Louis Fontaine Department of Environmental Protection

Augusta ME 04333 (207) 287- 7010 louis.fontaine@maine.govJuly 12, 2010 2



# Overview
 

## European Test Method  

## Emissions & Efficiency Standards  

## Impact on European Boiler Emissions  

## Maine View Of European Emission TestJuly 12, 2010 3 

# EU Standard EN 303 - 5
 

## Adopted 1999  

## Solid Fuel Boilers Up to 300 kW ( 1 MMBtu)  

## Applies to fossil and biogenic fuels

 

### Coal, logs, pellet, chips, etc  

## Automatic and hand stoked  

## Construction Standards, Test Method and Emission & Efficiency StandardJuly 12, 2010 4 

# EN 303 - 5 Test Method
 

## Two Firing Rates  

## Nominal and 30% load  

### 50% load allowed for hand stoked models  

## Logwood Fuel  

## Can be Soft Wood or Hard Wood  

## “Net (lower) calorific value (water-free)”  

### Hardwood – 18,000 kJ/kgJuly 12, 2010 5 

# EN 303 - 5 Test Method
 

## Parameters Measured  

### CO 2 

### or O 2  

### CO  

### Organic Carbon (“OGC”)  

### “Dust” (Particulates)  

### NOx  

## Efficiency  

### Ratio of delivered useful heat output to heat inputJuly 12, 2010 6 

# EN 303 - 5 Test Method
 

## Measurement Type  

## All parameters are monitored continuously  

## ECXEPT  

## “Dust”  

## Minimum of 4 individual 30 - minute samplesJuly 12, 2010 7 

# EN 303 - 5 Test Report Example

“Dust” “NOx” “OGC”
Method requires the test at nominal load to include 2 loadings. Note peak in emission at second loading.July 12, 2010 8 

# EN 303 - 5 Test Method
 

## Passing Grade Varies by:  

## Boiler “Class”: 1, 2 or 3  

### 1 = dirtiest; 3 = cleanest  

## Boiler Size  

## Fuel: Biogenic v. Fossil  

## Stoking: Manual v. AutomaticJuly 12, 2010 9



# Swedish Boiler Study Pa rticulate Emissions d Old -type water-cooled boiler with up-draught combustion 

## 87 – 2200 mg/MJ Modern ceramic wood boiler with down -draught combustion 

## 18 - 89 mg/MJ

d. “Emission characteristics of modern and old -type residential boilers fired with wood logs and wood pellets” , L.S. Johansson et al. / Atmospheric Environment 38 (2004) 4183–4195July 12, 2010 10 

# Result of Strict Regulations and Incentives in Austria

AFB- net Newsletter

, September

, 1998, www.etsu.com/Europ/AFB/contents.htmJuly 12, 2010 11 

# Result of Strict Regulations and Incentives in Austria

AFB- net Newsletter

, September

, 1998, www.etsu.com/Europ/AFB/contents.htmJuly 12, 2010 12 

# EU Boiler Standards are Getting Stricter

European Wood Heating Survey, NYSERDA, April 2010July 12, 2010 13 

# Accepting European Emission Test Data for Maine Outdoor Wood Boiler RegulationJuly 12, 2010 14 

# Goal of Regulating and Testing
 

## Prevent installation of new high polluting OWB  

## Provide “Truth in Advertising”  

## Keep Manufacturers Honest  

## Consumer Information  

## Help consumer select most efficient boiler.July 12, 2010 15



# EPA vs EU Tests
 

### EPA  Fuel is oak crib
 4 boiler burn rates  PM includes condensable PM  No CO  No VOCs  English Units  Higher Heat Value of Fuel  Final results proportioned  

### EU  Fuel is various cord wood species  2 boiler burn rates  Condensable PM not included  Emphasizes CO  VOCs measured  Metric Units  Lower Heat Value of Fuel  Results not proportionedJuly 12, 2010 16 

# Adjusting EU Test Results
 

## Convert Fuel Lower Heat Value to Higher Heat Value  

## Results is lower efficiency reported  

## Convert units to English and heat output  

## Proportion low and high load PM emissions for overall emission rate  

## 90% low load / 10% high loadJuly 12, 2010 17 

# Results: Maine Energy Systems Pellematic PE 32 Pa ra meter EU US Size 32kW 0.11 MMBtu 

## Ef ficiency 91% 79% 

## High Load PM 8 mg/MJ 0.020 lb/MMBtu 

## Low Load PM 23 mg/MJ 0.059 lb/MMBtu 

## VOC 1 mg/MJ NA 

## We ighted A

ve ra ge PM + VOC NA 0.057 lb/MMBtuJuly 12, 2010 18



# CAUTION

 

## European Test for Log Boiler analyzes PM only at High Heat Load  

## Solution: Require EU log boilers to have heat storage  

## Nothing is Simple  

### Conditions attached to approval  

### US boiler safety requirements must be maintained  

### Require test acceptable to EPA within 2 years