Marine Invasive Species and ShippingMarine Invasive Species and ShippingWhitman Miller, Gregory Ruiz, *Ian DavidsonWhitman Miller, Gregory Ruiz, *Ian DavidsonSmithsonian Environmental Research CenterSmithsonian Environmental Research Centerand *Portland State Universityand *Portland State UniversityNational Paint and Coatings International Marine and OffshoreNational Paint and Coatings International Marine and OffshoreCoatings Conference (June 20, 2007)Coatings Conference (June 20, 2007)SERCMarine Invasions ResearchMarine Invasions ResearchLaboratoryLaboratoryInvasionEcology andPatternsTransferMechanisms& PathwaysNationalBallast Info.ClearinghouseDefinitionsDefinitionsNon-Native = NonNative = Non-Indigenous = ExoticIndigenous = Exotic= Introduced = Alien = Invader= Introduced = Alien = InvaderDefinitionsDefinitionsNon-Native = NonNative = Non-Indigenous = ExoticIndigenous = Exotic= Introduced = Alien = Invader= Introduced = Alien = Invader“InvasiveInvasive”describes the rate and extent ofdescribes the rate and extent ofinvasioninvasion–so not all invaders are invasive!so not all invaders are invasive!DefinitionsDefinitionsNon-Native = NonNative = Non-Indigenous = ExoticIndigenous = Exotic= Introduced = Alien = Invader= Introduced = Alien = Invader“InvasiveInvasive”describes the rate and extent ofdescribes the rate and extent ofinvasioninvasion–so not all invaders are invasive!so not all invaders are invasive!Vector = Pathway: The mechanism by whichVector = Pathway: The mechanism by whichNon-native species are introduced to newnative species are introduced to newhabitats.habitats.WEST NILE VIRUSSPREADS ACROSS NATIONINVASION SEQUENCE:Establishment(Invasion)EntrainmentArrival / ReleaseColonizationReproductionGeographic Spread (Invasive)Species PoolTransferHigh Impact (Nuisance / Pest)History of commercial oyster landings in Chesapeake Bay020000400006000080000100000120000 1875 1880 1885 1890 1895 1900 1905 1910 1915 1920 1925 1930 1935 1940 1945 1950 1955 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000Year

Landings (in millions of pounds)Virginia landingsMaryland landingsDermo found inChesapeake BayMSX found inChesapeake BayEarly harvestingProvided by: National Research CouncilMSX CONTRIBUTES TO OYSTERFISHERY COLLAPSEMnemiopsis leidyi –ctenophore (comb jelly)Introduced to the Black Sea in 1980sEffects of Invasive SpeciesEffects of Invasive SpeciesInvasions by nonindigenous species (NIS)Invasions by nonindigenous species (NIS)are a major force of global change, resultingare a major force of global change, resultingin significant ecological, economic, andin significant ecological, economic, andhuman health impactshuman health impactsEffects of Invasive SpeciesEffects of Invasive SpeciesInvasions by nonindigenous species (NIS)Invasions by nonindigenous species (NIS)are a major force of global change, resultingare a major force of global change, resultingin significant ecological, economic, andin significant ecological, economic, andhuman health impactshuman health impactsEconomic cost in U.S. of aquatic invasionsEconomic cost in U.S. of aquatic invasions>$10 billion$10 billion/ year (Pimentel 2003)/ year (Pimentel 2003)Effects of Invasive SpeciesEffects of Invasive SpeciesInvasions by nonindigenous species (NIS)Invasions by nonindigenous species (NIS)are a major force of global change, resultingare a major force of global change, resultingin significant ecological, economic, andin significant ecological, economic, andhuman health impactshuman health impactsEconomic cost in U.S. of aquatic invasionsEconomic cost in U.S. of aquatic invasions>$10 billion$10 billion/ year (Pimentel 2003)/ year (Pimentel 2003)Transfers of NIS by human activities haveTransfers of NIS by human activities haveincreased dramatically over the past centuryincreased dramatically over the past centuryand continue to do soand continue to do soCoastal Invasions of the United StatesTime (years) since 17900 30 60 90 120 150 180

Number of Invasions020406080100West CoastGulf CoastEast Coast0 30 60 90 120CrustaceaMolluscaAnnelidaInsectaUrochordataCnidariaBryozoaOtherProtozoaNumber of SpeciesNon-native invertebrate taxa reported in coastal watersof continental U.S. (n=326)Possible vector for coastal NIS introducedPossible vector for coastal NIS introducedto North America by shipping (n=171)to North America by shipping (n=171)0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140FoulingBallast WaterCargoDry BallastNumber of SpeciesEuropean Green Crab –Carcinus maenas181719891900early 1980’searly 1980’sGREEN CRABS IMPACT SHELLFISH &COASTAL COMMUNITIESChinese Mitten Crab (Eriocheir sinensis)Chesapeake and Delaware Bays (2006 & 2007)Rate of coastal invasions detected inRate of coastal invasions detected inNorth America according to vectorNorth America according to vectorTime (years) since 17900 30 60 90 120 150 180

Number of Invasions020406080100FisheriesShipping~110,000 Arrivals to US Ports and Places Annually(Overseas + Domestic)Modes of Introduction viaModes of Introduction viathe Shipping Vectorthe Shipping VectorBallast Water:Ballast Water:water that is pumped or gravitated into BWwater that is pumped or gravitated into BWtanks or holds to stabilize ship for proper trimtanks or holds to stabilize ship for proper trimand stabilityand stabilityModes of Introduction viaModes of Introduction viathe Shipping Vectorthe Shipping VectorBallast Water:Ballast Water:water that is pumped or gravitated into BWwater that is pumped or gravitated into BWtanks or holds to stabilize ship for proper trimtanks or holds to stabilize ship for proper trimand stability.and stability.Hull FoulingHull FoulingdensityCommercial and obsolete vessel hull foulingVector ecologyspecies poolentrainmentarrival / releasemagnitudefrequencydurationdiversitysource regionsrecipient regionstransfernumberRuiz & Carlton (2003)variability of transferscolonizationreproductionestablishmentspreadLast Ports of Call to US Ports and PlacesLast Ports of Call to US Ports and Places(Jan 2004(Jan 2004–Dec 2005Dec 2005)Overseas Ship Arrivals (Jan 2004 – Dec 2005)IUCN Marine BioregionsSERC BallastWater EcologyProgram:Over 400 vesselsboarded to date:• Biological Sampling• BW ExchangeExperimentsEmpty/RefillFlow-Through300%100%Mid-ocean ballast water exchangeocean ballast water exchangeHull Fouling• ImportantHistoricallyImportant Today:• bigger ships• travel farther, faster• TBT phase outHull FoulingDifferential FoulingFactors Likely to Affect BiofoulingAccumulationharbor residence timeharbor residence timevessel speedvessel speedvoyage durationvoyage durationsurface area & complexitysurface area & complexityvoyage routes & geographyvoyage routes & geographyenvironmental factors (salinity, temperature)environmental factors (salinity, temperature)seasonhull husbandry schedulehull husbandry scheduleantifouling regimeantifouling regimeCommercial and obsolete vessel hull foulingSource regionsobsolete shipsSuisun Bay, CaliforniaJames River, VirginiaBeaumont, TexasCommercial and obsolete vessel hull foulingDensity & Diversity1722222222690 20 40 60 80 100rudderstern tubepropellerhulldock blocksintakesbow thruster33233330 20 40 60 80 100commercial shipsobsolete shipsnnFrequency of occurrence (percentage of ships)underwater vessel locations and biofouling occurrenceCommercial and obsolete vessel hull foulingDensity & Diversity

commercial ships dry dock ships obsolete shipsn = 21n = 10n = 3

range of biofouling percent cover100806040200Extent of biofouling on shipsEstimating Total Wetted Surface AreaEstimating Total Wetted Surface Areafrom NRTfrom NRTWSA is a function of:WSA is a function of:LengthBeamDraftVessel Class BlockingVessel Class BlockingCoefficientCoefficient1.WSA Calculated for 6WSA Calculated for 6-10,000 Lloyd10,000 Lloyd’s Reg.Entries/ClassEntries/Class2.Regression:Regression:(NRT x WSA)(NRT x WSA)3.r2= 0.70-0.934.MARAD Arrivals BinnedMARAD Arrivals Binnedby Vessel Class and NRTby Vessel Class and NRT5.WSA = 

# ƒ(NRT)6.Divide WSA into BioregionDivide WSA into BioregionCrossers and NonCrossers and Non-CrossersCrossersWetted Surface Area [x 10Wetted Surface Area [x 106m2] arriving to U.S.] arriving to U.S.Bioregions from other Global RegionsBioregions from other Global RegionsAF AO AS AU EU EU-AS HS IO NA PO SA TotalCAR-I5.88 0.19 8.82 0.38 12.08 0.78 4.69 0.00 94.25 0.06 20.95148.08CAR-IV1.15 0.00 3.06 0.02 1.92 0.08 0.01 0.02 28.56 0.02 4.1539.00CAR-VII0.28 0.02 4.00 0.06 3.69 0.16 0.04 0.06 17.92 0.03 3.0029.26GL-I0.01 0.00 0.02 0.04 0.14 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.00 0.030.25GL-II0.08 0.00 0.04 0.01 0.41 0.02 0.00 0.00 0.04 0.00 0.020.62GL-III0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.000.02NA-ET20.13 0.03 0.03 0.03 2.14 0.01 0.01 0.00 0.56 0.00 0.973.90NA-ET35.39 1.28 3.18 0.33 17.87 0.59 0.07 0.00 10.14 0.01 9.4248.27NEP-II0.00 0.00 1.16 0.00 0.03 0.02 0.18 0.00 0.07 0.03 0.081.58NEP-III0.01 0.00 8.47 0.34 0.01 0.04 0.00 0.00 0.26 0.08 0.169.38NEP-IV0.01 0.00 5.69 0.24 0.03 0.01 0.00 0.00 0.50 0.01 0.186.67NEP-V0.05 0.02 2.81 0.23 0.10 0.02 0.37 0.00 1.65 0.54 0.756.54NEP-VI0.03 0.00 22.05 0.34 0.31 0.01 0.22 0.00 13.29 0.35 1.9938.59SP-XXI0.00 0.00 1.68 0.16 0.00 0.00 0.14 0.02 0.97 0.29 0.023.29Total 13.02 1.54 61.02 2.18 38.75 1.75 5.72 0.10 168.22 1.41 41.72 335.44Wetted Surface Area [mWetted Surface Area [m2]Domestic Arrivals (MARAD 1999Domestic Arrivals (MARAD 1999-2001)020,000,00040,000,00060,000,00080,000,000100,000,000120,000,000140,000,000Yr 1 Yr 2

WSA [m2]Bioregion CrossersNon-Crossers200 PVC panels and 20wood blocks are deployedper embaymentPVC and wood panels samplespecies that settle on hardsurfaces or bore into woodenstructuresOctober 2004-KJLSERC National Fouling SurveySERC National Fouling SurveyConducting the Survey: MethodsConducting the Survey: MethodsPanels are hung off fixed structures,1m below mean low tide mark andretrieved after 3 monthsPerna viridisandStyelaplicata3-month:Core sitesField Survey sitesFuture sitesDutch HarborKodiakSitkaKetchikanPuget SoundCoos BayHumboldt BaySan Francisco BayLong BeachSan DiegoCorpus ChristiGalvestonPensacolaTampaBayMiamiJacksonvilleCharlestonChesapeake BayNarragansett BayPortsmouthPrince William SoundValdezKachemak BayNewfoundlandCore SitesSurvey SitesFuture Sites0246810121416SD LB SF HB OR WA KT ST PW AK KD DH NH RI CB CH JX BB TB PB GB CCPAC AK ATL GULF

Number of NISNIS from Literature OnlyNIS From SERC SurveysFouling Survey ResultsFouling Survey ResultsSummary: Hull FoulingSummary: Hull FoulingCommercial shipping provides at least 2Commercial shipping provides at least 2important modes of introduction for marineimportant modes of introduction for marineorganisms:organisms:ballasted materialsballasted materialsandhull fouling.hull fouling.Relative importance of these modes is notRelative importance of these modes is notresolved.resolved.~800 million m~800 million m2of interof inter-bioregional hull areabioregional hull areaarrives into U.S. bioregions per year (i.e., ~40arrives into U.S. bioregions per year (i.e., ~40billion 6billion 6”x 6”setting plates).setting plates).Best-maintained vessels have 5% WSAmaintained vessels have 5% WSAfouled???fouled???Knowns:•Variation in magnitude & frequency of commercial vesselarrivals (WSA)- by ship type - by portUnknowns:•Traffic flux measures for recreational, fishing, & barge traffic•Extent and composition ofbiofouling assemblages oncommercial ships (& other vessel types)•Effect of vessel behavior (route, husbandry, etc) & ship typeon biota•How does hull assemblage relate to probability of NISestablishment?Summary:Present State of KnowledgeVector Strength(Invasion Patterns)Prevention Measures(Vector Interruption)Vector Operation(Transfer Mechanisms &Propagule Supply)Components of Vector ManagementComponents of Vector Management