# U ni te d S ta te s Co ur t of A pp ea ls For the Eig hth Circu it

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__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ _ Uni te d S ta te s o f Am eri ca

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Pla in ti

ff - App el le e

v.

Nik ol ai Mo na st y rs ki

ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll ll l Defe nd

an t - Ap pe ll an t

__ __ __ __ __ __ App eal fro m

Uni te d S ta te s Di st ric t Co ur t fo r th e So ut he rn Dis tri ct of I owa - Dav en po rt

__ __ __ __ __ __ Su bm it te d: Sep te m

be r 28 , 20 18 Fi le d: Nov em

be r 8, 2 01 8 [Un pu bl is he d]

__ __ __ __ __ __ Befo re SM ITH, Chi ef J ud ge , MELLOY and STRAS, Ci rcu it Ju dg es

.

__ __ __ __ __ __ PER CURI AM.

Nik ol ai Mo na st y rs ki us ed sh el l co m pa ni es an d st ol en id en ti ti e s to ch eat th e st at es of Io wa, Ill in oi s, an d Pen ns y lv an ia ou t of hu nd red s of th ou sa nd s of do ll ars in

un em pl oym en t-i ns ur a n c e b en efi ts

. Des pi te th e m ul ti -juri sd ic ti on al na tu re of hi s op erat io n, th e fo ur te en co un ts of m ai l an d wire frau d to whi ch Mo na st y rs ki pl ead ed
gu il ty in th is cas e in vo lv ed on ly Io wa. He ar g u e s t h at th e ge og rap hi c li m it of hi sc o nv ic ti on s al so se rv es as th e bo un da ry li ne fo r hi s res ti tu ti on ob li ga ti on s. Th e

di st ric t co ur t di sa gr eed an d or de red Mo na st y rs ki to p a y r e st it ut io n to Ill in oi s an d

1 Pen ns y lv an ia to o. We affi rm

.

D efen da nt s co nv ic te d of pr op ert y cri m es m us t “ m ak e res ti tu ti on t o t h e vi ct im [s ] of th e of

fen se .” 18 U.S.C. § 36 63 A(a)(1 ), (c)( 1) (A)(i i). W he n th e ex is te nc e of a “ sc he m e” is an el em en t of th e de fen da nt ’s cri m e, as it is he re, th e te rm “ vi ct im ” in cl ud es “ an y pe rs on di rect ly ha rm ed by th e de fen da nt ’s cr i mi n a l c on du ct in th e

co ur se of th e sc he m e.” Id

. § 36 63 A(a)(2 ); se e al so id

. §§ 13 41 , 13 43 (d efi ni ng m ai l

an d wire frau d as req ui rin g a “ sc he me or art ifi ce to de frau d” (em ph as is ad de d) ). Thi s

m ean s th at if Ill in oi s a n d Pen ns y lv an ia su ffer ed ha rm “ in th e co ur se of ” th e sa m e frau du le nt “ sc he m e” as Iowa , th e d is tri ct co ur t co ul d a ward res ti tu ti on to th os e two
st at es as well

. Id

. § 36 63 A(a)(2 ); se e al so Uni te d St at es v. W

el sa nd , 23 F.3 d 20 5, 20 7 (8 th Ci r. 19 94 ) (ap pl y in g an id en ti cal de fin it io n of “ vi ct im ” in a di ffer en t res ti tu ti on st at ut e to a m ai l-f

rau d co nv ic ti on ). If, on th e ot he r ha nd , Mo na st y rs ki is co rrec t th at he pe rp et rat ed “ se pa rat e, al be it si m il ar, sc he m es ” ag ai ns t each st at e, th en ne it he r st at e

was en ti tl ed to res ti tu ti on

.

To de fin e th e rel ev an t “sch em e,” “ we lo ok to th e sc op e of th e in di ct m en t.” Uni te d St at es v. Rami re

z , 19 6 F.3 d 89 5, 90 0 (8 th Ci r. 19 99 ) (in te rn al qu ot at io n m ark s

an d ci ta ti on om it te d)

. If “ th e in di ct m en t de ta il s a b ro ad sc he m e en co m pa ss in g tra ns act io ns be y on d th os e al l eg ed in th e co un ts of co nv ic ti on ,” a di st ric t co ur t can

or de r res ti tu ti on fo r al l of th e v i c ti m s of th e sc he m e, no t jus t th os e ha rm ed by th e sp eci fic co nd uc t ch arg ed

. Uni te d S ta te s v. Bush , 25 2 F.3d 95 9, 96 3 (8t h Cir. 20 01 ) (in te rn al qu ot at io n m ark s an d ci ta ti on o mi t t e d ) ; se e al so , e.g

. , W

el sa nd , 23 F.3 d at 20 7 (u ph ol di ng res ti tu ti on fo r frau d oc cu r r i n g y ears be fo re th e fir st ch arg ed co un t, be cau se th e in di ct m en t in di cat ed it was pa rt of th e sa m e sc he m e). W e are face d wit h

The Hon or ab le Reb ecca Goo dg am e Ebi ng er, Uni te d St at es Dis tri ct Ju dg e fo r 1 th e So ut he rn Dis tri ct of I owa

. -2

-th is pr eci se si tu at io n: th e in di ct ment al le ge d a si ng le br oa d “ sc he m e an d art ifi ce to

de frau d .

. . th e St at es of Io wa, Ill in oi s, and Pen ns y lv an ia ,” ev en th ou gh it pr ov id ed de ta il on ly on t he tra ns act io ns in vo lv in g Io wa.

Lab el i n g t hi s a si ng le “ sc he m e” was ha rd ly a st ret ch

. Acco rd in g to th e

un di sp ut ed fact s, th e op erat io n lo ok ed la rg el y th e sa m e acro ss each of th e th ree st at es

. In fact , Mo na st y rs ki recycled so m e of th e sa m e fak e co m pa ni es an d em

pl oyee s in de frau di ng each st at e. And ev en th ou gh he de frau de d th e st at es on e at a ti m e, he was

co ns ta nt ly lo ok in g ah e a d t o th e ne xt st at e by reg is te rin g fak e co m pa ni es an d fil in g pa pe rwo rk in on e whi le act iv el y de frau di ng an ot he r. Su ch pr ep la nn ed , “ in te rrel at ed ”

co nd uc t ea si ly qua li fie s as a si ng le on go in g s ch em e. W el sa nd , 23 F.3d at 2 07

.

In sh or t, Io wa, Il l i n o is , an d Pen ns y lv an ia were al l vi ct im s of Mo na st y rs ki ’s

sc he m e. Mo na st y

rs ki m us t t he refo re rep ay

all th ree.

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