DEPAKTMENT OF THE INTERIOE 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

GEORGE OTIS SMITH, DIRECTOR

PLIOCENE AND PLEISTOCENE 

FORAMINIFERA

FROM

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

BY

RUFUS MATHER BAGG, JR.

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1912

CONTENTS.

Page. 

Introduction.............................................................. 5

Bibliography............................................................... 20

Outline classification of Foraminifera........................................ 21

Descriptions of the species.................................................. 23

Index..................................................................... 151

ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page. 

PLATES I to XXVIII. Foraminifera ...................................... 93-150

FIGURE 1. Section showing geologic structure along the water front at San

Pedro, Gal. .................................................. 9

2. Section of strata on the east point of Deadman Island, San Pedro,

Cal. .......................................................... 10

3. Map of San Pedro, Cal., and vicinity. ............................ 10

3

PLIOCENE AND PLEISTOCENE FORAMINIFERA FROM 

SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

ByKurus MATHER BAGG, Jr.

INTRODUCTION.

The collection of Pliocene fossils discussed in this report was sent to 

the author through the courtesy of Prof. J. C. Branner, of Leland Stanford Junior University. It is known as the Delos Arnold collection 

and is the property of Stanford University. The Pleistocene material 

was collected by the writer about five years ago and a list of species 

identified, with a few general conclusions concerning them, was then 

published.1 A discussion and a description of this material are 

presented in this report.

The total number of Pliocene and Pleistocene species and varieties 

identified is 128. The Pliocene material consists of highly fossiliferous 

light-colored yellowish sands and clay sands from Timms Point, San 

Pedro, Cal. The samples are exceedingly rich in Foraminifera, in a 

perfect state of preservation, though a few are somewhat waterworn, 

and contain a very large number of species (105), several of which are 

so abundant as to constitute a rather typical ooze. The most abundant, as nearly as can be roughly estimated, are Miliolina seminulum 

(Linnaeus), Biloculina -ringens (Lamarck), Cassidulina crassa D'Orbigny, C. Isevigata D'Orbigny (especially abundant), Polymorphina 

complanata D'Orbigny, P. compressa D'Orbigny, and Nodosaria 

pauperata (D'Orbigny). Other species that are common but less 

abundant than these are Cassidulina subglobosa, Brady and a rather 

unusual form in existing oceans, Frondicularia insequalis Costa. 

The cosmopolitan Globigerina bulloides D'Orbigny and Lagena Isevis 

(Montagu), the latter occurring with Lagena marginata (Walker and 

Boys), are very common at San Pedro.

This rich foraminiferal sand contains numerous fragments of 

minute Mollusca, echinoderm spines, sponge spicules (haxactinellidan) 

ostracods, ear bones of fish (otoliths; see PI. XXVIII,. figs. 13, a-e), 

and numerous diatoms. An unusually large Cardium (C. major) in 

this deposit measures half an inch hi diameter. Three or four genera

« Am. Geologist, vol. 35, No. 2, Feb., 1905, pp. 123-124.
6 FORAMINIFERA FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

of the Ostracoda are very abundant and a systematic study of these 

would yield a number of species. The numerous short delicate echinoid spines show that the sea urchins were well represented in these 

Pacific waters, as they are to-day off the west coast. The sea urchins 

of to-day, however, are much more abundant and of larger size than 

those of the Pliocene.

The Pleistocene material was obtained at Santa Barbara, CaL, from 

gray sandstone with fossiliferous lenses, more or les indurated in the 

lower portion and overlain by gravels and sands hardened by calcareous 

cement, both divisions lying unconformably on the Pliocene. It presents a number of differences from the material of the Pliocene beds 

near San Pedro, though, as is to be expected in collections from closely 

adjoining areas, many species occur in both deposits. The forms are 

even more typical of very cold waters and low temperatures in shoal 

depths than the Pliocene species and indicate a rapid refrigerating 

process which must have occurred at the close of the Pliocene and the 

opening of the Pleistocene. One important fact revealed by this correlation is that the Pliocene beds at San Pedro correspond stratigraphically with the undetermined zones 10 and 11 of the uppermost part 

of the older Pliocene of England, and therefore represent very late 

older Pliocene time. The Foraminifera listed in the undetermined 

zones of Sutton, Sudbourne, Gedgrave, and Aldborough in .the correlation table of the monograph on the English Crag,1 published by the 

Paleontographical Society, as representing the upper division of the 

"Coralline" Crag, just beneath the St. Erth beds, include a very large 

number of species which are exceedingly common in the Pliocene 

strata at San Pedro and which appear to be equally large and abundant 

in the upper layers of the older English Crag. The table on page 7 

indicates later .views regarding the position of the Crag strata. In the

correlation table presented on pages 15 to 19 the Foraminifera found 

in the English Crag are shown, and the several divisions appearing in 

the Crag monograph (part 4) are not given.

The following table shows the arrangement of the English Crag 

and overlying Pleistocene. It includes the upper strata of the lower 

Crag among the deposits laid down in warm temperate waters, but 

the species described in the present bulletin, taken as a whole, show 

that these strata should be grouped with the upper division (cold 

temperate).

i Jones, T. E., Parker, W. K., and Brady, H. B., The Foraminiferaof the Crag, pt. 1: Paleont. Soc., vol. 

19,1865-1866, App. 2, cols. 10 and 11; and Jones, T. E., Idem, pt. 4: Paleont. Soc., vol. 51,1897, pp. 373-393.
INTRODUCTION. 7 

Classification of the Pliocene deposits of Britain and their principal foreign equivalents.0

Pleistocene...

[Upper Crag] 

newer Plio- 

. cene (cold 

temperate).

flLower Crag] 

older Pliocene (warm 

temperate).

Miocene ......

England.

Arctic fresh-water bed (with Saliz 

nana, etc.) [Mundelesy, Beesto 

Leda [ = Nuculana] myalls bed ( 

sionally with the Pliocene) [\ 

Beeston, etc.].

Fores t-bedl Upper fresh-water 

series [Cro->Estuarine 

mer, etc.] J Lower fresh-water

Weybourn Crag (and Chillesford 

Chillesford Crag

polaris, Betula 

n, etc.], 

classed proviVest Runton,

Gravels with 

Elephas me- 

 ridionalis at 

Dewlish. 

clay?).........

Norwich [fluvio-marine or maminaiiferous] 

Crag and Scrohicularia Crag. 

Red Crag of Butley . etc . .......-------.---...-

Walton Crag (lower Red Crag) . .

St. Erth beds [near Marazion. Co 

"Coralline" [Suffolk, Lower, Wh 

or Zoophytic] Crag, and Lenha

[Nodule beds] box-stones and p! 

at the base of the Red and C 

(with remanifi early Pliocene fc 

Felixstowe, Foxhall, Waldring 

Wanting. . ......................

Wanting. . ......................

ite, Bryozoan, 

m beds.

losphate beds 

^oralline crags 

ssils) [Sutton, 

Held, etc.].

Belgium and 

Holland.

(?)

'

Scaldisian; 

sands with 

Chrysodomus antigua."

C as t erlian;

sands with 

Glossiis cor. 

Dies tian; 

sandsto n o 

and sands 

of Edeghem with 

Glycymeris 

menardi.

Wanting.... 

Bolderian. . .

Italy.

Sicilian (with recent ma-' 

rine mollusca). 

Villafranchian substage, continental 

facies.

a .55 Fossanian substage, lit- 

"«' toral and estuarine 

 < facies.

Astian substage, marine facies.

Plaisancian. Fossiliferous 

blue argillaceous marls.

An alternation 

of marls, 

sands with 

estuarine fossils, calcareMessinian ous and gypseous deposits, thick 

sands tones 

and conglomerates. 

Tortonian.

aPaleont. Soc., vol. 49,1895, p. 79.

The Pleistocene at Santa Barbara, which represents the lowest part 

of the Pleistocene series, immediately overlying the Pliocene, perhaps corresponds with the Arctic fresh-water beds of the English 

Pleistocene. Bryozoa are common in both the Pliocene and the Pleistocene strata at Santa Barbara. Minute twinned selenite crystals, 

apparently formed subsequent to the deposition of the Pliocene of 

San Pedro, are present, as are also a number of mineral fragments 

other than quartz. In all 52 species have been identified in the strata 

at Santa Barbara, and of these Cassidulina Isevigata D'Orbigny, C. 

subglobosa Brady, Biloculina ringens (Lamarck), Miliolina seminulum 

(Linnaeus), Lagena marginata (Walker and .Boys), L. melo D'Orbigny, 

L. striata D'Orbigny, and Nonionina stelligera D'Orbigny are. very 

numerous. In the writer's earlier check list, mentioned above, the 

significance of the fauna was pointed out in the following words: 

"The fauna is decidedly north temperate, belonging to the series 

described by Parker and Jones 1 in the north Atlantic and Arctic 

oceans of to-day."

i Jones, T. R., and Parker, W. K., On some Foraminifcra from the North Atlantic and Arctic oceans, 

including Davis Strait and Bafllns Bay: Philos. Trans., vol. 155,1865, pp. 325-441, Pis. XII-XIX.
8 FORAMINIFERA FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

For comparison with the Pliocene at San Pedro, and to show the 

difference in the occurrence of the species identified at Santa Barbara 

in the upper strata at the top of the hills and those in the basal layers 

along the beach, the following table, which was included in the writer's 

previous publication, 1 is given:

Species identified in Pleistocene beds near Santa Barbara.

Genera and species.

scapha (Fichtel and Moll). ..................:.......

complanata D'Orbigny.... . .........................

Near hill crest.

.....do................

One...................

.....do.................

.....do................

.....do................

Rare..................

.....do................

Two..................

.....do................

-....do................

One...................

.....do................

Common. .............

Rare..................

Fairly common. ......

.....do................

..-..do................

Beach bluff.

Rare. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Do. 

Not common. 

Do. 

Large and common. 

Common. 

Rare. 

One. 

Do. 

Fairly common. 

Rare.

Do. 

Abundant. 

Do. 

Rare.

Do. 

Fairly common.

Rare.

Do. 

Fairly common. 

One. 

Rare. 

Do. 

Abundant. 

Common. 

Do. 

Do.

Two. 

Common. 

Rare. 

Do.

One.

All abundant 

Rare. 

Do. 

Fairly common.

The geology of the Tertiary and Quaternary of California has been 

described by several authors, and only a few of the more important 

papers dealing with the deposits under investigation need be cited 

here. Delos and Ralph Arnold 2 described the stratigraphy of the 

San Pedro region in 1902, and Ralph Arnold has published a large 

memoir on the paleontology of the marine Pliocene and Pleistocene

1 Am. Geologist, vol. 35,1905, pp. 123-124. .?.Jour. Geology, vol.. 10,1902, pp. 117-138.
INTRODUCTION. 9

of San Pedro, with notes on similar formations of the adjacent California coast,1 and he has also written an important paper on the* 

Tertiary and Quaternary pectens of California 2 in which he catalogues 

certain San Pedro fossils but does not include the Foraminifera.

The conclusions reached by Arnold concerning the San Pedro region 

are summed up in the following statements. The Pleistocene is most 

typically represented on the San Pedro shores, but at Timms Point, 

where the material investigated by the writer was obtained, the 

Pliocene only is represented, the overlying Pleistocene having been 

eroded from this point. In adjacent sections, however, the Pleistocene appears unconformably above the Pliocene. (See figs. 1 and 2, 

both of which are copied from Arnold.)

Ralph Arnold correlates the Pliocene deposits of Packards Hill, 

at Santa Barbara, with the Pliocene of Timms Point, at San Pedro, 

and assigns the strata in the bluff at the bathhouse, Santa Barbara,

to the lower Pleistocene. It is therefore probable that Packards

Soil

Sea. level

UpperSanPedro LowerSanPedro San Diego Miocene

series series formation series

(Sands and. gravels) (White sands) (£rotmsands} (Hard, shales)

FIGURE 1. Section showing geologic structure along water front at San Pedro, Cal. Vertical scale 20 

times the horizontal. (After Ralph Arnold, Mem. California Acad. Sci., vol. 3, PL XXII.)

Hill is the same as the " bluff at Santa Barbara" which yielded part of 

the fossils described in this report, and that the " bluff at the bathhouse" is the same as the lower beach bluff.

The stratigraphy of the San Pedro section, according to Arnold, is 

as follows. The Miocene forms the base of the section. During 

Pliocene time these beds, which toward the close of the Miocene had 

been elevated, deformed, and eroded, were again submerged, and a 

fine fossiliferous yellowish-gray clayey sand was deposited to a thickness of 50 feet. This. Pliocene deposit, Arnold believes, was elevated 

in post-Pliocene time and was eroded until, at' San Pedro, only the 

remnants at Deadman Island (fig. 2) and Timms Point now exist. 

Submergence again occurred in Pleistocene time and the partly eroded 

Pliocene was covered by fine gray sand to a maximum thickness of 

50 feet. At Timms Point this sand lies unconformably upon the 

Pliocene. Figure 3 shows the location of Timms Point and Deadman 

Island.

 i Mem. California Acad. Sci., vol. 3, 1903. » Prof. Paper U. S. Geol. Survey No. 47,1907.
10 FORAMINTFERA FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

The Timms Point material investigated was laid down in latest 

Pliocene time and is closely correlated with the St. Erth beds of the 

English Crag, which represent the close of Tertiary time. The sand 

is extremely f ossiliferous, and Foraminif era constitute the bulk of the 

material present,.

FIGURE 2. Section of strata on the east point of Deadman Island, San Pedro, Cal. The Pliocene here is 

equivalent to the material investigated at Timms Point and to the St. Erth beds of England. (After 

a photograph by Ralph Arnold.)

The Miocene material at Timms Point has not been examined, but is 

probably closely related to the Monterey shale, which has been investigated by the writer. 1

^Portuguese Pt

FIGURE 3. Map of San Pedro, Cal., and vicinity.

The term San Pedro formation originally designated deposits 100 

feet in thickness and was first used by W. H. Dall.2 Arnold 3 uses" the

1 Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 268,1905. 8 Jour. Geology, vol. 10,1902, p. 124.

2 Eighteenth Ann. Kept. U. S. Geol. Survey, pt. 2,1898, p. 335.
INTRODUCTION. 11

term to include "all of the strata of Deadman Island and San Pedro 

lying stratigraphically above the brown Pliocene sands and below the 

raised beach formation at Deadman Island."

One of the most significant facts revealed by study of the fossils 

is that these deposits are not of tropical or warm temperate origin. 

The Forarninifera are of the types common in the north Atlantic 

Ocean to-day, and some of the species correspond to forms that inhabit 

both the south Atlantic and south Pacific. In general, therefore, 

these Foraminifera are arctic in character, especially the Pleistocene 

forms. The great abundance of Cassidulina and Polystomella, is 

perhaps sufficient evidence that these strata were laid down in cold 

waters under conditions similar to those now prevailing in the north 

Atlantic and Arctic oceans. The cooling of the Pacific was well 

advanced in Miocene time, and the Pliocene and Pleistocene types

indicate that it went on for a long period without interruption. Shoaling of the waters was continuous subsequent to Miocene time, as 

revealed not only by the composition of the inorganic material of the 

deposits but even more positively by the Foraminifera present in 

them. The Miliolidse are an important group of imperforate Foraminifera which began to be prominent as rock builders early in the 

Tertiary period. They continued to develop and diversify through 

Miocene and Pliocene time and are perhaps near their highest development at the present day in temperate and tropical waters. Many of 

these fossil Miliolidse of California are characteristic of boreal waters 

and indicate that shoals existed not far from the'coast. A few species, 

however, belong to the Tropics and a few are distributed widely, with 

little relation to the temperature of the water, but the preponderance 

of boreal types is sufficient evidence of the cold water temperatures 

in late Pliocene and Pleistocene time.

No Miliolidse were detected by the writer in the Miocene deposits of 

California, which were probably laid down in deeper water than the 

formations considered in this report. The significance of the absence 

of Miliolidse is discussed by the writer in the report on the Miocene 

above mentioned,1 and attention will here be called only to the features essential to an understanding of the physical conditions governing the present stratigraphy. The Miocene beds were laid down in 

waters less than 500 fathoms in depth, but were far enough from the 

shore to be fine, argillaceous, and siltlike in character, with very thin 

bedding planes. The ocean was in Miocene time approaching a condition like that of the north Atlantic to-day, and this resemblance was 

even greater in late Pliocene time. The Pliocene beds considered in this 

paper were probably laid down at depths not exceeding 100 fathoms, 

and the Pleistocene beds .overlying them were deposited in waters of 

half this depth, or even less. The prolonged and notable diastrophic

i Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 268,1905, p. 11.
12 FORAMINIFERA FEOM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

movements which occurred along the Pacific coast throughout the 

Tertiary period had given place to minor movements and to a gradual 

recovery of the continental shelf. This elevation and submergence 

must have been accompanied by disturbance of offshore currents that 

resulted in the development of various types of Foraminif era characteristic of temperate-zone waters of the present day.

The San Pedro Foraminifera are well represented in the Italian 

Pliocene, are less common in Spain, and occur sparingly in Belgium. 

Most of them, particularly those of the upper strata, are similar to 

those of the English Crag. Of the 105 Pliocene species found at San 

Pedro, 55 are present in th.e English Crag. A few species, especially 

Uvigerina pygmxa, Truncatulina lolatula, Bulimina pyrula, and Vaginulina legumen, are abundant in the Italian Pliocene.

Among the San Pedro species that are developed at depths of less 

than 100 fathoms are Miliolina pulchella,, M. cuvieriana (at Santa 

Barbara only), Pulvinulina repanda, and Truncatulina, refulgens. 

Certain species even more typical of shoal waters are present in great 

abundance in the Pleistocene near Santa Barbara, as is shown by the 

correlation table'on pages 15-19. The Pliocene forms are for the most 

part unlike those of the Miocene but check rather closely with those 

of the overlying Pleistocene.

The importance of correlation work and of results shown by the 

bathymetric tables can not be too strongly emphasized. Many 

Foraminifera of the present day are pelagic in habit, and presumably 

the species now found as fossils did not differ from them in this 

respect. Their distribution is almost unrestricted, owing to the effect 

of strong ocean currents, but deposits rich in a few characteristic types 

afford unquestionable evidence of the physical conditions and bathymetric range at the time they were formed.

It is perhaps because of the unstable relations of sea and land that 

so few foraminiferal deposits have been developed in the earlier stages 

of the earth's history. Toward the close of the Mesozmc era, however, 

the boundaries of the oceans as they are to-day were fairly well 

established, and hence there was in the Cretaceous period a great 

development of chalk, which is composed very largely of Foraminif era 

alone.

Only two groups of Protozoa, the Radiolaria and the Foraminifera, 

have been rock builders in past geologic epochs. These groups are 

in strong contrast, the Radiolaria being entirely siliceous and the 

Foraminifera almost wholly calcareous. The former have never been 

of much value in the study of stratigraphy, inasmuch as their development is most notable in oceanic waters of extreme depth and is at 

best of more or less local character. Perhaps it is because these great 

"deeps" did not exist over wide bathymetric depressions through any 

long geologic period until Tertiary time that we find the.Radiolaria
INTRODUCTION. 13

only in scattered siliceous cherts of nearly all epochs, but they did 

not become important rock builders until the Tertiary. The Foraminifera, howev.er, have a very wide representation in a large number of 

deposits, some of which cover large areas and are of great thickness. 

The forms occurring in some of these deposits are sufficiently limited, 

generically and specifically, to be of great value to the paleontologist 

and stratigrapher.

It is'an interesting fact that none of the Foraminifera became rock 

builders until Mississippian time. One of the earliest of the rockbuilding types is Fusulina, a genus of complex structure and of exceptionally large size, which, so far as known, had no previous congeners. 

The Foraminifera, as a group, must have developed early, but the 

shallow waters that prevailed through much of Cambrian time and the 

frequent changes in se.a and land during early Paleozoic time, due to 

the advance and retreat of epicontinental seas, with their effect on 

ocean temperatures, produced climatic and bathymetric conditions 

unfavorable to them and probably also affected their food supply. 

For these reasons their development did not become extensive until 

the beginning of Mississippian time, when the seas were again deepening. The absence of these fossils in sediments of pre-Mississippian 

deposition is also due in part to their delicate shell structure and to 

their microscopic size, two factors which rendered their preservation 

difficult. The original types of Foraminifera may have given place 

to larger and stronger genera in later epochs, as a result of greater 

pressure due to increased depth of the ocean.

Foraminifera flourish best in waters free from sediment and are 

much less abundant at the mouths of rivers and estuaries. Bottomliving types have a predilection for shoal water, and vary more in 

size and in shell thickness than the forms inhabiting deeper waters. 

Most of the living Foraminifera are of pelagic habit and not abyssal 

in character, and if this holds true of the fossil forms they would 

have been readily affected by changes in temperature. This statement applies at least to the types which constitute the foraminiferal oozes. The bottom types add little to the deposits of the larger 

oceans, for where they are best able to develop, as along continental 

shelves and shallow coast lines, the preponderance of other mechanical and organic sediments prevents the deposit from becoming foraminiferal in character.

Few of the pelagic types occur in the Pliocene near San Pedro, and 

this condition further suggests proximity to the coast line rather than 

the deep water of existing oozes. The deposit was probably laid 

down at a depth of about 100 fathoms. These San Pedro forms are 

more closely related to the shoal-water species, which existed in 

relative abundance in comparatively clear waters along the margin 

of the continental shelf. The Pleistocene deposit at Santa Barbara 

is even more clearly littoral in character, and was probably laid down
14 FOKAMINIFEKA FEOM SOUTHEEN CALIFORNIA.

at less than 50 fathoms. The Miocene waters were probably between 

100 and 500 fathoms in depth.

Of the pelagic types which occur at San Pedro, Globigexina bulloides 

is the most abundant. This species is perhaps culminating to-day 

but it has had a comparatively long history, for it dates back to the 

Lower Cretaceous. Another pelagic type in the deposits of San 

Pedro is Pulvinulina, but the species P. punctulata and P. repanda are 

not characteristic pelagic types of to-day.

The limited vertical distribution of many Foraminifera in preTertiary and early Tertiary time affords several excellent horizon 

markers. After the Miocene the distribution of the Foraminifera 

became more localized and their vertical range more extended, so that 

most of the late types are less valuable as an aid in deciphering the 

stratigraphy. They furnish evidence of climatic features and bathymetric conditions, however, and preponderance of certain types 

allows very close correlation with contemporaneous deposits. It is 

therefore possible to correlate the Pliocene deposits of San Pedro 

with the St. <Erth beds, even though some incongruities exist.

The high percentage of types which have persisted from late Tertiary time to the present, not only among the Foraminifera but also 

among the Mollusca, makes possible an understanding of the physiographic conditions since the Tertiary period that can not be obtained 

with regard to earlier geologic ages, owing to the fact that the earlier 

types have few modern representatives. The diastrophic movements which marked the closing days of the Tertiary on the west 

coast probably continued into the Pleistocene, making the sea along 

the coast more shoaly and elevating the border land more than in 

the Pliocene. The writer believes that the time is ripe for a more

thorough study of American Foraminifera in general than has yet

been attempted.

It has been impossible to obtain illustrations from actual photog»aphs of many of the fossils described in this report. Most of the 

figures were made by photographing illustrations already published 

by other authors, to whom credit is given in the descriptions. The 

original reference to the description and illustration of type species 

is given in the text, and to this have been added a number of the 

more characteristic references to publications where the forms investigated are well described and where synonymy is given, or where 

the species are best and most typically portrayed. The excellent 

monograph on the Foraminifera of the Crag, begun by Jones, Brady, 

and Parker and completed by Jones, has been of invaluable aid in 

the preparation of this report.

It is hoped that the illustrations of the species given on the accompanying plates may save time for those undertaking investigations 

of the Foraminifera and make clear the descriptions of the specific 

characters.
INTRODUCTION.

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Occurrence. Chief horizon locality or indicated by specific 

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Bathymetric range(figures indicate 

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Geologic distribution.

Occurrence inNorth Atlantic andArctic (figures in- oceansdicateepth in 

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depressa D'Orbigny. . 

depressa murrhina Svar. 

elongata D'Orbigny. .

Ifevis (Defrance). ......

' ' : H '><! ' X ' ' X!

'03^ O

« ;« gg

i s2I«? -g s 'a > ss ;£« ^ SS^SQ 2 -3S ^ Bi; O£ f ^"«i 2 11 1 II «1

=3 3 W. M

e ^

: i

Cassidulina calabra (Seguen D'Orbigny. crassa ......

larvigata D'Orbigny. . 

subglobosa Brady ......

45625° Bull. 513 12 2
Correlation table of Tertiary and Pleistocene Foram

Cristellaria crepidula (Fichtel and 

Moll).

josephina D'Orbigny ...........

reniformis D'Orbigny. .........

rotulata (Lamarck). ............

Dimorphina tuberosa D'Orbiguv. . .

Discorbina bertheloti (D'Orbigny) . .

globularis (D'Orbigny) .........

turbo (D'Orbigny) .............

vilardeboana (D'Orbigny). .....

Frondicularia inaequalis Costa. .....

Isevigata Karrer. ...............

Gaudryina pupoides D'Orbigny. ...

Globigerina bulloides D'Orbigny... 

dubia Egger ....................

Haplophraginium canariense (D'Orbigny). 

Lagena acuticosta Reuss. ...........

dentaliforrnis, n. sp ............

elongata (Ehrenberg) ...........

gracilis WilliamsoTi

California.

Miocene.

X 

X

X

X

X

X

Piocene.

X

R 

R

R

X

X

R

VC

VR

VC

R 

VR

RC 

RC 

R

R

Pleistocene.

VC 

C 

R

R

R

C

R

RC 

RC

European Pliocene.

English 

Crag.

TopVR 

R

TopR 

VR

R 

TopC

VC

VR 

VC

C

Bottom 

VR 

VR

Belgium.

......

VR

R

R

R

VR

>> "3

X

R

C

X 

X

VR

R

X

VR

d

a02

X

X

X

X

X

....

Occurrence in north 

Atlantic and Arctic 

oceans (figures indicate depth in 

fathoms.)

Common, but not 

abundant. 

Not more than 500. ...

300-1,000..............

Common in shoal 

water.

Not more than 223. ....

To 675................

Forms ooze; maximum development 

in Atlantic.

G

T

L

T

P

E

C

P

M

..

C

..

D

..

C

C

M
Jones.

seminuda Reuss ................

XXXXXXXX

vc

vcRRRR

RCR

RC

RCRRX

VCcccRRCCRR

VC

VRX

RR

VC

VC

RCRR

VCRRR

RCR

RC

VC

RCCCR

VR

VRC

VR

VR

TopVC

TopVC C

VR

TopVR

VR

VR

VRC

VC

VR

TopVR

TopC

XRRRCRCR

VR

VR

VRC

XRXX

VCR

VR

VR

VR

VR

VRC

VRR

VR

VR

VRCR

XXXX

low water.

perate water.

common in North 

Atlantic; 50-150.

.....do...:.............

....do.................

....do.................

....do.................

Present ...............

Rar

.....d

to R

.....d

.....d

Rec

.....d

....do

to R

Plioce
Correlation table of Tertiary and Pleistocene Foram

Nonionina depressula (Walker and 

Jacob).

Polymorphinacommunis D' Orbigny

Polystomella crispa (Linnaeus). .... 

striatopunctata (Fichtel and 

Moll).

Pulvinulina elegans (D' Orbigny). . .

punctulata (D' Orbigny ).. ......

repanda (Fichtel and Moll) .....

Sigmoilina tenuis (Czjzek) ..........

California.

Miocene.

VC

X

X

,

X

Pliocene.

R

R 

R

R

C

VR 

VC 

VC

R

R

R

R 

R

VR

R

R 

R

VR

R

C

C

Pleistocene.

R 

R

C

VC 

R

R 

C 

R

R

R

VC

VR

European Pliocene.

English 

Crag.

R 

VC 

TO£R

VC 

VC 

TopC

R 

VC 

R

C

R

VC

VR

VR

Belgium.

VR

R 

C

VR

R 

X 

VR

VC 

X 

R

VR

C

VC

VR

R

_>>

03

VR 

R

R

VR 

VR

R 

R

VC

VC

VR

d 

'3

£

X 

X

X 

X

X

X

X

Occurrence in North 

Atlantic and Arctic 

oceans (figures indicate depth in 

fathoms).

360-1,360..............

Common 82°, Arctic . .

Norway coast .........

808-1,443..............

Rare at depths near 

3,000.

G

C

...

C

...

L

...

C

L

T

Lo

T

Eo

...

Ju

Cr

...
Jacob).

XXXX

RRRR

VCR

VR

VCXRCRRC

VCC

VCR

CCR

VC

VC

VCC

VCR

VR

TopVR

TopVR

RC

VRRR

VR

VR

VRR

RRRCRRXXCX

VR

XXXXXXX

'lantic.

Recorded at 2,400. .....

.....do.................

mon.

.....

ce

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....

.....
20 FORAMINIFERA PROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

The following bibliography includes only the references most 

essential for a study of Tertiary and Pleistocene Foraminifera.

DE AMICIS, G. A., Contribuzione alia conoscenza del foraminiferi plioceni: Boll. Soc.

geol. italiana, vol. 12, 1893, pp. 293-478, PI. III. 

BAGG, R. M., Jr., Miocene Foraminifera from the Monterey shale of California: Bull.

U. S. Geol. Survey No. 268, 1905, pp. 78, PI. XI. 

 The Tertiary and Pleistocene Foraminifera of the middle Atlantic slope:

Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 2, No. 10, 1898, pp. 3-54, Pis. I-III.

Foraminifera collected near the Hawaiian Islands by the steamer Albatross

in 1902: Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 34, 1908, pp. 113-172, PI. V. 

BRADY, H. B., Report on the Foraminifera dredged by H. M. S. Challenger during

the years 1873-1876: Report of the scientific results of the voyage of H. M. S.

Challenger, vol. 9, (Zoology) 1884, text and plates. 

BRADY, H. B., PARKER, W. K., and JONES, T. R., A monograph on the genus Polymorphina: Trans. Linnaean Soc. London, vol. 27,1870, pp. 197-253, Pis. XXXIXXLII and text figures.

An indispensable work for Polymorphina investigations. 

 On some Foraminifera from the Abrolhos Bank: Trans. Zool. Soc. London,

vol. 12, pt. 7, 1888, pp. 211-239, Pis. XL-XLVI and chart.

The Foraminifera of the Crag, part 1: Paleont. Soc., vol. 19 (1865), 1866, pp.

1-72, Pis. I-IV.

CHAPMAN, FREDERICK, The Foraminifera; an introduction to the study of the Protozoa, Longmans, Green & Co., 1902.

FLINT, J. M., Recent Foraminifera: Rept. U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1897, 1899, pp. 249-349, 

80 plates. 

A valuable report, with excellent photographic plates of actual specimens.

GOES, AXEL, A synopsis of Arctic and Scandinavian Recent marine Foraminifera: 

Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akad. Handl., Bd. 25, No. 9, 1894, pp. 1-127, 25 

plates. I 

A valuable report on cold-water types of living Foraminifera.

JONES, T. R., The Foraminifera of the Crag, part 2: Paleont. Soc., vol. 49, 1895, pp.

73-210, Pis. V-VII; part 3: Paleont. Soc., vol. 50, 1896, pp. 211-314; part 4:

Paleont. Soc., vol. 51, 1897, pp. 315-402. 

JONES, T. R., and PARKER, W. K., On some Foraminifera from the north Atlantic

and Arctic oceans: Philos. Trans., vol. 155, 1865, pp. 325-441, Pis. XII-XIX,

charts and tables (no index). 

D'ORBIGNY, A. D , Voyage dans I'Ame'rique me'ridionale, 1 Foraminiferes, vol. 5,

pt. 5, 1839, pp. 1-86, 9 plates.

 Foraminiferes fossiles du bassin tertiaire de Vienne, Paris, 1846, 312 pp., 21

plates. 

SHERBORN, C. D., A bibliography of the Foraminifera, recent and fossil, 1565-1888,

London, 1888. 

Invaluable for bibliographic work.

 An index to the genera and species of the Foraminifera, part 1 (A-Non): Smith - 

sonian Misc. Coll., No. 856, 1893; part 2 (Non-Z): Idem, No. 1031, 1896.

SHERBORN, C. D., and CHAPMAN, F., On some Microzoa from the London clay, etc.: 

Jour. Roy. Micr. Soc. London, 2d ser., vol. 6, 1886, pp. 737-764, Pis. I-III.

WILLIAMSON, W. C., On the Recent Foraminifera of Great Britain, Ray Soc., London, 

1858, pp. 1-107, Pis. I-VII. 

A most excellent work, with beautiful plates.
FOEAMINIFERA FEOM SOUTHERN CALIFOBNIA. 21 

OUTLINE CLASSIFICATION OF FOBAMINIFERA.

In this classification the genera identified in the Pliocene and 

Pleistocene of southern California are arranged biologically.

Subkingdom. Protozoa. 

Class. Rhizopoda.

Order. Foraminifera (Reticularia).

Family I. Gromidse............................None.

Family II. Miliolidae:

a. Subfamily Nubeculariinse................None.

b. Subfamily Miliolininse:

Genus Biloculina......................6 species and varieties.

Genus Miliolina........................ 13 species.

Subgenus Sigmoilina..............l,species.

c. Subfamily Hauerininse................... None.

d Subfamily Peneroplidinse................None.

e. Subfamily Alveolininse.................. None.

' /. Subfamily Keramospherinse.'............. None.

Family III. Astrorhizidse:

a. Subfamily Astrorhizinee.................None.

b. Subfamily Pilulininse................... None.

c. Subfamily Saccammininse................None.

d. Subfamily Rhabdammininse ............None.

Family IV. Lituolidse:

a. Subfamily Lituolinse:

Genus Haplophragmium................ 1 species.

b. Subfamily Trochammininso:

Genus Trochammina................... 1 species.

c. Subfamily Endothyrinse.................None.

d. Subfamily Loftusiinaj...................None.

Family V. Textulariidse: * 

a. Subfamily Textulariinse:

Genus Textularia.....................3 species.

Genus Gaudryina......................2 species.

6. Subfamily Bulimininee:

Genus Bulimina......................6 species.

Genus Bolivina....................... 7 species.

c. Subfamily Cassidulininae:

Genus Cassidulina......................4 species.

Family VI. Cheilostomellidse...................None.

Family VII. Lagenidse: 

o. Subfamily Lageninse:

Genus Lagena.........................17 species.

6. Subfamily Nodosariinse:

Genus Nodosaria.......................11 species.

Genus Frondicularia................... 2 species.

Genus Marginulina....................2 species.

Genus Vaginulina..................... 5 species.

Genus Cristellaria.....................5 species.

c. Subfamily Polymorphininse:

Genus Dimorphina.................... 1 species.

Genus Polymorphina.................. 11 species.

Genus Uvigerina......................5 species.

d. Subfamily Ramulininse.................. None.
22 FORAMINIFERA FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

Subkingdom. Protozoa Continued. 

Class. Rhizopoda Continued.

Order. Poraminif era Continued. 

Family VIII. Globigerinidse:

Genus Globigerina....................2 species.

Genus Orbulina........................ 1 species.

Family IX. Eotaliidse:

a. Subfamily Spirillininse.................. None.

6. Subfamily Eotaliinse:

Genus Discorbina.....................4 species.

Genus Truncatulina.................... 5 species.

Genus Anomalina......................2 species.

Genus Pulvinulina....................3 species.

c. Subfamily Tinoporinse.................. None.

Family X. Nummulinidse:

a. Subfamily .Fusulininse...................None.

b. Subfamily Polystomellinse:

Genus Nonionina......................4 species.

Genus Polystomella................... 3 species.

c. Subfamily Nummulitinse................ None.

d. Subfamily Cycloclypeinse...............None.

Total, including all varieties or subspecies, 128.
DESCRIPTIONS OF THE SPECIES.

Family MILIOLID^. 

Subfamily MIUOLININ^E.

1 Genus BILOCTJLINA.

BILOCULINA BULLOIDES D'Orbigny. 

Plates I, figures 1-4, 10; II, figures 12-14; IV, figure 1.

Biloculina bulloides D'Orbigny, 1826, Annales des eci. nat., vol. 7, p. 297, No. 1, PI.

XVI figs. 1-4, modele 90.

Biloculina bulloides Schlumberger, 1887, Bull. Soc. ge"ol. France, 3d ser., vol. 15, 

pp. 573-579, PI. XV, figs. 10-13, and figs. 1-5 (woodcuts in text).

Description. Thick-shelled globose test with highly inflated segments and circular aperture. This is in many specimens carried on 

a slight projection of the ultimate chamber as a short neck. The 

tongue in the aperture is in some specimens forked, as is shown by 

Schlumberger in discussing the Grignon deposits of France.

Distribution. The species occurs in the Eocene deposits of France, 

but is less frequently recorded in Tertiary deposits than Biloculina 

ringens. Chapman has noted its occurrence in Tertiary strata at two 

localities in Victoria, Australia, and it is also found in some parts of 

the upper Crag (Pliocene) of England, but there the specimens are 

small and not abundant. In the opinion of the writer, this species 

is never as important as its relative Biloculina ringens. Possibly it 

is more properly a temper ate-water species, for it has been found off 

the Hawaiian Islands at depths ranging from 300 to 1,000 fathoms. 

According to Brady, however, the species is most common in the 

north Atlantic Ocean and is comparatively rare in other seas. It is 

rather rare in the Pliocene sands at Timms Point, San Pedro, and

the specimens are not typically developed.

BILOCULINA DEPEESSA D'Orbigny.

Plate II, figures 5-10.

Biloculina. depressa D'Orbigny, 1826, Annales des sci. nat., vol. 7, p. 298, No. 7,

modele 91. 

Biloculina depressa Brady, 1884, Challenger Eept., vol. 9, p. 145, PL II, figs. 12,15-17;

PI. Ill, figs. 1, 2.

Description. Test large, glistening, depressed, broadly obovate; 

always more compressed than in Biloculina ringens, and often with

23
24 FOBAMINIFEEA FBOM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

periphery carinate and winglike, owing to the widening of the margin 

of the ultimate chamber at its border. Aperture usually elongate as 

in B. ringens, but subject to great variation, for in some specimens 

it is tubular.

Distribution. Eocene of England (London clay), Miocene of 

Vienna, and Tertiary of Italy. Rare in the English Pliocene Crag.

The writer found many specimens of this species in dredging off 

the Hawaiian Islands at depths of 100 to 1,500 fathoms. The form 

seems to be fairly abundant in the Pliocene sands at Timms Point, 

San Pedro, and is rather common in the upper bluff series of the 

Pleistocene-of Santa Barbara.

BILOCULINA DEPEESSA D'Orbigny var. MUEEHINA Schwager.

Plate II, figures 1-4, c.

Biloculina murrhina Schwager, 1866, Novara-Exped., Geol. Theil, vol. 2, p. "203,

PL VI, fig. 15, a-c. 

Biloculina depressa var. murrhyna Bagg, 1908, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 34, p1 .117.

Description. A variety of Biloculina depressa characterized by two 

angular spinous projections at the aboral end, placed symmetrically 

with reference to the median line.' The type is rare and was dredged 

by the Challenger in only four localities in the Atlantic and Pacific 

oceans.

Distribution. Pliocene and Recent. Rare in the Pliocene sands of 

San Pedro. This species is abundant at depths of about 1,300 fathoms off the Hawaiian Islands. (Bagg, loc. cit.)

BILOCULINA ELONGATA D'Orbigny. 

Plates I, figures 17, a-i; II, figures 11, a, b.

Biloculina elongata D'Orbigny, 1826, Annales des sci. nat., vol. 7, p. 298, No.°4. 

Biloculina ringens var. patagonica Williamson, 1858, Recent Poram. Great Britain,

p. 80, PL VII, figs. 175, 176. 

Miliola (Biloculina) elongata Parker and Jones, 1865, Philos. Trans., vol. 155, p. 409,

PL XVII, figs. 88, 90, 91. 

Biloculina elongata Jones, 1895, Foram. Crag, pt. 2, Paleont. Soc., vol. 49, pp. 96-98,

PL'ill, fig. 28 (end view shows aperture); PL VI, fig. 1. a'

Description. Test similar to Biloculina, ringens but elongate, narrow, and subcylindrical. Aperture more or less subcircular with modified epistomium. Species of Biloculina are fairly constant in shape 

whatever type of growth they assume, and the elongated oval contour 

of this species renders its identification easy. The species is, however, 

subject to modification of the penultimate chamber, and on account 

of this variation Jones Has distinguished three groups of related types. 

The first of these includes those forms with exposed penultimate 

segment not pyriform, the second, embraces those with pyriform
MILIOLIDJ3. 25

penultimate chamber, and the third would include types belonging 

to other species showing the pyrif orm penultimate chamber in exposed 

portion. The species has a wide geographic distribution to-day, but 

is most common in the north Atlantic.

Distribution. Eocene to Recent. The form is rare in the Pliocene 

of San Pedro.

BILOCULINA L-^vis (Defrance). 

Plates I, figures 18-22; III, figures 6, a, b, 7 a, b.

Pyrgo Isevis Defrance, 1824, Diet. sci. nat., vol. 32, p. 273, Atlas, PI. LXXXVIII, fig. 2. 

Biloculina Ixvis Brady, 1884, Challenger Kept., vol. 9, p. 146, PI. II, figs. 13, 14. 

Biloculina Ixvis Goes, 1894, Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akad. Haudl., Bd. 25, No. 9, 

p. 119, PI. XXIV, figs. 914-918.

Description. Test small, with the same general outline as Biloculina 

depressa but differing from it in being bicarinate. This secondary 

peripheral ridge is faintly developed and is due to the fact that the 

junction of each new chamber and the preceding ones lies a little 

within the periphery of the latter, so that the larger keel is flanked 

by a smaller edge of the penultimate chamber. The aperture is a 

narrow, horseshoe-shaped opening, with a lingual bar flaring at the 

center.

Distribution. Tertiary of Franc e (Defrance) ; Recent. Three specimens were found at San Pedro.

The Challenger dredged the species at two stations in the north 

Atlantic at depths of 390 and 1,215-fathoms, and it was also found 

in the shoal waters of Humboldt Bay, Papua (Brady).

BILOCULINA KINGENS (Lamarck).

, Plates I, figures 5-9, 11-16; III, figures 1-3.

Miliolites ringens Lamarck, 1804, Annales du Museum, vol. 5, p. 351 ; vol. 9, PI. XVII, 1

%. 1. I 

Biloculina ringens Williamson, 1858, Recent Foram. Great Britain, p. 79, PI. VI, 

figs. 169-171.

Description. Williamson gives the following description of this 

species :

Shell oval; spherical; its ultimate segment projecting at each extremity beyond the 

penultimate one; with a rounded or but slightly angular margin. Septal aperture 

round or transversely ovate, at the anterior extremity of the ultimate segment, which 

is obliquely truncated by it. A small tooth, usually more or less bifid, but of variable 

form, projects from the inner and inferior border of the septal aperture. Texture 

porcelaneous, hue opaque, white, glossy.

Schlumberger * has described this species and its congener B.

i Schlumberger, C., Bull. Soc. gfiol. France, 3d ser., vol. 15, 1887, pp. 574-584, PI. XV, 9 woodcuts in 

text.
26 FORAMINIFERA FROM -SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

lulloides in great detail and has shown by numerous cross sections, 

two of which are copied in this report (PI. I, figs. 10,11) the method 

of growth in the two species.

In 1867 Felix Karrer * described a similar species from the Upper 

Jurassic under the name Biloculina antigua, which Jones, Parker, 

and Brady considered a synonym of B. ringens. Biloculina ringens 

was one of the earliest Foraminifera studied, for it was investigated 

as early as 1795 by Soldani. It is a typical species of the genus 

Biloculina, showing a moderate inflation of the chambers. Biloculina 

depressa is much more compressed laterally and Biloculina bulloides 

is much more globose.

The specimens from San Pedro attain a large size, some of them 

measuring an eighth of an inch in diameter.

Distribution. This species was first discovered in the middle Eocene 

beds of the Paris Basin and is not rare in many Miocene and late Tertiary deposits. It is rather abundant in the Coralline Crag (older 

Pliocene) of England and less common in the Red Crag (newer Pliocene). The species is exceedingly abundant in the Timms Point 

material and in the upper Pleistocene at Santa Barbara but is not 

common in the strata at the base of the bluffs.

The species is fairly common in the northern part of the north 

Atlantic at depths of 300 to 2,000 fathoms or more and at temperatures of 32° to 34.9° F. It is also common in dredgings off the coast 

of Norway. In places the mud is a typical Biloculina mud, the shells 

constituting some 50 per cent of the material dredged. The Challenger expedition obtained this- species from shoal tidewaters down 

to depths of nearly 3,000 fathoms.

Genus MILIOLINA.

MILIOLINA AUBERIANA (D'Orbigny).

Plates TV, figures 2, a, b, 8; VI, figures 6, a, b.

Quinqueloculina auberiana D'Orbigny, 1839, Foram. Cuba, p. 167, PI. XII, figs. 1-3. 

Quinqueloculina^ungeriana D 'Orbigny, 1846, Foram. foss. Vienne, p. 291, PL XVIII,

figs. 22-24. 

Miliolina auberiana (D'Orbigny) Brady, 1884, Challenger Kept., vol. 9, p. 162, PI. V,

figs. 8, 9. 

Miliolina auberiana Goes, 1894, Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akad. Handl., Bd. 25,

No.'9, p. 109, PI. XIX, figs. 844, 844e. 

Miliolina auberiana Flint, 1899, Recent Foram.: Bept. U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1897, p.

298, pi. 43, fig. 6.

Description. Test triangular in cross section; larger and more circular than Miliolina seminulum (Linnaeus). Segments rather sharp 

and angular a.t margins, but not so subcarinate as Miliolina cuvieriana

iSitzungsb. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol.55,1867, p. 365, Pi. in, fig. 7.
MILIOLIDJ3. 27

(D'Orbigny). The San Pedro specimens are large but somewhat 

bruised and waterworn.

Distribution. Miocene to Recent. Not uncommon in the Pliocene 

of San Pedro, but not found in the Pleistocene at Santa> Barbara. 

This species is found in the north and south Atlantic and also in the 

Tropics, apparently at all depths.

MILIOLINA BIOORNIS (Walker and Jacob).

Plates III, figures 4, a, b, 5; IV, figure 4; V, figures 1, a-h.

Serpula bicornis Walker and Jacob, 1798, Adam's Essays, Kanmacher's ed., p. 633,

PI. XIV, fig. 2.

Miliolina bicornis Brady, 1884, Challenger Rept., vol. 9, p. 171, PI. VI, figs. 9, 11, 12. 

Miliolina bicornis Goes, 1894, Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akad. Handl., Bd. 25,

No. 9, p. 113, PI. XXI, figs. 860, 861.

Description. Test milioline, compressed, irregular, in outline, with 

ultimate chamber large and projecting well posteriorly beyond preceding one. The surface is ornamented with striae, which constitute 

the chief characteristic of the species. These vary from very numerous, rather fine costse to a few prominent ribs and may be 

sinuate, oblique, zigzag, parallel, or even reticulate. Brady has 

shown in his monograph on the Challenger Foraminifera that these 

forms can be grouped roughly into several divisions, each of which 

has its analogue in the smooth-she.1 "ed types. This species is, however, closely allied to the costate-shelled Miliolina pulchella (D'Orbigny).

Distribution. Miocene to Recent. This species is at the present 

day confined chiefly to very shallow coast waters of temperate and 

subtropical seas. It is present in the Pleistocene of Santa Barbara, 

but was not obtained from the Pliocene sands of San Pedro, which 

are so full of Miliolidse as to make its absence remarkable. One 

broken specimen of Miliolina pulchella was obtained at San Pedro, 

however.

MILIOLINA CIKCULARIS (Bornemann).

Plate VI, figure 3.

Triloculina circularis Bornemann, 1855, Zeitschr. Deutsch. geol. Gesell., vol. 7, p. 349,

PI. XIX, fig. 4. 

Miliolina circularis FMnt, 1899, Recent Foram.: Rept. U. S. Nat. Mug. for 1897, p. 298,

pi. 44, fig. 1.

Description. Flint gives the following description of this species:

Smooth, slightly compressed, nearly circular in broadest outline; chambers inflated; 

aperture a crescentic slit with arched upper and thin projecting lip. Length about 

0.75 millimeter (-5^ inch).

According to Brady this species can hardly be distinguished from 

Miliolina subrotunda (Montagu), but it is thicker and more tumid,
28 FORAMINIFERA FEOM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

and the final segment is unusually convex and embracing. The 

aperture is a simple crescentic slit; in Miliolina subrotunda the aperture has a milioline tooth. The form is much more obtuse than 

Miliolina' seminulum (Linnaeus) and the other species with which it 

is associated in California, the largest specimens obtained by the 

writer measuring only 1.4 millimeters in greatest diameter.

Distribution. This species was originally described from the Tertiary Septaria clays of Germany. It is found rather sparingly in the 

Pliocene of San Pedro, but is absent from the Pleistocene of Santa 

Barbara. The species is rare in existing oceans, occurring chiefly in 

the north Atlantic, at depths of 50 to 150 fathoms.

MILIOLINA CUVIERIANA (D'Orbigny).

Plate VI,' figures 1, a-c.

Quinqueloculina cuvieriana D'Orbigny, 1839, Foram. Cuba, p. 164, PI. XI, figs. 19-21. 

Quinqueloculina lamarckiana D'Orbigny, 1839, Foram. Cuba, p. 164, PL XI, figs. 14,15. 

Miliolina cuvieriana Brady, 1884, Challenger Kept., vol. 9, p. 164, PL XI, figs. 12, 

a, b, c. '

Description. Test large; smooth-shelled, with very sharp segmented margins on all five visible chambers (hence D'Orbigny's 

name Quinqueloculina).

The two species described by D'Orbigny under the terms Q. 

lamarckiana and Q. cuvieriana are evidently only varieties of the 

same species and Brady has pointed out that these terms should be 

treated as synonyms. The species is closely allied to Miliolina 

auberiana (D'Orbigny), but the latter is not so carinate on the chamber margins and is more symmetrical in growth.

Distribution. Pleistocene and Recent. D'Orbigny obtained his

specimens from the shore sands of Cuba and Jamaica. The form is 

a very shoal water type and was obtained by the Challenger at depths 

ranging from 5 to 95 fathoms at five stations, chiefly in the East 

Indies region. It was found in the beach-bluff deposits at Santa 

Barbara but was absent from the upper series and was not recognized in the Pliocene sands at San Pedro.

MILIOLINA LINN^EANA (D'Orbigny).

Plate III, figures 8, a-c, 9, a-c. c

Triloculina linnxana D'Orbigny, 1839, Foram. Cuba, p. 153, PL IX, figs. 11-13. 

Miliolina linnseana Brady, 1884, Challenger Kept., vol. 9, p. 174, PL VI, figs. 15-20. 

Miliolina linnxana Flint, 1899, Recent Foram.: Kept. U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1897, p. 300, 

pi. 46, fig. 3.

Description. Test similar to Miliolina licornis (Walker and Jacob) 

but with the surface marked by a few large, well-defined costse in 

place of fine striations. The aperture is round and toothed.
MILIOLimG. - 29

Distribution. Miocene to Recent; not common in late Tertiary 

deposits. This form is rather widely distributed in the Tropics and 

elsewhere, usually at depths of less than 200 fathoms (60 to 222, 

according to Flint). One specimen was found in the Santa Barbara 

beach bluffs, but the species was not recognized in the Pliocene of 

San Pedro.

MlLIOLINA OBLONGA (Montagu). 

Plate IV, figures 5, 6, a, b.

Vermiculum Montagu, 1803, Test. Brit., p. 522, PI. XIV, fig. 9.

Miliolina seminulum var. oblonga Williamson, 1858. Recent Foram. Great Britain,

p. 86; PL VII, figs. 186, 187.

Miliolina oblonga Brady, 1884, Challenger Rept., vol. 9, p. 160, PL V, fig. 3. 

Miliolina oblonga Goes, 1894, Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akad. HandL, Bd. 25,

No. 9, p. 110, PL XX, figs. 850, 850f.

Miliolina oblonga Jones, 1895, Foram. Crag, pt. 2: Paleont. Soc., vol. 49, p. 120

(pt. 1, p. 7), PL III, figs. 31, 32; PI. V, fig. 5.

Description. Test rather small and slender, smooth-shelled and 

oblong, as the.specific term implies. The shell is usually triloculine 

but may be quinqueloculine in its mature development. Generally 

about three chambers show on one side. The end view shows a 

narrow horseshoe-shaped aperture, slightly notched and with abroad 

. tooth. The end view of the shell is somewhat circular, owing to the 

rounding of segments at their border. The San Pedro specimens 

were about 0.8 millimeter long.

Distribution. This species occurs in the Upper Chalk of Taplow 

and the London clay. It is most abundant in Pliocene beds. The 

few specimens found in the Pliocene of San Pedro are not very 

typical. Several specimens were obtained in the Pleistocene of Santa 

Barbara near the crest of the hill.

The form is present to-day in all seas and at all depths. It is, 

however, best developed in the shallow waters of the temperate 

zones.

MILIOLINA PULCHELLA (D'Orbigny).

Plate V, figures 3, a-c, 4, a, b.

Adelosina pukhella D'Orbigny, 1846, Foram. foss. Vienne, p. 303, PL XX, figs. 25-30. 

Miliolina pukhella Brady, 1884, Challenger Rept., vol. 9, p. 174, PL VI, figs. 13, 14;

PL III, figs. 10-13 (Young). 

Miliolina pukhella Goes, 1894, Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akad. HandL, Bd. 25,

No. 9, p. 114, PL XXI, figs. 862-864. 

Miliolina pukhella Jones, 1895, Foram. Crag, pt. 2: Paleont. Soc., vol. 49, p. 123, PL

IV, fig. 3; PL VI, fig. 3.

Description. Test irregular, large, strongly costate; built on plan 

of Quingueloculina. Surface costce subject to marked variation, 

especially in prominence of striae.
30 FORAMINIFERA FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

Distribution, Miocene to Recent. Rather uncommon in fossil state, 

and less abundant to-day than many of its relatives. It is typically 

developed in the shallow water of temperate and subtropical oceans. 

It was found in the English Crag, and fragmentary remains were 

obtained in the Pliocene of San Pedro.

Plate V, figures 2, a, b.

Quinqueloculina pygmsea Reuss, 1850, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss., vol. 1, p. 384, PI. I,

fig. 3. 

Quinqueloculina ludda Karrer, 1868, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 57, p. 147,

PI. II, fig. 7. 

Miliolina pygmsea Brady, 1884, Challenger Kept., vol. 9, p. 163, PI. CXIII, fig. 16.

Description. Test minute, elongate, consisting of five or more segments almost tubular in shape, closely and unsymmetrically enwrapped about a vertical axis. Surface of shell smooth. Test somewhat resembles Miliolina oHlonga (Montagu), but has more segments 

visible.

Distribution. Miocene of Kostej; Pliocene of San Pedro (one 

specimen, greatest diameter 0.4 millimeter); Recent, dredged by the 

Challenger at ten stations, chiefly in the south Pacific, at depths from 

a few fathoms down to 580 fathoms.

MILIOLINA SEMINULUM (Linnaeus).

Plate IV, figures 9, a, b.

o 

Serpula seminulum Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., p. 1264, No. 791; 1788, 13th

(Gmelin's) ed., p. 3739, No. 2. 

Miliolina seminulum Williamson, 1858, Recent Foram. Great Britain, p. 86, PI. VII,

figs. 183-185. 

Miliolina seminulum Brady, 1884, Challenger Kept., vol. 9, pp. 157-160, figs. 3, a-c;

PI. V, fig. 6. 

Miliolina seminulum Goes, 1894, Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akad. Handl., Bd. 25,

No. 9, p. 108, PI. XVIII, figs. 838-838n; PI. XIX, figs. 840-843. 

Miliolina (Quinqueloculina) seminulum Chapman, 1902, The Poraminifera, p. 92, pi.

3, figs. E, e. 

Miliolina seminulum Flint, 1899, Recent Foram.: Rept. TJ. S. Nat. Mus. for 1897, p. 297,

pi. 43, fig. 2. . .

Description. Flint gives the following description of this species:

Contour as seen from above oval, from the end or side triangular, with rounded 

angles; surface smooth, with the clear white luster of porcelain characteristic of the 

Miliolidae. Segments somewhat inflated, usually four of them partially visible on one 

side and three on the other; aperture round or oval, with a conspicuous appendicular 

tooth. Length 1.25 millimeters (1/20 inch). The species is common in every latitude 

and at all depths.

Distribution. Eocene to Recent. This is one of the best-known 

types of Miliolina and is probably the most common fpssil of the
MILIOLID^. 31

group in Tertiary deposits. Abundant in the Pleistocene beds at 

Santa Barbara and even more common in the Pliocene of San Pedro, 

being scarcely less abundant than Biloculina ringens (Lamarck) and 

B. lulloides D'Orbigny at the same localities. '

MILIOLINA TRIANGULAEIS (D'Orbigny).

Plate IV, figures 3, a-f.

Quinqueloculina triangularis D'Orbigny, 1826, Annales des sci. nat., vol. 7,302, No. 34. 

Quinqueloculina triangularis D'Orbigny, 1846, Foram. foss. Vienne, p. 288, PL XVIII,

figs. 7-9. 

Miliolina triangularis Jones, 1895, Forani. Crag, pt. 2: Paleont. Soc., vol. 49, p. 118,

PI. IV, fig. 1; PL VI, fig. 2.

Description. This is a very large trihedral Miliolina similar to 

M. trigonula (Lamarck) and M. tricarinata (D'Orbigny) but less 

sharply keeled. It appears to be a variety of Miliolina seminulum 

(Linnaeus). According to Jones, M. subrotunda is a near ally.

Distribution. Tertiary and Recent, probably coextensive with 

M. tricarinata. Not uncommon in the Pliocene of San Pedro.

MILIOLINA TRICARINATA (D'Orbigny).

Plates V, figures 5, a-f; VI, figure 5.

Triloculina tricarinata D'Orbigny, 1826, Annales des sci. nat., vol. 7, p. 299, No. 7,

niodele 94.

Triloculina gibba D'Orbigny, 1846, Foram. fosa. Vienne, p. 274, PL XVI, figs. 22-24. 

Miliolina tricarinata Brady, Parker, and Jones, 1888, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol.

12, pt. 7, p. 215, PL XL, fig. 32. 

Miliolina tricarinata Goes, 1894, Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akad. HandL, Bd. 25,

No. 9, p. 114, PI. XXI, figs. 866-869.

Description. ^A triloculine symmetrical Miliolina with segments 

arranged typically as in D'Orbigny's genus Cruciloculina. (See Cruciloculina triangularis D'Orbigny, 1 which is perhaps a synonym of the 

present species.)

The margin of the chambers is sharply angular, almost subcarinate. 

Miliolina trigonula (Lamarck) has the same triangular arrangement 

of the segments, but the edges of the chambers of the latter are 

rounded. A similar species which has been confused with Miliolina 

tricarinata is M. triangularis (D'Orbigny), but this is regarded by 

Jones (see references under description of M. triangularis) as specifically distinct. M. triangularis is perhaps a large trihedral variety of 

Miliolina seminulum (Linnaeus).

Distribution. Cretaceous (Gault) to Recent, but rare in the Eocene. 

Not rare in the Pliocene of San Pedro, and common in the Pleistocene 

of Santa Barbara. Found in every ocean and at all depths.

' Voyage dans PAmfirlque mfiridionale, Foraminiteres, vol. 5, pt. 5,1839, p. 72, PI. IX, figs. 11,12. 

45625° Bull. 513 12 3
32 FORAMINIFERA FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

MILIOLINA TRIGONULA (Lamarck).

Plates IV, figures 7, a-c; VI, figure 4.

Miliolites trigonula Lamarck, 1804, Annales du Museum, vol. 5, p. 351, No. 3; 1822,

Animaux sans vertebres, vol. 7, p. 612, No. 3. 

Triloculina austriam D'Orbigny, 1846, Foram. foss. Vienne, p. 275, PI. XVI, figs.

25-27. 

Miliolina trigonula Williamson, 1858, Recent Foram. Great Britain, p. 84, PI. A'll,

figs. 180-182.

Miliolina trigonula. Brady, 1884, Challenger Rept., vol. 9, p. 164, PI. Ill, figs. 15, 16. 

Miliolina trigonula Goes, 1894, Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akad. Handl., Bd. 25,

No. 9, p. 115, PI. XXIII, fig. 870.

Description. Miliolina trigonula is separated from M. tricarinata 

chiefly by the comparative roundness of the three salient chambers. 

The third chamber'is not prominent, so that the form approaches the 

Biloculina type. The ultimate inclosing segment in some forms projects into a slight necklike extension, which carries the horseshoeshaped aperture.

Distribution. Miliolina trigonula occurs in the lower Tertiary 

(London clay) and in all the succeeding formations. It is less common 

as a fossil than some of its congeners, but in existing oceans it has a 

very wide distribution. According to Brady, it never reaches polar 

seas, though it is common off the British coasts and is a typical 

shallow-water form of temperate zones. Its bathymetric range is 

wide, for it is found at 2,300 fathoms, though most abundant in 

depths of less than 100 fathoms. Although this species is perhaps 

best known as a Pliocence and Pleistocene fossil, it does not appear 

to be recorded from the English Crag. It is common in the lower 

Pleistocene beach-bluff deposits at Santa Barbara and also in the 

Pliocene of San Pedro. ,

MILIOLINA VENUSTA (Karrer).

Plate VI, figure 2.

Quinqueloculina venusta Karrer, 1868, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wieu, vol. 57, p. 147,

PI. II, fig. 6. 

Miliolina venusta Brady, 1884, Challenger Kept., vol. 9, p. 162, PI. V, figs. 5, 6.

Description. Test elongate, oval, with the three outermost segments, subcarinate. Oral end of ultimate chamber slightly prolonged. This form is essentially a deep-water type.

Distribution. Miocene to Recent. Common in the Pleistocene 

beach-bluff strata of Santa Barbara, but not recognized in the 

Pliocene of San Pedro.
MILIOLID^E. 33 

Subgenus SIGMOILINA.

SIGMOILINA (SPIROLOCULINA in part) TENTHS (Czjzek).

Plate VIII, figures 9, a-f.

Quinqueloculina tennis Czjzek, 1847, Haidinger's Naturw. Abhandl., vol. 2, p. 149,

PL XIII, figs. 31-34.

Spiroloculina tennis Brady, 1884, Challenger Kept., vol. 9, p. 152, PI. X, figs. 7-11. 

Sigmoilina tennis Jones, 1895, Foram. Crag, pt. 2: Paleont. Soc., vol. 49, p. 125, PL VII,

fig. 2.

Description. The subgenus Sigmoilina was established by Schlumberger in 1887, and as defined includes a number of types formerly 

considered under the genus Spiroloculina. The chambers are alternately placed about the two megasphere poles with a central twist, 

which makes the shell unsymmetrical and not complanate as in the

type Spiroloculina.

The form known as Sigmoilina (Spiroloculina) tenuis is nearly complanate, outspread, and slightly twisted in sigmoidal fashion. In 

some specimens the shell is delicate and minute, and completely 

spiroloculine from end to end. The ultimate chamber is drawn out 

into a tubular neck, bearing a circular aperture with appendicular 

tooth.

Distribution. Cretaceous to Recent. Shallow waters over wide 

areas in existing oceans. One specimen obtained in the Pleistocene 

at Santa Barbara, near -the hill crest.

Family LITUOLID^E. 

Subfamily LITUOLIN^E. 

Genus HAPLOPHBAGMITJM.

HAPLOPHRAGMIUM CANARIENSE (D'Orbigny).

Plate VII, figures 1, a-h.

Nonionina canariense D'Orbigny, 1839, Foram. Canaries, p. 128, PL II, figs. 33, 34. 

Nonionina jeffreysii Williamson, 1858, Recent Foram. Great Britain, p. 34, PL III,

figs, 72, 73. 

Haplophragmium canariense Brady, 1884, Challenger Kept., vol. 9, p. 310, PL XXXV,

figs. 1-5. 

Haplophragmium canariense Goes, 1894, Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akad. Handl.,

Bd. 25, No. 9, p.'20, PL V, figs. 92-101.

Description. Test dark brown or gray, because of its arenaceous 

character; nautiloid, laterally compressed with nearly flush umbilici; 

segments rather numerous (in San Pedro type there are 10 in the final 

whorl); septal lines slightly depressed, straight or nearly so, chambers 

a little inflated, but in a few specimens scarcely distinct; periphery
34 FORAMINIFERA FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

broadly rounded; aperture a narrow slit on inner margin of final 

chamber, which, has a rounded bulbous septal face.

Distribution. Pliocene to Recent. This species does not seem to 

have been hitherto recorded from Pliocene deposits, but it has been 

obtained in a number of post-Tertiary formations, especially those of 

Norway, Ireland, and Scotland, 'and is of world-wide distribution 

to-day. It inhabits the cold shallow north Atlantic waters and is 

less common at great depths.

One specimen was found in the Pliocene beds of San Pedro.

Subfamily TROCHAMMININJE.

Genus TROCHAMMINA. 

TROCHAMMINA TRULLISSATA Brady.

Plate VII, figures 2, a, b.

Trochammina trullissata Brady, 1879, Quart. Jour. Micr. Sci., vol. 19, new ser., p. 56,

PI. V, figs. 10, 11. 

Trochammina trullissata Brady, 1884, Challenger Kept., vol. 9, p. 342, PI. XL, figs.

13-16.

Description. Brady describes this species as follows:

Test spiral, nautiloid; compressed, lenticular, somewhat excavated at the umbilici; 

composed of about three convolutions, the last of which often almost entirely incloses 

those preceding it; peripheral edge acute or rounded. Segments numerous, about 

nine in the later convolutions; the sutures marked externally by slightly excavated 

sinuate lines. Exterior smooth and glossy; interior surface often punctate or reticulate; color brown. Aperture crescentiform; situated on the face of the terminal 

chamber, close to the margin of the previous convolution. -

The three specimens of the genus Trochammina from the Pliocene 

of San Pedro correspond closely to the above description.

Distribution. Three specimens were found in the Pliocene beds of 

San Pedro. The species is typically Recent. Brady records the form 

from some 25 localities in the north and south Atlantic, south Pacific, 

and Indian oceans, most of which were at great depths (1,500 to 2,000 

fathoms).

Family TEXTULARIID^.

Subfamily TEXTULARIIN^.

Genus TEXTTJLABIA.

TEXTULARIA ABBREVIATA D'Orbigny.

Plate VII, figures 6, a-c, 7, a-c.

Textularia abbreviata D'Orbigny, 1846, Foram. foss. Vienne, p. 249, PI. XV., figs. 9-12

(error for 7-12). 

Textularia abbreviata Brady, Parker, and Jones, 1888, Trans. Zool. Soc. London,

vol. 12, pt. 7, p. 219, PI. XLII, figs. 4, 5 (fig. 4 shows fistulose condition).

Description. Test similar to Textularia agglutinans D'Orbigny but 

shorter and with fewer segments. It has the outline of T. gramen
MILIOLID/E. 35

D'Orbigny, but the lateral margins are angular, not rounded. The 

form i's broader than T. agglutinans, seems to- be composed of more 

minute grains, and is probably more calcareous in its cementing 

material. A single specimen with seven and eight segments, which 

was obtained at San Pedro, seems to belong to this species.

Distribution. Miocene of the Vienna Basin; Pliocene of SanPedro (rare); Recent, Abrolhos Bank and off Brazil, usually in the 

fistulose state (Brady, Parker, and Jones, loc. cit.).

TEXTULARIA AGGLUTINANS D'Orbigny.

Plate VII, figures 3, a, b, 5, a-c.

Textularia agglutinans D'Orbigny, 1839, Foram. Cuba, p. 144, PL I, figs. 17, 18, 32-34. 

Textularia agglutinans Brady, 1884, Challenger Rept., vol. 9, p. 363, PI. XLJII,

figa. 1-3; varieties, figs. 4 and 12. 

Textularm agglutinans Goes, 1894, Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akad. Handl., Bd. 25,

No. 9, p. 35, PI. VII, figs. 281-284, 294-303. 

Textularia agglutinans Jones, 1895, Foram. Crag, pt. 2: Paleont. Soc., vol. 49, pp.

147-149, PI. Ill (1866), figs. 14-16.

Description. Textularia agglutinans, because of its arenaceous 

character, belongs to the genus Plecanium of Reuss. This form is the 

most common of all the Textularia, whether recent or fossil, and is 

known in strata as early as the Lower Cretaceous. The form is 

typical for Textularia, being elongate and biserial, with nearly 

horizontal, narrow, rather numerous segments, somewhat depressed 

along septal lines, and the shell wall consisting of agglutinated 

sand grains passing into some calcareous cementing material in the 

deep-water types. The periphery is never acutely angular, and the 

form never becomes entirely calcareous, as does Textularia sagittula 

Defrance. It is well known as a Cretaceous fossil and is common in 

Tertiary deposits, but inasmuch as it is characteristic of sandy or 

silty bottoms it is not typically developed in fine calcareous deposits. 

In the tropical coral reefs the species is much elongated, and is considered a variety, T. agglutinans var. porrecta Brady.

Distribution. Ciet&ceous to Recent. Not common in the Pliocene 

of San Pedro, for the deposits are not very favorable for Textularia.

TEXTULARIA SAGITTULA Defrance. 

Plate VIII, figures 1, 2, a-c.

Textularia sagittula Defrance, 1824, Diet. sci. nat., vol. 32, p. 177; vol. 53, p. 344;

Atlas Conchol., PI. XIII, fig. 5. 

Textularia nusdorfensis D'Orbigny, 1846, Foram. foss. Vienne, p. 243,. PI. XIV, figs.

17-19. 

Textularia sagittula Jones, 1895, Foram. Crag, pt. 2: Paleont. Soc., vol. 49, p. 142,

PI. Ill (1866), figs. 7-9; PL V, figs. 15, 16, 18.

Description. This is one of the most abundant of all Textularia 

both living and fossil, and like many other variable types has been
36 FORAMINIFERA FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

described under 'a large number of names. The.form is narrow, 

elongate, strongly compressed, and with sharp-angled margins. 

The chambers are numerous, some specimens having 12 to 15.. They 

are closely set and are separated by nearly straight, slightly oblique 

septal lines, or by lines curving a little toward the center. The 

aperture is central and subterminal.

Distribution. This form inhabits, for the most part, shallow waters 

of temperate zones, but occurs at all depths down to 2,700 fathoms. 

It is especially characteristic of Cretaceous and Tertiary deposits, 

but is rare in the Pliocene of San Pedro.

Genus GAUDRYINA.

GAUDRYINA PUPOIDES D'Orbigny.

Plate VIII, figures 3-8.

Gaudryina pupoides D'Orbigny, 1840, Me"m. Soc. ge"ol. France, vol. 4, p. 44, PI. IV,

figs. 22-24.

Gaudryina pupoides D'Orbigny, 1846, Foram. loss. Vienne, p. 197, PI. XXI, figs. 34-36. 

Gaudryina pupoides Brady, 1884, Challenger Kept., vol. 9, p. 378, PI. XLVI, figs. 1-4. 

Gaudryina pupoides Flint, 1899, Recent Foram.: Kept. U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1897,

p. 287, pi. 32, fig. 4.

Description. The delicate-shelled dimorphous Gaudryina so well 

developed in the Cretaceous is an easily recognized species. The 

triserial portion of the shell extends about one-fourth or one-fifth of 

the total length and is succeeded by textularian, slightly inflated 

chambers, the final one carrying the aperture at its inner margin. 

The species is likely to be mistaken for Textularia agglutinans unless 

the initial triserial character is visible. Recent specimens are thinshelled calcareous forms with smooth surface. Fossil types have a 

roughened exterior, are larger, and are less symmetrically constructed.

Distribution. Chiefly a Cretaceous form but occurs in all succeeding formations. One specimen was recognized in the lower series 

and another in the upper series of the Pleistocene at Santa Barbara. 

The species is considered characteristically a deep-water form, but 

it occurs over wide areas and at varying depths.

GAUDRYINA RUGOSA D'Orbigny.

Plate VII, figures 4, a, b.

Gaudryina rugosa D'Orbigny, 1840, M6m. Soc. g^ol" France, vol. 4, p. 44, PI. IV,

figs. 20, 21. 

Gaudryina rugosa Reuss, 1855, Sitzungsber. Akacl. Wiss. Wien, vol. 18, p. 244, PI. VI,

fig. 61.

Description. The triserial portion of this species is trihedral, a 

feature which, with the rough arenaceous character of the shell 

walls, serves as a ready means of identification.
TEXTULABIID^E. - 37

Distribution. Upper Cretaceous to Recent. Like Gaudryina 

pupoides, it is best known as a Cretaceous and Tertiary fossil, but it 

occurs to-day in scattered localities at various depths down to 675 

fathoms. A single specimen was obtained from the Pleistocene 

beach bluffs at Santa Barbara.

Subfamily BULIMININ^E.

Genus BULIMINA.

BULIMINA CONTRARIA (Reuss). . 

Plate IX, figure 2.

Rotalina contraria Reuss, 1851, Zeitschr. Deutsch. geol. Geaell., vol. 3, p. 76, PI. V,

fig. 37. 

Ataxophragmium simile Karrer, 1868, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiaa. Wien, vol. 57, p. 126,

PI. I, fig. 1. 

Bulimina contraria Brady, 1884, Challenger Kept., vol. 9, p. 409, PI. LIV, fig. 18.

Description. This species resembles so closely in its general appearance certain Rotalina forms that it may easily be confused with such 

types as Pulvinulina auricula, but its aperture and growth are 

distinctly buHminine.

Distribution. Oligocene (Septaria clays) to Recent. The. species 

was dredged at only nine stations by the Challenger. One of these 

was from the north Atlantic at 1,070 fathoms, one from the siliceous 

sponge (Hyalonema') ground off Japan, and the others from the 

south Pacific, at depths ranging from 17 to 1,350 fathoms.

The Pliocene sands of San Pedro contain a few forms of Bulimina 

referable to this type, but they are very minute and may be easily 

overlooked among the larger Foraminifera.

BULIMINA CONVOLUTA Williamson.

Plate IX, figures 3, a, b. ;

Bulimina pupoides var. convoluta Williamson, 1858, Recent Foram. Great Britain,

p. 63, PI. V, figs. 132, 133. - - . - 

Bulimina convoluta Brady, 1884, Challenger Rept., vol. 9, p. 409, PI. CXIII, fig. 6.

Description. Test obscurely rotaliform, turreted, oval, and unequally compressed laterally. A suggestion of biserial arrangement 

appears in the peculiar inset segment arrangement toward the distal 

end. Williamson's original figures do not reveal the segmentation, 

but it is shown by the plate in the Challenger report. The longer 

diameter of the San Pedro specimen measures 0.75 millimeter.

Distribution. Pliocene of San Pedro (very rare); Recent, dredged 

by the Challenger only in Torres Strait, at 155 fathoms. Williamson's 

specimens came from Shetland.
38 FOEAMINIFEEA PEOM SOUTHEEN CALIFOBNIA.

BULIMINA ELEGANTISSIMA D'Orbigny.

Plate IX, figures 8, a-c.

Bulimina elegantissima D'Orbigny, 1839, Foram. AmSrique me"rid., p. 51, PI. VII,

figs. 13, 14. 

Bulimina elegantissima Williamson, 1858, Recent Fo.ram. Great Britain, p. 64, PL V,

figs. 134, 135. 

Bulimina elegantissima Bagg, 1905, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 268, p 21, PI II,

fig. 4.

Description. Test regularly spiral, consisting of two or three 

convolutions, the last of which constitutes more than three-fourths 

of the entire shell. The final whorl has from seven to ten segments, 

which are long axially but narrow and obliquely set and with sutures 

only slightly depressed. The species is very minute. Only one 

specimen was discovered in the Pliocene of San Pedro.

BULIMINA OVATA D'Orbigny. 

Plate IX, figures 6, a, b.

Bulimina ovata D'Orbigny, 1846, Foram. foss. Vienne, p. 185, PI. XI, figa. 13, 14. 

Bulimina ovata Bagg, 1905, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 268, p. 22, PL III, fig. 1.

Description. Three species of Bulimina, B. ovata, B. pupoides, (PI. 

IX, figs. 5, a, b) and B. affinis, are very closely related, similar in 

outline, and difficult to distinguish. All three forms were originally 

described by D'Orbigny, and they might well be considered varieties 

of one species were not the general types depending on their outlines 

so well established. Means of distinguishing them are shown in the 

following table:

Characteristics of similar species of Bulimina.

Species. Initial end.

Bluntly rounded ........

Intermediate. ...........

Distal extremity.

8

General Outline.

The apertures of these forms are similar, but they differ somewhat 

in segmentation and in the relative size of the chambers. The figures 

here copied from Brady's monograph (Challenger report) best illustrate the characteristic features of the three varieties.

Distribution. Bulimina ovata ranges from Eocene to Recent. It 

is common in the shore sands of the British Isles, and has in general 

wide geographic and bathymetric range.

It is the most common form of Bulimina found at San Pedro in 

the Pliocene. No attempt has been made to distinguish the two 

allied species described above, though both are probably present.
TEXTULARinxas. 39 

BULIMINA PYEULA D'Orbigny.

Plate IX, figures 1, a-e, 4, a, b.

Bulimina pyrula D'Orbigny, 1846, Foram. loss. Vienne, p. 184, PL XI, figs. 9, 10. 

Bulimina pyrula Brady, 1884, Challenger Kept., vol. 9, p. 399, PL I, figs. 7-10. 

Bulimina pyrula Flint, 1899, Recent Foram.: Kept. U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1897, p. 290, 

PL XXXVI, figs. 4 and 5 (by transmitted light).

Description. Test elongate, ovate, very slightly compressed; shell 

walls thin and transparent in recent specimens; perforations of shell 

very fine but distinct, segments erect, overlapping, and often showing 

externally only three in the mature form. The aperture is generally 

ovate, with prominent epistomium.

The specimens figured by Flint measure about 1 millimeter and 

came from Atlantic dredgings at depths of 194 to 1,356 fathoms.

Distribution Upper Triassic (?), Eocene (London clay), Miocene (Vienna Basin), Pliocene at San Pedro (several specimens), and 

Pliocene of southern Italy, but not recognized in the English Crag. 

The type is especially well developed in the north Atlantic, as are 

many of these California coast species.

BULIMINA SUBTEKES Brady.

Plates IX, figures 7, a-d; XI, figures 1-5.

Bulimina subteres Brady, 1884, Challenger Kept., vol. 9, p. 402, PL L, figs. 20-22. 

Bulimina subteres Goes, 1894, Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akad. HandL, Bd. 25, No. 9, 

p. 46, PL IX, figs. 445-453.

Description. Brady's description of this species follows:

Test elongate-ovate, tapering to a blunt point at the initial extremity, rounded at 

distal end; consisting of from two to three more or less regular oblique convolutions. 

Chambers relatively large and only slightly ventricose externally; sutural lines very 

distinct. Aperture a curved slit near the inferior umbilical margin of the terminal 

chamber, considerably removed from the distal end of the test. *

The above is the original description of this species, which, so far as 

the writer is aware, has not been recognized in fossil form heretofore. 

The form is closely related to Bulimina elegantissima D'Orbigny on 

the one hand and to Bulimina (Robertina) arctica D'Orbigny on the 

other.

Distribution. Pleistocene of Santa Barbara (rare) and Recent. 

According to Brady the species has a wide geographic range and is 

found in the Arctic waters of the north Atlantic as far north as 

latitude 83° 19'.
40 FORAMINIFERA FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

Genus BOLIVINA. 

BOLIVINA BEYBICHI ReUSS.

Plate X, figure 10.

Bolivina beyrichi Reuss, 1851, Zeitschr. Deutsch. geol. Gesell., vol. 3, p. 83, PI. VI,

fig. 51. 

Bolivina beyrichi Brady, 1884, Challenger Kept., vol. 9, p. 422, PI. Ill, fig. 1.

Description. Test strongly compressed, narrow, elongate, textulariform; margins acute, each segment projecting downward at the 

periphery into a spinous point. These spines are more extended 

above, and less prominent toward the initial segment. The species 

is not far removed from Vulvulina gramen D'Orbigny. 1

Distribution. Oligocene (Septaria clays of Germany); upper Tertiary of Rome; Pliocene of San Pedro; Recent, off the Canaries at 600 

and 1,125 fathoms, off Sydney at 410 fathoms, off Ki Islands at 129 

fathoms, and off the Philippines at 95 fathoms (Brady, loc. cit.).

BOLIVINA BEYBICHI Reuss var. ALATA Seguenza.

Plate X, figures 7-9.

Vulvulina alata Seguenza, 1862, Atti Accad. Gioenia eci. nat., 2d ser., vol. 18, p. 115,

PI. II, fig. 5. 

Bolivina beyrichi var. alata Terrigi, 1880, Atti Accad. Pont. Nuovi Lincei, vol. 33, p.

198, PI. II, figs. 43-45. 

Bolivina beyrichi var. alata Brady, 1884, Challenger Kept., vol. 9, p. 422, PL LIII

figs. 2-4. '

Description. This is a variety of Bolivina beyrichi having a peripheral wing or keel of variable form and dimensions. It is proportionally broader than Bolivina beyrichi and occurs, whether recent or 

fossil, usually with the type.

Distribution. Oligocene to Recent. Dredged by the Challenger 

at a few stations in shoal waters in the Pacific.

Occurs in the Pliocene at Timms Point, San Pedro, but is not 

common.

BOLIVINA DILATATA Reuss.

Plate XI, figures 7-9.

Bolivina dilatata Reuss, 1849, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 1, p. 381, PI. XLVIII,

fig. 15. 

Bolivina dilatata Brady, Parker and Jones, 1888, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 12, pt.

7, p. 221, PI. XLIII, figs. 3, 6. 

Bolivinia dilatata, Bagg, 1905, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 268, p. 24, III, fig. 4.

Description. Test, broadly expanded at interior end, tapering 

gradually to narrow posterior extremity. Lateral margins acute;

i Foram. Cuba, p. 139, PI. I, figs. 30, 31.
TEXTULARIID2E. 41

segments numerous, arranged symmetrically, textulariform; coarsely 

punctate, varying much in size and outline.

distribution. Miocene to Recent. Exists to-day in the north 

Atlantic ia dredgings at all depths to 1,180 fathoms.

Rare in Pliocene at San Pedro.

BOLIVINA NOBILIS Hantken.

Plate X, figures 6, a-c.

Bolivina nobilis Hantken, 1875, Mittheil. Jahrb. Ung. geol. Anstalt, vol. 4, p. 65,

PI. XV, fig. 4. 

Bolivina nobilis Brady, 1884, Challenger Kept., vol. 9, p. 424, PL LIII, figs. 14, 15.

Description. Test similar to Bolivina punctata but more stoutly 

built. The surface is covered with fairly numerous parallel vertical

striations, According to Brady, the fossil ornamentation is less

distinct than in the recent forms, but the writer has none of the latter 

for comparison. Length, 0.87 millimeter.

Distribution. At the present day the species seems to be confined 

to shoal waters of the south Pacific. It was dredged off Port Jackson 

at 6 fathoms; off Fiji at 25 fathoms, etc. The original specimens 

came from the Clavulina-Szaboi formation of Hungary. The species is 

very rare in the Pliocene of San Pedro, most of the Bolivina species 

found there being without ornamentation.

BOLIVINA PUNCTATA D'Orbigny.

Plate X, figures 1-5.

Bolivina punctata D'Orbigny, 1839, Foram. Ame"rique me"rid., p. 63, Pi. VIII, figs.

10-12.

Bolivina antiqua D'Orbigny, 1846, Foram. foss. Vienne, p. 240, PI. XIV, figs. 11-13. 

Bolivina punctata Bagg, 1898, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 88, p. 33, PI. II, fig. 3. 

Bolivina punctata Bagg, 1905, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 268, p. 24, PI. Ill, fig. 6.

Description. The test of Bolivina punctata is slender and narrowelongate, strongly compressed, textulariform, and finely perforate. 

The ultimate end is obtuse; the posterior is tapering and rather acute, 

and the lateral margins are subcarinate. The numb.er of chambers 

is variable, but typical specimens show from five to ten in each series.

Distribution. Cretaceous to Recent. The species is common in 

the New Jersey Cretaceous (Monmouth formation), less common in 

the California Miocene, where the specimens are very slender and 

delicate, and rare in both the Pliocene and the Pleistocene deposits of 

the west coast. Very rare in the Pliocene of San Pedro, and only a 

few specimens have been found in the Pleistocene of Santa Barbara.
42 FORAMINIFERA FEOM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

BOLIVINA KOBUSTA Brady.

Plate X, figures 11-13.

Bolivina robusta Brady, 1881, Quart. Jour. Micr. Sci., vol. 21, new ser., p. 57. 

Bolivina robusta Brady, 1884, Challenger Kept., vol. 9, p. 421, PI. LIII, figs. 7-9.

Description. Brady gives the following description of this species:

Test regularly textularian; elongate, compressed; broad and rounded at the oral 

extremity; tapering to a point, and frequently terminating in a long, stout spine at 

the aboral end. Test thickest on the median line and sloping away symmetrically 

toward the lateral edges; margin subacute. Segments numerous, about 10 in each 

series, long, curved, obliquely set. Shell stoutly built, sutures thickened, usually 

limbate and somewhat crenate externally. * * * Length, -fa inch (0.56 millimeter), exclusive of the terminal spine. >

Distribution. Although this species so well described by Brady 

has been recognized off Norway at shallow depths and in various 

oceans from shore line down to 1,900 fathoms, it does not appear to 

be recorded in the fossil condition. Two specimens were obtained 

from the Pliocene of San Pedro.

BOLIVINA TEXTILABIOIDES Reuss, 

Plate XI, figures 6, a, b.

Bolivina textilarioides Reuss, 1862, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 46, p. 81, PI.

X, fig. 1. 

Bolivina textilarioides Brady, 1884, Challenger Kept., vol. 9, p. 419, PI. LII, figs.

23-25.

Description. Test narrow, elongate; margins rounded; finely punctate, with close, resemblance to Textularia agglutinans D'Orbigny, 

but carrying a Bolivina aperture. Segments short, slightly inflated, 

a little lobulated at periphery. According to Brady (loc. cit.), the

species possesses few segments, but in the writer's opinion the segmentation varies, as in Bolivina punctata, and many specimens may 

show as many segments as that species.

Distribution. Cretaceous (North Germany; Matawan formation, 

New Jersey); Pliocene at San Pedro (rare); Recent, north Atlanticat 96 to 183 fathoms, south Pacific at 218 to 610 fathoms, north 

Pacific at 40 fathoms and (at one station) 2,075 fathoms (Brady).

Subfamily CASSIDULININJE.

Genus CASSIDULINA.

CASSIDULINA CALABRA (Seguenza).

Plate XII, figures 1, a-c.

Burseolina calabra Seguenza, 1879, Formaz. Terz. Keggio, p. 138, Pi. XIII, fig. 7. 

Cassidulina ealdbra Brady, 1884, Challenger Rept., vol. 9, p. 431, PI. CXIII, fig. 8.

Description. Test almost spherical, composed of irregular narrow, 

angular segments which intersect at different points along the shell
TEXTULABimZE. 43

surface. Septa flush, but thei ultimate segment overlaps and is provided with a countersunk border over the small, nearly circular aperture, which is slightly raised at its edge. The form resembles Cassidulina subglobosa Brady, but the latter has septal depressions between 

the segments and carries an aperture of different character.

Distribution. Upper Miocene of Reggio, Calabria; very rare in the 

Pliocene at San Pedro; found'in Torres Strait at 155 fathoms and 

also near the Fiji Islands.

CASSIDULINA CRASSA D'Orbigny.

Plate XII, figures 6, a-f.

Cassidulina crassa D'Orbigny, 1839, Foram. Ame'rique me*rid., p. 56, PL VII, figs.

18-20.

Cassidulina crassa D'Orbigny, 1846, Foram. foss. Vienne, p. 213, PI. XXI, figs. 42, 43. 

Cassidulina obtusa Williamson, 1858, Recent Foram. Great Britain, p. 69, PI. VI, figs.

143, 144.

Cassidulina crassa Brady, 1884, Challenger Kept., vol. 9, p. 429, Pi. LIV, figs. 4, 5. 

Cassidulina crassa Goes, 1894, Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akad. Handl., Bd. 25, No.

9, p. 43, PI. VIII, figs. 421, 422.

Description. Test discoidal, oval, with obtusely rounded margin; 

segments more or less inflated and few in number, usually four or five 

showing in one aspect. Thicker than Cassidulina Isevigata, and the 

fewer segments are shorter and more tumid. The aperture, a deep 

crescentic slit beneath the periphery under the ultimate segment, 

extends back and along the junction of the two final segments.

Distribution. Miocene of Vienna; Pliocene of England, Italy, and 

San Pedro, Cal.; rare in the Pleistocene of Santa Barbara. Of worldwide distribution in present seas and recorded at depths ranging from 

a few fathoms down to 2,760 fathoms in the north Atlantic.

CASSIDULINA L^VIGATA D'Orbigny.

Plate XII, figures 3, a, b, 5, a-c.

Cassidulina Isevigata D'Orbigny, 1826, Annales des sci. nat., vol. 7, p. 282, No. 1,

PI. XV, figs. 4, 5, modele 41. 

Cassidulina laevigata Williamson, 1858, Recent Foram. Great Britain, p. 68, PI. VI,

figs. 141, 142.

Cassidulina Ixvigata Brady, 1884, Challenger llept., vol. 9, p. 428, PI. LIV, figs. 1-3. 

Cassidulina laevigata Goes, 1894, Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akad. Handl., Bd. 25,

No. 9, p. 43, PI.. VIII, figs. 418-420. 

Cassidulina Ixvigata Jones, 1895, Foram. Crag, pt. 2: Paleont. Soc., vol. 49, p. 171:

PI. IV, fig. 15.

Description. Test lenticular, compressed, with sharp peripheral 

margin suggesting a carina; segments numerous, strongly curved, 

slightly inflated; aperture a narrow slit set deeply below the margin 

of ultimate chamber. The pseudopodal apertures are not uniformly 

distinct, and according to Jones they vary with the age of the shell.
44 FORAMINIFERA FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

It is owing to this feature of variation that Reuss established Cassidulina punctata, which Jones considers a synonym of the present 

species.

Distribution. Eocene to Recent. In the Pliocene of San Pedro 

it is less abundant than C. subglobosa, Brady, but in the Pleistocene 

of Santa Barbara it is extremely abundant. It is common in the 

littoral zone around Norway and Sweden, and, though not confined 

to Arctic waters, it is particularly characteristic of cold water. Its 

bathymetric range is from 60 to 1,675 fathoms.

CASSIDULINA SUBGLOBOSA Brady.

Plate XII, figures 2, a, b, 4.

Cassidulina subglobosa Brady, 1881, Quart. Jour. Micr. Sci., vol. 21, new ser., p. 60. 

Cassidulina subglobosa Brady, 1884, Challenger Kept., vol. 9, p. 430, PI. LIV, fig. 17. 

Cassidulina subglobosa Brady, Parker, and Jones, 1888, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 

12, pt. 7, p. 221, PI. XLIII, figs. 12-14.

Description. Brady describes this form as follows:

Test subglobular, somewhat compressed on the two lateral faces, inequilateral; 

segments few, slightly inflated; alternation irregular. Aperture an oblique or nearly 

erect looplike slit on the face of the projecting terminal segment.

The shape and position of the aperture and the irregularity of 

arrangement of chambers separate this species from Cassidulina 

crassa and C. calabra Seguenza. The forms obtained at San Pedro 

are very large and robust, and their development is typical, agreeing 

well with Brady's original description' and figures.

Distribution. Very abundant in the Pliocene at San Pedro, where 

Cassidulina is so numerous that were it not for the equal abundance 

of a few species of Biloculina and Miliolina the deposit might well be 

characterized as a Cassidulina ooze. In the Pleistocene of Santa 

Barbara it is extremely abundant in the upper strata and less common in the lower beach formation.

Living1 specimens were found at Abrolhos Bank, in the north 

Atlantic, at 260 fathoms and less. The species occurs in the north 

and south Atlantic and elsewhere and is considered by Brady a deepwater type. Inasmuch as the California deposits were laid down in 

shallow water it seems probable that the species is cosmopolitan 

rather than characteristic of deep water.
FOEAMINIFEEA FEOM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 45

Family LAGENID^. 

Subfamily LAGENIN^E.

Genus LA6ENA.

LAGENA ACUTICOSTA Reuss.

Plate XIV, figure 28.

Lagena acuticosta Reuss, 1861, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 44, p. 305, PI..I.

fig. 4. 

Lagena acuticosta Reuss, 1862, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 46, p. 331, PI. V.

fig. 63. 

Lagena acuticosta Brady, Parker, and Jones, 1888, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol. 12,

pt. 7, p. 222, PI. XLlV, figs. 26, 31.

Description. Test similar to all types of Lagena sulcata, but with 

only a few (12 to 14) prominent sharp ribs extending over the entire

surface. The form is usually stout and larger than its congener and 

is without tubular extension.

Distribution. Lower Cretaceous to Recent. Rare in present 

oceans and lives at a great depth (2,425 fathoms), where a temperature of approximately 1° C. prevails. Several specimens were found 

in the Pliocene at San Pedro, and one in the Pleistocene of Santa 

Barbara.

LAGENA DENTALIFORMIS n. sp.

Plate XIII, figures 1, a, b, 2, a, b.

Several slender, semitransparent specimens of Lagena from the 

Pliocene of San Pedro seem to be new. The test is very attenuate 

and arcuate, with tapering extremities, as in Lagena elongata Ehrenberg. All the specimens are rather symmetrically and gently curved 

and therefore the term Lagena dentaliformis is suggested.

The best preserved specimens measure 2.5 millimeters in length. 

A slight indentation at one point in the shell in two specimens is possibly accidental. The form is not abundant.

A figure of Lagena gracillima (Seguenza) in the monograph on the 

Foraminifera of the Crag 1 corresponds closely with the configuration 

of these San Pedro specimens. The type of L. gracillima is, however, 

straight.and more bulbous in the center. It seems b",st to refer all 

tentative forms to a new species.

» Paleont. Soc., vol. 19,1866, PI. 1, figs. 36,37.
46 FOBAMINIFEBA FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

LAQENA ELONGATA (Ehrenberg). 

Plate XIII, figures 4, a, b.

Miliola elongata Ehrenberg, 1844, Ber. K. preuss. Akad. Wiss. Berlin, p. 274; idem,

1845, p. 371; fig. in Mikrogeologie, 1854, p. xxv, fig. 1. 

Lagena elongata Flint, 1899, Recent Foram.-: Kept. U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1897, p.. 306,

pi. 53, fig. 1.

Description. This form is very similar to Lagena gracillima except, 

that the body is less bulbous and more attenuate, with a short taper 

at each extremity.

Distribution. Lower Jurassic (English Lias); Cretaceous limestones of Antilibanon; Pliocene of San Pecjro (rare); Eecent, recorded 

by Brady only in the north Atlantic and south Pacific.

LAGENA GLOBOSA (Montagu).

Plate XIII, figures 9, a-c.

Vermiculum globosum Montagu, 1803, Test. Brit., p. 523.

Entosoknia globosa Williamson, 1858, Recent Foram. Great Britain, p. 8, PL I,

figs. 15,16. 

Lagena globosa Reuss, 1862, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 46, Bd. 1, pt. 1,

p. 318, PL I, figs. 1,3. 

Lagena globosa Goes, 1894, Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akad. Handl., Bd. 24, No. 9,

p. 77, PL XIII, fig. 741. 

Lagena globosa Jones, 1895, Foram. Crag, pt. 2: Paleont. Soc., vol. 49, p. 177, PL I

(1866), fig. 32. /

Description. This is one of the simplest of all Foraminifera. The 

test is oval, globular or subglobular, elliptical, pyriform, smooth, 

and hyaline; the aperture is in an entosolenian neck. Some types 

are broadly rounded at the base, and others are narrow, but there is no

prolongation anteriorly into a tubular neck as in Lagena vulgaris

(Williamson). The aperture is circular, radiate central. This species 

is similar to Lagena apiculata, but is without distal spine. It has been 

described under a number of different specific terms, a very exhaustive 

list of which is given in the Crag monograph above cited.

Distribution. This is one of the most common Lagenidse, recent 

or fossil. It occurs in all seas, at all depths, and in arctic and tropical 

waters.

Prof. H. B. Brady records this species from the tipper Silurian. 

It occurs in the Oolite (Terquem) and in every succeeding formation. 

Several specimens were found ur the Pleistocene at Santa Barbara, 

near the crest of the hill.
LAGENIDJE. 47

LAGENA GRACILIS Williainson.

Plate XIV, figures 7, 8, a, b.

Lagena gracilis Williamson, 1848, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., 2d eer., vol. 1, p. 13,

PI. I, fig. 5. 

Lagena vulgaris var. gracilis Williamson, 1858, Recent Foram. Great Britain, p. 7,

PI. I, figs. 12, 13^ - . . 

Lagena gracilis Jones, 1895, Foram. Crag, pt. 2: Paleont. Soc., vol. 49, p. 189,

PI. VII, fig. 6. .

Description. Test elongate, flask-shaped, somewhat tapering or 

apiculate below, provided with long or short neck above. Surface 

marked by a few or by many longitudinal striations or costae. Jones 

figures a form with six prominent costse. The species described in 

this report as new (Lagena sesguistriata] differs from the above in

the nonapiculate and broad base and in the shorter anterior end. It

may be that the specimens obtained by the writer are only varieties 

of this species, but they seem to be distinct.

Distribution. Found in the Folkestone Gault and the Upper 

Cretaceous of England. Recorded also in the Eocene, Oligocene, 

Pliocene, and Pleistocene. Several specimens were taken from the 

upper strata of the Pleistocene at Santa Barbara.

LAGENA GRACILLIMA (Seguenza).

Plate XIII, figure 3.

Amphorina gracillima Seguenza, 1862, Foram. Monta. Messina, p. 51, PI. I, fig. 37. 

Lagena sulcata var. distoma-polita Parker and Jones, 1865, Philos. Trans., vol. 155,

p. 357, PI. XIII, fig. 21; PI. XVIII, fig. 8. 

Lagena gracillima Brady, 1884, Challenger Kept., vol. 9, p. 456, PI. LVI, figs. 19-28.

Description. The test of Lagena gracillima consists of a very long 

attenuated tube drawn into constricted apertures at each extremity. 

The surface is perfectly smooth, hyaline, and glistening. The tube is 

typically straight and has its largest diameter near the center. Some 

specimens are bulbous, and these have long extensions at each end. 

Two specimens from the Pliocene of San Pedro which belong to this 

species are more dentaline than the figures given in the Challenger 

report. The figures given by Jones, Parker, and Brady in the Crag 

monograph * do not check with other published types. This reference 

is therefore placed here under Lagena dentaliformis, a new species 

(p,45). . Distribution. Miocene; especially, abundant in the Pliocene; 

Pleistocene of Norway; very widespread to-day at all depths.

i Paleont. Soc., vol. 19,1866, PI. I, figs. 36,37. 

45625° Bull. 513 12 4
48 FORAMINIFERA FROM SOUTHERN" CALIFORNIA.

LAGENA L^VIS (Montagu). 

Plates XIII, figures 5-8, k, 10, 11, a, b; XIV, figures 23, 24.

Vermiculum laeve Montagu, 1803, Test. Brit., p. 524.

Lagena vulgaris Williamson, 1858, Recent Foram. Great Britain, p. 4, PI. I, fig. 5.

Lagena Ixvis Brady, 1884, Challenger Rept., vol. 9, p. 455, PI. LVI, figs. 7-14, 30.

Lagena Ixvis Bagg, 1908, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., vol. 34, p. 141. .1

Description. Test subglobular, pyriform, oval, or flask-shaped, 

always possessing a long tubular neck at anterior end. The surface 

is smooth and white. This is one of the oldest known Foraminifera, 

for it occurs in upper Silurian deposits. Owing to its variable form 

it has been described under a large number of terms, especially under 

Lagena vulgaris (Williamson).

Distribution. Upper Silurian (Wenlock limestone, Brady); basal 

Lower Jurassic (Lower Lias, Yorkshire, Blake); Lower and Upper £** 

Cretaceous of England and in succeeding formations. It is -very 

abundant in the Pliocene at Timms Point, San Pedro, but exceedingly 

rare in the Pleistocene of Santa Barbara.

The species is widely distributed and is not restricted in depth at 

the present day. In dredgings off the Hawaiian Islands it was 

observed by the writer only in material from one station, at 689 

fathoms. It inhabits the cold waters of Greenland and Spitzbergen 

at moderate depths.

LAGENA LAGENOIDES (Williamson).

Plate XIV, figures 25, 26.

T

Entosolenia marginata var. lagenoides Williamson, 1858, Recent Foram. Great Britain, 

p. 11, PI. I, figs. 25, 26.

La0enaapm<Mata(Williamson) Reuss, 1862, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 46,

p. 324, PI. II, figs. 27, 28. 

Lagena lagenoides Brady, 1884, Challenger Rept., vol. 9, pp. 447, 479, PI. LX, figs. 6, 7,

9, 12-14. 

Lagena lagenoides Jones, 1895, Foram. Crag, pt. 2: Paleont. Soc., vol. 49, p. 201, ..

PI. I (1866), figs. 29-31.

Description. The periphery of Lagena lagenoides is provided with 

a laminar ring of variable width. The shell is oval, pyriform, and 

biconvex. The anterior end is prolonged and tubular and carries 

the ectosolenian neck, which is in a few specimens maintained within 

the tube as an entosolenian chamber. This winglike border is 

traversed by minute tubuli which radiate from the inner margin 

toward the periphery, a characteristic feature which affords a ready 

means of recognizing the species.

Distribution. Miocene (Messina), Pliocene (Crag), and Pleistocene 

(Canada). Rare in the upper strata of the Pleistocene at Santa 

Barbara. It is said to be common off British coasts, more abundant
49

in the north Atlantic, and less abundant in the south Atlantic and 

south Pacific. Its bathymetric range is from 38 to 2,740 fathoms 

(Jones).

LAGENA MARGINATA (Walker and Boys). 

Plate XIV, figures 18, a-c, 21, a, b. 22, a, b.

Serpula (Lagena) marginata Walker and Boys, 1784, Test. Min., p. 2, PI. I, fig. 7. 

Entosolenia marginata Williainson, 1858, Recent Foram. Great Britain, p. 9, PI. I, 

figs. 19-21.

Description. Test compressed, typically oval in outline, furnished 

with depressed carinate or winglike border, and possessing an entosolenian orifice. In some specimens the encircling peripheral margin is 

widely extended into a wing, which is thin and easily worn off in fossil 

shells. The species is typical of compressed lenticular Lagena with 

carinate margin. Some of the specimens obtained at San PedrO are 

large for the genus (0.75 millimeter).

Distribution. Lower Cretaceous to Recent. Very common in the 

Pliocene of San Pedrb and in all the strata of the Pleistocene of Santa 

Barbara. Found to-day in all latitudes and at all depths, down to 

3,125 fathoms.

LAGENA MELO (D'Orbigny).

Plate XIV, figures 16-17.

Oolina melo D'Orbigny, 1839, Voyage Ame'rique nie'rid., vol. 5, pt. 5, Foraminiferes,

p. 20, PI. V, fig. 9. 

Lagena melo Jones, 1895, Forani. Crag, pt. 2: Paleont. Soc., vol. 49, p. 191, PI. I

(1866), fig. 35. (Surface structure diagrams on p. 192.)

Description. The most variable features of surface ornamentation 

are found among Lagenidae. In this species, which is subglobular 

and ovate, the surface is crossed by ridges that make rectangular 

figures, largest near the center of test and becoming triangular at 

extremities. A form similarly ornamented is Lagena hexagona Yifilliamson, but in that species the raised ornamentation is hexagonal. 

In Lagena sguamosa the ornamentation is similar, but the inclosures 

are more or less oval and rounded. The forms are very minute, 

and the ornamentation is made out only with difficulty, specially in 

fossil forms.

Distribution. Eocene (London clay); Miocene (Italy); Pliocene 

(English Crag); Pleistocene (Santa Barbara, abundant). Living in 

cold waters of the north Atlantic and Arctic oceans, and off the 

British coasts. D'Orbigny's specimens came from the littoral sands 

of South America.
50 FOBAMINIFEEA FEOM SOTJTHEEN CALIPOKNIA.

LAGENA QUADEATA (Williamson).

Plate XIV, figures 19, a, b, 20.

Entosolenia marginata var. quadrata Williamson, 1858, Recent Foram. Great Britain,

p. 11, PL I, figs. 27, 28. 

Lagena quadrata Jones, 1895, Foram. Crag, pt. 2: Paleont. Soc., vol. 49, p. 198, PL

VII, fig. 9.

Description. Test compressed, elongate, quadrate in outline, with 

entosolenian neck. Anterior obtuse, with stoutly projecting orifice 

but not prolonged into definite tubular neck. Posterior bluntly 

rounded, in some specimens winged. Peripheral margin bordered 

by flange, which shows some variation in width, regularity of border, 

and thickness.

The species is near Lagena seguenziana Fornasini and L. Isevigata.

The outline, like a parallelogram, and the short anterior end and 

bordered periphery serve as ready means of distinguishing it.

Distribution. Miocene and Pliocene of Italy; Pliocene Crag of 

England; Pleistocene of Ireland; not uncommon in the Pleistocene 

of Santa Barbara, especially in the upper strata. Kecent, limited 

to very shallow waters. Williamson's specimens came from the 

British coasts.

LAGENA SEMISTEIATA Williamson.

Plate XIV, figures 1-5.

Lagena striata var. semistriata Williamson, 1848, Annals and Mag. Nat. Hist., 2d ser.,

vol. 1, p. 14, PI. I, figs. 9, 10. 

Lagena vulgaris var. semistriata Williamson, 1858, Recent Foram. Great Britain, p. 6,

PL I, fig. 9. 

Lagena semistriata Brady, 1884, Challenger Rept., vol. 9, p. 465, PL LVII, figs. 14,

16, 17 (and 18?).

Description. Flask-shaped, with tubular neck of variable length; 

ornamented with well-defined costse, which extend only a short distance from the base up over the globular portion of the sheU. Posterior extremity typically broad, truncate, carrying ribs from above 

downward.

Distribution. Oligocene to Recent. One specimen was found near 

the hill crest in the Pleistocene of Santa Barbara, Cal. It is widely 

distributed at the present day, usually at shallow depths, though it 

occurs at depths of 3,125 fathoms. Inasmuch as the bottom temperatures of the waters dredged by the Challenger were 1° C., the type is 

to be regarded as a cold-water species. It is seldom recorded in fossil 

state.

LAGENA SESQUISTBIATA n. sp.

Plate XIII, figures 12-14, b.

Description. Test oblong, extended into tubular neck at anterior 

extremity. Basal and truncate^, not acuminate as in Lagena gracilis.
LAGENID2E. 51

Costas typically six prominent elevations extending to the end of the 

constriction which forms the tubular neck. One form which seems 

to belong to this species has a shorter, more obtuse outline, and the 

ribs are more prominent and broader. The form which the writer 

regards as the type of this species resembles Lagena vulgaris var. 

perlucida Williamson,1 but in the latter the surface costse are of 

unequal length and are not continuous over the whole shell, and there 

is no sharp constriction at the commencement of tubular extension 

anteriorly.

The type specimen has a greater diameter of 0.55 millimeter. 

Two specimens were obtained in the Pliocene of San Pedro.

LAGENA SQUAMOSA (Montagu). 

Plate XIV, figure 27.

Vermiculumsquamosum Montagu, 1803, Test. Brit., p. 526, PI. XIV, fig. 2. 

Entosoknia squamosa Williamson, 1858, Recent Foram. Great Britain, p. 12, PI. I,

fig. 29. 

Lagena squamosa Brady, 1884, Challenger Kept., vol. 9, p. 471, PI. LVIII, figs. 28-31.

Description. Test nearly spherical, minute; surface covered with 

reticulated network which shows elongate oval depressions between 

raised lines.

Distribution. The species is most common in cold-water zones and 

at shoal depths, though it has been obtained from depths of 2,300 

fathoms in the north Pacific. As a fossil, it goes back to the Eocene 

and is present in every succeeding deposit. It occurs in the English 

Crag, in the St. Erth beds, and in the. Pliocene of Belgium. It is 

rare in the Pliocene of San Pedro, and only a single specimen from the 

upper beds was found in the Pleistocene of Santa Barbara.

LAGENA STRIATA (D'Orbigny).

Plate XIV, figure 6.

Oolina striata D'Orbigny, 1839, Foram. Arne'rique meYid., p. 21, PI. V, fig. 12. 

Lagena vulgaris var. substriata Williamson, 1858, Recent Foram. Great Britain,

p. 7, PI. I, fig. 14. 

Lagena striata Brady, 1884, Challenger Rept, vol. 9, p. 460, PL LVII, figs. 19, 22, 24,

28, 29, 30. 

Lagena striala Jones, 1895, Foram. Crag, pt. 2: Paleont. Soc., vol. 49, 1895, p. 184,

PI. I (1866), figs. 38, 39; PI. VII, fig. 8.

Description. Shell beautifully oval, with tubular neck; often considerably elongated. Surface marked by long, delicate parallel 

stride, much more numerous and more delicate than those of Lagena 

sulcata. Forms of Lagena with striate surface show very marked 

variation. Reduction of the striations and deepening of the zones 

between them gives rise to sulcate types belonging to another species.

i Recent Foraminifera of Great Britain, 1S5S, p. 5, ri.'I, fig. 8.
52 FORAMINIFERA FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

Distribution. This form has a very wide distribution at the present 

day, but is most abundant in the shallow waters of the Arctic, and 

Antarctic oceans. Near the Tropics the species occurs only at considerable depths, and in one place it has been found at 2,740 fathoms. 

Its earliest geologic occurrence is in the Eocene (London clay). It is 

abundant in the Pleistocene of Santa Barbara. ,

LAGENA STRIATOPUNCTATA (Parker and Jones).

Plate XIV, figures 13-15.

Lagena sulcata var. striatopunctata Parker and Jones, 1865. Philos. Trans., vol. 155,

p. 350, PL XIII, figs. 25-27. 

Lagena striatopunctata Goes, 1894, Kongl. Sver«ka Vetenskaps-Akad. Handl., Bd. 25,

No. 9, p. 83, PI. XIII, fig. 753. *

Description. This bottle-shaped, oval, or pyriform Lagena is characterized by punctation of the costse, which extend over the entire 

shell surface. The costse vary in number from 6 to 20, and the perforations are either in single or double rows in depressions of the 

costss.

Distribution. The species, though rather rare, is found in Arctic 

and north Atlantic waters and at shallow depths. Goes's specimens 

came from Spitzbergen, at a depth of 180 meters.

The form is present in the Septaria clays of Pietzpuhl (Oligocene), 

and in the post-Pliocene of Scotland and Ireland. Two specimens 

were taken from the Pleistocene at Santa Barbara, near the hill crest, 

and two specimens were also found in the Pliocene at San Pedro.

LAGENA SULCATA (Walker and Jacob). 

Plate XIV, figures 9-12, b.

Serpula sulcata Walker and Jacob, 1798, Adam's Essays, Kanmacher's ed., p. 634, PI.

XIV, fig. 5. 

Lagena vulgaris var. perlucida (pars) Williameon, 1858, Recent Foram. Great Britain,

p. 5, PI. I, fig. 8.

Lagena vulgaris var. striata Williamson, idem, p. 6, PI. I,.fig. 10. 

Entosolenia costata Williamson, idem, p. 6, PL I, fig. 18. 

Lagena sulcata Brady, 1884, Challenger Kept., vol. 9, p. 462, PL LVII, figs. 23,26,33,34.

(Apiculate forms, PL LVIII, figs. 4, 17, and 18.) 

Lagena sulcata Jones, 1895, Foram. Crag, pt. 2: Paleont. Soc., vol. 49, p. 186, PL I

(1866), figs. 40, 41.

Description. Test nearly spherical, ovate, pyriform, elongateoval, flask-shaped; surface invariably ornamented with sulcations, 

above which run parallel costse the entire length of the shell. When 

these lines are broken the variety is known as Lagena sulcata'var. 

interrupta Williamson. The number of sulcations is variable, but 

there are fewer costee than in L. striata (D'Orbigny). The base is 

typically rounded and obtuse but in some varieties is apiculate.
LAGENIDJE. 53

The anterior end shows enough variation to establish several varieties, 

and this variation, together with the surface modifications, has given 

rise to a number of synonyms which can best be grouped under one 

head.

Distribution.- The species is known at all depths, and is of worldwide distribution. It is one of the oldest foraminiferal types, for it 

occurs in the upper Silurian of Woolhope (Brady). The species is 

rare in the English Crag and the Pliocene of San Pedro, but the related 

type L. acuticosta Reuss is common. L. sulcata is rare in the Pleistocene of Santa Barbara. '

Subfamily NODOSARIIN^E.

Genus NOD OS ARIA.

NODOSARIA CALOMORPHA ReilSS.

Plate XV, figures 3, a, b.

Nodosaria calomorpha Reuss, 1865, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 25, p. 129, PI. I,

figs. 15-19. 

Nodosaria calomorpha Brady, 1884, Challenged Kept., vol. 9, p. 497, PI. LX.T, figs.

23-27 (figs. 23 and 25 typical). 

Nodosaria calomorpha Goes, 1894, Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akad. Handl., Bd. 25,

No. 9, p. 72, PI. XIII, figs. 712, 713.

Description. The test of Nodosaria calomorpha appears to be limited to two or three segments, which resemble those of Nodosaria 

radicula (Linnaeus) or Nodosaria pauperata (D'Orbigny). The primordial chamber is round and stout but shorter than the ultimate 

chamber. The septa are depressed and straight. When three segments are present the form is slightly dentaline, though perhaps not 

invariably so. Where present in association with N. pauperata, as at 

San Pedro, it might be assigned to that species as a young form, but 

it is too large and is evidently an adult organism.

The specimen figured by Parker and Jones 1 under the name 

Dentalina consobrina belongs to Nodosaria calomorpha and is, in fact, 

typical for this species.

Distribution. Oligocene (Septaria clays of Germany), Pliocene, 

andvRecent. Found in Norwegian waters at depths of 260 to 350 

meters. Not common in the Pliocene sands at San Pedro, only a 

few specimens having been found there.

i Philos. Trans., vol. 155,1865, p. 342, PI. XVI, fig. 3.
54 FORAMINIFERA FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

NODOSARIA COMMUNIS (D'Orbigny).

Plate XVI, figures 5, 8, 9.

Dentalina communis D'Orbigny, 1826, Annales des sci. nat., vol. 7, p. 254, No. 35; 

1840, M&n. Soc. ge"ol. France, vol. 4, p. 13, PI. I, fig. 4.

Dentalina communis Jones, Parker, and Brady (1865), 1866, Foram. Crag, pt. 1: Paleont. 

Soc., vol. 19, pp. 58-63, PL I, figs. 13-18, 20; PL IV, tig. 10. (All have straight 

septa and belong to other species. The true D. communis is Jones's " Var. B," 

which has oblique septa and of which he gives no illustration.)

Nodosaria communis Bagg, 1905, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 268, p. 29, PL V, fig. 2.

Description. Nodosaria, communis is invariably characterized by 

obliquely set septa, and the sutures are depressed, not flush as in 

Nodosaria roemeri (Neugeboren),, which this species closely resembles. 

All the figures given in the Crag monograph under this species belong 

to other types. The form is highly variable in number of segments, in 

amount of elongation proportional to these segments, and in relative 

stoutness of the shell. The surface is smooth and the distal extremity 

rounded. The writer believes that in some forms there is a. slight 

tendency to basal striation, but it never becomes pronounced and the 

forms are never truly apiculate. Two specimens from the Pliocene of 

San Pedro seem to belong to this class. One measures 2 millimeters in 

length, the other 2.8 millimeters. The larger form is shown in the 

illustration (PI. XVI, fig. 8).

Distribution. Permian to Recent. A very common fossil in deposits later than Lower Cretaceous. Found to-day at all depths, and in 

all latitudes.

NODOSARIA CONSOBRINA (D'Orbigny).

s

Plate XV, figures 5, a-d. 

Dentalina consobrina D'Orbigny, 1846, Foram. fogs. Vienne, p. 46, PI. II, figs. 1-3.

Nodosaria consobrina Bagg, 1905, Bull. TJ. S. Geol. Survey No. 268, p. 29, PL V, fig. 3.

Description. Test similar to Nodosaria consolrina var. emaciata, 

but often with a terminal spine. The chambers are fewer in number 

 and less regular. Many specimens are of large size, but most specimens are much broken, owing to the length and fragile character of 

the test.

Distribution. Cretaceous to Recent. Less abundant than the 

varietal form in the Pliocene sands of San Pedro, and exhibits greater 

variations. The species is present, but not common, in the California 

Miocene.
LAGENID.E. 55

NODOSAEIA CONSOBRINA (D'Orbigny) var. EMACIATA Reuss. 

Plates XV, figures 6, a, b; XVI, figure 6.

Dentalina emaciata Reuss, 1851, Zeitschr. Deutsch. geol. Gesell., vol. 3, p. 63, PI. Ill,

fig. 9. Dentalina, consobrina var. emaciata Reuss, 1865, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 25,

p. 132, PI. II, figs. 12, 13. 

Nodosaria consobrina var. emaciata Brady, 1884, Challenger Rept., vol. 9, p. 502, PI.

LXII, figs. 25, 26.

Nodosaria consobrina var. emaciata Bagg, 1898, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 88, p. 38. 

Nodosaria consobrina var. emaciata Bagg, 1898, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 2, No. 10,

p. 319.

Description. Test very attenuate, smooth, and tapering gracefully; 

numerous closely set chambers expanding only slightly; only the later 

segments strongly constricted by deeply depressed suture lines.

Septal lines straight, distinct, but less so at the posterior end. Primordial segment rounded, in some specimen larger than the succeeding chamber. Aperture radiate, situated nearer the inner margin of 

.the ultimate segment. Test in many specimens arcuate, but may be 

nearly straight. This shell can be distinguished from its congener 

Nodosaria consobrina (D'Orbigny) only by its larger number of segments and greater length. Both forms show considerable variation 

ill minor details. Some specimens are of great length, one broken 

specimen from the Pliocene of San Pedro measuring nearly 8 millimeters.

Distribution. Cretaceous chalk beds of England, Upper Cretaceous 

of New Jersey, more common in Tertiary deposits, and found in both 

the north and south Atlantic at the present day. Not very common 

in the Pliocene of San Pedro.

NODQSABIA DECEPTA n. Sp. 

Plate XVI, figure 1.

Description. Test elongate, dentaline, and composed of eight or 

nine chambers, which, in the anterior portion of the shell, resemble 

those of Nodosaria pauperata (D'Orbigny), though the ultimate segment seems to have an oblique septa as in Dentalina communis 

D'Orbigny. Lower half of the shell costate, the number of costse 

being interrupted over some segments and continuous over others. 

It resembles Nodosaria vertebralis (Batsch) in the costse and chamber 

arrangement of the posterior portion of the shell.

The form has about 12 striations, which become stronger below and 

fade out toward the anterior part of the shell. The ultimate segment 

is bulbous, is larger than that succeeding it, and is furnished with a 

spine. The ultimate chamber is prolonged anteriorly, and a circular 

aperture with radiate border lies upon the inner arcuate side. The
56 FORAMINIFERA FEOM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

septa are strongly depressed and with the exception of the ultimate 

chamber are transverse. The form closely resembles Nodosaria 

commy,nis (D'Orbigny) in its surface ornamentation, but has fewer 

striae, and the septa are not obliquely set except at thfe ultimate end. 

The form also resembles Nodosaria pauperata, but the latter has no 

surface costse.

The septal lines are wide, as in Nodosaria vertebralis, but the form is 

dentaline. This form may be either an aberrant type or a variety of 

some one of the very numerous recorded forms of Nodosaria which show 

surface ornamentation, but it does not seem to coincide with any of 

the figured species of Tertiary or Recent Foraminifera, and the writer 

has thought it best to consider it a new species.

Only a few specimens appear in the Pliocene sands of San Pedro, 

and these are slightly worn. The two specimens illustrated herewith 

measure 4.5 millimeters in length. 

NODOSARIA FARCIMEN (Soldani). 

\

Plate XVII, figure 3.

Orthocerasfarcimen Soldani, 1791, Testaceographia, vol. 1, pt. 2, p. 98, PL CV, fig. 0. 

Nodosariafardmen Bagg, 1905, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 268, p. 30, PL V, fig. 5.

Description. The following description is quoted from the writer's 

report on the Monterey shale: <

The test of Nodosaria fardmen consists of a small number of smooth segments (generally less than ten) separated by straight instead of oblique septa, as in Nodosaria communis (D'Orbigny), which the species resembles. The chambers are longer than in 

Nodosaria soluta Reuss, and in the typical forms constricted rather deeply, each succeeding chamber enlarging rapidly. The shell is curved and the nipple-shaped aperture is located on the inner margin of the curve in a prolongation of the ultimate segment. The length is extremely variable, being 2.82 millimeters in the Cretaceous

specimens and only 1.10 millimeters in the Maryland Eocene. The California forma 

are smaller yet, and are so fragile that entire specimens are extremely difficult to obtain. 

The best form in the present collection has eight segments.

In the Pliocene of San Pedro, all the specimens are broken, and the 

type is not well represented, though the specimens are very large, 

unlike those of the California Miocene mentioned above.

Distribution. Permian to Recent. Known at almost all depths 

and in all oceans. Only a few fragmentary forms were obtained from 

the Pliocene of San Pedro.
57

NODOSARIA OBLIQUA (Linnaeus). 

Plates XV, figures 1, a-d; XVII, figures 1, a-cl.

Nautilus obliquus Linnaeus, 1767, Syst. Nat., 12th ed., p. 1163, No. 281; 1788, 13th

ed. (Gmelin's), p. 3372, No. 14. 

Nodosaria obliqua Flint, 1899, Rec"ent Foram.: Kept. U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1897, p.

311, pi. 57, fig. 4. 

Nodosaria obliqua Goes, 1894, Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akad. Handl., Bd. 25,

No. 9, p. 70, PI. XII, figs. 691-696; not PI. XIII, figs. 697-699. 

Nodosaria obliqua Bagg, 1905, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 268, p. 31, PI. V, fig. 7.

Description. This species Varies greatly in size, length, and 

arcuate character, and in the number of its striations, which are oblique 

and unite irregularly along their vertical extension. The segments 

are typically ventricose with depressed septa, but these are less 

differentiated toward the initial segment, which is often acuminate, 

though it may be bulbous and have the primordial chamber larger 

than the next succeeding one.

If all forms with very numerous oblique striae and the dentaline 

and nodosarian types are included, the synonymy is very extensive.

Distribution. Permian to Recent. Present in the New Jersey 

Cretaceous (Bagg), where the forms are very much larger and better 

developed than in the California Miocene, where the species is rare 

and the specimens minute. This form was not recognized in the 

Pliocene of San Pedro, though many forms of Nodosaria of large size 

are present, but the writer has recorded the occurrence of a fragment of the form from the Pleistocene of Santa Barbara. 1 Though 

N. obliqua is widely distributed over existing oceans and occurs at 

all depths, it is best known as a Tertiary fossil.

NODOSARIA PAUPERATA (D'Orbigny).

Plate XVI, figures 2, a-f.

Dentalina pauperata D'Orbigny, 1846, Foram. loss. Vienne, p. 46, PI. I, figs. 57, 58. 

Nodosaria pauperata Brady, 1884, Challenger Eept., vol. 9, p. 500, woodcuts, fig. 14. 

Dentalina pauperata Jones, 1896, Foram. Crag, pt. 3: Paleont. Soc., vol. 50, p. 224,

PI. I, figs. 13-18, 20. 

Nodosaria pauperata Goes, 1894, Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akad. Handl., Bd. 25,

No. 9, p. 68, PI. XII, figs. 672-688 (figs. 674, 675, and 686 probably N. consobrina

var. emadata Reuss).

Description. Test smooth, straight, or somewhat arcuate, tapering slightly; typically enlarged at aboral end. Primordial segment 

in some specimens apiculate; ultimate chamber prolonged, larger than 

preceding, and provided with a constricted tubelike neck at the 

anterior end. Aperture round, radiate, and usually unsymmetrical 

in arcuate forms. The test is commonly of great size, specimens from

i Bagg, R. M., Am. Geologist, vol. 35, No. 2,1905, pp. 123-124.
58 FORAMINTFERA PEOM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

the Pliocene of San Pedro measuring more than 7 millimeters in 

length. Many of the specimens with few chambers are perfectly 

straight, but when the number of segments is 8 or more the forms 

are dentaline. The specimen resembling Bigenerina figured on Plate 

XV (fig. 4) probably belongs here. It is an aberrant dimorphous 

form, not well placed under any species.

Distribution. Lower Jurassic to Recent. Rather common in the 

Tertiary. The writer found this species in the Upper Cretaceous of 

New Jersey and in the California Miocene. The species is fairly 

abundant, perhaps the most common Nodosaria, in the Pliocene 

sands of San Pedro.

» 

NODOSARIA SAGRINENSIS n. sp.

Plate XVI, figure 4.

Description. Test straight; composed of seven, possibly eight, 

globose segments, sharply expanding, and with nodes becoming 

longer toward the ultimate chamber. Septal region broad in later 

segments, and narrows with suggestions of faint strise toward the 

distal extremity. The chambers tend -to become angular at their 

margins, and have the lower margin shorter, so as to give the shell 

an inset effect, even though the segments are apart. The aperture 

is like that of the typical Sagrina and the flaring phialine lip is pronounced. There are no biserial segments in the initial portion, however, as in typical Sagrina forms; the shell is nodosarian throughout. 

The figure published in the Challenger report 1 under the term Sagrina 

virgula Brady is of all published forms known to the writer the most 

like this species. The shell shows a slight roughness, almost hispid, 

as in Nodosaria Tiispida, but the striae suggestions seem to lie on the 

nodes/not on the surface of segments. The writer has only one 

perfect specimen from the Pliocene at San Pedro, but it seems to 

be a new form. Its striking resemblance to Sagrina has suggested 

the name given it.

The two genera Sagrina and Nodosaria are very different morphologically, for although many species of Sagrina become nodosarian 

in their late segmentation they still show the dimorphous character 

which is so important in their generic development. Moreover, the 

flaring phialine aperture is very rare in Nodosaria. The length of 

the specimen obtained by the writer is 0.64 millimeter.

» Vol. 9,1884, p. 583, PI. LXXVI, fig. 9.
LAGENHXS;. 59 

NODOSAEIA SEMINUDA ReUSS.

Plate XVI, figures 3, a-c.

Dentalina seminuda Reuss, 1850, Denkschr. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 1, p. 367, PI.

XLVI, fig. 9. 

Nodosaria seminuda Beuss, 1870, Si'tzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 62, pt. 1, p.

476; fig. in Von Schlicht, Foram. Septar. Pietzpuhl, 1870, PI. VIII, fig. 20. 

Nodosaria seminuda Goes, 1894, Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akad. Handl., Bd. 25,

No. 9, 71, PI. XIII, fig. 700.

Description. The test of Nodosaria seminuda is large, those 

obtained by Goes from depths of 530 meters in the Caribbean Sea 

measuring 18 to 22 millimeters in length. The lower portion of the 

test carries a few surface striae, but the upper portion is smooth and 

shining. The chambers are rather closely set and the form stout. 

The septa are not strongly depressed, nor are the segments constricted, 

though they tend to become so toward the ultimate chambers. 

The Pliocene sands of San Pedro contain a comparatively large 

number of this species. Many are perfect, and the longer forms are 

6 millimeters in length. They are not as straight as the type illustrated by Goes. The primordial chamber is less bulbous than the 

type, but it carries the spinous prolongation characteristic of the 

species.

Distribution. This' form is common in the Pliocene sands of San 

Pedro and in the Caribbean Sea.

NODOSARIA SOLUTA (Reuss). 

Plates XV, figures 2, a, b; XVI, figure 7.

Dentalina soluta Reuss, 1850, Haidinger'a Naturw. Abhandl., vol. 4, p. 25, PI. II,

fig. 10. 

Nodosaria soluta Goes, 1894, Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akad. Handl., Bd. 25, No.

9, p. 70, PI. XII, fig. 690. 

Nodosaria soluta Bagg, 1905, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 268, p. 34, PI. V, fig. 2.

Description. Shell smooth, straight, or arcuate; segments inflated; 

septa depressed and transverse; some specimens mucronate; few 

chambers. The deep constrictions between the chambers make 

these shells fragile, and they are seldom preserved entire.

Distribution. Cretaceous to Recent. Inhabits the North Atlantic 

to-day at depths ranging from 360 to 1,360 fathoms (Brady). The 

species is very abundant in the California Miocene but rare in the 

Pliocene sands of San Pedro.
60 " FORAMINIFERA FKOM SOUTHERN CALIFOBNIA.

NODOSAKIA VERTEBRAL1S (Batsch). 

Plate XVII, figure 2.

Nautilus (Orthoceras) vertebralis Batsch, 1791, Conchyl. des Seesandes, p. 3, No. 6,

PL II, fig. 6. 

Nodosaria vertebralis Brady, 1884, Challenger Kept., vol. 9, p. 514, PL LXIII, fig. 35;

PL LXIV, figs. 11-14. 

Nodosaria vertebralis Flint, 1899, Recent Foram.: Kept. U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1897,

p. 312, pi. 57, fig. 5.

Description. The test of Nodosaria vertebralis is long and tapering, 

with numerous segments, closely set and not separated by constricted 

septa. The septa are fairly wide and appear as dark bands, transverse but not oblique as in Nodosaria communis D'Orbigny. The 

lack of constriction and the smaller number of raised striae separate 

this form from Nodosaria obliqua. There is a slight tendency for 

these ribs to become twisted, but beyond the first few segments they 

run parallel to the length of the shell. The primordial chamber is 

enlarged, and is provided with a spine.

Distribution. Cretaceous to Recent. This species is present in 

the New Jersey Cretaceous, but is better known in late Tertiary 

deposits. The few fragmentary specimens from the Pliocene of San 

Pedro are not very typical and appear rather waterworn. It is found 

in shoal waters of the north and south Atlantic. The writer obtained 

it in dredgings at depths of about 100 fathoms off the Hawaiian 

Islands, in the Pliocene of San Pedro, and in the Pleistocene of Santa 

Barbara near the hill crest.

Genus PBONDICULABIA.

FRONDICULARIA IN^EQUALIS Costa,

Plate XVIII, figures 1, a-e, 2, a-e.

Frondicularia inaequalis Costa, 1855, Mem. Acad. sci. Napoli, vol. 2, p. 372, PL III,

fig. 3. 

Frondicularia insequalis Brady, 1884, Challenger Rept., vol. 9, p. 521, PL LXVI,

figs. 8-12. 

Flabellina inxqualis Brady, 1879, Quart. Jour. Micr. Sci., vol. 19, new ser., p. 57,

PL VIII, figs. 8-10.

Description. Test lanceolate and complanate, consisting of a 

large number of biserial segments which are unequally arranged, not 

symmetrical as in Frondicularia alata D'Orbigny. These segments 

increase notably in size toward the anterior end. The initial chamber 

is minute, slightly bulbous, and unsymmetrically placed. The margin 

is entire and rounded and tapers gradually from the median portion 

to the oral extremity.

The San Pedro specimens show a peculiar furrow along the central 

axis, due to a swelling of the segments toward their periphery. The
LAGENID.2E. 61

surface is smooth, and the shell substance glistening and nearly 

transparent. The length of the larger specimens from San Pedro is 

2.5 millimeters. Recent specimens are fragile, and according to 

Brady seldom found entire. The Pliocene forms from San Pedro are 

comparatively well preserved, and many show the delicate spine on 

the initial chamber. They are strongly built and are apparently of 

greater size than the figured types of the species.

Distribution. Miocene to Recent. Abundant in the Pliocene at 

San Pedro. Frondicularia is rare an existing oceans, and this 

species is recorded by the Challenger expedition at only six stations, 

most of those in shallow waters. The genus seems to be most characteristic of the earlier Tertiary and Cretaceous formations, and the 

surface ornamentation is more pronounced in these older types than 

in existing species of Frondicularia.

FJRONDICULARIA L^CVIGATA Karrer.

Plate XVIII, figure 3.

Frondicularia laevigaia Karrer, 1868, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, p. 167, PI. IV, 

fig. 3.

Description. Test very minute, strongly compressed, winglike 

but narrow, lanceolate, with ultimate chamber tapering to radiate 

aperture placed centrally in final segment. Initial chamber slightly 

enlarged; lower portion of shell ornamented with a few (4 to 6) 

longitudinal striations, upper portion smooth and glistening. According to Karrer, in some specimens the entire shell is without surface 

costse, but in the forms collected by the writer the margins are angular 

and the striae are pronounced. None of the specimens are perfect, 

however, and there is some doubt whether the form should be placed 

under this species or under Frondicularia mucronata, found in the 

Miocene of Austria, a form which has the angularity of the margin, 

is extremely narrow, and has only two to four costse. The writer's 

fragments of this minute species seem to belong to F. Isevigata, and 

if so they represent the lower portion of the test.

The fragments obtained from the Pliocene of San Pedro measure 

0.5 to 0.8 Tni11iTnp.f-.ftr in length.

Distribution. This species is found only in Miocene and Pliocene 

deposits. Two specimens were obtained from San Pedro.
62 FORAMINIFERA FEOM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

Genus MABGINTJLINA. .,?^ 

MAEGINULINA COSTATA (Batsch). ( 

Plate XVIII, figure 4.

Nautilus (Orthoceras) costatus Batsch, 1791, Conchyl. der Seesandes, p. 2, PL I,

fig.l. ' f

Marginulina costata Jones, Parker, and Brady, 1866, Foram. Crag, pt. 1: Paleont.

Soc., vol. 19, PL I, fig. 21 (also described by Jones in Paleont. Soc., vol. 50,1896, 

pp. 235-238.) ^

0

Description. The following description is that given by Jones:

This nodosarine is essentially a Nodosaria having an eccentric growth, which gives 

either an oblique or partially spiral style of growth to the early chambers, and a ~ 

marginal aperture (with or without a short neck) to the older and the last segments. 

It varies in cross section from subcylindrical to oval and compressed. The chambers 

are moderately compact, more or less septate, and therefore varying in relative fullness; 

and are marked with longitudinal riblets, as in Nodosaria raphanus, of which, indeed, 

this ia essentially only a marginuline modification.

The complete synonymy of this species is very extensive and would 

include many descriptions of Marginulina rapnanus Linnaeus.

The shell is composed of relatively few segments, which are short **> 

and closely set. The surface ornamentation of these toward the 

initial end consists of relatively few, rather strong, slightly curved 

costse, which are in some specimens interrupted, and which in almost 

none invest the ultimate chamber. The initial segment is in many 

specimens apiculate. The length of the San Pedro specimens is 1.5 

millimeters.

The position of the eccentric aperture and the compressed chamber 

distinguish this form from Nodosaria obligua, and the compressed 

marginuline character distinguishes it from Nodosaria raphanus.

Distribution. Lower Jurassic to Recent, Known in north and

south Atlantic and elsewhere, but apparently absent from the Pacific 

except near New Zealand. A few specimens were obtained from 

the Pliocene at San Pedro.

MARGINULINA GLABRA D'Orbigny. ; 

Plate XXI, figures 17, a, b.

Marginulina glabra D'Orbigny, 1826, Annales des eci. nat., vol. 7, p. 259, No. 6,

modele 55. '

Marginulina inxqualis Reuss, I860, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 40, p. 207, 

PL VII, fig. 3.

Marginulina insequalis Reuss, 1862, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 46, p. 59 

PL V, fig. 13; PL VI, fig. 8.

Marginulina glabra Brady, 1884, Challenger Rept., vol. 9, p. 527, PL LXV, figs. 5, 6.

Description. Test short, stout, slightly curved, and partly spiral; 

chambers smooth, rapidly enlarging, separated by depressed septa; 

anterior bulbous, carrying radiate aperture on inner margin.
LAGENIDjE. 63

Distribution. Lower Jurassic (Lias) to Recent. Recorded by 

many investigators as a Cretaceous type. Rare in the Pliocene of 

San Pedro, and both rare and small in the English Crag. The species 

has a wide geographic distribution to-day, but is apparently not 

found in the far North. Its bathymetric range is from a few fathoms 

to nearly 3,000 fathoms.

Genus VAGINULINA.

VAGINULINA BADENENSIS D'Orbigny. 

Plate XVIII, figures 5, a, b.

Vaginulina badenensis D'Orbigny, 1846, Foram. foss. Vienne, p. 65, PI. Ill, figs. 6-8. 

Vaginulina badenensis Goes, 1894, Kongl. Svenska VetenskapSrAkad. Handl., Bd. 

25, No. 9, p. 66, PI. XII, figs. 662, 663.

Description. Test very elongate, strongly compressed; consists of 

10 to 18 segments in D'Orbigny's specimens from the Miocene of the 

Vienna Basin and of 10 to 17 in the San Pedro specimens. Ultimate 

chamber prolonged and furnished with radiate aperture upon the 

inner arcuate margin. Primordial chamber furnished with a long, 

sharp spine, probably two or three times the length of the initial 

segment in perfect specimens.

The septa are similar to those of Vaginulina legumen, which the 

form very closely resembles, but they are more oblique and show a 

sharp tendency to arch at an angle near the side curving inward. 

This feature is indicated in many published figures of Vaginulina, 

legumen, but the angulation is not so pronounced. The septa are 

distinct but not so strongly depressed, and the specimens taper 

gradually from the ultimate to the aboral end. The spinous character, the greater arching of the septa, and the dentalme character of 

the shell readily distinguish this species from V. legumen (Linnaeus). 

The San Pedro specimens are very large, one measuring nearly 8 millimeters in length. Goes states that the specimens dredged at a depth 

of 1,740 meters in the north Atlantic are 4 to 7 millimeters in length, 

but shore forms from the Norwegian seas measured only 2 or 3 

millimeters.

Distribution. Miocene to Recent. Not uncommon in the Pliocene 

of San Pedro.

VAGINULINA LEGUMEN (Linnaeus). 

Plate XVIII, figures 6, 7.

Nautilus legumen Linnaeus, 1758, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., p. 711; 1767, idem, 12th ed.,

*No. 248, p. 1164, No. 288. 

Vaginulina legumen Bagg, 1898, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 88, p. 53, PI. IV, fi.g. 4.

Description. Test strongly compressed and podlike, but straight 

on the margin which carries the aperture. The septa are oblique 

and somewhat depressed; the surface is smooth. The ultimate

45625° Bull. 513 12 5
64 FORAMINIFERA FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

chamber is prolonged on the inner margin into a nipple-shaped 

fissured aperture; the initial segment may be with or without spine. 

The specimens from San Pedro are generally provided with a short 

spine and are large, many of them measuring 5 millimeters in length.

This is one of the oldest forms of the genus Vaginulina. The 

Mesozoic species of Vaginulina are commonly ornamented upon the 

surface with costse, but Tertiary and Kecent specimens are generally 

smooth.

Distribution. Triassic to Recent. The species is very abundant 

in the Pliocene of San Pedro. It is commonly found in shallow 

waters, but has been obtained in soundings of more than 2,000 

fathoms. =

VAGINULINA LEGUMEN (Linnasus) var. ARQUATA Brady 

Plate XVIII, figures 8, a-c.

Vaginulina legumen var. arquata Brady, 1884, Challenger 'Kept., vol. 9, p. 531, PI. 

CXIV, fig. 13.

Description. This large-shelled variety of Vaginulina legumen is 

considerably arcuate. Typical forms of V. legumen show the apertural margin perfectly vertical. This variety is strongly bent and 

tapers at the extremities, which may be somewhat apiculate at the 

distal end. Brady gave the name to a rather widespread type of 

large dimensions (one-half inch in length) which occurs in the north 

Atlantic. A number of specimens of Vaginulina from San Pedro, 

equally large, are of this variety.

Distribution. Pliocene (San Pedro) and Recent.

' . VAGINULINA LINEARIS (Montagu). 

Plate XVIII, figures 9, a, b. .

Nautilus lincaris Montagu, 1808, Test. Brit., Suppl., p. 87, PI. XXX, fig. 9. 

Vaginulina linearis Goes, 1894, Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akad. Handl., Bd. 25, 

No. 9, p. 66, PI. XII, fig. 664.

Description. The test of Vaginulina linearis resembles the dentaline variety of nodosariari types but is more compressed and usually 

more arcuate. The most important and characteristic feature of the 

test is its surface costae, which are limited to about the lower half of 

the shell, the upper or oral end being smooth. The costse vary considerably in number, though they are not so numerous as in Nodosaria 

olligua (Linnseus) or Vaginulina olliguistriata Jones. The aperture 

is variable but usually eccentric. The initial chamber is apiculate. 

Some of the specimens obtained at San Pedro are 3.5 millimeters in 

length.

Distribution. Eocene (London clay) to Recent. Rather common 

in shallow temperate and boreal waters of existing oceans. The 

species is not uncommon in the Pliocene of San Pedro.
LAGENIDJE. . 65

s

w, VAGINULINA OBLIQUISTRIATA Jones.

Plate XVIII, figures 10, 11.

r Vaginulinaobliquistriata Jones, 1896, Foram. Crag, pt. 3: Paleont. Soc., vol. 50, p. 231, 

' PI. V, figs. 9-11.

Description. Test short and stoutly built, consisting of a few 

chambers closely set and demarked by slightly oblique septa. Surface ornamented by a number of obliquely set pronounced striations, 

which extend nearly the whole length of the shell and which are 

r somewhat more prominent toward the distal end. Shell either 

straight or slightly dentaline; aperture on inner side of curve, as in 

typical Vaginulina forms. Test is only slightly compressed, less so 

A than Vaginulina striata D'Orbigny (Soldani), which, according to 

Jones, is the type of variety 0 on page 66 of the monograph on the 

Foraminifera of the Crag, Part I. It is considered by Jones a distinct 

species.

A similar form, with interrupted costae, is given by Eeuss * under 

the name Dentalina divergens. Vaginulina linearis is similar to this 

type, but its surface striae extend only over the earlier portion of the 

shell, never to the ultimate segment.

Distribution. Pliocene of England and of San Pedro, Cal. Rare 

«., at San Pedro.

Gerius GUISTELLARIA.

CRTSTELLARIA CREPIDULA (Fichtel and Moll).

Plate XIX, figure 3.

' ;'"~ Nautilus crepidula Fichtel and Moll, 1803, Test. Micr., p. 107, PI. XIX, figs. g-i. 

', Cristcliaria cymboides D'Orbigny, 1846, Foram. foss. Vienne, p. 85, PI. Ill, figs. 30, 31. 

Cristdlaria crepidula Goes, 1894, Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akad. Handl., Bd. 25, 

No. 9, p. 62, PI. XI, figs. 696, 613.

Description. The test of Cristellaria crepidula is strongly compressed, erect, and elongate. The chambers first form an involute 

spiral, but soon diverge with almost straight septal lines to the 

periphery, giving a triangular appearance to each segment. These 

septal lines are depressed and show as bright bands in pellucid types. 

The septal face is almost vertical and is narrow, carrying upon its 

inner surface the circular radiate aperture. The outer periphery is 

broadly curved but is noncarinate, even in very thin and delicate 

specimens, and the surface is perfectly smooth. In outline, the form 

is subject to considerable variation within certain limits, and the 

synonymy is long, owing to this variation.

Distribution. Lower Jurassic (Lias) to Recent. Not common in 

the Cretaceous but better .known in Tertiary 'and Recent deposits.

»Sitzuugsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, 1864, vol. 1, p. 450, PI. IV, fig. 10.
66 FORAMINIFERA FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

Found in all seas and at all depths, but nowhere very abundant. A ^ 

single specimen was obtained from the Pliocene at San Pedro, but '-- 

several of Cristellaria reniformis D'Orbigny, which this form some- - what resembles.

CEISTELLARIA GIBBA D'Orbigny.

i 

Plate XIX, figures 4, a-c.

Cristellaria gibba D'Orbigny, 1839, Foram. Cuba, p. 63, PI. VII, figs. 20, 21. 

Cristellaria pulchella Eeuss, 1862, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 46, p. 71, PI.

VIII, fig. 1. 

Cristellaria gibba Goes, 1894, Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akad. Handl., Bd. 25, No.

9, p. 61, PI. X, figs. 587-592.

Description. Test occupies an intermediate position between the , 

thin complanate Cristellaria crepidula and the lenticular C. rotulata 

(Lamarck). It is more elongate than the latter, and its .narrow 

septal face distinguishes it from Cristellaria acutauricularis (Fichtel 

and Moll), which it closely resembles.

Distribution. Lower Cretaceous to Recent. Found living to-day 

in -the north Atlantic and south Pacific at depths less than 500 

fathoms. Rare in the Pliocene of San Pedro.

CRISTELLARIA JOSEPHINA D'Orbigny.

<l 

Plate XIX, figures 1, a,'b.

Cristellaria josephina D'Orbigny, 1846, Foram. foss. Vienne, p. 88, PI. Ill, figs. 37, 38.

Description. This shell seems to be very rare. The name was 

used by D'Orbigny to include forms oval, strongly compressed, 

smooth, and shining, with 12 narrow chambers separated by depressed 

septa which extend almost straight to the periphery. The shell 

uncoils a little toward the distal end, so that the ultimate segments 

do not reach the umbilicus. One perfect specimen from the Pliocene 

of San Pedro has 10 segments in the final convolution and corresponds well with this species. It may possibly be regarded as a 

variety of Cristellaria crepidula (Fichtel and Moll), but in some features it is specifically distinct. . Distribution. Apparently limited to the Miocene (Vienna Basin) 

and Pliocene (San Pedro). Very rare at San Pedro.

CRISTELLARIA RENIFORMIS D'Orbigny.

Plate XIX, figures 2, a, b.

Cristellaria reniformis D'Orbigny, 1846, Foram. foss. Vienne, p. 88, PI. Ill, figs. 39, 40. 

Cristellaria reniformis Jones, 1895, Foram. Crag, pt. 2: Paleont. Soc., vol. 49, p. 248, 

PI. VII, figs. 18 a, b.

Description. Test strongly compressed' with elongate triangular 

segments 9 to 12 in the San Pedro specimens. Septa distinct but 

not much depressed. Periphery keeled around entire outer margin
LAGENID^E. 67

except the septal face border on anterior edge. Shell rounded and 

involute below, extended above; chambers assume an acuminate 

terminus, which is a rather variable character. The species is closely 

related to Cristellaria compressa, but the latter is more arcuate, somewhat narrower, and perhaps thicker in the umbilical region.

Distribution. Eocene (London clay), Miocene (Vienna Basin), 

Pliocene (English Crag), and Recent. Found in the north Atlantic 

at depths of 300 to 1,000 fathoms, the south Atlantic at 1,900 

fathomSj the north Pacific at 2,050 fathoms, and the south Pacific at 

150 to 1,100 fathoms. Gristellaria is not at all common in the 

Pacific coast Tertiary and later deposits. None were discovered by 

the writer in the Pleistocene of Santa Barbara, and only a few specimens in the Pliocene of San Peclro.

CRISTELLARIA ROTULATA (Lamarck).

Plate XIX, figures 5, a, b.

Lenticulites rolulala Lamarck, 1804, Annales du Museum, vol. 5, No. 3, p. 188; Tab.

encycl. et method., PI. CCCCLXVI, fig. 5. 

Cristellaria roiulata Parker and Jones, 1865, Philos. Trans., vol. 155, p. 345, PI. XIJ.T,

fig. 19 (Arctic).

Description. Test involute, biconvex, smooth; peripheral margin 

sharp but noncarinate; chambers numerous, usually about 8 in final 

convolution, but the San Pedro Pliocene forms show 12 septa moderately curved and visible externally as fine lines (in some specimens, 

particularly from the north Atlantic,the septa appear slightly raised); 

aperture elliptical; radiate shell of variable size.

The forms of Cristellaria that occur in the Pliocene sands of San 

Pedro show a tendency to become carinate. They are large (1.5 millimeters in diameter), and have a thick shell substance.

The forms of Cristellaria rotulata which occur to-day in the north 

Atlantic and Arctic oceans are equal in size to those of the Cretaceous 

chalk and marJ beds and the New Jersey greensands. According to 

Parker and Jones, the largest, specimens of thh species come from the 

sub-Apennine Tertiary deposits, the Vienna Basin, and the Tertiary 

beds of Jamaica and Santo Domingo.

Distribution. Triassic to Recent. Smaller in size but more numerous in the earlier deposits than in the Tertiary. Abundant in existing oceans, and occurs at all depths, from a few fathoms to 2,000 or 

more. The species is rare in the California Miocene, 1 and only a few 

specimens were noted in the Pliocene sands of San Pedro.

' Bagg, II. M., jr.,Miocene Foramlnifera from California: Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 20S, 1905, p. 37, 

PI. V, fig. 7.
68 FORAMINIFERA FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 

Subfamily POLYMORPHININJE. 

Genus DIMORPHINA.

DIMORPHINA TUBEROSA D'Orbigny.

Plate XIX, figures 6, 7.

Dimorphina tuberosa D'Orbigny, 1826, Annales des sci. nat., vol. 7, p. 264, No. 1,

module 60. 

Dimorphina tuberosa Jones, Parker, and Brady, 1866, Foram. Crag, pt. 1: Paleont.

Soc., vol. 19 (1865), No. 57 (part), PL I, fig. 61 (not fig. 66). 

Dimorphina tuberosa Jones, 1896, Foram. Crag, pt. 3: Paleont. Soc., vol. 50, pp. 274,

275, PL VII, fig. 21.

Description. Jones describes this form as follows:

Shell elongate, subcylindrical,-straight or nearly so. Anterior portion acuminate; 

posterior obtuse and rounded. Early (alternating) chambers varying greatly in their 

proportion to the whole shell. Later (uniserial) chambers two to six in number, more 

or less inflated.

Distribution. Tertiary to Recent. This form is considered a very 

rare fossil. Like Polymorphina nodosaria Reuss, its near relative, 

it is present at San Pedro, but only four or five specimens were found. 

It occurs in the English Crag in the St. Erth Pliocene, and is reported 

as living in the Mediterranean.

Genus POLYMORPHINA.

POLYMORPHINA COMMUNIS D'Orbigny.

Plate XXI, figures 7, a, b, 13-15.

Polymorphina communis D'Orbigny, 1826, Annales des sci. nat., vol. 7, p. 26Q, No. 15,

PL XII, figs. 1-4; modele 62. 

Polymorphina communis Brady, 1884, Challenger Kept., vol. 9, pp. 568, 569, PL

LXXII, fig. 19 (typical). 

PolymoTphina communis Brady, Parker, and Jones, 1870, Trans. Linn. Soc. London,

vol. 27, p. 224, PL XXXIX, fig. 10. (Copied from D'Orbigny's original figure in

Tableau me'thodique.)

Description. The test of PolymorpTiina communis is closely related 

in its segmentation to Polymorphina prollema, but the former is 

acuminate at its oral extremity. It also has fewer chambers, and 

these are less depressed. Many figured specimens cio not exhibit 

this feature, and the figures of Polymorphina communis given in the 

Crag monograph show just the reverse. Were it not that the two 

species have become firmly established, one of the terms might be 

allowed to lapse, but D'Orbigny's original figures make it possible 

to keep the two species distinct. The synonymy of this species is 

very large and is fully stated in Part III of the monograph on the 

Crag.1

Distribution. Lower Jurassic (Lias) to Recent; more common than 

its congener. Very rare in the Pliocene of San Pedro. Occurs also

« Paleont. Boc., vol. 50, 1890, pp. 265-266.
LAGENID2G. 69

in the Pleistocene of Santa Barbara on the hill, but was not observed 

in the lower beds along the beach bluffs.

POLYMORPHINA COMPLANATA D'Orbigny.

Plate XX, figures 13, 14.

Polymorphina complanata D'Orbigny, 1846, Foram. foss. Vienne, p. 234, PI. XIII,

figs. 25-30. 

Polymorphina complanata Brady, Parker, and Jones (1869), 1870, Trans. Linn. Soc.

London, pp. 230, 231, PI. XL, figs. 14, a, b, and woodcuts, p. 230 (f, g, h, i, and j). 

Polymorphina complanata Jones, Parker, and Brady (1865), 1866, Foram. Crag, pt. 1:

Paleont. Soc., vol. 19, p. 270; Paleont. Soc., vol. 50, 1896, PI. I, figs. 52, 53,

and 60.

Description. Polymorphina, complanata, although extremely variable in its configuration, is nevertheless readily recognized. The test

is much compressed, is more or less ovate, and has symmetrical

chambering in biserial manner. The septa are not so much depressed 

as in Polymorphina compressa, and the margin is straight. This 

species seems to present greater variations in its outline, according 

to the horizon at which it appears, than any other foraminifer known. 

The Pliocene specimens, for example, are always narrow elongate, 

not widely flattened, like those in the Miocene. The woodcuts shown 

in the monograph on the genus Polymorphina 1 are most typical for 

the shapes of this species at the several horizons at which it occurs 

fossil. In the Pliocene at Timms Point, San Pedro, the species is 

the most numerous Polymorphina and the specimens are large (3.5 

millimeters in length) and well developed. None are of the broadly 

ovate Miocena type. They resemble rather those from the English 

Crag, where similar specimens occur at every horizon.

' Distribution. Cretaceous to Pleistocene. As a rule it is less 

common than its congener Polymorphina compressa, and it seems 

to be absent from existing oceans. Six specimens of this species 

were discovered by the writer in the Pleistocene at Santa Barbara, 

near the crest of the shore hills.

POLYMORPHINA COMPRESSA D'Orbigny.

Platea XX, figures 7-9, 19-21; XXI, figures 9-11, b.

Polymorphina compressa D'Orbigny, 1846, Foram. foss. Vienne, p. 233, PI. XII,

figs. 32-34. 

Polymorphina compressa Brady, Parker, and Jones, 1870 (1869), Trana. Linn. Soc.

London, vol. 27, p. 227, PI. XL, fig. 12 a-f (a, b, and c show the Crag types; the

specimens from San Pedro resemble figure c). 

Polymorphina compressa Jones, 1896, Foram. Crag, pt. 3: Paleont. Soc., vol. 50, pp.

259-261, PI. I, figs. 54, 65, 77-80; (distorted) PI. V, figs. 26, 28.

Desertion. Jones gives the following description of this form:

Shell oblong, inequilateral, compressed, more or less fusiform. Chambers numerous, 

arranged in two unequal series, somewhat inflated. Septal lines depressed. Surface

1 Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 17,18G9, p. 230.
70 FOEAMINIFEBA FKOM SOUTHERN CALIFOKNIA.

smooth. Aperture' variable, usually simple, circular, and coronate, sometimes ~Y~ 

labyrinthic or porous.

PolymorpJiina compressa and Polymorphina complanata are more 

closely related than most of the published figures would lead one to I 

suspect. The latter has a larger number of more symmetrical segments, and the outline is more regular and less lobate. The amount 

of compression and the position and size of the chambers in Poly- ~f - 

morpJiina compressa are variable. The species lacks the sjonmetrical 

chamber arrangement, the segments are more elevated between the 

depressed septa, and segmentation is less marked than in typical 

forms of its allied species. Many of the San Pedro specimens, which 

are 1 to 3 millimeters in length, approach the narrow, thick forms of 

the English Crag Pliocene Polymorpliina complanata type, but the -V 

lobate border, the asymmetrical chambering, and the depressed 

sutures characterize the more typical specimens.

Distribution. Lower Jurassic (Lias) to Recent. Most abundant 

in the late Tertiary. Very abundant in the deposits at Timms Point, v 

San Pedro, but less numerous than PolymorpJiina complanata. Rare 

in the Pleistocene at Santa Barbara, only one specimen being T» 

detected in the lower beds along the beach bluffs.

Though of wide geographic and bathymetric distribution in present 

oceans, the more typical specimens come from shoal waters in temperate zones. Small specimens are fairly common off the Norwegian 

Coast, according to Parker and Jones.

POLYMORPHINA CYLINDROIDES Roemer.

^

Plate XXI, figures 6, a, b.

PolymorpUna cylindroides Roemer, 1838, Neues Jahrb., 1838, p. 385, PL III, fig. 26.

Polymorphina compressa (in part) Parker and Jones, 1865 (1864), Philos. Trans., vol.

155, p. 361, PI. XIII, figs. 48, a, b (not 47-51, as stated in text). 

Polymorphina cylindroides Jones, 1896, Foram. Crag, pt. 3: Paleont. Soc., vol. 50, pp.

263, 264, PL VI, figs. 15, a, b. 

Polymorphina cylindroides Brady, Parker, and Jones, 1869, Trans. Linn. Soc. London,

p. 221, PL XXXIX, fig. 6.

Description. Brady, Parker, and Jones describe this form as 

follows:

Shell elongate, fusiform, more or less compressed. Anterior extremity acuminate, > 

posterior acuminate or slightly rounded. Chambers elongate, arranged in two parallel series. Margins entire, scarcely depressed at the sutures. Aperture large, ~ w._

radiate. .Surface smooth. Length.-fa to TV inch. #

Probably the most typical figure of this species of Polymorpliina is 

given in the monograph on. the Crag Foraminifera. The specimen 

figured by Reuss 1 under the same name lacks the biserial segmentation which should be present in this type. The subcylindrical,

i Sitzungsber. Akacl. AViss. Wien, vol. 18, 1855, p. 249, PI. VIII, fig. 78.
LAGENIDJE. 71

greatly elongate chambers and the almost entire margin are characteristic features of this species. One of the San Pedro specimens 

measures 3.5 millimeters, a size very large for the species.

Distribution. Tertiary and Recent. Not common in existing 

oceans. It has been recorded from the Oligocene of Pietzpuhl, and 

typical specimens were found by Von Munster in the younger Tertiary deposits of North Germany. Only a few specimens of this form 

are present in the Pliocene sands of San Pedro.

POLYMORPHINA LACTEA (Walker and Jacob).

Plate XXI, figures 12, 16, a, b.

Serpula Idctea Walker and Jacob (fide Kanmacher), 1798, Adam's Essays, 2d ed., p. 

. 634, PI. XIV, fig. 4.

Polymorphina lactea Williamson, 1858, Recent Foram. Great Britain, p. 70, PI. VI,

figs. 145-152 (elongate variety), 149, 149 a. 

Polymorphina lactea Brady, 1884, Challenger Rept., vol. 9, p. 559, PI. LXXI, figs.

11, 14. 

Polymorphina lactea and var. elongata Burrows, Sherborn, and Bailey, 1890, Jour. Roy.

Micr. Soc., p. 561, PI. XI, figs. 9, 10.

Description. Test typically ovate, smooth, bulbous, and slightly 

unsymmetrical. Anterior end acuminate, posterior rather obtuse 

and rounded. Chambers few usually only three to five visible 

externally oblong, oblique, and very slightly inflated. The septal 

depressions are faint, not as deep as in Polymorphina communis 

D'Orbigny, and in transverse section the form is nearly circular.

Distribution. Cretaceous to Recent. One variety, of elongate 

type, was obtained by the writer near the hill crest at Santa Barbara, 

in the Pleistocene. The species was not recognized in the Pliocene 

beds at San Pedro.

POLYMORPHINA NODOSARIA Reuss.

Plate XXI, figures 1-3.

Polymorphina nodosaria Reuss, 1863 (1864), Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 48,

pt. 1, p. 58, PI. VII, fig. 85. 

Dimorphina nodosaria Jones, Parker, and Brady, 1866, Foram. Crag, part 1: Paleont.

Soc., vol. 19, pp. 262, 263, PI. I, figs. 55-58 (not 61, which is Dimorphina tuberosa). 

Polymorphina nodosaria Brady, Parker, and Jones, 1870, Trans. Linn. Soc. London,

vol. 27, p. 233, PL XL, fig. 18, a, b.

Description. Brady, Parker, and Jones give the following description:

Shell elongate, cylindrical, somewhat tapering, irregular, composed of from four to 

eight chambers. Chambers oblique, inflated, alternating. Sutures constricted. 

Orifice central, radiate. Surface smooth. Length -^ to ^ inch. It may be questioned whether the uniserial Polymorphinse typified by P. nodosaria belong more 

properly to the principal division of the group or to the subgenusDiwo^^'na. * * *
72 FORAMINIFERA FEOM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

On the whole it seema most convenient to confine the term Dimorphina to those varieties which begin growth on a biserial or triserial plan and, after a certain number of 

segments have been formed, lapse into a single rank. * * * In the present species 

the mode of growth is uniseria\ from the commencement, or very nearly so, and its 

chief departure from the characters of the simpler type it otherwise resembles is in the 

alternating obliquity of the septal lines. * * * Thus while the genus Nodosaria has 

horizontal sutures connecting the chambers, and Dentalina has oblique septa, all 

slanting in one direction, Polymorphina nodosaria has oblique septa the direction of 

which is reversed with each succeeding segment. * * * The general outline of 

the shell is somewhat irregular, from the convexity of its segments, but its central 

axis is straight.

The above description and discussion of this interesting and very rare 

type of Polymorphina is quoted at length because some confusion has 

long existed with regard to the use of the term Dirnorphina, especially 

as forms described under the names Dimorphina nodosaria and Dimorphina tuberosa are separated with more or less difficulty. If the species figured under the name Dimorpliina nodosaria in 1846 by D'Orbigny 1 is to be regarded as synonymous with Dimorpliina tuberosa 

D'Orbigny,2 then Dimorpliina nodosaria must be allowed to lapse. 

These two species are regarded as equivalent by Parker, Brady, and 

Jones in their monograph on the genus Polymorphina,3 in which they 

place Dimorpliina nodosaria D'Orbigny under Dimorphina tuberosa 

D'Orbigny as a synonym; yet they treat as a separate species 

Polymorphina nodosaria Reuss, 4 which differs only slightly from the 

original type figured as Dimorphina nodosaria by D'Orbigny. 1 In 

D'Orbigny's figure, however, the segments in the anterior portion of 

the test are set in nodosarian manner with straight septa, not 

obliquely as in D. tuberosa.5

Polymorphina soldanii D'Orbigny is rather closely related to the 

above-mentioned species, but approaches Uvigerina in its segmentation. In view of the connection of these various forms with one 

another and with the three genera Polym,orpliina, Nodosaria, and 

Uvigerina, it seems to be most advantageous to limit Polymorphina 

soldanii D'Orbigny to short, many-chambered, subcylindrical tests, 

with smooth surface and extended margins, and with septa deeply 

inset and resembling those of Uvigerina. Such types go back to the 

chalk of Mecklenburg and also occur in the Miocene of the Vienna 

Basin. The species is present to-day in the shore sands of the Adriatic. The distinction between Polymorphina nodosaria and Dimorphina tuberosa will have to rest upon the arrangement of the anterior 

chambers. If these are alternating and very obliquely set, and if 

the shell is comparatively stoutly built with two methods of shell

1 D'Orbigny, A. D., Foraminifcres tossiles du bassin tertiaire de Vienne, 1846, p. 221, PI. XII, figs. 21-22.

2 Annales des sci. nat., vol. 7,1S20, p. 264, No. 1, modele 60. 

s Trans. Liimtean Soc. London, vol. 27, 1869, p. 249, PL XLII, figs. 39, a, b. 

< Idem, PI. XL, figs. 18, a, b.

5 Jones, T. R., Parker, W. K., and Brady, H. B., Foraminitera of the Crag, pt. 1: Paleont. Soc., vol. 

19,1866, PL I, figs. 61 and perhaps 66 (=D. compacta").
LAGENDXffi!.. . 73

growth, the species must be called DimorpJiina, tulerosa. If, however, the later chambers become elongate and are set in a manner 

approaching that of Nodosaria, the species should be regarded as 

PolymorpJiina nodosaria. Some distinction can be made between 

the earlier and later segments of the two related forms, but in the 

writer's opinion this can not be safely used as a means of distinguishing the two species. Two specimens obtained from the Pliocene at Timms Point, San Pedro, differ from Dimorphina tuberosa 

chiefly in their greater elongation arid in the more nodosarian 

character of their anterior portions.

Distribution. Miocene and Pliocene only. Very rare in all late 

Tertiary deposits.

POLYMORPHINA OBLONGA D'Orbigny.

Plate XX, figures 10-12.

PotymorpMna oblonga D'Orbigny, 184G, Foram. toss. Vienno, p. 232, PI. XII, figa.

29-31. 

PolymorpJiina oblonga Brady, 1884, Challenger Kept., vol. 9, p. 509, PI. LXXIII,

figs. 2-4.

Description. Test elongate, slightly compressed, about eight 

visible segments, smooth, more or less inflated, with strongly 

depressed septa. -The species is entirely different from PolymorpJiina 

oblonga Williamson, which is a compressed variety of Polymorpliina, 

lactea.

Distribution. Tertiary to Recent. The writer found this species in 

dredgings off the Hawaiian Islands at a depth of 865 fathoms, but it is 

regarded by Brady as a shallow-water form and is rare below 500 

fathoms. As a fossil it is not common. Brady, Parker, and Jones 

do not mention its occurrence in the Crag Pliocene. D'Orbigny's 

specimens came from the Miocene of the Vienna Basin.

POLYMORPHINA PROBLEMA D'Orbigny. 

Plates XX, figures 1-G; XXI, figures 8, a, b.

PolymorpJiina problema D'Orbigny, 1826, Annales cles sci. nat., vol. 7, p. 2GG, No.

14, modele 61. 

Guttulina problema D'Orbigny, 184G, Foram. foss. Viennc, p. 224, PI. XII, figs.

2G-28. 

Guttulina austriaca D'Orbigny, 184G, Foram. foss. Viennc, p. 223, PI. XII, figs.

23-25. 

Polymorphina problema Brady, 1884, Challenger Eept., vol. 9, p. 5G8, PI. LXXII,

fig. 20; PI. LXXIII, fig. 1. 

Polymorphina problema Jones, 189G, Foram. Crag, pt. 3: Paleont. Soc., vol. 50, pp.

267-268; PI. I, fig. 64; PI. V, fig. 23; PI. VI, fig. 12.

Description. Test less elongate than Polymorpliina oblonga, 

D'Orbigny but with globose segments stoutly built and with numerous 

inflated segments that are irregularly crowded together. The species
74 FOEAMINTFEEA FEOM SOUTHEEJT CALIFOENIA.

is closely related to Polymorphina communis, but that form has fewer 

chambers and less depressed septa, and its anterior end is more 

acuminate. The test of P. prollema is extremely variable in its 

segmentation.

Distribution. Lower Jurassic (Lias) to Recent. A shallow-water 

species of world-wide distribution, but not as a rule very abundant, 

perhaps less so than its congener Polymorpliina communis, from 

which it can be distinguished only with difficulty. It is rather rare 

in the Pliocene at San Pedro, and only one specimen was discovered 

by the writer in the Pleistocene at Santa Barbara, in the higher hill 

series.

POLYMORPHINA SOLDANII D'Orbigny.

Plate XIX, figure 8.

Polymorphina soldanii D'Orbigny, 1826, Annales des sci. nat., vol. 7, p. 265, No. 12. 

Polymorphina soldanii Brady, Parker, and Jones, 1869 (1870), Trans. Linn. Soc. 

London, p. 235, PL XL, fig. 20.

Description. The test of Polymorpliina soldanii D'Orbigny resembles Polymorphina oblonga and Polymorpliina uvseformis Reuss, but, 

as Brady, Parker, and Jones point out, both of these have a central 

erect radiate aperture, whereas that of Polymorpliina soldanii is 

originally drawn obliquely. This difference is in itself hardly sufficient to serve as a means of distinction between this form and allied 

species, but Polymorpliina soldanii is also shorter and less fusiform 

than either of the other species. The San Pedro specimens approach 

Polymorphina nodosaria and Dimorpliina tuberosa in their general 

contour but are shorter and more inflated in their chambering and 

have greater spiral development.

Distribution^ The Miocene chalk of Mecklenburg, the Miocene of 

the Vienna Basin, and the recent shore sands of the Adriatic appear 

to be the only recorded horizons. A few forms that appear to belong 

to this species were found in the Pliocene of San Pedro.

POLYMOEPHINA SOEOEIA (.Reuss). 

Plate XXI, figures 4, a-e, 5, a, b.

'Polymorphina (Guttulina) sororia Reuss, 1863, Bull. Acad. roy. Belgique, 2d eer.,

vol. 15, p. 151, PL II, figs. 25-29. 

Polymorphina sororia Jones, 1896, Foram. Crag, pt. 3: Paleont. Soc., vol. 50, p.

257, PL VI, fig. 13.

Description. Test broad in middle and rounded below, with 

segments only slightly compressed; suture lines not deeply set as in 

Polymorpliina communis D'Orbigny. There are but few chambers, 

obliquely set, appearing faintly in reflected light. The ultimate 

end is obtuse, and the whole form appears egg-shaped.
LAGENID.E. ' 75

Distribution. ^This is a typical Tertiary species, but it has been 

recorded as occurring in the chalk of Taplow, in the Pliocene of 

England, and in the Oligocene. One unusually large specimen 

from the Pliocene of San Pedro measures more than 1 millimeter 

in diameter.

According to Brady the Challenger dredged this species from two 

stations west of Ireland in the north Atlantic, at 808 and 1,443 

fathoms, and near the Cape of Good Hope at 1,375 fathoms. It has 

also been found in dredging? off Sierra Leone at 367 fathoms. The 

species is rather rare, both recent and in fossil condition. Its nearest 

relative is Polymofpliina communis D'Orbigny.

POLYMORPHINA TRILOCULARIS n. Sp. 

Plate XX, figures 15-18.

Description. Test very minute and smooth, consisting of three 

elongated oval segments, two of which are equilateral and symmetrical; the central chamber extends halfway below the base of the 

two side chambers.

The form resembles Polymorpliina, compressa in its young stages but 

lacks the compression of its segments, and the two lateral chambers 

are equal and placed symmetrically enwrapping the primordial 

segment. Aperture radiate, subcentral. Its greatest length is 

0.75 millimeter, and its breadth, 0.28 millimeter The form is rare 

in the Pliocene at Timms Point, San Pedro.

Genus TJVIGEBINA.

UVIGERINA ANGULOSA Williamson, 

Plate XXII, figures 2. a-f.

Uvigerina augulosa Williamson, 1858, Recent Foram. Great Britain, p. 67, PI. V,

fig. .140. 

Uvigerina angulosa Brady, 1884, Challenger Rept., vol. 9, p. 576, PI. LXXIV, figs.

15-18. 

Uvigerina angulosa Goes, 1894, Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akad. Handl., Bd. 25,

No. 9, p. 51, PI. IX, figs. 502-509. 

Uvigerina angulosa Jones, 1896, Foram. Crag, pt. 3: Paleont. Soc., vol. 50, p. 277,

PI. VII, fig. 26.

Description. Test subovate, with pointed extremities. Cross 

section triangular; margins approaching carinate condition; surface 

smooth, slightly striate (?) in some specimens; aperture circular at 

end of prolongation of ultimate segment. Segments numerous, 

separated by depressed straight irregular septal lines.

Distribution. Miocene' to Recent. Found to-day in all seas and 

at all depths. Not common in the Pliocene of San Pedro.
76 FORAMINIFERA FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

v

UVIGEBINA ASPERULA Czjzek. 

Plate XXIII, figures 11-13.

Uvigerina asperula Czjzek, 1847, Haidinger's Naturw. Abhandl., vol. 2, p. 146, PI.

XIII, figs. 14, 15. 

Uvigerina asperula Brady, 1884, Challenger Rept., vol. 9, p. 578, PL LXXV, figs. 6-8.

Description. Test moderately elongate or ovate; individuals vary 

in length, breadth, and general outline; surface beset with minute 

spines, which are in a few specimens arranged in parallel lines; 

distal end in some specimens apiculate; anterior extremity provided 

with long tubular neck. Some specimens have the final segment 

nearly smooth.

Distribution. Miocene to Recent. Rare in the Pliocene at San 

Pedro. A rather common species to-day, its bathymetric range in 

the Atlantic being from 435 to 1,675 fathoms.

UVIGERINA CANARIENSIS D'Orbigny.

Plate XXII, figures 1, a-c.

Uvigerina canariensis D'Orbigny, 1839, Foram. Canaries, p. 138, PL I, figs. 25-27. 

Uvigerina urnula D'Orbigny, 1846, Foram. foss. Vienne, p. 189, PL XI, figs. 21-22. 

Uvigerina canariensis Brady, 1884, Challenger Rept., vol. 9, p. 573, PL LXXIV,

figs. 1-3. 

Uvigerina canariensis Goes, 1894, Kongl. Sveuska Vetenskaps-Akad. HandL, Bd.

25, No. 9, p. 52, PL IX, figs. 489-493. 

Uvigerina canariensis Bagg, 1905, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 268, p. 38, PL VI,

fig. i. ; . Description. Test irregularly triserial and elongate, built of projecting globose segments, which are separated by^ well-defined septal 

depressions. The surface of the shell is perfectly smooth, and is 

typical of uvigerinine forms without ornament.

Distribution Miocene to Recent. Widely distributed at all

depths in existing oceans. Goes's specimens came from the Azores, 

where it is abundant at a depth of 530 meters. This species is common in the California Miocene and not at all uncommon in the Pliocene 

of San Pedro.

UVIGERINA PYGMSEA D'Orbigny.

Plates XXII, figures 3, a, b.

Uvigerina pygmxa D'Orbigny, 1826, Annales des sci. nat., vol. 7, p. 269, PL XII,

figs. 8, 9; modele67.

Uvigerina pygmsea D'Orbigny, 1846, Foram. foss. Vienne, p. 190, PL XI, figs. 25, 26. 

Uvigerina pygmsea Brady, 1884, Challenger Rept., vol. 9, p. 575, PL LXXIV, typical

figs. 11, 12; elongate forms, figs. 13, 14. 

Uvigerina pygmsea Goes, 1894, Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akad. HandL, Bd. 25,

No. 9, p. 51, PL IX, figs. 496-501.

Uvigerina pygmsea Bagg, 1905, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 268, p. 38, PL VII, fig. 2. 

Uvigerina pygmsea Bagg, 1898, Bull. Am. Paleontology, vol. 2, No. 10, p. 326, PL

XXII (2), fig. 3. (

Description. The test of Uvigerina pygmsea is large and stoutly 

built, consisting of numerous segments separated by irregular oblique
GLOBIGEBJNmZE. 77

septa which are depressed. The surface is covered by pronounced 

vertical riblets, some of which are interrupted, but others extend the 

entire length of the shell. The aperture is phialine in the raised 

end of the tubular neck. The distal end is nonacuminate, and the 

general outline shows considerable variation in different specimens.

Distribution. Miocene to Recent. Cosmopolitan; bathymetric 

range unrestricted. Not common in the Pliocene of San Pedro.

UVIGERINA TENUISTKIATA ReUSS.

Plate XXIII, figures 9, 10, a, b.

Uvigcrina tenuistriata Reuss, 1870, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 62, p. 485. 

Uviycrina tenuistriata Schlicht, 1870, Foram. Pietzp'uhl, PI. XXII, figs. 34-36. 

Uvigerina tenuistriata Bagg, 1905, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 268, p. 39, PI. VII, 

fig. 3.

Description. "Test similar to Uvigerina pygmxa D'Orbigny, but

the surface is covered by fine striae and the form is more slender, 

tapering to near primordial segment. The septa are less depressed 

than in its congener, and the ultimate segment terminates in a 

rather extended tubulate .neck.

Distribution. Miocene to Recent. Abundant in shallow waters 

to-day. P ather common in the Miocene of California but rare in the 

Pliocene at San Pedro.

Family GLOBIGERINID^E.

Genus GLOBIGERINA.

GLOBIGEEINA BULLOIDES D'Orbigny.

Plate XXIII, figures 2-8.

Globigerina bulloides D'Orbigny, 1826, Annales des sci. nat, vol. 7, p. 277, No. 1,

rnodelea 17 and 76. 

Globigerina bulloides Jones, 1895, Foram. Crag, pt. 2: Paleont. Soc., vol. 49, pp. 280-

285, PI. II, figs. 1, 2. 

Globigerina bulloides Goes, 1894, Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akad. Handl., Bd. 25,

No. 9, p. 83, PI. XIV, figs. 754-762. 

Globigerina bulloides Flint, 1899, Recent Foram.: Rept. XJ. S. Nat. Mus. for 1897,

p. 321, pi. 69, fig. 2. 

Globigerina bulloides Bagg, 1905, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 268, p. 41, PI. VII,

fig. 7.

* Description. Test composed of nearly globular segments built on 

a trochoid spiral type. The ultimate volution usually shows upon 

the inferior surface four segments which open into a common aperture 

in the depressed umbilicus. The superior surface shows all the volutions, usually three, and these rapidly enlarge. The surface is punctate and often roughened; the, shell substance is white or gray. The 

specimens obtained at San Pedro are large, many of them measuring 

0.56 millimeter in diameter.
78 FORAMINIFERA FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

A complete list of references for this species would be very extensive. 

Probably one of the best is the synonymy given in the monograph on 

the Foraminifera of the Crag.1 The illustrations used by Goes in 

his excellent monograph of Arctic and Scandinavian Foraminifera 

cited above are reproduced in the accompanying plates.

Distribution. According to Terquem,2 the earliest appearance of 

Globigerina bulloides is in Devonian rocks. The same author states 

that it is also present in the European Jurassic. It is abundant in 

the Chalk and is present in all succeeding formations. Globigerina 

cretacea largely supplants this species in the Cretaceous, especially in 

the chalk beds. It is abundant in the Pliocene of San Pedro'and the 

Miocene of California and was also obtained from the bluffs of Pleistocene strata at Santa Barbara. This species is the most abundant 

type in all Globigerina ooze, though in some localities it is not typically 

developed. It is the most important pelagic foraminifer in existing 

oceans and occurs at all depths and in all oceans.

Globigerina ooze. Probably the first specimens of Globigerina ooze 

were those obtained by Lieut. Berryman, United States Navy, from 

the north Atlantic, and described by Ehrenberg as early as 1853.' 

Globigerina ooze is so abundant in the oceans of to-day that if all 

deposits containing from 10 to 15 per cent of the ooze were included 

it would be the most extensive marine deposit on the globe. It covers 

about 49,520,000 square miles, and reaches its maximum development 

in the Atlantic Ocean, though it also covers more than 14,000,000 

square miles of the Pacific. It was abundant in all the dredgings 

made by the U. S. S. Albatross off the Hawaiian Islands, so far as they 

were examined by the writer.

In the reports of the (Jhallenger expedition the term " Globigerina 

ooze" was applied only to those deposits which contained 30 per cent

of Globigerina. 

A complete list of the forms dredged by the Challenger follows:

Globigerina sequilateralis Brady. 

bulloides D'Orbigny. 

conglobata Brady. 

cretacea? D'Orbigny. 

digitata Brady.

Globigerina dubia Egger.

. dutertrei Brady. 

inflata Brady. 

rubra D'Orbigny. 

sacculifera Brady.

This list might also include Orbulina universa D'Orbigny, which 

belongs to the same generic group. Most of these species are now 

limited to warm tropical waters, but some are found in cold waters. 

The deposits therefore vary with latitude, or, more exactly, depend 

on the polar or tropical origin of oceanic currents.

The color of this ooze is white, gray, or brown, depending largely 

on the nature of the sediment found with the snow-white Globigerina..

i Paleont. Soc., vol. 49,1895, pp. 2SO-2S5.

= Bull. Soc. g6ol. France, 3d ser., vol. 8,1SSO, p. 418, PI. XI, figs. 10 a-c.
GLOBIGERINIOE. . 79-

The tropical forms are large, many being visible to the naked eye, and 

they range in depth from 400 to 2,925 fathoms, but the Globigerina 

ooze is most abundant at about 2,000 fathoms. The amount .of carbonate of lime in the shells is inversely proportional to the depth, 

being 30.15 per cent at 2,575 fathoms and 96.80 per cent'at 425 

fathoms, according to the Challenger investigations.

The total average composition of 118 oozes, as determined by the 

Challenger expedition, is as follows: ,

Average composition of Globigerina oozes.

Carbonate of lime: Per cent. 

Pelagic Foraminifera...................................... 53.10

Bottom-living Foramiuifera................................ 2.13

Other organisms........................................... 9. 54

64. 47

Residue:

Siliceous organisms......................................... 1. 64

Minerals.................................................. 3. 33

Fine washings............................................ 30. 56

. 35. 53

100. 00

GLOBIGEKINA DUBIA Egger.

.Plate XXII, figures 4, a-d. 

 Globigerina dubia Egger, 1857, Neues Jahrb.; p. 281, PI. IX, figs. 7-9.

Description. Globigerina dubia has a stoutly > built test; of large 

dimensions and is really a varietal modification of Globigerina bulloides 

D'Orbigny. Many specimens have 14 or 15 segments, which are distinctly rotaline in development and which have a deeply sunken 

umbilicus upon the inferior surface. Development of five to six 

segments upon the inferior surface and greater inflation of the segments than in similar forms perhaps afford the best means of recognizing this species.

Distribution. Miocene to Recent. Not very common in the Pliocene at San Pedro.

Genus ORBULINA.

ORBULINA UNIVERSA D'Orbigny.

Plate XXIII, figure 1.

Orbulina univcrsa D'Orbigny, 1839, Foram. Cuba, p. 3, PI. I, fig. 1.

Orbulina univcrsa Williamson, 1858, Recent Foram. Great Britain, p. 2, PI. 1, fig. 4.

Orbulina universa Bagg, 1905, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 268, p. 43, PI. VIII, fig. 3.

Description. Test globular, unicellular, in most specimens but 

rarely bilobate, with one segment incasing a Gloligerina shell. In 

45625° Bull. 513 12 6
80 FORAMINIFERA FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

many living specimens the outer chamber is rough and even hispid, 

but in fossil types this feature is usually lost. The shell is perforate 

and of variable size.

Distribution. Lower Jurassic (Lias) to Recent; possjjjjv much 

earlier than the Jurassic. It is not rare in the Pliocene of San Pedro, 

but owing to its minute size and spherical shape it is easily floated off 

from washings and lost. It is exceedingly abundant in existing 

oceans at all depths. As a pelagic type it exceeds in abundance even 

Globigerina, bulloides D'Orbigny.

Family ROTALIID^E. 

Subfamily BOTALIIN^E.

Genus DISCORBINA.

DISCORBINA BERTHELOTI (D'Orbigny).

Plate XXVIII, figures 10,11, a, b.

Rosalina bertheloti D'Or'cigny, 1839, Foram. Canaries, p. 135, PL I, figs. 28-30. 

Discorbina bertheloti Brady, 1884, Challenger Kept., vol. 9, p. 650, PI. LXXXIX,

figs. 10-12. 

Discorbina bertheloti Brady, Parker, and Jones, 1888, Trans. Zool. Soc. London, vol.

12, No. 7, p. 227, PL XLVI, figs. 7, 8. 

Discorbina berthelotiana Goes, 1894, Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akad. Handl., Bd.

25, No. 9, p. 93, PL XV, fig. 790.

Description. Test very strongly compressed and thin, with the 

spiral surface almost flat and the inferior more vaulted and limbate. 

Both surfaces show complete convolutions, but they are more distinct on the superior surface. The final segment is very large, and 

the species is provided with a thin, finely perforate shell, two features 

which distinguish it from Truncatulina lolatula, which otherwise it 

very much resembles. A variety of the type provided with carinate 

periphery is known as D. leriheloti var. bajonica Hantken. Goes 

describes this species but gives the specific term as berthelotiana. 

This is evidently the same form as that given by D'Orbigny and also 

described by Parker and Jones as Discorlina turbo var. parisiensis 

var. lerihelotiana, both terms being misspellings for bertheloti.

Distribution. Pliocene of San Pedro (rare) and Recent. Widely 

distributed in existing oceans but nowhere abundant. Typical of 

shoal water of north boreal provinces and most common at depths 

of less than 500 fathoms.
ROTALIIDJE. 81

DISCORBINA GLOBULAKIS (D'Orbigny).

Plate XXIV, figure 15.

Rosalind globularis D'Orbigny, 1826, Annales des sci. nat., vol. 7, p. 271, PI. XIII,

figs. 1-4, modele"69. 

Discorbina turbo var. globularis Carpenter, Parker, and Jones, 1862, Introduction

Foram., pp. 204, 311, PI. Ill, fig. 1 (shows pseudopodia). 

Discorbina globularis Brady, 1884, Challenger Kept., vol. 9, pp. 627, 643, PI. LXXXVI,

figs. 8,13. 

Discorbina globularis Jones, 1895, Foram. Crag, pt. 2: Paleont. Soc., vol. 49, p. 292,

PI. VII, figs. 28 a-c. 

Discorbina globularis Flint, 1899, Recent Foram.: Rept. U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1897, p.

327, pi. 72, fig. 2.

Description. Flint gives the following description of this form:

Discoidal, thick, the superior face quite convex, the inferior only slightly so; segments somewhat inflated, finely perforated, hyaline, all visible superiorly, only the 

last convolution inferiorly; sutures a little depressed; aperture large and irregular at 

the umbilical margin of the last segment.

Distribution. Eocene to Recent. This species has a wide range 

in present oceans but is most common in temperate and cold waters. 

It is a shallow-water type, the Challenger expedition obtaining no 

specimens at depths greater than 450 fathoms. It is common in the 

Pleistocene of Santa Barbara.

DISCORBINA TURBO (D'Orbigny).

Rotalia (Trochulina) turbo D'Orbigny, 1826, Annales des sci. nat., vol. 7, p. 274, No.

39, modele 73. ° 

Discorbina turbo Jones, 1895, Foram. Crag, pt. 2: Paleont. Soc., vol. 49, p. 291, PI. VII,

fig. 29.

Description. Test trochoid, superior surface conical, inferior face 

almost complanate; segments very numerous, visible on spiral side, 

but only 5 to 10 show on the inferior surface. The septal lines are 

wide and strongly curved on the conical side but narrow and depressed 

on the reverse surface. The periphery is sharp, and the aspect of 

the shell, as seen from the side, triangular.

Distribution. Cretaceous (Maestricht chalk) to Recent. This 

species, although it is the type for the genus Discorbina, is rare in 

present oceans. - It was obtained at only one station (223 fathoms, 

off Mauritius) by the Gazelle, and at only four places in very shallow 

water by the Challenger expedition. It is common in the lower 

strata of the Pleistocene at Santa Barbara, along the beach.
82 FOEAMINIFEEA FEOM SOUTHEEN CALIFOBNIA. 

DlSCORBINA VILAKDEBOANA (D'Orbigny). 

Plate XXVIII, figures 9, a-c.

Rosalind mlardeboana D'Orbigny, 1839, Foram. Am6rique m^rid., p. 44, PI. VI, figs.

13-15. 

Discorbina mlardeboana Brady, 1884, Challenger Kept., vol. 9, p. 645, PI. LXXXVI,

figs. 9,12; PL LXXXVIII, fig. 2. 

Discorbina mlardeboana Goes, 1894, Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akad. HaudL, Bd.

25, No. 9, p. 95, PI. XVI, fig. 796.

Description. This species resembles both Discorbina, araucana 

(D'Orbigny) and Discorbina rosacea (D'Orbigny). It can not be 

easily distinguished from either, but the test is minute, the perforations small, and the peripheral margin not acute. Fewer chambers 

in the ultimate convolution show on the inferior surface than in the 

other forms. These chambers are lobate, and are separated by 

almost straight depressed septa. The later segments are of much 

larger size. Under the tumid border of the large final chamber and 

extending toward the umbilicus is the elongate aperture slit.

Distribution. A few specimens of this form were found in the 

beach bluffs at Santa Barbara, in the Pleistocene. As a living form 

it is commonly present with Discorbina araucana, (D'Orbigny).

Genus TBTJNCATTJLINA. 

TRUNCATULINA LOBATULA (Walker and Jacob).

0 Plate XXIV, figures 9-14. ^

Nautilus lobatulus Walker and'Jacob, 1798, Adam's Essays, Kanjuiaclier's ed., p. 642,

PI. XIV, fig. 36. 

Truncatulina lobatula D'Orbigny, 1846, Foram. foss. Vienne, p. 168, PI. IX, figs.

18-23. 

Truncatulina boueana D'Orbigny, 1846, Foram. foss. Vienne, p. 169, PL IX, figs.

24-26. 

Truncatulina lobatula Willianison, 1858, Recent Foram. Great Britain, p. 59, PL V,

figs. 121-123. 

Truncatulina lobatula Jones, 1897, Foram. Crag, pt. 4: Paleont. Soc., vol. 51, pp. 304-

308, PL II, figs. 4-10 (1866); PL IV, fig. 19. 

Truncatulina lobatula Bagg, 1905, U. S. Geol. Survey No. 268, p. 46, PL IX, fig. 1.

Description. Test plano-convex, moderately vaulted on inferior 

surface, which shows only the segments of final convolution, and 

planate upon the superior, surf ace, which shows all the convolutions 

(about three). The segments as viewed from inferior surface are 

lobate with depressed septa, straight or but slightly curved. The 

upper face shows strongly arching septa, in some specimens with subcarinate periphery. The aperture is an arched slit at or near the 

margin of the ultimate segment, but extending back from the periphery toward the umbilicus. The species is the most important of the 

genus Truncatulina and holds the same place in this. group that
KOTALIIDJE. 83

Gloligerino, lulloides holds among its congeners. When adherent, 

as it is not uncommonly, it may have a subarenaceous structure and 

be dark in color. It has, especially in the young forms, a semihyaline 

texture, which gradually changes to an ^opaque white, with large 

perforations scattered over the entire surface.

 Distribution. Carboniferous to Recent. The Miocene of California contains a great many Truncatulina lolatula, and there the shells 

are coarsely porous. In the Pliocene of San Pedro the forms are 

numerous but not more abundant than Truncatulina varidbilis, which 

is unusually plentiful. The species is common in the upper Pleistocene strata at Santa Barbara.

It occurs abundantly in the English Crag, being present in every 

zone. Although common in Cretaceous strata, it is more abundant in

 Tertiaiy and Recent material. 

TRUNCATULINA EEFULGENS (Montfort). ,

Cibicides refulyens Montfort, 1808, Concliyl. syst., vol. 1, p. 122, 31e genre. 

Truncatulina refulyens Brady, 1884, Challenger Kept., vol. 9, p. 659, PI. XCII, figs.

7-9. ~ 

Truncatulina refulyens Sherborn and Chapman, 1886, Jour. Roy. Micr. Soc., 2d ser.,

vol. 6, p. 756, PL XVI, figs. 13, a-c. 

Tmncatulina refulr/ens Goes, 1894, Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akacl. Handl., Bd. 25,

No. 9, p: 89, PL XV, figs. 775, 776. 

Truncatulina refulgens Jones, 1896, Foram. Crag, pt. 3: Paleont. Soc., vol. 50, p. 302,

PL V, figs. 3!!a, 31b.

Descriyttion. The following description is quoted from Jones:

Shell free or parasitic, regular; conical or plano-convex. Oral surface conical or 

dome-shaped, aboral surface flat or slightly concave; chambers long, arcuate, somewhat 

inflated. Foramina inconspicuous. 

Distribution. Eocene to Recent. Living forms confined to temperate zones and found usually at small depths, though occurring 

down to 2,400 fathoms. It is rare in the Pliocene,at San Pedro.

TRUNCATULINA UNGERIANA (D'Orbigny).

Plate XXV, figures 1-3.

Rotalina unncriana D'Orbigny, 1846, Foram. foss. Vienne, p. 157, PI. VIII, figs. 16-18. 

Truncatulina ungeriana Brady, 1884, Challenger Kept., vol. 9, p. 664, PL XCIV. figs.

9, a-c. * 

Truncatulina unr/enema Bagg, 1898, Bull. TJ. S. Geol. Survey No. 88, p. 66.

Description. Test large, rotaliform,.circular, coarsely porous; both 

sides moderately convex, unequal; depressed slightly on the inferior 

side at the umbilicus: consisting of three convulutions. The last 

volution usually has about 10 limbate segments, but may have 12. 

The septa are arched and are visible externally. The aperture is a 

median semihmar slit. In D'Orbigny's original figure the species is
84 FORAMINIFERA FROM SOUTHERN" CALIFORNIA.

shown to be moderately sharp at the periphery. The vaulting is 

unequal on the two sides and the septa are more arcuate on the lower 

surface. The umbilicus is better exposed on the superior surface.

One perfect specimen from San Pedro shows eight segments in the 

final convolution. The shell walls are very coarsely porous.

Distribution. Cretaceous to Recent. Very rare in Pliocene of 

San Pedro. The species is rather common in the New Jersey Cretaceous, the Cretaceous of England, and the Eocene of London, and is 

present at all succeeding horizons. It is fairly common in the north 

Atlantic, but less abundant in the south Atlantic. It has wide bathymetric and geographic range.

TRUNCATULINA VARIABILIS D'Orbigny.

Plates XXIV, figures 1-4; XXV, figures.4, 5.

Truncatulina varidbilis D'Orbigny, 1826, Annales des sci. nat., vol. 7i, p. 279, No. 8. 

Truncatulina variabilis Jones, 1896, Foram. Crag, pt. 3: Paleont. Soc., vol. 50, p. 309, 

PL VI, fig. 23.

Description. This is only an irregular, type of Truncatula lofiatula. 

The San Pedro specimens are much*like the figure given in the Crag 

monograph. The species is relatively abundant and.the specimens 

are of various sizes, but the shells all tend to. become elongate in a 

biserial manner and are without lateral processes.

Distribution. Lower Cretaceous to Recent. Its present geographic 

and bathymetric range correspond with that of Truncatulina lolatula. 

It is common in the Pliocene at San Pedro and equally abundant in 

the Pleistocene at §anta Barbara, where it is most numerous in the 

upper beds.

TRUNCATULINA WUELLERSTORFI (Schwager).

Plate XXV, figures 10, a-c, 11, a-c.

Anomalina wuellerstorfi Scliwager, 1866, Novara-Exped., Geol., pt. 2, p. 258, PL VII,

figs. 105-107. 

Truncatulina wuellerstorfi Brady, 1884, Challenger Rept., vol. 9, p. 662, PL XCIII,

figs. 8, 9. 

Planorbulina wuellerstorfi Goes, 1894, Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akad. HandL,

Bd. 25, No. 9, p. 89, PL XV, fig. 777.

Description. Test plano-convex or nearly so; superior face somewhat convex, inferior nearly flat, margin acute. Segments strongly 

curved, narrow, often crescent-like. The form is thin and outspread, 

and according to Brady occupies an intermediate position between 

Anomalina ariminensis (D'Orbigny) and the thicker Truncatulina 

lobatula (Walker and Jacob).

Distribution. The species is common to-day in deep-sea oozes. A 

modification of the type appears in the New Jersey Cretaceous, and 

the species is also known in the Miocene of California and the Pliocene
of Kar Nikobar (Schwager). It is very rare in the Pleistocene of

Santa Barbara.

Genus ANOMALINA.

ANOMALINA AMMONOIDES (Reuss). 

Plate XXVI, figures 7-10, b.

Rosalina ammonoides Reuss, 1845, Verstein. bohm. Kreid., pt. 1, p. 30, PI. XIII,

fig. CG; PI. VIII, fig. 5a 

Anomalina ammonoides Bagg, 1905, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 268, p. 47, PI. IX,

fig. 4.

Description. Test nautiloid, coarsely porous, small, compressed; 

lateral surfaces nearly equally convex; depressed at the umbilici. 

The peripheral margin is round. The aperture is a nearly median 

arched slit on the inner surface of the ultimate segment. The diameter is from 0.5 to 0.8 millimeter. There are more chambers in the

final convolution than in Anomalina grosserugosa (Gumbel) (9 in the 

specimens from San Pedro).

Distribution. Anomalina ammonoides is found in the Upper Cretaceous of New Jersey, in the Gault of England (Chapman), and in 

beds of every succeeding epoch. The species is present, though rare, 

in dredgings from the vicinity of the Hawaiian Islands (Bagg). The 

Challenger dredged this species at only one station in the north 

Atlantic, at 435 fathoms (Brady). It seems to be much more common in the southern oceans, where it occurs at depths as great as 

1,350 fathoms. It is very rare at Timms Point, San Pedro.

ANOMALINA GROSSERUGOSA (Gumbel). 

Plate XXVI, figures 1-6.

Truncatulina grosserugosa Gumbel, 1868, Abhandl. Math.-phys. Cl. K. bayer. Akad. 

Wiss., vol. 10, p. 660, PI. II, fig. 104, a, b.

Description. Test less nautiloid than Anomalina ammonoides and 

with fewer chambers in each volution. Shell coarsely porous, with 

pores larger and more numerous on the inferior surface; both sides 

convex; umbilici distinct; peripheral margin round; chambers large, 

inflated; septa nearly straight; aperture nearly median. 'The San 

Pedro specimens show about seven chambers in the final volution, all 

of which are visible from the inferior aspect. All the volutions are 

visible from the superior surface.

Distribution. Lower Cretaceous to Recent. Occurs in the north 

Atlantic at depths ranging from 450 to 1,000 fathoms, and also in 

the south Atlantic and the north and south Pacific. The .species 

seems to be more common in the Tertiary than its congener Anomalina ammonoides. Anomalina badenensis D'Orbigny, from the Tertiary of the Vienna Basin, is probably a variety of this species. 1 It 

is rare in the Pliocene sands of Timms Point, San Pedro.

»D'Orbigny, A; D., Foramlnif&res fossiles du bassln tertlalre de Vlenne, 1846, p. 171, PI. X, figs. 1-3.
86 FORAMINIFERA FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA. 

Genus PTJLVINULINA.

PULVINULINA ELEGANS (D'Orbigny).

Plate XXVI, figures 11-15, c. ' '

Rotalina (Turbinulina) elegans D'Orbigny, 1826, Annales des sci. nat,., vol. 7, p. 276,

No. 54. 

Rotalina'partschiana D'Orbigny, 1846, Foram. foss. Vienne, p. 153, PI. VII, figs. 28-30;

PI. VIII, figs. 1-3. 

' Pulvinulina elegans Jones, 1897, Foram. Crag, pt. 4: Paleont. Soc., vol. 51, p. 324,

PI. VII, fig. 32.

Description'. Test biconvex but becoming trochoid from unsymmetrical chamber development, which results in all the convolutions 

being visible externally on the superior surface and makes only the 

final whorl discernible below. Periphery sharp, subcarinate; segments on upper surface numerous, separated by wide, strongly curving septal bands, depressed and obliquely set beneath. This species 

is a shallow-water type, but can hardly be distinguished from its 

counterpart, Pulvinulina partschiana (D'Orbigny), a deep-water type. 

It is also related to Pulvinulina Icarsteni (Reuss), a smaller, less 

symmetrical species.

Distribution. Base of the Lower Jurassic (Lower Lias of Europe) 

to Recent. Of world-wide distribution and found at all depths, but 

especially developed in shoal waters. Goes records the species from 

the shores of Spitzbergen and Greenland. It is rare in the Pliocene 

of San Pedro.

PULVINULINA PUNCTULATA (D'Orbigny). 

Plate XXV, figures 6-9.

RolaUa punctulata D'Orbigny, 1826, Annales des sci. nat., vol. 7, p. 273, No. 25,

. modele 12.

Pulvinulina punctulata Brady, 1884^ Challenger Kept., vol. 9, p. 685, PI. CIV, fig. 17. 

Pulvinulina punctulata Jones, 1897, Foram. Crag, pt. 4: Paleont. Soc., vol. 51, p. 319, 

 : PI. II, figs. 22-24, in vol. 19. . ' . Pulvinulina punctulata Goes, 1894, Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akad. Handl.,

. . Bd. 25, No. 9, p. 96, PL XVI, figs; 797-800 (798 is typical).

Description. This species is scarcely distinguishable from Pulvinulina repanda (Fichtel and Moll), but its inferior surface is more 

or less punctate and roughened and the chambers, though inflated, 

are'separated by nonlimbate septa. The shells from the Crag and 

the Pliocene specimens from San Pedro are remarkable for their 

large size, the larger specimens being 1 to 2 millimeters in diameter.

Distribution. Eocene to Recent, but most common in the Pliocene. Found in the glacial clays (post-Tertiary) of the Norwegian 

coast (Jones) and in the English Crag, and is not rare in the Pliocene 

at San Pedro. It appears to be less common and less widely dis-
BOTALIIDJE. ' 87

tributed than Pulvinulina re-panda. The living forms inhabit depths 

ranging from a few fathoms to about 300 fathoms in the north 

Atlantic and; occur also elsewhere.

PULVINULINA REPANDA (Fichtel and Moll). 

Plate XXIV, figures 5-8.

Nautilus repandus Fichtel and Moll, 1803-, Test, micr., p. 35, PI. Ill, figs. a-d. 

Pulvinulina repanda Jones, 1897, Foram. Crag, pt. 4: Paleont. Soc., vol. 51, pp.

317-319, PI. II, figs. 25-27. (In Paleont. Soc., vol. 19, 186G, it is described as

Pulvinulina pulchella (D'Orbigny).)

Description. Test discoidal but not circular in outline, for the 

ultimate segment is extended beyond the plane of the circular 

periphery. The final convolution is composed of six to eight chambers, which segments alone appear on the inferior surface, The

superior surface is more vaulted, though not strongly so, and the 

entire chamber arrangement of each volution is visible. The segments are separated on the superior side by distinct and rather wide 

septal bands, but these are not elevated and apparently are not 

altogether due to shell thickening in depressed areas. The margin 

is limbate, and this character with its lack of punctate surface separates this common species from Pulvinulina punctulata. The peripheral margin is slightly lobulate, the ultimate chambers showing this 

feature most definitely. The umbilicus is strongly depressed upon 

the inferior surface . and the chambers are inflated between the 

depressed septa. These are straight-or nearly straight from center 

to margin; on the superior surface they are gracefully and strongly 

curved backward. The shells may be very large and may show considerable variation in minor Pulvinulina characters. Large specimens 

are 1.5 millimeters in diameter. This species is figured by Williamson 1 under the name- Rotalina concamerata.

Distribution. Cretaceous to Recent. Common down to 200 

fathoms; rare at greater depths to 1,000 fathoms. Occurs in every 

zone of the English Crag wherever examined (Jones).

i Recent Foraininifera of Great Britain. PI. IV. figs. 101-105.
88 FORAMINIFERA FEOM SOUTHERN CALIFOENIA.

Family NUMMULINID^.

Subfamily POLYSTOMELLIN^E.

Genus NONIONINA. 

NONIONINA DEPRESSULA (Walker and Jacob).

Plates XXVI, figures 16, a-c; XXVIII, figures 7, 8.

Nautilus depressulus Walker and Jacob, 1798, Adam's Essays, Kanmacher's ed.,

p. 641, PI. XIV, fig. 33.

Nonionina depressula Brady, 1884, Challenger Kept., vol. 9, p. 725, PI. CIX, figs. G, 7. 

Nonionina depressula Goes, 1894, Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akad. Handl., P>d. 25,

No. 9, p. 103, PI. XVII, figs. 825, 826. 

Nonionina depressula Jones, 1897, Foram. Crag, pt. 4: Paleont. Soc., vol. 51, p. 347,

PI. II (1866), figs. 36, 37 (thick variety).

Description. Test nautiloid or disk-shaped, with rounded margin, 

compressed but not umbilicate; chambers slightly limbate, separated by depressed, very slightly curved septa; septal face more or 

less rounded, showing aperture as narrow slit on inner margin; 

surface often granular, especially along septal planes. The configuration of this shell is almost identical with that of Polystomella 

striatopunctata (Fichtel and Moll), but the latter shows septal bridges 

which this form lacks.

Distribution. Eocene to Recent. This species is found to-day in 

Arctic waters as far north as 82° 33', and it is very common off the 

British coasts. It is typically a shoal-water species, being found at 

depths of less than 50 fathoms'. This form is interesting in that it is 

the only Nonionina which occurs in brackish waters and in estuaries. 

Nonionina depressula is rather common in the European Tertiary and 

appears in the Coralline Crag of England. It is rather rare in the 

Pliocene at Timms Point, San Pedro. Two specimens were obtained 

by the writer from the Pleistocene of Santa Barbara, in the lower 

strata along the beach.

NONIONINA SCAPHA (Fichtel and Moll).

Plate XXVII, figures 1-3.

Nautilus scapha Fichtel and Moll, 1803, Test, micr., p. 105, PI. XIX, figs. d-f. 

Nonionina scapha Brady, 1884, Challenger Kept., vql. 9, p. 730, PI. CIX, figs. 14, 15,

and!6(?). - . 

Nonionina scapha Jones, 1897, Foram. Crag, pt. 4: Paleont. Soc., vol. 51, pp. 339-343,

PI. II, figs. 44, 45 (var. N. labradorica), and woodcuts after Fichtel and Moll

(figs. 27a, 27b).

Description. The test of Nonionina scapJia is oblong-ovate, and 

is strongly depressed at the umbilicus. The segments are numerous, 

arcuate, and more or less ventricose; they widen toward the periphery, which is rounded. The aperture is a crescentic slit on the inner
89

margin of the ultimate segment. The septal face is laige and ovate, 

and, in N. scapha var. labradorica, cordate.

Distribution. This species is present in the (Cretaceous of both 

England and the United States and is abundant in late Tertiary 

strata. It is common in the English Crag, and is present, though not 

common in the rliocene of San Pedro. It is common in all the strata 

of Pleistocene age at Santa Barbara. The form is to-day widely 

diffused. The writer found it to be the most common Nonionina in 

the dredgings from the Hawaiian Islands region. It is most abun 

dant in shoal waters. The species is present in the cold waters of 

the far North, but specimens from such waters are thick and exhibit 

considerable variation from the more slender minute specimens of 

temperate zones.

NONIONINA STELLIGERA D'Orbigny. .

Plato XXVII, figures 7, 8.

Nonionina stelligera D'Orbigny, 1839, Foram. Canaries, p. 128; PI. Ill, figs. 1, 2

(' 'stellifera '' on plate). 

Nonionina stelligera Brady, 1864, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 24, p. 471, PI.

XLVIII, fig. 19. 

Polystomella crispa (Linnaeus) var. (Nonionina) stelligera (D'Orbigny) Parker and

Jones, 1865, Philos. Trans., vol. 155, p. 404, PI. XIV, figs. 40, 41 (Arctic). 

Nonionina stelligera Brady, 1884, Challenger Kept., vol. 9, p.. 728, PI. CIX, figs. 3-5. 

Nonionina stelligera Goes, 1894, Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akad. Handl., Bd. 25,

No. 9, p. 104, PI. XVII, figs. 827, 828.

Description. This is a small, compressed Nonionina resembling 

Nonionina asterizans (Fichtel and Moll), but it is more delicate than 

that species and its exogenous umbilical covering radiates from the 

umbilicus along the depressed sulci of the septa, whereas in N. 

asterizans the umbilicus is covered only over the central area, having 

a slight central zone uncovered. The aperture is a narrow slit upon 

the inner surface of the ultimate segment. The five to nine segments in the final convolution are lobate, and the periphery is round, 

in both of which features this form resembles Nonionina depressula 

(Walker and Jacob).

Distribution. Eocene to Recent. This is preeminently a coldwater type, although D'Orbigny's original specimens were obtained 

from the Canaries in shore sands. It occurs in Arctic waters at very 

shallow depths to-day. It is abundant near the top of the hills in 

the Pleistocene at Santa Barbara, but rare along the beach bluffs 

below.
90 FOKAMINTFEKA FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

NONIONINA UMBILICATULA (Montagu). 

Plate XXVII, figures 4-6.

Nautilus umbilicatula Montagu, 1803, Test. Brit., p. 191; Supplement, p. 78, PI.

XVIII, fig. 1.

Nonionina soldanii D'Orbigny, 1846, Foram. foss. Vienne, p. 109, PI. V, figs. 35, 16. 

Nonionina umbilicatula Brady, 1884, Challenger Kept., vol. 9, p. 726, PL CIX, figs.S, 9. 

Nonionina umbilicatula Goes, 1894, Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akad. Handl., Bd.

25, No. 9, p. 103, PL XVII, figs. 823, 824. 

Nonionina umbilicatula Jones, 1897, Foram. Crag, pt. 4: Paleont. Soc., vol. 51, pp.

345-347, PL V, fig. 32; woodcuts, p. 346, zoological type.

Description. Test nautiloid, numerous segments, usually flush but 

with sunken umbilicus. The shell is small but stoutly built. It has 

more chambers and is more compressed laterally than Nonionina 

pompilioides (Fichtel and Moll), and its umbilicus is more deeply 

sunken than that of Nonionina depressula (Walker and Jacob).

Distribution. Eocene to Recent. Found in the Pleistocene at 

Santa Barbara." The type is essentially a deep-water form and is 

most common in warm waters. It is, however, abundant in the Norwegian seas at depths of 40 to 180 meters (Goes) and in the north 

Atlantic at depths of less than 450 fathoms. Parker and Jones * 

state:

We have it in the mixed sands from the Norway coast (MacAndrew and Barrett). 

In the north Atlantic N. umbilicatula is common and of middle size on the marginal 

plateau off Ireland, at 78, 90, 223, and 415 fathoms; in the abyssal depths it is rare 

and small and at 1,776, rather common and middle sized at 1,950, rather common and 

email at 2,050 and 2,176 fathoms; and at 2,350 fathoms in the "boreal" part of the 

abyss it is rare and small; north of Newfoundland Bank, at 329 fathoms, and in Trinity 

Bay at 150 fathoms, it is very rare and small, cold water having as bad an influence 

on it as abyssal depth. This form, being flush-celled, is more thoroughly changed in

character from the type than the feeble varieties found in shallow water, such as P. 

stelligera and P. depressula. In these the vesicularity of the chambers allows the formation of Rome rudiments of the retral processes, the overlying bridges, and the 

intervening fossettes, but in this deeper-sea variety the septn.1 walls of the contiguous 

chambers become perfectly adapted, and their edges grow close together at the surface 

of the shell.

Genus POLYSTOMELLA.

POLYSTOMELLA CRISPA (Linnaeus).

Plates XXVII, figures 13-20; XXVIII, figures 1-6.

Nautilus crispa Linnams, 1758, Syst. Nat., 10th ed., p. 709, No. 235; 12th ed. (1767),

p. 1162, No. 275; 13th (Gmelin's) ed., p. 3370, No. 3. 

PolysLomella crispa, D'Orbigny, 1846, Foram. foss. Vienne, pp. 125, 120, PL VI,

figs. 9-14.

Polystomdla crispa Williamson, 1858, Recent Foram. threat Britain, pp. 40-42, PL 

' III, figs. 78-80.

»Foramiiiiferafrom the north Atlantic and Arctic oceans: Fhilos. Trans., vol. 155,1865, p. 405.
91

Polystomella crispa Goes, 1894, Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akad. Handl., Bd. 25,

No. 9, p. 102, PI. XVII, figs. 820-821. 

Polystomella crispa Jones, 1897, Foram. Crag, pt. 4: Paleont. Soc., vol. 51, pp. 353-

357, PI. II, figs. 40^3.

Description. Test lenticular, involute, and nautiloiol, showing only 

the final whorl in outer convolution, which is composed of numerous 

very narrow, strongly curved, and flexuose segments. Septal lines 

strong, raised slightly in border in front, with the central part and 

sometimes the posterior part depressed and even sculptured; segments marked by closely set septal bridges, which become more 

pronounced at their junction with preceding segments. These surface 

transverse crenulations make possible the immediate detection of 

Polystomella and separate the genus from Nonionina, which it resembles 

in its other structural features. The umbilicus is commonly granulose 

but not depressed, and this flush and roughened surface distinguishes

the species from Polystomella macella (Fichtel and Moll), which is 

depressed at the umbilicus. The peripheral margin is sharp, and in 

some specimens carinate. Some varieties show tubercular or spinous 

processes projecting from the septal ridges. The apertures are multiple and are arranged in V-shaped series close to the surface of the 

antecedent convolution. The diameter of the test is very variable. 

Pliocene forms from San Pedro measure from 1 to 1.8 millimeters 

and show about 22 segments in the final convolution, but the number 

and size of the shells vary considerably.

Distribution. Polystomella crispa is a very common Tertiary fossil. 

It appears to be first known in the Eocene of the Paris Basin and 

occurs at all succeeding horizons. It is abundant in the English 

Pliocene Crag and the Pliocene sands of San Pedro. The Pleistocene 

beach-bluff deposits of Santa Barbara contain a large number of 

Polystomella crispa, but the form is rather rare in the beds near the 

 top of the hills above the beach. This species is to-day of worldwide distribution but is most frequently found in the comparatively 

shallow waters extending from the littoral zone down to 335 fathoms. 

It is characteristically a cold temperate and north Atlantic type, being 

replaced chiefly by Polystomella arctica Parker and Jones and P. striatopunctata (Fichtel and Moll) in Arctic waters and by Polystomella 

craticulata (Fichtel and Moll) in tropical waters. Just as these 

species of Polystomella characterize certain oceanic temperatures, so 

do the species of Nonionina which are so of ten found with that genus. 

Thus Nonionina scap'lia (Fichtel and Moll) and Nonionina umbilicatula (Montagu) are characteristic of warm tropical waters, Nonionina 

depressula (Walker and Jacob) is more common in temperate zones, 

and N'. stelligera D'Orbigny inhabits Smith Sound, as far'north as 

latitude 82° 33' and the waters along the shores of Spitzbergen.
92 FORAMINIFERA FROM SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA.

POLYSTOMELLA STRIATOPUNCTATA (Fichtel and Moll).

Plate XXVII, figures 10-12.

Nautilus striatopunctatus Fichtel and Moll, 1798, Test, micr., p. 61, PI. IX, figs. a-c. 

Polystomella striatopunctata Brady, Parker, and Jones, 1888, Trans. Zool. Soc. London,

vol. 12, pt. 7, p. 230, PI. XLIII, fig. xvii (17). 

Polystomella striatopunctata Brady, 1884, Challenger Kept., vol. 9, p. 733, PI. CIX,

figs. 22, 23. 

Polystomella striatopunctata Jones, 1897, Foram. Crag, pt. 4: Paleont. Soc., vol. 51,

pp. 350-352, PI. II (1866), figs. 38, 39. 

Polystomella striatopunctata Goes, 1894, Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akad. Handl.,

Bd. 25, No. 9, p. 101, PI. XVII, figs. 815(7), 816. 

Description. Test nautiloid, rather compressed, and showing only 

the final convolution symmetrically from both aspects. The periphery is neatly rounded and somewhat lobulated, and the umbilicus is 

depressed. The shell is comparable with Nonionina depressula, from 

which it can easily be distinguished by the retral processes, which are 

always well developed in Polystomella and which are absent in Nonionina. The shell is usually small, and the specimens collected by 

the writer are much smaller and more delicate than the common 

Polystomella crispa.

Distribution. Eocene to Recent. This is one of the most abundant forms of Polystomella, both Recent and as a Tertiary fossil. The 

species exists at all depths and in all temperatures, being found in 

Arctic waters, in the Red Sea, and in the southern oceans. Its habitat is primarily shallow water, usually from shore line down to 100 

fathoms. It is especially abundant in the upper English .Crag and 

the Belgian Pliocene Crag and also .as a Pleistocene fossil.

POLYSTOMELLA SUBNODOSA (VonMunster). 

Plate XXVIII, figures 12, a, b.

Robulina subnodosa Von Munster, 1838 (fide Romer), Neues Jahrb., p. 391, PL III,

fig. 61.

Polystomella subnodosa Brady, 1884, Challenger Rept., vol. 9, p. 734, PI. CX, fig. I. 

Polystomella subnodosa Goes, 1894, Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akad. Handl., Bd.

25, No. 9, p. 102, PL XVII, figs. 817-819.

Description. Test biconvex, sharp; periphery subcarinate, umbilici turgid or slightly umbonate, septa somewhat depressed; septal 

bridges and fossettes similar to those of Polystomella striatopunctata 

(Fichtel and Moll). In the one small specimen from San Pedro the 

septal divisions are rather too pronounced and elevated for the type.

Distribution. Oligocene to Recent. This is a rare living foraminifer and was dredged by the Challenger expedition at only two stations, 

at depths of a few fathoms in the south Pacific. It is also rare 

among the abundant Polystomella crispa forms at San Pedro and in 

the Pleistocene at Santa Barbara, where it occurs in the lower beach 

bluffs.
8G

PLATE I.

95 

45625° Bull. 513 12 7
PLATE I.

Page. 

FIGURES 1-4. Biloculina bulloides D'Orbigny. (After Schlumberger.)- 1, 2, 3,

Lateral aspects; 4, end view......................................... 23

FIGURES 5-9. Aperture of Biloculinaringens (Lamarck). (After Schlumberger.)

All enlarged views to show detail.............. ....................... 25

FIGURE 10. Biloculina bulloides D'Orbigny. (After Schlumberger.) Greatly

enlarged cross section to show structure............................... 23

FIGURE 11. Biloculina ringens (Lamarck). (After Schlumberger.) Cross

section, greatly enlarged........................ '. ..................... 25

FIGURES 12-16. Five specimens of Biloculina ringens (Lamarck) from San

Pedro, X 12. Diameter 1.6 millimeters 1............................. 25

FIGURES 17, a-i. Group of Biloculina elongata D'Orbigny. (After Goes)....... 24

FIGURES 18-22. Biloculina Isevis (Defrance). (After Goes).................... 25

96
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 513 PLATE I

^tf

17

18 22 21

rh

9 \£Ji

19

FORAMINIFERA
PLATE II.

97
PLATE II.

Page.

FIGURES 1, 2, 3. Biloculina depressa var. murrhina Schwager. San Pedro

specimens, X 15..................................................... 24

FIGURES 4, a-c. Biloculina depressa var. .murrhina Schwager. (Brady, Challenger Kept., vol. 9, PI. II, figs. 10,11, a, b).........,.......:........ 24

FIGURES 5-10. Biloculina depressa D'Orbigny. (After Brady, idem, figs.

12, a, b; 15, a, b; 16, a, b; and 17 cross section) ....................... 23

FIGURES 11, a, b. Biloculina elongata D'Orbigny. (Idem, figs. 9, a, b') ...... 24

FIGURES 12, 13. Biloculina bulloides D'Orbigny. (Idem, figs. 5, a, b, and 6).

These forms show pronounced prolongation of distal end............... 23'

FIGURE 14. Cross section of figure 13. (After Brady, idem, fig. 6) ........... 23
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 513 PLATE

10

12

11

13 14

FORAMINIFERA
PLATE III.

99
PLATE III.

Pagw. 

FIGURES 1-3. Biloculina ringens (Lamarck). (Challenger Rept., vol. 9,'PI.

II, figs. 7, a, b, and 8) ............................................. 25

FIGURES 4, a, b; 5. Miliolina bicornis (Walker and Jacob). (Idem, PI. VI,

' figs. 11, a, b, and 12) .................... 1............'............... 27

FIGURES 6, a, b; 7, a, b. Biloculina Isevis (Defrance). (Idem, PL II, figs. 13,

a, b; 14, a, b) ....................................................... 25

FIGURES 8, a, b, c. Miliolina Zmnasana(D'Orbigny). (Idem, PI. VI, figs. 18, !

19, 20.) End views showing apertural tooth and cross section.......... 28 ;

FIGURES 9, a, b, c. Miliolina linnxana (D'Orbigny). (Idem, PI. VI, figs. f

15,16,17) .......................................................... 28 <;

' 100
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 513 PLATE III

;o5

go

FORAMINIFERA
PLATE IV.

101
PLATE IV.

Page. 

FIGURE 1. Biloculina bulloides D'Orbigny. San Pedro specimen, X 9........ 23

FIGURES 2, a, b. Miliolina auberiana (D'Orbigny). From photographs of

monstrous specimens, enlarged, X 9................................... 26

FIGURES 3, a-f. Group of Miliolina triangularis (D'Orbigny), variety of M.

seminulum (Linnxus). From photographs of San Pedro forms, X 9..... 31

FIGURE 4. Miliolina bicornis (Walker and Jacob). (After Williamson)......... 27

FIGURE 5. Miliolina oblonga (Montagu), typical. (After Williamson)......... 29

FIGURES 6, a, b. Miliolina oblonga (Montagu). (After Brady)................ 29

FIGURES 7, a, b, c. Miliolina trigonula (Lamarck). (After Williamson)....... 32

FIGURE 8. Cross section of Miliolina auberiana (D'Orbigny). '(After Brady)... 26 

FIGURES 9, a, b. Miliolina seminulum (Linnaeus). (After Williamson)........ 30

102
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 513 PLATE IV

>

A

J

ct

f

a, 7> c

7

FORAM IN1FERA
PLATE V.

103
PLATE V.

Page. 

FIGURES 1, a-h. Miliolina bicornis (Walker and Jacob). (After Goes) Group

of various types all greatly enlarged,.................................. 27

FIGURES 2, a, b. Miliolina pygmgea (Reuss). (After Brady).................. 30

FIGURES 3, a, b, c. Miliolina pulchella (D'Orbigny). (After Goes)............ 29

FIGURES 4, a, b. Miliolina pulchella (D'Orbigny). (After Goes).............. 29

FIGURES 5, a-f. Group of Miliolina tricarinata (D'Orbigny). (AfterGoes).... 31

104
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 513 PLATE V

FORAMINIFERA
PLATE VI.

105
PLATE VI.

	Page. 

FIGUEES 1, a-c. .Miliolina cuvieriana (D'Orbigny). (After Brady)........... ^ 28

FIGURE 2. Group of Miliolina venusta (Karrer). (After Flint).;............... 32

FIGURE 3. Group of Miliolina drcularis (Bornemann). (After Flint).......... 27

FIGURE 4. Group of Miliolina trigonula (Lamarck). (After Flint)............. 32

FIGURE 5. Group of Miliolina tricarinata (D' Orbigny). (After Flint).......... 31

FIGURES 6, av b. Miliolinaauberiana (D'Orbigny). (AfterBrady)............. 26

106
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 513 PLATE VI

1C

FORAMINIFERA
PLATE VII.

107
PLATE VII.

Page.

FIGURES 1, a-h. Group of Haplophragmium canariense (D'Orbigny). (Challenger Kept., vol. 9, PI. XXXV, figs. 1-5)................................ 33

FIGURES 2, a, b. Trochammina trullissata Brady. (Challenger Kept., vol. 9,

p. 342, PI. XL, figs. 13-16)........................................... 34

FIGURES 3, a, b. Textularia agglutinans D'Orbigny. (Types copied from

Reuss, Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 69, 1869, PI. I)............. 35

FIGURES 4, a, b. Gaudryina rugosa D'Orbigny. (Reuss, idem, vol. 18, 1855,

PI. V, fig. 6, a, b).................................................... 36

FIGURES 5, a, b, c. Textularia agglutinans D'Orbigny. (Goes, Kongl. Svenska

Vetenskaps-Akad. Handl., Bd. 25, No. 9,1894, PI. VII, figs. 281-283)... 35

FIGURES 6, a, b, c; 7, a, b, c. Textularia abbreviata D'Orbigny. (Foram. foss.

Vienne, 1846, PI. XV, figs. 7-12)..............*....................... 34

108
U. S GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 513 PLATE VII

a. T>

3

5b

FORAMINIFERA
PLATE VIII.

109
PLATE VIII.

Page.

FIGURES 1, 2, a, b, c. Textularia sagittula Defrance. (Challenger Rept., vol. 9,

1884, PI. XIII, figs. 17,18)............................................ 35

FIGURES 3-8. Gaudryina pupoides D' Orbigny. (Types copied from Goes, Kongl. 

Svenska Vetenskaps-Akad. Handl., Bd. 25, No. 9, PI. VII, figs. 267, 268, 

270,271,274)........................................................ 36

FIGURES 9, a-f. Sigmoilina tennis (Czjzek). (After Brady)................... 33

110
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 513 PLATE VIII

FORAM INIFERA
PLATE IX.

45625° Bull. 513 12 S 111
PLATE IX.

Page. 

FIGURES 1, a-e. Bulimina pyrula D'Orbigny. (Group of typical forms, after

Brady) .............................................................. 39

FIGURE 2. Bulimina contraria (Reuss). After a photograph of original San 

" Pedro specimen, X 15. The diameter of our specimens varies from 0.27 

to 0.3 millimeter..................................................... 37

FIGURES 3,a,b. Buliminaconvoluta Williamson. (After Brady).............. 37

FIGURES 4, a, b. Bulimina pyrula D'Orbigny. (Copied from D'Orbigny's

original figures, Foram. foss. Vienne, PI. XI, figs. 9,10)................ 39

FIGURES 5, a, b. Bulimina pupoides D'Orbigny=.B. ovata D'Orbigny. (Copied

from D'Orbigny's original types, Foram. foss. Vienne, PI. XI, figs. 13,14).. 38 

FIGURES 6, a, b. Bulimina ovata DiOrbigny, typical form. (After Brady).... 38

FIGURES 7,a-d. Bulimina subteres Brady. (After Brady's type specimens). .. 39 

FIGURES 8, a-c. Bulimina elegantissima D'Orbigny. (After Brady)........... 38

112
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURUEY BULLETIN 513 PLATE IX

Ib

7b

b ^ c

FORAM INIFERA
PLATE X.

113
PLATE X.

FIGURES 1, a; 2, 3, 4, 5. Bolivina punctata D'Orbigny. (Group of type forms 

copied from Goes, Kongl Svenska Vetenskaps-Akad. Handl., Bd. 25, 

No. 9,1894, PI.IX, figs.475-480)...................................... 41

FIGURES 6, a, b, c. BolivinanobilisTLa,nik.eii. (After Brady, Challenger Kept.). 41 

FIGURES 7, a, b; 8, 9. Bolivina beyrichi var. alata Seguenza. (After Brady)... 40 

FIGURE 10. Bolivina beyrichi Reuss. (After Brady, Challenger Kept.)........ 40

FIGURES 11, a, b; 12, 13. Bolivina robusta Brady. (Types from Brady)....... 42

114
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 513 PLATE X

' 10

12

FORAMINIFERA
PLATE XI.

115
PLATE XL

Page.

FIGURES 1-5. Bulimina subteres Brady. (Goes, Kongl. Svenska VetenskapsAkad. Handl., Bd. 25, No. 9, 1894, PI. IX,. figs. 449-453).............. 39

FIGURES 6, a, b. Bolivina textilarioides Reuss. (Copied from Reuss's type,

Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 46, 1862, PI. X, figs, la, b)........ 42

FIGURES 7, a, b; 8, a, b; 9. Bolivina dilatata Reuss. (Goes, Kongl. Svenska

Vetenskaps-Akad. Handl., Bd. 25, No. 9, 1894, PI. IX, figs. 482-486)... 40

116
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 513 PLATE XI

a « b 

8

FORAMINIFERA
PLATE XII.

117
PLATE XII.

Page. 

FIGURES 1, a-c. Cassidulina calabra (Seguenza). (After Brady)............. 42

FIGURES 2, a, b. Cassidulina subglobosa Brady. (Brady, Challenger Kept.).. 44 

FIGURES 3, a, b. Cassidulina IxvigataD'Orbigny. (Brady, Challenger Kept.).. 43 

FIGURE 4. Group of San Pedro types of Cassidulina subglobosa Brady......... 44

FIGURES 5, a-c. Cassidulina Isevigata D'Orbigny. (After Brady)........-.... 43

FIGURES 6 a-f. Group of types of Cassidulina crassa D'Orbigny. (Brady, Challenger Rept.^....................................................... 43

118
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 513 PLATE XII

Ib

FORAMINIFERA
PLATE XIII.

119
PLATE XIII.

Page. 

FIGURES 1, a, b. Lagena dentaliformis n. sp. Two specimens from San Pedro

nearly complete, X 11$. Length about 2 millimeters................... 45

FIGURES 2, a, b. Same as.figure 1, X 35...................................... 45

FIGURE 3. Lagena gradllima (Seguenza). From a photograph, X 16......... 47

FIGURES 4, a, b. Lagena elongata (Ehrenberg). From photographs of San 

Pedro types, X about 10. The ends of both of our specimens are broken 

off.................................................................. 46

FIGURES 5, a, b. Lagena Isevis (Montagu). San Pedro types, X 15............ 48

FIGURES 6, a-c; 7, a-c; 8, a-k. Lagena laevis (Montagu). San Pedro Pliocene specimens from original photographs............................ 48

FIGURES 9, a, b, c. Lagena globosa (Montagu). (Reuss, Sitzungsber. Akad.

Wiss. Wien, vol. 46, 1862, PI. I, figs. 1-3)............................ 46

FIGURES 10,11, a, b. Lagena laevis (Montagu). (Reuss, same plate as figure 9). 48 

FIGURE 12. Lagena sesquistriata n. sp., X 36. This specimen approaches 

Lagena acuticosta Reuss but has fewer costse and more apiculate oral end. 

The specimen was photographed with the aperture tipping downward, 

which gives the specimen a somewhat shorter appearance than it actually possesses........................................................ 50

FIGURE 13. Lagena sesquistriata n. sp., X 36. This is a typical form and 

approaches Lagena gracilis, but it is broader at the base and has fewer

costae................................................................ 50

The length of both of our types of Lagena sesquistriata n. sp. is about

0.5 millimeter. 

FIGURES 14, a, b. Smaller aspects of the same types as figures 12 and 13...... 50

120
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 513 PLATE XIII

2 b

10

d

k

14

11

FORAMINIFERA
PLATE XIV.

121
PLATE XIV.

Page. 

FIGURES 1-4. Lagena semistriata Williamson. (After Reuss, Sitafungsber.

, Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 46, 1862, PI. II, figs. 2, 3)..................... 50

FIGURE 5. Lagena semistriata Williamson. (After Williamson's original type,

Recent Foram. Great Britain, 1858, PI. I, fig. 9)....................... 50

FIGURE 6. Lagena striata D'Orbigny. (After Williamson, same plate as figure 5).............................................................. 51

FIGURE 7. Lagena gracilis Williamson. (After Reuss, Sitzungsber. Akad.

Wiss. Wien, vol. 46, 1862, PI. V, fig. 62) ............................... 47

FIGURES 8, a, b. Lagena gracilis Williamson. (After Williamson's original

drawings, Recent Foram. Great Britain, 1858, PI. I, figs. 12, 13)....... 47

FIGURES 9, a-c. Lagena sulcata (Walker and Jacob). (Jones, Paleont. Soc.,

1866, PI. I, figs. 40, 41, 43.) Three specimens......................... 52

FIGURES 10, 11, 12, a, b. Lagena sulcata (Walker and Jacob). (Jones, idem.,

fig. 9; PL I, figs. 30a, 31a, 28a, 28b) ................................... 52

FIGURES 13, 14, 15. Lagena striatopunctata Parker and Jones. (Philos. Trans., .

vol.155, 1865, PI. XIII, figs. 25-27) ................................... 52

FIGURE 16. Lagena melo D'Orbigny. (After Jones, Paleont. Soc., 1866, PI. I,

fig. 35) ...........'................................,...,.............. 49

FIGURE 17. Lagena melo D'Orbigny. (After Parker and Jones, Philos. Trans.,

vol. 155, 1865' PI. XIII, fig. 33) ..................................... 49

FIGURES 18, a-c. Lagena marginata (Walker and J3oys). * (After Williamson,

Recent Foram. Great Britain, 1858, PI. I, figs. 19, 20, 21) ............. 49

FIGURES 19, a, b. Lagena quadrata (Williamson). (Idem, figs. 27, 28) ........ 50

FIGURE 20. Lagena quadrata (Williamson). (After Reuss, Sitzungsber. Akad.

Wiss. Wien, vol. 46, 1862, PI. II, fig. 26) ............................. .50

FIGURES 21, a, b. Lagena marginata (Walker and Boys). (After Reuss, idem,

PI. II, figs. 22 a, b).................................................. 49

FIGURES 22, a, b. Lagena marginata (Walker and Boys). (Copied from Reuss, '

same plate as fig. 21. Note that fig. 21 shows entosolenian tube) ...... 49

FIGURES 23, 24. Lagena laevis (Montagu) =Lagena vulgaris Williamson. (After

Williamson, Recent Foram. Great Britain, 1858, PI. I, figs. 5, 5a) ...... 48

FIGURES 25, 26. Lagena lagenoides (Williamson). (Idem, figs. 25, 26) ........ 48

FIGURE 27. Lagena squamosa (Montagu), typical form. (After Williamson,

idem, fig. 29)........................................................ 51

FIGURE 28. Lagena acuticosta Reuss. (Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol.

48, 1862, PI. V,fig.62) ............................................... 45

122
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 513 PLATE XIV

28

FORAM INIFERA
PLATE XV.

123
PLATE XV.

Page. 

FIGURES 1, a-d. Nodosaria obliqua (Linnseus). (Goes, Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akad. Handl., Bd. 25, No. 9, 1894, PL XIII, figs. 691-692)........ 57

FIGURES 2, a, b. Nodosaria soluta (Reuss). (After Goes, idem, No. 1)......... 59

FIGURES 3, a, b. Nodosaria calomorpha Reuss. San Pedro types, X 15........ 53

FIGURE 4. Nodosaria sp. An aberrant San Pedro type approaching Bigenerina,

with basal segment almost divided, X about 10. (See N. pauperata)... 58 

FIGURES 5, a-d. Group of San Pedro broken and fragmentary forms of Nodosaria consobrina (D'Orbigny), a very common nodosarian, X 10........ 54

FIGURES 6, a, b. Nodosaria consobrina var. emadata Reuss. San Pedro forms,

X 7. All the larger San Pedro specimens are broken, although the shell

substance is well preserved........................................... 55 -

124
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 513 PLATE XV

FORAM I NIFERA
PLATE XVI.

125
PLATE XVI.

Page. 

FIGURE 1. Nodosaria decepta n. sp. San Pedro form, X 10.................... 55

FIGURES 2, a-f. Group of Nodosaria pauperata (D'Orbigny). From photographs of San Pedro specimens, X 7................................... 57

FIGURES 3, a-c. Nodosaria, seminuda Reuss. San Pedro forms, X 10......... 59

FIGURE 4. Nodosaria sagrinensis n. sp. San Pedro specimen, X 60.......... 58

FIGURE 5. Group of Nodosaria communis (D'Orbigny). (After Flint, Kept.

U. S. Nat. Mus. for 1897, p. 310, pi. 56, fig. 2)........................ 54'

FIGURE 6. Group of Nodosaria consobrind var. emaciata Reuss. (After Flint).. 55 

FIGURE 7. Group of Nodosaria soluta Reuss. (Flint, op. cit., Nos. 5, 6)...... 59

FIGURES. Nodosaria communis (D'Orbigny). San Pedro specimen, X 8J... 54 

FIGURE 9. Nodosaria communis (D'Orbigny). A smaller San Pedro type with

fewer chambers, X 8$............................................... 54

126
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 513 PLATE XVI

FORAM INIFERA
PLATE XVII.

45625° Bull. 513 12 9 127
PLATE XVII.

Page. 

FIGURES 1, a-d. Nodosaria obliqua (Linnaeus). (Goes, Kongl. Svenska

Vetenskaps-Akad. Handl., Bd. 25, No. 9, 1894, PI. XII, figs. 693, 694,

695, 696)........................................................... 57

FIGURE 2. Group of Nodosaria vertebralis (Batsch). (After Flint, RecentForam.:

Kept. U. S.Nat. Mus. for 1897 (1899), pi. 57)...................:..... 60

FIGURE 3. Group of Nodosaria fardmen (Soldani). (Flint, idem, No. 2, pi. 55,

fig. 5)................................................................ 56

128
U S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 513 PLATE XVII

FORAMINIFERA
PLATE XVIII.

129
PLATE XVIII.

Page.

FIGURES 1, a-e. Group of Frondicularia inxqualis Costa from San Pedro, X 10.. 60 

FIGURES 2, a-e. The same group, X 17..................................... 60

FIGURE 3. Frondicularia Issvigata Karrer. (Type form published by Karrer,

Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien, vol. 58, 1868, PI. IV, fig. 3).......... 61

FIGURE 4. Marginulina costata (Batsch). San Pedro form, X 15. The specimen is complete and measures 1.5 millimeters in length.............. 62

FIGURES 5, a, b. Vaginulina badenensis D'Orbigny. Two San Pedro forms

X7................................................................. 63

FIGURES 6, 7. Vaginulina legumen (Linnaeus). Two San Pedro types, X 10.. 63 

FIGURES 8, a-c. Vaginulina legumen var. arquata Brady. From a photograph

of three San Pedro types, X 10 ...................s................. 64

FIGURES 9, a, b. Vaginulina linearis (Montagu). San Pedro forms, X 10-.... 64

FIGURE 10. Vaginulina obliquistriata Jones. San Pedro type, X 15......... 65

FIGURE 11. Vaginulina obliquistriata Jones. San Pedro fragment, X15-.-.- 65

130
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 513 PLATE XVIII

FORAM IN I FERA
PLATE XIX.

131
PLAICE XIX.

FIGURES 1, a, b. Cristellaria josephina D'Orbigny. (After D'Orbigny's original

drawing, Forani. foss. Vienne, 1846, PL III, figs. 37, 38) .............. 66

FIGURES 2, a, b. Two specimens of Cristellaria reniformis D'Orbigny. From

San Pedro, X 15.................................................... 66

FIGURE 3. Cristellaria crepidula (Fichtel and Moll). San Pedro form, X 15.... 65

FIGURES 4, a-c. Cristellaria gibba D'Orbigny. (Challenger Kept., vol. 9, PL

LXIX.figs. 8, 9)................................................... 65

FIGURES 5, a, b. Cristellana rotulata (Lamarck). (Idem, Pl.JUX.TK, fig. 13).. 67.

FIGURES 6, 7. Dimorphina tuberosa D'Orbigny. (Brady, Parker, and Jones, 

Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 27, 1869, PL XLII.) Figure 6 is after 

D'Orbigny's original modele 60. Figure 7 is a copy of a Crag Pliocene 

specimen........................................................... 68

FIGURE 8. Polymorphina soldanii D'Orbigny. (Brady, Parker, and Jones,

idem, PL XL, fig.20)................................................. 74

132
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 513 PLATE XIX

40

FORAMINIFERA
PLATE XX.

133
PLATE XX.

FIGURES 1-3. Polymorphina problema D'Orbigny (=Guttulina austriaca D'Orbigny). (Foram. foss. Vienne, 1846, PI. XII, figs. 23-25) ............. 73

FIGURES 4-6. Polymorphina problema D'Orbigny. (Idem, figs. 26-28) ....... 73

FIGURES 7-9. Polymorphina compressa D'Orbigny. (Idem, figs. 32-34) ....... 69

FIGURES 10-12. Polymorphina oblonga D'Orbigny. (Idem, figs. 29-31) ....... 73

FIGURES 13,14. Polymorphina complanata D'Orbigny. SanPedro types, X 6.. 69 

FIGURES 15-18. Polymorphina trilocularis n. sp. San Pedro types, X 14, 18,

and 26.............................................................. 75

FIGURES 19-21. Polymorphina compressa D'Orbigny. San Pedro types, X 10.. 69

134
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 513 PLATE XX

CO

12

10 11

n

15 16

13 14

17

18 19 20

21

FORAMINIFERA
PLATE XXI.

135
PLATE XXI.

Page.

FIGURE 1. Polymorphina nodosaria Reuss, typical form. (Sitzungsber. Akad.

Wiss. Wien, vol. 48, 1863, PI. VII, fig. 85)............................. 71

FIGURES 2,3. Polymorphina nodosaria Reuss. Two San Pedro specimens, X 15. 71

FIGURES 4, a-e. Polymorphina sororia Reuss. (Sitzungsber. Akad. Wiss. Wien,

vol.48, 1863, PI. VII, figs. 72-75)..................................... 74

FIGURES 5, a, b. Polymorphina sororia Reuss. (After Jones, Foram. Crag, pt.

2: Paleont. Soc., vol. 49, 1895, PI. VI, figs. 13, a, b).................. 74

FIGURES 6, a, b. Polymorphina cylindroides Roemer. (After Jones, idem, figs.

15, a, b)............................................................ 70

FIGURES 7, a, b. Polymorphina communis D'Orbigny. (After Jones, idem,

figs. 16, a, b)........................................................ 68

FIGURES 8, a, b. Polymorphina problema D'Orbigny. (After Jones, idem, figs.

12, a, b)............................................................ 73

FIGURES 9, 10, 11, a, b. Polymorphina compressa D'Orbigny. (After Brady, 

Parker, and Jones, Trans. Linn. Soc. London, vol. 27, 1869, PI. XL, 

figs. a-f. a (=fig. 9), a Recent specimen; b (=fig. 10), a Crag form; 

c (=fig. 11), a Miocene type.) This type variation in successive formations is one of the most striking examples of foraminiferal development 

and if one of these types is at all abundant it furnishes strong evidence ( 

as to the identity of its horizon, for each appears to be practically fixed 

in some one horizon ................................................ 69

FIGURE 12. Polymorphina lactea (Walker and Jacob). (After Williamson,

Recent Foram. Great Britain, 1858, PI. VI, fig. 147)................... 71

FIGURES 13-15. Polymorphina communis D'Orbigny. (After Williamson,

idem, figs. 153-155)................................................... 68

FIGURES 16, a, b. Polymorphina lactea (Walker and Jacob) var. elonga Williamson. (After Williamson, idem, figs. 149,149a)......................... 71

FIGURES 17, a, b. Marginulina glabra D'Orbigny. (After Brady, Challenger

Kept., vol. 9, PL LXV, figs. 5, Gb). 1.........i.....................'... 62

136
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 513 PLATE XXI

13

14

FORAMINIFERA
PLATE XXII.

137
PLATE XXII.

Page. 

FIGURES 1, a-c. Uvigerina canariensis D'Orbigny. (Goes, Kongl.' Svenska

Vetenskaps-Akad. Handl., Bd. 25, No. 9, 1894, PI. IX, figs. 489-491) .. 76 

FIGURES 2, a-f. Uvigerina angulosa Williamson. (Group of types after Goes,

idem, figs. 502-507) ................................................... 75

FIGURES 3, a, b. Uvigerina pygmsea D'Orbigny. (After Brady, Challenger

Kept., vol. 9, 1884, PI. LXXIV, fig. 12) .............................. 76

FIGURES 4, a-d. Globigerina dubia Egger. (Types in Challenger Rept., vol. 9,

1884, PI. LXXIX, fig. 17) ........................................... 79

138
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 513 PLATE XXII

2b

3b

4a

FORAMINIFERA
PLATE XXIII.

139
PLATE XXIII.

Page. 

FIGURE 1. Orbulina universa D'Orbigny. (After Williamson, Recent Foram.

Great Britain, 1858, PI. I, fig. 4) ..................................... 79

FIGURES 2, a-z. Globigenna bulloides D'Orbigny. (Group of 26 specimens by 

' Goes, Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akad. Handl., Bd. 25, No. 9, 1894, 

. PI. XIV, figs. 754-762) .............................................. 77

FIGURES 3-8. Globigenna bulloides D'Orbigny. Various forms of San Pedro 

specimens, X 30. These types average about 0.24 millimeter in diameter, but the species is very variable in regard to its size................ 77

FIGURES 9, 10, a, b. Uvigerina tenuistriata Reuss. (After Brady, Challenger

Rept., vol. 9, PI. LXXIV, figs. 6, 7) ................................ 77

FIGURES 11, 12, a, b; 13. Uvigerina asperula Czjzek. (After Brady, idem, PI.

LXXV, figs. 6-8) ................................................... 76

140
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 513 PLATE XXIII

o

r s

7i n r> a /» ^^^ ^^^

? h

ft «

t S t

i j ft ' I 77?, 71

.r v z

12 13

FORAMINIFERA
PLATE XXIY.

141
PLATE XXIV.

Page.

FIGURES 1, .2, a, b; 3, 4. Truncatulina variabilis D'Orbigny. Drawings of

several typical forms of this exceedingly variable species, X 15........ 84

FIGURES 5-8. Pulvinulina repanda (Fichtel and Moll). Drawings of San Pedro 

types, X 10$. The specimens vary in size, but average about 1.2 to 1.5 

millimeters in their shortest diameter................................. 87

FIGURES 9-14. Truncatulina lobatula (Walker and Jacob). Drawings of San

Pedro specimens (figs. 13 and 14, X 40; figs. 9 and 10, X about 30)..... 82

FIGURE 15. Discorbina globularis (D'Orbigny). Carpenter (after Schultze), 

Introduction Study Foram., 1862, PI. Ill, fig. 1, showing pseudopodia 

in a living specimen)................................................ 81

142
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 513 PLATE XXIV

11

12

13

14

FORAMINIFERA
PLATE XXV.

45625° Bull. 513 12 10 143
PLATE XXV.

Page. 

FIGURES 1-3. Truncatulina ungeriana (D'Orbigny). (After D'Orbigny's

drawing, Foram. foss. Vienne, 1846, PI. VIII, figs. 16-18)............... 83

FIGURES 4, 5. Truncatulina variabilis (D'Orbigny).. (Challenger Kept., vol.

9,1884, PI. XOIII, figs. 6, 7).......................................... 84

FIGURES 6-9. Pulvinulina punctulata (D'Orbigny). San Pedro forms, X 15.

The diameter of the shell in San Pedro types is from 1 to 1.4 millimeters. 86. 

FIGURES 10, a-c. Truncatulina wuellerstorfi (Schwager). (Challenger Kept.,

vol. 9, PI. XCIII, figs. 8, a, b, c)..................................... 84

FIGURES 11, a-c. Truncatulina wuellerstorfi (Schwager). (Idem, figs. 9, a-c)... 84 

These two types show the variation in this species from a rather low

complanate to a highly plano-convex type, but the definite arcuate

chamber development is maintained in all forms.

144
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 513 PLATE XXV

11C

FORAMINIFERA

CHICAGO PHOTOGRAVURE CO.
PLATE XXVI.

145
PLATE XXVI. Page.' 

. FIGURES 1-6. Anomalina grosserugosa (Gumbel). (Challenger Kept., vol. 9, .

PI. XCIV, figs. 4, a-c; 5,a-c).. ..................................... 85

FIGURES 7-10, a, b. Anomalina ammonoides (Reuse). (After Brady, idem,

figs. 3 and 4, part)................................................... 85

FIGURES 11-14. Pulvinulina elegans (D'Orbigny). (Idem, PI. CV, figs. 3-6).. 86 

FIGURES 15, a-c. Complanate types of Pulvinulina elegans (D'Orbigny).

(Idem, figs. 4, a, .b, c) ..........:.............. ...................... 86

FIGURES 16, a-c. Nonionina depressula (Walker and Jacob). (Idem, PI.

CIX.figs.6,7)...... .............................................. 88

146
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 513 PLATE XXVI

c ^t^p- b

16

10

14

FORAMINIFERA
PLATE XXVII.

147
PLATE XXVII.

Page. 

FIGURES 1, a, b; 2, 3. Nonionina scapha (Fichtel and Moll). (After Brady,

Challenger Kept., vol. 9, PI. CIX, figs. 14-16)......................... 8S

FIGURES 4-6. Nonionina umbilicatula (Montagu). (Idem, figs. 8, a, b; 9)..... 90

FIGURES 7, 8. Nonionina stelligera D'Orbigny. (Idem, figs. 3, a, b; 5)........ 89

FIGURES 10-12. Polystomella striatopunctata (Fichtel and Moll). (After

Brady, idem, figs. 22, a, b; 23)......................................... 92

FIGURES 13-20. Polystomella crispa (Linnaeus). Eight specimens from California, X 15........................................................ 90

148
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 513 PLATE XXVII

10

11

15

13 17

14 18

19

20

FORAMINIFERA

CHICAGO PHOTOGRAVURE CO.
PLATE XXVIII.

149
PLATE XXVIII.

FIGURES 1-6. Polystomella crispa (Fichtel and Moll). San Pedro types, X 15.

These shells are somewhat waterworn, showing wave work, but they are

very typical specimens of this species of Polystomella.................. 90

FIGURES 7, 8. Nonionina depressula (Walker and Jacob). San Pedro type,

X 20 and 30. ....................................................... . 88

FIGURES 9, a-c. Discorbina vilardeboana (D'Orbigny). (Challenger Kept.,

vol. 9,1884, PL LXXXVIII, fig. 2) ................................... 82

FIGURES 10,11, a, b. Discorbina bertheloti (D'Orbigny). (Idem, PI. LXXXIX,

figs. 10, 11) ......................................................... 80

FIGURES 12, a, b. Polystomella subnodosa (Munster). (After Brady, idem, PI.

CX, figs. 1, a, b) ................................. 1........,'......... 92

FIGURES 13, a-e. Various otoliths from San Pedro sands, X 7. From drawings.. 5

150
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN 513 PLATE XXVIII

13

FORAMINIFERA
INDEX.

Names in italic are synonyms; figures in italic denote illustrations; figures In black face denote

descriptions.

A. Page.

A delosina pulchclla D' Orbigny............... 29

A mpJiorina gmciilima Seguenza.............. 47

Anomalina ammonoides (Reuss)......... 15,85, 146

grosserugosa (Gumbel).............. 15,85, 146

wuellerstorfi Schwager................... 84

Arnold, Delos, reference to................... 8

Ralph, reference to...................... 8,9

Ataxophragmium simile Karrer............... 37

B. 

Bibliography................................ 20

Biloculina buJloides, D'Orbigny... 15,23, 96,08,102 

depressa D'Orbigny............... 15,23-24,.0S

var. murrhina Schwager.......... 15,24, 98

elongata D'Orbigny............ 15^ 24-25, 96,98

lajvis (Defrance).'................. 15,25, 96,100

murrhina Schwager...................... 24

ringens (Lamarck)........ 5,7,15,25-26, 96f 100

var. patagonica Williamson.............. 24

Bolivina antiqua D'Orbigny................. 41

beyrichi Reuss...................... 15,40, 114

var. alata, Seguenza............. 15,40, 114

dilatata Reuss.................... 15,40-41, 116

nobilis Hantken..................... 15,11,114

punctata D'Orbigny................. 15,41, 114

robusta Brady....................... 15,42,114

textilarioides Reuss.................. 15,12,116

Brainier, J. C., acknowledgment to.......... 5

Bulimina affinis............................. 38

contraria (Reuss).................... 15,37, 118

convoluta Williamson............... 15,37, 112

elegantissima D'Orbigny............ 15,38, 118

ovata D'Orbigny................:... 15,38,/;2

pupoides............................... 38, 112

pyrula D'Orbigny................ 12,15,39, US

subteres Brady.................. 15,39,118,116

Burseolina calabra Seguenza................. 42

C.

Cassidulina calabra (Seguenza)....... 15,42-43, 118

crassa D'Orbigny.................. 5,15,43, 118

tevigata D'Orbigny.......... 5,7,15,43-44, 118

obtusa Williamson....................... 43

subglobosa Brady............... 5,7,15,44, 118

Cibicides refulgens Montfort................... 83

Crag strata, English, classification of......... 7

correlation of San Pedro Pliocene beds

with............................. C

CristellariacrepiduJa (Pichtel end Moll)....... 16,

65-66, 132

Page.

Cristellaria cymboides D'Orbigny............ 65

gibba D'Orbigny.................... 10,66, 188

josephina D'Orbigny................ 1G, 66, 132

pulchella Reuss.......................... 06

reniformis D'Orbigny............. 1C, 66-67, 132

rotulata (Lamarck).................. 1C, 67, 132

Cruciloculina triangularis D'Orbigny........ 31

D.

Dentalina communis D'Orbigny.............. 54

consobrina D'Orbigny................... 54

Parker and Jones.................... 53

 divergens Reuss.......................'.. 65

emaciata Reuss.......................... 55

pauperata D'Orbigny.................... 57

seminuda Reuss......................... ^9

soluta Reuss............................. 59

Dimorphina nodosaria Jones, Parkef, and

Brady........................... 71,72

tuberosa D'Orbigny........... 10,68,72-73, 132

Discorbinabertheloti (D'Orbigny)....... 10,80,/£0

berthelotiana Goes........................ 80

globularis (D'Orbigny).............. 1C, 81, 142

turbo (D'Orbigny....................... 1C, 81

vilardeboana (D'Orbigny)........... 16,82, 160

E.

Entosolenia costata Williamson.....

globosa Williamson............

marginata Williamson.........

var. lagenoides Williamson.

var. quadrata Williamson.

52 

46 

49 

48 

50 

squamosa Williamson....'................ 51

F.

Flabellina inxqualis Brady.................. 60

Foraminifera, bathymctric distribution of... 12,14 

favorable conditions for.................. 13

of California, Arctic character of......... 11

outline classification of................... 21-22

Tertiary and Pleistocene, correlation table of.................:.......... 15-19

Frondicularia infequalis Costa.......... 5,16,60-61

lasvigata Earrer......................... 16,61

G.

Gaudryina pupoides D'Orbigny.........' 16,36, 110

rugosa D'Orbigny................ 16,36-37, 108

Globigerina bulloides D'Orbigny. .5,14,16,77-78, 140 

dubia Egger.-....................... 16,79, 138

151
152 INDEX.

Page. 

Globigerina ooze............................. 78-79

Gvttulina austriaca........................... 73

problcma D'Orbigny..................... 73

H.

Haplophragmium canaricnse (D'Orbigny)... 10,

33-34, 108

L.

Lagcna acuticosta Reuss................. 16,45, 1%%

. a-pendiculata (Williamson) Reuss........ 48

dentaliformis, n. sp.................. 1C, 45, 120

elongata (Ehrenberg)................ 1C, 46, ISO

globosa (Montagu)................... 1C, 46, ISO

gracilis Williamson.................. 16,47, 128

gracillima (Seguenza)................ 16,47,120

laevis (Montagu)............... 5,17, 48, 180, m

lagenoides (Williamson)........... 17,48-49, 188

marginata (Walker and Boys)... 5,7,17,49, 122 

melo (D'Orbigny).................. 7,17,49, 1S2

quadrata (Williamson).............. 17,50,188

semistriata Williamson.............. 17,50, 188

sesquistriata, n.- sp................ 17,50-51, 180

squamosa (Montagu)................ 17,51,18$

striata (D'Orbigny)............ 7,17,51-52, 13S

striatopunctata Parker and Jones.... 17,52. 188

sulcata (Walker and Jacob)....... 17,52-53, 188

var. distoma-polita Parker and Jones.. 47 

vulgaris Williamson..................... 48

var. perlucida (pars) Williamson..... 52

var. striata Williamson.............. . 52

var. substriata ....................... 51

Lenticulites rotulata Lamarck................ 07

M.

Marginulina costata (Batsch)............ 17,62, ISO

glabra D'Orbigny................ 17,62-63, 136

m^gwaZis Reuss......................... , 02

Miliola (Siloculina) elongata Parker and

Jones............................ 24

elongata Ehrenberg...................... 46

Miliolina auberiana (D'Orbigny). 17,26-27, 102,106 

bicornis (Walker and Jacob). 17,27, 100,102,104 

cireulaiis (Bornemaon)........... 17,27-28, IOG

cuvieriana (D'Orbigny).......... 12,17,28. 106

linnseana (D'Orbigny)...'......... 17,28-29, 100'

oblonga (Montagu).................. 17,29, 102

pulchella (D'Orbigny)......... 12,17,29-30, 104

pygmaea (Reuss).................... 17,30, 104

seminulum (Linnaeus)........ 5,7,17,30-31, 108

subrotunda (Montagu).................. 27-28

triangularis (D'Orbigny)............ 17,31, 102

tricarinata (D'Orbigny)......... 17,31, 104,106

trigonula (Lamarck)............. 17,32. 102,106

venusta (Karrer).................... 17,32, 106

Miliolites ringens Lamarck................... 25

trigonula Lamarck....................... 32

N.

Nautilus crepidula Fichtei and Moll.......... 65

crispa Linnaeus.......................... 90

depressulus Walker and Jacob........... 88

legumen Linnaeus........................ 63

linearis Montagu........................ 64

lobatulus Walker and Jacob.............. 82

obliquus Linnseus........................ 57

Page.

Nautilus (Orihoceras) vertebralis Batsch...... 60

( Orthoceras) costatus Batsch......... 62

repandus Fichtei and Moll............... 87

scapha Fichtei and Moll................. 88

stria 'opunctatus Fichtei and Moll......... 92

umbilicatula Montagu.................... 90

Nodosaria calomorpha Reuss. ............ 17,53,184

communis (D'Orbigny)............. 17,54, 188

consobrina D'Orbigny............... 17,51,184

var. emaciata Reuss......... 17,55, 184,183

decepta, n. sp.................... 17,55-56, 186

farcimen (Soldani).................. 17,56,^5

qbliqua (Linnaeus).............. 17,57,184,188

pauperata (D'Orbigny)......... 5,17,57-58, 183

sagrinensis, n. sp.................... 17,58, 18S

seminuda, Reuss.................... 17,59, 186

soluta (Reuss)................... IS, 53, 134,186

sp....................................... 124

vertebralis (Batsch)................. 1S> 60, 188

Nonionina canariense D'Orbigny............ 33

depressula (Walker and Jacob).. .18,88, 146,150 

scapha (Fichtei and Moll)........ 18,88-89, 148

jeffrcysii Williamson..................... 33

soldanii D'Orbigny;..................... 90

stelligera D'Orbigny............... 7,1S,"89, 148

umbilicatula (Montagu)............. 18,90,148

0. 

Oolina melo D'Orbigny...................... 49

striata D'Orbigny....................... 51

Orbulina universa D'Orbigny........ 18,79-80, 140

Orthoceras farcimen Soldani.................. 56

Otoliths from San Pedro, figures showing.... 150

P. 

Planorbulina wucllerstorfl Goes.............. 84

Pleistocene deposits, Santa Barbara, correlation of........................... 7

Santa Barbara, species identified in..... 8

Pleistocene fossils, source of............... 5-6,7,8

Pliocene deposits, European, classification of...............................;.... 7

San Pedro, correlation of............... 6, s-ll

Pliocene fossils, source of.................... 5-6

Polymorphina communis D'Orbigny. 18,68-69, 136 

complanata D'Orbigny....:....... 5, IS. 69, 134

compressa D'Orbigny...... 5,18,6D-70, 134,136

cylindroides Roemer............. 18,70-71, 136

lactea (Walker and Jacob)........... 18,71, 136

nodosaria Reuss........:......... 18,71-73, 136

oblonga D'Orbigny.................. 18,73, 134

problema D'Orbigny......... 18,73-74, 1S4,136

soldanii D'Orbigny............... 18,72,74, 138

sororia (Reuss)................... 18,74-75, 136

trilocularis, n. sp.................... 18,75, 134

Polystomella crispa (Linnaeus)... 18,90-91, 148, ISO 

crispa var. stelligera Parker and Jones ... 89 

striatopunctata (Fichtei and Moll)... 18,92, 148 

subnodosa (von Munster)........... 18,92, ISO

Pulvinulina elegans (D'Orbigny) .'....... 18,86, 146

punctulata (D'Orbigny)....... 14,18,86-87, 144

repanda (Fichtei and Moll).... 12,14,18,87, 148

Pyrgo Ixvis Defrance........................ 25

Q. 

Quinqueloculinaauberiana D'Orbigny........ 26

cuvieriana D'Orbigny.................... 28
INDEX. 153

Page.

QuinquelocuUna lamarckiana D'Orbigny..... 28

lucida Karrer............................ 30

pygmxa Reuss........................... 30

tennis Czjzek............................. 33

triangularis D'Orbigny................... 31

ungeriana D'Orbigny.................... 26

venusta Karrer.......................... 32

R.

Robulina subnodosa von Munste'r ............ 92

Eosalina ammonoides Reuss.................. 85

bertheloti D'Orbigny..................... 80

globularis D'Orbigny..................... 81

vilardeboana D'Orbigny.................. ' 82

Rotalia punctulata D'Orbigny................ 86

( Trochulina) turbo D'Orbigny............ 81

Rolalinacontraria Reuss..................... 37

partschiana D'Orbigny................... 86

( Turbinulina) elegans D'Orbigny. ....... t 86

ungeriana D'Orbigny.................... 83

S.

Sagrina virgula Brady....................... 58

San Pedro, Cal., section along water-front at,

figure showing................... 9

section on Deadman Island at, figure

showing......................... 10

stratigraphy at.......................... 9-11

and vicinity, map of..................... 10

Santa Barbara, Cal., pleistocene specimens

from............................ 6,7-8

Scrpula bicornis Walker and Jacob............ 27

lactea Walker and Jacob.................. 71

(Lagena) marginata Walker and Boys.... 49

scminulum Linnaeus..................... 30

sulcata Walker and Jacob................ 52

Sigmoilina (Spiroloculina in part) tenuis

. (Czjzek)..................... 18,33,7/0

Spiroloculina tenuis Brady................... 33

T. Page.

Textularia abbreviata D'Orbigny..... 19,34-35, 108

agglutinans D'Orbigny.............. 19,35, 10S

nusdor/ensis D'Orbigny.................. 35

sagittula Defrance................ 19,35-36, 110

Triloculina austriaca D'Orbigny.............. 32

circularis Bornemann.................... 27

gibba D'Orbigny......................... 31

linnxana D'Orbigny.................... 28

tricarinata D'Orbigny.................... 31

Trochammina trullissata Brady.......... 19,34, 108

Truncatulina boueana D'Orbigny............ 82

grosserugosa Gumbel..................... 85

lobatula (Walker and Jacob)... 12,19,82-83, Hi 

refulgens (Montfort).................. 12,19,83

ungeriana (D'Orbigny).......... 19,83-84, 144

variabilis D'Orbigny............ 19,81,142,144

wuellerstorfl (Schwager).......... 19,84-85, 144

U.

Uvigerina angulosa Williamson.......... 19,75, 13S

asperala Czjzek...................... 19,76, 140

canariensis D'Orbigny............... 19,76, 188

pyginsea D'Orbigny........... 12,19,76-77, 1SS

tenuistriata Reuss................... 19,77, 140

urnula D'Orbigny....................... 76

V.

Vaginulina badenensis D'Orbigny....... 19,63, ISO

legumen (Linnaeus)............ 12,19,63-64, ISO

var. arquata Brady............. 19,64, ISO

linearis (Montagu)................... 19,64, ISO

obliquistriata Jones.................. 19,65, ISO

Vermkulum Montagu........................ 29

globosum Montagu....................... 46

Ixve Montagu............................ 48

squamosum Montagu.................... 51

Vulvulina alata Seguenza.................... 40

gramen D'Orbigny...................... 40

o

V