IN THE COURT OF CRIMINAL APPEALS OF TENNESSEE

AT JACKSON

Assigned on Briefs April 1, 2003

STATE OF TENNESSEE v. VOSS JOHNSON

Direct Appeal from the Criminal Court for Shelby County

Nos. 00-10179, 80, 81, 82 Bernie Weinman, Judge

No. W2002-01487-CCA-R3-CD - Filed August 27, 2003

Following a jury trial, Defendant, Voss Johnson, was convicted of two counts of especially

aggravated robbery, one count of attempted voluntary manslaughter, and one count of second degree

murder. Defendant now appeals his convictions arguing that the trial court erred in denying his

motion to suppress and that the evidence is insufficient to sustain his conviction for second degree

murder based on a theory of criminal responsibility. After a careful review of the record, we affirm

the judgments of the trial court. 

Tenn. R. App. P. 3 Appeal as of Right; Judgments of the Trial Court Affirmed

THOMAS T. WOODALL, J., delivered the opinion of the court, in which GARY R. WADE, P.J. and

DAVID G. HAYES, J., joined.

Brett B. Stein, Memphis, Tennessee, for the appellant, Voss Johnson.

Paul G. Summers, Attorney General and Reporter; Renee W. Turner, Assistant Attorney General;

William L. Gibbons, District Attorney General; and Camille McMullen, Assistant District Attorney

General, for the appellee, State of Tennessee.

OPINION

On the evening of February 5, 2001, Defendant, along with his brother, Odell Pegues, and

his cousin, Terry Wallace, dressed in black clothes and slipped out of an upstairs window at

Defendant’s grandmother’s house. The men proceeded to a neighborhood grocery store located

approximately two houses down from Defendant’s house. The victims, Adnan Morshid and Idris

Abdo Modhime, had just closed the store and were in the process of leaving. Mr. Modhime was in

his car when he noticed that Mr. Morshid was having trouble starting his vehicle. Mr. Morshid

waved at Mr. Modhime and then walked over to Mr. Modhime’s car. Mr. Modhime had just opened

the car door when he heard a gunshot and Mr. Morshid fell to the ground. Mr. Modhime looked to

his left and saw Defendant. He slid over to the passenger side of the car as Defendant shot him. The

bullet passed through Mr. Modhime’s neck and exited his mouth. Defendant asked for money and
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Mr. Modhime gave him his wallet, then lay down on the seat and played dead. The other two men

knelt on the ground and searched Mr. Morshid’s pockets while Defendant searched Mr. Modhime.

As they left, one of the men fired once more at Mr. Modhime’s vehicle. Although the store’s lights

were off, the parking lot was lit by a street light on the corner, and Mr. Modhime recognized the

perpetrators as frequent patrons of the store.

Demetri Pegues, Defendant’s cousin, arrived at Defendant’s grandmother’s house shortly

before nine o’clock that night to pick up Defendant and Odell Pegues who were supposed to spend

the weekend at her house. When she discovered that Defendant had left the house, Ms. Pegues drove

around the neighborhood searching for him. A friend suggested that Ms. Pegues search the

neighborhood shopping center. As Ms. Pegues passed the parking lot in front of the grocery store,

she noticed a car. One man lay on the ground next to the car and another man leaned over him

apparently trying to aid the fallen man. Ms. Pegues turned her car around and drove to the parking

lot. When she saw the extent of Mr. Modhime’s injuries, Ms. Pegues called 911 on her cell phone.

Although Ms. Pegues saw Mr. Morshid breathe a couple of times after she arrived, he was dead

before assistance arrived.

Officer Felicia Shipp with the Memphis Police Department received a call between 9:30 and

10:00 p.m. concerning the incident at the grocery store. When she arrived, Officer Shipp verified

that Mr. Morshid no longer had a pulse and then turned her attention to Mr. Modhime. Because he

was bleeding from his mouth, Mr. Modhime could not speak, but he responded to Officer Shipp’s

questions through gestures indicating that there were three perpetrators and that the perpetrators were

black. Officer Shipp discovered some money strewn around the parking lot and assigned an officer

to guard the bills.

Officer Kevin Shaver was on duty with the Memphis Police Department’s crime scene

division that night. His investigation of the scene revealed indentations in the side of Mr.

Modhime’s car that appeared to have been made by shotgun pellets. A spent shotgun casing lay next

to Mr. Morshid. Officer Shaver discovered several shotgun waddings on the parking lot, although

some of the waddings appeared to have been deposited prior to the incident. The freshest wadding,

however, was located next to Mr. Modhime’s car. Two spent bullets and a tooth were discovered

in the passenger seat of Mr. Modhime’s car, and a spent bullet fell out of Mr. Morshid’s shirt when

the officers moved him to search for an exit wound.

Sergeant T. J. Helldorfer questioned Ms. Pegues who told him that she was driving by the

grocery store in an attempt to locate Defendant who was supposed to be at his grandmother’s house

but was missing at the time of the incident. Interviews of various people in the neighborhood

revealed that Defendant’s neighbors considered Defendant, Mr. Pegues and Mr. Wallace to be

“problem kids.” Based on this information, Sergeant Helldorfer included Defendant’s picture in a

photographic line-up which was shown to Mr. Modhime in the hospital. Although Mr. Modhime

was unable to talk because he was on a ventilator, he pointed to Defendant’s picture as the man who

shot him.
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On February 7, Ms. Adriane Johnson, a resident of the home, consented to a search of the

home in which Defendant resided. Defendant, Terry Wallace and Odell Pegues were placed under

arrest prior to the search. In the upstairs bedroom, Sergeant Terry Landrum found a blue vase

containing one spent .38 bullet and three live bullets. Beneath an end table at the end of a couch

were several pieces of black clothing, a black and white bandanna and a pair of red gloves.

The officers returned later that day with a search warrant. Sergeant Landrum discovered a

.38 Rossi with three live bullets in the chamber, hidden beneath an organ. A sawed-off 97

Winchester pump 12-gauge shotgun was located in a dog food sack in a van parked next to the

house. Officer Cham Payne also discovered a red and black nail gun.

Sergeant Helldorfer left the search before it was finished to prepare for Defendant’s

interview. Defendant arrived at the police station at approximately 1:00 p.m., but the interview was

delayed until the arrival of Voss Nailing, Defendant’s father, who would serve as Defendant’s

guardian during questioning. When Mr. Nailing arrived shortly before 2:00 p.m., Sergeant

Helldorfer read Defendant his rights and then had Defendant read the rights to him to ascertain his

reading comprehension. Defendant said that he understood and agreed to waive his rights.

Defendant and Mr. Nailing signed the waiver form at approximately 1:50 p.m.

Defendant at first denied that he was present at the grocery store when the shooting occurred

and said he was at Demetri Pegues’ house that evening. Because Ms. Pegues had already told the

police she did not know where Defendant was on February 5, the investigators left Defendant and

proceeded to interview Mr. Wallace and Mr. Pegues. The men were interviewed separately, and Mr.

Nailing served as guardian for all three men. Sergeant Helldorfer resumed questioning Defendant

at 11:08 p.m. and read Defendant his rights again. Once again, Defendant said that he understood

his rights, and he and his father signed the waiver form. In this interview, Defendant said that his

cousin, Terry Wallace, shot Mr. Morshid. Mr. Wallace told Defendant earlier in the evening that he

intended to rob the victim. When Mr. Wallace left his grandmother’s house dressed in black and

armed with a revolver, Defendant and Mr. Pegues sat outside on the hood of a car. They heard three

shots and then saw Mr. Wallace running up McLemore toward Glenview Park. Defendant walked

down to the grocery store and saw one man on the ground beside the car and another man laying on

the car’s front seat. When he returned home, Mr. Wallace was there, and Mr. Wallace and another

relative dropped Defendant off at Ms. Pegues’ house. The second interview concluded at midnight.

Sergeant Helldorfer left Defendant and his father in the interview room while he arranged

Defendant’s transportation to juvenile court. When he returned, Defendant, his father and Sergeant

Helldorfer were standing in the doorway when Defendant suddenly stopped and said that he wanted

to tell Sergeant Helldorfer what really happened that night. The men went back into the interview

room, and Defendant made a third statement at 2:08 a.m. Sergeant Helldorfer read Defendant his

rights, and Defendant indicated he understood them and wished to make a statement. In this

statement, Defendant said that Mr. Wallace suggested around 9:00 p.m. that he and Defendant rob

the grocery store. The store was still open for business on their first visit, so they waited. When

Defendant and Mr. Wallace returned, Mr. Modhime and Mr. Morshid were talking by Mr.
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Modhime’s car. Defendant ran up to Mr. Morshid who put his hands in the air. When Mr. Morshid

tried to touch Defendant’s gun, Mr. Wallace fired three shots, one at Mr. Morshid, one at Mr.

Modhime, and one in the general direction of the car. Mr. Wallace grabbed some money out of Mr.

Morshid’s pockets, and the men then ran back to Defendant’s grandmother’s house. A relative

dropped Defendant off at Ms. Pegue’s house, and then drove off with Mr. Wallace. Defendant was

armed with a 12-gauge shotgun but he said that he only fired the gun after he had left the store’s

parking lot. Defendant said he hid the gun in a dog food bag in a van. The next day, Mr. Wallace

bought Defendant a hat with the stolen money, and the two men watched a movie and had something

to eat. Defendant said that he did not know that Mr. Wallace was going to fire his weapon. As far

as Defendant knew, all the men planned to do was “a normal robbery without hurting nobody.”

Teric Jones, a friend of Defendant and Mr. Wallace, came over to visit the men that Friday

around seven o’clock. As they watched a football game on television in Defendant’s bedroom, Mr.

Wallace went downstairs to change clothes. Defendant changed clothes in the bedroom. Mr.

Wallace came back upstairs, retrieved his .38 revolver, and asked Mr. Jones if he was coming with

them. Mr. Jones said “no,” and Defendant, Mr. Wallace and Mr. Pegues climbed out of the upstairs

window. Mr. Jones left the house by the front door. On his way home, he saw Defendant and Mr.

Wallace, but Mr. Jones did not stop. The next day, Mr. Jones saw Defendant and Mr. Wallace once

more, and the men had new clothes and shoes although they did not have any money the night

before. Defendant told Mr. Jones he had a new hat but did not say where he got the money to pay

for it.

Dr. Cynthia Gardner, the assistant medical examiner for Shelby County, performed an

autopsy on Mr. Morshid on February 7. The autopsy revealed one gunshot wound to the chest. The

bullet traveled through Mr. Morshid’s heart, his left lung, the intestines and spleen before exiting his

back. Dr. Gardner also found multiple shotgun pellet wounds on Mr. Morshid’s buttocks, thighs and

the lower portion of his legs. The gunshot wound in Mr. Morshid’s chest did not have any soot or

stippling so Dr. Gardner estimated that the gun was shot from more than two feet away. The chest

wound was “rapidly fatal,” but the pellet wounds occurred at approximately the same time and at

least incapacitated the victim. Because she could not rule out the effect of the pellet wounds on Mr.

Morshid, Dr. Gardner determined that the cause of death was from multiple gunshot wounds.

The jury convicted Defendant of the especially aggravated robbery of Mr. Modhime, the

especially aggravated robbery of Mr. Morshid, the lesser included offense of attempted voluntary

manslaughter of Mr. Modhime and the lesser included offense of second degree murder of Mr.

Morshid. The trial court sentenced Defendant to twenty years for each of the especially aggravated

robbery convictions, twenty-five years for the second degree murder conviction and four years for

the attempted voluntary manslaughter conviction. The trial court ordered the especially aggravated

robbery and attempted voluntary manslaughter sentences pertaining to Mr. Modhime to run

concurrently, and the especially aggravated robbery and second degree murder sentences pertaining

to Mr. Morshid to run concurrently. The trial court then ordered the sentences relating to the

offenses against Mr. Modhime to run consecutively to those concerning Mr. Morshid for an effective

sentence of forty-five years. Defendant now appeals his convictions arguing that the trial court erred
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in not denying his motion to suppress evidence and that the evidence is insufficient to sustain his

conviction for second degree murder based on a theory of criminal responsibility.

b. Motion to Suppress

At the suppression hearing, Sergeant Helldorfer testified that Defendant’s cousin, Demetri

Pegues, told him that Defendant was supposed to be at his grandmother’s house the night of the

killing, but Defendant had disappeared when she looked for him around 9:30 p.m. The house was

located two houses down from the grocery store. When he interviewed Defendant’s neighbors,

Sergeant Helldorfer learned information concerning Defendant’s background and reputation as a

“problem kid.” Based on this information, Sergeant Helldorfer included Defendant’s picture in the

photo lineup that was eventually shown to the surviving victim, Mr. Modhime,whowas recuperating

in the hospital. Sergeant Helldorfer showed Mr. Modhime three photo spreads each containing six

photographs. Mr. Modhime could not talk because he was on a ventilator, but he pointed to

Defendant’s picture as the man who shot him and later made a statement concerning his

identification of Defendant as the perpetrator.

After his visit with Mr. Modhime, Sergeant Helldorfer executed a consensual search at

Defendant’s grandmother’s house where he found Defendant along with Terry Wallace and Odell

Pegues. The men were arrested, handcuffed and driven separately to the police station. Defendant

was taken directly to the interview room. After Mr. Nailing arrived, Defendant was read his rights.

He indicated he understood and both Defendant and his father signed the waiver form. Defendant

initially denied any involvement in the offenses. Because Defendant’s statement did not agree with

the information provided by the other two suspects, Sergeant Helldorfer left Defendant alone in the

interview room while the other two men were interviewed separately. Sergeant Helldorfer said that

the interview process took longer than might otherwise occur because Defendant’s father served as

guardian for all three suspects. Sergeant Helldorfer did not speak to Defendant again until 9:42 p.m.

Defendant gave a second statement at 11:08 p.m. after being read his rights and executing

a waiver form. He and Mr. Nailing signed the statement at midnight, and Mr. Helldorfer left to

arrange Defendant’s transportation to juvenile court. When Sergeant Helldorfer returned,Defendant

said that he wanted to make another statement to tell what really happened. After being read his

rights, Defendant made a third statement in which he admitted participation in the offenses and

signed the statement at 2:31 a.m. According to Sergeant Helldorfer, an arrest warrant was issued

later that morning.

At the conclusion of the suppression hearing, the trial court found that the police officers had

probable cause to execute a warrantless arrest of Defendant based on the victim’s identification of

Defendant as the one who shot him. The trial court further found that Defendant was advised of his

rights, knowingly waived those rights and freely and voluntarily made his statements with his father

present. Accordingly, the trial court denied Defendant’s motion to suppress, and Defendant now

appeals that denial.
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The findings of fact made by the trial court at the hearing on a motion to suppress are binding

upon this Court unless the evidence contained in the record preponderates against them. State v.

Ross, 49 S.W.3d 833, 839 (Tenn. 2001). The trial court, as the trier of fact, is able to assess the

credibility of the witnesses, determine the weight and value to be afforded the evidence and resolve

any conflicts in the evidence. State v. Odom, 928 S.W.2d 18, 23 (Tenn. 1996). The prevailing party

is entitled to the strongest legitimate view of the evidence and all reasonable inferences drawn from

that evidence. State v. Hicks, 55 S.W.3d 515, 521 (Tenn. 2001). However, this Court is not bound

by the trial court’s conclusions of law. State v. Simpson, 968 S.W.2d 776, 779 (Tenn. 1998). The

application of the law to the facts found by the trial court are questions of law that this Court reviews

de novo. State v. Daniel, 12 S.W.3d 420, 423 (Tenn. 2000). The defendant has the burden of

establishing that the evidence contained in the record preponderates against the findings of fact made

by the trial court. Braziel v. State, 529 S.W.2d 501, 506 (Tenn. Crim. App. 1975).

In Tennessee, an officer may arrest an individual without a warrant when a felony has been

committed, and the officer has reasonable cause to believe that the person arrested committed the

felony. Tenn. Code Ann. § 40-7-103(a)(3); State v. Mitchell, 870 S.W.2d 532, 538 (Tenn. Crim.

App. 1993). Whether probable cause exists depends upon whether the facts and circumstances

known to the officer were sufficient for a prudent person to believe that the individual had

committed the offense. Beck v. Ohio, 379 U.S. 89, 91, 85 S. Ct. 223, 225, 13 L. Ed. 2d 142 (1964);

see also State v. Downey, 945 S.W.2d 102, 106 (Tenn. 1997). Based primarily upon the victim’s

identification of Defendant as the perpetrator of the offense, the trial court determined, and

Defendant does not disagree, that Sergeant Helldorfer had sufficient probable cause to arrest

Defendant. The evidence does not preponderate against this finding.

Nonetheless, Defendant argues that once an individual is arrested without a warrant, he or

she may only be detained for purposes of booking and processing. Defendant argues that a detention

for the sole purpose of gathering additional incriminating information through the accused’s

statements while in custody violates the accused’s Fourth Amendment rights as set forth in County

of Riverside v. McLaughlin, 500 U.S. 44, 111 S. Ct. 1661, 114 L. Ed. 2d 49 (1991). Accordingly,

Defendant contends that his detention was unlawful, and the trial court erroneously denied the

suppression of his statement. After a thorough review of the record, we respectfully disagree.

“The Fourth Amendment requires a prompt judicial determination of probable cause as a

prerequisite to the extended detention of an individual after a warrantless arrest.” State v. Carter,

16 S.W.3d 762, 765 (Tenn. 2000) (citing Gerstein v. Pugh, 420 U.S. 103, 114, 95 S. Ct. 854, 43 L.

Ed. 2d 54 (1975)). A judicial determination of probable cause is generally considered “prompt” if

it is made within forty-eight hours. McLaughlin, 500 U.S. at 56, 111 S. Ct. at 1670. “The issuance

of a valid arrest warrant satisfies the requirement that there must be a judicial determination of

probable cause for extended detention.” Carter, 16 S.W.3d at 766.

Following Defendant’s identification bythe victim,Defendantwas arrested without a warrant

around 1:00 p.m. on February 7, 2000. At 2:31 a.m., some thirteen hours later, Defendant

voluntarily confessed to his involvement in the offense. Although Defendant’s arrest warrant was
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not made a part of the record, Sergeant Helldorfer testified that an arrest warrant was issued later that

morning, well within the forty-eight-hour rule set by McLaughlin.

As Defendant points out, however, not all probable cause determinations pass constitutional

muster even if determined within forty-eight hours of the accused’s warrantless arrest. McLaughlin,

500 U.S. at 56, 111 S. Ct. at 1670. As the Court noted,

[s]uch a hearing may nonetheless violate Gerstein if the arrested individual can prove that

his or her probable cause determination was delayed unreasonably. Examples of

unreasonable delay are delays for the purpose of gathering additional evidence to justify the

arrest, a delay motivated by ill will against the arrested individual, or delay for delay’s sake.

Id.; see also State v. Huddleston, 924 S.W.2d 666, 676 (Tenn. 1996).

Defendant relies on the Tennessee Supreme Court’s decision in Huddleston to support his

position that his detention was unlawful. Defendant argues that the police had sufficient probable

cause to issue an arrest warrant immediately, and his detention after that point was solely for the

purpose of gathering additional information to further justify his arrest. The situation faced by the

court in Huddleston, however, is clearly distinguishable from the case sub judice. In Huddleston,

the police officer, although he lacked sufficient probable cause to do so, arrested the defendant

without a warrant on a Friday afternoon for his suspected involvement in an armed robbery. The

defendant was detained in the city jail over the weekend, and confessed to the crimes on Monday

afternoon. On Tuesday, more than seventy-two hours after his arrest, the police obtained an arrest

warrant supported only by Defendant’s confession. The police officer who executed the warrantless

arrest admitted that he detained the defendant so that the police could “continue the investigation and

develop additional evidence.” Huddleston, 924 S.W.2d at 676. Because the defendantwas held more

than seventy-two hours without a judicial determination of probable cause and the State failed to

justify the delay, the Huddleston court found that the defendant’s Fourth Amendment rights were

violated. Id. at 675. 

The judicial probable cause determination in Defendant’s situation, however, was made well

within the McLaughlin forty-eight hour rule. In Huddleston, the supreme court noted that

“[o]bviously, if the statement was given prior to the time the detention ripened into a constitutional

violation, it is not the product of illegality and should not be suppressed.” Id. If probable cause

exists for an arrest, “the exclusionary rule does not require that [the accused’s] subsequent statement

made while in lawful custody be suppressed.” State v. Jenkins, 81 S.W.3d 252, 264 (Tenn. Crim.

App. 2002); see also New York v. Harris, 495 U.S. 14, 21, 110 S. Ct. 1640, 1644, 109 L. Ed. 2d 13

(1990).

Following Defendant’s arrest, the police were justified in questioning Defendant concerning

his involvement in the offense. Defendant could have terminated the questioning at any time.

Defendant acknowledged he understood and waived his right against self-incrimination, and

Defendant’s father was present each time he was interviewed. The length of the detention was also
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caused in part by the complexities of simultaneously interviewing three minor co-defendants who

each relied on Mr. Nailing as their guardian. The McLaughlin court cautioned that “courts must

allow a substantial degree of flexibility” in evaluating whether a particular detention is unreasonable

recognizing that some delays, based on practical realities, will be unavoidable. McLaughlin, 500

U.S. at 56-57, 111 S. Ct. at 1670.

Defendant is not entitled to relief on this issue.

b. Sufficiency of Evidence

Defendant does not contest his convictions for attempted voluntary manslaughter or

especially aggravated robbery. He does, however, argue that the evidence is insufficient to sustain

his conviction for second degree murder either as a principle or under a theory of criminal

responsibility. 

Defendant, along with his co-defendants, Terry Wallace and Odell Pegues, was indicted for

felony murder during the perpetration of a robbery. See Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-13-202(a)(2). The

jury was provided instructions concerning the lesser-included offenses of second degree murder,

voluntary manslaughter and reckless homicide. The trial court also instructed the jury on the theory

of criminal responsibility. After deliberation, the jury found Defendant guilty of the lesser-included

charge of second degree murder.

The evidence showed that Mr. Wallace was in possession of the .38 revolver that fired the

bullet that killed Mr. Morshid. In response to Mr. Wallace’s shots, Defendant fired his shotgun at

the victim, spraying his buttocks and the backs of his legs with pellets. These shots, Defendant

argues, did not contribute to the victim’s death. Defendant also denied knowing that Mr. Wallace

intended to shoot the victim. All he thought was going to happen was a “normal robbery.” In

response, the State contends that the evidence is sufficient to sustain Defendant’s conviction for

second degree murder under a theory of criminal responsibility. We agree.

When a defendant challenges the sufficiency of the convicting evidence, we must review the

evidence in the light most favorable to the prosecution in determining whether a rational trier of fact

could have found all the essential elements of the crime beyond a reasonable doubt when viewing

the evidence in a light most favorable to the prosecution. Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319,

99 S. Ct. 2781, 2789, 61 L. Ed. 2d 560 (1979). Once a jury finds a defendant guilty, his or her

presumption of innocence is removed and replaced with a presumption of guilt. State v. Black, 815

S.W.2d 166, 175 (Tenn. 1991). The defendant has the burden of overcoming this presumption, and

the State is entitled to the strongest legitimate view of the evidence along with all reasonable

inferences which may be drawn from that evidence. Id.; State v. Tuggle, 639 S.W.2d 913, 914

(Tenn. 1982). The jury is presumed to have resolved all conflicts and drawn any reasonable

inferences in favor of the State. State v. Sheffield, 676 S.W.2d 542, 547 (Tenn. 1984). Questions

concerning the credibility of witnesses, the weight and value to be given the evidence, and all factual
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issues raised by the evidence are resolved by the trier of fact and not this court. State v. Bland, 958

S.W.2d 651, 659 (Tenn. 1997).

“[C]riminal responsibility is not a separate, distinct crime. It is solely a theory by which the

State may prove the defendant’s guilt of the alleged offenses . . . based upon the conduct of another.”

State v. Lemacks, 966 S.W.2d 166, 170 (Tenn. 1999). “A person is criminally responsible for an

offense committed by the conduct of another if [a]cting with intent to promote or assist the

commission of the offense, or to benefit in the proceeds or results of the offense, the person solicits,

directs, aids, or attempts to aid another person to commit the offense.” Tenn. Code Ann. § 39-11-

402(2) (1997). The common law rule of natural and probable consequences survived the

codification of the current criminal responsibility statute, although not specifically expressed, and

extended criminal liability not only to the offense intended by a defendant, but also to “collateral

crimes committed by a co-defendant that were the natural and probable consequence of the target

crime.” State v. Richmond, 90 S.W.3d 648, 654 (Tenn. 2002); State v. Howard, 30 S.W.3d 271, 276

(Tenn. 2000); State v. Carson, 950 S.W.2d 951, 956 (Tenn. 1997). Thus, an accused may be

criminally responsible even if “the criminal conduct of others differs from or exceeds the scope of

the target crime.” Richmond, 90 S.W.3d at 655.

A particular outcome of criminal conduct is a natural and probable consequence if it falls

within “‘a reasonably predictable range.’” Howard, 30 S.W.3d at 276 (quoting Carson, 950 S.W.2d

at 955). This determination is “within the province of the jury as finder of fact.” Id.

“[T]o impose criminal liability based on the natural and probable consequences rule, the State must

prove beyond a reasonable doubt and the jury must find the following: (1) the elements of the crime

or crimes that accompanied the target crime; (2) that the defendant was criminally responsible

pursuant to Tennessee Code Annotated section 39-11-402; and (3) that the other crimes that were

committed were natural and probable consequences of the target crime. Id.

When Defendant and the others slipped out of their bedroom window that night, Terry

Wallace was armed with a .38 revolver and Defendant carried a 12-gauge shotgun. All three

changed into black clothing before leaving Defendant’s grandmother’s house. Their plan was to rob

the neighborhood grocery store which they often frequented. When they arrived, Defendant shot Mr.

Modhime while Mr. Wallace shot Mr. Morshid who later died. The men, including Defendant,

searched the victims’ pockets extracting what money they could. The following day, Defendant,

along with Mr. Wallace, bought new clothes and shoes, saw a movie and had something to eat, all

on the proceeds of the robbery. 

Although he cites no authority as support, Defendant also appears to argue that he can only

be criminally responsible for murder in the first degree since his co-defendant was convicted of

felony murder based on Mr. Morshid’s killing during the perpetration of a robbery. In other words,

if Defendant is responsible for Mr. Wallace’s conduct, then he is only responsible for felony murder,

and his conviction for second degree murder should be overturned. While it was true that the jury

could have convicted Defendant of felony murder under a theory of criminal responsibility, they

chose to convict him of second degree murder. Second degree murder is clearly a lesser-included
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offense of felony murder. State v. Locke, 90 S.W.3d 663, 669 (Tenn. 2002); State v. Ely, 48 S.W.3d

710, 721-22 (Tenn. 2001). 

Based on the foregoing, we find that the evidence was sufficient to sustain Defendant’s

conviction for second degree murder beyond a reasonable doubt. Defendant is not entitled to relief

on this issue.

Conclusion

After a careful review of the record, we affirm the judgments of the trial court.

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THOMAS T. WOODALL, JUDGE