Series 10

No. 195

Health and Selected

Socioeconomic Characteristics

of the Family: United States,

1988–90

December 1996

Vital and

Health Statistics

From the CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION / National Center for Health Statistics

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

Public Health Service

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

National Center for Health Statistics
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reproduced or copied without permission; citation as to source, however, is

appreciated.

Suggested citation

Collins JG, LeClere FB. Health and selected socioeconomic characteristics of

the family: United States, 1988–90. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital

Health Stat 10(195). 1996.

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Printed on acid-free paper.
Health and Selected

Socioeconomic

Characteristics of the Family:

United States, 1988–90

Series 10

Data From the National Health

Survey

No. 195

Hyattsville, Maryland

December 1996

DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 97-1523

Vital and

Health Statistics

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

Public Health Service

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

National Center for Health Statistics
National Center for Health Statistics

Edward J. Sondik, Ph.D., Director

Jack R. Anderson, Deputy Director

Jack R. Anderson, Acting Associate Director for

International Statistics

Lester R. Curtin, Ph.D., Acting Associate Director for

Research and Methodology

Jacob J. Feldman, Ph.D., Associate Director for Analysis,

Epidemiology, and Health Promotion

Gail F. Fisher, Ph.D., Associate Director for Data Standards,

Program Development, and Extramural Programs

Edward L. Hunter, Associate Director for Planning, Budget,

and Legislation

Jennifer H. Madans, Ph.D., Acting Associate Director for

Vital and Health Statistics Systems

Stephen E. Nieberding, Associate Director for

Management

Charles J. Rothwell, Associate Director for Data

Processing and Services

Division of Health Interview Statistics

Ann M. Hardy, Dr.P.H., Acting Director

Gerry E. Hendershot, Ph.D., Assistant to the Director for

Data Analysis and Dissemination

Ann M. Hardy, Dr.P.H., Chief, Illness and Disability

Statistics Branch

John W. Horm, Chief, Survey Planning and Development

Branch

Robert S. Krasowski, Chief, Systems and Programming

Branch

Robert A. Wright, Chief, Utilization and Expenditure

Statistics Branch
Abstract

National estimates of average annual health indexes for

the civilian noninstitutionalized population of the United

States are presented in this report according to selected

socioeconomic characteristics of the family. These estimates

are based on data from the National Health Interview Survey

(NHIS) in 1988, 1989, and 1990.

Health indexes presented include percent limited in activity; percent with fair or poor respondent-assessed health status,

restricted activity days, bed disability days, work-loss days,

and school-loss days; percent with a physician contact in past

year; numbers of annual physician contacts per person per

year; percent with a hospital episode in the past year; days per

short-term hospital stay; and incidence of acute conditions.

This report includes the findings that persons living by

themselves reported a higher percent of limitations in activity,

high rates of disability days, more physician contacts per year,

and a higher incidence rate from acute conditions than all

persons 45–64 years of age. Persons in all four age groups

reported higher percents with limitations of activity and higher

percents with fair or poor health status in families in which the

educational level of the responsible family adult member was

less than 12 years than in families where the responsible adult

was better educated. Both males and females, and white

persons and black persons, in each of the age groups 18 years

and over who were living with a spouse reported lower

percents of limitations in activity than did persons living in

other family relationships

iii
Contents

Introduction ........................................................................................... 1

Highlights ............................................................................................ 2

Sources and limitations of data ........................................................................... 3

Types of data available .................................................................................. 4

Health and socioeconomic characteristics ................................................................... 5

Health characteristics ............................................................................... 5

Socioeconomic characteristics ........................................................................ 5

Findings.............................................................................................. 7

Family size ....................................................................................... 7

Education of responsible adult family member .......................................................... 8

Family income .................................................................................... 9

Living arrangement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Marital status . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Employment status. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Youth living arrangements. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

List of detailed tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Appendixes

I. Technical notes on methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

II. Definition of certain terms used in this report. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Figures

1. Percent of all persons with respondent-assessed health status of fair or poor, by age and family size: United States,

1988–90 ............................................. ............................................. 7

2. Percent of all persons limited in activity by age and educational level of responsible adult family member:

United States, 1988–90 ....................................... ....................................... 8

3. Percent of all persons with respondent-assessed health status of fair or poor, by age and education of responsible adult

family member: United States, 1988–90. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

4. Restricted-activity days per person per year for all persons, by age and educational level of responsible adult family

member: United States, 1988–90 ................................... ................................... 9

5. Percent of all persons limited in activity, by age and family income: United States, 1988–90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

6. Percent of all persons with respondent-assessed health status of fair or poor, by age and family income: United States,

1988–90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

7. Restricted-activity days per person per year for all persons, by age and family income: United States, 1988–90 . . . . . . 10

8. Restricted-activity days per person per year for all persons, by age and family living arrangements: United States,

1988–90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

v
9. Percent of persons 18 years of age and over limited in activity, by age and marital status: United Status, 1988–90 . . . 11

10. Percent of persons 18 years of age and over with respondent-assessed health status of fair or poor, by age and marital

status: United States, 1988–90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

11. Percent of persons 18 years of age and over limited in activity, by age and current employment status: United States,

1988–90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

12. Percent of persons 18 years of age and over with respondent-assessed health status of fair or poor, by age and current

employment status: United States, 1988–90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

13. Percents of all persons, males, females, white persons, and black persons who never married and are under 25 years

of age that are limited in activity, by youth living arrangements: United States, 1988–90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

14. Percents of all persons, males, females, white persons, and black persons who never married and are under 25 years

of age with respondent-assessed health status of fair or poor, by youth living arrangements: United States, 1988–90 . . 13

15. Percents of all persons, males, and females who never married and are under 25 years of age with respondent-assessed

health status of fair or poor health, by youth living arrangements: United States, 1988–90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

16. Percents of all persons, white persons, and black persons who never married and are under 25 years of age with

respondent-assessed health status of fair or poor, by youth living arrangements: United States, 1988–90 . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

vi
Health and selected

socioeconomic

characteristics of the family:

United States, 1988–90

by John Gary Collins, M.B.A., and Felicia B. LeClere,

Ph.D., Division of Health Interview Statistics

Introduction

National estimates of average annual health indexes for

the civilian noninstitutionalized population of the United

States are presented in this report according to selected

socioeconomic characteristics of the family. These estimates

are based on data collected in 1988, 1989, and 1990 by the

National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) through its

National Health Interview Survey (NHIS).

Health indexes include data on the percent limited in

activity; percent with fair or poor respondent-assessed health

status, restricted activity days, bed disability days, work loss

days, and school loss days; percent with a physician contact in

the past year; number of annual physician contacts per person;

percent with a hospital episode in the past year, days per shortterm hospital stay, and incidence of acute conditions. These

indexes are shown by age, sex, and race individually, and by

sex by race for the following socioeconomic family characteristics: family size, education of responsible adult family

member, family income, family living arrangements, marital

status of persons 14 years of age and over, employment status

of persons 18 years of age and over, and by youth living

arrangements of persons never married and under 25 years of

age.

Although many NCHS reports present health indexes of

NHIS data, none are as comprehensive as this report in

showing health characteristics by the majority of socioeconomic characteristics of families in the NHIS. Current Estimates from the National Health Interview Survey (1), which is

published annually, presents the health characteristics primarily by age, sex, race, and family income. Many other NCHS

reports present the information by a limited number of family

characteristics. The comprehensive presentation of data in this

report is intended to give the reader new insights into which

family characteristics appear to be most closely associated

with adverse health characteristics.

1
Highlights

The following highlights summarize information described

in detail in the text and tables that follow.

+ Children under 18 years of age, living in two-person

families, report a higher percent limited in activity, a

higher percent in fair or poor health, higher rates of

disability days, and a higher percent with a short-term

hospital stay in the past year than all children under 18

years of age.

+ Persons 45–64 years of age, living alone, report a higher

percent limited in activity, high rates of disability days, a

higher rate of physician contacts per year, and a higher

incidence rate of acute conditions than all persons 45–64

years of age.

+ Persons in all four age groups report a higher percent

limited in activity and higher percents with fair or poor

health status in families in which the educational level of

the responsible family adult member was less than 12

years than in families where the responsible adult was

better educated.

+ Children under 18 years of age report having higher rates

of hospital utilization in families in which the responsible

family adult member had less than 12 years of education

than in families where the responsible adult was better

educated.

+ Children under 18 years of age living in families with

annual incomes under $10,000 report a higher percent

limited in activity, higher percents with fair or poor health

status, and higher percents with a hospitalization in the

past 12 months than did children in households with

higher incomes.

+ Persons in each age group over 18 years of age, living in

families with annual incomes under $10,000 a year, report

a higher percent limited in activity and with health status

of fair or poor, higher rates of restricted activity and bed

disability days, higher percents with a hospitalization in

the past year, and higher incidence rates from acute

conditions than did persons of comparable age in the three

higher income groups.

+ Both males and females 65 years of age and over, living in

families with annual incomes under $10,000, report a

higher percent limited in activity, higher percents with fair

or poor health status, and higher rates of restricted activity

and bed disability days than did senior citizens in more

affluent families.

+ White persons and black persons in each age group, living

in families with annual incomes under $10,000, report a

higher percent limited in activity, higher percents in fair or

poor health, higher rates of restricted activity days, and

higher percents with a hospitalization in the past year than

for persons in families with incomes over $10,000.

+ Males, females, white persons, and black persons in each

of the age groups 18 years and over, living with a spouse,

report a lower percent limited in activity than did persons

living with relatives other than a spouse.

+ Women in each of the age groups 18 years and over, living

with a relative other than a spouse, report a higher percent

in fair or poor health status than women living with a

spouse or living alone.

+ Married men and women report lower percents limited in

activity in each of the age groups 18 years and over, than

did persons in other marital statuses.

+ Never-married persons under 25 years of age, living with

both parents, had lower than average percents of limitations in activity, lower percents of fair or poor health

status, and lower rates of hospital episodes in the past

year.

+ Persons who were never married and under 25 years of

age, living with their mother, had a higher than average

percent limited in activity, higher percents of fair or poor

health status, and higher than average rates of beddisability days and school-loss days.

+ White persons who were never married and under 25 years

of age had a much higher incidence of all acute conditions

than did their black counterparts, regardless of the living

arrangements.

2
Sources and limitations of

data

Information in this report is based on data obtained from

the National Center for Health Statistics’ (NCHS) 1988, 1989,

and 1990 National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) and

annual averages for these 3 years. This is an ongoing, nationwide survey by household interview. Each week a probability

sample of the civilian noninstitutionalized population of the

United States is interviewed by personnel of the U.S. Bureau

of the Census. Information is obtained about health and other

characteristics of each member of the household.

One of the strengths of NHIS is the ability to combine

data over multiple years, which is made possible because the

NHIS sampling design incorporates standardized questions

over several years. It is useful when making estimates for

variables with relatively small sample sizes. The stability of

the estimates is enhanced by increasing the sample size, which

leads to smaller sampling errors.

The combined NHIS sample for 1988–90 comprised

139,672 households containing 358,870 persons living at the

time of the interview. The total noninterview rate for NHIS

was 4.9 percent; 2.9 percent was due to respondent refusal,

and the remainder was primarily the result of failure to locate

an eligible respondent at home after repeated calls. A description of the survey design, the methods used in estimation, and

general qualifications of the data obtained from the survey are

presented in appendix I.

Because the estimates presented in this report are based

on a sample of the population, they are subject to sampling

errors. Therefore, readers should pay particular attention to the

section of appendix I entitled ‘‘Reliability of the estimates,’’

which presents formulas for calculating standard errors and

instructions for their use. Sampling errors for most of the

estimates are relatively low. However, when an estimated

number or the numerator or denominator of a rate or percent is

small, the sampling error may be large.

All information collected in the survey are from reports

by responsible family members residing in the household.

When possible, all adult family members participate in the

interview. However, proxy responses are accepted for family

members who are not at home and are required for all children

and for family members who are physically or mentally

incapable of responding for themselves. Although a considerable effort is made to ensure accurate reporting, the information from both proxy and self-respondents may be inaccurate

because the respondent is unaware of relevant information, has

forgotten it, does not wish to reveal it to an interviewer, or

does not understand the intended meaning of a question.

Errors may also be introduced by interviewers, coders, and

others during the processing and analysis of the data.

Certain terms used in this report are defined in appendix II

and have specialized meanings for the survey. It is suggested

that the reader become familiar with these definitions.

The questions and recording forms used for 1990 to

obtain information about the health indexes and related family

variables were the same used for 1988 and 1989. The questions for 1988, 1989, and 1990 are presented in their entirety

in the ‘‘Current Estimates’’ reports for these years (1–3).

In this report, terms such as ‘‘similar’’ and ‘‘the same’’

mean that no statistically significant difference exists between

the statistics being compared. Terms relating to difference (for

example, ‘‘greater’’ or ‘‘less’’) indicate that differences are

statistically significant. When a statistic is referenced as high,

it refers to a comparison with the total rate for the variable, for

example, the rate for persons 18–44 years of age compared

with the persons of all ages. The t-test, with a critical value of

±1.96 (0.05 level of significance), was used to test all comparisons discussed. Lack of comment regarding the difference

between any two statistics does not mean that the difference

was tested and found to be not significant. The significance

tests in this report do not control for multiple comparisons.

Thus some of the differences highlighted may not be significant at the 0.05 level of significance when the effects of

multiple comparisons are considered. The reader should assess

the significance of any differences both in terms of the

statistical significance and the substantive significance of the

findings.

An asterisk is placed beside certain figures to indicate a

relative standard error of 30 percent or more. Figures marked

with an asterisk are given primarily to allow the reader to

combine them with related estimates, which may produce a

more reliable overall estimate for a broader category.

The Division of Health Interview Statistics of NCHS

should be contacted for information about coding and editing

procedures used to produce the final data file from which the

estimates shown in this report are derived.

3
Types of data available

There has been considerable interest in the health-related

consequences of family characteristics, and a large amount of

literature has been published on the topic. The data shown in

this report are not intended to replicate data in the literature,

but to serve as a reference providing information on a large

number of health characteristics and related family variables.

Detailed information is given for different age groups, both

sexes, and white and black persons. As mentioned previously,

many NHIS reports include some family variables, but not the

depth of data that is available in this report.

NCHS also conducts a specialized study of family-related

events and the reproductive health of women, the National

Survey of Family Growth (NSFG). The NSFG (4) is a

population-based survey of women ages 15–44 in the civilian

noninstitutionalized population of the United States. The survey is conducted periodically by NCHS to collect data on the

effects of contraception, sterilization, and infertility on childbearing and related aspects of maternal and infant health. A

detailed description of the main methodological aspects of the

survey, including the sample design, sampling errors, and

imputation of missing data are available in the report, National

Survey of Family Growth: Design, Estimation and Inference

(4). These data are complementary to the health characteristics

and family variables for women shown in this report, which is

based on NHIS data.

Recent publications from NHIS data, which focus on

aspects of the family environment and its health consequences,

include reports on family structure and children’s health (5),

child care arrangements (6), children’s exposure to parental

smoking behavior (7), developmental learning and emotional

problems (8), exposure to alcoholism in the family (9), and the

impact of selected infectious diseases in childhood (10).

There are also many publications that focus on family

characteristics and health. However, they focus on one specific

health or sociodemographic characteristic. For example, there

are studies on familial characteristics and bulimia (11), ethnoculture and health care (12–15), child health status (16,17) the

alcoholic family and child health (18), infant health and family

resources (19–21), and the effects of marital disruption on

child health (22). Other publications focus on the health of the

aging and the need for and use of services among older men

and women (23–28).

For adults, the two primary family-related variables linked

to health outcomes are marital (29–39) and employment status

(32, 40–46). As expected, both marital status and employment

status are closely related to a third variable, family income, an

integral part of most of these studies. The consensus of a

majority of these studies is that the health of children is better

in two-parent families; the health of persons in families with

high incomes is better than persons in lower income families;

and the health status and outcomes are better for employed

persons, particularly those who are satisfied in their jobs. This

report provides extensive health data of all age groups by

income, employment, and marital status variables as well as

education, family size, and living arrangements for both sexes

and all races.

4
Health and socioeconomic

characteristics

Health characteristics

As mentioned earlier, this report includes a wider range of

health and family characteristics than previous NHIS publications. There are 11 health characteristics provided for each

family-related variable, which are also shown by age groups.

Thus a table for an individual family variable such as family

size has data for all 11 health characteristics and multiple age

groups. Thus, it is not feasible to provide in-depth analysis in

this publication. Instead, only major differences among health

characteristics for categories of family characteristics will be

cited in the text.

It should be noted that any comparisons of health characteristics will be within age groups for the family characteristics. These age-specific differences in health characteristics are

analyzed annually and published in Current Estimates from the

National Health Interview Survey. For example, the percents

of persons with limitation of activity, with fair or poor health

status, and with a short-term hospital episode in the past year,

are progressively higher in ascending age groups, as are the

rates of restricted-activity and bed-disability days. This is also

true, to a smaller degree, for work-loss days. Conversely, the

incidence rates for acute conditions are progressively lower in

ascending age groups. Physician utilization is highest for

children under 5 years of age, persons over 65 years of age,

and women in the child-bearing ages.

The health characteristics shown in this report include

virtually all those collected through the NHIS core questionnaire. The exception is chronic condition prevalence, which is

based on a one-sixth subsample of the annual NHIS. Consequently, there are insufficient observations for statistical validity when there are a number of age-sex-race subsets of family

characteristics. Acute condition incidence is shown but only

for all acute conditions as a single entity because individual

acute condition groupings, such as injuries, lack statistical

validity for the many subsets of characteristics.

Socioeconomic characteristics

As noted, comparisons of health characteristics by family

characteristics are made within age groups. These age group

comparisons also include comparisons by sex and by the white

and black races. The NHIS annually collects data on a number

of socioeconomic and demographic variables. However, some

variables are unlikely to be family related and are not included

in this report. They include veteran status, years living in the

United States, geographic region, and place of residence. The

characteristics used in the report are briefly outlined with

possible reasons for their effect on health characteristics.

Family size

There are several ways family size may affect health

characteristics. Constraints of time and financial resources can

affect access to care among large families. This may reduce

preventive services and result in untreated diseases over a

number of years, thereby affecting an individual’s health and

disability. Doctor visits may also be affected in larger families

because infectious diseases would most likely affect siblings,

and the care given to the first child may be viewed as a

learning curve for the others insofar as medical assistance is

concerned. Larger families are more likely to live in cramped

living quarters, thereby increasing the likelihood of spreading

infectious diseases. Conversely, a two-person family with a

youth under 18 years of age could also be affected by the same

time and financial constraints as the large families because

only one working adult would be present to produce income

and to provide access to care.

Education of responsible adult family members

The education of a responsible adult family member may

influence several health characteristics in this report. Persons

in families with higher levels of education are likely to be

more aware of preventive health issues such as nutrition,

smoking, alcohol, drugs, and timely medical intervention.

These differences in health status, hospitalization, and disability may be noted. In addition, higher educational levels are

most likely to correlate with higher income levels and hence

higher levels of health insurance and access to preventive

medicine. The educational level of the responsible adult is

used in this report primarily as an indicator of the socioeconomic status of the family.

Family income

Persons in families with higher incomes are more likely to

have health insurance coverage and better access to care, both

financially and geographically. They also would most likely

have greater access to exercise facilities and nutritional foods,

and hence have better health profiles than persons in lower

income groups.

5
Family living arrangements

This variable may have different effects on the health

characteristics of family members in different age groups.

Persons under 18 years of age include almost all persons in the

category ‘‘living with relative - other’’ and hence is not

germane. Children are covered under youth living arrangements (table 55).

In the older age groups, 65 years and over, persons living

with a relative other than a spouse may do so because of poor

health and an inability to care for themselves. This may be

reflected in the health characteristics shown in this report.

Persons of all ages who live alone regardless of the marital

status may be in worse health because of the lack of social

support and social networks.

Marital status

Many of the health characteristics in this report may be

related to marital status. Persons living with a spouse are

likely to have better health profiles than in the other age

groups primarily because of better lifestyles and higher incomes.

These lifestyle attributes include the probability of having a

more stable home life and better eating habits, as well as

having a mate with whom they can share problems, and who

can provide health care assistance. Because persons living

with a spouse are also family-oriented, they are more likely to

be exposed to the health care industry through pregnancies,

care of children, etc. Married women of childbearing age will

more likely also have higher rates of doctor visits and

hospitalizations. In contrast, widowed persons and separated

and divorced persons may face physical and psychological

problems due to stress related to the termination of their

marriage, and hence have poorer health status and higher rates

of disability days.

Employment status

Employed persons are more likely to have health insurance for their families and hence may have better access to

health care for preventive medical intervention. Persons not in

the work force may have chronic medical conditions, cannot

work, and hence reduce the accessibility of care for their

family members. In this report, employment status is considered a socioeconomic characteristic of an individual family

member and, therefore, may not reflect the employment

characteristics of all members of the family. Nevertheless, it

may reflect the general economic status of family members.

Youth living arrangements

The health characteristics of youths under 25 years of age

and never married may be related to whom they live with.

Those living with both parents may have a more stable

existence, more accessibility to health services, and fewer

psychological problems. They would most likely live in a

family with a higher income and more resources to procure

preventive health care. These factors could influence their

health status and short- and long-term disability.

The socioeconomic characteristics shown in this report

are not intended to be the total panorama of characteristics that

may affect health. They provide a wide range of statistics that

can be used as a starting point for persons to analyze more

specific multivariate effects. If, for instance, the researcher is

interested in examining the relationship between particular

health characteristics and family size and income, this cornerstone data should provide direction.

6
Findings

Family size

Tables 1–9 contain health characteristics of persons by

family size, by age, for all persons, and also separately by

race, sex, and race and sex combined.

Table 1 contains health characteristics of all persons by

family size and age. For persons of all ages, families with one

or two persons had higher percents of activity limitation,

higher percents with fair or poor health status, higher rates of

restricted activity, higher percents of bed disability rates, and

higher utilization of physician services and hospitals. The high

proportion of persons 65 years of age and over (about

84 percent) who reside in one- and two-person families accounts

for the majority of these high rates. Among persons under 18

years of age, higher rates of disability days, activity limitation,

and hospital utilization are reported among those living in

two- person families. In contrast, physician utilization is lower

among persons under 18 years of age living in families of

seven or more persons.

Among persons 18–44 years of age, those in families of

seven or more persons reported low physician utilization, but a

high percent with a short-term hospital episode in the past

year. The percent limited in activity, rates of disability days,

and hospital utilization were all higher among persons 45–64

years of age living in one-person families. For this age group,

the percent reported with fair or poor health status was highest

for those in families of seven or more persons. Persons 65

years of age and over living in families with seven or more

persons also reported a high percent with fair or poor health

status as well as high rates of disability days and a high

number of days per short-term hospital stay. These findings

most likely reflect infirm elderly persons residing with the

families of their offspring. Figure 1 shows the percent of

persons with respondent-assessed health status of fair or poor

by age and family size.

Tables 2–4 contain health characteristics of males, white

males, and black males, respectively, by family size and age.

The health characteristics of males (table 2) parallel the aforementioned findings for all persons, that is high percents of

activity limitations, fair or poor health status, hospital utilization, and high rates of disability days for all males in one- or

two-person families. However the rates for these indexes are

lower for males, in most cases, than for all persons. For males

under 18 years of age, the elevated percents and rates of health

variables for all persons in two-person families are also noted

for males. Because white males make up about 85 percent of

the ‘‘males’’ category (table 3), their health characteristics by

family size and age vary only marginally from the data shown

in table 2. Table 4 contains health characteristics for black

males by family size and age. For black males, the rates of

disability days are higher for those in one- or two-person

families than their white male counterparts. In addition black

males 18–44 years of age reported considerably higher rates of

restricted activity days and work loss days for those living in

families of seven persons or more than did white males of that

age. The trend of high percents of black males with fair or

poor health status and number of disability days was also

evident for those 45–64 years of age. Again the percents for

each of the family sizes were almost double those of white

males 45–64 years of age. Despite overall higher rates of ill

health for black men, the effects of family size other than

those noted varied little by race.

Tables 5–7 contain health characteristics of females, white

females, and black females, respectively, by family size and

age. The health characteristics of females by family size and

age (table 5), indicate high percents of females of all ages with

activity limitation and with fair or poor health status and with

high rates of disability days in one- and two-person families.

All persons White persons Black persons

Race

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Percent

SOURCE: National Health Interview Survey, 1988 90

Living arrangements

Both parents With mother With father

With other relative Other and unknown

Figure 1. Percent of all persons with respondent-assessed health

status of fair or poor, by age and family size: United States,

1988–90

7
Females in one-person families also reported high physician

and hospital utilization. Females under 18 years of age living

in two-person families had high percents of activity limitation,

fair or poor health status, disability days, and hospital utilization. Females 18–44 years old living in one-person families

reported a high percent with activity limitation, whereas

females in families of seven or more persons reported a high

percent with a short-term hospital episode in the past year.

This most likely is related to childbearing. Women 45–64

years of age living in one-person families reported high

percents of activity limitation and physician and hospital

utilization. Data for white females (table 6) are similar to those

for all females. Table 7 contains health characteristics for

black females by family size and age. For black females of all

ages, a higher percent with fair or poor health status was

reported for all five different-sized families than for white

females. There was also a higher rate of disability days

reported among black females of all ages living in one- and

two-person families than among white females. Black females

18–44 years of age reported higher rates of disability days in

all size family groups than did white females 18–44 years of

age. Similar to their male counterparts, however, the pattern of

ill health for black women as it relates to family size, except

where noted, does not appreciably differ from the pattern for

white women.

Tables 8–9 contain health characteristics by family size

and age for white persons and black persons, respectively. The

health characteristics of white persons by family size and age,

(table 8) parallel the data for all persons (table 1). That is,

among persons of all ages, those in one-person and two-person

families reported higher percents with activity limitation,

higher percents with fair or poor health status, higher rates of

disability days, and higher physician and hospital utilization.

For those under 18 years of age, the percents with activity

limitation, disability-day rates, and hospital utilization were all

higher among those in two-person families. Physician utilization was lower in families of seven or more persons. White

persons 45–64 years of age living in one-person families

reported higher percents of activity limitation, higher rates of

disability days, and higher hospital utilization. White persons

65 years of age and over living in families of seven or more

persons reported a higher percent in fair or poor health and

higher rates of disability days. Table 9 presents health characteristics for black persons by family size and age. Black

persons under 18 years of age living in two-person families

had a high percent limited in activity, a high rate of disability

days, and a high number of hospital days per short-term

episode relative to white persons. Black persons 45–64 years

of age living in one-person families reported a high percent

limited in activity, a high rate of disability days, and high

physician utilization relative to white persons.

For all races and both sexes, family size is related to ill

health for children in two-person families and to physician

utilization in families with seven or more persons. In the

former case, it is likely the effects of single-parent households

on children’s health are being included in the family size

category. In the later case, larger families may have limited

resources or limited access to medical care.

Education of responsible adult family

member

Tables 10–18 contain health characteristics of persons by

education of a responsible adult family member (called educational level in this report) and age.

Table 10 contains health characteristics of all persons by

education levels and age. For persons of all ages, those in

families in which the educational level was under 12 years

reported higher percents with activity limitation, fair or poor

health status, higher rates of disability days, and higher

hospital utilization. Conversely, those in families in which the

educational level was 16 years or more reported a higher

percent with a physician visit in the past year and lower rates

for most other health characteristics. Some of these relationships are affected by age because a much higher proportion of

older people are in the less-than-12-years educational category. However, most of these health characteristics are high

in the less-than-12-years educational category regardless of

age. Persons under 18 years of age, 18–44 years, 45–64 years,

and 65 years of age and over all report higher percents with

activity limitation, with fair or poor health status, and with a

hospital episode in the past year for those living in families in

the less-than-12-years educational group. All of the age groups

except those under 18 years of age also reported higher rates

of disability days in the less-than-12-years educational level

group. Figures 2 and 3 show the percents of all persons limited

in activity and with fair or poor health status, respectively, by

age and educational level. Figure 4 presents the rates of

restricted activity days for all persons by age and educational

level.

Tables 11–13 contain health characteristics of males, white

males, and black males, respectively, by education of responsible adult family member and age. The health characteristics

of males, by educational level, follow the same findings for all

SOURCE: National Health Interview Survey, 1988 90

Under 18

years

18 44 years 45 64 years 65 years

or more

Age

0

10

20

30

40

50

Percent

Years of education

Less than 12 years 12 15 years 16 years or more

Figure 2. Percent of all persons limited in activity by age and

educational level of responsible adult family member: United

States, 1988–90

8
persons, that is, high percents of activity limitation and fair or

poor health status among persons in the less-than-12-years

educational level for each of the age groups and high rates of

disability days in the less-than-12-years educational level for

persons in all age groups except those under 18 years of age.

These findings also apply to data for white males (table 12).

Table 13 contains health characteristics for black males by

educational level and age. Black males in families with an

educational level of 12 years or less also reported higher

percents limited in activity and in fair or poor health status in

each of the age groups.

Tables 14–16 contain health characteristics of all females,

white females, and black females, respectively, by education

of responsible adult family member and age. Trends are

similar in all three tables. Among all females, white females,

and black females, the percents of activity limitation and fair

or poor health status were highest among those in the lessthan-12-years educational level in each of the age groups.

Disability days were higher among those in the less-than-12-

years education level group for persons 18–44 years of age

and 45–64 years of age in tables 14–16, and the percent of

persons with a short-term hospital episode in the past year was

higher in the less-than-12-years educational level group for

each of the age groups under 65 years of age.

Tables 17–18 contain health characteristics by education

of responsible adult family member and age for white persons

and black persons, respectively.

Data in these two tables follow the same pattern as

tables 10–16, that is, higher percents of activity limitation and

fair or poor health status in the less-than-12-years education

groups for each of the age groups and higher rates of disability

days in the less-than-12-years educational level group for all

age groups except those under 18 years of age.

Although the actual rates for health characteristics between

the sexes and races may vary, the trend of higher rates of

negative health characteristics among those in families in

which the education of the responsible adult family member is

less than 12 years is evident for both sexes and for white

persons and black persons.

Family income

Tables 19–27 contain health characteristics of persons by

family income, and age, for all persons, and also separately by

race, sex, and race and sex combined.

Table 19 contains health characteristics of all persons by

family income and age. For all ages, the percents limited in

activity, percents with fair or poor health status, rates of

disability days, and hospital utilization were all highest among

persons in the under $10,000 income group for each age

group. Disability days were also highest among persons in the

under $10,000 income group for all age groups except the

under 18 years group. Persons under 18 years of age who were

in the $35,000 or more income group had higher physician

utilization but lower hospital utilization. Figures 5 and 6 show

the percents of all persons limited in activity and with fair or

poor health status, respectively, by age and family income.

Figure 7 presents the rates of restricted activity days for all

persons by age and family income.

Tables 20–22 contain health characteristics of males, white

males, and black males by family income and age. For each of

these categories, the percents of persons reporting activity

limitation and fair or poor health status were all highest in the

under $10,000 family income group for each of the age

classifications. For all males (table 20) and white males

(table 21), rates of disability days were highest in the under

$10,000 family income group for persons in the 18–44 years,

45–64 years, and 65 years of age and over age groups. It is

interesting to note that for all three categories of males,

60 percent of persons 45–64 years with family incomes under

$10,000 were limited in activity and 50 percent or more of

0

10

20

30

40

Percent

SOURCE: National Health Interview Survey, 1988 90

Under 18

years

18 44 years 45 64 years 65 years

or more

Age

Years of education

Less than 12 years 12 15 years 16 years or more

Figure 3. Percent of all persons with respondent-assessed health

status of fair or poor, by age and education of responsible adult

family member: United States, 1988–90

0

10

20

30

40

Days

SOURCE: National Health Interview Survey, 1988 90

Under 18

years

18 44 years 45 64 years 65 years

or more

Age

Years of education

Less than 12 years 12 15 years 16 years or more

Figure 4. Restricted-activity days per person per year for all

persons, by age and educational level of responsible adult family

member: United States, 1988–90

9
them in this category were in fair or poor health. It may be that

health problems restrict their earning ability.

Tables 23–25 contain health characteristics of females,

white females, and black females, respectively, by family

income and age. Although rates and percents of health characteristics among females vary from those reported for males,

the same trends are exhibited. That is, poorer persons (family

income under $10,000) report higher percents with activity

limitation and fair or poor health status in each of the age

groups than do persons in the other family income groups (all

females, white females, and black females (tables 23–25)).

Higher rates of disability days are also reported in tables 23–

25 among those in the under $10,000 family income group for

all age groups except those under 18 years of age. Conversely,

all three categories of females under 18 years of age in the

$35,000 or more family income group report higher percents

with a physician contact in the past year.

Tables 26–27 contain health characteristics by family

income and age for white persons and black persons, respectively. The percents of persons with activity limitation and fair

or poor health status are highest for both white persons and

black persons in families with incomes of under $10,000 for

each of the respective age groups. Hospital utilization is

higher among white persons in the under $10,000 income

group for all age groups under 65 years of age (table 26).

Black persons in families with under $10,000 income have

higher disability rates in each of the age groups (table 27).

Living arrangement

Tables 28–36 contain health characteristics of persons by

living arrangement, by age, for all persons, and also separately

by race, sex, and race and sex combined.

Table 28 contains health characteristics of all persons by

living arrangement and age. For the living arrangement variables, analysis of health characteristics for all ages combined

is not useful because the elderly (65 years and over) made up

approximately one-third of the group living alone or with a

nonrelative. Therefore, the health characteristics for all ages

combined are skewed. Persons 18–44 years of age living with

a spouse reported a lower percent limited in activity than did

those with other living arrangements. Those 45–64 years

living with a spouse reported a lower percent limited in

activity, a fair or poor health status, and a lower rate of

disability days. For persons 65 years and over, the group living

with other relatives reported a higher percent limited in

activity, a fair or poor health status, and a higher rate of

disability days. This probably represents infirm parents living

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Percent

SOURCE: National Health Interview Survey, 1988 90

Under 18

years

18 44 years 45 64 years 65 years

or more

Age

Yearly family income

Under $10,000 $10,000 

$19,999

$20,000 

$34,999

$35,000

or more

Figure 5. Percent of all persons limited in activity, by age and

family income: United States, 1988–90

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Percent

SOURCE: National Health Interview Survey, 1988 90

Under 18

years

18 44 years 45 64 years 65 years

or more

Age

Yearly family income

Under $10,000 $10,000 

$19,999

$20,000 

$34,999

$35,000

or more

Figure 6. Percent of all persons with respondent-assessed health

status of fair or poor, by age and family income: United States,

1988–90

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Days

SOURCE: National Health Interview Survey, 1988 90

Under 18

years

18 44 years 45 64 years 65 years

or more

Age

Yearly family income

Under $10,000 $10,000 

$19,999

$20,000 

$34,999

$35,000

or more

Figure 7. Restricted-activity days per person per year for all

persons, by age and family income: United States, 1988–90

10
with their children. Figure 8 shows the rates of restricted

activity days for all persons by age and living arrangement.

Tables 29–31 contain health characteristics of males, white

males, and black males, respectively, by living arrangements

and age. Living arrangement data in all three tables showed

similar trends. Among all categories of males 18–44 years old,

physician utilization was lower for those living with other

relatives. All three categories of males 45–64 years of age

reported lower percents with activity limitation, fair or poor

health status, and lower rates of disability days among those

living with a spouse. All three groups 65 years and over, also

reported lower percents of activity limitation among those

living with a spouse.

Tables 32–34 contain health characteristics of females,

white females, and black females, respectively, by living

arrangements and age. All three categories of females 18–44

years of age reported lower percents of activity limitation

among those living with a spouse and lower physician utilization among those living with a relative other than a spouse. All

females (table 32), white females (table 33), and black females

(table 34) in the 45–64 years age group reported lower percents of activity limitation and fair or poor health status, as

well as lower rates of restricted-activity and bed-disability

days among those living with a spouse. All three groups of

females 65 years of age and over also reported lower percents

of activity limitation among those living with a spouse.

Tables 35–36 contain health characteristics by living

arrangements and age for white persons and black persons,

respectively. White persons and black persons 18–44 years of

age both reported lower percents of activity limitation among

those living with a spouse. White persons 18–44 years of age

reported lower physician utilization among those living with

other relatives. Both white persons and black persons 45–64

years of age and living with a spouse reported a lower percent

limited in activity, and fair or poor health status, and a lower

rate of restricted-activity and bed-disability days. White persons and black persons 65 years of age and over living with a

spouse also had lower percents limited in activity.

Marital status

Tables 37–45 contain health characteristics of persons 14

years of age and over by marital status, and age, for all

persons, and also separately by race, sex, and race and sex

combined.

Table 37 contains health characteristics by marital status

and age for all persons 14 years of age and over. Among

persons 18–44 years of age, the percents with activity limitation and in fair or poor health status were high for those

widowed, divorced, or separated. Rates of disability days were

also high for widowed, divorced, or separated persons 18–44

years of age. Among persons 45–64 years of age, married

persons had the lowest percents with activity limitation and

with fair or poor health status, whereas those widowed,

divorced, or separated persons reported high rates of disability

days. Restricted-activity and bed-disability rates were higher

among widowed, divorced, or separated persons 65 years of

age and over. Figures 9 and 10 show the percents of all

persons 18 years of age and over, limited in activity, and with

fair or poor health status, respectively, by age and marital

status.

Tables 38–40 contain health characteristics of males, white

males, and black males, respectively, by marital status and

age. The findings are similar for all three tables. For all three

categories of males 18–44 years of age, data for widowed men

are too small for reliability purposes. Among the other marital

statuses, divorced or separated males reported higher percents

of activity limitation, fair or poor health status, higher rates of

disability days, and higher hospital utilization (tables 38–40).

Married men 45–64 years of age had lower percents of activity

limitation and lower rates of fair or poor health compared with

0

10

20

30

40

50

Days

SOURCE: National Health Interview Survey, 1988 90

18 44 years 45 64 years 65 years or more

Age

Living arrangements

Alone or

nonrelative

Living with

spouse

With relative,

other

Figure 8. Restricted-activity days per person per year for all

persons, by age and family living arrangements: United States,

1988–90

0

10

20

30

40

50

Percent

SOURCE: National Health Interview Survey, 1988 90

18 44 years 45 64 years 65 years or more

Age

Marital status

Married Widowed Divorced or

separated

Never married

Figure 9. Percent of persons 18 years of age and over limited in

activity, by age and marital status: United States, 1988–90

11
widowed, divorced, or separated men. These rates are shown

for all men (table 38), white men (table 39), and black men

(table 40).

Tables 41–43 contain health characteristics of females,

white females, and black females, respectively, by marital

status and age. For all three categories of women 18–44 years

of age, widowed, divorced, or separated females reported

higher percents of activity limitation, fair or poor health status,

and fewer disability days. Married women 45–64 years of age

had lower percents of activity limitation, fair or poor health

status, rates of restricted activity, and bed-disability days.

These rates are shown for all women (table 41), white women

(table 42), and black women (table 43). These tables also show

that married women over 65 years of age also had lower

percents of limitations in activity.

Tables 44–45 contain health characteristics by marital

status and age for white persons and black persons, respectively. White persons (table 44) 18–44 years of age who were

widowed, divorced, or separated reported higher percents of

activity limitations, fair or poor health status, and higher rates

of restricted-activity days. Married white persons 45–64 years

of age had lower percents of activity limitations, fair or poor

health status. Rates of restricted-activity days and beddisability days were highest for widowed, divorced, or separated white persons 45–64 years of age. Widowed, divorced,

or separated black persons (table 45) 18–44 years of age had

higher percents of activity limitation, fair or poor health status,

and higher rates of restricted-activity days than those in other

marital status categories. Married black persons 45–64 years

of age reported the lowest percent of activity limitation and

the lowest rates of restricted activity and bed-disability days.

Employment status

Tables 46–54 contain health characteristics of persons 18

years of age and over by employment status and age, for all

persons, and also separately by race, sex, and race and sex

combined.

Table 46 contains health characteristics by employment

status for all persons 18 years of age and over. For each of the

age groups, persons currently employed had the lowest percents of activity limitation, fair or poor health status, disability

days, and hospital utilization. Conversely, those not in the

labor force reported the highest rates and percents for these

health characteristics.

Figures 11 and 12 show the percents of all persons 18

years of age and over, limited in activity and with fair or poor

health status, respectively, by age and current employment

status.

Tables 47–49 contain health characteristics of males, white

males, and black males, respectively, by employment status

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Percent

SOURCE: National Health Interview Survey, 1988 90

18 44 years 45 64 years 65 years or more

Age

Marital status

Married Widowed Divorced or

separated

Never married

Figure 10. Percent of persons 18 years of age and over with

respondent-assessed health status of fair or poor, by age and

marital status: United States 1988–90

0

10

20

30

40

50

Percent

SOURCE: National Health Interview Survey, 1988 90

18 44 years 45 64 years 65 years or more

Age

Employment status

Currently

employed

Currently

unemployed

Not in the

labor force

Figure 11. Percent of persons 18 years of age and over limited in

activity, by age and current employment status: United States,

1988–90

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

Percent

SOURCE: National Health Interview Survey, 1988 90

18 44 years 45 64 years 65 years or more

Age

Employment status

Currently

employed

Currently

unemployed

Not in the

labor force

Figure 12. Percent of persons 18 years of age and over with

respondent-assessed health status of fair or poor, by age and

current employment status: United States, 1988–90

12
and age. For all three tables, the percents limited in activity

and with fair or poor health status are lowest for those

currently employed and highest for persons not in the labor

force for each of the age groups. For all males (table 47) and

white males (table 48), disability-day rates and hospital utilization were lowest for those currently employed and highest

for persons not in the labor force in each of the age groups.

Among black males (table 49), disability days were highest in

all age groups for persons not in the labor force. Tables 50–52

contain health characteristics of females, white females, and

black females, respectively, by employment status and age.

For all females (table 50) and white females (table 51) the

percents limited in activity, fair or poor health status, and

disability days, the rates were lowest among those currently

employed in all age groups. Among black females, currently

employed persons in all age groups reported lower percents

with activity limitation and a health status of fair or poor.

Currently employed black women 45–64 years of age reported

a lower rate of disability days than their counterparts in other

employment statuses.

Tables 53–54 contain health characteristics by employment status and age for white persons and black persons,

respectively. Currently employed white persons (table 53) in

all age groups reported lower percents with activity limitations, fair or poor health status, disability days, and hospital

utilization. White persons not in the labor force had higher

rates and percents of the above health characteristics than

white persons in other employment statuses. Currently employed

black persons in all age groups reported lower percents of

activity limitation and fair or poor health status than those not

in the labor force. Currently employed black persons 45–64

years of age also had the lowest rates of disability days among

the employment status groups.

Youth living arrangements

Table 55 contains health characteristics by youth living

arrangements, sex, race, and by sex and race combined for

persons never married and under 25 years of age. For black

and white youths of both sexes, the percents of limitation in

activity and fair or poor health status were highest for those

living with their mother and not both parents. This was also

true for the rate of school-loss days. The health of males of

All persons White Black

Race

0

2

4

6

8

10

Percent

SOURCE: National Health Interview Survey, 1988 90

Living arrangements

Both parents With mother With father

With other relative Other and unknown

Figure 13. Percents of all persons, males, females, white

persons, and black persons who never married and are under 25

years of age that are limited in activity, by youth living

arrangements: United States, 1988–90

All persons Male Female

Sex

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Percent

SOURCE: National Health Interview Survey, 1988 90

Living arrangements

Both parents With mother With father

With other relative Other and unknown

Figure 14. Percents of all persons, males, females, white

persons, and black persons who never married and are under 25

years of age with respondent-assessed health status of fair or

poor, by youth living arrangements: United States, 1988–90

All persons Male Female

Sex

0

2

4

6

8

10

Percent

SOURCE: National Health Interview Survey, 1988 90

Living arrangements

Both parents With mother With father

With other relative Other and unknown

Figure 15. Percents of all persons, males, and females who never

married and are under 25 years of age with respondent-assessed

health status of fair or poor health, by youth living

arrangements: United States, 1988–90

13
both races was also likely to be affected by living with just

their mother. All persons living with both parents reported low

percents limited in activity and in fair or poor health status. All

categories of female youths who lived with both parents had

lower percents of fair or poor health status. Figures 13–16

show the percents of all persons by race and sex who never

married and are under 25 years of age that were limited in

activity and had fair or poor health status, respectively, by

youth living arrangements.

All persons White person Black person

Race

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

Percent

SOURCE: National Health Interview Survey, 1988 90

Living arrangements

Both parents With mother With father

With other relative Other and unknown

Figure 16. Percents of all persons, white persons and black

persons who never married and are under 25 years of age with

respondent-assessed health status of fair or poor, by youth

living arrangements: United States, 1988–90

14
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Health Interview Survey, 1988. National Center for Health

Statistics. Vital Health Stat 10(173). 1989.

2. Adams PF, Benson V. Current estimates from the National

Health Interview Survey, 1989. National Center for Health

Statistics. Vital Health Stat 10(176). 1990.

3. Adams PF., Benson V. Current estimates from the National

Health Interview Survey. National Center for Health Statistics.

Vital Health Stat 10(181). 1991.

4. Judkins DR, Mosher WD, Botman S. National Survey of

Family Growth; design, estimation and inference. Vital Health

Stat 2(109). 1991.

5. Dawson DA. Family structure and children’s health: United

States, 1988. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health

Stat 10(178). 1991.

6. Dawson DA, Cain VS. Child care arrangements: Health of our

Nation’s children, United States, 1988. Advance data from vital

and health statistics; no. 187. Hyattsville, Maryland: National

Center for Health Statistics. 1990.

7. Overpeck MD, Moss AJ. Children’s exposure to environmental

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16
List of detailed tables

1. Number and percent of health characteristics for all persons, by age, family size, and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

2. Number and percent of health characteristics for males, by

age, family size, and selected health characteristics: United

States, 1988–90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

3. Number and percent of health characteristics for white

males, by age, family size, and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

4. Number and percent of health characteristics for black

males, by age, family size, and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

5. Number and percent of health characteristics for females,

by age, family size, and selected health characteristics:

United States, 1988–90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

6. Number and percent of health characteristics for white

females, by age, family size, and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

7. Number and percent of health characteristics for black

females, by age, family size, and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

8. Number and percent of health characteristics for white

persons, by age, family size, and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

9. Number and percent of health characteristics for black

persons, by age, family size, and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

10. Number and percent of health characteristics for all persons, by age, education of responsible adult family member, and selected health characteristics: United States,

1988–90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

11. Number and percent of health characteristics for males,

by age, education of responsible adult family member,

and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–

90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

12. Number and percent of health characteristics for white

males, by age, education of responsible adult family

member, and selected health characteristics: United States,

1988–90. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

13. Number and percent of health characteristics for black

males, by age, education of responsible adult family

member, and selected health characteristics: United States,

1988–90. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

14. Number and percent of health characteristics for females,

by age, education of responsible adult family member,

and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–

90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

15. Number and percent of health characteristics for white

females, by age, education of responsible adult family

member, and selected health characteristics: United States,

1988–90.................................... 33

16. Number and percent of health characteristics for black

females, by age, education of responsible adult family

member, and selected health characteristics: United States,

1988–90.................................... 34

17. Number and percent of health characteristics for white

persons, by age, education of responsible adult family

member, and selected health characteristics: United States,

1988–90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

18. Number and percent of health characteristics for black

persons, by age, education of responsible adult family

member, and selected health characteristics: United States,

1988–90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

19. Number and percent of health characteristics for all persons, by age, family income, and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

20. Number and percent of health characteristics for males, by

age, family income, and selected health characteristics:

United States, 1988–90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

21. Number and percent of health characteristics for white

males, by age, family income, and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

22. Number and percent of health characteristics for black

males, by age, family income, and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

23. Number and percent of health characteristics for females,

by age, family income, and selected health characteristics:

United States, 1988–90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

24. Number and percent of health characteristics for white

females, by age, family income, and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

25. Number and percent of health characteristics for black

females, by age, family income, and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43

26. Number and percent of health characteristics for white

persons, by age, family income, and type of health characteristics: United States, 1988–90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

27. Number and percent of health characteristics for black

persons, by age, family income, and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45

28. Number and percent of health characteristics for all persons, by age, living arrangement, and selected health

characteristics: United States, 1988–90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

29. Number and percent of health characteristics for males, by

age, living arrangement, and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

30. Number and percent of health characteristics for white

males, by age, living arrangement, and selected health

characteristics: United States, 1988–90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

31. Number and percent of health characteristics for black

males, by age, living arrangement, and selected health

characteristics: United States, 1988–90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

32. Number and percent of health characteristics for females,

by age, living arrangement, and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

33. Number and percent of health characteristics for white

females, by age, living arrangement, and selected health

characteristics: United States, 1988–90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51

17
34. Number and percent of health characteristics for black

females, by age, living arrangement, and selected health

characteristics: United States, 1988–90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

35. Number and percent of health characteristics for white

persons, by age, living arrangement, and selected health

characteristics: United States, 1988–90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

36. Number and percent of health characteristics for black

persons, by age, living arrangement, and selected health

characteristics: United States, 1988–90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

37. Number and percent of health characteristics for all persons 14 years of age and over, by age, marital status, and

selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90. . . 55

38. Number and percent of health characteristics for males 14

years of age and over, by age, marital status, and selected

health characteristics: United States, 1988–90 . . . . . . . . . 56

39. Number and percent of health characteristics for white

males 14 years of age and over, by age, marital status, and

selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90. . . 57

40. Number and percent of health characteristics for black

males 14 years of age and over, by age, marital status, and

selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90. . . 58

41. Number and percent of health characteristics for females

14 years of age and over, by age, marital status, and

selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90. . . 59

42. Number and percent of health characteristics for white

females 14 years of age and over, by age, marital status,

and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–

90. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

43. Number and percent of health characteristics for black

females 14 years of age and over, by age, marital status,

and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–

90. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

44. Number and percent of health characteristics for white

persons 14 years of age and over, by age, marital status,

and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–

90. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

45. Number and percent of health characteristics for black

persons 14 years of age and over, by age, marital status,

and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–

90. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

46. Number and percent of health characteristics for all persons 18 years of age and over, by age, employment status,

and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–

90. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

47. Number and percent of health characteristics for males 18

years of age and over, by age, employment status, and

selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90. . . 65

48. Number and percent of health characteristics for white

males 18 years of age and over, by age, employment

status, and selected health characteristics: United States,

1988–90 .................................... 66

49. Number and percent of health characteristics for black

males 18 years of age and over, by age, employment

status, and selected health characteristics: United States,

1988–90 .................................... 67

50. Number and percent of health characteristics for females

18 years of age and over, by age, employment status, and

selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90. . . 68

51. Number and percent of health characteristics for white

females 18 years of age and over, by age, employment

status, and selected health characteristics: United States,

1988–90 .................................... 69

52. Number and percent of health characteristics for black

females 18 years of age and over, by age, employment

status, and selected health characteristics: United States,

1988–90 .................................... 70

53. Number and percent of health characteristics for white

persons 18 years of age and over, by age, employment

status, and selected health characteristics: United States,

1988–90 .................................... 71

54. Number and percent of health characteristics for black

persons 18 years of age and over, by age, employment

status, and selected health characteristics: United States,

1988–90 .................................... 72

55. Number and percent of health characteristics for persons

never married and under 25 years of age, by sex, race,

living arrangement, and selected health characteristics:

United States, 1988–90 ......................... 73

18
of health characteristics for all persons, by age, family size, and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90

pulation

ousands)1

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity

days per

person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person

per year

Work-loss

days per

person per

year2

School-loss

days per

person per

year3

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital episode

in the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital stays

per year

Incidence of

all acute

conditions per

100 persons

per year

3,506 13.8 9.6 14.9 6.3 5.4 5.1 76.2 5.5 8.1 8.0 176.1

29075 24.4 14.8 23.0 9.1 5.5 *3.8 78.4 7.4 10.0 10.7 167.058674 20.6 15.2 19.2 8.1 5.7 7.2 78.9 6.7 9.5 9.5 136.8

04741 9.9 6.8 12.3 5.2 5.2 5.1 76.2 5.0 7.5 6.6 193.341827 8.0 5.9 11.0 5.1 5.2 5.0 72.5 4.0 6.5 6.3 199.4

9189 8.4 7.6 9.6 4.9 5.4 4.2 67.2 3.0 6.7 7.0 155.4

4,074 5.2 2.6 9.6 4.5 . . . 5.1 79.9 4.4 3.5 7.1 281.2

84 *6.0 *3.6 9.5 *1.7 . . . *3.8 85.7 *3.7 *6.0 *3.8 *222.6

2679 7.9 3.8 12.3 6.0 . . . 7.2 82.5 5.5 4.8 11.4 303.8

35477 5.1 2.4 10.0 4.5 . . . 5.1 83.3 5.0 3.7 6.8 302.8

20768 5.0 2.6 9.2 4.6 . . . 5.0 76.3 3.8 3.1 6.5 262.8

5067 4.8 3.7 6.9 3.6 . . . 4.2 69.7 2.4 3.1 8.3 194.8

4,114 8.8 5.7 11.7 4.6 5.2 . . . 71.4 4.8 8.1 5.5 159.9

13725 10.4 4.8 13.4 5.1 5.2 . . . 73.4 5.6 4.8 8.0 206.320109 9.2 5.5 12.8 5.0 5.6 . . . 74.0 5.6 5.2 6.8 170.6

50054 8.4 5.6 11.2 4.3 5.1 . . . 71.6 4.6 9.4 5.1 151.5

17010 8.3 6.7 10.9 4.6 5.0 . . . 68.1 4.0 9.7 5.3 143.4

3217 8.9 8.4 9.8 4.4 5.2 . . . 62.4 3.5 11.3 4.8 110.9

6,091 22.1 16.3 19.2 7.9 5.7 . . . 75.5 6.2 8.8 9.5 112.0

5983 30.4 19.8 28.8 11.9 6.6 . . . 76.9 8.3 10.5 11.5 150.3

20116 22.8 16.3 19.2 7.7 5.8 . . . 78.0 6.5 9.2 9.0 110.8

15815 18.8 14.7 16.1 6.6 5.3 . . . 73.4 5.4 7.9 9.1 100.9

3442 19.0 16.4 17.2 7.4 6.1 . . . 70.0 4.8 8.0 9.4 108.2

734 23.7 23.4 17.7 9.1 6.3 . . . 67.8 4.1 9.1 12.1 89.2

9,227 37.6 28.4 31.2 14.1 6.4 . . . 85.7 8.9 16.8 11.5 105.0

9283 41.2 26.6 33.7 13.5 4.6 . . . 86.7 9.4 17.3 11.5 119.1

15769 34.6 27.8 28.6 12.8 6.6 . . . 85.7 8.6 16.2 10.9 98.5

3395 40.3 33.9 33.4 19.0 7.8 . . . 83.4 8.8 17.0 13.7 94.5

607 42.3 35.6 41.4 22.3 *14.2 . . . 84.5 10.9 21.3 12.0 114.0

172 40.1 43.0 53.3 32.6 *13.2 . . . 83.1 5.8 15.7 16.6 *110.5

ity or precision.

k.

years of age.
of health characteristics for males, by age, family size, and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90

pulation

ousands)1

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity

days per

person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person

per year

Work-loss

days per

person per

year2

School-loss

days per

person per

year3

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital episode

in the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital stays

per year

Incidence of

all acute

conditions per

100 persons

per year

8,010 13.3 8.6 13.0 5.3 4.9 4.8 70.6 4.6 6.5 9.2 161.7

2,508 18.7 11.3 17.0 6.5 5.2 5.7 68.6 5.5 7.8 11.4 150.3

7,988 21.2 15.0 17.7 7.2 4.9 6.2 73.5 5.9 9.9 10.1 114.5

2,057 10.1 6.1 11.1 4.5 4.7 4.9 70.9 4.3 5.3 8.0 181.7

0,916 8.5 5.3 10.0 4.4 4.8 4.7 68.8 3.6 4.5 7.5 188.4

4,541 8.5 6.9 8.2 4.0 4.7 3.9 63.1 2.5 4.0 10.6 131.52,788 6.0 2.5 9.4 4.2 . . . 4.8 79.7 4.5 3.7 6.7 278.9

39 *5.1 *2.6 *9.2 *0.9 . . . *5.7 84.6 *2.8 *2.6 *5.0 *192.3

1,348 8.4 3.3 11.5 5.4 . . . 6.2 81.7 5.6 5.1 10.7 298.4

8,284 5.9 2.3 9.9 4.3 . . . 4.9 83.0 5.1 4.0 6.1 301.6

0,571 6.1 2.5 8.9 4.2 . . . 4.7 76.2 4.0 3.2 6.7 261.92,546 5.2 3.7 6.4 3.0 . . . 3.9 69.2 2.4 2.9 9.2 177.0

1,013 8.8 4.8 9.9 3.6 4.5 . . . 61.6 3.4 4.3 7.5 131.9

8,012 10.0 4.5 12.3 4.3 4.9 . . . 65.2 4.3 4.4 9.0 174.79,306 8.8 4.6 10.1 3.5 4.3 . . . 62.4 3.6 3.8 8.1 129.0

3,924 8.5 4.5 9.3 3.3 4.5 . . . 61.3 3.3 4.3 7.0 127.4

8,235 8.6 5.8 9.5 3.9 4.5 . . . 59.6 2.9 4.8 7.1 117.51,536 9.0 6.7 7.5 3.1 3.9 . . . 52.3 2.4 4.0 8.1 71.9

2,059 21.6 15.7 17.2 6.8 5.5 . . . 70.7 5.4 9.1 9.8 95.7

2,444 29.1 19.8 24.2 10.0 6.5 . . . 69.1 6.6 10.1 12.4 113.89,142 23.1 16.2 17.7 6.8 5.3 . . . 73.5 5.9 9.8 9.5 96.68,223 18.4 13.7 15.2 6.1 5.3 . . . 69.7 4.8 8.3 9.1 90.71,875 18.1 15.3 14.7 5.1 5.7 . . . 65.9 3.9 8.0 9.0 94.1

375 22.9 22.7 16.6 8.0 7.0 . . . 61.3 3.5 9.1 16.7 74.9

2,150 36.9 28.4 28.1 13.0 7.1 . . . 83.7 8.7 18.1 11.7 90.5

2,013 41.1 28.0 27.1 11.2 *4.6 . . . 81.4 9.3 18.8 13.1 96.98,192 35.3 27.4 27.2 12.2 6.7 . . . 84.9 8.5 17.8 11.0 87.71,626 39.1 32.1 31.0 17.1 8.9 . . . 80.8 8.8 18.5 13.9 92.6

235 41.3 36.2 42.1 22.6 *19.2 . . . 80.9 10.3 23.8 10.5 *120.0

84 36.9 40.5 39.4 29.7 *19.8 . . . 81.0 *4.9 *14.3 *15.0 *96.4

ity or precision.

k.

years of age.
of health characteristics for white males, by age, family size, and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90

ulation

ousands)

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity

days per

person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person

per year

Work-loss

days per

person per

year1

School-loss

days per

person per

year2

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital episode

in the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital stays

per year

Incidence of

all acute

conditions per

100 persons

per year

,985 13.4 8.2 13.0 5.2 4.7 5.0 71.3 4.8 6.6 9.1 167.3

,535 18.4 10.2 16.3 6.1 4.9 6.8 68.8 5.5 7.8 11.1 152.7,005 21.5 14.6 17.7 7.2 4.8 6.7 74.2 6.0 10.2 10.1 115.7

4,487 10.1 5.5 11.0 4.4 4.6 5.1 71.5 4.4 5.3 7.7 188.1

,921 8.3 4.6 9.9 4.3 4.5 4.7 69.6 3.8 4.5 7.2 201.4,037 7.8 5.6 8.6 4.0 4.1 4.7 62.6 2.8 3.9 11.4 147.4,500 6.0 2.1 9.8 4.3 . . . 5.0 80.8 4.8 3.8 6.6 298.7

29 *3.4 *3.4 *10.7 *– . . . *6.8 79.3 *3.8 *3.4 *2.0 *203.4

945 8.8 2.8 12.6 6.0 . . . 6.7 82.4 5.8 5.3 11.6 329.2

,262 6.0 1.9 10.3 4.3 . . . 5.1 84.1 5.3 4.1 6.0 319.7,574 6.0 2.1 9.0 4.2 . . . 4.7 77.1 4.3 3.2 6.4 277.8

,691 5.1 3.3 7.6 3.4 . . . 4.7 68.6 2.7 3.1 9.8 199.0

3,226 8.8 4.3 9.8 3.4 4.3 . . . 62.4 3.5 4.4 7.3 137.4

,746 10.2 3.9 12.3 4.2 4.7 . . . 65.8 4.3 4.4 9.0 181.1

,024 8.6 4.0 9.9 3.3 4.1 . . . 63.3 3.6 3.8 8.2 134.3

,680 8.5 4.2 9.2 3.2 4.3 . . . 62.1 3.4 4.4 6.6 131.0,714 8.4 5.2 9.5 3.8 4.2 . . . 60.5 3.0 4.8 7.0 126.3

,062 7.8 5.3 7.2 2.8 3.4 . . . 52.7 2.7 3.6 7.8 80.1

,316 21.1 14.5 16.6 6.5 5.3 . . . 70.9 5.4 9.1 9.5 98.0

,021 27.6 17.6 21.5 8.8 6.4 . . . 68.2 6.4 9.9 11.8 116.0

,378 22.9 15.4 17.5 6.8 5.2 . . . 73.8 5.9 9.9 9.2 98.3

7,205 18.0 12.6 14.7 5.8 5.0 . . . 69.7 4.8 8.2 9.0 91.1

,473 17.2 13.3 14.1 4.8 5.6 . . . 65.6 3.9 7.9 8.5 107.1

238 21.0 19.3 14.0 7.2 *6.1 . . . 59.2 3.8 9.2 20.6 *88.7

0,943 36.2 27.0 26.9 12.4 6.7 . . . 84.0 8.7 18.0 11.5 89.2

,739 39.7 26.3 25.6 10.4 *3.0 . . . 81.4 9.3 18.3 12.6 84.4

7,658 34.9 26.4 26.6 11.8 6.9 . . . 85.0 8.5 17.7 10.9 88.9

,341 38.3 30.2 28.8 15.9 7.6 . . . 81.3 8.8 18.6 13.3 91.7

160 45.0 36.9 38.7 24.3 *13.3 . . . 84.4 9.3 25.6 10.8 *126.9

45 40.0 31.1 47.5 37.7 *30.8 . . . 86.7 *5.4 *15.6 *14.1 *113.3

ity or precision.

bility or precision and quantity zero.

years of age.
of health characteristics for black males, by age, family size, and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90

ulation

ousands)

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity

days per

person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person

per year

Work-loss

days per

person per

year1

School-loss

days per

person per

year2

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital episode

in the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital stays

per year

Incidence of

all acute

conditions per

100 persons

per year

3,938 13.9 12.4 14.3 6.5 6.7 4.3 68.0 3.9 6.2 10.6 127.1

,543 23.5 18.6 23.3 9.8 7.3 *– 69.8 5.7 9.3 13.6 124.8

,386 19.9 20.0 18.3 8.0 6.2 5.6 70.2 5.2 8.3 11.3 103.4

,852 11.0 9.8 12.5 5.9 6.5 4.3 68.1 3.7 5.4 9.8 137.9

3,056 10.8 9.0 11.6 5.4 6.9 4.9 66.3 3.0 4.9 8.9 132.9

,101 11.2 10.7 9.3 4.8 7.9 *2.5 65.5 2.2 4.9 9.7 108.0

,056 6.6 4.8 8.3 4.2 . . . 4.3 75.0 3.2 3.7 7.9 190.0

*4.0 *– *– *– *– . . . *– *100.0 *– *– *– *–

375 7.5 4.5 9.1 *4.1 . . . 5.6 80.5 4.2 4.8 *8.7 226.9

,412 6.4 5.0 8.6 4.4 . . . 4.3 77.0 3.7 3.8 7.2 196.7

,604 7.0 4.6 9.4 4.8 . . . 4.9 72.3 2.7 3.7 8.6 192.4

660 6.1 4.5 4.5 *2.5 . . . *2.5 70.8 1.9 2.9 *8.3 139.8

,786 10.1 8.5 11.5 4.9 6.4 . . . 58.2 3.1 4.6 9.0 99.2

919 10.4 7.8 13.3 5.2 7.0 . . . 63.8 3.9 4.9 9.8 138.5

955 10.7 9.9 11.8 5.2 6.4 . . . 58.4 3.5 3.9 8.4 92.1

,456 8.8 7.2 11.2 4.8 5.9 . . . 57.5 3.0 4.4 9.9 106.4

,138 11.1 9.4 10.2 4.6 6.3 . . . 56.6 2.5 4.9 7.2 66.3

319 13.8 12.2 11.8 *5.4 8.0 . . . 53.0 2.0 6.3 *9.5 *68.0

,106 27.4 26.8 24.1 10.2 7.4 . . . 71.8 5.6 9.8 12.5 72.5

379 38.0 32.2 38.2 16.3 6.5 . . . 76.5 8.2 11.6 15.5 88.1

611 26.4 26.7 20.1 7.5 6.1 . . . 72.0 5.3 9.0 14.1 71.5

755 22.8 23.2 21.1 9.7 8.6 . . . 70.6 4.8 9.9 9.8 70.7266 26.3 26.7 21.3 8.0 7.7 . . . 69.5 5.3 9.0 11.9 *69.9

95 30.5 33.7 25.5 *11.9 *8.2 . . . 66.3 *3.9 *10.5 *9.9 *36.8

990 44.3 44.0 39.8 19.2 9.7 . . . 81.9 9.4 20.4 13.3 85.8

242 50.4 38.4 38.2 17.2 *19.1 . . . 81.0 9.0 22.7 15.1 131.4

445 41.6 45.4 37.5 17.8 *4.4 . . . 84.5 9.7 19.8 11.3 67.4

229 43.2 45.0 40.4 20.7 *5.7 . . . 78.6 8.7 18.3 15.2 *79.5

48 45.8 45.8 64.3 *29.5 *42.3 . . . 77.1 14.8 *25.0 *11.3 *75.0

27 *37.0 59.3 *41.5 *28.8 *– . . . 77.8 *5.7 *18.5 *16.2 *48.1

bility or precision and quantity zero.

ity or precision.

years of age.
of health characteristics for females, by age, family size, and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90

pulation

ousands)1

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity

days per

person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person

per year

Work-loss

days per

person per

year2

School-loss

days per

person per

year3

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital episode

in the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital stays

per year

Incidence of

all acute

conditions per

100 persons

per year

5,496 14.3 10.6 16.7 7.3 6.0 5.4 81.4 6.2 9.6 7.3 189.7

6,567 28.6 17.5 27.6 11.1 5.8 *2.0 85.8 8.7 11.6 10.4 179.60,685 20.1 15.3 20.6 8.9 6.6 8.2 83.8 7.5 9.1 8.9 157.2

2,684 9.7 7.5 13.4 5.8 5.7 5.3 81.5 5.7 9.7 5.9 204.7

0,912 7.6 6.4 12.0 5.8 5.9 5.4 76.3 4.5 8.4 5.7 210.3

4,648 8.3 8.3 11.0 5.8 6.6 4.6 71.3 3.4 9.3 5.5 178.81,286 4.3 2.7 9.8 4.8 . . . 5.4 80.2 4.3 3.3 7.5 283.7

45 *6.7 *6.7 *9.6 *2.4 . . . *2.0 86.7 *4.5 *8.9 *3.5 *248.9

1,331 7.4 4.3 13.1 6.5 . . . 8.2 83.2 5.4 4.5 12.3 309.2

7,193 4.3 2.5 10.1 4.7 . . . 5.3 83.7 4.9 3.4 7.6 304.1

0,197 4.0 2.7 9.5 5.0 . . . 5.4 76.3 3.5 3.0 6.3 263.82,521 4.4 3.7 7.4 4.2 . . . 4.6 70.1 2.4 3.3 7.5 212.8

3,101 8.8 6.6 13.5 5.6 6.1 . . . 80.9 6.2 11.7 4.8 186.7

5,713 11.0 5.2 14.9 6.0 5.6 . . . 85.0 7.4 5.3 6.9 250.80,803 9.5 6.4 15.2 6.3 6.9 . . . 84.0 7.4 6.3 6.1 206.4

6,130 8.3 6.5 13.0 5.2 5.8 . . . 80.9 5.9 14.0 4.5 173.68,775 8.0 7.6 12.2 5.2 5.8 . . . 76.1 5.0 14.3 4.7 167.71,680 8.8 9.9 11.9 5.7 6.9 . . . 71.5 4.5 18.0 4.1 146.6

4,032 22.7 16.9 21.0 8.9 6.0 . . . 79.9 7.0 8.6 9.2 126.9

3,540 31.4 19.8 32.0 13.2 6.6 . . . 82.2 9.4 10.8 11.0 175.50,975 22.5 16.5 20.4 8.5 6.3 . . . 81.8 7.1 8.6 8.6 122.77,592 19.3 15.7 17.1 7.1 5.3 . . . 77.4 6.1 7.5 9.1 111.91,567 20.1 17.6 20.2 10.2 6.8 . . . 74.9 5.7 8.2 9.8 125.0

359 24.5 24.2 18.9 10.3 *5.1 . . . 74.7 4.7 9.2 7.3 104.2

7,077 38.1 28.4 33.4 14.8 5.4 . . . 87.2 9.1 15.8 11.3 115.2

7,269 41.3 26.2 35.5 14.1 4.6 . . . 88.2 9.5 16.9 11.0 125.37,577 34.0 28.3 30.0 13.5 6.2 . . . 86.6 8.6 14.5 10.8 110.21,769 41.5 35.6 35.6 20.8 *5.1 . . . 85.9 8.8 15.6 13.4 96.2

373 42.9 35.4 40.9 22.0 *8.2 . . . 86.3 11.3 19.6 13.1 110.2

88 43.2 45.5 66.6 35.5 *– . . . 84.1 *6.7 17.0 17.8 *125.0

ity or precision.

bility or precision and quantity zero.

k.

years of age.
of health characteristics for white females, by age, family size, and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90

ulation

ousands)

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity

days per

person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person

per year

Work-loss

days per

person per

year1

School-loss

days per

person per

year2

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital episode

in the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital stays

per year

Incidence of

all acute

conditions per

100 persons

per year

5,246 14.4 9.8 16.5 7.0 5.8 5.6 81.9 6.4 9.6 7.3 196.2

4,467 28.5 16.5 26.9 10.5 5.4 *2.8 86.1 8.7 11.8 10.4 182.7

6,938 20.2 14.7 20.3 8.6 6.4 8.2 84.0 7.6 9.2 8.9 154.5

4,234 9.5 6.6 13.0 5.6 5.4 5.5 81.9 5.9 9.6 5.7 213.5

6,558 7.1 5.3 11.6 5.5 5.6 5.7 76.9 4.6 8.3 5.6 227.63,050 7.6 6.6 11.4 6.2 6.9 5.1 71.1 3.7 8.6 5.5 205.65,146 4.4 2.3 10.3 5.0 . . . 5.6 81.2 4.6 3.2 7.5 306.0

31 *6.5 *6.5 *14.0 *3.5 . . . *2.8 90.3 *4.3 *9.7 *2.7 *303.2

920 7.4 3.6 13.3 6.7 . . . 8.2 83.5 5.7 4.8 10.7 332.7

4,305 4.4 2.1 10.5 4.8 . . . 5.5 84.5 5.2 3.4 7.8 320.38,180 4.0 2.3 10.0 5.2 . . . 5.7 77.3 3.8 2.9 6.5 290.2

1,711 4.1 2.9 8.6 4.8 . . . 5.1 70.1 2.8 2.8 7.7 248.3

4,057 8.8 5.8 13.1 5.3 5.8 . . . 81.4 6.4 11.5 4.7 193.44,830 11.2 4.6 14.6 5.8 5.4 . . . 85.7 7.6 5.1 6.7 262.59,094 9.6 5.6 15.1 6.0 6.6 . . . 84.5 7.6 6.0 5.8 209.2

2,074 8.2 5.8 12.5 5.0 5.5 . . . 81.2 6.0 14.0 4.4 180.06,972 7.8 6.4 11.4 4.7 5.5 . . . 76.3 5.1 14.3 4.7 173.41,088 8.5 8.2 11.7 5.7 7.3 . . . 71.1 4.9 17.2 3.9 156.30,680 21.8 15.0 19.8 8.1 5.8 . . . 79.9 7.0 8.5 9.1 128.12,991 30.1 17.2 30.1 12.1 5.7 . . . 81.9 9.2 10.9 11.3 183.19,940 22.0 15.2 19.6 8.1 6.2 . . . 81.8 7.1 8.7 8.6 119.66,400 18.2 13.6 15.6 5.9 5.1 . . . 77.0 6.1 7.1 8.7 115.6

1,148 17.6 14.5 17.7 8.5 6.5 . . . 74.5 5.4 7.8 9.5 129.5

201 22.4 20.9 17.1 *9.0 *4.8 . . . 75.6 4.2 8.5 *5.9 *117.4

5,364 37.2 26.9 32.2 14.0 5.1 . . . 87.2 9.0 15.8 11.1 115.76,616 40.6 24.9 34.6 13.2 4.1 . . . 88.2 9.4 17.1 11.0 123.76,984 33.0 27.1 29.1 13.0 5.9 . . . 86.6 8.5 14.4 10.6 109.31,455 41.2 33.3 33.8 19.8 *4.9 . . . 86.1 8.8 16.0 13.0 103.6

259 41.3 32.4 39.8 22.7 *11.0 . . . 86.1 11.1 20.8 12.3 141.7

50 46.0 42.0 80.6 51.3 *– . . . 88.0 *7.8 *22.0 *21.5 *172.0

ity or precision.

bility or precision and quantity zero.

years of age.
of health characteristics for black females, by age, family size, and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90

ulation

ousands)

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity

days per

person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person

per year

Work-loss

days per

person per

year1

School-loss

days per

person per

year2

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital episode

in the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital stays

per year

Incidence of

all acute

conditions per

100 persons

per year

,944 15.1 15.9 19.6 9.4 8.4 4.8 79.9 5.4 10.0 7.7 157.1

,695 32.1 27.3 35.2 16.4 9.8 *– 85.8 9.2 10.9 10.5 144.7

3,096 20.6 21.4 24.7 11.6 9.0 7.9 83.5 7.1 9.3 9.9 175.9

,651 11.4 13.2 17.0 8.1 7.9 4.8 80.4 4.8 10.3 7.1 161.7

3,296 10.4 11.7 14.8 7.6 7.7 4.4 75.5 4.2 9.2 6.4 144.9

,207 10.9 13.1 11.8 5.7 7.6 4.0 71.2 2.9 11.1 5.5 133.9

4,912 4.5 5.0 7.9 4.1 . . . 4.8 75.9 3.0 4.0 7.6 192.0

*9 *11.1 *– *– *– . . . *– *88.9 *6.1 *11.1 *7.0 *200.0

388 7.2 5.2 12.5 6.3 . . . 7.9 82.0 4.7 4.1 16.4 248.2

,336 4.1 4.7 8.2 4.1 . . . 4.8 79.2 3.4 4.0 7.5 222.8

,560 4.0 4.9 7.4 4.0 . . . 4.4 72.4 2.5 3.5 6.0 155.0

618 5.5 6.0 5.2 3.0 . . . 4.0 68.3 1.7 4.9 *6.0 134.0

6,964 9.6 12.0 17.1 7.7 8.4 . . . 80.1 5.4 13.2 5.7 158.5

640 9.5 9.2 18.2 8.4 7.8 . . . 83.4 7.0 6.7 8.8 173.4

,375 9.2 11.7 16.9 8.4 9.7 . . . 82.6 6.4 8.8 7.5 195.8

3,139 9.3 11.6 17.3 7.4 8.2 . . . 80.4 5.0 14.7 5.4 146.1

,357 10.2 13.3 17.3 8.1 7.8 . . . 77.7 5.0 14.9 5.0 146.3

453 11.0 15.2 14.2 6.3 7.7 . . . 73.1 3.8 19.6 4.6 145.7

,605 31.1 31.5 33.1 16.1 8.4 . . . 82.6 7.5 9.6 10.2 112.2

469 40.1 35.4 44.9 19.0 13.7 . . . 85.7 11.2 10.7 9.3 109.0

820 29.8 31.3 30.6 13.7 7.6 . . . 83.9 7.1 8.3 9.5 142.3

908 27.2 30.1 30.3 15.9 6.6 . . . 81.6 6.3 10.1 11.2 89.2300 32.0 30.0 32.4 18.7 *7.6 . . . 79.0 7.1 10.0 10.4 110.0109 31.2 33.0 25.8 *15.1 *7.5 . . . 76.1 *5.3 *11.0 *9.8 *96.3

,463 49.1 44.0 47.0 23.3 *8.4 . . . 87.1 10.2 15.7 13.2 113.5

577 50.8 41.1 46.7 23.5 *9.3 . . . 88.4 10.0 15.8 11.8 140.9

512 47.1 43.9 45.7 20.9 *9.9 . . . 86.5 10.6 16.2 12.7 121.7

268 46.6 48.1 46.4 26.3 *5.4 . . . 86.2 9.5 13.8 16.4 *58.2

79 58.2 48.1 53.0 27.9 *– . . . 87.3 12.2 20.3 17.4 *55.7

26 *50.0 61.5 *70.6 *21.5 *– . . . 84.6 *7.0 *11.5 *9.0 *88.5

bility or precision and quantity zero.

ity or precision.

years of age.
of health characteristics for white persons, by age, family size, and type of health characteristics: United States, 1988–90

ulation

ousands)

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity

days per

person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person

per year

Work-loss

days per

person per

year1

School-loss

days per

person per

year2

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital episode

in the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital stays

per year

Incidence of

all acute

conditions per

100 persons

per year

5,231 13.9 9.0 14.8 6.1 5.1 5.3 76.7 5.6 8.1 8.0 182.1

5,002 24.2 13.9 22.4 8.6 5.1 *4.8 78.8 7.4 10.1 10.6 170.1

1,943 20.8 14.6 19.0 7.9 5.6 7.4 79.3 6.8 9.6 9.5 135.8

8,721 9.8 6.1 12.0 5.0 4.9 5.3 76.7 5.1 7.5 6.4 200.8

3,479 7.7 5.0 10.8 4.9 4.9 5.1 73.2 4.2 6.4 6.2 214.46,086 7.7 6.1 10.0 5.1 5.2 4.9 66.9 3.3 6.3 7.3 176.61,646 5.2 2.2 10.0 4.6 . . . 5.3 81.0 4.7 3.5 7.0 302.3

59 *5.1 *5.1 *12.6 *1.9 . . . *4.8 86.4 *4.1 *6.8 *2.5 *259.3

1,864 8.1 3.2 12.9 6.4 . . . 7.4 83.0 5.8 5.0 11.2 331.1

9,567 5.2 2.0 10.4 4.6 . . . 5.3 84.3 5.2 3.7 6.8 320.0

6,753 5.0 2.2 9.5 4.7 . . . 5.1 77.2 4.0 3.1 6.5 283.93,402 4.6 3.1 8.1 4.1 . . . 4.9 69.3 2.7 3.0 8.7 223.87,282 8.8 5.0 11.5 4.3 5.0 . . . 72.0 4.9 8.0 5.4 165.71,576 10.6 4.2 13.3 4.8 5.0 . . . 74.1 5.7 4.7 7.9 215.0

7,118 9.1 4.8 12.7 4.7 5.4 . . . 74.6 5.8 5.0 6.7 174.1

2,753 8.4 5.0 10.9 4.1 4.9 . . . 72.0 4.7 9.3 4.9 156.3

3,686 8.1 5.8 10.5 4.2 4.7 . . . 68.6 4.1 9.7 5.2 150.32,150 8.2 6.7 9.4 4.3 4.9 . . . 62.1 3.8 10.5 4.6 118.79,996 21.5 14.7 18.2 7.3 5.5 . . . 75.5 6.2 8.8 9.3 113.65,012 29.1 17.4 26.6 10.8 6.0 . . . 76.4 8.1 10.5 11.5 156.0

8,319 22.4 15.3 18.7 7.5 5.7 . . . 78.1 6.6 9.3 8.9 109.9

3,605 18.1 13.1 15.1 5.9 5.1 . . . 73.2 5.4 7.7 8.9 102.62,621 17.4 13.8 15.6 6.5 5.9 . . . 69.5 4.5 7.9 8.9 116.9

439 21.6 19.8 15.4 8.0 5.7 . . . 67.0 4.0 8.9 14.2 101.8

6,306 36.8 26.9 30.0 13.3 6.0 . . . 85.9 8.8 16.7 11.3 104.78,355 40.4 25.2 32.7 12.6 3.8 . . . 86.8 9.4 17.3 11.3 115.5

4,642 34.0 26.7 27.8 12.4 6.6 . . . 85.8 8.5 16.1 10.8 98.62,796 39.8 31.8 31.4 17.9 6.8 . . . 83.8 8.8 17.2 13.2 97.9

419 42.7 34.1 39.4 23.3 *12.3 . . . 85.2 10.4 22.7 11.7 136.0

95 43.2 37.9 64.9 44.9 *21.3 . . . 87.4 6.7 17.9 19.7 *145.3

ity or precision.

years of age.
of health characteristics for black persons, by age, family size, and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90

ulation

ousands)

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity

days per

person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person

per year

Work-loss

days per

person per

year1

School-loss

days per

person per

year2

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital episode

in the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital stays

per year

Incidence of

all acute

conditions per

100 persons

per year

,881 14.6 14.3 17.1 8.0 7.6 4.5 74.4 4.7 8.2 8.7 143.1

,238 28.0 23.1 29.6 13.3 8.5 *– 78.2 7.5 10.1 11.8 135.2

,482 20.3 20.8 21.9 10.0 7.8 6.8 77.7 6.3 8.9 10.5 144.4

,502 11.2 11.6 14.9 7.1 7.2 4.5 74.6 4.3 8.0 7.9 150.6,352 10.6 10.4 13.3 6.6 7.3 4.6 71.1 3.6 7.1 7.2 139.1

,308 11.0 12.0 10.6 5.3 7.8 3.2 68.4 2.6 8.2 6.7 121.6

,967 5.6 4.9 8.1 4.2 . . . 4.5 75.4 3.1 3.8 7.7 191.0

14 *7.1 *– *– *– . . . *– *85.7 *3.9 *7.1 *7.0 *128.6

763 7.2 5.0 10.9 5.2 . . . 6.8 81.3 4.4 4.5 12.3 237.7

4,748 5.3 4.8 8.4 4.2 . . . 4.5 78.1 3.6 3.9 7.4 209.5

3,163 5.5 4.8 8.4 4.4 . . . 4.6 72.4 2.6 3.6 7.3 174.0

,279 5.8 5.3 4.8 2.7 . . . 3.2 69.6 1.8 3.9 6.7 137.0

,750 9.8 10.4 14.6 6.5 7.4 . . . 70.2 4.3 9.3 6.4 131.5

,558 10.1 8.4 15.4 6.5 7.3 . . . 71.9 5.2 5.6 9.3 153.0

,331 9.8 11.0 14.8 7.1 8.3 . . . 72.6 5.2 6.8 7.6 153.3

,594 9.1 9.7 14.6 6.2 7.1 . . . 70.4 4.1 10.2 6.3 128.7

,495 10.6 11.5 14.1 6.5 7.0 . . . 68.1 3.9 10.3 5.5 109.8

772 12.2 14.0 13.2 6.0 7.8 . . . 64.9 3.1 14.2 5.4 113.7

4,711 29.4 29.4 29.1 13.4 7.9 . . . 77.8 6.6 9.7 11.2 94.5

847 39.2 34.1 41.9 17.8 10.4 . . . 81.7 9.9 11.1 12.2 99.8

,431 28.3 29.4 26.1 11.1 6.9 . . . 78.9 6.3 8.7 11.5 112.1

,662 25.2 27.0 26.1 13.1 7.6 . . . 76.7 5.6 10.0 10.5 80.9

566 29.5 28.3 27.2 13.7 7.6 . . . 74.6 6.2 9.4 11.3 91.2204 30.9 33.3 25.7 13.6 *7.9 . . . 71.6 4.7 10.3 10.3 *68.6

,453 47.2 44.0 44.1 21.6 9.0 . . . 85.0 9.9 17.6 13.2 102.2

819 50.8 40.3 44.2 21.6 *12.4 . . . 86.2 9.7 17.7 13.1 138.2

957 44.6 44.6 41.9 19.5 *7.1 . . . 85.6 10.2 18.0 11.9 96.6

498 45.2 46.4 43.6 23.7 *5.6 . . . 82.5 9.1 15.9 15.7 67.9127 53.5 48.0 57.3 28.5 *22.4 . . . 83.5 13.1 21.3 15.3 *63.0

53 41.5 60.4 55.8 *25.2 *– . . . 81.1 *6.3 *15.1 *13.5 *67.9

bility or precision and quantity zero.

ity or precision.

years of age.
t of health characteristics for all persons, by age, education of responsible adult family member, and selected health characteristics: United States,

ulation

usands)1

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity

days per

person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person

per year

Work-loss

days per

person per

year2

School-loss

days per

person per

year3

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital episode

in the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital stays

per year

Incidence of

all acute

conditions per

100 persons

per year

3,506 13.8 9.6 14.9 6.3 5.4 5.1 76.2 5.5 8.1 8.0 176.1

3,760 24.8 23.0 24.0 10.9 7.2 5.3 73.4 5.8 11.6 9.9 151.0

3,673 13.3 8.9 14.6 6.1 5.9 5.3 75.2 5.3 8.0 7.8 179.24,636 9.3 4.2 10.7 4.4 3.9 4.5 80.0 5.6 6.4 6.7 183.04,074 5.2 2.6 9.6 4.5 . . . 5.1 79.9 4.4 3.5 7.1 281.2

8,869 6.7 5.7 9.6 4.9 . . . 5.3 71.6 3.3 4.7 9.2 228.88,446 5.5 2.6 9.8 4.6 . . . 5.3 79.0 4.2 3.6 6.6 279.16,402 3.7 1.0 9.1 4.0 . . . 4.5 86.8 5.4 2.6 6.6 316.5

4,114 8.8 5.7 11.7 4.6 5.2 . . . 71.4 4.8 8.1 5.5 159.9

9,401 13.7 14.9 15.9 7.0 7.0 . . . 63.2 4.3 10.7 6.0 141.23,731 9.2 6.0 12.6 4.9 5.8 . . . 70.8 4.9 8.3 5.8 166.40,449 6.4 2.4 8.6 3.2 3.6 . . . 75.5 4.9 6.8 4.6 152.2

6,091 22.1 16.3 19.2 7.9 5.7 . . . 75.5 6.2 8.8 9.5 112.0

6,514 39.4 37.7 35.7 16.1 7.6 . . . 74.1 7.2 12.7 11.8 117.06,621 21.7 15.7 18.6 7.4 6.1 . . . 74.7 6.1 8.9 9.2 107.22,656 14.5 6.7 11.9 4.6 4.3 . . . 78.5 6.1 6.7 8.0 118.9

9,227 37.6 28.4 31.2 14.1 6.4 . . . 85.7 8.9 16.8 11.5 105.0

8,976 43.8 38.0 38.2 17.4 7.4 . . . 85.2 8.9 18.6 11.6 109.14,874 35.8 25.6 28.9 12.6 6.5 . . . 85.4 8.7 16.2 11.6 105.15,129 32.0 19.4 24.6 11.7 5.6 . . . 88.0 9.6 15.1 10.9 97.7

k.

years of age.

ble adult family member.
t of health characteristics for males, by age, education of responsible adult family member, and selected health characteristics: United States,

ulation

usands)1

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity

days per

person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person

per year

Work-loss

days per

person per

year2

School-loss

days per

person per

year3

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital episode

in the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital stays

per year

Incidence of

all acute

conditions per

100 persons

per year

8,010 13.3 8.6 13.0 5.3 4.9 4.8 70.6 4.6 6.5 9.2 161.7

5,264 23.0 20.6 20.3 9.2 6.5 4.9 67.1 4.8 9.7 11.4 135.09,650 13.1 8.2 13.0 5.2 5.5 5.0 69.7 4.5 6.5 9.0 165.52,423 9.2 3.9 9.4 3.7 3.1 4.4 74.4 4.8 4.9 7.9 166.52,788 6.0 2.5 9.4 4.2 . . . 4.8 79.7 4.5 3.7 6.7 278.94,522 7.6 5.3 8.9 4.3 . . . 4.9 70.6 3.1 4.4 9.3 227.4

9,655 6.4 2.5 9.6 4.3 . . . 5.0 79.0 4.4 3.9 6.4 275.9

8,435 4.3 1.1 9.2 3.8 . . . 4.4 86.5 5.6 2.8 5.7 314.91,013 8.8 4.8 9.9 3.6 4.5 . . . 61.6 3.4 4.3 7.5 131.94,484 13.6 12.0 13.3 5.3 5.5 . . . 51.7 3.0 5.1 9.4 104.7

1,212 9.2 5.1 10.8 3.8 5.2 . . . 61.1 3.5 4.7 7.6 140.35,064 6.5 2.0 6.9 2.6 2.7 . . . 65.7 3.4 3.2 6.4 122.3

2,059 21.6 15.7 17.2 6.8 5.5 . . . 70.7 5.4 9.1 9.8 95.72,883 37.7 36.4 31.4 13.7 8.3 . . . 68.4 6.0 12.8 12.2 85.3

2,507 21.7 15.7 17.5 6.6 6.0 . . . 69.7 5.3 9.4 9.5 91.6

6,519 14.2 6.5 10.4 4.1 3.7 . . . 74.1 5.2 7.0 8.5 107.22,150 36.9 28.4 28.1 13.0 7.1 . . . 83.7 8.7 18.1 11.7 90.53,376 43.5 39.1 35.4 16.9 7.1 . . . 81.9 8.5 20.5 12.2 93.6

6,276 35.8 26.3 25.9 11.7 7.8 . . . 83.5 8.5 17.5 12.0 92.0

2,404 30.4 18.7 22.7 10.1 6.1 . . . 86.9 9.7 16.6 10.2 82.8

k.

years of age.

ble adult family member.
t of health characteristics for white males, by age, education of responsible adult family member, and selected health characteristics: United States,

ulation

usands)

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity

days per

person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person

per year

Work-loss

days per

person per

year1

School-loss

days per

person per

year2

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital episode

in the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital stays

per year

Incidence of

all acute

conditions per

100 persons

per year

985 13.4 8.2 13.0 5.2 4.7 5.0 71.3 4.8 6.6 9.1 167.3

844 23.2 20.2 20.7 9.2 6.1 5.6 67.1 4.9 10.1 11.3 141.1936 13.4 7.9 13.1 5.1 5.3 5.0 70.4 4.7 6.7 8.9 170.5612 9.5 3.7 9.4 3.6 3.0 4.6 75.1 5.0 5.0 7.7 171.8

500 6.0 2.1 9.8 4.3 . . . 5.0 80.8 4.8 3.8 6.6 298.7

203 7.4 4.5 10.1 4.9 . . . 5.6 70.4 3.4 4.7 9.3 255.4

804 6.5 2.1 9.9 4.3 . . . 5.0 80.1 4.7 4.0 6.2 294.5

344 4.5 1.0 9.5 3.7 . . . 4.6 87.0 5.8 2.9 5.8 328.2

226 8.8 4.3 9.8 3.4 4.3 . . . 62.4 3.5 4.4 7.3 137.4

541 12.8 11.3 13.2 4.8 5.2 . . . 51.7 3.1 5.0 9.4 112.9

303 9.3 4.6 10.7 3.7 5.0 . . . 61.9 3.5 4.9 7.4 145.1160 6.6 1.8 7.0 2.5 2.6 . . . 66.7 3.5 3.2 6.2 128.7

316 21.1 14.5 16.6 6.5 5.3 . . . 70.9 5.4 9.1 9.5 98.0

237 37.4 35.0 30.3 13.3 7.9 . . . 68.2 5.8 13.0 11.8 88.4

082 21.5 14.8 17.2 6.4 5.8 . . . 69.7 5.3 9.4 9.3 94.6

862 14.4 6.0 10.2 4.0 3.6 . . . 74.6 5.3 7.1 8.4 107.3

943 36.2 27.0 26.9 12.4 6.7 . . . 84.0 8.7 18.0 11.5 89.2

862 42.7 37.2 34.5 16.3 6.6 . . . 81.7 8.3 20.2 12.1 89.5

747 35.5 25.5 24.9 11.3 7.1 . . . 83.9 8.5 17.5 11.9 92.4246 30.0 17.7 21.7 9.5 6.2 . . . 87.3 9.6 16.6 9.6 80.6

years of age.

ble adult family member.
t of health characteristics for black males, by age, education of responsible adult family member, and selected health characteristics: United States,

ulation

usands)

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity

days per

person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person

per year

Work-loss

days per

person per

year1

School-loss

days per

person per

year2

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital episode

in the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital stays

per year

Incidence of

all acute

conditions per

100 persons

per year

938 13.9 12.4 14.3 6.5 6.7 4.3 68.0 3.9 6.2 10.6 127.1

923 23.8 23.5 20.2 9.5 9.0 3.3 68.1 4.7 9.2 11.8 112.5

843 11.9 10.2 13.0 5.7 7.0 4.9 66.8 3.7 5.5 9.9 131.6

113 8.8 6.7 10.8 5.3 4.3 *2.8 72.9 4.0 4.9 10.1 127.5

056 6.6 4.8 8.3 4.2 . . . 4.3 75.0 3.2 3.7 7.9 190.0

116 8.9 7.4 6.8 3.2 . . . 3.3 71.6 2.5 3.9 9.7 161.3

295 6.3 4.5 8.7 4.4 . . . 4.9 74.5 3.2 3.9 7.6 191.8

621 4.3 *1.8 8.8 5.3 . . . *2.8 83.7 4.6 2.4 *4.8 232.4

786 10.1 8.5 11.5 4.9 6.4 . . . 58.2 3.1 4.6 9.0 99.2

770 17.5 15.8 14.0 6.9 7.8 . . . 51.8 2.8 6.1 9.9 73.9

965 9.6 8.0 11.8 4.7 6.8 . . . 57.7 3.1 4.4 8.6 107.8030 6.4 4.8 8.3 4.1 3.9 . . . 64.8 2.9 4.2 10.0 81.7

106 27.4 26.8 24.1 10.2 7.4 . . . 71.8 5.6 9.8 12.5 72.5

575 40.2 42.4 36.9 16.5 10.3 . . . 71.1 7.1 12.7 14.1 72.5

159 24.7 23.5 20.7 8.5 7.1 . . . 71.3 4.9 9.1 11.9 66.7

363 15.7 12.7 14.7 5.5 5.1 . . . 74.1 5.3 7.2 9.9 90.9

990 44.3 44.0 39.8 19.2 9.7 . . . 81.9 9.4 20.4 13.3 85.8

462 49.6 51.3 42.3 20.4 *10.8 . . . 83.1 9.9 22.9 11.9 108.4

425 40.2 38.1 36.7 16.8 *9.9 . . . 79.3 9.1 17.6 14.1 63.1

98 36.7 36.7 35.6 *17.2 *7.5 . . . 86.7 8.4 20.4 14.5 *80.6

ity or precision.

years of age.

ble adult family member.
t of health characteristics for females, by age, education of responsible adult family member, and selected health characteristics: United States,

ulation

usands)1

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity

days per

person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person

per year

Work-loss

days per

person per

year2

School-loss

days per

person per

year3

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital episode

in the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital stays

per year

Incidence of

all acute

conditions per

100 persons

per year

5,496 14.3 10.6 16.7 7.3 6.0 5.4 81.4 6.2 9.6 7.3 189.7

8,496 26.3 25.0 27.1 12.4 8.1 5.8 78.5 6.6 13.2 9.1 164.34,023 13.4 9.6 16.1 6.9 6.4 5.6 80.4 6.1 9.4 7.1 192.22,213 9.4 4.5 11.9 5.0 4.9 4.6 85.6 6.5 7.9 6.0 199.71,286 4.3 2.7 9.8 4.8 . . . 5.4 80.2 4.3 3.3 7.5 283.74,347 5.7 6.2 10.4 5.5 . . . 5.8 72.6 3.5 5.1 9.1 230.3

8,791 4.5 2.7 10.0 4.9 . . . 5.6 79.1 4.0 3.3 6.9 282.6

7,967 3.1 1.0 9.1 4.2 . . . 4.6 87.2 5.3 2.4 7.7 318.1

3,101 8.8 6.6 13.5 5.6 6.1 . . . 80.9 6.2 11.7 4.8 186.74,917 13.7 17.5 18.2 8.5 9.0 . . . 73.7 5.4 15.8 5.0 174.5

2,519 9.2 6.8 14.3 5.9 6.5 . . . 80.1 6.2 11.8 5.1 191.35,385 6.4 2.7 10.3 3.9 4.7 . . . 85.2 6.3 10.3 4.1 181.4

4,032 22.7 16.9 21.0 8.9 6.0 . . . 79.9 7.0 8.6 9.2 126.93,631 40.6 38.7 39.2 17.9 6.6 . . . 78.7 8.1 12.7 11.5 142.1

4,114 21.6 15.7 19.6 8.0 6.3 . . . 79.1 6.8 8.5 9.0 121.0

6,137 14.7 6.8 13.5 5.3 5.3 . . . 83.2 6.9 6.3 7.4 131.2

7,077 38.1 28.4 33.4 14.8 5.4 . . . 87.2 9.1 15.8 11.3 115.25,600 43.9 37.3 39.9 17.7 7.6 . . . 87.3 9.2 17.4 11.1 118.4

8,598 35.8 25.0 31.1 13.2 4.9 . . . 86.7 8.8 15.3 11.2 114.72,725 33.3 20.1 26.3 13.1 4.5 . . . 89.1 9.6 13.8 11.5 110.8

k.

years of age.

ble adult family member.
t of health characteristics for white females, by age, education of responsible adult family member, and selected health characteristics: United States,

ulation

usands)

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity

days per

person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person

per year

Work-loss

days per

person per

year1

School-loss

days per

person per

year2

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital episode

in the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital stays

per year

Incidence of

all acute

conditions per

100 persons

per year

,246 14.4 9.8 16.5 7.0 5.8 5.6 81.9 6.4 9.6 7.3 196.2

,284 26.6 24.2 27.0 12.1 7.6 6.3 78.6 6.8 13.4 9.3 166.0,033 13.8 9.0 16.1 6.7 6.1 5.8 80.8 6.3 9.4 7.1 197.9,273 9.7 4.3 12.1 5.0 4.6 4.8 86.3 6.6 7.9 5.9 208.5

,146 4.4 2.3 10.3 5.0 . . . 5.6 81.2 4.6 3.2 7.5 306.0

,058 5.7 5.3 11.4 5.9 . . . 6.3 72.4 3.8 5.2 9.8 252.9,994 4.7 2.3 10.5 5.1 . . . 5.8 80.0 4.3 3.2 6.8 301.5,942 3.2 1.0 9.6 4.4 . . . 4.8 87.9 5.6 2.5 7.6 342.1

,057 8.8 5.8 13.1 5.3 5.8 . . . 81.4 6.4 11.5 4.7 193.4

,667 13.5 16.1 17.2 7.6 8.1 . . . 73.3 5.5 15.4 4.9 175.2,777 9.2 6.0 13.8 5.6 6.2 . . . 80.3 6.4 11.6 5.0 198.0,384 6.6 2.5 10.4 3.8 4.6 . . . 86.0 6.5 10.3 4.0 189.4

,680 21.8 15.0 19.8 8.1 5.8 . . . 79.9 7.0 8.5 9.1 128.1

,782 39.7 36.2 37.4 16.9 6.9 . . . 77.8 8.2 12.7 12.0 142.6,321 20.9 14.1 18.5 7.3 6.1 . . . 78.9 6.7 8.5 8.7 124.3,442 14.7 6.1 13.3 5.1 4.8 . . . 83.6 7.0 6.2 7.4 129.9

,364 37.2 26.9 32.2 14.0 5.1 . . . 87.2 9.0 15.8 11.1 115.7

,777 42.5 35.5 38.4 16.8 7.0 . . . 87.3 8.9 17.6 11.0 116.8,940 35.3 24.0 30.3 12.6 4.8 . . . 86.8 8.9 15.4 11.2 116.3,506 33.4 19.2 25.9 12.3 *3.9 . . . 89.4 9.5 13.9 10.9 111.3

ity or precision.

years of age.

ble adult family member.
t of health characteristics for black females, by age, education of responsible adult family member, and selected health characteristics: United States,

ulation

usands)

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity

days per

person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person

per year

Work-loss

days per

person per

year1

School-loss

days per

person per

year2

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital episode

in the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital stays

per year

Incidence of

all acute

conditions per

100 persons

per year

944 15.1 15.9 19.6 9.4 8.4 4.8 79.9 5.4 10.0 7.7 157.1

595 26.7 29.2 29.2 14.2 10.4 5.2 78.7 6.3 12.7 8.6 161.2

037 12.2 13.0 17.4 8.2 8.2 5.0 79.3 4.9 9.5 7.1 157.3233 9.3 7.8 13.6 7.1 7.6 *3.2 84.5 6.4 7.9 8.8 150.2

912 4.5 5.0 7.9 4.1 . . . 4.8 75.9 3.0 4.0 7.6 192.0

069 6.3 8.7 8.8 4.9 . . . 5.2 73.0 2.8 5.2 7.9 191.2263 4.1 4.4 8.1 4.1 . . . 5.0 75.5 3.1 3.9 7.1 201.3

558 3.0 *1.3 4.7 *2.6 . . . *3.2 83.3 2.8 *2.3 *11.3 136.9

964 9.6 12.0 17.1 7.7 8.4 . . . 80.1 5.4 13.2 5.7 158.5

039 15.0 22.2 23.2 12.2 13.6 . . . 75.6 5.7 17.4 5.8 174.9771 9.2 11.3 16.8 7.1 8.3 . . . 80.4 4.9 12.9 5.7 153.6120 5.8 5.0 12.3 6.1 6.4 . . . 83.9 7.0 10.4 5.7 169.0

605 31.1 31.5 33.1 16.1 8.4 . . . 82.6 7.5 9.6 10.2 112.2

751 44.7 48.3 46.7 21.7 6.2 . . . 82.4 7.9 12.8 9.9 132.9

434 27.8 27.6 29.5 15.3 8.2 . . . 81.6 7.3 8.6 10.7 93.2

409 17.8 14.7 20.0 8.8 10.8 . . . 86.6 7.5 7.1 9.4 128.9

463 49.1 44.0 47.0 23.3 *8.4 . . . 87.1 10.2 15.7 13.2 113.5

736 54.3 48.9 49.4 22.9 *10.7 . . . 87.6 10.6 16.6 12.1 127.3

568 44.9 40.1 45.0 22.4 *5.4 . . . 86.6 9.0 15.3 12.3 97.4

146 36.3 34.2 40.4 27.3 *10.1 . . . 87.7 12.3 13.0 25.2 *115.8

ity or precision.

years of age.

ble adult family member.
t of health characteristics for white persons, by age, education of responsible adult family member, and selected health characteristics: United

ulation

usands)

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity

days per

person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person

per year

Work-loss

days per

person per

year1

School-loss

days per

person per

year2

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital episode

in the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital stays

per year

Incidence of

all acute

conditions per

100 persons

per year

,231 13.9 9.0 14.8 6.1 5.1 5.3 76.7 5.6 8.1 8.0 182.1

,128 25.1 22.4 24.1 10.8 6.8 5.9 73.4 6.0 11.9 10.0 154.7

,969 13.6 8.5 14.6 5.9 5.7 5.4 75.7 5.5 8.1 7.8 184.6

,885 9.6 4.0 10.8 4.3 3.7 4.7 80.7 5.8 6.4 6.6 190.0

,646 5.2 2.2 10.0 4.6 . . . 5.3 81.0 4.7 3.5 7.0 302.3,261 6.5 4.9 10.7 5.4 . . . 5.9 71.3 3.6 4.9 9.6 254.2

,798 5.6 2.2 10.2 4.7 . . . 5.4 80.1 4.5 3.6 6.5 297.9,286 3.9 1.0 9.5 4.1 . . . 4.7 87.5 5.7 2.7 6.6 335.0

,282 8.8 5.0 11.5 4.3 5.0 . . . 72.0 4.9 8.0 5.4 165.7,207 13.2 13.8 15.2 6.2 6.4 . . . 62.7 4.3 10.3 5.9 144.6

,080 9.2 5.3 12.3 4.7 5.6 . . . 71.2 5.0 8.3 5.7 171.8,543 6.6 2.1 8.7 3.2 3.5 . . . 76.4 5.0 6.8 4.5 159.3

,996 21.5 14.7 18.2 7.3 5.5 . . . 75.5 6.2 8.8 9.3 113.6,020 38.7 35.7 34.2 15.3 7.4 . . . 73.5 7.1 12.8 11.9 118.4

,403 21.2 14.4 17.9 6.9 5.9 . . . 74.6 6.1 9.0 9.0 110.2

,304 14.5 6.1 11.7 4.5 4.1 . . . 78.9 6.1 6.7 8.0 118.2

,306 36.8 26.9 30.0 13.3 6.0 . . . 85.9 8.8 16.7 11.3 104.7,639 42.5 36.2 36.9 16.6 6.8 . . . 85.2 8.7 18.6 11.4 106.6

,688 35.4 24.6 28.0 12.1 6.1 . . . 85.6 8.7 16.3 11.5 106.3,752 31.8 18.5 23.9 11.0 5.5 . . . 88.4 9.6 15.2 10.3 96.8

years of age.

ble adult family member.
t of health characteristics for black persons, by age, education of responsible adult family member, and selected health characteristics: United

ulation

usands)

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity

days per

person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person

per year

Work-loss

days per

person per

year1

School-loss

days per

person per

year2

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital episode

in the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital stays

per year

Incidence of

all acute

conditions per

100 persons

per year

881 14.6 14.3 17.1 8.0 7.6 4.6 74.4 4.7 8.2 8.7 143.1517 25.4 26.6 25.2 12.1 9.7 4.2 74.0 5.6 11.1 9.8 139.4

880 12.1 11.7 15.4 7.0 7.6 4.9 73.5 4.3 7.6 8.1 145.2346 9.0 7.2 12.3 6.2 5.9 3.0 78.9 5.2 6.5 9.3 139.2

967 5.6 4.9 8.1 4.2 . . . 4.6 75.4 3.1 3.8 7.7 191.0184 7.6 8.1 7.8 4.1 . . . 4.2 72.3 2.7 4.5 8.7 176.0558 5.2 4.4 8.4 4.2 . . . 4.9 75.0 3.1 3.9 7.4 196.6180 3.7 1.5 6.8 4.0 . . . 3.0 83.4 3.7 2.4 7.8 187.1750 9.8 10.4 14.6 6.5 7.4 . . . 70.2 4.3 9.3 6.4 131.5809 16.1 19.5 19.3 10.0 10.6 . . . 65.5 4.5 12.5 6.6 131.9736 9.4 9.8 14.5 6.0 7.6 . . . 70.1 4.1 9.1 6.3 132.8150 6.0 4.9 10.4 5.1 5.2 . . . 74.7 5.0 7.4 6.8 127.2

,711 29.4 29.4 29.1 13.4 7.9 . . . 77.8 6.6 9.7 11.2 94.5

326 42.8 45.9 42.4 19.5 8.3 . . . 77.5 7.6 12.7 11.7 106.7592 26.4 25.8 25.6 12.3 7.7 . . . 77.0 6.2 8.9 11.2 81.4

772 16.7 13.9 17.5 7.2 7.9 . . . 80.7 6.5 7.1 9.7 111.0

453 47.2 44.0 44.1 21.6 9.0 . . . 85.0 9.9 17.6 13.2 102.2198 52.6 49.8 46.7 21.9 *10.6 . . . 85.9 10.4 19.0 12.0 120.0

993 42.9 39.3 41.5 20.0 *7.7 . . . 83.5 9.1 16.3 13.1 82.8

245 36.3 35.1 38.3 23.2 *8.7 . . . 86.9 10.7 15.9 19.7 *101.2

ity or precision.

years of age.

ble adult family member.
t of health characteristics for all persons, by age, family income, and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90

pulation

ousands)1

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity

days per

person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person

per year

Work-loss

days per

person per

year2

School-loss

days per

person per

year3

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital episode

in the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital stays

per year

Incidence of

all acute

conditions per

100 persons

per year

3,506 13.8 9.6 14.9 6.3 5.4 5.1 76.2 5.5 8.1 8.0 176.1

6,280 26.3 22.0 26.8 12.2 7.0 6.3 77.5 6.7 12.1 9.9 200.70,978 18.8 14.2 18.5 8.1 6.7 5.6 74.9 5.9 9.7 8.6 168.66,453 11.8 7.5 13.0 5.2 5.9 5.2 76.1 5.3 7.7 7.2 182.21,199 8.2 3.9 10.0 3.9 4.5 4.6 78.4 5.3 6.1 6.4 182.24,074 5.2 2.6 9.6 4.5 . . . 5.1 79.9 4.4 3.5 7.1 281.27,312 8.4 6.7 11.3 5.7 . . . 6.3 77.7 4.4 5.4 8.5 282.10,658 6.2 3.7 10.0 5.0 . . . 5.6 75.5 3.8 3.9 7.7 254.25,688 5.0 2.1 9.3 4.5 . . . 5.2 79.8 4.3 3.5 7.0 285.61,902 4.1 1.1 9.3 4.0 . . . 4.6 84.9 5.2 2.8 5.7 308.2

4,114 8.8 5.7 11.7 4.6 5.2 . . . 71.4 4.8 8.1 5.5 159.9

0,031 16.8 14.4 19.4 8.6 6.7 . . . 73.3 5.8 11.7 6.9 203.4

6,118 11.7 8.5 14.9 6.0 6.6 . . . 69.3 5.2 9.6 5.8 165.7

5,559 8.1 4.8 11.3 4.2 5.6 . . . 71.8 4.9 8.2 5.0 166.37,561 6.2 2.7 8.7 3.2 4.3 . . . 73.9 4.8 6.7 5.0 149.66,091 22.1 16.3 19.2 7.9 5.7 . . . 75.5 6.2 8.8 9.5 112.03,318 56.4 49.2 55.9 26.3 8.7 . . . 76.4 9.6 15.4 13.6 145.56,456 33.2 27.0 27.5 11.4 7.6 . . . 74.3 7.2 10.9 10.3 120.79,913 21.2 15.1 17.4 6.5 6.7 . . . 75.6 6.2 9.0 8.8 103.37,941 13.1 6.7 11.0 3.9 4.8 . . . 77.6 5.8 6.9 7.4 113.99,227 37.6 28.4 31.2 14.1 6.4 . . . 85.7 8.9 16.8 11.5 105.05,618 48.8 39.6 42.8 18.8 6.4 . . . 85.3 9.8 19.6 12.0 122.77,746 38.8 29.5 30.2 13.8 4.9 . . . 86.1 9.1 17.1 11.2 96.75,293 32.9 22.6 23.7 9.4 7.4 . . . 86.5 8.5 14.9 11.4 100.63,795 28.4 18.0 21.9 10.4 5.7 . . . 87.8 9.6 15.2 10.9 99.8

k.

years of age.
t of health characteristics for males, by age, family income, and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90

pulation

ousands)1

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity

days per

person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person

per year

Work-loss

days per

person per

year2

School-loss

days per

person per

year3

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital episode

in the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital stays

per year

Incidence of

all acute

conditions per

100 persons

per year

8,010 13.3 8.6 13.0 5.3 4.9 4.8 70.6 4.6 6.5 9.2 161.7

0,636 24.5 19.9 22.9 10.7 5.7 5.8 70.9 5.4 9.4 12.1 191.19,208 19.2 13.9 17.7 7.5 6.5 5.1 69.4 5.2 8.6 9.9 157.98,029 12.2 7.3 11.6 4.6 5.5 4.9 70.8 4.5 6.2 8.5 165.3

1,722 8.2 3.5 8.7 3.1 3.8 4.4 73.1 4.5 4.8 7.1 165.9

2,788 6.0 2.5 9.4 4.2 . . . 4.8 79.7 4.5 3.7 6.7 278.93,701 9.2 6.2 11.0 5.5 . . . 5.8 76.8 4.4 5.1 8.9 282.15,434 7.2 3.6 9.5 4.5 . . . 5.1 75.0 4.0 3.9 6.9 249.38,022 6.0 2.1 9.2 4.3 . . . 4.9 79.8 4.6 3.8 6.5 286.91,229 4.7 1.2 9.2 3.7 . . . 4.4 84.9 5.2 3.1 5.4 303.21,013 8.8 4.8 9.9 3.6 4.5 . . . 61.6 3.4 4.3 7.5 131.94,145 17.9 13.0 17.3 7.5 5.1 . . . 62.1 4.1 6.6 10.7 167.07,714 12.2 7.6 13.7 5.0 6.1 . . . 58.8 3.8 5.6 7.7 142.42,764 8.1 4.1 9.6 3.5 5.1 . . . 62.3 3.5 4.3 6.7 133.4

8,932 6.1 2.1 6.9 2.3 3.4 . . . 64.6 3.4 3.5 6.6 125.5

2,059 21.6 15.7 17.2 6.8 5.5 . . . 70.7 5.4 9.1 9.8 95.71,203 60.0 52.7 54.8 26.6 8.9 . . . 70.9 8.0 16.7 15.2 108.12,632 37.2 30.5 30.8 12.6 8.0 . . . 69.6 6.8 12.4 10.7 99.14,694 21.9 16.1 16.3 5.9 6.7 . . . 70.3 5.3 9.8 9.4 87.39,627 12.8 6.4 9.4 3.0 4.3 . . . 73.1 4.9 7.0 7.2 102.42,150 36.9 28.4 28.1 13.0 7.1 . . . 83.7 8.7 18.1 11.7 90.51,586 50.9 45.0 41.4 19.2 *7.0 . . . 80.1 9.3 21.2 13.1 104.93,428 39.9 31.8 29.8 14.1 6.4 . . . 84.1 9.2 19.5 11.9 93.42,550 34.3 23.6 20.8 8.2 7.4 . . . 85.5 8.1 16.7 11.5 85.81,935 27.2 16.2 18.9 8.0 5.6 . . . 86.7 9.2 15.8 9.7 80.7

ity or precision.

k.

years of age.
t of health characteristics for white males, by age, family income, and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90

ulation

ousands)

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity

days per

person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person

per year

Work-loss

days per

person per

year1

School-loss

days per

person per

year2

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital episode

in the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital stays

per year

Incidence of

all acute

conditions per

100 persons

per year

,985 13.4 8.2 13.0 5.2 4.7 5.0 71.3 4.8 6.6 9.1 167.3

7,354 25.9 19.9 24.5 11.3 5.2 6.3 71.2 5.8 10.1 11.9 205.5

,434 20.2 14.0 18.4 7.6 6.2 5.9 70.2 5.5 9.0 10.0 168.8

4,354 12.6 7.3 11.6 4.5 5.3 4.8 71.5 4.6 6.4 8.5 171.07,679 8.5 3.4 8.8 3.1 3.7 4.5 73.4 4.6 4.9 7.0 168.1

,500 6.0 2.1 9.8 4.3 . . . 5.0 80.6 4.8 3.8 6.6 298.7,163 9.1 4.9 11.8 6.0 . . . 6.3 77.6 5.0 5.4 9.2 325.5

4,057 7.8 3.2 10.7 4.8 . . . 5.9 76.1 4.5 4.2 7.0 281.9

,850 6.2 1.9 9.4 4.4 . . . 4.8 80.6 4.8 4.0 6.5 303.8

,017 4.8 1.1 9.4 3.6 . . . 4.5 85.3 5.3 3.2 5.6 311.0

3,226 8.8 4.3 9.8 3.4 4.3 . . . 62.4 3.5 4.4 7.3 137.43,066 18.0 12.1 18.4 7.5 4.6 . . . 63.6 4.2 7.0 11.0 190.6

,154 12.4 7.0 13.6 4.6 5.8 . . . 59.5 3.9 5.8 7.7 152.5

,989 8.3 3.9 9.4 3.3 4.8 . . . 63.0 3.6 4.3 6.4 137.6

7,005 6.3 2.1 7.1 2.3 3.4 . . . 65.0 3.5 3.6 6.5 127.7

,316 21.1 14.5 16.6 6.5 5.3 . . . 70.9 5.4 9.1 9.5 98.0

869 60.5 51.8 54.2 27.0 9.0 . . . 69.5 8.5 17.5 14.0 106.3

,137 38.4 30.1 32.1 13.4 7.6 . . . 69.7 7.0 12.6 10.5 110.6

4,117 22.0 15.6 16.0 5.8 6.4 . . . 70.4 5.2 9.7 9.4 87.7

,832 13.1 6.1 9.4 2.9 4.3 . . . 73.4 5.0 7.1 7.3 102.9

,943 36.2 27.0 26.9 12.4 6.7 . . . 84.0 8.7 18.0 11.5 89.2,257 50.4 43.0 40.8 18.9 *4.1 . . . 79.6 9.2 20.8 12.7 103.7

3,085 39.6 30.9 28.4 13.2 6.0 . . . 84.2 9.0 19.4 11.9 92.8

,398 34.4 23.4 20.7 8.2 7.1 . . . 85.9 8.2 16.9 11.4 87.9,824 27.0 15.5 18.1 7.6 4.8 . . . 87.1 9.2 15.8 9.0 74.8

ity or precision.

years of age.
t of health characteristics for black males, by age, family income, and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90

ulation

ousands)

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity

days per

person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person

per year

Work-loss

days per

person per

year1

School-loss

days per

person per

year2

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital episode

in the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital stays

per year

Incidence of

all acute

conditions per

100 persons

per year

3,938 13.9 12.4 14.3 6.5 6.7 4.3 68.0 3.9 6.2 10.6 127.1

,800 22.6 20.6 20.7 9.8 8.4 5.1 71.1 4.5 8.2 13.1 156.5

3,080 15.6 14.4 15.7 7.6 8.1 2.9 66.9 4.3 7.4 9.4 109.2

,800 9.9 7.8 11.9 5.0 7.5 5.7 67.3 3.8 5.3 9.3 128.3,598 6.7 4.9 8.1 3.5 4.4 3.1 71.6 3.6 4.0 7.9 136.1

,056 6.6 4.8 8.3 4.2 . . . 4.3 75.0 3.2 3.7 7.9 190.0

,392 9.8 8.0 10.3 4.9 . . . 5.1 75.8 3.4 4.7 8.7 222.8,135 6.0 5.0 6.4 3.8 . . . 2.9 71.5 2.6 3.6 6.7 152.3

908 5.3 3.3 8.9 4.5 . . . 5.7 74.3 3.2 3.4 7.4 189.4

791 4.8 *1.6 6.9 3.8 . . . 3.1 81.8 4.4 2.8 4.2 204.3

,786 10.1 8.5 11.5 4.9 6.4 . . . 58.2 3.1 4.6 9.0 99.2

819 20.0 17.5 15.4 7.9 7.5 . . . 58.2 3.6 5.9 10.2 89.9

,236 12.1 10.8 14.4 6.8 7.7 . . . 57.0 3.5 6.0 8.1 101.8,336 7.3 5.2 11.8 5.0 7.3 . . . 59.6 3.2 4.4 8.5 111.0,237 4.7 3.2 6.4 2.5 4.0 . . . 64.3 2.5 3.2 8.0 110.0

,106 27.4 26.8 24.1 10.2 7.4 . . . 71.8 5.6 9.8 12.5 72.5

293 60.1 55.6 61.2 28.4 *8.7 . . . 74.7 7.1 15.7 19.6 93.5

417 32.4 32.6 25.4 9.6 9.3 . . . 71.2 6.6 11.5 12.0 *33.6453 21.9 19.4 16.6 6.4 8.0 . . . 73.1 6.2 9.7 9.2 75.5

500 11.0 10.0 10.3 3.9 5.3 . . . 71.8 4.1 5.6 7.4 93.0

990 44.3 44.0 39.8 19.2 9.7 . . . 81.9 9.4 20.4 13.3 85.8

296 53.4 53.4 44.0 19.9 *17.9 . . . 81.1 9.7 23.6 14.9 91.6

293 43.0 40.6 43.4 23.1 *10.5 . . . 84.3 10.8 21.8 10.8 *79.9103 32.0 29.1 18.5 *5.5 *11.6 . . . 79.6 6.8 *12.6 *17.6 *46.6

70 32.9 34.3 33.9 *13.3 *4.7 . . . 84.3 10.0 *17.1 *16.0 *135.7

ity or precision.

years of age.
t of health characteristics for females, by age, family income, and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988-90

pulation

ousands)1

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity

days per

person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person

per year

Work-loss

days per

person per

year2

School-loss

days per

person per

year3

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital episode

in the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital stays

per year

Incidence of

all acute

conditions per

100 persons

per year All ages

5,496 14.3 10.6 16.7 7.3 6.0 5.4 81.4 6.2 9.6 7.3 189.75,644 27.5 23.5 29.4 13.2 8.1 6.8 81.9 7.6 14.0 8.9 207.31,770 18.4 14.4 19.2 8.5 7.0 6.0 79.7 6.5 10.8 7.7 178.08,424 11.5 7.7 14.3 5.8 6.3 5.4 81.3 6.1 9.1 6.3 199.09,477 8.1 4.2 11.4 4.7 5.4 4.8 84.0 6.2 7.5 5.9 199.31,286 4.3 2.7 9.8 4.8 . . . 5.4 80.2 4.3 3.3 7.5 283.73,612 7.6 7.2 11.7 6.0 . . . 6.8 78.7 4.4 5.8 8.1 282.05,224 5.1 3.8 10.5 5.5 . . . 6.0 76.0 3.6 3.9 8.7 259.2

7,666 3.9 2.1 9.5 4.7 . . . 5.4 79.8 4.1 3.1 7.7 284.2

0,673 3.4 1.1 9.4 4.3 . . . 4.8 85.0 5.1 2.5 5.9 313.5

3,101 8.8 6.6 13.5 5.6 6.1 . . . 80.9 6.2 11.9 4.8 186.75,886 16.1 15.3 20.9 9.3 8.2 . . . 81.1 6.9 15.3 5.7 229.08,404 11.2 9.4 16.0 6.8 7.2 . . . 79.0 6.4 13.3 5.0 187.2

2,795 8.0 5.5 13.0 5.0 6.2 . . . 81.2 6.3 12.1 4.5 199.28,629 6.3 3.2 10.6 4.1 5.4 . . . 83.4 6.2 10.0 4.5 174.1

4,032 22.7 16.9 21.0 8.9 6.0 . . . 79.9 7.0 8.6 9.2 126.9

2,115 54.3 47.3 56.6 26.1 8.6 . . . 79.5 10.4 14.7 12.5 166.9

3,824 30.4 24.6 25.2 10.6 7.2 . . . 77.6 7.5 9.9 10.0 135.65,219 20.5 14.2 18.4 7.1 6.6 . . . 80.4 6.9 8.2 8.1 117.78,314 13.5 7.1 12.8 4.9 5.4 . . . 82.7 6.8 6.7 7.5 127.2

7,077 38.1 28.4 33.4 14.3 5.4 . . . 87.2 9.1 15.8 11.3 115.24,032 48.0 37.5 43.4 18.6 6.1 . . . 87.3 9.9 19.0 11.5 129.74,318 38.0 27.7 30.6 13.6 3.4 . . . 87.6 9.1 15.1 10.5 99.2

2,744 31.6 21.6 26.4 10.5 7.2 . . . 87.3 8.9 13.3 11.3 114.41,860 29.7 19.8 25.0 12.9 5.7 . . . 89.0 9.9 14.5 12.2 119.7

k.

years of age.
t of health characteristics for white females, by age, family income, and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90

pulation

ousands)1

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity

days per

person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person

per year

Work-loss

days per

person per

year1

School-loss

days per

person per

year2

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital episode

in the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital stays

per year

Incidence of

all acute

conditions per

100 persons

per year

5,246 14.4 9.8 16.5 7.0 5.8 5.6 81.9 6.4 9.6 7.3 196.2

0,948 29.5 23.0 29.9 13.1 7.3 7.3 82.5 8.1 14.3 9.4 211.27,569 19.4 14.2 19.8 8.7 6.6 6.5 80.3 6.8 11.1 7.8 186.94,540 12.0 7.6 14.6 5.8 6.0 5.8 81.8 6.2 9.2 6.3 205.85,596 8.3 4.1 11.6 4.8 5.4 5.0 84.2 6.3 7.6 5.9 205.55,146 4.4 2.3 10.3 5.0 . . . 5.6 81.2 4.6 3.2 7.5 306.02,080 8.5 6.2 13.0 6.7 . . . 7.3 79.4 4.9 6.1 8.9 317.43,863 5.4 3.5 11.5 5.9 . . . 6.5 77.0 3.9 4.1 9.1 288.66,474 4.0 2.0 10.0 5.0 . . . 5.8 80.7 4.3 3.1 7.2 303.49,562 3.5 1.1 9.7 4.5 . . . 5.0 85.3 5.4 2.5 5.9 329.04,057 8.8 5.8 13.1 5.3 5.8 . . . 81.4 6.4 11.5 4.7 193.43,978 16.6 13.3 19.7 8.7 7.3 . . . 81.5 7.5 14.4 5.6 241.56,608 11.5 8.8 16.1 6.8 6.8 . . . 79.4 6.8 13.2 5.0 200.40,904 8.4 5.2 12.9 4.8 5.9 . . . 81.8 6.5 12.2 4.4 206.76,718 6.4 3.0 10.7 4.1 5.3 . . . 83.6 6.3 10.0 4.4 178.10,680 21.8 15.0 19.8 8.1 5.8 . . . 79.9 7.0 8.5 9.1 128.1

1,511 53.9 44.3 54.9 24.8 8.0 . . . 78.2 10.9 15.0 13.5 170.4

3,149 30.4 23.1 25.0 10.5 7.2 . . . 77.0 7.6 10.1 9.8 143.94,580 20.9 13.4 18.4 6.7 6.1 . . . 80.3 6.9 8.4 7.8 116.17,580 13.5 6.7 12.9 4.9 5.4 . . . 83.0 6.8 6.8 7.6 128.75,364 37.2 26.9 32.2 14.0 5.1 . . . 87.2 9.0 15.8 11.1 115.73,380 46.6 35.2 41.1 16.9 *5.3 . . . 87.2 9.6 19.1 11.3 128.43,948 37.5 26.7 30.0 13.3 *3.0 . . . 87.5 9.1 15.2 10.4 99.02,582 31.6 21.1 26.7 10.4 7.3 . . . 87.5 8.8 13.4 11.3 116.31,737 29.6 19.4 24.7 12.5 6.3 . . . 89.2 10.0 14.8 11.9 123.4

ity or precision.

years of age.
t of health characteristics for black females, by age, family income, and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90

ulation

ousands)

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity

days per

person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person

per year

Work-loss

days per

person per

year1

School-loss

days per

person per

year2

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital episode

in the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital stays

per year

Incidence of

all acute

conditions per

100 persons

per year

,944 15.1 15.9 19.6 9.4 8.7 4.8 79.9 5.4 10.0 7.7 157.1

4,111 23.7 25.7 29.4 14.2 10.2 6.6 81.1 6.5 13.5 8.0 189.3

,445 15.2 15.7 17.9 8.2 9.4 4.9 78.6 5.0 9.7 7.4 140.5,935 8.4 9.3 13.6 6.5 9.1 3.8 79.0 5.0 8.2 7.6 156.9,456 7.5 6.4 11.4 5.2 6.6 3.7 84.5 5.4 7.3 6.5 146.5

4,912 4.5 5.0 7.9 4.1 . . . 4.8 75.9 3.0 4.0 7.6 192.0

,377 6.7 8.6 10.2 5.3 . . . 6.6 77.5 3.7 5.5 7.2 233.0,105 4.6 5.1 7.9 4.3 . . . 4.9 72.7 2.4 3.6 7.7 174.4

928 3.1 3.1 6.4 3.3 . . . 3.8 74.9 2.9 2.9 12.7 168.6

704 2.6 *1.4 6.1 3.1 . . . 3.7 83.5 3.3 3.3 *4.9 170.0

,964 9.6 12.0 17.3 7.7 8.4 . . . 80.1 5.4 13.2 5.7 158.5

,602 15.3 21.2 24.5 11.4 10.4 . . . 80.8 6.0 18.1 6.2 187.1,465 10.4 11.9 16.9 7.5 10.0 . . . 79.2 5.3 13.7 5.3 146.8,416 6.4 7.7 14.7 6.5 8.7 . . . 79.7 5.1 11.5 5.6 168.8,226 5.5 5.3 11.5 4.7 6.7 . . . 84.8 5.7 9.7 5.2 148.0

,605 31.1 31.5 33.1 16.1 8.4 . . . 82.6 7.5 9.6 10.2 112.2

533 56.7 55.7 64.0 31.1 9.6 . . . 83.5 9.6 14.8 10.3 146.2

559 31.5 33.1 28.4 12.3 7.8 . . . 82.1 7.0 8.4 11.6 81.6478 18.0 20.3 20.7 10.6 10.8 . . . 83.5 7.4 7.5 9.9 111.7

449 15.1 13.8 15.0 7.2 6.8 . . . 84.9 7.4 6.2 7.9 120.9

,463 49.1 44.0 47.0 23.3 *8.4 . . . 87.1 10.2 15.7 13.2 113.5

599 55.9 50.4 55.4 27.0 *10.0 . . . 87.5 11.5 18.7 11.8 133.1

316 45.3 40.2 38.8 17.3 *6.7 . . . 90.2 9.3 14.2 11.9 96.5

112 36.6 33.9 29.5 *15.9 *7.2 . . . 85.7 11.0 13.4 14.6 *103.6

77 36.4 26.0 37.2 *20.7 *– . . . 87.0 7.8 *11.7 *22.3 *57.1

ity or precision.

bility or precision and quantity zero.

years of age.
t of health characteristics for white persons, by age, family income, and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90

ulation

ousands)

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity

days per

person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person

per year

Work-loss

days per

person per

year1

School-loss

days per

person per

year2

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital episode

in the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital stays

per year

Incidence of

all acute

conditions per

100 persons

per year

5,231 13.9 9.0 14.8 6.1 5.1 5.3 76.7 5.6 8.1 8.0 182.18,302 28.1 21.8 27.7 12.4 6.3 6.8 77.9 7.2 12.6 10.2 208.93,003 19.8 14.1 19.1 8.2 6.4 6.2 75.6 6.2 10.1 8.7 178.48,894 12.3 7.4 13.1 5.1 5.6 5.3 76.7 5.4 7.8 7.2 188.53,275 8.4 3.7 10.1 3.9 4.4 4.7 78.7 5.4 6.2 6.3 186.2

1,646 5.2 2.2 10.0 4.6 . . . 5.3 81.0 4.7 3.5 7.0 302.34,242 8.8 5.5 12.4 6.3 . . . 6.8 78.5 4.9 5.7 9.0 321.67,921 6.6 3.3 11.1 5.3 . . . 6.2 76.6 4.2 4.1 8.0 285.13,324 5.2 2.0 9.7 4.7 . . . 5.3 80.7 4.6 3.5 6.8 303.69,579 4.2 1.1 9.6 4.1 . . . 4.7 85.3 5.3 2.9 5.7 319.87,282 8.8 5.0 11.5 4.3 5.0 . . . 72.0 4.9 8.0 5.4 165.77,044 17.2 12.7 19.1 8.1 6.0 . . . 73.7 6.0 11.2 7.1 219.32,763 11.9 7.9 14.9 5.7 6.3 . . . 69.8 5.4 9.6 5.8 177.31,893 8.3 4.5 11.2 4.0 5.3 . . . 72.4 5.0 8.2 4.9 172.03,723 6.3 2.5 8.9 3.2 4.3 . . . 74.2 4.9 6.8 5.0 152.79,996 21.5 14.7 18.5 7.3 5.5 . . . 75.5 6.2 8.8 9.3 113.62,380 56.3 47.1 54.6 25.6 8.4 . . . 75.0 10.0 15.9 13.7 147.05,286 33.6 25.9 27.8 11.7 7.4 . . . 74.0 7.4 11.1 10.2 130.48,697 21.4 14.4 17.3 6.3 6.3 . . . 75.6 6.1 9.0 8.6 102.76,412 13.3 6.4 11.0 3.8 4.7 . . . 77.8 5.8 7.0 7.4 114.86,306 36.8 26.9 30.0 13.3 6.0 . . . 85.9 8.8 16.7 11.3 104.74,636 47.6 37.3 41.1 17.5 4.9 . . . 85.2 9.5 19.6 11.7 121.77,033 38.4 28.6 29.3 13.3 4.6 . . . 86.1 9.1 17.0 11.1 96.34,980 33.0 22.2 23.8 9.3 7.2 . . . 86.7 8.5 15.0 11.4 102.73,561 28.3 17.4 21.3 10.0 5.2 . . . 88.1 9.6 15.3 10.3 98.5

years of age.
t of health characteristics for black persons, by age, family income, and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90

ulation

ousands)

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity

days per

person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person

per year

Work-loss

days per

person per

year1

School-loss

days per

person per

year2

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital episode

in the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital stays

per year

Incidence of

all acute

conditions per

100 persons

per year

,881 14.6 14.3 17.1 8.0 7.6 4.5 74.4 4.7 8.2 8.7 143.1

6,911 23.3 23.7 25.8 12.4 9.5 5.8 77.0 5.7 11.4 9.5 176.0

,525 15.4 15.1 16.9 7.9 8.8 3.9 73.0 4.7 8.6 8.2 125.7,735 9.1 8.5 12.8 5.8 8.3 4.7 73.3 4.4 6.8 8.2 142.9,054 7.1 5.6 9.7 4.3 5.4 3.4 77.9 4.5 5.6 7.0 141.2,967 5.6 4.9 8.1 4.2 . . . 4.5 75.4 3.1 3.8 7.7 191.0

,768 8.2 8.4 10.3 5.1 . . . 5.8 76.7 3.5 5.1 7.9 228.0,240 5.3 5.0 7.1 4.0 . . . 3.9 72.1 2.5 3.6 7.2 163.2,836 4.2 3.2 7.7 3.9 . . . 4.7 74.7 3.1 3.2 9.9 178.9,495 3.8 1.6 6.5 3.5 . . . 3.4 82.6 3.9 3.0 4.6 188.2,750 9.8 10.4 14.6 6.5 7.4 . . . 70.2 4.3 9.3 6.4 131.5,421 16.9 20.0 21.4 10.2 9.2 . . . 73.2 5.2 14.0 6.7 154.2,701 11.2 11.4 15.8 7.2 8.9 . . . 69.0 4.5 10.2 6.1 126.2,752 6.8 6.5 13.3 5.7 8.0 . . . 70.0 4.2 8.1 6.4 140.7,463 5.1 4.3 8.9 3.6 5.3 . . . 74.5 4.1 6.5 5.9 128.9

4,711 29.4 29.4 29.1 13.4 7.9 . . . 77.8 6.6 9.7 11.2 94.5

826 58.0 55.7 63.0 30.1 9.3 . . . 80.4 8.7 15.1 13.7 127.4

976 31.9 32.9 27.1 11.1 8.5 . . . 77.5 6.9 9.7 11.8 61.1931 19.9 19.8 18.7 8.5 9.3 . . . 78.4 6.8 8.6 9.5 94.1

949 13.0 11.8 12.6 5.5 5.9 . . . 77.9 5.7 6.0 7.5 106.2

,453 47.2 44.0 44.1 21.6 9.0 . . . 85.0 9.9 17.6 13.2 102.2

895 55.1 51.4 51.6 24.6 *13.1 . . . 85.4 10.9 20.3 13.0 119.3

609 44.3 40.4 41.0 20.1 *8.5 . . . 87.4 10.0 17.9 11.2 88.5215 34.4 31.6 24.3 10.9 *9.7 . . . 82.8 9.0 13.0 16.0 *76.3

147 34.7 30.6 35.6 17.2 *2.9 . . . 85.7 8.0 15.0 17.9 *93.9

ity or precision.

years of age.
t of health characteristics for all persons, by age, living arrangement, and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90

Population

thousands)1

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity

days per

person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person

per year

Work-loss

days per

person per

year2

School-loss

days per

person per

year3

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital episode

in the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital stays

per year

Incidence of

all acute

conditions per

100 persons

per year

243,506 13.8 9.6 14.9 6.3 5.4 5.1 76.2 5.5 8.1 8.0 176.1

28,962 24.4 14.9 23.1 9.1 5.5 *1.4 78.4 7.4 10.0 10.7 167.0

113,742 15.2 11.3 15.3 6.1 5.3 *3.6 75.6 5.8 10.0 7.3 133.2

100,803 9.2 6.3 12.1 5.7 5.5 5.1 76.1 4.6 5.3 8.2 227.2

64,074 5.2 2.6 9.6 4.5 . . . 5.1 79.9 4.4 3.5 7.1 281.2

69 *4.3 *4.3 *8.3 *1.6 . . . *1.4 84.1 *3.8 *5.8 *3.0 *244.9

106 *3.8 *9.4 *11.4 *8.5 . . . *3.6 83.0 *5.6 24.5 *3.3 *112.3

63,900 5.2 2.6 9.6 4.5 . . . 5.1 79.9 4.4 3.5 7.1 281.6

104,114 8.8 5.7 11.7 4.6 5.2 . . . 71.4 4.8 8.1 5.5 159.9

13,665 10.4 4.8 13.4 5.1 5.2 . . . 73.4 5.6 4.8 8.0 206.2

62,250 7.9 5.2 11.3 4.2 5.2 . . . 73.1 5.0 9.3 4.8 159.328,199 10.1 7.4 11.8 5.2 5.3 . . . 66.8 4.1 7.0 6.9 138.646,091 22.1 16.3 19.2 7.9 5.7 . . . 75.5 6.2 8.8 9.5 112.0

5,965 30.4 19.8 28.8 11.9 6.6 . . . 76.9 8.3 10.5 11.5 150.8

35,024 19.7 14.6 16.6 6.6 5.5 . . . 75.6 5.8 8.4 8.8 103.9

5,102 28.9 24.3 26.1 11.9 6.4 . . . 73.3 6.5 9.6 11.0 121.9

29,227 37.6 28.4 31.2 14.1 6.4 . . . 85.7 8.9 16.8 11.5 105.0

9,264 41.2 26.6 33.7 13.5 4.6 . . . 86.7 9.4 17.3 11.5 119.0

16,362 33.7 27.5 27.7 12.5 7.1 . . . 85.4 8.6 16.1 11.0 96.6

3,602 45.6 37.2 40.3 22.9 6.3 . . . 84.4 8.9 18.2 13.3 107.0

ity or precision.

k.

years of age.
t of health characteristics for males, by age, living arrangement, and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90

Population

thousands)1

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity

days per

person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person

per year

Work-loss

days per

person per

year2

School-loss

days per

person per

year3

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital episode

in the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital stays

per year

Incidence of

all acute

conditions per

100 persons

per year

118,010 13.3 8.6 13.0 5.3 4.9 4.8 70.6 4.6 6.5 9.2 161.7

12,449 18.7 11.3 17.0 6.5 5.2 *0.5 68.6 5.6 7.8 11.4 150.3

57,523 16.3 11.6 14.7 5.7 4.8 *1.9 69.3 4.9 8.1 9.1 113.8

48,038 8.3 4.5 9.9 4.5 4.6 4.8 72.7 4.1 4.2 8.5 222.032,788 6.0 2.5 9.4 4.2 . . . 4.8 79.7 4.5 3.7 6.7 278.9

31 *3.2 *3.2 *4.6 *– . . . *0.5 80.6 *3.5 *3.2 *5.0 *241.9

20 *– *– *14.4 *9.1 . . . *1.9 *65.0 *1.7 *– *– *–

32,737 6.0 2.5 9.4 4.2 . . . 4.8 79.7 4.5 3.7 6.7 279.151,013 8.8 4.8 9.9 3.6 4.5 . . . 61.6 3.4 4.3 7.5 131.9

7,978 10.0 4.5 12.4 4.4 4.9 . . . 65.2 4.3 4.4 9.0 174.5

29,856 8.1 4.6 9.8 3.3 4.4 . . . 63.1 3.5 4.5 6.3 134.0

13,178 9.6 5.5 8.6 3.7 4.5 . . . 55.9 2.7 3.9 9.8 101.422,059 21.6 15.7 17.2 6.8 5.5 . . . 70.7 5.4 9.1 9.8 95.7

2,436 29.0 19.8 24.1 9.9 6.6 . . . 69.1 6.6 10.1 12.4 114.2

18,249 20.0 14.6 16.2 6.2 5.4 . . . 71.5 5.2 9.0 9.2 93.2

1,374 28.7 23.6 18.9 8.6 5.5 . . . 63.9 4.6 9.0 12.0 96.3

12,150 36.9 28.4 28.1 13.0 7.1 . . . 83.7 8.7 18.1 11.7 90.5

2,003 41.1 28.0 27.2 11.3 *4.7 . . . 81.3 9.3 18.8 13.1 96.7

9,399 35.4 27.9 27.6 12.5 7.5 . . . 84.5 8.6 17.9 11.1 90.2

749 44.1 35.5 37.2 23.7 *7.4 . . . 79.4 8.0 19.9 15.3 77.4

ity or precision.

bility or precision and quantity zero.

k.

years of age.
t of health characteristics for white males, by age, living arrangement, and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90

Population

thousands)

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity

days per

person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person

per year

Work-loss

days per

person per

year1

School-loss

days per

person per

year2

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital episode

in the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital stays

per year

Incidence of

all acute

conditions per

100 persons

per year

99,985 13.4 8.2 13.0 5.2 4.7 5.0 71.3 4.8 6.6 9.1 167.310,488 18.4 10.3 16.3 6.1 5.0 *– 68.8 5.6 7.8 11.1 152.6

51,162 16.4 11.0 14.5 5.5 4.6 *2.2 69.8 4.9 8.2 9.0 116.038,334 8.1 3.7 10.1 4.5 4.5 5.0 74.0 4.3 4.2 8.2 239.726,500 6.0 2.1 9.8 4.3 . . . 5.0 80.8 4.8 3.8 6.6 298.7

25 *– *4.0 *5.0 *– . . . *– 80.0 *4.4 *4.0 *2.0 *236.017 *– *– *16.9 *10.7 . . . 2.2 *64.7 *2.0 *– *– *–

26,459 6.0 2.1 *9.8 4.3 . . . 5.0 80.8 4.8 3.8 6.6 298.9

43,226 8.8 4.3 9.8 3.4 4.3 . . . 62.4 3.5 4.4 7.3 137.4

6,718 10.2 4.0 12.3 4.2 4.7 . . . 65.8 4.3 4.5 9.0 180.7

26,270 8.1 4.2 9.6 3.1 4.2 . . . 63.7 3.5 4.5 6.2 137.310,238 9.5 4.6 8.6 3.7 4.4 . . . 57.1 2.9 3.9 9.6 109.2

19,316 21.1 14.5 16.6 6.5 5.3 . . . 70.9 5.4 9.1 9.5 98.0

2,014 27.6 17.5 21.4 8.8 6.4 . . . 68.2 6.4 9.9 11.8 116.4

16,238 19.9 13.7 15.9 6.0 5.1 . . . 71.7 5.3 9.0 9.1 95.1

1,063 28.4 20.5 17.9 8.7 5.7 . . . 64.2 4.7 8.7 11.3 108.5

10,943 36.2 27.0 26.9 12.4 6.7 . . . 84.0 8.7 18.0 11.5 89.2

1,731 39.8 26.3 25.7 10.4 *3.0 . . . 81.3 9.3 18.3 12.6 84.7

8,638 35.0 26.7 26.6 12.0 7.3 . . . 84.7 8.6 17.8 11.0 90.7

574 43.9 33.6 35.4 24.2 *5.5 . . . 80.7 7.0 20.0 15.1 80.0

bility or precision and quantity zero.

ity or precision.

years of age.
t of health characteristics for black males, by age, living arrangement, and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90

Population

thousands)

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity

days per

person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person

per year

Work-loss

days per

person per

year1

School-loss

days per

person per

year2

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital episode

in the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital stays

per year

Incidence of

all acute

conditions per

100 persons

per year

13,938 13.9 12.4 14.3 6.5 6.7 4.3 68.0 3.9 6.2 10.6 127.1

1,535 23.5 18.6 23.4 9.8 7.3 *– 69.7 5.7 9.3 13.6 125.5

4,630 17.7 17.9 18.6 8.1 7.0 *– 66.9 4.9 8.2 10.1 89.87,773 9.7 8.0 9.9 4.8 5.6 4.3 68.3 3.0 4.4 9.8 149.65,056 6.6 4.8 8.3 4.2 . . . 4.3 75.0 3.2 3.7 7.6 190.0

*1 *– *– *– *– . . . *– *100.0 *– *– *– *–*2 *– *– *– *– . . . *– *50.0 *– *– *– *–

5,053 6.6 4.8 8.4 4.2 . . . 4.3 75.0 3.2 3.7 7.9 190.15,786 10.1 8.5 11.5 4.9 6.4 . . . 58.2 3.1 4.6 9.0 99.2

916 10.5 7.9 13.4 5.2 7.0 . . . 63.9 3.8 4.9 9.8 139.0

2,544 8.6 7.8 12.6 5.2 6.7 . . . 60.5 3.7 4.9 7.2 104.02,327 11.6 9.5 9.5 4.4 5.5 . . . 53.4 2.0 4.2 11.1 78.02,106 27.4 26.8 24.1 10.2 7.4 . . . 71.8 5.6 9.8 12.5 72.5

378 38.1 32.3 38.3 16.4 6.5 . . . 76.7 8.2 11.6 15.5 88.4

1,475 23.6 23.6 20.2 8.7 7.8 . . . 71.5 5.1 9.2 11.0 72.7

253 33.2 36.8 25.4 9.5 *5.5 . . . 66.8 4.6 11.1 14.5 *47.4

990 44.3 44.0 39.8 19.2 9.7 . . . 81.9 9.4 20.4 13.3 85.8

241 50.2 38.2 37.9 17.2 *19.1 . . . 80.9 9.0 22.4 15.1 132.0

609 41.4 46.1 39.5 18.8 *5.8 . . . 82.8 9.2 19.7 12.2 72.2141 46.8 44.7 44.3 24.4 *15.5 . . . 78.7 11.1 19.9 14.4 *63.8

bility or precision and quantity zero.

ity or precision.

years of age.
t of health characteristics for females, by age, living arrangement, and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90

Population

thousands)1

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity

days per

person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person

per year

Work-loss

days per

person per

year2

School-loss

days per

person per

year3

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital episode

in the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital stays

per year

Incidence of

all acute

conditions per

100 persons

per year

125,496 14.3 10.6 16.7 7.3 6.0 5.4 81.4 6.2 9.6 7.3 189.7

16,513 28.6 17.5 27.6 11.1 5.8 *2.1 85.8 8.7 11.6 10.4 179.6

56,218 14.1 11.0 15.9 6.5 6.0 *4.0 82.2 6.7 12.0 6.0 153.052,765 10.1 7.9 14.2 6.8 6.3 5.4 79.1 5.0 6.3 7.9 232.031,286 4.3 2.7 9.8 4.8 . . . 5.4 80.2 4.3 3.3 7.5 283.7

38 *5.3 *7.9 *11.4 *2.9 . . . *2.1 86.8 *3.9 *7.9 *2.7 *247.4

86 *4.7 *11.6 *10.7 *8.4 . . . *4.0 87.2 *6.5 *30.2 *3.3 *138.4

31,163 4.3 2.7 9.8 4.8 . . . 5.4 80.1 4.3 3.3 7.6 284.253,101 8.8 6.6 13.5 5.6 6.1 . . . 80.9 6.2 11.7 4.8 186.7

5,687 11.0 5.2 15.0 6.1 5.6 . . . 85.0 7.4 5.3 6.9 250.7

32,394 7.6 5.8 12.7 5.0 6.1 . . . 82.2 6.4 13.7 4.3 182.715,021 10.5 9.0 14.5 6.5 6.1 . . . 76.4 5.3 9.7 5.8 171.224,032 22.7 16.9 21.0 8.9 6.0 . . . 79.9 7.0 8.6 9.2 126.9

3,528 31.4 19.8 32.1 13.2 6.6 . . . 82.3 9.4 10.8 11.0 176.1

16,775 19.4 14.6 17.0 7.0 5.7 . . . 80.2 6.5 7.8 8.3 115.6

3,729 29.0 24.6 28.7 13.1 6.8 . . . 76.7 7.1 9.8 10.7 131.2

17,077 38.1 28.4 33.4 14.8 5.4 . . . 87.2 9.1 15.8 11.3 115.2

7,260 41.3 26.2 35.5 14.1 4.6 . . . 88.2 9.5 16.9 11.1 125.2

6,963 31.6 26.9 28.0 12.3 6.1 . . . 86.7 8.6 13.7 10.9 105.12,853 46.0 37.7 41.2 22.7 5.9 . . . 85.7 9.1 17.8 12.6 114.7

ity or precision.

k.

years of age.
t of health characteristics for white females, by age, living arrangement, and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90

Population

thousands)

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity

days per

person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person

per year

Work-loss

days per

person per

year1

School-loss

days per

person per

year2

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital episode

in the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital stays

per year

Incidence of

all acute

conditions per

100 persons

per year

105,246 14.4 9.8 16.5 7.0 5.8 5.6 81.9 6.4 9.6 7.3 196.2

14,423 28.5 16.5 27.0 10.5 5.4 *2.8 86.1 8.7 11.8 10.4 182.7

50,265 14.1 10.4 15.7 6.4 5.8 *4.1 82.4 6.8 12.0 6.0 155.540,558 9.7 6.7 13.9 6.6 6.0 5.6 79.7 5.2 5.8 8.1 251.425,146 4.4 2.3 10.3 5.0 . . . 5.6 81.2 4.6 3.2 7.5 306.0

28 *7.1 *7.1 *15.5 *3.9 . . . *2.8 92.9 *4.8 *10.7 *2.7 *335.7

77 *5.2 *10.4 *9.5 *7.8 . . . *4.1 87.0 *6.0 31.2 *3.3 *105.2

25,041 4.4 2.3 10.3 5.0 . . . 5.6 81.2 4.6 3.2 7.7 306.644,057 8.8 5.8 13.1 5.3 5.8 . . . 81.4 6.4 11.5 4.7 193.4

4,807 11.2 4.6 14.7 5.8 5.5 . . . 85.6 7.6 5.1 6.6 262.3

28,643 7.7 5.3 12.5 4.9 5.9 . . . 82.5 6.5 13.7 4.3 187.110,607 10.5 7.5 13.9 6.0 5.7 . . . 76.2 5.4 8.5 5.9 179.520,680 21.8 15.0 19.8 8.1 5.8 . . . 79.9 7.0 8.5 9.1 128.1

2,981 30.1 17.2 30.2 12.2 5.7 . . . 82.0 9.2 10.9 11.3 183.7

15,055 19.2 13.5 16.7 6.7 5.6 . . . 80.3 6.5 7.8 8.1 117.0

2,644 26.8 21.0 25.1 11.1 7.0 . . . 75.0 7.3 9.4 11.1 128.9

15,364 37.2 26.9 32.2 14.0 5.1 . . . 87.2 9.0 15.8 11.1 115.7

6,607 40.6 24.9 34.5 13.2 4.1 . . . 88.2 9.4 17.1 11.0 123.6

6,490 30.9 25.8 27.3 12.1 5.7 . . . 86.8 8.6 13.7 10.8 106.12,266 45.5 35.8 39.8 22.1 *6.4 . . . 85.8 8.8 18.1 12.2 120.2

ity or precision.

years of age.
t of health characteristics for black females, by age, living arrangement, and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90

Population

thousands)

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity

days per

person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person

per year

Work-loss

days per

person per

year1

School-loss

days per

person per

year2

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital episode

in the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital stays

per year

Incidence of

all acute

conditions per

100 persons

per year

15,944 15.1 15.9 19.6 9.4 8.4 4.8 79.9 5.4 10.0 7.7 157.1

1,686 32.2 27.3 35.3 16.5 9.9 *– 85.8 9.2 10.9 10.5 144.4

4,048 16.0 18.6 21.4 9.7 8.6 *7.0 82.3 6.3 12.5 7.0 137.5

10,210 12.0 13.0 16.3 8.1 7.7 4.8 77.9 4.5 8.9 7.6 167.0

4,912 4.5 5.0 7.9 4.1 . . . 4.8 75.9 3.0 4.0 7.6 192.0

*6 *– *– *– *– . . . *– *66.7 *– *– *– *–*5 *– *40.0 *37.6 *23.6 . . . *– *80.0 *7.0 *40.0 *2.5 *760.0

4,901 4.5 4.9 7.8 4.1 . . . 4.8 75.9 3.0 3.9 7.7 191.76,964 9.6 12.0 17.1 7.7 8.4 . . . 80.1 5.4 13.2 5.7 158.5

637 9.6 9.3 18.3 8.5 7.8 . . . 83.5 7.0 6.8 8.8 174.3

2,467 7.7 10.3 17.3 7.2 9.0 . . . 82.0 5.6 14.4 5.1 160.63,860 10.8 13.5 16.8 8.0 8.0 . . . 78.4 5.0 13.4 5.8 154.52,605 31.1 31.5 33.1 16.1 8.4 . . . 82.6 7.5 9.6 10.2 112.2

467 40.3 35.5 45.1 19.1 13.8 . . . 85.9 11.2 10.7 9.3 109.4

1,194 24.4 27.4 22.8 12.2 7.4 . . . 81.9 6.8 7.8 10.6 100.0

944 35.1 34.6 40.0 19.6 6.9 . . . 81.8 6.6 11.4 10.3 129.0

1,463 49.1 44.0 47.0 23.3 *8.4 . . . 87.1 10.2 15.7 13.2 113.5

577 50.8 40.9 46.5 23.5 *9.3 . . . 88.2 10.0 15.6 11.9 140.9

382 43.5 44.2 42.9 18.0 *11.1 . . . 85.9 9.4 14.1 12.7 96.6505 51.1 47.3 50.7 27.0 *4.7 . . . 86.7 10.9 17.0 14.9 94.5

bility or precision and quantity zero.

ity or precision.

years of age.
t of health characteristics for white persons, by age, living arrangement, and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90

Population

thousands)

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity

days per

person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person

per year

Work-loss

days per

person per

year1

School-loss

days per

person per

year2

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital episode

in the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital stays

per year

Incidence of

all acute

conditions per

100 persons

per year

205,231 13.9 9.0 14.8 6.1 5.1 5.3 76.7 5.6 8.1 8.0 182.1

24,911 24.3 13.9 22.5 8.6 5.2 1.5 78.8 7.4 10.1 10.6 170.0

101,427 15.3 10.7 15.1 5.9 5.1 3.8 76.0 5.8 10.1 7.2 135.6

78,893 9.0 5.3 12.0 5.6 5.3 5.3 76.9 4.8 5.0 8.2 245.751,646 5.2 2.2 10.0 4.6 . . . 5.3 81.0 4.7 3.5 7.0 302.3

53 *3.8 *5.7 *10.5 *2.1 . . . *1.5 84.9 *4.6 *7.5 *2.5 *288.7

93 *4.3 *8.6 *10.9 *8.4 . . . *3.8 83.9 *5.4 25.8 *3.3 *87.1

51,500 5.2 2.2 10.0 4.6 . . . 5.3 81.0 4.7 3.5 7.1 302.787,282 8.8 5.0 11.5 4.3 5.0 . . . 72.0 4.9 8.0 5.4 165.7

11,525 10.6 4.2 13.3 4.9 5.0 . . . 74.1 5.7 4.7 7.9 214.7

54,913 7.9 4.8 11.1 4.0 4.9 . . . 73.5 5.1 9.3 4.7 163.320,845 10.0 6.1 11.3 4.9 5.0 . . . 66.8 4.2 6.2 7.0 145.039,996 21.5 14.7 18.2 7.3 5.5 . . . 75.5 6.2 8.8 9.3 113.6

4,996 29.1 17.4 26.6 10.8 6.0 . . . 76.4 8.0 10.5 11.5 156.5

31,293 19.6 13.6 16.3 6.4 5.3 . . . 75.8 5.9 8.4 8.7 105.6

3,707 27.3 20.8 23.0 10.4 6.6 . . . 71.9 6.6 9.2 11.1 123.0

26,306 36.8 26.9 30.0 13.3 6.0 . . . 85.9 8.8 16.7 11.3 104.7

8,338 40.4 25.2 32.7 12.6 3.8 . . . 86.8 9.4 17.3 11.3 115.5

15,128 33.2 26.3 26.9 12.0 6.9 . . . 85.6 8.6 16.1 10.9 97.3

2,840 45.2 35.4 38.9 22.5 6.2 . . . 84.8 8.5 18.5 12.9 112.0

ity or precision.

years of age.
t of health characteristics for black persons, by age, living arrangement, and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90

Population

thousands)

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity

days per

person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person

per year

Work-loss

days per

person per

year1

School-loss

days per

person per

year2

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital episode

in the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital stays

per year

Incidence of

all acute

conditions per

100 persons

per year

29,881 14.6 14.3 17.1 8.0 7.6 4.5 74.4 4.7 8.2 8.7 143.1

3,221 28.1 23.2 29.6 13.3 8.5 *– 78.1 7.5 10.2 11.8 135.4

8,678 16.9 18.2 19.9 8.8 7.7 *5.0 74.1 5.5 10.2 8.3 112.0

17,983 11.0 10.8 13.6 6.7 6.9 4.6 73.8 3.8 6.9 8.2 159.5

9,967 5.6 4.9 8.1 4.2 . . . 4.5 75.4 3.1 3.8 7.7 191.0

*6 *– *– *– *– . . . *– 83.3 *– *– *– *–*7 *– *28.6 *26.9 *16.9 . . . *5.0 *71.4 *5.0 *28.6 *2.5 *542.9

9,954 5.6 4.9 8.1 4.2 . . . 4.6 75.4 3.1 3.8 7.8 190.9

12,750 9.8 10.4 14.6 6.5 7.4 . . . 70.2 4.3 9.3 6.4 131.5

1,553 10.1 8.4 15.4 6.5 7.3 . . . 71.9 5.2 5.7 9.3 153.4

5,011 8.2 9.0 14.9 6.2 7.8 . . . 71.1 4.7 9.6 5.7 131.9

6,186 11.0 12.0 14.1 6.7 7.0 . . . 69.0 3.9 10.0 6.6 125.8

4,711 29.4 29.4 29.1 13.4 7.9 . . . 77.8 6.6 9.7 11.2 94.5

845 39.3 34.1 42.0 17.9 10.5 . . . 81.7 9.9 11.1 12.2 100.0

2,670 23.9 25.3 21.4 10.2 7.7 . . . 76.1 5.8 8.6 10.8 84.91,196 34.8 35.2 37.0 17.4 6.6 . . . 78.7 6.2 11.4 11.2 111.92,453 47.2 44.0 44.1 21.6 9.0 . . . 85.0 9.9 17.6 13.2 102.2

817 50.7 40.3 44.0 21.7 *12.4 . . . 86.3 9.7 17.7 13.0 138.6

990 42.2 45.4 40.8 18.5 *7.4 . . . 84.0 9.3 17.5 12.4 81.8646 50.3 46.7 49.3 26.4 *7.6 . . . 85.0 11.0 17.6 14.8 87.8

bility and precision and quantity zero.

ity or precision.

years of age.
t of health characteristics for all persons 14 years of age and over, by age, marital status, and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90

Population

thousands)1

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity

days per

person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person

per year

Work-loss

days per

person per

year2

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital episode

in the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital stays

per year

Incidence of

all acute

conditions per

100 persons

per year

192,932 16.2 11.5 16.3 6.8 5.4 74.7 5.7 9.3 8.1 143.5

115,380 15.3 11.3 15.4 6.2 5.3 75.6 5.8 10.1 7.3 133.3

12,859 39.7 28.1 35.0 15.6 6.4 85.3 9.0 16.3 11.8 120.816,481 21.9 16.0 24.2 10.4 7.3 75.0 7.2 10.3 9.7 173.6

46,774 10.2 5.9 10.8 4.6 4.5 69.8 4.0 5.2 7.6 163.5

13,500 6.9 3.1 9.5 4.4 . . . 73.5 3.4 3.7 7.4 208.6

113 3.5 *9.7 *10.9 *8.2 . . . 83.2 5.6 25.7 3.4 *109.7

*3 *– *– *– *– . . . *100.0 *5.0 *– *– *–

*6 *16.7 *– *– *– . . . *66.7 *14.3 *50.0 *10.0 *266.7

12,824 6.9 3.0 9.6 4.4 . . . 73.3 3.4 3.6 7.7 210.0

104,114 8.8 5.7 11.7 4.6 5.2 71.4 4.8 8.1 5.5 159.9

63,164 7.9 5.2 11.3 4.2 5.2 73.0 5.0 9.3 4.8 159.0

404 14.6 12.6 20.4 9.0 7.7 74.8 6.8 8.4 8.1 157.7

9,390 13.8 10.1 18.8 8.0 7.4 72.9 6.4 8.9 7.8 195.5

30,613 9.1 5.3 10.2 4.2 4.5 67.9 3.9 5.3 6.8 150.6

46,091 22.1 16.3 19.2 7.9 5.7 75.5 6.2 8.8 9.5 112.0

35,478 19.7 14.6 16.6 6.6 5.5 75.6 5.8 8.4 8.9 104.7

2,841 32.7 24.9 30.1 12.5 6.8 79.4 7.5 11.3 11.1 126.75,512 29.4 21.4 30.0 13.0 7.4 76.3 7.9 10.7 11.6 146.02,039 30.7 20.7 18.8 8.3 4.1 69.6 6.7 7.7 10.8 123.1

29,227 37.6 28.4 31.2 14.1 6.4 85.7 8.9 16.8 11.5 105.0

16,625 33.9 27.5 27.9 12.6 7.0 85.4 8.6 16.2 11.1 96.9

9,610 42.9 29.7 37.0 16.8 5.3 87.5 9.5 18.1 12.1 117.51,573 44.2 31.7 35.7 15.2 5.4 82.7 8.9 16.8 11.7 138.91,297 37.8 25.3 23.0 9.9 *3.9 80.9 7.9 14.6 11.9 71.6

ity or precision.

bility or precision and quantity zero.

k.

years of age.
t of health characteristics for males 14 years of age and over, by age, marital status, and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90

Population

n thousands)1

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity

days per

person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person

per year

Work-loss

days per

person per

year2

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital episode

in the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital stays

per year

Incidence of

all acute

conditions per

100 persons

per year

92,155 15.4 10.3 13.9 5.6 4.9 67.5 4.5 7.2 9.7 122.458,249 16.3 11.6 14.7 5.7 4.8 69.1 4.9 8.1 9.1 113.5

2,030 39.2 28.3 30.0 14.5 6.1 80.8 8.6 17.9 14.1 92.66,142 21.8 14.9 20.4 8.4 6.7 64.5 5.3 9.0 12.0 130.2

25,018 10.1 4.9 9.2 3.8 4.2 63.3 3.2 3.9 9.3 142.3

6,934 7.3 2.2 8.3 3.5 . . . 71.9 3.0 3.1 8.8 193.3

22 *– *– *13.1 *8.3 . . . 63.6 *1.5 *– *– *–

*2 *– *– *– *– . . . *100.0 *– *– *– *–

*2 *50.0 *– *– *– . . . *– *– *– *– *–

6,599 7.2 2.2 8.4 3.5 . . . 71.8 3.1 3.1 8.9 195

51,013 8.8 4.8 9.9 3.6 4.5 61.6 3.4 4.3 7.5 131.930,243 8.1 4.6 9.8 3.3 4.4 63.0 3.5 4.5 6.5 133

72 *15.3 *8.3 *11.6 *7.2 *4.2 59.7 *3.3 *6.9 *14.6 *84.7

3,483 13.3 8.2 15.4 5.9 6.5 59.7 4.6 6.3 10.6 145.9

16,948 9.1 4.5 8.9 3.5 4.2 59.6 3.0 3.6 8.8 126.322,059 21.6 15.7 17.2 6.8 5.5 70.7 5.4 9.1 9.8 95.718,474 20.0 14.6 16.2 6.2 5.4 71.3 5.2 9.0 9.2 93.6

424 31.4 26.2 26.8 9.6 6.2 75.5 6.1 12.3 10.8 90.1

2,065 29.9 21.5 25.8 11.2 7.2 68.6 6.1 10.9 13.2 112.2

996 30.8 20.2 13.5 6.4 3.9 63.7 5.7 7.1 11.4 97.4

12,150 36.9 28.4 28.1 13.0 7.1 83.7 8.7 18.1 11.7 90.5

9,510 35.5 27.9 27.5 12.5 7.4 84.5 8.7 17.9 11.2 90.21,531 42.7 29.9 31.7 16.3 *6.7 83.3 9.6 20.1 14.7 93.9

592 43.2 31.6 30.2 13.1 *4.6 78.2 7.2 17.9 12.6 100.8

476 39.3 28.8 22.4 10.7 *5.3 75.6 8.2 17.2 12.3 76.7

bility or precision and quantity zero.

ity or precision.

k.

years of age.
t of health characteristics for white males 14 years of age and over, by age, marital status, and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90

Population

thousands)

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity days

per person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person per year

Work-loss

days per

person per

year1

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital

episode in

the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital

stays per year

Incidence of

all acute

conditions per

100 persons

per year

79,044 15.5 9.7 13.8 5.4 4.7 68.3 4.7 7.3 9.5 126.051,694 16.4 11.0 14.5 5.6 4.6 69.7 4.9 8.2 9.1 115.7

1,667 38.3 25.9 27.6 13.7 5.0 81.0 8.5 17.6 13.6 95.95,045 20.9 13.0 19.3 7.9 6.8 64.1 5.4 8.5 11.5 134.1

20,043 10.1 4.3 9.3 3.7 3.9 64.8 3.5 4.0 9.0 151.5

5,559 7.5 1.7 8.8 3.6 . . . 73.6 3.3 3.2 8.4 206.8

18 *– *– 16.0 10.1 . . . *61.1 *1.9 *– *– *–

*2 *– *– *– *– . . . *100.0 *– *– *– *–

*1 *100.0 *– *– *– . . . *– *– *– *– *–

5,300 7.4 1.7 8.9 3.6 . . . 73.5 3.4 3.2 8.5 208.5

43,226 8.8 4.3 9.8 3.4 4.3 62.4 3.5 4.4 7.3 137.426,545 8.1 4.2 9.6 3.1 4.2 63.6 3.5 4.5 6.4 136.6

54 14.8 *7.4 *13.6 *9.2 *4.5 59.3 *2.7 *7.4 *17.5 *90.7

2,894 13.0 7.1 15.2 5.6 6.5 59.8 4.8 5.8 10.2 153.1

13,508 9.1 3.8 9.0 3.4 4.0 61.0 3.2 3.7 8.6 135.219,316 21.1 14.5 16.6 6.5 5.3 70.9 5.4 9.1 9.5 98.016,404 19.8 13.7 15.9 6.0 5.1 71.6 5.3 9.0 9.1 95.5

305 29.2 22.3 22.3 9.1 *6.0 72.8 5.6 11.5 11.0 113.1

1,697 28.6 18.6 23.8 10.2 7.5 68.1 6.0 10.7 12.1 117.4

818 30.3 18.0 12.2 6.2 3.7 64.2 5.8 7.2 11.0 95.6

10,943 36.2 27.0 26.9 12.4 6.7 84.0 8.7 18.0 11.5 89.2

8,727 35.1 26.7 26.7 12.0 7.2 84.7 8.6 17.9 11.1 90.61,306 41.5 27.5 29.4 14.9 *3.8 83.8 9.5 19.5 13.9 92.2

453 42.4 30.0 28.7 13.6 *5.4 76.6 7.0 17.2 13.1 75.3

418 38.3 27.5 20.7 9.4 *2.2 76.8 8.1 17.2 11.5 67.9

bility or precision and quantity zero.

ity or precision.

years of age.
t of health characteristics for black males 14 years of age and over, by age, marital status, and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90

Population

thousands)

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity days

per person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person per year

Work-loss

days per

person per year1

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital

episode in

the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital

stays per year

Incidence

of all

acute

conditions

per 100

persons per year

9,968 16.9 15.5 16.4 7.2 6.7 64.2 4.1 7.1 11.4 95.2

4,749 17.6 17.8 18.5 8.1 7.1 66.8 4.9 8.1 10.1 89.7

312 44.6 40.1 42.1 18.5 *11.6 81.1 9.1 19.6 14.3 65.1

969 26.6 24.5 25.6 11.2 6.6 67.3 5.4 11.5 14.4 101.8

3,834 11.4 8.5 9.4 4.2 5.5 58.6 2.3 3.8 11.1 100.5

1,086 7.6 4.6 6.6 3.0 . . . 65.0 1.9 3.0 11.2 127.0

*3 *– *– *– *– . . . *66.7 *– *– *– *–*– *– *– *– *– . . . *– *– *– *– *–

*– *– *– *– *– . . . *– *– *– *– *–

1,019 7.8 4.7 6.5 3.0 . . . 64.7 1.9 3.1 11.5 126.7

5,786 10.1 8.5 11.5 4.9 6.4 58.2 3.1 4.6 9.0 99.2

2,612 8.7 7.8 12.6 5.3 6.7 60.6 3.8 4.8 7.2 103.6

15 *13.3 *13.3 *6.6 *1.6 *3.5 *60.0 *5.9 *6.7 *3.0 *80.0

508 14.8 14.6 16.4 7.2 7.6 59.6 4.0 8.7 12.7 114.4

2,619 10.6 7.9 9.2 4.1 5.3 55.5 2.1 3.6 9.8 89.6

2,106 27.4 26.8 24.1 10.2 7.4 71.8 5.6 9.8 12.5 72.5

1,511 23.4 23.6 20.3 8.7 7.9 71.1 5.1 9.1 10.9 72.2

104 38.5 37.5 41.2 *11.0 *7.6 84.6 7.9 15.4 10.6 *35.6

334 36.8 34.7 36.4 17.0 *5.2 73.1 6.5 12.0 18.3 *71.0

150 38.0 33.3 22.1 *9.0 *5.6 66.0 6.0 *7.3 *13.9 *102.7

990 44.3 44.0 39.8 19.2 9.7 81.9 9.4 20.4 13.3 85.8

623 41.4 45.6 38.6 18.4 *5.7 82.5 9.4 19.6 12.2 74.2

192 50.5 43.8 45.6 24.0 *23.7 81.3 10.0 22.9 15.9 *80.2

127 47.2 37.0 34.4 *12.4 *– 82.7 8.0 21.3 11.4 *133.1

46 50.0 43.5 42.5 *24.1 *52.2 73.9 *10.8 *19.6 *20.2 *139.1

ity or precision.

bility or precision and quantity zero.

years of age.
t of health characteristics for females 14 years of age and over, by age, marital status and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90

Population

thousands)1

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity daysper person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person per year

Work-loss

days per

person per year2

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital

episode in

the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital

stays per year

Incidence

of all

acute

conditions

per 100

persons per year

100,777 16.9 12.6 18.5 7.9 6.0 81.3 6.7 11.2 7.2 162.8

57,132 14.2 11.1 16.0 6.6 6.0 82.2 6.7 12.1 6.1 153.510,829 39.8 28.0 35.9 15.8 6.4 86.1 9.0 16.0 11.4 126.110,339 22.0 16.6 26.5 11.5 7.7 81.2 8.2 11.0 8.6 199.3

21,755 10.4 7.0 12.6 5.6 5.0 77.2 4.9 6.7 6.6 187.9

6,567 6.4 4.0 10.8 5.4 . . . 75.1 3.7 4.5 6.4 224.7

91 *4.4 *12.1 *10.4 *8.2 . . . 87.9 *6.6 31.9 *3.4 *136.3

*1 *– *– *– *– . . . *100.0 *15.0 *– *– *–

*4 *– *– *– *– . . . *100.0 *21.5 *75.0 *10.0 *400.0

6,226 6.5 3.9 10.8 5.4 . . . 74.8 3.7 4.1 6.7 225.8

53,101 8.8 6.6 13.5 5.6 6.1 80.9 6.2 11.7 4.8 186.7

32,921 7.7 5.8 12.8 5.0 6.1 82.2 6.4 13.8 4.3 182.8

332 14.8 13.6 22.3 9.3 8.6 77.7 7.6 8.7 *7.0 173.5

5,907 14.1 11.2 20.8 9.2 7.9 80.7 7.5 10.4 6.8 224.6

13,666 9.1 6.4 11.8 5.1 5.0 78.1 5.1 7.4 5.6 180.9

24,032 22.7 16.9 21.0 8.9 6.0 79.9 7.0 8.6 9.2 126.9

17,005 19.5 14.6 17.1 7.1 5.7 80.1 6.5 7.8 8.4 116.7

2,417 32.9 24.7 30.6 13.0 6.9 80.1 7.7 11.1 11.1 133.13,447 29.2 21.5 32.5 14.1 7.5 80.8 9.0 10.5 10.6 166.31,043 30.6 21.2 23.8 10.1 4.3 75.4 7.6 8.1 10.4 147.7

17,077 38.1 28.4 33.4 14.8 5.4 87.2 9.1 15.8 11.3 115.2

7,115 31.8 27.0 28.3 12.7 6.0 86.7 8.6 13.9 10.9 105.9

8,079 42.9 29.6 38.0 16.9 5.0 88.3 9.5 17.7 11.5 122.0

982 44.7 31.8 39.0 16.4 *5.9 85.3 9.9 16.2 11.0 161.7

821 36.9 23.3 23.4 9.4 *2.7 83.9 7.7 13.2 11.7 68.6

ity or precision.

bility or precision and quantity zero.

k.

years of age.
t of health characteristics for white females 14 years of age and over, by age, marital status, and selected health characteristics: United States,

Population

thousands)

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity days

per person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person per year

Work-loss

days per

person per year1

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital

episode in

the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital

stays per year

Incidence

of all

acute

conditions

per 100

persons per year

85,382 16.9 11.7 18.0 7.5 5.8 81.7 6.8 11.1 7.2 166.550,922 14.2 10.5 15.8 6.4 5.8 82.4 6.8 12.0 6.1 155.6

9,265 39.2 26.3 34.9 14.7 6.1 86.2 9.0 16.2 11.2 126.97,985 21.6 14.5 24.8 10.6 7.2 81.2 8.4 10.9 8.7 206.3

16,597 10.6 5.8 12.3 5.3 4.7 78.0 5.1 5.7 7.0 202.1

5,282 6.5 3.4 11.4 5.7 . . . 76.4 4.0 4.3 7.0 240.1

81 *4.9 *9.9 *9.3 *7.7 . . . 87.7 *6.1 33.3 *3.4 *106.2

*1 *– *– *– *– . . . *100.0 *15.0 *– *– *–

*4 *– *– *– *– . . . *100.0 *21.5 *75.0 *10.0 *400.0

4,998 6.6 3.3 11.4 5.7 . . . 76.1 3.9 3.9 7.5 242.1

44,057 8.8 5.8 13.1 5.3 5.8 81.4 6.4 11.5 4.7 193.429,002 7.7 5.4 12.5 4.9 5.9 82.5 6.5 13.7 4.3 186.6

219 14.2 10.5 18.7 *6.2 *6.5 76.7 8.2 8.2 *6.2 152.1

4,538 14.0 9.7 20.1 8.8 7.6 80.8 7.8 10.0 6.5 237.0

10,068 9.2 5.1 11.4 4.7 4.8 78.7 5.3 5.9 5.7 194.820,680 21.8 15.0 19.8 8.1 5.8 79.9 7.0 8.5 9.1 128.115,219 19.2 13.5 16.8 6.7 5.5 80.3 6.5 7.9 8.2 117.9

1,912 31.3 21.8 29.1 11.7 6.9 79.2 7.8 11.3 10.8 139.12,646 27.7 18.2 29.1 12.3 6.6 80.4 9.0 10.5 11.4 166.6

793 28.1 16.4 20.5 7.9 4.4 74.3 7.6 7.2 10.6 167.1

15,364 37.2 26.9 32.2 14.0 5.1 87.2 9.0 15.8 11.1 115.7

6,620 31.2 25.9 27.6 12.3 5.6 86.8 8.6 13.9 10.8 106.97,133 42.1 28.0 36.9 15.8 4.8 88.3 9.4 17.8 11.3 122.9

797 44.7 29.2 37.2 15.0 *4.6 85.6 9.9 16.8 10.4 162.9

739 36.3 21.9 22.5 8.8 *3.1 84.3 7.7 13.3 11.6 67.7

ity or precision.

bility or precision and quantity zero.

years of age.
t of health characteristics for black females 14 years of age and over, by age, marital status, and selected health characteristics: United States,

Population

thousands)

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity daysper person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person per year

Work-loss

days per

person per year1

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital

episode in

the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital

stays per year

Incidence

of all

acute

conditions

per 100

persons per year

12,070 18.7 19.7 23.5 11.2 8.4 80.7 6.2 12.1 7.6 143.3

4,224 16.1 18.7 21.5 9.7 8.7 82.4 6.3 12.6 6.9 141.6

1,343 46.5 40.6 45.3 23.3 8.5 86.7 9.6 14.7 12.9 121.42,087 23.4 24.4 32.6 14.8 10.0 82.1 7.4 11.7 8.3 165.7

4,326 10.5 12.1 14.5 7.0 6.7 76.8 4.5 11.1 5.8 142.2

1,039 6.0 7.4 9.2 4.6 . . . 70.7 2.7 5.7 4.4 161.6

*5 *– *40.0 *37.6 *23.6 . . . *80.0 *8.8 *40.0 *2.5 *760.0

*– *– *– *– *– . . . *– *– *– *– *–

*– *– *– *– *– . . . *– *– *– *– *–

994 6.0 7.3 9.0 4.4 . . . 70.6 2.6 5.6 4.5 158.7

6,964 9.6 12.0 17.1 7.7 8.4 80.1 5.4 13.2 5.7 158.5

2,588 7.8 10.5 17.6 7.3 9.2 82.0 5.7 14.5 5.1 167.9

97 16.5 20.6 27.8 *13.7 *12.2 77.3 6.4 *8.2 *10.0 *178.4

1,207 14.3 16.8 23.2 10.7 9.4 81.0 6.4 12.0 7.3 182.9

3,034 9.0 11.0 14.1 6.8 6.9 78.4 4.8 12.8 5.5 142.0

2,605 31.1 31.5 33.1 16.1 8.4 82.6 7.5 9.6 10.2 112.2

1,233 24.6 27.5 22.7 12.0 7.2 82.0 6.7 7.9 10.4 97.9

426 41.3 37.8 40.2 20.0 7.8 84.3 7.8 11.3 12.5 110.8

715 33.6 32.4 44.9 19.8 11.2 83.2 8.5 10.9 8.3 144.5

223 40.4 39.0 38.3 19.1 *4.3 80.7 7.9 12.1 10.4 *90.1

1,463 49.1 44.0 47.0 23.3 *8.4 87.1 10.2 15.7 13.2 113.5

397 43.8 44.1 42.9 18.2 *11.1 86.1 9.4 14.1 12.9 99.0821 52.5 44.3 49.9 26.2 *7.0 89.0 10.9 17.2 13.2 120.1

165 46.1 45.5 48.2 22.9 *10.5 85.5 9.6 13.3 15.2 *132.1

75 44.0 37.3 34.1 *17.0 *– 80.0 8.4 *13.3 *12.3 *84.0

ity or precision.

bility or precision and quantity zero.

years of age.
t of health characteristics for white persons 14 years of age and over, by age, marital status, and selected health characteristics: United States,

Population

thousands)

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity daysper person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person per year

Work-loss

days per

person per year1

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital

episode in

the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital

stays per year

Incidence

of all

acute

conditions

per 100

persons per year

164,426 16.2 10.7 16.0 6.5 5.1 75.3 5.8 9.3 8.1 147.0102,616 15.3 10.8 15.1 6.0 5.1 76.0 5.9 10.1 7.3 135.5

10,932 39.1 26.2 33.8 14.6 5.9 85.4 8.9 16.4 11.6 122.213,030 21.3 13.9 22.6 9.5 7.0 74.6 7.3 9.9 9.6 178.5

36,641 10.3 5.0 10.7 4.5 4.3 70.7 4.2 4.8 7.9 174.4

10,841 7.0 2.5 10.0 4.6 . . . 75.0 3.6 3.7 7.6 223.0

99 *4.0 *8.1 *10.5 *8.2 . . . 83.8 *5.4 27.3 *3.4 *86.9

*3 *– *– *– *– . . . *100.0 *5.0 *– *– *–

*5 *– *– *– *– . . . *80.0 *17.2 60.0 *10.0 320.0

10,297 7.0 2.5 10.1 4.6 . . . 74.7 3.6 3.5 8.0 224.8

87,282 8.8 5.0 11.5 4.3 5.0 72.0 4.9 8.0 5.4 165.7

55,547 7.9 4.8 11.1 4.0 4.9 73.5 5.1 9.3 4.8 162.7

273 14.3 9.9 17.7 *6.8 *6.0 73.3 7.1 8.1 *8.2 139.9

7,432 13.6 8.7 18.1 7.6 7.1 72.6 6.6 8.4 7.5 204.3

23,575 9.2 4.3 10.0 4.0 4.3 68.6 4.1 4.7 7.0 160.6

39,996 21.5 14.7 18.2 7.3 5.5 75.5 6.2 8.8 9.3 113.6

31,623 19.5 13.6 16.3 6.4 5.3 75.8 5.9 8.4 8.7 106.3

2,218 31.0 21.9 28.1 11.3 6.7 78.3 7.5 11.3 10.8 135.4

4,343 28.0 18.4 27.0 11.5 7.0 75.6 7.8 10.6 11.7 147.4

1,611 29.2 17.2 16.3 7.0 4.0 69.2 6.7 7.2 10.8 130.8

26,306 36.8 26.9 30.0 13.3 6.0 85.9 8.8 16.7 11.3 104.7

15,347 33.4 26.4 27.1 12.2 6.8 85.6 8.6 16.2 11.0 97.6

8,439 42.0 27.9 35.8 15.7 4.6 87.6 9.4 18.1 11.8 118.1

1,250 43.8 29.6 34.1 14.5 *4.9 82.4 8.8 17.0 11.4 131.11,157 37.0 23.9 21.9 9.0 *2.7 81.6 7.9 14.7 11.6 67.8

ity or precision.

bility or precision and quantity zero.

years of age.
t of health characteristics for black persons 14 years of age and over, by age, marital status, and selected health characteristics: United States,

Population

thousands)

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity daysper person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person per year

Work-loss

days per

person per year1

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital

episode in

the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital

stays per year

Incidence

of all

acute

conditions

per 100

persons per year

22,039 17.9 17.8 20.3 9.4 7.6 73.2 5.2 9.8 8.8 121.6

8,972 16.9 18.2 19.9 8.9 7.8 74.2 5.6 10.2 8.3 114.2

1,656 46.1 40.5 44.6 22.4 9.1 85.6 9.5 15.6 13.2 110.73,056 24.4 24.4 30.4 13.7 8.9 77.4 6.7 11.6 10.2 145.58,160 10.9 10.4 12.1 5.7 6.1 68.2 3.5 7.7 7.0 122.6

2,124 6.8 6.0 7.9 3.8 . . . 67.8 2.3 4.3 6.9 144.0

*8 *– *25.0 *23.5 *14.8 . . . *75.0 *5.5 *25.0 *2.5 *475.0

*– *– *– *– *– . . . *– *– *– *– *–

*– *– *– *– *– . . . *– *– *– *– *–

2,014 6.9 6.0 7.7 3.7 . . . 67.6 2.2 4.4 7.0 142.4

12,750 9.8 10.4 14.6 6.5 7.4 70.2 4.3 9.3 6.4 131.5

5,200 8.3 9.2 15.1 6.3 7.9 71.3 4.7 9.6 5.7 135.6

112 17.0 19.6 24.9 *12.1 *10.8 75.0 6.3 *8.0 *9.3 *165.2

1,715 14.4 16.2 21.2 9.7 8.8 74.7 5.6 11.0 8.6 162.65,653 9.7 9.6 11.8 5.5 6.1 67.8 3.5 8.5 6.4 117.7

4,711 29.4 29.4 29.1 13.4 7.9 77.8 6.6 9.7 11.2 94.5

2,743 23.9 25.3 21.4 10.2 7.7 76.0 5.8 8.6 10.7 83.8

530 40.8 37.9 40.4 18.2 7.7 84.3 7.9 12.1 12.0 96.2

1,049 34.6 33.2 42.2 18.9 9.3 79.9 7.9 11.2 11.7 121.1

372 39.5 36.8 31.9 15.0 4.9 75.0 7.2 10.2 11.4 95.4

2,453 47.2 44.0 44.1 21.6 9.0 85.0 9.9 17.6 13.2 102.21,020 42.4 45.0 40.3 18.3 *7.3 83.9 9.4 17.5 12.4 83.71,013 52.1 44.2 49.1 25.8 *11.3 87.6 10.7 18.3 13.8 112.5

292 46.6 41.8 42.2 18.4 *7.1 84.2 8.9 16.8 13.1 132.5

121 46.3 39.7 37.3 19.7 *17.4 77.7 9.3 16.5 15.3 *105.0

ity or precision.

bility or precision and quantity zero.

years of age.
t of health characteristics for all persons 18 years of age and over, by age, employment status, and selected health characteristics: United States,

Population

thousands)1

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity days

per person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person per year

Work-loss

days per

person per year2

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital

episode in

the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital

stays per year

Incidence

of all

acute

conditions

per 100

persons per year

179,432 16.9 12.1 16.8 7.0 5.4 74.8 5.8 9.7 8.1 138.6

116,877 8.8 5.6 10.0 3.4 5.4 71.4 4.6 6.4 5.7 145.2

5,150 14.2 10.6 14.2 6.3 . . . 69.5 5.4 10.5 6.1 101.8

57,405 33.8 25.6 31.0 14.3 . . . 82.2 8.4 16.2 10.2 128.6

104,114 8.8 5.7 11.7 4.6 5.2 71.4 4.8 8.1 5.5 159.9

81,746 6.7 4.0 9.6 3.4 5.2 70.2 4.4 6.1 4.9 160.6

4,055 12.0 9.1 12.9 5.7 . . . 68.8 5.2 10.6 5.3 106.2

18,314 17.6 12.8 20.9 9.8 . . . 77.4 6.6 16.3 6.6 168.4

46,091 22.1 16.3 19.2 7.9 5.7 75.5 6.2 8.8 9.5 112.0

31,289 12.7 8.9 10.6 3.4 5.7 73.4 4.9 6.6 6.9 110.2

963 21.9 16.0 18.8 7.9 . . . 70.4 6.4 9.4 8.8 71.2

13,839 43.4 33.2 38.7 18.0 . . . 80.8 9.1 13.8 12.3 118.9

29,227 37.6 28.4 31.2 14.1 6.4 85.7 8.9 16.8 11.5 105.0

3,842 20.8 13.5 12.9 4.5 6.4 80.5 6.8 11.7 9.0 102.1

133 24.8 18.8 20.2 *10.9 . . . 84.2 5.8 13.5 *10.5 *188.0

25,252 40.2 30.7 34.0 15.5 . . . 86.5 9.2 17.5 11.7 105.0

ity or precision.

k.

years of age.
t of health characteristics for males 18 years of age and over, by age, employment status, and selected health characteristics: United States, 1988–90

Population

thousands)1

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity daysper person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person per year

Work-loss

days per

person per year2

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital

episode in

the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital

stays per year

Incidence

of all

acute

conditions

per 100

persons per year

85,222 16.1 11.0 14.4 5.8 4.9 67.1 4.7 7.5 9.7 116.6

63,997 8.9 5.2 8.7 2.7 4.9 63.8 3.6 4.9 6.7 121.9

2,637 14.9 9.7 12.9 5.2 . . . 58.8 3.9 6.6 8.2 75.4

18,588 41.2 31.0 34.3 16.2 . . . 79.7 8.5 16.7 12.8 104.4

51,013 8.8 4.8 9.9 3.6 4.5 61.6 3.4 4.3 7.5 131.9

44,404 6.7 3.4 8.1 2.6 4.5 61.2 3.1 3.7 5.8 133.5

2,050 12.5 8.0 12.1 4.7 . . . 56.8 3.5 5.4 6.8 80.0

4,559 28.0 17.0 26.9 13.0 . . . 67.3 5.9 9.6 14.3 139.5

22,059 21.6 15.7 17.2 6.8 5.5 70.7 5.4 9.1 9.8 95.7

17,396 12.9 8.8 9.6 2.9 5.5 68.5 4.3 6.9 7.1 96.3

518 22.4 15.8 15.0 6.3 . . . 63.9 5.0 9.7 10.4 *47.3

4,144 58.0 44.9 49.3 23.0 . . . 80.9 10.0 18.4 13.9 99.2

12,150 36.9 28.4 28.1 13.0 7.1 83.7 8.7 18.1 11.7 90.5

2,197 21.7 14.2 13.2 4.7 7.1 78.7 7.0 13.1 9.8 89.5

69 30.4 *17.4 *20.3 *11.0 . . . 79.7 *5.9 *17.4 *11.3 *147.8

9,884 40.3 31.6 31.5 14.9 . . . 84.8 9.1 19.3 12.0 90.4

ity or precision.

k.

years of age.
t of health characteristics for white males 18 years of age and over, by age, employment status, and selected health characteristics: United States,

Population

thousands)

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity daysper person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person per year

Work-loss

days per

person per year1

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital

episode in

the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital

stays per year

Incidence

of all

acute

conditions

per 100

persons per year

73,484 16.1 10.4 14.1 5.6 4.7 67.9 4.8 7.6 9.5 119.9

55,880 9.2 4.9 8.6 2.7 4.7 64.5 3.7 5.0 6.7 124.4

2,022 15.6 9.3 13.6 5.2 . . . 60.5 4.3 7.1 8.3 77.9

15,582 41.1 30.1 34.2 16.0 . . . 80.9 8.7 17.2 12.5 109.1

43,226 8.8 4.3 9.8 3.4 4.3 62.4 3.5 4.4 7.3 137.4

38,457 6.9 3.2 8.0 2.5 4.3 62.0 3.2 3.8 5.8 137.1

1,523 13.1 7.4 13.2 4.7 . . . 58.6 3.9 5.8 6.4 82.9

3,245 29.0 16.3 29.6 13.5 . . . 69.7 6.3 10.5 14.2 166.5

19,316 21.1 14.5 16.6 6.5 5.3 70.9 5.4 9.1 9.5 98.0

15,419 13.1 8.1 9.5 2.8 5.3 68.9 4.3 7.0 7.1 98.3

440 22.5 14.8 13.8 6.2 . . . 64.3 5.5 10.0 11.0 *51.6

3,458 56.7 42.8 48.7 22.9 . . . 80.8 10.1 18.5 13.5 102.7

10,943 36.2 27.0 26.9 12.4 6.7 84.0 8.7 18.0 11.5 89.2

2,004 22.2 13.5 12.5 4.4 6.7 79.5 7.1 13.0 9.6 81.3

59 30.5 *15.3 *21.6 *10.9 . . . 83.1 *6.5 *18.6 *12.1 *147.5

8,879 39.4 30.1 30.3 14.2 . . . 85.0 9.0 19.1 11.8 90.6

ity or precision.

years of age.
t of health characteristics for black males 18 years of age and over by age, employment status, and selected health characteristics: United States,

Population

thousands)

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity days

per person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person per year

Work-loss

days per

person per year1

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital

episode in

the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital

stays per year

Incidence

of all

acute

conditions

per 100

persons per year

8,882 18.0 16.8 17.6 7.7 6.7 64.1 4.4 7.6 11.3 91.3

6,019 7.2 8.1 10.1 3.4 6.7 60.4 3.1 4.7 6.6 101.5

518 13.3 11.4 10.8 5.2 . . . 52.7 2.6 4.2 *8.0 79.2

2,346 46.7 40.2 38.4 19.3 . . . 76.0 7.9 15.8 15.2 67.9

5,786 10.1 8.5 11.5 4.9 6.4 58.2 3.1 4.6 9.0 99.2

4,388 5.4 5.3 9.3 3.1 6.4 57.6 2.7 3.7 6.0 107.2

452 11.9 10.0 9.6 5.0 . . . 51.3 2.6 4.4 *8.2 83.4946 30.9 22.4 22.5 13.2 . . . 64.4 5.1 8.9 15.2 69.3

2,106 27.4 26.8 24.1 10.2 7.4 71.8 5.6 9.8 12.5 72.5

1,473 11.9 14.7 11.7 4.3 7.4 67.6 4.2 6.7 7.3 78.1

60 *20.0 *20.0 *18.9 *5.0 . . . 61.7 *2.6 *3.3 *5.0 *30.0

574 67.6 58.5 56.5 25.8 . . . 83.3 9.5 18.5 17.4 62.2

990 44.3 44.0 39.8 19.2 9.7 81.9 9.4 20.4 13.3 85.8

158 13.9 24.7 18.3 *5.6 9.7 70.9 6.1 13.9 *8.3 *160.1

*6 *33.3 *33.3 *20.2 *20.2 . . . *66.7 *4.7 *16.7 *3.0 *250.0

826 50.2 47.8 44.0 21.8 . . . 84.0 10.1 21.8 13.8 70.2

ity or precision.

years of age.
t of health characteristics for females 18 years of age and over, by age, employment status, and selected health characteristics: United States,

Population

thousands)1

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity daysper person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person per year

Work-loss

days per

person per year2

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital

episode in

the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital

stays per year

Incidence

of all

acute

conditions

per 100

persons per year

94,210 17.6 13.2 19.0 8.1 6.0 81.8 6.9 11.6 7.2 158.5

52,879 8.6 6.1 11.6 4.2 6.0 80.6 5.9 8.3 5.0 173.4

2,513 13.4 11.5 15.6 7.4 . . . 80.7 7.1 14.6 5.1 129.6

38,817 30.2 23.0 29.3 13.4 . . . 83.5 8.3 16.0 8.9 140.2

53,101 8.8 6.6 13.5 5.6 6.1 80.9 6.2 11.7 4.8 186.7

37,342 6.7 4.7 11.5 4.3 6.1 80.9 5.9 9.0 4.5 192.8

2,005 11.4 10.2 13.7 6.7 . . . 81.1 6.9 16.0 4.8 133.1

13,755 14.2 11.4 18.9 8.7 . . . 80.7 6.9 18.5 5.2 178.0

24,032 22.7 16.9 21.0 8.9 6.0 79.9 7.0 8.6 9.2 126.9

13,893 12.6 9.0 11.8 4.0 6.0 79.4 5.8 6.3 6.7 127.5

445 21.6 16.2 23.3 9.8 . . . 78.0 8.0 9.2 7.0 99.1

9,695 37.2 28.2 34.1 15.8 . . . 80.8 8.7 11.8 11.3 127.4

17,077 38.1 28.4 33.4 14.8 5.4 87.2 9.1 15.8 11.3 115.2

1,645 19.7 12.6 12.5 4.2 5.4 83.0 6.6 9.8 7.6 119.0

64 *18.8 *20.3 *20.2 *10.7 . . . 87.5 *5.5 *10.9 *7.6 *231.3

15,367 40.1 30.1 35.7 16.0 . . . 87.6 9.3 16.4 11.5 114.4

ity or precision.

k.

years of age.
t of health characteristics for white females 18 years of age and over, by age, employment status, and selected health characteristics: United States,

Population

thousands)

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity daysper person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person per year

Work-loss

days per

person per year1

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital

episode in

the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital

stays per year

Incidence

of all

acute

conditions

per 100

persons per year

80,100 17.6 12.2 18.5 7.7 5.8 82.1 7.0 11.6 7.2 161.7

44,817 8.8 5.4 11.4 4.1 5.8 81.0 6.0 8.3 5.0 178.1

1,861 13.6 10.3 15.6 7.1 . . . 81.8 7.6 14.0 5.4 139.4

33,422 29.6 21.5 28.1 12.5 . . . 83.6 8.4 15.8 8.9 140.8

44,057 8.8 5.8 13.1 5.3 5.8 81.4 6.4 11.5 4.7 193.4

31,395 6.8 4.1 11.3 4.2 5.8 81.4 6.0 8.9 4.4 199.7

1,435 11.6 8.9 13.2 6.3 . . . 82.3 7.5 15.4 5.0 144.3

11,227 13.8 10.0 18.0 8.1 . . . 81.0 7.2 18.3 5.1 182.3

20,680 21.8 15.0 19.8 8.1 5.8 79.9 7.0 8.5 9.1 128.1

11,968 12.6 8.0 11.6 3.8 5.8 79.5 5.9 6.4 6.7 129.9

369 20.6 13.6 24.6 9.4 . . . 78.6 8.3 9.2 6.9 101.9

8,343 35.0 25.2 31.2 14.2 . . . 80.5 8.5 11.4 11.2 126.6

15,364 37.2 26.9 32.2 14.0 5.1 87.2 9.0 15.8 11.1 115.7

1,454 20.1 11.6 11.8 3.8 5.1 83.5 6.6 9.8 7.8 110.0

57 *19.3 *22.8 *18.9 *12.0 . . . 89.5 *5.3 *10.5 *8.7 *259.6

13,852 39.1 28.5 34.4 15.1 . . . 87.6 9.2 16.5 11.3 115.7

ity or precision.

years of age.
t of health characteristics for black females 18 years of age and over, by age, employment status, and selected health characteristics: United States,

Population

thousands)

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity daysper person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person per year

Work-loss

days per

person per year1

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital

episode in

the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital

stays per year

Incidence

of all

acute

conditions

per 100

persons per year

11,032 19.9 20.8 24.9 11.8 8.4 81.6 6.5 12.7 7.7 141.6

6,246 7.9 10.9 13.9 5.6 8.4 80.2 5.2 8.8 5.7 150.2

548 12.8 16.4 15.9 8.4 . . . 77.9 5.7 16.1 4.6 108.8

4,237 38.5 36.1 42.1 21.3 . . . 84.4 8.5 18.0 9.6 133.1

6,964 9.6 12.0 17.1 7.7 8.4 80.1 5.4 13.2 5.7 158.5

4,591 5.9 8.4 13.7 5.4 8.4 80.0 5.1 9.9 5.4 165.2

481 10.6 14.3 15.1 7.9 . . . 77.8 5.5 16.8 4.4 113.9

1,891 18.2 20.0 26.1 13.3 . . . 81.2 6.2 20.3 6.3 153.4

2,605 31.1 31.5 33.1 16.1 8.4 82.6 7.5 9.6 10.2 112.2

1,489 12.9 17.1 14.2 6.0 8.4 80.9 5.6 5.4 7.4 100.7

62 27.4 33.9 *19.8 *13.5 . . . 77.4 *7.2 *11.3 *7.0 *75.8

1,054 57.0 51.7 60.5 30.5 . . . 85.2 10.2 15.7 11.7 130.6

1,463 49.1 44.0 47.0 23.3 *8.4 87.1 10.2 15.7 13.2 113.5

165 19.4 23.0 19.1 *7.2 *8.4 79.4 7.0 9.1 6.9 180.6

*5 *20.0 *20.0 *43.8 *– . . . *80.0 *6.2 *– *– *–

1,292 52.9 46.8 50.7 25.4 . . . 88.2 10.6 16.6 13.7 105.3

ity or precision.

bility or precision and quantity zero.

years of age.
t of health characteristics for white persons 18 years of age and over, by age, employment status, and selected health characteristics: United States,

Population

thousands)

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity daysper person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person per year

Work-loss

days per

person per year1

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital

episode in

the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital

stays per year

Incidence

of all

acute

conditions

per 100

persons per year

153,585 16.9 11.3 16.4 6.7 5.1 75.3 5.9 9.7 8.1 141.7

100,697 9.0 5.1 9.8 3.3 5.1 71.8 4.7 6.4 5.7 148.3

3,883 14.7 9.8 14.6 6.1 . . . 70.7 5.9 10.4 6.4 107.4

49,004 33.2 24.2 30.0 13.6 . . . 82.7 8.5 16.3 10.1 130.7

87,282 8.8 5.0 11.5 4.3 5.0 72.0 4.9 8.0 5.4 165.7

69,852 6.9 3.6 9.5 3.3 5.0 70.7 4.5 6.1 4.9 165.2

2,958 12.4 8.2 13.2 5.5 . . . 70.1 5.6 10.5 5.4 112.7

14,472 17.2 11.4 20.6 9.3 . . . 78.5 7.0 16.5 6.4 178.8

39,996 21.5 14.7 18.2 7.3 5.5 75.5 6.2 8.8 9.3 113.6

27,387 12.9 8.0 10.4 3.2 5.5 73.5 5.0 6.7 6.9 112.1

809 21.5 14.3 18.7 7.6 . . . 70.8 6.8 9.5 9.4 74.5

11,800 41.3 30.3 36.3 16.7 . . . 80.6 9.0 13.5 12.1 119.6

26,306 36.8 26.9 30.0 13.3 6.0 85.9 8.8 16.7 11.3 104.7

3,458 21.3 12.7 12.2 4.2 6.0 81.2 6.9 11.7 9.0 93.3

117 24.8 17.9 20.1 *11.3 . . . 85.5 5.9 14.5 *10.9 *200.9

22,731 39.2 29.2 32.8 14.7 . . . 86.6 9.1 17.5 11.5 105.9

ity or precision.

years of age.
t of health characteristics for black persons 18 years of age and over, by age, employment status, and selected health characteristics: United States,

Population

thousands)

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity daysper person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person per year

Work-loss

days per

person per year1

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital

episode in

the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital

stays per year

Incidence

of all

acute

conditions

per 100

persons per year

19,914 19.1 19.0 21.6 10.0 7.6 73.8 5.6 10.4 8.9 119.2

12,265 7.6 9.5 12.0 4.5 7.6 70.5 4.2 6.8 6.0 126.3

1,066 13.0 14.1 13.4 6.8 . . . 65.6 4.2 10.3 5.3 94.4

6,583 41.4 37.6 40.8 20.6 . . . 81.4 8.3 17.2 11.4 109.9

12,750 9.8 10.4 14.6 6.5 7.4 70.2 4.3 9.3 6.4 131.5

8,979 5.7 6.9 11.5 4.3 7.4 69.0 3.9 6.8 5.5 136.9

933 11.3 12.2 12.5 6.5 . . . 64.8 4.1 10.8 5.2 99.2

2,838 22.5 20.8 24.9 13.3 . . . 75.6 5.8 16.5 7.9 125.3

4,711 29.4 29.4 29.1 13.4 7.9 77.8 6.6 9.7 11.2 94.5

2,962 12.4 15.9 12.9 5.1 7.9 74.3 4.9 6.0 7.4 89.5

122 24.6 27.0 19.3 *9.3 . . . 70.5 4.9 *6.6 *7.5 *53.3

1,627 60.8 54.1 59.1 28.9 . . . 84.6 10.0 16.7 13.9 106.6

2,453 47.2 44.0 44.1 21.6 9.0 85.0 9.9 17.6 13.2 102.2

324 16.7 23.8 18.7 6.4 9.0 75.0 6.6 11.4 7.7 170.4

*12 *25.0 *25.0 *28.4 *10.1 . . . *66.7 *4.9 *8.3 *4.0 *125.0

2,118 51.9 47.2 48.1 24.0 . . . 86.6 10.4 18.6 13.8 91.7

ity or precision.

years of age.
t of health characteristics for persons never married and under 25 years of age, by sex, race, living arrangement, and selected health characteristics:

Population

n thousands)1

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity daysper person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person per year

School loss

days per

person per year2

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital

episode in

the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital

stays per year

Incidence

of all

acute

conditions

per 100

persons per year

81,090 5.4 2.8 9.4 4.3 5.1 77.4 4.2 3.9 6.7 254.756,633 4.7 2.1 8.9 4.0 4.8 78.1 4.3 3.3 6.3 262.015,846 7.5 5.2 10.7 5.3 6.5 77.1 4.0 5.0 8.2 245.1

1,327 5.6 3.4 9.0 3.7 4.3 67.7 3.1 4.2 8.4 201.32,170 5.8 3.9 7.9 4.0 4.3 67.8 2.8 5.0 7.4 170.4

5,114 6.3 3.6 11.1 4.2 *2.4 78.2 4.8 6.3 4.7 253.6

42,074 6.0 2.6 9.0 3.9 4.8 75.4 4.1 3.7 7.0 247.129,561 5.4 2.0 8.6 3.7 4.5 76.8 4.3 3.4 6.3 255.9

7,972 8.5 4.9 10.3 5.1 6.2 75.3 3.9 4.7 8.8 239.0

830 6.4 1.7 8.8 3.0 3.8 64.2 3.3 3.6 9.5 175.4

1,209 6.5 3.5 7.3 3.1 4.3 62.4 2.4 3.6 10.1 171.92,502 5.3 2.6 9.5 2.9 *1.9 69.6 3.3 3.5 5.7 228.7

34,019 6.0 2.2 9.3 3.9 5.0 76.5 4.4 3.8 6.8 264.7

25,697 5.5 1.8 8.9 3.7 4.6 77.7 4.5 3.5 6.2 267.5

4,819 8.9 4.2 11.4 5.7 7.1 76.7 4.4 5.1 9.0 279.2

646 6.8 *1.2 10.2 3.1 4.7 67.0 3.8 4.0 9.5 198.8

749 6.7 3.1 8.4 3.6 *5.7 60.9 2.6 3.7 8.7 174.4

2,109 5.4 2.1 10.5 3.2 *2.0 70.6 3.5 3.7 5.7 250.0

6,371 6.7 4.7 8.0 4.0 4.3 71.0 2.9 3.6 8.2 169.6

2,676 5.5 3.4 7.8 4.1 4.2 70.0 3.0 3.3 7.4 173.92,914 8.0 6.2 9.1 4.4 4.9 73.6 3.0 4.2 8.5 178.4

156 *4.5 *1.9 *4.3 *2.8 *0.4 52.6 *1.2 *2.6 *9.0 *98.1

382 7.3 4.5 5.1 *2.3 *2.5 68.1 1.9 *3.4 *10.5 150.8

243 *4.9 *3.3 *3.6 *1.2 *1.3 66.7 *2.3 *2.5 *6.0 *93.0

39,015 4.7 3.1 9.8 4.7 5.4 79.6 4.3 4.1 6.4 263.027,071 4.0 2.2 9.2 4.4 5.0 79.5 4.3 3.2 6.3 268.7

7,874 6.6 5.4 11.2 5.5 6.9 78.9 4.1 5.3 7.8 251.2

497 4.2 6.2 9.2 4.9 5.2 73.2 2.8 5.2 *7.2 244.5

960 5.0 4.6 8.7 5.2 4.2 74.7 3.3 6.9 5.6 168.6

2,612 7.4 4.5 12.7 5.3 *2.9 86.5 6.2 9.0 4.4 277.3

31,103 4.8 2.6 10.3 4.9 5.6 80.6 4.6 3.7 6.6 284.723,474 4.0 2.0 9.6 4.6 5.3 80.4 4.5 3.2 6.3 284.5

4,716 7.0 4.7 12.5 6.2 7.4 80.1 4.7 4.8 8.9 293.4

390 4.4 4.4 9.6 5.2 *5.5 74.4 3.0 4.9 *8.7 268.2

518 7.1 4.8 10.4 5.9 *4.9 74.1 3.5 5.6 *5.8 181.3

2,005 7.8 3.7 12.9 5.2 *3.7 86.8 6.4 7.1 4.4 297.4
t of health characteristics for persons never married and under 25 years of age, by sex, race, living arrangement, and selected health characteristics:

Population

n thousands)1

Percent

limited

in activity

Percent in

fair or

poor health

Restrictedactivity daysper person

per year

Bed-disability

days per

person per year

School loss

days per

person per year2

Percent with

physician

contact in

the past year

Number of

physician

contacts per

person per year

Percent with

short-term

hospital

episode in

the past year

Days per

short-term

hospital

stays per year

Incidence

of all

acute

conditions

per 100

persons per year

6,357 4.9 5.4 8.4 4.2 4.7 76.5 3.2 6.4 5.9 175.1

2,486 3.9 3.7 7.0 3.6 3.4 74.0 2.9 4.1 6.2 162.82,903 6.1 6.6 9.4 4.4 6.1 77.1 3.2 6.1 6.7 188.9

83 *3.6 *8.4 *7.7 *4.9 *2.2 69.9 *2.2 *8.4 *2.7 *169.9

399 *2.0 4.3 6.6 *3.9 *3.7 76.2 2.9 8.8 5.5 159.1

486 4.9 8.2 11.4 6.0 *– 86.8 5.6 17.9 4.4 170.0

65,123 5.4 2.4 9.8 4.4 5.3 78.5 4.5 3.7 6.7 274.349,171 4.8 1.9 9.2 4.1 4.9 79.0 4.5 3.3 6.3 275.6

9,535 7.9 4.5 11.9 6.0 7.3 78.4 4.5 4.9 8.9 286.31,036 5.9 2.4 10.0 3.9 5.0 69.8 3.5 4.3 9.2 224.91,267 6.9 3.8 9.2 4.5 5.3 66.3 3.0 4.5 7.2 177.2

4,114 6.6 2.9 11.7 4.2 *2.8 78.5 4.9 5.4 4.9 273.1

12,727 5.8 5.1 8.2 4.1 4.5 73.7 3.0 5.0 6.7 172.4

5,162 4.8 3.5 7.4 3.8 3.8 71.9 3.0 3.6 6.8 168.55,817 7.0 6.4 9.2 4.4 5.5 75.4 3.1 5.1 7.5 183.7

239 *4.2 *4.2 *5.5 *3.5 *1.0 58.2 *1.6 *4.6 *5.1 123.0

781 4.6 4.4 5.9 3.1 *3.1 72.2 2.4 6.1 6.9 155.1

728 4.8 6.5 8.8 4.4 *0.4 80.2 4.5 12.8 4.5 144.6

ity or precision.

bility or precision and quantity zero.

k.
Appendixes

Contents

I. Technical notes on methods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Background . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Statistical design of NHIS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76

Collecting and processing data. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

Estimation procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Types of estimates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Reliability of the estimates. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79

II. Definitions of certain terms used in this report . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Terms relating to conditions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Terms relating to disability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Terms relating to physician contacts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Terms relating to hospitalization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Demographic terms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

Appendix tables

I. The 60 poststratification age-sex-race cells in the National Health Interview Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

II. Estimated standard error parameters and 30-percent relative standard error cutoff points for the National Health Interview

Survey, 1988–90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

75
Appendix I

Technical notes on methods

Background

This report is one of a series of statistical reports published by the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS). It

is based on information collected in a continuing nationwide

sample of households included in the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS). Data are obtained on the personal,

sociodemographic, and health characteristics of the family

members and unrelated individuals living in these households.

Field operations for the survey are conducted by the U.S.

Bureau of the Census under specifications established by

NCHS. The U.S. Bureau of the Census participates in the

survey planning, selects the sample, and conducts the interviews. The data are then transmitted to NCHS for preparation,

processing, and analysis.

Summary reports and reports on special topics for each

year’s data are prepared by the staff of the Division of Health

Interview Statistics for publication in Series 10 publications of

NCHS. Data are also tabulated for other reports published by

NCHS staff and for use by other organizations and by researchers within and outside the Government. Since 1969, public use

tapes have been prepared for each year of data collection.

It should be noted that the health characteristics described

by NHIS estimates pertain only to the resident, civilian

noninstitutionalized population of the United States living at

the time of the interview. The sample does not include persons

residing in nursing homes, members of the armed forces,

institutionalized persons, or U.S. nationals living abroad.

Statistical design of NHIS

General design

Data from NHIS have been collected continuously since

1957. The sample design of the survey has undergone changes

following each decennial census. This periodic redesign of the

NHIS sample allows the incorporation of the latest population

information and statistical methodology into the survey design.

The data presented in this report are from an NHIS sample

design first used in 1985. This design was used until 1995.

The sample design plan of the NHIS follows a multistage

probability design that permits a continuous sampling of the

civilian noninstitutionalized population residing in the United

States. The survey is designed so that the sample scheduled for

each week is representative of the target population, and the

weekly samples are additive over time. This design permits

estimates for high-frequency measures or for large population

groups to be produced from a short period of data collection.

Estimates for low-frequency measures or for smaller population subgroups can be obtained from a longer period of data

collection. The annual sample is designed so that tabulations

can be provided for each of the four major geographic regions.

Because interviewing is done throughout the year, there is no

seasonal bias for annual estimates.

The continuous data collection also has administrative

and operational advantages because field work can be handled

on a continuing basis with an experienced, stable staff.

Sample selection

The target population for NHIS is the civilian noninstitutionalized population residing in the United States. For the

first stage of the sample design, the United States is considered

to be a universe composed of approximately 1,900 geographically defined primary sampling units (PSU’s). A PSU consists

of a county, small group of contiguous counties, or a metropolitan statistical area. The PSU’s collectively cover the 50

States and the District of Columbia. The 52 largest PSU’s are

selected into the sample with certainty and are referred to as

self-representing PSU’s. The other PSU’s in the universe are

referred to as nonself-representing PSU’s. These PSU’s are

clustered into 73 strata, and 2 sample PSU’s are chosen from

each stratum with probability proportional to population size.

This gives a total of 198 PSU’s selected in the first stage.

Within a PSU, two types of second stage units are used:

area segments and permit area segments. Area segments are

defined geographically and contain about eight households.

Permit area segments cover geographical areas containing

housing units built after the 1980 census. The permit area

segments are defined using updated lists of building permits

issued in the PSU since 1980 and contain about four households.

Within each segment, all occupied households are targeted for interview. Occasionally, a sample segment may

contain a large number of households. In this situation, the

households are subsampled to provide a manageable interviewer workload.

The sample was designed so that a typical NHIS sample

for the data collection years 1985–95 will consist of approximately 7,500 segments containing about 59,000 assigned

households. Of these households, an expected 10,000 will be

vacant, demolished, or occupied by persons not in the target

76
population of the survey. The expected sample of 49,000

occupied households will yield a probability sample of about

127,000 persons.

Sample redesign features

Starting in 1985, the NHIS design incorporated several

new design features (47). The major changes include the

following:

1. Using an all-area frame—The NHIS sample is now

designed so it can serve as a sample frame for other NCHS

population-based surveys. In previous NHIS designs, about

two-thirds of the sample was obtained from lists of

addresses compiled during the decennial census; that is, a

list frame. Due to U.S. Bureau of the Census confidentiality restrictions, these sample addresses could be used for

only those surveys being conducted by the U.S. Bureau of

the Census. The methodology used to obtain addresses in

the 1985 NHIS area frame does not use the census address

lists. The sample addresses thus obtained can be used as a

sampling frame for other NCHS surveys.

2. Redesigning NHIS into four panels—Four national subdesigns, or panels, constitute the full NHIS. Each panel

contains a representative sample of the U.S. civilian

noninstitutionalized population. Each of the four panels

has the same sampling properties, and any combination of

panels defines a national design. Panels were constructed

to facilitate the linkage of NHIS to other surveys and also

to efficiently make large reductions in the size of the

sample by eliminating panels from the survey.

During 1988–90, the sample consisted of 24,480

segments containing 182,247 assigned households. Of the

146,795 households eligible for interview, 139,672 households were actually interviewed, resulting in a sample of

358,870 persons.

3. Oversampling black persons—One goal of designing the

current NHIS was to improve the precision of estimates for

black persons. This was accomplished by using differential

sampling rates in PSU’s with 5–50 percent of the black

population. Sampling rates for selecting segments were

increased in areas known to have the highest concentrations of black persons. Segment sampling rates were

decreased in other areas within the PSU to ensure that the

total sample in each PSU was the same size as it would

have been without oversampling black persons.

4. Reducing the number of sampled PSU’s—Interviewer travel

expenses to sample PSU’s constitute a large component of

the total field costs for the NHIS. Research showed that

reducing the number of sample PSU’s while increasing the

sample size within PSU’s would reduce travel costs and

maintain the reliability of health estimates. The redesign

reduced the PSU’s from 376 to 198.

5. Selecting two PSU’s per nonself-representing stratum—In

the previous design, one PSU was selected from each

nonself-representing stratum. This feature necessitated using

less efficient variance estimation procedures; the selection

of two PSU’s allows more efficient variance estimation

methodology.

Collecting and processing data

The NHIS questionnaire contains two major parts. The

first major part consists of topics that remain relatively the

same annually. Among these topics are the incidence of acute

conditions, the prevalence of chronic conditions, persons

limited in activity due to chronic conditions, restriction in

activity due to impairment or health problems, and utilization

of health care services involving physician care and short-stay

hospitalization.

Occasionally new questions are incorporated into the

main questionnaire. Since 1985, questions asking the household members’ city and state of birth, social security number,

and father’s last name, have been included. In 1989, three

questions were added. One question asks the location (city,

county, and State) of any physician contact whether by

telephone or in person. A second question asks household

members born in the United States how many years they have

lived in the State of residence. A third question asks foreignborn household members how many years they have lived in

the United States.

The second major part of the questionnaire consists of

special topics added as supplements to each year’s questionnaire. Beginning in August 1987, a special set of supplemental

questions on the adult population’s knowledge and attitudes

about acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) was added

to the National Health Interview Survey using Computer

Assisted Personal Interview (CAPI).

Specific procedures are followed to ensure the quality of

data collected in the interview. Most households in the sample

are contacted by mail before the interviewers arrive. Potential

respondents are informed of the importance of the survey and

are assured that all information obtained in the interview will

be held in strict confidence. Interviewers make repeated trips

to a household when a respondent is not immediately found.

The success of these procedures is indicated by the response

rate for the survey, which has been 95–98 percent over the

years.

When contact is made, the interviewer tries to have all

family members of the household 19 years of age and over

present during the interview. When this is not possible, proxy

responses for absent adult family members are accepted.

Usually proxy respondents are used for persons under 19 years

of age. However, persons 17 and 18 years of age may respond

for themselves.

Interviewers undergo extensive training and retraining.

The quality of their work is checked by periodic observation

and by reinterview. Their work is also evaluated by statistical

studies of the data they obtain in their interviews. A field edit

is performed on all completed interviews so that any problems

with the information can be resolved by recontacting the

respondents.

Completed questionnaires are sent from the U.S. Bureau

of the Census field offices to NCHS for coding and editing. To

ensure the accuracy of coding, a 5-percent sample of all

questionnaires is recoded and keyed by other coders. A

100-percent verification procedure is used if certain error

tolerances are exceeded. Staff of the Division of Health

77
Interview Statistics then edit the files to remove impossible

and inconsistent codes.

The interview, fieldwork, and data processing procedures

summarized above are described in detail in Series 1, No. 18

(48).

Estimation procedures

Because the design of NHIS is a complex multistage

probability sample, it must reflect these complex procedures in

the derivation of estimates (47). The estimates presented in

this report are based on 1988–90 sample person counts

weighted to produce national estimates. The weight for each

sample person is the product of four component weights:

1. Probability of selection—The basic weight for each person

is obtained by multiplying the reciprocals of the probabilities of selection at each step in the design: PSU, segment,

and household.

2. Household nonresponse adjustment within segment—In

NHIS, interviews are completed in about 95 percent of all

eligible households. Because of household nonresponse, a

weighting adjustment is required. The nonresponse adjustment weight is a ratio with the number of households in a

sample segment as the numerator and the number of

households actually interviewed in that segment as the

denominator. This adjustment reduces bias in an estimate

to the extent that persons in the noninterviewed households have the same characteristics as the persons in the

interviewed households in the same segment.

3. First-stage ratio adjustment—The weight for persons in

the nonself-representing PSU’s is ratio adjusted to the

1980 population within four race-residence classes of the

nonself-representing strata within each geographic region.

4. Poststratification by age-sex-race—Within each of 60

age-sex-race cells (table I), a weight is constructed each

quarter to ratio adjust the first-stage population estimate

based on the NHIS to an independent estimate of the

population of each cell. These independent estimates are

prepared by the U.S. Bureau of the Census and are updated

quarterly.

The main effect of the ratio-estimating process is to make

the sample more closely representative of the target population

by age, sex, race, and residence. The poststratification adjustment helps to reduce the component of bias resulting from

sampling frame undercoverage. Furthermore, this adjustment

frequently reduces sampling variance.

Types of estimates

As noted, NHIS data were collected on a weekly basis

with each week’s sample representing the resident, civilian

noninstitutionalized population of the United States living

during that week. The weekly samples are consolidated to

produce quarterly files (each consisting of data for 13 weeks).

Weights to adjust the data to represent the U.S. population are

assigned to each of the four quarterly files. These quarterly

files are later consolidated to produce the annual file, which is

the basis of most tabulations of NHIS data.

NHIS uses various reference periods to reduce the amount

of bias associated with respondent memory loss. A 2-week

reference period is used in collecting data on the incidence of

acute conditions, restriction in activity due to a health problem, and physician contacts. Each of these measures health

events that may be forgotten soon after they occur. Examples

of such events are telephoning a physician about a minor

illness, missing a day from work because of a routine health

problem, or having a cold. Either a 12- or 6-month (depending

on the type of statistic) reference period is used for hospitalization data because hospitalization ordinarily involves a

major event in a person’s life and is not quickly forgotten.

Chronic condition prevalence estimates are based on a 12-month

reference period.

Because most NHIS estimates based on a 2-week reference period are designed to represent the number of health

events for a 12-month period, these data must be adjusted to

an annual basis. Data based on a 2-week reference period are

multiplied by 6.5 to produce the 13-week estimate for the

quarter. These reference period adjustments are made at the

time that the quarterly files are produced. Therefore, the data

can be used to produce estimates for each quarter and are used

that way to study seasonal variation. The data from the four

quarterly files (representing the number of events in each

quarter) are summed to produce the annual estimate. Although

these data are collected for only 2 weeks for each person

included in the survey, any unusual event that may have

occurred during a particular 2-week period does not bias the

estimate because the quarterly estimate is a sum of the

estimates produced for each week’s sample during the entire

quarter. The annual estimate is the sum of the 4 quarters.

For prevalence statistics, such as the number of persons

limited in activity due to chronic conditions, the annual

estimate results from summing the weighted quarterly files

and dividing by 4. This division is necessary because, as noted

above, each quarterly file has been weighted to produce an

estimate of the number of persons in the U.S. population with

Table I. The 60 poststratification age-sex-race cells in the

National Health Interview Survey

Age

Black All other

Male Female Male Female

Under 1 year .................... XXXX

1–4 years ...................... XXXX

5–9 years ...................... XXXX

10–14 years .................... XXXX

15–17 years .................... XXXX

18–19 years .................... XXXX

20–24 years .................... XXXX

25–29 years .................... XXXX

30–34 years .................... XXXX

35–44 years .................... XXXX

45–49 years .................... XXXX

50–54 years .................... XXXX

55–64 years .................... XXXX

65–74 years .................... XXXX

75 years and over ................. XXXX

78
a given characteristic. Summing the 4 quarters and dividing by

4 averages these quarterly results for the year. Thus, the type

of prevalence estimate ordinarily derived from NHIS data is

an annual average prevalence estimate.

For data related to short-stay hospital discharges based on

a 6-month reference period, cases identified during any quarter

of data collection are multiplied by 2 to produce a quarterly

estimate of the annual number of characteristics associated

with short-stay hospital discharges. The NHIS average annual

estimate of hospital discharges is derived by summing the 4

quarterly estimates and dividing by 4. Similarly, 3-year estimates are obtained by averaging 12 quarterly figures.

Reliability of the estimates

Because NHIS estimates are based on a sample, they may

differ somewhat from the figures that would have been obtained

if a complete census had been taken using the same survey and

processing procedures. The two types of errors possible in an

estimate based on a sample survey are sampling and nonsampling errors. These types of errors are kept to a minimum by

methods built into the survey procedures described earlier

(49). Although it is very difficult to measure the extent of bias

in NHIS, several studies have been conducted to examine this

problem. The results have been published in several reports

(50–53).

Nonsampling errors

Interviewing process—Information, such as the number of

days of restricted activity caused by the condition, can be

obtained more accurately from household members than from

any other source because only the persons concerned are in a

position to report this information. However, there are limitations to the accuracy of diagnostic and other information

collected in household interviews. For example, for diagnostic

information, the household respondent can usually give interviewer only the information the physician has given to the

family. For conditions not medically attended, diagnostic

information is often no more than a description of symptoms.

Also, a respondent may not answer a question in the intended

manner because he or she has not properly understood the

question, has forgotten the event, does not know, or does not

wish to divulge the answer. Regardless of the type of measure,

all NHIS data are estimates of known reported events such as

morbidity and disability.

Reference period bias—NHIS estimates do not represent

a complete measure of any given topic during the specified

calendar period because data are not collected in the interview

for persons who died or who became institutionalized during

the reference period. For many types of statistics collected in

the survey, the reference period is the 2 weeks prior to the

interview week. For such a short period, the contribution by

decedents to a total inventory of conditions or services should

be very small. However, the contribution by decedents during

a long reference period (such as 1 year) might be significant,

especially for older persons.

Underreporting associated with a long reference period is

most germane to data on hospitalization. Analysis has shown

that there is an increase in underreporting of hospitalizations

with an increase in the time interval between the discharge and

the interview. Exclusive of the hospital experience of decedents, the net underreporting using a 12-month recall period is

in the neighborhood of 10 percent (54). The underreporting of

discharges within 6 months of the week of interview is

estimated to be about 5 percent (54). For this reason, hospital

discharge data are based on hospital discharges reported to

have occurred within 6 months of the week of interview.

Because hospitalization is common in the period immediately preceding death or institutionalization and older persons

are much more likely to die than younger ones, the data should

not be used to estimate the volume of hospitalization of the

elderly. However, the data can be used to measure characteristics of elderly people.

It should further be noted that although the reported

frequencies and rates related to hospital episodes are presented

by the year in which the data were collected, the estimates are

usually based on hospitalizations that occurred during the year

of data collection and the prior year. Overall, approximately

half the reported hospitalizations for the 12-month reference

period occurred in the year prior to the year of data collection.

Population estimates—Some of the published tables include

population figures for specified categories. Except for overall

totals for the 60 age, sex, and race groups, which are adjusted

to independent estimates, these figures are based on the

sample of households in NHIS. They are given primarily to

provide denominators for rate computation. Therefore, they

are more appropriate for use with the accompanying measures

of health characteristics than other population data that may be

available. With the exception of the overall totals by age, sex,

and race mentioned above, the population figures may differ

from figures (which are derived from different sources) published in reports of the U.S. Bureau of the Census.

Rounding of numbers—In published tables, the figures are

rounded to the nearest thousand, although they are not necessarily accurate to that detail. Derived statistics, such as rates

and percent distributions, are computed after the estimates on

which these are based have been rounded to the nearest

thousand.

Combining data years—To reduce sampling error, data

for the number of years may be combined. However, the

questionnaire for each of the years should be checked because

even a small change in the questionnaire design may lead to

large changes in the derived estimates. This also applies to

using NHIS data on health measures where changes in other

events, such as legislative changes, have occurred over time.

Sampling errors

The standard error is primarily a measure of sampling

error, that is, the variations that might occur by chance

because only a sample of the population is surveyed. The

chances are about 68 in 100 that an estimate from the sample

would differ from a complete census by less than the standard

error. The chances are about 95 in 100 that the difference

79
would be less than twice the standard error and about 99 in

100 that it would be less than 2 1/2 times as large.

Individual standard errors were not computed for each

estimate in this report. Instead, standard errors were computed

for a broad spectrum of estimates. Regression techniques were

then applied to produce equations from which a standard error

for any estimate can be approximated. The regression equations, represented by parameters a and b, are presented in

table II. Also shown are the cutoff values, the estimated

number of persons or events below which the relative standard

error is greater than 30 percent, and the estimates that do not

meet NHIS standards of statistical reliability. Rules explaining

their use are presented in the section below.

The reader is cautioned that this procedure will give an

approximate standard error of an estimate rather than the

precise standard error. Particular care should be taken when

the denominator is small.

Determining standard errors

To produce approximate standard errors for NHIS estimates, the reader must first determine the type of characteristic

to be estimated, that is, the parameter set in table II to be used.

Then, the type of estimate for which the standard error is

needed must be determined. The type of estimate corresponds

to one of five general rules for determining standard errors.

Examples of their use are available in the Current Estimates

Reports for 1988, 1989, and 1990 (1–3).

Rule 1. Estimated number of people or events—For the estimated number of people or events published in this

report, there are two cases to consider. For the first

case, if the estimated number is any combination of

the poststratification age-sex-race cells in table I, then

its value has been adjusted to official U.S. Bureau of

the Census figures and its standard error is assumed

to be 0.0. This corresponds to parameter set VII in

table II. For example, this would be the case for the

number of persons in the U.S. target population or the

number of black persons in the 18–44 year age group.

Although the race classification ‘‘white’’ is not specifically adjusted to U.S. Bureau of the Census

figures, it dominates the poststratification ‘‘all other’’

race classification; consequently, age-sex-‘‘all other’’

race combinations of table I can be treated as age-sexwhite combinations for the purpose of approximating

standard errors. For the second case, the standard

errors for all other estimates of numbers of people or

events, such as the number of people limited in

activity or the number of acute conditions, are approximated by using the parameters provided in table II

and formula 1 below.

If the aggregate x for a characteristic has associated parameters a and b, then the approximate standard error for x, SE(x), can be computed by the

formula

SE(x) = √ax2 + bx (1)

Rule 2. For rates, proportions, and percents when the denominator is generated by the poststratification age-sexrace classes (table I)—In this case, the denominator

has no sampling error. For example, rule 2 would

apply to the estimated number of bed days per person

for black persons age 65 years and over because the

denominator is a combination of the poststratification

cells. Approximate standard errors for such estimates

can be computed using table II a and b parameters

associated with the numerator characteristics along

with formula 2 below.

If the estimate of rate, proportion, or percent p is

the ratio of two estimated numbers, p = x/Y (where p

may be inflated by 100 for percents or 1,000 for rates

per 1,000 persons), with Y having no sampling error,

then the approximate standard error for p is given by

the formula

SE(p) = p √a +

b

x (2)

In this report, the value of the denominator Y is always

provided, but in a few cases the numerator value x is not

published. For these cases the value of x may be computed by

the formula

Table II. Estimated standard error parameters and 30-percent relative standard error cutoff points for the National Health Interview

Survey, 1988–90

Parameter

set Characteristic

Estimated parameters 30-percent

RSE cutoff

points1 a b

I Number of acute conditions .......................................... 0.00008233 23,000 260,000

II Days of restricted activity or bed days ................................... 0.0001332 163,500 1,820,000

III Days lost from work or school ........................................ 0.00006011 124,000 1,380,000

IV Number of physician contacts based on a 2-week reference period ................. 0.00001302 53,600 600,000

V Hospital days based on a 12-month reference period .......................... 0.00015877 18,200 205,000

VI Population estimates for demographic, socioeconomic, and health characteristics ........ 0.0000471 1,200 13,500

VII Age-sex-race population based on combining the poststratification cells of table I . . . . . . . . 0.0 00 13,500

1Estimates below the cutoff points have a relative standard error (RSE) of more than 30 percent and are considered to be statistically unreliable.

NOTE: The 1988–90 NHIS was based on full samples. Therefore, 139,672 households were interviewed, resulting in a sample of 358,870 persons.

80
Rule 3. Proportions and percents when the denominator is

not generated by the poststratification age-sex-race

classes—If p represents an estimated percent, b is the

parameter from table II associated with the numerator

characteristics, and y is the number of persons in the

denominator upon which p is based, then the standard

error of p may be approximated by

SE(p) = √bp (100 − p)

y (3)

(If p is a proportion, then the above formula can be

used but with 100 replaced by 1.0.)

Rule 4. Rates when the denominator is not generated by the

poststratification age-sex-race classes—If the estimated rate p is expressed as the ratio of two estimates, p=x/y (inflated by 100 or 1,000 when

appropriate), then the estimated standard error for p is

given by the formula

SE(p) = p √SE(x)

2

x 2 + SE(y)

2

y 2 − 2r SE(x)x

SE(y)

y

(4)

where SE(x) and SE(y) are computed using rule 1 and

x and y are obtained from the tables. No estimates of

r, the correlation between the numerator and denominator, are presented in this report. Therefore, only the

first two terms are available. The reader must assume

that r = 0.0. Assuming r = 0.0 will yield an overestimate of the standard error if r is actually positive and

an underestimate if r is negative.

Rule 5. Difference between two statistics (mean, rate, total,

and proportion)—If x1 and x2 are two estimates, then

the standard error of the difference (x1 - x2) can be

computed as follows:

SE(x1 − x2

) = √SE(x1)

2

+ SE(x2)

2

− 2r SE(x1)SE(x2)

(5)

where SE(x1) and SE(x2) are computed using rules

1–4 as appropriate and r is the correlation coefficient

between x1 and x2.

Assuming r = 0.0 will result in an accurate

standard error if the two estimates are actually uncorrelated and will result in an overestimate of the

standard error if the correlation is positive or an

underestimate if the correlation is negative.

Relative standard errors

Prior to 1985, relative standard error (RSE) curves were

published for approximating relative standard errors. For

readers wanting to continue using them, the following provides guidance. The RSE of an estimate is obtained by

dividing the standard error (SE) of the estimate by the estimate

x itself. This quantity is expressed as a percent of the estimate:

RSE = 100 SE(x)

x

x =

{

pY if p is a proportion or rate

per unit or

pY

100

if p is a percent or rate per

100 units or

pY

1,000

if p is a rate per 1,000 units

81
Appendix II

Definitions of certain terms

used in this report

Terms relating to conditions

Condition—Condition is a general term that includes any

specific illness, injury, or impairment. Condition data are

derived from the survey in two ways. First, respondents are

asked to identify any conditions that caused certain types of

impact associated with health, such as a visit to a doctor or a

day spent in bed. Second, respondents are read lists of selected

chronic conditions and asked whether they or any family

members have any of these conditions.

Later in the survey, a series of questions is asked about

each of the conditions identified in either of the two ways just

described. The information obtained on each condition helps

to clarify the nature of the condition and whether medical

services have been involved in its diagnosis or treatment. It

also aids in coding the condition. All conditions except

impairments are coded according to the ninth revision of the

International Classification of Diseases (55) with certain

modifications adopted to make the codes more suitable for

information derived from a household survey. A special set of

codes devised by NHIS is used to code impairments (56).

Chronic condition—A condition is considered chronic if

(a) the respondent indicates it was first noticed more than 3

months before the reference date of the interview, or (b) it is a

type of condition that ordinarily has a duration of more than 3

months. Examples of conditions that are considered chronic,

regardless of their time of onset, are diabetes, heart conditions,

emphysema, and arthritis. A complete list of these conditions

are available by contacting the Division of Health Interview

Statistics, National Center for Health Statistics.

Impairment—An impairment is a chronic or permanent defect,

usually static in nature, that results from disease, injury, or congenital malformation. It represents a decrease in or loss of ability to

perform various functions, particularly those of the musculoskeletal

system and the sense organs. Impairments are grouped according to

type of functional impairment and etiology in the special NHIS

impairment codes.

Acute condition—A condition is considered acute if (a) it

was first noticed no longer than 3 months before the reference

date of the interview, and (b) it is not one of the conditions

considered chronic regardless of the time of onset. (See

definition of chronic condition.) However, any acute condition

not associated with either at least one doctor visit or at least 1

day of restricted activity during the reference period is considered to be of minor consequence and is excluded from the final

data produced by the survey.

Onset of condition—A condition is considered to have

had its onset when it was first noticed. This could be the time

the person first felt sick or became injured, or it could be the

time the person or family was first told by a physician that the

person had a condition of which he or she had been previously

unaware.

Incidence of conditions—The incidence of a condition is

the number of cases that had their onset during a specified

period of time. A person may have more than one acute

condition during a period of time or may have the same

condition, such as a headache, more than once. Ordinarily,

however, a chronic condition can begin only one time during a

given reference period.

Terms relating to disability

Disability—Disability is a general term that refers to any

long- or short-term reduction of a person’s activity as a result

of an acute or chronic condition. Limitation of activity refers to

a long-term reduction in a person’s capacity to perform the

average kind or amount of activities associated with his or her

age group. Restriction of activity refers to particular kinds of

behavior usually associated with a reduction in activity due to

either long- or short-term conditions. Thus limitation of activity refers to what a person is generally capable of doing, but

restriction of activity ordinarily refers to a relatively shortterm reduction in a person’s activities below his or her normal

capacity.

Limitation of activity because of chronic conditions—

Persons are classified in terms of the major activity usually

associated with their particular age group. The major activities

for the age groups are (a) ordinary play for children under 5

years of age, (b) attending school for those 5–17 years of age,

(c) working or keeping house for persons 18–69 years of age,

and (d) capacity for independent living (for example, the

ability to bathe, shop, dress, or eat without needing the help of

another person) for those 70 years of age and over. People

aged 18–69 years who are classified as keeping house are also

classified by their ability to work at a job or business. (In this

report, the major activity of persons 65–69 years is assumed to

be working or keeping house. However, questions were also

asked about the capacity for independent living in this age

group, which would permit an alternative definition of

limitation.)

For these activities, each person is classified into one of

four categories: (a) unable to perform the major activity, (b)

82
able to perform the major activity, but limited in the kind or

amount of this activity, (c) not limited in the major activity,

but limited in the kind or amount of other activities, and (d)

not limited in any way. In regard to these four categories,

NHIS publications often classify persons only by whether they

are limited (groups a–c) or not limited (group d). Persons are

not classified as limited in activity unless one or more chronic

conditions are reported as the cause of the activity limitation.

If more than one condition is reported, the respondent is asked

to identify the condition that is the major cause of the

limitation.

Restriction of activity—Four types of restricted activity

are measured in NHIS: bed days, work-loss days for currently

employed persons 18 years of age and over, school-loss days

for children 5–17 years of age, and cut-down days.

A bed day is a day during which a person stayed in bed

more than half a day because of illness or injury. All hospital

days for inpatients are considered bed days even if the patient

was not in bed more than half a day.

A work-loss day is a day on which a currently employed

person 18 years of age and over missed more than half a day

from a job or business.

A school-loss day is one on which a student 5–17 years of

age missed more than half a day from the school in which he

or she was currently enrolled.

A cut-down day is a day on which a person cuts down

(reduces) the things he usually does for more than half a day.

Work-loss, school-loss, and cut-down days refer to the

short-term effects of illness or injury. However, bed days are a

measure of both long- and short-term disability because a

chronically ill bedridden person and a person with a cold

could both report having spent more than half a day in bed due

to an illness.

The number of restricted-activity days is the number of

days a person experienced at least one of the four types of

activity restriction. It is the most inclusive measure of disability days and the least descriptive; 4 days of restricted activity

may mean 4 bed days associated with serious illness or 4 days

during which a person merely cut down on his or her activities

due to a mild illness.

A single restricted-activity day may involve both a bed

day and a work-loss or school-loss day. However, a cut-down

day cannot overlap with any of these three types of disability

days. In calculating the sum of restricted-activity days, each

day is counted only once even if more than one type of

activity restriction was involved.

Restricted-activity days may be associated with either

persons or conditions. Person days are the number of days

during which a person restricted his or her activity. Condition

days are the number of days during which a condition caused

a person to restrict his or her activity. A person day of

restricted activity can be caused by more than one condition.

In such a case, each condition causing restriction is associated

with that day of restricted activity. Therefore, the number of

condition days of restricted activity may exceed the number of

person days of restricted activity. This relationship occurs for

each type of restricted-activity day.

When two or more conditions cause a day of restricted

activity, the conditions may be (a) both (all) acute, (b) one

(some) acute and the other (some) chronic, or (c) both (all)

chronic. The number of restricted-activity days associated with

acute conditions includes groups (a) and (b); the number of

such days associated with chronic conditions includes groups

(b) and (c). The phrase ‘‘associated with’’ rather than ‘‘caused

by’’ is used to indicate that some days associated with acute or

chronic conditions are not necessarily caused solely by that

type of condition.

Assessed health status—The categories related to this

concept result from asking the respondent, ‘‘Would you say

________’s health is excellent, very good, good, fair, or

poor?’’ As such, it is based on a respondent’s opinion and not

directly on any clinical evidence.

Terms relating to physician contacts

Physician contact—A physician contact is defined as

consultation with a physician, in person or by telephone, for

examination, diagnosis, treatment, or advice. (Physician contacts with hospital inpatients are not included.) The contact is

considered to be a physician contact if the service is provided

directly by the physician or by a nurse or other person acting

under a physician’s supervision. For the purpose of this

definition, ‘‘physician’’ includes doctors of medicine and

osteopathic physicians. The term ‘‘doctor’’ is used in the

interview rather than ‘‘physician’’ because of popular usage.

However, the concept toward which all instructions are directed

is that which is described here.

Physician contacts for services provided on a mass basis

are not included in the tabulations. A service received on a

mass basis is defined as any service involving only a single

test (such as a test for diabetes) or a single procedure (such as

a measles inoculation) when this single service is administered

identically to all persons who are at the place for this purpose.

Hence obtaining a chest x ray in a tuberculosis chest x-ray

trailer is not included as a physician contact. However, a

special chest x ray given in a physician’s office or in an

outpatient clinic is considered a physician contact.

If a physician is called to a house to see more than one

person, the call is considered a separate physician contact for

each person about whom the physician is consulted.

A physician contact is associated with the person about

whom the advice is sought, even if that person does not

actually see or consult the physician. For example, if a mother

consults a physician about one of her children, the physician

contact is ascribed to the child.

Interval since last physician contact—The interval since

the last physician contact is the length of time prior to the

week of interview since a physician was last consulted in

person or by telephone for treatment or advice of any type. A

physician contact with a hospital inpatient can be counted as

the last time a physician was seen even though it is not

included in the ‘‘physician contact’’ category.

83
Terms relating to hospitalization

Hospital—For this survey, a hospital is defined as any

institution either (a) named in the listing of hospitals in the

current American Hospital Association Guide to the Health

Care Field or (b) found on the Master Facility Inventory List

maintained by the National Center for Health Statistics.

Short-stay hospital—A short-stay hospital is one in which

the type of service provided is general; maternity; eye, ear,

nose, and throat; children’s; osteopathic; or it may be the

hospital department of an institution.

Hospital day—A hospital day is a day on which a person

is confined to a hospital. It is counted as a hospital day only if

the patient stays overnight. Thus a patient who enters the

hospital on Monday afternoon and leaves Wednesday noon is

considered to have had two hospital days.

Hospital days during the year—The number of hospital

days during the year is the total number of all hospital

episodes in the 12-month period prior to the interview week.

For this estimate, episodes overlapping the beginning or end

of the 12-month period are subdivided so that only those days

falling within the period are included.

Hospital episode—A hospital episode is any continuous

period of stay of 1 night or more in a hospital as an inpatient

except the period of stay of a well newborn infant. A hospital

episode is recorded for a family member whenever any part of

his or her hospital stay is included in the 12-month period

prior to the interview week.

Hospital discharge—A hospital discharge is the completion of any continuous period of stay of 1 night or more in a

hospital as an inpatient. This excludes the period of stay of a

well newborn infant. A hospital discharge is recorded whenever a present member of the household is reported to have

been discharged from a hospital in the 12-month period prior

to the interview week. (Estimates were based on discharges

that occurred during the 6-month period prior to the interview.)

Length of hospital stay—The length of hospital stay is the

duration in days, exclusive of the day of discharge, of a

hospital discharge. (See ‘‘hospital discharge.’’)

Average length of stay—The average length of stay per

discharged patient is computed by dividing the total number of

hospital days for a specified group by the total number of

discharges for that group.

Demographic terms

Age—The age recorded for each person is the age at last

birthday. Age is recorded in single years and grouped in a

variety of distributions depending on the purpose of the table.

Race—The population is divided into three racial groups,

‘‘white,’’ ‘‘black,’’ and ‘‘all other.’’ ‘‘All other’’ includes Aleut,

Eskimo or American Indian, Asian, or Pacific Islander, and

any other races. Race characterization is based on the respondent’s description of his or her racial background.

Income of family or of unrelated individuals—Each member of a family is classified according to the total income of

the family of which he or she is a member. Within the

household, all persons related to each other by blood, marriage, or adoption constitute a family. Unrelated individuals

are classified according to their own incomes.

The income recorded is the total of all income received by

members of the family (or by an unrelated individual) in the

12-month period preceding the week of interview. Income

from all sources—for example, wages, salaries, rents from

property, pensions, government payments, and help from

relatives—is included.

Currently employed—Persons 18 years of age and over

are classified as currently employed if they reported that at any

time during the 2-week period covered by the interview they

either worked at or had a job or business. Current employment

includes paid work as an employee of someone else; selfemployment in business, farming, or professional practice; and

unpaid work in a family business or farm. Persons temporarily

absent from a job or business because of a temporary illness,

vacation, strike, or bad weather are considered as currently

employed if they expected to work as soon as the particular

event causing the absence no longer existed.

Freelance workers are considered currently employed if

they had a definite arrangement with one employer or more to

work for pay according to a weekly or monthly schedule,

either full time or part time.

Excluded from the currently employed population are

persons who have no definite employment schedule, but work

only when their services are needed. Also excluded from the

currently employed population are (a) persons receiving revenue from an enterprise, but not participating in its operation;

(b) persons doing housework or charity work for which they

received no pay; (c) seasonal workers during the portion of the

year they were not working; and (d) persons who were not

working, even though having a job or business, but were on

layoff and looking for work.

The number of currently employed persons estimated

from the NHIS will differ from the estimates prepared from

the Current Population Survey (CPS) of the U.S. Bureau of the

Census for several reasons. In addition to sampling variability

they include the following three primary conceptual differences:

1. NHIS estimates are for persons 18 years of age and over;

CPS estimates are for persons 16 years of age and over.

2. NHIS uses a 2-week reference period, while CPS uses a

1-week reference period.

3. NHIS is a continuing survey with separate samples taken

weekly; CPS is a monthly sample taken for the survey

week that includes the 12th of the month.

Highest education of responsible adult family member—

Each member of a family is classified according to the highest

educational level of a responsible adult family member of the

family of which he or she is a member. Within the household,

all persons related to each other by blood, marriage, or

adoption constitute a family. Unrelated individuals are classified according to their own education. The highest educational

level is classified in terms of highest grade of school completed. Only grades completed in regular schools, where

persons are given a formal education, are included. A ‘‘regu84
lar’’ school is one that advances a person toward an elementary or high school diploma or a college, university, or

professional school degree. Thus, education in vocational,

trade, or business schools outside the regular school system is

not counted in determining the highest grade of school completed.

Living arrangement—The three categories of living

arrangements shown in this report are as follows:

+ Living alone or with nonrelative—This category is defined

as living in a one-member household; living with nonrelatives is defined as living with nonrelatives in a household

of two or more members.

+ Living with spouse—This category includes married persons who are living together in a household. Marital status

is recorded only for persons 14 years of age and over.

Persons with common-law marriages are considered to be

married. Persons other than the husband and wife in the

household are included in the next category.

+ Living with other relatives—This category includes all

persons living with relatives except a husband and wife

living together.

Marital status—Marital status is classified by the following four categories:

+ Currently married—This category includes all persons not

separated from their spouses for reasons of marital discord. Persons living apart because of circumstances of

their employment are considered married. Persons living

together as husband and wife are considered married,

regardless of legal status.

+ Separated and divorced—This category includes persons

who are legally separated or divorced or who are living

apart for reasons of marital discord.

+ Widowed—This category includes persons who have lost

their spouse due to death.

+ Never married—This category includes persons who were

never married and persons whose only marriage was

annulled.

Family—A group of two or more persons related by

blood, marriage, or adoption who are living together in the

same household are classified as a family. Although the usual

household contains only the primary family, a household can

include secondary families and individuals unrelated to the

family. A lodger and his family who are not related to the head

of the household or a resident employee and his wife are

considered a secondary family and not part of the primary

family. However, if the son of the head of the household and

the son’s wife and children are members of the household, this

subfamily is treated as part of the primary family.

Unrelated individual—Unrelated individuals are classified

as persons who are not living with any relatives. An unrelated

individual can be (a) a household head living alone or with

nonrelatives, (b) a lodger or resident employee with no

relatives in the household, or (c) a resident of a dormitory,

lodging house, or other shared residence facility who has no

relative living with him or her.

Head of family—The person classified as head of the

family is usually the person regarded as the ‘‘head’’ by the

members of the group. Married women are never classified as

head of family if their husbands are living with them at the

time of the survey. Only one person in each family can be

designated as the head. Therefore, the number of heads of

families is equal to the number of families.

Other family members—All persons who are related to

the head of the family by blood, marriage, or adoption are

classified as family members.

Size of family—Families are classified by the number of

members as defined above. Those living alone or in residence

with persons not related to them are designated as ‘‘unrelated

individuals.’’

Youth living arrangements—This classification is for

unmarried persons under 25 years of age. The categories of

living arrangements include (a) both parents, (b) mother only,

(c) father only, (d) with other relative, excluding mother or

father, and (e) other and unknown, which may include living

alone, with a nonrelative, and unknown living arrangement.

85
Vital and Health Statistics

series descriptions

SERIES 1. Programs and Collection Procedures—These reports

describe the data collection programs of the National Center

for Health Statistics. They include descriptions of the methods

used to collect and process the data, definitions, and other

material necessary for understanding the data.

SERIES 2. Data Evaluation and Methods Research—These reports

are studies of new statistical methods and include analytical

techniques, objective evaluations of reliability of collected

data, and contributions to statistical theory. These studies also

include experimental tests of new survey methods and

comparisons of U.S. methodology with those of other

countries.

SERIES 3. Analytical and Epidemiological Studies—These reports

present analytical or interpretive studies based on vital and

health statistics. These reports carry the analyses further than

the expository types of reports in the other series.

SERIES 4. Documents and Committee Reports—These are final

reports of major committees concerned with vital and health

statistics and documents such as recommended model vital

registration laws and revised birth and death certificates.

SERIES 5. International Vital and Health Statistics Reports—These

reports are analytical or descriptive reports that compare U.S.

vital and health statistics with those of other countries or

present other international data of relevance to the health

statistics system of the United States.

SERIES 6. Cognition and Survey Measurement—These reports are

from the National Laboratory for Collaborative Research in

Cognition and Survey Measurement. They use methods of

cognitive science to design, evaluate, and test survey

instruments.

SERIES 10. Data From the National Health Interview Survey—These

reports contain statistics on illness; unintentional injuries;

disability; use of hospital, medical, and other health services;

and a wide range of special current health topics covering

many aspects of health behaviors, health status, and health

care utilization. They are based on data collected in a

continuing national household interview survey.

SERIES 11. Data From the National Health Examination Survey, the

National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, and

the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey—

Data from direct examination, testing, and measurement on

representative samples of the civilian noninstitutionalized

population provide the basis for (1) medically defined total

prevalence of specific diseases or conditions in the United

States and the distributions of the population with respect to

physical, physiological, and psychological characteristics, and

(2) analyses of trends and relationships among various

measurements and between survey periods.

SERIES 12. Data From the Institutionalized Population Surveys—

Discontinued in 1975. Reports from these surveys are

included in Series 13.

SERIES 13. Data From the National Health Care Survey—These

reports contain statistics on health resources and the public’s

use of health care resources including ambulatory, hospital,

and long-term care services based on data collected directly

from health care providers and provider records.

SERIES 14. Data on Health Resources: Manpower and Facilities—

Discontinued in 1990. Reports on the numbers, geographic

distribution, and characteristics of health resources are now

included in Series 13.

SERIES 15. Data From Special Surveys—These reports contain

statistics on health and health-related topics collected in

special surveys that are not part of the continuing data

systems of the National Center for Health Statistics.

SERIES 16. Compilations of Advance Data From Vital and Health

Statistics—Advance Data Reports provide early release of

information from the National Center for Health Statistics’

health and demographic surveys. They are compiled in the

order in which they are published. Some of these releases

may be followed by detailed reports in Series 10–13.

SERIES 20. Data on Mortality—These reports contain statistics on

mortality that are not included in regular, annual, or monthly

reports. Special analyses by cause of death, age, other

demographic variables, and geographic and trend analyses

are included.

SERIES 21. Data on Natality, Marriage, and Divorce—These reports

contain statistics on natality, marriage, and divorce that are

not included in regular, annual, or monthly reports. Special

analyses by health and demographic variables and

geographic and trend analyses are included.

SERIES 22. Data From the National Mortality and Natality Surveys—

Discontinued in 1975. Reports from these sample surveys,

based on vital records, are now published in Series 20 or 21.

SERIES 23. Data From the National Survey of Family Growth—

These reports contain statistics on factors that affect birth

rates, including contraception, infertility, cohabitation,

marriage, divorce, and remarriage; adoption; use of medical

care for family planning and infertility; and related maternal

and infant health topics. These statistics are based on

national surveys of women of childbearing age.

SERIES 24. Compilations of Data on Natality, Mortality, Marriage,

Divorce, and Induced Terminations of Pregnancy—

These include advance reports of births, deaths, marriages,

and divorces based on final data from the National Vital

Statistics System that were published as supplements to the

Monthly Vital Statistics Report (MVSR). These reports provide

highlights and summaries of detailed data subsequently

published in Vital Statistics of the United States. Other

supplements to the MVSR published here provide selected

findings based on final data from the National Vital Statistics

System and may be followed by detailed reports in Series 20

or 21.

For answers to questions about this report or for a list of reports published

in these series, contact:

Data Dissemination Branch

National Center for Health Statistics

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Public Health Service

6525 Belcrest Road, Room 1064

Hyattsville, MD 20782

(301) 436–8500

E-mail: nchsquery@nch10a.em.cdc.gov

Internet: http://www.cdc.gov/nchswww/nchshome.htm
DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 97-1523, Series 10, No. 195

7-0016 (12/96)

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