DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

BULLETIN

UNITED STATES

No. 51

WASHINGTON

aOVERNMENT FEINTING OFFICE 

1889

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

J. W. POWELL, DIEECTOE

ON 

f

INVEKTEBKATE FOSSILS

THE PACIFIC COAST

CHARLES A. W'HITE

WASHINGTON

aOVEBNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1.889

CONTENTS.

Page.

Letter of transmittal........................................................ 9

PART I. NEW FOSSIL MOLLUSCA FROM THE CIIICO-TEJON SERIES OF CALIFORNIA......:............................... ................................. 11

Geueral remarks ........................................................ 11

Description of species................................................... 14

Conchifera ....................... .... .............................. 14

Ostreidte.........................................^.............. 14

Pholadidux...................................................... 15

Gasteropoda ........................................................ 15

Actueonida)..................... .................................. 15

Fissurellidie .................................................... 16

Stomatellidai ................................................... 17

Trochidie............................ ........................... 17

Naticidte ....................................................... 19

ApoiThaidac..................................................... 19

Turritellidai ................................................... 20

Melauopsidic.................................................... 20

Rissoidte......................................................... 21

Muricidso ....................................................... 21

Buccinidio...................................................... 22

Fasciolariidto .....:..................._......................... 22

Volutidai ....................................................... 23

Cancellariidte................................................... 25

Pleurotomidtu.................................... ................ 25

Cephalopoda........................................................ 26

AininouitidtB.................................................... ' 27

PART II. EQUIVALENTS OF THE CHICO-TEJON SERIES IN OREGON AND WASHINGTON ................................................................... 28

Geueral remarks ........................................................ 28

Localities i a southern, central, aud eastern Oregon ...................... 29

Locality near Dwamish Eiver, in Washington............................ 30

Locality near Astoria, Oregon ................ ........................... 31

PART III. CRETACEOUS FOSSILS FROM VANCOUVER ISLAND REGION.... ...... 33

Geueral remarks ........................................................ 33

Annotated list and description of species ................................. 36

Brachiopoda .......................... .............................. 36

RhynchonellidsB __............................................. 36

Conchifera.................. ............ ............................ 36

Ostreidas........ ...........................:.................... 36

Anomiidto ...................................................... 36

(435)

5
6 CONTENTS.

Page.

PART III. CRETACEOUS FOSSILS, KTC. Continued.

Conchifera Continued.

Aviculidas ...................................................... 37

MytUidw ....................................................... 38

ArcidiB ......................................................... 38 f)

Trigonidse ..... ............1.............. ...................... 39

CrassatellidiD ................................................... 39

Luciniclse....................................................... 41

Veneriidaj ...... ................................................ 42

Mactridaj.................__«...............................,... 42

Pholadomyid;i>............................................ ...... 42

Anatinida>...................................................... 43

Teredinidse .......... 1.......................................... 44

Gasteropoda ..................................i..................... 44

Dentaliidic ...................................................... 44 H

Eingiculidte ..................................................... 44

Trochidte ....................................................... 45

Scalariida) ....................................................... 45

Naticidas .................................... ................... 45

Neritopsidai..................................................... 46

Fasciolariidie ................................................... 46

Volutidse ....................................................... 46

Cephalopoda......................................................... 47

Bacnlitidse...................................................... 47

Ammonitidce ......................;............................. 48

PART IV. MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF THE PUGET GROUP........................ 49

General remarks on the geology of the group ............................ 49

Description of species ................................................... 58

Conchifera.............................. ............................ 58

CardiidiB .............................. '......................... 58

Cyrenidse....................................................... 58

TellinidiB .................. .................................... 61

Teredinidte ............................. ........................ 62

Gasteropoda.......................................................... 62

Neriti'dse........................................................ 62

CerithiicLe ...................................................... 62

Concluding remarks on the fauna ......... .............................. 63

PART V. MESOZOIC MOLLUSCA FROM THE SOUTIIEKN COAST OF THE ALASKAN

PENINSULA ...................................'...................--..-.... 64

General remarks ................................................ .^.. .... 64

Description of species ................ 1.............................. .... 65

Conchifera.......................................................... 65

Arcidse .......................................................... 65

Saxicavidaj..................................................... 66

Cephalopoda........................................................ 67

Belemnitidse .................................................... 67 *

Amraonitidcc.................................................... 68

(436)
ILLUSTRATIONS.

Page. 

PLATE I. OstreaDilleri...............'................................... 74

II. OstreaDilleri................................................... 70

III. Fulgnraria Gabbi, Fnlgur 'Hilgarcli, Trophou Coudoni, Cancellaria Tnrneri, Gyrodes Dowelli, Rimella rnacilenta, Ceratia 

noxilia ............. ......................................... 78

IV. Scobinella Dilleri, Cominella LeContei, Mesalia obsuta, Trocbus 

(Anademaj genii ferns, Storaatia obstricta, Faunus marcidulus, 

Lysis oppansns, Actieon inornatus, Vasculum obliquum, Zirplitea plana...... ........................................... 80

V. Ammonites Turueri ........................................... 82

VI. Auatina sulcatiua ?, CrassateJla tuscana, Clisocolns dubius,

 C. cordatns ................................................. 84

VII. Porua excavata, Ammonites Maclurei, Vanikoropsis sucionsis... 86

VIII. Teredo pugetensis ............................................ 88

IX. Batissa Newberryi, Cardinm . ?, Cerithinm ? ?...... 90

X. Sangniuolaria? caudata, Psammobia obscura, Cyrena brevideus,

Neritina ? ............................................ 9-2

XI. Batissa dubia, Corbicula Willisi, C. pugetensis................. 94

XII. Ammonites Howelli...... ...................................... 90

XIII. Ammonites Whiteavesi, Belemnites ?, A. kialagvikensis.. 98

XIV. Ammonites Howelli, Belenmites ?, Cucullaea increbesceus,

Glycimeris? Dalli........................................... 100

(437) 7

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR,

U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY,

Washington, D. C.. July 1, 1888.

SIR: I herewith transmit to you manuscript and drawings for a bulletin of the Survey. The manuscript embraces five articles, each under 

a separate subtitle. The subjects of these articles being to a greater

or less extent different from one another, I have found it desirable to 

treat them separately; and yet, being more or less nearly related, they 

may be properly presented under the single general title which I have 

given them.

The subject of none of these articles is here treated exhaustively; 

but, as the field to which each pertains is a comparatively new one, it 

has been thought best to publish the facts which have been ascertained, 

together with suggestions of their probable significance, so that they 

may be used by those who shall pursue these or related subjects.

I beg to call your especial attention to the following facts and conclusions presented in these articles: An addition of nineteen new 

species and one new genus is made to the known fauna of the ChicoTejon series of California. The existence is announced of new localities 

of strata referable to that series in Oregon and Washington Territory. 

The fauna of the Vancouver group is discussed, three new species are 

described, and the intimate relation of the Yancouver fauna with that' 

of the Ohico group is shown. A small, unique fauna from the coalbearing formation of the Puget Sound basin is described, and facts are 

presented which indicate that this formation was deposited in an extraordinarily large estuary, which was probably contemporaneous with 

the Laramie sea.

The closing article relates to a small collection of Mesozoic fossils 

from Alaska, all of which are regarded as new, and as probably belonging to strata somewhat older than the Aucella-beariug strata of Alaska.

Very respectfully,

C. A. WHITE,

Geologist in charge of Mesozoic Invertebrate Paleontology.

Hon. J. W. POWELL,

Director of the U. S. Geological Survey.

(439)

INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS FROM CALIFORNIA, OREGON, WASHINGTON, AND ALASKA.

By 0. A. WHITE.

PART I.

NEW FOSSIL MOLLUSCA FROM THE CHICO-TEJON SERIES OF

CALIFORNIA.

GENEKAL EEMAEKS.

The fossils from the Chico-Tejon series of California described on the 

following pages of this bulletin were collected by Mr. EL W. Turner and 

Mr. J. S. Diller, respectively, both of whom have been engaged upon 

separate portions of the work of the U. S. Geological Survey in California for several years past. These fossils constitute additions to the already known molluscau fauna of that important series of strata which, 

through the labors of Gabb, Conrad, and others, has .long been known 

to be a rich one. The fossils of this series are in many localities abundant, but they are generally in a bad state of preservation. Occasionally, 

however, localities are discovered where they are in better condition, 

from some of which the specimens herein described have been obtained; 

and we may reasonably expect from such favorable localities still further additions to this important transition fauna. 1

In the year 1884 I visited California, and devoted the season to an 

investigation of the strata of this series at numerous localities in the 

Held, and to a study of large collections of its fossils. As a result of 

these labors I became convinced that the whole series, which comprises 

the Chico, Martinez, and Tejon groups of the California Geological 

Survey,2 is not only an unbroken one from base to top, but that it rep-

'All the hitherto published species of fossils of this series of strata.are catalogued, 

and the greater part of them figured aud described by Mr. Gabb in the two volumes 

of paleontology published by the State Geological Survey of California. For references to descriptions of fossils from strata equivalent with portions of this series iu 

Oregon, Washington Territory, and British Columbia, see Parts II and III of this 

bulletin.

2 Geol. Survey California, Palteontology, vol. 2,1869, p. xiii.

(441) II -
12 INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS FROM THE PACIFIC COAST. [BUM. 51.

resents both the closing epoch of the Cretaceous period and the opening one of the Tertiary. 1 Many known facts justify the opinion that 

the Larainie group also represents the transition from Cretaceous to 

Tertiary time 5 but although it seems to be certain that this great formation was continuously deposited from the marine Cretaceous beneath 

it, and into the fresh-water Tertiary deposits above it, there is, as a 

consequence of important surrounding physical changes then existing, 

an abrupt accession of its peculiar aqueous fauna at its base and almost as abrupt an extinction of it at the top.2

On the contrary, the Chico-Tejon series is one great continuous succession of marine strata, the deposition of which was evidently unbroken 

from its beginning to its close; and during this time attendant physical conditions produced no sudden changes in the aqueous life of the 

waters in which the deposits occurred..

No fact which I have learned since the investigations referred to 

were made has shaken my belief in the correctness of the opinion then 

expressed; but, on the contrary, further investigations have strengthened it. There seeins to be no longer any reason why one should hesitate to accept it as a demonstrated fact that we have in California a 

continuously deposited series of strata, the lower portion of which is 

characteristically Cretaceous and the upper portion of which is no less 

characteristically Eocene Tertiary ; and that the Cretaceous characteristics gradually disappear upward, leaving the surviving fauna, with its 

later accessions, without any commingling of Mesozoic types. It is so 

generally the case that wherever Cretaceous strata are found overlaid 

by those of Eocene age a break both faunal and strati graphical is found 

to exist between them, that I can not but regard this evidence of the 

gradual passage from Mesozoic to Cenozoic conditions within the time 

represented by the Chico-Tejon series of strata as among the more fortunate of the geological discoveries which have been made since the 

lirst recognition of the principles of historic geology.

So generally has it been found to be the case that both a fauual and 

a stratigraphical break exist between different groups of strata of the 

various geological ages, that geologists have heretofore generally regarded it as a matter of course that any certain unbroken series of 

strata must of necessity be referred wholly to one or another geological 

period. Mr. Gabb, while engaged upon the large work, the Palaeontology of California, seems to have acted fully in accordance with this 

view. He did not fail to recognize the Tertiary characteristics of a 

large proportion of the fossils found in the Chico-Tejon strata, the essentially unbroken character of the whole series which embraced his 

Chico, Martinez, and Tejon groups, or the Cretaceous character of a

1 Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, No. 15,1885, pp. 7-17.

3 It is probable that the Paget group, which is discussed on subsequent pages of 

this bulletin, was deposited contemporaneously with the Laramie, and that it also 

represents the transition from Cretaceous to Tertiary time.

(442)
WHITE.] FOSSILS FKOM THE CHICO-T^JON SEEIES. 13

considerable number of the fossil types which that series contained. 

He seems, however, to have regarded the presence of the latter types 

as a sufficient reason why the whole series should be referred to the 

Cretaceous, which decision was indeed not inconsistent with the generally accepted views to which reference has been made. The various 

controversies which have occurred with regard to the true geological 

age of this series of strata have arisen from the fact that it contains 

both Cretaceous and Tertiary types and that those types are frequently 

found commingled in one and the same matrix. Some observers have 

come in contact with strata yielding fossils of the latter types alone, 

and have not hesitated to refer such strata to the Tertiary period j and 

when it has been shown that the series also contains Cretaceous 

types they have seemed disposed either to deny the fact or to contend 

that such forms were introduced from previously existing Cretaceous 

Strata, Others have found fossils of unmistakable Mesozoic types so 

numerous in certain strata of this series that they have ignored the 

Tertiary character of their numerous associates and referred all the 

strata containing them to the Cretaceous.

Besides the numerous molluscan species of Tertiary types which Mr. 

Gabb described and figured from the Chicp-Tejon series in the two volumes of "Paleontology of California," I may refer for present comparison to the following, among others, which are described and figured 

in this bulletin: Fulyur Hilgardi, Cominella LeContei, and Troplion Concloni. And yet I have broken these fossils out of the matrix in which 

they were imbedded and wherein they were commingled with such 

Cretaceous types as Ammonites chicoensis Trask, Baculites chicocnsis 

Trask, Cinulia dbliqua Gabb, Trigonia Evans and Meek, and Inoceramus Whitneyi Gabb. Still, in the collections here particularly referred to, which come from well down in the Chico portion of the series, 

the Tertiary types are somewhat more conspicuous as to numbers than 

the Cretaceous types. In view of these facts it does not seem strange, 

even in the light of our present knowledge, that Dr. Trask, as early as 

1855, collecting fossils from these strata, and at the same localities from 

which many of the fossils here referred to were obtained, should have 

announced the discovery of Ammonites and Baculites in Tertiary strata. 1

With reference to the Chico-Tejou series of California and similar 

transitional series of strata elsewhere, a real difficulty is encountered 

when we attempt to assign them by name and limitation to a place in 

the systematic classification of formations Avhich is now in general use. 

But we certainly ought not to allow this difficulty to prevent a grateful 

recognition of the important physical facts which are so happily illustrated by these transitional series of strata.

Every naturalist must admit that since the seas were first formed and 

life began in them, there has been a continuous genetic succession of 

life, and likewise a continuous deposition of rock-forming sediment. It

1 Proc. California Acad. Nat. Sci., vol. 1, p. 85, 1st ed.; p. 92, 2d ed. (187:?).

(443)
14 INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS FROM ^THE PACIFIC COAST. [BULL. 51.

is well known that both the life and the sedimentation were frequently 

interrupted over large areas; and it is the evidences of these interruptions that constitute the tangible boundaries of our recognized divisions 

of geological time; but it is plain that neither life nor sedimentation 

was ever universally broken. If, therefore, it should ever be possible 

for us to discover strata which represent the whole genetic continuity 

of life during that time, it is clear that we shall then have no definable 

boundaries to our present recognized geological ages, periods, or epochs. 

This view of the case, which seems to be a wholly reasonable one, gives 

the greatest interest to such transition series as that of California, to 

which I have applied the compound name Chico-Tejon. 1 Furthermore, 

this series derives peculiar interest from the fact that it represents not 

only the transition from one epoch to another, but also from one wellrecognized geological age to the next succeeding one.

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES.

CONCHIFERA.

. OSTREID^E. 

Genus Ostrea Linnaeus. 

Subgenus Alectryonia Pischer de Waldheim.

OSTREA (ALECTRYONIA) DILLERI White.

PLATE I, Figs. 1, 2, and PLATE II, Figs. 1, 2.

Shell moderately large, subelliptical in marginal outline, the irregularity of which is increased by a more or less prominent and laterally 

extended posterior wing; both valves convex, but, as usual, the lower

one more capacious than the upper; a more or less distinct depression, 

extending from near the beak to the posterior margin, defines the inner 

limit of the alate portion of the shell; the cardinal border of the alate 

portion long and straight, the inner surface of which presents a rather 

indistinctly defined flat cardinal area; ligamental groove of the lower 

valve short and not deep, the corresponding ridge of the upper valve 

often hardly perceptible. Surface of the body of the shell marked by 

numerous strong angular radiating ribs, which give the free margins of 

the valves a strongly serrate character; surface of the wing irregularly 

ribbed or corrugated; muscular scar large and deep.

While a large proportion of the fossil Ostreidae which are obtained 

from the different geological formations possess too few salient features 

by which they may be satisfactorily separated into species, and someJ In giving a single name to the full series, I have compounded the two group 

names, Chico and Tejon, which were given by the California geologists to th,e lower 

and upper portions of the series, respectively.

(444)
WHITE.] FOSSILS FROM THE CHICO-TlSjON SERIES. 15

times even into the different recognized genera, the features of the 

form here described are more than usually satisfactory in this respect. 

It is also the only ostreid of the Alectryonia type which to niy knowledge has yet been discovered in the Chico-Tejon series, while those belonging to the ordinary type of Ostrea are not uncommon in the strata 

of this series. Furthermore, this species ought to be placed among.the 

Cretaceous types of the Chico-Tejon series, because the Alectryonia 

division of the genus Ostrea has hitherto been rarely, if ever, known inlater strata than those of the Cretaceous.

Position and locality. This form was discovered by Mr. J. S. Diller 

in strata of the Chico portion of the series half a mile south of the falls 

of Clover Creek, Shasta County.

PHOLADID-ffi.

Genus Zirphsea Leach,

ZlRPH^EA PLANA, Sp. UOV. 

PLATE IV, Fig. 22.

Among the fossils collected by Mr. H. W. Turner from the Chico- 

.Tejon strata at Martinez, Contra Costa Co., is a single valve of a shell 

which seems to possess the essential characters of Zirphsea. The shell 

is small, irregularly suboval in marginal outline ; the anterior portion 

inflated, larger than the posterior portion, from which it is separated 

by a well-defined depression that extends from near the beak to the 

 base of each valve, and also by the abrupt inflation of the anterior portion ; cardinal border of the anterior portion somewhat reflexed. The 

shell substance of the specimen is mostly exfoliated, but remains of 

narrow, concentric, raised stria} are observable, which are separated by 

rather wide interspaces and which seem to have covered the whole 

surface. 

Length, 14min ; height, llmm.

OASTEROPOD A. 

ACT.aEONID.aE.

Genus Actaeon Montfort.

INORNATUS, sp. nov.

PLATE IV, Figs. 16, 17, and 18.

Shell small, subovate, spire short, its sides approximately straight; 

volutions six or seven'in number, those of the spire moderately convex, 

the last one large and somewhat inflated, the distal side of each volution appressed against the next preceding one, the suture being impressed ; col u n] el la bearing one prominent fold about its middle, which

(445)'
16 INVERTEBEATE FOSSILS FROM THE PACIFIC COAST. [BULL. 51.

is fully visible only when the outer lip is broken away ; surface nearly 

plain, but under a good lens fine revolving striae are visible upon the 

lower half of the volutions of well-preserved examples.

Length, llmm ; breadth of last volution, 6llim .

This shell differs from A. impressus Gabb, from the Shasta group of 

California, in having only one fold upon the coluinella instead of two, 

as that species has, and also in having the surface less distinctly 

marked by revolving lines.

Position and locality. The lower or Chico portion of the series, near 

Pence's Kanch, Butte County, where it was collected by Mr. Turner.

FISSURELLID^l. 

Genus VascuTum, gen. nov.

Shell resembling Capulus or Umarginula in general shape, but the 

upper part is more or less laterally deflected; apex subceutral, directed 

forward, or obliquely forward, and coiled; a more or less distinct 

siphonal ridge with its corresponding internal g«?oove extends from the 

apex to the front border of the shell, where it produces a small emargination or notch. Internal characters unknown.

The observable characters of this form seem to warrant its reference 

to the Fissurellidse; but it is probable that it may have to be referred 

to either the Siphon ariidse or the Gadiniidse when all its characters are 

known. This genus differs from other members of the Fissurellidse in 

having the apex directed anteriorly, and in being more distinctly coiled. 

It differs from Anisomyon Meek in having its apex distinctly coiled, and 

in possessing a siphoual ridge and emarginatiou, in which latter respects it also differs from the Capulidse. From Gaclinia it differs in 

having a plain, instead of' a radiated, surface, a coiled apex, and a 

greater elevation.

VASCULUM OBLIQUUM, sp. nov. 

PLATE IV, Figs, 19, 20, 21.

Shell suboval in marginal outline; moderately elevated, the upper 

portion bent to the right, so that the right side is concave vertically ; 

left side broadly rounded; posterior and anterior sides more narrowly 

rounded; apex small, turned forward and slightly to the left, and 

closely coiled in one, or one and a half volutions; siphonal ridge narrow but somewhat prominent, the emargination at its anterior end 

slight. Surface marked by lines of growth, which are coarser upon the 

siphonal ridge than elsewhere, and curved backward, corresponding 

with the emargination at the front.

Transverse width at the margin, 14min ; anterd-posterior width, 18mm ; 

height from margin to apex, 13ram .

Position and locality. Chico Group, canon of Chico Creek 15 miles 

east of Chico, Butte County, where it was collected by Mr. Diller.

(446)
WHITE. J FOSSILS FKOM THE CHICO-TEJON SERIES. 17

STOMATELLID^E.

Genus Lysis Gabb.

LYSIS OPPANSUS, sp. nov.

PLATE IV, Figs. 14, 15.

Shell having the general form of the type species of the genus Lysis, 

or of Stomatella; the periphery of the last volution usually somewhat 

angulated, the spire small and slightly elevated, aperture large, inner 

lip broad, thickened by callus, and its surface and margin both con- 

'cave. Surface marked by rounded, rugose, coarse, raised revolving 

strite or small ridges, every third or fourth one of which is larger than 

the others; the periphery of the shell being occupied by one of the 

larger ones of these raised strite or ridges increases its angular aspect, 

which is more apparent in some examples than others.

I was at first disposed to regard this shell as belonging to the type 

species as described and figured by Gabb, 1 but it differs materially in 

the angular character of the periphery and in the character of the surface markings, and it apparently reaches a considerably larger size.

Among his fossils from the Vancouver group on Sucia Island, Mr. 

Whiteaves describes and figures 3 a form under the name of Stomatia 

suciensis, together with a variety to which he gives the name of carinifera. He does not figure the aperture of either of them, but from his 

reference to the inner lip I suspect that they belong to Gabb's genus 

Lysis. The difference between the two forms which he figures is greater 

than one would naturally expect as a result of interspecific variation. 

The California specimens of the form here described also present such 

considerable variations as to suggest the possibility that there may be 

specific identity between at least a part of the California and Sucia 

Island forms respectively.

Position and locality. Chico group, near Pence's Banch, Butte County. 

Collected by Mr. Turner and myself.

Genus Trochus Linnaeus. 

Subgenus Anadema H. aud A. Adams.'

TROCHUS (ANADEMA.) GEMIFERUS, sp. nov.

PLATE IV, Figs. 8, 9.

Shell small, depressed-conical, the height being somewhat less than 

the greatest diameter; aperture subcircular, oblique; umbilicus small 

and deep; inner lip with a callus at its upper portion, which borders a 

part of the umbilicus, slightly thickened below, where it bears just

1 Paleontology of California,, vol. 1, 1864, p. 138, pi. 21, Jig. 98. 

2. Gcol. Survey Canada, Mosozoic Foss., vol. 1, 1870, p. 128, pi. 16, tigs. 4, 5. 

Bull. 51 2 (447)
18 INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS FROM THE PACIFIC COAST.

within its outer edge a small distinct tubercle-like tooth having somewhat the appearance of a small adherent pearl. Surface finely granular, and under a lens faint indications of revolving striae appear.

Height, 13mm ; greatest breadth, 16 lum.

The characters of this shell do not fully agree with those which H. 

and A. Adams assign to Anadema, but they correspond more nearly 

with that subgenus than with any other group of shells known to me.

Position and locality. Ohico group, near Pence's Ranch, Butte County. 

Collected by Mr. Turner.

The shell substance of the specimens from which the foregoing description is drawn is thickly burrowed by fine pores, which are apparently 

those of a species of Cliona. The burrows are all apparently simple, 

are perpendicular to the outer surface, and penetrate almost to the inner 

surface. Only a part of the shells of other species of mollusks which 

were found associated with this one are thus burro wed, but the borings 

have been detected in still other species at other localities in the same 

formation. In all these cases all the borings are almost microscopic, 

and quite uniform in character. It is no uncommon thing to find shells 

of the Ostreidce and other mollusks in all the Cretaceous and Tertiary 

formations showing ravages of Cliona; but in all cases which I have 

observed those borings are much larger and usually more intricate than 

those which are here referred to/

Genus Stomatia Lamarck. 

STOMATIA OBSTEICTA, sp. nov.

PLATE IV, Figs. 10,11.

Shell rather small, obliquely subovate; spire short, prominent; volutions four or five in number, moderately convex, the last one large 

and expanded, suture impressed; aperture large, suboval^ angulated 

posteriorly; inner lip moderately thickened; outer lip thin. Surface 

marked by angular revolving ridges with somewhat broad gently concave spaces between them, which are apparently marked by one or more 

revolving lines. Six or seven of these ridges appear upon the last volution, but only three of them upon those of the spire.

Length of the largest specimen in the collection, 20mm ; breadth, IV01".

The characters of this shell do not quite correspond with the usual 

generic diagnosis of Stomatia, but, so far as they are observable in these 

not perfectly preserved fossil specimens, they appear to agree more 

nearly with that than with any other published genus. It is a noteworthy fact, and one which Mr. Gabb fully recognized in his work upon 

the paleontology of California, that the molluscan fauna of the ChicoTejon series contains many forms which, while closely like well known 

genera, present such differences as to make their reference to any of 

them unsatisfactory. This condition of things seems to me to be a

(448)
WHITE.] . FOSSILS FROM THE CHICO-T&TON SERIES. 19

natural consequence of the transitional character of such a fauna as 

that of this great series. Certain genera being recognized as characteristic of certain periods, it is natural to expect that transitional modifications of those genera should occur in transitional strata.

Position and locality. Ohico group, Little Cow Creek, Shasta County, 

where it was collected by Mr. Diller.

NATICID^E.

Genus Gyrodes Conrad.

GYRODES DOWELLI, sp. nov.

PLATE III, Figs. 8, 9.

Shell of medium size, depressed, oblique, spire slightly elevated; 

volutions, four or five in number, the last one much expanded, broadly 

rounded at the outer side and abruptly rounded and somewhat shouldered at the distal side; those of the spire, convex ; suture distinct, 

impressed; umbilicus, somewhat narrow, deep; its border abruptly 

rounded arid marked by numerous oblique crenulations. Somewhat 

similar flexuous crenulations mark the upper or distal side of the volutions near the suture, with which exception the surface is plain; aperture obliquely suboval, outer lip, thin; inner lip bordering the umbilicus, thin and concave. The striae of growth show that the outer lip 

was much projected near its upper or posterior end, and that it was there 

abruptly rounded backward to the suture, adjacent to which it thus 

formed a somewhat broad notch.

Position and locality. This specimen was collected from the Chico 

group near Jacksonville, Oregon, and sent to the Srnithsonian Institution by B. F. Dowell, esq., in whose honor the specific name is given. 

Fragments apparently belonging to this species have also been detected among the California collections.

APORKHAID^E.

Genus Rimella Agassiz.

ElMELLA MACILENTA, Sp. UOV. 

PLATE III, Figs. 10-12.

Shell rather small, slender; the sides of the spire gently convex, 

each bearing about twelve abruptly raised longitudinal varices, which 

extend entirely across the exposed surface of the volutions in the direction of the axis of the shell, and are sometimes continuous from one 

volution to the next. The varices are separated by somewhat broad, 

concave spaces, and the entire surface is marked by fine, uniform revolving stride, which are only a little less distinct upon the varices than

(449)
20 INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS FROM THE PACIFIC COAST. [BULL 5,1.

upon the interspaces. The outer lip is moderately expanded, the expansion being a little greater anteriorly than posteriorly, rounded in 

front, thickened at its margin, which is continuous with the right wall 

of the posterior canal. The inner lip is somewhat thickly covered with 

callus, which extends backward and forms the left wall of the posterior 

canal. Anterior'canal short, reflexed, and only slightly projecting beyond the anterior border of the outer lip. Posterior canal long, nearly 

inclosed by the approaching borders of its right and leto walls, the two 

walls together forming a ridge, which is closely adherent to the spire, 

and, in fully adult examples, extends from the posterior angle of the 

aperture nearly or quite to the apex of the spire.

The full length of an adult shell is about 25mm.

Position and locality. Chico group, about 2 miles northward from 

New Idria. Fresno County, where it was collected by Mr. Turner and 

myself.

TURRETELinXE.

Genus Mesalia Gray. 

MESALIA OBSUTA, sp. nov.

PLATE IV, Figs. 6,7.

Shell small, elongate-conical, sides gently convex; volutions eight 

or ten in number in fully adult shells, moderately convex, the last one 

rounded below; suture impressed; surface of the volutions of the spire 

marked by seven or eight impressed revolving lines, at the bottom of 

which are close-set shallow pits, giving the lines the appearance of finely 

stitched seams. The lower convex surface of the last volution is also 

marked by similar lines, which are smaller and nearer together at the 

anterior part of that volutiou.

Length of an adult shell, about 22mm ; breadth of the last volution, 

about 9mm.

Position and locality. Ohico group, near Pence's Eanch, ButteCounty, 

where it was collected by Mr. Turner.

MELANOPSIDJE.

Genus Faunus Montfort. 

FAUNUS MARCIDULUS, sp, nov.

PLATE IV, Figs. 12,13.

Shell small, moderately elongate; volutions about six in number, 

their sides gently convex, their distal border appressed against the 

next preceding volution; the last volution moderately ventricose, 

arid constituting nearly one-half the full length of the shell; aperture

(450)
WHITE.I FOSSILS FROM THE CHICO-TIiJON >SERIES. 21

suboval, angular at its posterior end and ending anteriorly in a broad 

notch; outer lip thickened, prominent, especially its anterior portion 

outside the notch; callus of the inner lip moderately thick at the posterior portion, but thinner anteriorly. Surface appearing granular to 

the naked eye, but under a lens it presents the appearance of being 

shriveled or irregularly wrinkled.

Length, 8mm ; breadth of the last volution, 2mm.

Position and locality. Chico group, Butte County, where it was collected by Mr. Turner.

RISSOIDJE.

Genus Ceratia H. and A. Adams.

CERATIA NEXILIA, sp. nov.

PLATE'III, Figs. 13,14.

Shell small, elongate-conical; sides of tbe spire slightly convex; volutions eight or nine in number, convex; suture impressed; aperture 

broadly suboval; outer lip thin; inner lip sinuous, and bearing only a 

slight coating of callus. Surface marked by numerous revolving raised 

lines, which are crossed at right angles by numerous linear ridges of 

about the same strength as the revolving lines, giving the surface a 

finely interlaced or reticulate appearance. On the anterior portion of 

the last volution the lines are finer and less prominent than upon the 

outer surface of the volutions, and the surface there thus loses to some 

extent its reticulate appearance. Upon the larger specimens supplementary revolving lines may sometimes be seen between the larger ones. 

No varices appear upon any of the specimens such as would suggest a 

reference of this to the genus Cirsotrema. It apparently bears considerable resemblance, however, to a form obtained by Mr. Whiteaves 

from the Vancouver group, on Sucia Island, to which he gave the name 

of Cirsotrema tenuisculptum,1 and which is perhaps congeneric with it.

MURICID-ZB.

Genus Trophon Montfort.

TROPHON CONDONI, sp. nov.

PLATE III, Figs. 4, 5.

Shell moderateiy small; spire low, the last volution constituting much 

the greater,part of the shell, its outer side convex above but becoming 

concave as it merges into the broad beak; the outer portion of the posterior side shouldered or abruptly rounded and its inner portion ap-. 

pressed against the preceding volution, there being a revolving depression between the outer and inner portions; aperture broadly subovate;

1 Gcol. Survey Canada, Mesozotc Foss., vol. 1, 1870, p. 127, pi. 16, figs. 3-3c.

(451)
22 INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS FROM THE PACIFIC COAST. [BULL. 51.

its two lips, meeting by the thickening of each, as the shell approaches 

maturity, extend back upon the penultimate volution ; canal narrow, 

rather short, and turned a little backward and to the left 5 beak broad, 

concave upon its under side, its anterior border rounded and laciniate. 

Surface marked by numerous small, rough, revolving ridges, which are 

crossed by longitudinal ridges of similar size, giving the shell a coarsely 

cancellate appearance.

Length of the largest specimen in the collection, 30mm ; breadth of 

the last) volution, about 22mm.

The specific name is given in honor of Prof. Thomas Condon of the 

State University of Oregon, who has done much to show the presence of the great Chico-Tejou series in various parts of Oregon.

Position and locality. Ohico group, Little Cow Creek Valley, about 

-eighteen miles east of Eedding, Shasta County, where it was collected 

by Mr. Diller.

Genus Cominella Gray.

COMINELLA LECONTEI, Sp. UOV. 

PLATE IV, Figs. 4, 5.

Shell rather small, ovoid, spire short; volutions about five in number ; 

the last one moderately veutricose and constituting much the greater 

part of the shell ; the distal border of each volution appressed against 

the preceding volution, and just forward of that border there is a broad 

shallow revolving depression ; aperture subovate, compressed, and narrowly angular behind and ending anteriorly in a short narrow canal ; 

outer lip thin at the edge and marked within by numerous transverse 

raised lines. Surface marked by numerous nearly uniform impressed 

revolving lines, which are visible to the naked eye, and the lens shows 

a similar minute line between each two of the others.

Length 21mm ; breadth of the last volution 13mm.

These shells also show the ravages of the minute Cliona mentioned 

on page 18. The specific name is given in honor of Prof. Joseph 

LeConte of the University of California.

Position and'locality. Chico group, near Pence's Eanch, Butte County, 

where it was collected by Mr. Turner.

FASCIOLARinxaE.

Genus Fulgur Montfort.

FCJLGrUR HlLGARDI, Sp. 110 V. 

PLATE III, Figs. 2, 3.

Shell small for a species of this genus ; spire depressed-conical ; volutions five in number; those of the spire so flattened upon their outer 

surfaces as to form an oblique cone, the sides of which are slightly con-

(452) '
WHITE.] FOSSILS FROM THE CHICO-TEJON SERIES. 23

cave, and the base of which is upon the periphery of the last volution; 

suture indistinct; last volution large, subaugular at the periphery and 

convex below it; beak long, slender, and only slightly flexed; aperture 

suboval, angular behind and ending in a long, open, moderately narrow 

canal in front; surface marked by numerous revolving raised coarse 

lines or slender ridges which disappear entirely upon the beak, and are 

often obscure on the spire above the periphery, especially in mature examples ; the peripheral ridge, as well as the one upon either side of it, 

becomes sharply nodular as the shell reaches maturity.

Length from the apex to the end of the beak 37min ; diameter of the 

last volution 20mm.

This shell derives peculiar interest from the fact that although it belongs to a decidedly Tertiary type, it was found, together with many 

other Tertiary forms, commingled in the same matrix with such Mesozoic 

forms as Ammonites chicoensiSjBekmnites chicoensis, Trigonia, Evansana, 

Inoceramus Whitneyi, etc.

The specific name is given in honor of Prof. E. W. Hilgard of the 

University of California.

Position and locality. Chico group, near Pence's "Ranch, Butte County, 

where it was collected by Mr. Turner.

VOLUTID^E.

Genus Fulguraria Schumacher.

FULGTJRARIA GABBT, Sp. I10V.

PLATE III, Fig. 1.

Volutilithes navarroensis Gabb (not Shnmard) Palaeontology of California, vol. 1, p.

102, pi. 19, fig. 56. ' . 

Fulyuraria navarroensis Whiteaves, Geol. Survey Canada, Mesozoic Fossils, vol. 1, p.

117, pi. 15, figs. 3, 3a.

Shell rather large, fusiform, the greatest diameter being above the 

mid-length of the shell; spire conical, rather short; volutions about 

six in number; those of the spire gently but irregularly convex; the 

last volution large, moderately inflated and much elongated, sides 

broadly convex from front to rear, except that there is a broad, gentle, 

oblique, revolving depression about its middle; anterior extremity narrowed, bat not forming a distinct beak, and a little deflected laterally; 

aperture moderately broad, angular behind, and ending anteriorly in 

an indistinctly denned canal; columella strong in adult shells and 

bearing three prominent oblique folds; surface marked by obscure longitudinal varices, which do not extend to the anterior part of the shell, 

and are often obsolete elsewhere. Besides these vurices and the numerous fine, distinct lines of growth there are many narrow revolving

(453)
24 INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS FROM THE PACIFIC COAST. [BULL. 51.

ridges which are especially conspicuous upon the last volution and 

which sweep forward upon the anterior part of the shell. They are 

about eighteen in number, the spaces between them being wider than 

the ridges, the widest spaces being upon the broadest part of the shell. 

Upon this part especially these ridges become nodulous where they cross 

the varices, between which they are obsolete. The two or three upper 

ridges are smaller'than any of the others, and those of the anterior 

part of the shell are smaller, more continuous, and therefore less nodular than those of the middle portion.

Although the foregoing description is drawn from larger examples 

than those of Mr. Gabb they belong to the same species which he referred to the Volutilithes navarroensis of Shumard, the type of which 

was obtained from the Cretaceous of Texas. Dr. Shumard never figured 

his species, and upon a late visit to his original localities in Texas I 

was not able to rediscover it, but after a careful reading of his description, an examination of many specimens from the Pacific coast region 

of the form here described, and of examples in the U. S. National 

Museum which I believe to be specifically identical with Shumard's 

V. navarroensis, I am. of the opinion that the southern and western 

forms are sufficiently distinct to warrant the use of separate specific 

names.

While I agree with the opinion of Mr. Whiteaves1 and of Dr. Stoliczka 

that this shell and its real congeners ought to be referred to the genus 

Fulguraria-,-1 can not agree with the former and with Mr. Gabb in 

regarding the form here described as specifically identical with the one 

which was described by Dr. Shumard (op. cit.) under the name of Volutilithes navarroensis. It is very apparent that the two forms are closely 

related, but in view of their considerable differences and of the fact 

that the faunas to which they respectively belong are so different there 

seems to be' sufficient reason for regarding them as distinct. The figures given by Mr. Gabb and Mr. Whiteaves respectively (op. cit.) and 

the. one on Plate' III of this bulletin all belong without doubt to the 

same species, although they show much variation of form. Figure 

1 on Plate III of this bulletin shows a mature and more robust example than that of Mr. Gabb (op. cit.), while that of Mr. Whiteaves 

(op. cit.) shows-a mature and still more compact example. On the other 

hand, the Museum examples of the southern form before referred to, 

while they are evidently mature, are even more slender and delicate 

than is indicated by Dr. Shumard's description. Even if these differences should not be properly regarded as of themselves sufficient to 

separate the two forms specifically, I think it-is expedient to give different names to aH the members of faunas which are respectively so 

different as are those of the Pacific and Gulf coast Upper Cretaceous

1 A letter just received from Mr. Whiteaves says that now, with Tryon, he regards 

this form as belonging to Conrad's geuns Voluloderma. As I have not had an opportunity to examine Conrad's type, I prefer at preseut to leave it in Fulguraria.

(454)
WHITE.] FOSSILS FROM THE CHICO-TEJON SERIES. 25

until a far greater amount of knowledge concerning their correlation is 

obtained than we now possess.

This species is one of the more common and characteristic shells of 

the Chico group, as it seems also to be of the Vancouver group. It has 

been found at numerous places in California, in southern Oregon, and I 

have lately received it from Dr. Newberry, who obtained it from the 

Vancouver grotip on Sucia Island, Washington Territory. The specimen figured on Plate III was collected by Mr. Turner from the Chico 

group, near Centerville, Butte County.

CANCELLARIID.E.

Genus Gancellaria Lamarck.

CANCELLARIA TURNERI, sp. nov.

E III, Figs. 6, 7.

Shell of medium size, spire moderately elevated ; beak short ; volutions of the spire convex, the last one expanded and becoming obtusely 

angular between the outer and posterior sides, where short, more or less 

distinct varices appear, but they become obsolete upon both the outer 

and posterior sides ; the outer side rounded, the posterior side flattened 

and forming a broad shoulder as the shell reaches maturity; aperture 

subovate, truncated behind, and ending anteriorly in a short canal; coluinella thickened and bearing three folds. Surface marked by revolving lines, which are crossed by lines of growth giving the usual cancellated appearance which is characteristic of this genus.

Length of the largest example in the collection, 31mm ; breadth of the 

last volution, 22lum. . Position and locality. Chico-Tejon series, Martinez, Contra Costa 

County, where it was collected by Mr. Turner.

PLEUROTOMID^E.

Genus Scobinella Conrad.

SCOBINELLA DlLLERI, Sp. UOV. 

PLATE IV, Figs. 1-3.

Shell of medium size, fusiform, volutions about seven in number ; those 

of the spire irregularly convex ; the last one large, elongate, and ending 

anteriorly in a broad beak, its greater or peripheral diameter near its 

upper end, concave above this peripheral portion, and broadly convex 

below it; aperture rather narrow, constricted and narrowly angular at 

its posterior end arid merging into a rather short canal in front; outer 

lip thin, having a broad notch opposite the space between the suture 

and peripheral portion of the last volution, below which the margin of
26 INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS FROM THE PACIFIC COAST. [BULL. 51.

the lip is broadly convex; inner lip bearing three sharp prominent folds, 

the full prominence of which is not visible when the outer lip is entire. 

Surface marked by numerous coarse raised revolving lines or small 

ridges, which are largest about the middle, smaller below and upon the 

beak, and obsolete upon the concave space between the periphery and 

suture. The median portion of the last volution is also marked by more 

or less strong longitudinal varices, which end abruptly at the periphery, to which they give a more or less nodular appearance, and gradually disappear below.

The full length of an adult shell was about 45uim j greatest breadth 

about 19mm.

Position and localities. Chico group, Little Cow Creek Valley, 18 miles 

east of Bedding, Shasta County, where it was collected by Mr. Diller. 

Mr. Turner also collected it from the same group at Curry's Canada, 

south of Mount Diablo.

CEPHALO- ODA.

AMMONITID-E. 

Genus Ammonites Bruguiere. 

AMMONITES TURNERI, sp. nov.

PLATE V, Figs. 1,2.

Shell robust; volutions increasing rapidly in size, their transverse 

diameter being a little greater than the other, each volution embracing 

less than half the diameter of the preceding one; peripheral sides a 

little flattened; umbilicus moderately broad and deep, its sides being 

regularly rounded inward. Surface marked by transverse ribs arid 

tubercles, which vary with the growth of the shell, being more distinct

iu the young or half-grown examples than in the adult state. In 

the former condition the transverse ribs are seen to extend from the 

umbilical margin continuously across the lateral and peripheral sides? 

except that between every two or three of these continuous ribs are supplementary ones which cross the peripheral side, but disappear before 

reaching the .umbilical borders. The tubercles are situated in revolving rows upon these ribs. The first row is a little more than one-quarter of the diameter of the volution from its umbilical side, and the 

second is about the same distance laterally from the periphery. Between the outer lateral row of one side of the coil and that of the other 

there are upon the peripheral side of the shell three other rows of tubercles which are about equidistant from each other, the one upon the 

median line being less prominent than the other two. Upon the living 

chamber of the mature shell the two lateral rows of tubercles upon 

each side of the coil retain their distinctness, but the three upon the 

peripheral side disappear, leaving that side plain and broadly rounded.

(456)
WHITE.] FOSSILS PROM THE CHICO-TEJON SERIES. 27

This species is closely related to A. Stoliczlcanus Gabb, but it differs 

irora that form iu the following particulars: The volutions increase 

more rapidly in size than those of A. Stoliczlcanus ; about two volutions 

less are visible in the umbilicus; the periphery is rounded instead of 

flattened; the transverse ribs are smaller and less elevated ; the sides 

of the umbilicus are rounded instead of straight, and the greatest transverse diameter of the volutions is nearer to the umbilical.than to the 

peripheral side. Besides this, A. Sloliczkanus comes from the Shasta 

group of the Lower Cretaceous, while this species comes from undoubted 

Chico strata, which belong to the extreme Upper Cretaceous. This latter fact is not necessarily conclusive, but the faunas of the two formations are very distinct from each other, and it is not to be expected that 

specific forms should be found to have had so great a range in time as 

is indicated by these two formations.

Position and ZocaMfy. Strata of the Chico group at Curry's Canada,

south of Mount Diablo, where it was collected by Mr. Turner, who 

found it associated with characteristic Chico forms and in whose honor 

the specific name is given.

(457)
PART II.

THE OCCURRENCE OF EQUIVALENTS OF THE CHICO-TEJON 

SERIES IN OREGON AND WASHINGTON TERRITORY.

G-ENERAL REMARKS.

The area within which are found the strata of the great Chico-Tejon 

series and the paleontological equivalents of at least portions of it, is a 

very long- but comparatively narrow one. The most southerly known 

limit of this area, is near the lower boundary of the State of California, 

and its most northern known limit is upon Vancouver's Island, the distance between the two points being not far from seventeen degrees of 

latitude. All the known strata which are paleontologically equivalent 

with auy portion of this series lie to the westward,of the Sierra Nevada 

and the Cascade Eanges, except those which have been found in the valleys of John Day and Crooked Rivers, within a limited district east of 

the Cascade Eange in Oregon.

It is not improbable that rocks referable to this series may yet be found 

still further, both southward and northward, than they are at present 

known to exist. Their further northward extension is suggested by 

certain fossils which have been published by Mr. Whiteaves from 

Queen Charlotte Islands. 1 One shell especially, to which he applies the 

name of Periploma cuspidatum, is apparently identical with Meelcia setla

Gabb, from the Chico group of California. Southward, however, at

Todos Santos Bay, in Lower California, Mr. C. E. Orcutt has found Miocene strata resting upon those to which I have applied the name of 

Wallala Group,2 and which I suppose to belong beneath the Chico Group. 

This indicates the absence of the whole Chico-Tejon series, at least at 

that locality, if not more generally. The occurrence of Chico fossils in 

the Vancouver Island region is discussed in Part III of this bulletin.

In consequence of the great disturbance and erosion which the strata 

of this series have suffered throughout the whole region in which they 

occur, of the extent to which they have been covered from view by surface soil and de"bris of erosion, and by volcanic outflows, the actual 

area within which they are exposed at the surface is a very irregular 

and a frequently interrupted one. The labors of Mr. J. S. Diller, of the 

Survey, iti northern California, however, are showing that a large part

1 Geol. Survey Canada, Mesozoio Fossils, vol. 1, part 3.

2 See Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, No. 22, p. 8.

(458) 28
WHITK.] EQUIVALENTS OF THE CHICO-TEJON SERIES. 29

of this irregularity of area there is due to original irregularity of the 

coast lines of the sea iu which these strata were deposited.

Furthermore, the results of Mr. Diller's labors, and also those of the 

California State Survey, indicate that it is only the lower or Chico portion of the series which occurs iu northern California. That is, while 

the upper or Tejon portion of the series prevails iu southern California, 

it has not been recognized in that State north of the line of the Central 

Pacific Railway; and yet the Chico portion prevails in a considerable 

part of northern California.

LOCALITIES IN SOUTHERN, CENTRAL, AND EASTERN OREGON.

Crossing over into southern Oregon, we not only find few exposures 

of strata referable to this series, but those of southern Oregon .are referable only to the Chico portion. The best known of these localities are 

iu the vicinity of Jacksonville. It is also the equivalents of these lower 

strata only which have been found east of the Cascade Eange in Oregon. 

But Prof. Thomas Condou, of the State University of Oregon, has discovered strata at a few localities further north in that State which represent the Tejon or Eocene portion of the series. His first discovery 

was made several years ago in the valley of the .Willamette, ac the town 

of Albany, which discovery was announced by myself in a former bulletin of the U. S. Geological Survey.1 Another similar discovery has been 

lately made by him in the vicinity of Coos Bay, Cape Arago, at the southern side of the entrance to the bay, being the locality from which he has 

sent to the office of the Survey a small but interesting collection of fossil 

mollusca. At both the localities mentioned Professor Condon found 

the strata to bear specimens of Cardita planicostcf.

The specimens of this species, which he obtained in the Willamette 

Valley, are figured and discussed in the bulletin just cited. A part of 

those which come from Cape Arago are, in form and surface characters, closely like those which were found in the Willamette Yalley, but 

a part of them are larger and in all respects closely like the variety of 

Cardita planicosta, which Profs. W. B. and JB.D. Rogers described from 

the Eocene of Virginia under the name of Venericardia ascia.2 The 

Cape Arago specimens show the same broadly rounded ribs and shallow, indistinctly defined grooves between them which the Virginia specimens show; and iu other features, as well as in outward form, these 

Oregon specimens are in no essential respect different from the Virginia specimens published by the Professors Eogers.

There seems also .to be no reason to doubt that these Oregon shells 

are specifically identical with those which Mr. Gabb described, from 

the T6jon group of California, under the name of Cardita Hornii. Mr.

l Tlie occurrence of Carditaplanwosla Lamarck, in western Oregon : Bull. U. S. Geol. 

Survey, No. 18, i>i>. 7, 9, pi. 2.

B.Soo Contributions to the Tertiary Geology of Virginia, in Tratfs. Am. Pliilos. Soc., 

vol. 5, n. s., p. 374, pl.S'J.fig. 2.

(459)
30 INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS FROM THE PACIFIC COAST. [BULL. 51.

Conrad always contended that the California shell was not specifically 

different from C. planicosta, and I see no reason for entertaining a different opinion. The feature upon which Mr. Gabb seems to have mainly 

relied to separate his G. Hornii from C. planicosta is the broadly rounded 

ribs which both the Cape Arago and Virginia specimens also show. 

While I have been slow to admit the specific identity of any of the fossils of the Chico-Tejon series with any which occur in either the Cretaceous or Tertiary strata of the eastern part of the continent, I think 

there are no substantial reasons for regarding these Carditas of the 

Pacific coast as specifically different from those of the Atlantic coast, 

which are universally'regarded as identical with C. planicosta Lamarck.

The following is a list of the species which have been recognized in 

the small collection which Professor Condon sent from Cape Arago: 

Nucula truncata Gabb, Cardita planicosta Lamarck, Meretrix uvasana 

Conrad, Naticina obliqua Gabb, Turritella uvasana Conrad, Fusus colifornicus Gabb, Perissolax Blalcei (Conrad) Gabb. It will be seen by 

reference to the California reports that all these species, assuming that 

the Cardita planicosta of Cape Arago is identical with G. Hornii, are 

characteristic species of the Tejon group, and that no Cretaceous types 

occur among them.

From all the information which I have been able to gather it seems 

that this western form of Cardita planicosta occurs only in the upper 

portion of the Tejon group and its equivalents; that is, all the known 

facts which relate to the fauna of the Chico-Tejon series seem to indicate that all the Cretaceous types of the series had passed away before 

the introduction of Cardita planicosta into those western waters.

Whatever may have been the case as regards the time of introduction and extinction of those forms, respectively, it is clear that if we 

use the commonly accepted divisions of Cenozoic time at all, that portion of the series which bears Cardita planicosta ought to be regarded

as of Eocene age, as Mr. Conrad and Professor Heilpriu have contended. 

And if the equivalents of those later strata which are found in other 

parts of the Pacific coast region are referred to the Tejon group, the 

reason for doing so is that they bear characteristic Tejon species as well 

as recognized Eocene types. It is for this reason that I refer all the 

Eocene strata which have been recognized as such in Oregon and Washington Territory by their marine invertebrate remains to the Tejon 

epoch.

LOCALITY NEAR DWAMISH RIVER, WASHINGTON TERRITORY.

This locality is known to me only by a small collection of fossils which 

were sent to the Smithsoniau Institution some years ago by Mr. Theodore Blatte. Most of the specimens are labeled as coming from " near 

the mouth of Dwamish .River" and " Fossil Bluff, Dwamish liiver." As 

the distance in a straight line from the outlet of Dwamish Lake to the

(460)
WHIM.I EQUIVALENTS OF THE CHICO-TEJON SERIES. dl

mouth of Dvvamish Eiver is not more than a dozen miles, the district 

within which these fossils have been found is seen to be a small one.

This locality is of considerable interest, aside from the information 

it furnishes as to the geographical distribution of the Tejon strata, because of the probable relation of the strata there to those of the Puget 

group, which is discussed in the fourth article of this bulletin. The following is a list of the species which have been recognized in this small 

collection: Cylichna costata Gabb, Conus Hornii G-abb, Lunatia nuciformis Gabb, Leda protexta Gabb, Euspira alveata (Conrad) Gabb, Fusus 

dialtoli Gabb, Turritella uvasdna Gabb, Tellina ?. The specimens 

are not in a good state of preservation, but the above identifications 

have been made 1 with a good degree of satisfaction. By reference to 

the California reports it will be seen that all seven of those which are 

specifically named in the above list are known to occur in the Tejon 

group, Besides this no traces of any Cretaceous types are found among 

them, and the strata which bear these fossils are therefore referred to 

the upper or Tejou portion of Chico-Tejon series.

When these formations in Oregon and Washington Territory come to 

be examined with that care which Mr. Diller is devoting to their equivalents in .California it can not be doubted that many more localities will 

be discovered where their strata are exposed; and that much will be 

learned concerning their relations to other formations. But at present 

little or nothing is known of the equivalents of the Chico-Tejon series in 

Oregon and Washington Territory except what is referred to in the foregoing paragraphs, and what has been published concerning the Vancouver Group and its fossils, for reference to which the third article of 

this bulletin may be consulted.

LOCALITY NEAR ASTORIA, OREGON.

There is, however, one locality on the Columbia Eiver, near Astoria 

that deserves to be mentioned in this connection. Nearly forty years 

ago Mr. Conrad published some fossils from that locality as of Miocene 

age, a part of which are exceedingly like species that are now known to 

characterize the Chico-Tejon series. 1 There is apparently no reason to 

doubt that a large part of the species figured and described in the second 

work cited are really of Miocene age; but it is the species which are 

published in the first quoted work, and in part republished in the 

second, concerning the Miocene age of which doubt is felt. The true 

Miocene fossils appear to have been collected by members of the Exploring Expedition, while the collection of those published in the American Journal is credited by Mr. Conrad to J. K. Townsend. Mr. Conrad's descriptions of Mr.Towusend's fossils are brief and mostly unsatisfactory, but his wood-cut figures are good; and they represent forms

'See Am. Jour. Sou, 2<1 ser., vol. 5, LS43, pp. 432,433, with 15 wood-cuts; also 

Wilkes's Expl. Exped.,vol. 10, pp. 722-729, pi. 17-20, and remarks by Dr. Newborry 

in Pacific Railroad Reports, vol. G, part 2, p. 25.

(461)
32 INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS FROM THE PACIFIC COAST. [BULL. 51.

that have not to my kuowledge been elsewhere recognized among the 

Miocene fauna of the Pacific coast.

Attention may be called especially to four or five of the species figured in the American Journal. For example, the Nucula divaricata of 

Conrad differs, if at all, from N. truncata G-abb only in the asserted 

roundiug, instead of the truncation of the posterior ("anterior") extremity; and yet one of Mr. Conrad's figures shows such a truncation. 

The Mactra albaria of Conrad .is exceedingly like M. Asliburneri Gabb. 

The Loripes paralis of Conrad recalls L. duUa Gabb. The Pyrula modesta of Conrad is possibly identical \vith'Ficus ? cyprccoides Gabb; and 

the Survey collections contain specimens of Solen from the Tejon group 

of California which closely resemble Conrad's figure of 8. curtus. Besides this, the Aturia angustatus of Conrad, from Astoria, is much like 

A. Matkewsoni Gabb of the Tejon group of California;-and the presence 

of that genus in the Miocene strata seems out of place.

These similarities suggest at least the possibility that in the vicinity 

of Astoria both Miocene and Chico-Tejon strata occur.

(462)
PART III.

CRETACEOUS FOSSILS FROM VANCOUVER ISLAND REGION. 

GENERAL REMARKS.

Prof, J, 8, dewberry, of Columbia College, New York, has placed in

my bands for investigation a collection of Cretaceous fossils from some 

of the small islands at tlie southern end of the Gulf of Georgia, adjacent 

to Vancouver Island. The islands from which these fossils were obtained are three in number, and are known by the names of Sucia, Waldron, and Sheep Jack, respectively. These fossils all belong to one and 

the same formation, as the identity of a large proportion of the species 

collected upon each of the islands demonstrates. . The formation which 

they represent is also identical with the coal-bearing formation at Coinox1 

and Na'naimo, on'Vancouver Island, from which several authors 2 have 

obtained collections of fossils for publication, and which I shall designate as the Vancouver group. Although this formation is paleontologically equivalent, at least in large part, with the Chico portion of the 

Chico-Tejon series of California, as has been indicated by Meek, Gabb, 

Whiteaves (op. cit), and by Professor Whitney,3 1 prefer to use the 

name Vancouver group as a local name for those strata which occur in 

the Vancouver Island region; and still retain the name Chico group for 

the California strata, which the geologists of that State applied to them. 

The close relation-of the Vancouver group to the Chico group of California is shown conclusively by the large number of species which are 

now known to be common to both. Mr. Whiteaves has identified (op. 

cit.) thirty-one Chico species among his collections from the Vancouver 

group 5 and in addition to these I have recognized about twenty species 

in Professor dewberry's collections from the latter group which are well

1 "Koomooks," " Komooks," and "Comax" of different authors.

-Meek, Trans. Albany Institute, vol. 4,1857, pp. 37-49; Shumard, Traus, St. Louis 

Acad. Sci., vol. 1, 1858, pp. 120-125; Meek, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila., vol. 13,1861, 

pp. 314-318; Gabb, Paleontology of California, vol. 1,1864 ; vol. 2,1869-; Meek, Bull. 

U. S, Geol. Survey Terr., vol. 2, 1876, pp. 351-374, pi. I-V; Whiteaves, Geol. Survey 

Canada, Mesozoic Fossils, vol. 1, part 2,1879. '

3 Palaeontology of California, vol. 2, p. xiv.

(463) ' 33 

Bull. 51 3
INVERTEBEATE FOSSILS FHOM THE PACIFIC COAST. [BULL.51.

known to occur in the Chico group of California. This makes no less 

thau fifty species which are now known to be common to both the Chico 

and Vancouver groups, or about half of all the species which have yet 

been obtained from the latter group. As other species come to be discovered, it is not to be expected that the faunal relations between the 

strata of the northern and southern regions will be found to be materially different from what it now appears.

The following is a list of the recognized species contained in the collections sent by Professor Newberry, which constitute the basis of the 

present article:

List of fossils.

Name of species.

Oatrf>l ft

JTulguraria Gabbi White ...................................

Locality where found.

Island. Sucia 

+

+ 

+

+ 

+

t 9

+ 

+ 

+ 

+

+

+ 

+ 

+ 

+ ? 

.+ ? 

+ 

+

+ 

+ 

+

+ 

+ 

+ 

+

Jack SheenIsland .

+ 

+ 

+ 1

+ 

+

........

+ 

+ 

+ 

+

+

+ 

+ 

-h 

+

Isl- Waldron 

and.

+ 

+ 

+

+

+ 

j. 

+

Vancouver 

Island.

+

+'

+ 

+

+

+ 

+

+

California.

+? 

+ 

+

+ 

+ 

+ 

-t-

+ 

+ 

+ 

+?

H- 

+ 

+ - 

H-

+

+

+ 

+ 

+ ' 

+ 

+ '\

(464)
WIIITK.] CRETACEOUS FOSSILS FROM VANCOUVER ISLAND. 35

The first three columns of the foregoing table indicate the respective 

islands upon which Professor Newberry's collections .were made, and 

the occurrence of the respective species upon them. In the fourth column the occurrence of certain of the species upon Vancouver Island is 

indicated, the reference in these cases being made mainly on the authority of Mr. Meek, but in part upon that of Mr. Whiteaves. The 

extreme right-hand column indicates which of the species of the list are 

now known to occur in the Chico group of California. For reference to 

other Chico species which occur in the Vancouver group, the works of 

Meek, Gabb, and Whiteaves, before cited, may be consulted.

It is an interesting fact that none of the species which in California 

specially characterize the upper portion of the Chico-Tejon series have 

yet been discovered in any of the strata of the Vancouver Island region. 

It is also true that o-nly at a very few of the localities north of central 

California, where strata belonging to that great series are known to 

occur, have any of the species which are characteristic of its upper portion been found. The discovery, however, of some of the characteristic 

fossils of the upper portion of the series at a few localities in Oregon 

and Washington Territory, which have been especially discussed in the 

Part II of this bulletin, indicates that the upper as well as the lower 

portion of the series was originally deposited in this northern, as well 

as in the California portion of the Pacific Coast region. Still it is not 

improbable that the upper portion of the series failed to be deposited in 

a part of that northern region where strata of the lower portion are 

now found, in consequence of an upward movement of the sea bottom 

before the series was completed.

Two of the species of the foregoing list are recognized as new. These 

are described on the following pages and figured, together with a few of 

their previously known associates, on accompanying plates.' As remarks 

upon each of the species which are already published are desirable, I 

have arranged them in the form of an annotated list, in which the descriptions of the new forms occur.

(465)
INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS FROM THE PACIFIC COAST. [BULL. 51.

ANNOTATED LIST AND DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES.

BBACHIOPODA. 

RHYNCHONELLID^l.

Genus Rhynchonella Fischer de Waldheim. 

BHYNCHONELLA ?

Among the fossils obtained upon Sucia Island is an imperfect specimen of a costate species of Rhynchonella. The specimen shows the general form and the fibrous shell texture so well that I have no doubt as 

to its generic relations; but it is too imperfect for specific description. 

The specimen is mainly interesting because of the comparative rarity of 

brachiopod remains in strata of this geological age.

CONCHIFEKA.

OSTREID-ffi.

« Genus Ostrea Linnaeus.

OSTREA f

Numerous imperfect specimens of Ostrea were found upon Waldron 

Island. They belong to the typical 'section of the Ostreidse, the fossil shells of which especially have usually too few distinguishiug characters to enable one to give a satisfactory specific diagnosis, even when 

the specimens are perfectly preserved.

ANOMIIDJE.

Genus Anomia Linnaeus. 

ANOMIA VANCOUVEKENSIS Gabb.

Anomia vancouverensis Gabb, Palaeontology of California, vol. 2, p. 202, pi. 33, fig. 102. 

Anomia vancouverensis Wlliteaves, Geol. Survey Canada, Mesozoic Fossils, vol. 1, part 

2, p. 175, pi. 20, figs. 5 a-d.

Among the fossils collected upon Waldron Island are some specimens 

of Anomia, which one can hardly doubt are specifically identical with 

the form Mr. Gabb and Mr. Whiteaves obtained from Vancouver Island, 

and which they published in the works above cited.

(466)
WHITE.] CRETACEOUS FOSSILS FROM VANCOUVER ISLAND. 37

AVICULID^E.

Genus Perna Bruguiere.

PERNA EXCAVATA, sp. nov

PLATE VII, Fig. 1.

Among the fossils from all three of the islands upon which Professor 

dewberry's collections were made are imperfect specimens of a species 

of Perna. The greater part of the shell substance is exfoliated from 

all the specimens, so that they are mostly left in the condition of casts 

of the interior. Still the specimens indicate a well-marked species, possessing certain prominent features. The shell is moderately large; the 

greatest thickness, when both valves are together, a little above the 

mid-height and close to the front; .beaks strong and projecting much

forward; the hinge is long and its cartilage pits are numerous; posterior border broadly convex; the basal border usually a little straightened so as to give that part of the shell a truncated appearance. The 

anterior part of each valve is abruptly iuflexed so that the front of the 

shell is strongly concave transversely, and also longitudinally, the latter concavity extending from the beaks nearly to the base of the shell. 

The largest example in the collection measures about S0mm in length.

Genus Inoceramus Sowerby.

4

INOCERAMUS VANCOUVERENSIS Shumard.

Lnoceramm vancouverensis Sbumard, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., vol. 2, p. 123. 

Inoceramus vaucouvcrensis Wlliteaves, Geol. Survey Canada, Mesozoic Fossils, vol. 1, 

part 1, p. 170, pi. 20, figs. 4-4 1. '

The collections from Sucia and Sheep Jack Islands contain specimens 

of Inoceramus which doubtless belong to the form to which Dr. Shumard 

(op. cit.) gave the specific name vancouverensis. No less than five species 

of this genus have been recognized by different authors among the collections which have been made from the coal-bearing Cretaceous formation of the Vancouver Island region, namely, I. vancouverensis Shumard, 

7. Cripsii var. subundatus Meek, I. ' ? Meek, I. mytiloysis (Conrad) 

Whiteaves, and I. undulato-plicatus (Eoemer) Whiteaves. While our 

present knowledge of the correlation of the Cretaceous formations of 

Texas, aside from intrinsic evidence, makes it unlikely that Mr. Whiteaves 1 is correct in referring the 1 last-named form to Koemer's Texas 

species, it is clearly different from any of the other recognized species of 

Inofieramus of the Vancouver Island Cretaceous. The other forms, however, not excepting tbe one which Mr. Whiteaves referred to the 1. 

mytilopsis of Conrad, I regard as belonging to one and the same species.

''A letter from Mr. Whiteaves expresses present'doubt in bis own mind as to tbe 

identity of tbe Vancouver Island aud Tesan forms.

(467)
38 INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS FROM THE PACIFIC COAST.

After examining numerous specimens of I. Whitneyi Gabb, from the 

Chico Group of California, I am of the opinion that this i'oi m also belongs to that Vancouver Island species.

Every one who has studied the fossil forms of Ostrea, Anomia, and 

Inoceramus knows how difficult it is, when he has large collections of 

specimens, to make satisfactory specific determinations or identifications. Experience like this has satisfied me that the differences between 

the shells of Inoceramus from the Ghico group of California and the 

equivalent strata of the Vancouver Island region, which have just been 

referred to, and which certainly all belong to one general type, are not 

too great to be regarded as only the result of interspecific variation. 

Furthermore, all these forms come from strata which clearly belong to 

one and the same epoch, are associated with other species which are 

identical in different localities, and in some cases the specimens of 

Inoceramus which have been referred to different species have been 

found commingled in the same matrix.

in consequence of the great difficulty which is experienced.in defining 

species of Inoceramus within the range of the respective types or sections into which the genus may be divided, I am not quite satisfied as 

to what name ought to be retained for the Pacific coast form. Many of 

the specimens are closely like the form which in the Cretaceous strata 

of the more eastern parts of the continent is usually referred to the I. 

Cripsii of Mantell, but as the western Cretaceous fauna as a whole is so 

different from the eastern one, I hesitate for the present to refer the 

western specimens to that species. I therefore for the present retain 

Dr. Shumard's name, which was the first to be applied to the western 

form.

MYTILID2E.

Genus Mytilus Linnaeus. 

MYTILUS PAUPERCULUS Gabb ?.

Mytilus pauperculus Gabb, Palaeontology of Califorma, vol. 1, p. 183, pi. 25, fig. 165.

A few imperfect specimen of a Mytilus are contained in the collection 

made upon Sheep Jack Island, which probably belong to the M. pauperculus of Gabb.

ARCID.E.

Genus Cucullsea Lamarck.

CUCULLJEA TRUNCATA Gabb 1?.

Cuculliva tnincata Gabb, Paliooutology of California, -vol. 1, p. 195, pi. 25, fig. 182. 

Ciicullcea (Idonearca) truncata Wbiteaves, Geol. Survey Canada, Mesozoic Fossils, 

vol. 1, part 2, p. 165, pi. 19, figs. 2, 2a.

The collection from Sucia Island (whence also Mr. Whiteaves obtained some of his specimens), contains some examples of Cucullcea,

(468)
WHITE.] CRETACEOUS FOSSILS FROM VANCOUVER ISLAND. 39

which I refer provisionally to G. truncata Gabb. The Sucia Island 

specimens, however, in both Professor dewberry's and Mr. Whiteaves's 

collections, are larger than those of Mr. Gabb.

Genus Axinaea Poll.

AXINAEA SAGITTATA Gabb ? . 

Axincea, sagittata Gabb, Palaeontology of California, vol. 1, p. 197, pi. 31, fig. 267a.

The collection from Sucia Island contains specimens of a species of 

Axincca which seem to agree too nearly with A. sagittata Gabb to warrant any other reference. The surface of none of the specimens, however, shows the peculiar sagittate markings which suggested the specific 

name to Mr. Gabb. Still the same remark is applicable to the greater 

part of the examples from localities in California which I have seen.

Genus Grammatodon Meek,

GRAMMATODON VANCOUVERENSIS Meek.

Grammatodon Vancouver ensis Meek, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey Terr., vol. 2, p. 356, pi. 

3, fig. 5.

A single example from Sucia Island seems to belong to this species; 

but it does not show the character of the hinge.

TRIGONID^.

Genus Trigonia Bruguiere. 

TRIGONIA EVANSANA Meek.

Trigonia Evansana Meek, Trans. Albany Institute, vol. 4, p. 42.

Trigonia Evansana Meek, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey Terr., vol. 2, p. 359, pi. 2, fig. 7.

Trigonia Evansana Gabb. Palaeontology of California, vol. 1, p. 189, pi. 25, fig. 177.

This is one of the most characteristic species of the Chico group of 

California and its equivalents in Oregon and Washington Territory. 

Specimens of it are in Professor Newberry's collection from Sucia 

Island.

CRASSATELLID-ffi.

Genus Grassatella Lamarck. 

CRASSATELLA TUSCANA Gabb, sp.

PLATE VI, Figs. 2, 3, and 4.

Astarte tuscana Gabb, Palaeontology of California, vol. 1, p. 179, pi. 30, fig. 257. 

Astartc cardinioides Whiteaves, Repb. Prog. Geol. Survey Canada for 1873-'74, p. 2G7. 

Astarte vancouverensis Whiteaves, ibid., 267. 

Astarte Conradiana var. tuscana Whiteaves, Geol. Survey Canada, Mesozoic Fossils,

vol. 1, p. 160, pi. 18, fig. 6. 

Compare A. Conradiana Gabb, Palaeontology of California, vol. 1, p. 178, pi. 24,

fig. 161.

Shell irregularly subelliptical in marginal outline; valves moderately and somewhat regularly convex; dorsal border greatly convex

(469)
40 INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS FROM THE PACIFIC COAST. [um.i..r,i.

and sloping downward and backward from the beaks; posterior border 

more or less distinctly truncating- the shell obliquely, and then abruptly 

rounding to the basal border, which is broadly convex; front obliquely 

truncated above by the lunular depression and narrowly rounded below; mnbones slightly elevated; beaks depressed, approximate, situated near the anterior end ; lunule small, somewhat deeply impressed ; 

escutcheon long and narrow, lanceolate, moderately deep, and its border well defined; cardinal tooth of the right valve strong, triangular, 

and placed just beneath the beak. Besides this characteristic tooth in 

the right valve there is an incipient one at the posterior side of the cartilage pit, and another upon the margin of the lunule, in front of the 

anterior dental pit; the two cardinal teeth of the left valve well developed ; the lateral tooth of each valve strong, of the usual character 

in Crassatella, and extending the fall length of the escutcheon ; cartilage pit moderately large; the free margins of tho valves crennlatu internally. Surface marked by strong concentric lines and undulations 

of growth.

Length, 38mm ; height, 27ram. This is the average size of the spec!-' 

mens from which the foregoing description is drawn; but there are 

some examples in the collection made upon Waldrori Island, which 

probably belong to this species, and which reach a length almost t\yice 

as great as the others.

There seems to be no reason to doubt that this shell is identical with 

Gabb's Astarte tuscana, but yet this determination is made upon the 

external form alone, because Mr. Gabb neither mentions nor figures 

any internal characters. Neither does he mention any external ligament, which his positive reference of the shell to Astarte would imply 

he had seen. It may be mentioned, however, that the escutcheon is so 

narrow and clearly defined as to greatly resemble the seat of a large 

external ligament.

It is possible that Gabb's Astarte Conradiana is identical with his 

A. tuscana, as is stated by Mr. Whiteaves (op. cit.); but that question 

can not be satisfactorily settled without reference to Gabb's type specimens, which I have never seen. And even these would probably be 

insufficient, because none of them seems to have shown any of the hinge 

characters. These characters were imperfectly shown by Mr. Whiteaves's specimens, which apparently led him to continue the reference 

of the shell to Astarte. Our specimens, however, show it to possess 

the typical hinge of Crassatella.

The specimens of this form which are contained in Professor Newberry's collection come from Sucia and Waldron Islands.

(470)
WHITE.] CRETACEOUS FOSSILS FROM VANCOUVER ISLAND. 41

LUCINIDJE.

Genus Clisocolus Gabb.

CLISOCOLUS DUBIUS Gabb.

PLATE VI, Figs. 5-7.

Loripcs duUus Gabb, Paleontology of California, vol. 1, p. 177, pi. 24, figs. 170, 171. 

Clisocolus dnUus Gabbj Paleontology of California, vol. 2, p. 189, pi. 30, fig. 87. 

Clisocolus cordntus Whiteaves, Gcol. Survey Canada, Mesozoic Fossils, vol. 1, p. 157, 

pi. 18, tigs. 3-36.

The collection from Sncia Island contains some specimens which agree 

well with the description and figures of Mr. Gabb as first published 

by him under the generic name of Loripes. The figures on Plate VI 

are drawn from one of the best of these examples, and they are there 

given for comparison'with those of the form next described, which I

am disposed to regard as a distinct species.

CLISOCOLUS CORDATUS Whiteaves.

PLATE VJ, Figs. 8, 9.

Clisocolus oordatus Whiteaves, Geol. Survey Canada, Mesozoic Fossils, vol. 1, p. 157 

pi. 18, figs. 3-3&.

Splucriola? cordala Whiteaves (not Meek aud Hayden), Geol. Survey Canada, Mesozoic Fossils, vol. 1, p. 157, pi. 18, figs. 3-3&.

Clisocolus diibius Whiteaves (not Meek and Haydeu), Geol. Survey Canada, Mesozoic 

Fossils, vol. 1, p. 157, pi. 18, figs. 3-3&.

The following is Mr. Whiteaves's description of this species, from 

specimens which he obtained from Vancouver aud Sucia Islands:

Shell globose, very gibbous, especially in the umbonal region, higher than long, 

thickness through the valves about equal to the height. Sides and base rounded, 

the latter a little flattened; nmbones broad, tumid elevated and approximate; beaks 

placed a little in advance of the middle, subspiral, their apices divergent aud curving outwards; no distinct hi mile or posterior area. 

It is possible that Clisocolus dubius and C. cordatus belong to one 

and the same species, but the great differences presented by the two 

examples which are figured on Plate VI seem to warrant their reference to different species. While I retain for the present the specific name which has been applied to the last-mentioned form by Mr. 

Whiteaves, I do not agree with him in regarding it as specifically 

identical with the SphcEriola? cordata of Meek aud Haydeu, even if it 

should appear that the last-named form really belongs to the genus 

Clisocolus instead of Sphceriola. 1

It is not improbable that this form ought to be separated under a 

new generic name, but I am not now sufficiently acquainted with its 

hinge and internal characters to give a satisfactory generic diagnosis.

1 A letter just received from Mr. Wliiteaves says that ho is now "convinced that 

this sliell is specifically distinct from Sphceriola cordata M. and II., from S. endotrachys 

Meek, aud probably also from Clisocolus dubius Gabb." Ho also agrees with my suggestion that it would be well to give it a new generic name.

(473)
42 INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS FROM THE PACIFIC COAST. [BULL.51.

The specimen of this form which is figured on Plate VI came from 

Sucia Island; but the collection from Sheep Jack Island also contains 

specimens which doubtless belong to the same form.

VENERIID^l.

Genus Meretrix Lamarck.

MERETRIX UVASANA Conrad.

Meretrix uvasana Conrad, Pacific Railroad Reports, vol. 5, p. 320, pi. 11, fig. 3. 

Meretrix uvasana Gabb. Palteontology of California, vol. 1, p. 16, pi. 30, fig. 248.

The collections from Sucia and Sheep Jack Islands contain specimens 

 which agree well with the figures and descriptions given by Mr. Conrad and Mr. Gabb in the works above cited.

Genus Cyprimeria Conrad. 

CYPRIMERIA LENS Gabb sp.

Meretrix lens Gabb, Palaeontology of California, vol. 1, p. 164, pi. 22, fig. 143. 

Cyprimeria lens Whiteaves, Geol. Survey Canada, Mesozoic Fossils, p. 152, pi. 17, 

figs. 15, 15a.

A single example of this form occurs in the collection from. Waldron 

Island.

MACTRID.E.

Genus Mactra Linnaeus. 

MACTRA ASHBURNERI Gabb.

Mactra Ashburneri Gabb, Palaeontology of California, vol. 1, p. 153, pi. 22, fig. 127. 

Cy-nibophora Ashburneri Gabb, Palaeontology of California, vol. 2, p. 181. 

Cijmbopliora Ashburneri Whiteaves, Geol. Survey Canada, Mesozoic Fossils, vol. 1, p.

141, pi. 17, fig. 8.

Specimens of this species were obtained upon Sucia and Waldrou 

Islands. It seems to be as common in the Vancouver gronp as in the 

Chico of California.

PHOLADOMYID^:.

Genus Pholadomya Sowerby. 

PHOLADOMYA SUBELONGATA Meek.

Pholadomya sulelongata Meek, Trans. Albany Inst., vol. 4, p. 44.

Pholadomya siibelongata Meek, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey Terr., vol. 2, p. 362, pi. 2,

figs. 1, la. 

Pholadomya royana Whiteaves (not d'Orb.), Geol. Survey Canada, Mes. Foss., vol. 1,

p. 140. 

Compare P. BreWeri Gabb, Palaeontology of California, vol. 1, p. 152, pi. 22, fig. 123.

Professor Newberry obtained specimens from Waldrou Island, and 

Mr. Whiteaves reports it as occurring on Sucia Island as well as on

(472)
WHITE.] CRETACEOUS FOSSILS FRuM VANCOUVER ISLAND 43

Vancouver Island, but he refers it to P. royana d'Orbiguy. It is true 

that this shell is closely like P. royana from the Upper Cretaceous of 

France, but I think it more expedient that the name given it by Mr. 

Meek should be retained.

In his description of P. Breiceri, Mr. Gabb seems to have relied 

 mainly upon the difference in the number of radiating ribs shown by 

his type and Mr. Meek's respectively to distinguish them from each 

other. The specimens which have been obtained from the Vancouver 

Island region are so variable as to the number of ribs (a common thing 

with other species of Pkoladomya) that I am disposed to regard P. subelongata Meek and P. Breweri Gabb as one and the same species, as 

Mr. Whiteaves has done.

ANATINID^E.

Genus Anatina Lamarck. 

ANATINA SULCATINA Shumard?.

PLATE VI, Fig. 1.

Analina sulcatina (Shumard) Whiteaves, Geol. Survey Canada, Mesozoic Fossils, vol. 

1, p. 139, pi. 17, figs. f>, 5a.

Shell moderately large, subelliptical in marginal outline, inequilateral ; posterior end widely gaping; valves broadly convex, abruptly 

inflexed behind the beaks, but the inflection not reaching the midheight of the valves 5 beaks not prominent, situated behind the midlength of the shell; anterior margin regularly convex; posterior 

margin somewhat narrowly rounded below, but presenting a slight 

appearance of oblique truncation above, at the upper end of which it 

joins the short posterior dorsal margin; anterior dorsal margin somewhat higher than the posterior, gently convex, and rounded down to 

the anterior margin; surface marked by strong concentric undulations 

of growth, with a few faint radiating impressions j interior oblique 

plate well developed.

The largest example in the collections measured, when perfect, about 

S0mm ; height, 50mm .

I am not certain that I ought to refer this shell to the A. sulcatina 

of Shumard, as Mr. Whiteaves has done, and as I here do provisionally. Shumard never figured his species, and I fail to satisfactorily 

identify it among good collections which I have made from his localities in Texas, but his description agrees so nearly with the characteristics of the shell here described that one can not say positively 

that it belongs to a different species. Still I think the probabilities 

are against its being identical with A. sulcatina Shumard. Shumard's 

shell came from the Kipley group of Texas, from which also his Volutilithes navarroensis came. . This latter shell Mr. Gabb identified in the 

Chico group of California, and Mr. Whiteaves obtained it from the

(473)
44 INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS FROM THE PACIFIC COAST. [BUM-51.

equivalent of that group upon Sucia Island, where it was associated 

with the shell here described. On a preceding page I have given my 

reasons for regarding the shell published by Dr. Shumard under the 

name of Volutilithes navarroensis as distinct from the Pacific coast form 

with which Mr. Gabb and Mr. Whiteaves have identified it. While the 

Chico group and its Pacific coast equivalents may have been nearly or 

quite synchronously deposited with the Eipley group of Texas and 

other Gulf States, the fauna of the latter is certainly as a whole widely 

if not wholly different from that of the latter so far as species are concerned.

TEREDINIDJE.

Genus Teredo Adanson.

TEREDO SUCIENSIS Whiteaves?

Teredo sucicnsis Whiteaves, Geol. Survey Canada, Mesozoic Fossils, vol. 1, p. 135, pi. 

17, figs. 1, la.

Some imperfect specimens in Professor Newberry',< collection from 

Sucia Island are probably identical with the T. suciensis of Whiteaves.

GASTEROPODA.

Genus Dentalium Linnaeus. 

DENTALIUM COOPERI Gabb?

Dentalium Cooperi Gabb, Paleontology of California, vol. 1, p. 139, pi. 21, fig. 100.

Some fragments in the collection from Sucia Island probably belong 

to this species, but they are too imperfect for satisfactory identification.

RINGICULIDJE.

Genus Cinulia Gray. 

CINULIA OBLIQUA Gabb.

Cinulia .oMiqua Gabb, Palaeontology of California, vol. 1, p. 3, pi. 19, fige. 64-64c. 

Cinulia olliqua Whiteaves, Geol. Survey Canada, Mes. Foss., vol. 1, p. 131.

The collections from Sucia and Sheep Jack Islands contain many well 

preserved specimens of this species. Mr. Whiteaves says it is "apparently the most abundant gasteropod of the Nanaimo and-Coniox coal 

fields." It is also one of the more common shells in the Chico group of 

California.

(474)
CEETACEOUS FOSSILS FKOM VANCOUVER ISLAND. 45

TROCHID.E.

Genus Margarita Leach. 

MARGAKITA OENATISSIMA Gabb, sp.

Angaria ornatissima Gabb, Palaeontology of California, vol. 1, p. 121, pi. 20, fig. 78. 

Margarita ornatissima Whiteaves, Geol. Survey Canada, Mes. Foss., vol. 1-, p. 128.

A considerable number of specimens occur in the collection from both 

Sucia and Sheep Jack Islands. They are .without doubt identical with 

the Angaria ornatissima of Gabb, from the Chico group of California, 

but I agree with Mr. Whiteaves in referring the shell to the genus 

Margarita.

SCALARIIM.

Genus Scalaria Lamarck.

SOALAEIA.MATHEWSONT Gabb.

Scalaria Hatheivsoni Gabb, Palaeontology of California, vol. 1, p.'212, pi. 32, fig. 27. 

Scalaria Mathewsoni Whiteaves, Geol. Survey Canada, Mesozoic Fossils, vol. 1, p. 128. 

The collection from Sheep Jack Island contains a single rather imperfect example, which I have no doubt belongs to this species. Mr. 

Gabb's type specimens were found in the Chico group of California. 

Mr. Whiteaves also obtained imperfect examples from Sucia Island.

NATICIDJE.

Genus Natica Adanson.

Some imperfect specimens, apparently belonging to this genus, were 

found among the fossils from Sheep Jack Island.

Genus Lunatia Gray. 

LUNATIA SHUMARDIANA Gabb.

Lunatia Slnimardiana Gabb, Palaeontology of California, vol. 1, p. 106, pi.. 19, fig. 61.

A single example from Sucia Island apparently belongs to this species.

Genus Gyrodes Conrad.

GYRODES CONRADIANA Gabb.

Lunalia (? Gyrodes} Conradiana Gabb, Palaeontology of California, vol. 1, p. 107, pi. 29,

fig. 219.

Gyrodes Conradiana Gabb., Palaeontology of California, vol. 2, p. 222. 

Compare with Gt/rodes excavala Whiteaves, Geol. Survey Canada, Mesozoic Fossils,

vol. 1, p. 124, pi. 16, figs. 2, 2a."

Several imperfect examples occur among the collections from both 

Sucia and Sheep Jack Islands, which appear to be youug examples of 

this species. I am also of the opinion that they belong to the same 

species which Mr. Whiteaves (op. cit.) referred to the Natica excavata 

pf Miclaeliu as published in Pale"ontologie frai^aise.

(475)
46 INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS FROM THE PACIFIC COAST. [BULL. 51.

NEBITOPSID.E.

Genus Vanikoropsis Meek. 

VANIKOROPSIS SUCIENSIS, sp. nov.

PLATE VII, Fig. 4.

Shell small, subovoid, spire small; its apex blunt; volutions four or 

five in number, convex; the last one much expanded and constituting 

the greater part of the bulk of the shell; aperture large, oval; entire 

surface marked by numerous raised revolving lines.

Only a single example was found, but, as it seems to represent a 

well-marked species, a description and figures of it are given. It occurs 

among the fossils from Sucia Island.

The length of this example is 8mm , and the greatest breadth across 

the last volution is about the same.

Genus Fusus Lamarck. 

Fusus KINGI Gabb.

Fusus Eingi Gabb, Palaeontology of California, vol. 1, p. 85, pi. 28, fig. 204. 

Fusus Eingi Wlliteaves, Geol. Survey Canada, Mesozoic Fossils, vol. 1, p. 119, pi. 15, 

fig. 4.

A single imperfect specimen was found on Sheep Jack Island. Mr. 

Whiteaves obtained it on Sucia Island also.

Genus Perissolax Gabb. 

PERISSOLAX BREVIROSTRIS Gabb.

A fragment of this species occurs among the fossils collected on 

Sheep Jack Island. Mr. Whiteaves also obtained it from Sucia Island.

VOLUTID^E.

Genus Fulguraria Schumacher. 

FULGURARIA GABBI White,

Volutilithes navarroensis Gabb (not Shumard), PaliBontology of California, vol. 1, p.

102, pi. 19, fig. 56. . 

Fulguraria navarroensis WMfceaves, Geol. Survey Canada, Meso?;oic Fossils, vol. 1, p.

117, pi. 15, figs. 3-3a. 

Fulguraria G-aWi White, this bulletin, p. 23, pi. 3, fig. 1.

Specimens of this species were found on Sucia and Sheep Jack Islands; and Mr, Whiteaves obtained it also from V^Qpaver Island,

(476)
WHITE.! CRETACEOUS FOSSILS FROM VANCOUVER ISLAND. 47

The supposed relation of this form to the Vohitilitkes navarroensis of 

Shumard is discussed on page 24 of this bulletin.

CEPHALOPODA. 

BACULITIDJE.

Genus Baculites Lamarck. 

BACULITES CHICOENSIS Trask.

Baculites chicoensis Trask, Proc. Acacl. Nat. Sci. San Francisco, p. 85, pi. 2, fig. 2. 

Baculites chicoensis Gabb, Palaeontology of California, vol. 1, p. 80, pi. 14, figs. 27,29,29a. 

Baculites chicoensis Meek, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey Terr., vol. 2, 'p. 364, pi. 4, figa. 2-2c. 

Baculites chicoensis Wluteaves, Gool. Survey Cauacla, Mesozoic Fossils, vol. 1, p. 114.

The Baculites found in the Chico group of California, and to which 

Dr. Trask gave the name of B. chicoensis, is not an uncommon form in 

the Vancouver group, among the.collections from which it has been 

recognized by Meek, Gabb, and Whiteaves. Professor dewberry's 

collections from Sucia and Sheep Jack Islands contain a considerable 

number of examples/of Baculites^ a part of which at least are clearly 

referable to B. chicoensis. Some of the specimens are much larger than 

any which I know to have been found in the Chico group of California; 

and they so greatly resemble J5. ovatus Say, that one can hardly say how 

they differ from the typical forms of that well-known species. Among 

these specimens, however, are others of intermediate size which seem 

to connect all these forms together as one species, for none of them 

present differences of structure that can be reasonably regarded as of 

specific value.

Among these specimens are some also which show a slight flattening 

upon the dorsal side, upon which character Mr. Meek relied to distinguish his B. occidentalis^ which he found associated with B. chicoensis 

in the Vancouver group. I do not, however, regard these specimens 

as specifically distinct from the others of the collection, and I have 

much doubt whether there is more than one species of Baculites in the 

Vancouver group. The dorsal flattening of B. occidentalis it is believed 

may be only a varietal character; and it seems quite probable that the 

difference in size between the large specimens from the Vancouver 

group and ordinary forms of B. chicoensis may also be only varietal. 

The constantly small size of B. cMcoensis in the Chico group of California is perhaps due to environing conditions at the time the mollusks 

Jived.

(477)
48 INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS FROM THE PACIFIC COAST. [BULL.51.

AMMONIUM.

Genus Ammonites Bruguiere.

AMMONITES NEWBERRYANUS, Meek.

Ammonites Newlcrryanus Meek, Trans. Albany Inst., vol. 4, p. 47.

Ammonites Newberryanus Gabb, Palaeontology of California, vol. 1, p. 61, pi. 10, figs.

' 5, 6; pi. 27, fig. 199. 

Ammonites Neioberryanus Meek, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey Terr., vol. 2, p. 367, pi. 4,

fig. 3. 

Ammonites Neioberryanus Whiteaves, Geol. Survey Canada. Mesoozic Fossils, vol. 1, p.

109, pi. 14, figs. 1, la.

The collections contain specimens of this species from Sucia Island; 

and the authors cited have obtained it from Vancouver and other islands 

in that region. Characteristic specimens of the species have also been 

obtained at several, localities of the Ohico group in California. While 

not an abundant fossil in the latter strata, it may be regarded as a 

characteristic species of both the Chico and Vancouver groups.

This species is subject to much variation as regards its surface features. 

In some cases every fourth or fifth rib upon the earlier volutions is 

sharply raised above the others. In other specimens neither of these 

features appear, but the.ribs and spaces are more or less uniform. These 

differences are sometimes so striking, that Mr. Meek (vide op. cit.) was 

in doubt whether the form published by Gabb really belongs to this 

species.

AMMONITES MACLUREI, sp. nov.

PLATE VII, Figs. 2, 3.

Volutions slender, slightly embracing, regularly rounded upon the 

periphery, a little less convex at the sides, and somewhat abruptly 

rounded into the umbilicus, near which is the greatest diameter of the 

volutions; umbilicus moderately broad, showing all the inner volutions; 

septa complex, but their details are not fully known, The whole surface is plain, and in a partially exfoliated condition it is quite smooth, 

but where a part of the external surface of the shell is preserved, slightly 

raised revolving striae appear. They are crossed by fine striae of growth 

and occasional constrictions, which show that the outer portion of the 

margin of the aperture projected much forward, and that it had a broad 

emargiuation at the peripheral side.

This shell bears considerable resemblance to A. Batesi Gabb, from 

the Shasta group of California; but it differs from that species in having 

a much narrower umbilicus, an emargination of the peripheral border 

of the aperture, less distinct marks and undulations of growth, and the 

presence of longitudinal striae upon the whole surface. Only a single 

imperfect specimen of this form is known; but it is so different from 

any other member of either the Chico or the Vancouver fauna with which 

I am acquainted, that it is thought best to give it a name. It was discovered on the Sucia Island by Mr. E. W. McClure, who collected a 

a large part of the fossils sent by Professor dewberry.

 (478)
PART IV.

THE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF PUGET GROUP. 

GENERAL REMARKS ON THE GEOLOGY OF THE GROUP.

Besides the collection of Cretaceous fossils from the Vancouver group 

which torm the basis of the preceding article of this bulletin, Professor 

Newberry has placed iu uiy hands a collection of bracjdsh-water fossil 

inollusca from the Pnget Sound region, which represent a hitherto 

unpublished fauna. The-formation from which they were obtained is 

known to occupy a large part of the Puget Sound basin, extending 

also along its eastern side, the western flank of the Cascade Range. 

Besides these strata which lie to the west of that range other similar 

deposits are found upon its eastern flank, as well as among its higher 

mountains. These strata are also coal-bearing, and are believed to belong to the same formation, although they have not yet furnished any 

rnolluscan fossils similar to those found upon the western side of the 

Cascade Range. The unique character of this molluscan fauna shows 

that the series of strata in which their remains are found were deposited in a separate body of water from that of any other known coalbearing strata iu the Pacific Coast region or elsewhere j and its zoological character indicates that that body of water was an estuary.

The most complete information which has yet been published concerning this formation has lately appeared in volume 15 of the reports 

of the Tenth U. S. Census, pages 750-771, Plates LXXXII-OII. That 

publication, which is entitled a "Keport on the coal-fields of Washington Territory," is by Mr. Bailey Willis, who accomplished the work 

upon which his report is based under the auspices of the Northern 

Transcontinental Survey. The special object of his report being a 

presentation of the coal resources of that region, the discussions are 

confined mainly to the coal-bearing formations, and it therefore does 

not embrace a full account of the structural geology of the whole 

region. Still, Mr. Willis has given some very comprehensive facts as 

well as many elaborate details of this coal-bearing series of strata in the 

report referred to; and as my own field labors upon the Pacific coast 

have never extended north of the Columbia Eiver, much that is embraced in the following remarks, besides the quoted paragraphs, is 

based upou information personally imparted by him. .

(479) ' '49 

Bull. 51 4
50 INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS FROM THE PACIFIC COAST. [BULL. 51.

The laud elevations of the Pacific Coast region extend in two lines, 

which are approximately parallel with each other and with the coast. 

The eastern one consists of the Sierra Nevada in California, and of the 

Cascade Eange in Oregon and Washington Territory. The western one, 

known as the Coast Range in California, extends with some interruptions through Oregon and thence northward of the Columbia Eiver, 

but it there sinks to low hills before reaching the Olympic cluster of 

mountains, which constitute the northern end of the line, and whose 

higher peaks rise to more than 8,000 feet above the sea.

These mountain reliefs of the Pacific Coast region are the product of 

several uplifts, differing in time, extent, and locality in the different 

ranges and different parts of the same range. A full history of these 

movements has not yet been learned, but the following may be regarded 

as facts which are of interest in this connection.

The Cascade Range, which has been recognized as distinct from the 

Sierra Nevada Range, although in general line continuous with it, and 

which has been considered- to be itself simple, is in reality quite complex. In Oregon it is composed of erupted material, which has there 

iieen observed to rest upon nearly horizontal sedimentary strata of 

Cretaceous age ; and in southern Washington Territory it consists of 

enormous masses of eruptive rocks, overlying highly flexed sedimentary 

strata of late Mesozoic or early Tertiary age. In the northern half of 

the same Territory the range is made up entirely of granite, crystalline 

schists, and volcanic rocks. The Tertiary rocks, which prevail in the 

Coast Range generally, seem to be wanting in the Olympics, which in 

this respect, and in their composition, resemble the northern portion of 

the Cascade Range.

Between the two long orographic lines before referred to lie the great 

broad valleys of the Sacramento and Sail Joaquiu Rivers of California,

of the Willamette in Oregon, and of Puget Sound (known as the Puget 

Sound basin) in Washington Territory. The latter was the scene of 

deposition of at least the greater part of the coal-bearing series which is 

characterized by the inblluscau fauna described in this article. This 

fauna has been discovered only within the present limits of Puget Sound 

basin; but if the strata before referred to, which are found upon the 

eastern side, as well as in the body of the Cascade Range of southern 

Washington Territory, constitute parts of the same formation, the 

scene of its deposition extended much beyond the present limits of Puget 

Sound basin. This conclusion of course implies that that portion of the 

Cascade Range, upon which those strata are found was not then elevated, 

as was the northern portion,' and that, the outline of the area within 

which this series of strata was deposited was very different froin what 

would be suggested by the present topographical features of that region. 

That the present topographical features of the region differ greatly 

from those which prevailed during the Puget epoch is indicated by 

others of Mr. Willis's observations. Among these he noticed the ab-

(480)
WHITE.] MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF THE PUGET GROUP. 51

sence of strata of the Pnget group up high in both the Olympic and 

the Northern Cascade Mountains ; which, in connection with the present known areas occupied by strata of that group, leads him to believe 

that while those strata were being deposited, the Olympic Mountains 

constituted an island, ^nd the Northern Cascades a peninsula.

The following remarks concerning the floral relations of these Puget 

Sound strata with other better-known formations have been furnished 

by Professor Newberry:

Tho plant-bearing strata of the region about Puget Sound represents several distinct 

horizons. The collections from different localities show great differences, sometimes 

having nothing iu common, and further collections will be needed before the different 

floras can bo satisfactorily co-ordinated. It is plain, however, that leaving out of 

view the coal bearing strata of Queen Charlotte's Island, which are evidently Lower 

Cretaceous and probably the equivalent of the Kootauie group of Dawsou, most of 

the beds from which I have fossil plants are in a general way about of the age of the 

Laramie, and apparently bridge, over the interval between the Cretaceous and 

Tertiary.

I have found in rny collections from the Puget Sound region a few species which 

are identical with some obtained from the Laramie on the east side of the mountains. 

For example, luy Sphenopturis (Asplenium) elongala1 occurs atOrcas Island, Chuckcrnuts, and at Carbonado, and this is identical with Lesquereux's Gymnogramma 

Haydtni? and also identical with Saporta's Asplenium siibcretaceum,* and Gardner's 

Anemia sulcretacea.* This is a wide-spread species, and doubtless has. a great vertical 

range, being both Upper Cretaceous and Eocene. 

Again the most common plant found at Carbonado and Flett's Creek is a palm, 

which I can not distinguish from Lesqnereux's Calamopsls Dance from the Lignitic of 

Mississippi,. With these, however, are large numbers of species which are not found 

east of the mountains or elsewhere. You will remember that the very large bivalves 

which you have studied and named \_Batissa Neiobetrryi~\ came mostly from Carbonado 

and Flett's Creek, but the same species occurs in Newcastle, where the plants are all 

different.

From Whatcom Lake I have specimens of Onoclea sensibilis, which occurs in such 

abundauco at .Fort Union but with many other associated plants there is no other 

Lnraiuie species. I think we shall ultimately find that all the local floras of the 

Piigefc Sound series are united by a few common species, and that some of these occur 

in the Upper Cretaceous beds of Greenland and in the floras of S6zauue and Gelinden. Nearly all the species are new, but it is easy to see that the flora taken as a 

whole is most like that of the Upper Cretaceous and Lower Eocene of the Old 

World.

So far I have found nothing common to the Puget Sound flora and distinctly Tertiary floras of the Green Eiver, the Current Creek, and John Day beds, unless it is 

a Lygodium, that occurs at Flett's Creek, and which can hardly be distinguished from 

Lesquereux's L. neitropteroides, so common in the Green River group. But according 

to Gardiner this is identical with Lygodiiun Kaulfussi, Heer, and is cosmopolitan in 

its distribution, and therefore has great vertical range.

For the purpose of presenting the best statement of the general geology of the Puget Sound region which is at present available, the follow1 Boston Jour. Nat. Hist., vol. 7, p. 511.

3 U. S. Geol. Survey Terr. vol. 6, p. 59, pi. 5, figs. 1-3.

'Flor. Foss. Sdzanno, 1868.

 "Paheontographical Society, 1880, p. 45:

(481)
52 INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS FROM THE PACIFIC COAST. [BULL, 51.

ing quotations are made from Mr. Willis's published report before 

referred to, pages 759-761:

The Coal Measures of the Puget Sound basin consist of alternating beds of yellow 

and gray fine-grained sandstones and very fine gray arenaceous shales, interstratified 

with many beds of carbonaceous shale and coal; the individual strata of sandstone 

and shale from twenty to two hundred feet thick maintain the sam« general character 

wherever observed, and no well-defined horizon has been found which might serve 

as an index to correlate the widely separated exposures. Leaf impressions occur in 

both shales and sandstones associated with Unios. 1

Collections made by the Northern Transcontinental Survey have been submitted to 

Prof. J. S. Newberry, who considers them the equivalent of the Laramie east of the 

Rocky Mountains, and of greater antiquity than theTertiaries of Bridge Creek and John 

Day's Valley in eastern Oregon. These collections relate, however, principally to the 

lower measures of the Wilkeson field of bituminous coal, and it remains to be seen 

whether further evidence, now being gathered, will sustain the inference, drawn from 

stratigraphical relations, that the lignites and bituminous coals belong to one age.

The thickness of the Larainie group, as determined by Mr. George H. Eldridge, in 

Montana, is about 8,500 feet in the Bull Mountains, and very much less near the old 

shore-lines. On the Pacific coast it greatly exceeds the above maximum ; but it is 

not possible without further study to state even an approximate total, on account of 

the uncertain relations of the much-disturbed strata, obscured by volcanic flows, recent drift, and a dense forest.

The best sections are those obtained in the Wilkeson and Green River fields. * * * 

Of these, one gives a minimum of 13,200 feet, with a probable maximum of 14,500 feet; 

a second, still less complete, measures 7,700 feet; and the third, on Green River, lies 

between 6,200 and 8,200 feet; and these sections do not in either case reach the limits 

of the Coal Measures, as the base of each is an anticlinal axis and the top the 

highest exposure, geologically speaking, beneath the 'volcanic flows or drift beds. 

Such figures challenge confirmation, 2 but they are the result of accurate surveys and 

careful observation, and are only invalidated by the possibility of undiscovered, 

faults, of which the sections have yielded no proof under close examination.

The fossils indicate the maintenance of fresh and brackish water conditions' 

through this long period of deposition, implying that the general rate of this profound subsidence was the same as that of accumulation of sediments.

The circumstances of deposition were subject to frequent and probably often local 

changes; the preponderance of layers of fine sandstone, apparently derived from

granite, suggests clear currents and pools existing contemporaneously with shallow 

waters and marshes, in which muddy sediment and peat accumulated : and the sue-' 

cession of sandstones, shales, and coal veiusin the column of strata indicate as many 

changes of depth and current over the same locality. In the first of the above-mentioned sections there are one hundred and twenty-seven Carbonaceous beds, of which 

seArenteen are workable coal veins three to fifteen feet thick.

Outcrops of older rocks in the vicinity of these Coal Measures are usually of granite or crystalline schists, either serpentine or chloritic ; in the San Juan archipelago 

'there are evidences of Cretaceous strata, and a hint of their existence is found in 

some indistinct agatized casts of oval cross-section and about two inches long, which 

were brought from a conglomerate on the upper Skookuuichuck southeast of Tenino; 

they were unfortunately lost, but were apparently casts of Baculitcs. These would

1 These shells have much the outward aspect of Unio, but, as is shown on a following page and illustrated on Plate IX of this bulletin, they have the hinge characters of Batissa. C. A. W.

2 Mr. Will is has informed me since the above was written that subsequent information has led him to doubt whether these estimates of thickness are not somewhat too 

great. C. A. W.

(482)
WHITE.] MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF THE PUGET GROUP. ' 53

seem to be tlie edges of a Cretaceous deposit hidden beneath the more extensive later 

rocks. But one contact of the Coal Measures with underlying schists has been observed, and that is of uncertain character. * * *

The region over which this deposition occurred has since been the scene of mountain-making upheaval, of stupendous volcanic eruptions and enormous erosion, both 

glacial and subaerial. The definition of its boundaries and extent is a correspond 

ingly difficult, perhaps in some directions impossible, task.

Looking at the Puget Sound basin as a whole, the Coal Measures extend from beyond the British boundary south almost to the Columbia, and from the Pacific Ocean 

eastward up onto the Cascade Eauge to elevations varying from 800 to 5,000 feet above 

the sea; but buried on the one hand beneath recent gravel-beds, and overflowed on 

the other by erupted masses, the visible part of the formation appears as an interrupted belt along the base of the Cascades and encircling the Olympic Mountains.

The geological section of the Puget Sound basin as developed in the exploration 

of these coal fields may be provisionally stated as follows :

(1) Present surface of humus, accumulating from beds of Hypnum splenilens, and the 

contributions of ferns, shrubs, and evergreens of the damp, luxuriant forests, average

thickness probably four inches, though frequently wanting where fires have occurred

within two centuries.

(2) Beds of coarse and fine gr avel, sand, and clay, intimately mingled and distributed by awift currents; composed almost wholly of hard volcanic material, highly 

polished and sometimes striated. These drift beds fill the deeply eroded valleys of 

all the rivers entering the sound to an unknown depth ; they form well-defined terraces l at Wilkeson 1,600 feet above the sea, with a known thickness above the solid 

rock of 300 feet, and occur in terraces l at an elevation of 2,000 feet on the western 

slope from the Natchez pass.

(3) Tertiary volcanic rocks, which form the highest peaks of the Cascade Range 

(Mount Rainer, 14,300 feet), and detached mountain masses and ridges. They occui 

as intrusive dikes in the Coal Measures, often with, an appearance of conformability 

and as flows, beneath which the coal-rocks disappear.

(4) The liguitic and bituminous Coal Measures, sandstones, and shales probably 

exceeding 13,000 (?) feet in thickness; Laramie ? .

(5) Cretaceous strata of the San Juan Islands and conglomerate ? of the Skookttmchuck.

(6) Serpentine or chloritic schists, associated with limestones and marble beds, containing segregated auriferous quartz veins, and on the Skagit silicious specular iron 

ore. These highly metamorphosed strata form, with granite, the mass of the Cascade 

Range, and are similar in association to the same rocks in northern Washington Territory and those of western Idaho; they are pre-Cretaceous and possibly Paleozoic.

Granite covers a large area west of the crystalline schists of the Skagit, reaching 

beyond Lake Chelan to the Okinakane and eastward to the Colville region, though 

sometimes hidden beneath more recent material.

Turning to the eastern slopes of the Cascades, there appears a small development 

of Coal Measures similar to those of the Puget Sound basin near the head of the 

Yakima River and on the Wenatchie River. They crop out near Lake Kitchelas, 

Lake Klealim, and on Schwak Creek, a small tributary of the Yakima from the north; 

they are of limited extent, and probably not more than 1,000 feet thick. They rest 

conformably (?) upon 7,000 or 8,000 feet of coarse sandstone containing thin layers 

of conglomerate, at the base of which is a bed of coarse conglomerate 300 to 400 feet 

thick. The best exposures of these rocks are south of the Wenatchie, on the spur of 

the Cascades called the Peshasten Range, which divides that river from the Yakima. 

The same sandstone and conglomerate beds occur at the head of the Muuastash Creek, 

25 miles west of Ellensburgh, at an elevation of 5,500 feet, on the main Cascade Range.

1 Probably morainal terraces. B. W. 

(483)
54 INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS FROM THE PACIFIC COAST. [BULL. 51.

The probability that these strata east of the range correspond io the Coal Measures 

west of it is suggested in the following:

Comparison of sections.

East of the Cascades.

(1) "Wide-spread glacial drift.

(2) Tertiary volcanic rocks.

(3) Lignitic and bituminous Coal Measures, 

characterized by angiospermous leaf impressions throughout the entire thickness, thirteen thousand feet or more.

(4) Cretaceous strata and conglomerate of the 

Skookumchuck.

(1) Limited glacial drift. Lake beds of the 

Yakima and Columbia Eivers.

(2) Tertiary volcanic rocks.

(3) Coal Measures of limited extent, one thousand feot. Coarse sandstone, with thin 

conglomerate beds, seven thousand to 

eight thousand feet.

(4) Conglomerate, three hundred to .four hundred feet thick.

(5) Serpentinic or chloritic schists, associated with limestone and resting on granite, common to 

both sides of the range.

The extent of the Cretaceous strata requires further study, but the existence of 

Laramie (?) sandstones upturned high upon the mountains places their upheaval at 

the close of that period.

Mr. Willis has also kindly furnished me with the following paragraph 

from ah unpublished report of his upon a district which lies eastward 

of Puget Sound basin:

 LARAMIE (?) OF THE WENATCHIE VALLEY.

The Wenatchie River cuts a section across uuinetamorphosed conglomerates and 

sandstones, bent in broad folds over axes having a geueral north and youth trend. 

This formation flanks the Peshastan Range on both sides, occurring on the south on 

Schwak Creek and in the Klealiru Valley, and forms some of the high crests of the 

Cascade Range north of the Natchez. It is the last formation deposited before the 

elevatiou of the Cascade Range and its spur, the Peshastan, and is thus identified, as 

well as lithologically aud in its stratigraphic relations, with the Puget Sound Coal

Measures, the latter having been assigned to the Laramie on the evidence of the leaf

impressions by Prof. J. S. Newberry.

In the last-quoted paragraph Mr, Willis shows his reason for identifying those strata which are found within and upon both the eastern aud 

western sides of the Cascade Bange as belonging to one and the same 

formation. It will be seen also that, in consequence of the identification by Professor ISTewberry of certain Laramie species of plants aud 

of the probable superposition of the Puget group, at least in part, upon 

Upper Cretaceous marine strata, he regards the Puget group as geologically equivalent with the great Laramie group, which latter name he 

has also provisionally applied to it. I think all the known evidence is 

strongly in favor of this view, which is taken by both Professor Newberry and Mr. Willis, but the character of their respective molluscan 

faunas makes it quite certain that the deposition of these two formations took place in different bodies of water, which, if contemporaneous, 

were completely separated by a laud area. Th'at area was necessarily 

of considerable width, but yet an arboreal flora may be reasonably

(484)
.wiiiTB.1 MOLLUSC AN FAUNA OF THE PUGET GROUP. 55

supposed to have occupied its whole breadth, and to have scattered its 

autumnal leaves into the Laramie sea upon the one hand and into the 

Puget estuary on the other, while the aqueous faunas were respectively 

very different. It may yet appear that land vertebrate and niolluscan 

faunas also extended across the same area, and that remains of each 

found their way into the Larainie sea upon the one hand and the Puget 

estuary on the other.

While the evidence which is furnished by the fossil mollusca of the 

Laraniie and Puget groups, respectively, is conclusive that they were 

deposited in separate bodies of water, satisfactory evidence exists also 

that the Laramie outlet was into Atlantic and the Puget outlet into 

Pacific waters. When such differences of conditions as these are known 

to have prevailed, resulting in or connected with marked faunal dissimilarities, I think it much better to use separate names for the formations, even if correlated evidence should be satisfactory that they 

were contemporaneous in their origin. It seems at least expedient 

also that separate local names should be applied to certain marine 

strata which are found in separate districts, but shown by a greater or 

less proportion of the species of fossils they respectively contain to 

have been at least approximately contemporaneous. In accordance 

with this view I have proposed the name "Puget group" for the 

deposit which forms the subject of this article, as I did that of "Vancouver group" for the formation under discussion in Part III of this 

bulletin.

As to the original boundaries of the Puget group comparatively little 

is definitely known. It is probable also that much will remain unknown 

upon this point, owing to the great erosion and disturbance which the 

strata have suffered and to the presence of large portions of the immense lava outflows which have so largely covered them. Taking into 

consideration the extreme points at which strata of this group have 

been found, including those which lie to the east of and among the 

Cascade Mountains, it is evident that the Puget deposit originally occupied an area of several thousand square miles. Still any definite estimate must be unsatisfactory, owing to the evidently great irregularity 

of the original as well as the present area.

That the body of water in which the Puget group was deposited was 

estuarine, and not ar land-locked sea, as was the Laramie, is indicated 

by its molluscau fauna, all the known members of which are described 

and figured in this bulletin. 1 But in what manner the Puget estuary 

was separated from the open sea we have as yet little information. A 

natural inference would be that the Olympic Island formed a part of 

such a barrier, but the presence of marine fossils in the valley of

J The apparent absence of this peculiar fauna from the more eastern strata suggests 

that they were deposited nearer to the influx of fluviatile waters, which, being there 

entirely fresh and farther inland, did not afford a congenial habitat for species which 

prevailed in the western and brackish part of the estuary.

(485)
56 INVEETEBRATE FOSSILS FROM THE PACIFIC COAST. [BULL. 51.

Dwainish Eiver, the strata inclosing which were presumably deposited 

contemporaneously with at least a portion of the Puget group, would 

seem to show that the estuary barrier was, a part of the time at least, 

eastward of Olympic Island.

Besides the information contained in those of the foregoing paragraphs 

which are quoted from Mr. Willis's report, little is known concerning 

the stratigraphical relations of the Puget group to the other formations 

of the Pacific Coast region. Its raolluscan fauna, being unique in character and composed of types which give little or no definite indication 

as to geological age, is comparatively worthless as an aid in correlating 

the Puget group with any other formation.

Mention has just been made of the presence of marine fossils in cer. 

tain strata on Dwamish Eiver, in Puget Sound basin. This locality 

and its fossils have been briefly discussed in Part II of this bulletin, 

where it is shown that the greater part of the species found there 

are identical with species found in the Tejon group of California. The 

locality is just westward of, and not distant from, a district which is occupied by the characteristic strata of the Puget group, which furnished 

the fossils described and figured on following pages. Mr. Willis, who 

has studied the stratigraphy there in connection with his work before 

referred to, regards the position of these marine strata with reference 

to those of the Puget group as having been deposited not earlier than 

those of the upper portion of that group. This view of the stratigraphical relations of the Dwamish Eiver strata with those of the Puget 

group, together with the fact that their fossils are of marine originj suggests that they were deposited in marine waters towards the close of 

the great subsidence that accompanied the deposition of the Puget 

group, and indicates that the latter group is a local, although a large, 

representative of a part, or the whole, of the Chico-Tejon series. It 

also seems to indicate that the western barrier of the Puget estuary

was at that time and place not far from the middle of the present Puget 

Sound basin; but it is probable that the position of the barrier was 

shifted from time to time during the existence of the estuary.

It is in consideration of the following facts that the Puget fauna has 

been designated as of estuary origin: No trace of a characteristic opensea fauna has been found in the Puget strata. The genera Corbicula 

and Batissa, which are known to range from brackish to fresh waters, 

but not into marine waters, constitute a conspicuous portion'of that 

fauna. These' are associated with certain forms whcse living congeners 

are known to range from marine to brackish waters, but not into fresh 

waters. The strata contain an abundance of vegetable remains, which 

doubtless came from swamps and adjacent shores.

Now, if the strata of the Puget group were deposited, even in part 

contemporaneously with the Chico-Tejon series, it is probable that some 

of the inolluscan species of that series which were capable of entering 

brackish waters may yet be found in the Puget strata, and that some

(486)
WHITE.] MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF THE PUGET GROUP. 57

of the species of the Puget fauna which were capable of entering marine 

waters may yet be found associated with Chico-Tejon species. As a 

matter of fact, however, no evidence of such a commingling of the species of the two faunas has yet been discovered. So, therefore, we have 

no paleontological evidence of the contemporaneity of the Puget group 

with the Chico-Tejon series.

Although no serious doubt is entertained that the Puget group was deposited in estuarine waters, there are certain facts which are somewhat 

perplexing when considered in connection with an acceptance of that 

view. The known area within which strata of that group occur shows 

that the Puget estuary was of such great extent, that it is difficult to 

understand how so large a body of water could have been uniformly 

kept so nearly fresh as to afford a congenial habitat for such a moll uscan fauna as it is known to have possessed, and during so long a period 

of time as was necessary for the accumulation of the great thickness of 

strata in which the remains of that fauna are found. That is, it 18 difficult to understand how that comparatively narrow portion of the continent between the then existing Laramie hydrographic basin on the 

east and the Puget estuary on the west could have furnished a sufficient flow of fluviatile waters to keep nearly fresh so large an estuary, 

and keep off the encroachment of adjacent marine waters. Even so 

large a flow as is now discharged by the Columbia River would seem to 

have been insufficient, unless the outlet of the great estuary was much 

restricted by land barriers.

Again, the evidence presented by Mr. Willis, and also that afforded by 

the fossils, which range without material change through a large part 

of the vertical series, seems to be conclusive that essentially uniform estuarine conditions were preserved over the whole area now occupied by 

the Puget group from the time of the deposition of its earliest to that of 

its latest strata. This evidence also discloses the remarkable fact that 

during that time there was a constant subsidence over the whole area 

until it had reached a maximum of twelve thousand feet or more. It is 

certainly difficult to see how so great a subsidence could have taken 

place without such-a simultaneous elevation of the adjacent land area as 

would have materially changed thecharacter'and uniformity of the supply of fluviatile waters to the estuary, or have added a land area to the 

westward of it. Indeed, it is difficult to understand how even a less 

subsidence could have taken place without materially modifying the 

character of the great estuary itself, or even submerging its whole area 

beneath marine waters. 1

The localities from which were obtained the molluscan fossils of the 

Puget group, and which are described in the pages immediately following, lie mainly in King and Pierce Counties, Washington Territory. 

These .localities are designated upon the labels accompanying the fossils 

as Newcastle, Wilkeson (Flett's Creek), Carbonado, Green River, and 

1 See second foot-noto cm page 52. 

(487)
58 INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS FROM THE PACIFIC COAST. \TWVL. si.

Palace Camp, respectively; and these names occur in connection with 

the descriptions.

The following is a list of the species recognized in Professor Newberry's collection and herein described:

Cardium (Adacua?) 

Cyreua brevideus. 

Corbicula Willisi. 

Corbicula pugetensis. 

Batissa Newberryi. 

Batissa dubia.

Psammobia obscura. 

Sanguinolaria ? candata. 

Teredo pugetensis. 

Neritina ? 

Corithinm? ? 

Undetermined gasteropod.

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES.

GONCHIFERA. 

CAEDIID^l.

Genus Cardium Linnaeus. 

CARDIUM (ADACNA?) -f

PLATE IX, Fig. 4.

The collection from the locality designated as Palace Camp contains 

a couple of imperfect examples of a shell which plainly belongs to the 

Cardiidce. The general form and the character of the hinge and of the 

pallia! impression, together with its brackish-water associates, suggest 

the propriety of referring this shell to the genus Adacna; but the material in- hand is too imperfect to make that reference with confidence.

The shell is subelliptical in marginal outline; wider than high; and 

the sutface is marked by numerous sharply raised .radiating ribs; cardinal teeth small; lateral teeth moderately well developed; pallial sinus 

apparently large-and deep.

Breadth, 24mrtl ; height about 16mm.

The specimens are in the condition of casts only,.and being also fragmentary, a fall specific description is impracticable.

CYKENID2E.

Genus Cyrena Lamarck.

CYRENA BREVIDENS, sp. nov

PLATE X, Figs. 8-11.

Shell subtrihedral in outline by lateral view; valves moderately convex; beaks prominent, situated a little in advance of the mid-length 

of the shell even in the shortest examples; cardinal teeth small; pos-

(488)
WHITE,] MOLLUSC AN FAUNA OF THE PUGET GROUP. 59

terior lateral teeth small and slender; anterior lateral tooth of the left 

valve very short, and situated so near to the cardinal teeth as to appear 

like an accessory cardinal tooth; pallial sinus small and. moderately 

deep. Surface marked by distinct concentric lines and undulations of 

growth.

The proportion of height to the length of the shell varies greatly in 

different examples. One example measures 27mm in height and 29mm in 

extreme length, while another measures 18mm in height and 26mm in extreme length. The average proportions are, however, between those of 

these two examples.

In outward aspect this shell resembles Corbula, but the character of 

the hinge is quite unlike that of Corbula, and the valves are also equal 

in shape and convexity. In the character of the lateral teeth it also 

differs considerably from the typical forms of Cyrena, The posterior 

laterals are of much less than ordinary size, while the anterior lateral 

tooth of the left valve is so close to the cardinal teeth as to serve and 

appear as an additional cardinal tooth. This difference in the hinge is 

probably of subgeneric value, but for the present I prefer to place the 

shell under Cyrena.

Locality. Palace Camp.

Genus Corbicula Megerle.

CORBICULA WlLLISI. Sp. nOV. 

PLA.TE XI, Figs. 3-7.

Shell subcircular in outline,the height and length being nearly equal; 

beaks prominent, elevated, and situated near or a little behind the midlength of the shell; valves strongly convex, especially in the umbonal 

region; front margin regularly rounded, its convexity being continuous 

with the somewhat less convex basal margin ; posterior margin slightly 

convex, nearly perpendicular, and abruptly rounded to the basal margin below and to the dorsal margin above; dorsal margin short, nearly 

straight; cardinal teeth, well developed; lateral teeth also well developed and transversely crenulated ; pallial sinus small. . The surface is 

marked by the ordinary concentric lines of growth, and the larger examples usually have besides this a greater or less number of strong concentric undulations.

Height of the largest example in. the collection, 54II1U1 ; length, 51ram ; 

but the average size is considerably less.

.This is a typical American fossil form of Corlicula, having the crenulated lateral teeth and small pallial sinus which characterize those forms. 

In shape and general character it approaches the G. umbonella of Meek, 

from the Laramie group; but it is shortened .more abruptly behind, 

and the front is more prominent.

Localities. Carbonado, Wilkesou (Flett's Creek), and valley of Green 

Eiver.

(489)
60 INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS FROM THE PACIFIC COAST. [BULL. 51.

CORBICULA PUGETENSIS, Sp. UOV. 

PLATE XI, Fig. 8.

Associated with the foregoing species at Carbonado is a form which 

differs so much from it as to warrant the application of a separate 

name. It is subovoid in marginal outline, considerably longer than 

high; valves moderately convex; beaks somewhat prominent, situated 

near the anterior end of the shell; surface marked by the ordinary 

 concentric lines of growth.

Height of an example of ordinary size, 35mm ; length, 45mm .

This species is readily distinguishable from the foregoing one, with 

which it is associated, by its more elongate form, the anterior position 

of the beaks, and the prominent posterior border. In general aspect it 

somewhat closely resembles Corlictila (Leptestlies) car diniceformis While, 

from the Laramie group; but the front of this shell is even less prominent than that of the Laramie species.

Genus Batissa Gray.

BATISSA NEWBERRYI, sp. nov. 

PLATE IX, Figs. 1-3.

Shell large, subelliptical in marginal outline; valves moderately convex; beaks slightly prominent, situated behind the mid-length of the 

shell; cardinal margin broadly arched; front margin somewhat 

abruptly rounded; basal margin broadly convex, and the posterior 

margin a little more narrowly rounded than the front; ligament large, 

prominent, and ending abruptly behind, as is usual in this genus; cardinal" teeth three in each valve, the two posterior ones of the right 

valve being broad and strong, and all three teeth of the left valve

being narrow; lateral teeth unknown.

Height of the most perfectly preserved example in the collection, 

52mm. length, 81mm ; but the average size is considerably larger than 

this.

The collection contains numerous examples of this species, ail of 

which are more or less distorted by the pressure to which the material 

they were embedded in has been subjected. In some cases the distortion has been so extreme as to have wholly destroyed the original form 

of the shell. In all cases also the shell substance has been dissolved 

away, but most of the examples show the beaks to have been much 

corroded while the mollusk was yet alive, as those of living species of 

Batissa often are. This total destruction of the shell substance of 

these specimens of Batissa in the process of fossilizatiou is noteworthy, 

because nearly all of the specimens of Corbiculla and Cyrena which are 

found associated with them, and which belong to the same family, have 

the shell substance preserved.

Localities. Carbonado, Wilkeson (Flett's Creek), and' Newcastle.

(490)
WHITE.] MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF THE PUGET GROUP. 61

BATISSA DUBIA, sp. nov.

PLATE XI, Figs. 1, 2.

Among the collections from Newcastle and Wilkeson are numerous 

compressed and distorted examples of a shell which I refer to the genus 

Batissa, but which is evidently specifically different from B. Newberryi. 

It is a smaller shell, subcircular in marginal outline, and has its beak 

situated a little in advance of the mid-length of the shell. Tbe ligament is large and prominent, and one of the examples shows traces of 

the cardinal teeth similar in character to those of B. Newberryi.

TELLINIDJE. . 

Genus Psammobia Lamarck.

PSAMMOBIA OBSCUBA, Sp. 11OV.

PLATE X, Figs. 4-G.

Shell irregularly subelliptical in marginal outline; valves gently convex, but the postero-dorsal region is somewhat compressed; .beaks not 

prominent, situated at about one-third the full length of the shell from 

the front; anterior margin rounded; basal margin broadly convex; 

dorsal margin behind the beaks nearly straight; postero-dorsal margin 

sloping downward and backward to the base. Surface marked by the 

usual distinct concentric lines of growth. Pallial line strong, and its 

sinus large and deep.

Height, 29"""; length, 38mm .

Localities. Palace Camp and Carbonado.

Genus Sanguinolaria Lamarck. 

SANGUINOLARIA? CAU-DATA, sp. nov.

PLATE X, Figs. 1-3.

Among the collections made at Carbonado are some imperfect examples of a somewhat extraordinary shell, which I refer provisionally to 

Sanguinolaria. Up to the time of its reaching nearly adult size its 

general shape and marginal outline agree with the recognized forms of 

Sanguitiolaria; but from that time until fully grown the posterior portion became so greatly extended, that extreme examples reach nearly 

double the length which the shell had before the posterior elongation 

began.

No trace of the hinge has been discovered, and the specimens found 

are so imperfect, that no satisfactory specific description can be given. 

The figures, however, on Plate X will serve to give a good idea of all 

that has been learned of this singular shell.

(491)
62 INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS FROM THE PACIFIC COAST. [BULL. 5J.

TEREDINIL^E. 

Genus Teredo Adansoh.

TEREDO PUGETENSIS, sp. nov. 

PLATE VIII.

The shell of this species is not known, the specimens in the collection consisting only of the tubes, solidly filled with stony material in a 

mass of partially carbonized and partially silicified wood. The tubes 

are large, most of them extending in the direction of the wood fiber, 

and terminate at the distal end in almost true hemispheric convexity.

The diameter of the tubes, as seen in the specimens in liand, varies 

from 27mm to 32mm.

Locality. Carbonado.

GASTEROPODA.

NERITID^.

Genus Neritina Lamarck. 

NERITINA ?

PLATE X, Fig. 12.

Among the specimens collected at Palace Camp is a single example 

of Neritina, which is in the condition of a natural cast of t'he interior 

of the shell. It is too imperfect for specific description, but its character is partially shown by the figure on Plate X.

CEBITHIIDJE,

Genus Cerithium Bruguiere. 

CERITHIUM ? ?

PLATE IX, Fig. 5.

Among the collections made at Palace Camp and Carbonado are some 

specimens which appear to belong to the genus CeritMum, one of which 

is represented on Plate IX. So much of the embedding material adheres to these specimens, that the aperture is obscured and the surface 

markings are mostly obliterated. The figure represents the largest of 

the specimens discovered. It is thought possible or even probable that 

this shell belongs to the Melaniidse, because fossil species of Melania 

have been found elsewhere associated with unmistakably brackishwater forms, and because living species of Melania and Batissa' are 

often found associated.

Undetermined gasteropod. Among the specimens from Palace Camp 

is a fragmentary one of a gasteropod. It is much, too imperfect for

(492)
WHITE.] MOLLUSCAN FAUNA OF THE PUGET GROUP. 63

description, and is mentioned here only to give as full an account as 

possible of this small but interesting fauna.

CONCLUDING REMARKS ON THE FAUNA.

The fauna to which one instinctively turns for the purpose of zoological comparison with this Puget estuary fauna is that of the Laramie 

group. Such a comparison is especially suggested by the known floral 

relations of the two groups of strata, their presumable contemporaneity 

of origin, and the non-marine character of the molluscau faunas of both. 

Upon making a comparison, however, important zoological differences 

appear. It is true there are two species of Gorbicula in the Puget fauna" 

that are so closely like Laramie forms as to suggest specific identity 

upon casual examination, but the differences between the two faunas 

are strikingly shown by the family and generic characters of the other 

members of the Puget fauna as compared with the Laramie fauna.

For example, a species of Teredo has been found in the Puget group, 

but no member of the Teredinid® has yet been found in the Laramie. 

Two species of the Puget fauna are referred to the Tellinidaj, but no 

member of that family has yet been found in the Laramie. But the 

generic form which gives an especially unique character to the Puget 

fauna is that of Batissa. This genus has not hitherto been known to 

occur in North America in either a fossil or living condition, nor has 

it been found nearer to this continent than certain of the Pacific islands. 

Still the hinge characters observable on these Puget estuary specimens 

leave no room for reasonable doubt that they are strictly congeneric 

with true Batissa. Indeed, a species of that genus which is now living 

upon the Fiji Islands is closely related to this fossil form.

Certain interesting relationships between Asiatic and North American faunas have been noticed by naturalists, which are recalled by this 

occurrence of Batissa in the Puget fauna. Assuming that these relationships are those of genetic succession, we naturally desire to know 

in which direction their lines of geographical dispersion have taken 

place. For example, was it towards or from the present North American continent that the dispersion of Batissa occurred 1? If ic was from, 

this continent, it is remarkable that none of its progeny have survived 

in any of the present continental waters, and it is equally remarkable 

that no evidence of its former existence in North America has been discovered except those which the Puget fauna has furnished. If the dispersion of Batissa was towards this continent, it seems to have only 

reached the present Pacific Coast region about the close of the Cretaceous period and to have then and there become extinct, while it has 

continued its existence on certain islands of the Pacific to the present 

time. But all the known facts concerning the genus Batissa are insufficient to throw much light upon its geological history or geographical 

dispersion. Even the Corbiculida3, the family to which Batissa belongs, 

has a less completely known geological history in North America than

has that of the Unionidse.

(493)
PART V.

MESOZOIC MOLLUSCA FROM THE SOUTHERN COAST OF THE 

ALASKAN PENINSULA.

GENERAL REMAKES.

There has lately been received at the office of the Survey a small 

collection of fossils from the shores of Kialagvic, or Wrangell Bay, on 

the southern side of the Alaskan Peninsula, and nearly opposite the 

western end of Kodiak Island. They were found by one of. the men 

employed by Messrs. Ward & Howell to make collections for their 

natural science establishment at Koch ester, N. T., and were sent by 

Mr. E. E. Howell to the Survey. Seven species are represented in tin's 

collection, all of which are apparently yet nndescribed. Five of the 

species are Cephalopodsand two are Oonchifers, the genera Ammonites, 

Baculites, Glyclmeris ?, and Cucullcca being represented.

The Ammonites alone give any reliable indication as to the geological 

age of these fossils. They are certainly of Mesozoic age, and the types 

to which they belong seem to indicate that, they come from a formation 

of somewhat earlier date than the Cretaceous. One of these species 

belongs to the type to which Bayle gave the generic name ot'Lillia, and 

closely resembles Ammonites lilli, as figured and described by Bitter von 

Hauer from the northeastern Alps. 1 Another is closely related to this

species, and the third belongs to the type AmaWieus Montforfc, which is 

also regarded as of Liassic or of Jurassic age. While there is no reason 

to doubt the correctness of the information which accompanies this 

collection of fossils as to the locality from which they were obtained, no 

information as to the geology of the region was received with them. In 

consequence of this omission, and of the fact that all the species are 

regarded as new, we have no means of knowing whether or not they 

come from a formation which is represented by any other fossils heretofore collected in Alaska.

The only other invertebrate fossils which to my knowledge have been 

found in the Alaskan region, and which can be regarded as of Mesozoic 

age, are those which have been published by Eichwaid,2 Grewingk,3

'Uebcr die Ceplialopoden aus dein Lias der nordostlicheu Alpeu. Deukscbr. math.- 

natnrwiss. Classe k. Akad. Wiss., vol. 11, p. 40, pi. viii, figs. 1-3.

2 Geognost.-paleont. Bemerkungeu fiber die Halbiusel MangiscMak und die aleutischen Inseln, St. Petersburg, 1871.

3 Verhandl. Euss. k. mineral. Gesell., pp. 344-347 pi. iv, 1848-'49.

 (494) 64
WHITE.! MESOZOIC MOLLUSCA FROM ALASKA. 65

Fischer, 1 and myself;2 and which were collected by Doroschin, Wosnessensky, Pinart, and Dall, respectively. At least a part of the 

fossils collected by Doroschin, Pinart,, and Dall, respectively, are shown 

to have come from one and the same formation by the occurrence in 

all of their collections of A.ucella concentrica. This formation was referred to the Neocoinian by Eichwald (op. cit.), notwithstanding the 

fact that other authors have usually regarded Aucella as a characteristic genus of the Jurassic. Eichwald also contended, in opposition to 

the views of many other European geologists, that the European strata 

which bear Aucella are also of Neocomian age. The occurrence of 

Aucella concentrica in the Shasta group of the California Cretaceous 

induced me in a former publication (op. cit.) to agree with Professor 

Eichwald's views as regards the 'Neocomian age of the Alaskan strata 

in question. 

I do not think it impossible that the fossils which form the subject

of this article belong to the same formation in Alaska which bears 

Aucella concentrica, but the two types of Ammonites which are found 

among these fossils are at least suggestive of a lower horizon. Indeed, 

if we had only the type character of the fossils themselves to consider, 

we should hardly be justified in referring them to a later age than the 

Jurassic.

DESCRIPTION OF SPECIES.

CONCHIFERA.

Genus Cucullcea Lamarck.

INCREBESCENS, Sp. UOV. 

PLATE XIV, Figs. 5, 0.

The collection contains only a single, somewhat imperfect, left valve 

of this species, but its unusual shape makes it desirable to figure and 

briefly describe it. The valve is greatly inflated; height from base to 

hinge not more than half the full transverse length ; the area broad, 

strongly concave; hinge strong. Surface marked by strong concentric 

lines of growth.

The only form with which it seems desirable to compare this shell is 

the C. insularis of Eichwald.3 His figures show that the specimens of

1 Voyages a la c6te norcl-ouest de PAnnSrique, par M. Alph.-L. Pinart. pp. 33-36, 

pi. A.

"Ball. U. S. Geol. Survey No. 4, pp. 10-15, pi. vi.

3 Figured and described in Geognost.-paleont. Bemerk. Mangiscnlak u. aleut. 

Inseln, p. 168, pi. xv, tigs. 6-8.

Bull. 51 5 (495)
66 INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS FROM THE PACIFIC COAST. [BULL.51.

that form which were collected by Doroschiu were very imperfect, and 

Professor Eichwald says that he himself had never seen them, but that 

his description was made from figures drawn under Professor Pander's 

direction. From Eichwald's description I am disposed to regard that 

form as specifically distinct from the one here described.

SAXICAVIRaS. 

Genus Glycimeris Lamarck. 

GLYCIMEEIS ? DALLI, sp. nov.

PLATE XIV, Figs. 7-9.

Shell somewhat elongate, the proportional height usually increasing 

with age; moderately gaping behind ; test very thin ; valves broadly 

but irregularly convex, the greatest convexity being a little in advance 

of the mid-length of the shell. In front of this greatest convexity there 

is a slight flattening of each valve, which extends from the umboues 

to the basal margin; umbones broad, elevated, and prominent. Beaks 

situated at a little less than one-quarter of the full length of the shell 

from the front, elevated above the hinge line, and incurved. Front 

margin irregularly rounded, but the front portion of each valve is 

obliquely truncated in front; basal margin irregularly convex by reason 

of the umbonal flattening of the valves, opposite which the margin is 

straightened or even slightly emarginate, while the greatest convexity is 

about mid-length; posterior margin somewhat narrowly rounded to 

both the dorsal and basal margins; dorsal margin behind the beaks 

long and nearly straight, except that it descends a little at the extremity to meet the posterior margin; dorsal margin in front of the 

beaks very short, the adjacent portion of each valve being so inflected 

as to produce the appearance of a deep lunule. Surface marked by 

numerous strong concentric undulations, which end upon reaching the 

truncated front portion of each valve, the surface of which is plain, and 

they also become obsolete upon the postero-dorsal region. Hinge unknown.

Length of the largest example in the collection, 57mm ; height of the 

same, 34mm.

This shell has much of the general aspect of %a Grammysia, but the 

gaping of the valves at the posterior end excludes it from that genus. 

Its short and truncated front is also so unusual a feature of Glycimeris, 

that, in the absence of any knowledge of its hinge, it suggests some doubt 

whether this shell really belongs to that genus. .

The only shell with which it seems necessary to compare the one here 

described is the Panopcca,protracta of Eichwald.1 Professor Eichwald's

1 Geognost.-paleont. Bemerk. Mangischlak u. Aleut. Inseln, p. ICO, pi. xiii, figs. 8,9.

(496)
WHITE.] MESOZOIC MOLLUSCA FROM ALASKA. 67

figures, nowever, show that the beaks of his species are neany centrally 

situated, while in this species they are quite near to the front. His species 

also does not show the obliquely truncated front, with its plain surface, 

 which is a conspicuous character of the form here described. Professor 

Eichwald's specimens came from the " Schwarzen Neokomkalke von 

Alaska," where they were associated with numerous other species, all 

of which are different from any of the species described in this article. 

The specimens of this species came from a greenish sandstone, in which 

it was associated with all the species noticed in this article, none of 

which are recognized as identical with any other species yet found in 

the Alaskan region. The specific name is given in honor of Dr. W. H. 

Dall, the author of Alaska and its Eesources.

CEPHALOPODA.

BELEMNITIDJE.

Genus Belemnites Lamarck.

BELEMNITES ?

PLATE XIII Fig. 6.

The collection contains a considerable number of fragments of Belemnites, but there are no specimens among them'which are even approximately perfect. The greater part of them belong to a species which 

was evidently a very lougkand slender one, and which had a moderately 

long phragmocone. The largest example referable to this species has 

a diameter at about the mid-length of the phragmocone of about 1211U". 

The full length of an example having such diameter was apparently 

not less than 130mm.

BELEMNITES 9

PLATE XIV. Fig. 4.

The collection also contains portions of very large phraginocones of a 

Beleinnite which are more or less distorted by pressure, and which are 

believed to represent a different species from that which is represented 

by the fragments before referred to. The diameter of the largest exampie in the collection is 38mm, and the chambers were about 5lm" in thickness; the septa were broadly concavo-convex and apparently very thin. 

The apical angle of the phragmocone appears to have been comparatively short, but the specimens are too imperfect to ascertain the angle. 

.The collection contains no fragments of the shaft of this species.

(497)
68 INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS FROM THE'PACIFIC COAST. [BULL.51.

AMMONIUM.

Genus Ammonites (Lillia Bayle), Bruguiere. 

AMMONITES (LILLIA) HOWELLI, sp. nov.

PLATE XII, Figs. 1, 2, and PLATE XIV, Figs. 1-3.

, Shell reaching a moderately large size, discoid, broadly umbilicate; 

each volution embracing about one-half the width of the next one 

within, but the minute earlier volutions embrace a less proportion of the 

width of the adjacent one than do the later volutions; transverse section of the volutions ovate, the diameter which lies in the plane of the 

coil, being about one-quarter greater than the transverse, but the difference is less than this in the small earlier volutions; the transverse 

diameter of the volutions is a little greatest near the umbilical side; 

their sides broadly convex and rounded into the umbilicus; the peripheral side .regularly rounded in the case of exfoliated specimens, especially of the smaller volutions, but the larger volutions, when the shell 

substance is retained, show a low, rounded, peripheral ridge, with a 

narrow, flattened, or slightly concave space afc each side of it. This 

ridge is apparently formed of the shell substance alone, and when the 

latter cleaves off from the periphery of the chambered volutions the 

siphuncle is more or less exposed; sides of the volutions distinctly 

marked by transverse ribs, the principal ones of which end a little before 

reaching the umbilical margin on the one hand, and just before reaching the peripheral ridge on the other. Between each two of the principal ribs (that is, those which cross the entire side of the volutions) 

there are one, two, or rarely three short or accessory ribs, which arise 

near or a little beyond the middle of the side and end near the periphery, 

where they are of uniform size and outward extension with the principal ribs. The ribs are therefore more than twice as numerous upon 

the peripheral half of the volutions as they are upon the umbilical half. 

The direction of the ribs across the volutions is nearly transverse, but 

they are usually directed a little forward. The principal ribs alone are 

seen upon the inner volutions, because the accessory ribs and the outer 

half of the principal ones are entirely covered by the next succeeding 

volution. The umbilical half of the principal ribs is stronger and more 

prominent than the peripheral half, but they are apparently never 

spinous. The septa are very complex; a plan of one of them is given 

on Plate XIV, Fig. 3. The living chamber constituted fully two-thirds 

of the last volution. Character of the aperture unknown.

This shell bears much resemblance to Ammonites lilli Hauer, from 

the Lias of the northeastern Alps, which is the type of Bayle's genus 

Lillia; but the volutions are a little more embracing than they are in 

that species and their increase in size with the growth of the shell is 

proportionally greater. A. lilli is also nearly or quite without the

(498)
WHITE.! MESOZOIC MOLLUSCA FEOM ALASKA. 69

*

accessory ribs which form a conspicuous feature of the Alaskan 

species.

The collection contains a considerable number of this species, but 

they are mostly small. The largest one measures upward of 150mm in 

diameter of the coil. The specific name is given in honor of Mr. E. E. 

Howell, formerly of the II. S, Geological Survey.

AMMONITES (LILLIA) KIALAGVIKENSIS, sp. nov.

PLATE XIII, Fig. 7.

Shell closely resembling that of the preceding species in general 

form and aspect; broadly umbilicate; each volution embracing less 

than one-half the next preceding one; transverse section of the volutions elliptical, the diameter which lies in the plane of the coil, being 

about one-quarter greater than the trans\7 erse; sides of the volutions 

broadly convex, rounded somewhat abruptly into the umbilicus; peripheral side somewhat regularly rounded, but bearing a narrow, slightly 

raised median ridge; sides of the volutions marked by ilexuous ribs, 

a little less than half of which become obsolete upon the umbilical 

border and the remainder become obsolete between the middle and 

that border. All of them end in a very slight enlargement just before 

reaching the peripheral ridge. A forward curve of the ribs from the 

umbilical border occupies a little more than the inner half of the side 

of the volution, and a less distinct backward curve occupies the outer 

portion. The living chamber occupies about three-quarters of the last 

volution. Character of the septa and of the aperture unknown.

The collection contains only two examples of this species, both of 

which are imperfect. The larger one has a diameter of coil of only 

55ram , but it is likely that fully mature shells were much larger. The 

proportions of its volutions, as well as the general aspect of the shell, 

are closely like those of the preceding species, and the difference 

between the two species is more conspicuously seen with reference to 

the ribs which traverse the volutions. In this species the ribs are distinctly flexuous; the accessory ribs are fewer in number than in A. 

Hoicelli, and their greatest prominence is at the peripheral end of the 

principal ribs, instead of being at the umbilical end, as it is in A. 

Howelli.

AMMONITES (AIJALTHEUS) WHITEAVESII, sp. nov.

PLATE XIII, Figs. 1-5.

Shell discoid; umbilici small, and sharply defined by the elevation 

of the border; volutions so much embracing, that only a little of each 

of the-inner volutions is visible within the umbilici; sides of the. volutions broadly convex, the inner half descending only slightly toward 

the umbilicus, at the border of which it is abruptly raised in the form 

of a narrow rounded ridge; the sides of the umbilicus descend perpen-

(499)
70 INVERTEBRATE FOSSILS FROM THE PACIFIC COAST. IBULL.SI.

dicularly within until they reach the next preceding volution; periphery bearing a prominent, plain, hollow keel, which is constructed of 

shell substance, a layer of the same being between the small cavity of 

the keel and that of the body of the shell; and no trace of the keel ap- 

.pears upon specimens from which the shell substance has been removed; 

sides marked by moderately elevated, rounded ribs, which become obsolete upon reaching the raised umbilical border on the one hand and 

the peripheral keel on the other; they are slender and close together 

toward their thin inner ends, but are broader and farther apart toward 

their peripheral ends. From the raised umbilical border the ribs are 

directed obliquely forward in almost a straight line, and just before 

reaching the middle of the side of the volution they bend somewhat 

abruptly backward, and just before reaching the peripheral side they 

bend forward again by a nearly regular curve, and become obsolete 

upon the periphery. Septa complex, a plan of one of which is figured 

on Plate XIII, Fig. 5. Aperture and extent of the living chamber unknown. Diameter of the coil at the posterior end of the living chamber of the largest example in the collection, including the peripheral 

ridge, 93nnn ; greatest diameter upon the same line, measured through 

the umbilical ridges, 23mm.

The general aspect of this species is much like that of A. Breweri 

Gabb, from the Shasta group of California; but it differs in having a 

prominent peripheral keel, a narrower umbilicus, a raised umbilical 

border, and also in other details of form and structure.

The peripheral keel of this species is not crenulated, as it usually is 

in Amaltlieus, and the septa are more complex; but in essential characters it agrees with the diagnosis of that genus as emended by Professor Zittel in his Haudbuch der Paleoiitologie.

The specific name is given in honor of Mr. J. F. Whiteaves, paleontologist to the Geological Survey of Canada.

(500)
PLATES.

(501) 71

PLATE I.

(503) ' 73
PLATE I. 

OSTREA DILLERI (page 14).

FIG. 1. Exterior view of a lower valve, natural size. 

2. Exterior view of an upper valve.

For interior viexws of these specimens, see PI. II.

74 (504)
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 51 PL. I
PLATE II.

(505) r,1
PLATE II. 

OSTREA DILI.ERI (page 14).

FIG. 1. Interior view of the specimen represented by Fig. 1, PI. I. 

2. A similar view of the specimen represented by Fig. 2, PL I. 

For exterior views of these specimens, see PL I.

76 (506)

L
U. S. GEOLOGICAL :ULLETIN NO. 51 PL. II

Ostrea Dilleri.
PLATE III.

(507) . 77
PLATE III.

FULGURARIA GABBI (page 23).

FIG. 1. Apertural view of a large example. Nearly the whole outline of the inner 

lip is obscured by adhering rock.

FULGUR HILGARDI (page 22).

2. Lateral view of an adult example.

3. Opposite view of the same example.

TROPHON CONDONI (page 21).

4. Lateral view of a medium-sized example.

5. Opposite view of the same example.

CANCELLARIA TURNKRI (page 25).

6. Lateral view of an adult example.

7. Opposite view of the same example. The specimen has been much exfoliated,, destroying the surface markings'.

GYRODES DOWELLI (page 19).

8. Lateral view of an adult example.

9. Opposite view of the same example. The specimen has been slightly compressed obliquely.

ElMELLA MACILENTA (page 19).

10. Lateral view of an example not quite mature.

11. A mature example, with outlines showing the shape of the outer lip and of 

the posterior canal.

12. A natural cast, showing a part of the posterior canal.

CERATIA NEXILIA (page 21).

13,14. Opposite lateral views of a medium-sized example. 

All the figures on this plate are of natural size.

78 (508)
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 51 PL. Ill

S

\l

1. Fulguraria Gabbi

2, 3. Fulgur Hilgardi.

4, 5. Trophon Condoni.

6, 7. Cancellaria Turneri.

8. 9. Gyrodes Dowelli.

10, 11, 12. Rimella macilenta.

13, 14. Ceratia nexilia.
PLATE IV.

(509) 79
PLATE IV.

SCOBINELLA DILLERI (page 25).

FIG. 1. Lateral view of au example having unusually strong surface marliinga.

2. A similar view of another example showing the notch of the outer lip.

3. An imperfect example showing the three strong colutnellar folds. 

All natural size.

COMINELLA LECONTEI (page 22).

4. Lateral view of an adult example.

5. Opposite view of another example. Natural size.

MESALIA OBSUTA (page 20).

6. Lateral view of a somewhat slender example.

7. Opposite view of another example. Natural size.

TROCHUS (ANADEMA) GEMIFERUS (page 17).

8. Lateral view of a partially compressed example. W

9. Basal view of the same example. Natural size.

STOMATIA OBSTRICTA (page 18).

^.0. Lateral view of a partially exfoliated example.

11. Opposite view of another example. Natural size.

FAUNUS MARCIDULUS (page 20).

12. Lateral view of the type specimen.

13. Opposite view of the same. Enlarged.

LYSIS OPPANSUS (page 17).

14. Lateral view of a natural cast, somewhat compressed,

15. Apical view of the same. Natural size.

ACTION INORNATCS (page 15).

16. Lateral view ; enlarged.

17. Opposite view of the same, the columellar fold not shown.

18. Another example, the outer lip broken away, showing the fold.

VASCULUM OBLIQUUM (page 16).

19. Lateral view, the coil of the apex shown at a.

20. Posterior view of the same example.

21. Apical view of the same example. Natural size.

ZIRPH^A PLANA (page 15).

22. Right valve. Natural size.

80 (510)
BULLETIN NO. 51

18

13

1-3. ScobinellaDilleri. 

4, 5. CominellaLeContei. 

6, 7. Mesalia obsuta. 

8, 9. Trochus gemiferus. 

10, 11. Stomatia obstricta.

12, 13. Faunus marcidulus.

14, 15. Lysis oppansus. 

16, 17, 18. Actason inornatus 

19, 20, 21. Vasculum obliquum. 

22. Zirpnaea plana.
PLATE V.

(511) 81 

Bull, 51 0
PLATE V. 

AMMONITES. TURNERI (page 26).

FlG. 1. Lateral view of the type specimen.

2. Peripheral view of the same. Natural size.

82 (512)
BULLETIN NO, 51 PL. V

Ammonites Turner!.
PLATE VI.

(513) ' 83
PLATE VI.

ANATINA SULCATINA? (page 43). 

FIG. 1. Eight side view of a large example.

CRASSATELLA TUSCANA (page 39).

2. Left side view of a medium sized example.

3. Dorsal view of tlie same example.

4. View of the hinge of a' right valve.

CLISOCOLUS DUBIUS (page 41).

5. Lateral view of au imperfect example.

6. Dorsal view of the same.

7. Front view of the same.

CLISOCOLUS CORDATUS (page 41).

8. Lateral view of an. imperfect example .of a left valve.

9. Front view of the same,

84 (514)
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 51 PL. VI

1. Anatina sulcatina. ? 

2-4. Crassatella tuscana.

5-7. Clisocolus dubius. 

8, 9. Clisocolus cordatus.
PLATE VII.

(510) . 85
PLATE VII.

PERNA EXCAVATA (page 37). 

i

FIG. 1. Outline view of right valve. A restoration from numerous imperfect examples. Natural size.

AMMONITES MACLUREI (page 48).

2. Lateral view oi a fragment.

3. Outline oi a transverse section of the living chamber. 

Both natural size.

VANIKOROPSIS SUCIENSIS (page 46).

4. Lateral view ; enlarged.

86 ' (516)
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. £1 PL. VII

1. Perna excavata. 

2, 3. Ammonites Maclurer.

4. Vanikoropsis suclensis.
PLATE VIII.

(517) 87

I
PLATE VIII. 

TEREDO PUGETENSIS (page 62).

A mass of petrified wood, showing the large borings. Natural size. 

88 (518)
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO- 51 PL. VIII

Teredo pugetensis.
PLATE IX

(519) 89
PLATE IX.

BATISSA NEWBERUYI (page 60).

FIG. 1. Lateral view of a right valve.

5J. Left side view of an imperfect specimen, the beak of the left valve being 

broken away, showing the broad cardinal teeth of the right valve.

3. A gutta-percha cast of the cardinal portion of the hinge of Fig. 2, showing 

the narrow teeth of the left valve. 

All of natural size.

CARDIUM (ADACNA?) ? (page 58).

4. Lateral view of a natural cast. Natural size.

CKIUTIUUM? ? (page 58).

5. Lateral view. Natural size.

90 (520)
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 51 PL, IX

1-3. Batissa Newberryi. 

4. Cardlum (Adacna?) -

5, Cerithium? ?
PLATE X.

(521) 91
PLATE X.

SANGUINOI.AKIA ? CAUDATA (page 61).

FIG. 1. Right side viesv of an example, the posterior end of which is only slightly 

elongated.

2. An imperfect example, the posterior end heing more elongated.

3. Another imperfect example, showing the posterior end greatly elongated.

PSAMMOBIA OBSCURA (page 61).

4. Left side view of an imperfect example.

5. Right side view of another imperfect example.

6. An imperfect natural cast, showing the pallial line and sinus and posterior muscular scar.

CYRENA BREVIDENS (page 58).

T. Lateral view of a right valve.

8. A similar view of another right valve.,

9. A more elongate example; left valve.

10. An imperfect example, showing the hinge of the right valve and the pallial line.

11. A similar view of another example, showing the hinge of the lefc valve.-

NERITIXA ? (page 62).

12. View of the upper side of a natural cast.

All figures on this plate are of natural size.

92 (522)
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 51 PL, X

1-3. Sangulnolarla? caudata. 

4-6. Psammobia obscura.

7-11. Cyrena brevidens. 

12. Neritina ?
PLATE XI

(523) 1)3
PLATE XI. 

BATISSA DUBIA (page 61).

FIG. 1. An imperfect natural cast.

2. A still more imperfect natural cast, but one which shows the large external 

ligament. ,

COKBICULA WILLISI (page 59).

3. A large left valve.

4. A smaller right valve.

5. A still smaller left valve.

6. An imperfect left valve, showing the cardinal and anterior lateral teeth.

7. A fragment of a right valve, showing the hinge nearly complete.

CORBICULA PUGKTENSIS (page 60).

8. Lateral view of a right valve.

All the figures on this plate are of natural size.

94 . (524)
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 51 PL. XI

\ V

1, 2. B.it'ssa dubia. 

3-7. Corbicula Willisi.

8. Corbicula pugetensis.
PLATE XII

(525) . 95
PLATE XII. 

AMMONITES HOWELLI (page 68).

FIG. 1. Lateral view of a broken example. All that is shown of the outer volution

belongs to the living chamber. Natural size.

2. Outline of a transverse section of the outer .volution of Fig. 1. A similar 

outline of the inner volutions have a different shape, as is indicated by 

Fig. 2, PI. XIV.

For other figures of this species, 'see PI. XIV.

9C (526)
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 51 PL. XII

1, 2. Ammonites Howelli.
PLATE XIII.

(527) 97 

Bull. 51 7
PLATE XIII. 

AMMONITES WHITEAVESI (page 69).

Fig. 1. Lateral view of an example from which the living chamber has been all 

broken away.

2. Peripheral view of the same example in outline.

3. Diagram showing the hollow character of the peripheral keel.

4. Lateral view of a small example of this species.

5. Diagram of one of the septa of Fig. 4, enlarged.

? (page 67).

6. A fragment showing part of the phragmocone ; and added outline showing 

the length of the shaft, as indicated by other fragments.

AMMONITES KIALAGVIKENSIS (page 69).

7. Lateral view of an imperfect example.

All the figures on this plate are of natural size, except Fig. 5.

98 (528)
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 51 PL. XIII

1-5. Ammonites Whiteavesi. 

6. Belemnites ?

7. Ammonites kialagvikensis.
PLATE XIV.

(529) 99
PLATE XIV. 

AMMONITES HOWELLI (page 68).

Fig. 1. Lateral view of an example showing only inner volutions.

2. An outline peripheral view of the same example.

3. Diagram of one of the septa of an example having about the size of Fig. 1; 

enlarged. 

For other figures of this species, see Plate XII.

BELEMNITES ? (page 67).

4. A fragment of a large phragmocone, which has been somewhat compressed.

5. Lateral view of an imperfect left valve.

6. A front view of the same, with a diagram of the opposite valve, showing the 

great transverse depth of the valves.

GLYCYMERIS? DALLI (page 66).

7. Lateral view of a left valve.

8. .A similar view of another left valve.

9. Right side view of a small example.

All the specimens are in the condition of natural caste.

All the figures on this plate are of uatural size, except Fig. 3.

100 (530)
BULLETIN NO. 51 PL. XIV

1-3. Ammonites Howelli. 

4. Belemnites ?

5, 6. Cucullaea increbescens. 

7-9. Glycimeris? Dalli.
 INDEX.

Page.

Actrconidfe ................................ 15

Actiecm inornatus.......................... 15

Alaskau fossils, description of............. 65

general remarks on ................ 64

sent by Mr. E.E. Howell........... 64

Ammonites (Amalthous) "Whiteavesi...... 69

(Lillia) ITowelli........................ 68

(Lillia) kialagvikensis ................. 69

Maclurii ............................... 48

Nowberryanus .......................... 48

Turaeri................................ 26

Ammouitidfo of Chico-Tejou fossils. ........ 26

of fossils from Alaska.................. 68

of fossils from Vancouver group ....... 48

Anatina sulcatina.......................... 43

Anatinidaj............ .................... 43

Angaria ornatissima ....................... 45

Anomiavancouverensis ................... 36

Anomiidaa .................................. 36

Aporrhaida:................................ 19

ArcidaB of fossils from Alaska ............. 65

of fossils from Vancouver group ....... 38

Astarto cardinioides....

Conradiana .........

tuscana.............

vaneouverensis ......

Avicnlidto ..............

Axiniua sagittata........

Baculitea chicoensis ....

Baeulitidie ............

Batissa, distribution of.

dubia ...............

Newberryi .........

Belemnites ?......

Blatte, Theo., fossils sent by..............

Brachiopoda..............................

Bucciuidaj................................

Cancellaria Turneri.......................

Cancillariidaj .......'...... ...............

Cape Arago, list of fossils from ...........

Cardiidto .................................

Cardita planicosta from Albany, Oregon ..

from Cape Arago, Oregon.........

identical with Veueriacardia ascia 

with C. Horni.................

Cardium (Adacua?) ?...............

Cephalopoda, of Chico-Tejon fossils........ 26

of fossils from Alaska.... ............. 67

of fossils from Vancouver group ....... 47

Page.

Ceratianexilia............................. 21

Cerithiidaj ................................. 62

Cerithium? ? ......................... 62

Chico-Tejon fossils, probable occurrence of,

near Astoria, Oregon........... 31

series, description of new fossils of .... 14

equivalents of, in Oregon and Washington ......................... 28

fossils of, from Oregon ............ 28

general remarks on fossils of....... 11

reason for applying tho name ...... 14

Cinulia obliqua ............................ 44

Clisocolus cordatus ........................ 41

dubius.... ............................ 41

Corninella Le Contei ....................... 22

Conchifera, of Chico-Tejon fossils.......... 14

of fossils from Alaska.................. 65

of fossils of Puget group .............. 58

of fossils of Vancouver group ......... 36

Condon, T., discovery of Eocene (T6jon) fossils at Albany, Oregon ......... 29

discovery of Eocene (Tejon) fossils at

Cape Arago, Oregon ........... 29

Corbicula pugetensis ...................... 60

Willisi................................. 59

Crassatella tnscana........................ 39

Crassatellidaj .............................. 39

Cretaceous fossils from Vancouver Island

region ......................... 33

Cucullffin increbescens ..................... 65

truncata............................... 38

Cymbophora Ashbnrneri .................. 42

a Cyprimeria lens............................ 42

Cyrena brevidens ......................... 58

Cyrenidco .................................. 58

Dentaliidoj. .. ............................ 44

Dentalium Cooperi ........................ 44

Diller, J. S., work of, referred to .......... 28

Dowell, B. F., fossils sent by .............. 19

Dwamish River, fossils from, discussed.... 30

listof:............................. 31

Tcjon .............................. 31

Eldridge, G. H., measurements of strata in

Bull Mountains by ............ 52

Fasciolariidm, of Chico-Tejon fossils ....... 22

of fossils from Vancouver group ....... 46

Faunus marcidulus ......................'.. 20

FissurellidtD .............................. 16

Fossils, list of, from Cape Arago .......... 30

of Puget group .................... 58

(531) 101
102 INDEX.

Page.

Fossils of Vancouver group................ 34

Fulgur Hilgardi........... ................ 22

Fulguraria G abbi, from Chico group....... 23'

from Vancouver group............. 46

navarroensis........................... 23

FnsusKingi .............................. 46

Gabb, W. M., cited ........................ 12

Gasteropoda, of Chico-Tejon fossils........ 15

of fossils of Vancouver group .......... 44

Glycimeris Dalli........................... 66

Grammatoilon vancouverensis............. 39

GyrodesConradiana ....................... 45

Dowelli...... ......................... 19

Howell, E.E., Alaskaufossilsreceivedfrom. 64

luoceramus vancouverensis ............I.. 37

Laramie group, fossils of, compared with

those of Puget group .......... 63

name provisionally used for Puget

group.......................... 54

Lillia ...................................... G8

Loripes dubia.............................. 41

Lucinidae'...........-...................... 41

Lunatia Shumardiana...................... 45

Lysis oppansus ............ ......... ... - 17

Mactra Ashburneri, from near Astoria,

Oregon ?........................ 31

of Vancouver group................ 42

Mactridaj.................................. 42

Margarit.a ornatissima ..................... 45

Meek, F. B., work of, cited ................ 33

Melauia ?, of fossils of Puget group ....... 62

MelanopsidiO.............................

Meretrix lens............................

uvasaua..............................

Mesalia obsuta...........................

Muricidae ................................

Mytilidffi ................................ 38

Mytilus pauperculus....................... 38

iNaticidaB, of Chico-Tejon fossils............ 19

of fossils of Vancouver group .......... 45

Meritidse ............ ..................... 62

Neritina ?, of fossils of Puget group. 62 

Neritopsidie................................ 46

Newberry, J. S., Puget group fossils from. 49 

remarks oufossil plants of Puget Sound

region .......................... 51

Vancouver group fossils from... .... 33

Olympic Island ............................ 51,55

Ostrea Dilleri.....................

Ostreidae, of Chico-Tejon fossils...

of fossils of Vancouver group . 

Perissolax brevirostris............

Pernaexcavata ...................

Pholadidse ........................

Pftoladoiny a royana...............

subelongata...................

Pholadornyidaa....................

Pleurotomidse.....................

Psammobia obscura...............

Puget estuary.....................

fauna, concluding remarks on .

£> Page. 

Puget estuary group, description of fossils

of................................. 58

frssils of, compared with those of

Laramie group ............. ...... 63

fossils of, general remarks on....... 63

list of fossils of...................... 58

molluscau fauna of.................. 58

name proposed ...................... 55

Rhynchouella ?...............1...... 36

lihy nchonellidai............................ 36

Kimella inacilent'a.......................... 19

Kingiculidse................................ 44

Rissoidaj................................... 21

Sanguinolaria ! caudata.................... 61

Saxicayidaa................................. 66

ScalariaMathewsoni...... ................ 45

Scalariidaj.................................. 45

Scobinella Dilleri .......................... 25

Sheep Jack Isl uid, fossils from ............ 33

Shumard, B. F., work of, cited.............. 33

Sphaeriola ? cordata......................... 41

Stomatellidso............................... 17

Stomatiaobstricta ......................... 18

SuciaIsland, fossils from :................. 34

Tejon fossils, at Albany, Oregon ........... 29

at Cape Arago, Oregon ................ 29

on Dwaraish River, Washington ....... 31

Tellinidte ...... .. ...................... 61

Teredinidsc, of fossils of Puget group ...... 62

Vancouver group .................. 44

Teredo pugetensis ......................... 62

suciencis............................... 44

Trigouia Evansana......................... 39

Trigoniidm.................................. 39

Trochida3, of Chico-Tejon fossils ........... 17

of fossils of Vancouver group .......... 45

Trochns (Anadema) gemiferus ............ 17

Trophon Condoui .......................... 21.

Turner, H. W., collections of fossils received

from.. ... ..................... 11

Turretellidaj............................... 19

Vancouver group, equivalency of, with

Chicogroup ................... 33

fossils of............................... 34

name proposed......................... 33

Vanikoropsis suciensis..................... 46

Vasculum, generic description of .......... 16

obliquum............................... 16

Venericardia ascia......................... 29

Veneriidaj.................................. 42

Volutidaj, of Cbico-T6jon fossils ........... 23

of fossils of Vancouver group........... 46

Volutilithcs iiavarroensis .................. 23

Volut.odernia .............................. 24

"Waldron Island, fossils from............... 33

Wallala group, mentioned.................. 28

"Whiteaves, J. F., work of, cited............ 24

Willis, Bailey, on the geology of Puget group,

information received from.............. 49, 52

Zirphieaplana ............................. 15

(532)