NOT FOR PUBLICATION

UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE NINTH CIRCUIT

RUBIDIA ALBERTINA GUZMANHERNANDEZ; JOSSELYN ANDREA 

LOPEZ GUZMAN; DANNY JOSUE 

LOPEZ GUZMAN, 

Petitioners, 

 v. 

MERRICK B. GARLAND, Attorney 

General, 

Respondent.

No. 17-73156 

Agency Nos. A208-675-611 

A208-675-612 

A208-675-613 

MEMORANDUM*

On Petition for Review of an Order of the

Board of Immigration Appeals

Submitted January 12, 2023**

Pasadena, California

Before: CALLAHAN, R. NELSON, and H.A. THOMAS, Circuit Judges.

Rubidia Albertina Guzman-Hernandez and her two derivative applicant 

children, Josselyn Andrea Lopez Guzman and Danny Josue Lopez Guzman

* This disposition is not appropriate for publication and is not precedent 

except as provided by Ninth Circuit Rule 36-3.

** The panel unanimously concludes this case is suitable for decision 

without oral argument. See Fed. R. App. P. 34(a)(2).

FILED

JAN 17 2023

MOLLY C. DWYER, CLERK

U.S. COURT OF APPEALS
2 

(together, Petitioners), petition for review of a Board of Immigration Appeals 

(BIA) decision dismissing their appeal from an order of an immigration judge (IJ) 

denying their applications for asylum, withholding of removal, and relief under the 

Immigration and Nationality Act and the Convention Against Torture (CAT). 

Petitioners are citizens of El Salvador. We have jurisdiction under 8 U.S.C. § 1252. 

As the BIA did not adopt or rely on the IJ’s decision, we review only the BIA’s 

decision. See Velasquez-Gaspar v. Barr, 976 F.3d 1062, 1064 (9th Cir. 2020). We 

deny the petition for review.

1. “[T]he failure of [a notice to appear (NTA)] to include time and date 

information does not deprive the immigration court of subject matter jurisdiction.” 

United States v. Bastide-Hernandez, 39 F.4th 1187, 1188 (9th Cir. 2022) (en banc).

The IJ thus had jurisdiction over Petitioners’ case even though they were served 

with NTAs that did not specify the time or date of their initial hearing.

2. Substantial evidence supports the agency’s denial of asylum and 

withholding of removal based on Petitioners’ failure to show past persecution or a

well-founded fear of future persecution. Guzman-Hernandez argues that she 

experienced past persecution because she was the victim of death threats by gang 

members.1 But substantial evidence, including Guzman-Hernandez’s own 

1 We do not have jurisdiction to consider Guzman-Hernandez’s additional

arguments on appeal about sexual assault and rape amounting to past persecution,

as she did not raise them before the BIA. See Barron v. Ashcroft, 358 F.3d 674, 
3 

testimony that she was never harmed even after she affirmatively confronted a 

gang member, supports the BIA’s determination that those threats did not rise “to 

the level of persecution.” See Lim v. I.N.S., 224 F.3d 929, 936 (9th Cir. 2000) 

(unfulfilled threats, without more, “constitute past persecution in only a small 

category of cases, and only when the threats are so menacing as to cause 

significant actual suffering or harm” (cleaned up)).

Guzman-Hernandez also argues that she has a well-founded fear of future 

persecution due to the death threats and current gang violence in El Salvador. 

Substantial evidence supports the BIA’s determination that Guzman-Hernandez 

has not presented “a reasonably objective well-founded fear of persecution,” as the 

gang member only told Guzman-Hernandez that “[i]f you don’t like it you already 

know,” and did not attempt to cause her any harm. See Sharma v. Garland, 9 F.4th

1052, 1065–66 (9th Cir. 2021) (“vague threats that led to no harm” are insufficient 

to compel the conclusion that alleged persecutors would have a continuing interest 

in Petitioner). And “a generalized or random possibility of persecution” due to 

country conditions is not sufficient to establish a well-founded fear of future 

persecution. Singh v. I.N.S., 134 F.3d 962, 967 (9th Cir. 1998).

678 (9th Cir. 2004) (no subject-matter jurisdiction over legal claims “not presented 

in administrative proceedings below”). In any event, Petitioners do not point to any

evidence that Guzman-Hernandez was sexually assaulted or raped.
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3. Substantial evidence supports the BIA’s conclusion that Petitioners do 

not qualify for CAT relief. Petitioners point to country condition reports discussing 

violence by public officials and the military in El Salvador. But generalized 

evidence of violence in a country is insufficient to prove that a specific individual 

faces a likelihood of mistreatment rising to the level of torture. See Lalayan v. 

Garland, 4 F.4th 822, 840 (9th Cir. 2021) (submitted country reports were 

insufficient to establish eligibility for CAT relief because they did not indicate any 

particularized risk of torture).

PETITION DENIED.