The Authors:

Elizabeth A. Brantley and Donna Leonard are Pathologist and Entomologist,

respectively, Southern Region, Forest Pest Management, Asheville, NC. Noel D. Cost

is Project Leader, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, Forest Inventory and

Analysis, Asheville, NC; Clair Redmond is Economist, Southern Region, Planning

& Budget, Atlanta, GA; and Michael Thompson is Forester, Southeastern Forest

Experiment Station, Forest Inventory and Analysis, Asheville, NC.

May 1993

Southeastern Forest Experiment Station

P.O. Box 2680

Asheville, North Carolina 28802
Foreword

The damage information presented here was gathered during the fifth and sixth

inventories of the State’s forest resources. More information was gathered in this latest

inventory than in previous ones. This information makes it possible to estimate damage

incidence and trends in mortality.

The Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, headquartered in Asheville, NC,

periodically inventories and evaluates forest resources in Florida, Georgia, North

Carolina, South Carolina, and Virginia. The Southern Region, Forest Pest Management

Staff unit, headquartered in Atlanta, GA, provides training and field support, and helps

evaluate the data on forest insects, diseases, and other damaging agents.

This Bulletin describes damage incidence and mortality trends, but does not

recommend specific prevention measures. Residents of Georgia who need technical

assistance with forestry problems on State and private land should contact:

State Forester

Georgia Forestry Commission

P. 0. Box 819

Macon, GA 31298-4599

i
Abstract

On Georgia’s 23.6 million acres of forest land, 329 million cubic feet of timber

were lost annually to mortality and cull between 1982 and 1989, at an estimated

annual cost of $167.8 million. Among broad management types-natural pine, planted

pine, oak-pine, upland hardwoods, and bottomland hardwoods-the greatest loss

occurred in natural pine stands. Approximately three-fourths of the loss occurred

in nonindustrial private forests. Fusiform rust caused the greatest damage to pines,

but littleleaf disease and bark beetles also contributed to volume losses. Ips beetle

populations, combined with off-site conditions and drought stress may have increased

slash pine sawtimber mortality. A significant increase in mortality of both upland and

bottomland hardwoods was attributed to a complex of factors that included stand

dynamics and weather conditions.

Keywords: Insect damage, disease damage, fusiform rust, bark beetles, forest insects,

forest diseases.
Incidence and Impact

of Damage to and Mortality Trends

of Georgia’s Timber, 1989

Elizabeth A. Brantley , Donna Leonard,

Noel D. Cost, Clair Redmond,

and Michael Thompson

During the fifth (1982) and sixth (1989) inventories

of Georgia’s forests, field crews noted damage to and

mortality of sample trees. Where possible, they

identified causes of mortality and damaging agents.

This Bulletin reports the damage and mortality

observed during the sixth survey, the associated

costs, and the changes in mortality between the two

surveys. It was not possible to compare damage

trends between the two surveys because new damage

categories were added in the sixth survey.

Inventory Procedures

Inventory procedures are described in detail by the

USDA Forest Service (1985). Some of them influence

the kinds of information that can be compiled and the

ways in which data can be interpreted. This Bulletin

describes procedures and definitions that, affect, the

understanding of survey results.

In each inventory, plots are visited only once, and

the visit may take place at any time of year. This

limits recordkeeping to those agents that produce

symptoms or signs in, all seasons. Other limitations

were that damaging agents or damage must be easily

identifiable, and that the survey only include trees at

least one inch in diameter at breast height (d.b.h.).

Effects of seedling diseases (for example, brown-spot

needle blight of longleaf pine) and of hardwood

defoliation (which is not apparent in winter) were

not included in this Bulletin. On the basis of these

limitations, the following damaging agents were

recognized in the 1989 survey:

Diseases

Basal defects

Branch stubs

Fusiform rust

Other rusts

Hardwood cankers

Littleleaf disease

Root rots

Other diseases

Weather i

Flooding

Lightning

Fire

Insects

Bark beetles

Hardwood borers

Other insects

Other damaging agents

Dieback

Form (damaging)

Damage caused by

people

Suppression and

Animals stagnation

Beaver Turpentining

Sapsucker Logging and related

Symptoms and signs associated with each category

are described in the “Definitions” section of this

Bulletin.

Prior to the field survey, Forest Pest Management

trained the crews in the use of a damage identification

handbook that was used throughout the survey.

During the survey, data collected by the crews were

field checked to ensure accuracy and consistency.

Crew members also received specimen kits and forms

to help them identify types of damage. Nevertheless,

it is important to recognize that the data reported

here were gathered by people experienced in

forest inventory, rather than by entomologists and

pathologists.

There are three factors that cause the incidence

and impact of damage to Georgia’s timber to be

understated. First, as explained previously,’ certain

types of damages, such as hardwood defoliators, are

excluded. Second, the damage caused by some agents,

such as root decay organisms, is extremely ~difficult

to identify. Third, some damaging agents, such as

southern pine beetles, cause trees to die rapidly, and

inventory crews may be unable to determine the

cause of death. As a result, mlortality estimates are

accurate, but the numbers of deaths that can be

attributed to specific agents are underestimated.

In spite of these problems, the data reported here are

important. They show that losses are significant,

and they can help managers plan forest protection

programs.

1
Sampling Procedures

The inventory employs a sampling procedure designed

to provide reliable statistics primarily for the entire

State, for large groups of counties, and for tree species

with relatively large total volumes in the State.

Accordingly, errors associated with relatively minor

species like cottonwood exceed those for major species

like loblolly pine. Procedures are documented in

“Georgia’s Forests” (Sheffield and Knight 1984).

Computations

Tree-size sampling categories were: Saplings, 1.0 to

5.0 inches d.b.h.; softwood poles, 5.0 to 9.0 inches

d.b.h.; hardwood poles, 5.0 to 11.0 inches d.b.h.;

softwood sawtimber, 9.0 inches d.b.h. and above; and

hardwood sawtimber, 11.0 inches d.b.h. and above.

Volume measurements of standing and felled trees in

Georgia and similar measurements of other trees

throughout the Southeast were the basis of the

volume prediction equations that were used to

compute merchantable and total cubic volumes.

The “Definitions” section lists the symptoms used to

identify the cause of damage to living trees on the

sampled plots. The percentage of incidence and the ’

volume of cull associated with each damage class

were determined for each species. Damage entries

do not imply total tree loss. The volume loss was

determined by totaling the volume of cull associated

with each damaging agent, by species. Only a part of

the volume lost (due to cull) would fail to qualify for

firewood or other commercial uses.

Although mortality of individual trees often could not

be attributed to a specific agent, the volume loss from

mortality was accurate for each tree species on each

plot. By using total mortality by tree species, it was

possible to calculate total volume loss for poles and

sawtimber by species.

This Bulletin presents an economic analysis of

mortality and cull losses in both tabular and graphic

form. For each class of ownership (national forest,

other public, forest industry, and nonindustrial

private), broad management classes (natural and

planted pine, oak-pine, and upland and bottomland

hardwood) are displayed by total volume of loss

and by present value of loss, segmented by cull and

mortality.

To estimate the value of the loss, an average age of

harvest was calculated from Forest Inventory and

Analysis (FIA) “removal” data by age, ownership,

and species category. For each age class and

type of loss, FIA volume loss data in thousand

cubic feet were converted to volumes per acre and

“grown” to the assumed rotation, age, based on the

growth factors obtained from “The South’s Fourth

Forest: Alternatives for the Future” (USDA Forest

Service 1988). This process treats each age and

ownership class as a group of acres in that class

and estimates future volume affected by mortality

with species-growth factors. Because large areas are

involved, estimation in volume growth may be quite

variable. The assumption was that overestimates

af volume due to the slow growth of trees in fully

stocked stands are canceled by underestimates

of volume in trees of a particular age class in

understocked stands.

If the age class for volume loss was greater than the

assumed rotation age, growth was not calculated;

it was assumed that the damaged trees could be

harvested immediately. The resulting future harvest

volumes were converted to thousand board feet and

cords, with divisor factors of 200 cubic feet per

thousand board feet and 90 cubic feet per cord.

Average Statewide stumpage prices for the species

and year of the FIA survey were taken from Timber

Mart-South (Norris 1987) and were increased from

the year of the survey to 2030 by the real rates

of increase for hardwood and softwood stumpage

estimated in “The South’s Fourth Forest: Alternatives

for the Future.” No further real increase in stumpage

was assumed to occur after 2030. The resulting future

stumpage values were multiplied by the estimated

harvest volumes at rotation age.

All ownership categories except forest.industry are

assumed to have a sawtimber product at rotation. For

industry, a proportion of the softwood volume less

than 25 years old, and hardwood volume less than 30

years old is calculated as a cordwood product. Each

age class future value was discounted to the present

at a 4 percent real rate of interest and a time factor

that equaled the difference between the assumed

rotation age and the age class. Values of loss do not

assume that there are demand-supply adjustments in

price; in other words, it is assumed that there would

be a market available for the lost timber.

2
The analysis excluded timber on steep slopes where

the cost of logging may be extreme or prohibitive,

thereby producing expected volume losses that are

understated in all categories. Timber is assumed to

have value only in areas where logging is economically

feasible. Furthermore, the analysis ignored the

possibilities of ingrowth that would result from trees

dying, and the assumption that mortality would

increase the growth rate of residual stems.

Volumes and present values for mortality and cull loss

are for the entire period between remeasurements, 6.8

years for the Georgia survey. To convert to an annual

basis, volume was divided by 6.8, and the annuity

amount was calculated for the present value of loss

over the 6.8 years.

Mortality can be assumed to have occurred between

surveys; however, cull loss is often a cumulative

volume, and incremental loss between survey periods

cannot be estimated until two survey periods are

compared. For Georgia, methods used for the

fifth and sixth survey periods do not allow direct

comparisons between these surveys. Data exhibited in

the chart and the accompanying graphs are based on

annual averages.

Nature of Results

The survey results are presented in detailed tables

that report mortality and cull by broad management

class, ownership class, tree species, and damaging

agent. Interpreting some of the numbers presented

in these tables requires information on forest acreage

by broad management class and forest type. Table 1

provides these acreages for 1982 and 1989. Figures

1-5 show the geographic distribution of broad

management classes across the State.

In 1989, Georgia had 23.6 million acres of timberland

- 0.5 percent less than in 1982. Between surveys, the

area of planted pine increased from 3.6 to 5.0 million

acres, while the area of natural pine decreased from

7.8 to 6.0 million acres. Oak-pine acreage increased

by 3 percent, upland hardwood acreage by 2 percent,

and bottomland hardwood acreage remained the same

from 1982 to 1989. These changes must be considered

when damage totals in the two surveys are compared.

Table 2 shows the percentage of trees damaged and

volume of associated cull, by broad management class

and tree size. The volume of associated cull is that

which is caused solely by damaging agents that result

in cubic or form cull. In individual management

classes, the proportion of saplings with damage

ranged from 20 to 25 percent. As one might expect,

the proportion of damaged trees increased with

size, ranging from 28 to 32 percent for poletimber

and from 30 to 39 percent for sawtimber trees.

Thirty-nine percent of the sawtimber in the planted

pine areas suffered damage, due primarily to fusiform

rust. Incidence of cull was highest in bottomland

hardwoods, where basal defects caused by fire are

often the largest damage factor.

Table 3 shows the percentage of trees damaged in

each broad management class, by tree species and

type of damage. A type of damage was entered in the

table only if at least 3 percent of the trees in one of

the size classes displayed that type of damage. Form

damage, suppression, and stagnation were excluded

from table 3 because they seldom indicate a serious

problem. In a dense stand, some suppression of

overtopped trees must be expected.

Fusiform rust was the most serious damaging agent in

plantations and natural stands of loblolly and slash

pine and in oak-pine stands (figure 6). Natural pond

pine showed remarkably high percentages of rust

damage across the size classes. Littleleaf disease was

found on approximately five percent of the shortleaf

pine sawtimber trees in plantations. The incidence

of bark beetle damage was low due to the exclusive

reporting of live trees. Bark beetle attacks result in

rapid deterioration of the trees, and these surveys

cannot capture such events.

The most frequently damaged hardwood species in

the sawtimber size class were maple and blackgum.

The main problems for hardwoods appeared to

be basal defect and logging and related activities.

The defects and scars were most likely caused by

fire and mechanical injuries. Insect stem borers

and weather also caused considerable damage to

hardwoods. Sapling and pole-sized hickory in the

oak-pine management class showed noteworthy borer

presence, as did pole-sized and sawtimber red oak.

Weather damage may be attributed to storm and ice

distribution, as well as to the composition of tree

species susceptible to breakage. Damage appeared

uniform across size classes and management classes as

a whole.

Table 4 shows number of trees, total volume, and cull

volume by broad management class and species for

1989.
Table 5 shows mortality and annual harvest, by broad

management type and species for 1982 and 1989.

With the exception of softwood poletimber, there was

an overall increase in mortality between surveys,

even after changes in forest acreage were taken into

account. Removal figures will not add back to the

reported State totals, as the removals in this report

do not include land clearing, timberland reclassified to

reserved status, or silvicultural improvements. The

mortality figures will not add back to the reported

State totals because of rounding discrepancies.

The overall high mortality for pine may be caused by

bark beetles. Slash pine in both the planted pine

and oak-pine management types showed significant

increases in sawtimber mortality between 1982 and

1989. Possible causes include drought conditions in

the previous years, offsite factors that stressed the

trees, and an Increase in Ips beetle populations. In

the natural pine management type, both Virginia

pine and water oak showed substantial increases in

sawtimber mortality. The oak-pine management type

showed mortality increases in black oak, laurel oak,

scarlet oak, and red maple sawtimber mortality. In

the past, explanations for these increases in mortality

were found in site and weather conditions.

In upland hardwoods, fusiform rust was the primary

cause of increases in shortleaf pine sawtimber

mortality. Noteworthy increases of mortality in

yellow-poplar, beech, and hickory sawtimber may have

been drought-stress induced. Increased sawtimber

mortality of laurel oak, post oak, water oak, and

white oak may have been site- and age-related.

For bottomland hardwoods, mortality increased

significantly for lowland blackgum, hackberry,

sweetbay, and laurel oak. A complex of factors,

including moisture conditions, may explain the

general increase in mortality for a large number of

species.

Economic Losses

From 1982 to 1989 the average annual loss to cull and

mortality was estimated to be 328.8 million cubic feet

of timber. The estimated value of the loss was $167.8

million per year when averaged across the 6.8 year

remeasurement period, or about $6.50 per acre1 when

averaged over the 24.8 million acres of commercial

timberland.

‘The difference between the tabular value (table 1)

and the economic value of the total commercial

timberland acreage for Georgia is due to a rounding

discrepancy.

:4

About 75 percent of the volume and value loss

occurred on nonindustrial private forests (figure 7).

The next greatest loss occurred on forest industry

land where volume and value loss were about 19

percent. Among the broad ownership classes, losses

were greatest in natural pine stands (figure 8).

Thirty-three percent of the volume loss occurred in

natural pine stands, but 56 percent of the value

loss was in these stands. Bottomland hardwoods

accounted for 25 percent of the volume loss but for

only 15 percent of the value loss. Upland hardwoods

had similar percentages as bottomland hardwoods for

volume and value loss. Other management classes

accounted for relatively small percentages of the

volume and value losses.

Figures 9-12 stratify losses by management class

and ownership category. Natural pine had the

greatest percentage of dollar loss across all ownership

categories. On forest industry land, however, pine

plantations also had significant dollar losses.

Table 6 shows the average annual losses for volume

and value, by ownership and broad management

class. About $126.6 million was lost annually in

nonindustrial private forests, and $94.0 million was

lost in natural pine stands across all ownership

categories.

Definitions

Damaging Agents and Their Symptoms

Hardwood borers. All hardwoods. The initial

symptom is a dark sap spot on the bark surface

(often mixed with frass). Eventually, coarse boring

particles appear in bark cracks and crevices beneath

the point of attack. Old damage appears as knobby

overgrowths or scars on the bark surface.

Bark beetles. All pines. Cream to yellow and

pinkish globs of resin resembling popped corn

appear on the bark surface. If the infestation is well

established and some trees still retain their foliage,

tunnels or egg galleries are evident on the inner-bark

surface and on the sapwood surface. Streaks caused

by blue stain fungi are often evident on sapwood.

Foliage gradually yellows, then reddens.
Terminal shoot aud stem borers. All species.

Fresh attacks show boring dust and frass at entrance

holes, which are most often located at the base of leaf

petioles and buds. White to pinkish globs of resin

may appear at attack points. Attacks lead to terminal

or branch dieback. Shoots turn yellow, then red, and

finally brown (dead).

Other insects. All tree species. All damage caused

by insects not identified separately are included in

this category, which covers hardwood defoliators (such

as variable oak leaf caterpillars) and pine defoliators

(such as redheaded pine sawfly and pine weevils).

Fusiform rust. Slash, loblolly, pitch, pond, and

longleaf pines. These rusts typically cause the

formation of spindle-shaped galls on the stem or

branches; many older galls appear as cankers with

sunken rotten centers encircled by a callus ridge.

Witches’-broom is common at galls. The fungi fruit in

the spring, producing bright-orange spores. Report

all stem cankers, but only those branch cankers that

occur within 12 inches of the bole.

Other rusts. Shortleaf and other pine species. Galls

appear globose (round) rather than spindle-shaped.

Otherwise, characteristics are similar to fusiform rust.

Root rots. All species. Look for groups of dead or

windthrown trees, trees with tufted, thin crowns that

may be yellowing. Conks (fruiting bodies) of various

fungi may appear on or near the base of affected

trees. Root rot is more frequent in trees of reduced

vigor, in thinned stands, and in trees with butt or

root injury. Bark beetles often attack weakened trees.

Littleleaf disease. Shortleaf and loblolly pines,

with shortleaf more susceptible. Affected trees occur

in groups. Typically seen are yellow needles, reduced

shoot growth, and large crops of undersized cones.

This disease usually occurs on sites where heavy soils

produce poor internal drainage.

Hardwood cankers. All hardwoods. Affected trees

have dead sunken areas on the stem, frequently

surrounded by annual callus ridges.

Branch stubs. All species. Branch holes or stubs

are more than 4 inches in diameter on the stems of

trees 5.0 inches d.b.h. and larger, and rnore than 1

inch in diameter on the stems of smaller trees.

Basal defects. All species. Symptoms include butt

swelling, curls, V&shaped stump sprouts, frost seams,

and branch stubs below d.b.h. Conks of decay fungi

are often associated with defect.

Pitch canker. Primarily slash, shortleaf, and loblolly

pines, but also Virginia, longleaf, eastern white,

Scotch, Table Mountain, and pitch pines. Symptoms

include flagging at the ends of branches, pitch flow

from the affected area, slight swelling on affected

stems and twigs, crooks in main stems, and wilting

of new shoots. In early stages, there is a slight bark

depression.

Other diseases. All species. All damage caused by

diseases not separately identified are included in this

category. Examples are red heart of pine, brown spot,

and leaf diseases.

Fire. All species. Fire scars are usually at the base

of the stem. Occurrence is widespread throughout the

stand. On slopes, look for fire scars on the uphill

sides of the tree. Signs of charring are generally

present on the stem.

Animal. All tree species. Signs include chopped off

or broken branches, removed bark, holes in the stem,

and tears and toothmarks in the wood.

Beaver. All species. Beavers leave toothmarks and

remove bark from the bole of the tree. Trees that are

upstream from beaverdams often suffer from flooding.

Sapsucker. All species. Look for horizontal rows of

small holes that may encircle the bole of the tree.

The bark below the holes is usually streaked or

stained by oozing sap.

Weather. All species. Severe weather causes

windthrow, ice damage, frost crack (above d.b.h. for

this Bulletin), broken tops, broken branches, marginal

leaf burn, and winter burn.

Flooding. All species. Flooding causes yellowing

and/or curling downward of leaves, premature

leaf-fall, branch and top dieback, tree mortality, and

high water and silt marks on tree boles.

Lightning. All species. Lightning causes bark

stripping or cracks. Damage runs from the strike

point to the ground, spirally or in straight lines. Tops

break, or they fade after root damage. Bark beetles

often invade struck trees.

5
Suppression and stagnation. All species.

Suppressed and stagnated trees have poor form.

Because small crown-suppressed trees are overtopped,

they receive only indirect sunlight and develop thin

foliage. Stagnation usually occurs on poor growing

sites or in overstocked stands.

Damage caused by people. All species. Examples

are initials in bark, embedded nails, lantern burns,

stripped bark, callused roots, wire around stems, and

axe marks.

Logging and related. All species. Logging scars on

the stem develop callus ridges within 1 to 2 years.

They are scattered in the stand and show no charring.

Limb breakage and/or stem scars near the crown are

indicators of impact from the logging of neighboring

trees. Also look for skid trails and stumps.

Form (damaging). All species. All trees with

form damage that cannot be separately classified are

included in this category.

Dieback. AH hardwoods. The tips of branches are

dead. At first, only a few branches are affected, but

entire branches die in advanced stages. Tree death

may occur.

Forest Inventory Terms

Acceptable trees. Growing-stock trees of

commercial species that meet specified standards of

size and quality, but do not qualify as desirable trees.

Accumulated volume loss. Percentage of trees

affected times the percent cull times the volume for

the species.

Associated cull. Percentage of affected trees that

contain cull associated with the indicated damaging

agent.

Basal area. The area in square feet of the cross

section at breast height of a single tree or of all the

trees in a stand, usually expressed as square feet of

basal area per acre.

Commercial species. Tree species presently or

potentially suitable for industrial wood products.

Desirable trees. Growing-stock trees of commercial

species with relatively high vigor and without serious

defects in quality that would limit use for timber

products, or pathogens that would result in death or

serious deterioration before rotation age.

Diameter class. A classification of trees based

on diameter outside bark, measured at breast

height (4 l/2 feet above the ground). Two-inch

diameter classes are commonly used by FIA,

with even-numbered whole inches serving as the

approximate midpoints for classes. For example, the

6-inch class includes trees 5.0 through 6.9 inches

d.b.h.

Growing-stock trees. Live trees of commercial

species qualifying as desirable or acceptable trees.

Incidence. Percentage of susceptible trees affected by

the agent.

Poletimber trees. Growing-stock trees of

commercial species at least 5.0 inches d.b.h. but

smaller than sawtimber size.

Saplings. Live trees 1.0 to 5.0 inches d.b.h.

Saw log. A log meeting minimum standards of

diameter, defect, and length, at least 8 feet long,

sound and straight, and a minimum inside-bark

diameter of 6 inches for softwoods (8 inches for

hardwoods).

Sawtimber trees. Live trees of commercial species

containing at least one 12-foot saw log or two

noncontiguous saw logs (each 8 feet or longer) with at

least a third of the gross board-foot volume between

the l-foot stump and minimum saw log being sound.

Softwood must be at least 9.0 inches and hardwoods

at least 11.0 inches in diameter at breast height.

Sawtimber volume. Net volume of the saw-log

portion of live sawtimber in board-feet based on the

International l/4-inch rule.

Softwoods. Coniferous trees, usually evergreen,

having needles or scalelike leaves.

Pines. Yellow pine species which include loblolly,

longleaf, slash, shortleaf, pitch, Virginia, Table

Mountain, sand, spruce pine, and pond pine.

Other softwoods. White pine, hemlock, cypress,

eastern redcedar, white-cedar, spruce, and fir.

6
Stand-size class. A classification of forest land

based on the size class of growing-stock trees that

cover the area.

Sawtimher stands. Stands at least 16.7 percent

stocked with growing-stock trees, with half or more of

total stocking in sawtimber or poletimber trees, and

with sawtimber stocking at least equal to poletimber

stocking.

Poletirnber stands. Stands at least 16.7 percent

stocked with growing-stock trees, with half or more

of this stocking in poletimber and sawtimber trees,

and with poletimber stocking exceeding sawtimber

stocking.

Sanlinv-seedling stands. Stands at least 16.7 percent

stocked with growing-stock trees, of which rnore than

half of the stocking is saplings and seedlings.

Tirrhcrland. Forest land producing or capable

of producing crops of industrial wood and not

withdrawn from timber utilization.

References

Norris, F.W. 1987. Timber-Mart South. Publisher, P.O. Box

1278, Highlands, NC 28741.

Sheffield, R.M.; and H.A. Knight. 1984. Georgia’s forests.

l&sour. Bull. SE-73. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department

of Agriculture, Forest Service, Southeastern Forest

Experiment Station. 92 pp.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1985.

Field instructions for the Southeast, 1985. Asheville,

NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service,

Southeastern Forest Experiment Station, 120 pp.

U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service. 1988.

The South’s fourth forest; alternatives for the future. For.

Resow. Rep. 24. Washington, DC: U.S. Department of

Agriculture, Forest Service (tables 3.15-3.20). 512 pp.
Table l--Distribution of timberland, by broad management class and forest type

in Georgia, 1982 and 1989

Broad management class

and forest tvpe 1989 1982

Acres Acres

Planted pine

Loblolly pine

Longleaf pine

Shortleaf pine

Slash pine

Sand pine

Virginia pine

Other planted pine

2,633,501 1,373,109

26,311 11,073

4,120 5,446

2,312,964 2,160,706

36,076 21,335

20,824 13,458

2,830 2,575

All planted pine 5,036,626 3,587,702

Natural pine

Loblolly pine

Longleaf pine

Shortleaf pine

Slash pine

Pitch pine

Pond pine

Virginia pine

Table mountain pine

White pine-hemlock

Red cedar

3,119,772 3,757,124

493,551 665,371

540,115 909,258

1,345,209 1,897,060

11,778 14,947

96,805 138,873

354,609 367,497

4,167 0

74,444 76,9.76

9,072 19.658

All natural pine 6,049,522 7‘846,764

Oak-pine

All oak-pine 3,063,856 2‘959,550

Upland hardwoods

Oak-hickory 5,606,856 5,458,754

Chestnut oak 48,536 37,982

Southern scrub oak 262,500 308,521

All upland hardwoods 5,917,892 5,805,257

Bottomland hardwoods

Oak-gum-cypress

Elm-ash-cottonwood

3,245,126 3,069,475

318,436 460,483

All bottomland hardwoods 3,563,562 3,529,958

Total 23,631,458 23,729,231

8
Figure l-Distribution of planted pine plots

in Georgia, 1989.

Figure P-Distribution of natKa1 pine plots

in Georgia, 1989.

Figure S-Distribution of oakTine plots

in Georgia, 1989.
Figure 4Distribution of upland hardwood

plots in Georgia, 1989.

Figure S-Distribution of bottomland hardwood

plots in Georgia, 1989.

10
Table a--Percentage of susceptible all-live trees damaged and volume of associated cull, by broad management

class and tree size in Georgia, 1982 and 1989

M-t class

Total mmlation Saplings

1989 X982 1989

Trees dimaqed

Poletiber

1989

Sautiber

1989

Volme of associated cull

Poletider !huti&er

1989 1989

Planted pine

- - Thousands of trees - - - - - - - - - - Percent - - - - - - - - - - Thousand cubic feet - -

2,426,028 1,732,906 20 32 39 853 2,140

Natural pine 4,082,488 5,437,493 24 28 30 8,033 26,098

Oak-pine 2,248,222 2,x%,062 21 29 33 11,601 35,404

Upland hardwood 3,581,169 3.768.910 25 31 35 27,791 142,305

Bot tomland hardwood 2.530.317 2.780.219 2 1 32 38 45.339 215.105

Total 14.868.224 15.903.590 23 30 34 93.617 421.052
Table 3--Incidence of damage by broad management class, host species, and

type of damage in Georgia, 1989

Broad management class,

host species, and damase tvDe

Trees damaqed

Saolincr PQle Sawtimber

------- Percent - - - - - - -

Planted pine

Loblolly pine

Fusiform rust

Longleaf pine '

Other insects

Fusiform rust

Sapsucker

Weather

People

Turpentining

Shortleaf pine

Rusts

Littleleaf disease

People

Logging & related

Slash pine

Fusiform rust

Virginia pine

Other diseases

Rusts

Weather

Total softwoods

Rusts

Total hardwoods

Hardwood borers

Basal defects

Fire

Sapsucker

Weather

Logging & related

Natural pine

Loblolly pine

Fusiform rust

Weather

Logging & related

Longleaf pine

Fusiform rust

Fire

Sapsucker

.Logging & related

Turpentining

1 9

3

3

0

7

5

0

2

0

0

0

2 2

1 2

0

0

1 9

3

0

2

0

1

1

1 5

2

1

1

3

0

1

0

3 4 39

0 0

1 1 6

3 8

2 1

0 0

0 1 1

5

0

0

5

2 7 3 1

0 1 0

5 8

1 1 0

2 9 3 4

4 3

1 1 9

6 8

1 I 4

3 0

6 1 6

2 4 2 7

3 2

3 3

” 6’ 6

4, 4

1 3

2 4

0 3

Continued

12
Table 3-- Incidence of damage by broad management class, host species, and

type of damage in Georgia, 1989--Continued

Broad management class, Trees damased

host species, and damase tvDe SarAins Pole Sawtimber

Shortleaf pine

Bark beetles

Rusts

Weather

Logging & related

Slash pine

Fusiform rust

Logging & related

Turpentining

Pond pine

Rusts

Dieback

Weather

Logging & related

Spruce pine

Other insects

Total softwoods

Rusts

Logging & related

Weather

Total hardwoods

Hardwood borers

Basal defects

Fire

Dieback

Weather

Logging & related

Oak-pine

Loblolly pine

Fusiform rust

Weather

Logging & related

Slash pine

Fusiform rust

Logging & related

Turpentining

11

1

0

1 7 21 22

4 5 0

6 2 1

0 5 3

0 0 23

10

1

2

1 2 18 2 2

2 4 2

2 5 5

1 5

4

0

1 3

3

0

1 5

3

3

1 5

4

0

1 2

2

4

1 7

3

2

1 2

5

3

Continued

1 3
Table 3-- Incidence of damage by broad management class, host species, and

type of damage in Georgia, 1989--Continued

Broad management class,

host species, and damaqe tvpe

Shortleaf pine

Bark beetles

Rusts

Sapsucker

Weather

Logging & related

Trees damaued

Saplins Pole Sawtimber

------ _ percent - - - - - - -

Longleaf pine

Fusiform rust

Fire

Sapsucker

Logging & related

Total softwoods

Rusts

Weather

Logging & related

Total hardwoods

Hardwood borers

Basal defects

Sapsucker

Weather

Logging & related

Upland hardwoods

Maple

Hardwood borers

Branch stubs

Dieback

Basal defects

Fire

Sapsucker

Weather

Logging 61 related

Sweetgum

Basal defects

Dieback

Beaver

Weather

Logging & related

Red oaks

Hardwood borers

Basal defects

Weather

Logging & related

8

2

3

1 0 6 2

0 0 3

0 1 3

0 4 20

0 4 3

0 2 3

4 8 7

6 7 3

6

0

2

4

1 1

5

0

0

1 1

3

4

1 2

3

4

4 5

3 1 0

1 3

4 5

6 3

2

3

1

5

1 1

1 1 1 1

2 8

5 8

6 3

Continued

14
Table 3-- Incidence of damage by broad management class, host species,

type of damage in Georgia, 1989--Continued

and

Broad management class, Trees damased

host species, and damage type Saplins Pole Sawtimber

- - - - - - - percent - - - - - - -

White oaks

Hardwood borers

Basal defects

Weather

Logging & related

Hickory

Terminal shoot & stem borers

Basal defects

Sapsucker

Weather

Logging & related

Yellow-poplar

Hardwood borers

Basal defects

Sapsucker

Weather

Logging & related

Total softwoods

Bark beetles

Other diseases

Rusts

Weather

Logging & related

Total hardwoods

Hardwood borers

Basal defects

Weather

Logging & related

Bottomland hardwoods

Water tupelo

Other diseases

Basal defects

Dieback

Beaver

Weather

Logging Ei related

24 20

0 2

0 2

4 4

7 4

3 9

2 6

0 3

7 10

4 2

2 3

2 3

9 14

6 3

2 4

4

2

5

7

1

10

3

3

2

4

4

17

7

3

6

1

Continued

1 5
Table 3 --Incidence of damage by broad management class, host species, and

type of damage in Georgia, 1989--Continued

Broad management class, Trees damased

host species, and damase tvDe Saplincf Pole Sawtimber

Blackgum

Hardwood cankers

Basal defects

Dieback

Weather

Logging & related

------- Percent - - - - - - -

1 2 3

1 7 2 2

2 5 8

3 4 9

3 3 10

Cypress

Basal defects

Logging & related

Red oaks

Hardwood borers

Basal defects

Dieback

Weather

Logging E related

White oaks

Hardwood borers

Basal defects

Dieback

Sapsucker

Weather

Logging & related

Ash

Branch stubs

Basal defects

Dieback

Beaver

Sapsucker

Weather

Logging & related

Sweetgum

Basal defects

Dieback

Beaver

Sapsucker

Weather

Logging & related

0 1 7

2 4 2

5 1 2 14

0 2 8

1 4 3

2 4 4

4 3 3

2 6 5

0 4 7

0 1 3

0 4 1 2

2 5 1

7 4 2

0 2 3

0 1 1 5

1 3 6

1 8 1 2

0 2 4

1 8 1 2

1 2 4

0 2 5

1 2 5

1 6 1 1

0 1 3

3 4 7

3 6 1 2

Continued

16
Table 3 --Incidence of damage by broad management class, host species, and

type of damage in Georgia, 1989--Continued

Broad management class, Trees damased

host species, and damaqe type Saplincf Pole Sawtimber

Maple

Hardwood borers

Branch stubs

Basal defects

Dieback

Weather

Logging & related

- - - - - - - Percent - - - - - - -

4 5 10

0 2 5

0 6 16

1 4 7

2 8 16

4 7 5

Total softwoods

Rusts

Sapsucker

Logging & related

Turpentining

1 0 1 2 1 2

0 0 4

3 8 2

0 0 3

Total hardwoods

Hardwood borers 2 2 4

Basal defects 0 5 1 4

Dieback 1 4 5

Beaver 1 2 3

Weather 2 5 8

Logging & related 3 4 6

1 7
“1 ,...

Figure 6-Distribution of plots with 10 percent or greater fusiform rust in Georgia, 1989.

1 8
Table 4 --Number of all-live trees, total volume, and cull volume in Georgia by

broad management class and species, 1989

Number

Broad management class of Total Cull volume

and host species trees volume Poletimber Sawtimber

Planted Pine

Loblolly pine 840,231 1,203,610 161 230

Longleaf pine 9,130 35,411 22 0

Shortleaf pine 14,128 23,861 0 31

Slash pine 715,251 1,611,806 150 11

Sand pine 12,073 6,256 0 0

Virginia pine 19,417 30,192 0 0

White pine 1,790 1,131 0 0

Total softwo'ods 1,621,958 2,917,452 333 272

Total hardwoods 804,070 107,904 520 1,868

Natural Pine

Loblolly pine

Longleaf pine

Shortleaf pine

Slash pine

Pitch pine

Spruce pine

Pond pine

Total softwoods

Total hardwoods

Oak-pine

Loblolly pine

Slash pine

Shortleaf pine

Longleaf pine

Total softwoods

Total hardwoods

Upland hardwoods

Maple

Sweetgum

Red oaks

White oaks

Hickory

Yellow-poplar

Total softwoods

Total hardwoods

Thousand - - - -Thousand cubic feet - - - -

994,884 4,619,915 215 2,863

73,195 743,584 15 576

259,212 1,053,428 0 334

350,782 1,827,839 269 999

1,436 18,453 0 0

852 3,551 0 0

20,555 136,406 74 142

1,911,146 9,171,904 854 5,656

2,171,342 1,446,734 7,179 20,442

240,148 792,415 0 543

66,403 323,171 33 366

65,938 308,952 0 100

12,116 75,116 0 0

517,059 1,854,691 726 2,760

1,731,163 1,975,198 10,875 32,644

265,069 261,802 3,307 14,324

446,364 837,499 5,119 14,624

609,273 2,215,379 6,064 42,496

309,996 1,640,273 2,116 24,658

309,547 741,777 794 7,718

141,585 821,143 986 12,438

149,630 663,608 122 693

3,431,539 7,306,613 27,669 141,612

Continued

19
Table &-Number of all-live trees, total volume, and cull volume in aeorgia by

broad management class and species, 1989--Continued

Broad management class

and host species

Number

of

trees

Total Cull volume

volume Poletimber Sawtimber

Bottomland hardwoods

Water tupelo

Blackgum

Cypress

Red oaks

White oaks

Ash

Sweetgum

Maple

Total softwoods

Total hardwoods

Thousand - - - - Thousand cubic feet - - - -

33,975 274,143 1,482 19,453

753,124 1,804,372 16,652 60,211

152,594 751,664 704 22,249

188,302 875,974 2,992 32,666

20,811 176,811 36 5,475

127,188 257,341 1,391 8,546

238,068 796,388 2,113 7,055

370,942 680,943 9,592 26,646

179,977 1,072,292 704 22,779

2,350,340 6,086,017 44,635 192,326

20
Table 5--Annual poletimber and sawtimber removals and mortality, by broad management type and tree species,

Georgia, 1982 and 1989

(In thousand cubic-feet)

Broad management

tvoe and species

Removals Mortality

Poletimber Sawtimber Poletimber Sawtimber

1989 1982 1989 1982 1989 1982 1989 1982

Planted pine

Loblolly pine

Longleaf pine

Shortleaf pine

Slash pine

All softwoods

All hardwoods

Natural pine

Loblolly pine

Longleaf pine

Pitch pine

Pond pine

Shortleaf pine

Slash pine

Virginia pine

Black cherry

Blackgum (bottomland)

Elm

Red maple

Sweetgum

Yellow-poplar

Dogwood

Hickory

Black oak

Chestnut oak

Laurel oak

Post oak

Northern red oak

Scarlet oak

Southern red oak

Water oak

29,334 29,922 30,646 9,220 7,965 6,366 1,685

1,134 910 1,807 2,462 0 139 119

1,213 2,122 837 658 162 81 0

101,288 71,892 57,404 14,640 10,642 12,853 2,516

133,425 104,965 90,882 27,634 18,769 19,523 4,320

1,531 92 398 221 540 341 170

70,270 79,736 203,352 144,225 23,953 34,833 28,357

6,583 12,706 36,467 42,625 840 1,110 2,760

227 0 108 406 87 165 150

3,053 2,809 6,962 3,793 371 503 914

19,059 19,950 37,769 32,571 9,946 11,261 9,873

54,654 62,658 91,116 86,498 5,630 12,579 5,514

6,351 3,146 7,515 3,330 2,991 2,887 5,151

167 77 0 0 82 163 0

1,059 370 1,682 707 287 210 410

50 75 103 0 118 46 0

479 327 222 323 41 290 45

4,331 3,885 2,112 2,528 1,567 1,416 340

913 1,276 3,100 2,445 217 507 113

99 0 0 0 72 928 0

392 329 96 654 197 134 299

63 0 0 0 359 162 122

123 0 0 0 0 95 82

865 246 408 115 304 200 118

586 179 320 573 342 129 83

0 255 377 177 0 0 142

0 301 162 573 193 84 554

855 549 1,960 893 911 371 426

1,237 863 2,191 550 1,384 1,000 1,310

921

211

0

834

1,965

185

19,878

2,692

632

409

5,529

5,763

1,735

0

270

0

147

297

0

0

0

174

0

447

0

0

390

0

274

Continued
Table S--Annual poletimber and sawtimber removals and mortality, by broad management type and tree species,

Georgia, 1982 and 1989--Continued

(In thousand cubic-feet)

Broad management

type and species

Removals

Poletimber Sawtimber

1989 1982 1989 1982

Mortalitv

Poletimber Sawtimber

1989 1982 1989 1982

White oak 1,212 655 1,201 648 206 137 118 0

Willow oak 0 348 143 0 45 0 283 0

Scrub oak 102 158 148 0 81 0 57 0

All softwoods 161,296 181,270 384,510 313,389 44,219 63,521 52,997 36,798

All hardwoods 12,704 10,146 14,256 10,186 7,176 6,324 5,022 2,497

Oak-pine

Loblolly pine

Longleaf pine

Pond pine

Shortleaf pine

Slash pine

Spruce pine

Virginia pine

Redcedar

White pine

Black cherry

Blackgum (lowland)

Elm

Red maple

Sweetgum

Willow

Yellow-poplar

Ash

Beech

Dogwood

Hickory

Black oak

Chestnut oak

Laurel oak

4,556 9,841 29,891 30,848 3,364 6,328 3,548 6,411

294 1,228 3,275 3,973 173 0 446 129

52 189 802 1,482 63 190 70 249

3,913 3,043 7,634 10,037 3,447 4,705 1,733 3,066

3,796 4,179 13,220 10,406 803 1,288 1,026 285

0 0 87 813 102 327 0 0

340 539 580 1,274 665 696 731 739

455 0 0 0 102 0 50 0

0 0 2,177 1,738 0 0 0 282

122 0 0 79 97 34 31 113

445 679 2,220 806 85 296 401 262

74 0 242 106 465 0 0 137

90 94 308 331 258 503 341 0

4,382 2,166 3,609 2,667 1,338 1,306 771 798

0 0 0 0 235 214 93 110

456 767 2,243 2,806 814 754 84 455

0 91 100 0 44 0 0 0

0 101 0 177 0 0 173 0

76 0 0 0 95 73 0 87

695 436 523 1,017 0 56 228 441

0 817 0 254 142 751 495 70

109 0 109 832 53 306 91 108

492 119 1,212 647 962 288 490 42

Continued
Table 5--Annual poletimber and sawtimber removals and mortality, by broad management type and tree species,

Georgia, 1982 and 1989--Continued

(In thousand cubic-feet)

Broad management

tvpe and species

Removals

Poletimber Sawtimber

1989 1982 1989 1982

Mortalitv

Poletimber Sawtimber

1989 1982 1989 1982

Post oak 556 220 868 551 163 79 52 355

Northern red oak 569 180 540 601 590 174 0 224

Scarlet oak 0 140 539 826 494 246 1,406 816

Southern red oak 2,607 769 1,763 1,166 947 1,361 766 708

Water oak 1,608 1,416 1,932 2,034 1,079 1,198 905 814

White oak 1,346 1,092 1,512 1,405 115 0 128 207

Willow oak 0 50 445 341 58 0 79 163

Scrub oak‘ 101 173 0 52 613 735 125 122

All softwoods 13,905 19,019 58,188 61,167 9,301 13,710 8,046 11,454

All hardwoods 13,987 9,599 18,563 17,276 9,814 9,091 7,063 6,304

Upland hardwoods

Loblolly pine

Longleaf pine

Pitch pine

Pond pine

Shortleaf pine

Slash pine

Spruce pine

Virginia pine

Eastern white pine

Black cherry

Blackgum (lowland)

Blackgum (upland)

Elm

Magnolia

Red maple

1,630 1,543 14,377 11,930 1,109 1,294 2,071 2,747

377 470 1,695 1,170 0 0 293 69

0 0 0 0 0 84 219 0

71 0 0 84 0 0 0 105

700 1,990 3,340 3,091 1,384 2,266 2,245 973

500 523 1,364 1,537 196 382 176 590

0 0 142 205 0 0 179 0

142 412 763 1,091 185 294 738 172

0 0 840 0 0 0 226 234

323 151 201 0 544 575 105 0

291 235 473 2,336 328 262 487 966

395 247 275 421 266 132 587 361

918 0 1,004 355 620 0 483 89

94 113 165 384 86 0 0 145

1,475 142 1,554 1,639 996 1,058 1,167 1,438

Continued
Table 5 --Annual poletimber and sawtimber removals and mortality, by broad management type and tree species,

Georgia, 1982 and 1989--Continued

(In thousand cubic-feet)

Broad management

tvpe and species

Removals Mortality

Poletimber Sawtimber Poletimber Sawtimber

1989 1982 1989 1982 1989 1982 1989 1982

Sweet bay 0 0 0 212 115 138 143 118

Sweetgum 8,120 3,929 14,070 5,925 3,058 3,154 1,732 1,611

Sycamore 0 0 0 0 123 0 137 0

Willow 0 0 0 0 227 169 0 0

Yellow-poplar 1,102 2,493 12,630 7,827 845 785 1,899 835

Ash 382 0 271 524 180 71 219 233

Beech 0 0 656 399 60 229 988 168

Birch (except yellow) 0 0 170 0 0 209 0 308

Black locust 0 0 0 0 325 163 125 399

Black walnut 117 122 0 131 116 0 0 0

Dogwood 0 36 0 0 265 348 0 0

Hickory 3,035 2,623 5,742 2,858 2,101 1,512 3,507 1,407

Holly 97 0 0 0 107 34 0 0

Mulberry 0 0 0 0 150 0 0 0

Persimmon 0 55 0 0 195 335 0 208

Black oak 435 278 2,758 1,760 2,137 1,198 1,693 2,381

Cherrybark oak 0 0 278 185 0 0 0 195

Chestnut oak 1,266 84 3,710 1,621 692 1,057 1,136 1,109

Laurel oak 2,289 1,569 5,484 1,670 2,379 687 4,860 1,817

Live oak 338 117 251 0 69 229 295 0

Post oak 571 669 834 228 997 572 865 114

Northern red oak 882 239 3,298 377 941 1,566 2,373 2,514

Scarlet oak 1,480 513 2,349 2,335 1,249 2,265 4,331 3,482

Shumard oak 219 0 0 479 0 0 0 287

Southern red oak 2,960 1,571 4,453 1,670 1,648 1,169 1,476 791

Swamp chestnut oak 271 87 312 66 0 0 95 0

Water oak 6,392 2,088 8,316 3,580 3,878 1,551 5,556 1,425

White oak 7,512 2,019 10,926 4,662 1,176 435 1,928 905

Willow oak 489 127 1,136 290 135 208 469 434

Continued
Table S-- Annual poletimber and sawtimber removals and mortality, by broad management type and tree species,

Georgia, 1982 and 1989--Continued

(In thousand cubic-feet)

Broad management

tvPe and species

Removals

Poletimber Sawtimber

1989 1982 1989 1982

Mortality

Poletimber Sawtimber

1989 1982 1989 1982

Scrub oak 144 386 0 113 1,788 998 153 201

All softwoods 3,420 4,938 22,522 19,363 2,874 4,320 6,224 4,889

All hardwoods 41,736 20,138 81,482 42,366 28,927 21,704 37,124 24,181

Bottomland hardwoods

Loblolly pine

Longleaf pine

Pond pine

Slash pine

Baldcypress

Pondcypress

Black cherry

Blackgum (lowland)

Boxelder

Cottonwood

Elm

Hackberry

Loblolly-bay

Magnolia

Red maple

Sweet bay

Sweetgum

Sycamore

Water tupelo

Willow

Yellow-poplar

Ash

86 1,757 4,995 4,380 145 225 1,251 762

72 0 210 315 0 126 0 0

120 0 543 1,330 36 111 340 296

1,105 1,803 6,807 5,887 245 968 1,700 484

66 0 2,126 659 97 0 361 154

1,084 0 5,089 120 488 635 328 271

0 83 0 113 40 84 0 0

6,728 1,901 12,956 5,088 4,804 2,249 5,781 4,602

101 0 0 0 239 189 65 78

0 0 0 0 108 0 110 315

298 300 1,811 1,214 852 469 1,630 1,287

480 0 1,630 918 620 114 1,138 274

213 0 223 0 626 185 301 103

186 0 294 296 0 0 0 0

2,508 549 4,660 2,175 4,049 3,041 4,988 3,770

1,396 455 1,413 633 2,330 685 2,025 890

4,670 4,427 14,779 8,093 3,338 3,359 4,465 3,896

119 464 654 1,097 124 0 141 0

0 58 1,130 1,360 640 447 827 638

296 0 644 0 964 869 990 849

2,143 895 9,343 6,386 1,140 1,273 1,767 1,841

1,217 388 2,078 727 1,649 1,624 1,151 1,368

Continued
Table 5-- Annual poletimber and sawtimber removals and mortality,

Georgia, 1982 and 1989--Continued

by broad management type and tree species,

(In thousand cubic-feet)

Broad management

tvpe and species

Removals Mortalitv

Poletimber Sawtimber Poletimber Sawtimber

1989 1982 1989 1982 1989 1982 1989 1982

Beech 0 0 112 325 44 0 271 188

Birch 234 122 860 687 429 767 638 933

Dogwood 0 0 0 0 32 0 0 0

Florida maple 0 0 0 0 201 0 108 253

Hickory 117 94 1,111 449 93 493 411 727

Holly 55 0 0 0 81 67 0 0

Mulberry 43 0 0 0 334 65 95 94

Persimmon 0 0 81 103 71 79 0 280

Black oak 0 0 213 0 0 0 0 0

Cherrybark oak 0 0 432 0 0 0 0 0

Laurel oak 1,834 729 10,464 4,305 1,594 988 8,255 6,332

Live oak 44 0 218 0 0 97 52 0

Overcup oak 0 0 1,169 886 116 103 498 535

Post oak 327 0 373 0 0 0 0 66

Northern red oak 0 96 280 0 0 0 0 0

Scarlet oak 0 0 0 0 278 0 136 0

Southern oak 45 0 0 0 75 47 0 235

Swamp chestnut oak 57 0 653 0 43 0 402 0

Water oak 883 1,443 3,375 4,462 1,859 1,544 3,250 2,969

White oak 204 158 554 612 0 70 0 0

Willow oak 171 0 1,178 455 0 368 564 319

All softwoods 2,534 3,559 20,287 13,411 1,010 2,065 4,333 2,232

All hardwoods 34,491 12,162 72,725 41,177 28,322 20,483 40,727 33,952
Percent

National forest Other public Nonindustrial private Forest industry

Ownership

n Volume ISI Present value

Figure 7-Percentage of volume affected and present value of loss by ownership,

Georgia, 1982-1989.

Percent

Bottomland Natural

hardwoods pine

Oak-pine

Management class

Planted

pine

Upland

hardwoods

n Volume RI Present value

Figure 8-Percentage of annual volume affected and present value of loss,

over all ownership classes, Georgia, 1982-1989.

27
Percent

Total Volume--61,639 Thousand Cubic Feet

Total Present Value--$31.2 Million

Bottomland

hardwoods

Natural Oak-pine Planted Upland

pine pine hardwoods

Management class

W Volume R Present value

Figure g-percentage of annual affected volume and present value of loss,

for forest industry, Georgia, 1982-1989.

Percent

70 ,

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

Total Volu_me--5,065 Thousand Cubic Feet

Total Present Value-$1.5 Million

Bottomland Natural

hardwoods pine

Oak-pine

Management class

Planted

pine

Upland

hardwoods

n Volume ES3 Presetit value

Figure lo-percentage of annual affected volume and present value of,loss,

for national forests, Georgia, 1982-1989.

28
40

20

0

60

50

40

30

20

10

0

I

Percent

Total Volume--16,247 Thousand Cubic Feat

Total Present Value-$6.6 Million

Bottomland Natural

hardwoods pine

Oak-pine

Management class

Planted Upland

pine hardwoods

H Volume R Present value

Figure 1 l-Percentage of annual affected volume and present value of loss,

for other public forests, Georgia, 1982-1989.

Percent

Total Volume--245,618 Thousand Cubic Feet

Total Present Value--$126.6 Million

Bottomland Natural Oak-pine Planted Upland

hardwoods pine pine hardwoods

Management class

n . Volume q Present value

Figure 12-Percentage of annual affected volume and present value of loss,

for nonindustrial private forests, Georgia, 1982-1989. 1

29
30

Table L--Volume and value of timber damaged or killed annually, by ownership and broad management class, Georgia, 1983-1989

Ownership and Average annual Averaae annual nresent value

manasement class volume affected Mortalitv Cull Total

National forest

Planted pine

Natural pine

Oak-pine

Upland hardwoods

Bottomland hardwoods

Total 5,065 1.276,821 211,482 1,488,303

Other public

Planted pine

Natural pine

Oak-pine

Upland hardwoods

Bottomland hardwoods

Total 16,247 7,851.235 769,541 .8,620.776

Nonindustrial private

Planted pine

Natural pine

Oak-pine

Upland hardwoods

Bottomland hardwoods

Total 245,818 114,440,533 12.121,062 126,561,595

Forest industry

Planted pine

Natural pine

Oak-pine

Upland hardwoods

Bottomland hardwoods

Total 61,639 27,626,892 3,525,907 31.152.799

All ownerships

'Planted pine

Natural pine

Oak-pine

Upland hardwoods

Bottomland hardwoods

Thousand

cubic feet - - - - - -Dollars - - - - - -

287 134,571 0 134,571

2,462 851,501 57,888 909,389

664 78,379 15,446 93,825

1,652 212,370 138,148 350,518

454 247,368 0 247,368

8,885 6,025,748 264,460 6,290,208

1,551 309,338 60,858 370,196

1,828 485,072 137,649 622,721

3,529 783,709 306,574 1,090,283

9,829 8,828,240 769,499 9,597,739

83,774 73,520,118 2,313,697 75,833,815

26,959 4,702,022 716,968 5,418,990

66,051 14,445,966 3,719,813 18,165,779

59,205 12,944,187 4,601,085 17,545,272

14,701 9,888,314 985,102 10,873,416

14,288 10,712,926 286,126 10,999,052

3,911 774,709 99,696 874,405

9,065 1,956,746 481,684 2.,438,430

19,674 4,294,197 1,673,299 5,967.496

25,271 19,098,493 1,754,601 20,853,094

109,409 91,110,293 2,922,171 94,032,464

33,085 5,864,448 892,968 6,757,416

78,596 17,100,154 4,477,294 21,577,448

82,408 18,022,093 6.580,958 24.603.051

Total 328,769 151,195,481 16,627.992 167.823.473

U. 6. GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1993 736- 380 / F8744
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I

I Brantley, Ekabeth A.; Leonard, Donna; Cost, Noel D.; ‘-

1

Redmond, Clair; Thompson, Michael. 1993. Incidence and impact

of damage and mortality trends to Georgia’s timber, 1989. &sour.

I Bull. SE134. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

I Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station.

I

Incidence and impact of 22 damage types and mortality trends to

1

the forest resources of Georgia in 1989 are described. Acres a&&d,

volume losses, geographic distribution, and economic impact are

I

discussed. About 329 million cubic feet of timber are lost per year from

1

1982 to 1989, with an estimated annual dollar loss of $167.8 million.

Keywords: Insect damage, disease damage, fusiform rust, bark

I

beetles, forest ins&s, forest diseases.

I

Keywords: Insect damage, disease damage, fusiform rust, bark I

beetles, forest insects, forest diseases.

f

I

t-------------s-----m--------L--ILL------------------------

-f

Brantley, Ehzabeth A.; Leonark, Donna; Cost, Noel D.; I

B.edmotid, Cl& Tbompson, Michael. 1993. Incidence and impact

of damage and mortality ‘trendsto Georgia’s timber, 1989. Besour. i

Bull. SE134. Asheville, NC: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest

Service, Southeastern Forest Experiment Station. 1

:

Incidence and impact of 22 damage types and mortality trends to i

the forest resources of Georgia in 1989’are described. Acres afkcted,

volume losses, geographic distribution, and economic impact are

discussed. About 329 million cubic feet of timber are lost pet year from i

1982 to 1989, with an estimated annual dollar loss of 8167.8 million. I

I