159°00’ 158°00’ 157°00’ 156°00’ 155°00’ 147°00’

63°00’

62°00’

61°00’

158°00’ 157°00’ 156°00’ 155°00’ 154°00’ 153°00’ 152°00’

60°00’

151°00’ 150°00’ 149°00’ 148°00’ 147°00’

60°00'

152°00’ 151°00’ 150°00’ 149°00’ 148°00’ 146°00’

63°00’

62°00’

61°00’

154°00’ 153°00’

Nuyakuk Nuyakuk Nuyakuk

Nushagak Nushagak Nushagak

NushagakNushagakNushagak

Koktuli Koktuli Koktuli

Chulitna Chulitna Chulitna

Newhalen Newhalen Newhalen

Tazimina Tazimina Tazimina

River

River

AgulukpakAgulukpak Agulukpak

River River

River

River

Mulchatna Mulchatna Mulchatna

Mulchatna Mulchatna Mulchatna

Chilikadrotna Chilikadrotna hilikadrotna

River

River

River

RiverRiverRiver

River

 

Tlikakila River Tlikakila River Tlikakila River

Holitna Holitna Holitna

Hoholitna Hoholitna Hoholitna

River

Kuskokwim Kuskokwim Kuskokwim

River

River

River

River

River

River

Selatna Selatna Selatna

River

Big

Stony

Swift

Cheeneetnuk Cheeneetnuk Cheeneetnuk

Creek

Titnuk

Tit uk

Tit uk

Stony

River

Necons

Neacola Neacola Neacola

River

River

Chilligan Chilligan Chilliga

River

xyt S River

Kichatna Kichatna Kichatna

River

River

Yentna

Yentna

River

River

Chulitna Chulitna Chulitna

River

River

River

River

Hayes River Happy

Beluga

River

Susitna Susitna Susitna

Susitna Susitna

Kashwitna Kashwitna Kashwitna

River

Sheep

Talkeetna alkeetnaTalkeetna

Talkeetna alkeetnaTalkeetna

River

River

River

Maclaren Maclaren Maclaren

River

McKinley McKinley McKinley River

Gulf of Alaska

Prince William

Sound

Cook Inlet

Iliamna Lake

Skwentna Skwentna kwentna

MulchatnaMulchatna Mulchatna

River

Figure 1. Index map showing Advanced Land Observing satellite (ALOS) Phased Array type-L-band 

Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) scenes used to create the radar mosaic for the Kahiltna terrane, Alaska.

Location of map area. Red line indicates location of the Kahiltna terrane 

boundary (Silberling and others, 1994).

Figure 2. This 3-band image produced from the ALOS PALSAR mosaic shows the difference between geologic units of the Late Cretaceous intermediate to granitic plutonic rocks within the 

Estelle pluton (red hachures) and the surrounding Cretaceous sedimentary rocks (Reed and Elliott, 1970; Wilson and others, 2009, 2012). White and purple faults are from Wilson and others 

(2009, 2012). This area is a little more than 100 miles (161 km) northwest of Anchorage, Alaska. The smaller inset map shows a single band (band 1) ALOS PALSAR mosaic. Possible 

lineaments are indicated by yellow arrows; rivers in blue. Styx River Styx River

Styx RiverStyx RiverStyx River Styx River Styx River Styx River

Happy River Happy RiverHappy RiverHappy RiverHappy RiverHappy RiverHappy River Happy River

Skwentna River Skwentna RiverSkwentna RiverSkwentna RiverSkwentna RiverSkwentna RiverSkwentna River Skwentna River

Skwentna Skwentna Skwentna Skwentna Skwentna Skwentna Skwentna Skwentna River

River

Hayes

10 20 MILES

0 10 20 KILOMETERS

0

Fault—Solid where accurately located, long dash where approximately located, short dash

where inferred, and dotted where concealed

Mount Estelle pluton—From Reed and Elliott, 1970; Wilson and others, 2009, 2012

70 Ma plutons—From Wilson and others, 2009, 2012; Taylor and others, 2014

Plutonic rocks of other ages—From Wilson and others, 2009, 2012; Taylor and others, 2014

Whistler deposit

153°00' 152°50' 152°40' 152°30' 152°20' 152°10' 152°00' 151°50' 151°40'

61°40'

62°00'

61°50'

Mount

Gerdine

Mount

Gerdine

Mount

Gerdine

Island

Mountain

Island

Mountain

Island

Mountain

Mount

Estelle

Mount

Estelle

Mount

Estelle TIMBER CREEK FAULT

Whistler Whistler histler

TORDRILLO TORDRILLO TORDRILLO

MOUNTAINS MOUNTAINS MOUNTAINS

151°55' 151°50' 151°45'

61°55'

61°50'

0

0

2 KILOMETERS

2 MILES

River

Hayes

Lineaments Lineaments ineaments

KENAI PENINSULA

VALDEZCORDOVA

YUKONKOYUKUK

MATANUSKASUSITNA

SOUTHEAST

FAIRBANKS

YAKUTAT

CANADA

BETHEL

DILLINGHAM

DENALI

ANCHORAGE

LAKE AND

PENINSULA

International boundary

Borough boundary

2007 PALSAR scenes

2009 PALSAR scenes

2010 PALSAR scenes

Kahiltna terrane

EXPLANATION

62°

60°

160° 158° 156° 154° 152° 150° 148° 146° 144° 142° 140° 138°0'

100 KILOMETERS

50

0 50

0 100 MILES

OPHIR MEDFRA MT

McKINLEY HEALY MT HAYES

IDITAROD McGRATH TALKEETNA TALKEETNA

MTS

GULKANA

SLEETMUTE LIME HILLS TYONEK ANCHORAGE VALDEZ

TAYLOR MTS LAKE

CLARK KENAI SEWARD CORDOVA

DILLINGHAM

UNALAKLEET

HOLY

CROSS

RUSSIAN

MISSION

BETHEL

GOODNEWS

BAY

ILIAMNA SELDOVIA BLYING

SOUND

MIDDLETON

ISLAND

159° 162°

63°

62°

61°

60°

59°

64° 156° 153° 150° 147° 144°

LOCATIONS OF USGS 1: 250,000 QUADRANGLES

Image area in yellow.

Anchorage

0 250

250

500 MILES

0 500 KILOMETERS

CANADA

RUSSIA UNITED STATES

(ALASKA)

Gulf of Alaska

Bering Sea

Chukchi Sea

Arctic Ocean

Map area

Location of figure 2 Anchorage

Base from Esri http://www.arcgis.com/home/webmap/viewer.html accessed January, 2014

180° 170° 160° 150° 140°

55°

60°

65°

70°

CONVERSION FACTORS

Multiply By To obtain

foot (ft)

inch (in)

3.281

0.3973

0.6214 mile (mi)

0.3861

centimeter (cm)

meter (m)

kilometer (km)

square kilometer (km2

) square mile (mi2

)

Introduction

The U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has initiated a multi-disciplinary study investigating the 

applicability of remote sensing technologies for geologic mapping and identification of prospective areas for 

base and precious metal deposits in remote parts of Alaska. The Kahiltna terrane in southwestern Alaska was 

selected for investigation because of its known mineral deposits and potential for additional mineral resources 

(Silberling and others, 1994; Graham and others, 2013). 

An assortment of technologies is being investigated to aid in remote analysis of terrain, and includes 

imaging spectroscopy (hyperspectral remote sensing), high spatial resolution electro-optical imagery, and 

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR). However, there are significant challenges in applying imaging spectroscopy 

and electro-optical imagery technologies to this area because of the low solar angle for parts of the year, 

seasonal periods of darkness and snow cover, and the frequently cloudy weather that characterizes Alaska. 

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) was selected because this technology does not rely on solar illumination and 

has all-weather capability. 

The USGS has compiled a continuous, cloud-free 12.5-meter (m) resolution radar mosaic of SAR data 

of approximately 212,000 square kilometers (km2

) to examine the suitability of this technology for geologic 

mapping. This mosaic was created from Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Phased Array type 

L-band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) data collected from 2007 to 2010 spanning the Kahiltna terrane 

and the surrounding area (fig. 1). Interpretation of these data may help geologists understand past geologic 

processes and identify areas with potential for near-surface mineral resources for further ground-based 

geological and geochemical investigations.

Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR)—Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) 

Phased Array Type L-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR)

Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Phased Array Type L-Band Synthetic Aperture Radar 

(PALSAR), referred to as ALOS PALSAR, was launched in January 2006 and collected imagery until April 

of 2011 (Japan Space Systems, 2012). During its operation, the satellite-based sensor produced an image 

archive (https://www.asf.alaska.edu/sar-data/palsar/) which has been used for a wide range of scientific 

studies. PALSAR is a remote sensing technology measuring the microwave portion of the electromagnetic 

spectrum. As an “active” technology, solar illumination is not required during data collection. Therefore, 

collection of PALSAR data is not limited to daylight hours and is relatively insensitive to cloud cover and 

weather effects. 

Like other polarimetric radar systems, ALOS PALSAR data can be used to derive Earth-surface 

information by exploiting multiple polarization states, where polarization refers to the orientation of the 

electric vector of an electromagnetic wave. Manipulating the combination of transmitted and received, 

horizontal- and vertical-polarized signals can provide a variety of information about the Earth’s surface, 

because a given material’s backscatter properties differ based upon polarization orientation. The ability to 

simultaneously collect in multiple polarization states thus allows enhanced discrimination of surficial features 

and land surface change processes, including landcover types (Ulaby and Elachi, 1990).

Overview of Regional Geology

The geology of the western Alaska Range records the accretion of the Peninsular-Alexander-Wrangellia 

(PAW) composite island arc superterrane to the existing continental margin during the Late Jurassic and Early 

Cretaceous (Pflaker and Berg, 1994). During accretion, sediments shed from the continent and PAW were 

deposited into a discontinuous string of sedimentary basins within the closing ocean (Pflaker and Berg, 1994; 

Ridgway and others, 2002). The Kahiltna terrane represents a western example of these basins, and where 

flysch sediment onlap onto both the continent and PAW (for example, Silberling and others, 1994). Detrital 

zircons suggest sedimentation in the basin, and by inference, final docking, occurred about 90 Ma. 

Cretaceous and recent tectonic plate motion models suggest significant westward translation of the sedimentary basins including the Kahiltna terrane and PAW since that time (Graham and others, 2013). 

Multiple periods of magmatism have influenced the western Alaska Range and intruded the Kahiltna 

terrane since accretion (Moll-Stalcup, 1994; Moll-Stalcup and others, 1994; Hart and others, 2004). Gold 

metallogenesis is spatially linked to two periods in the Cretaceous (Graham and others, 2013). Porphyry 

copper-gold-molybdenum (Cu-Au-Mo) deposits, exemplified by the Pebble deposit, are associated with ~100 

to 89 Ma in a continental arc (for example, Anderson and others, 2013; Lang and others, 2013). After a period 

of relative quiescence, gold metallogenesis occurred in association with initial (~76 Ma to 66 Ma) igneous 

rocks that were part of a broader ~76 to ~50 Ma magmatic event. Porphyry Au-Cu deposits are hosted in 76 

Ma dioritic intrusions at and near the Whistler deposit (Graham and others, 2013; Hames, 2014), whereas 

slightly younger ca. 71–67 Ma plutons, exemplified by the Estelle pluton, host sheeted quartz-arsenopyrite 

vein sets (Graham and others, 2013; Taylor and others, 2014). Predominantly base metal prospects are 

associated with some Tertiary plutonic events (U.S. Geological Survey, 2008).

Geologic Application

SAR has been used for geologic applications and has been demonstrated to be useful in delineating both 

geologic units and structures (for example, Hanks and Guritz, 1997; Perski, 2005). SAR was effective in 

delineating carbonate versus clastic rocks in part of the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge, Brooks Range, 

Alaska, owing to contrasting surface roughness, including size and angularity of scree on talus slopes (Hanks 

and Guritz, 1997). Pal and others (2006) reported that processed SAR data was effective for mapping 

lineaments in the Singhbhum Shear Zone, India, that were not recognized using electro-optical imagery such 

as Landsat (Pal and others, 2006). Notably, many of the mineral deposits along the shear zone are hosted 

within these fault systems. Thus, ALOS PALSAR has the potential to identify different geologic units and 

faults in the current study area and when coupled with other remotely-sensed or ground-collected datasets 

could help select prospective areas for mineral deposits. 

Methods

A total of 129 ALOS PALSAR fine beam dual polarization (horizontal-horizontal (HH) + horizontal-vertical (HV)) scenes were used to generate the image mosaic presented here. The individual scenes were 

collected in 2007, 2009, and 2010 with the majority being collected in 2010 (fig. 1). Scenes considered for 

incorporation were limited to those collected between June and September to minimize snow cover. Each 

scene covered approximately 70 km by 60 km in area. The fine-beam polarization data offered moderate 

spatial resolution (12.5 m) that can better differentiate land cover features than single polarization data 

(Ulaby and Elachi, 1990; Liu and others, 2010). The archival ALOS PALSAR data are available to U.S. 

citizens who can register to download from Vertex, the Alaska Satellite Facility’s Data Portal at https://vertex-

.daac.asf.alaska.edu/ (Alaska Satellite Facility, 2015). 

ALOS PALSAR images were in a data format that required significant pre-processing using specialized 

SAR software called MapReady so the data could be fully utilized for scientific studies (Alaska Satellite 

Facility Engineering Group, 2013). All PALSAR scenes were radiometrically calibrated to sigma nought (σ ̊), 

which is the measure of the ratio of the power of the pulse sent by the sensor to the ground and then received 

by the antenna—known as backscatter (Maitre, 2008; Alaska Satellite Facility Engineering Group, 2013). 

This calibration helps to reduce inter-scene spectral variability. Terrain correction was also applied using 

digital elevation model (DEM) information (Gesch and others, 2009) in order to reduce geometric and 

radiometric distortions in areas with high relief. The correction improved the positional geospatial accuracy 

of each scene, and normalized the pixel values of areas in steep terrain (Ulander, 1996; Alaska Satellite 

Facility Engineering Group, 2013). 

The calibrated, terrain-corrected PALSAR scenes were then mosaicked using the image processing 

software ERDAS IMAGINE 2013 (Hexagon Geospatial, 2014). Further normalization processes were 

implemented to address differences in digital number (DN) values (backscatter response) between some 

scenes, phenomena that were attributed to temporal and season differences between return visits when 

PALSAR data was collected. PALSAR data with low spectral continuity to the image mosaic (identified 

through qualitative visual inspection) were normalized to the image mosaic using linear regression methods 

(Ferretti and others, 2001; Hadjimitsis and others, 2009). These regressions were applied in areas of overlap 

between the image to be normalized and the mosaic. Non-vegetated cover pixels were used as control pixels 

to carry out the regression for the images to be normalized. The spectral values for the control pixel samples 

(for example, bare rock surfaces) were used because they were consistent between scene dates. Image 

normalization was done on spectrally dissimilar PALSAR scenes where needed until a suitable mosaic was 

produced.

Results

The map presented here is a three-band image composite produced from the dual polarization image 

mosaic, where band 1 = HH polarization, band 2 = HV polarization, and band 3 = the ratio of the HH and HV 

polarizations (for example, HH/HV). The image displays polarization information which is sensitive to the 

microwave region of the electromagnetic spectrum (wavelengths near 23.6 cm). The ALOS PALSAR mosaic 

has not been classified into discrete categories. However, a qualitative comparison indicates the colors and 

color combinations in the map generally relate to coarse land cover categories in the USGS National 

Landcover Database (NLCD) 2001 classification (Homer and others, 2004). The color variations and 

assigned categories are presented in the map explanation. The categories in the explanation reflect differences 

in surface roughness, water content, and topography. Barren land (alluvial fan, glacial moraine, exposed rock) 

appears yellow in some areas and a mixture of pink and purple in others. Forest vegetation is chartreuse while 

shrub/scrubland areas are purple. Water appears black and dark blue. Areas with snow and ice are dark green, 

and deep purple to pink. Only a qualitative assessment was done of landcover type in comparison to the 

NLCD 2001. Therefore, it is up to the user to establish their own classification. 

Preliminary mapping results indicate that certain rock types can be differentiated based on SAR 

backscatter responses. Specifically, there is a contrast in coloration of sedimentary rocks (relatively uniform 

pink and purple) and igneous rocks (variable mixing with yellows) in the Tyonek, Lime Hills, McGrath, and 

Talkeetna quadrangles. 

Figure 2 illustrates the strong contrast of the yellow coloration of the Mount Estelle pluton (red hachure; 

Reed and Elliott, 1970) and other smaller ~70 Ma plutons to the northeast (white hachure), to purple and pink 

coloration of the Cretaceous sedimentary rocks they intrude. While many of the plutons and associated 

volcanics of various ages can also have yellow coloration, this is not always the case (blue hachure). In figure 

2 the Tordrillo Mountains and plutons to the west display varied coloration, with deep purple and blue with 

very sparse yellow coloration on their eastern, snow- and glacier-covered side, with more magenta and sparse 

yellow on the relatively snow- and ice-poor western side (fig. 2). This relationship indicates that snow and ice 

can influence coloration and classification. Vegetative cover also influences the coloration and classification. 

Where known geology is covered by vegetation, the ALOS PALSAR data indicate only vegetation and the 

underlying bedrock is not differentiated. 

Qualitatively, linear breaks in ALOS PALSAR data align with many mapped faults (Plafker and others, 

1994; Wilson and others, 2009; Koehler and others, 2012, 2013; Wilson and others, 2012; Koehler, 2013), 

and may define additional lineaments or faults (fig. 2). For example, several north-northeast-trending linear 

features are observed cutting across multiple igneous and volcanic rock units in a single band (band 1), and 

are identified as lineaments in an area 23 kilometers south of the town of Skwentna and south of the Hayes 

River (fig. 2). Additional post-processing of data like that presented here, combined with other geologic data 

could be effective for identifying igneous rocks and faults. Since both igneous rocks and faults can be 

important for focusing ore-depositing fluids, such analyses could be useful for targeting areas prospective for 

base- and precious-metal mineral occurrences. 

Summary

 Synthetic Aperture Radar (SAR) data were used to compile a map consisting of 129 ALOS PALSAR 

scenes over the Kahiltna terrane of Alaska. The scenes were calibrated, terrain corrected, and normalized to 

produce a continuous radar image mosaic. This radar mosaic provides a cloud-free remotely sensed dataset 

that can be useful when characterizing land cover and geology. In at least parts of the region, sedimentary and 

many igneous rocks are characterized by distinct color patterns, which could help define their extents. 

Additional lineaments were also identified locally. These findings suggest that SAR data, coupled with 

additional post-processing could help improve refinement of the geologic evolution and metallogenesis in 

this region. 

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Norwood, Mass., Artech House Publishers, 376 p.

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Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) Transactions on Geoscience and 

Remote Sensing, v. 34, no. 5, p. 1115–1122.

U.S. Geological Survey, 2008, Alaska Resource Data File (ARDF), U.S. Geological Survey 

Open-File Report 2008–1225, accessed January 9, 2015, at http://mrdata.usgs.gov/ardf/.

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K.A., comps., digital files prepared by Wilson, F.H., Hults, C.P., Labay, K.A., and Shew, Nora, 

2009, Preliminary geologic map of the Cook Inlet region, Alaska—Including parts of the 

Talkeetna, Talkeetna Mountains, Tyonek, Anchorage, Lake Clark, Kenai, Seward, Iliamna, 

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25 0 25 50 75 100 125 KILOMETERS

SCALE 1: 1 000 000

25 25 0 50 75 MILES

Chugiak Chugiak Chugiak

Island

Mountain Mountain ountain

PALSAR image patterns

indicating land cover

Barren land

Forest

Dwarf scrub

and shrub/scrub

Snow and ice

Water

EXPLANATION

Faults—Solid lines indicate where the fault is well constrained, dotted lines

are inferred or concealed, and dashed where approximately located 

(modified from Plafker and others, 1994; Koehler and others, 

2012)

Kahiltna terrane—Late Jurassic to Early Cretaceous highly deformed 

basinal deep marine, partly volcaniclastic (granitic and dioritic), 

flyschoid graywacke and pelitic rocks (Silberling and others, 1994)

Shoreline

City or town

Named peak

Pebble and Whistler deposit sites—From Alaska Resource Data File 

(U.S. Geological Survey, 2008)

Pebble

Digital cartography by C.J. Cole and M.R. Johnson, 2014,

image base mosaics derived from ALOS PALSAR by C.J. Cole

Base from 1:1,000,000 scale U.S. Geological Survey National Atlas (now National Map) digital data, accessed 2014 at 

http://viewer.nationalmap.gov/viewer

Base state boundary derived from U.S. Geological Survey digital data, 1:1,000,000 state boundaries of the United States

Cities and towns derived from U.S. Geological Survey digital data, 1:2,000,000 cities and towns of the United States

Projection: Universal Transverse Mercator, zone 5 north, 

World Geodetic System 1984 datum (WGS 1984)

This product incorporates ALOS PALSAR Radar data which is ©Japan Aerospace Exploration 

(JAXA) and the Japanese Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI), 2014. 

Includes material from ©JAXA METI 2014

Agency 

DENALI FAULT (WEST MULDROW-ALSEK

DENALI FAULT (BOSS CREEK SECTION)

DENALI FAULT (TONZONA-MULDROW SECTION)

DENALI FAULT

CASTLE MOUNTAIN FAULT

(SUSITNA SECTION)

ATSAKSOVLUK

SUSITNA GLACIER FAULT

CORDOVA FAULT

MCCALLUM CREEK

PASS CREEK FAULT

LAKE CLARK FAULT

LAKE CLARK FAULT

IDITAROD-NIXON FORK

DENALI FAULT

(FAREWELL SECTION)

BRUIN BAY FAULT

Mount

Iliamna

Mount

Iliamna

Mount

Iliamna

Mount

Redoubt

Mount

Redoubt

Mount

Redoubt

Mount

Spurr

Mount

TORDRILLO TORDRILLO TORDRILLO

MOUNTAINS MOUNTAINS MOUNTAINS

Gerdine Gerdine

Mount

Whistler Whistler histler

ALASKA

Estelle Estelle

Island

Mountain Mountain ountain

Mount

McKinley McKinley cKinley

Mount

Susitna Susitna

Anchorage Anchorage nchorage

Iliamna Iliamna

Koliganek Koliganek oliganek

Stony River Stony River tony River Sleetmute Sleetmute leetmute

Kashegelok Kashegelok ashegelok

Lime Village Lime Village ime Village

Cantwell Cantwell antwell

Willow

Skwentna Skwentna kwentna

Talkeetna Talkeetna Talkeetna

Chelatna Chelatna helatna

Lodge

Houston Houston

Big Lake Big Lake ig Lake

Susitna Susitna Wasilla Wasilla Wasilla

Chugiak Chugiak

Tyonek

Kustatan Kustatan ustatan

Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply 

endorsement by the U.S. Government.

Although this information product, for the most part, is in the public domain, it also contains 

copyrighted materials as noted in the text. Permission to reproduce copyrighted items must 

be secured from the copyright owner.

Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Phased Array Type L-Band Synthetic

Aperture Radar (PALSAR) Mosaic for the Kahiltna Terrane, Alaska, 2007–2010

By

Christopher J. Cole, Michaela R. Johnson, and Garth E. Graham

2015

Location of

figure 2

Inset map

FAULT

RANGE

Suggested citation: Cole, C.J., Johnson, M.R., and Graham, G.E., 2014, 

Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS) Phased Array Type L-Band 

Synthetic Aperture Radar (PALSAR) mosaic for the Kahiltna terrane, Alaska, 

2007–2010: U.S. Geological Survey Scientific Investigations Map, 1 sheet, 

scale 1:1,000,000, http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sim3323.

ISSN 2329-132X (online)

http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/sim3323

APPROXIMATE MEAN DECLINATION

AT CENTER OF MAP, 2014

DECLINATION RANGE 14.6 to 18.3 IN MAP AREA TRUE NORTH

MAGNETIC NORTH

17°

Publishing support provided by: 

Denver Publishing Service Center

Edit and digital layout by L.J. Binder

Manuscript approved for publication April 6, 2015

To learn about the USGS and its information products visit

http://www.usgs.gov/

1-888-ASK-USGS

This report is available at:

http://pubs.usgs.gov/sim/3323

For more information concerning this publication, contact:

Center Director, USGS Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center

Box 25046, Mail Stop 964

Denver, Colo., 80225

(303)236-1312

Or visit the Crustal Geophysics and Geochemistry Science Center Web site at:

http://crustal.usgs.gov

FAULT

(HOLITNA SECTION)

FAULT

SECTION)

Pebble

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey

Scientific Investigations Map 3323