# Importation **, from Mexico into the United States,**  **of Potato**  **, Solanum tuberosum**  **, Tubers**  **Intended**

**for Consumption A Pathway** **- initiated Commodity Risk Assessment** 

**April 2011** 

**Agency contact:** Plant Epidemiology and Risk Analysis Laboratory Center for Plant Health Science and Technology United States Department of Agriculture Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Plant Protection and Quarantine 1730 Varsity Drive, Suite 3 00 Raleigh, North Carolina 27606Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 i 

## Executive Summary In this document we present results of an assessment of the risks associated with the importation, from Mexico into the United States (the 50 states and Caribbean territories) , of ware potatoes (i.e., potatoes for consumption only) , Solanum tuberosum L . A search of available sources of information and APHIS, PPQ port interception records identified eight quarantine pests of S. tuberosum that occur in Mexico and could be introduced into the United States in consignments of that commodity . Consequences of Introduction were estimated b y assessing five elements that reflect the biology and ecology

of the pests: climate/host interaction, host range, dispersal potential, economic impact, and environmental impact, resulting in the calculation of a risk value. Likelihood of Introduction was estimated by considering both the quantity of the commodity

to be imported annually and the potential for pest introduction , resulting in the calculation of a second risk value. The two values were summed to estimate an overall Pest Risk Potential, which is an estimation of risk in the absence of mitigation. Quarantine pests considered likely to follow the import pathway are presented in the following table, indicating their risk ratings. Estimated risks associated with the introduction of quarantine pests of potato from Mexico . **Pest Consequences of**  **Introduction Likelihood of** 

**Introduction Pest Risk** 

**Potential** Epicaerus cognatus Sharp Medium Medium Medium Copitarsia decolora (Guenée) High Medium Medium Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 (Smith) Yabuuchi et al . High High High Rosellinia bunodes (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. High Low Medium Rosellinia pepo Pat. Medium Low Medium Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilb.) Percival High Medium High Thecaphora solani (Thirum. & O’Brien) Mordue Medium Low Medium Nacobbus aberrans (Thorne) Thorne & Allen High High HighPest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 ii 

## Table of Contents Executive Summary ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... i 1. Introduction ................................ ................................ ................................ ................................ . 1 1.1. Background ................................ ................................ ................................ .......................... 1 1.2. Commodity

Information ................................ ................................ ................................ ...... 1 2. Risk Assessment ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 2 2.1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action ................................ ................................ ........................ 2 2.2. Assessment of the Weed Potential of Potato (Solanum tuberosum L. ) ............................... 3 2.3. Previous Risk Assessments, Current Status, and Pest Interceptions ................................ ... 3 2.4. Pest Categorization

—Identification of Quarantine Pests and Quarantine Pests Likel y to Follow the Pathway ................................ ................................ ................................ .................... 7 2.5. Consequences of Introduction

—Economic/Environmental Importance ........................... 48 2.6. Likelihood of Introduction

—Quantity

Imported and Pest Opportunity ............................ 60 2.7. Conclusion

—Pest Ri sk Potential and Pests Requiring Phy tosanitary Measures ............... 67 3. Literature Cited ................................ ................................ ................................ ......................... 68Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 1 

## 1 **. Introduction 1.1. Background**  This document was prepared by the Plant Epidemiology

and Risk Anal ys is Laboratory of the Center for Plant Health Science and Technology, USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHI S), Plant Protection and Quarantine (PPQ) , in response to a request to evaluate the risks as sociated with the importation of commercially produced fresh tubers of potato, Solanum tuberosum L. , for consumption, from Mexico into the United States (including the 50 states and Caribbean territories) . The International Plant Protection Convention (IP PC) provide s guidance for conducting pest risk anal ys es. The methods used here are consistent with guidelines provided b y the IP PC , specifically the International Standard for Phytosanitary Measures (ISPM) on ‘Pest Risk Analysis for Quarantine Pests, Including Analysis of Environmental Risks and Living Modified Organisms’ (IPPC, 2009: I SPM #11) . The use of biological and phytosanitary terms is consistent with the ‘ Glossary

of Phy tosanitary Terms and the Compendium of Phy tosanitary T erms ’ (IPPC, 2009: I SPM # 5) . Three stages of pest risk anal ys is are described in international standards : Stage 1, Initiation, Stage 2, Risk Assessment, and Stage 3, Risk Management. This document satisfies the requirements of Stage s 1 and 2 . This is a qualitative risk analys i s; estimates of risk are expressed in terms of High, Medium, and Low pest risk potentials based on the combined ratings for specified risk elements (PPQ, 2000 ) related to the probability

and consequences of importing this ware potatoes commodity from Mexic o. For the purposes of this assessment High, Medium, and Low probabilities will be defined as: High: More likely to occur than not to occur Medium: As likely

to occur as not to occur Low: Less likely to occur than not to occur The appropriate risk management strategy for a particular pest depends on the risk posed by that pest. Identification of appropriate sanitary and phy tosanitary measures to mitigate the risk, if any, for this pest is undertaken as part of Stage 3 (Risk Management). Other than listing possible mitigation options for the pests of concern, we did not discuss risk management in this document. **1.2. Commodity Information** Potatoes are grown on about 70,000 ha in Mexico , primarily in the states of Chihuahua, Coahuila, Guanajuato, México, Michoacán, Nuevo León, Sinaloa, Sonora, Tlaxcala, and Veracruz (Haverkort & Wiersema, 2007) (Fig. 1) . Production in 2008 exceeded 1.6 million tonnes (FAO, 2011b) , at a producer price of about $422 per tonne (FAO, 2011a) . Mexico ranks 33rd in global potato production (NPC, 2011b) .Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 2 Potato production in the United States in 2009 was approximately 19.5 million tonnes , at a producer price of about $180 per tonne (NASS, 2010) . The United States is the world’s fifth largest potato producer (NPC, 2011b) .

Figure 1. Map of Mexico showing states (red dots) , in which potatoes are produced (source: http://www.planetware.com/map/mexico -mexico -mexican - states -map -mex -mex1.htm). 

## 2 **. Risk Assessment**  **2. 1. Initiating Event: Proposed Action**  This risk assessment was developed in response to a request, by the government of Mexico in 2001 (Hernandez, 2001) , for USDA authorization to permit imports of fresh ware potato tubers (for consumption) from Mexico into the United States. Entry of this commodity into the United States presents the risk of introduction of exotic plant pests. Title 7, Part 319, Section 56 of the United States Code of Federal Regulations (7 CFR §319.56) provid es regulatory authority for the importation of fruits and vegetables from foreign countries into the United States.Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 3 **2. 2. Assessment of the Weed Potential of**  **Potato (**  **Solanum tuberosum L**  **.)** This step examines the potential of the commodity to become a wee d after it enters the United States (Table 1; USDA, 2000) . If the assessment indicates significant weed potenti al, then a “pest- initiated” risk assessment is conducted. Table 1. Assessment of the weed potential of potato . **Commodity** : Potato (Solanum tuberosum L .) ( Solanaceae ) **Phase 1** : Potato is naturalized in all 50 states and the territory of Puerto Rico (ERS, 2007; USDA-NRCS, 2011) . The crop is grown commercially in 36 states (NPC, 2011a) . **Phase 2** : Is the species listed in: Yes A Geographical Atlas of World Weeds (Holm et al . , 1979) No The World’s Worst Weeds (Holm et al . , 1977) or World Weeds: Natural Histories and Distribution (Holm et al . , 1997) No 1982 Report of the Technical Committee to Evaluate Noxious Weeds: Exotic Weeds for Federal Noxious Weed Act (Gunn & Ritchie, 1982) No Economically Important Foreign Weeds (Reed, 1977) No Weed Science Society of America Composite List of Weeds (WSSA, 2010) Yes Is there any literature reference or database indicating weediness (e.g., AGRICOLA, CAB Abstracts, Biological Abstracts; search on “species name” combined with “weed”) **Phase 3** : Solanum tuberosum is listed by Holm et al . (1979) as a common weed in Finland and as present as a weed in India, Turkey, and the United States. Randall (2002) categorized S. tuberosum as a weed with the following statuses: weed, naturalised, cultivation escape , casual alien . However, the species is well established and widespread in the United States, where it has long been grown commercially (Kehr et al . , 1964) . Importation of fresh tubers from Mexico is unlikely to increase the plant’s weed potential beyond that existing at present. A pest- initiated risk assessment therefore is not necessary. 

### 2. **3. Previous Risk Assessments, Current Status, and Pest Interceptions** 2.3.1. Previous Risk Assessment 2002

– The Importation, from Mexico into the Continental United States, of Greenhouse - Grown Mini -tuber Potato, Solanum tuberosum L., Intended for Propagation (June 28, 2002). Qualitative, Pathway- initiated Risk Assessment. USDA -APHI S, PPQ, CPHST , PERAL . 2.3.2. Decision History

for Solanum tuberosum from Central and South America 1971

– Deny entry from Nicaragua, as “[n]either entomology nor pathology

findings support a relaxation of the Potato Regulations as they apply to Nicaragua.” 1971

– Deny entry from Colombia since “[p]otatoes are restricted entry under the Potato Regulations and have never been approved from Colombia. The above pests [listed on the decision sheet] provide ample justification for retaining this position.”Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 4 Currently, potato tuber imports from Mexico are not authorized by 7 CFR §319.56. Pest interceptions at U.S. ports - of - entry on Solanum tuberosum from Mexico are summarized below ( Tabl e 2 ) . Table 2. U.S. port interceptions on Solanum tuberosum from Mexico (1984 - 2011 ). 1 **Organism Plant Part**  **Infested Location of** 

**Interception Purpose**  **Interceptions (no.)**  **ACARI** Cryptostigmata, species of Fruit Baggage Consumption 1 **Oribatulidae** Oribatulidae, species of Root Baggage Consumption 1 **ARANEAE** Araneae, species of No data Baggage Consumption 1 **INSECTA** Insecta, species of Leaf Permit cargo Consumption 1 **COLEOPTERA Anthicidae**  Anthicidae, species of No data Baggage Consumption 1 **Chrysomelidae** Chrysomelidae, species of Stem Baggage Consumption 1 Root Baggage Consumption 1 No data Baggage Consumption 1 Epitrix sp. Stem Baggage Consumption 1 Galerucella sp. Root Baggage Consumption 1 **Curculionidae** Colecerus sp. Stem Baggage Consumption 1 Conotrachelus sp. Stem Baggage Consumption 4 Copturus sp. Stem Baggage Consumption 2 Curculionidae, species of Fruit Baggage Consumption 1 Root Baggage Consumption 2

Stores Non- entry 1 Stem Baggage Consumption 6

General cargo Consumption 1 Cylindrocopturus sp. Root Baggage Consumption 1 Diaprepes sp. Root Baggage Non- entry 1 Epicaerus sp. Bulb 2 Baggage Consumption 5 Fruit Baggage Consumption 7

Stores Consumption 1 Root Baggage Consumption 14

Quarters Non- entry 1 Stem Baggage Consumption 39 No data Baggage Consumption 49 Epicaerus cognatus Sharp Root Baggage Consumption 1Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 5 **Organism Plant Part**  **Infested Location of** 

**Interception Purpose**  **Interceptions (no.)**  Premnotrypes sp. Root Baggage Consumption 1 Rhynchophorinae, species of Stem Baggage Consumption 1 Sitophilus sp. Root Baggage Consumption 1 Sphenophorus sp. Root Baggage Consumption 1 No data Baggage Consumption 1 Trichobaris sp. Stem Baggage Consumption 1 **Elateridae** Conoderus laurenti (Guérin) Stem Baggage Consumption 1 **Scarabaeidae** Diplotaxis sp. Root Baggage Consumption 1 **Tenebrionidae** Blapstinus sp. Root Baggage Consumption 1 Epitragus sp. Stem Baggage Consumption 2 **DERMAPTERA** Dermaptera, species of Fruit Baggage Consumption 1 **Forficulidae** Forficulidae, species of No data Baggage Consumption 1 **DIPTERA** Diptera, species of Root Baggage Consumption 1 **Agromyzidae** Agromyzidae, species of Leaf Permit cargo Consumption 3 **Ceratopogonidae** Ceratopogonidae, species of Root Baggage Consumption 1 No data Baggage Consumption 1 **Drosophilidae** Drosophilidae, species of Bulb 2 Miscellaneous Consumption 1 **Muscidae** Musca sp. No data Baggage Consumption 1 **Mycetophilidae** Mycetophilidae, species of Fruit Baggage Consumption 1 **Phoridae** Phoridae, species of Fruit Baggage Consumption 1 **Syrphidae** Syrphidae, species of Stem Baggage Consumption 1 No data Baggage Consumption 1 **Tephritidae** Tephritidae, species of Root Baggage Consumption 1 **HEMIPTERA Aphididae**  Aphididae, species of Plant Baggage Propagation 1 **Largidae** Largus cinctus Herrich- Schäffer Stem Baggage Consumption 1Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 6 **Organism Plant Part**  **Infested Location of** 

**Interception Purpose**  **Interceptions (no.)**  **Lygaeidae** Prytanes sp. Root Baggage Consumption 1 **Pentatomidae** Euschistus sp. Fruit Baggage Consumption 1 **Pseudococcidae** Planococcus citri (Risso) Root Baggage Consumption 1 Planococcus sp. Fruit **HYMENOPTERA Formicidae**  Camponotus sp. Stem Baggage Consumption 1 Solenopsis geminata (F.) Fruit Baggage Consumption 1 **LEPIDOPTERA** Lepidoptera, species of Root Baggage Consumption 1 **Gelechiidae** Gelechiidae, species of Root Baggage Consumption 5 Stores Non- entry 1 Stem Baggage Consumption 1 Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) Fruit Baggage Consumption 3 Root Baggage Consumption 1 Stem Baggage Consumption 3 No data Baggage Consumption 7 **Noctuidae** Noctuidae, species of Fruit Baggage Consumption 1 **Oecophoridae** Oecophoridae, species of Stem Baggage Consumption 1 **Sesiidae** Sesiidae, species of Stem Baggage Consumption 1 **Tortricidae** Tortricidae, species of Root Baggage Consumption 2 **ORTHOPTERA Gryllidae**  Acheta domesticus (L.) Root Miscellaneous Non- entry 1 **BACTERIUM** Streptomyces scabies (Thaxt.) Waksman & Henrici Bulb 2 Baggage Consumption 1 Fruit Baggage Consumption 9 Root Baggage Consumption 7 Stem Baggage Consumption 4 No data Baggage Consumption 8 **FUNGI** Aspergillus sp. Fruit Baggage Consumption 1 Root Baggage Consumption 1 Cladosporium sp. Root Baggage Consumption 3Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 7 **Organism Plant Part**  **Infested Location of** 

**Interception Purpose**  **Interceptions (no.)**  Stem Baggage Consumption 2

Miscellaneous Consumption 1 Coniothyrium sp. Root Baggage Consumption 1 Fusarium sp. Root Baggage Consumption 1 Stem Baggage Consumption 1 Fusarium solani (Mart.) Sacc. No data Baggage Consumption 1 Microsphaeropsis sp. Stem Baggage Consumption 1 Phoma sp. Leaf Mail Consumption 1 Stem Baggage Consumption 1 Rhizoctonia solani Kühn Fruit Baggage Consumption 8 Root Baggage Consumption 11 No data Baggage Consumption 5 Spongospora solani Brunchorst Fruit Baggage Consumption 5 Root Baggage Consumption 4 No data Baggage Consumption 2 Spongospora subterranea (Wallroth) Lagerheim Fruit Baggage Consumption 1 Root Baggage Consumption 1 No data Baggage Consumption 1 Thecaphora solani (Thirum. & O'Brien) Mordue Bulb 2 Baggage Consumption 2 Fruit Baggage Consumption 1 Plant Baggage Consumption 1 Root Baggage Consumption 9 Stem Baggage Consumption 7 No data Baggage Consumption 46 **NEMATODA** Cactodera sp. Stem Baggage Consumption 1 1 Records from the USDA - AP HIS Agricultural Quarantine Activity Systems Pest Interception Database (Pest ID). Last access: February 2011 . 2May refer to the potato tuber . Bulb crops comprise members of the Liliaceae, particularly species of Allium (Tsao & Lo, 2004) . 

### 2. **4. Pest Categorization —** **Identification of Quarantine Pests and Quarantine Pests Likely to Follow the Pathway**  Pests and potential pests associated with potato , that also occur in Mexico , are listed below ( Table 3 ) . The list includes information on the presence or absence of the pest in the United States, the affected plant part or parts, the quarantine status of the pest with respect to t he United States, an indication of the pest- commodity association, and pertinent references for pest distribution and biology . Pests in shaded rows are quarantine pests likely to follow the pathway and selected for further anal ys is.Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 8 **Table 3** . Pests and potential pests in Mexico associated with potato (Solanum tuberosum L . ). 1 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribution 2**  **Plant Part**

**Affected 3**  **Quarantine**

**Pest 4**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  **ARTHROPODS ACARI**  **Acaridae** Rhizoglyphus robini Claparède MX, US R, S No No Fan & Zhang (2003) **Eriophyidae** Aculops lycopersici (Tryon) MX, US L, S No No CABI (2011) ; Jeppson et al . (1975) **Tetranychidae** Bryobia praetiosa Koch MX, US L No No Bolland et al . (1998) ; Jeppson et al . (1975) Tetranychus cinnabarinus (Boisduval) MX, US L No No CABI (2011) Tetranychus desertorum Banks MX, US L No No Bolland et al . (1998) ; Estébanes & Baker (1966) Tetranychus ludeni Zacher MX , US L No No Jeppson et al . (1975) Tetranychus marianae McGregor MX, US L, S No No CABI (2011) ; Denmark (1970) Tetranychus urticae Koch (= T . telarius L.) MX, US L No No CABI (2011) ; Schubert (1967) **BLATODEA Blaberidae**  Pycnoscelus surinamensis (L.) MX, US S No No Bruner et al . (1945) ; Palacios & Jiménez (1997) ; Suiter & Koehler (2003) **INSECTA Coleoptera**  **: Anthribidae**  Araecerus fasciculatus (De Geer) MX, US T No No 5 CABI (2011) ; Mphuru (1974) **Coleoptera :**  **Chrysomelidae** Acalymma trivittatum (Mannerheim) MX, US L, S No No Capinera (2001) ; MacGregor & Gutiérrez (1983) ; Metcalf & Metcalf (1993) Acalymma vittatum (F.) (= Diabrotica melanocephala [F.]) MX, US I, L, S No No CABI (2011) ; MAF (2004) Agroiconota bivittata (Say) MX, US L No No Capinera (2001) ; Clark et al . (2004) ; Riley et al . (2003) Altica ameth

ystina (Olivier) MX L Yes No King & Saunders (1984)Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 9 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribution 2**  **Plant Part**

**Affected 3**  **Quarantine**

**Pest 4**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Cerotoma atrofasciata Jacoby MX, US L No No Gámez -Virués & Eben (2005) ; MAF (2004) ; Riley et al . (2003) Cerotoma ruficornis (Olivier) MX L Yes No CABI (2011) ; Kost & Heil (2006) Chaetocnema confinis Crotch MX, US L No No CABI (2011) ; Lingafelter (2001) Chaetocnema pulicaria Melsheimer MX, US L No No Capinera (2001) ; Clark et al . (2004) ; Elliot (1938) Charidotella (= Coptocycla , Metriona ) bicolor (F.) MX, US L No No Britton (1918) ; CABI (2011) ; Rausher & Simms (1989) Charidotella sexpunctata (F.) MX, US L No No Clark et al . (2004) ; Harris (2005) ; Riley et al . (2003) Colaspis hesperia Blake MX, US L 6 No No Clark et al . (2004) ; Riley et al . (2003) Cyclotrypema furcata (Olivier) MX, US I, L, R7 No No Clark et al . (2004) ; Riley et al . (2003) Deloyala guttata (Olivier) MX, US L No No Capinera (2001) ; Clark et al . (2004) ; Riley et al . (2003) Diabrotica sp. MX I, L, R7 Yes No McGuire & Crandall (1967) Diabrotica adelpha Harold MX I, L Yes No King & Saunders (1984) Diabrotica balteata LeConte MX, US I, L, R, S, T No No 8 CABI (2011) ; Mayea & Mendez (1980) ; Rodriguez- del -Bosque & Magallanes -Estala (1994) Diabrotica nummularis Harold MX L Yes No King & Saunders (1984) Diabrotica porracea Harold MX L Yes No King & Saunders (1984) Diabrotica tibialis Jacoby MX, US I, L, R7 No No Branson & Krysan (1987) ; MAF (2004) Diabrotica undecimpunctata Mannerheim (= D . duodecimpunctata [F.]) MX, US I, L No No EPPO (2011) ; MacGregor & Gutiérrez (1983) ; McGuire & Crandall (1967) ; Riley et al . (2003) Diabrotica virgifera LeConte MX, US L, R No No Capinera (2001) ; Clark et al . (2004) ; Riley et al . (2003) Diachus auratus (F.) MX, US I, L No No Clark et al . (2004) ; Riley et al . (2003) ; Wood & Knowlton (1949) Diphaulaca wagneri Harold MX L Yes No King & Saunders (1984) Disonycha arizonae Casey MX, US L 9 No No Clark et al . (2004) ; Riley et al . (2003)Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 10 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribution 2**  **Plant Part**

**Affected 3**  **Quarantine**

**Pest 4**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Disonycha collata (F.) MX, US L No No Clark et al . (2004) ; El Aydam & Bürki (1997) ; Riley et al . (2003) Disonycha glabrata (F.) MX, US L, R No No Clark et al . (2004) ; El Aydam & Bürki (1997) ; Riley et al . (2003) E pitrix sp. MX S Yes No PestID (2011) Epitrix cucumeris (Harris) MX, US L, R, T No Yes CABI (2011) ; Capinera (2001) ; Lingafelter (2001) Epitrix fasciata Blatchley (= E. parvula [F.]) MX, US L No No CABI (2011) ; Lingafelter (2001) ; Mayea & Mendez (1980) ; Bruner et al . (1945) Epitrix hirtipennis (Melsheimer) MX, US L No No CABI (2011) ; Lingafelter (2001) ; Webb (2006) Epitrix subcrinita (LeConte) MX, US L, R, T No Yes Capinera (2001) ; McGuire & Crandall (1967) Galerucella sp. MX R Yes No PestID (2011) Glyptina cerina (LeConte) MX, US L 9 No No Clark et al . (2004) ; Riley et al . (2003) Gratiana pallidula (Boheman) MX, US L No No Capinera (2001) ; Clark et al . (2004) ; Riley et al . (2003) Lema daturaphila Kogan & Goeden (= L . trilinea White, L . trilineata [Oliver]) MX, US L No No Anonymous (2007) ; Clark et al . (2004) ; Fornoni et al . (2003) ; Riley et al . (2003) Lema nigrovittata (GuérinMéneville) MX, US L No No Clark et al . (2004) ; Pallister (1953) ; Riley et al . (2003) Lema opulenta Gemminger & Harold MX, US L 11 No No Clark et al . (2004) ; Riley et al . (2003) Lema trivittata Say MX, US L No No Anonymous ([s.d.]) ; Clark et al . (2004) ; Ri ley et al . (2003) Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say) MX, US L No No CABI (2011) Leptinotarsa defecta (Stål) MX, US L No No Clark et al . (2004) ; Cuda et al . (2002) ; Riley et al . (2003) Leptinotarsa haldemani (Rogers) MX, US L No No Clark et al . (2004) ; Haley Sperling & Mitchell (1991) ; Riley et al . (2003)Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 11 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribution 2**  **Plant Part**

**Affected 3**  **Quarantine**

**Pest 4**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Leptinotarsa lineolata (Stål) MX, US L 12 No No 13 Clark et al . (2004) ; Riley et al . (2003) Leptinotarsa rubiginosa (Rogers) MX, US L 12 No No Clark et al . (2004) ; Riley et al . (20 03) Leptinotarsa texana Schaeffer MX, US L No No Clark et al . (2004) ; Cuda et al . (2002) ; Riley et al . (2003) Leptino tarsa undecimlineata (Stål) MX L Yes No Cañas et al ., 2002; Clark et al . (2004) ; Riley et al . (2003) Myochrous cyphus Bl ake MX, US L, S 14 No No Clark et al . (2004) ; Riley et al . (2003) Omophoita cyanipennis (F.) MX, US L 15 No No Clark et al . (2004) ; Riley et al . (2003) Orsodacne atra (Ahrens) MX, US I No No Clark et al . (2004) ; Cripps et al . (2006) ; Kevan et al . (1993) ; Riley et al . (2003) Phyllotreta albionica (LeConte) MX, US L No No Capinera (2001) ; Clark et al . (2004) ; Riley et al . (2003) Phyllotreta pusilla Horn MX, US L, R No No Capinera (2001) ; Clark et al . (2004) ; Riley et al . (2003) Plagiometriona clavata (F.) MX, US L No No McGuire & Crandall (1967) ; Vencl et al . (1999) ; Woodruff (2010) Psylliodes punctulatus Melsheimer MX, US L No No Capinera (2001) ; Clark et al . (2004) ; Riley et al . (2003) Sumitrosis inaequalis (Weber) MX, US L No No 16 Clark et al . (2004) ; Riley et al . (2003) Systena blanda Melsheimer MX, US L, R No No Capinera (2001) ; Clark et al . (2004) ; Riley et al . (2003) Systena s - littera (L.) MX L Yes No King & Saunders (198 4) Typophorus nigritus (F.) MX, US L, R, S, T No Yes Capinera (2001) ; Clark et al . (2004) ; Riley et al . (2003) **Coleoptera :**  **Coccinellidae** Epilachna varivestis Mulsant MX, US L, S No No CABI (2011) ; Kogan (1977) **Coleoptera :**  **Curculionidae** Anthonomus baridioides Champion MX L Yes No García (1974) ; Matienzo et al . (2003)Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 12 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribution 2**  **Plant Part**

**Affected 3**  **Quarantine**

**Pest 4**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Anthonomus eugenii Cano MX, US L No No CABI (2011) ; Elmore (1942) Colecerus sp. MX S Yes No PestID (2011) Collabismodes rhombifer (Champion) MX S Yes No Gordón et al . (1988) ; King & Saunders (1984) Collabismodes subparallelus (Champion) MX S Yes No King & Saunders (1984) Conotrachelus sp. MX S Yes No PestID (2011) Copturus sp. MX S Yes No PestID (2011) Cylas formicarius F. MX, US L, R, S No No 1 7 CABI (2011) ; PestID (2011) Cylindrocopturus sp. MX R Yes No PestID (2011) Diaprepes sp. MX R Yes No PestID (2011) Epicaerus sp. MX F, R, S Yes No PestID (2011) Epicaerus cognatus Sharp MX L, T Yes Yes Anonymous (1959) ; CABI (2011) Hypera postica (Gyllenhal) MX, US L No No CABI (2011) Pantomorus cervinus (Boheman) MX, US L No No CABI (2011) Phyrdenus muriceus (Germar) MX, US L, R, S, T No Yes McGuire & Crandall (1967) ; Novo et al . (2002 ) ; O’Brien & Wibmer (1982 ) Premnotrypes sp. MX R Yes No PestID (2011) Sphenophorus sp. MX R Yes No PestID (2011) Trichobaris sp. MX S Yes No PestID (2011) Trichobaris mucorea (LeConte) MX, US S No No Morrill (1927) ; O’Brien & Wibmer (1982) Trichobaris trinotata (Say) MX, US S No No CABI (2011) ; Hill (1987) ; Rodríguez & Rodríguez (1984) **Coleoptera :**  **Elateridae** Conoderus amplicollis (Gyllenhal) MX, US T No Yes Jansson & Lecrone (1989) ; Stone & Wilcox (1979) Conoderus laurenti (Guérin) MX S No 1 8 No PestID (2011) **Coleoptera :**  **Meloidae** Epicauta cinerea (Förster) MX, US L No No Capinera (2001) ; Chapais (1913) ; McGuire & Crandall (1967) Epicauta corvina (LeConte) MX, US L No No Brisley (1924) ; McGuire & Crandall (1967) ; Vaurie (1950)Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 13 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribution 2**  **Plant Part**

**Affected 3**  **Quarantine**

**Pest 4**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Epicauta diversicornis (Haag) MX L 19 Yes No McGuire & Crandall (1967) Epicauta longicollis (LeConte) MX, US L 19 No No McGuire & Crandall (1967) ; Vaurie (1950) Epicauta maculata (Say) MX, US L No No Capinera (2001) ; McGuire & Crandall (1967) ; Vaurie (1950) Epicauta pardalis LeConte MX, US L 19 No No McGuire & Crandall (1967) ; Vaurie (1950) Epicauta vittata (F.) MX, US L No No McGuire & Crandall (1967) ; Selander (1984) Epicauta vitticollis (Haag) MX L 19 Yes No McGuire & Crandall (1967) Lytta quadrimaculata (Chevrolat) MX, US L 19 No No McGuire & Crandall (1967) ; Vaurie (1950) **Coleoptera :**  **Scarabaeidae** Anomala flavipennis Burmeister (= A . kansana Hayes & McColloch) MX, US L, R No No Hayes & McColloch (1924) ; Rodríguez- del Bosque et al . (1995) ; Smith (2003) Diplotaxis sp. MX R Yes No PestID (2011) Euphoria pulchella (Gory & Percheron) MX I Yes No Maes (2004) ; McGuire & Crandall (1967) Lachnosterna sp.? MX R Yes No De la Rosa (1942) Phyllophaga spp. MX R, T 20 Yes No 21 McGuire & Crandall (1967) Phyllophaga dentex (Bates) MX, US R, T 20 No No 21 Evans (2003) ; McGuire & Crandall (1967) Phyllophaga menetriesii (Blanchard) MX R Yes No Aragón & Morón (2004) ; CABI (2011) ; King (1984) Phyllophaga obsoleta (Blanchard) MX, US L, R, T No No 21 Aragón et al . (2001) ; Deloya & Valenzuela (1999) ; Evans (2003) Phyllophaga setifera (Burmeister) MX, US R, T 20 No No 21 Aragón et al . (2001) ; Evans (2003) Phyllophaga zunilensis (Bates) MX R, T 20 Yes No 21 Evans (2003) ; King (1984) **Coleoptera :**  **Tenebrionidae** Alaetrinus (= Opatrinus) pullus (Sahlberg) MX, US R No No Iwan (2002) ; PestID (2011) Blapstinus sp. MX R Yes No PestID (2011) Epitragus sp. MX S Yes No PestID (2011) Tribolium castaneum (Herbst) MX, US T No No 5 CABI (2011) ; Sharma et al . (1987)Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 14 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribution 2**  **Plant Part**

**Affected 3**  **Quarantine**

**Pest 4**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  **Coleoptera :**  **Trogossitidae** Tenebroides mauritanicus (L.) MX, US T No No 5 CABI (2011) ; Sharma et al . (1987) **Diptera :**  **Agromyzidae** Liriomyza huidobrensis (Blanchard) MX L Yes No 2 2 CABI (2011) ; Takano et al . (2005) Liriomyza pusilla (Meigen) MX, US L No No MacGregor & Gutiérrez (1983) ; Wo lfenbarger (1958) Liriomyza sativae Blanchard (= L . munda Frick) MX, US L No No CABI (2011) ; McGuire & Crandall (1967) Liriomyza trifolii (Burgess) MX, US L No No CABI (2011) **Diptera :**  **Anthomy iidae**  Delia platura (Meigen) (= Hylemya cilicrura [Rondani], H

. platura [Meigen]) MX, US R, T No Yes CABI (2011) ; MacGregor & Gutiérrez (1983) ; Munro (1954) Pegomya hyoscyami (Panzer) MX, US L No No CABI (2011) ; Geigenmüller (1970) **Diptera :**  **Tephritidae** Neotephritis finalis (Loew) MX, US I No No McGuire & Crandall (1967) ; Stone et al . (1965) ; White & ElsonHarris (1992) Oedicarena latifrons (Wulp) 23 MX, US F No No Deloya & Valenzuela (1999) ; White & ElsonHarris (1992) Paroxyna spp. MX I 2 4 Yes No García (1974) **Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae**  Aleyrodes sp. MX L 29 Yes No McGuire & Crandall (1967) Aleyrodes spiraeoides Quaintance MX, US L No No Evans (2005) ; Landis & Getzendaner (1947) ; Ruiz (1993) Bemisia argentifolii Bellows & Perring (= B . tabaci [ Gennadius] biotype B) MX, US L No No CABI (2011) ; Simmons & Elsey (1995) Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius) MX, US L No No CABI (2011) Trialeurodes spp. MX L 29 Yes No McGuire & Crandall (1967) Trialeurodes abutiloneus (Haldeman) MX, US L No No Jones (2003) ; Mound & Halsey (1978)Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 15 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribution 2**  **Plant Part**

**Affected 3**  **Quarantine**

**Pest 4**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) MX, US L No No CABI (2011) **Hemiptera: Aphididae**  Acyrthosiphon malvae (Mosley) MX, US I, L, S No No Blackman & Eastop (2000) ; Fitter & Peat (1994) ; Jensen et al . (2008) Acyrthosiphon pisum (Harris) MX, US L No No CABI (2011) Aphis craccivora Koch MX, US L No No CABI (2011) Aphis fabae Scopoli MX, US L, S No No CABI (2011) Aphis frangulae Kaltenbach MX, US L No No Anonymous (2005a) ; Jensen et al . (2008) Aphis gossypii Glover MX, US L, S No No CABI (2011) Aphis nasturtii Kaltenbach MX, US L No No Anonymous (2005a) ; Jensen et al . (2008) Aphis sambuci L. MX, US L No No CABI (2011) ; De Bokx & Piron (1990) ; Jensen et al . (2008) Aphis spiraecola Patch MX, US L No No CABI (2011) Aulacorthum circumflexum (Buckton) MX, US L No No Blackman & Eastop (2000) ; Hill (1987) ; Jensen et al . (2008) Aulacorthum solani Kaltenbach MX, US L No No CABI (2011) ; Jensen et al . (2008) Hyalopterus pruni (Geoffroy) MX, US L No No CABI (2011) ; Jensen et al . (2008) Hyperomyzus lactucae (L.) MX, US L No No CABI (2011) Lipaphis erysimi (Kaltenbach) MX, US L No No CABI (2011) ; Srivastava et al . (1971) Macrosiphum euphorbiae (Thomas) (= M

. solanifolii [Ashmead]) MX, US L No No Blackman & Eastop (2000) ; CABI (2011) ; MacGregor & Gutiérrez (1983) Metopolophium dirhodum (Walker) MX, US L No No CABI (2011) ; Hoof (1980) Myzus certus (Walker) MX, US L No No CABI (2011) ; Hoof (1980) ; Jensen et al . (2008) Myzus ornatus Laing MX, US L No No Blackman & Eastop (2000) ; Jensen et al . (2008) ; Stufkens & Teulon (2001) Myzus persicae (Sulzer) MX, US L No No CABI (2011)Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 16 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribution 2**  **Plant Part**

**Affected 3**  **Quarantine**

**Pest 4**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Rhopalosiphoninus latysiphon (Davidson) MX, US R, S, T No No 30 Blackman & Eastop (2000) ; Gratwick (1989) ; Jensen et al . (2008) Rhopalosiphum maidis (Fitch) MX, US L No No CABI (2011) Rhopalosiphum padi (L.) MX, US L No No CABI (2011) ; Rough & Close (1965) Rhopalosiphum rufiabdominale (Sasaki) MX, US R No No CABI (2011) Sitobion (= Macrosiphum ) avenae (F.) MX, US L No No CABI (2011) ; Shands et al . (1962) **Hemiptera: As** **terolecaniidae** Russellaspis (= Asterolecanium ) pustulans (Cockerell) MX, US L, S No No Ben-Dov et al . (2011) ; Garcia (1999) ; Hamon (1977) **Hemi ptera**  **: Cicadellidae**  Aceratagallia spp. MX L 31 Yes No Almeyda -León et al . (2008) Aceratagallia fuscoscripta Oman MX, US L 31 No No McKamey (2001) ; Ramírez & Ramos Elorduy (1978) Aceratagallia sanguinolenta (Provancher) MX, US L No No McKamey (2001) ; Metcalf & Metcalf (1993) ; Radcliffe & Johnson (1994) Agallia barretti Ball MX, US L 31 No No McKamey (2001) ; Ramírez & Ramos Elorduy (1978) Agallia quadripunctata (Provancher) MX, US L 31 No No McKamey (2001) ; O’Brien & Rich (1979) Agalliopsis sp. MX L 31 Yes No Marín et al . (2009) Agrosoma placetis Medler MX L Yes No Coto & Saunders (2004) ; King & Saunders (1984) Carneocephala sp. MX L 31 Yes No Marín et al . (2009) Carneocephala sagittifera (Uhler) MX, US L 31 No No Metcalf (1954) ; Ramírez & Ramos -Elorduy (1978) Ciminius sidanus (Ball) MX, US L 31 No No McKamey (2001) ; Ramírez & Ramos Elorduy (1978) Circulifer tenellus (Baker) MX, US L No No McKamey (2001) ; Munyaneza & Upton (2005) Draeculacephala crassicornis Van Duzee MX, US L No No Dowdy (1947) ; Ramírez & Ramos -Elorduy (1978)Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 17 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribution 2**  **Plant Part**

**Affected 3**  **Quarantine**

**Pest 4**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Draeculacephala minerva Ball MX, US L No No Cabrera-La Rosa et al . (2008) ; Marín et al . (2009) Draeculacephala portola Ball MX, US L 32 No No McGuire & Crandall (1967) ; McKamey (2001) Elymana sp. MX L 31 Yes No Marín et al . (2009) Empoasca spp. MX L 33 Yes No McGuire & Crandall (1967) Empoasca abrupta DeLong MX, US L No No García (1974) ; McKamey (2001) Empoasca fabae (Harris) MX, US L No No CABI (2011) ; Ramírez & Ramos -Elorduy (1978) Empoasca kraemeri Ross & Moore MX L Yes No McGuire & Crandall (1967) ; Serrano & Backus (1998) Empoasca mexara Ross & Moore MX, US L 33 No No Gill (1986) ; Marín et al . (2009) Empoasca solana DeLong MX, US L No No McKamey (2001) ; Metcalf & Metcalf (1993) ; Radcliffe & Johnson (1994) Idiocerus sp. MX I, L 34 Yes No Ramírez & Ramos Elorduy (1978) Keonolla confluens (Uhler) MX, US L 31 No No McKamey (2001) ; Ramírez & Ramos Elorduy (1978) Macrosteles lepidus (Van Duzee) MX, US L 31 No No Brown (1939) ; Ramírez & Ramos -Elorduy (1978) Macrosteles quadrilineatus Forbes (= M

. fascifrons [Stål]) MX, US L, S No No MacGregor & Gutiérrez (1983) ; McKamey (2001) ; Radcliffe & Johnson (1994) Macrosteles urticae Moore & Ross MX L 31 Yes No Ramírez & Ramos Elorduy (1978) Macrosteles variatus (Fallén) MX, US L 31 No No Brown (1939) ; Ramírez & Ramos -Elorduy (1978) Oncopsis sp. MX L 31 Yes No Marín et al . (2009) Paraphlepsius sp. MX L 31 Yes No Marín et al . (2009) Phera centrolineata (Signoret) MX, US L 31 No No Marín et al . (2009) ; McKamey (2001) Scaphytopius sp. MX L 31 Yes No Marín et al . (2009) **Hemi ptera**  **: Cixiidae**  Oliarus acicus Caldwell MX, US L No No McGuire & Crandall (1967) ; Meyerdirk & Hart (1982)Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 18 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribution 2**  **Plant Part**

**Affected 3**  **Quarantine**

**Pest 4**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  **Hemi ptera**  **: Coreidae**  Acanthocephala femorata (F.) MX, US L, S No No Froeschner (1998a) ; MAF (2004) ; Metcalf & Metcalf (1993) Leptoglossus zonatus (Dallas) MX, US F, L No No Allen (1969) ; Grimm & Somarriba (1999) ; MacGregor & Gutiérrez (1983) Phthia picta (Drury) MX, US L No No McGuire & Crandall (1967) ; Schuster & Stansly (2005) Sphictyrtus pretiosus (Stål) MX F 25 Yes No García (1974) **Hemiptera: Coccidae**  Saissetia tolucana (Parrott & Cockerell) MX S Yes No Ben-Dov et al . (2011) **Hemiptera: Delphacidae**  Stobaera sp. MX L, S 35 Yes No García (1974) **Hemiptera: Diaspididae**  Aspidiotus nerii Bouché MX, US L, S No No Ben-Dov et al . (2011) ; CABI (2011) Parlatoria oleae (Colvée) MX, US L, S No No Biche & Sellami (1999) ; Watson (2005) **Hemi ptera**  **: Largidae**  Largus cinctus HerrichSchäffer MX, US S No No CABI (2011) ; PestID (2011) Largus succinctus (L.) MX, US F No No Arnett (2000) ; Felt (1899) ; García (1974) **Hemi ptera**  **: Lygaeidae**  Nysius ericae (Schilling) MX L Yes No 26 McGuire & Crandall (1967) ; Sweet (2000) Nysius niger Baker MX, US L No No Ashlock & Slater (1998) ; Sweet (2000) ; Tate (1933) Nysius raphanus Howard MX, US L No No Sweet (2000) ; Wene (195 8) Pachybrachius bilobatus (Say) MX, US L, S No No King & Saunders (1984) Prytanes sp. MX R Yes No PestID (2011) **Hemiptera: Membracidae**  Metcalfiella monogramma (Germar) MX S Yes No Coto & Saunders (2004) ; García (1974) Spissistilus festinus (Say) MX, US S No No CABI (2011) ; McGuire & Crandall (1967) ; Spurgeon & Mueller (1993)Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 19 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribution 2**  **Plant Part**

**Affected 3**  **Quarantine**

**Pest 4**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  **Hemi ptera**  **: Miridae**  Creontiades rubrinervis (Stål) MX, US I, L No No King & Saunders (1984) Lygus sp. MX F, I, L, S 27 Yes No McGuire & Crandall (1967) Lygus elisus Van Duzee MX, US F, I, L, S 27 No No Anonymous (2011) ; Henry & Wheeler (1998) Lygus hesperus Knight MX, US I, L, S No No Anonymous (2011) ; Rosenheim et al . (2004) ; Wheeler (2000) Lygus lineolaris (Palisot de Beauvois) MX, US I, L No No CABI (2011) ; Wright et al . (2006) Poecilocapsus lineatus (F.) MX, US L No No Henry & Wheeler (1998) ; Hodgson et al . (1974) Polymerus cuneatus (Distant) MX S Yes No García (1974) ; Wheeler (2001) **Hemiptera: Ortheziidae**  Insignorthezia insignis (Browne) (= Orthezia insignis Browne) MX, US L, S No No Ben-Dov et al . (2011) ; CABI (2011) **Hemi ptera**  **: Pentatomidae**  Arvelius albopunctatus (De Geer) MX, US F, L, S No No Panizzi et al . (2000) Edessa rufomarginata (De Geer) MX L Yes No Ely e Silva et al . (2004) ; Monte (1932) ; Panizzi et al . (2000) Euschistus sp. MX R Yes No PestID (2011) Euschistus biformis Stål MX, US F, I, L 28 No No Froeschner (1998b) ; McGuire & Crandall (1967) Murgantia histrionica (Hahn) MX, US I, L No No CABI (2011) ; McGuire & Crandall (1967) Nezara viridula (L.) MX, US F, L, S No No CABI (2011) ; Kiritani & Hôkyo (1962) **Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae**  Dysmicoccus brevipes (Cockerell) MX, US L, S No No CABI (2011) Dysmicoccus mackenziei Beardsley MX, US R, S No No Ben-Dov et al . (2011) ; Granara de Willink (2009) ; Miller & Miller (2002) Ferrisia malvastra (McDaniel) (= F. consobrina Williams & Watson) MX, US L, R No No Ben-Dov et al . (2011) ; Culik et al . (2006) ; Hodgson & Hilburn (1991)Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 20 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribution 2**  **Plant Part**

**Affected 3**  **Quarantine**

**Pest 4**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Ferrisia virgata (Cockerell) MX, US L, S No No Ben-Dov et al . (2011) ; CABI (2011) Maconellicoccus hirsutus (Green) MX, US L No No Anonymous (2005b) ; Meyerdirk et al . (2001) ; Williams (1996) Nipaecoccus nipae (Maskell) MX, US L No No CABI (2011) Nipaecoccus viridis (Newstead) MX, US (HI) L, S Yes No CABI (2011) Phenacoccus gossypii Townsend & Cockerell MX, US L No No Ben-Dov et al . (2011) ; Hill (1983) ; McGuire & Crandall (1967) Phenacoccus madeirensis Green MX, US L, S No No CABI (2011) Phenacoccus parvus Morrison MX, US L, S No No Ben-Dov et al . (2011) ; Day et al . (2003) Phenacoccus solani Ferris MX, US L, S No No Ben-Dov et al . (2011) ; Flanders (1944) Phenacoccus solenopsis Tinsley MX, US L, S No No Ben-Dov et al . (2011) ; Jo shi et al . (2010) Planococcus sp. MX F Yes No PestID (2011) Planococcus citri (Risso) MX, US L, R, S No No Ben-Dov et al . (2011) ; CABI (2011) ; Hosny (1939) Planococcus minor (Maskell) MX S Yes No CABI (2011) ; Maity et al . (1998) Pseudococcus calceolariae (Maskell) (= P . gahani Green) MX, US T No No 36 CABI (2011) ; Williams (1924) Pseudococcus jackbeardsleyi Gimpel & Miller MX, US L, S No No Gimpel & Miller (1996) Pseudococcus longispinus (Targioni Tozzetti) MX, US L, S No No CABI (2011) Pseudococcus maritimus (Ehrhorn) MX, US L, R, T No No 37 Ben-Dov et al . (2011) ; B oock et al . (1960) ; Hill (1987) Pseudococcus sorghiellus (Forbes) MX, US R No No Gimpel & Miller (1996) Pseudococcus viburni (Signoret) MX, US T No Yes Gimpel & Miller (1996) Rhizoecus falcifer Kunckel d’Herculais MX, US R No No Ben-Dov et al . (2011)Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 21 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribution 2**  **Plant Part**

**Affected 3**  **Quarantine**

**Pest 4**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  **Hemiptera: Psyllidae**  Bactericera (= Paratrioza ) cockerelli (Sulc) MX, US L No No Cadena-Hinojosa et al . (2003) ; Ever & Crawford (1933) ; Liu & Trumble (2006) Bactericera (= Paratrioza ) maculipennis (Crawford) MX, US L 38 No No Burckhardt & Lauterer (1997) ; Marín et al . (2009) Heteropsylla texana (Crawford) MX, US I, L No No Almeyda -León et al . (2008) ; Donnelly (2002 ) Paracarsidara gigantea (Crawford) MX S Yes No Armando & Fraternidad (2008) ; Marín et al . (2009) **Hemi ptera**  **: Rhopalidae**  Arhyssus lateralis (Say) MX, US S No No McGuire & Crandall (1967) ; Paskewitz & McPherson (1983) **Hemi ptera**  **: Tingidae**  Gargaphia iridescens Champion MX, US L No No Fenton (1934) ; McGuire & Crandall (1967) Gargaphia solani Heidemann MX, US L No No Neal & Schaefer (2000) **Hymenoptera :**  **Formicidae** Atta spp. MX L Yes No McGuire & Crandall (1967) ; Wilson (1971) Atta cephalotes (L.) MX, US L No No CABI (2011) ; MAF (2004) Atta insularis Guérin MX, US L No No Bruner et al . (1945) ; CABI (2011) Camponotus sp. MX S Yes No PestID (2011) Solenopsis geminata (F.) MX, US F, Sd No No Bruner et al . (1945) ; CABI (2011) ; PestID (2011) **Lepidoptera :**  **Arctiidae** Estigmene acrea (Drury) MX, US L No No CABI (2011) ; Payne (1919) Spilosoma virginica (F.) MX, US L No No Capinera (2001) ; Opler et al . (2010) ; Robinson et al . (2002) **Lepidoptera :**  **Gelechiidae** Keiferia lycopersicella (Walsingham) MX, US L No No CABI (2011) Pectinophora gossypiella (Saunders) MX, US R No No 39 CABI (2011) ; PestID (2011)Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 22 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribution 2**  **Plant Part**

**Affected 3**  **Quarantine**

**Pest 4**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Phthorimaea operculella (Zeller) MX, US F, L, R, S, T No Yes CABI (2011) ; PestID (2011) Tildenia glochinella (Zeller) (= Keiferia glochinella [Zel ler], Phthorimaea glochinella Zeller) MX, US L No No Heppner (2002) ; Morrill (1925) ; Povolny (1967) ; Robinson et al . (2011) ; Seliškar (2002) **Lepidoptera :**  **Hesperiidae** Urbanus proteus (L.) MX, US L No No Capinera (2005a) ; MacGre gor & Gutiérrez (1983) **Lepidoptera :**  **Lycaenidae** Tmolus (= Strymon ) echion (L.) MX, US I, L No No CTAHR (2006) ; Opler et al . (2010) **Lepidoptera :**  **Noctuidae** Agrotis ipsilon (Hufnagel) MX, US L, S No No CABI (2011) Agrotis malefida Guenée MX, US L No No CABI (2011) ; Elías et al . (1966) ; Schuster & Boling (1973) Agrotis repleta Walker MX L, S Yes No King & Saunders (1984) Autographa californica (Speyer) MX, US L No No Capinera (2001) Chrysodeixis (= Pseudoplusia ) includens (Walker) MX, US L No No Avila & Rodríguez- del Bosque (2005) ; CABI (2011) Copitarsia spp. MX F, L, S 40 Yes No McGuire & Crandall (1967) Copitarsia decolora (Guenée) (= C. turbata [Herrich- Schäffer]) MX L, S, T Yes Yes Alcalá (1978) ; Alcázar et al . (2004) ; Grau et al . (2003) ; Simmons & Pogue (2004) Copitarsia incommoda (Walker) (= C. consueta [Walker]) MX S, T Yes No 41 Flores -Pérez et al . (2004) ; Munro (1954) ; Simmons & Pogue (2004) Euxoa auxiliaris (Grote) MX, US L No No Anweiler (2011) ; Capinera (2001) ; Robinson et al . (2002) Feltia (= Agrotis) subterranea (F.) (= F. annexa [Treitschke]) MX, US L, S No No CABI (2011) ; Deloya & Valenzuela (1999) ; MacGregor & Gutiérrez (1983) ; Metcalf & Metcalf (1993) ; Nuessly et al . (2004) Helicoverpa (= Heliothis ) armigera (Hübner) MX L Yes No 42 Hill (1983) ; Miller (1987)Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 23 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribution 2**  **Plant Part**

**Affected 3**  **Quarantine**

**Pest 4**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) MX, US F, L, S No No CABI (2011) ; Capinera (2007) Heliothis virescens (F.) MX, US F, L No No Barber (1933) ; CABI (2011) Mamestra configurata Walker MX, US L No No CABI (2011) Mythimna (= Pseudaletia) unipuncta (Haworth) MX, US L No No Anonymous (2011) ; CAB (1967) ; CABI (2011) Peridroma saucia (Hübner) MX, US L, S No No CABI (2011) Spodoptera dolichos (F.) MX, US L, S No No Capinera (2001) ; Pogue (2010) ; Robinson et al . (2011) ; Sanchez (2000) Spodoptera eridania (Stoll) MX, US L No No CABI (2011) Spodoptera exigua (Hübner) MX, US L No No CABI (2011) Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) MX, US L, S No No CABI (2011) Spodoptera ornithogalli (Guenée) (= Prodenia ornithogalli Guenée) MX, US L No No Bruner et al . (1945) ; Capinera (2005b) ; Pogue (2010) Trichoplusia ni (Hübner) MX, US L No No CABI (2011) Xestia c -nigrum (L.) MX, US L No No CABI (2011) **Lepidoptera :**  **Nymphalidae** Cynthia (= Vanessa) cardui (L.) MX, US L No No Opler et al . (2010) ; Robinson et al . (2011) **Lepidoptera :**  **Pyralidae** Ephestia kuehniella (Zeller) MX, US T No No 43 Barnes (1958) ; CABI (2011) ; Linsley (1944) ; Metcalf & Metcalf (1993) Etiella zinckenella (Treitschke) MX, US R, S, Sd No No 44 CABI (2011) ; PestID (2011) Plodia interpunctella (Hübner) MX, US T No No 45 CABI (2011) ; Linsley (1944) **Lepidoptera :**  **Sphingidae** Manduca sp. MX L46 Yes No McGuire & Crandall (1967) Manduca quinquemaculata (Haworth) MX, US L No No CABI (2011) Manduca (= Phlegethontius) sexta (L.) MX, US L No No CABI (2011) ; García (1974) **Lepidoptera :**  **Tortricidae** Amorbia emigratella (Busck) MX, US L No No Burke et al . (1 994) ; Mau & Martin Kessing (1992)Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 24 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribution 2**  **Plant Part**

**Affected 3**  **Quarantine**

**Pest 4**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Cydia (= Carpocapsa ) pomonella (L.) MX, US F No No CABI (2011) ; McGuire & Crandall (1967) **Orthoptera :**  **Acrididae** Melanoplus sanguinipes (F.) (= M . mexicanus [Saussure]) MX, US L, S No No CABI (2011) ; Gurney & Brooks (1959) **Orthoptera :**  **Gryllidae** Acheta domesticus (L.) MX, US R No No Quarantine interception; 10 Walker (2007) Gryllus assimilis (F.) MX, US L, S No No CABI (2011) ; MacGregor & Gutiérrez (1983) ; Metcalf & Metcalf (1993) **Orthoptera :**  **Gryllotalpidae** Gryllotalpa sp. MX R, S, T 47 Yes No 48 McGuire & Crandall (1967) **Orthoptera :**  **Stenopelmatidae** Stenopelmatus sp. MX R, T 49 Yes No 50 McGuire & Crandall (1967) Stenopelmatus fuscus Haldeman MX, US T No No 50 Ebeling (1975) **Thysanoptera :**  **Thripidae** Caliothrips fasciatus (Pergande) MX, US I, L No No King & Saunders (1984) Frankliniella occidentalis (Pergande) MX, US I, L No No CABI (2011) ; Gerhardt & Turley (1961) Thrips palmi Karny MX, US L No No CABI (2011) Thrips tabaci Lindeman MX, US L No No CABI (2011) **VIROIDS** Citrus exocortis (Pospiviroidae) MX, US All parts No No 51 CABI (2011) Potato spindle tuber (Pospiviroidae) MX, US Sd, T Yes 52 No 53 CABI (2011) ; Singh et al . (2000) ; Stevenson et al . (2001) Tomato planta macho (Pospiviroidae) MX L, R, S Yes No 51 Boonham et al . (2005) ; Galindo et al . (1982) **VIRUSES** Abutilon mosaic (Geminiviridae) MX, US L, R, S No No De la Torre -Almaráz et al . (2006) ; Anonymous (2009c) ; Wellman (1977) Alfalfa mosaic (Bromoviridae) MX, US All parts No Yes Brunt et al . (1996) ; CABI (2011) Beet curly top (Geminiviridae) MX, US L, R, T No Yes CABI/EPPO (1997f) ; Jeffries (1998) Beet western yellows (Luteoviridae) MX, US L, R, S No No Brunt et al . (1996) ; Johnstone et al . (19 89)Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 25 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribution 2**  **Plant Part**

**Affected 3**  **Quarantine**

**Pest 4**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Chilli (pepper) mosaic MX, US ? No No 54 Brauer & Eichardson (19 57) ; Leyendecker & Nakayama (1956) ; Thornberry (1966) Cucumber mosaic (Bromoviridae) MX, US All parts No Yes Brunt et al . (1996) ; CABI (2011) Potato aucuba mosaic (Flexiviridae) MX, US All parts No Yes Anonymous (2009b) ; Brunt et al . (1996) ; Lozoya - Saldaña et al . (2002) Potato leafroll (= Corium solani [Holmes]) (Luteoviridae) MX, US F, I, L, S, T No Yes Alvarez (1976) ; CABI (2011) ; Tsyplenkov (2009) Potato virus A (= Marmor solani Holmes) (Potyviridae) MX, US All parts No Yes Alvarez (1976) ; Anonymous (2009a) ; Bartels (1971) ; Brunt et al . (1996) ; Pérez-Moreno et al . (2004) Potato virus M (Flexiviridae) MX, US All parts No Yes Brunt et al . (1996) ; CABI (2011) Potato virus S (Flexiviridae) MX, US F, I, L, R, S, T No Yes CABI (2011) Potato virus X (Flexiviridae) MX, US All parts No Yes CABI (2011) ; PérezMoreno et al . (2004) Potato virus Y (Potyviridae) MX, US F, I, L, R, S, T No Yes CABI (2011) Sowbane mosaic MX, US L No No Brunt et al . (1996) ; Jeffries (1998) ; Weingartner & Hooker (2001) Tobacco etch (Potyviridae) MX, US L No No 55 Brunt et al . (1996) ; Thornberry (1966) Tobacco mosaic MX, US All parts No Yes Brunt et al . (1996) ; CABI (2011) ; Piedra- Ibbara et al . (2005) Tobacco rattle MX, US All parts No Yes Brunt et al . (1996) ; CABI (2011) ; Pérez-Moreno et al . (2004) Tobacco ringspot (Comoviridae) MX, US All parts No Yes Brunt et al . (1996) ; CABI (2011) Tobacco streak (Bromoviridae) MX, US All parts No Yes Brunt et al . (1996) ; CABI (2011) Tomato bushy stunt (Tombusviridae) MX, US All parts No Yes Brunt et al . (1996) ; Martinez et al . (1974) ; Thornberry (1966)Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 26 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribution 2**  **Plant Part**

**Affected 3**  **Quarantine**

**Pest 4**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Tomato mosaic MX, US All parts No Yes Brunt et al . (1996) ; CABI (2011) ; Nelson et al . (1994) Tomato ringspot (Comoviridae) MX, US All parts No Yes CABI (2011) ; CABI/EPPO (1997g) ; Romanenko et al . (2004) Tomato spotted wilt (Bunyaviridae) MX, US All parts No Yes Brunt et al . (1996) ; CABI (2011) Tomato yellow leaf curl (Geminiviridae) (= tomato leaf curl) MX, US L, S No No Brunt et al . (1996) ; CABI (2011) ; MAF (2006) **BAC TERIA**  Bacillus cereus Frankland & Frankland (Sphingobacteriales) MX, US T No Yes Altayar & Sutherland (2006) ; CABI (2011) ; Muñoz - Castellanos et al . (2006) Bacillus circulans Jordan (Sphingobacteriales) MX, US T No Yes Ghosh et al . (2003) ; Muñoz - Castellanos et al . (2006) ; Rosso et al . (2002) Bacillus megaterium De Bary (Sphingobacteriales) MX, US R, T No Yes Lutman & Wheeler (1948) ; Yáñez-Morales et al . (2003) Bacillus mesentericus Trevisan (Sphingobacteriales) MX, US T No Yes Davidson (1948) ; McGuire & Crandall (1967) Bacillus subtilis (Ehrenberg) Cohn (Sphingobacteriales) MX, US L, T No Yes Brighigna et al . (1992) ; CABI (2011) ; Malcolmson (1960) Burkholderia cepacia (ex Burkholder) Yabuuchi et al . (Burkholderiales) (= Pseudomonas cepacia [ex Burkholder] Palleroni & Holmes) MX, US T No Yes Burkhead et al . (1994) ; CABI (2011) ; YáñezMorales et al . (2003) Chromobacterium violaceum Bergonzini (Neisseriales) MX, US R56 No No Crosse et al . (2006) ; Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Hernandez et al . (1981) Clavibacter michiganensis subsp. sepedonicus (Spieckermann & Kotthoff) Davis et al . (= Corynebacterium sepedonicum (Spieck. & Kotth.) Skaptason & Burkholder (Actinomycetales) MX, US R, S, T No Yes CABI (2006) ; CABI/EPPO (1997c) ; García (1971)Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 27 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribution 2**  **Plant Part**

**Affected 3**  **Quarantine**

**Pest 4**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Corynebacterium sp. (Actinomycetales) MX T Yes Yes Alvarez (1976) Enterobacter (= Aerobacter) aerogenes Hormaeche & Edwards (Enterobacteriales) MX, US T No Yes CABI (2011) ; Dorozhkin et al . (1979) ; Euzéby (1997) ; Vazquez et al . (2000) Enterobacter cloacae (Jordan) Hormaeche & Edwards (Enterobacteriales) MX, US T No Yes CABI (2011) ; Farr & Rossman (2010) ; HerschMartínez et al . (2005) ; Schisler et al . (1997) Erwinia sp. (Enterobacteriales) MX S, T 57 Yes Yes Alvarez (1976) Erwinia carotovora subsp. atroseptica (van Hall) Dye (= E. atroseptica [van Hall] Jennison, Pectobacterium atrosepticum [van Hall] Patel & Kulkarni) (Enterobacteriales) MX, US F, S, T No Yes Alvarez (1979) ; Bradbury (1986) ; CABI (2011) ; NAPPO (2010)

Erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora (Jones) Bergey et al . (= Pectobacterium carotovorum [Jones] Waldee) (Enterobacteriales) MX, US L, S, T No Yes Bradbury (1986) ; CABI (2011) ; NAPPO (2010)

Erwinia chrysanthemi (Burkh.) Young et al . (Enterobacteriales) MX, US S, T No Yes CABI (2011) ; YáñezMorales et al . (2003) Pantoea agglomerans (Beijerinck) Gavini et al . (= Erwinia herbicola [Löhnis] Dye) (Enterobacteriales) MX, US T No Yes CABI (2011) ; Cui et al . (2003) Pseudomonas sp. (Pseudomonadales) MX T 58 Yes Yes Alvarez (1976) Pseudomonas fluorescens (Trevisan) Migula (Pseudomonadales) MX, US T No Yes CABI (2011) ; Cui et al . (2003) ; Mazari -Hiriart et al . (2000) Pseudomonas putida (Trevisan) Migula (Pseudomonadales) MX, US R No No CABI (2011) ; Glandorf et al . (1994) ; MarrónMontiel et al . (2006) Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae van Hall (= P . syringae van Hall) (Pseudomonadales) MX, US L, S No No Bradbury (1986) ; CABI (2011) ; Fucikovsky & Luna (1987)Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 28 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribution 2**  **Plant Part**

**Affected 3**  **Quarantine**

**Pest 4**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Pseudomonas syringae pv. tabaci (Wolf & Foster) Young et al . (Pseudomonadales) MX, US L No No CABI (2011) Ralstonia solanacearum race 1 (Smith) Yabuuchi et al . (Burkholderiales) (= Pseudomonas solanacearum [Smith] Smith) MX, US L, T No Yes CABI (2011) ; McGuire & Crandall (1967)

Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 (Smith) Yabuuchi et al . (Burkholderiales) 59 MX R, S, T Yes Yes CABI (1999) ; Stevenson et al . (2001) Rhizobium radiobacter (Beijerinck & van Delden) Young et al . (= Agrobacterium tumefaciens [Smith & Townsend] Conn) (Rhizobiales) MX, US R, S No No Bradbury (1986) ; CABI (2011)

Salmonella enteritidis (Gaertner) Castellani & Chalmers (Enterobacteriales) MX, US T No Yes Altekruse et al . (2006) ; Quiroz - Santiago et al . (2009) Streptomyces scabies (ex Thaxter) Lambert & Loria (= Actinomyces scabies [Thaxt.] Gussow) (Actinomycetales) MX, US F, R, S, T No Yes CIP (1996) ; Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Quarantine interception; 10 Wellman (1977) Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Doidge) Dye (= X . vesicatoria [Doidge] Dowson) (Xanthomonadales) MX, US L, S No No Bradbury (1986) ; Hayward & Waterston (1964) **PHYTOPLASMAS** Aster yellows (Acholeplasmatales) MX, US S, T No Yes CABI (2011) ; Khadhair et al . (2003) ; Munyaneza et al . (2006) ; Stevenson et al . (2001) Candidatus Liberibacter solanacearum’ (= ‘ Ca . L. psyllaurous’) MX, US T No Yes Munyaneza et al . (2009, 2010) Candidatus Phytoplasma aurantifolia’ MX, US L, T No Yes Santos - Cervantes et al . (2010) Candidatus Phytoplasma asteris’ (= Potato hair sprouts - inducing) MX, US L, S, T No Yes Lee et al . (2004) ; Leyva López et al . (2002) ; NCBI (2009)Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 29 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribution 2**  **Plant Part**

**Affected 3**  **Quarantine**

**Pest 4**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Columbia Basin potato purple top MX, US L, S, T No Yes Munyaneza et al . (2006, 2007) Mexican periwinkle virescence (Acholeplasmatales) MX, US L, T No Yes Jomantiene et al . (1998) ; Santos - Cervantes et al . (2010) Potato purple -top wilt MX, US All parts No Yes CABI/EPPO (1997d) ; Jeffries (1998) Potato witches broom MX, US T No Yes CABI (2011) ; SEM (1995) X - disease group MX, US L, T No Yes Santos - Cervantes et al . (2010) **FUNGI and OOMYCETES**  Acremonium strictum W. Gams (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) (= Cephalosporium acremonium auct. non Corda) MX, US L No No CABI (2011) ; Farr & Rossman (2010)

Alternaria sp. (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) MX L, T 60 Yes Yes Farr & Rossman (2010) Alternaria alternata (Fr.:Fr.) Keissl. (= A . tenuis Nees) (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) MX, US L, S, T No Yes Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Somani (2004) ; Stevenson et al . (2001) Alternaria brassicae (Berk.) Sacc. (= A . macrospora [Sacc.] Sawada) (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) MX, US L No No Farr & Rossman (2010) Alternaria porri (Ellis) Cif. (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) MX, US L No No CABI (2011) ; Farr & Rossman (2010) Alternaria solani Sorauer (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) (= Macrosporium solani Ellis & Martin) MX, US L, S, T No Yes CIP (1996) ; Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Stevenson et al . (2001) Alternaria tenuissima (Kunze:Fr.) Wiltshire (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) MX, US L, S No No Farr & Rossman (2010)Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 30 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribution 2**  **Plant Part**

**Affected 3**  **Quarantine**

**Pest 4**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Armillaria mellea (Vahl:Fr.) Kumm. (Basidiomycetes: Agaricales) MX, US R No No Farr & Rossman (2010) Arthrinium phaeospermum (Corda) Ellis (Ascomycetes) MX, US T No Yes Farr & Rossman (2010) Aspergillus sp. (Ascomycetes: Eurotiales) MX F, R Yes No PestID (2011) Aspergillus flavus Link:Fr. (Ascomycetes: Eurotiales) MX, US T No Yes CABI (2011) ; Somani (2004) Aspergillus fumigatus Fresen. (Ascomycetes: Eurotiale s) MX, US T No Yes Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Somani (2004) Aspergillus niger Tiegh. (Ascomycetes: Eurotiales) MX, US R, S, T No Yes CABI (2011) ; Farr & Rossman (2010) Athelia rolfsii (Curzi) Tu & Kim br. (Basidiomycetes: Polyporales) (= Corticium rolfsii Curzi) (anamorph: Sclerotium rolfsii Sacc.) MX, US R, S, T No Yes CABI (2011) ; Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Stevenson et al . (2001) Aureobasidium pullulans (de Bary) Arnaud (Ascomycetes: Dothideales) MX, US L No No Alarcón- González et al . (1990) ; CABI (2011) ; Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Hollomon (1967) Boeremia exigua var. exigua (Desm.) Aveskamp et al . (= Phoma exigua var. exigua Desm., P . exigua Desm., Phyllosticta bonanseana Sacc., P . hortorum Speg.) (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) MX, US L, S, T No Yes Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Stevenson et al . (2001)

Boeremia lycopersici (Cooke) Aveskamp et al . (= Ascochyta lycopersici Brunaud) (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) MX, US L No No Farr & Rossman (2010)Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 31 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribution 2**  **Plant Part**

**Affected 3**  **Quarantine**

**Pest 4**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Botryotinia fuckeliana (de Bary) Whetzel (Ascomycetes: Helotiales) (anamorph: Botrytis cinerea Pers.:Fr.) MX, US I, L, S, T No Yes Choiseul & Carnegie (2000) ; Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Stevenson et al . (2001) Ceratocystis paradoxa (Dade) Moreau (Ascomycetes: Microascales) MX, US L No No Farr & Rossman (2010) Cercospora sp. (Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerellales) MX L Yes No Farr & Rossman (2010) Cercospora physalidis Ellis (= C. solanicola Atk.) (Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerellales) MX, US L No No Farr & Rossman (2010) Choanephora cucurbitarum (Berk. & Ravenel) Thaxt. (Zygomycetes: Mucorales) MX, US L, S No No Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Roj as -Martínez et al . (2009) ; Stevenson et al . (2001) Cladosporium sp. (Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerellales) MX R, S Yes No PestID (2011) Cladosporium cladosporioides (Fresen.) De Vries (Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerellales) MX, US R No No Farr & Rossman (2010) ; PestID (2011) Cladosporium herbarum (Pers.:Fr.) Link (Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerellales) MX, US L, S No No Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Kuczyn ́ska (1983) Cladosporium oxysporum Berk. & Curtis (Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerellales) MX, US L No No Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Núñez - Camargo et al . (2003) Clasterosporium putrefaciens (Fuckel) Sacc. (Ascomycetes) (= Sporidesmium putrefaciens Fuckel) MX, US L No No Farr & Rossman (2010)Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 32 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribution 2**  **Plant Part**

**Affected 3**  **Quarantine**

**Pest 4**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Cochliobolus australiensis (Tsuda & Ueyama) Alcorn (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) (anamorph: Bipolaris australiensis [Ellis] Tsuda & Ueyama) (= Drechslera australiensis [Bugnic.] Subram. & Jain ex Ellis) MX, US L, S, T No Yes Dwivedi (1983) ; Farr & Rossman (2010)

Cochliobolus hawaiiensis Alcorn (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) (anamorph: Bipolaris hawaiiensis [Ellis] Uchida & Aragaki) (= Drechslera hawaiiensis Ellis) MX, US L, S, T No Yes Dwivedi (1983) ; Farr & Rossman (2010)

Cochliobolus lunatus Nelson & Haasis (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) MX, US L No No CABI (2011) Colletotrichum sp. (Ascomycetes: Phyllachorales) MX L, S 61 Yes No Farr & Rossman (2010) Colletotrichum capsici (Syd.) Butler & Bisby (Ascomycetes: Phyllachorales) MX, US L No No CABI (2011) ; Farr & Rossman (2010) Colletotrichum coccodes (Wallr.) Hughes (= C. atramentarium [Berk. & Broome] Taubenh.) (Ascomycetes: Phyllachorales) MX, US R, S, T No Yes Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Lira- Saldivar et al . (2006) ; Malamud et al . (1994) ; Nitzan et al . (2006) Colletotrichum dematium (Pers.:Fr.) Grove (Ascomycetes: Phyllachorales) MX, US L No No Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Ram & Lele (1968) Coniothyrium sp. (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) MX R Yes No PestID (2011) Corticium vagum Berk. & Curtis (Agaricomycetes: Corticiales) MX, US S No No Farr & Rossman (2010) Corynespora cassiicola (Berk. & Curtis) Wei (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) MX, US L No No Farr & Rossman (2010)Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 33 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribution 2**  **Plant Part**

**Affected 3**  **Quarantine**

**Pest 4**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Curvularia pallescens Boedijn (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) MX, US L No No Am usa et al . (2003) ; Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Singh & Rai (1980) Cylindrocladium scoparium Morg. (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) MX, US T No Yes Almeida & Bolkan (1981) ; Farr & Rossman (2010) Didymella bryoniae (Auersw.) Rehm (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) MX, US L, S No No CABI (2011) Didymella lycopersici Kleb. (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) (= Ascochyta lyco

persici Brunaud) (anamorph: Phoma lycopersici Cooke) MX, US L, S No No CABI (2011) ; Farr & Rossman (2010)

Doratomyces stemonitis (Pers.:Fr.) Morton & Sm. (Ascomycetes: Microascales) (= Stysanus stemonitis [Pers.:Fr.] Corda) MX, US T No Yes Farr & Rossman (2010)

Epicoccum nigrum Link (= E. purpurascens Ehrenb.) (Ascomycetes) MX, US L, T No Yes Chand & Logan (1984) ; Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Kuczyn ́ska (1983) Elsinoë ampelina Shear (Ascomycetes: Myriangiales) MX, US L, S No No CABI (2011) ; Farr & Rossman (2010) Erysiphe pisi var. pisi DC. (= E. communis [Wallr.:Fr.] Schltdl.) (Ascomycetes: Erysiphales) MX, US L, S No No CABI (2011) ; Farr & Rossman (2010) Erysiphe polygoni DC. (Ascomycetes: Erysiphales) MX, US L No No Farr & Rossman (2010) Fulvia fulva (Cooke) Cif. (Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerellales) (= Cladosporium fulvum Cooke) MX, US L No No Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Wellman (1977) Fusariella obstipa (Pollack) Hughes (Ascomycetes) (= Dendryphion obstipum Pollack) MX, US L, T No Yes Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Hughes (1949) ; McGuire & Crandall (1967) ; Singh & Rai (1980)Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 34 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribution 2**  **Plant Part**

**Affected 3**  **Quarantine**

**Pest 4**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Fusarium sp. (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) MX R, S Yes No PestID (2011) Fusarium cerealis (Cooke) Sacc. (= F. crookwellense Burgess et al .) (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) MX, US T No Yes Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Montiel - González et al . (2005) ; Theron & Holz (1989) Fusarium culmorum (Sm.) Sacc. (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) MX, US T No Yes Farr & Rossman (2010) Fusarium equiseti (Corda) Sacc. (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) MX, US T No Yes El -Hassan et al . (2004) ; Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Montiel - González et al . (2005) Fusarium incarnatum (Desm.) Sacc. (= F. pallidoroseum [Cooke] Sacc., F. semitectum Berk. & Ravenel) (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) MX, US T No Yes Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Somani (2004)

Fusarium moniliforme Sheld. (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) MX, US T No Yes Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Kassim (1986) Fusarium oxysporum Schltdl.:Fr. (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) MX, US R, S, T No Yes Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Stevenson et al . (2001) Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum (Atk.) Snyder & Hansen (= F. vasinfectum Atk.) (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) MX, US All parts No Yes CABI (2011) ; Farr & Rossman (2010) Fusarium poae (Peck) Wollenw. (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) MX, US T No Yes Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Lõiveke (2006) ; TequidaMeneses et al . (2002) Fusarium roseum Link:Fr. (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) MX, US T No Yes Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Rafiq et al . (1995) Fusarium roseum f. cereale (Cooke) Snyder & Hansen (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) MX, US R, S, T No Yes Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Miller et al . (1996) ; Snyder & Hansen (1945)Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 35 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribution 2**  **Plant Part**

**Affected 3**  **Quarantine**

**Pest 4**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Fusarium sacchari (Butler) Gams (= Cephalosporium sacchari Butler) (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) MX, US S No No Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Leslie et al . (2005) Fusarium sambucinum Fuckel (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) MX, US T No Yes Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Mezzalama et al . (2000) Fusarium sporotrichioides Sherb. (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) MX, US T No Yes Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Janke (1976) ; Montiel González et al . (2005) Fusarium subglutinans (Wollenw. & Reinking) Nelson et al . (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) MX, US S No No Farr & Rossman (2010) Fusarium sulphureum Schltdl. (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) (teleomorph: Gibberella cyanogena [Desm.] Sacc.) MX, US T No Yes Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Guigón et al . (1994)

Fusarium ventricosum Appel & Wollenw. (= F. argillaceum [Fr.:Fr.] Sacc., sensu Wollenw.) (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) MX, US T No Yes Farr & Rossman (20 10) ; Núñez - Camargo et al . (2003) Fusarium verticillioides (Sacc.) Nirenberg (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) MX, US T No Yes Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Sharifi et al . (2009) Fusicoccum dimidiatum (Penz.) Farr (Dothideomycetes: Botryosphaeriales) (= Hendersonula toruloidea Nattrass) MX, US T No Yes Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Punithalingam & Waterston (1970) Geotrichum candidum Link (Saccharomycetes: Saccharomycetales) MX, US T No Yes Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Kishimoto & Baker (1969) Gibberella avenacea Cook (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) (anamorph: Fusarium avenaceum [Fr.:Fr.] Sacc.) MX, US R, S, T No Yes CABI (2011) ; Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Stevenson et al . (2001)Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 36 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribution 2**  **Plant Part**

**Affected 3**  **Quarantine**

**Pest 4**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Gibberella baccata (Wallr.) Sacc. (Ascom

ycetes: Hypocreales) MX, US T No Yes CABI (2011) Gibberella zeae (Schwein.) Petch (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) (anamorph: Fusarium graminearum Schwabe) MX, US T No Yes CABI (2011) ; Daami Remadi et al . (2006) ; Farr & Rossman (2010) Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Spauld. & Schrenk (Ascomycetes) (anamorph: Colletotrichum gloeosporioides [Penz.] Penz. & Sacc.) MX, US L, S No No Farr & Rossman (2010)

Golovinomyces cichoracearum (DC.) Heluta (= Erysiphe cichoracearum DC.) (Ascomycetes: Erysiphales) MX, US L, S No No CABI (2011) ; Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Stevenson et al . (2001) Golovinomyces orontii (Castagne) Heluta (Ascomycetes: Erysiphales) MX, US L No No Cunnington et al . (2005) ; Farr & Rossman (2010) Haematonectria haematococca (Berk. & Broome) Samuels & Rossman (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales ) (= Nectria haematococca Berk. & Broome) (anamorph: Fusarium solani [Mart.] Sacc.) MX, US R, T No Yes CABI (2011) ; Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Hunter & Buddenhagen (1972)

Helminthosporium solani Durieu & Mont. (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) (= Spondylocladium atrovirens [Harz] Harz ex Sacc.) MX, US T No Yes CABI (2011) ; Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Wellman (1977) Hypocrea rufa (Pers.:Fr.) Fr. (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) (anamorph: Trichoderma viride Pers.:Fr.) MX, US S No No CABI (2011) ; Farr & Rossman (2 010)Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 37 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribution 2**  **Plant Part**

**Affected 3**  **Quarantine**

**Pest 4**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon & Maubl. (Ascomycetes: Dothideales) (= Botryodiplodia theobromae Pat.) MX, US L, R, S No No CABI (2011) ; Farr & Rossman (2010) Leptosphaerulina trifolii (Rostr.) Petr. (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) (= Pseudoplea trifolii [Rostr.] Petr.) MX, US L No No Farr & Rossman (2010)

Leveillula taurica (Lév.) Arnaud (Asc omycetes: Erysiphales) MX, US L No No CABI (2011) Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goidanich (Ascomycetes) (= Sclerotium bataticola Taubenhaus) MX, US S, T No Yes Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Kirk (2008a) ; Stevenson et al . (2001) Monographella nivalis (Schaffnit) Müll. (Sordariomycetes: Xylariales) (= Fusarium nivale [Fr.] Sorauer) MX, US L No No Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Kirk (2008b) ; Rakhimov & Khakimov (2000) Microsphaeropsis sp. (Ascomycetes: Dothideales) MX S Yes No PestID (2011) Myrothecium roridum Tode:Fr. (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) MX, US S No No Brooks (1945) ; Farr & Rossman (2010) Nectria sp. (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) MX S Yes No Farr & Rossman (2010) Nectria ventricosa Booth (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) (= Hypomyces solani Reinke & Berthier) (anamorph: Fusarium ventricosum Appel & Wollenw.) MX, US T No Yes Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Hwang (1948) ; Wellman (1977)

Neocosmospora vasinfecta var. vasinfecta Sm. (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) MX, US R, S No No Farr & Rossman (2010)Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 38 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribution 2**  **Plant Part**

**Affected 3**  **Quarantine**

**Pest 4**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Nigrospora sphaerica (Sacc.) Mason (Ascomycetes: Trichosphaeriales) MX, US F, L, S No No Farr & Rossman (2010) Oidium sp. (Ascomycetes: Erysiphales) MX L Yes No Farr & Rossman (2010) Oidium balsamii Mont. (Ascomycetes: Erysiphales) MX L Yes No Farr & Rossman (2010) Papulaspora coprophila (Zukal) Hotson (Ascomycetes) MX, US S No No Farr & Rossman (2010) Penicillium sp. (Ascomycetes: Eurotiales) MX T 62 Yes Yes Farr & Rossman (2010) Penicillium chrysogenum Thom (Ascomycetes: Eurotiales) MX, US T No Yes Contois (1953) ; Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Somani (2004) ; Tequida-Meneses et al . (2002) Penicillium dangeardii Pitt (Ascomycetes: Eurotiales) (teleomorph: Talaromyces flavus [Klöcker] Stolk & Samson) MX, US R No No Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Spink & Rowe (1989) Penicillium expansum Link (= P . glaucum Link) (Ascomycetes: Eurotiales) MX, US T No Yes Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Lugauskas et al . (2005) Penicillium janthinellum Biourge (Ascomycetes: Eurotiales) MX, US T No Yes Froto & Bailey de Ibarra (1983) ; Somani (2004) Periconia byssoides Pers. (Ascomycetes) MX, US S No No Farr & Rossman (2010) Peyronellaea glomerata (Corda) Goid. ex Togliani (= Phoma glomerata [Corda] Wollenw. & Hochapfel) (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) MX, US T No Yes Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Morgan-Jones (1967) ; Wiese (1987)

Phoma sp. (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) MX L, S Yes No PestID (2011) Phoma destructiva Plowr. (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) MX, US L No No Farr & Rossman (2010)Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 39 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribution 2**  **Plant Part**

**Affected 3**  **Quarantine**

**Pest 4**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Phoma herbarum var. herbarum Westend. (= P . herbarum Westend.) (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) MX, US L, T No Yes Borborua (1990) ; Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Janke & Zott (1980) ; Rivero - Cruz et al . (2003) Phyllosticta gossypina Ellis & Martin (Ascomycetes: Dothideales) MX, US L No No Farr & Rossman (2010) Phymatotrichopsis omnivora (Duggar) Hennebert (= Phymatotrichum omnivorum Duggar) (Basidiomycetes) MX, US R No No Farr & Rossman (2010)

Phytophthora cactorum (Lebert & Cohn) Schröt. (Oomycetes: Pythiales) MX, US S No No Causin et al . (2005) ; Farr & Rossman (2010) Phytophthora capsici Leonian (Oomycetes: Pythiales) MX, US F, R, S No No CABI (2011) ; Farr & Rossman (2010) Phytophthora cinnamomi var. cinnamomi Rands (= P . cinnamomi Rands) (Oomycetes: Pythiales) MX, US R No No Erwin & Ribeiro (1996) ; Farr & Rossman (2010) Phytophthora citrophthora (Sm. & Sm.) Leonian (Oomycetes: Pythiales) MX, US F, L, R, S No No CABI (2011) ; Farr & Rossman (2010) Phytophthora cryptogea Pethybr. & Laff. (Oomycetes: Pythiales) MX, US L, R, S, T No Yes CABI (2011) ; Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Ojeda & Zak (1993) ; Stevenson et al . (2001) Phytophthora drechsleri Tucker (Oomycetes: Pythiales) MX, US T No Yes Farr & Rossman (2010) Phytophthora erythroseptica var. erythroseptica Waterhouse (Oomycetes: Pythiales) MX, US T No Yes Erwin & Ribeiro (1996) ; Farr & Rossman (2010) Phytophthora infestans (Mont.) de Bary (Oomycetes: Pythiales) (= Peronospora infestans [Mont.] Casp.) MX, US All parts No Yes Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Stevenson et al . (2001)Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 40 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribution 2**  **Plant Part**

**Affected 3**  **Quarantine**

**Pest 4**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Phytophthora nicotianae Breda de Haan (= Phytophthora parasitica Dastur) (Oomycetes: Pythiales) MX, US L, S, T No Yes Erwin & Ribeiro (1996) ; Farr & Rossman (2010) ; García (1971) Phytophthora palmivora var. palmivora (Butler) Butler (= P . agaves Gandara, P . faberi Maubl., P . palmivora [Butler] Butler) (Oomycetes: Pythiales) MX, US T No Yes Erwin & Ribeiro (1996) ; Farr & Rossman (2010)

Pleospora herbarum (Pers.:Fr.) Rabenh. (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) MX, US L No No Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Stevenson et al . (2001) ; Weingartner & Hooker (2001) Polysaccopsis hieronymi (Schröt.) Henn. (Ustilaginomycetes: Urocystales) MX L, S Yes No Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Wellman (1977) Puccinia pittieriana Henn. (Urediniomycetes: Uredinales) MX F, I, L, S Yes No CABI (2011) ; Stevenson et al . (2001) Puccinia substriata Ellis & Barthol. (= P . tubulosa [Pat. & Gaillard] Arthur) (Urediniomycetes: Uredinales) MX, US L No No Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Ramachar & Cummins (1965) ; Wellman (1972) Pythium aphanidermatum (Edson) Fitzp. (Oomycetes: Pythiales) MX, US R, S, T No Yes CABI (2011) ; Stevenson et al . (2001) Pythium arrhen omanes Drechsler (Oomycetes: Pythiales) MX, US R No No CABI (2011) ; Farr & Rossman (2010) Pythium debaryanum Auct. non Hesse (Oomycetes: Pythiales) MX, US T No Yes Badilla (1975) ; Farr & Rossman (2010) Pythium irregulare Buisman (= P . polymorphon Sideris) (Oomycetes: Pythiales) MX, US R No No Farr & Rossman (2010) Pythium myriotylum Drechsler (Oomycetes: Pythiales) MX, US R, S No No CABI (2011) ; Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Kang et al . (2006 ) Pythium ultimum Trow (Oomycetes: Pythiales) MX, US T No Yes CABI (2011) ; Johnson et al . (2004)Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 41 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribution 2**  **Plant Part**

**Affected 3**  **Quarantine**

**Pest 4**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Ramularia solani Sherb. (Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerellales) MX, US L 63 No No Farr & Rossman (2010) Rhizoctonia crocorum (Pers.:Fr.) DC. (= R . violacea Tul. & Tul.) (Basidiomycetes: Corticiales) (teleomorph: Helicobasidium purpureum Pat.) MX, US S, T No Yes Farr & Rossman (2010)

Rhizoctonia microsclerotia Matz (Basidiomycetes: Corticiales) MX, US L No No Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Wellman (1977) Rhizopus sp. (Zygomycetes: Mucorales) MX T 64 Yes Yes Farr & Rossman (2010) Rhizopus stolonifer (Ehrenb.:Fr.) Vuill. (= R . nigricans Ehrenb.) (Zygomycetes: Mucorales) MX, US T No Yes Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Somani (2004) Rosellinia bunodes (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. (Ascomycetes: Xylariales) MX, US (PR, VI) R, S, T Yes Yes Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Wellman (1977) Rosellinia necatrix Prill. (Ascomycetes: Xylariales) MX, US R No No CABI (2011) ; Farr & Rossman (2010) Rosellinia pepo Pat. (Ascomycetes: Xylariales) MX R, S, T Yes Yes Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Wellman (1977) Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary (Ascomycetes: Helotiales) MX, US S, T No Yes Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Stevenson et al . (2001) Septoria lycopersici Speg. (Ascomycetes: Mycosphaerellales) MX , US L No No Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Stevenson et al . (2001) Spongospora subterranea f. sp. subterranea Tomlinson (= S. solani Brunchorst, S. subterranea [Wallroth] Lagerheim) (Plasmodiophoromycetes : Plasmodiophorales) MX, US F, R, S, T No Yes Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Quarantine interception; 10 Stevenson et al . (2001)Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 42 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribution 2**  **Plant Part**

**Affected 3**  **Quarantine**

**Pest 4**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Stemphylium solani G.F. Weber (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) MX, US L No No Farr & Rossman (2010) Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilb.) Percival (Chytridiomycetes: Chytridiales) MX, US I, L, S, T Yes 65 Yes Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Stevenson et al . (2001) Thanatephorus cucumeris (Frank) Donk (Basidiomycetes: Ceratobasidiales) (= Corticium solani [Prill. & Delacr.] Bourdot & Galzin, Pellicularia filamentosa [Pat.] Rogers) (anamorph: Rhizoctonia so lani Kühn) MX, US F, R, S, T No Yes CABI (2011) ; Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Quarantine interception; 10 Stevenson et al . (2001)

Thecaphora solani (Thirum. & O’Brien) Mordue (Ustilaginomycetes: Ustilaginales) (= Angiosorus solani Thirum. & O’Brien) MX F, R, S, T Yes Yes Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Quarantine interception; 10 Stevenson et al . (2001) ; Weingartner & Hooker (2001) Thielaviopsis basicola (Berk. & Broome) Ferraris (Ascomycetes: Microascales) (= Chalara elegans Nag Raj & Kendr.) MX, US R No No CABI (2011) ; Farr & Rossman (2 010)

Trichothecium roseum [Pers.:Fr.] Link (Ascomycetes) MX, US T No Yes Farr & Rossman (2010) ; Somani (2004) Ulocladium atrum Preuss (Ascomycetes: Pleosporales) MX, US L No No CABI (2011) ; Farr & Rossman (2010) Verticillium sp. (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) MX T 66 Yes Yes Farr & Rossman (2010) Verticillium albo -atrum Reinke & Berthier (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) MX, US R, S, T No Yes CABI (2011) ; Stevenson et al . (2001) Verticillium dahliae Kleb. (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) MX, US All parts No Yes CABI (2011)Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 43 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribution 2**  **Plant Part**

**Affected 3**  **Quarantine**

**Pest 4**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Verticillium lateritium (Ehrenb.) Rabenh. (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales) MX, US S No No Farr & Rossman (2010) Xylaria apiculata Cooke (Ascomycetes: Xylariales) MX, US T No Yes Farr & Rossman (2010) **NEMATODES** Aphelenchoides sp. (Aphelenchoididae) MX R67 Yes No Desgarennes et al . (2009) Aphelenchoides fragariae (Ritzema Bos) Christie (Aphelenchoididae) MX, US L No No CABI (2011) ; Jensen et al . (1979) Aphelenchus avenae Bastian (Aphelenchidae) MX, US T No Yes Handoo (2007) ; Khan & Hussain (2004) Belonolaimus longicaudatus Rau (Belonolaimidae) MX, US R, T No No 68 CABI (2011) ; Stevenson et al . (2001) Cactodera sp. (Heteroderidae) MX S Yes No PestID (2011) Cactodera cacti Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven (Heteroderidae) MX, US R No No CABI (2011) ; Handoo (2007) Ditylenchus destructor Thorne (Anguinidae) MX, US S, T No Yes Brodie et al . (1993) ; CABI (2011) Ditylenchus dipsaci (Kühn) Filipjev (Anguinidae) MX, US L, S, T No Yes Brodie et al . (1993) ; CABI (2011) Ecumenicus monohystera (de Man) Thorne (Qudsianematidae) MX, US R67 No No Desgarennes et al . (2009) ; UNL (2011) Globodera rostochiensis (Wollenweber) Behrens (= Heterodera rostochiens is Wollenweber) (Heteroderidae) MX, US R, T Yes 69 No 70 Brodie (1993) ; CABI (2011) ; Handoo (2007) ; Stevenson et al . (2001) Globodera solanacearum (Miller & Gray) Behrens (Heteroderidae) MX, US R No No Handoo (2007) : Jensen et al . (1979) Globodera tabacum (Lownsbery & Lownsbery) Behrens (Heteroderidae) MX, US R No No CABI (2011) Helicotylenchus digonicus Perry (Hoplolaimidae) MX, US T 71 No Yes Handoo (2007) ; Olthof et al . (1982)Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 44 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribution 2**  **Plant Part**

**Affected 3**  **Quarantine**

**Pest 4**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Helicotylenchus dihystera (Cobb) Sher (= H

. nannus Steiner) (Hoplolaimidae) MX, US R, T No Yes CABI (2011) ; Wellman (1977) Helicotylenchus pseudorobustus (Steiner) Golden (Hoplolaimidae) MX, US R No No CABI (2011) ; Handoo (2007) Heterodera n. sp. (Heteroderidae) MX R72 Yes No Handoo (2007) Heterodera marioni (Cornu) Goodey (Heteroderidae) MX, US R, T No Yes Carter (1945) ; Cunningham (1936) ; Handoo (2007) Heterodera schachtii Schmidt (Heteroderidae) MX, US R No No CABI (2011) ; Handoo (2007) Meloidogyne sp. (Meloidogynidae) MX R, T 73 Yes Yes Handoo (2007) Meloidogyne arenaria (Ne al) Chitwood (Meloidogynidae) MX, US R, T No Yes CABI (2011) Meloidogyne chitwoodi Golden et al . (Meloidogynidae) MX, US R, T No Yes CABI (2011) Meloidogyne exigua Goeldi (Meloidogynidae) MX, US R, T No Yes Lehman & Lordello (1982) ; Vazquez (1971) ; Wellman (1977) Meloidogyne hapla Chitwood (Meloidogynidae) MX, US R, T No Yes CABI (2011) ; Handoo (2007) Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood (Meloidogynidae) MX, US R, T No Yes CABI (2011 ) ; Stevenson et al . (2001) Meloidogyne javanica (Treub) Chitwood (Meloidogynidae) MX, US R, T No Yes CABI (2011) ; Stevenson et al . (2001) N acobbus aberrans (Thorne) Thorne & Allen (Pratylenchidae) MX, US R, T Yes 74 Yes Manzanilla-López et al . (2002) Paratrichodorus minor (Colbran) Siddiqi (Trichodoridae) MX, US R, T No No 68 Handoo (2007) ; Stevenson et al . (2001) Paratylenchus sp. (Criconematidae) MX R67 Yes No Desgarennes et al . (2009) Pratylenchus sp. (Pratylenchidae) MX R75 Yes No Handoo (2007)Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 45 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribution 2**  **Plant Part**

**Affected 3**  **Quarantine**

**Pest 4**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Pratylenchus brachyurus (Godfrey) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven (Pratylenchidae) MX, US R, T No Yes CABI (2011) Pratylenchus coffeae (Zimmermann) Filipjev & Schuurmans Steckhoven (Pratylenchidae) MX, US R, T No Yes CABI (2011) Pratylenchus hexincisus Taylor & Jenkins (Pratylenchidae) MX, US R, S No No Brodie (1984) ; Handoo (2007) Pratylenchus neglectus (Rensch) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven (Pratylenchidae) MX, US R No No Hafez et al . (1999) ; Handoo (2007) ; Sandoval & Téliz (1990) Pratylenchus penetrans (Cobb) Filipjev & Schuurmans Stekhoven (Pratylenchidae ) MX, US R, T No Yes CABI (2011) ; Raabe et al . (1981) Pratylenchus pratensis (de Man) Filipjev (Pratylenchidae) MX, US R, T No Yes Handoo (2007) ; Jatala & Kaltenbach (1978) ; Raabe et al . (1981) Pratylenchus scribneri Steiner (Pratylenchidae) MX, US T No Yes Loof (1991) Pratylenchus thornei Sher & Allen (Pratylenchidae ) MX, US R, T No Yes CABI (2011) ; Hooker (1981) Pratylenchus vulnus Allen & Jensen (Pratylenchidae) MX, US R No No CABI (2011) ; Téliz & Goheen (1968) ; Weingartner & Hooker (2001) Psilenchus hilarulus de Man (Tylenchidae) MX, US T No Yes Handoo (2007) ; Khan & Hussain (2004) Punctodera chalcoensis Stone et al . (Heteroderidae) MX T Yes No 76 Handoo (2007) Punctodera punctata (Thorne) Mulvey & Stone (= Heterodera punctata Thorne) (Heteroderidae) MX, US R No No CABI (2011) ; Handoo (2007) Radopholus similis (Cobb) Thorne (Pratylenchidae) MX, US R, T No Yes CABI (2011) ; Louw (1982) Rotylenchulus reniformis Linford & Oliveira (Hoplolaimidae) MX, US R No No CABI (2011)Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 46 **Pest Geographic**  **Distribution 2**  **Plant Part**

**Affected 3**  **Quarantine**

**Pest 4**  **Follow**

**Pathway References**  Scutellonema brachyurus (Steiner) Andrássy (Hoplolaimidae) MX, US R No No CABI (2011) ; Handoo (20 07) ; Schuerger & McClure (1983) Tylenchorhynchus annulatus (Cassidy) Golden (= T

. martini Fielding) (Dolichodoridae) MX, US T No Yes CABI (2011) ; Handoo (2007) ; Khan & Hussain (2004) Xiphinema sp. (Xiphinematidae) MX R77 Yes No Alvarez (1976) Xiphinema americanum Cobb (Xiphinematidae) MX, US R No No CABI (2011) Xiphinema index Thorne & Allen (Xiphinematidae) MX, US R No No CABI (2011) ; Zullini (1973)

1 Synonyms: Lycopersicon tuberosum (L.) Mill., Solanum andigenum - tuberosum , S. aracatscha Bess., S. chocclo Bukasov & Lechn., S. esculentum Neck., S. leptostigma Juz. ex Bukasov, S. sinense Blanco, S. tuberosum - andigenum (Wellman, 1972, 1977; Brunt et al . , 1996; Porcher, 2010) . 2 Distribution : HI = Hawaii, MX = Mexico, PR = Puerto Rico, US = United States , VI = U.S. Virgin Islands 3 Plant Parts: F = Fruit, I = Inflorescence, L = Leaf, R = Root, S = Stem, Sd = Seed, T = Tuber 4 Organisms listed at the level of genus, although regarded as quarantine pests because of their uncertain identity, are not considered for further analysis as their identity is not defined clearly enough to ensure that the risk assessment is performed on a distinct organism (IPPC, 200 9: ISPM #11 ) . 5 Species is a stored-products pest (CABI, 2011) , and is considered unlikely to be associated with potato tubers at harvest. 6 Feeding site typical of species of Chrysomelidae (Riley et al . , 2002) . 7 Feeding site typical of species of Galerucinae (Riley et al . , 2002) . 8 Larvae are surface feeders on substrates, such as sweet potato storage roots (Pitre & Kantack, 1962) . They are considered unlikely to remain with potato tubers through harvest and post- harvest processing. 9 Feeding site typical of species of Alticini (Riley et al . , 2002) . 1 0 This footnote was deleted . 1 1 Feeding site typical of species of Criocerinae (Riley et al . , 2002) . 1 2 Feeding site typical of species of Leptinotarsa (Hsiao, 1988) . 1 3 Species apparently is restricted to hosts in Hymenoclea (Asteraceae) (Jolivet, 1998; Clark et al . , 2004) . Potato is not considered to be a usual host. 1 4 Feeding sites typical of species of Myochrous (e.g., McGregor, 1917; Roel & Degrande, 1989) . 1 5 Feeding site typical of species of Omophoita (e.g., O . sexnotata [Harold]; Bergmann et al . , 1983) . 1 6 Potato is considered a doubtful host (Clark et al . , 2004) . 1 7 Host plants are largely or exclusively restricted to Convolvulaceae (Capinera, 2009) . 1 8 Likely a misspelling of C. laurentii (Guérin - Méneville ), which is considered to be a synonym of C. amplicollis (Stone, 1975) . 19 Feeding site typical of species of Me loidae (Metcalf & Metcalf, 1993) . 2 0 Feeding sites typical of species of Phyllophaga (Capinera, 2001) . 2 1 Larvae may fe ed externally on tubers (Capinera, 2001) , but are considered unlikely to remain with tubers through harvest and post- harvest processing. 2 2 Record for Mexico (Takano et al . , 2005) apparently is a misidentification. There is no credible evidence that the species occurs in that country (Scheffer & Lewis, 2001; CABI, 2002; EPPO, 2006a) . 23 May be a synonym of Euribia latifrons (Wulp), recorded on potato in Mexico (García, 1974) . The genus Euribia Meigen has been given as a synonym of Urophora Robineau - Desvoidy, but apparently is an inval i d name (Stone et al . , 1965; Foote, 1980) . 2 4 Feeding site typical of species of Paroxyna (Novak & Foote, 1968) .Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 47 2 5 Feeding site typical of species of Sphictyrtus (e.g., S. chryseis [Lichtenstein]; Ojima et al . , 1976) . 2 6 Species is considered to be strictly Palaearctic (Old World) in distribution (Sweet, 2000) . 2 7 Feeding sites typical of species of Ly gus (Metcalf & Metcalf, 1993; Capinera, 2001) . 2 8 Feeding sites typical of species of Euschistus (Capinera, 2001) . 2 9 Fee ding site characteristic of Aleyrodidae (Metcalf & Metcalf, 1993) . 30 Species may occur on potato tubers in the field (Aguiar & Ilharco, 1997) and sprouts of store d potato tubers (Gratwic k, 1989) , but is considered unlikely to be a ssociated with fresh tubers for export. 31 Feeding site typical of specie s of Cicadellidae (DeLong, 1971) . 3 2 Feeding site typical of species of Draeculacephala (e.g., D . mollipes [Say]; Hill, 1987) . 3 3 Feeding site typical of species of Empoasca (Hill, 1987) . 3 4 Feeding sites typical of species of Idiocerus (Hill, 1987) . 3 5 Feeding sites typical of species of Stobaera (e.g., S. concinna [Stål], S. tricarinata [Say]; Reimer & Goeden, 1 982; Calvert et al . , 1987) . 3 6 Species has been recorded on potato tubers (Williams, 1924) , but is considered unlikely to remain with tubers through harvest and post- harvest processing. 3 7 Species may infest stored potato (Boock et al . , 1960) , but is considered unlikely to be a ssociated with fresh tubers for export. 3 8 Feeding site typical of species of Bactericera (e.g., B . tremblayi [Wagner]; Kazemi & Jafarloo, 2008) . 3 9 Host plants are restricted to Malvaceae (Metcalf & Metcalf, 1993) . 40 Plant parts typically attacked by larvae of Copitarsia spp. (Venette & Gould, 2006) . 41 Geographic range of this species apparently is restricted to South America (Simmo ns & Pogue, 2004) . Its reported occurrence in Mexico (MacGregor & Gutiérrez, 1983; Flores - Pérez et al . , 2004) apparently is based on a misidentification. 42 Reports of this species’ occurrence in the New World apparently result from a misidentification of H . zea (Boddie) (CABI, 2011) . 43 Species is a stored-products pest (Metcalf & Metcalf, 1993) , and is considered unlikely to be associated with potato tubers at harvest. 4 4 Host plants are restricted to Fabaceae (Capinera, 2001) . 4 5 Species is a stored-products pest (CABI, 2011) , w hich may infest dehydrated potato (Linsley, 1944) . It is considered unlikely to be associated with fresh potato tubers at harvest. 4 6 Feeding site typical of species of Manduca (Hill, 1987) . 4 7 Feeding sites typical of species of Gryllotalpa (Hill, 1987) . 4 8 Feeding damage to tubers or tuberous roots by species of Gryllotalpa (e.g., G . africana Palisot de Beauvois; Matsuura et al . , 1985) is superficial. The pest is considered unlikely to remain with potato tubers through harvest and post -harvest processing. 4 9 Feeding sites typical of species of Stenopelmatus (Ebeling, 1975; Vandergast et al . , 2007) . 50 Although potato and other root crops may be fed upon while in the soil (Ebeling, 1975) , as it is an external feeder, the insect is not considered likely to remain with potato tubers through harvest and post- harvest processing. 51 Potato apparently is only an experimental host (Jeffries & James, 2005) . 52 Prohibited/quarantine pest (7 CFR §319.37 - 2). The viroid is under of ficial control in the U.S. potato crop (EPPO, 2004) . 53 The viroid has not been identified in commercial potato crops in Mexico (Martínez - Soriano et al . , 1996) . 5 4 Record is based on a single biblio graphic entry (Thornberry, 1966) . Existence or host status of this virus is not corroborated by available, comprehensive sources (e.g., Brunt et al . , 1996; Stevenson et al . , 2001; Büchen - Osmond, 2006; Robinson et al . , 2007) . 5 5 Virus infects potato only experimentally (Jeffries, 1998) . 5 6 Ty pically inhabiting the rhizosphere of plants (e.g., Idris et al . , 2007) , and presumably associated with roots . 5 7 Sites of infection in potato typical of species of Erwinia (Stevenson et al . , 2001) . 5 8 Site of infection in potato typical of species of Pseudomonas (Stevenson et al . , 2001) . 5 9 Often referred to as “bio var 2 (race 3 ) , ” which, in general, is equivalent to race 3 sensu lato (Hayward, 1991; Fegan & Prior, 2005) . 60 Sites of infection typical of species of Alternaria (e.g., Stevenson et al . , 2001) . 61 Sites of infection typical of species o f Colletotrichum (Horst, 2001) . 62 Site of infection in potato reported for Penicillium sp. (Somani & Chauhan, 2001) . 63 Site of infection typical of species of Ramularia (Horst, 2001) . 64 Site of infecti on in potato reported for Rhizopus sp. (Somani & Chauhan, 2001) . 65 Previously reported fro m Maryland, Pennsylvania, and West Virginia in the United States (e.g., Farr & Rossman, 2010) , the patho gen has since been eradicated from tho se states (O’Brien & Rich, 1979; CABI/EPPO, 1997a) .Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 48 6 6 Site of infection in potato reported for Verticillium sp. (Somani & Chauhan, 2001) . 6 7 Recorded from the rhizosphere of potato (Desgarennes et al . , 2009) , and presumably associated with roots. 6 8 Species is an ectoparasite (Stevenson et al . , 2001) , and is considered unlikely to remain with potato tubers through harvest and processing. 6 9 Under official control (7 CFR §301.85). 70 Under official control in Mexico (NAPPO, 2010) . 71 Site of infestation typical of species of Helicotylenchus (Hooker, 1981) . 72 Site of infestation typical of species of Heterodera (Weischer, 1977) . 73 Sites of infestation typical of species of Meloidogyne (Stevenson et al . , 2001) . 74 The potato pathotype of N . aberrans , w

hich occurs in Mexico, is absent from the United States (Inserra et al . , 2005) . 75 Preferred feeding site of species of Pratylenchus (Stevenson et al . , 2001) . 7 6 Species apparently is restricted to hosts in the genus Zea (Poaceae) (Stone et al . , 1976; Baldwin & Mundo - Ocam po, 1991; SON, 2003) . The single interception, with seed potatoes (Handoo, 2007) , is not indicative of a true host ass ociation. 7 7 Site of infestation in potato typical of species of Xiphinema (Jatala, 1986) . 

### We did not place Musca sp. on the pest list above because a single interception in baggage is insufficient evidence for a host association. Quarantine pests that reasonably can be expected to follow the pathway (i.e., be included in consignments of potato tubers ) are sub jected to steps 5 - 7 (USDA, 2000) in the following sections of this risk assessment. These pests are listed below ( Table 4 ) . **Table 4** . Quarantine pests selected for further analysis. **Type Organism**  Arthropods Epicaerus cognatus Sharp (Coleoptera: Curculionidae)

Copitarsia decolora (Guenée) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) Bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 (Smith) Yabuuchi et al . (Burkholderiales) Fungi Rosellinia bunodes (Berk. & Broome) Sacc. (Ascomycetes: Xylariales)

Rosellinia pepo Pat. (Ascomycetes: Xylariales) Synchytrium endobioticum (Schilb.) Percival (Chytridiomycetes: Chytridiales) Thecaphora solani (Thirum. & O’Brien) Mordue (Ustilaginomycetes: Ustilaginales) Nematode Nacobbus aberrans (Thorne) Thorne & Allen (Pratylenchidae) 

### 2. **5. Consequences of Introduction —** **Economic/Environmental Importance** Potential consequences of introduction are rated using five risk elements: Climate - Host Interaction, Host Range, Dispersal Potential, Economic Impact, and Environmental Impact. These elements reflect the biology, host ranges and climatic/geographic distributions of the pests. For each risk element, pests are assigned a rating of Low (1 point), Medium (2 points), or High (3 points) (USDA, 2000) . A Cumulative Risk Rating is then calculated b y summing all risk element values. Risk values determined for the consequences of introduction for each pe st are summarized below ( Table 5 ) .Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 49 **Copitarsia decolora Risk**  **Ratings Risk Element #1: Climate** **- Host Interaction**  Copitarsia decolora (= C. turbata [Herrich- Schäffer]; Simmons & Pogue, 2004) is reported to occur in Argentina (Chubut to Santiago del Estero), Bolivia, Chile (Region I to Region X), Colombia (Cundinamarca, Antioquia), Costa Rica, Ecuador, Guatemala (Totonicapán), Mexico (Aguascalientes, Chiapas, Durango, Guerrero, México, Mexico City, Michoacán, Puebla, San Luis Potosi, Veracruz), Peru, Uruguay, and Venezuela (Liberman, 1986; Castillo & Angulo, 1991; Angulo & Olivares, 2003; Simmons & Pogue, 2004; Muñiz et al., 2007; Angulo & Olivares, 2010; Quimbayo et al . , 2010) (Plant Hardiness Zones 8 - 13; Fig. 2). It is estimated that the species could establish in the United States in areas corresponding to Zones 8 - 13. High (3)

**Risk Element #2: Host Range** This species has been recorded on numerous hosts, including Vitis vinifera (Vitaceae), Medicago sativa (Fabaceae), Capsicum frutescens and Solanum tuberosum (Solanaceae), Cynara scolymus and Helianthus sp. (Asteraceae), Allium spp. (Liliaceae), Fragaria an anassa and Malus pumila (Rosaceae), Simmondsia chinensis (Simmondsiaceae), Zea mays and Triticum sp. (Poaceae), Pistacia vera (Anacardiaceae), Beta vulgaris (Chenopodiaceae), Brassica oleracea (Brassicaceae), Dianthus caryophyllus (Caryophyllaceae), Feijoa sellowiana (Myrtaceae), Actinidia deliciosa (Actinidiaceae) (Angulo & Olivares, 2003) ; Alstroemeria sp. (Amaryllidaceae), Anemone japonica (Ranunculaceae), Antirrhinum majus (Scrophulariaceae), Astilbe sp. (Saxifragaceae), Lisianthus sp. (Gentianaceae), Bupleurum sp. (Apiaceae) (Quimbayo et al . , 2010) ; Asparagus officinalis (Liliaceae) (Gould & Huamán, 2006) ; and Amaranthus cruentus (Amaranthaceae) (Guerrero et al . , 2000) . High (3)

**Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential** Average fecundity has been reported to range from 572 (Arce de Hamity & Neder de Román, 1992) to 1038 (Larraín, 1996) eggs per female under laboratory conditions. Four generations per year have been recorde d (FIA, 2004) . Under ideal conditions, population growth in the species was calculated to be 14% per generation (Gould et al . , 2005) . Early- instar larvae may disperse locally on the wind (FIA, 2004) . Long- distance spread is accomplished by the migration of adults, which has served to extend the species’ range throughout much of South America (Paz et al . , 2008) , and via the movement of infested plant materials in commerce. The species has been intercepted at U.S. ports on grape and apple from Chile a (Santacroce, 1993) , and various other commodities, including potato (Pogue & Simmons, 2008) . This species thus exhibits high reproductive and dispersal potentials. Risk is estimated to be high. High (3)

**Risk Element # 4: Economic Impact**  Copitarsia decolora is said to be the most economically important member of the genus (Simmons & Scheffer, 2004) . It is one of the main pests of pearl lupin ( Lupinus mutabilis ), a legume crop of great importance in Bolivia, Ecuador, and Peru (Jacobsen & Mujica, 2006, 2008) . In Peru, the species, known as “gusano de tierra” (soil worm), is a maj or pest of potato (Alcalá, 1978; Canales & Canto, 1999) , attacking foliage and tubers, and is one of a complex of pests (including Spodoptera eridania Stoll and agromyzid leafminers) of broad bean ( Vicia faba), that reduces yield by 50 - 60% (Gomez, 1972) . Defoliation on the order of 60% has been reported in rape ( Brassica napus var. napus), although with no appreciable effect on yield (Larraín, 1996) . Infestation of other cole crops has been reported to result in loss of yield (Suárez -Vargas et al . , 2006) . The noctuid also is a significant pest of quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa ) (Lamborot et al . , 1999) and artichoke ( Cynara scolymus ) (Urra & Apablaza, 2005) in Chile, and infests cut flowers for export in Colombia (Moreno & Serna, 2006; Quimbayo High (3)Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 50 **Copitarsia decolora Risk**  **Ratings** et al . , 2010) . It occasionally is found on fruit trees, and the larvae may bore into immature fruits (Santacroce, 1993) . 1 Selective pesticides, such as Bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki , and growth regulators (e.g., diflubenzuron, teflubenzuron, or triflumuron) are applied for control (FIA, 2004) , which may increase costs of crop production. Copitarsia spp. are quarantine pests for Brazil, New Zealand, Paraguay, and Taiwan (Purdue University , 2011) , suggesting that the introduction of C. decolora into the United States could result in a loss of foreign markets for various commodities. Risk attending the potential economic impact of this pest is estimated to be high. **Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact** Copitar sia decolora poses a potential threat to native plant species in the United States closely related to its known hosts, such as Solanum drymophilum , S. incompletum , S. sandwicense , Amaranthus brownii , A . pumilus , Helianthus eggertii , H . paradoxus , and H . schweinitzii , that are listed as Threatened or Endangered in 50 CFR §17.12 and occur within the moth’s potential range in the United States. As Copitarsia spp. are reported to pose significant threats to agriculture (e.g., Venette & Gould, 2006) , introduction of C. decolora into the United States might result in the initiation of chemical eradication programs. Also, as effective parasitoids of the moth are known (Neder de Roman & Arce de Hamity, 1991; Lamborot et al . , 1995) , its introduction could spur the initiation of biological control programs. Risk of adverse environmental consequences attending the introduction of this pest is estimated to be high. High (3)

a Name recorded as Copitarsia consueta (Walker) (valid name: C. incommoda [Walker]; Simmons & Pogue, 2004) , which likely is a misidentification of C. decolora (= C. turbata ; Simmons & Pogue, 2004) . Angulo & Olivares (2003) stated that C. incommoda and C. turbata are frequently mistaken for each other, as they are very similar in external appearance. According to these authors, C. incommoda does not occur in Chile and is not recorded on grape. **Epicaerus cognatus Risk Ratings**  **Risk Element #1: Climate -**  **Host Interaction** Epicaerus cognatus is native to Mexico (Hernandez, 1937) , where it has been reported to occur in mountainous areas of several states ( Chihuahua, Puebla, Tlaxcala, Veracruz, Hidalgo, and México ) and Mexico City (Anonymous, 1943, 1959) (Plant Hardiness Zones 8 - 11; Fig. 2 ). Its potential distribution in the United States is estimated to include a like range of hardiness zones. High (3)

**Risk Element #2: Host Range** This weevil has been recorded on Solanum tuberosum and a wild species of Solanum (Wheeler et al . , 1951; Anonymous, 1959) . Itwas said to feed on several wild plants in Mexico (Anonymous, 1928a) , but these were not identified. Low (1) **Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential** Surprisingly little information is available on the biology of this serious pest. Females deposit eggs on leaves , usually in batches of 10 - 15 , over several months; some individuals may continue oviposition into a second year (Hernandez, 1937) . There is one generation per year (Anonymous, 1928a) . Thus, a high biotic potential is not indicated . The weevil has been intercepted in potato tubers at U.S. ports numerous times since 1922 (Anonymous, 1959; Girard, 1974) , indicating its potential to be moved long distances rapidly by human agency. Risk is judged to be medium. Medium (2)

**Risk Element #4: Economic Impact** Epicaerus cognatus has long been a serious pest of potato in Mexico (Anonymous, 1928a) . Damage is caused by larvae tunneling through, and feeding within, tubers High (3)Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 51 Figure 2. Plant hardiness zones of the world (modified from Magarey et al . , 2008) .Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 52 **Epicaerus cognatus Risk Ratings**  (Anonymous, 1959) , presumably reducing yield. Control measures commonly have included the application of insecticides to foliage (Hernandez, 1937) and soil fumigation (Anonymous, 1928b) , which increase costs of crop production. The species is a quarantine pest for numerous countries, including Guatemala, Uruguay, Paraguay, Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Ecuador, Peru, and Korea (Purdue University , 2011) , and Africa (APPO, 2003) , suggesting that its introduction could result in a loss of foreign markets for U.S. potatoes. A high risk is indicated. **Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact** As it feeds on closely related species, E. cognatus has the potential to attack Solanum drymophilum in Puerto Rico, and S. incompletum and S. sandwicense in Hawaii, all listed as Endangered in Title 50, Part 17, Section 12 of the United States Code of Federal Regulations (50 CFR §17.12: Endangered and threatened plants). Introduction of the weevil probably would not result in the initiation of chemical control programs, as the broad- spectrum insecticides commonly used in U.S. potato production (Webb, 2006; Godfrey et al . , 2008) likely would prove adequate for control purposes. There is no indi cation that the pest has been the target of biological control programs. Risk is estimated to be medium. Medium (2)

**Nacobbus aberrans Risk**  **Ratings Risk Element #1: Climate** **- Host Interaction**  The potato pathotype of N . aberrans occurs only in Latin America. It has been reported from Mexico (Hidalgo, México, Morelos), and the Andean regions of Argentina (Jujuy, Salta), Bolivia (Chuquisaca, Cochabamba, La Paz, Oruro, Potosí, Tarija), Chile, Ecuador, and Peru (Manzanilla-López et al . , 2002; Inserra et al . , 2005; Lax et al . , 2006; Suárez et al . , 2009; Manzanilla-López, 2010) (Plant Hardiness Zones 7 - 11; Fig. 2). Its potential distribution in the United States is estimated to include Zones 7 - 11. High (3)

**Risk Element #2: Host Range a**  This organism attacks a variety of plant species in several families. Hosts include Solanum tuberosum , S. lycopersicum , S. melongena , S. nigrum , Capsicum annuum , Physalis sp., Datura quercifolia (= D . ferox), and Nicotiana tabacum (Solanaceae), Beta vulgaris , Spinacia oleracea , Chenopodium album , C. quinoa , and Bassia scoparia (= Kochia scoparia) (Chenopodiaceae), Sysimbrium irio , Brassica rapa , B . nigra , and B . oleracea (Brassicaceae), Daucus carota (Apiaceae), Pisum sativum (Fabaceae), Cucumis sativus , Cucurbita pepo , and C. maxima (Cucurbitaceae), Amaranthus sp. (Amaranthaceae), Lactuca sativa (Asteraceae), Tropaeolum tuberosum (Tropaeolaceae), Ipomoea batatas (Convolvulaceae), Ullucus tuberosus (Basellaceae), Stellaria media and Spergula arvensis (Caryophyllaceae), Origanum vulgare (Lamiaceae), and Portulaca oleracea (Portulacaceae) (Inserra et al . , 2005) . High (3)

**Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential** Fecundity in the potato pathotype of N . aberrans is reported to range from 231 to 372 eggs per female on potato; several generations per year may be produced if hosts are available (Canto, 1992) . Rapid, local and long - distance dissemination of the organism is accomplished by the transport of infested tubers (Jatala & Bridge, 1990; Brodie et al . , 1993) . Soil adhering to tubers also may serve to spread the pathogen (Jatala & Kaltenbach, 1979) . This pest has high reproductive and dispersal potentials. Risk is judged to be high. High (3)Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 53 **Nacobbus aberrans Risk**  **Ratings Risk Element #4: Economic Impact**  Attack of roots by N

. aberrans induces the growth of small, round galls or knots arranged in bead- like fashion (as in a rosary) (Brodie et al . , 1993) . Damage to potato results from a weakened and functionally reduced root system, which reduces tuber numbers and size (Brodie, 1984) . Yield losses of 60 - 90% in potato crops have been reported (Inserra et al . , 1985) . In Bolivia, the nematode has been considered the most important constraint to potato production (Jatala & Bridge, 1990) ; losses valued at $52 million have been reported (Franco et al . , 1999 ) . It also has been reported to have a synergistic interaction with the wart fungus, Synchytrium endobioticum , in potato (Brodie et al . , 1993) , presumably increasing the s everity of disease. Soil fumigants and granular nematicides have been used for control, but are expensive (Brodie et al . , 1993) , and thus increase costs of crop production. Nacobb us aberrans is a quarantine pest for at least 38 countries (Lehman, 2004) , including Japan, Korea, Brazil, Israel, Turkey, the European Union, and Taiwan (Purdue University , 2011) , suggesting that introduction of the potato pathotype into the United States could result in the loss of foreign markets to American producers of potatoes and other economically important crops. Risk is considered to be high. High (3)

**Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact** The potato pathotype of N . aberrans has the potential to attack plants in the United States listed as Threatened or Endangered in 50 CFR §17.12. Potentially at risk are close relatives of recorded hosts, such as Solanum drymophilum , S. incompletum , S. sandwicense , Cucurbita okeechobeensis ssp. okeechobeensis , Amaranthus brownii , A . pumilus , and Portulaca sclerocarpa . Introduction of the potato pathotype into the United States probably would not result in initiation of chemical control programs, as the broadspectrum nematicides (e.g., organophosphates, oxime carbamates) applied to the U.S. potato crop (Godfrey et al . , 2008; Noling, 2009) have proven to be effective for its control (Hooker, 1981) . However, its introduction could spur the initiation of biological control programs. Pérez-Rodríguez et al . (2007) demonstrated the potential of strains of the fungus, Pochonia chlamydosporia (Goddard) Zare & Gams (Ascomycetes: Hypocreales), as egg parasite s, for control of the nematode. Risk is considered to be high. High (3)

a S ynonymy according to USDA -NRCS (2011) . **Ralstonia solanacearum race 3**  **Risk Ratings**  **Risk Element #1: Climate -**  **Host Interaction** Race 3 of R . solanacearum has been reported from Africa (Burundi, Cameroon, Canary Islands, Egypt , Ethiopia, Kenya, Libya, Mauritius, Nigeria, Réunion, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, Zambia), Asia (Bangladesh, China [Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hebei, Jiangsu , Zhejiang] , India, Indonesia [ Java] , Iran, Japan [Kyushu] , Lebanon, Nepal, Pakistan, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan , Thailand), Australia (New South Wales, Queensland, Victoria) , Papua New Guinea, Europe (Belgium, France, Germany, Hungary, Netherlands, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, United Kingdom) , North America (Costa Rica, Guadeloupe , Mexico [Chihuahua, Coahuila, Michoacan, Morelos, Queretaro, Sinaloa] ), and South America (Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Peru, Uruguay , Venezuela) (CABI, 1999; Németh et al . , 2002; Boonsuebsakul et al . , 2003; Elphinstone, 2005; EPPO, 2006b; Sanchez et al., 2008; Toukam et al . , 2009; Khoodoo et al . , 2010) (Plant Hardiness Zones 6 - 13; Fig. 2). The potential distribution of the species in the United States is estimated to extend across Zones 6 - 13 . High (3)Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 54 **Ralstonia solanacearum race 3**  **Risk Ratings**  **Risk Element #2: Host Range** Hosts of the organism include Solanum tuberosum , S. lycopersicum , S. melongena , Capsicum annuum , and other, wild species of Solanaceae , Pelargonium × hortorum (Geraniaceae), Polygonum capitatum (Polygonaceae), Amaranthus spp . (Amaranthaceae), Bidens pilosa and Erigeron floribundus (Asteraceae), Leucas martinicensis (Labiatae), Oxalis latifolia (Oxalidaceae), Spergula arvensis (Caryophyllaceae), Urtica dioica (Urticaceae) , Brassica rapa (Brassicaceae), Chenopodium spp. (Chenopodiaceae), Momordica charantia (Cucurbitaceae), Phaseolus vulgaris (Fabaceae), and Portulaca oleracea (Portulacaceae) (Tusiime et al . , 1998; Wenneker et al . , 1999; Pradhanang et al . , 2000; Williamson et al . , 2002; Janse et al . , 2004) . High (3)

**Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential** Under favorable conditions, infecti on by R . solanacearum race 3 in hosts, such as potato, may cause a rapid, general wilting, eventually resulting in plant death (Champoiseau et al . , 2009) . The pathogen is highly contagious (Jeffries, 1998) and highly pathogenic on potato (O’Brien & Rich, 1979) . High temperature s and abundant soil moisture usually favor disease development, leading to epiphytotics in crops (Stevenson et al . , 2001) . Local, plant-to -plant spread of the pathogen may occur through the movement of bacteria in soil, on contaminated machinery, and via surface runoff water (Champoiseau et al . , 2009) . Rapid, l ong - distance dispersal is accomplished via the mo ve ment of infected plants by human agency. For example, Hayward (1991) suggested that the present broad geographic distribution of the organism, from a presumed origin in South America a s a pathogen of potato, reflected the ease with which it is carried as latent infections in seed tubers. Itis thought to have spread to western Europe in infected seed or early ware potatoes imported from Egypt and perhaps other countries in the eastern Mediterranean region (Mazzucchi, 1995; Janse, 1996) and in infected geranium cuttings from Kenya (Janse et al . , 2004) . This pathogen exhibits a high level of virulence and a significant potential for long - distance dispersal. Risk is judged to be high. High (3)

**Risk Element #4: Economic Impact** Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 causes brown rot of potato (Champoiseau et al . , 2009) . Bacteria invade the vascular tissues of stems, roots, and tubers, causing them to turn brown and resulting in decay of tubers (Stevenson et al . , 2001) . Once initiated, infection may increase rapidly, and 100% of a crop may be lost (Silveira et al . , 1998) . Worldwide, losses total an estimated $950 million annually (Elphinstone, 2005; Milling et al . , 2009) . In areas, in which the organism has quarantine status, significant economic losses may result from the destruction of infected crops, costs of additional eradication efforts, and restrictions on further production on contaminated land (Elphinstone, 2005) . For example, the eradication of R . solanacearum race 3 from the United States , following introduction of the pathogen in infected geraniums imported from Kenya and Central America in 2003, cost growers and regulators an estimated $10 million and involved the destruction of approximately 5 million plants (Swanson et al . , 2005) . Chemical s , in the form of soil fumigants and antibiotics, have been used for control in potato crops (e.g., Kabeil et al . , 2008) , but increase costs of production . Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 is an A2 quarantine pest for Europe (CABI/EPPO, 1997e) and a quarantine pest for Canada (EPPO, 200 7) , suggesting that its introduction could result in a loss of foreign markets for U.S. potatoes or tomatoes . Risk that introduction of this pathogen will result in a significant negative economic impact on U.S. agriculture is considered high. High (3)

**Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact** Within its likely area of establishment in the United States, this pathogen has the High (3)Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 55 **Ralstonia solanacearum race 3**  **Risk Ratings**  potential to infect native plants designated as Threatened or Endangered in 50 CFR §17.12, such as Solanum drymophilum , S. incompletum , S. sandwicense , Amaranthus brownii , A . pumilus , Portulaca sclerocarpa , Bidens micrantha ssp. kalealaha , B . wiebkei , Erigeron decumbens var. decumbens , E. maguirei , E. parishii , and E. rhizomalus . Although chemical pesticide s have proven largely to be ineffective or impractical against R . solanacearum race 3 (Saddler, 2005) , evaluation of biotic agents for control of the pathogen has yielded encouraging results (e.g., Milling et al . , 2004; Yamada et al . , 2007) , suggesting that its introduction could spur the initiation of biological control programs. Risk of an adverse impact on the environment resulting from the introduction of R . solanacearum race 3 is judged to be high. **Rosellinia bunodes Risk**  **Ratings Risk Element #1: Climate** **- Host Interaction**  Rosellinia bunodes (= R . echinata Massee; Farr & Rossman, 2010) is widespread in the subtropics and tropics. Ithas been reported from North America ( Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, El Salvador, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Hispaniola, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama , Saint Kitts, Saint Lucia , Saint Vincent), South America (Brazil, Colomb ia , French Guiana, Guiana, Peru , Trinidad and Tobago , Venezuela), Africa ( Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo , Uganda), and Asia (India [Nilgris, Maharashtra], Indonesia [Java, Sumatra] , Japan, Malaysia, Philippines, Sri Lanka , Taiwan) , and Papua New Guinea (Sivanesan & Holliday, 1972; CAB, 1985; Farr & Rossman, 2010) (Plant Hardiness Zones 7 - 13; Fig. 2). The potential distribution of the fungus in the United States is estimated to span Z ones 7 - 13. High (3)

**Risk Element #2: Host Range a**  The fungus infects a variety of plant species in several families. Hosts include Alnus acuminata (Betulaceae) (Bermúdez & Carranza, 1990) ; Artocarpus heterophyllus (= A . integer ) (Moraceae) , Persea americana (Lauraceae), Musa acuminata (Musaceae), Theobroma cacao (Sterculiaceae), Hevea brasiliensis and Manihot esculenta (Euphorbiaceae), Citrus sp. (Rutaceae), Coffea arabica (Rubiaceae), Colocasia esculenta (= C. antiquorum ) (Araceae), Dryobalanops aromatica (Dipterocarpaceae), Zingiber sp. (Zingiberaceae) , Hibiscus rosa -sinensis (Malvaceae), Holigarna longifolia (Anacardiaceae), Leucaena leucocephala (= L . glauca ) (Fabaceae), Camellia sinensis (Theaceae), Piper nigrum (Piperaceae), Schleichera trijuga (Sapindaceae), Dioscorea sp. (Dioscoreaceae) , Maranta arundinacea (Marantaceae) (Sivanesan & Holli day, 1972) ; Eugenia sp. (Myrtaceae), Jasminum officinale (= J . grandiflorum ) (Oleaceae) , Miconia sp. (Melastomataceae), Polyscias guilfoylei (Araliaceae), Urtica sp. (Urticaceae ) (Farr & Rossman, 2010) ; Melia azedarach (Meliaceae) (Wolar, 1972) ; Cyathea arborea (Cyatheaceae), Capsicum frutescens , Cyphomandra betacea , Solanum tuberosum , S. melongena , and Nicotiana tabacum (Solanaceae), Eriobotrya japonica (Rosaceae) , Erythroxylum coca (Erythroxylaceae) , Euterpe spp. (Arecaceae) , Ipomoea batatas (Convolvulaceae) , Macadamia integrifolia (= M . ternifolia) (Proteaceae) , Oxalis tuberosa (Oxalidaceae) , Saccharum officinarum (Poaceae) , Tabernaemontana divaricata (Apocynaceae) , Tragopogon porrifolius (Asteraceae) (Wellman, 1977) ; Solenostemon scutellarioides (= Coleus blumei) (Lamiaceae) (Villalobos et al ., 2009) ; Bixa orellana (Bixaceae) (Spaulding, 1961) ; and Myristica fragrans (Myri sticaceae) (Duke & duCellier, 1993) . High (3)Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 56 **Rosellinia bunodes Risk**  **Ratings Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential**  Under conditions favorable for development of disease (e.g., soil constantly moist and rich in organic matter; Wellman, 1972) , R . bunodes is an aggressive pathogen. Mycelial growth is vigorous, leading to a high rate of mortality in hosts (López-Duque & Fernández-Borrero, 1966) . P lants may die so rapidly that leaves are not shed (South, 1921; Weber, 1973) , suggesting a high degree of virulence. Oliveira et al . (2008) considered R . bunodes to be the most aggressive of Rosellinia species. The disease is propagated locally, from plant to plant, by growth and spread of mycelia through soil (Weber, 1973) . The broad distribution of the pathogen, extending across four continents , suggests that it has been dispersed extensively by human agency. In coffee culture, for example, it was known to have been introduced into new areas on transplanted seedlings sourced from infected soil (Tucker, 1929) . A high biotic potential and high capacity for dispersal are indicated for this species. Risk is estimated to be high. High (3)

**Risk Element #4: Economic Impact** The fungus causes a root rot in hosts , initially resulting in wilt and proceeding to death of the entire plant (Sivanesan & Holliday, 1972) . Itcauses severe root, stolon, and tuber infections in potato (Wellman, 1977) . In Peru, R . bunodes is one of a complex of three Rosellinia species infecting potato, causing yield losses of 20 - 100% (Torres, 2002b) . Losses of 20 % have been recorded in cacao crops (Feitosa & Pimentel, 1991) . Itis one of the fungi that causes storage rots in yam ( Dioscorea) tubers, resulting in severe losses (Kay, 1987) . Application of fungicides may reduce the incidence of disease (Torres, 2002b) , but increase costs of production. The fungus is a quarantine pest for Korea, Thailand (Purdue University, 2011) , Asia and the Pacific re gion (EPPO, 2007) , and Africa (APPO, 1999) . It s introduction, therefore, could result in a loss of foreign markets for a variety of American agricultural products. Risk is considered to be high. High (3)

**Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact** As it infects related species, R . bunodes poses a potential threat to plants listed in 50 CFR §17.12, such as Manihot walkerae , Cyathea dryopteroides , Hibiscus arnottianus ssp. immaculatus , H

. brackenridgei , H

. clayi , H . waimeae ssp. hannerae , Eugenia haematocarpa , E. koolauensis , E. woodburyana , Solanum drymophilum , S. incompletum , and S. sandwicense . Introduction of the fungus could result in the initiation of biological control programs. Results of field studies by Mendoza et al . (2003) suggested that microbial antagonists c ould be effective in controlling the pathogen. Risk is estimated to be high. High (3)

a Synonymy according to USDA -NRCS (2011) . **Rosellinia pepo Risk**  **Ratings Risk Element #1: Climate** **- Host Interaction**  With the exception of disjunct population s in China (Hainan) and Papua New Guinea, the distribution of R . pepo is restricted to the New World tropics . The species has been reported from Barbados, Brazil, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ecuador, French Antilles, Grenada, Guatemala, Jamaica, Mexico (Tabasco), Panama, Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia, Surinam, Trinidad, U.S. Virgin Islands, and Venezuela (Wellman, 1977; CABI, 1991; Farr & Rossman, 2010) (Fig . 2) . We estimate its potential distribution in the United States is Plant Hardiness Zones 11 - 13 . Medium (2)

**Risk Element #2: Host Range a**  Hosts include Albizia malacocarpa , Canavalia sp., and Gliricidia sepium (Fabaceae), High ( 3)Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 57 **Rosellinia pepo Risk**  **Ratings** Coffea arabica (Rubiaceae), Theobroma cacao (Sterculiaceae), Citrus sp. (Rutaceae), Euterpe oleracea (Arecaceae), Manihot esculenta (= M . utilissima) (Euphorbiaceae) (Farr & Rossman, 2010) ; Persea americana (Lauraceae), Musa sp. (Musaceae), Artocarpus altilis and A . heterophyllus (= A . integer) (Moraceae), Colocasia esculenta (= C. antiquorum ) (Araceae) (Booth & Holliday, 1972) ; Cedrela odorata (= C. mexicana ) (Meliaceae) , Eugenia sp. , Psidium guajava , and Pimenta racemosa (Myrtaceae) , Ipomoea batatas (Convolvulaceae) , Jasminum officinale (= J . grandiflorum ) (Oleaceae), Prunus sp. (Rosaceae) , Schinus spp. (Anacardiaceae) , Solanum tuberosum (Solanaceae) , Camellia sinensis (= Thea sinensis ) (Theaceae) (Wellman, 1977) ; Myristica fragrans (Myristicaceae) (Weber, 1973) ; Macadamia integrifolia (Proteaceae) (Realpe et al ., 2006) ; and Garcinia mangostana (Clusiaceae) (Oliveira et al . , 2008) . **Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential** Results of studies on cacao by Waterston (1941) and Aranzazu (1996) suggested that R . pepo was mainly a saprophyte, and only facultatively parasitic, implying a low level of virulence. López- Duque & Fernández-Borrero (1966) found the fungus to be less virulent than R . bunodes in coffee plantations . Local dissemination of the patho gen from diseased to healthy plants is primarily through root-to -root contact (Oliveira et al . , 2008) . The broad distribution of the species, with populations recorded in three continents and Au stralasia , suggests that it ’s spread has been facilitated by human activity . Because a high biotic potential is not indicated, risk is estimated to be medium. Medium (2)

**Risk Element #4: Economic Impact** The fungus causes a disease known as black root rot (Booth & Holliday, 1972) , which results in severe root rots , and stolon and tuber infections in potato (Wellman, 1977) . In Peru, R . pepo is one of a complex of three Rosellinia species infecting potato, causing yield losses of 20 - 100% (Torres, 2002b) . The fungus also is the causal agent of a major disease of cacao (Ploetz, 2007) . Incidence of disease in macadamia has been reporte d to range from 5 - 70% (Realpe et al ., 2006) . Various fungicides have been used to control R . pepo (Torres, 2002b; Ten Hoopen & Krauss, 2006) , but increase costs of crop production. Introduction of the pathogen into the United States could result in a loss of foreign markets. It is a quarantine pest for Thailand (Purdue Univers ity , 2011) and for countries of the Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission and the Interafrican Phytosanitary Council (EPPO, 2007) . Risk is considered to be high. High (3)

**Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact** Rosellinia pepo poses a potential threat to tropical species listed in 50 CFR §17.12, such as Canavalia molokaiensis , Eugenia haematocarpa , E. koolauensis , E. woodburyana , Solanum drymophilum , S. incompletum , and S. sandwicense . Introduction of the fungus into the United States probably would not result in the initiation of programs for its control . Chemical control of Rosellinia diseases has proven largely to be ineffective and uneconomical; cultural methods have shown the most promise for managing disease incidence (Mendoza et al ., 2003) . Moreover, the broad- spectrum fungicides used to control the fungus (e.g., benomyl, carbendazim, thiabendazole, prochloraz, cyproconazole; Ten Hoopen & Krauss, 2006) are already in widespread use in U.S. agriculture (Davidse, 1986; Vinggaard et al . , 2006; Peffer et al . , 2007) , including potato production (Powelson & Rowe, 2008) , and likely would be perceived as adequate for control purposes . The efficacy of b iological control apparently has been little investigated , if at all . Risk is estimated to be medium. Medium (2)

a S ynonymy according to USDA -NRCS (2011) and USDA (2010) .Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 58 **Synchytrium endobioticum Risk**  **Ratings Risk Element #1: Climate** **- Host Interaction**  Synchytrium endobioticum is thought to have originated in the Andean region of South America, where it coevolved with the potato (Stevenson et al . , 2001) . It has been reported from Bolivia, Brazil, Falkland Islands, Peru, Mexico (México , Distrito Federal) , Canada (Newfoundland, Prince Edward Island) , Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Faroe Islands, Finland, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Luxembourg, Montenegro, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Romania, Russia (European), Slovakia, Slovenia, Sweden, Switzerland, United Kingdom, Ukraine, Armenia, Bhutan, India (Assam, Sikkim, West Bengal), Nepal, Turkey, Algeria, South Africa, Tunisia, and New Zealand (South Island) (Alvare z, 1976; CABI/EPPO, 1997a; CABI, 1998; Farr & Rossman, 2010) (Plant Hardiness Zones 3 - 13; Fig. 2). The potential distribution of the fungus in the United States is estimated to span a like range of plant hardiness zones. High (3)

**Risk Element #2: Host Range**  Hosts of the fungus are restricted to Solanaceae, and include Solanum tuberosum , S. lycopersicum , S. sto1oniferum , S. vallis -mexici , S. jamesii , S. commersonii , S. chacoense , other species of Solanum , and Nicotiana sp. (Weiss, 1925; Niederhauser, 1953; Chang & Rossman, 1987; Farr & Rossman, 2010) . Medium (2) **Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential** Synchytrium endobioticum produces copious numbers of motile zoospores to infect or re - infect hosts; under suitable conditions, there may be numerous generations per year (CABI/EPPO, 1997a) . Gall formation in the host, a symptom of infection, proceeds rapidly, gall volume increasing as much as 1800 - fold in little more than two weeks (Stevenson et al . , 2001) . Local spread of the pathogen through the soil or in surface water is slow, on the order of a few centimeters per year (Weiss, 1925) . Short- distance dissemination also may be facilitated by wind (Hampson, 1996) or the movement of soil fauna (Hampson & Coombes, 1989) . Rapid, l ong - distance dispersal occurs via the transport of infected potato tubers or contaminated soil in international trade (CABI/EPPO, 1997a) . This species exhibits high reproductive and dispersal capacities. Risk is considered to be hi gh. High (3)

**Risk Element #4: Economic Impact** Potato wart disease, caused by S. endobioticum , is considered so important that, for decades, domestic and foreign quarantines have been in force worldwide to prevent its spread (CABI/EPPO, 1997a) . Once the fungus is established in a field, an entire potato crop may be lost or otherwise rendered unmarketable; moreover, the fungus is so persistent that potatoes cannot be grown again safely for many years, nor can the land be us ed for any plants intended for export (Hampson, 1993; CABI/EPPO, 1997a) . The fungus also has been reported to be a vector of potato virus X (Stevenson et al . , 2001) . Infected tubers develop galls (warts), which reduce their market value (Osterbauer, 2010) . Introduction of S. endobioticum into the United States likely would result in a loss of domestic and foreign markets , as occurred in Canada after it s detection there (Hampson et al . , 1996; Clark et al . , 2007) . Where the fungus occurs, domestic movement of potatoes or other crops grown in infested soil often is restricted , resulting in a loss of sales (Chang & Rossman, 1987) . The species is a quarantine pest for numerous countries, including Norway, Malaysia, Korea, Japan, China, Thailand, Australia, Argentina, Uruguay, Chile, Egypt, Israel, and the European Union (EPPO, 2007; Purdue University , 2011) . Risk is considered to be high. High (3)

**Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact** Synchytrium endobioticum poses a potential threat to Solanum drymophilum , S. incompletum , and S. sandwicense , listed as Endangered in 50 CFR §17.12. Introduction Medium (2)Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 59 **Synchytrium endobioticum Risk**  **Ratings** of the pathogen is not likely to stimulate the initiation of control programs. Resting spores, which may remain viable in soil for decades (Stevenson et al . , 2001) , are highly resistant to fungicide s , and the only effective chemical agents have proven to be too toxic to crops and the soil microflora (Walker, 1976) . Quarantine and sanitation measures, and the use of resistant potato cultivars are the principal means of disease control (CABI/EPPO, 1997a; Stevenson et al . , 2001) . There is no indication that the potential of biological control for managing the pest has been evaluated . Risk of negative environmental impacts attending the introduction of this species is estimated to be medium. **Thecaphora solani Risk**  **Ratings Risk**  **Element #1: Climate -**  **Host Interaction** The distribution of T

. solani is confined to the America n tropics and subtropics . It has been reported from Bolivia, Chile (Regions I , IV, and IX) , Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico (Aguascalientes, Baja California Norte, Chihuahua, Guanajuato, Jalisco), Panama, Peru, Venezuela (Jiménez, 1985; CABI/EPPO, 1997b; Andrade et al . , 2004; Farr & Rossman, 2010) (Plant Hardiness Zones 8 - 13; Fig. 2) . The fungus is prevalent in cool, mountainous regions, but also occurs in warmer, coastal areas (Stevenson et al . , 2001) . The potential range of the fungus in the United States is estimated to span Zones 8 - 13. High (3)

**Risk Element #2: Host Range** Hosts are various species of Solanaceae, including Solanum tuberosum , S. lycopersicum , S. stoloniferum , and Datura stramonium (CABI/EPPO, 1997b; Farr & Rossman, 2010) . Medium (2) **Risk Element #3: Dispersal Potential** T hecaphora solani doe s not appear to be an aggressive or highly virulent pathogen. Andrade et al . (2004) reported difficulty in culturing the fungus in vitro because of a low rate of germination of teliospores and an extremely low growth rate in mycelia. It is said to have a very low natural dispersal potential (CABI/EPPO, 1997b) . Locally, irrigation water and grazing livestock may contribute to spread (Stevenson et al . , 2001) . Rapid, long - distance dispersal is effected by the transport of infected tubers of potato and other Solanum species (Mordue, 1970; CABI/EPPO, 1997b) . The fungus has been intercepted at U.S. ports on at least 127 occasions on Solanum species from Mexico (USDA-APHIS Agricultural Quarantine Activity Systems Pest Interception Database [Pest ID]). Because a high biotic potential is not indicated for this species , risk is judged to be medium. Medium (2)

**Risk Element #4: Economic Impact** Thecaphora solani causes the disease known as potato smut, which produces tumorous outgrowths (galls) on stolons, tubers, and underground portions of stems , and can reduce yields in potato crops by up to 85% (Stevenson et al . , 2001) . On tubers, galls vary in size from less than 1 mm to 4 mm or more in diameter, and their presence results in a loss in quality of the crop (Andrade et al . , 2004) . Chemicals have been used , as soil fumigants or tuber treatments, to control the fungu s (Torres, 2002a; Wale et al . , 2008) , but increase costs of crop production. Introduction of the pathogen likely would result in a loss of foreign markets for U.S. potatoes. It is a quarantine pest for several countries, including Korea, Norway, Argentina, Brazil, China, Israel, Turkey, Taiwan, the European Union, and R ussia (EPPO, 2007; Purdue University , 2011) . Risk is estimated to be high. High (3)

**Risk Element #5: Environmental Impact** Thecaphora solani pose s a potential threat to Solanum drymophilum , S. incompletum , and S. sandwicense , listed as Endangered in 50 CFR §17.12. Introduction of the Medium (2)Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 60 **Thecaphora solani Risk**  **Ratings** pathogen is not likely to stimulate the initiation of control programs. Being soil -borne, once established, its eradication is considered practically impossible (CABI/EPPO, 1997b) . A variety of fungicides has been evaluated for control of the disease, but with limited success; some have achieved a reduction in the severity of infection, but not the elimination of the pathogen (Wale et al . , 2008) . Management of the disease generally has relied on cultural methods, such as sanitation, long rotation cycles, and the use of clean seed, and resistant cultivars (Stevenson et al . , 2001) . The broad- spectrum fungicides currently used in U.S. potato production (e.g., Godfrey et al . , 2008; Olson et al . , 2010) probably would be perc eived as adequate for control pu r poses. There is no indication that the potential of biological control for managing the pest has been evaluated. Risk is considered to be medium. 

### Table 5 . Risk rating for Consequences of Introduction (potato , Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico ). **Pest Risk Element**  **Cumulative Risk Rating**  **1 2**  **3 4**  **5** Copitarsia decolora High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (15) Epicaerus cognatus High (3) Low (1) Med (2) High (3) Med (2) Medium (11) Nacobbus aberrans High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (15) Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (15) Rosellinia bunodes High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (15) Rosellinia pepo Med (2) High (3) Med (2) High (3) Med (2) Medium (12) Synchytrium endobioticum High (3) Med (2) High (3) High (3) Med (2) High (13) Thecaphora solani High (3) Med (2) Med (2) High (3) Med (2) Medium (12) 

### 2. **6. Likelihood of Introduction —** **Quantity Imported and Pest Opportunity** Likelihood of introduction is a function of both the quantity of the commodity

imported annually and pest opportunity, which consists of five criteria that consider the potential for pest survival along the pathway (USDA, 2000) . Risk values determined for the likelihood of introduction of each pest are summarized below ( Table 8 ) . 2.6.1. Quantity

of commodity

imported annually The rating for the quantity imported annually usually is based on the amount reported b y the exporting country, and is converted into standard units of 40 - foot- long shipping containers. The quantity of potatoes to be imported annually from Mexico into the United States has not been communicated . However, if it is assumed that tuber production will increase to a level permitting exports to the United States to equal, at a minimum, current production (≈ 1.6 million tonnes; FAO, 2011b) , volume will exceed the capacity of 64,000 40 - foot- long shipping containers. Risk is estimated to be high. 2.6.2. Survive post-harvest treatment Specific post-harvest treatment of potato tubers in Mexico has not been communicated. However, Epicaerus cognatus , as an internal feeder (Anonymous, 1959) , would be expected toPest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 61 have a high probability (> 10%; USDA, 2000) of surviving minimal post-harvest treatment, such as washing and culling, especially if infestation of the tuber had not progressed to such an advanced stage that damage was obvious. In fested potatoes may not show external damage, such as larval entrance hole s (Anony mous, 1959) . Similarly, external sy mptoms may

or may not be visible on potato tubers infected b y Synchytrium endobioticum and Ralstonia solan acearum race 3 , depending on the state of development of the disease (Chang & Rossman, 1987; Janse, 2004) , damage b eing confined, at least initially, to internal tissues (O’Brien & Rich, 1979; CABI/EPPO, 1997a) . Tubers containing juveniles and adults of N acobbus aberrans usually show no sy mptoms of infection (Lehman, 2004; Manzanilla- López et al . , 2004) . The nematodes may penetrate tubers to a depth of 1 - 2 mm (Canto, 1992) . Thus , these pests may go undetected b y visual inspection and are likely to be protected from any disinfestation or disinfection operation that treats the tuber surface only. They also are estimated to have a high probability of surviving post-harvest treatment. Damage caused b y the feeding of Copitarsia decolora on or within tubers is readily apparent and may be severe (Alcázar et al . , 2004) . S imilarly, s ymptoms of disease in tubers infected by the remaining fungi tend to be obvious at harvest. Tubers infected by Rosellinia spp. are c overed superficiall y, either partially or totall y, b y mycelial growth (Torres, 2002b) , and frequently rot before harvest (Stevenson et al . , 2001) . Tubers infected by Thecaphora solani are misshapen , with warty swellings (galls) on the surface (Barrus & Muller, 1943; CABI/EPPO, 1997b) . After initial infection, gall development proceeds throughout the growing season (Mordue, 1970) . Tubers affected b y these pests are likely to be detected and culled at harvest or in the packinghouse. The likelihood of the se pests ’ surviving post-harvest treatment , therefore , is considered low. 2.6.3. Survive shipment The conditions under which potato will be shipped from Mexico to the United States have not been communicated . Interception records may provide some indication of the ability of pest organisms to survive shipping conditions. A large number of live organisms intercepted with commodities at U.S. ports - of - entry suggests that environmental conditions in shipping containers and aircraft cargo holds are favorable for their survival (e.g., Pasek, 2000) . By the same reasoning, low rates of interception may suggest that certain pests do not survive well conditions under which commercial produce from Mexico is shipped. There were no interception records f or most of the pests of concern , and but a single interception recorded for Thecaphora solani ( Table 6) . These organisms are estimated to present a low risk of surviving shipment (< 0.1%; USDA, 2000) . Between 1992 and 2010, Copitarsia spp. were intercepted in significant numbers in cargo from Mexico (Table 6) . Risk of their surviving shipment is considered to be high. **Table 6** . Interceptions at U.S. ports of pests of concern on or in various agricultural commodities in cargo from Mexico . a **Pest Individuals or Infections Intercepted**  **(no.)** Copitarsia spp. b 733 Epicaerus cognatus 0 Nacobbus aberrans 0 Ralstonia solanacearum 0Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 62 **Pest Individuals or Infections Intercepted**  **(no.)** Rosellinia spp. 0 Synchytrium endobioticum 0 Thecaphora solani 1 aData from the USDA - APHIS Agricultural Quarantine Activity Systems Pest Interception Database (Pest ID). Last access: April 2011 . bRecords include C. decolora . All species of Copitarsia occurring in Mexico are me mbers of the C. decolora species group, a complex of cryptic species with very similar morphological traits (Angul o & Olivares, 2003; Pogue & Simmons, 2008) , and are assumed to have similar biology. 

### 2.6.4. Not detected at a port- of - entry As with asses sing the probability that potato pests will survive post-harvest treatment, estimating the likelihood that these p ests will not be detected at a port- of - entry involves consideration of pest biology and degree of concealment. Epicaerus cognatus , as an internal feeder, would be expected to have a high probability of evading detection, especially if infestation of the tuber had not progressed to such an advanced stage that damage was obvious. In fested potatoes may not show external damage, such as larval entrance hole s (Anonymous, 1959) . Similarly, external sy mptoms may

or may not be visible on potato tubers infected by Synchytrium endobioticum and Ralstonia solanacearum race 3, depending on the state of development of the disease (Chang & Rossman, 1987; Janse, 2004) , damage being confined, at least initially, to internal tissues (O’Brien & Rich, 1979; CABI/EPPO, 1997a) . There is no galling or deformation associated with N . aberrans infection of tubers (Jatala & Bridge, 1990) . Further, Lehman (2004) has suggested that, as a result of recent trade agreements between the United States and countries, in which the potato pathoty

pe of N . aberrans occurs, vegetable hosts of the organism have been moved in trade with minimal regulatory inspection. These pathogens also are likely to have a high probability

of passing undetected at a port- of - entry . Damage caused b y the feeding of Copitarsia decolora on or within tubers is readily apparent (Alcázar et al . , 2004) , and likely would betray

the presence of larvae within tubers . Similarly, sy mptoms of disease in tubers infected by the remaining fungi tend to be obvious at harvest and beyond. Tubers infected by Rosellinia bunodes and R . pepo are covered superficially, either partially or totally, by

mycelial growth, and exhibit signs of rot (Torres, 2002b) . Tubers infected by Thecaphora solani are misshapen, with warty swellings (galls) on the surface (Barrus & Muller, 1943; CABI/EPPO, 1997b) . After initial infection, gall development proceeds throughout the growing season (Mordue, 1970) . Because of the highl y visible damage they do to potato tubers, these pests are likely to be detected at a port- of - entry . Risk is estimated to be low . 2.6.5. Moved to a habitat suitable for survival Because of its high nutritive value, versatility in recipes, and perceived health benefits, potato tends to have broad appeal among consumers (Bohl & Johnson, 2010) . Hence, potato tubers from Mexico are likely to be sold in every state. However, under the assumption that demand for the vegetable is proportional to the size of the consumer population in potential markets, imports might be concentrated more in some regions of the United States than in others, not all of which may have climatic conditions conducive to pest survival. Every state , the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands include areas within Plant Hardiness Zone 3 or higher (Fig. 3). Assuming that infestations or infections by all pests will be randomly distributed amongPest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 63 **Figure 3** . Plant hardiness zones in the United States (modified from Magarey et al . , 2008) . 

### consignments, because it has the potential to found populations in parts of the United States comprising 100% of likely markets for potatoes (Table 7), Synchytrium endobioticum is estimated to have a high probability of moving to habitat suitable for survival. Although not quite as eury

topic, Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 has the potential to become established in a broad proportion of the United States (Zones 6 and above), comprising 92% of likely markets for potatoes (Table 7). It also is considered to have a high probability of moving to habitat suitable for survival. The bacterium probably would be excluded only

from those areas of the country with a continental climate, which include several major potato -producing states (NASS, 2010) . Results of experiments reported by Scherf et al . (2010) suggested that R . solanacearum race 3 was unlikely

to become established in commercial potato - growing regions of the northern United States because it is unable to survive frequent near- freezing temperature fluctuations, even when sheltered in host plant tissue. Habitats considered suitable for the remaining pests, with the exception of Rosellinia pepo , (within Zones 7 and above and 8 and above) occur in 26 states and the District o f Columbia, and 16 states, respectively, plus Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands, comprising a much narrower range (47 - 72%) of likely

markets for potatoes (Table 7). However, three of the most populousPest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 64 states (California, Florida, and Texas; USCB, 2010: Table 12) occur, at least partially, within Zones 7 - 8 and above, and are likely to constitute large markets for potatoes. The probability that these species will move to suitable habitat is estimated to be medium. Distributional data suggest that R . pepo has narrow climati c tolerances, and potentially could become established in approximately 2% of likel y markets for potatoes (Table 7). This species is estimated to have a low probability of moving to suitable habitat. **Table 7** . Proportion of likely potato markets within potential pest range in the United States. a **Pest Estimated Potential U.S. Range**  **(Plant Hardiness Zones) b**  **Likely Potato Markets Within Range**  **c (percent)**  Copitarsia decolora 8 - 13 47 Epicaerus cognatus 8 - 11 47 Nacobbus aberrans 7 - 11 72 Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 6 - 13 92 Rosellinia bunodes 7 - 13 72 Rosellinia pepo 11 - 13 2 Synchytrium endobioticum 3 - 13 100 Thecaphora solani 8 - 13 47 aIncludes District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. bFrom Section 5: Consequences of Introduction. cPopulation data from USCB (2010: Tables 12 and 1312) . 

### 2.6.6. Come into contact with host material suitable for reproduction Assessment of the probability that an introduced plant pest will come into contact with suitable host material must take into account not only the availability, in time and space, of its host plants and of the particular plant parts fed upon or used for reproduction, but also the pest’s inherent powers of movement allowing it to find and colonize hosts successfully . In Mexico, potato production occurs between March and November in the coastal plains, and between April and September in the highlands (Haverkort & Wiersema, 2007) . Hosts in the United States, if present in an area of pest introduc tion, could be available in suitable condition (i.e., with new vegetative growth or developing fruit) during much of this period (e.g., April October or longer), particularly in southern areas of the country . However, additional factors must be considered to gauge the likelihood that an introduced organism will find hosts suitable for survival and reproduction. Even if they

succeed in reaching a new region, immigrant organisms are likely to be destro yed quickly by a multitude of physical or biotic agents present in the environment. Data quantifying the number of species actually dispersed from their native ranges, the number arriving at a new site, and the number of these that subsequently perish are almost entirely lacking, but, based on the number of species that have been collected only once far beyond their native range, the local extinction of immigrants soon after their arrival must be enormous (Mack et al . , 2000) . Other examples serve to illustrate the poor prospects for establishment and the extinction risks faced b yPest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 65 small adventive populations. Ina study of the success of various groups of invading organisms, Williamson & Fitter (1996) found that no greater than 1% of insects introduced into a new region became established. Controlled studies of insects introduced for biological weed control, in which conditions for establishment generally were optimal, showed that small founding populations (at densities likely to be greater than those ty pically infesting imported commodities, such as fruits and vegetables) tended to become extinct within three years of introduction (Memmott et al . , 1998; Grevstad, 1999) . The probability, therefore, that pest organi sms entering the United States in consignments of fruits and vegetables will be successful in finding suitable hosts might be assumed a priori to be low. Potatoes will be imported for consumption only . Thus, the tubers would be expected to have onl y a limited probability

of introduction directl y into the natural or agricultural environments, in which hosts might be found. The Pest ID database, maintained by APHI S, provides a record of interceptions at U.S. ports of quarantine pests on various commodities ( fruits and vegetables, plant propagative material). As only a small percentage of goods passing through the ports is inspected (< 2%; NRC, 2002) , a reasonable assumption is that at least some of these pests also are present in the many more items that are entering the country without inspection (cf. Work et al . , 2005) , and are thus presented with opportunities to become established. Yet there is no record of establishment for many of these pests. For example, since 198 4 , at least 173 and 124 specimens of Copitarsia decolora and Thecaphora solani , respectivel y, have been intercepted on various commodities (many in cargo) for consumption (Pest ID). During that period, these pests have failed to become established in the United States. Potato appears to be the main host of Epicaerus cognatus (Anony mous, 1928a; Hernandez, 1937) , although another, unidentified wild species of Solanum (“wild potato”) also has been recorded (Wheeler et al . , 1951) . Production of the crop in areas of the United States, in which climatic conditions favor survival of E . cognatus (Plant Hardiness Zones 8 - 11; Table 7), is generall y sparse (Fig. 4) . The probability that small numbers of the weevil , arriving with consignments of potato tubers from M exico , would be able readil y to locate suitable hosts likely is low. In a study designed to examine pest survival on imported commodities for consumption, Gould & Huamán (2006) found that discarded produce (e.g., asparagus) was unlikely to support development of C. decolora larvae. All of the individuals tested died before completing development to the adult stage, although a small percentage of first instars escaped from trash bins. However, given the my riad abiotic and biotic mortality factors in the environment arrayed against neonate Lepidoptera (Zalucki et al . , 2002) , their prospects for survival and successful establishment would not be encouraging. Also, because they lack wings, larvae of C. decolora have limited powers of dispersal, and thus lack the ability to locate hosts quickly . Plant material for consumption, such as fresh fruit and vegetables, is considered generally to pose a low risk as a pathway for establishment of fungi, in contrast to propagative material (Palm & Rossman, 2003) . For fungi, successful establishment by wind-blown spores is influenced b y the quantity

of spores produced, the number of spores that becomes airborne, wind direction and speed, the ability

of spores to survive adverse environmental conditions, and the availability of susceptible hosts (Roberts & Boothro yd, 1972) . An optimal set of conditions enabling RoselliniaPest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 66 bunodes , R . pepo , Synchytrium endobioticum , and Thecaphora solani to infect hosts in the United States is considered unlike ly to occur.

**Figure 4** . Commercial potato ( Solanum tuberosum ) production areas in the United States (source: NCSU/APHIS Plant Pest Forecast System [NAPPFAST]). 

### For all of the above reasons, the probability that E . cognatus , C. decolora , the Rosellinia species, S. endobioticum , and T

. solani will come into contact with suitable host material is estimated toPest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 67 be low. Hosts of Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 are widespread in the United States, many of them growing wild as uncultivated, weedy species (USDA -NRCS, 2011) . The bacterium spreads through soil, and often is present as s ymptomless infections in weed hosts (Stevenson et al . , 2001) . It can survive in soil for years, forming a reservoir of inoculum, from which it can disperse (Champoiseau et al . , 2009) . Introduction of infected potato tubers into landfills could result in establi shment of the pathogen in domestic populations of several of its weedy hosts, such as species of Amaranthus and Chenopodium , Urtica dioica , and Portulaca oleracea . Risk is estimated to be high. Hosts of Nacobbus aberrans also are broadl y distributed in the United States, many of them growing wild as uncultivated, weedy species (USDA -NRCS, 2011) . Nematodes may survive in stored potato tubers (Manzanilla- López et al . , 2002) and soil (Jatala & Kaltenbach, 1979; Brodie et al . , 1993) for an extended period. Weed hosts, such as Spergula arvensis , are said to favor survival and establishment of N . aberrans in the absence of a potato crop (Brodie et al . , 1993) . The second- stage juveniles are described as highly motile and migratory (Manzanilla- López et al . , 2002) . Introduction of infected potato tubers into landfills could result in establishment of the pathogen in domestic populations of several of its weedy hosts, such as species of Amaranthus and Chenopodium , S. arvensis , and Portulaca oleracea . Risk is estimated to be high. Table 8. Risk rating for Likelihood of Introduction (potato , Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico ). **Pest Quantity** 

**Imported Annually**  **Survive**

**Postharvest Treatment**  **Survive**

**Shipment Not** 

**Detected at**  **Port -**  **of**

  ** Entry** **Moved to**

**Suitable Habitat**  **Contact**

**with Host Material**  **Cumulative**

**Risk Rating** Copitarsia decolora High (3) Low (1) High (3) Low (1) Med (2) Low (1) Medium (11) Epicaerus cognatus High (3) High (3) Low (1) High (3) Med (2) Low (1) Medium (13) Nacobbus aberrans High (3) High (3) Low (1) High (3) Med (2) High (3) High (15) Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 High (3) High (3) Low (1) High (3) High (3) High (3) High (16) Rosellinia bunodes High (3) Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) Med (2) Low (1) Low (9) Rosellinia pepo High (3) Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) Low (8) Synchytrium endobioticum High (3) High (3) Low (1) High (3) High (3) Low (1) Medium (14) Thecaphora solani High (3) Low (1) Low (1) Low (1) Med (2) Low (1) Low (9) 

### 2. **7. Conclusion —** **Pest Risk Potential and Pests Requiring Phytosanitary Measures**Pest Risk Assessment for Ware Potato, Solanum tuberosum , from Mexico



### Ver. 1 (Original) April 22, 2011 68 The summation of the values for the consequences of introduction and the likelihood of introduction for each pest yields Pest Risk Potential (USDA, 2000) (Table 9). This is an estimate of the unmitigated risk associated with this importation. For pests with a Pest Risk Potential value of Low, mitigation ty picall y will not be required, as port- of - entry inspection is expected to provide sufficient phy tosanitary security (USDA, 2000). A value within the Medium range indicates that specific phytosanitary measures may

be necessary . High Pest Risk Potential means that specific phytosanitary measures are strongl y recommended, and that mere port- of - entry inspection is not considered sufficient to provide phy tosanitary security. The selection of appropriate phytosanitary measures to mitigate risk is undertaken as part of Risk Management, and is not addressed in this document. **Table 9** . Pest Risk Potential. **Pest Consequences of**  **Introduction Likelihood of** 

**Introduction Pest Risk Potential**  Copitarsia decolora High (15) Medium (11) Medium (26) Epicaerus cognatus Medium (11) Medium (13) Medium (24) Nacobbus aberrans High (15) High (15) High (30) Ralstonia solanacearum race 3 High (15) High (16) High (31) Rosellinia bunodes High (15) Low (9) Medium (24) Rosellinia pepo Medium (12) Low (8) Medium (20) Synchytrium endobioticum High (13) Medium (14) High (27) Thecaphora solani Medium (12) Low (9) Medium (21) 

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