APPENDIX B

Nonpoint Sources

Bureau of Air Quality

Department of Environmental Protection
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Table of Contents

Nonpoint Source Definition.............................................................................................................1

General Methods for Estimating Nonpoint Source Activity and Emissions ...................................1

1. Control Efficiency................................................................................................................3

2. Rule Penetration...................................................................................................................3

3. Rule Effectiveness ...............................................................................................................3

4. Estimating Emissions Using Control Efficiency, Rule Penetration, and Rule 

Effectiveness........................................................................................................................4

5. Point Source Subtractions....................................................................................................4

Aircraft.............................................................................................................................................7

1. Sources of Data Overview and Selection Hierarchy............................................................8

A. EPA-Developed Aircraft Emissions Estimates........................................................8

B. Emissions for Aircraft with Detailed Aircraft-Specific Activity Data ....................9

C. Emissions for Airports without Detailed Aircraft-Specific Activity Data...............9

Commercial Marine Vessels..........................................................................................................10

1. EPA-Developed Commercial Marine Vessel Emissions Data ..........................................11

2. Allocation of Port and Underway Emissions.....................................................................12

3. Summary of Quality Assurance Methods..........................................................................13

Locomotives...................................................................................................................................14

1. Sector Description..............................................................................................................14

2. EPA-Developed Locomotive Emissions Data ...................................................................15

3. Summary of Quality Assurance Methods..........................................................................15

Adhesives and Sealants (SCC 2460600000)..................................................................................15

Automotive Aftermarket Products (SCC 2460400000).................................................................17

Coatings and Related Products (SCC 2460500000)......................................................................18

Cosmetics and Toiletries/Personal Care Products (SCC 2460100000).........................................19

Degreasing/Cleaning Products, Industrial and Institutional (SCC 2415000000)..........................19

Factory Finished Wood (SCC 2401015000)..................................................................................21

Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act Regulated Products 

(SCC 2460800000) ........................................................................................................................21

Fuel Combustion – Commercial/Institutional (8 SCCs: 2103001000, 2103002000, 

2103004000, 2103005000, 2103006000, 2103007000, 2103008000 and 2103011000) ..............23

1. Source Category Description .............................................................................................23

2. Source Classification and Activity Data ............................................................................23

3. Non-Fuel Use Energy Adjustment.....................................................................................25

4. Point Source Energy Adjustment.......................................................................................25

5. County Allocation of State Activity Data..........................................................................27

6. Emission Factors................................................................................................................27
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7. Fuel-Specific Activity Data Adjustments..........................................................................27

A. Coal........................................................................................................................27

1) Commercial/Institutional Coal Combustion ..............................................28

B. Distillate Oil, Residual Oil and LPG .....................................................................29

1) Commercial/Institutional Distillate Oil Combustion .................................29

2) Commercial/Institutional Residual Oil Combustion..................................30

3) Commercial/Institutional LPG Combustion ..............................................31

4) Commercial/Institutional Natural Gas Combustion...................................32

5) Commercial/Institutional Wood Combustion............................................33

6) Commercial/Institutional Kerosene Combustion.......................................34

8. Additional References for Fuel Combustion – Commercial/Institutional .........................35

Fuel Combustion – Industrial (8 SCCs: 2102001000, 2102002000, 2102004000, 

2102005000, 2102006000, 2102007000, 2102008000 and 2102011000) ....................................36

1. Source Category Description .............................................................................................36

2. Source Classification and Activity Data ............................................................................36

3. Non-Fuel Use Energy Adjustment.....................................................................................38

4. Point Source Energy Adjustment.......................................................................................38

5. County Allocation of State Activity Data..........................................................................43

6. Emission Factors................................................................................................................43

A. Coal........................................................................................................................43

1) Industrial Coal Combustion .......................................................................44

2) Industrial Distillate Oil Combustion..........................................................45

3) Industrial Residual Oil Combustion...........................................................46

4) Industrial Natural Gas Combustion ...........................................................47

5) Industrial LPG Combustion .......................................................................48

6) Industrial Kerosene Combustion................................................................49

7) Industrial Wood Combustion.....................................................................50

7. Additional References for Fuel Combustion – Industrial..................................................51

Graphic Arts (SCC 2425000000)...................................................................................................52

Household Products (SCC 2460200000).......................................................................................53

Machinery and Equipment (SCC 2401055000).............................................................................54

Metal Cans (SCC 2401040000).....................................................................................................55

Metal Furniture (SCC 2401025000)..............................................................................................56

Miscellaneous Manufacturing (SCC 2401090000) .......................................................................57

Motor Vehicles (SCC 2401070000) ..............................................................................................58

Paper, Foil and Film (SCC 2401030000) ......................................................................................59

Wood Furniture and Fixtures (SCC 2401020000).........................................................................60
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Tables

Table 1. Nonpoint Source Inventory Categories with Point Source Activity Subtractions............6

Table 2. Source Classification Codes for the Aircraft Sector in the 2011 NEI SCC......................8

Table 3: Commercial Marine SCCs and Emission Types in EPA Estimates...............................11

Table 4: 2011 NEI Commercial Marine Vehicle Selection Hierarchy.........................................11

Table 5: Locomotive SCCs, Descriptions and EPA Estimation Status........................................14

Table 6. Nonpoint Source Commercial/Institutional Fuel Combustion Activity Data.................24

Table 7. Point Source Subtraction SCCs Relevant to Nonpoint Source 

Commercial/Institutional Fuel Combustion....................................................................26

Table 8. Nonpoint Source Industrial Fuel Combustion Activity Data..........................................37

Table 9. Point Source Subtraction SCCs Relevant to Nonpoint Source Industrial Fuel 

Combustion.....................................................................................................................38
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Nonpoint Source Definition

For emission inventory development purposes, the term “nonpoint sources” traditionally refers to 

stationary air pollutant emission sources that are not inventoried at the facility level. While point 

sources are inventoried individually, nonpoint sources are typically inventoried at the county 

level (Introduction to Nonpoint Source Emission Inventory Development Volume III: 

Chapter 1).

1 Other sources, such as gasoline stations and dry cleaning establishments, are often 

treated as both point and nonpoint sources. The main reason they are not exclusively treated as 

point sources is that the effort required to gather data and estimate emissions for each individual 

facility is very great, while emissions per facility are generally small. For these sources, a cutoff point, typically based on annual emissions, usually defines the distinction between point and 

nonpoint. The Air Emissions Reporting Requirements (AERR) specifies reporting criteria air 

pollutant (CAP) thresholds for point and nonpoint sources, which vary depending on the 

pollutant and the attainment status of a county (http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/aerr/).

Individual emissions sources are grouped with other like sources into source categories. The 

source categories are grouped in a way that they can be estimated collectively using one 

methodology. Most nonpoint source categories do not have an analogue in the point source 

inventory. Commercial/consumer product use is an example. The geographic boundaries of the 

individual activities associated with nonpoint sources are often hard to determine or are, at best, 

arbitrary. Even within a point source facility, some activities occur that are more easily treated 

as nonpoint source emissions. In another example, some emissions associated with surface 

coating operations such as equipment cleaning can be more practically estimated using nonpoint

source methods even though other equipment cleaning may be reported as part of the point 

source inventory.

Beginning with the 2008 inventory, in-flight aircraft emissions, locomotive emissions outside of 

the rail yards, and commercial marine vessel emissions (both underway and port emissions) are 

included in the nonpoint data category. Any aircraft or rail yard emissions excluded from 

Nonpoint are discussed in Appendix A: Point Sources.

The data files used for this document were obtained as a download from the EIS gateway. The 

SMOKE files from the gateway were imported into the EMF system in order to apply the 

necessary data filters and summer day averages.

General Methods for Estimating Nonpoint Source Activity and Emissions

Nonpoint source emissions are generally estimated by multiplying an emission factor by some 

known indicator or collective activity for each nonpoint source category at the county level. 

Several methodologies are available for estimating nonpoint source activity levels and emissions. 

For this 2011 nonpoint source inventory, estimates were derived by (1) treating nonpoint sources 

as point sources; (2) obtaining county-level activity data; (3) apportioning national or statewide 

activity data to counties; (4) use of per capita emission factors; and (5) use of per employee 

 

1 Eastern Research Group, Inc., “Emission Inventory Improvement Program, Document Series, Volume III, 

Nonpoint Sources, Chapter 1, Introduction to Nonpoint Source Emission Inventory Development (Revised Final),”

prepared for the Nonpoint Sources Committee, Emission Inventory Improvement Program, January 2001.
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emission factors. Each approach method has distinct advantages and disadvantages as discussed 

below.

Small sources that would normally be treated as nonpoint sources may be handled as point 

sources if county level activity data is not readily determinable for certain source categories.

Municipal landfills provide an example of this situation. For some source categories where 

county activity data were not available, Commonwealth of Pennsylvania (Commonwealth or 

Pennsylvania) totals were apportioned to counties using data for a surrogate of the emissions 

activity. Commercial/Institutional and Industrial fuel combustion categories were handled in this 

manner. The major drawback of this approach is that additional data and resources are needed to 

apportion activity levels to the local level, and accuracy is lost in the process. If Commonwealth 

level data were not available, then national level data were used in a similar manner.

Sources in certain nonpoint source categories were not only numerous and diffuse, but were too 

difficult to include in an inventory by any of the above procedures. As an example, solvent 

evaporation from consumer and commercial products such as waxes, aerosol products and 

window cleaners cannot be routinely determined by the PA Department of Environmental 

Protection (DEP or Department). In addition, it would be resource-intensive to develop and 

implement a survey that would yield such information. Per capita or per employee emission 

factors are used to estimate emissions for these source categories. The use of per capita emission 

factors is based on the assumption that, for a given source category, emission activity can be 

reasonably associated with population. This assumption is valid over broad nonpoints for certain 

sources that fall under the Consumer and Commercial Products source category.

For categories that rely on a per capita emission factors, county population estimates for 2011 

were obtained from the U.S. Bureau of the Census and/or Pennsylvania State Data Center.

2

For 

emissions that were calculated from per employee emission factors, county-level employment 

data for 2009 was obtained from the Bureau of the Census’ County Business Patterns3(CBP) 

and compiled by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA). The county employment data for 

the appropriate North American Industrial Classification System (NAICS) codes was obtained 

from the CBP and provided by the EPA,

4

county employment data for 2011 was not available 

until July 2012.

In some cases, the Census does not report the employment value for a particular NAICS 

code/county combination because of confidentiality concerns. In these cases, the Census 

provides employment data as a range (e.g., between 20 and 99 employees). When a precise 

number of employees was not available from CBP, an initial estimate was developed based on 

the mid-point of the reported range (e.g., 60 employees was used for the 20 to 99 employment 

 

2 U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, “Population Estimates: Datasets for all Geographies, 

CO-EST2011 - http://www.census.gov/popest/data/datasets.html. Prepared by the Pennsylvania State Data Center, 

released April 2012. http://pasdc.hbg.psu.edu/Data/Estimates/tabid/1012/Default.aspx.

3 National, state and county level government employment data downloaded from U.S. Census Bureau, mapping of 

employment flag letters reported by County Business Patterns to the range and midpoints of the range, and 

calculated final activity data using the employment midpoint and adjustment factors, provided by EPA. County 

Business Patterns, 2009 State Data File: http://www.census.gov/econ/cbp/download/09_data/index.html.

4 Divita, 2008: Divita, Frank, E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., memorandum to Roy Huntley, U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency, “County Business Patterns Calculations,” December 4, 2008.
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range). For a given NAICS code, the mid-point estimates were then adjusted up or down to yield 

the Commonwealth-level employment for that NAICS code as reported in the CBP. The 

adjustments were estimated by first calculating the difference between the Commonwealth-level 

CBP employment and the total of the employment values for counties for which actual 

employment values were reported in the CBP. The resulting value represents employment for 

the counties for which the CBP reports an employment range value. This value was then divided 

by the sum of the mid-point employment estimates for the counties for which employment was 

reported as a range. The resulting ratio was multiplied by the mid-point estimates to yield the 

final county employment estimates.

The calculation spreadsheets provide each of the steps used in this estimation procedure. 

National, State and County level employment data downloaded from U.S. Census Bureau, 

mapping of employment flag letters reported by County Business Patterns to the range and 

midpoints of the range, and calculated final activity data using the employment midpoint and 

adjustment factor was performed (Divita, 2008).

1. Control Efficiency

Control efficiency (CE) is the emission reduction percentage associated with a control 

device, process change or reformulation. Control efficiencies can vary widely by source 

within a nonpoint source category. Nonpoint source control efficiency values represent 

the weighted average control for the category.

2. Rule Penetration

Because lower-emitting sources within a source category may not be covered by a 

regulation, it is important to reflect the extent to which total source category emissions 

are affected. Rule penetration (RP) represents the percentage of total source category 

emissions that are affected by a regulation.

3. Rule Effectiveness

Rule effectiveness (RE) is a factor used to adjust the control efficiency to account for 

failures and uncertainties that affect the actual performance of the control. For example, 

control equipment performance may be adversely affected by age of the equipment, lack 

of maintenance, or improper use. With the exception of Federal regulations, a default RE 

value of 80 percent was applied when information was not available to substantiate the 

true RE value.

5 An RE of 100 percent was applied to all Federal regulations that require 

national compliance.

 

5 Eastern Research Group, Inc., “Emission Inventory Improvement Program, Document Series, Volume III, 

Nonpoint Sources, Chapter 1, Introduction to Nonpoint Source Emission Inventory Development (Revised Final),”

prepared for the Nonpoint Sources Committee, Emission Inventory Improvement Program, January 2001.
- 4 -

4. Estimating Emissions Using Control Efficiency, Rule Penetration, and Rule 

Effectiveness

The RE factor is applied to the estimated control efficiency in the calculation of 

emissions from a source. The formula for the application of CE, RP, and RE is displayed 

below in the example equation:

Uncontrolled Emissions = 50 pounds per day

Control Efficiency = 90 percent

Rule Penetration = 60 percent

Rule Effectiveness = 80 percent

Controlled Emissions = Uncontrolled Emissions × (1 – CE/100 × RP/100 × RE/100)

Controlled Emissions = 50 × (1 – 0.9 × 0.6 × 0.8) = 50 × (1 – 0.432) = 28.4 pounds per day

An RE and/or RP value can substantially increase emission estimates when high control 

efficiencies are involved. For example, if RP was not applied in the above example 

(equivalent to a 100 percent RP assumption), then estimated emissions are:

Controlled Emissions = 50 × (1 – 0.9 × 0.8) = 50 × (1 – 0.72) = 14 pounds per day.

5. Point Source Subtractions

Source categories can appear in both the nonpoint source and point source inventories.

For example, emissions from large dry cleaning establishments may be included in the 

point source inventory, while emissions from smaller dry cleaners (below some specified 

cutoff) are included in the nonpoint source inventory. When both a point source 

inventory and a nonpoint source inventory include emissions from the same process, the 

nonpoint source emission estimates are adjusted to avoid double counting. Although 

many nonpoint source categories (e.g., Architectural Surface Coating) do not have 

companion point source categories, there are many source categories in the nonpoint

source inventory for which emissions are also reported in the point source inventory (see 

Table 1). This emissions adjustment is referred to as point subtraction, and was 

accomplished by one of two methods:

Ideally, this adjustment occurs in the nonpoint source emission calculation by subtracting 

point source emission activity (throughput) from total emission activity as shown below. 

If point source activity data is available, such as in the Commercial/Institutional and 

Industrial Fuel Combustion categories, this method was employed:

Area Source Activity  Total Activity  Point Source Activity 

The Pennsylvania point source inventory does not report throughput activity for many 

sources. If point source activity data was not available, such as in many of the solvent 

working categories like Metal Furniture and Motor Vehicle Parts, it was necessary to 
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calculate the point source subtractions using total and point source emission estimates as 

identified below:

Area Emissionsp  Total Emissionsp Point Source Emissionsp

where:

p = pollutant

To facilitate the point source subtractions, the annual emission records for all point SCCs 

associated with a nonpoint source category were summed for the county level. The 

county-level point source annual emissions were then subtracted from the nonpoint

source category annual emissions using a nonpoint source category-to-point source 

category crosswalk developed for this project (Table 1). Note that in keeping with EIIP 

guidance, when the resulting nonpoint source emission estimate was negative, the 

nonpoint source emission value was set to zero.

Separate point source inventories were developed for Allegheny and Philadelphia 

counties by their county Health Departments and were submitted to Pennsylvania DEP’s 

Air Inventory Management System (AIMS) database.

Total state-level commercial/institutional sector energy consumption data are available 

from the Energy Information Administration (EIA)’s State Energy Data System (SEDS), 

and were used for all source categories. The following presents an example of a point 

source subtraction calculation for SOX emission in the Industrial Distillate Oil 

Combustion category (SCC 2102004000):

Pennsylvania Industrial Distillate Oil Consumption = 41,778 thousand gallons

(SEDs) - 11,804 thousand gallons (Point Source) = 29,974 thousand gallons

(Nonpoint)

44.2 tons SO2 per year

2,000 lb

1ton Annual SO2Emissions 88,323lbSO2 per year

574,683 employees in state

39,751employees in county 29,974,000gallons

year

1,000gal distoil

42.6 lb SO2

Annual SO2Emissions

  

  
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Table 1. Nonpoint Source Inventory Categories with Point Source Activity Subtractions

SCC SCC1DESC SCC3DESC SCC6DESC SCC8DESC

2102001000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Industrial Anthracite Coal Total: All Boiler Types

2102002000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Industrial Bituminous/Sub-bituminous Coal Total: All Boiler Types

2103001000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/Institutional Anthracite Coal Total: All Boiler Types

2103002000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/Institutional Bituminous/Sub-bituminous Coal Total: All Boiler Types

2103004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/Institutional Distillate Oil Total: Boilers and IC Engines

2102004000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Industrial Distillate Oil Total: Boilers and IC Engines

2103005000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/Institutional Residual Oil Total: All Boiler Types

2102005000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Industrial Residual Oil Total: All Boiler Types

2103006000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/Institutional Natural Gas Total: Boilers and IC Engines

2102006000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Industrial Natural Gas Total: Boilers and IC Engines

2103007000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Industrial Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG) Total: All Combustor Types

2102008000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Industrial Wood Total: All Boiler Types

2103008000 Stationary Source Fuel Combustion Commercial/Institutional Wood Total: All Boiler Types

2401015000 Solvent Utilization Surface Coating Factory Finished Wood Total: All Solvent Types

2401020000 Solvent Utilization Surface Coating Wood Furniture Total: All Solvent Types

2401040000 Solvent Utilization Surface Coating Metal Cans Total: All Solvent Types

2401050000 Solvent Utilization Surface Coating Miscellaneous Finished Metals Total: All Solvent Types

2401055000 Solvent Utilization Surface Coating Machinery and Equipment Total: All Solvent Types

2401090000 Solvent Utilization Surface Coating Miscellaneous Manufacturing Total: All Solvent Types

2401070000 Solvent Utilization Surface Coating Motor Vehicles Total: All Solvent Types

2415000000 Solvent Utilization Degreasing All Industries: Total: All Solvent Types

2415300000 Solvent Utilization Degreasing All Industries: Cold Cleaning Total: All Solvent Types

2425000000 Solvent Utilization Graphic Arts All Processes Total: All Solvent Types
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The following individual sections describe the annual emission estimation methodology for each 

nonpoint source category. Each section contains a brief description of the source category, 

identifies whether the category’s emission estimates were subject to point source emission 

subtractions, and presents sample emission calculations.

Aircraft

The aircraft sector includes all aircraft types used for public, private, and military purposes. This 

includes four types of aircraft: (1) Commercial, (2) Air Taxis, (3) General Aviation, and 

(4) Military. It is important to note whether each aircraft is turbine or piston driven, as this 

impacts whether jet fuel or aviation gas are used, impacting the emissions estimation model 

accordingly. The fraction of turbine and piston driven aircraft is either collected or assumed for 

all aircraft types. Commercial aircraft include those used for transporting passengers, freight, or 

both. Commercial aircraft tend to be larger aircraft powered with jet engines. Air Taxis (AT) 

carry passengers, freight, or both, but are usually smaller aircraft and operate on a more limited 

basis than commercial aircraft. General Aviation (GA) includes most other aircraft used for 

recreational flying and personal transportation. Finally, military aircraft are associated with 

military purposes, though they are sometimes active at non-military airports. The 2011 NEI also 

includes emission estimates for aircraft auxiliary power units (APUs) and aircraft ground support 

equipment (GSE) typically found at airports, such as aircraft refueling vehicles, baggage 

handling vehicles, and equipment, aircraft towing vehicles, and passenger buses. These APUs 

and GSE are located at the airport facilities as point sources along with the aircraft exhaust 

emissions. However, these emissions are included in the Emission Inventory System (EIS) 

Sectors for Nonroad equipment (gasoline, diesel, and other) that EPA-developed emissions 

estimates associated with aircrafts’ landing and takeoff (LTO) cycle.

The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) estimated emissions related to aircraft activity 

for all known Pennsylvania airports, including seaplane ports and heliports. The aircraft sector 

includes the four aircraft types mentioned above that are used for public, private, and military 

purposes. A critical detail about the aircraft is whether each aircraft is turbine- or piston-driven, 

which allows the emissions estimation model to assign the fuel used, jet fuel or aviation gas, 

respectively.

The national AT and GA fleet includes both jet- and piston-powered aircraft. Most of the AT 

and GA fleet are made up of larger piston-powered aircraft, though smaller business jets can also 

be found in these categories. Military aircraft cover a wide range of aircraft types such as 

training aircraft, fighter jets, helicopters, and jet-powered and piston-powered planes of varying 

sizes.

The 2011 NEI also includes emission estimates for aircraft auxiliary power units (APUs) and 

aircraft ground support equipment (GSE) typically found at airports, such as aircraft refueling 

vehicles, baggage handling vehicles, and equipment, aircraft towing vehicles, and passenger 

buses. These APUs and GSE are located at the airport facilities as point sources along with the 

aircraft exhaust emissions. However, these emissions are included in the EIS Sectors for 

nonroad equipment (gasoline, diesel, and other), described in Section 4.5.
- 8 -

This sector includes the SCCs listed in Table 2:

Table 2. Source Classification Codes for the Aircraft Sector in the 2011 NEI SCC

Data Category SCC Description EPA Estimates

2275001000 Point Mobile Sources; Aircraft; Military Aircraft; 

Total X

2275020000 Point Mobile Sources; Aircraft; Commercial 

Aircraft; Total: All Types X

2275050011 Point Mobile Sources; Aircraft; General Aviation; 

Piston X

2275050012 Point Mobile Sources; Aircraft; General Aviation; 

Turbine X

2275060011 Point Mobile Sources; Aircraft; Air Taxi; Piston X

2275060012 Point Mobile Sources; Aircraft; Air Taxi; Turbine X

2260008005 Point

Mobile Sources; Off-highway Vehicle 

Gasoline 2-Stroke; Aircraft Ground Support 

Equipment

X

2265008005 Point

Mobile Sources; Off-highway Vehicle 

Gasoline 4-Stroke; Aircraft Ground Support 

Equipment

X

2267008005 Point Mobile Sources; LPG; Aircraft Ground 

Support Equipment X

2268008005 Point Mobile Sources; CNG; Aircraft Ground 

Support Equipment X

2270008005 Point Mobile Sources; Off-highway Vehicle 

Diesel; Aircraft Ground Support Equipment X

2275070000 Point Mobile Sources; Aircraft; Aircraft Auxiliary 

Power Total X

2275085000 Nonpoint Mobile Sources; Aircraft; Unpaved Airstrips; 

Total X

2275087000 Nonpoint Mobile Sources; Aircraft; In-flight (nonLanding-Takeoff cycle) X

1. Sources of Data Overview and Selection Hierarchy

The aircraft sector includes data from two data components: State/local/tribal (S/L/T) 

agency-provided emissions data, and an EPA dataset that is enhanced with state- and 

local-provided model inputs. Pennsylvania did not provide any data.

A. EPA-Developed Aircraft Emissions Estimates

EPA developed emissions estimates associated with aircrafts’ landing and takeoff 

(LTO) cycle. The cycle begins when the aircraft approaches the airport on its 

descent from cruising altitude, lands, taxis to the gate, and idles during passenger 

deplaning. It continues as the aircraft idles during passenger boarding, taxis back 

out onto the runway for subsequent takeoff, and ascent (climbout) to cruising 
- 9 -

altitude. Thus, the five specific operating modes in an LTO are (1) Approach, 

(2) Taxi/idle-in, (3) Taxi/idle-out, (4) Takeoff, and (5) Climbout.

The LTO cycle provides a basis for calculating aircraft emissions. During each 

mode of operation, an aircraft engine operates at a fairly standard power setting 

for a given aircraft category. Emissions for one complete cycle are calculated 

using emission factors for each operating mode for each specific aircraft engine 

combined with the typical period of time the aircraft is in the operating mode.

In fall of 2012, the EPA posted preliminary LTO data for review prior to 

developing the aircraft inventory. EPA encouraged the S/L/T agencies to review 

the materials and provide comments on any necessary corrections. Pennsylvania 

did not provide any comments or data.

Refer to “Development of 2011 Aircraft Component for National Emissions 

Inventory,” June 17, 2013,

6

for more detail on preparing the LTO data and 

running the Emissions and Dispersion Modeling System (EDMS), including a 

summary of EPA default values and S/L/T replacement/revisions.

B. Emissions for Aircraft with Detailed Aircraft-Specific Activity Data

For airports where the available LTO, from agencies or FAA data bases, included 

detailed aircraft-specific make and model information (e.g., Boeing 747-200 

series), EPA used the FAA’s EDMS, Version 5.1.7 This type of detail is available 

for most LTOs at approximately three thousand larger airports that have 

commercial air traffic. Smaller and most GA-only airports would not have 

aircraft specific activity detail available.

Emissions for GSE and APUs associated with aircraft-specific activity were also 

estimated by EDMS, using the assumptions and defaults incorporated in the 

model. EPA’s NONROAD model also estimates GSE emissions, but that method 

is deemed less accurate than EDMS’s LTO-based estimates and an EIS critical 

error check prohibits GSE SCCs from being submitted to the Nonroad equipment 

data category which would duplicate emissions. Thus, the 2011 NEI uses only 

emissions data for GSEs and APUs generated by EDMS.

C. Emissions for Airports without Detailed Aircraft-Specific Activity Data

EPA estimated emissions for aircraft where detailed aircraft-specific activity data 

were not available by combining aircraft operations data from FAA’s Terminal 

Area Forecasts (TAF) and 5010 forms.8 These sources provide LTO estimates for 

 

6 Eastern Research Group (ERG), 2013. Memorandum: Development of 2011 Aircraft Component for National 

Emissions Inventory, June 17, 2013. ftp://ftp.epa.gov/EmisInventory/2011/doc/2011nei_Aircraft_20130717.pdf

7

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 2011. Emissions and Dispersion Modeling System, Version 5.1. 

September, 2011. http://www.faa.gov/about/office_org/headquarters_offices/aep/models/edms_model/

8

http://www.faa.gov/airports/airport_safety/airportdata_5010/
- 10 -

general aviation airports. Because the aircraft make and models were not 

available, EPA used assumptions regarding the percent of these LTOs that were 

associated with piston-driven (using aviation gas) versus turbine-driven (using jet 

fuel) aircraft. These fractions were developed based on FAA’s General Aviation 

and Part 135 Activity Surveys – CY 2010.9 Then, EPA estimated emissions 

based on the percent of each aircraft type, LTOs, and emission factors.10 These 

emissions are included in the nonpoint data category under SCC 227508700 

(Mobile Sources; Aircraft; In-flight non-Landing-Takeoff cycle; Total).

Commercial Marine Vessels

The commercial marine vessel (CMV) sector includes boats and ships used either directly or 

indirectly in the conduct of commerce or military activity. The majority of vessels in this 

category are powered by diesel engines classified as Category 1 (C1), Category 2 (C2) or 

Category 3 (C3), based upon the type of fuel used to power the vessel. C1 and C2 use gasoline 

or number 2 distillate. C3 vessels use heavier fuels with higher sulfur content in addition to 

number 2 distillate. For the purpose of this inventory, EPA assumed that C3 vessels (engine 

displacement above 30 liters per cylinder) primarily use residual blends while C1 and C2 vessels 

typically used distillate fuels. The resulting inventory includes emissions from both propulsion 

and auxiliary engines used on these vessels, as well as those on gas and steam turbine vessels. 

Geographically, the inventories include port and interport emissions that occur within the area 

that extends 200 nautical miles (nm) from the official U.S. baseline, which is roughly equivalent 

to the border of the U.S. Exclusive Economic Zone. Only some of these emissions are allocated 

to states based on official state boundaries that typically extend 3 miles offshore. Naval vessels 

are not included in this inventory, though Coast Guard vessels are included as part of the C1 and 

C2 vessel classifications. The CMV source category does not include recreational marine 

vessels, which are generally less than 100 feet in length, most being less than 30 feet, and 

powered by either inboard or outboard engines. These emissions are included in those calculated 

by the NONROAD model; they reside in the nonroad data category and EIS “Mobile - Nonroad 

Equipment” sectors of the 2011 NEI.

EPA estimated CMV emissions as a collaborative effort between the Office of Transportation 

and Air Quality (OTAQ) and the Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards (OAQPS). EPA 

developed the C3 commercial marine inventories for a base year of 2002 and then projected to 

2011 by applying regional adjustment factors to account for growth. In addition, EPA developed 

and applied NOX adjustment factors to account for implementation of the NOX Tier 1 standard. 

The C3 growth factors, NOX adjustment factors by tier and calendar year, and NOX adjustment 

factors by engine type and speed are defined in Appendix A of the project report Documentation 

for the Commercial Marine Vessel Component of the National Emissions Inventory 

Methodology, March 30, 2010. EPA then allocated these emissions to individual GIS polygons 

using methods that varied by operating mode (i.e., hoteling, maneuvering, reduced speed zone, 

 

9

Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 2012. General Aviation and Part 135 Activity Survey – Calendar Year 

2010. http://www.faa.gov/data_research/aviation_data_statistics/general_aviation/CY2010/

10 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), 2013. Calculating Piston-Engine Aircraft Airport Inventories 

for Lead for the 2011 National Emissions Inventory, EPA-420-B-13-040, September 2013. 

ftp://ftp.epa.gov/EmisInventory/2011/doc/2011nei_AircraftLead_20130827
- 11 -

and underway). GIS polygons allowed the estimation/allocation of emissions to defined port, 

waterway, and coastal areas.

The C1 and C2 vessels tend to be smaller ships that operate closer to shore, and along inland and 

intercoastal waterways. Naval vessels are not included in this inventory, though Coast Guard 

vessels are included as part of the C1 and C2 vessels. More detailed definitions for C1 and 

C2 can be found at http://www.epa.gov/otaq/standards/nonroad/marineci.htm.

Each of the commercial marine SCCs requires an appropriate emissions type (M=maneuvering, 

H=hoteling, C=cruise, Z=reduced speed zone) because emission factors vary by emission type. 

Each SCC and emissions type combination was allocated to a shape file identifier in the nonpoint 

inventory. The allowed combinations are shown in Table 3 The default values are those 

assumed when the actual emission type may be unknown; for example, emissions that occur in 

shipping lanes are assumed to be ‘cruising’ and cannot be ‘hoteling,’ which only occurs at ports.

Table 3: Commercial Marine SCCs and Emission Types in EPA Estimates

SCC SCC Description Allowed Default

2280002100 Marine Vessels, Commercial 

Diesel Port M M

2280002200 Marine Vessels, Commercial 

Diesel Underway C C

2280003100 Marine Vessels, Commercial 

Residual Port H H

2280003100 Marine Vessels, Commercial 

Residual Port M H

2280003200 Marine Vessels, Commercial 

Residual Underway C C

2280003200 Marine Vessels, Commercial 

Residual Underway Z C

Table 4 shows the selection hierarchy for the CMV sector. This hierarchy pulls the relevant 

datasets for this sector from the overall nonpoint sources hierarchy listed in ?. 

Table 4: 2011 NEI Commercial Marine Vehicle Selection Hierarchy

Priority Dataset Name Dataset Content

1 State/Local/Tribal Data Submitted Commercial Marine 

Vessel Emissions

2 2011EPA_PM-Augmentation Completes PM Species in WA 

Submittal for Additional SCC

1. EPA-Developed Commercial Marine Vessel Emissions Data

EPA estimated CMV emissions as a collaborative effort between the Office of 

Transportation and Air Quality (OTAQ) and OAQPS. EPA developed the 
- 12 -

C3 commercial marine inventories for a base year of 2002 and then projected to 2011 by 

applying regional adjustment factors to account for growth. In addition, EPA developed 

and applied NOX adjustment factors to account for implementation of the NOX Tier 1 

standard. The C3 growth factors, NOX adjustment factors by tier and calendar year, and 

NOX adjustment factors by engine type and speed are defined in Appendix A of the 

project report, “Documentation for the Commercial Marine Vessel Component of the 

National Emissions Inventory Methodology,” March 30, 2010.11 For C1 and C2 marine 

diesel engines, the emission estimates were consistent with the 2011 Locomotive and 

Marine federal rule making.12 EPA then allocated these emissions to individual GIS 

polygons using methods that varied by operating mode (i.e., hoteling, maneuvering, 

reduced speed zone, and underway). For example, port emissions appear only in port 

polygons, federal water emissions in federal waters. EPA allocated emissions estimates 

based on activity to GIS polygons representing port and waterway. GIS polygons 

allowed the estimation/allocation of emissions to defined port, waterway, and coastal 

areas.

2. Allocation of Port and Underway Emissions

EPA developed port boundaries using a variety of resources to identify the most accurate 

port boundaries. First, GIS data or maps provided directly from the port were used. 

Next, maps or port descriptions from local port authorities, port districts, etc., were used 

in combination with existing GIS data to identify port boundaries. Finally, satellite 

imagery from tools such as Google Earth and street layers from StreetMap USA were 

used to delineate port areas. The shape file used for 2011 incorporated the efforts made 

in 2008. In all cases, polygons were created on land, bordering waterways and coastal 

areas, and were split by county boundary, such that no shape file crosses county lines and 

county total emission can be easily summed. Each polygon was identified by the port 

name and state and county FIPS in addition to a unique ShapeID. Smaller ports with 

C1 and C2 activities were mapped as small circles, such that the port is much like a point 

source, but without the complication of emissions appearing in both point and nonpoint 

inventories. Note that no C3 emissions were mapped to small circles. The set of port 

shape file GIS data is posted at:

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eis/2011nei/2011_ports_shapefile.zip

The shape files used for the underway emissions were unchanged from those used in the 

2008 NEI and are available in the file:

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eis/2011nei/shippinglanes_112812_shapefile.zip

 

11 Eastern Research Group (ERG), 2010. Project report: Documentation for the Commercial Marine Vessel 

Component of the National Emissions Inventory Methodology. ERG No. 0245.02.302.001, March 30, 2010. 

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/net/2008inventory.html#inventorydoc

12 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (US EPA), 2003. Final Regulatory Support Document: Control of 

Emissions from New Marine Compression-Ignition Engines at or above 30 Liters per Cylinder, EPA 420-R-03-004, 

January 2003. http://www.epa.gov/otaq/oceanvessels.htm
- 13 -

To develop emissions for the C1 and C2 part of the inventory, EPA started with criteria 

emissions and activity as a single national number. EPA allocated C1 and C2 vessels 

based on activity for the underlying vessel types (deepwater, ferries, fishing, government, 

Great Lake, offshore, research, and tugs) available in “Category 2 Vessel Census, 

Activity, and Spatial Allocation Assessment and Category 1 and Category 2 In-port/Atsea Splits,” (Census Report) February 16, 2007.13

 This method, described in the 

August 22, 2012, Memorandum from Eastern Research Group,14 shifts the distribution 

used in previous NEIs from majority in ports to majority in underway.

These updates changed the allocation fractions of emissions to underway and port 

county/Shape ID combinations. Shape ID’s are geometric representations of 

geographical coordinates on a map where emissions occur.

The C3 estimates were grown in gridded Emissions Control Area (ECA) model data from 

2002 to 2011. The 2002 data are documented in Technical Support Document (TSD) 

Preparation of Emissions Inventories for the Version 5.0, 2007, December 14, 2012 

(http://epa.gov/ttn/chief/emch/2007v5/2007v5_2020base_EmisMod_TSD_13dec2012.pdf). 

Emissions Modeling Platform Criteria pollutant estimates from combined C3 SCCs from 

model platform were allocated to shapes by ratio to 2008 county/shape/emission type. In 

cases where model files had emissions in counties for which EPA had no shape IDs, the 

model file emissions were dropped. In all of these cases, emissions were very small and 

considered to be negligible. In cases where model files had emissions in counties with 

shape IDs that had no 2008 C3 estimates, emissions were allocated to shapes in those 

counties proportionately to shape area.

3. Summary of Quality Assurance Methods

EPA compared shape-, state-, and county-level sums in (1) EPA default data, (2) S/L/T 

agency submittals and (3) the resultant 2011 NEI selection by included pollutants, SCCs, 

SCC-Emission Types Emissions summed to agency and SCC level.

Although not submitted to the 2011 NEI, the LADCO regional program had significantly 

different values for CMV estimates in the Great Lakes region. EPA is re-evaluating 

C1 and C2 estimates that may over estimate tug traffic in the Great Lakes, for example.

 

13 Eastern Research Group (ERG), 2007. Project report: Category 2 Vessel Census, Activity, and Spatial Allocation 

Assessment and Category 2 and Category 2 In-port/At-Sea Splits, February 16, 2007. 

ftp://ftp.epa.gov/EmisInventory/2011/doc/Category%202%20vessel%20census.pdf

14 Eastern Research Group (ERG), 2012. Project report: Category 1/Category 2 Commercial Marine Activity Spatial 

Allocation, August 22, 2012. 

ftp://ftp.epa.gov/EmisInventory/2011/doc/2011nei_CMV_Cat1%262_Activity_Spatial_Allocation_082212.pdf
- 14 -

Locomotives

1. Sector Description

The locomotive sector includes railroad locomotives powered by diesel-electric engines. 

A diesel-electric locomotive uses 2- or 4-stroke diesel engines and an alternator or a 

generator to produce the electricity required to power its traction motors. The locomotive 

source category is further divided up into categories: Class I line haul, Class II/III line 

haul, passenger, commuter, and yard. Classes of railroad companies are determined 

primarily by using the railroad companies’ annual operating revenue. EPA’s 2011 

national rail estimates were developed by applying growth factors to the 2008 NEI values 

based on railroad freight traffic data from the 2008 and 2011 R-1 reports submitted by all 

Class I rail lines to the Surface Transportation Board and employment statistics from the 

American Short Lines and Regional Railroad Association for Class II and III. See the 

ERG project report, “Development of 2011 Railroad Component for National Emissions 

Inventory,” September 5, 2012, for details. For more information on the 2008 

methodology, refer to the 2008 documentation. The emissions were allocated to line haul 

shape IDs and yard locations based on 2008 allocations.

Table 5 below indicates locomotive SCCs and whether EPA estimated emissions. If EPA 

did not estimate the emissions, then all emissions from that SCC that appear in the 

inventory are from S/L/T agencies.

Table 5: Locomotive SCCs, Descriptions and EPA Estimation Status

SCC Description EPA Estimated? Data Category

2285002006

Mobile Sources Railroad Equipment 

Diesel Line Haul Locomotives: 

Class I Operations

Yes

In Shape Files Nonpoint

2285002007

Mobile Sources Railroad Equipment 

Diesel Line Haul Locomotives: 

Class II/III Operations

Yes

In Shape Files Nonpoint

2285002008

Mobile Sources Railroad Equipment 

Diesel Line Haul Locomotives: 

Passenger Trains (Amtrak)

Yes Nonpoint

2285002009

Mobile Sources Railroad Equipment 

Diesel Line Haul Locomotives: 

Commuter Lines

No Nonpoint

2285002010 Railroad Equipment Diesel Yard 

Locomotives No Nonpoint

28500201 Internal Combustion Engines 

Railroad Equipment Diesel Yard

Yes

As Point Sources Point
- 15 -

2. EPA-Developed Locomotive Emissions Data

EPA’s 2011 national rail estimates were developed by applying growth factors to the 

2008 NEI values based on railroad freight traffic data from the 2008 and 2011 

R-1 reports submitted by all Class I rail lines to the Surface Transportation Board and 

employment statistics from the American Short Lines and Regional Railroad Association 

for Class II and III. See ERG project report, “Development of 2011 Railroad Component 

for National Emissions Inventory, September 5, 2012,” for details.15 For more 

information on the 2008 methodology, refer to the 2008 documentation.16 The emissions 

were allocated to line haul shape IDs and yard locations based on 2008 allocations.

3. Summary of Quality Assurance Methods

EPA default values were used at shape level, state, and county to EPA default values 

since Pennsylvania did not provide any data.

Adhesives and Sealants (SCC 2460600000)

Adhesives are formulated organic polymer compounds that adhere to, or form a bond between, 

one or more substrates. They are commonly referred to as cements, glues and pastes. Adhesives 

can be classified as water-based, solvent-based, hot melts, or radiation curable. Sealants and 

caulking compounds are organic polymers used to fill or seal gaps between surfaces. The 

primary solvents used in formulating adhesives and sealants are aliphatic hydrocarbons and 

ketones.

County-level emissions were calculated using a per capita emission factor which was obtained 

from the Emission Inventory Improvement Program (EIIP)17and U.S. Bureau of the Census 

2011 estimated population data.

18 The emission factor represents pre-control emission rates. A 

CE of 8.3 percent19 and an RP of 48.6 percent20 were applied to reflect the Federal Rule for 

consumer products. There are no point sources associated with this category.

 

15 Eastern Research Group (ERG), 2012. Memorandum: Development of 2011 Railroad Component for National 

Emissions Inventory, September 5, 2012. ftp://ftp.epa.gov/EmisInventory/2011/doc/2011nei_Locomotive.pdf.

16 ERG, 2011. Project report: Documentation for Locomotive Component of the National Emissions Inventory 

Methodology, ERG No. 0245.03.402.001, May 3, 2011.

ftp://ftp.epa.gov/EmisInventory/2011/doc/2008nei_locomotive_report.pdf

17 ERG, “Emission Inventory Improvement Program, Document Series, Volume III, Nonpoint Sources, Chapter 5, 

Consumer and Commercial Solvent Use,” Table 5.4-1, prepared for the Nonpoint Sources Committee, Emission 

Inventory Improvement Program, August 1996, available at 

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eiip/techreport/volume03/index.html.

18 U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, “Population Estimates: Datasets for all Geographies, 

CO-EST2011 - http://www.census.gov/popest/data/datasets.html. Prepared by the Pennsylvania State Data Center, 

released April 2012. http://pasdc.hbg.psu.edu/Data/Estimates/tabid/1012/Default.aspx.

19 ERTAC Recommendation, Midwest RPO Inventory Comparability Project; revised June 2, 2009. Huntley, 2009: 

Huntley, Roy, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “SCCs & emission factors to be used in 2011 NEI to 

Bollman May 1 2009.mdb [electronic file],” May 1, 2009.

20 E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., Control Measure Development Support Analysis of Ozone Transport Commission 

Model Rules, prepared for the Ozone Transport Commission, March 2001.
- 16 -

Each county’s emissions are estimated per the sample calculations listed below.

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

   











   

100

RE

100

RP

100

CE Annual VOCEmissions EmissionFactor Population 1

where:

Emission Factor = 0.57 lb VOC/person/year

Population = 1,227,066 persons (Allegheny County)

Control Efficiency = 8.3%

RP (Rule Penetration) = 48.6%

RE (Rule Effectiveness) = 100%

 

tons VOC per year

lb

ton Annual VOC Emissions lbper year

year

person

lbVOC

Annual VOC Emissions persons

335.61

2,000

1

671,214.1087

100

100

100

48.6

100

8.3

1

0.57

1,227,066

















 













  










































- 17 -

Automotive Aftermarket Products (SCC 2460400000)

The EPA has divided automotive consumer products into two different major categories: 

(1) detailing products, and (2) maintenance and repair products. It is often difficult to distinguish 

the automotive aftermarket product subcategories and formulations for distinct product types 

because category descriptions and designations may overlap. In some cases, varying 

formulations may be due to the product form. There are a large number of individual VOCs in 

these products, including HAPs.

County-level emissions were calculated using a per capita emission factor which was obtained 

from the Emission Inventory Improvement Program (EIIP)21 and U.S. Bureau of the Census 

2011 estimated population data.

22 The emission factor represents pre-control emission rates. A 

CE of 8.97 percent23 and an RP of 48.6 percent24 were applied to reflect the Federal Rule for 

consumer products. There are no point sources associated with this category.

Each county’s emissions are estimated per the sample calculations listed below.

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

   











   

100 100 100

1

CE RP RE Annual VOC Emissions EmissionFactor Population

where:

Emission Factor = 1.36 lb VOC/person/year

Population = 1,227,066 persons (Allegheny County) 

Control Efficiency = 8.97%

RP (Rule Penetration) = 48.6% 

RE (Rule Effectiveness) = 100%

 

tons VOC per year

lb

ton Annual VOC Emissions lb per year

persons

year

person

lbVOC

Annual VOC Emissions

798.030

2,000

1

1,596,059.334

100

100

100

48.6

100

8.97 1,227,066 1

1.36

















 













  























 

21 Eastern Research Group, “Emission Inventory Improvement Program, Document Series, Volume III, Nonpoint 

Sources, Chapter 5, Consumer and Commercial Solvent Use,” Table 5.4-1, prepared for the Nonpoint Sources 

Committee, Emission Inventory Improvement Program, August 1996, available from 

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eiip/techreport/volume03/index.html.

22 U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, “Population Estimates: Datasets for all Geographies, 

CO-EST2011 - http://www.census.gov/popest/data/datasets.html. Prepared by the Pennsylvania State Data Center, 

released April 2012. http://pasdc.hbg.psu.edu/Data/Estimates/tabid/1012/Default.aspx.

23 ERTAC Recommendation, Midwest RPO Inventory Comparability Project, revised June 2, 2009.

24 E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., Control Measure Development Support Analysis of Ozone Transport Commission 

Model Rules, prepared for the Ozone Transport Commission, March 2001.
- 18 -

Coatings and Related Products (SCC 2460500000)

Aerosol spray paints and related products such as paint removers make up this consumer and 

commercial solvent product group. Other forms of coatings (besides aerosols) are not included 

in this group, but are included under architectural or industrial coatings, or autobody refinishing. 

Aerosols spray paints contain VOCs that function as both solvents and propellants. The most 

commonly used propellants in aerosol paints are propane, butane and isobutane.

Paint removers are classified as either application removers or immersion removers. Solvents 

such as methanol, ethanol and isopropanol are also used to enhance the action of the paint 

remover. Methylene chloride (53 percent) and methanol (41 percent) account for the majority of 

paint-removing solvents consumed (Frost & Sullivan, Inc., 1990).

County-level emissions were calculated using a per capita emission factor which was obtained 

from the Emission Inventory Improvement Program (EIIP)25 and U.S. Bureau of the Census 

2011 estimated population data.

26

 The emission factor represents pre-control emission rates. 

There are no point sources associated with this category.

Each county’s emissions are estimated per the sample calculations listed below.

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

Annual VOC Emissions  EmissionFactorPopulation 

where:

Emission Factor = 0.95 lb VOC/person/year

Population = 1,227,066 persons (Allegheny County) 

582.8564 tons VOCper year

2,000 lb

1 ton Annual VOCEmissions 1,165,712.7 lb per year

(1,227,066 persons)

year

person

0.95lbVOC

Annual VOCEmissions

















 























 

25 Eastern Research Group, “Emission Inventory Improvement Program, Document Series, Volume III, Nonpoint 

Sources, Chapter 5, Consumer and Commercial Solvent Use,” Table 5.4-1, prepared for the Nonpoint Sources 

Committee, Emission Inventory Improvement Program, August 1996, available from 

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eiip/techreport/volume03/index.html.

26 U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, “Population Estimates: Datasets for all Geographies, 

CO-EST2011 - http://www.census.gov/popest/data/datasets.html. Prepared by the Pennsylvania State Data Center, 

released April 2012. http://pasdc.hbg.psu.edu/Data/Estimates/tabid/1012/Default.aspx.
- 19 -

Cosmetics and Toiletries/Personal Care Products (SCC 2460100000)

Cosmetics and Toiletries (personal care products) include hair care products, deodorants and 

antiperspirants, perfumes, colognes, and nail care products. Ethanol and isopropanol are the 

primary solvents used in the formulation of these products. Each county’s emissions were 

calculated using a per capita emission factor27 which was obtained from ERTAC (Midwest RPO 

Inventory Comparability Project) and U.S. Bureau of the Census 2011 estimated population 

data.

28

 A control efficiency of 12.11 percent29 and a rule penetration of 48.6 percent30 are 

applied in the 2011 inventory to reflect the Federal Rule for personal care products. There are no 

point sources associated with this category.

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

   











   

100 100 100

1

CE RP RE Annual VOC Emissions EmissionFactor Population

where:

Emission Factor = 1.9 lb VOC/person/year

Population = 1,227,066 persons (Allegheny County) 

Control Efficiency = 12.11%

RP (Rule Penetration) = 48.6%

RE (Rule Effectiveness) = 100%

 

tons VOC per year

lb

ton Annual VOC Emissions lbVOCper year

persons

year

person

lbVOC

Annual VOC Emissions

1097.1051

2,000

1

2,194,210.291

100

100

100

48.6

100

12.11 1,227,066 1

1.9

















 













  























Degreasing/Cleaning Products, Industrial and Institutional (SCC 2415000000)

Surface cleaning, also known as “degreasing,” includes the solvent cleaning or conditioning of 

metal surfaces and parts, fabricated plastics, electronic and electrical components and other 

nonporous substrates. These cleaning processes are designed to remove foreign material, such as 

oils, grease, waxes and moisture, usually in the preparation for further treatment, such as painting, 

electroplating, galvanizing, anodizing or applying conversion coatings. Three basic types of 

surface cleaning operations are currently used: cold cleaning, vapor cleaning, and in-line or 

 

27 ERTAC Nonpoint Source Inventory Project, Emission Factors for Solvents, August 8, 2009 (Version 4).

28 U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, “Population Estimates: Datasets for all Geographies, 

CO-EST2011 - http://www.census.gov/popest/data/datasets.html. Prepared by the Pennsylvania State Data Center, 

released April 2012. http://pasdc.hbg.psu.edu/Data/Estimates/tabid/1012/Default.aspx.

29 ERTAC Recommendation, Midwest RPO Inventory Comparability Project, revised June 2, 2009.

30 E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., Control Measure Development Support Analysis of Ozone Transport Commission 

Model Rules, prepared for the Ozone Transport Commission, March 2001.
- 20 -

conveyorized cleaning, which can be either a cold or vapor cleaning process. VOC emission 

results from the evaporation of solvents used in these processes.

Cold cleaning is a batch process in which solvents are applied at room temperature or slightly 

heated. Parts are immersed in a solvent, usually mineral spirits. Parts too large for immersion may 

be sprayed or wiped with a solvent. The primary cold cleaning application is cleaning of tools or 

metal parts at service and automotive repair stations and manufacturing facilities. Cold cleaning 

may incorporate covers or freeboards to limit the evaporative loss of solvents.

In-line cleaners use automated load systems (typically conveyors) to maintain a continuous feed to 

the cleaning unit. These units use both cold and vapor-cleaning methods as described above, with 

the majority formerly being halogenated solvent cleaning systems. These units are used for largescale operations and are usually enclosed except to the conveyor inlet or exit. A common 

application of in-line cleaners is cleaning printed circuit boards for the electronic and electrical 

component industries.

Emissions for each county were estimated per the sample calculations below using an 

employment-based emission factor31 and the number of 2010 employees in NAICS codes 331///, 

332///, 333///, 334///, 335///, 336///, 337///, 339///, 441///, 483///, 484///, 485///, 488///, 8111//

and 8112//. Point source emissions, where present, were subtracted from emission estimates 

directly at the county level, since there were no throughput data available for subtraction at the 

state activity level.

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees)

where:

Emission Factor = 36.965 lb VOC/employee/year

Employees = 47,205(Allegheny County) 

 

872.47 VOCperyear

2,000

1

1,744,933

47,205

36.965

tons

lb

ton Annual VOC Emissions lb VOC per year

employees

year

employee

lbVOC

Annual VOC Emissions

  























Point Source Subtraction for Allegheny County (2011 PADEP AIMS )

872.47 Tons VOC/year - 793.34 Tons VOC/year = 79.122 Tons/year

 

31 ERTAC Nonpoint Source Inventory Project, Emission Factors for Solvents, August 8, 2009 (Version 4).
- 21 -

Factory Finished Wood (SCC 2401015000)

The VOC emissions from this source category result from the evaporation of the solvent used in 

the gluing and coating process. The emissions for each county were calculated using an 

employment-based emission factor32 and employees numbers in NAICS codes 321XX.

33

 The 

number of employees in each county was collected from County Business patterns and the 

adjusted employee numbers were provided by EPA, using employment midpoint and adjustment 

factors for any ranges obtained. Point source emissions, where present, were subtracted from 

emission estimates directly at the county level, since there were no throughput data available for 

subtraction at the state activity level.

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees)

where:

Emission Factor = 48.07 lb VOC/employee/year

Employees =811 (Bradford County)33

Point Source Subtraction for Bradford County (2011 PADEP AIMs Point Source Inventory):

19.4923 Tons VOC/year – 170.7304 Ton VOC/year = 0 Tons/year = 0 lb HAPs/year

 

19.4923 VOC per year

2,000

1

38,984.77

811

48.07

tons

pounds

ton Annual VOC Emissions pounds VOC per year

employees

year

employee

lbVOC

Annual VOC Emissions

  























Federal Insecticide, Fungicide and Rodenticide Act Regulated Products (SCC 2460800000)

Pesticides defined by Federal Insecticide, Fungicide, and Rodenticide Act (FIFRA) include 

substances or mixtures that are used to prevent, destroy, repel, or mitigate pests, as well as 

substances used as plant regulators, defoliators, and desiccants. Consumer pesticides are used in 

the home and garden, as well as in commercial and governmental applications. Disinfectants and 

antimicrobial products are included. Household uses include pet care products, disinfectants and 

insecticides. All consumer and commercial pesticides contain VOCs. Aerosol and liquid sprays 

contain VOCs as solvents, usually ethanol and isobutane. Pesticides products can be grouped 

according to their target pest, but should also be grouped according to their form (solid, liquid or 

aerosol) when considering control measures.

 

32 ERTAC Nonpoint Source Inventory Project, Emission Factors for Solvents, August 8, 2009 (Version 4).

33 National, state and county level government employment data downloaded from US Census Bureau, mapping of 

employment flag letters reported by County Business Patterns to the range and midpoints of the range, and 

calculated final activity data using the employment midpoint and adjustment factors, provided by EPA: County 

Business Patterns, 2010 County Business Patterns: http://www.census.gov/econ/cbp/download/index.htm.
- 22 -

County-level emissions were calculated using a per capita emission factor which was obtained 

from the Emission Inventory Improvement Program (EIIP)34 and U.S. Bureau of the Census 

2011 estimated population data.

35 The emission factor represents pre-control emission rates. A 

CE of 20 percent36 and an RP of 48.6 percent37 were applied to reflect the Federal Rule for 

consumer products. There are no point sources associated with this category.

Each county’s emissions are estimated per the sample calculations listed below.

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

   











   

100 100 100

1

CE RP RE Annual VOC Emissions EmissionFactor Population

where:

Emission Factor = 1.78 lb per person/year

Population = 1,227,066 persons (Allegheny County) 

Control Efficiency = 20%

RP (Rule Penetration) = 48.6% 

RE (Rule Effectiveness) = 100%

 

tons VOC per year

lbs

ton Annual VOC Emissions pounds per year

persons

year

person

lbsVOC

Annual VOC Emissions

985.9377

2,000

1

1,971,875.429

100

100

100

48.6

100

20 1,227,066 1

1.78

















 













  























 

34 Eastern Research Group, “Emission Inventory Improvement Program, Document Series, Volume III, Nonpoint 

Sources, Chapter 5, Consumer and Commercial Solvent Use,” Table 5.4-1, prepared for the Nonpoint Sources 

Committee, Emission Inventory Improvement Program, August 1996, available from 

http://www.epa.gov/ttn/chief/eiip/techreport/volume03/index.html.

35 U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, “Population Estimates: Datasets for all Geographies, 

CO-EST2011 - http://www.census.gov/popest/data/datasets.html. Prepared by the Pennsylvania State Data Center, 

released April 2012. http://pasdc.hbg.psu.edu/Data/Estimates/tabid/1012/Default.aspx.

36 63 FR 48819, 1998: Federal Register, “National Volatile Organic Compound Emission Standards for Consumer 

Products, Final Rule,” Volume 63, Number 176, September 11, 1998.

37 E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., Control Measure Development Support Analysis of Ozone Transport Commission 

Model Rules, prepared for the Ozone Transport Commission, March 2001.
- 23 -

Fuel Combustion – Commercial/Institutional (8 SCCs: 2103001000, 2103002000, 

2103004000, 2103005000, 2103006000, 2103007000, 2103008000 and 2103011000)

1. Source Category Description

This sub-sector covers emissions from fuel combustion at stationary non-point sources 

within the commercial/institutional sector. References are listed at the end of the Fuel 

Combustion - commercial/institutional section. The following are the fuel types that will 

be included in the inventory for the commercial/institutional non-point source sub-sector: 

anthracite coal, bituminous/sub-bituminous coal, distillate oil, residual oil, natural gas, 

LPG, wood, and kerosene. Motor gasoline is not included as a non-point source, because 

it is expected that all non-point gasoline combustion in this sector is included in the nonroad inventory.

The approach to be used in calculating emissions for commercial/institutional fuel 

combustion is to first develop state-level fuel consumption estimates, then to allocate 

these to the county-level, and then to multiply the resulting county-level consumption 

estimates by appropriate emission factors.

There are additional types of energy that are consumed in the commercial/institutional 

sector: asphalt and road oil; feed-stocks, naphtha (less than 401°F); feed-stocks, other 

oils (greater than 401°F); lubricants; motor gasoline; miscellaneous petroleum products; 

pentanes plus; special naphthas; and waxes. With the exception of motor gasoline, all of 

these additional fossil fuels are not actually combusted (oxidized) but are used as 

chemical feed-stocks, construction materials, lubricants, solvents, or reducing agents. 

Therefore, there are no commercial/institutional sector combustion emissions from these 

fuel types. As described in more detail later, most of the fuel types that are included in 

the commercial/institutional combustion sector, also have a non-fuel use component. 

Therefore, it is necessary to exclude this component in calculating non-point source

commercial/institutional fuel combustion activity/emissions. Motor gasoline is not 

inventoried as a non-point source because it is expected that gasoline combustion in this 

sector is included in the non-road inventory.

2. Source Classification and Activity Data

Table 2 displays the non-point SCCs associated with commercial/institutional fuel 

combustion and summarizes this sector’s non-point source activity data, units, and data 

source. Total state-level commercial/institutional sector energy consumption data are 

available from the Energy Information Administration (EIA)’s State Energy Data System 

(SEDS), and were used for all source categories. Year 2010 SEDS data and 2009 

Employee Allocation data were used to estimate 2011 emissions because these were the 

latest year consumption data available at the time this work was performed in 2012.
- 24 -

Table 6. Nonpoint Source Commercial/Institutional Fuel Combustion Activity Data

SCC SCC Level 1 SCC Level 2 SCC Level 3 SCC Level 4 Activity Activity 

Data Source

2103001000 Stationary Source Fuel 

Combustion

Commercial/

Institutional Anthracite Coal Total: All Boiler Types

Thousand short 

tons of coal 

consumed

EIA’s SEDSa

2103002000 Stationary Source Fuel 

Combustion

Commercial/

Institutional

Bituminous/

Sub-bituminous Coal

Total: All Boiler 

Types

Thousand short 

tons of coal 

consumed

EIA’s SEDSa

2103004000 Stationary Source Fuel 

Combustion

Commercial/

Institutional Distillate Oil Total: All Boiler Types

Thousand barrels 

of distillate oil 

consumed

EIA’s SEDs

2103005000 Stationary Source Fuel 

Combustion

Commercial/

Institutional Residual Oil Total: All Boiler Types

Thousand barrels 

of residual oil 

consumed

EIA’s SEDs

2103006000 Stationary Source Fuel 

Combustion

Commercial/

Institutional Natural Gas Total: All Boiler Types

Million cubic feet 

of natural gas 

consumed

EIA’s SEDs

2103007000 Stationary Source Fuel 

Combustion

Commercial/

Institutional

Liquefied Petroleum 

Gas (LPG)

Total: All 

Combustor Types

Thousand barrels 

of LPG consumed EIA’s SEDs

2103008000 Stationary Source Fuel 

Combustion

Commercial/

Institutional Wood Total: All Boiler Types

Billion Btu of 

wood consumed EIA’s SEDs

2103011000 Stationary Source Fuel 

Combustion

Commercial/

Institutional Kerosene Total: All Combustor Types

Thousand barrels 

of kerosene 

consumed

EIA’s SEDs

a With feedstock adjustments that are described in the text of this section.
- 25 -

3. Non-Fuel Use Energy Adjustment

Some commercial/institutional sector energy is consumed for non-fuel purposes 

(feedstocks). For example, natural gas is used as a feedstock in chemical manufacturing 

plants and to make nitrogenous fertilizer, and LPG is used to create intermediate products 

that are made into plastics. To estimate the volume of fuel that is associated with 

commercial/institutional combustion, it is necessary to subtract the volume of fuel 

consumption for non-energy uses (feedstocks) from the volume of total fuel consumption. 

EIA’s 2006 Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey (MECS) was utilized for each 

type of commercial/institutional sector energy consumed in 2010. 

4. Point Source Energy Adjustment

Because the point source inventory also includes commercial/institutional fuel 

combustion source categories, it is necessary to subtract point source inventory fuel use 

from the SEDS commercial/institutional fuel consumption estimates. Table 3, on the 

following page, displays the crosswalk between commercial/institutional fuel combustion

non-point SCCs and associated point source SCCs that PA used in the subtraction 

procedure. The subtractions were performed after summing the point source throughput 

estimates to the state-level.
- 26 -

Table 7. Point Source Subtraction SCCs Relevant to Nonpoint Source Commercial/Institutional Fuel Combustion

SCC SCC Level 1 SCC Level 2 SCC Level 3 (Fuel - If Not Specified at Level 3)

2103001000 & 2103002000 – Commercial/Institutional; Anthracite Coal; Total: All Boiler Types and Bituminous/Sub-bituminous Coal; Total: All Boiler Types

103002xx External Combustion Boilers Commercial/Institutional Bituminous/Sub-bituminous Coal

10500202 External Combustion Boilers Space Heaters Commercial/Institutional (Coal)

50190002 Waste Disposal Solid Waste Disposal - Government Auxiliary Fuel/No Emissions (Coal)

50290002 Waste Disposal Solid Waste Disposal - Commercial/Institutional Auxiliary Fuel/No Emissions (Coal)

2103004000 – Commercial/Institutional; Distillate Oil; Total: Boilers and IC Engines

103005xx External Combustion Boilers Commercial/Institutional Distillate Oil

10500205 External Combustion Boilers Space Heaters Commercial/Institutional (Distillate Oil)

50190005 Waste Disposal Solid Waste Disposal - Government Auxiliary Fuel/No Emissions (Distillate Oil)

50290005 Waste Disposal Solid Waste Disposal - Commercial/Institutional Auxiliary Fuel/No Emissions (Distillate Oil)

2103005000 – Commercial/Institutional; Residual Oil; Total: All Boiler Types

103004xx External Combustion Boilers Commercial/Institutional Residual Oil

2103006000 – Commercial/Institutional; Natural Gas; Total: Boilers and IC Engines

103006xx External Combustion Boilers Commercial/Institutional Natural Gas

10500206 External Combustion Boilers Space Heaters Commercial/Institutional (Natural Gas)

203002xx Internal Combustion Engines Commercial/Institutional Natural Gas

50190006 Waste Disposal Solid Waste Disposal - Government Auxiliary Fuel/No Emissions (Natural Gas)

50290006 Waste Disposal Solid Waste Disposal - Commercial/Institutional Auxiliary Fuel/No Emissions (Natural Gas)

2103007000 – Commercial/Institutional; Liquid Petroleum Gas; Total: All Combustor Types

103010xx External Combustion Boilers Commercial/Institutional Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)

10500210 External Combustion Boilers Space Heaters Commercial/Institutional (LPG)

203010xx Internal Combustion Engines Commercial/Institutional Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)

50190010 Waste Disposal Solid Waste Disposal - Government Auxiliary Fuel/No Emissions (LPG)

50290010 Waste Disposal Solid Waste Disposal - Commercial/Institutional Auxiliary Fuel/No Emissions (LPG)

2103008000 – Commercial/Institutional; Wood; Total: All Boiler Types

103009xx External Combustion Boilers Commercial/Institutional Wood/Bark Waste

10500209 External Combustion Boilers Space Heaters Commercial/Institutional (Wood)

2103011000 – Commercial/Institutional; Kerosene; Total: All Combustor Types

203009xx Internal Combustion Engines Commercial/Institutional Kerosene/Naphtha (Jet Fuel)

50100603 Waste Disposal Solid Waste Disposal - Government Fire Fighting (Kerosene)
- 27 -

5. County Allocation of State Activity Data

Year 2011 county-level activity estimates were developed by allocating the state-level 

activity resulting from the adjustments to the SEDS data described above. The EPA 

compiled 2011 estimates of commercial/institutional sector (NAICS codes 42 through 81) 

employment from the Bureau of Census’ County Business Patterns 2009 for use in this 

procedure (Census, 2009). A separate document describes how withheld County 

Business Patterns employment data were estimated (Divita, 2008). The EPA also added 

2011 county-level estimates of institutional sector (NAICS code 92) employment from 

2007 local government employment data in the 2007 Census of Governments. State-level 

commercial/institutional fuel combustion by fuel type was allocated to each county using 

the ratio of the number of commercial/institutional sector employees in each county to 

the total number of commercial/institutional sector employees in the state.

6. Emission Factors

The EPA has compiled criteria and hazardous air pollutant emission factors for non-point 

source commercial/institutional fuel combustion categories (Huntley, 2009). These 

emission factors, which are too numerous to list here, are included in a spreadsheet within 

the ICI fuel combustion workbook.38 In most cases, these are the same emission factors 

that were used in preparing the 2008 non-point source NEI (Pechan, 2006).

7. Fuel-Specific Activity Data Adjustments

A. Coal

Because anthracite is mined in the eastern half of the Commonwealth, while 

bituminous is mined in the western half, the emission calculations assume that 

eastern counties burn anthracite coal, while western counties burn bituminous 

coal.

However, Nonpoint Coal Consumption was calculated to be zero tons after point 

subtraction. This was found by taking the total 2010 SEDs Pennsylvania 

Commercial/Institutional Coal Consumption (anthracite plus bituminous) and 

subtracting the 2011PADEP AIMs reported point source Commercial/Institutional 

Coal usage. This resulted in the category of total Nonpoint Coal Usage being 

zeroed out.

 

38 Documentation for the Draft 2002 Nonpoint Source National Emission Inventory for Criteria and Hazardous Air 

Pollutants (March 2005 Version), Appendix A, E.H. Pechan and Associates Inc., March 2005.
- 28 -

1) Commercial/Institutional Coal Combustion

  



















Number of State Employees

Number of County Employees Annual Emissions Pollutant Emission Factor CoalConsumption

VOC Emission Factor = 0.3 lb/ton anthracite coal/year; 

0.05 lb/ton bituminous coal/year 

NOX Emission Factor = 9 lb/ton anthracite coal/year; 11 lb/ton 

bituminous coal/year

CO Emission Factor = 0.6 lb/ton anthracite coal/year; 5.0 lb/ton 

bituminous coal/year

Pb Emission Factor = 0.00042 lb/ton anthracite coal/year and 

bituminous coal/year

SO2 Emission Factor =34.71 lb/ton anthracite coal/year; 

35.34 lbs/ton bituminous coal/year 

PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 14.718 lb/ton anthracite coal/year; 

12 lb/ton bituminous coal/year

PM25-FIL Emission Factor = 6.4224 lb/ton anthracite coal/year; 

1.4 lb/ton bituminous coal/year

PM-CON Emission Factor = 1.0704 lb/ton anthracite coal/year; 

1.04 lb/ton bituminous coal/year

Commercial/Institutional Anthracite Coal Sulfur Content = 0.89%

Commercial/Institutional Bituminous Coal Sulfur Content = 0.93%

Commercial/Institutional Anthracite Coal Ash Content = 13.38% ash

where:

Number of Commercial County Employees (Allegheny County) 

= 634,225

Number of Pennsylvania’s Commercial Employees = 4,529,604

Pennsylvania Commercial/Institutional Coal Consumption = 151,590 tons

(SEDs) - 162,272.5 tons (Point Source) = 0.00 tons (Nonpoint)

NOX Emissions:

tons NOx per year

lb

ton Annual NOX Emissions lb NOx per year

employees in state

employees in county

ns

year

lbs NOx

Annual NOX Emissions

0

2,000

1

0

4,529,604

634,225 0 t oton bituminous coal

11

  

  
- 29 -

B. Distillate Oil, Residual Oil and LPG

2010 SEDS Commercial/Institutional sector distillate oil and LPG consumption 

data (after feedstock subtraction) was point subtracted using 2011 PA DEP 

Commercial/Institutional AIMs reported point source consumptions. 2009 State 

and county employee allocations were used, since this data was the most recent 

provided by the US Census, County Business Pattern. Due to percent feedstock 

considerations, total distillate oil consumption will be 23 percent less than that 

reported in 2008.

1) Commercial/Institutional Distillate Oil Combustion

  



















Number of State Employees

Number of County Employees Annual Emissions Pollutant Emission Factor Oil Consumption

VOC Emission Factor = 0.34 lb/1,000 gal. distillate oil/year

NOX Emission Factor = 20 lb/1,000 gal. distillate oil/year

CO Emission Factor = 5.0 lb/1,000 gal. distillate oil/year 

Pb Emission Factor = 0.00126 lb/1,000 gal. distillate oil/year 

SO2 Emission Factor = 42.6 lb/1,000 gal. distillate oil/year

PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 1.08 lb/1,000 gal. distillate oil/year

PM25-FIL Emission Factor = 0.83 lb/1,000 gal. distillate oil/year

PM-CON Emission Factor = 1.3 lb/1,000 gal. distillate oil/year

NH3 Emission Factor = 0.8 lb/1,000 gal. distillate oil/year

where: 

Number of Allegheny County Commercial Employees = 634,225

Number of Pennsylvania Commercial Employees = 4,529,604

Pennsylvania Commercial/Institutional Distillate Oil Consumption 

= 1,922,286 barrels = 80,736.01 thous. gal. (SEDs) – 8,907.54 thous. gal.

(Point Source ) = 71,828.46 thous. gal. (Nonpoint)

NOx Emissions:

tons NO per year

lb

ton Annual NO Emissions lb NO per year

employees in state

employees in county thousgallons

year

gallons

lbs NO

Annual NO Emissions

100.6393 2

2,000

1

201,278.5 2

4,526,604

634,225 71,828.46 1,000

20 2

2

  

  
- 30 -

2) Commercial/Institutional Residual Oil Combustion

  



















Number of State Employees

Number of County Employees Annual Emissions Pollutant Emission Factor OilConsumption

VOC Emission Factor = 1.13 lb/1,000 gal. residual oil/year

NOX Emission Factor = 55 lb/1,000 gal. residual oil/year

CO Emission Factor = 5.0 lb/1,000 gal. residual oil/year

Pb Emission Factor = 0.00165 lb/1,000 gal. residual oil/year

SO2 Emission Factor = 353.25 lb/1,000 gal. residual oil/year

PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 14.9413 lb/1,000 gal. residual oil/year

PM2.5-FIL Emission Factor = 5.5488 lb/1,000 gal. residual oil/year

PM-CON Emission Factor = 1.5 lb/1,000 gal. residual oil/year

NH3 Emission Factor = 0.8 lb/1,000 gal. residual oil/year

where:

Number of Commercial/Institutional County Employees (Allegheny 

County) = 634,225

Number of Pennsylvania Commercial/Institutional Employees 

= 4,529,604

Pennsylvania Commercial/Institutional Residual Consumption 

= 287,000 barrels = 4,578,000 thousand gal. (SEDs) – 256,640 thousand

gal. (Point Source) = 4,321.36 thousand gal. (Nonpoint)

VOC Emissions:

tons VOC per year

lb

ton Annual VOC Emissions lbVOC per year

employees in state

employees in county

year

gal s oil

lbVOC

Annual VOC Emissions

0.34186

2,000

1

683.7259

4,529,604

634,225 4,321.36 1000 Re .

1.13

  

 
- 31 -

3) Commercial/Institutional LPG Combustion

  



















Number of State Employees

Number of County Employees Annual Emissions Pollutant Emission Factor LPGConsumption

VOC Emission Factor = 0.5 lb/1,000 gal. LPG/year

NOX Emission Factor = 14.23 lb/1,000 gal. LPG/year

CO Emission Factor = 7.97 lb/1,000 gal. LPG/year

Pb Emission Factor = 4.34905E-5 lb/1,000 gal. LPG/year

SO2 Emission Factor = 0.06 lb/1,000 gal. LPG/year

PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 0.02 lb/1,000 gal. LPG/year

PM25-FIL Emission Factor = 0.01 lb/1,000 gal. LPG/year

PM-CON Emission Factor = 0.03 lb/1,000 gal. LPG/year

where:

Number of Allegheny County Industrial Employees = 634,225

Number of Pennsylvania Industrial Employees = 4,529,604

Pennsylvania Commercial/Institutional LPG Consumption 

= 38,294,000 thousand gal. (SEDs) – 36,010 thousand gal. (Point Source) 

= 38,257.99 thousand gal. (Nonpoint)

VOC Emissions:

tonsVOC per year

lb

ton Annual VOC Emissions lbVOC per year

employees in state

employees in county GAL

year

GAL

lb VOC

Annual VOC Emissions

1.3928

2,000

1

2,785.67

4,529,604

634,225 38,257.990 1,000

0.52

  

  
- 32 -

4) Commercial/Institutional Natural Gas Combustion

  



















Number of State Employees

Number of County Employees Annual Emissions Pollutant Emission Factor NG Consumption

VOC Emission Factor = 5.5 lb/million cubic feet (MMCF) natural 

gas/year

NOX Emission Factor = 100 lb/MMCF natural gas/year

CO Emission Factor = 84 lb/MMCF natural gas/year

Pb Emission Factor =0 .0005 lb/MMCF natural gas/year

SO2 Emission Factor = 0.6 lb/MMCF natural gas/year

PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 0.2 lb/MMCF natural gas/year

PM25-FIL Emission Factor = 0.11 lb/MMCF natural gas/year

PM-CON Emission Factor = 0.32 lb/MMCF natural gas/year

where:

Number of Allegheny County Commercial Employees = 634,225

Number of Pennsylvania Commercial Employees = 4,529,604

Pennsylvania Commercial/Institutional NG Consumption 

= 141,077 MMCF (SEDs) – 25,039.49 MMCF (Point Source) 

= 116,037.51 MMCF (Nonpoint)

CO Emissions:

tons CO per year

lbs

ton Annual CO Emissions lbCO per year

employees in state

employees in count MMCFNG

year

MMCFNG

lbs CO

Annual CO Emissions

682.39

2,000

1

1,364779.98

4,529,604

634,225 116,038

84

  

  
- 33 -

5) Commercial/Institutional Wood Combustion

  



















Number of State Employees

Number of County Employees Annual Emissions Pollutant Emission Factor Wood Consumption

VOC Emission Factor = 0.017 lb/MMBTU Wood/year

NOX Emission Factor = 0.22 lb/MMBTU Wood/year

CO Emission Factor = 0.6 lb/MMBTU Wood/year

SO2 Emission Factor = 0.025 lb/MMBTU Wood/year

PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 0.5 lb/MMBTU Wood/year 

PM2.5-FIL Emission Factor = 0.43 lb/MMBTU Wood/year 

PM-CON Emission Factor = 0.017 lb/MMBTU Wood/year 

NH3 Emission Factor = 0.005 lb/MMBTU Wood/year 

CH4-FIL Emission Factor = 0.021 lb/MMBTU Wood/year 

CO2 Emission Factor = 195 lb/MMBTU Wood/year 

where:

Number of Allegheny County Industrial Employees = 634,255

Number of Pennsylvania Industrial Employees = 4,529,604

Pennsylvania Commercial/Institutional Wood Consumption 

= 2,527,000 MMBTU (SEDs) -106,080 MMBTU (Point Source) 

= 2,420,920 MMBTU (Nonpoint)

CO2 Emissions:

tons CO per year

lbs

ton Annual CO Emissions lbCO per year

employees in state

employees in county MMBTU

year

MMBTU

lbsCO

Annual CO Emissions

2 2 2

2

2

33,049.7

2000

1

66,099,499.5

4,529,604

634,225 2,420,920

195

  

  
- 34 -

6) Commercial/Institutional Kerosene Combustion

  



















Number of State Employees

Number of County Employees Annual Emissions Pollutant Emission Factor KeroseneConsumption

VOC Emission Factor = 0.3278571 lb/1,000 gal. Kerosene/year

NOX Emission Factor = 19.28572 lb/1,000 gal. Kerosene/year

CO Emission Factor = 4.821429 lb/1,000 gal. Kerosene/year

Pb Emission Factor = 0.001215 lb/1,000 gal. Kerosene/year

SO2 Emission Factor = 42.6 lb/1,000 gal. Kerosene/year

PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 1.041429 lb/1,000 gal. 

Kerosene/year 

PM2.5-FIL Emission Factor = 0.8003572 lb/1,000 gal. 

Kerosene/year

PM-CON Emission Factor = 1.25 lb/1,000 gal. Kerosene/year

where:

Number of Allegheny County Industrial Employees = 634,255

Number of Pennsylvania Industrial Employees = 4,529,604

Pennsylvania Commercial/Institutional Kerosene Consumption 

= 133,000 barrels 

= 5,586,000 gallons (SEDs) - 2,840 gallons(Point Source) 

= 5,583,160 gallons(Nonpoint)

SO2 Emissions:

tons SO per year

lbs

ton Annual SO Emissions lb SO per year

employees in state

employees in county gal

year

gal

lbs SO

Annual SO Emissions

2 2 2

2

2

16.65

2,000

1

33,302.9

4,529,604

634,225 5,583,200 1,000

42.6

  

  
- 35 -

8. Additional References for Fuel Combustion – Commercial/Institutional

1. National, state and county level government employment data downloaded from 

U.S. Census Bureau, mapping of employment flag letters reported by County 

Business Patterns to the range and midpoints of the range, and calculated final 

activity data using the employment midpoint and adjustment factors, provided by 

EPA. 2007 Employee allocations: 

http://www.census.gov/govs/cog/historical_data_2007.html and County Business 

Patterns, 2009 State Data File:

http://www.census.gov/econ/cbp/download/09_data/index.html.

2. Divita, 2008: Divita, Frank, E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., memorandum to 

Roy Huntley, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “County Business Patterns 

Calculations,” December 4, 2008.

3. EIA, 2010a: Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, 

State Energy Data System – Consumption, Physical Units, 1960-2010, available 

from http://www.eia.gov/state/seds/seds-data-complete.cfm, released in 2012.

4. Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, 2006 

Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey, U.S. Department of Energy, Energy 

Information Administration, accessed from:

http://www.eia.gov/emeu/mecs/mecs2006/2006tables.html. Released, Nov. 2009.

5. EIA, 2007b: Energy Information Administration, US Department of Energy, 

Documentation for Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 2005, 

DOE/EIA-0638 (2005), October 2007.

6. Percent sulfur content of coal from EIA’s “Quarterly Coal Report, OctoberDecember 2009” (Tables 43 and 44), 

http://205.254.135.7/coal/production/quarterly/archive/0121094q.pdf. Provided at 

Emissions Inventories Clearinghouse Technology Transfer Network, U.S. EPA.

7. Huntley, 2009: Huntley, Roy, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “SCCs & 

emission factors to be used in 2008 NEI to Bollman May 1 2009.mdb [electronic 

file].”

8. Pechan, 2009b: E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., “Evaluation of ICI Combustion 

Coal Sulfur Content, Technical Memorandum,” prepared for Central Regional Air 

Planning Association, March 28, 2009.

9. Pechan, 2006: E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc. “Documentation for the Final 

2002 Non-point Sector (Feb 06 Version) National Emission Inventory for Criteria 

and Hazardous Air Pollutants,” prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency, July 2006.
- 36 -

Fuel Combustion – Industrial (8 SCCs: 2102001000, 2102002000, 2102004000, 2102005000, 

2102006000, 2102007000, 2102008000 and 2102011000)

1. Source Category Description

This sub-sector covers emissions from fuel combustion at stationary non-point sources 

within the industrial sector (i.e., sources that are not reported in the point source 

inventory because their emissions are too small). References are listed at the end of the 

Fuel Combustion - Industrial section. Industrial fuel combustion emissions will be 

computed for the following fuel types: anthracite coal, bituminous/sub-bituminous coal, 

distillate oil, residual oil, natural gas, LPG, wood, and kerosene.

The approach to be used in calculating emissions for industrial fuel combustion is to first 

develop state-level fuel consumption estimates, then to allocate these to the county-level, 

and then to multiply the resulting county-level consumption estimates by appropriate 

emission factors.

There are additional types of energy that are consumed in the industrial sector: asphalt 

and road oil; feed-stocks, naphtha (less than 401°F); feed-stocks, other oils (greater than 

401°F); lubricants; motor gasoline; miscellaneous petroleum products; pentanes plus; 

special naphthas; and waxes. With the exception of motor gasoline, all of these 

additional fossil fuels are not actually combusted (oxidized) but are used as chemical 

feed-stocks, construction materials, lubricants, solvents, or reducing agents. Therefore, 

there are no industrial sector combustion emissions from these fuel types. As described 

in more detail later, most of the fuel types that are included in the industrial combustion 

sector, also have a non-fuel use component. Therefore, it is necessary to exclude this 

component in calculating non-point source industrial fuel combustion activity/emissions. 

Motor gasoline is not inventoried as a non-point source because it is expected that 

gasoline combustion in this sector is included in the non-road inventory.

2. Source Classification and Activity Data

Table 4 displays the non-point SCCs associated with industrial fuel combustion and 

summarizes this sector’s non-point source activity data, units, and data source. Total 

state-level industrial sector energy consumption data are available from the Energy 

Information Administration (EIA)’s State Energy Data System (SEDS), and were used 

for all source categories. Year 2010 SEDS data and 2009 Employee Allocation data were 

used to estimate 2011 emissions because these were the latest year consumption data 

available at the time this work was performed in 2012.
- 37 -

Table 8. Nonpoint Source Industrial Fuel Combustion Activity Data

SCC SCC Level 1 SCC Level 2 SCC Level 3 SCC Level 4 Activity Activity Data 

Source

2102001000 Stationary Source Fuel 

Combustion Industrial Anthracite Coal Total: All Boiler Types

Thousand short tons 

of coal consumed EIA’s SEDSa

2102002000 Stationary Source Fuel 

Combustion Industrial Bituminous/Sub-bituminous Coal

Total: All Boiler 

Types

Thousand short tons 

of coal consumed EIA’s SEDSa

2102004000 Stationary Source Fuel 

Combustion Industrial Distillate Oil Total: Boilers and IC Engines

Thousand gallons of 

distillate oil consumed EIS’s SEDs

2102005000 Stationary Source Fuel 

Combustion Industrial Residual Oil Total: All Boiler Types

Thousand gallons of 

residual oil consumed EIS’s SEDs

2102006000 Stationary Source Fuel 

Combustion Industrial Natural Gas Total: Boilers and IC Engines

Million cubic feet of 

natural gas consumed EIS’s SEDs

2102007000 Stationary Source Fuel 

Combustion Industrial Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG)

Total: All Boiler 

Types

Thousand gallons of 

LPG consumed EIS’s SEDs

2102008000 Stationary Source Fuel 

Combustion Industrial Wood Total: All Boiler Types

Billion Btu of wood 

consumed EIS’s SEDs

2102011000 Stationary Source Fuel 

Combustion Industrial Kerosene Total: All Boiler Types

Thousand gallons of 

kerosene consumed EIS’s SEDs

a With feedstock adjustments that are described in the text of this section.
- 38 -

3. Non-Fuel Use Energy Adjustment

Some industrial sector energy is consumed for non-fuel purposes (feedstocks). For 

example, natural gas is used as a feedstock in chemical manufacturing plants and to make 

nitrogenous fertilizer, and LPG is used to create intermediate products that are made into 

plastics. To estimate the volume of fuel that is associated with industrial combustion, it 

is necessary to subtract the volume of fuel consumption for non-energy uses (feedstocks) 

from the volume of total fuel consumption. EIA’s 2006 Manufacturing Energy 

Consumption Survey (MECS) was utilized for each type of industrial sector energy 

consumed in 2010. 

4. Point Source Energy Adjustment

Because the point source inventory also includes industrial fuel combustion categories, it 

is necessary to subtract point source inventory fuel use from the SEDs industrial fuel 

consumption estimates. Table 5 displays a crosswalk between industrial fuel combustion 

non-point SCCs and associated point SCCs that PA used in the subtraction procedure.39 

The subtractions were performed after summing the point source throughput estimates to 

the state-level.

Table 9. Point Source Subtraction SCCs Relevant to

Nonpoint Source Industrial Fuel Combustion

SCC SCC Level 1 SCC Level 2 SCC Level 3 (Fuel – If Not Specified at Level 3)

2102001000 & 2102002000 – Industrial; Anthracite & Bituminous/Sub-bituminous Coal; Total: All Boiler Types

102002xx External Combustion 

Boilers Industrial Bituminous/Sub-bituminous Coal

10500102 External Combustion 

Boilers Space Heaters Industrial (Coal)

390002xx Industrial Processes In-Process Fuel Use Bituminous Coal

50390002 Waste Disposal Solid Waste Disposal –

Industrial Auxiliary Fuel/No Emissions (Coal)

2102004000 – Industrial; Distillate Oil; Total: All Boilers and IC Engines

102005xx External Combustion 

Boilers Industrial Distillate Oil

10201403 External Combustion 

Boilers Industrial CO Boiler (Distillate Oil)

10500105 External Combustion 

Boilers Space Heaters Industrial (Distillate Oil)

202001xx Internal Combustion 

Engines Industrial Distillate Oil (Diesel)

20200401 Internal Combustion 

Engines Industrial Large Bore Engine (Diesel)

20200405 Internal Combustion 

Engines Industrial Crankcase Blowby (Diesel)

20200406 Internal Combustion 

Engines Industrial Evaporative Losses (Fuel Storage and Delivery System) (Diesel)

20200407 Internal Combustion 

Engines Industrial Exhaust (Diesel)

27000320 Internal Combustion 

Engines

Off-Highway Diesel 

Engines Industrial Equipment

 

39 As noted in a footnote to Table 2, it is important to exclude any natural gas pipeline fuel use from the point source 

subtraction procedure because SEDS includes such use in the Transportation sector rather than the Industrial sector.
- 39 -

SCC SCC Level 1 SCC Level 2 SCC Level 3 (Fuel – If Not Specified at Level 3)

30190001 Industrial Processes Chemical Manufacturing Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)

30190011 Industrial Processes Chemical Manufacturing Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)

30190021 Industrial Processes Chemical Manufacturing Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)

30290001 Industrial Processes Food and Agriculture Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)

30390001 Industrial Processes Primary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)

30390011 Industrial Processes Primary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)

30390021 Industrial Processes Primary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)

30400406 Industrial Processes Secondary Metal 

Production Lead (Distillate Oil)

30490001 Industrial Processes Secondary Metal 

Production Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)

30490011 Industrial Processes Secondary Metal 

Production Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)

30490021 Industrial Processes Secondary Metal 

Production Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)

30490031 Industrial Processes Secondary Metal 

Production Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)

30500208 Industrial Processes Mineral Products Asphalt Concrete (Distillate Oil)

30505022 Industrial Processes Mineral Products Asphalt Processing (Blowing) (Distillate Oil)

30590001 Industrial Processes Mineral Products Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)

30590011 Industrial Processes Mineral Products Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)

30590021 Industrial Processes Mineral Products Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)

30600901 Industrial Processes Petroleum Industry Flares (Distillate Oil)

30609901 Industrial Processes Petroleum Industry Incinerators (Distillate Oil)

30790001 Industrial Processes Pulp and Paper and Wood 

Products Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)

30790011 Industrial Processes Pulp and Paper and Wood 

Products Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)

30790021 Industrial Processes Pulp and Paper and Wood 

Products Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)

30890001 Industrial Processes

Rubber and 

Miscellaneous Plastics 

Products

Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)

30890011 Industrial Processes

Rubber and 

Miscellaneous Plastics 

Products

Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)

30890021 Industrial Processes

Rubber and 

Miscellaneous Plastics 

Products

Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)

30990001 Industrial Processes Fabricated Metal 

Products Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)

30990011 Industrial Processes Fabricated Metal 

Products Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)

31000401 Industrial Processes Oil and Gas Production Process Heaters (Distillate Oil)

31000411 Industrial Processes Oil and Gas Production Process Heaters (Distillate Oil)

31390001 Industrial Processes Electrical Equipment Process Heaters (Distillate Oil)

390005xx Industrial Processes In-Process Fuel Use Distillate Oil

39900501 Industrial Processes Miscellaneous 

Manufacturing Industries Process Heater/Furnace (Distillate Oil)

39990001 Industrial Processes Miscellaneous 

Manufacturing Industries Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries (Distillate Oil)

39990011 Industrial Processes Miscellaneous 

Manufacturing Industries Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries (Distillate Oil)

39990021 Industrial Processes Miscellaneous 

Manufacturing Industries Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries (Distillate Oil)

40201002 Petroleum and Solvent 

Evaporation

Surface Coating 

Operations Coating Oven Heater (Distillate Oil)

40290011 Petroleum and Solvent 

Evaporation

Surface Coating 

Operations Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)

49090011 Petroleum and Solvent 

Evaporation

Organic Solvent 

Evaporation Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)
- 40 -

SCC SCC Level 1 SCC Level 2 SCC Level 3 (Fuel – If Not Specified at Level 3)

49090021 Petroleum and Solvent 

Evaporation

Organic Solvent 

Evaporation Fuel Fired Equipment (Distillate Oil)

50390005 Waste Disposal Solid Waste Disposal –

Industrial Auxiliary Fuel/No Emissions (Distillate Oil)

2102005000 – Industrial; Residual Oil; Total: All Boiler Types

102004xx External Combustion

Boilers Industrial Residual Oil

10201404 External Combustion 

Boilers Industrial CO Boiler (Residual Oil)

202005xx Internal Combustion 

Boilers Industrial Residual/Crude Oil

30190002 Industrial Processes Chemical Manufacturing Fuel Fired Equipment (Residual Oil)

30190012 Industrial Processes Chemical Manufacturing Fuel Fired Equipment (Residual Oil)

30190022 Industrial Processes Chemical Manufacturing Fuel Fired Equipment (Residual Oil)

30290002 Industrial Processes Food and Agriculture Fuel Fired Equipment (Residual Oil)

30390002 Industrial Processes Primary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment (Residual Oil)

30390012 Industrial Processes Primary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment (Residual Oil)

30390022 Industrial Processes Primary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment (Residual Oil)

30490002 Industrial Processes Secondary Metal 

Production Fuel Fired Equipment (Residual Oil)

30490012 Industrial Processes Secondary Metal 

Production Fuel Fired Equipment (Residual Oil)

30490022 Industrial Processes Secondary Metal 

Production Fuel Fired Equipment (Residual Oil)

30490032 Industrial Processes Secondary Metal 

Production Fuel Fired Equipment (Residual Oil)

30500207 Industrial Processes Mineral Products Asphalt Concrete (Residual Oil)

30505021 Industrial Processes Mineral Products Asphalt Processing (Blowing) (Residual Oil)

30590002 Industrial Processes Mineral Products Fuel Fired Equipment (Residual Oil)

30590012 Industrial Processes Mineral Products Fuel Fired Equipment (Residual Oil)

30600111 Industrial Processes Petroleum Industry Process Heaters (Residual Oil)

30600902 Industrial Processes Petroleum Industry Flares (Residual Oil)

30609902 Industrial Processes Petroleum Industry Incinerators (Residual Oil)

30790002 Industrial Processes Pulp and Paper and Wood 

Products Fuel Fired Equipment (Residual Oil)

30790012 Industrial Processes Pulp and Paper and Wood 

Products Fuel Fired Equipment (Residual Oil)

30790022 Industrial Processes Pulp and Paper and Wood 

Products Fuel Fired Equipment (Residual Oil)

30890002 Industrial Processes

Rubber and 

Miscellaneous Plastics 

Products

Fuel Fired Equipment (Residual Oil)

30890012 Industrial Processes

Rubber and 

Miscellaneous Plastics 

Products

Fuel Fired Equipment (Residual Oil)

30890022 Industrial Processes

Rubber and 

Miscellaneous Plastics 

Products

Fuel Fired Equipment (Residual Oil)

30990002 Industrial Processes Fabricated Metal 

Products Fuel Fired Equipment (Residual Oil)

30990012 Industrial Processes Fabricated Metal 

Products Fuel Fired Equipment (Residual Oil)

31000402 Industrial Processes Oil and Gas Production Process Heaters (Residual Oil)

31000412 Industrial Processes Oil and Gas Production Process Heaters (Residual Oil)

31390002 Industrial Processes Electrical Equipment Process Heaters (Residual Oil)

390004xx Industrial Processes In-Process Fuel Use Residual Oil

39990002 Industrial Processes Miscellaneous 

Manufacturing Industries Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries (Residual Oil)

39990012 Industrial Processes

Miscellaneous 

Manufacturing Industries Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries (Residual Oil)
- 41 -

SCC SCC Level 1 SCC Level 2 SCC Level 3 (Fuel – If Not Specified at Level 3)

39990022 Industrial Processes Miscellaneous 

Manufacturing Industries Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries (Residual Oil)

40201003 Petroleum and Solvent 

Evaporation

Surface Coating 

Operations Coating Oven Heater (Residual Oil)

40290012 Petroleum and Solvent 

Evaporation

Surface Coating 

Operations Fuel Fired Equipment (Residual Oil)

49090012 Petroleum and Solvent 

Evaporation

Organic Solvent 

Evaporation Fuel Fired Equipment (Residual Oil)

49090022 Petroleum and Solvent 

Evaporation

Organic Solvent 

Evaporation Fuel Fired Equipment (Residual Oil)

2102006000 – Industrial; Natural Gas; Total: Boilers and IC Engines

102006xx External Combustion 

Boilers Industrial Natural Gas

10201401 External Combustion 

Boilers Industrial CO Boiler (Natural Gas)

10500106 External Combustion 

Boilers Space Heaters Commercial/Institutional (Natural Gas)

202002xxa Internal Combustion 

Engines Industrial Natural Gas

30190003 Industrial Processes Chemical Manufacturing Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)

30190013 Industrial Processes Chemical Manufacturing Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)

30190023 Industrial Processes Chemical Manufacturing Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)

30290003 Industrial Processes Food and Agriculture Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)

30291001 Industrial Processes Food and Agriculture Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)

30390003 Industrial Processes Primary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)

30390013 Industrial Processes Primary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)

30390023 Industrial Processes Primary Metal Production Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)

30400407 Industrial Processes Secondary Metal 

Production Lead (Natural Gas)

30490003 Industrial Processes Secondary Metal 

Production Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)

30490013 Industrial Processes Secondary Metal 

Production Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)

30490023 Industrial Processes Secondary Metal 

Production Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)

30490033 Industrial Processes Secondary Metal 

Production Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)

30500206 Industrial Processes Mineral Products Asphalt Concrete (Natural Gas)

30505020 Industrial Processes Mineral Products Asphalt Processing (Blowing) (Natural Gas)

30590003 Industrial Processes Mineral Products Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)

30590013 Industrial Processes Mineral Products Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)

30590023 Industrial Processes Mineral Products Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)

30600105 Industrial Processes Petroleum Industry Process Heaters (Natural Gas)

30600903 Industrial Processes Petroleum Industry Flares (Natural Gas)

30602401 Industrial Processes Petroleum Industry Reciprocating Engine Compressors (Natural Gas)

30609903 Industrial Processes Petroleum Industry Incinerators (Natural Gas)

30622003 Industrial Processes Petroleum Industry Underground Storage and Other Remediation: Soil: Natural Gas

30622403 Industrial Processes Petroleum Industry Underground Storage and Other Remediation: Air Stripping: Natural Gas

30790003 Industrial Processes Pulp and Paper and Wood 

Products Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)

30790013 Industrial Processes Pulp and Paper and Wood 

Products Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)

30790023 Industrial Processes Pulp and Paper and Wood 

Products Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)

30890003 Industrial Processes

Rubber and 

Miscellaneous Plastics 

Products

Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)

30890013 Industrial Processes

Rubber and 

Miscellaneous Plastics 

Products

Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)
- 42 -

SCC SCC Level 1 SCC Level 2 SCC Level 3 (Fuel – If Not Specified at Level 3)

30890023 Industrial Processes

Rubber and 

Miscellaneous Plastics 

Products

Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)

30990003 Industrial Processes Fabricated Metal 

Products Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)

30990013 Industrial Processes Fabricated Metal 

Products Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)

30990023 Industrial Processes Fabricated Metal 

Products Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)

31000404 Industrial Processes Oil and Gas Production Process Heaters (Natural Gas)

31000414 Industrial Processes Oil and Gas Production Process Heaters (Natural Gas)

31390003 Industrial Processes Electrical Equipment Process Heaters (Natural Gas)

390006xx Industrial Processes In-process Fuel Use Natural Gas

39900601 Industrial Processes Miscellaneous 

Manufacturing Industries Process Heater/Furnace (Natural Gas)

39990003 Industrial Processes Miscellaneous 

Manufacturing Industries Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries (Natural Gas)

39990013 Industrial Processes Miscellaneous 

Manufacturing Industries Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries (Natural Gas)

39990023 Industrial Processes Miscellaneous 

Manufacturing Industries Miscellaneous Manufacturing Industries (Natural Gas)

40201001 Petroleum and Solvent 

Evaporation

Surface Coating 

Operations Coating Oven Heater (Natural Gas)

40290013 Petroleum and Solvent 

Evaporation

Surface Coating 

Operations Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)

40290023 Petroleum and Solvent 

Evaporation

Surface Coating 

Operations Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)

49090013 Petroleum and Solvent 

Evaporation

Organic Solvent 

Evaporation Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)

49090023 Petroleum and Solvent 

Evaporation

Organic Solvent 

Evaporation Fuel Fired Equipment (Natural Gas)

50390006 Waste Disposal Solid Waste Disposal –

Industrial Auxiliary Fuel/No Emissions (Natural Gas)

2102007000 – Industrial; LPG; Total: All Boiler Types

102010xx External Combustion 

Boilers Industrial Liquefied Petroleum Gas

10500110 External Combustion 

Boilers Space Heaters Industrial (LPG)

202010xx Internal Combustion 

Engines Industrial Liquefied Petroleum Gas

27300320 Internal Combustion 

Engines

Off-highway LPG-fueled 

Engines Industrial Equipment

30290005 Industrial Processes Food and Agriculture Fuel Fired Equipment (LPG)

30490035 Industrial Processes Secondary Metal 

Production Fuel Fired Equipment (Propane)

30500209 Industrial Processes Mineral Products Asphalt Concrete (LPG)

30505023 Industrial Processes Mineral Products Asphalt Processing (Blowing) (LPG)

30590005 Industrial Processes Mineral Products Fuel Fired Equipment (LPG)

30600107 Industrial Processes Petroleum Industry Process Heaters (LPG)

30600905 Industrial Processes Petroleum Industry Flares (LPG)

30609905 Industrial Processes Petroleum Industry Incinerators (LPG)

30890004 Industrial Processes

Rubber and 

Miscellaneous Plastics 

Products

Fuel Fired Equipment (LPG)

31000406 Industrial Processes Oil and Gas Production Process Heaters (Propane/Butane)

390010xx Industrial Processes In-process Fuel Use Liquefied Petroleum Gas

39901001 Industrial Processes Miscellaneous 

Manufacturing Industries Process Heater/Furnace (LPG)

40201004 Petroleum and Solvent 

Evaporation

Surface Coating 

Operations Coating Oven Heater (LPG)

50390010 Waste Disposal Solid Waste Disposal -

Industrial Auxiliary Fuel/No Emissions (LPG)
- 43 -

SCC SCC Level 1 SCC Level 2 SCC Level 3 (Fuel – If Not Specified at Level 3)

2102008000 – Industrial; Wood; Total: All Boiler Types

102009xx External Combustion 

Boilers Industrial Wood/Bark Waste

390009xx Industrial Processes In-process Fuel Use Wood

2102011000 – Industrial; Kerosene; Total: All Boiler Types

202009xx Internal Combustion 

Engines Industrial Kerosene/Naphtha (Jet Fuel)

a Note that EIA’s SEDS includes natural gas used as pipeline fuel (e.g., for use in compressor engines) in the Transportation sector rather than the 

Industrial sector. Therefore, such pipeline use should not be included in the point source subtraction procedure.

5. County Allocation of State Activity Data

Year 2011 county-level activity estimates were developed by allocating the state-level 

activity resulting from the adjustments to the EIA data described above. The EPA 

compiled 2011 estimates of manufacturing sector employment from the Bureau of 

Census’ County Business Patterns 2009 for use in this procedure (Census, 2009). Statelevel industrial fuel combustion by fuel type will be allocated to each county using the 

ratio of the number of manufacturing sector (NAICS codes 31-33) employees in each 

county to the total number of manufacturing sector employees in the state.

A separate document describes how withheld County Business Patterns employment data 

were estimated (Divita, 2008).

6. Emission Factors

The EPA has compiled criteria and hazardous air pollutant emission factors for non-point 

source industrial fuel combustion categories (Huntley, 2009). These emission factors, 

which are too numerous to list here, are included in a spreadsheet within the EPA’s ICI 

fuel combustion workbook. In most cases, these are the same emission factors that were 

used in preparing the 2008 non-point source NEI (Pechan, 2006). 

A. Coal

The SEDS data provide coal consumption estimates by type of coal 

(i.e., anthracite versus bituminous/sub-bituminous) and in some cases, CAP 

emission factors differ between the two. Because anthracite is mined in the 

eastern half of the Commonwealth, while bituminous is mined in the western half, 

the emission calculations assume that eastern counties burn anthracite coal while 

western counties burn bituminous coal.
- 44 -

1) Industrial Coal Combustion

  



















Number of State Employees

Number of County Employees Annual Emissions Pollutant Emission Factor CoalConsumption

VOC Emission Factor = 0.3 lb/ton anthracite coal/year; 

0.05 lb/ton bituminous coal/year 

NOX Emission Factor = 9 lb/ton anthracite coal/year; 11 lb/ton 

bituminous coal/year

CO Emission Factor = 0.6 lb/ton anthracite coal/year; 5.0 lb/ton 

bituminous coal/year

Pb Emission Factor = 0.00042 lb/ton anthracite coal/year and 

bituminous coal/year

SO2 Emission Factor =34.71 lb/ton anthracite coal/year; 

38.76 lb/ton bituminous coal/year 

PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 14.718 lb/ton anthracite coal/year; 

12 lb/ton bituminous coal/year

PM2.5-FIL Emission Factor = 6.4224 lb/ton anthracite coal/year; 

1.4 lb/ton bituminous coal/year

PM-CON Emission Factor = 1.0704 lb/ton anthracite coal/year; 

1.04 lb/ton bituminous coal/year

NH3 Emission Factor = 0.03 lbs/ton anthracite coal/year; 

0.03 lbs/ton bituminous coal/year

Anthracite Coal Sulfur Content = 0.89%

Bituminous Coal Sulfur Content = 1.02%

Anthracite Coal Ash Content = 13.38% ash

where:

Number of Industrial County Employees (Allegheny 

County) = 39,751

Number of Pennsylvania Industrial Employees = 574,683

Pennsylvania Industrial Coal Consumption = 2,148,300 tons

(SEDs) - 1,601,256 tons (Point Source) = 547,044 tons (Nonpoint)

CO Emissions:

tons CO per year

lbs

ton Annual CO Emissions lbCO per year

employees in state

employees in county

ns

year

lb CO

Annual CO Emissions

94.60

2,000

1

189,196

574,683

39,751 547,044t oton bituminous coal

5

  

  
- 45 -

2) Industrial Distillate Oil Combustion

  



















Number of State Employees

Number of County Employees Annual Emissions Pollutant Emission Factor OilConsumption

VOC Emission Factor = 0.20 lb/1,000 gal. distillate oil/year

NOX Emission Factor = 20 lb/1,000 gal. distillate oil/year

CO Emission Factor = 5.0 lb/1,000 gal. distillate oil/year 

Pb Emission Factor = 0.00126 lb/1,000 gal. distillate oil/year 

SO2 Emission Factor = 42.6 lb/1,000 gal. distillate oil/year

PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 1 lb/1,000 gal. distillate oil/year

PM2.5-FIL Emission Factor = 0.25 lb/1,000 gal. distillate oil/year

PM-CON Emission Factor = 1.3 lb/1,000 gal. distillate oil/year

NH3 Emission Factor = 0.03 lb/1,000 gal. distillate oil/year

where:

Number of Allegheny County Industrial Employees = 39,751

Number of Pennsylvania Industrial Employees = 574,683

Pennsylvania Industrial Distillate Oil Consumption = 41,778 thousand 

gallons (SEDs) -11,804 thousand gallons (Point Source) = 29,974 thousand 

gallons (Nonpoint)

SO2 Emissions:

tons SO per year

lbs

ton Annual SO Emissions lb SO per year

employees in state

employees in county gal

year

gal istoil

lbs SO

Annual SO Emissions

44.2 2

2,000

1

2 88,323 2

574,683

39,751 29,974,000 1000 d

42.6 2

2

  

  
- 46 -

3) Industrial Residual Oil Combustion

  



















Number of State Employees

Number of County Employees Annual Emissions Pollutant Emission Factor Oil Consumption

VOC Emission Factor = 0.28 lb/1,000 gal. residual oil/year

NOX Emission Factor = 55.0 lb/1,000 gal. residual oil/year

CO Emission Factor = 5.0 lb/1,000 gal. residual oil/year

Pb Emission Factor = 0.00165 lb/1,000 gal. residual oil/year

SO2 Emission Factor = 353.25 lb/1,000 gal. residual oil/year 

PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 20.7213 lb/1,000 gal. residual 

oil/year

PM2.5-FIL Emission Factor = 13.4963 lb/1,000 gal. residual 

oil/year

PM-CON Emission Factor = 1.5 lb/1,000 gal. residual oil/year

NH3 Emission Factor = 0.8 lb/1,000 gal. residual oil/year

where:

Number of Allegheny County Industrial Employees = 39,751

Number of Pennsylvania Industrial Employees = 574,683

Pennsylvania Industrial Residual Oil Consumption 

= 31,374 thousand gallons (SEDs) -14,533 thousand 

gallons (Point Source) = 16,841 thousand gallons

(Nonpoint)

PM10-FIL Emissions:

tons PM FIL per year

lbs

ton Annual PM FIL Emissions pounds PM FIL per year

employees in state

employees in county thousgallons

year

gal s oil

lbs PM FIL

Annual PM FIL Emissions

     

 



 

12.07 10

2,000

1

10 24,138 10

574,683

39,751 16,841 1000 Re .

20.7213 10

10
- 47 -

4) Industrial Natural Gas Combustion

  



















Number of State Employees

Number of County Employees Annual Emissions Pollutant Emission Factor NGConsumption

VOC Emission Factor = 5.5 lb/MMCF natural gas/year

NOX Emission Factor = 100 lb/MMCF natural gas/year

CO Emission Factor = 84 lb/MMCF natural gas/year

Pb Emission Factor = .0005 lb/MMCF natural gas/year

SO2 Emission Factor = 0.6 lb/MMCF natural gas/year

PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 0.2 lb/MMCF natural gas/year

PM2.5-FIL Emission Factor = 0.11 lb/MMCF natural gas/year

PM-CON Emission Factor = 0.32 lb/MMCF natural gas/year

NH3 Emission Factor = 0.32 lb/MMCF natural gas/year

where:

Number of Allegheny County Industrial Employees = 39,751

Number of Pennsylvania Industrial Employees = 574,683

Pennsylvania Natural Gas Consumption = 200,506 MMCF 

(SEDs) - 621,836 MMCF (Point Source) = 0.0 MMCF (Nonpoint)

NOX Emissions:

tons NOx per year

lb

ton Annual NOxEmissions lb NOx per year

employees in state

employees in county MMCF

year

MMCF

lb NOx

Annual NOxEmissions

0.0

2,000

1

0.0

574,683

39,751 0.0

100

  

  
- 48 -

5) Industrial LPG Combustion

  



















Number of State Employees

Number of County Employees Annual Emissions Pollutant Emission Factor LPGConsumption

VOC Emission Factor = 0.52 lb/1,000 gal. LPG/year

NOX Emission Factor = 14.23 lb/1,000 gal. LPG/year

CO Emission Factor = 7.97 lb/1,000 gal. LPG/year

Pb Emission Factor = 0.00018266 lb/1,000 gal. LPG/year 

SO2 Emission Factor = 0.06 lb/1,000 gal. LPG/year 

PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 0.02 lb/1,000 gal. LPG/year 

PM2.5-FIL Emission Factor = 0.01 lb/1,000 gal. LPG/year

PM-CON Emission Factor = 0.03 lb/1,000 gal. LPG/year 

NH3 Emission Factor = 0.3 lb/1,000 gal. LPG/year

where:

Number of Allegheny County Industrial Employees = 39,751

Number of Pennsylvania Industrial Employees = 574,683

Pennsylvania Industrial LPG Consumption = 184,682,000 (SEDs) -

864.4 thousand gallons (Point Source) = 183,818 thousand gallons

(Nonpoint)

CO Emissions:

tons CO per year

lbs

ton Annual CO Emissions lbCO per year

employees in state

employees in county

year

gal

lb CO

Annual CO Emissions

50.66

2,000

1

101,366

574,683

39,751 183,818,000 1,000

7.97

  

  
- 49 -

6) Industrial Kerosene Combustion

  



















Number of State Employees

Number of County Employees Annual Emissions Pollutant Emission Factor KeroseneConsumption

VOC Emission Factor = 0.1928471 lb/1,000 gal. Kerosene/year

NOX Emission Factor = 19.29 lb/1,000 gal. Kerosene/year

CO Emission Factor = 4.82 lb/1,000 gal. Kerosene/year

Pb Emission Factor = 0.001215 lb/1,000 gal. Kerosene/year

SO2 Emission Factor = 42.6 lb/1,000 gal. Kerosene/year

PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 0.96 lb/1,000 gal. Kerosene/year

PM2.5-FIL Emission Factor = 0.24 lb/1,000 gal. Kerosene/year

PM-CON Emission Factor = 1.25 lb/1,000 gal. Kerosene/year

NH3 Emission Factor = 0.77 lb/1,000 gal. Kerosene/year

where:

Number of Allegheny County Industrial Employees = 39,751

Number of Pennsylvania Industrial Employees = 574,683

Pennsylvania Industrial Kerosene Consumption = 2,100 thousand gallons 

(SEDs) -37.3 thousand gallons (Point Source) = 2,063 thousand gallons

(Nonpoint)

SO2 Emissions:

tons SO per year

lbs

ton Annual SO Emissions lb SO per year

employees in state

employees in county E GAL

year

E Gal

lb SO

Annual SO Emissions

2 2 2

2

2

3.04

2,000

1

6,079.478

574,633

39,751 2,063 6

6

42.6

  

 
- 50 -

7) Industrial Wood Combustion

  



















Number of State Employees

Number of County Employees Annual Emissions Pollutant Emission Factor Wood Consumption

VOC Emission Factor = 0.017 lb/MMBTU Wood/year

NOX Emission Factor = 0.22 lb/MMBTU Wood/year

CO Emission Factor = 0.6 lb/MMBTU Wood/year

SO2 Emission Factor = 0.025 lb/MMBTU Wood/year

PM10-FIL Emission Factor = 0.5 lb/MMBTU Wood/year

PM2.5-FIL Emission Factor = 0.43 lb/MMBTU Wood/year

PM-CON Emission Factor = 0.017 lb/MMBTU Wood/year

NH3 Emission Factor = 0.007 lb/MMBTU Wood/year 

CH4-FIL Emission Factor = 0.021 lb/MMBTU Wood/year

CO2 Emission Factor = 195 lb/MMBTU Wood/year

where:

Number of Allegheny County Industrial Employees = 39,751

Number of Pennsylvania Industrial Employees = 574,683

Pennsylvania Industrial Wood Consumption = 29,753,000 MMBTU (SEDs) 

– 1,881,547 MMBTU (Point Source) = 27,871,452 MMBTU (Nonpoint)

CO2 Emissions:

tons CO per year

lb

ton Annual CO Emissions lbCO per year

employees in state

employees in county MMBTU

year

MMBTU

lbCO

Annual CO Emissions

2 2 2

2

2

187,968

2,000

1

375,935,998

574,683

39,751 27,871,452

195

  

  
- 51 -

7. Additional References for Fuel Combustion – Industrial

1. National, state and county level government employment data downloaded from 

U.S. Census Bureau, mapping of employment flag letters reported by County 

Business Patterns to the range and midpoints of the range, and calculated final 

activity data using the employment midpoint and adjustment factors, provided by 

EPA. County Business Patterns, 2009 State Data File:

http://www.census.gov/econ/cbp/download/09_data/index.html.

2. Divita, 2008: Divita, Frank, E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., memorandum to 

Roy Huntley, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “County Business Patterns 

Calculations,” December 4, 2008.

3. EIA, 2010a: Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, 

State Energy Data System – Consumption, Physical Units, 1960-2010, available 

from http://www.eia.gov/state/seds/seds-data-complete.cfm, released in 2012.

4. Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, 2006 

Manufacturing Energy Consumption Survey, U.S. Department of Energy, Energy 

Information Administration, accessed from: 

http://www.eia.gov/emeu/mecs/mecs2006/2006tables.html. Released, Nov 2009.

5. EIA, 2007b: Energy Information Administration, U.S. Department of Energy, 

Documentation for Emissions of Greenhouse Gases in the United States 2005, 

DOE/EIA-0638 (2005), October 2007.

6. Percent sulfur content of coal from EIA’s “Quarterly Coal Report, OctoberDecember 2009” (Tables 43 and 44), 

http://205.254.135.7/coal/production/quarterly/archive/0121094q.pdf. Provided at 

Emissions Inventories Clearinghouse Technology Transfer Network, U.S. EPA.

7. Huntley, 2009: Huntley, Roy, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, “SCCs & 

emission factors to be used in 2008 NEI to Bollman May 1 2009.mdb [electronic 

file].”

8. Pechan, 2009b: E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., “Evaluation of ICI Combustion 

Coal Sulfur Content, Technical Memorandum,” prepared for Central Regional Air 

Planning Association, March 28, 2009.

9. Pechan, 2006: E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc. “Documentation for the Final 

2002 Non-point Sector (Feb 06 Version) National Emission Inventory for Criteria 

and Hazardous Air Pollutants,” prepared for U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency, July 2006.
- 52 -

Graphic Arts (SCC 2425000000)

The graphic arts industry can be divided by technology into six different printing segments: 

rotogravure, flexographic, offset lithographic, letterpress, screen, and plateless (xerographic,

electrostatic, magnetic, thermal, ink-jet, etc.). Graphic arts include operations that are involved 

in the printing of publications, such as newspapers, magazines, books, and advertising, and also 

printed packaging on various substrates such as paper, plastic, foil bags, wrappers, cardboard 

cartons, and metal cans. Paper can be coated or uncoated. Films include polyethylene and a 

number of other polymers. Other products include wall and floor coverings, greeting cards, and 

paper towels. Textiles are specifically excluded from the graphic arts operations source 

category.

Emissions of VOCs result from evaporation of solvents used in inks and cleaning. The 

emissions for each county were calculated using an employment-based emission factor40 and 

2010 County Business Patterns employee data.

41 Point source emissions, where present, were 

subtracted from emission estimates directly at the county level, since there were no throughput 

data available for subtraction at the state activity level.

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Employees)

where:

Emission Factor = 201 lb VOC/employee/year

Employees = 2,200 (Allegheny County)18

221.1 tons

2,000

1

442,200 ound

(201 mployees)

201

VOC per year

lb

ton Annual VOC Emissions p s VOC per year

e

year

person

lbVOC

Annual VOC Emissions

  

 

 

40 ERTAC Nonpoint Source Inventory Project, November, 2009.

41 National, state and county level government employment data downloaded from U.S. Census Bureau, mapping of 

employment flag letters reported by County Business Patterns to the range and midpoints of the range, and 

calculated final activity data using the employment midpoint and adjustment factors, provided by EPA: County 

Business Patterns, 2010 County Business Patterns: http://www.census.gov/econ/cbp/download/index.htm.
- 53 -

Household Products (SCC 2460200000)

Household products consist primarily of cleaning products for hard surfaces, clothing, carpet, 

dishes waxes and polishes. Other products include air fresheners and charcoal lighter fluids. 

These products have air emissions such as special napthas, alcohols, carbonyls and other 

organics that contain VOCs. The amount of VOCs emitted primarily depends on the VOC 

content of the product and the amount of product used.

County-level emissions were calculated using a per capita emission factor42 and U.S. Bureau of 

the Census 2011 estimated population data.

43

 The emission factor represents pre-control 

emission rates. A CE of 10.94 percent44 and an RP of 48.6 percent45 were applied to reflect the 

Federal Rule for consumer products. There is no point source emissions associated with this 

category.

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS: 

   











   

100 100 100

1

CE RP RE Annual VOC Emissions EmissionFactor Population

where:

Emission Factor = 1.8 lb VOC/person/year

Population = 1,227,066 persons (Allegheny County) 

Control Efficiency = 10.94%

RP (Rule Penetration) = 48.6%

RE (Rule Effectiveness) = 100%

tons VOC per year

lb

ton Annual VOC Emissions pounds per year

year

person

lbVOC

Annual VOC Emissions

1045.6

2,000

1

2,091,285

100

100

100

48.6

100

10.94 (1,227,066) 1

1.8

















 













  























 

42 ERTAC Nonpoint Source Inventory Project, Emission Factors for Solvents, August 8, 2009 (Version 4).

43 U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census, “Population Estimates: Datasets for all Geographies, 

CO-EST2011 – http://www.census.gov/popest/data/datasets.html. Prepared by the Pennsylvania State Data Center, 

released April 2012. http://pasdc.hbg.psu.edu/Data/Estimates/tabid/1012/Default.aspx.

44 ERTAC Recommendation, Midwest RPO Inventory Comparability Project; March – August 2009.

45 E.H. Pechan & Associates, Inc., Control Measure Development Support Analysis of Ozone Transport Commission 

Model Rules, prepared for the Ozone Transport Commission, March 2001.
- 54 -

Machinery and Equipment (SCC 2401055000)

The VOC emissions from this source category result from the evaporation of the solvent used in 

the coating process in manufacturing facilities of such as engines, turbines, farm and garden 

equipment, computers, and office machinery. The emissions for each county were calculated 

using an employment-based emission factor46 and employee data from NAICS Codes 3331XX, 

3332XX, 3333XX and 33341XX obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau, County Business 

Patterns47 for year 2010, prepared by EPA, who performed calculations for midpoints and 

adjustment factors for any ranges that were obtained. Point source emissions, where present, 

were subtracted from emission estimates directly at the county level, since there were no 

throughput data available for subtraction at the state activity level.

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees)

where:

VOC Emission Factor = 51.64 lb VOC/employee/year

Employees = 1,073 employees (Allegheny County)

 

tons VOC per year

lb

ton Annual VOC Emissions lb VOC per year

employees

year

employee

lb VOC

Annual VOC Emissions

27.7

2000

1

55,409.7

1073

51.64

  























 

46 ERTAC Nonpoint Source Inventory Project, Emission Factors for Solvents, August 8, 2009 (Version 4).

47 National, state and county level government employment data downloaded from U.S. Census Bureau, mapping of 

employment flag letters reported by County Business Patterns to the range and midpoints of the range, and 

calculated final activity data using the employment midpoint and adjustment factors, provided by EPA: County 

Business Patterns, 2010 County Business Patterns: http://www.census.gov/econ/cbp/download/index.htm.
- 55 -

Metal Cans (SCC 2401040000)

This source category includes the manufacturing of metal cans, barrels, drums, kegs, and pails. 

The emissions for each county were calculated per the calculation below using an employmentbased emission factor48 and employee data from NAICS Code 332431, obtained from the 

U.S. Census Bureau, County Business Patterns49 for year 2010, prepared by EPA, who 

performed calculations for midpoints and adjustment factors for any ranges that were obtained. 

Point source emissions, where present, were subtracted from emission estimates directly at the 

county level, since there were no throughput data available for subtraction at the state activity 

level.

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATION:

Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees)

where:

Emission Factor = 3035 lb VOC/employee/year

Employees =9 employees (Allegheny County)

 

tons VOC per year

lbs

ton Annual VOC Emissions lb VOC per year

Employees

year

Employee

lbVOC

Annual VOC Emissions

13.66

2000

1

27,315

9

3035

  























 

48 ERTAC Nonpoint Source Inventory Project, Emission Factors for Solvents, August 8, 2009 (Version 4).

49 National, state and county level government employment data downloaded from U.S. Census Bureau, mapping of 

employment flag letters reported by County Business Patterns to the range and midpoints of the range, and 

calculated final activity data using the employment midpoint and adjustment factors, provided by EPA: County 

Business Patterns, 2010 County Business Patterns: http://www.census.gov/econ/cbp/download/index.htm.
- 56 -

Metal Furniture (SCC 2401025000)

This source category includes manufacturing metal household and office furniture, such as beds, 

cabinets, desks, bookcases, and chairs. The emissions for each county were calculated per the 

sample calculations below using an employment-based emission factor50 and employee data for 

NAICS codes 337124, 337127, 337214, and 337215. Previously used NAICS code 339111 has 

been discontinued. The number of employees in each county was obtained from the U.S. Census 

Bureau, County Business Patterns51 for year 2010, prepared by EPA, who performed 

calculations for midpoints and adjustment factors for any ranges that were obtained. Point 

source emissions, where present, were subtracted from emission estimates directly at the county 

level, since there were no throughput data available for subtraction at the state activity level.

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS:

Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees)

where:

Emission Factor = 887.8025 lb VOC/employee/year

Employees = 38 employees (Allegheny County)

 

tons VOC per year

lb

ton Annual VOC Emissions lb VOC per year

employees

year

employee

lbVOC

Annual VOC Emissions

16.87

2000

1

33,736

38

887.8025

  























 

50 ERTAC Nonpoint Source Inventory Project, Emission Factors for Solvents, August 8, 2009 (Version 4).

51 National, state and county level government employment data downloaded from U.S. Census Bureau, mapping of 

employment flag letters reported by County Business Patterns to the range and midpoints of the range, and 

calculated final activity data using the employment midpoint and adjustment factors, provided by EPA: County 

Business Patterns, 2010 County Business Patterns: http://www.census.gov/econ/cbp/download/index.htm.
- 57 -

Miscellaneous Manufacturing (SCC 2401090000)

This source category includes small industrial surface coating establishments primarily engaged 

in manufacturing products not classified in any other group such as jewelry, silverware, musical 

instruments, dolls, toys, games, pens, pencils, buttons, brooms, and caskets. Operations involve 

applying a thin layer of coating, such as paint, lacquer, enamel and varnish, to an object for 

decorative purposes. The surface coating products are either water-based or solvent-based liquid 

carriers that mostly evaporate in the drying or curing process.

The emissions for each county were calculated per the sample calculations below using an 

employment-based emission factor52 and employee data for NAICS codes 339// and 3369//. The 

number of employees in each county was obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau, County 

Business Patterns53 for year 2010, prepared by EPA, who performed calculations for midpoints 

and adjustment factors for any ranges that were obtained. Point source emissions, where present, 

were subtracted from emission estimates directly at the county level, since there were no 

throughput data available for subtraction at the state activity level.

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS: 

Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees)

where:

Emission Factor = 92.42051 lb VOC/employee/year

Employees = 1,675 employees (Allegheny County)

 

tons VOC per year

lb

ton Annual VOC Emissions lb VOC per year

employees

year

employee

lbVOC

Annual VOC Emissions

77.40

2000

1

154,804

1,675

92.42051

  























 

52 ERTAC Nonpoint Source Inventory Project, Emission Factors for Solvents, August 8, 2009 (Version 4).

53 National, state and county level government employment data downloaded from U.S. Census Bureau, mapping of 

employment flag letters reported by County Business Patterns to the range and midpoints of the range, and 

calculated final activity data using the employment midpoint and adjustment factors, provided by EPA: County 

Business Patterns, 2010 County Business Patterns: http://www.census.gov/econ/cbp/download/index.htm.
- 58 -

Motor Vehicles (SCC 2401070000)

This source category comprises establishments engaged in manufacturing, assembly and 

rebuilding of body and chassis, engine parts, components and accessories for all types of motor 

vehicles, including passenger cars, trucks, buses, trailers and mobile homes. The products made 

may be sold separately or may be assembled on purchased chassis and sold as complete vehicles.

VOC emissions from this source category result from the evaporation of solvent from surface 

coating products used to coat individual pieces.

The emissions for each county were calculated per the sample calculations below using an 

employment-based emission factor54 and employee data for NAICS codes 339// and 3369//. The 

number of employees in each county was obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau, County 

Business Patterns55 for year 2010, prepared by EPA, who performed calculations for midpoints 

and adjustment factors for any ranges that were obtained. Point source emissions, where present, 

were subtracted from emission estimates directly at the county level, since there were no 

throughput data available for subtraction at the state activity level.

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATIONS: 

Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees)

where:

Emission Factor = 194 lb VOC/employee/year

Employees = 225 employees (Allegheny County)

tons VOC per year

lb

ton Annual VOC Emissions lb VOC per year

year employees

employee

lbVOC

Annual VOC Emissions

21.83

2,000

1

43,650

225

194

  







































 

54 ERTAC Nonpoint Source Inventory Project, Emission Factors for Solvents, August 8, 2009 (Version 4).

55 National, state and county level government employment data downloaded from U.S. Census Bureau, mapping of 

employment flag letters reported by County Business Patterns to the range and midpoints of the range, and 

calculated final activity data using the employment midpoint and adjustment factors, provided by EPA: County 

Business Patterns, 2010 County Business Patterns: http://www.census.gov/econ/cbp/download/index.htm.
- 59 -

Paper, Foil and Film (SCC 2401030000)

This source category includes the manufacturing of paper, foil and film. Emissions for each 

county were calculated per the calculation below using an employment-based emission factor56

and employee data from NAICS Codes 322221, 322222, 322223, 322225 and 322226. The 

number of employees in each county was obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau, County 

Business Patterns57 for year 2010, prepared by EPA, who performed calculations for midpoints 

and adjustment factors for any ranges that were obtained. Point source emissions, where present, 

were subtracted from emission estimates directly at the county level, since there were no 

throughput data available for subtraction at the state activity level.

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATION:

Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Number of Employees)

where:

Emission Factor = 609.3887738 lb VOC/employee/year

Employees = 667 employees (York County)

Point Source Emissions = 87.11 Tons

 

tons VOC per year

lb

ton Annual VOC Emissions lb VOC per year

Employees

year

Employee

lbVOC

Annual VOC Emissions

203.23

2000

1

406,462

667

609.3887738

  























 

56 ERTAC Nonpoint Source Inventory Project, Emission Factors for Solvents, August 8, 2009 (Version 4).

57 National, state and county level government employment data downloaded from U.S. Census Bureau, mapping of 

employment flag letters reported by County Business Patterns to the range and midpoints of the range, and 

calculated final activity data using the employment midpoint and adjustment factors, provided by EPA: County 

Business Patterns, 2010 County Business Patterns: http://www.census.gov/econ/cbp/download/index.htm.
- 60 -

Wood Furniture and Fixtures (SCC 2401020000)

This source category includes establishments engaged in the manufacture of wood home or 

office furniture. VOC emissions result from the evaporation of solvents used in the finish coats 

and cleanup procedures. Each county’s emissions were calculated according to the sample 

calculations below using an employee emission factor58 and the number of employees in NAICS 

codes 337110, 337121, 337122,337127,337129, 337211, 337212 and 337215. NAICS code

339111, which was previously used, has been discontinued. The number of employees in each 

county was obtained from the U.S. Census Bureau, County Business Patterns59 for year 2010,

prepared by EPA, who performed calculations for midpoints and adjustment factors for any 

ranges that were obtained. Point source emissions, where present, were subtracted from 

emission estimates directly at the county level, since there were no throughput data available for 

subtraction at the state activity level.

SAMPLE VOC EMISSION CALCULATION:

Annual VOC Emissions = (Emission Factor)(Employees)

where:

Emission Factor = 524.1249 lb VOC/employee/year

Employees =344 employees (Allegheny County)

 

tons VOC per year

lb

ton Annual VOC Emissions lb VOC per year

employees

year

employee

lb VOC

Annual VOC Emissions

90.15

2,000

1

108,299

344

524.1249

  























 

58 ERTAC Area Source Inventory Project, Emission Factors for Solvents, August 8, 2009 (Version 4).

59 National, state and county level government employment data downloaded from U.S. Census Bureau, mapping of 

employment flag letters reported by County Business Patterns to the range and midpoints of the range, and 

calculated final activity data using the employment midpoint and adjustment factors, provided by EPA: County 

Business Patterns, 2010 County Business Patterns: http://www.census.gov/econ/cbp/download/index.htm.