J-A14034-18

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* Retired Senior Judge assigned to the Superior Court.

NON-PRECEDENTIAL DECISION - SEE SUPERIOR COURT I.O.P. 65.37

COMMONWEALTH OF PENNSYLVANIA

 Appellee

v.

SAL GERACE 

Appellant

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 IN THE SUPERIOR COURT OF

 PENNSYLVANIA

 No. 3163 EDA 2017

Appeal from the Judgment of Sentence July 25, 2017

in the Court of Common Pleas of Philadelphia County 

Criminal Division at No.: CP-51-CR-0003759-2016

BEFORE: GANTMAN, P.J., SHOGAN, J., and PLATT*, J.

MEMORANDUM BY PLATT, J.: FILED AUGUST 30, 2018

Appellant, Sal Gerace, appeals from the judgment of sentence imposed 

on July 25, 2017, following his non-jury trial conviction of possession of an 

instrument of a crime, terroristic threats, simple assault, and violations of the 

uniform firearms act (VUFA) for firearms not to be carried without a license, 

and carrying a firearm in public in Philadelphia.

1

 We affirm.

We take the factual and procedural history in this matter from the trial

court’s December 1, 2017 opinion and our review of the certified record. 

On November 7, 2015, the complainant . . . lived with 

Appellant and their five[-]year[-]old son in the apartment of 

Appellant’s mother. An argument over Appellant’s attempt to give 

candy to the pre-diabetic child escalated into an incident where 

the complainant was[] told “to leave or he was going to throw me 

out by the neck,” hit (mug slapped) in the face, and threatened 

while Appellant held a gun at his side. During the gun episode, 

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1 18 Pa.C.S.A. §§ 907, 2706(a)(1), 2701(a), 6106, and 6108, respectively.
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Appellant made threatening statements such as “we gotta go take 

a ride and he was going to fix this,” and threats to kill everyone, 

including himself. With a history of abuse at the hands of the 

Appellant, [the c]omplainant [] felt threatened. When the gun 

appeared, it was Appellant’s mother who called the police.

When Police Officer Mike Edwards arrived[,] he first 

encountered Appellant[,] who was standing outside. The officer 

also encountered the complainant who “. . . was crying. She was 

scared, face was trembling.” The complainant told Officer 

Edwards “. . . after [Appellant] pulled out the firearm and 

threatened to kill her, he left the property, went outside, put the 

firearm in a duffle bag that was inside of the trunk of his car which 

was directly outside.” As a result of this conversation, the 

complainant opened the car trunk and showed the duffle bag. 

Appellant gave the officer permission to look inside the bag along 

with the key to open it. A locked firearm was inside the bag, all 

of which the officer transported to the detective division for 

processing.

Police Officer [Mark] Wilusz of the Firearm Identification Unit 

testified that the firearm recovered from Appellant arrived for 

processing “with a master trigger lock fixed to the frame,” which 

“inhibited, basically, anybody from pulling the trigger of the 

firearm.” A key for the trigger lock was not recovered. The 

firearms examiner used a drill press to remove the lock, a 

procedure which took less than a minute[,] and the lock “came off 

relatively easily.” The weapon was found to be operable.

(Trial Court Opinion, 12/01/17, at 2-3) (record citations omitted).

A non-jury trial was held on December 20, 2016 and January 3, 2017. 

After trial, the court found Appellant guilty of all charges. On August 30, 2017, 

following a hearing, the court denied Appellant’s post-sentence motion. This 

timely appeal followed.2

Appellant presents three questions on appeal:

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2 Pursuant to the court’s order, Appellant filed a concise statement of errors 

complained of on appeal on October 12, 2017. The trial court entered its 

opinion on December 1, 2017. See Pa.R.A.P. 1925.
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1. Was the evidence sufficient to prove beyond a reasonable 

doubt that the Appellant was guilty of violation of the [UFA]

and [p]ossession of an [i]nstrument of [c]rime where the 

weapon that was recovered in this case was not readily 

operable?

2. Was the evidence sufficient to prove beyond a reasonable 

doubt that the Appellant was guilty of simple assault where the 

Appellant merely slapped the side of his wife’s face during a 

domestic argument, the victim did not sustain impairment of a 

physical condition or substantial pain and the hand[]gun that 

was recovered by the police had not been pointed at her?

3. Was the evidence sufficient to prove beyond a reasonable 

doubt that the Appellant was guilty of [t]erroristic [t]hreats 

where the Appellant did not have the necessary mens rea with 

respect to statements attributed to him that were made in the 

context of a heated domestic discussion with his wife, during 

which time the Appellant did not have a gun on his possession 

and at no time was a firearm pointed at the complainant?

(Appellant’s Brief, at 3).

Our standard of review for a challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence 

is well settled.

When reviewing challenges to the sufficiency of the 

evidence, we evaluate the record in the light most favorable to 

the Commonwealth as verdict winner, giving the prosecution the 

benefit of all reasonable inferences to be drawn from the evidence. 

Evidence will be deemed sufficient to support the verdict when it 

establishes each material element of the crime charged and the 

commission thereof by the accused, beyond a reasonable doubt. 

However, the Commonwealth need not establish guilt to a 

mathematical certainty, and it may sustain its burden by means 

of wholly circumstantial evidence. In addition, this Court may not 

substitute its judgment for that of the factfinder, and where the 

record contains support for the convictions, they may not be 

disturbed. Lastly, we note that the finder of fact is free to believe 

some, all, or none of the evidence presented. 

Commonwealth v. Smith, 146 A.3d 257, 261-62 (Pa. Super. 2016) 

(citations and quotation marks omitted).
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In his first issue, Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence to 

support his VUFA conviction of firearms not to be carried without a license and 

carrying a firearm in public in Philadelphia.

3 (See Appellant’s Brief, at 7-11). 

He claims that the evidence was insufficient because the Commonwealth did 

not prove that he possessed a key or other implement that would permit him 

to operate the firearm. (See id. at 10-11). We disagree.

Appellant was convicted of violating sections 6106(a)(1) and 6108 of 

the Uniform Firearms Act. Section 6106(a)(1) states, in relevant part:

§ 6106. Firearms not to be carried without a license

(a) Offense defined.—

(1) Except as provided in paragraph (2), any person 

who carries a firearm in any vehicle or any person who 

carries a firearm concealed on or about his person, 

except in his place of abode or fixed place of business, 

without a valid and lawfully issued license under this 

chapter commits a felony of the third degree.

18 Pa.C.S.A. § 6106(a)(1).

Section 6108 provides: “No person shall carry a firearm, rifle or shotgun 

at any time upon the public streets or upon any public property in a city of the 

first class unless: (1) such person is licensed to carry a firearm . . . .” 18 

Pa.C.S.A. § 6108(1).

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3 Although Appellant’s question presented also challenges the sufficiency of 

the evidence to support his possession of an instrument of crime conviction, 

he failed to raise such issue in his Rule 1925(b) statement of errors 

complained of on appeal; therefore, it is waived. See Pa.R.A.P. 

1925(b)(4)(vii) (“Issues not included in the Statement and/or not raised in 

accordance with the provisions of this paragraph (b)(4) are waived.”).
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In Commonwealth v. Gainer, 7 A.3d 291 (Pa. Super. 2010), appeal 

denied, 23 A.3d 1055 (Pa. 2011), this Court considered whether operability of 

a firearm was a necessary component of sufficient evidence to sustain a 

conviction under section 6106. It held that “‘[i]n order to sustain convictions

under [this] section, the firearm in question must have been operable or 

capable of being converted into an object that could fire a shot.’” Gainer, 

supra at 298 (quoting Commonwealth v. Stevenson, 894 A.2d 759, 775 

(Pa. Super. 2006), appeal denied, 917 A.2d 846 (Pa. 2007)); see also

Commonwealth v. Layton, 307 A.2d 843, 845 (Pa. 1973) (“An operable 

firearm may be said to be under the control of the alleged actor even though 

it is a malfunctioning assembled firearm or a disassembled firearm, if the 

alleged actor has under his control the means to convert the inoperable 

firearm into an operable firearm.”).

The Gainer Court determined that unlike in Layton, where the evidence 

was not sufficient because there was no evidence to explain why the gun would 

not fire, the firearms expert in Gainer testified that the pistol would not fire 

because a metal burr had formed, preventing a round from chambering. The 

expert explained that he was able to make the pistol operable by grinding the 

metal burr off with a small tool. See Gainer, supra at 299.

Here, similarly, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the 

Commonwealth as verdict winner, we conclude the evidence was sufficient to 

establish that Appellant’s firearm was capable of being converted into an 

operable firearm. See Smith, supra at 261-62; Gainer, supra at 299. The 
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evidence demonstrated that after the trigger lock was removed (either by 

drilling through the trigger lock or simply using a key—which one could 

reasonably infer that Appellant, as the owner of the locked firearm, might 

possess), the firearm was operable.4 (See N.T. Trial, 1/03/17, at 24-25); see 

also Gainer, supra at 299 (“reject[ing] . . . contention that the 

Commonwealth was required to show that [a]ppellant had in his possession 

the tools required to repair the pistol, that [a]ppellant was aware of the pistol’s 

inoperability, or that [a]ppellant had the knowledge or expertise needed to 

remove the metal burr.”). Thus, we conclude the evidence was sufficient to 

sustain Appellant’s conviction for violating sections 6106 and 6108 of the 

Uniform Firearms Act. Appellant’s first issue is meritless. 

In his second issue, Appellant challenges the sufficiency of the evidence 

to support his conviction of simple assault. (See Appellant’s Brief, at 11-12). 

Specifically, he claims that the evidence was insufficient to prove his simple 

assault conviction because his wife did not sustain significant impairment or 

pain. (See id.). We disagree.

Appellant was convicted of simple assault pursuant to 18 Pa.C.S.A. §

2701(a), which provides that “a person is guilty of assault if he: (1) attempts 

to cause or intentionally, knowingly or recklessly causes bodily injury to 

another; (2) negligently causes bodily injury to another with a deadly weapon; 

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4 Here, the firearms expert explained that he used a drill press to drill off the 

trigger lock; however, the same could have been reasonably accomplished 

using a hand drill, if one did not have a drill press readily available. (See N.T. 

Trial, 1/03/17, at 26, 28). 
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[or] (3) attempts by physical menace to put another in fear of imminent 

serious bodily injury . . . .” 18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2701(a)(1)-(3).

“18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2301 defines ‘bodily injury’ as ‘[i]mpairment of physical

condition or substantial pain.’ [18 Pa.C.S.A. § 2301.] Substantial pain may 

be inferred from the circumstances surrounding the physical force used.” 

Commonwealth v. Duck, 171 A.3d 830, 836 (Pa. Super. 2017) (case citation 

omitted); see Commonwealth v. Smith, 848 A.2d 973, 976 (Pa. Super. 

2004), appeal denied, 860 A.2d 489 (Pa. 2004) (“For the crime of Simple 

Assault, [t]he existence of substantial pain may be inferred from the 

circumstances surrounding the use of physical force even in the absence of a 

significant injury.”) (citation and internal quotation marks omitted).

Here, the trial court, which acted as fact finder in this non-jury trial, 

concluded that the evidence “is clear that Appellant physically assaulted his 

wife with a mug slap to the face, put her in fear of bodily harm, retrieved a 

firearm, and verbally threatened to kill her with the gun at his side and/or 

forced her to take a ride to fix this.” (Trial Ct. Op., at 4) (record citations and 

internal quotation marks omitted). Additionally, the victim testified at trial 

that she was sitting in the laundry room crying because Appellant had hit her. 

(See N.T. Trial, 12/20/16, at 17). Accordingly, we conclude that it is 

reasonable to infer that the victim endured substantial pain when she was 

crying after having been struck on the side of the head by Appellant. (See 

id. at 17-18). Consequently, we conclude that the evidence is sufficient to 
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support Appellant’s conviction of simple assault. Appellant’s second issue 

does not merit relief.

Finally, in his third issue, Appellant claims that the evidence was not 

sufficient to prove that he was guilty of terroristic threats. (See Appellant’s 

Brief, at 12-13). Specifically, he claims that his statements were made in the 

context of a “heated domestic discussion” and the Commonwealth failed to 

prove that he had the necessary mens rea. (Id. at 12). We disagree.

The crime of terroristic threats is committed when a person 

“communicates, either directly or indirectly, a threat to commit 

any crime of violence with intent to terrorize another.” 18 

Pa.C.S.A. § 2706(a)(1). An express or specific threat is not 

necessary to sustain a conviction for terroristic threats. 

Consequently, [i]t is unnecessary for an individual to specifically 

articulate the crime of violence which he or she intends to commit 

where the type of crime may be inferred from the nature of the 

statement and the context and circumstances surrounding the 

utterance of the statement.

[T]he harm sought to be prevented by the statute is the 

psychological distress that follows from an invasion of another’s 

sense of personal security[.] Nevertheless, whether the person 

threatened actually believes the threat will be carried out is 

irrelevant, as such a factor is not an element of the offense. 

Commonwealth v. Martinez, 153 A.3d 1025, 1028-29 (Pa. Super. 2016)

(case citations and some quotation marks omitted).

In the instant case, the evidence at trial demonstrated that Appellant 

“retrieved a firearm, and verbally threatened to kill [the victim] with the gun 

at his side, and/or forced her to take a ride ‘to fix this.’” (Trial Ct. Op., at 4). 

The victim testified that she felt scared after Appellant threatened to kill her, 

her child, and himself. (See N.T. Trial, 12/20/16, at 26).
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Thus, it is reasonable to infer that Appellant’s threat to kill the victim, 

her child, and himself, while he was carrying a firearm, was intended to “place 

[the victim] in a resultant state of fear and submission.” Martinez, supra at 

1029. Accordingly, we conclude that the evidence was sufficient to prove that 

Appellant threatened to commit a crime with the intent to terrorize his victim. 

See id. at 1028-29. Appellant’s challenge to the sufficiency of the evidence 

offered to prove terroristic threats is meritless.

Judgment of sentence affirmed. 

Judgment Entered.

Joseph D. Seletyn, Esq.

Prothonotary

Date: 8/30/18