§ 78.1 Definitions. Cross Reference
Link to an amendment published at 89 FR 39563 , May 9, 2024.
The following terms are defined in this section: Accredited veterinarian Administrator Animals Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service Animal identification number APHIS representative Approved brucella vaccine Approved individual herd plan Approved intermediate handling facility Area “B” branded Boar Brucellosis Brucellosis exposed Brucellosis negative Brucellosis reactor Brucellosis ring test Brucellosis suspect Certificate Certified brucellosis-free herd Class A State or area Class B State or area Class C State or area Class Free State or area Complete herd test (CHT) Confirmatory test Dairy cattle Designated epidemiologist Directly Epidemiologist Epidemiology Farm of origin Feral swine Finished fed cattle Herd Herd blood test Herd known to be affected Herd not known to be affected Herd of origin of swine Interstate Market cattle identification test cattle Market swine test (MST) reactor Market swine test swine Monitored-negative feral swine population Moved Moved (movement) in interstate commerce Official adult vaccinate Official brand inspection certificate Official brand recording agency Official calfhood vaccinate Official eartag Official seal Official swine tattoo Official test Official vaccinate Official vaccination eartag Originate Parturient Permit Permit for entry Person Postparturient Purebred registry association Qualified herd Quarantined area Quarantined feedlot Quarantined pasture Recognized slaughtering establishment “S” branded “S” brand permit Sow Specifically approved stockyard State State animal health official State representative Successfully closed case Swine brucellosis Test-eligible cattle and bison United States United States Department of Agriculture backtag Validated brucellosis-free herd Validated brucellosis-free State Veterinarian in Charge Whole herd vaccination
As used in this part, the following terms shall have the meanings set forth in this section. *Accredited veterinarian.* A veterinarian approved by the Administrator in accordance with the provisions of part 161 of this title to perform functions specified in parts 1, 2, 3, and 11 of subchapter A, and subchapters B, C, and D of this chapter, and to perform functions required by cooperative State-Federal disease control and eradication programs.
*Administrator.* The Administrator, Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, or any person authorized to act for the Administrator.
*Animals.* Cattle, bison, and swine.
*Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS).* The Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service of the United States Department of Agriculture.
*Animal identification number (AIN).* A numbering system for the official identification of individual animals in the United States that provides a nationally unique identification number for each animal. The AIN consists of 15 digits, with the first 3 being the country code (840 for the United States or a unique country code for any U.S. territory that has such a code and elects to use it in place of the 840 code). The alpha characters USA or the numeric code assigned to the manufacturer of the identification device by the International Committee on Animal Recording may be used as an alternative to the 840 or other prefix representing a U.S territory; however, only the AIN beginning with the 840 or other prefix representing a U.S. territory will be recognized as official for use on AIN tags applied to animals on or after March 11, 2015. The AIN beginning with the 840 prefix may not be applied to animals known to have been born outside the United States.
*APHIS representative.* An individual employed by APHIS who is authorized to perform the function involved.
*Approved brucella vaccine.* A *Brucella* product approved by and produced under license of the United States Department of Agriculture for injection into cattle or bison to enhance their resistance to brucellosis.
*Approved individual herd plan.* A herd management and testing plan designed by the herd owner, the owner's veterinarian if so requested, and a State representative or APHIS representative to determine the disease status of animals in the herd and to control and eradicate brucellosis within the herd. The plan must be jointly approved by the State animal health official and the Veterinarian in Charge.
*Approved intermediate handling facility.* Premises approved by the Administrator and the State animal health official for receiving and handling cattle and bison for release only to recognized slaughtering establishments and quarantined feedlots. Cattle and bison may be held at an approved intermediate handling facility for a maximum of 7 days and may not change ownership during this time. No cattle or bison, except cattle or bison moved directly from a farm of origin, shall be permitted to enter an approved intermediate handling facility unless they are accompanied by a permit or “S” brand permit. Cattle or bison transported in vehicles closed with official seals are prohibited from entering the approved intermediate handling facility. No cattle or bison shall be permitted to leave an approved intermediate handling facility unless they are accompanied by a permit or “S” brand permit which lists a recognized slaughtering establishment or a quarantined feedlot as the point of destination. To qualify for and retain approval, the following conditions must be met: ( a ) The facility must be separate and apart from other livestock handling facilities for breeding cattle and breeding bison;
( b ) Serviceable equipment for cleaning and disinfection shall be furnished and maintained with adequate disinfectant on hand;
( c ) The facility must be cleaned and disinfected in accordance with § 71.4(a) of this chapter;
( d ) Any document relating to cattle or bison which are or have been in the facility shall be maintained by the facility for a period of 2 years;
( e ) State representatives and APHIS representatives shall be granted, at reasonable hours, access to all documents required to be maintained by the facility and authority to reproduce the documents; and
( f ) Each entrance and exit to the facility must prominently display a sign bearing the following words: “All cattle and bison entering this facility must go directly to slaughter or a quarantined feedlot”. The Administrator may withdraw or deny approval of any intermediate handling facility in accordance with § 71.20 of this chapter.
*Area.* That portion of any State which has a separate brucellosis classification under this part.
*“B” branded.* Branding with a hot iron the letter “B” high on the left hip near the tailhead and at least 5 by 5 centimeters (2 by 2 inches) in size.
*Boar.* An uncastrated male swine 6 months of age or over which is or has been capable of being used for breeding purposes.
*Brucellosis.* The contagious, infectious, and communicable disease caused by bacteria of the genus *Brucella.* It is also known as Bangs disease, undulant fever, and contagious abortion.
*Brucellosis exposed.* Except for brucellosis reactors, animals that are part of a herd known to be affected, or are in a quarantined feedlot or a quarantined pasture, or are brucellosis suspects, or that have been in contact with a brucellosis reactor for a period of 24 hours or more, or for a period of less than 24 hours if the brucellosis reactor has aborted, calved, or farrowed within the past 30 days or has a vaginal or uterine discharge.
*Brucellosis negative.* An animal subjected to one or more official tests resulting in a brucellosis negative classification or reclassified as brucellosis negative by a designated epidemiologist as provided for in the definition of official test.
*Brucellosis reactor.* An animal subjected to an official test resulting in a brucellosis reactor classification or subjected to a bacteriological examination for field strain *Brucella abortus* and found positive or reclassified as a brucellosis reactor by a designated epidemiologist as provided for in the definition of official test.
*Brucellosis ring test.* The brucellosis ring test is conducted on composite milk or cream samples from dairy herds and is interpreted as either negative or suspicious (positive). Herds which are negative to the brucellosis ring test and which are not quarantined as brucellosis affected are classified as brucellosis negative for public health ordinances and surveillance purposes. Herds classified as suspicious require a herd blood test to determine animal and herd status.
*Brucellosis suspect.* An animal subjected to an official test resulting in a brucellosis suspect classification or reclassified as a brucellosis suspect by a designated epidemiologist as provided for in the definition of official test.
*Certified brucellosis-free herd.* A herd of cattle or bison which has qualified for and whose owner has been issued a certified brucellosis-free herd certificate signed by the appropriate State animal health official and the Veterinarian in Charge. ( a ) *Certification.* The following methods may be used to qualify a herd: ( 1 ) By conducting at least two consecutive negative herd blood tests not less than 10 months nor more than 14 months apart; or
( 2 ) As an alternative for dairy cattle, by conducting a minimum of four consecutive negative brucellosis ring tests, or other official brucellosis milk test approved by the Administrator, at not less than 90-day intervals, followed by a negative herd blood test within 90 days after the last negative brucellosis ring test or other official brucellosis milk test approved by the Administrator.
( b ) *Maintaining certification.* Certified brucellosis-free herd status will remain in effect for 1 year beginning with the date of issuance of the certified brucellosis-free herd certificate. The following methods may be used to maintain herd certification: ( 1 ) A negative herd blood test must be conducted within 10 to 12 months of the last certification date for continuous status. Lapsed certification may be reinstated if a herd blood test is conducted within 14 months of the last certification date. A new recertification test date may be established if requested by the owner and if the herd is negative to a herd blood test on that date, provided that date is within 1 year of the previous certification date.
( 2 ) As an alternative for dairy cattle, a minimum of four consecutive negative brucellosis ring tests, or other official brucellosis milk test approved by the Administrator, must be conducted at approximately 90-day intervals, with the fourth test conducted within 60 days before the 1-year anniversary of the previous certification date.
( 3 ) The Administrator may allow another testing protocol to be used if the Administrator determines that such a protocol is adequate to determine there is no evidence of brucellosis in the herd.
( c ) *Loss of certification.* A herd which loses certified brucellosis-free herd status because a brucellosis reactor is found in the herd may be recertified only by repeating the certification process, except that certified brucellosis-free herd status may be reinstated without repeating the certification process if epidemiological studies and bacteriological cultures conducted by an APHIS representative or State representative show that the herd was not affected with *Brucella abortus.*
*Class A State or area.* A State or area which meets standards for classification as a Class A State or area and is certified as such on initial classification or on reclassification by the State animal health official, the Veterinarian in Charge, and the Administrator. Any reclassification will be made in accordance with § 78.40 of this part. The following are the standards to attain and maintain Class A status. ( a ) *Surveillance* — ( 1 ) *Brucellosis ring test.* The brucellosis ring test shall be conducted in the State or area at least four times per year at approximately 90-day intervals. All herds producing milk for sale shall be included in at least three of the four brucellosis ring tests per year.
( 2 ) *Market Cattle Identification (MCI) program* — ( i ) *Coverage.* All recognized slaughtering establishments in the State or area must participate in the MCI program. Blood samples shall be collected from at least 95 percent of all cows and bulls 2 years of age or over at each recognized slaughtering establishment and subjected to an official test;
( ii ) *Brucellosis reactors* — ( A ) *Tracebacks.* At least 90 percent of all brucellosis reactors found in the course of MCI testing must be traced to the farm of origin.
( B ) *Successfully closed cases.* The State or area must successfully close at least 95 percent of the MCI reactor cases traced to the farm of origin during the 12-consecutive-month period immediately prior to the most recent anniversary of the date the State or area was classified Class A. To successfully close an MCI reactor case, State representatives or APHIS representatives must conduct an epidemiologic investigation at the farm of origin within 15 days after notification by the cooperative State-Federal laboratory that brucellosis reactors were found on the MCI test. Herd blood tests must be conducted or the herd must be confined to the premises under quarantine within 30 days after notification that brucellosis reactors were found on the MCI test, unless a designated epidemiologist determines that: ( 1 ) The brucellosis reactor is located in a herd in a different State than the State where the MCI blood sample was collected. In such cases a State representative or APHIS representative must give written notice of the MCI test results to the State animal health official in the State where the brucellosis reactor is located; or
( 2 ) Evidence indicates that the brucellosis reactor is from a herd that no longer presents a risk of spreading brucellosis, or is from a herd that is unlikely to be infected with brucellosis. Such evidence could include, but is not limited to, situations where: ( i ) The brucellosis reactor is traced back to a herd that has been sold for slaughter in entirety;
( ii ) The brucellosis reactor is traced back to a herd that is certified brucellosis free and is 100-percent vaccinated; or
( iii ) The brucellosis reactor showed a low titer in the MCI test and is traced back to a dairy herd that is 100 percent vaccinated and has tested negative to the most recent brucellosis ring test required by this section for herds producing milk for sale.
( 3 ) *Epidemiologic surveillance* — ( i ) *Adjacent herds.* All adjacent herds or other herds having contact with cattle or bison in a herd known to be affected shall have an approved individual herd plan in effect within 15 days of notification of brucellosis in the herd known to be affected;
( ii ) *Epidemiologically traced herds.* All herds from which cattle or bison are moved into a herd known to be affected and all herds which have received cattle or bison from a herd known to be affected shall have an approved individual herd plan in effect within 15 days of locating the source herd or recipient herd.
( iii ) Each State shall ensure that such approved individual herd plans are effectively complied with, as determined by the Administrator.
( b ) *Herd infection rate* — ( 1 ) *Percentage of herds affected.* States or areas must not exceed a cattle or bison herd infection rate, based on the number of herds found to have brucellosis reactors within the State or area during any 12 consecutive months due to field strain *Brucella abortus,* of 0.25 percent or 2.5 herds per 1,000, except in States with 10,000 or fewer herds. A special review by the Administrator will be made to determine if such small herd population States would qualify for Class A status. Locations of herds, sources of brucellosis, and brucellosis control measures taken by the State will be considered.
( 2 ) *Epidemiologic investigation.* Within 15 days after notification by the cooperative State-Federal laboratory that brucellosis reactors have been found in any herd, State representatives or APHIS representatives shall investigate that herd to identify possible sources of brucellosis. All possible sources of brucellosis identified shall be contacted within an additional 15 days to determine appropriate action.
( 3 ) All herds known to be affected shall have approved individual herd plans in effect within 15 days after notification by a State representative or APHIS representative of a brucellosis reactor in the herd. Each State shall ensure that such approved individual herd plans are effectively complied with, as determined by the Administrator.
*Class B State or area.* A State or area which meets standards for classification as a Class B State or area and is certified as such on initial classification or on reclassification by the State animal health official, the Veterinarian in Charge, and the Administrator. Any reclassification will be made in accordance with § 78.40 of this part. The following are the standards to attain and maintain Class B status. ( a ) *Surveillance* — ( 1 ) *Brucellosis ring test.* The brucellosis ring test shall be conducted in the State or area at least four times per year at approximately 90-day intervals. All herds producing milk for sale shall be included in at least three of the four brucellosis ring tests per year.
( 2 ) *Market Cattle Identification (MCI) program* — ( i ) *Coverage.* All recognized slaughtering establishments in the State or area must participate in the MCI program. Blood samples shall be collected from at least 95 percent of all cows and bulls 2 years of age or over at each recognized slaughtering establishment and subjected to an official test;
( ii ) *Brucellosis reactors* — ( A ) *Tracebacks.* At least 80 percent of all brucellosis reactors found in the course of MCI testing must be traced to the farm of origin.
( B ) *Successfully closed cases.* The State or area must successfully close at least 90 percent of the MCI reactor cases traced to the farm of origin during the 12-consecutive-month period immediately prior to the most recent anniversary of the date the State or area was classified Class B. To successfully close an MCI reactor case, State representatives or APHIS representatives must conduct an epidemiologic investigation at the farm of origin within 30 days after notification by the cooperative State-Federal laboratory that brucellosis reactors were found on the MCI test. Herd blood tests must be conducted or the herd must be confined to the premises under quarantine within 30 days after notification that brucellosis reactors were found on the MCI test, unless a designated epidemiologist determines that: ( 1 ) The brucellosis reactor is located in a herd in a different State than the State where the MCI blood sample was collected. In such cases a State representative or APHIS representative must give written notice of the MCI test results to the State animal health official in the State where the brucellosis reactor is located; or
( 2 ) Evidence indicates that the brucellosis reactor is from a herd that no longer presents a risk of spreading brucellosis, or is from a herd that is unlikely to be infected with brucellosis. Such evidence could include, but is not limited to, situations where: ( i ) The brucellosis reactor is traced back to a herd that has been sold for slaughter in entirety;
( ii ) The brucellosis reactor is traced back to a herd that is certified brucellosis free and is 100-percent vaccinated; or
( iii ) The brucellosis reactor showed a low titer in the MCI test and is traced back to a dairy herd that is 100 percent vaccinated and has tested negative to the most recent brucellosis ring test required by this section for herds producing milk for sale.
( 3 ) *Epidemiologic surveillance* — ( i ) *Adjacent herds.* All adjacent herds or other herds having contact with cattle or bison in a herd known to be affected shall have an approved individual herd plan in effect within 45 days of notification of brucellosis in the herd known to be affected;
( ii ) *Epidemiologically traced herds.* All herds from which cattle or bison are moved into a herd known to be affected and all herds which have received cattle or bison from a herd known to be affected shall have an approved individual herd plan in effect within 45 days of locating the source herd or recipient herd.
( iii ) Each State shall ensure that such approved individual herd plans are effectively complied with, as determined by the Administrator.
( b ) *Herd infection rate* — ( 1 ) *Percentage of herds affected.* States or areas must not exceed a cattle or bison herd infection rate, based on the number of herds found to have brucellosis reactors within the State or area during any 12 consecutive months due to field strain *Brucella abortus,* of 1.5 percent or 15 herds per 1,000, except in States with 1,000 or fewer herds. A special review by the Administrator will be made to determine if such small herd population States would qualify for Class B status. Locations of herds, sources of brucellosis, and brucellosis control measures taken by the State will be considered.
( 2 ) *Epidemiologic investigation.* Within 45 days after notification by the cooperative State-Federal laboratory that brucellosis reactors have been found in any herd, State representatives or APHIS representatives shall investigate that herd to identify possible sources of brucellosis. All possible sources of brucellosis identified shall be contacted within an additional 30 days to determine appropriate action.
( 3 ) All herds known to be affected shall have approved individual herd plans in effect within 45 days after notification by a State representative or APHIS representative of a brucellosis reactor in the herd. Each State shall ensure that such approved individual herd plans are effectively complied with, as determined by the Administrator.
*Class C State or area.* A State or area which meets standards for classification as a Class C State or area and is certified as such on initial classification or on reclassification by the State animal health official, the Veterinarian in Charge, and the Administrator. Any reclassification will be made in accordance with § 78.40 of this part. The following are the standards to attain and maintain Class C status. ( a ) *Surveillance* — ( 1 ) *Brucellosis ring test.* The brucellosis ring test shall be conducted in the State or area at least four times per year at approximately 90-day intervals. All herds producing milk for sale shall be included in at least three of the four brucellosis ring tests per year.
( 2 ) *Market Cattle Identification (MCI) program* — ( i ) *Coverage.* All recognized slaughtering establishments in the State or area must participate in the MCI program. Blood samples shall be collected from at least 95 percent of all cows and bulls 2 years of age or over at each recognized slaughtering establishment and subjected to an official test;
( ii ) *Brucellosis reactors* — ( A ) *Tracebacks.* At least 80 percent of all brucellosis reactors found in the course of MCI testing must be traced to the farm of origin.
( B ) *Successfully closed cases.* The State or area must successfully close at least 90 percent of the MCI reactor cases traced to the farm of origin during the 12-consecutive-month period immediately prior to the most recent anniversary of the date the State or area was classified Class C. To successfully close an MCI reactor case, State representatives or APHIS representatives must conduct an epidemiologic investigation at the farm of origin within 30 days after notification by the cooperative State-Federal laboratory that brucellosis reactors were found on the MCI test. Herd blood tests must be conducted or the herd must be confined to the premises under quarantine within 30 days after notification that brucellosis reactors were found on the MCI test, unless a designated epidemiologist determines that: ( 1 ) The brucellosis reactor is located in a herd in a different State than the State where the MCI blood sample was collected. In such cases a State representative or APHIS representative must give written notice of the MCI test results to the State animal health official in the State where the brucellosis reactor is located; or
( 2 ) Evidence indicates that the brucellosis reactor is from a herd that no longer presents a risk of spreading brucellosis, or is from a herd that is unlikely to be infected with brucellosis. Such evidence could include, but is not limited to, situations where: ( i ) The brucellosis reactor is traced back to a herd that has been sold for slaughter in entirety;
( ii ) The brucellosis reactor is traced back to a herd that is certified brucellosis free and is 100-percent vaccinated; or
( iii ) The brucellosis reactor showed a low titer in the MCI test and is traced back to a dairy herd that is 100 percent vaccinated and has tested negative to the most recent brucellosis ring test required by this section for herds producing milk for sale.
( 3 ) *Epidemiologic surveillance* — ( i ) *Adjacent herds.* All adjacent herds or other herds having contact with cattle or bison in a herd known to be affected shall have an approved individual herd plan in effect within 45 days of notification of brucellosis in the herd known to be affected;
( ii ) *Epidemiologically traced herds.* All herds from which cattle or bison are moved into a herd known to be affected and all herds which have received cattle or bison from a herd known to be affected shall have an approved individual herd plan in effect within 45 days of locating the source herd or recipient herd.
( iii ) Each State shall ensure that such approved individual herd plans are effectively complied with, as determined by the Administrator.
( b ) *Herd infection rate* — ( 1 ) *Percentage of herds affected.* States or areas exceed a cattle or bison herd infection rate, based on the number of herds found to have brucellosis reactors within the State or area during any 12 consecutive months due to field strain *Brucella abortus,* of 1.5 percent or 15 herds per 1,000, except in States with 1,000 or fewer herds. A special review by the Administrator will be made to determine if such small herd population States should be classified as a Class C State. Locations of herds, sources of brucellosis, and brucellosis control measures taken by the State will be considered.
( 2 ) *Epidemiologic investigation.* Within 45 days after notification by the cooperative State-Federal laboratory that brucellosis reactors have been found in any herd, State representatives or APHIS representatives shall investigate that herd to identify possible sources of brucellosis. All possible sources of brucellosis identified shall be contacted within an additional 30 days to determine appropriate action.
( 3 ) All herds known to be affected shall have approved individual herd plans in effect within 45 days after notification by a State representative or APHIS representative of a brucellosis reactor in the herd. Each State shall ensure that such approved individual herd plans are effectively complied with, as determined by the Administrator.
( c ) *Compliance with minimum procedural standards.* ( 1 ) A State must implement and maintain minimum procedural standards.
( 2 ) A State or area must make continued progress over a 2-year period in reducing the prevalence of brucellosis as determined by epidemiologic evaluation or it will be placed under Federal quarantine.
*Class Free State or area.* A State or area which meets standards for classification as a Class Free State or area and is certified as such on initial classification or on reclassification by the State animal health official, the Veterinarian in Charge, and the Administrator. For initial classification or reclassification, all cattle herds in the State or area must have remained free of *Brucella abortus* for 12 consecutive months, based on surveillance and epidemiologic investigations as required for Class A States or areas, and the State or area must have a cattle herd infection rate, based on the number of herds found to have brucellosis reactors within the State or area during any 12 consecutive months due to *Brucella abortus,* of 0.0 percent or 0 herds per 1,000. The Administrator may reclassify a State or area to a lower status upon finding that continued detection of brucellosis presents a risk that the disease will spread. Any reclassification will be made in accordance with § 78.40 of this part. All cattle herds in the State or area in which brucellosis has been known to exist must be released from any State or Federal brucellosis quarantine prior to classification. In addition, if any herds of other species of domestic livestock have been found to be affected with brucellosis, they must be subjected to an official test and found negative, slaughtered, or quarantined so that no foci of brucellosis in any species of domestic livestock are left uncontrolled. The following are the standards to maintain Class Free status. ( a ) *Surveillance* — ( 1 ) *Testing requirements* — ( i ) *States or areas that have been Class Free for 5 consecutive years or longer and that do not have B. abortus in wildlife.* All recognized slaughtering establishments in the State or area, upon request by APHIS, must agree to participate in market cattle identification (MCI) testing as part of the national brucellosis surveillance plan.
( ii ) *States or areas that have not been Class Free for 5 consecutive years or longer or that have B. abortus in wildlife.* The State or area must carry out testing as provided in paragraphs (a)(1)(ii)(A) and (a)(1)(ii)(B) or (a)(1)(ii)(C) of this definition: ( A ) *Brucellosis ring test.* The State or area shall conduct as many brucellosis ring tests per year as are necessary to ensure that all herds producing milk for sale are tested at least twice per year at approximately 6-month intervals. Another official brucellosis milk test may be used as approved by the Administrator.
( B ) *Market Cattle Identification (MCI) program.* All recognized slaughtering establishments in the State or area must participate in the MCI program. Blood samples shall be collected from at least 95 percent of all cows and bulls 2 years of age or over at each recognized slaughtering establishment and subjected to an official test.
( C ) *Alternative surveillance plan.* As an alternative to the testing described in paragraphs (a)(1)(ii)(A) and (a)(1)(ii)(B) of this definition, the State or area may develop an alternative surveillance plan that would have to meet or exceed the level of disease detection provided by combined brucellosis ring testing and collection of blood samples from at least 95 percent of test eligible slaughter cattle slaughtered within the State. The alternative surveillance plan must be developed in conjunction with the State animal health official and the area veterinarian in charge.
( 2 ) *Brucellosis reactors.* All Class Free States or areas must comply with the following requirements upon detection of a brucellosis reactor: ( i ) *Tracebacks.* The State or area must trace at least 90 percent of all brucellosis reactors found in the course of MCI testing to the farm of origin.
( ii ) *Successfully closed cases.* The State or area must successfully close at least 95 percent of the MCI reactor cases traced to the farm of origin during the 12-consecutive-month period immediately prior to the most recent anniversary of the date the State or area was classified Class Free. To successfully close an MCI reactor case, State representatives or APHIS representatives must conduct an epidemiologic investigation at the farm of origin within 15 days after notification by the cooperative State-Federal laboratory that brucellosis reactors were found on the MCI test. Herd blood tests must be conducted or the herd must be confined to the premises under quarantine within 30 days after notification that brucellosis reactors were found on the MCI test, unless a designated epidemiologist determines that: ( A ) The brucellosis reactor is located in a herd in a different State than the State where the MCI blood sample was collected. In such cases a State representative or APHIS representative must give written notice of the MCI test results to the State animal health official in the State where the brucellosis reactor is located; or
( B ) Evidence indicates that the brucellosis reactor is from a herd that no longer presents a risk of spreading brucellosis, or is from a herd that is unlikely to be infected with brucellosis. Such evidence could include, but is not limited to, situations where: ( 1 ) The brucellosis reactor is traced back to a herd that has been sold for slaughter in entirety;
( 2 ) The brucellosis reactor is traced back to a herd that is certified brucellosis free and is 100-percent vaccinated; or
( 3 ) The brucellosis reactor showed a low titer in the MCI test and is traced back to a dairy herd that is 100 percent vaccinated and has tested negative to the most recent brucellosis ring test required by this section for herds producing milk for sale.
( iii ) *Epidemiologic surveillance* — ( A ) *Adjacent herds.* All adjacent herds or other herds having contact with cattle or bison in a herd known to be affected shall be placed under quarantine and have an approved individual herd plan in effect within 15 days after notification of brucellosis in the herd known to be affected;
( B ) *Epidemiologically traced herds.* All herds from which cattle or bison are moved into a herd known to be affected and all herds which have received cattle or bison from a herd known to be affected shall be placed under quarantine and have an approved individual herd plan in effect within 15 days of locating the source herd or recipient herd. Each State shall ensure that such approved individual herd plans are effectively complied with, as determined by the Administrator.
( b ) *Herd infection rate* — ( 1 ) *Affected herds.* Except as provided in paragraph (b)(4) of this definition, all cattle and bison herds in the State or area must remain free of *Brucella abortus.*
( 2 ) *Epidemiologic investigation.* Within 15 days after notification by the cooperative State-Federal laboratory that brucellosis reactors have been found in any herd, State representatives or APHIS representatives shall investigate that herd to identify possible sources of brucellosis. All possible sources of brucellosis identified shall be contacted within an additional 15 days to determine appropriate action.
( 3 ) *Approved herd plans.* All herds known to be affected shall have approved individual herd plans in effect within 15 days after notification by a State representative or APHIS representative of a brucellosis reactor in the herd. Each State shall ensure that such approved individual herd plans are effectively complied with, as determined by the Administrator.
( 4 ) *Affected herd.* If any herd in a Class Free State or area is found to be affected with brucellosis, the State or area may retain its Class Free status if it meets the conditions of this paragraph. ( i ) *The affected herd.* ( A ) The affected herd must be quarantined immediately, and, within 60 days, tested for brucellosis and depopulated; or
( B ) The affected herd must be quarantined immediately and tested for brucellosis as required by the Administrator until there is no evidence of brucellosis in the herd; and
( ii ) *Other herds.* An epidemiological investigation must be performed within 60 days of the detection of an infected animal in a herd. All herds on premises adjacent to the affected herd (adjacent herds), all herds from which animals may have been brought into the affected herd (source herds), and all herds that may have had contact with or accepted animals from the affected herd (contact herds) must be epidemiologically investigated, and each of those herds must be placed under an approved individual herd plan. If the investigating epidemiologist determines that a herd blood test for a particular adjacent herd, source herd, or contact herd is not warranted, the epidemiologist must include that determination, and the reasons supporting it, in the individual herd plan.
( iii ) *APHIS review.* After the close of the 60-day period following the date an animal in the herd is determined to be infected, APHIS will conduct a review to confirm that the requirements of paragraphs (b)(4)(i) and (b)(4)(ii) of this definition have been satisfied and that the State or area is in compliance with all other applicable provisions.
( c ) *Brucellosis management plans.* ( 1 ) Any State in which the Administrator has determined wildlife are infected with *B. abortus* must develop and implement a brucellosis management plan approved by the Administrator. The existence of *B. abortus* in wildlife will be determined by the Administrator, based on, but not limited to, histopathology, testing data, or epidemiology. The Administrator may also require a Class Free State or area to develop and implement a brucellosis management plan under any other circumstances if the Administrator determines it is necessary to prevent the spread of brucellosis. The State must sign a memorandum of understanding (MOU) with the Administrator that describes its brucellosis management plan. The MOU must be updated annually. The Administrator may reclassify to a lower status any State or area that has not implemented an approved brucellosis management plan within 6 months of being required to develop one.
( 2 ) The brucellosis management plan reflected in the MOU must: ( i ) Define and explain the basis for the geographic area in which a disease risk exists from *B. abortus* and to which the brucellosis management plan activities apply;
( ii ) Describe epidemiologic assessment and surveillance activities to identify occurrence of *B. abortus* in domestic livestock and wildlife and potential risks for spread of disease; and
( iii ) Describe mitigation activities to prevent the spread of *B. abortus* from domestic livestock and/or wildlife, as applicable, within or from the brucellosis management area.
*Commuter herd.* A herd of cattle or bison moved interstate during the course of normal livestock management operations and without change of ownership directly between two premises, as provided in a commuter herd agreement.
*Commuter herd agreement.* A written agreement between the owner(s) of a herd of cattle or bison and the animal health officials for the States or Tribes of origin and destination specifying the conditions required for the interstate movement from one premises to another in the course of normal livestock management operations and specifying the time period, up to 1 year, that the agreement is effective. A commuter herd agreement may be renewed annually.
*Complete herd test (CHT).* An official swine brucellosis test of all swine on a premises that are 6 months of age or older and maintained for breeding purposes.
*Confirmatory test.* A follow-up test to verify any official test results. Confirmatory tests include the standard tube test, the Rivanol test, the complement fixation test (CF), the fluorescence polarization assay (FP assay), the particle concentration fluorescence immunoassay (PCFIA), the semen plasma test, and the standard plate test.
*Dairy cattle.* All cattle, regardless of age or sex or current use, that are of a breed(s) used to produce milk or other dairy products for human consumption, including, but not limited to, Ayrshire, Brown Swiss, Holstein, Jersey, Guernsey, Milking Shorthorn, and Red and Whites.
*Designated epidemiologist.* An epidemiologist selected by the State animal health official and the Veterinarian in Charge to perform the functions required. The regional epidemiologist and the APHIS brucellosis staff must concur in the selection and appointment of the designated epidemiologist.
*Directly.* Moved in a means of conveyance, without stopping to unload while en route, except for stops of less than 24 hours to feed, water or rest the animals being moved, and with no commingling of animals at such stops.
*Epidemiologist.* A veterinarian who has received a master's degree in epidemiology or completed a course of study in epidemiology sponsored by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture.
*Epidemiology.* A branch of medical science that deals with the incidence, distribution, and control of disease in the animal population.
*Farm of origin.* ( a ) Premises where cattle or bison are born and remain prior to movement from the premises but which are not used to assemble cattle or bison from any other premises for 4 months before such movement; or
( b ) Premises where cattle or bison remain for not less than 4 months immediately before movement from the premises but which are not used to assemble cattle or bison from any other premises for 4 months before such movement.
*Feral swine.* Free-roaming swine. Formerly free-roaming swine could qualify for reclassification as domestic swine upon testing negative to an official swine brucellosis test after a period of at least 60 days' confinement in isolation from other feral swine.
*Finished fed cattle.* Cattle fattened on a ration of feed concentrates to reach a slaughter condition equivalent to that which would be attained on full feed with a high concentrate grain ration for 90 days.
*Herd.* ( a ) All animals under common ownership or supervision that are grouped on one or more parts of any single premises (lot, farm, or ranch); or
( b ) All animals under common ownership or supervision on two or more premises which are geographically separated but on which animals from the different premises have been interchanged or had contact with each other.
( c ) For the purposes of this part, the term *herd* does not include animals that are contained within a federally approved research facility.
*Herd blood test.* A blood test for brucellosis conducted in a herd on all cattle and bison 18 months of age or older, except for steers and spayed heifers, and except when conducting herd blood tests as part of affected herd investigations or other epidemiological investigations or when the Administrator determines testing at a younger age is necessary to prevent the spread of brucellosis.
*Herd known to be affected.* Any herd in which any animal has been classified as a brucellosis reactor and which has not been released from quarantine.
*Herd not known to be affected.* Any herd in which no animal has been classified as a brucellosis reactor or any herd in which one or more animals have been classified as brucellosis reactors but which has been released from quarantine.
*Herd of origin of swine.* Any herd in which swine are farrowed and remain until movement or any herd in which swine remain for 30 days immediately prior to movement.
*Interstate.* From any State into or through any other State.
*Interstate certificate of veterinary inspection (ICVI).* An official document issued by a Federal, State, Tribal, or accredited veterinarian certifying the inspection of animals in preparation for interstate movement. ( 1 ) The ICVI must show the species of animals covered by the ICVI; the number of animals covered by the ICVI; the purpose for which the animals are to be moved; the address at which the animals were loaded for interstate movement; the address to which the animals are destined; and the names of the consignor and the consignee and their addresses if different from the address at which the animals were loaded or the address to which the animals are destined. Additionally, unless the species-specific requirements for ICVIs provide an exception, the ICVI must list the official identification number of each animal, except as provided in paragraph (2) of this definition, or group of animals moved that is required to be officially identified, or, if an alternative form of identification has been agreed upon by the sending and receiving States, the ICVI must include a record of that identification. If animals moving under a GIN also have individual official identification, only the GIN must be listed on the ICVI. An ICVI may not be issued for any animal that is not officially identified if official identification is required. If the animals are not required by the regulations to be officially identified, the ICVI must state the exemption that applies (e.g., the cattle and bison do not belong to one of the classes of cattle and bison to which the official identification requirements of 9 CFR part 86 apply). If the animals are required to be officially identified but the identification number does not have to be recorded on the ICVI, the ICVI must state that all animals to be moved under the ICVI are officially identified.
( 2 ) As an alternative to typing or writing individual animal identification on an ICVI, if agreed to by the receiving State or Tribe, another document may be used to provide this information, but only under the following conditions: ( i ) The document must be a State form or APHIS form that requires individual identification of animals or a printout of official identification numbers generated by computer or other means;
( ii ) A legible copy of the document must be stapled to the original and each copy of the ICVI;
( iii ) Each copy of the document must identify each animal to be moved with the ICVI, but any information pertaining to other animals, and any unused space on the document for recording animal identification, must be crossed out in ink; and
( iv ) The following information must be written in ink in the identification column on the original and each copy of the ICVI and must be circled or boxed, also in ink, so that no additional information can be added: ( A ) The name of the document; and
( B ) Either the unique serial number on the document or, if the document is not imprinted with a serial number, both the name of the person who prepared the document and the date the document was signed.
*Location-based number system.* The location-based number system combines a State or Tribal issued location identification (LID) number or a premises identification number (PIN) with a producer's unique livestock production numbering system to provide a nationally unique and herd-unique identification number for an animal.
*Location identification (LID) number.* A nationally unique number issued by a State, Tribal, and/or Federal animal health authority to a location as determined by the State or Tribe in which it is issued. The LID number may be used in conjunction with a producer's own unique livestock production numbering system to provide a nationally unique and herd-unique identification number for an animal. It may also be used as a component of a group/lot identification number (GIN).
*Market cattle identification test cattle.* Cows and bulls 18 months of age or over which have been moved to recognized slaughtering establishments, and test-eligible cattle which are subjected to an official test for the purposes of movement at farms, ranches, auction markets, stockyards, quarantined feedlots, or other assembly points. Such cattle must be identified with an official identification device as specified in § 86.4(a) of this chapter prior to or at the first market, stockyard, quarantined feedlot, or slaughtering establishment they reach.
*Market swine test (MST) reactor.* Market swine test swine with a positive reaction to a swine brucellosis confirmatory test or other official test, if no confirmatory test is performed.
*Market swine test swine.* Sows and boars which have been moved to slaughtering establishments and sows and boars which are subjected to an official test for the purposes of movement at farms, ranches, auction markets, stockyards, or other assembly points.
*Monitored-negative feral swine population.* Feral swine indicating no evidence of infection (indicators would include positive blood tests or clinical signs, such as abortion) and originating from a specified, geographically isolated area (a forest area, hunting preserve, or swamp, for example) may be classified by the designated epidemiologist as a monitored-negative feral swine population.
*Moved.* Shipped, transported, delivered, or received for movement, or otherwise aided, induced, or caused to be moved.
*Moved (movement) in interstate commerce.* Moved from the point of origin of the interstate movement to the animals' final destination, such as a slaughtering establishment or a farm for breeding or raising, and including any temporary stops for any purpose along the way, such as at a stockyard or dealer premises for feed, water, rest, or sale.
*National Uniform Eartagging System (NUES).* A numbering system for the official identification of individual animals in the United States that provides a nationally unique identification number for each animal.
*Official adult vaccinate.* ( a ) Female cattle or female bison older than the specified ages defined for official calfhood vaccinate and vaccinated by an APHIS representative, State representative, or accredited veterinarian with a reduced dose approved brucella vaccine, diluted so as to contain at least 300 million and not more than 1 billion live cells per 2 mL dose of *Brucella abortus* Strain 19 vaccine or at the dosage indicated on the label instructions for other approved brucella vaccines, as part of a whole herd vaccination plan authorized jointly by the State animal health official and the Veterinarian in Charge; and
( b ) ( 1 ) Permanently identified by a “V” hot brand high on the hip near the tailhead at least 5 by 5 centimeters (2 by 2 inches) in size, or by an official AV (adult vaccination) tattoo in the right ear preceded by the quarter of the year and followed by the last digit of the year; and
( 2 ) Identified with an official eartag or individual animal registered breed association registration brand or individual animal registered breed association tattoo.
*Official brand inspection certificate.* A document issued by an official brand inspection agency in any State which requires such documents for movement of cattle or bison.
*Official brand recording agency.* The duly constituted body authorized by a State or governmental subdivision thereof to administer laws, regulations, ordinances or rules pertaining to the brand identification of cattle or bison.
*Official calfhood vaccinate.* ( a ) Female cattle or female bison vaccinated while from 4 through 12 months of age by an APHIS representative, State representative, or accredited veterinarian with a reduced dose approved brucella vaccine containing at least 2.7 billion and not more than 10 billion live cells per 2 mL dose of *Brucella abortus* Strain 19 vaccine or at the dosage indicated on the label instructions for other approved brucella vaccines; and
( b ) Permanently identified by a tattoo and by an official vaccination eartag in the right ear. However, if already identified with an official eartag prior to vaccination, an additional tag is not required. The tattoo must include the U.S. Registered Shield and “V,” preceded by the quarter of the year and followed by the last digit of the year of vaccination. Individual animal registered breed association registration brands or individual animal registered breed association registration tattoos may be substituted for official eartags.
*Official eartag.* An identification tag approved by APHIS that bears an official identification number for individual animals. Beginning March 11, 2014, all official eartags manufactured must bear an official eartag shield. Beginning March 11, 2015, all official eartags applied to animals must bear an official eartag shield. The design, size, shape, color, and other characteristics of the official eartag will depend on the needs of the users, subject to the approval of the Administrator. The official eartag must be tamper-resistant and have a high retention rate in the animal.
*Official eartag shield.* The shield-shaped graphic of the U.S. Route Shield with “U.S.” or the State postal abbreviation or Tribal alpha code imprinted within the shield.
*Official identification number.* A nationally unique number that is permanently associated with an animal or group of animals and that adheres to one of the following systems: ( 1 ) National Uniform Eartagging System.
( 2 ) Animal identification number (AIN).
( 3 ) Location-based number system.
( 4 ) Flock-based number system.
( 5 ) Any other numbering system approved by the Administrator for the official identification of animals.
*Officially identified.* Identified by means of an official identification device or method approved by the Administrator.
*Official seal.* A serially numbered, metal or plastic strip, consisting of a self-locking device on one end and a slot on the other end, which forms a loop when the ends are engaged and which cannot be reused if opened, or a serially numbered, self-locking button which can be used for this purpose.
*Official swine tattoo.* A tattoo, conforming to the six-character alpha-numeric National Tattoo System, that provides a unique identification for each herd or lot of swine.
*Official test* — ( a ) *Classification of cattle and bison* — ( 1 ) *Standard card test.* ( i ) A test to determine the brucellosis disease status of test-eligible cattle and bison when conducted according to instructions approved by APHIS and the State in which the test is to be conducted and when conducted under the following circumstances: ( A ) When conditions and time are such that no other test is available; or
( B ) When the owner or the owner's agent requests it because of time or situation constraints; or
( C ) In specifically approved stockyards when the State animal health official either: ( 1 ) Designates the standard card test as the official test for determining the brucellosis disease status of cattle and bison in all specifically approved stockyards in the State. In these States, no other official test except the Buffered Acidified Plate Antigen test shall be used in specifically approved stockyards; or
( 2 ) Designates the standard card test as the official test for determining the brucellosis disease status of non-vaccinated cattle or bison (the CITE ® test may be designated as a supplemental test for non-vaccinated cattle or bison that test positive to the standard card test); and designates the standard card test as the official test for determining the brucellosis disease status of official vaccinates and the CITE ® test, the standard plate test, or the Rivanol test as supplemental tests for official vaccinates that test positive to the standard card test. If supplemental tests are conducted, cattle or bison that are positive to the standard card test shall be classified as brucellosis suspects if all of the supplemental tests conducted disclose a negative or suspect reaction, and shall be classified as brucellosis reactors if any one of the supplemental tests conducted has a positive reaction; or
( D ) To test market cattle identification (MCI) program test samples. Cattle and bison which test positive to the BAPA test or RST under the MCI program must be retested using the standard card test or the standard plate or tube agglutination test.
( ii ) Results of the standard card test also may be used to supplement the results of other official tests conducted in the cooperative State-Federal laboratory to give the designated epidemiologist additional information when classifying cattle and bison.
( iii ) *Standard card test results are interpreted as either negative or positive.* A moderate to marked clumping agglutination reaction is a positive result. Test-eligible cattle and bison positive to the standard card test are classified as brucellosis reactors. Test-eligible cattle and bison negative to the standard card test are classified as brucellosis negative.
( 2 ) *Standard tube test (STT) or standard plate test (SPT).* A test to determine the brucellosis disease status of test-eligible cattle and bison when conducted according to instructions approved by APHIS and the State in which the test is to be conducted. Cattle and bison are classified according to the following agglutination reactions: SPT OR STT Classification—Official Vaccinates Vaccinated With a Brucella Abortus Strain 19 Approved Brucella Vaccine
Titer
Classification 1:50
1:100
1:200 −
−
−
Negative. I
−
−
Do. +
−
−
Do. +
I
−
Suspect. +
+
−
Do. +
+
I
Do. +
+
+
Reactor. − No agglutination. I Incomplete agglutination. + Complete agglutination.
Official Vaccinates Vaccinated With an Approved Brucella Vaccine Other Than a Brucella Abortus Strain 19 Approved Brucella Vaccine
Titer
Classification 1:50
1:100
1:200 −
−
−
Negative. I
−
−
Suspect. +
−
−
Do. +
I
−
Do. +
+
−
Reactor. +
+
I
Do. +
+
+
Do. − No agglutination. I Incomplete agglutination. + Complete agglutination.
All Cattle and Bison Which Are Not Official Vaccinates
Titer
Classification 1:50
1:100
1:200 −
−
−
Negative. I
−
−
Suspect. +
−
−
Do. +
I
−
Do. +
+
−
Reactor. +
+
I
Do. +
+
+
Do. − No agglutination. I Incomplete agglutination. + Complete agglutination.
( 3 ) *Manual complement-fixation (CF) test.* A test to determine the brucellosis disease status of test-eligible cattle and bison when conducted according to instructions approved by APHIS and the State in which the test is to be conducted. Cattle and bison are classified according to the following reactions: ( i ) Cattle and bison which are not official vaccinates: ( A ) Fifty percent fixation (2 plus) in a dilution of 1:20 or higher—brucellosis reactor;
( B ) Fifty percent fixation (2 plus) in a dilution of 1:10 but less than 50 percent fixation (2 plus) in a dilution of 1:20—brucellosis suspect;
( C ) Less than 50 percent fixation (2 plus) in a dilution of 1:10—brucellosis negative;
( ii ) Official vaccinates vaccinated with a *Brucella abortus* Strain 19 approved brucella vaccine: ( A ) Twenty-five percent fixation (1 plus) in a dilution of 1:40 or higher—brucellosis reactor;
( B ) Fifty percent fixation (2 plus) in a dilution of 1:10 but less than 25 percent fixation (1 plus) in a dilution of 1:40—brucellosis suspect;
( C ) Less than 50 percent fixation (2 plus) in a dilution of 1:10—brucellosis negative.
( iii ) Official vaccinates vaccinated with an approved brucella vaccine other than a *Brucella abortus* Strain 19 approved brucella vaccine: ( A ) Fifty percent fixation (2 plus) in a dilution of 1:20 or higher—brucellosis reactor;
( B ) Fifty percent fixation (2 plus) in a dilution of 1:10 but less than 50 percent fixation (2 plus) in a dilution of 1:20—brucellosis suspect;
( C ) Less than 50 percent fixation (2 plus) in a dilution of 1:10—brucellosis negative.
( 4 ) *Technicon automated complement-fixation test.* A test to determine the brucellosis disease status of test-eligible cattle and bison when conducted according to instructions approved by APHIS and the State in which the test is to be conducted. Cattle and bison are classified according to the following reactions: ( i ) Cattle and bison which are not official vaccinates: ( A ) Fixation in a dilution of 1:10 or higher—brucellosis reactor;
( B ) Fixation in a dilution of 1:5 but no fixation in a dilution of 1:10—brucellosis suspect;
( C ) No fixation in a dilution of 1:5 or lower—brucellosis negative;
( ii ) Official vaccinates vaccinated with a *Brucella abortus* Strain 19 approved brucella vaccine: ( A ) Fixation in a dilution of 1:20 or higher—brucellosis reactor;
( B ) Fixation in a dilution of 1:10 but no fixation in a dilution of 1:20—brucellosis suspect;
( C ) Fixation in a dilution of 1:5 or less but no fixation in a dilution of 1:10—brucellosis negative.
( iii ) Official vaccinates vaccinated with an approved brucella vaccine other than a *Brucella abortus* Strain 19 approved brucella vaccine: ( A ) Fixation in a dilution of 1:10 or higher—brucellosis reactor;
( B ) Fixation in a dilution of 1:5 but no fixation in a dilution of 1:10—brucellosis suspect;
( C ) No fixation in a dilution of 1:5 or lower—brucellosis negative.
( 5 ) *Rivanol test.* A test to determine the brucellosis disease status of test-eligible cattle and bison when conducted according to instructions approved by APHIS and the State in which the test is to be conducted. Cattle and bison are classified according to the following agglutination reactions: ( i ) Cattle and bison which are not official vaccinates: ( A ) Complete agglutination at a titer of 1:25 or higher—brucellosis reactor;
( B ) Less than complete agglutination at a titer of 1:25—brucellosis negative;
( ii ) Official adult vaccinates more than 5 months after vaccination with a *Brucella abortus* Strain 19 approved brucella vaccine and official calfhood vaccinates vaccinated with a *Brucella abortus* Strain 19 approved brucella vaccine: ( A ) Incomplete agglutination at a titer of 1:100 or higher—brucellosis reactor;
( B ) Complete agglutination at a titer of 1:25 or higher when the manual or technicon automated complement-fixation test is not conducted—brucellosis reactor;
( C ) Complete agglutination at a titer of 1:50 or less when the manual complement-fixation test or the technicon automated complement-fixation test is conducted and results in a classification of brucellosis suspect or brucellosis negative—brucellosis suspect;
( D ) Less than complete agglutination at a titer of 1:25—brucellosis negative;
( iii ) Official adult vaccinates less than 5 months after vaccination with a *Brucella abortus* Strain 19 approved brucella vaccine: Less than complete agglutination at the 1:50 titer—brucellosis negative.
( iv ) Official vaccinates vaccinated with an approved brucella vaccine other than a *Brucella abortus* Strain 19 approved brucella vaccine: ( A ) Complete agglutination at a titer of 1:25 or higher—brucellosis reactor;
( B ) Less than complete agglutination at a titer of 1:25—brucellosis negative.
( 6 ) *Semen plasma test.* A test to determine the brucellosis disease status of bulls used for artificial insemination when conducted in conjunction with an official serological test and according to instructions approved by APHIS and the State in which the test is to be conducted. The classification of such bulls shall be based on the maximum agglutination titer of either the official serological test or the semen plasma test.
( 7 ) *Buffered acidified plate antigen (BAPA) test.* A test to determine the brucellosis disease status of test-eligible cattle and bison at recognized slaughtering establishments and specifically approved stockyards when conducted according to instructions approved by APHIS and the State in which the test is to be conducted. BAPA test results are interpreted as either negative or positive. Cattle and bison negative to the BAPA test are classified as brucellosis negative. Cattle and bison positive to the BAPA test shall be subjected to other official tests to determine their brucellosis classification.
( 8 ) *Rapid screening test (RST).* A test to determine the brucellosis disease status of test-eligible cattle and bison in cooperative State-Federal laboratories when conducted according to instructions approved by APHIS and the State in which the test is to be conducted. RST results are interpreted as either negative or positive. Cattle and bison negative to the RST are classified as brucellosis negative. Cattle and bison positive to the RST shall be subjected to other official tests to determine their brucellosis classification.
( 9 ) *Concentration immunoassay technology (CITE* ®) *test.* An enzyme immunoassay that may be used as a diagnostic supplement to the standard card test by designated epidemiologists determining the brucellosis disease status of cattle and bison. The test must be done in accordance with the CITE ® *Brucella abortus* Antibody Test Kit instructions, licensed by the United States Department of Agriculture and approved as of December 31, 1987, and incorporated by reference. This incorporation by reference was approved by the Director of the Federal Register in accordance with 5 U.S.C. 552(a) and 1 CFR part 51. Copies may be obtained from AgriTech Systems, Inc., 100 Fore Street, Portland, ME 04101. Copies may be inspected at the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, Veterinary Services, Operational Support, 4700 River Road Unit 33, Riverdale, Maryland 20737-1231, or at the National Archives and Records Administration (NARA). For information on the availability of this material at NARA, call 202-741-6030, or go to: *http://www.archives.gov/federal_register/code_of_federal_regulations/ibr_locations.html .*
( 10 ) *Particle concentration fluorescence immunoassay (PCFIA) test.* An automated serologic test to determine the brucellosis disease status of test-eligible cattle and bison when conducted according to instructions approved by APHIS. Cattle and bison are classified according to the following ratio between the test sample and a known negative sample (S/N ratio): S/N ratio
Classification Greater than .60
Negative. Greater than .30 but less than or equal to .60
Suspect. .30 or less
Positive.
( 11 ) *D-Tec* ® *Brucella A test.* An automated serologic test to determine the brucellosis disease status of test-eligible cattle and bison when conducted according to instructions approved by APHIS. The degree of reactivity is measured by the ratio of the average optical density of the sample to that of the Negative Control (S/N) and is expressed as Percent Inhibition (1-S/N) × 100. The brucellosis disease status of the animals is classified according to the following established criteria: Percent inhibition
Classification Less than or equal to 40 percent
Negative. Greater than 40 percent and less than or equal to 70 percent
Suspect. Greater than 70 percent
Reactor.
( 12 ) *Rapid Automated Presumptive (RAP) test.* An automated serologic test to detect the presence of *Brucella* antibodies in test-eligible cattle and bison. RAP test results are interpreted as either positive or negative; the results are interpreted and reported by a scanning autoreader that measures alterations in light transmission through each test well and the degree of agglutination present. Cattle and bison negative to the RAP test are classified as brucellosis negative; cattle and bison positive to the RAP test shall be subjected to other official tests to determine their brucellosis disease classification.
( 13 ) *Fluorescence polarization assay (FP assay).* An automated serologic test to determine the brucellosis status of test-eligible cattle and bison when conducted according to instructions approved by APHIS. FP assays are interpreted as either positive, negative, or suspect. A 10-microliter sample is used. If a sample reads <10 millipolarization units (mP) above the mean negative control, the sample is considered negative. If a sample reads >20 mP above the mean negative control, the sample is considered positive. Samples that read between 10 and 20 mP above the negative control mean should be retested using 20 microliters of sample. If the 20-microliter sample is >20 mP above the mean negative control, the sample is considered positive. If the 20-microliter sample is still in the 10 to 20 mP range above the mean negative control, the sample is considered suspect. If the 20-microliter sample is <10 mP above the mean negative control, the sample is considered negative. Cattle and bison negative to the FP assay are classified as brucellosis negative. Cattle and bison with positive FP assay results are classified as brucellosis reactors, while cattle and bison with suspect FP assay results are classified as brucellosis suspects.
( 14 ) The evaluation of test results for all cattle and bison shall be the responsibility of a designated epidemiologist in each State. The designated epidemiologist shall consider the animal and herd history and other epidemiologic factors when determining the brucellosis classification of cattle and bison. Deviations from the brucellosis classification criteria as provided in this definition of official test are acceptable when made by the designated epidemiologist. ( i ) The designated epidemiologist may consider the results of CITE ® tests when evaluating the results of standard card tests of cattle and bison.
( b ) *Classification of swine* — ( 1 ) *Standard card test.* A test to determine the brucellosis disease status of swine. Standard card test results are interpreted as either negative or positive. A moderate to marked clumping agglutination reaction is a positive result. Swine negative to the standard card test are classified as brucellosis negative. Swine positive to the standard card test in a herd not known to be affected but negative to any other official test or bacteriological culture for *brucella* are classified as brucellosis suspects. Other swine positive to the standard card test are classified as brucellosis reactors.
( 2 ) *Standard tube test.* A test to determine the brucellosis disease status of swine. ( i ) If all of the following apply: ( A ) The swine are part of a herd not known to be affected;
( B ) No swine tested, individually or as part of a group, has a complete agglutination reaction at a dilution of 1:100 or higher; and
( C ) the swine are tested as part of a herd blood test or are part of a validated brucellosis-free herd, then the swine are classified according to the following agglutination reactions: Titer
Classification 1:25
1:50
1:100 I
]—
−
Negative. +
−
−
Do. +
I
−
Do. +
+
−
Do. +
+
I
Do. − No agglutination. I Incomplete agglutination. + Complete agglutination.
( ii ) If any of the following apply: ( A ) The swine are part of a herd known to be affected;
( B ) Any swine tested, individually or as part of a group, has a complete agglutination reaction at a dilution of 1:100 or higher or;
( C ) The swine are not part of a validated brucellosis-free herd and are not being tested as part of a herd blood test, then the swine are classified according to the following agglutination reactions: Titer
Classification 1:25
1:50
1:100 I
−
−
Negative. +
−
−
Reactor. +
I
−
Do. +
+
−
Do. +
+
I
Do. +
+
+
Do. − No agglutination. I Incomplete agglutination. + Complete agglutination.
( 3 ) *Particle concentration fluoresence immunoassay (PCFIA).* An automated serologic test to determine the brucellosis disease status of test-eligible swine when conducted according to instructions approved by the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service. Swine are classified according to the following ratios between the test sample and a known negative sample (S/N ratio): S/N Ratio
Classification 0.71 or greater
Negative. 0.51 to 0.70
Suspect. 0.50 or less
Reactor.
( 4 ) *Rapid Automated Presumptive (RAP) test.* An automated serologic test to detect the presence of *Brucella* antibodies in test-eligible swine. RAP test results are interpreted as either positive or negative; the results are interpreted and reported by a scanning autoreader that measures agglutination based on alterations in light transmission through each test well. Swine negative to the RAP test are classified as brucellosis negative; swine positive to the RAP test shall be subjected to other official tests to determine their brucellosis disease classification.
( 5 ) *Fluorescence polarization assay (FP assay).* An automated serologic test to determine the brucellosis status of test-eligible swine when conducted according to instructions approved by APHIS. FP assays are interpreted as either positive, negative, or suspect. A 40-microliter sample is used. If a sample reads <10 millipolarization units (mP) above the mean negative control, the sample is considered negative. If a sample reads >20 mP above the mean negative control, the sample is considered positive. Samples that read between 10 and 20 mP above the negative control mean must be retested using 40 microliters of sample. If the 40-microliter sample is >20 mP above the mean negative control, the sample is considered positive. If the 40-microliter sample is still in the 10 to 20 mP range above the mean negative control, the sample is considered suspect. If the 40-microliter sample is <10 mP above the mean negative control, the sample is considered negative. Swine with negative FP assay results are classified as brucellosis negative. Swine with positive FP assay results are classified as brucellosis reactors, while swine with suspect FP assay results are classified as brucellosis suspects.
( 6 ) The evaluation of test results for all swine shall be the responsibility of a designated epidemiologist in each State. The designated epidemiologist shall consider the animal and herd history and other epidemiologic factors when determining the brucellosis classification of swine. Deviations from the brucellosis classification criteria as provided in this definition of official test are acceptable when made by the designated epidemiologist.
*Official vaccinate.* An official calfhood vaccinate or an official adult vaccinate. The accredited veterinarian, State representative or APHIS representative who performs the vaccination must forward a completed official vaccination certificate for each animal vaccinated to the State animal health official of the State in which the animal was vaccinated.
*Official vaccination eartag.* An APHIS approved identification eartag conforming to the alpha-numeric National Uniform Eartagging System which provides unique identification for each animal. The eartag shall have a “V” followed by 2 letters and 4 numbers. States which require more official vaccination eartags than the number of combinations available in the “V” series of tags shall use a “T” or “S” followed by 2 letters and 4 numbers. Duplicate reissue of official vaccination eartags shall not be made more often than once each 15 years.
*Originate.* ( a ) Animals will have the status of the herd from which they are moved if: ( 1 ) They were born and maintained in the herd since birth; or
( 2 ) They have been in the herd for at least 120 days.
( b ) Animals will have the status of the State or area from which they are moved if: ( 1 ) They were born and maintained in the State or area since birth; or
( 2 ) They were previously moved from a State or area of equal or higher class to the State or area; or
( 3 ) They were previously moved from a State or area of lower class to the State or area where they are now located and have been in the new State or area for at least 120 days.
( c ) Cattle or bison penned in a specifically approved stockyard with cattle or bison from a lower class State or area, in violation of the requirements set forth in § 71.20 of this chapter, shall have the status of the State or area of lower class for any subsequent movement.
*Parturient.* Visibly prepared to give birth or within 2 weeks of giving birth (springers).
*Permit.* An official document (VS Form 1-27 or a State form which contains the same information but not a “permit for entry” or “ ‘S’ brand permit”) issued by an APHIS representative, State representative, or accredited veterinarian which lists the owner's name and address, points of origin and destination, number of animals covered, purpose of the movement, any reactor tag number, and one of the following: The official eartag number, individual animal registered breed association registration tattoo, individual animal registered breed association registration brand, United States Department of Agriculture backtag (when applied serially, only the beginning and the ending numbers need be recorded), individual animal registered breed association registration number, or similar individual identification. (A new permit is required for each change in destination. However, permits accompanying cattle or bison to an approved intermediate handling facility may list either the approved intermediate handling facility, a quarantined feedlot or a recognized slaughtering establishment as the point of destination. If the permit lists a quarantined feedlot or a recognized slaughtering establishment as the point of destination, then the permit must list the approved intermediate handling facility as a temporary stopping point, and no additional permit is required for the subsequent movement of the cattle or bison to the quarantined feedlot or to the recognized slaughtering establishment.)
*Permit for entry.* A premovement authorization for entry of cattle into a State from the State animal health official of the State of destination. It may be oral or written.
*Person.* Any individual, corporation, company, association, firm, partnership, society, or joint stock company or other legal entity.
*Postparturient.* Having given birth.
*Purebred registry association.* A swine breed association formed and perpetuated for the maintenance of records of purebreeding of swine species for a specific breed whose characteristics are set forth in Constitutions, By-Laws, and other rules of the association.
*Qualified herd* — ( a ) *Qualification.* ( 1 ) Any herd of cattle or bison which is in a quarantined area, not known to be affected, and negative to two consecutive herd blood tests. The first of these two herd blood tests shall be conducted not more than 240 days nor less than 120 days prior to the date of classification as a qualified herd. The second herd blood test may not be conducted less than 90 days nor more than 150 days after the first test. Additionally, the second herd blood test must be within 120 days of the date of classification as a qualified herd; or
( 2 ) Any certified brucellosis-free herd in a quarantined area which is negative to a herd blood test 120 days before or after designation of the area as a quarantined area.
( b ) *Requalification.* In order to remain a qualified herd, a herd must be negative to successive requalifying herd blood tests. Each requalifying test shall be conducted not more than 120 days from the date of the preceding herd blood test. All cattle or bison added to a qualified herd must be included in two successive herd blood tests of the qualified herd to qualify as cattle or bison from the qualified herd.
*Quarantined area.* An area that does not meet the criteria for classification as Class Free, Class A, Class B, or Class C.
Quarantined feedlot. [1] A confined area under State quarantine approved jointly by the State animal health official and the Veterinarian in Charge. Approval will be granted only after a State representative or APHIS representative inspects the confined area and determines that all cattle and bison are secure and isolated from contact with all other cattle and bison, that there are facilities for identifying cattle and bison, and that there is no possibility of brucellosis being mechanically transmitted from the confined area. The quarantined feedlot shall be maintained for feeding cattle and bison for slaughter, with no provisions for pasturing or grazing. All cattle and bison in a quarantined feedlot, except steers and spayed heifers, shall be treated as brucellosis exposed. ( a ) All cattle and bison, except steers and spayed heifers, leaving the quarantined feedlot must ( 1 ) Be accompanied by a permit and move directly to a recognized slaughtering establishment; or
( 2 ) Be “S” branded and accompanied by an “S” brand permit and move directly to an approved intermediate handling facility and then directly to another quarantined feedlot or a recognized slaughtering establishment; or
( 3 ) Be accompanied by a permit issued by the State animal health official and move directly to another quarantined feedlot; or
( 4 ) After being “S” branded at the quarantined feedlot, be accompanied by an “S” brand permit and move directly to a specifically approved stockyard approved to receive brucellosis exposed cattle and bison and then directly to a recognized slaughtering establishment or another quarantined feedlot; or
( 5 ) After being “S” branded at the quarantined feedlot, be accompanied by an “S” brand permit and move directly to a specifically approved stockyard approved to receive brucellosis exposed cattle and bison and then directly to an approved intermediate handling facility and then directly to another quarantined feedlot or a recognized slaughtering establishment. However, finished fed cattle moving directly to a recognized slaughtering establishment are exempt from the permit/”S” brand permit requirement.
( b ) The State animal health official and the Veterinarian in Charge shall establish procedures for accounting for all cattle and bison entering or leaving quarantined feedlots.
*Quarantined pasture.* A confined grazing area under State quarantine approved by the State animal health official, Veterinarian in Charge and the Administrator. A justification of the need for the quarantined pasture must be prepared by the State animal health official and/or Veterinarian in Charge and submitted to the Administrator. An intensified brucellosis eradication effort which produces large numbers of brucellosis exposed cattle or bison or official adult vaccinates needing the grazing period to reach slaughter condition would be an acceptable justification. Approval will be granted only after a State representative or APHIS representative inspects the confined grazing area and determines that all cattle and bison are secure and isolated from contact with all other cattle and bison, that there are facilities for identifying the cattle and bison, and that there is no possibility of brucellosis being mechanically transmitted from the confined grazing area. The quarantined pasture shall be for utilizing available forage for growth or to improve flesh condition of cattle or bison. No cattle or bison may be moved interstate into these quarantined pastures, which shall be restricted for use by cattle or bison originating within the State. All cattle or bison shall be of the same sex, except that neutered cattle and bison may share the quarantined pasture. All cattle and bison, except steers and spayed heifers, must be “S” branded upon entering the quarantined pasture. All cattle and bison, except steers and spayed heifers, leaving the quarantined pasture must move directly to a recognized slaughtering establishment or quarantined feedlot, or directly to an approved intermediate handling facility and then directly to a recognized slaughtering establishment, or directly to an approved intermediate handling facility and then directly to a quarantined feedlot and then directly to a recognized slaughtering establishment. The movement shall be in accordance with established procedures for handling brucellosis exposed cattle and bison, including issuance of “S” brand permits prior to movement. The State animal health official and Veterinarian in Charge shall establish procedures for accounting for all cattle and bison entering and leaving the quarantined pasture. All brucellosis exposed cattle and bison must vacate the premises on or before the expiration of approval, which may not last longer than 10 months.
*Recognized slaughtering establishment.* Any slaughtering facility operating under the Federal Meat Inspection Act (21 U.S.C. 601 *et seq.*), the Poultry Products Inspection Act (21 U.S.C. 451 *et seq.*), or State meat or poultry inspection acts that is approved in accordance with 9 CFR 71.21.
*Rodeo cattle.* Cattle used at rodeos or competitive events.
*“S” branded.* Branding with a hot iron the letter “S” high on the left hip near the tailhead and at least 5 by 5 centimeters (2 by 2 inches) in size.
*“S” brand permit.* A document prepared at the point of origin which lists the points of origin and destination, the number of animals covered, the purpose of movement, and one of the following: The official eartag number, individual animal registered breed association registration tattoo, individual animal registered breed association registration brand, individual animal registered breed association registration number, United States Department of Agriculture backtag (when applied serially, only the beginning and the ending numbers need be recorded), or similar individual identification. If the document is prepared at a quarantined feedlot, it shall be prepared by an accredited veterinarian, a State representative, or an individual designated for that purpose by the State animal health official. If the document is prepared at any other point of origin, it shall be prepared by an accredited veterinarian, State representative, or APHIS representative. (A new “S” brand permit is required for each change in destination. However, “S” brand permits accompanying cattle or bison to approved intermediate handling facilities may list either the approved intermediate handling facility, a quarantined feedlot, or a recognized slaughtering establishment as the point of destination. If the “S” brand permit lists a quarantined feedlot or a recognized slaughtering establishment as the point of destination, the “S” brand permit must list the approved intermediate handling facility as a temporary stopping point, and no additional “S” brand permit is required for the subsequent movement of the cattle or bison from the approved intermediate handling facility to the quarantined feedlot or to the recognized slaughtering establishment. Subsequent movements from the quarantined feedlot shall be subject to requirements set forth in the definition of “quarantined feedlot” in this section.)
*Sow.* A female swine which is parturient or postparturient.
Specifically approved stockyard. [3] Premises where cattle or bison are assembled for sale or sale purposes and which meet the standards set forth in § 71.20 of this chapter and are approved by the Administrator.
*State.* Any State, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands of the United States, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands or any other territory or possession of the United States.
*State animal health official.* The State official responsible for livestock and poultry disease control and eradication programs.
*State representative.* An individual employed in animal health work by a State or a political subdivision thereof and authorized by such State or political subdivision to perform the function involved under a memorandum of understanding with the United States Department of Agriculture.
*Successfully closed case.* Follow up of an MCI reactor traceback with an epidemiologic investigation which results in brucellosis testing or quarantine of the herd of origin, or a determination by a designated brucellosis epidemiologist that justification exists for not testing or quarantining the herd of origin.
*Swine brucellosis.* The communicable disease of swine caused by *Brucella suis* (*B. suis*) biovar 1 or 3.
*Test-eligible cattle and bison.* For purposes of interstate movement, test-eligible cattle and bison are: ( a ) Cattle and bison which are not official vaccinates and which have lost their first pair of temporary incisors (18 months of age or over), except steers and spayed heifers;
( b ) Official calfhood vaccinates 18 months of age or over which are parturient or postparturient;
( c ) Official calfhood vaccinates of beef breeds or bison with the first pair of permanent incisors fully erupted (2 years of age or over); and
( d ) Official calfhood vaccinates of dairy breeds with partial eruption of the first pair of permanent incisors (20 months of age or over).
*United States.* All of the States.
*United States Department of Agriculture backtag.* A backtag issued by APHIS that provides unique identification for each animal.
*Validated brucellosis-free herd.* ( a ) A swine herd not known to be infected with swine brucellosis, located in a validated brucellosis-free State; or
( b ) A swine herd in a State that has not been validated as brucellosis-free, provided the herd meets the conditions for validation, as follows: ( 1 ) *Validation.* A swine herd may be validated as brucellosis-free if it has been found brucellosis negative after either a complete-herd test (CHT) or an incremental CHT. The incremental CHT may be conducted by testing all breeding swine 6 months of age or older with negative results within 365 days, either in four 25-percent increments, with those tests being conducted on the 90th, 180th, 270th, and 360th days of the testing cycle, or in 10-percent increments every 25-35 days until 100 percent of those swine have been tested. In cases where unforeseen circumstances warrant such action, the Administrator may approve an extension of up to 15 days of the date on which a test under the 25-percent incremental herd test is to be conducted, thus allowing a test to be conducted no later than the 105th, 195th, 285th, or 375th day of the testing cycle. No swine may be tested twice during the testing cycle to comply with either the 25 percent requirement or the 10 percent requirement. No further testing is required once 100 percent of the breeding swine have been tested. After all breeding swine have tested brucellosis negative, a herd may be validated as brucellosis-free. Unless the Administrator has approved an alternative testing schedule, which might extend the testing cycle, a herd retains validated brucellosis-free status for a maximum of 365 days.
( 2 ) *Maintaining validation.* Validation may be continuously maintained if a complete herd test (CHT) is performed once every 365 days, with negative results, or an incremental CHT is performed. The incremental CHT may be conducted by testing all breeding swine 6 months of age or older, with negative results, within 365 days in either four 25-percent increments, with those tests being conducted on the 90th, 180th, 270th, and 360th days of the testing cycle, or in 10-percent increments every 25-35 days until 100 percent of those swine have been tested. In cases where unforeseen circumstances warrant such action, the Administrator may approve an alternative testing schedule under which the 25 percent or 10 percent incremental CHT would be completed, with negative results, within 420 days, during which time the herd's validated brucellosis-free status would be continued. No swine may be tested twice during the testing cycle to comply with these requirements. No further testing is required once 100 percent of the breeding swine have been tested.
*Validated brucellosis-free State.* A State may apply for validated-free status when: ( a ) Any herd found to have swine brucellosis during the 2-year qualification period preceding the application has been depopulated. More than one finding of a swine brucellosis-infected herd during the qualification period disqualifies the State from validation as brucellosis-free; and
( b ) During the 2-year qualification period, the State has completed surveillance, annually, as follows: ( 1 ) *Complete herd testing.* Subjecting all swine in the State that are 6 months of age or older and maintained for breeding purposes to an official swine brucellosis test; or
( 2 ) *Market swine testing.* Subjecting 20 percent of the State's swine 6 months of age or older and maintained for breeding purposes to an official swine brucellosis test, and demonstrating successful traceback of at least 80 percent of market swine test (MST) reactors to the herd of origin. Blood samples may be collected from MST swine if the swine can be identified to their herd of origin, in accordance with § 71.19(b) of this subchapter. All MST reactor herds are subject to a CHT within 30 days of the MST laboratory report date, as determined by a designated epidemiologist; or
( 3 ) *Statistical analysis.* Demonstrating, by a statistical analysis of all official swine brucellosis test results (including herd validation, MST, change-of-ownership, diagnostic) during the 2-year qualification period, a surveillance level equivalent or superior to CHT and MST testing programs discussed in this paragraph.
( c ) To maintain validation, a State must annually survey at least 5 percent of its breeding swine, and demonstrate traceback to herd of origin of at least 80 percent of all MST reactors. A State must demonstrate its continuing ability to meet the criteria set forth in paragraph (c) of this definition within 36-40 months of receiving validated brucellosis-free State status to retain that status.
*Veterinarian in Charge.* The veterinary official of the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service, United States Department of Agriculture, who is assigned by the Administrator to supervise and perform the official animal health work of the Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service in the State concerned.
*Whole herd vaccination.* The vaccination of all female cattle and female bison 4 months of age or over in a herd when authorized by the State animal health official and the Veterinarian in Charge, and conducted in accordance with the definitions of official adult vaccinate and official calfhood vaccinate.
(Approved by the Office of Management and Budget under control number 0579-0047) [51 FR 32580, Sept. 12, 1986] Editorial Note
Editorial Note: For Federal Register citations affecting § 78.1, see the List of CFR Sections Affected, which appears in the Finding Aids section of the printed volume and at *www.govinfo.gov .*
Footnotes -
78.1
[1] A list of quarantined feedlots in any State may be obtained from the State animal health official, a State representative, or an APHIS representative.
[3] Notices containing lists of specifically approved stockyards are published in the Federal Register. Lists of specifically approved stockyards also may be obtained from the State animal health official, State representatives, or APHIS representatives.