Understanding the Rates, Causes, and Costs of

Churning in the Supplemental Nutrition

Assistance Program (SNAP)

Final Report

Nutrition Assistance Program Report         November 2014

Food and Nutrition Service                  Office of Policy Support
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Understanding the Rates, Causes, and Costs

of Churning in the Supplemental Nutrition

Assistance Program (SNAP)

Final Report

Authors:

Gregory Mills

Tracy Vericker

Heather Koball

Kye Lippold  

Laura Wheaton  

Sam Elkin (MEF Associates)

Submitted by:   

Urban Institute

2100 M Street, N.W.

Washington, D.C. 20037

www.urban.org

Project Director:  

Gregory Mills

Project Manager:  

Tracy Vericker

Submitted to:

Office of Policy Support

Food and Nutrition Service

3101 Park Center Drive

Alexandria, VA 22302‐1500

Project Officer:

Sangeetha Malaiyandi

This study was conducted under Contract number AG‐3198‐D‐11‐0049 with the Food and

Nutrition Service, United States Department of Agriculture.  

This report is available on the Food and Nutrition Service website:

http://www.fns.usda.gov/research‐and‐analysis  

   

Food and Nutrition Service, Office of Policy Support November 2014
 

Suggested Citation:

Mills, Gregory, Tracy Vericker, Heather Koball, Kye Lippold, Laura Wheaton, Sam Elkin.

Understanding the Rates, Causes, and Costs of Churning in the Supplemental Nutrition

Assistance Program (SNAP)  ‐ Final Report. Prepared by Urban Institute for the US Department

of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, November 2014.
ii 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

The authors extend their gratitude to Caroline Ratcliffe of the Urban Institute and Mary Farrell of MEF 

Associates for their thoughtful analytic advice, as well as other key members of the research team: Lina 

Breslav, Brigette Courtot, Lindsay Giesen, Sandra Huerta, William Monson, Carolyn O’Brien, and Allison 

Stolte of the Urban Institute and Sheida Elmi of MEF Associates. The authors also thank the team at the 

University of Missouri—Colleen Heflin, Peter Mueser, and Kyung-Seong Jeon—for their comprehensive 

analysis of linked SNAP and Unemployment Insurance wage records for Florida. We are also thankful for 

the technical direction and support of our project officer, Sangeetha Malaiyandi, and for the assistance of 

others in the Office of Policy Support of FNS, including Kathryn Law and Kelly Kinnison, who provided 

senior guidance throughout the course of this study. 

 
iii 

Contents 

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ........................................................................................................................... ii

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES ........................................................................................................... vi

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ......................................................................................................................... ix

1 INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................................. 14

1.1 Understanding the issue of SNAP participant churn ................................................................ 14

1.2 Study objectives ....................................................................................................................... 19

1.3 Organization of this report ....................................................................................................... 21

2 STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS .................................................................................................. 22

2.1 Overview of the study design ................................................................................................... 22

2.2 Research questions ................................................................................................................. 22

2.3 Selection of participating states and sites ................................................................................ 23

2.4 Definition of churn .................................................................................................................... 24

2.5 Determining benefit eligibility among churners ........................................................................ 25

2.6 Data sources ........................................................................................................................... 26

2.7 Analysis methods ..................................................................................................................... 30

3 RATES AND PATTERNS OF CHURN ............................................................................................ 37

3.1 Estimated rates of churn .......................................................................................................... 37

3.2 Patterns of churn ..................................................................................................................... 44

3.3 Characteristics of churning cases ............................................................................................ 50

3.4 Presumptive eligibility for SNAP during churn spell ................................................................. 57

3.5 Key findings ............................................................................................................................. 66

4 AGENCY, CLIENT, AND COMMUNITY PERSPECTIVES ON SNAP CHURN ............................... 67

4.1 Perceived consequences of churn for clients ........................................................................... 67
 

iv 

4.2 Perceived causes of churn ...................................................................................................... 71

4.3 Key findings ............................................................................................................................. 80

5 FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH CHURN ........................................................................................ 81

5.1 Factors associated with churn in fiscal year 2011 .................................................................... 83

5.2 Factors associated with churn at recertification ....................................................................... 87

5.3 Key findings ............................................................................................................................. 95

6 COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH CHURN ............................................................................................ 96

6.1 Certification costs of churn ...................................................................................................... 97

6.2 Client costs ............................................................................................................................ 108

6.3 Key findings ........................................................................................................................... 110

7 CONCLUSIONS ............................................................................................................................ 112

7.1 Implications for ongoing measurement of SNAP churn ......................................................... 112

7.2 Common quantitative-qualitative evidence on household factors related to churn ................ 113

7.3 Implications for program policy and administrative procedure ............................................... 115

REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................................... 118

APPENDIX A: ADDITIONAL ANALYSIS TABLES ............................................................................... 119

APPENDIX B: INSTRUMENTS ............................................................................................................ 158

Recruitment Script--Interviews ......................................................................................................... 158

Reminder Script--Interviews ............................................................................................................. 161

Introductory Script--Interviews.......................................................................................................... 163

Interview Guide—SNAP Administrators ........................................................................................... 165

Interview Guide--SNAP Caseworkers .............................................................................................. 170

Interview Guide--Community Based Organization (CBO) Directors ................................................. 175

Recruitment Script—Focus Groups .................................................................................................. 178

Reminder Script—Focus Groups ..................................................................................................... 180
 

v 

Introductory Script--Focus Groups ................................................................................................... 182

Focus Group Guide--SNAP Participants .......................................................................................... 185

Focus Group Participant Information Form ...................................................................................... 190

Focus Group Participant Receipt Form ............................................................................................ 191
 

vi 

LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLES 

Figures 

Figure 1. Research Objectives and Questions............................................................................................. 22

Figure 2. Rate of Churn by State, Fiscal Year 2011 .................................................................................... 38

Figure 3. Among Cases that Churn, the Proportion that Churn at Recertification (percent)......................... 49

Figure 4. Pattern of Presence of Quarterly Earnings Before, During, and After Churn for One-to-Four-Month 

Churners, FY 2011: Florida ......................................................................................................................... 62

Figure 5. Patterns of Earnings among Earners Relative to the Monthly Poverty Guidelines by Churn Status: 

Florida (FY 2011) ......................................................................................................................................... 63

Figure 6 Average Monthly Covered Earnings* as a Percent of the Monthly Poverty Guidelines at 

Recertification by Churn Status, FY 2011: Florida ....................................................................................... 65

Tables 

Table 1. Estimated SNAP Reentry Rates from Prior Studies (%) ................................................................ 17

Table 2. Estimated Rates of Churn by State, FY 2011 (in thousands) ......................................................... 40

Table 3. State SNAP Caseload Distribution by Churner and Non-Churner Status, FY 2011 (%) ................ 42

Table 4. Distribution of Churners by Months off SNAP and Average Length of Churn Spell by State, FY 

2011 (%) ...................................................................................................................................................... 44

Table 5. Average Number of Churn Spells among Churners by State, FY 2011 ......................................... 44

Table 6. Months on SNAP Before Churn Spell by State, FY 2011 ............................................................... 46

Table 7. Distribution of Months on SNAP Before Churn Spell by State, FY 2011 (percent) ........................ 48

Table 8. Experiences of SNAP Households at Recertification by State, FY 2011 (percent) ........................ 50

Table 9. Characteristics by Churn Status, FY 2011: Pooled Sample ........................................................... 54

Table 10. Characteristics of Churners that Churn for One Month or Less Compared to Those Churning for 

Four Months, FY 2011: Pooled Sample ....................................................................................................... 56
 

vii 

Table 11. Distribution of Churners by Likely SNAP Benefit Eligibility During Time Off SNAP: All Churners, 

Churners with One Month or Less Off SNAP, and Churners with Four Months Off SNAP, FY 2011 (%) .... 58

Table 12. Percent of Cases with Covered Earnings and Mean Covered Earnings as Percent of Poverty, by 

Churn Status and Spell On or Off SNAP, FY 2011: Florida ......................................................................... 61

Table 13. Characteristics of Covered Earnings by Length of Churn Status, FY 2011: Florida ..................... 64

Table 14. Estimated Odds of Churning versus Remaining on SNAP as Modeled by Demographic, 

Economic, and Local Characteristics ........................................................................................................... 86

Table 15. SNAP Participant Characteristics Associated with Churning at Recertification ............................ 92

Table 16. Estimated Odds of Churning versus Remaining on SNAP at Recertification, as Modeled by 

Demographic, Economic, Local and Change Characteristics ...................................................................... 93

Table 17. Estimates of Unit Costs of Initial Applications and Recertifications and of Unit Certification Cost of 

Churn, FY 2011 ........................................................................................................................................... 98

Table 18. Statewide Certification Costs of Churn, FY 2011 ....................................................................... 100

Table 19. Certification Costs of Churn for Likely Benefit-Eligible Cases as a Percentage of Statewide 

Certification Costs, FY 2011 ...................................................................................................................... 102

Table 20. Estimates of Unit Costs of Ongoing Maintenance and Other Costs, FY 2011 ........................... 106

Table 21. Impact of Churn on Ongoing Maintenance and Other Costs, FY 2011 ...................................... 106

Table 22. Net Impact of Churn on Agency Administrative Costs: FY 2011 ................................................ 107

Table 23. Impact of Churn on Participant Benefits: FY 2011 ..................................................................... 109

Appendix Tables 

Table A-1. Participating SNAP Households in FNS Program Data and State Administrative Data, by State, 

FY 2011 ..................................................................................................................................................... 119

Table A-2. Characteristics by Churn Status, FY 2011: Florida .................................................................. 120

Table A-3. Characteristics by Churn Status, FY 2011: Idaho .................................................................... 122

Table A-4. Characteristics by Churn Status, FY 2011: Illinois ................................................................... 124

Table A-5. Characteristics by Churn Status, FY 2011: Maryland ............................................................... 126

Table A-6. Characteristics by Churn Status, FY 2011: Texas .................................................................... 128
 

viii 

Table A-7. Characteristics by Churn Status, FY 2011: Virginia.................................................................. 130

Table A-8. Characteristics of Households that Churn, by Length of Churn Spell, FY 2011: Florida .......... 132

Table A-9. Characteristics of Households that Churn, by Length of Churn Spell, FY 2011: Idaho ............ 134

Table A-10. Characteristics of Households that Churn, by Length of Churn Spell, FY 2011: Illinois ......... 136

Table A-11. Characteristics of Households that Churn, by Length of Churn Spell, FY 2011: Maryland ..... 138

Table A-12. Characteristics of Households that Churn, by Length of Churn Spell, FY 2011: Texas .......... 140

Table A-13. Characteristics of Households that Churn, by Length of Churn Spell, FY 2011: Virginia ....... 142

Table A-14. Estimated Relationships between the Probability of Churning or Exiting versus Remaining on 

SNAP and Demographic, Economic, and Local Characteristics: Florida ................................................... 144

Table A-15. Estimated Relationships between the Probability of Churning or Exiting versus Remaining on 

SNAP and Demographic, Economic, and Local Characteristics: Idaho ..................................................... 146

Table A-16. Estimated Relationships between the Probability of Churning or Exiting versus Remaining on 

SNAP and Demographic, Economic, and Local Characteristics: Illinois .................................................... 148

Table A-17. Estimated Relationships between the Probability of Churning or Exiting versus Remaining on 

SNAP and Demographic, Economic, and Local Characteristics: Maryland ............................................... 150

Table A-18. Estimated Relationships between the Probability of Churning or Exiting versus Remaining on 

SNAP and Demographic, Economic, and Local Characteristics: Texas .................................................... 152

Table A-19. Estimated Relationships between the Probability of Churning or Exiting versus Remaining on 

SNAP and Demographic, Economic, and Local Characteristics: Virginia .................................................. 154

Table A-20. Estimated Relationships between the Probability of Churning versus Remaining on SNAP and 

Demographic, Economic, and Local Characteristics: Entry Cohort ............................................................ 156
 

ix 

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY 

This study examines the rates, causes, and costs of participant churn in the Supplemental Nutrition 

Assistance Program (SNAP). Churn occurs when a SNAP case exits the program and then reenters within 

four months or less, as currently defined by the Food and Nutrition Service (FNS). Churn is a policy 

concern for several reasons: the forgone benefits among households who were eligible while off the 

program, the client time and expense involved in reentering the program, and the added federal and State 

administrative costs associated with case closings and re-openings. 

The study combines quantitative and qualitative research to achieve the following four objectives posed 

by FNS: 

 determine the rates and patterns of churning, overall and by demographic characteristics; 

 examine the causes of churning; 

 determine the process of churner reentry; and 

 calculate the cost of churning. 

Six States participated in the study: Florida, Idaho, Illinois, Maryland, Texas, and Virginia. To enable a 

systematic analysis of churn rates and patterns and the associated forgone benefits among churners, each 

State provided administrative datasets with detailed information on cases participating in SNAP over the 

period December 2009 through December 2012. Additionally, data from States’ unemployment insurance 

wage records were used to examine the role of earnings fluctuations as a factor leading to churn. To 

explore in greater detail the process of churn and its possible causes, the research team conducted site 

visits to one local office in each State. Team members interviewed SNAP administrators and caseworkers 

and representatives of community-based organizations (CBOs); members also conducted focus groups 

with SNAP clients who had recently churned. To support an analysis of the costs associated with churn, the 

team obtained from FNS the quarterly SF-269 forms that the six States had submitted in reporting their 

program administrative costs. 
 

x 

The major findings from this research are as follows, drawn from the indicated chapters: 

Rates and patterns of churn (from Chapter 3) 

 Across the six study States, the estimated rate of churn for fiscal year (FY) 2011 ranged from 17 to 

28 percent, based on analysis of State-provided case-level SNAP participation data. The annual 

rate of churn is the number of households experiencing a churn spell that occurred wholly or partly 

within the year as a percentage of all households receiving benefits at any time during the year. 

 For a very high proportion of churning cases (ranging by State from 66 to 90 percent), the 

precipitating exit occurs at the time of a scheduled recertification or a required interim report. 

 Most churners (from 62 to 79 percent) are off the program for one month or less. More detailed 

analysis in three of these States indicates that one-third or more of all churners are off the program 

for less than one month. 

 Compared to non-churning cases, churning cases tend to have case heads that are younger (less 

than 45 years old), are nonelderly/nondisabled with children, are employed (or are unemployed 

with no other unearned income), and are black non-Hispanic. 

 Pre- and post-churn earnings patterns as shown in SNAP case records and as reported by 

employers in quarterly unemployment insurance (UI) wage data, provide little indication that 

additional earnings is a significant cause of churn, particularly among those who churn for one 

month or less. 

Agency, client, and community perspectives on SNAP churn (from Chapter 4) 

 SNAP clients who have recently churned indicated in focus groups that they experienced a great 

deal of anxiety when they lost their SNAP benefits, even if for a short period, as the benefit loss 

was unexpected. Some clients first became aware that their benefits had been stopped when they 

were attempting to purchase groceries. 

 In addition to experiencing food insecurity, the loss of benefits led to broader financial insecurity for 

SNAP churners. In having to commit more of their scarce income for food, churners were less able 

to pay important bills such as their utilities or rent. 

 Churn sometimes occurred when SNAP clients got a new job that was lost quickly owing to illness 

or lack of child care. In related instances, churn occurred when the household’s income went up for 

short period because of seasonal employment or overtime pay. 

 Procedural issues often led to churn. The most frequently cited example was nonresponse to a 

recertification notice. Sometimes a SNAP client simply did not receive the notice because it was 

sent to the wrong address or the client never informed the agency of an address change. Other 

times, clients never responded because they were experiencing personal difficulties, they could not 
 

xi 

read the notice, they were unable to use the online resources, or they were unable to respond in 

person because of transportation issues. 

 SNAP workers and CBO representatives described changes in policy or procedure that they 

believed could reduce churn. These included reducing the client burden at recertification, providing 

a 30-day grace period for recertification (under a “reinstatement of eligibility waiver”), and providing 

more responsive customer service. 

Household and locational factors associated with churning (from Chapter 5) 

 Based on multivariate models, the types of SNAP households more likely to churn within the 

coming year are those with case heads who are younger or black, with more members, and with 

neither elderly, disabled, nor child members, all other things equal. 

 Regarding the presence of income, the cases at greatest risk of churn are those with gross income 

above 100 percent of the poverty level and those with no earned or unearned income at all. These 

two distinct high-risk groups suggest very different storylines for churners: one that involves gaining 

more income and leaving SNAP because of benefit ineligibility (or perceived ineligibility) and one 

that involves leaving SNAP given challenging household circumstances and difficulty with the 

recertification process. 

 Although locational characteristics appear to have small effects on churn, households are more 

likely to churn if their area has more per-capita community food providers (such as food pantries). 

These may be high-poverty areas where both clients and agencies are challenged to keep pace 

with required reporting, notices, and casework. 

 Compared to non-churners, households that churn experience far more changes in circumstances 

that could affect their ability to recertify. For instance, churners are much more likely than nonchurners to have moved within State to a new ZIP code before a recertification. (Out-of-State 

moves were not observable in the data.) The disruption of moving may make it more difficult to 

comply with recertification procedures. Or, participants who move may be less likely to receive 

notice of an upcoming recertification, as they may not have reported their address change to the 

SNAP office (or did so, but the agency did not act on the change). 

 Other changes associated with churn at recertification include changes in household composition, 

employment, and earnings. All these factors could affect benefit eligibility, but the low gross 

earnings amounts indicated in the SNAP case records suggest that household instability (versus 

ineligibility) plays a key role in churn. With respect to household composition, any change (upward 

or downward) in household size (number of adults or children) increases the likelihood of churn. 

 Households with elderly or disabled members are less likely than others to churn within the 

ensuing year, as their longer certification periods make them less likely than others to face a 

recertification or required interim report in the upcoming 12 months. When one focuses specifically 

on cases coming due for recertification, households with elderly or disabled members are more 

likely than others to churn. This pattern suggests that the longer certification periods typically 
 

xii 

assigned to the elderly and disabled may simply forestall the problem, extending the period on 

SNAP before churn occurs. If so, improvements to the recertification process (rather than longer 

certification periods) may be the more critical factor in reducing churn. 

Costs associated with churn (from Chapter 6) 

 Churn imposes costs both to program clients and to agencies administering the program. For 

agencies, churn increases costs by requiring agencies to process additional applications from 

households reentering the program. For clients, costs include the loss of benefits that they 

otherwise would have received, the administrative burdens involved in the steps taken to reenter 

the program, and other burdens related to coping during the period without benefits. 

 Churn imposes added certification costs because reapplications for households returning to the 

program take more staff time than recertifications. Staff interview responses suggest that the 

application procedures for churners at reentry, and time taken to process those applications, are 

essentially the same as for an initial application for benefits. In contrast, recertifications or interim 

reports typically require only one-third to one-half as much staff time as initial applications. One 

thus expects that churn would lead to a net increase in the staff time spent on certifications. 

 On average among the six States, the certification costs associated with churn are approximately 

$80 for each instance of churn that requires a full reapplication. This amount varies widely among 

States, from less than $30 to more than $130. These estimates are based on analysis of statewide 

administrative cost data and churn spells identified using administrative datasets, and they reflect 

the assumption that recertifications have one-half the cost of initial applications. Higher estimates 

of the added costs of churn result if one assumes that recertifications have one-third the cost of 

initial applications. 

 The added annual certification costs associated with churn range from $0.1 million in Idaho to $6.0 

million in Illinois, equaling an estimated 1 to 4 percent of total certification costs in the States 

studied. To derive these estimates, we applied the certification cost per instance of churn to the 

number of instances of churn in each State for cases considered likely benefit-eligible and where 

churn appears to have led to a full reapplication. 

 Churn also leads to a partial cost offset through a reduction in case maintenance costs. This is 

associated with the time spent off the program by churning households classified as likely benefiteligible. When combined with the added certification costs, the estimated net administrative costs 

of churn for States range annually from $0.1 million in Idaho to $3.9 million in Illinois. 

 The annual amount of SNAP benefits forgone by cases that churn ranges from $2.2 million in 

Idaho to $108.2 million in Florida. These estimates assign a benefit loss only to those cases 

considered likely benefit-eligible during their churn spell. 

 Other notable costs to churning households are not included in the above estimate of forgone 

benefits. Households who churn must devote time and effort to reapply for SNAP benefits or 
 

xiii 

otherwise rectify the situation that led to their case closure. They also face material hardship when 

they do not receive SNAP benefits, relating not only to shortages of food but also to housing 

insecurity, an inability to meet other basic expenses, and a general increase in anxiety and stress. 

In addition, some of the steps that they take to cope with the loss of benefits involve out-of-pocket 

costs, such as the travel cost to food pantries. 

Conclusions (from Chapter 7) 

 Implications for ongoing measurement of SNAP churn: This report has estimated an annual rate of 

SNAP churn for each participating State using program participation data of the type that States 

routinely maintain. The measure is based on the current four-month maximum duration of a churn 

spell. The numerator is the number of such cases who have experienced a churn spell, some or all 

of which occurs within the 12-month measurement period. The denominator is the number of cases 

that have participated in SNAP at any time during the 12 months. Other issues to consider pertain to 

specifying the unit of analysis at the case level (as done here) or at the individual level and to 

specifying the assumptions under which churners should be classified as benefit-eligible and thus 

regarded as having forgone benefits during their churn spell. 

 Common quantitative-qualitative evidence on household factors related to churn: A number of 

consistent themes emerge from the analyses conducted in this study, regarding the household 

circumstances and individual attributes that appear to contribute to churn. The contributing factors 

for which both the quantitative and qualitative research provided supporting evidence are as follows: 

changes in address; changes in earnings or employment status; changes in other program benefits, 

other unearned income, or assets; changes in household size or composition; and issues of 

language, literacy, age, and disability. 

 Implications for program policy and administrative procedure: The quantitative and qualitative 

evidence presented in this report suggests that SNAP churn has adverse consequences to 

agencies and clients that are sufficient to warrant consideration of actions to reduce churn. One 

should recognize that some amount of churn is unavoidable in light of fluctuating circumstances 

among low-income households. Decisions on whether to adopt changes in policy or procedure will 

involve trade-offs among multiple objectives. A lower rate of churn is clearly a desirable goal; it 

represents an improvement in benefit access and service quality for program clients. A lower churn 

rate may be very difficult to achieve, however, without some risk of compromising other objectives, 

such as maintaining low error rates and keeping total program costs within budget constraints. The 

information in this study is a first step in providing the systematic evidence needed to inform such 

choices. 
1. Introduction Urban Institute 

 

14 

1 INTRODUCTION 

This study was undertaken by the Food and Nutrition Service (FNS) to examine the rates, causes, and 

costs of participant churn in the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP). Churn occurs when a 

SNAP case exits the program and then reenters within four months or less, as currently defined by FNS. 

The study has been conducted under contract to FNS by the Urban Institute and its subcontractors, MEF 

Associates and the University of Missouri. 

1.1 Understanding the issue of SNAP participant churn

In the context of recent dramatic SNAP caseload growth, increasing attention has focused on the 

churning of SNAP participants. This on-off-on cycling is a policy concern in terms of possible benefit loss to 

households who were eligible while off the program, the additional burden to clients of reentering the 

program, and the added federal and State administrative costs associated with case closings and 

reopenings. 

It is important to distinguish between the churn that occurs among recipients who exit the program at a 

time when they continue to meet income, resource, and other requirements and the churn among recipients 

who are ineligible at exit but become eligible again within a brief period. An example of the first is a client 

who misses an interview or fails to file proper paperwork and whose SNAP benefit is terminated but whose 

income and other circumstances are unchanged. An example of the second is a client who exits SNAP due 

to increased earnings, but loses their job within a few months and reenters the program as newly eligible. 

The first type is associated with client costs in forgone benefits and agency costs in added administrative 

expense. The second type is important as it relates to recipients’ economic instability, even though no 

benefit loss has occurred. 

Other complex situations may arise where a household’s timely access to benefits is interrupted until the 

case is recertified, and where the cause may be agency delay in acting on the case’s expiring certification. 
1. Introduction Urban Institute 

 

15 

If benefits are renewed without a break in participation, this would not be counted as churn, even though 

the household is adversely affected by its inability to access benefits for some number of days or weeks. 

1.1.1 Churn in the context of SNAP participation patterns

The phenomenon of participant churn in SNAP or other income support programs is not easily tracked 

by conventional program statistics, which are typically tabulated on either an average monthly basis (such 

as caseload data) or an annual basis (such as program expenditures) and do not reveal the patterns of 

case exit and reentry. As defined by FNS in the context of SNAP, churn is the result of two events that 

occur in calendar proximity to each other: an exit from program followed by a reentry within a four-month 

interval. 

1.1.2 Previous studies and estimates

A number of prior studies provide useful context to this research. We focus below specifically on the 

earlier findings as they relate to breaks in SNAP participation of up to four months. Table 1 compares the 

estimates from these earlier national and State studies. It is important to note that the estimates shown are 

rates of reentry among SNAP exiters, not rates of churn among a defined set of SNAP entrants or active 

SNAP participants, as we later develop. Additionally, we have excluded from this review other studies that 

show conditional reentry rates, estimated only among those who have reentered within a defined 

observation period. 

Although no prior federally funded studies have specifically addressed the topic of SNAP churn on a 

national basis, relevant empirical evidence comes from a 2007 FNS-funded study on the dynamics of 

SNAP participation (Cody 2007). That study used the 2001 panel of the Survey of Income and Program 

Participation (SIPP) to examine national patterns of SNAP entry, exit, and reentry among individuals in lowincome families. It is well established that SIPP data reflect some degree of benefit under-reporting and 

seam bias (i.e., accentuated differences in reported benefit receipt between the last month of the fourmonth reference period of one survey wave and the first month of the next). 

The Cody study found that 24 percent of exiters experience a reentry within three months and 26 

percent within four months. These rates were based on participating individuals, rather than households or 

cases. Gaps in participation of one month were filled (or “closed”) in this study based on data reporting 

concerns. 
1. Introduction Urban Institute 

 

16 

The median time to reentry was 16 months for the survey period of 2001–03. For the 1990 SIPP panel, 

the corresponding median in 1990–93 was 20 months. This comparison in median time off between 

program spells for exiters was interpreted as indicating that: “Those who exited reentered sooner, on 

average, than in earlier years, which led to more participants who had multiple spells in the early 2000s, 

compared to the early 1990s.”1 This pattern, in combination with some shortening in the median completed 

spell length for program entrants over the same historical period, suggested increasing movement of 

individuals off and on the program. Unclear from this analysis was the extent to which such off-and-on 

movement was concentrated in the short-term off-spells that constitute churn: breaks in participation of less 

than four months. 

A more recent national study used the 2004 SIPP panel to explore the dynamics of SNAP participation 

(Mabli 2011). Based on 32 months of panel data during 2004–06, the Mabli study found that 10 percent of 

exiters reenter SNAP within three months and 22 percent reenter within four months. It is important to note 

that this study examined the question of whether gaps in participation of one or two months in duration 

represent accurately reported churning or instead reflect misreporting associated with recall bias. Among all 

individuals who report SNAP participation at any time in the 32-month study period, 7 percent reported one 

or more gaps in participation lasting one or two months. In consultation with FNS, the study authors 

decided to close these gaps for all analyses, including the estimates cited above and in Table 1. 

States have undertaken their own statewide studies of SNAP participant churn, using administrative 

data (rather than survey data) and focusing on cases (rather than individuals) as the unit of analysis: 

 An analysis by Idaho of June through July 2011 data indicates that among cases closed at 

recertification, 44 to 45 percent reapplied within three months (Andueza 2012). Coupled with 

the State’s estimated 80 to 81 percent approval rate for initial applications, this implies a threemonth reentry rate of 36 percent. 

 A study was conducted for Illinois using 1997–99 data (Rangarajan and Gleason 2001). Among 

cases that exited SNAP in 1997, 22 percent returned within four months. 

 A study by Oregon used program data from 2000 to 2010 (Eckstein 2011). Among cases that 

experienced a closure during this period, 28 percent reopened within three months. 

 1 Cody 2007, p. 89. 
1. Introduction Urban Institute 

 

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 Virginia conducted a 2009 study based on data from January 2007 to February 2009 (Beecroft 

2009). Among cases exiting SNAP, 17 percent reentered within three months and 20 percent 

returned within four months. 

 

The differences in reentry rates likely reflect methodological considerations beyond the above-noted 

issues that distinguish the national and State studies: survey versus administrative data and individuals 

versus cases as units of analysis. For instance, States may have differed in how their data systems 

classified cases whose certification expired but where benefits were subsequently issued retroactively. 

Reentry rates will be lower in those States that did not define such cases as exiters. 

Table 1. Estimated SNAP Reentry Rates from Prior Studies (%) 

Time interval between 

exit and reentry 

US, 

2001–03 

US, 

2004–06 

Idaho, 

2011 

Illinois, 

1997–99 

Oregon, 

2000–10 

Virginia, 

2007–09 

Percent of SNAP exiters 

 who reenter within: 

 

1 month 5 15 6 

2 months 7 5 23 12 

3 months 24 10 36 28 17 

4 months 26 22 22 20 

6 months 30 26 27 

12 months 46 42 

24 months 56 53 48 59 

Sources: 

US Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Office of Research, Nutrition, and Analysis, Dynamics of Food Stamp 

Program Participation, 2001-2003, by Scott Cody, et al., Mathematica Policy Research, November 2007. 

US Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Office of Research and Analysis, Dynamics of Supplemental Nutrition 

Assistance Program Participation in the Mid-200s, by James Mabli, et al., Mathematica Policy Research, September 2011. 

Idaho Department of Health and Welfare, Idaho Benefit Program Churn and Retention Rates, by Rosie Andueza, et al., February 

2012. 

US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Food Stamp Leavers in Illinois: How Are They Doing Two Years 

Later?, by Anu Rangarajan and Philip M. Gleason, Mathematic Policy Research, January 2001. 

Oregon Department of Human Services, Administrative Churn Analysis, by Nathan Eckstein, et al., December 2011. 

Virginia Department of Social Services, Office of Research, Estimates of “Churning” in Virginia’s SNAP Caseload, by Erik 

Beecroft and Beth Jones, April 23, 2009. 

1.1.3 SNAP certification and recertification		

Households participate in SNAP by establishing that they meet program requirements set by federal 

statute and regulation. These requirements relate to household composition, resources, income, and 

deductible expenses, under rules that condition the household’s eligibility and its monthly benefit amount on 
1. Introduction Urban Institute 

 

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the circumstances of individual household members, including their residency, immigration status, age, and 

disability status. 

States establish administrative procedures by which to collect from program applicants the information 

and supporting documentation necessary to determine the household’s eligibility and benefits. Federal 

policies allow State agencies substantial discretion on these procedural matters, as to the mode that clients 

can or must use to provide their information and documents: whether in person, online, or by phone, fax, 

mail, e-mail, or other means. States can exercise options on these matters under federal waivers granted 

by FNS. 

Once households enter the program through the above-described process of initial certification, they 

must then undergo a periodic recertification of their eligibility and benefit amount, including an interview 

(which, depending on the State, can be conducted by phone). The length of one’s certification period will 

vary by State and (within State) by household characteristics, reflecting the expectation of changes in 

household composition or financial circumstances. Households made up entirely of elderly and/or disabled 

members receive the longest certification periods: typically 12 or 24 months (or even 48 months under the 

Supplemental Security Income Combined Application Project demonstrations). Most other SNAP 

households receive a 12-month certification period, although certification periods can be as short as four 

months. 

States make their decisions on the length of certification periods in combination with decisions about 

interim client reporting—where, once again, rules vary by State and household characteristics. Depending 

on the State, any given household could be subject to either “change reporting” (i.e., a required to report 

specified changes in circumstances within 10 days of occurrence) or “periodic reporting” (i.e., monthly 

reporting, quarterly reporting, or simplified reporting). Under simplified reporting, households with 12-month 

certification periods are typically assigned a reporting interval of four or six months. Between these 

scheduled reporting periods, the client’s reporting obligations are limited to reporting income changes that 

cause countable income to rise above 130 percent of the poverty level (or changes in work hours, for ablebodied adults without dependents). 
1. Introduction Urban Institute 

 

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Households will generally continue to participate in the program as long as they comply with the 

procedural requirements associated with their interim reporting regime and with their scheduled 

recertification, and as long as the SNAP agency determines that the household’s indicated circumstances 

continue to meet the program’s eligibility requirements. (The exceptions to this will be situations in which 

the client complies with all procedural requirements, but their certification nonetheless “expires” because 

the agency has failed to take timely action to renew the certification.) 

If a case is to be closed, the agency is required to provide adequate notice to the client. The 

household’s assistance may be terminated either for reasons of procedural noncompliance (e.g., failure to 

file an interim report when required or failure to complete a recertification interview) or for reasons of 

circumstantial ineligibility (e.g., income or resources that exceed the applicable limit). 

As indicated earlier, churn is characterized by the household’s exit from the program and a subsequent 

reentry, with a break in participation of four months or less. 

1.2 Study objectives		

Most broadly stated, the objectives of this study are to improve understanding of the rates, causes, and 

costs of churning among SNAP participants, to enable a better-informed consideration of policies and 

practices that might reduce churning and mitigate its costs to program agencies and clients. In calling for 

this study, FNS identified four specific objectives: 

1. determine the rates and patterns of churning, overall and by demographic characteristics; 

2. examine the causes of churning; 

3. determine the process of churner reentry; and 

4. calculate the cost of churning. 

These are discussed briefly in turn below. 

1.2.1 Determine the rates and patterns of churning, overall and by demographic

characteristics

To understand the extent to which churning is an issue, to be able to estimate the costs of churning, and 

as context for analyzing policies and practices that can mitigate churning, we need to first understand the 

rate and patterns of churning, including how many SNAP participant households experience churning and 
1. Introduction Urban Institute 

 

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how frequently. To understand the causes of churning and be able to develop and target solutions, it is also 

important to identify how rates of churn (including time off the program and frequency of churning) differ 

across household demographic characteristics, program eligibility groups, and other characteristics such as 

whether participants are working. Given differences in policies and practices, we also want to know whether 

churning differs across States and potentially across regions or offices within States. Another question is 

how often churning occurs at recertification versus other times. 

1.2.2 Examine the causes of churning		

The second set of research questions examines the causes of and the factors associated with churning. 

Potential causes or correlates of churning include personal barriers or characteristics that may impede 

recipients’ ability to comply with administrative procedures (including health issues, young children, 

household composition changes, literacy and language issues, and work schedules). Operational practices 

in offices or SNAP policies may make it easier or harder for recipients to recertify or report status changes, 

including face-to-face or telephone interviews, office hours, online or telephone recertification or reporting, 

procedures and timing on reporting relevant status changes, or simplified reporting. These can impact exits 

of otherwise eligible recipients and likewise lead to churning. In both the quantitative and qualitative 

research here we explore the association of these factors to churning. We will also explore community 

stakeholders’ views on churning, including whether it is a major issue, the perceived causes, why cases fail 

to recertify, and how can churning be reduced. 

1.2.3 Determine the process of churner reentry		

We also want to understand more about the process of reentry for churners and how it may be different 

than a standard application process. For example, are these short-term SNAP leavers treated differently 

than new applicants, possibly having to provide less documentation or go through a shorter process? Does 

this depend on length of time off the program? Differences could have implications for estimates of the 

costs of churning. In addition, is there any action taken when participants fail to recertify for administrative 

reasons, but appear to be otherwise eligible? Is there any outreach to these households? Are there any 

differences in the action taken among types of households that fail to recertify? We explore here whether 

the process of churner reentry differs across selected offices with one visited site in each participating 

State. 
1. Introduction Urban Institute 

 

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1.2.4 Calculate the cost of churning		

Finally, we address questions of the cost of churning, both for participants and for programs. For 

participants, the primary cost of churning when still eligible is their forgone benefit amount. For programs, a 

key factor is the administrative cost of closure and preapproval versus case maintenance for the months 

between exit and reentry. Estimating the extent to which participants that churn continued to be eligible for 

benefits after exit is an important element of this analysis. 

1.3 Organization of this report

The remainder of this report is organized as follows: Chapter 2 describes the study design and methods, 

including the selection of the six participating States; Chapter 3 provides comparative estimates of the rates 

of churn among the six States; Chapter 4 examines the perspectives of program administrators, 

caseworkers, clients, and representatives of community-based organizations, as drawn from the qualitative 

research conducted in the study States; Chapter 5 presents the findings from multivariate analysis on the 

role of household demographic characteristics and local economic conditions in explaining the likelihood 

that cases will churn; Chapter 6 explores the costs of churn to the administering agencies and participating 

clients; and Chapter 7 provides concluding observations that draw from the preceding chapters, drawing 

implications for ongoing measurement of SNAP churn, highlighting themes that emerged from both the 

quantitative and qualitative research about individual and household factors contributing to churn, and 

offering a framework for the consideration of possible changes in policy or procedure to reduce churn and 

mitigate its costs to program agencies and clients. 
2. Study Design and Methods Urban Institute 

 

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2 STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS 

2.1 Overview of the study design

Our approach to understanding the rates, causes, consequences, and costs of churning involves a 

combination of quantitative and qualitative analyses using multiple sources of data. The quantitative 

analysis relies primarily on analysis of SNAP administrative data in six States. We also make use of linked 

SNAP administrative data and unemployment insurance records in Florida to measure patterns of 

employment and earnings. In addition to these quantitative analyses, we conducted qualitative analyses in 

six local sites, through interviews of SNAP program administrators, case managers, and representatives of 

community-based organizations (CBOs), and focus groups with SNAP participants who recently 

experienced churn. 

2.2 Research questions

The main research questions for this study are grouped under the four study objectives. We list the 

method and data source we use to answer questions in Figure 1. 

Figure 1. Research Objectives and Questions 

 Research question by objective Quantitative Qualitative 

Objective 1. Determine the rate and patterns of churning, overall and by demographic characteristics. 

a. How many households are leaving for one- to four-month periods and then reentering the 

program?  

b. When does churning occur; is it always at recertification?  

c. How often are people leaving and returning, and what is the amount of time on and off the 

program each time?  

d. How many participants are off for only one month; two, three, four?  

e. Are the same people churning, or does it vary?  

f. Is churning widespread, or concentrated in certain States?  

g. Are there any differences in characteristics of participants who do and do not churn, or, for 

churners, by the number of months on and off the program (i.e., are there differences between 

those who churn for one versus four months)?  
2. Study Design and Methods Urban Institute 

 

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 Research question by objective Quantitative Qualitative 

h. How many who churn are still eligible compared to those who churn because of a short-term 

change in circumstances that made them ineligible?  

i. How many participants who come up for recertification actually complete the process, how many 

drop out of the program, and how many of those return within four months?  

Objective 2. Examine the causes of churning. 

a. What is the relative influence of personal barriers, program policies, operational practices 

(including technology), and community support on churning?  

b. Do the relationships vary by household characteristics? 

c. How, if at all, do these factors interact to affect churning in SNAP? 

d. How do key stakeholder groups (program administrators, case managers, SNAP participants 

that have experienced churning, and representatives from CBOs feel about churning? Do they see 

it as an issue and, if so, why? What do they think causes churning? Can churning be reduced and, 

if so, how? 

 



e. When people do not recertify, their benefits stop. Do they fail to recertify because they feel their 

circumstances have changed or are there other reasons? 

Objective 3. Determine the process of churner reentry. 

a. What happens to churners when they return to the SNAP office to resume participation? What 

are the steps involved? 

b. What churning-specific policies, if any, are in place?  

c. How does the process differ between initial application, recertification, and churner reentry? 

d. Are they treated as new applicants subject to the full set of application requirements or as 

recertifiers subject to an abbreviated number of steps? 

e. Does this vary by State, by SNAP office, or time off the program? 

Objective 4. Calculate the cost of churning.

a. What is the cost of churning for the program (in the form of staff hours and salaries)? For 

participants?  

b. Does churning cost more than continuous enrollment?  

c. What is the State fiscal impact of implementing waivers and options?  

2.3 Selection of participating States and sites		

We recruited six States (and six within-state localities) for this study: Florida, Idaho, Illinois, Maryland, 

Texas, and Virginia. We selected these States based on the following factors: technology; certification 

periods; waivers relevant to recertification; coordination with other programs; CBO involvement; type of 

SNAP administration (State or county); State SNAP participation rate; and availability of linked 

administrative data. We also considered the extent of State participation in other FNS studies (wanting to 

include some States that have not already involved themselves in recent multiple FNS-funded studies of 
2. Study Design and Methods Urban Institute 

 

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SNAP), the likelihood to willingly cooperate in this study, and variation in urban-rural caseload mix and 

regional location. 

2.4 Definition of churn			

In this study, a churner is defined as a SNAP household that experiences a break in participation of four 

months or less. Note that we count as a “churner” a case that has a period of SNAP nonreceipt of less than 

a full month between two otherwise uninterrupted spells of participation. These latter cases are referred to 

as “partial month” churners in our analysis. An example of “partial month” churn is a case that does not 

submit the required documentation for recertification by the end of a certification period, but does submit 

the necessary documentation within the next 30 days. In this situation, the case would typically receive 

partial (or “pro-rated”) benefits for the first month of the new certification period, which are based on the 

number of days that remain in the month after the necessary documentation has been submitted. 

The SNAP caseload is in constant flux. In each month, some cases cease participation, some cases join 

the program, and other cases continue their spell of participation. Most spells of participation do not line up 

with boundaries defined by a calendar or fiscal year. Therefore, another key definitional issue involves the 

time period over which churn is analyzed. We count a case as “churning” if any month of the case’s period 

of benefit nonreceipt occurs within fiscal year (FY) 2011. For example, if a case received benefits in May 

through September of 2010, did not receive benefits in October 2010, and then received benefits again 

beginning in November 2010, the case would be counted as a FY 2011 year “churner” because benefits 

were missed during October 2010, the first month of FY 2011. Similarly, a case that received benefits from 

April through August 2011, did not receive benefits in September 2011, and began receiving benefits again 

in October 2011 would be considered to have churned during FY 2011 because September, the month with 

missed benefits, was within FY 2011. 

A final definitional issue involves the question of churn “rate” or the percent of cases that churn. Once 

the number of churners had been identified, to what universe should this be compared? Should the 

denominator in the estimate be the average monthly caseload, the size of the caseload for a particular 

month of the year, or the number of cases that participate at any point during the year? Our analysis 
2. Study Design and Methods Urban Institute 

 

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calculates the “churn rate” by dividing the total number of cases that churn during the fiscal year by the total 

number of cases that participate in SNAP in any month of the fiscal year. 

2.5 Determining benefit eligibility among churners

Benefit-eligible churners can cease receiving benefits by not taking the appropriate procedural steps to 

continue their benefit receipt (for example, by missing a required recertification interview or failing to file the 

proper paperwork). In other instances, the client may have taken all necessary steps but the case is 

nonetheless closed because the agency fails to act by the expiration date of the certification period. (This 

situation is referred to as “auto-closure.”) Determining whether a churner is benefit eligible can be 

problematic, due to data limitations. 

Administrative data codes that provide the reason for case closure provide some insight but cannot 

provide a conclusive answer in all cases. If a case is closed because it is found to have excess income or 

assets, then it is presumptively benefit-ineligible. However, if a case is closed because of missed 

recertification, its eligibility cannot be determined unambiguously based on the SNAP administrative data. 

Some insight can be gained into the case’s eligibility status through use of linked administrative data. If 

linked quarterly wage data from a State’s unemployment insurance (UI) system show no change in the 

earnings of the adult members of the case during the period that included the break in SNAP participations, 

it suggests that the case has not become income-ineligible. However, even in these instances, the findings 

are more suggestive than conclusive. For example, if a case fails to report at recertification because of a 

new household member whose earnings would render the case ineligible, then linked UI wage data would 

not be able to identify the case as ineligible (because the existence of the new household member is 

unknown). Even when there is no change in household composition, linked data alone cannot conclusively 

determine whether a case is eligible. For example, a case may have become ineligible because it no longer 

incurs child care expenses (and without the child care deduction, is not eligible), or a case member may 

have obtained noncovered employment or employment in a neighboring State (and so earnings are not 

reflected in the State UI wage data for the State of residence). 
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Given these data limitations and the infeasibility of accessing UI wage data for all six States, we used 

the following approach in classifying churners according to their presumptive eligibility status, using SNAP 

case record information from the State-provided administrative datasets: 

 Cases that had a closure code indicating a clear disqualifying condition (such as excess income 

or assets) were counted as likely benefit-ineligible during their subsequent churn spell. 

 Cases that before and after their churn spell had the same number of adults and children and 

net income amounts that differed by either less than 5 percent or $25 were counted as likely 

benefit-eligible. 

 All other cases were classified as having indeterminate eligibility, as the closure code (if 

available) and the observed pre- versus post-churn comparison in benefit amount or household 

composition did not meet any of the above criteria. 

2.6 Data sources

2.6.1 Qualitative		

We conducted site visits at one local site in each of the six study States. The site visits typically took 

place over the course of two to three days. During the site visits, we interviewed two to three SNAP 

administrators, three to four SNAP caseworkers and representatives of two community-based organizations 

(CBOs), such as food pantries that served SNAP clients. The SNAP administrators and caseworkers were 

selected for the interviews by the visited local office. The local offices provided us contacts for local CBOs, 

and we called them to arrange interviews. In total, we interviewed 13 SNAP administrators, 20 SNAP 

caseworkers, and representatives of 12 CBOs. 

We also conducted focus groups with SNAP clients at each visited site. We recruited the focus group 

participants through telephone calls to SNAP clients who had recently experienced churn, as identified 

through administrative records provided to us by the local sites. We conducted 12 focus groups in total. The 

first eight focus groups were conducted at the SNAP office, primarily during weekdays. Attendees received 

monetary incentives of $30. Because of lower-than-expected attendance at the earlier focus groups, we 

raised the incentives to $80 and held some of the latter focus groups at community locations and on the 

weekend. This increased attendance substantially. In total, there were 71 participants across the 12 focus 
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groups. The focus groups were held primarily in English; however, we conducted two focus groups in 

Spanish and one in both Spanish and English. 

Before the site visits, we developed standard protocols for each type of interviewee to use in the 

interviews and focus groups. All the site visitors were trained in conducting interviews and the specific 

protocols. The key topics covered in the protocols included the cost of churn to clients and SNAP offices 

and workers; the process of applying for SNAP and recertifying for SNAP; the interviewees’ perspective on 

the causes of SNAP churn (including client characteristics, processes in the SNAP office, and program 

policies); and the interviewees’ perspective on the consequences of churn. After the first site visit, the 

researchers provided feedback on the protocols, which were reorganized and streamlined to reduce 

repetitiveness in the interviews (see Appendix B for the revised protocols). 

Two researchers were present for each interview. The lead researcher conducted the interview, and the 

research assistant took notes on a computer throughout the interview. The interviews were also audio 

recorded. Immediately following the interviews, the research team completed a summary of the site visits 

that described emerging themes about SNAP churn, based on their initial impressions of the interview and 

focus group interviews. 

The interview notes were de-identified and then coded by the same researchers who took notes during 

the site visit interviews. We developed a coding scheme to identify the sections of the interviews that 

focused on key themes, such as the causes of SNAP churn and the consequences of churn for clients. For 

consistency, a separate researcher was assigned to code all interviews (or focus groups) within each 

category of respondent: SNAP administrators, SNAP caseworkers, CBO representatives, and SNAP 

clients. 

2.6.2 Quantitative		

2.6.2.1 State SNAP administrative data		

We received administrative data records from all six Study States, encompassing information about all 

SNAP households receiving benefits in each State from December 2009 to December 2012. To examine a 

complete period of time without censoring (meaning that cases can be observed to begin or end a churn 

spell outside the primary observation period), our estimates in this report focus on FY 2011. 
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The data files contained numerous fields, each reflecting the data that each State was able to make 

available for this project. In some cases, States provided client and case-level information in separate files, 

which we rolled up to the case level as appropriate. In general, the following fields were available for all 

States: identification (case and client ID numbers); demographic characteristics of the case head (age, 

gender, race/ethnicity, disability status, case composition, household size, numbers of adults and children 

in the household); economic characteristics (reported income, SSI and TANF receipt); location (case ZIP 

code); and SNAP characteristics (benefit amount, reason for case closure, reevaluation due date2). 

2.6.2.2 Unemployment Insurance (UI) wage data

Among the six study States, only in Florida was it feasible to conduct a linked data analysis using SNAP 

case records and employer-reported quarterly wage data from the State’s UI system; this analysis was 

conducted by the University of Missouri under subcontract to the Urban Institute. The university was able to 

undertake this analysis through modification of a prior data sharing agreement with Florida. The analysis 

here focused on FY 2011, using UI wage data for eight quarters: the four quarters corresponding to FY 

2011, the prior two quarters, and the subsequent two quarters. 

2.6.2.3 Geographic information

To supplement the administrative data, we gathered data on county-level geographic characteristics 

from several publically available data sources. These sources were chosen to capture characteristics for 

before FY 2011 where possible, to provide a clean temporal comparison for the multivariate analysis 

(although calendar year 2010 was the closest temporally available information in most cases). These data 

were as follows: 

 2 States generally provided information about when each case had to supply updated income and household information to the 

SNAP agency to continue receiving benefits, which we recorded as the date that a State had a “reevaluation” due. These dates 

include both the times that a case had to submit a formal “recertification,” where the case submits new paperwork and generally

conducts a new interview, and the required submission of an “interim report,” which is generally an abbreviated process where a

case need only submit documentation of factors that have changed. Because both recertifications and interim reports lead to a 

case’s denial of benefits if they are not submitted, we considered both types of reevaluations together in this analysis. Texas, 

Illinois, and Florida do not generally have interim reports (instead requiring cases to recertify at six-month intervals), so 

combining the two reevaluation types also allowed us to look at the dynamics of churn more consistently across State. 

Florida was the one State that did not provide information on reevaluation due dates. We thus imputed these dates by 

assuming that recertification was due six months after entering SNAP (or 12 months later for elderly or disabled cases), 

supplemented using case closure codes that indicated recertification was due. 

Virginia provided complete information on recertification dates, but had missing information about interim reports before mid2011. We imputed the dates that interim reports were due using dates of SNAP entry and recertification. 
2. Study Design and Methods Urban Institute 

 

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 An index mapping ZIP code information to States and county FIPS codes, from the SAS 

Institute (originally from zipcodedownload.com).3 The data vintage was October 2010 (although 

there is minimal change in assignment of ZIP codes to counties over time). 

 County Business Patterns data from the Census Bureau for 2010,4 capturing the number of 

establishments by industry type in each county. This data was used to identify establishments 

providing community food services, with a North American Industry Classification System 

(NAICS) code of 624210. 

 Unemployment rates for 2010 (county-level annual averages) from the Bureau of Labor 

Statistics’ Local Area Unemployment Statistics (LAUS) program.5 

 Poverty rates and median household income estimates for 2010 (county-level annual values) 

from the Census Bureau Small Area Income and Poverty Estimates program.6

 Median rents on two-bedroom apartments for FY 2010 (county-level) from the Department of 

Housing and Urban Development.7 

 County population in 2010 from the Census Bureau’s QuickFacts.8

 Urban-rural continuum codes from the USDA Economic Research Service, 2003 vintage, 

identifying whether each county is metropolitan or nonmetropolitan.9 We counted all 

nonmetropolitan counties (codes 4 through 9) as “rural” for this analysis. Micropolitan counties 

are thus classified as rural. 

2.6.3 Costs

The approach used to estimate how churn affects agency administrative costs starts with data that 

States report to the federal government on program costs. Through FY 2011, States were required to 

submit these costs quarterly using the Financial Status Report (Standard Form-269). On the SF-269, 

States reported outlays and unliquidated obligations, divided among 26 categories and split between 

federal and nonfederal expenses. FNS provided us with the final, revised data submitted by States for FY 

2011. We estimate how much of that total cost is attributable to cases where churn occurred, and then 

 3 Source: http://support.sas.com/rnd/datavisualization/mapsonline/html/misc2010.html 4 Source: http://www.census.gov/econ/cbp/download/10_data/ 5 Source: http://www.bls.gov/lau/laucnty10.txt 6 Source: http://www.census.gov/did/www/saipe/data/statecounty/data/2010.html 7 Source: http://www.huduser.org/portal/datasets/50per.html 8 Source: http://quickfacts.census.gov/qfd/download_data.html 9 Source: http://www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/rural-urban-continuum-codes/.aspx 
2. Study Design and Methods Urban Institute 

 

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calculate how those costs would have been different in a counterfactual scenario where churn did not occur 

for cases that may have been benefit-eligible. 

It is important to note that there are well-acknowledged limitations to the cost data that States report. 

Notably, there is wide variation in the costs reported per participating household or per case-month. For 

example, in FY 2011, State administrative costs per case-month ranged from $9.59 in South Carolina to 

$66.81 in California. The source of this variation is not well understood, and our findings based on the cost 

data reflect the variation. A 2008 report by Abt Associates for FNS discusses issues with the data and 

makes recommendations for potential future studies to better understand the variation (Logan and Klerman 

2008). 

The advantage of using statewide data is that (in principle, at least) it captures all administrative costs to 

State agencies that may be affected by churn, including wages, benefits, and staff time as well as agency 

overhead expenses. The disadvantage is that some of the costs captured may be fixed costs that do not 

vary within the range of changes to caseloads and program operations affected by churn. In this sense, this 

approach could be seen as providing upper-bound estimates of the impact of churn on agency costs. (As 

discussed briefly in Chapter 6, an alternative approach was also used to calculate the effect on certification 

costs, focusing explicitly on the marginal costs of churn that occur through added caseworker time.) 

SNAP costs are shared between the federal and State governments, with the federal government 

covering approximately 50 percent of costs in most categories. The SF-269 data separate costs between 

federal and nonfederal expenses, but throughout the cost analysis in Chapter 6 we combine these costs 

and focus on the total administrative costs to agencies, regardless of the level of government that finances 

it. 

2.7 Analysis methods

2.7.1 Qualitative		

For the data presented in this report, we focused our analysis on the sections of the interviews that 

identified causes and consequences of churn. To identify the specific causes and consequences of churn 

as described in this report, researchers read through the interview notes that had been coded as referring 
2. Study Design and Methods Urban Institute 

 

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to those topics. The researchers then summarized the consequences and causes of churn that were 

described in the interviews (by respondent type), and they also identified quotes that illustrated those 

causes and consequences. A second researcher then created a comprehensive list of the causes and 

consequences of churn that were mentioned across the respondent categories. This list was then checked 

against the site visit summary that described emerging themes to determine whether anything in the 

summary had not been identified through the coding of the interviews. Through this process, we identified 

the key themes to present in this report with illustrative quotes. 

2.7.2 Quantitative

After creating analysis files for each State with variables in standardized formats, we processed the data 

to generate our quantitative findings. 

2.7.2.1 Rates and patterns of churn

Determining when a household churns involves identifying the specific months during which a 

household receives SNAP benefits. A key component of this process is identifying which households that 

begin a new spell of SNAP participation have previously received SNAP; otherwise, we might mistakenly 

identify a household that leaves the program and returns as two separate households exiting and entering 

SNAP, rather than a single household that churns. To follow households over time, we generally relied on 

the household’s case ID number as recorded by the States. However, in order to match individuals over 

time who moved between cases with different IDs (or cases whose ID changed), we used the following 

process if the client ID on the case ever changed, or the case head ever appeared on more than one case 

during the full data observation period (December 2009 to December 2012): 

 After sorting the file by date, for each record, we identified the record in the closest following 

month that matched on either case ID or case head client ID. (If there were separate matches 

for both values, we used case ID to follow the case.) This following record was then given the 

same ID value so that the household would have consistent identifiers over time. 

 A small number of cases merged or split over time. For example, two SNAP households might 

join into one unit, or a client from the one SNAP unit might move to a different address and 

apply to form his or her own SNAP household there. To follow these households, we treated 

all cases in a month that matched to the same SNAP case (before or after that month) as 

independent records for the duration of the observation period, and constructed parallel 
2. Study Design and Methods Urban Institute 

 

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records of case history. For example, if two cases merged, they were represented in the final 

analysis file as two separate cases, but with identical characteristics (apart from ID number) 

from the date of the merge forward. Similarly, if two cases split, they were represented in the 

final file by two cases, with identical characteristics before the split and different characteristics 

from the date of the split forward. The final unit of analysis was thus all SNAP households that 

ever existed as independent units during the period of the data. 

After we had followed households over time and created complete records of each household’s 

participation in each month, we computed for each household the number of months between each month 

of participation. Cases were then considered to churn when there was a gap of four months or less 

between two months of receipt. 

We also identified partial months of SNAP receipt that appeared during a spell, which we took to be 

indicative of a partial month of missed benefits (i.e., churn for less than one month). The criteria for 

identifying such partial months were if the case received lower benefits than would normally be received by 

a case with its household size and net income level, except in Florida, where a direct indicator of whether 

the case received partial months of benefits was available. After identifying such months, we counted cases 

as experiencing churn if the case received partial benefits in a given month, received SNAP in the prior 

month without partial benefits, and received a greater amount of SNAP benefits in the next month with 

identical gross income and household size values. These restrictions helped more definitively identify cases 

that truly received partial months of benefits and were thus considered to churn. These partial month 

churners were counted as experiencing 0.5 months off the program. 

Once churners were identified, we simply tabulated variables as necessary to generate estimates. Note 

that the universe for the analysis of rates of churn is all cases with at least one month of SNAP receipt 

during FY 2011, and cases whose only records in FY 2011 were those created as part of a split or merge 

(meaning the case did not have a unique record in that year) were also excluded. To provide a consistent 

time period for descriptive characteristics, we examined each case as of the case’s first month on SNAP 

observed in FY 2011 (so October 2011 for most cases and the month of entry for new entrants). 
2. Study Design and Methods Urban Institute 

 

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2.7.2.2 Causes of churn

In order to construct models to assess the causes of churn, we required a universe of churners with 

data from before FY 2011, so that the predictor variables would not be endogenous with the FY 2011 churn 

rate. Thus, we chose to focus on the cohort of cases who were on the program in September 2010, 

immediately before FY 2011 began, and to use cases’ characteristics from that month in our analysis. 

The structure of the models was a multinomial logit model, predicting the likelihood that a case 

experienced churn during FY 2011 or ever exited SNAP during FY 2011, relative to the odds of remaining 

on the program continuously. To reflect the fact that cases might have differing lengths of time on the 

program, we included variables capturing the number of months that each case was continuously on SNAP 

since the beginning of the available data, as well as a dummy variable for whether the case was on SNAP 

in December 2009 (the start of the data, which controlled for left censoring). 

To confirm that our findings were not influenced by cases with different lengths of time on the program, 

we also ran a model using an entry cohort, consisting of all cases that entered SNAP in September 2010. 

(These cases might have had prior experience with the program, but were not receiving benefits in August 

2010.) For this model, we included a dummy for whether a case had prior months of SNAP receipt during 

the data period (i.e., between December 2009 and July 2010), to capture different behavior among cases 

with prior experience with the program. 

We also examined a subset of the full cohort, consisting of the cases that had recertification due in 

September 2010 and did not exit the program that month (i.e., either successfully recertified or experienced 

churn). For these cases, we used a logit model with the dependent variable capturing whether the case 

churned at recertification, and included several variables measuring whether the case experienced a 

change in characteristics between the September 2010 observation and the next available record (either 

October 2010 for cases that successfully recertified, or the first month of reentry for churning cases). 

Characteristics such as the number on the case and ZIP code were counted as changing if the case had 

different non-missing values for that variable before and after the recertification; for income, we examined 

case gross income as a percentage of the monthly poverty guidelines in groups of 0 to 49 percent, 50 to 99 

percent, and 100 percent or more and classified the case as changing income if the case moved between 

income groups. 
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2.7.3 Cost estimation

2.7.3.1 Certification costs

To calculate the increase in certification costs due to churn, we start with the statewide data reported on 

the SF-269s. The SF-269s provide State-by-State certification costs as a separate category of program 

costs. We use the statewide costs, in combination with estimates of the number of certifications and 

recertifications that occurred in FY 2011 from analysis of administrative data, to calculate “unit costs” of 

initial certifications and recertifications—that is, a cost per initial certification and a cost per recertification. 

We do this separately under the bounding assumptions that a recertification involves one-third to one-half 

as much staff time as an initial certification. 

Based on the finding described earlier that the overwhelming majority of churn spells occur at the time 

of a recertification or interim report, we make the simplifying assumption that this is so for all churn spells. 

Thus, each instance of churn involves replacing a recertification with an initial recertification, and we can 

calculate a unit certification cost of churn (i.e., the change in certification costs per incident of churn) by 

taking the difference between the unit costs for initial certifications and recertifications. Applying this unit 

cost to the number of instances of churn produces a total statewide certification cost of churn. 

The above approach can be summarized in the following equations: 

 Unit cost of initial application = statewide (federal and nonfederal) cost of initial applications in 

FY 2011/number of initial applications in FY 2011; 

 Unit cost of recertification = statewide (federal and nonfederal) cost of recertifications in FY 

2011/number of recertifications in FY 2011; 

 Unit certification cost of churn = unit cost of initial application – unit cost of recertification; and 

 Statewide certification cost of churn in FY 2011 = unit certification cost of churn * number of 

instances of churn. 

Not all the data items needed for these calculations are directly available. Most notably, with the 

exception of one State (discussed below), we do not have direct estimates of the number of initial 

applications and recertifications. 
2. Study Design and Methods Urban Institute 

 

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To approximate the number of initial applications using the available administrative data, we treat every 

new spell of program participation that begins more than a month after a previous spell as an initial 

application. The reason we only count spells that begin more than a month after the previous spell is that, 

as noted earlier, responses during the qualitative interviews conducted with program staff indicated that 

instances of churn where clients return to the program within one month are, from a process standpoint, 

usually handled as delayed recertifications rather than as new cases. 

To approximate the number of recertifications, we count the number of recertification and interim 

reporting dates in FY 2011 that passed without a spell ending. We add to this the number of new 

participation spells beginning one month or less after a previous spell (which, as just discussed, staff 

interviews suggest are handled as delayed recertifications). For the purpose of calculating the statewide 

certification costs of churn, we similarly do not include cases with a churn spell of one month or less in the 

count of churn spells that impose a net agency cost. 

The division of the total certification costs between initial certifications and recertifications is also not 

available from the SF-269 data. However, it is possible to algebraically distribute the total costs based on 

the number of initial certifications and recertifications, and the ratio of unit costs of the two different types of 

certifications. As noted, the interview questions described earlier provided estimates of the ratio of staff 

time involved in the two different types of certifications. We assume that the dollar costs to agencies of 

initial applications and recertifications are proportional to staff time (i.e., we assume that the unit cost of 

recertifications is one-third to one-half the unit cost of initial applications). 

2.7.3.2 Ongoing maintenance and other costs

In addition to its effects on certification processes, churn can be expected to influence other agency 

costs. In particular, the substantial number of households temporarily leaving the SNAP caseloads reduces 

overall State caseloads at any given time. This may reduce the ongoing program costs of SNAP to the 

extent that these costs are proportional to the caseload. Such a reduction may partially offset the costs 

churn imposes in terms of certification costs. 

 

We take an approach similar to that used in our calculation of certification costs. We start with agency 

costs as measured by the SF-269s, and assume these costs are proportional to caseloads. We calculate 
2. Study Design and Methods Urban Institute 

 

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unit costs per case-month, and then apply those unit costs to the number of months that likely benefiteligible households spend off the SNAP caseloads due to churn. 

The categories of program expenses included on the SF-269 forms, beyond certification costs, include: 

 costs associated with the issuances of benefits and of EBT cards, 

 costs of quality control, management and fraud control, 

 program outreach costs, 

 costs of operating SNAP Employment and Training programs, 

 costs of implementing and maintaining automated data processing (ADP) systems, and 

 other miscellaneous costs. 

The extent to which costs in each of these categories is directly related to caseload levels likely differs, 

but for the purposes of this analysis’s estimates, we assume costs in each category is proportional to 

monthly caseloads. In reality, there may be exceptions. For example, it is possible that the costs of issuing 

EBT cards are higher in initial months of participation spells, and therefore more closely related to spells 

rather than monthly caseloads. In a future study, it may be possible to investigate these differences further, 

but for the most part we set aside these considerations here and treat almost every category the same. 

However, there are two categories we remove from our analysis on the basis that the expenses are unlikely 

to be either ongoing or proportional to the caseload. The first is ADP development expenses. These 

expenses were large in FY 2011 in two of the six study States. These States were in the process of 

developing system transitions in FY 2011. The other four States do not include any costs in this category. 

The second category we remove is reinvestment costs, which refers to money State agencies can invest in 

program improvements in lieu of sanctions due to error rates estimated through the SNAP Quality Control 

process. Only one State had expenses in this category. 
3. Rates and Patterns of Churn Urban Institute 

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3 RATES AND PATTERNS OF CHURN 

This chapter presents findings from an analysis of SNAP statewide administrative data in six States— 

Florida, Idaho, Illinois, Maryland, Texas, and Virginia. These findings respond to the research questions 

posed under Objective 1: determine the rate and patterns of churning, overall and by demographic 

characteristics (see Figure 1). Results are organized into the following sections: estimated rates of churn; 

patterns of churn; characteristics of churning cases; and presumptive benefit eligibility of cases during the 

churn spell. In this study, a churner is defined as a SNAP household that exits the program and then 

reenters in four months or less. (Further details on the definition of churn are provided in Chapter 2.) 

The annual rate of churn is computed for each State as the number of households experiencing churn 

as a percentage of all households receiving benefits at any time during the year. All findings are for federal 

fiscal year 2011 (FY 2011, encompassing October 2010 through September 2011). 

3.1 Estimated rates of churn		

A State’s churn rate is likely influenced to some extent by overall caseload trends in the period being 

examined. FY 2011 occurred toward the end of a period of substantial growth in SNAP participation during 

and following the Great Recession. Nationally, the number of participating persons increased from 28.2 

million in FY 2008, to 40.3 million in 2010, and 44.7 million in 2011. FY 2011 growth among the study 

States ranged from 8 percent in Illinois to 15 percent in Maryland (see Appendix Table A-1). 

The extent to which program growth affects churn is unknown. If growth increases the volume of work 

handled by individual caseworkers, this could have implications for the time spent on each case—possibly 

affecting the likelihood of churn. Growth (or reduction) in the program can also affect the churn rate by 

affecting the overall composition of the caseload. For example, if growth is attributable primarily to new 

entrants, then churn rates could be lower than otherwise, because many of the new entrants will not have 

reached their recertification date within the year being analyzed. On the other hand, if growth is caused by 

fewer participants exiting the program without reentry, churn rates could be higher than otherwise, because 

some of the cases that would otherwise have exited without reentry will churn at the point of recertification. 
3. Rates and Patterns of Churn Urban Institute 

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3.1.1 Comparing annual churn rates across the study States		

In FY 2011, the rate of churn in the six study States ranged from 17 percent in Idaho to 28 percent in 

Illinois (see Figure 2). Florida had a 27 percent churn rate and the other three States (MD, TX, and VA) 

clustered between 21 and 23 percent. 

Figure 2. Rate of Churn by State, FY 2011 

Source: Urban Institute tabulations of States administrative data for FY 2011. 

The raw numbers from which the churn rates are computed are shown in 

27

17

28

21

23

21

Florida Idaho Illinois Maryland Texas Virginia
3. Rates and Patterns of Churn Urban Institute 

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Table 2, where the total FY 2011 caseload reflects the number of cases receiving benefits at any time 

during the year. As shown in the table, Florida has the highest absolute number of churners among the 

study States (around 664,000), while Texas has the second most churners (around 548,000). 
3. Rates and Patterns of Churn Urban Institute 

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Table 2. Estimated Rates of Churn by State, FY 2011 (in thousands) 

State Number of churners Total FY 2011 caseload10

Florida 664.1 2,422.8 

Idaho 22.7 136.7 

Illinois 306.0 1,108.7 

Maryland 92.0 435.7 

Texas11 548.4 2,389.2 

Virginia 115.0 539.5 

Source: Urban Institute tabulations of State administrative data for FY 2011. 

To understand why households churn, it is useful to construct comparison groups of non-churners. 

Throughout this chapter we refer to four mutually exclusive categories of non-churners: 

 “stayers”—households that remain on SNAP throughout the year; 

 “exiters”—households that exit, but do not enter (or reenter) SNAP during the year; 

 “entrants”—households that enter SNAP, but do not exit during the year; and 

 “other non-churners”—households that enter and exit SNAP during the year but are not counted as 

churners because their time off SNAP is greater than four months. 

 

 10 See Table A-1 for a comparison between average monthly participating households as computed from state administrative 

data for this study and average monthly participating households according to FNS program data. 

11 The Texas administrative dataset on SNAP participation does not explicitly indicate the timing of initial benefit receipt for cases 

that entered SNAP after the middle of a month. We have used additional State data on all SNAP applications to impute receipt in

the initial months after application approval. The counts of churners in Texas are sensitive to the imputation assumptions; see 

Chapter 2 for more detail. 
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Table 3 presents the distribution of each State’s caseload by churner and non-churner status for FY 

2011. In all States, stayers made up the greatest share of the SNAP caseload. Churners make up the next 

largest share of the caseload, followed by entrants (except in Idaho and Maryland, where entrants are more 

numerous than churners). Exiters account for between 12 and 16 percent of each State’s caseload, and 

other non-churners are the least numerous at 6 to 8 percent. 
3. Rates and Patterns of Churn Urban Institute 

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Table 3. State SNAP Caseload Distribution by Churner and Non-Churner Status, FY 2011 (%) 

State Churners 

Non-churners 

Stayers Exiters Entrants 

Other nonchurners 

Florida 27 33 13 18 8 

Idaho 17 37 15 23 8 

Illinois 28 37 12 17 6 

Maryland 21 37 13 22 7 

Texas 23 32 16 21 8 

Virginia 21 41 13 19 6 

Source: Urban Institute tabulations of States administrative data for FY 2011. 

Notes: Churners are SNAP households that ever experience a churn spell that overlaps FY 2011. Stayers are households that 

remain on SNAP throughout FY 2011. Exiters are households that are observed on SNAP during FY 2011, but exit during the 

year and do not return within five months. Entrants are households that begin receiving SNAP benefits in FY 2011, but do not 

exit. Other non-churners are households that both enter and exit SNAP during FY 2011 and have an off-spell that is greater than

four months. 

3.1.2 Churn rates by length of churn spell		

By definition, churn spells are very short. More than 60 percent of SNAP households that experienced 

churn in FY 2011 in the study States were off SNAP for one month or less (see 
3. Rates and Patterns of Churn Urban Institute 

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Table 4). Only between 5 percent (in Texas) and 11 percent (in Idaho) were off SNAP for four months. 

The average length of churn spells ranged from a low of 1.1 months in Texas to a high of 1.5 months in 

Idaho and Illinois. 

As described in Chapter 2, we count a case as being off SNAP for less than a month if it receives less 

than a full month of benefits between two months of full receipt and has consistent case characteristics. For 

example, if a case is late in providing information needed for recertification and does not do so until the 

month following the end of its prior certification period, it will receive only a portion of the benefits for the 

new month, and will be counted as being off SNAP for less than one month. Data from Florida, Idaho, and 

Maryland enable us to separately identify cases that had a churn spell of less than one month. In Florida, 

42 percent of churners receive partial month benefits, followed by 40 of churners in Idaho, and one-third of 

churners in Maryland. 
3. Rates and Patterns of Churn Urban Institute 

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Table 4. Distribution of Churners by Months off SNAP and Average Length of Churn Spell by State, FY 2011 

State 

Churners by months off SNAP (%) Average length 

of churn spell 

One month or less Two months Three months Four months (months) 

Florida 74 11 8 7 1.3 

Idaho 62 15 12 11 1.5 

Illinois 67 19 8 6 1.5 

Maryland 68 15 9 8 1.4 

Texas 79 10 7 5 1.1 

Virginia 77 9 7 6 1.3 

Source: Urban Institute tabulations of State administrative data for FY 2011. 

Notes: Data are presented combining spells of less than one month with one-month spells due to data limitations. Illinois’ data 

classifies some prorated months as missing months, which will tend to overstate churn spell lengths. For the calculation of 

average churn spell length, spells of less than one month are counted as 0.5 months. 

3.2 Patterns of churn		

3.2.1 Average number of churn spells per churner		

On average, churners experienced just over one churn spell during the year (see Table 5). Churners in 

Idaho and Virginia experienced 1.1 churn spells on average, while churners in Florida, Illinois, Maryland, 

and Texas experienced 1.2 churn spells. (Illustratively, an average of 1.2 will result when 80 percent of 

churners have a single churn spell and the remaining 20 percent have two spells during the year.) 

Table 5. Average Number of Churn Spells among Churners by State, FY 2011 

State Average number of churn spells 

Florida 1.2 

Idaho 1.1 

Illinois 1.2 

Maryland 1.2 

Texas 1.2 

Virginia 1.1 

Source: Urban Institute tabulations of administrative data for FY 2011. 

3.2.2 Length of churners’ preceding spell of benefit receipt		

Before their churn spell, churners received SNAP continuously for an average of 9.4 months (in 

Florida) to 10.6 months (in Illinois) (see 
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Table 6). We do not have data before December 2009; therefore, the estimates presented are “left 

censored” at December 2009, meaning that any months of participation before that point are not included in 

the average. 
3. Rates and Patterns of Churn Urban Institute 

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Table 6. Months on SNAP before Churn Spell by State, FY 2011 

State 

Average number of months on SNAP 

before each churn spell 

Florida 9.4 

Idaho 9.8 

Illinois 10.6 

Maryland 9.8 

Texas 10.0 

Virginia 9.8 

Source: Urban Institute tabulations of State administrative data for FY 2011. 

Notes: Months on SNAP before churn are left-censored at December 2009. 

However, the simple average masks considerable variation in the distribution of months off the program. 

As shown in 
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Table 7, the most common month that churn occurs is after six months on the program (except in Illinois, 

where the durations are likely understated by excluding the month of partial benefits at the start of a spell). 

In most States (except Illinois and Texas), the second most common duration to churn is 12 months. These 

durations correspond well to the typical certification length in the study States, as discussed in the next 

section. However, recertification does not necessarily occur at multiples of six months. Cases receiving 

expedited benefits must supply missing verifications within a month of initial receipt, cases with unstable 

circumstances may face shorter certification periods, and recertification for SNAP may also occur at the 

time of a case’s recertification for assistance from another program. 
3. Rates and Patterns of Churn Urban Institute 

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Table 7. Distribution of Months on SNAP before Churn Spell by State, FY 2011 (percent) 

Months on 

SNAP before 

churn spell Florida Idaho Illinois Maryland Texas Virginia 

1 10 1 1 5 0 7 

2 7 1 1 5 3 3 

3 1 1 1 3 3 1 

4 2 1 8 3 3 2 

5 3 2 18 4 10 8 

6 21 39 3 18 20 19 

7 2 2 2 4 2 2 

8 2 2 2 3 2 2 

9 2 3 5 3 3 2 

10 5 5 10 6 7 7 

11 5 6 8 6 9 7 

12 10 15 5 9 8 13 

13 4 3 4 5 5 5 

14 3 3 4 4 4 5 

15 3 2 5 4 4 4 

16 3 2 5 3 3 2 

17 3 2 5 4 3 3 

18 4 4 4 3 3 3 

19 2 2 4 3 2 1 

20 2 2 3 2 2 1 

21 4 2 2 2 2 2 

22 1 1 0 1 1 1 

Source: Urban Institute tabulations of State administrative data for FY 2011. 

Note: Illinois’ data may miss months of partial benefit at the start of a churn spell, as discussed in Chapter 2. 

3.2.3 Proportion of churn spells occurring at recertification

Most churn occurs when households are required to recertify or submit a periodic report. For simplicity, 

we refer to both events as “recertification” in this report. These events are likely to occur at most two times 

during a year for most households (and less frequently for elderly or disabled households in Florida, Idaho, 

Maryland, and Virginia, and for certain Texas households receiving Supplemental Security Income).12 In 

 12 All the States in the analysis had certification periods of at least six months in FY 2011 (under simplified reporting, periodic 

reports are not required for certification periods of six months or less). All States except Illinois and Texas had 24-month 

certification periods for cases consisting entirely of elderly or disabled people without earnings (for which a 12-month periodic 

report is required). However, Texas also had three-year SNAP certification periods for elderly and disabled Supplemental 

Security Income (SSI) recipients through the SSI Combined Application Demonstration Project. (See 

http://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/CAPsDevelopmentGuidance.pdf.) Maryland and Virginia had 12-month certification 
3. Rates and Patterns of Churn Urban Institute 

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Idaho, Illinois, and Texas, between 86 and 90 percent of churn occurred at recertification (see Figure 3). 

Nearly three-quarters of churn cases in Florida and Virginia churned at recertification. Though most 

churners—two-thirds—in Maryland churned at recertification, it is not as common as in the other study 

States. 

Figure 3. Among Cases That Churn, Percentage That Churn at Recertification 

Source: Urban Institute tabulations of State administrative data for FY 2011. 

Notes: Recertification dates are imputed in Florida and partially imputed in Virginia based on case characteristics and length of 

time on the program. Recertification refers to the point at which a household must fully recertify or submit a periodic report.

Among all households reaching the point of recertification in FY 2011, between 12 percent (in Idaho and 

Virginia) and 26 percent (in Illinois) churned at the point of recertification (see Table 8).13 Over half of 

households successfully recertified. In Florida and Illinois, a higher proportion of cases churned at 

 periods for some cases (requiring a 6-month periodic report). Source: Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program State Options 

Report, Ninth Edition. 

13 The churn rates for cases at the point of recertification (see Table 8) are lower than the rates of churn for cases over the 

course of the year (see 

Table 3), reflecting the fact that a case has only one opportunity to churn at any given recertification, but may have multiple

opportunities to churn over the course of a year. 

73

90 90

66

86

74

Florida Idaho Illinois Maryland Texas Virginia
3. Rates and Patterns of Churn Urban Institute 

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recertification than exited the program. In Idaho, a higher proportion of cases exit than churn; in Maryland, 

Texas, and Virginia, roughly the same proportion churned as exited at recertification. 

Table 8. Experiences of SNAP Households at Recertification by State, FY 2011 (%) 

State Successfully recertify Churn Leave program without churn Total 

Florida 68 18 14 100 

Idaho 72 12 16 100 

Illinois 57 26 17 100 

Maryland 74 13 13 100 

Texas 63 19 18 100 

Virginia 77 12 11 100 

Source: Urban Institute tabulations of State administrative data for FY 2011. 

Notes: Recertification refers to the point at which a household must fully recertify or submit a periodic report. Households are 

counted more than once if they recertify more than once during FY 2011. Households that leave SNAP without churn may exit 

the program permanently or may return more than four months later.

3.3 Characteristics of churning cases

We compare the demographic, economic, SNAP participation, and local characteristics of churners to 

the non-churner groups. We present these findings as a pooled analysis of all six States (see Table 9). For 

State specific results, see Appendix Table A-2 through Table A-7. The variables tabulated were chosen to 

correspond to our multivariate analysis of churn (see Chapter 5).14

3.3.1 Demographic characteristics

3.3.1.1 Age of case head

Churners tended to be younger than non-churners, with the average age of the case head around 36 

years for churning cases and 42 years for all other cases. In particular, substantially more churning 

 14 Primary language of the SNAP case head was available in five of the six study States; Texas did not provide information on 

primary language. For that reason, results are not presented in the body of the report; however, among the five States with data 

available, we find that SNAP units with case heads whose primary language is non-English are less likely to churn than those 

with case heads whose primary language is English, even after controlling for other factors. This finding may be contrary to 

expectations; however, the qualitative findings suggest that low literacy was a greater predictor of churn, rather than difficulty 

speaking English. There are a number of plausible hypotheses for why non-English speakers would have lower churn rates. 

Reliance on call centers rather than local offices may make it more likely that a bilingual caseworker will be easily accessible. 

Selection may be present; it could be that if a person whose primary language is not English is able to (and has the motivation

to) enroll in SNAP in the first place, that the language issue does not pose a significant barrier to recertification. Primary 

language of the case head also does not account for the level of English proficiency of the case head or whether other English 

speakers are present in the household.
3. Rates and Patterns of Churn Urban Institute 

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households had case heads who were age 18 to 29 (38 versus 27 percent) or age 30 to 44 (36 versus 31 

percent) than non-churning households, and churners had substantially fewer case heads who were over 

age 65 (3 versus 12 percent). Among non-churners, cases that entered and exited the program during the 

year (other non-churners) tended to be of similar age as churners, while other types of non-churners 

tended to be older. 

3.3.1.2 Race/ethnicity of case head

Overall, a slightly higher proportion of churners than non-churners had case heads that were nonHispanic black (34 versus 29 percent), and a lower proportion were non-Hispanic white (32 versus 35 

percent). The proportion of cases that was Hispanic or of another race was similar for churners and nonchurners. 

3.3.1.3 Household size

Churners tended to have larger households than non-churners, with an average of 2.3 clients per 

churning household, and 2.0 clients per non-churning household. Looking at the number of adults and 

children in the household, churners had on average about the same number of adults (1.3) and more 

children (0.9 versus 0.7) than non-churners.15 

3.3.1.4 Case composition		

To better understand the types of households that churn, we divided the SNAP households into mutually 

exclusive groups based on the presence of children and whether the household had an elderly or disabled 

member (as defined for SNAP purposes, meaning a member over age 60 or with a SNAP-recognized 

disability). We combined elderly and disabled status for this table, as some States’ data did not permit 

separately tabulating these types of clients. Looking at this distribution, we see that the most common type 

of household among both churners and non-churners was a household with no elderly or disabled 

members and with children; however, such households made up about half of churning households and 

only 36 percent of non-churning households. Conversely, only 16 percent of churning households had an 

elderly or disabled member and no children, whereas 30 percent of non-churning households fell into this 

category. A third group, households with no elderly or disabled members and no children, was about 

equally prevalent among both churners and non-churners (29 and 27 percent, respectively). The same 

 15 The sum of adults and children on the case does not necessarily match the total household size for two reasons. First, the 

counts of adults and children include individuals who are ineligible for SNAP but are listed in administrative records as part of the 

household. Second,, the counts of adults and children are often merged on to the data from client-level files, so data mismatches 

may cause there to be missing records for these counts, which can affect the averages. 
3. Rates and Patterns of Churn Urban Institute 

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pattern held for the final, relatively rare household, one with both elderly or disabled members and children; 

such households made up 8 and 6 percent of the totals, respectively. Overall, 55 percent of churning 

households had children, compared to 43 percent of non-churning households, and only 23 percent of 

churning households had an elderly or disabled member, compared to 37 percent of non-churning 

households.16 

Among the individual non-churner groups, cases that remained on the program had the highest 

proportion with an elderly or disabled member, while those who exited the program had the highest 

proportion of households with children (after churners). The cases that both entered and exited without 

churn were particularly likely to be composed of cases that did not have elderly or disabled members or 

children. 

3.3.2 Economic characteristics

We divided cases first by their employment status and then by further characteristics to capture factors 

associated with churn. 

3.3.2.1 Employed cases

Cases that churned were more likely to be employed than non-churners, 32 versus 26 percent. Looking 

at employed cases by poverty status (as tabulated by comparing monthly gross income to the FY 2011 

monthly poverty guidelines), we see that churning cases that are employed and have income of 50 to 100 

percent of the poverty level are more common (at 15 percent of all churning cases) than they are among 

non-churners (11 percent). Employed cases in deep poverty (less than 50 percent of the poverty level) and 

above poverty are both about equally prevalent among churners and non-churners. Similar shares of 

churners and non-churners have earnings above poverty (10 percent and 9 percent, respectively). 

3.3.2.2 Not employed cases

Rather than dividing non-employed cases by their poverty level, we examine the cases’ other program 

participation. Non-earners with SSI or TANF make up a smaller share of churners than non-churners, 9 

percent versus 17 percent. Non-churners also have slightly more cases that are not employed but have 

other sources of unearned income (such as Social Security benefits or veteran’s benefits), with 27 percent 

versus churners’ 23 percent. The final economic category consists of cases with no income for SNAP 

 16 These figures are computed from raw numbers, so do not exactly match the rounded values in the tables. 
3. Rates and Patterns of Churn Urban Institute 

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purposes, fully 36 percent of churners and 29 percent of non-churners fall into this category. SNAP entrants 

and those who enter and exit during the year (without churn) also have a higher proportion of cases with no 

income and a lower proportion with SSI or TANF, similar to churners. 

3.3.3 Local characteristics

To assess the role of local characteristics on churn, we used ZIP codes of each case to merge on 

county-level geographic information. Only a small number of cases (0.3 percent for churners, and 0.7 

percent for non-churners) had missing ZIP codes (meaning these cases are excluded from the other local 

characteristics calculations). Note that the local characteristics generally refer to county characteristics as 

of calendar year 2010 (as discussed in Chapter 2), rather than reflecting changing values over time. 

3.3.3.1 Poverty rate

Churners and non-churners lived in counties with roughly similar levels of poverty; the average county 

poverty rates were 17.2 percent and 17.3 percent, respectively.17 

3.3.3.2 Unemployment rate

Churners tended to live in areas with similar rates of unemployment as non-churners. Churners lived in 

counties with an average unemployment rate of 10.1 percent and non-churners lived in counties with an 

average unemployment rate of 9.9 percent.18 

3.3.3.3 Community food providers

To assess the availability of community nutritional resources to churners, we employed information 

about the number of non-governmental business establishments in each county providing “Community 

Food Services,” such as food pantries and soup kitchens. Tabulating the number of community food 

providers per 100,000 residents, we find that churners and non-churners had an average of about 1.1 such 

establishments in their counties. 

3.3.3.4 Cost of housing

The cost of living in each county was indexed by computing the median rent for a two-bedroom 

apartment as a percentage of median household income in the county. On average, churners and non-

 17 Roughly similar shares of churners and non-churners—23 and 24 percent, respectively—lived in high-poverty counties (i.e., 

more than 20 percent of the population in the county has income below the poverty threshold). 

18 Similar proportions of churners (54 percent) and non-churners (51 percent) lived in counties with high rates of unemployment 

(i.e., unemployment rates of 10 percent or higher). 
3. Rates and Patterns of Churn Urban Institute 

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churners experienced a similar cost of living, where median rent made up an average of 25 percent of 

median household income. 

3.3.3.5 Rural status		

Churners were slightly less likely to live in rural areas, with 10 percent of churners and 12 percent of 

non-churners in rural counties. 

Table 9. Characteristics by Churn Status, FY 2011: Pooled Sample 

Characteristics Churners 

Types of non-churners 

Subtotal Stayers Exiters Entrants 

Other 

nonchurners 

N 1,748,200 5,284,400 2,407,300 985,900 1,374,700 516,500 

Demographic characteristics 

Age of case head (%) 

<18 1 1 1 1 1 1

18–29 38 27 21 30 33 38

30–44 36 31 30 35 31 33

45–64 22 29 31 27 27 23

65+ 3 12 18 7 8 2

Missing age 0 0 0 0 0 3

Mean age 36 42 46 40 39 36

Race/ethnicity of case head (%) 

White, non-Hispanic 32 35 32 38 36 39

Black, non-Hispanic 34 29 31 28 28 28

Hispanic 30 29 31 29 29 25

Other, non-Hispanic 3 4 4 3 4 4

Unknown race 1 2 2 2 2 5

Household size (mean) 2.3 2.0 2.1 2.0 1.9 1.8

Case composition (%) 

Nonelderly/nondisabled, no children 29 27 14 33 36 53

Nonelderly/nondisabled, with children 48 36 36 39 36 31

Elderly/disabled, no children 16 30 41 23 23 13

Elderly/disabled, with children 8 6 8 6 4 4

Clients on case (mean) 

Adults on case 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3

Children < 18 on case 0.9 0.7 0.8 0.7 0.9 0.9

Economic characteristics 

Employment and earnings (%) 

Employed, income < 50% poverty 8 6 6 5 6 6

Employed, income 50–100% poverty 15 11 12 11 11 10
3. Rates and Patterns of Churn Urban Institute 

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Characteristics Churners 

Types of non-churners 

Subtotal Stayers Exiters Entrants 

Other 

nonchurners 

N 1,748,200 5,284,400 2,407,300 985,900 1,374,700 516,500 

Employed, income ≥ 100% poverty 10 9 6 13 11 12

Not employed, SSI or TANF receipt 9 17 28 11 8 4

Not employed, other unearned income 23 27 30 28 25 19

Not employed, no unearned income 36 29 19 32 38 49

Local characteristics (county-level) 

Poverty rate (mean %) 17.2 17.3 17.7 17.2 17.0 16.8

Unemployment rate (mean %) 10.1 9.9 10.1 9.8 9.8 9.8

Community food providers per 100,000 (mean) 1.08 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.12 1.10

Median rent percent of median income (mean) 25.0 24.7 25.1 24.4 24.5 24.5

Rural (%) 10 12 12 12 11 11

Missing ZIP code (%) 0.3 0.7 0.3 0.7 0.3 3.2

Source: Urban Institute tabulations of State administrative data for FY 2011. 

Notes: All characteristics reflect values for the first month that the case is observed participating in FY 2011 (except local 

characteristics, as discussed in text). 

3.3.4 Characteristics by length of churn spell

In this section, we compare the characteristics of those that churn for one month or less to those that 

churn for longer periods. We present results from an analysis of a pooled sample of all six States (see 

Table 10). Individual State results are presented in Appendix Table A-8 through Table A-13. 

The characteristics of churners are similar by length of their churn spell, with a few exceptions. Those 

households that churn for one month or less are slightly more likely to be black (34 percent) or Hispanic (31 

percent) than white (31 percent) compared with those that churn for four months (32, 26, and 37 percent, 

respectively). Those that churn for one month or less also have larger household sizes on average (2.3 

members) than those that churn for four months (2.0 members). The larger household sizes of those that 

churn for one month or less appear to be associated with a larger presence of children than adults. 

Households that churn for one month have on average 1.2 children compared to 0.9 children for 

households that churn for four months, but have similar numbers of adults—on average 1.3 adults per 

household for one-month churners and four-month churners. 

Households that churn for one month or less have similar economic characteristics to those that churn 

for longer spells. However, they have slightly less earned income than four-month churners—23 percent 
3. Rates and Patterns of Churn Urban Institute 

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have income below 100 percent of poverty compared with 20 percent of four-month churners. In contrast, 

households that churn for one month or less are more likely to receive SSI or TANF (10 versus 7 percent) 

and less likely to be unemployed with no unearned income compared with households that churn for four 

months (35 versus 39 percent). 

Table 10. Characteristics of Churners That Churn for One Month or Less Compared to Those Churning for Four Months, 

FY 2011: Pooled Sample 

Characteristics 

Churn for 

one month 

or less 

Churn for 

two 

months 

Churn for 

three 

months 

Churn for 

four 

months 

N 1,283,000 215,900 138,700 110,500 

Demographic characteristics 

Age of case head (%) 

<18 1 1 1 1

18–29 38 39 39 39

30–44 36 35 35 35

45–64 22 22 22 22

65+ 3 3 3 3

Missing age 0 0 0 0

Mean age 36 36 36 36

Race/ethnicity of case head (%) 

White, non-Hispanic 31 35 36 37

Black, non-Hispanic 34 34 32 32

Hispanic 31 27 27 26

Other, non-Hispanic 3 3 3 3

Unknown race 1 2 2 2

Household size (mean) 2.3 2.1 2.0 2.0

Case composition (%) 

Nonelderly/nondisabled, no children 27 33 35 36

Nonelderly/nondisabled, with children 50 44 43 42

Elderly/disabled, no children 16 16 17 16

Elderly/disabled, with children 8 6 6 6

Clients on case (mean) 

Adults on case 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3

Children < 18 on case 1.2 1.0 0.9 0.9

Economic characteristics 

Employment and earnings (%) 

Employed, income < 50% poverty 8 7 7 7

Employed, income 50–100% poverty 15 14 14 13

Employed, income ≥ 100% poverty 9 11 12 12

Not employed, SSI or TANF receipt 10 8 8 7
3. Rates and Patterns of Churn Urban Institute 

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Characteristics 

Churn for 

one month 

or less 

Churn for 

two 

months 

Churn for 

three 

months 

Churn for 

four 

months 

N 1,283,000 215,900 138,700 110,500 

Not employed, other unearned income 23 22 21 22

Not employed, no unearned income 35 38 39 39

Local characteristics (county-level) 

Poverty rate (mean %) 17.3 16.7 16.9 16.9

Unemployment rate (mean %) 10.0 10.2 10.1 10.1

Community food providers per 100,000 (mean) 1.07 1.11 1.09 1.09

Median rent percent of median income (mean) 25.1 24.7 25.0 25.2

Rural (%) 10 10 11 11

Missing ZIP code (%) 0.2 0.4 0.5 0.5

Source: Urban Institute tabulations of State administrative data for FY 2011. 

Notes: All characteristics reflect values for the first month that the case is observed participating in FY 2011 (except local 

characteristics, as discussed in text). 

3.4 Presumptive eligibility for SNAP during churn spell		

Are SNAP households benefit-eligible during their churn spells? It is to this question that we turn in this 

section. We first present findings of presumptive eligibility from an analysis of SNAP administrative data for 

all six study States. We then examine presumptive eligibility using linked SNAP and Unemployment 

Insurance (UI) wage records from Florida. 

3.4.1 Findings from State administrative data

State SNAP administrative data limit our ability to assess benefit eligibility during the churn spell, given 

that households do not report their case characteristics to SNAP when they are not receiving benefits. To 

estimate benefit eligibility during churn, we defined several suggestive categories based on reported case 

closure codes and consistency of gross income and clients on the case, as discussed in Chapter 2. 

As shown in Table 11, the share of churners who have an indeterminate eligibility status under these 

methods is too high—over 40 percent of all churn cases—to discern definitive patterns in benefit eligibility 

using SNAP administrative data alone. Data from two of the States may be indicative of patterns, however. 

Florida and Virginia had the lowest rates of indeterminate eligibility—45 and 40 percent for all churners, 

respectively. A higher proportion of cases that churn for one month or less were likely benefit-eligible 

compared to those that churn for four months. In Florida, 56 percent of cases that churn for one month or 

less were likely benefit-eligible, compared with 45 percent of churners that were off of SNAP for four 
3. Rates and Patterns of Churn Urban Institute 

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months. Similarly, in Virginia, 60 percent of cases that churned for one month or less were likely benefiteligible compared with only 39 percent of cases that churned for four months. 

Table 11. Distribution of Churners by Likely SNAP Benefit Eligibility During Time Off SNAP: All Churners, Churners with 

One Month or Less Off SNAP, and Churners with Four Months Off SNAP, FY 2011 (%) 

State All churners Churn spell of one month or less Churn spell of four months 

 

Likely benefiteligible Likely benefitineligible 

Indeterminate 

eligibility 

Total 

Likely benefiteligible Likely benefitineligible 

Indeterminate 

eligibility 

Total 

Likely benefiteligible Likely benefitineligible 

Indeterminate 

eligibility 

Total 

Florida 50 5 45 100 56 4 41 100 45 8 46 100 

Idaho 34 17 49 100 43 10 47 100 25 29 47 100 

Illinois 48 0 51 100 52 1 48 100 43 1 56 100 

Maryland 46 4 50 100 51 4 45 100 39 4 57 100 

Texas 33 7 60 100 36 5 59 100 31 13 56 100 

Virginia 53 7 40 100 60 3 38 100 39 24 37 100 

Source: Urban Institute tabulations of State administrative data for FY 2011. 

Notes: Likely benefit-ineligible individuals are rarely identified in Illinois due to missing information for most cases on the reason

for closure. 

3.4.2 Findings from linked SNAP‐UI wage data analysis for Florida		

We turn to additional analyses of linked SNAP and UI wage data in Florida to help determine the extent 

to which additional earned income may be making churners temporarily ineligible for SNAP benefits. Under 

subcontract to the Urban Institute, the University of Missouri conducted an analysis of SNAP administrative 

data in Florida linked to information on wage records in Florida’s UI system. The data cover most earnings 

from wages and salaries within the State. We refer to the earnings obtained from the UI data as “covered 

earnings” because they reflect earnings that are covered for the purpose of determining whether a person 

losing a job is eligible for unemployment compensation. 

A limitation of the UI earnings data for this analysis is that earnings are reported for each calendar 

quarter, without reference to the month (or months) of the calendar quarter in which earnings were 

received. We count a SNAP case as having covered earnings in a month if any member had covered 

earnings in the calendar quarter in which the month occurred. To calculate monthly earnings, we sum up 

covered earnings for all members of the SNAP case for the quarter and divide by three. We then compute 
3. Rates and Patterns of Churn Urban Institute 

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average monthly covered earnings for a particular spell (such as the churn spell) by calculating the average 

of the assigned monthly earnings amounts for the months covered by the spell. 

We examined patterns of covered earnings receipt and found little fluctuation in the presence of covered 

earnings among churners (see 
4. Rates and Patterns of Churn Urban Institute 

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Table 12). Because we cannot clearly distinguish how earnings correspond to time on the program in 

very short churn spells of less than one month, we tabulate “partial-month” churners who churn for less 

than one month separately from churners who churn for one to four months. For these one-to-four-month 

churners, 46 percent had covered earnings before their churn spell, 41 percent had covered earnings 

during their spell off SNAP, and 46 percent had covered earnings in their post-churn on-spell. If additional 

earnings are contributing to churn, we would expect a larger share of churners to have covered earnings 

during their churn spell than in their pre-churn and post-churn on-spell. We suspect that we are seeing the 

opposite result due to the fact that the churn spell reflects a shorter time frame, with less opportunity to 

have covered earnings, than the pre- and post-churn periods examined (which reflect covered earnings for 

the length of the pre- and post- churn spell, up to six months). When we examine earnings for no more than 

three months in the pre- and post-churn spell, we see very little fluctuation in income (see Figure 4). For 

instance, among one-to-four month churners, we find that 43 percent had earnings in the three months 

before churn, 41 percent had earnings during the churn spell, and 42 percent had earnings in the three 

months after returning to SNAP from the churn spell. 

We find no change in the presence of covered earnings among partial month churners. Both pre- and 

post-churn spell, 42 percent of partial month churners had any covered earnings. 
3. Rates and Patterns of Churn Urban Institute

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Table 12. Percent of Cases with Covered Earnings and Mean Covered Earnings as Percent of Poverty, by Churn Status and Spell On or Off 

Churners Non-churners 

Earnings 

Partial-month Churners One- to four-month churners Remained 

on 

Exited Entered 

Pre-churn 

on-spell 

Post-churn 

on-spell 

Pre-churn 

on-spell 

Churn 

spell 

Post-churn 

on-spell On-spell On-spell Post-exit off-spell Pre-entry off-spell On-sp

Percent of cases with earnings 

42 42 46 41 46 29 48 45 42 4

Mean earnings* as % of poverty** 

68 74 80 94 80 60 98 139 115 

Source: University of Missouri tabulations of linked Florida SNAP administrative data and quarterly Unemployment Insurance (UI) wage records for FY Notes: Earnings are those covered by quarterly UI wage records, computed in each month as one-third of quarterly earnings. “Earnings as % po

case’s covered earnings to the case’s poverty guideline; this figure is computed for each month in the relevant spell and then average across the moneach on- or off-spell is equal to the minimum of six months or the length of the period on or off SNAP (and 12 months for those who remained on the p

* Non-zero. ** Percent of the federal SNAP poverty guidelines. 
3. Agency, Client, and Community Perspectives on SNAP Churn Urban Institute 

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Figure 4. Pattern of Presence of Quarterly Earnings before, during, and after Churn for One- to Four-Month Churners, 

FY 2011: Florida 

Source: University of Missouri tabulations of linked Florida SNAP administrative data and quarterly Unemployment Insurance 

(UI) wage records for FY 2011. 

Notes: Earnings are those covered by quarterly UI wage records, computed in each month as one-third of quarterly earnings.

If increased earnings contribute to churn, we would also expect average earnings (for those with 

earnings) to be higher during the time off SNAP than in the months before and after the churn spell. 

Because the SNAP income limit increases with the number of people on the SNAP case, we examine a 

unit’s average monthly covered earnings as a percentage of the monthly poverty guideline for a unit of its 

size. We do find evidence that covered earnings are higher during the churn spell. 

Results reveal that among one- to four-month churners, the mean ratio of average monthly covered 

earnings to the monthly poverty guideline is 80 percent in the pre-churn on-spell, rises to 94 percent during 

the churn spell, and then drops back to 80 percent in the post-churn on-spell.19 Among partial month 

churners, the mean ratio of average monthly covered earnings to the monthly poverty guideline is 68 

percent pre-churn and 74 percent post-churn.20

 19 Ten percent of one- to four- month churners had earnings that could make them potentially income ineligible (i.e., income 

above 130 percent of poverty) during their churn spell. When we remove these potentially ineligible cases from the analysis, we

find that average earnings among earners as a percent of poverty is 58 percent in the pre-churn on spell, 61 percent during the

churn spell, and 60 percent in the post-churn spell. 

20 Few partial month churners have covered earnings close to the income eligibility criteria. Five percent of partial month 

churners had earnings in their pre-churn on-spell above 130 percent of poverty; seven percent had earnings above 130 percent 

of poverty in their post-churn on-spell. 

43 41 42 46

41

46

Pre-Churn Spell Churn Spell Post-Churn Spell

Three months of earnings data pre- and post- churn spell

Six months of earnings data pre- and post- churn spell
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Although earnings increase during the churn spell, it is notable that earnings as a percent of poverty 

among earners were very low for churners—well below the federal SNAP gross income eligibility limits of 

130 percent of the monthly poverty guideline.21 In contrast, when we looked at the presence of covered 

earnings for non-churners who entered and exited the program, we found sharper changes in earnings (see 

Figure 5). For instance, among those who exited and had earnings, we see that before exit, average 

earnings were 98 percent of poverty and rose to 139 percent of poverty in the post-exit off-spell. For 

entrants, we found earnings average 115 percent of poverty in their pre-entry off-spell, which dropped to 79 

percent when they entered SNAP. For those that entered and exited (but were off SNAP for more than four 

months), we find that average earnings in their first on-spell were 110 percent of poverty, rising to 125 

percent of poverty in their first off-spell. 

Figure 5. Patterns of Earnings among Earners Relative to the Monthly Poverty Guidelines by Churn Status: Florida, FY 

2011 

 21 The gross income limit applies only to households without an elderly or disabled member. Federal SNAP rules require that 

SNAP cases have net income (gross income less certain deductions) below 100 percent of the monthly poverty guideline. Florida 

instituted broad-based categorical eligibility in 2010 which additionally extends eligibility to households with gross income less 

than or equal to 200 percent of poverty, although not all households meeting this criteria qualify for a non-zero benefit (Trippe 

and Gillooly 2010). 

1 Month Churners

1-4 Month Churners

4 Month Churners

Exiters

Entrants

Stayers

Movers

50

100

150

Off-Spell

On-Spell

On-Spell

Percent of Monthly Poverty Guidelines 
3. Agency, Client, and Community Perspectives on SNAP Churn Urban Institute 

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Source: University of Missouri tabulations of linked Florida SNAP administrative data and quarterly Unemployment Insurance 

wage records for FY 2011. 

We also compare earnings pre- and post-churn for one-month churners to four-month churners (see 

Table 13). We still find that many churners do not have any covered earnings and levels of earnings are 

low; however, the data do suggest that earnings and employment may be more highly correlated with churn 

for four-month churners than for one-month churners. Among one-month churners, 42 percent have 

covered earnings before the churn spell, 37 percent have earnings during the churn spell, and 44 percent 

have earnings after the churn spell. Average earnings (among earners) as a percent of the federal poverty 

level increase from 77 percent pre-churn to 89 percent during the churn spell, and then decline to 79 

percent after returning to SNAP. In comparison, more four-month churners have covered earnings (about 

half) before, during, and after the churn spell. Their earnings are also higher—average earnings (among 

earners) as a percent of poverty are 86 percent pre-churn, increase to 103 percent during the churn spell, 

then drop back down to 83 percent when the case returns to SNAP.22

Table 13. Characteristics of Covered Earnings by Length of Churn Status, FY 2011: Florida 

Earnings 

One-month churners Four-month churners 

Pre-churn 

on-spell Churn spell Post-churn on-spell 

Pre-churn 

on-spell Churn spell Post-churn on-spell 

% of cases with 

earnings 42 37 44 50 48 48 

Mean earnings* as % 

FPL** 77 89 79 86 103 83 

Source: University of Missouri tabulations of linked Florida SNAP administrative data and quarterly Unemployment Insurance 

wage records for FY 2011. 

Notes: See notes for Table 12. 

* Non-zero. 

** Percent of the federal SNAP poverty guidelines. 

 22 Eight percent of one-month churners and 15 percent of four-month churners had earnings that could make them potentially 

income ineligible (i.e., income above 130 percent of poverty) during their churn spell. When we remove these potentially 

ineligible cases from the analysis, we find that among one-month churners, average earnings among earners as a percent of 

poverty is 57 percent in the pre-churn on spell, 59 percent during the churn spell, and 59 percent in the post-churn spell. Among 

four-month churners, average earnings among earners as a percent of poverty is 60 percent in the pre-churn on spell, 62 percent

during the churn spell, and 61 percent in the post-churn spell. 
3. Agency, Client, and Community Perspectives on SNAP Churn Urban Institute 

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We also examined the change in earnings around the time of recertification. We found that, among 

those with earnings, earnings increased after recertification (see 

Figure 6). Note that these results are based on earnings obtained from the UI wage data, so do not 

simply reflect increases in earned income reported by SNAP cases at the time of their recertification. For 

churners who churn at recertification for one to four months, average earnings rose from 80 percent of 

poverty in the pre-churn on-spell to 99 percent in the churn spell, and then dropped back down to 81 

percent in the post-churn on-spell. We also found an increase in earnings around recertification for partialmonth churners and non-churners, though increases were less pronounced. For those who churned for 

less than one month, average earnings rose from 68 to 74 percent of poverty. For non-churners, average 

earnings rose from 65 to 77 percent of poverty after a successful renewal. It is noteworthy that for churners 

and non-churners at recertification, average earnings appear well below federal income eligibility 

guidelines, suggesting that while ineligibility due to increased earnings may contribute to churn for some 

households, it is not the cause of churn for the majority of cases. 

Figure 6. Average Monthly Covered Earnings as a Percent of the Monthly Poverty Guidelines at Recertification by Churn 

Status, FY 2011: Florida

One to Four Month 

Churners, 80

99

81

Partial Month Churners, 

68 74

74

Non-Churners, 65

77

77

50

100

150

Recertification

OnSpell OnSpell Percent of Monthly Poverty Guidelines 
3. Agency, Client, and Community Perspectives on SNAP Churn Urban Institute 

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Source: University of Missouri tabulations of linked Florida SNAP administrative data and quarterly Unemployment Insurance 

wage records for FY 2011. 

3.5 Key findings

 In five of the six study States, more than one-fifth of the SNAP caseload (21 to 28 percent) 

experienced churn in FY 2011. 

 A high proportion of churn (66 to 90 percent) occurs at the time of recertification or required 

submission of a periodic report. 

 Most churners (62 to 79 percent) are off the program for one month or less. More detailed 

analysis in three of these States indicates that one-third or more of all churners are off the program for 

less than one month. 

 Churners tend to be younger, are more likely to have children and be employed, and are slightly 

less likely to be white than non-churners. 

 Examination of earnings as shown in each State’s SNAP case records and as separately 

reported by employers in quarterly UI wage records provide little indication that additional 

earnings is a significant cause of churn, particularly among those who churn for one month or 

less. 
4. Agency, Client, and Community Perspectives on SNAP Churn Urban Institute 

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4 AGENCY, CLIENT, AND COMMUNITY PERSPECTIVES ON SNAP CHURN 

We conducted site visits at one local site in each of the six study States (Florida, Idaho, Maryland, 

Virginia, Illinois, and Texas). During the site visits, we interviewed SNAP administrators and caseworkers 

and representatives of community-based organizations (CBOs), such as food pantries, which served the 

SNAP clients. The SNAP administrator and caseworkers were selected for the interviews by the visited 

local office. The local offices provided us contacts for local CBOs, and we called them to arrange 

interviews. In total we interviewed 13 SNAP administrators, 20 SNAP caseworkers, and representatives of 

12 CBOs. For a full description of the qualitative methods employed, see Chapter 2. 

The following sections of this chapter describe interviewees’ perspectives on the consequences of churn 

for clients and the causes of churn, including client characteristics, SNAP office processes, and local 

polices. 

4.1 Perceived consequences of churn for clients

In this section, we report on the consequences of churn to clients as reported by the client focus group 

participants, and the interviewed CBO representatives and SNAP caseworkers. (SNAP administrators were 

not asked about this issue.) 

4.1.1 Anxiety, stress and uncertainty

The effects of churn on clients included high levels of anxiety they experienced when they lost their 

SNAP benefits. Because SNAP clients typically live on very tight budgets, a loss of benefits could result in 

material hardship related to food or to other essential living needs, as when bill payments are skipped for 

other necessary items in order to buy food. Many clients relied on food pantries to make up the difference 

in their household budgets when they lost their SNAP benefits. 

This theme was particularly prevalent in the client focus groups and the interviews with the CBO 

representatives. Some clients described being caught by surprise when their SNAP benefits expired and 

the sense of helplessness they felt when their SNAP benefits were stopped. 
4. Agency, Client, and Community Perspectives on SNAP Churn Urban Institute 

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They’ll change your date without telling you in the mail or nothing, and you’ll be up there with a bunch of 

food, and you have to walk away and leave it [food at the grocery store]. That is one of the most 

embarrassing things. [Client Focus Group Participant] 

Clients described a sense of helplessness in managing the SNAP system. 

Yeah, you feel [you] lost something that’s needed, and you sit there and you get so frustrated, and after I 

seen that it took her one time to hit a button to get it on my card, that’s when I got real frustrated because 

these people have the power to do it. [Client Focus Group Participant] 

The CBO representatives described the emotional impact of losing SNAP benefits on the clients they 

serve. 

For folks with limited understanding or severe emotional trauma...being cut off from something impacts 

people. That’s traumatic: To be wanting to feed your family but all of a sudden your card doesn’t work and 

there’s no one around to help you and that’s really hard. ...There’s a lot of drain and emotional costs there.” 

[CBO Representative] 

The CBO representatives and SNAP caseworkers also recognized the larger emotional impact on 

clients of losing SNAP benefits. They described this experience as “turning the world upside down.” 

If they go off...if something like [being] laid off or [they] lost their job, beyond their control, obviously it puts 

them into a whole host of problems with whatever bills they have, and in this day and age, you can’t sell 

your house, you can’t sell your car, you’re locked into phone contracts; so if [they] feel they are just getting 

ahead, and then run into this situation, or [have] been ahead and run into this situation, it can really turn 

their world upside down. [CBO Representative] 

Sometimes just having the stability of food to eat helps you get on that path of now I can do other things but 

when they become desperate for essential needs, they go into survival mode; [it] creates a different psyche 

in what they do, so we do see an increase in criminal activity, and just less stability in their lives. [SNAP 

Caseworker] 

4.1.2 Food insecurity

Food insecurity was a prominent recurring theme among clients, CBO representatives, and SNAP 

caseworkers. The strain of facing food shortages often led to frustration among clients with the response of 

the SNAP office, as described in these quotes from clients. 

You also don’t eat whole meals. They think that automatically if you have a job then you can eat whole 

meals. But you still have the gas money or bus money to get to the job to pay. [Client Focus Group 

Participant] 
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No letters were sent out. Nothing. You just call to see if your stamp is on your card and then it’s not. Then 

you have to go a couple weeks without eating because they don’t tell you. [Client Focus Group Participant] 

They’re really nonchalant about telling you “oh, you’ll get it later.” Well, your kids need to eat now. [Client 

Focus Group Participant] 

CBO representatives and SNAP caseworkers echoed the theme of food insecurity and hunger being the 

primary consequence of churn to clients. 

I don’t know the percentage of my caseload [who experience churn], but when it is an issue, it is a huge 

issue because we are talking about people who are hungry. [CBO Representative] 

Furthermore, losing SNAP benefits for clients affected their ability to engage in other important life 

activities because the immediate need for food was overwhelming. 

Most of them tell me: You don’t realize how much it means to me just to eat, now I can do other things in my 

life, I can conduct other business or I don’t have to spend my last dollar on food instead of rent. If they have 

some shelter expense, we want them spending whatever cash they have on shelter not food. [SNAP 

Caseworker] 

4.1.3 Housing insecurity, missed rent payments and utility bills		

Another prominent theme was the housing-related impact of losing SNAP benefits. The loss of SNAP 

benefits often meant that other key bills, such as rent or utilities payments, went unpaid in order to buy 

food. Clients often mentioned “falling behind” in their finances when they experienced the loss of SNAP 

benefits. 

Everything changes, because that help you get for food, it’s money that you stop, you have to buy food 

[with]. For example, in my case, they give me $200 for food a month. If they don’t give it to me, it’s $200 

less; $200 that I have to find for my rent, for my this or my that, to live, so life becomes more difficult for you, 

financially. [Client Focus Group Participant] 

It’s hard because the money you have for bills is not even enough to pay the bills, and you have to take out 

for food because I have a child she has to eat, so that bill can wait. It happens many times that I even have 

to pay rent late; it’s a good thing I have a good landlord. [Client Focus Group Participant] 

Never thought about saying it like that but it changes the way you shop. I would go to like Food Lion, and I 

didn’t have electricity. I would take my cell phone, find an outlet somewhere in the store, plug my phone in 

and walk around with a shopping cart like I was shopping and after an hour or so, come back and get my 

phone. I would pick up like noodles, bologna or some chicken livers, box of rice, and leave with my phone 

charged, that’s what I would do. [Client Focus Group Participant] 
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This sentiment was echoed by the CBO representatives and SNAP caseworkers. They also noted the 

effects of the loss of SNAP on housing insecurity. 

Loss of benefits can impact their ability to maintain housing when they have to use more income for food; 

the people that this CBO serves could move from permanent housing to homelessness again as a result of 

the loss of benefits, as many are the ‘working poor,’ and they cannot afford their rent if they lose their food 

stamps. This is a big setback for them. [CBO Representative] 

When you look at SSI people, living off $710 a month—that’s full benefit, some only $473 a month, because 

it’s reduced [due] to in-kind maintenance. If you’re living off $710 a month and have to pay rent, electric, 

phone, you got a budget, most have a budget, $710 budgeted each month. If you have to take money from 

that budget to pay for food, everything gets knocked off, that’s why when they don’t send the form back, or 

[send it back] late I try to get it processed as soon as possible; I know if [they] don’t get food stamps, [they] 

will have to dig into that, [and it] makes a big difference. [SNAP Caseworker] 

4.1.4 Inability to meet other basic living expenses

The issue of being unable to meet other basic living expenses was frequently mentioned by clients. The 

inability to pay for transportation was a common issue clients faced when losing SNAP benefits. 

And I needed money because I need gas, and I still needed to buy clothes for my kids, but they put me 

through so much that I don’t even want it. [Client Focus Group Participant] 

Well, there is transportation, because they’ll have to get on a bus, so they’ll have to, you know... And many 

of the clients we work with don’t even have a dollar to get on the bus. Transportation is a huge obstacle. 

[CBO Representative] 

Transportation and child care, those are other costs to the client. If they have to bring their child with them—

it’s tough. [SNAP Caseworker] 

4.1.5 Reliance on food pantries and local churches

Clients reported relying on food banks and local churches to obtain food when they lost their SNAP 

benefits. 

I always have my freezer stocked because we have run out of food in the past, so I have lots of 

nonperishables. So I did that until I couldn’t anymore, and then the food bank helped. [Client Focus Group 

Participant] 

However, CBO representatives described the restrictions on the use of food pantries, such that they 

could not meet all of the clients’ food needs in the event of lost SNAP benefits. 
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Most of them [food pantries] will only serve you once a month. [CBO Representative] 

There are a few that only do you twice a year. [CBO Representative] 

Well, there are quite a few [food pantries] around; they just are not set up to be a family’s main source of 

food. [CBO Representative] 

And then a lot of times, what you find is that the day they need food, the food bank in their ZIP code is not 

open. And so then, you have to wait until they’re open, and you’re still trying to find them food for that day 

until they open. Salvation Army will typically help out, but I have noticed lately that they’re not wanting to. 

They’re handing you a piece of paper telling you where to go in your ZIP code. [CBO Representative] 

 

In addition, getting to the food banks require resources that clients might not have when they are facing 

a financial crisis. As a CBO representative described, 

[Clients] don’t have food stamps and need to reapply but they can’t get back into the office because of their 

schedule. So now they have to find food banks, and driving there, and the time and gas to go to multiple 

places. [CBO Representative] 

Losing SNAP benefits thus affected clients in multiple domains of their life. In general, they often lost 

SNAP benefits unexpectedly, and this led to high levels of anxiety and stress. The loss of SNAP benefits 

was often destabilizing to the household, in particular when housing and utility payments were skipped in 

order to buy food. Clients often mentioned being unable to afford transportation when they lost SNAP 

benefits. Though clients reported relying on food pantries to supplement their food, the restrictions of the 

use of food pantries and the difficulty in getting to the pantry locations meant that such assistance could not 

sustain a client through a multi-month loss of SNAP benefits. 

4.2 Perceived causes of churn

In this section we describe the perceived causes of churn, including client characteristics, the 

administrative procedures used by SNAP offices, and the interaction of the two. SNAP administrators, 

SNAP caseworkers, clients, and CBO representatives were asked about their perception of the causes of 

churn during the interviews and focus groups. SNAP administrators and caseworkers sometimes viewed 

the causes differently than did SNAP clients and CBO representatives. For example, administrators and 

caseworkers were more likely to cite irresponsible clients who do not respond to recertification notices as a 

cause of SNAP churn, while clients were more likely to cite a failure to receive notification of recertification 
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as a primary cause. Often the administrative processes in the SNAP office interacted with the 

characteristics of the clients to cause churn. For example, the issue of difficult-to-read recertification forms 

was compounded by the low literacy levels of clients. 

4.2.1 Client characteristics and characteristics of the local area

In this section, we begin with client characteristics as causes of churn. Client circumstances such as 

fluctuations in income and assets, and changes in household structure can lead to churn because of the 

nature of SNAP rules that establish a household’s eligibility and benefit amount. We then describe the 

causes of churn that are “unintentional,” reflecting client characteristics and SNAP office procedures that 

create barriers to recertifying for SNAP within the required timeframe. 

4.2.1.1 Fluctuations in income and assets

Several factors contributed to fluctuations in income and assets. Clients changed jobs or received pay 

raises that lifted them over the program’s income eligibility limits. However, these jobs were then 

sometimes quickly lost when other barriers surfaced; in particular, child care costs were mentioned as an 

issue that made it difficult for clients to keep their jobs. 

People move a lot, change jobs. There are localities where there are no jobs, people stay, only thing is 

[their] change of address; some people get jobs, lose jobs, move, daycare today not tomorrow, we have 

very active caseloads. [SNAP Administrator] 

I was off for three months, because I started working. I worked for three months, and then I got sick, then I 

had to get back on it. [Client Focus Group Participant] 

Client pride was cited as an issue that compounded job changes in contributing to SNAP churn. 

Sometimes clients were so eager to get off SNAP that as soon as they got a new job offer, they would stop 

their SNAP benefits before they had a chance to determine whether they might still be eligible for SNAP in 

their new job. 

And when my husband got a raise—and it was a $100 raise because he got promoted—and they ended up 

taking us off the food stamps, which I was like, okay, we were making more money. I understand, we’re over 

the bar, whatever, I am happy to better myself; I would prefer to do that. So they took us off and we lost the 

medical card [SNAP card name], fine by me. Then we come to find out we actually still qualify! So we got 

put back on it. And we got another letter in the mail saying that I got to do the special call in. And I’m like, 

okay, I’ll give it one more time. I tried to call it in. And sure enough, I had to come right back into the office 

again. [Client Focus Group Participant] 

And then some of it with the working is just—this [SNAP] is great and a benefit to them but it is not their 

whole budget, it is a supplement, and that is what it is designed to be, it just wasn’t a priority for a few 

months, and now they can get it taken care of and off their list. [SNAP Administrator] 
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The majority of people that receive benefits are the ones in the working class—these are the ones that 

come and go. This might be because they got a job, then lost it, and then come back. [SNAP Administrator] 

I think that people just lose jobs in the area, they come and they apply, they get it for three months since 

they don’t have a job, and then later, they find a job, and they do not come back after that. This office is for 

the majority, working people, they all really work and they go from job to job. [SNAP Administrator] 

Seasonal employment and overtime were mentioned as a contributing factor to income fluctuation. 

Sometimes I have to work overtime because Christmas is coming up. Then I will work overtime so that I can 

buy my kids Christmas stuff. But then I’m not working over[time] all of the time. There are times when I only 

work 20-30 hours for the pay period. And then I won’t be getting help [from SNAP] because I don’t work 

overtime for the whole year. [Client Focus Group Participant] 

And that is when they say that she is making too much because she worked that overtime maybe once. And 

then it screws your whole month up. [Client Focus Group Participant] 

Seasonal workers may come on and off the program because of the nature of their work—periods of 

employment and then unemployment. There are a lot of seasonal workers here because of all the farms. 

[SNAP Caseworker] 

Asset fluctuations could also lead to a spell of SNAP churn. For example, one client mentioned that she 

received a settlement from a lawsuit that pushed her over the asset limit. However, she quickly spent the 

settlement money and she had to reapply for SNAP. Another client mentioned that receiving a car as a gift 

pushed her over the asset limit. 

Even when I was lying in bed–I have a metal rod in my leg, I needed an artificial kneecap—I could not work. 

I couldn’t even stand up for a period of time. So that’s why my dad invested me in a car. I explained that to 

them; they said since I have a car, since I can pay the insurance, you don’t need food stamps. And I still 

have a child. I still have rent. [Utility company] is $135 [and] everything else: that’s my budget. I mean, I’m in 

need of food stamps, and they won’t allow you... [Client Focus Group Participant] 

Child support payments were cited as pushing clients over the income limits. Clients sometimes noted 

that though it was recorded that they received child support, from their perspective, they had not received it. 

I got cut off in May of this year because I got three child support checks that month. I didn’t even notice I got 

it. I got cut off because of it. And then I got right back on it. [Client Focus Group Participant] 

Changes in family structure could also lead to income fluctuations. Sometimes adult children moved in 

and out of the household or parents moved in with each other, then separated. The changes in their income 

contributions affected SNAP eligibility of the household. 

A lot of relational problems: I went to live with this father of [the] children, didn’t work out, lot of domestic 

issues that cause them to flip flop. [SNAP Caseworker] 
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4.2.1.2 Client mobility and difficulty with address changes

SNAP recertification notices are typically sent to clients through regular US mail. Clients must respond 

to the letters by providing the requested documentation in a timely manner, to maintain their SNAP benefits 

without interruption. There are typically no “back up” notifications, such as a phone call, reminding clients to 

recertify. Thus, lack of receipt and response to mail notifications is a key issue in churn. 

If the client fails to receive the notification because they moved, this can lead to an expired certification. 

Among clients, this was a commonly cited cause of SNAP churn. Low-income households tend to move 

more often than those with higher income, and SNAP clients often face housing insecurity (as described in 

the previous section). In contrast, SNAP administrators and caseworkers were more likely to note that 

clients failed to respond to their recertification notices because of procrastination, while clients were more 

likely to cite a failure to receive the notification notices as causing their failure to respond. 

[Response to why the client lost benefits and came back on] because they said that they didn’t have my 

address, but that’s not true [it is] because they didn’t send it, and they do have my address. I get all my mail. 

[Client Focus Group Participant] 

When they sent me the letter saying that my benefits were denied because I moved. Ok, if I moved, then 

how am I getting this letter? They said that they got the mail back, but they sent me my denial here so I 

don’t know whom they think you are dealing with. I’m not some stupid idiot on the street. [Client Focus 

Group Participant] 

Maybe that is why people are not coming...because they are not getting their mail because they are either 

not there or people [are] living with people who don’t give them their mail. [SNAP Caseworker] 

When they don’t have kids and they are not as stable—they are the ones that say that they are going from 

house to house so they are using someone else’s address for mail. And sometimes it does happen with 

people that work. They may forget to tell us that they moved. Or they tell the post office, but they forward our 

mail, so they have to tell us. [SNAP Caseworker] 

We have a lot of transient people who move a lot, are in and out. A lot of people who stay in shelters where 

they don’t necessarily get their mail, or sleep wherever, not even in shelters. [SNAP Caseworker] 

They don’t live where they say they live. That is our biggest. We do not have, for whatever reason, an 

address to get a hold of them. When we mail out mailings, we get so much back. Undeliverable. The biggest 

misconception that they have is that they think that if they report a change of address to the post office that 

we are going to get it. [SNAP Administrator] 

Right, that’s the biggest. It is really surprisingly a very mobile—homelessness is not per se what it was 10 

years ago or whatever. It is couch hopping especially with the young, so they don’t even know what address 
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they are using. So they are not technically what people see as homeless, but they don’t have a permanent 

residence and I see that as a major issue. [SNAP Administrator] 

Sometimes the clients’ employment situation contributed to the agency’s difficulty in notifying them of a 

need to recertify. In one site with many migrant workers, caseworkers noted it was difficult to locate these 

very mobile clients. 

Clients often noted that they lived in large households or in households with changes in composition. 

This contributed to difficulties in receiving their mail because other household occupants never gave the 

mail to them. This issue also occurred when clients lived in apartment buildings with communal mail areas, 

which could lead to mail mix-ups. 

The following circumstances were also cited by respondents: 

 In some sites, the caseloads were too large for the caseworkers to manage, and even when clients 

submitted address changes to the system, they were not entered into the clients’ records. 

 In a site, there were glitches in the computers that led to forms being sent to old addresses. 

 In some sites, clients and caseworkers noted that the call centers were overwhelmed and the 

clients were unable to reach them to ask questions about the recertification process or to submit 

address changes. 

 In some sites, they used a paper-based system, and forms and documentation needed for 

recertification were sometimes lost in the office. 

4.2.1.3 Literacy issues and complicated agency notices		

In some sites, SNAP caseworkers described the recertification notices as being written with complicated 

wording. For example, in one site, multiple dates were listed on the notice, often confusing clients about the 

date that was relevant to their recertification process. 

The complicated nature of the notices was compounded by low literacy levels of some SNAP clients. 

I look at the rural communities, and to me, bigger pockets of literacy and language issues [SNAP 

Administrator] 

Language barriers could also play a role. Sometimes notifications were not available in the primary 

language spoken by clients. This was particularly true in areas with more recent immigrant populations. 
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Spanish language used to be a barrier, I think, because we didn’t have lots of Spanish working here, but 

Propel [a language translation service] has helped, it’s a good service. You just choose the language you 

want and they’ll give you an interpreter [SNAP Caseworker] 

4.2.1.4 Client lack of response

SNAP administrators and caseworkers also noted that sometimes clients simply did not respond to 

recertification notices. 

They don’t read their mail, we have a wonderful [database] that tells them everything, but they don’t keep up 

with log on passwords, any of that, kind of like they feel like it’s our responsibility to do that. [We] can’t keep 

up with that, they want case managers and we’re not case managers [SNAP Administrator] 

Clients may also be dealing with multiple stressors in their lives, such as mental health issues, 

complicated relationship issues, or stress that prevents them from responding promptly to recertification 

notices. 

Most SSI people...majority are mental health issues, very excitable people, they worry over these things, 

different things, call and call to make sure and verify, lot of talking them down. If they did not return interim 

report, they snap, explode out of proportion; its ok just have to do this do that, they’re anxious people, 

mental health, got form but can’t find them, such and such out of town, did not have anyone to fill out for 

them. [SNAP Caseworker] 

A lot of customers are experiencing a difficult time in their lives and they have a lot of things going on at the 

same time so they miss deadlines [SNAP Administrator] 

In contrast, some respondents attributed the lack of client response to confusion over the recertification 

process. Another often-cited factor was a lack of transportation to the office to respond to requests for 

information or in-person interviews. 

Depending on where you are in the county, this is a rather large county, there are some rural areas, I only 

live 10 miles from here but it takes me 20 minutes to get home because it’s rural, there’s only one road, I’m 

going where everyone else is going, so that’s definitely part of it, for them to be able to get into here. [SNAP 

Caseworker] 

Transportation issues can be a problem for a lot of people. They may not have transportation during the 

hours the office is open, especially. [SNAP Caseworker] 

Well, a large percentage of our clients don’t have transportation. They have to rely on buses or somebody to 

bring them, which I’m sure makes it very difficult at times to get down here. That’s why it is so good that we 

have the [automated phone system], that they can phone. [SNAP Caseworker] 
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Many clients lacked computer literacy and were uncomfortable with computerized systems for receiving 

or responding to recertification notices. 

They don’t understand what they’re doing on the computer, a lot of customers aren’t computer literate so [it 

is a] real tough one for me; we do a lot of that. [SNAP Administrator] 

A significant number of people are not good with computers, and we strongly encourage people to use the 

computers. Just go online, set up a [account]. But there are people who don’t have computers, never used 

them, they’re not going to change, but we can always give a paper application. It takes more time for a 

worker to process that, but it should always be available; you can’t expect everybody to be computer 

literate, especially old people, some old people are very good with that, but the majority that I’ve 

encountered are not [SNAP Caseworker] 

4.2.2 SNAP practices

4.2.2.1 Task management versus case management

Many sites no longer use case management systems, in which caseworkers follow a SNAP case 

through its life cycle. Instead they use a task-based system, in which a caseworker focuses on one piece of 

the SNAP case, such as recertification. The switch to a task-based system has masked the awareness of 

SNAP churn as an issue. Because caseworkers do not follow the SNAP case through the multiple stages of 

entry, exit, and reentry, caseworkers in sites with task-based systems were much less aware of churning as 

an issue among their clients. 

4.2.2.2 Recertification process versus application process

In one site, the staff believed that the recertification process was more complicated than the application 

process. Some staff speculated that clients may even let their benefits lapse on purpose, preferring to 

reapply rather than go through a recertification. 

4.2.3 SNAP policies and procedures to reduce churn

In this section we describe the policies and procedures that are believed to reduce churn, based on the 

perspective of SNAP clients, caseworkers, and administrators. Sometimes these procedures were 

implemented with the specific intention of reducing churn. Sometimes these procedures were implemented 

for other reasons, but they seemed to have an effect on churn. These procedures have not been proven to 

reduce churn, but were cited by interviewees as promising practices for reducing churn. 
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4.2.4 Reinstatement of eligibility waiver (30‐day grace period)

In several sites, we heard that the “30-day grace period” reduced churn. Under the reinstatement of 

eligibility waiver (or “break in service” waiver) that some study states have received from FNS, households 

can be reinstated without a reapplication if they provide required documentation within 30 days. Clients in 

particular mentioned this as a key to reducing churn. Clients would go to the store to buy food, and their 

SNAP card would be rejected because they had missed the deadline for recertification. This was often the 

first time clients became aware that they had missed the recertification deadline, if they had not received 

the notices in the mail. The grace period would allow them 30 additional days to submit the necessary 

documentation. 

4.2.5 Aligned recertification dates or lengthened certification periods

Some States have aligned the recertification dates across Medicaid, TANF, and SNAP. This allows 

SNAP clients receiving multiple benefits to recertify only once during the year. Other sites have lengthened 

the time period between recertification periods. 

4.2.6 Simplifying recertification

In one site, the six-month report was reduced to a brief checklist. If the client reported no changes, it 

was a quick recertification process. 

4.2.7 Reducing face‐to‐face interviews		

Scheduling and attending interviews was often a barrier to recertification for SNAP clients. Some sites 

have eliminated face-to-face interviews with caseworkers for some types of cases for which it is a burden, 

allowing interviews to be conducted by telephone or by a third party. 

4.2.8 Integrated data systems in real time

Sites have taken measures to reduce the circumstances in which interviews are needed by utilizing 

accessible, integrated administrative data systems. For example, in one site, if caseworkers can verify 

client information through accessible integrated data systems, they do not require an interview. 

4.2.9 Reducing paperwork

Completing, submitting, and keeping track of paper documentation can interfere with timely 

recertification, as described in the section on causes of churn. Sites have taken measures to reduce 

paperwork. In one site, all recertification is done by phone, rather than by paper. In addition, the workers 

verify the information in real time, while the client is on the phone, which reduces the need for the client to 
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submit supporting documentation. Additionally, sites allow for telephonic signature so clients can sign off on 

their recertification over the phone. 

One site implemented a system to scan and file all paper documents that were received; however, the 

site experienced “glitches” and some of the electronic information has been lost. 

4.2.10 Online systems

Automated tracking systems through which clients can access and monitor their SNAP cases were cited 

as a means to potentially reduce SNAP churn. These systems are accessible around the clock and provide 

important information to clients about what they need to submit to maintain their SNAP benefits. However, 

some caseworkers and clients cited concerns about using these systems. Some clients are not computer 

literate, particularly older clients, and some clients do not have access to a computer. 

The only ones that get hurt might be the ones without a computer. So those that have to come in and need 

to find transportation, it makes it harder for them. The elderly might not have computers, and they are the 

ones getting OASDI or social security. [SNAP Caseworker] 

4.2.11 More accessible call centers

As described in the previous section on causes of churn, keeping track of clients’ addresses is important 

for reducing churn so that clients receive the key notifications about recertification. To help address this 

issue, one site implemented a call-in system through which clients could report address changes at any 

time. 

4.2.12 Flexible staffing

In the previous section, very high caseloads were identified as a cause of churn because staff could not 

keep up with the requisite paperwork, such as recording address changes. In one office, they addressed 

this issue by allowing offices to shift work to other local offices. This reduced staff burden and allowed them 

to provide more timely responses. 

4.2.13 Food bank waivers

In one site, the state has obtained a waiver allowing the local food bank to conduct interviews with 

SNAP clients. Their outreach coordinator maintained a spreadsheet with client data and keeps in touch to 

remind people when to recertify. 
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4.3 Key findings

 SNAP clients experienced a great deal of anxiety when they lost their SNAP benefits, even for a 

short period of time. 

 Loss of the benefits was unexpected. Clients would learn that their benefits had been stopped at the 

moment they were purchasing groceries. 

 In addition to experiencing hunger and food insecurity, the loss of benefits also led to financial 

insecurity. SNAP clients had to pay for food, rather than pay important bills, such as their utilities or 

rent. 

 Churn sometimes occurred when SNAP clients got a new job that was lost quickly, due to 

illness or lack of child care. 

 Churn occurred when their incomes went up for short period of time due to seasonal 

employment or overtime pay. 

 Procedural issues led to churn. The most frequent issue was nonresponse to recertification notices. 

Sometimes SNAP clients simply did not receive the notices because they were sent to the wrong 

address or the client never changed their address at the office. Other times, the client never responded 

because they were experiencing personal difficulties, they could not read the notice, they were unable 

to use the online resources, or they were unable to respond in person because of transportation issues. 

 SNAP workers described many procedures and policies that they believed could reduce churn. 

Though these have not been rigorously evaluated, they included reducing the burden of recertification, 

providing a 30-day grace period for recertification (under a reinstatement of eligibility waiver), and 

providing more responsive customer service. 
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5 FACTORS ASSOCIATED WITH CHURN 

In this chapter, we examine potential factors associated with churning in SNAP from multivariate 

analyses conducted on administrative data from the six study States. For these analyses, we present 

estimates from regression models that pool all six States’ data. We use State fixed effects to control for 

potential time-invariant State differences that could influence churn. (For individual State model results, see 

Appendix Table A-14 through Table A-19). Refer to Chapter 2 for a full discussion of the methods 

employed in this chapter. 

We consider three sets of factors that could potentially influence churn, each of which will be discussed 

in turn: household demographic characteristics, household economic characteristics, and local 

characteristics. We present findings from a multivariate logistic regression model that estimates the odds of 

churning and the odds of exiting (and not returning in four months) relative to the odds of remaining on 

SNAP throughout the FY 2011 observation period. For simplicity, 
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Table 14 shows the odds ratios for churning only. 

This primary analysis includes all SNAP cases observed on the caseload in September 2010. For these 

cases, we estimate their probability of churning at any point during FY 2011. We include the number of 

months on SNAP since December 2009 as a control variable to capture different lengths of time on the 

program, and account for left censoring with a dummy variable for whether the case is first observed in 

December 2009. Appendix Table A- 20 presents the model estimates for a FY 2011 entry cohort that 

accounts for potential censoring bias; similar results are found. 

We also present findings from an analysis of cases that reach a recertification event. In Chapter 3, we 

demonstrated that most, but not all, churn occurs at a recertification or submission of a required periodic 

report. We refer to both events as “recertification” for simplicity. Our focus in this analysis is to examine 

factors that change (e.g., household address; household composition; employment status and earnings; 

TANF or SSI receipt), and to assess whether these changes are associated with an increased probability of 

churning in SNAP. We measure change for churners as changes in their circumstances between their last 

observed time on SNAP before churning at recertification and their characteristics once they return to 

SNAP. We measure change for those who successfully recertify as a change in their circumstances 

between the month before recertification and the month after recertification. There are two key limitations of 

note: first, not all cases reach recertification, including those that churn, so results of these analyses are 

biased towards cases that reach a recertification event. We know that most cases that churn do so at 

recertification, so we think that though this limitation is important to note, it is more critical to understand 

what is happening at recertification. Second, we do not actually know what happens during the churn spell, 

as the only information we have is what households report to SNAP while they receive benefits. While this 

limits the interpretability of findings, it is important to note that most churn spells are one month or less, so it 

is highly plausible that what we observe when cases return to SNAP is what was happening during the 

churn spell. With those caveats, the findings presented in this section should be cautiously interpreted and 

used to suggest patterns and not causal impacts. 

In all the models presented in this chapter, the results presented reflect relationships controlling for 

other modeled characteristics. For example, a coefficient showing that cases with younger heads of 

household are more likely to churn indicates that this relationship holds when controlling for race, 
5. Factors Associated with Churn Urban Institute 

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household size and composition, employment and earnings, and local characteristics. Results are 

presented as odds ratios; thus, for example, a value of 1.15 indicates that a case has 15 percent higher 

odds of churning relative to a reference group. 

5.1 Factors associated with churn in fiscal year 2011

5.1.1 Demographic characteristics

5.1.1.1 Age of case head

Relative to cases headed by working-age adults (30 to 44 year olds), cases headed by younger persons 

are more likely to churn and cases headed by older persons are less likely to churn than to remain on 

SNAP (see 
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Table 14). Cases headed by individuals under age 18 have 11 percent higher odds of churning than 

cases headed by 30- to 44-year-olds. Cases headed by younger adults (18- to 29-year-olds) have 32 

percent higher odds of churning than cases headed by 30- to 44-year-olds. In contrast, cases headed by 

45- to 64-year-olds have 27 percent lower odds of churning than those headed by the reference group, and 

cases headed by someone 65 or older have 58 percent lower odds of churning. 

5.1.1.2 Race/ethnicity of case head

The race/ethnicity of the SNAP case head is associated with the probability of churning. SNAP 

households with black case heads have 4 percent higher odds of churning than households with white case 

heads. In contrast, households with Hispanic and other minority case heads are less likely to churn than 

households with white case heads (10 and 15 percent lower odds, respectively). 

5.1.1.3 Household size

Larger household size is associated with increased odds of churning. Each additional household 

member increases the odds of churning by 3 percent, relative to remaining on SNAP. 

5.1.1.4 Household composition

Differences in household composition are also associated with changes in the odds of churning relative 

to staying. Nonelderly nondisabled households without children have 28 percent greater odds of churning 

than nonelderly nondisabled households with children (the reference group). Households with an elderly or 

disabled member and children have 10 percent greater odds of churning. In contrast, households with an 

elderly or disabled member but without children have 44 percent lower odds of churning than the reference 

group. 

5.1.2 Household economic characteristics

Employment and earnings characteristics are associated with churning in SNAP. Relative to households 

that report employment and have gross income above 100 percent of poverty, those employed with belowpoverty earnings have about 13 percent lower odds of churning. Households with no employment but with 

some form of unearned income (including TANF or SSI) also have lower odds of churning than remaining 

on the program compared to working households with above-poverty gross income. In contrast, households 

with no earned or unearned income have 4 percent higher chance of churning than remaining on the 

program compared to employed households with above-poverty income. 
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5.1.3 Local characteristics

5.1.3.1 County poverty rate

County poverty rates are negatively associated with churning in SNAP. The magnitude of the effect is 

small, however. For every percentage-point increase in the county poverty rate, the odds of churning 

relative to remaining on the program decline by 1 percent. 

5.1.3.2 County unemployment rate

County unemployment rates are also negatively associated with churning in SNAP. Like county poverty 

rates, the relative size of the association is small. For every percentage-point increase in the county 

unemployment rate, the odds of churning in SNAP relative to staying on the program are 1 percent lower. 

5.1.3.3 County community food service providers (per capita)

The per capita number of community food service providers in the county is positively associated with 

churning in SNAP. For every additional community food provider per 1,000 county residents, the odds of 

churning relative to staying on SNAP increase by 16 percent. 

5.1.3.4 Median rent as a percent of median income (county)

Living in a higher cost county, defined as having a high ratio of median rent to median income, is 

positively associated with churning relative to remaining on SNAP. The magnitude of the association, 

however, is small. For every one-unit increase in the rent-to-income ratio, the odds of churning relative to 

staying on SNAP are higher by less than 1 percent. 

5.1.3.5 Rural area

Living in a rural area is negatively associated with churning in SNAP relative to remaining on SNAP. 

SNAP households that live in rural areas have 8 percent lower odds of churning compared with those in 

non-rural areas. 
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Table 14. Estimated Odds of Churning versus Remaining on SNAP as Modeled by Demographic, Economic, and Local 

Characteristics 

Characteristic Churner 

Odds ratio (SE) 

Demographic characteristics 

Age of case head 

< 18 1.106*** 

(0.016) 

18–29 1.322*** 

(0.004) 

30–44 (reference) 

45–64 0.730*** 

(0.002) 

65+ 0.420*** 

(0.003) 

Race/ethnicity of case head 

White (reference) 

Black 1.042*** 

(0.003) 

Hispanic 0.902*** 

(0.003) 

Other 0.854*** 

(0.006) 

Unknown 1.021* 

(0.011) 

Household size 1.030*** 

(0.001) 

Household composition 

Nonelderly/nondisabled with children (reference) 

Nonelderly/nondisabled without children 1.278*** 

(0.005) 

Elderly/disabled with children 1.104*** 

(0.005) 

Elderly/disabled without children 0.662*** 

(0.003) 

Economic characteristics 

Employment and earnings 

Employed, gross income < 50% poverty 0.873*** 

(0.005) 

Employed, gross income 50–100% poverty 0.875*** 

(0.004) 

Employed, gross income > 100% poverty (reference) 

Not employed, SSI or TANF receipt 0.537*** 

(0.003) 

Not employed, unearned income (not SSI/TANF) 0.773*** 

(0.004) 

Not employed, no income 1.036*** 

(0.005) 

Local characteristics (county-level) 

Poverty rate 0.991*** 

(0.000) 
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Characteristic Churner 

Odds ratio (SE) 

Unemployment rate 0.994*** 

(0.001) 

Community food providers per 1,000 population 1.162* 

(0.078) 

Median rent as percent of median income 1.007*** 

(0.000) 

Rural area 0.919*** 

(0.004) 

State fixed effects 

Florida (reference) 

Idaho 0.479*** 

(0.005) 

Illinois 0.952*** 

(0.004) 

Maryland 0.681*** 

(0.004) 

Texas 1.002 

(0.005) 

Virginia 0.709*** 

(0.004) 

SNAP participation characteristics 

Months on SNAP 0.938*** 

(0.001) 

First observed December 2009 0.707*** 

(0.003) 

Constant 1.562*** 

(0.019) 

Observations 4,696,600 

Pseudo r-squared 0.087 

Source: Urban Institute estimates of pooled State SNAP administrative data from Florida, Idaho, Illinois, Maryland, Texas, and 

Virginia. 

Universe: All SNAP cases observed receiving benefits in September 2010. 

Dependent variable: whether case churns or exits (rather than stays on SNAP) during observation period of October 2010—

September 2011. 

Notes: Exponentiated coefficients; standard errors in parentheses. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 

5.2 Factors associated with churn at recertification		

Households that churn at recertification experience far more changes in their household circumstances 

than households that successfully recertify (see 
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Table 15). Over one-half of churners (53 percent) move or experience a change in household 

composition, TANF or SSI receipt, employment, or earnings compared with about a quarter of households 

that successfully recertify (27 percent). 

5.2.1 Moving		

Nearly one-fifth (18 percent) of churners who churn at recertification move to a new ZIP code. This may 

be an important factor, as only 3 percent of those who successfully recertify reported moving to another ZIP 

code. These estimates understate the extent to which churners and non-churners change address, as they 

do not capture moves within the same ZIP code.23 Moving to a new ZIP code is associated with a five-fold 

increase in the odds of churning at recertification relative to successfully recertifying. 

5.2.2 Change in household size

Among households that churn at recertification, 12 percent experience a change in household size 

compared with 6 percent of households that successfully recertify. A change in household size is 

associated with a 64 percent increase in the odds of churning relative to successfully recertifying. 

5.2.3 Change in TANF or SSI receipt

We do not observe many cases experiencing a change in their TANF or SSI status. Among SNAP 

households that churned at recertification, 3 percent experienced a change in TANF or SSI receipt 

compared with 2 percent of households that successfully recertified. However, a change in TANF or SSI 

receipt is associated with a 26 percent increase in the odds of churning relative to successfully recertifying. 

5.2.4 Change in employment status

Nearly one-fifth (18 percent) of SNAP households that churned at recertification experienced a change 

in employment status—more than twice the share of households that successfully recertified. Ten percent 

of cases that churned at recertification became unemployed, and 8 percent became employed. We see the 

reverse pattern among those that successfully recertified—5 percent became employed and 3 percent 

became unemployed. A change in employment status is associated with a 50 percent increase in the odds 

of churning relative to recertifying. 

 23 To preserve confidentiality, the data files obtained from the states excluded address. 
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5.2.5 Change in gross income as a percent of poverty

More than one-quarter of SNAP households that churn at recertification experience a change in income 

as a percent of poverty compared with 16 percent of those that successfully recertify. Only 8 percent of 

churners gain income that puts them above 100 percent of poverty. A slightly lower share—5 percent—of 

those that successfully recertify gain income that moves them above the poverty line. Experiencing any 

change in income is associated with a 29 percent increase in the odds of churning relative to successfully 

recertifying. 

5.2.6 Other factors

Demographic, economic, and geographic factors have similar results comparing the annual model—

which shows the odds of churn during the year (see 
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Table 14) and the recertification model—which shows the odds of churn at the point of recertification for 

households facing recertification in September 2010 (see 
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Table 16).24 However, the State fixed effects are higher in the recertification model, relative to the 

reference group. This may in part reflect the fact that, while Florida (the reference group) has the second 

highest churn rate among the study States (Figure 2) it is the second lowest in the extent to which churn 

happens at recertification (see Figure 3). Also, relative to the reference group of families with children and 

no elderly or disabled, elderly or disabled cases without children are less likely to churn in the annual model 

and more likely to churn in the recertification model. The lower likelihood of churn among the elderly or 

disabled in the annual model is explained in part by the fact that they typically have longer certification 

periods and are therefore less likelihood to churn in a given year. Their higher likelihood of churn at the 

point of recertification suggests that when recertification is reached, the elderly or disabled may face 

additional challenges to successful recertification, despite the fact that their income and family situation 

may be more stable than those of families with children. 

 24 We also ran the recertification model without the variables showing changes in circumstances. The resulting odds ratios for 

demographic, economic, and geographic characteristics were similar to those when the change variables are included. 
5. Factors Associated with Churn Urban Institute 

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Table 15. SNAP Participant Characteristics Associated with Churn at Recertification 

Changes at recertification Churn at recertification (%) Successfully recertify (%) 

Address change 

Change in ZIP code 18 3 

Household composition change 

Increase in number of adults on case 4 2 

Decrease in number of adults on case 5 2 

Increase in number of children on case 4 2 

Decrease in number of children on case 3 1 

Any change in number of household members 12 6 

Change in TANF or SSI receipt 

Started receiving TANF or SSI 2 1 

No longer receiving TANF or SSI 2 1 

Any change in TANF or SSI receipt 3 2 

Employment status change 

Became employed 8 5 

Became unemployed 10 3 

Any change in employment status 18 8 

Change in income as a percent of poverty 

Increase in income—over 100% FPL 8 5 

Decrease in income—below 100% FPL 5 2 

Any change in income as a percent of poverty 27 16 

Change in any of the above characteristics 53 27 

Source: Urban Institute tabulations of pooled State SNAP administrative data from Florida, Idaho, Illinois, Maryland, Texas, and 

Virginia. 

Universe: All SNAP cases with recertification due in September 2010 that either successfully recertified or churned (but did not 

exit SNAP for five or more months). 

Notes: Missing values are not counted as changes. Numbers may not sum to totals due to rounding. 
5. Factors Associated with Churn Urban Institute 

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Table 16. Estimated Odds of Churning versus Remaining on SNAP at Recertification, as Modeled by Demographic, 

Economic, Local, and Change Characteristics 

Characteristic Churner 

Odds ratio (SE) 

Demographic characteristics 

Age of case head 

< 18 0.907* 

(0.042) 

18–29 1.173*** 

(0.010) 

30–44 (reference) 

45–64 0.765*** 

(0.008) 

65+ 0.355*** 

(0.008) 

Race/ethnicity of case head 

White (reference) 

Black 1.055*** 

(0.010) 

Hispanic 0.959*** 

(0.009) 

Other 0.889*** 

(0.021) 

Unknown 1.053 

(0.032) 

Household size 0.974*** 

(0.003) 

Household composition 

Nonelderly/nondisabled with children (reference) 

Nonelderly/nondisabled without children 1.298*** 

(0.015) 

Elderly/disabled with children 1.255*** 

(0.017) 

Elderly/disabled without children 1.333*** 

(0.019) 

Economic characteristics 

Employment and earnings 

Employed, gross income < 50% poverty 0.965* 

(0.016) 

Employed, gross income 50–100% poverty 0.947*** 

(0.014) 

Employed, gross income > 100% poverty (reference) 

Not employed, SSI or TANF receipt 0.485*** 

(0.008) 

Not employed, unearned income (not SSI/TANF) 0.822*** 

(0.011) 

Not employed, no income 1.118*** 

(0.016) 

Local characteristics (county-level) 

Poverty rate 0.997*** 

(0.001) 
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Characteristic Churner 

Odds ratio (SE) 

Unemployment rate 0.997 

(0.003) 

Community food providers per 1,000 population 0.734 

(0.152) 

Median rent as percent of median income 0.999 

(0.001) 

Rural area 0.835*** 

(0.011) 

State fixed effects 

Florida (reference) 

Idaho 1.063* 

(0.032) 

Illinois 2.529*** 

(0.034) 

Maryland 0.899*** 

(0.017) 

Texas 1.695*** 

(0.026) 

Virginia 1.039* 

(0.018) 

SNAP participation characteristics 

Months on SNAP 0.966*** 

(0.005) 

First observed December 2009 0.669*** 

(0.015) 

Change characteristics 

Change in ZIP code 4.923*** 

 (0.056) 

Change in total number on case 1.637*** 

 (0.019) 

Change in SSI/TANF receipt 1.263*** 

 (0.026) 

Change in employment status 1.525*** 

 (0.016) 

Change in gross income as percent of poverty 1.294*** 

(0.012) 

Constant 0.302*** 

(0.013) 

Observations 618,500 

Pseudo r-squared 0.135 

Source: Urban Institute estimates of pooled State SNAP administrative data from Florida, Idaho, Illinois, Maryland, Texas, and 

Virginia. 

Universe: All SNAP cases with recertification due in September 2010 that either successfully recertified or churned (but did not 

exit SNAP for five or more months). 

Dependent variable: whether case churns (rather than successfully recertifies) in September 2010. 

Notes: Exponentiated coefficients; standard errors in parentheses. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 
5. Factors Associated with Churn Urban Institute 

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5.3 Key findings

 SNAP households with younger case heads, black case heads, larger number of members, and 

those with neither elderly members, disabled members, nor children are all more likely to churn 

than other households, holding other factors constant. 

 Households with elderly or disabled members are less likely to churn than nonelderly and 

nondisabled households with children within the ensuing year, but are more likely to churn 

among those reaching a scheduled recertification. This contradictory finding suggests that the 

longer certification periods often allotted the elderly and disabled may temporarily reduce churn. This 

does not, however, suggest that longer certification periods eliminate churn, rather it is suggestive that 

it prolongs the period on SNAP before churn occurs. Improving the process of recertification may be 

the more critical factor in reducing churn. 

 Cases with gross income above 100 percent of poverty and cases with no earned or unearned 

income are the most likely to churn. These are two very distinct groups within those that churn and 

may suggest very different storylines for churners—one that involves obtaining more income and 

leaving SNAP because of benefit ineligibility (or perceived ineligibility), and one that involves leaving 

SNAP given challenging household circumstances and difficulty with the recertification process. 

 While local characteristics have small impacts on churn, households living in areas with more 

community food providers per capita are more likely to churn. 

 Households that churn experience far more changes in their circumstances that could affect 

their ability to recertify than non-churners. 

 Churners are much more likely than non-churners to have moved to a new ZIP code. The 

disruption of moving may make it difficult for SNAP participants to comply with recertification 

procedures. It may also be that SNAP participants do not report their address change to the SNAP 

office and do not receive recertification notifications. 

 Other changes associated with churn at recertification include changes in household 

composition, employment, and earnings. All of these factors could affect benefit eligibility, but the 

low gross earnings reported to SNAP suggest that household instability may play as much of a role if 

not larger in churn. 
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6 COSTS ASSOCIATED WITH CHURN 

The closing and reopening of SNAP cases that experience churn imposes costs both to program clients 

and to agencies administering the program. For clients, a full accounting of costs includes the loss of 

benefits that they otherwise would have received, the administrative burdens involved in the steps taken to 

reenter the program, and other burdens related to coping during the period without benefits (e.g., needing 

to visit food pantries or other available sources of food assistance). For agencies, churn affects costs in a 

number of ways, some of which impose additional program costs—such as needing to process applications 

of households applying to reenter the program—and others which reduce them—such as a reduction in the 

cost of maintaining cases during the period they have exited the program. 

This chapter presents a discussion of the costs of churn and some basic approaches to measuring 

them. It presents estimates of the costs based on data gathered for this study, including findings from 

administrative data and the qualitative interviews, and on cost data reported by States. For the estimates of 

benefit loss to individuals, these data sources allow development of reasonable bounding estimates. For 

the estimates of the costs to agencies, the available data lack sufficient detail and require more extensive 

assumptions and sensitivity analysis. The chapter presents preliminary estimates of those costs and 

illustrates strategies that could potentially be used to develop more accurate estimates in the future. 

Throughout this chapter, as with earlier quantitative chapters, the focus is on f 2011, and the analysis 

includes churn spells where any part of the case’s break in participation occurred within FY 2011. It is also 

important to note that in any measurement of costs, there is the question of cost compared to what? This 

chapter considers costs compared to a counterfactual scenario in which households that appear potentially 

eligible to receive benefits had continued to receive benefits instead of experiencing churn. Therefore, 

throughout the chapter, we focus on cases where the administrative data indicate that the household may 

have been benefit-eligible during their churn spell. 

This chapter presents findings for all six States that are the focus of this study. These findings respond 

to the research questions posed under Research Objective 4: Calculate the cost of churning. Results are 
6. Costs Associated with Churn Urban Institute 

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organized into two main sections: the impact of churn on agency administrative costs, and the costs of 

churn for participants. Findings are presented separately by State, except where noted. 

6.1 Certification costs of churn

Churn can be expected to impose certification costs on agencies, versus a scenario in which eligible 

participants instead continued on the program, because in many instances of churn, the agency must 

process a reapplication that the client would otherwise not submit. In four of the six study States, as 

presented in Chapter 3, 80 to 90 percent of churn events occur at the time of a scheduled recertification or 

interim report. This suggests that churn events typically replace a recertification with a reapplication. To the 

extent that the reapplication process is more costly to the agency than recertification, churn imposes a net 

cost. A very important qualification to this, drawn from findings in both Chapters 3 and 4, is that instances of 

churn where a client reenters the program after one month or less are, from a process standpoint, usually 

handled as a delayed recertification rather than a new case, suggesting no net added cost. Therefore the 

discussion of certification costs of churn that follows focuses on cases with breaks in participation of more 

than one month. As indicated in Chapter 3, such cases make up to 21 to 34 percent of churners among the 

study States. 

Detailed cost information showing the difference in costs of recertifications and reapplications is not 

available. However, the qualitative interviews we conducted under this study included relevant questions 

asked of caseworkers and administrators: “Do you know how many hours it might take to process a typical 

initial application; an interim six-month report; a typical recertification; a typical reentry (for someone who 

churns)?” Responses to these questions were based on the impressions of the interviewees at the time of 

the interview rather than from any systematic study of staff times. Interviewees pointed out that the time 

needed could vary widely based on different case characteristics (e.g., household size, whether there were 

earnings, etc.). However, most responses were generally consistent on two key points. First, the application 

procedures for a churner reentering the program and the time taken to process that application is 

essentially the same as for an initial application for benefits. Second, the staff time involved in a 

recertification or interim report is typically one-third to one-half of the staff time involved in an initial 

application. 
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6.1.1 Unit costs

 Table 17 presents the estimates of unit costs arrived at using the methodology indicated in Chapter 2. It 

shows two sets of estimates, based on different assumptions about the ratio of the unit cost of a 

recertification to the unit cost of an initial application. As noted, estimates of staff time involved in these 

certification processes, provided by staff interviewed on the site visits, suggested that this ratio falls within 

the range of one-half to one-third. The two sets of estimates are based on the lower and higher end of this 

range. 

Table 17. Estimates of Unit Costs of Initial Applications and Recertifications and of Unit Certification Cost of Churn, 

FY 2011 

State Unit cost of initial 

application ($) 

Unit cost of recertification 

($) 

Unit certification cost 

of churn ($) 

Assumption: unit cost of recertification is 1/2 that of initial application 

Florida 49 24 24 

Idaho 86 43 43 

Illinois 197 99 99 

Maryland 202 101 101 

Texas 172 86 86 

Virginia 275 137 137 

Six-state average 164 82 82 

Assumption: unit cost of recertification is 1/3 that of initial application 

Florida 60 20 40 

Idaho 104 35 69 

Illinois 235 78 157 

Maryland 246 82 164 

Texas 208 69 139 

Virginia 346 115 231 

Six-state average 200 67 133 

Source: Calculations based on Urban Institute tabulations of State administrative data for FY 2011, State expense data as 

reported on form SF-269, and assumptions base on qualitative interviews of SNAP agency staff. 

It is clear from this table that the unit cost estimates vary widely, both among the States and between 

the different assumptions of the ratio of the costs of recertifications to initial applications. Looking first at the 

estimates under the assumption that recertification unit costs are one-half that of the unit costs for 

applications, the estimated unit certification costs range from $24 per instance of churn in Florida up to 

$137 per instance of churn—more than five times higher—in Virginia. This between-State variation is 
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largely driven by the variation in the overall certification costs included in the SF-269. The differences are 

largely consistent with the differences in per-case-month certification costs by State. The reasons for this 

variation are not entirely clear. It may reflect different processes in the different States, different 

distributions of case types, different wage rates for eligibility workers, and so on. One notable factor is that 

States appear to interpret the certification cost category on the SF-269 differently; Logan and Klerman 

report that States differ in what categories on the SF-269 they report indirect costs of certification.25 Given 

the variation, a simple average of the estimated unit costs for the six States may be more reliable. The sixState average certification cost per instance of churn is $82.26

The different assumptions about the ratio of the costs of recertifications to initial applications have a 

substantial effect on the estimate of the unit certification cost of churn. Using the assumption that the ratio 

is one-third instead of one-half raises the six-State average unit costs of initial applications by 22 percent; 

lowers the average unit cost of recertifications by 19 percent, and increases the difference between the 

two—the cost attributable to churn—by approximately 63 percent. The unit certification costs of churn 

under this set of assumptions range from $40 per instance of churn in Florida to $231 in Virginia, with a sixState average of $133. 

6.1.2 Statewide certification costs of churn

Table 18 shows estimates of the statewide certification costs of churn, calculated by multiplying the 

number of churn spells in FY 2011 greater than one month for each State by the estimate of the unit 

certification cost for the State that was presented in the previous table. (Only churn spells greater than one 

month are used because, as previously noted, we assume that cases reentering SNAP after a month or 

less would be handled as a delayed recertification and therefore would not impose a net cost on the 

agency.) Since we are estimating the cost of churn only for cases who appear to have been benefit-eligible 

throughout their churn spell, and since (as discussed in Chapter 3) it is not clear from the administrative 

 25 Logan and Klerman (2008), chapter 5. However, the authors also conclude that State reported data are generally consistent 

enough to permit cross-State comparisons 

26 This represents a simple average that gives equal weight to all six States. An alternative summary measure is the aggregated 

unit cost for the six States combined, which is $69 per instance of churn. That figure gives greater weight to those States with 

more annual certifications (Florida, Illinois, and Texas). 
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data for a subset of cases whether they were in fact eligible throughout, we present separate estimates that 

include and do not include the cases with “indeterminate eligibility.”27 

Table 18. Statewide Certification Costs of Churn, FY 2011 

State Number of churn spells 

greater than one month 

Certification cost of 

churn, assuming unit 

cost of recertification is 

1/2 that of initial 

applications ($) 

Certification cost of 

churn, assuming unit 

cost of recertification is 

1/3 that of initial 

applications ($) 

Likely benefit-eligible cases

Florida 106,400 2,587,500 4,223,100 

Idaho 2,700 115,700 186,300 

Illinois 60,800 6,006,100 9,538,500 

Maryland 15,000 1,511,800 2,451,600 

Texas 44,900 3,874,000 6,226,900 

Virginia 12,800 1,753,900 2,946,000 

Likely benefit-eligible and indeterminate cases

Florida 232,200 5,643,800 9,211,400 

Idaho 8,500 367,800 592,100 

Illinois 142,300 14,054,800 22,320,700 

Maryland 39,000 3,944,900 6,397,000 

Texas 145,400 12,538,300 20,153,200 

Virginia 28,200 3,877,500 6,513,000 

Source: Calculations based on Urban Institute tabulations of State administrative data for FY 2011, State expense data as 

reported on form SF-269, and assumptions base on qualitative interviews of SNAP agency staff. 

Note: The counts of the number of churn spells treat spells that fell within two different fiscal years as one half a case. 

The table shows a wide range of estimates, depending on which assumptions are used. Under the most 

conservative assumptions (only including cases with likely benefit eligibility, and assuming recertifications 

involve half the cost of initial applications) the estimates of the statewide certification costs of churn range 

from approximately $0.1 million in Idaho to $6.0 million in Illinois. Under the least conservative assumptions 

(including cases with indeterminate eligibility, and assuming recertifications involve one-third the cost of 

initial applications), the estimates of the statewide certification costs of churn are about three to five times 

 27 The number of cases of churn shown here differs somewhat from the figures presented in earlier chapters due to the treatment 

of cases of churn that start in one fiscal year and end in another. Throughout this report, these all have been counted as cases of 

churn occurring in FY 2011. However, it would be inappropriate to attribute the full certification costs of all such cases to FY 

2011. As a simple way to allocate the costs between FY 2011 and other years, we consider one-half of the cost as attributable to 

each year. We applied this adjustment via the number of churn spells, by counting cases that left SNAP in FY 2010 and returned 

in FY 2011, or that left SNAP in FY 2011 and returned in FY 2012, each as a half case. 
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higher, depending on the State, and range from approximately $0.4 million in Idaho to $22.3 million in 

Illinois. 

Several observations about the costs presented in Table 18 are worth noting. First, this method 

assumes certification costs reported in the SF-269 form can be distributed on a per-certification basis. To 

the extent that States include costs within their reporting of certification costs that should not be distributed 

on that basis, these estimates may overstate the costs of initial certifications and recertifications, and likely 

overstate the certification cost of churn. 

Second, the calculations that produced these estimates were based on a limited number of data items in 

the available administrative datasets. With more detailed or nuanced data, it would be possible to take into 

account more factors in the estimates. One notable example is the number of initial certifications and 

recertifications included as the basis of the calculation of the unit costs. Our estimates of the number of 

certifications and recertifications, based on participation spells and churn spells, implicitly assume that 

there is one initial application per participation spell, and that recertifications reliably occur at fixed dates (or 

if not, lead to program exit). In actuality, there are a number of other certification events that contribute to 

statewide certification costs, including denied initial applications and recertifications, multiple applications 

submitted by applicants while their first application is still being processed, and expedited cases that 

require the submission of full verifications within a small number of months. The available administrative 

data did not allow us to capture any of these events except in Texas, for which we had information on 

actual applications and whether they were approved or denied. The Texas data indicate that there were 

actually 58 percent more approved initial applications and recertifications than assumed in our calculation.28

They also show that there was one denied initial application or recertification for approximately every six 

that were approved. Including these additional certification events in the calculation of unit costs would 

have led to smaller estimates of per-event unit costs. However, we do not have information to know how 

the cost of denied applications compared to the cost of approved ones; how many events (e.g., denials, 

multiple applications) are associated with approved initial applications and recertifications; and whether that 

is different in instances of churn than applications not associated with instances of churn. 

 28 Data limitations do not allow us to meaningfully compare figures from the Texas data and those from our calculation separately

for initial applications and recertifications. 
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6.1.3 Comparing churn‐related costs and statewide certification costs

Table 19 compares these estimates of the costs of churn with the total statewide certification costs. 

Focusing just on churners identified as likely benefit eligible, certification costs of churn make up 1.1 to 3.7 

percent of certification costs under the assumption that the cost of recertifications is one-half the cost of 

initial applications, and 1.8 to 5.8 percent under the assumption that the cost of recertifications is one-third 

the cost of initial applications. Including cases with indeterminate eligibility doubles to triples the number of 

churner cases contributing to the cost estimate, and therefore also would double to triple the percentage 

presented in Table 19. 

Table 19. Certification Costs of Churn for Likely Benefit-Eligible Cases as a Percentage of Statewide Certification Costs, 

FY 2011 

State Certification cost of 

churn ($) 

Statewide certification 

costs ($) 

Cost of churn as a 

percentage of total 

statewide certification 

costs (%) 

Assumption: unit cost of recertification is 1/2 that of initial application 

Florida 2,587,500 110,417,300 2.3 

Idaho 115,700 10,605,200 1.1 

Illinois 6,006,100 163,760,700 3.7 

Maryland 1,511,800 80,361,700 1.9 

Texas 3,874,000 348,706,300 1.1 

Virginia 1,753,900 134,435,600 1.3 

Assumption: unit cost of recertification is 1/3 that of initial application

Florida 4,223,100 110,417,300 3.8 

Idaho 186,300 10,605,200 1.8 

Illinois 9,538,500 163,760,700 5.8 

Maryland 2,451,600 80,361,700 3.1 

Texas 6,226,900 348,706,300 1.8 

Virginia 2,946,000 134,435,600 2.2 

Source: Calculations based on Urban Institute tabulations of State administrative data for FY 2011, State expense data as 

reported on form SF-269, and qualitative interviews of SNAP agency staff. 

Note: Includes only cases identified as likely benefit-eligible during their churn spell. 

6.1.4 Alternative approach to calculating certification costs of churn

Another potential approach to estimating the certification costs of churn would be to build an estimate 

from the bottom up, based on independent measures of the costs involved in certifications, such as 

eligibility worker time, eligibility worker pay, and overhead reflecting non-labor costs. This would not rely on 

the statewide cost data reported by the States. Such an approach would require a more systematic 
6. Costs Associated with Churn Urban Institute 

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measurement of time spent on certification and collection of other cost data than was conducted as part of 

this study. In order to be representative, it would also require attention to a broader sample of staff in each 

State than those covered by our study’s interviews, which included only a few staff members in one office in 

each State. 

Although we did not collect enough information as part of this study to conduct such an analysis, we use 

the interview responses to the questions described earlier in the chapter to provide an example of how 

such an analysis might proceed. In most cases, interviewees said that time spent on initial applications was 

somewhere in the range of 30 to 60 minutes; recertifications ranged from about 15 to 30 minutes. This 

suggests a difference of 15 to 30 minutes between time spent on initial applications and recertifications. 

There was considerable variation within States, with times reported by interviewees in Florida notably lower 

than in the other States, and times reported by interviewees in Virginia notably higher. (Note that this is 

similar to the pattern found in the estimates of unit costs Table 17, where unit costs in Florida were notably 

lower than for the other States, and unit costs in Virginia notably higher.) Assuming a wage rate for 

eligibility workers of $19.95, this suggests that each time a case of churn necessitated an initial eligibility 

process instead of a recertification it cost agencies between $4.99 and $9.98 in one caseworker’s wages.29 

A number of other costs would need to be included in this type of analysis. First, the labor costs involved 

should reflect not just wages, but also benefits and overhead. Second, these measurements only reflect 

one eligibility worker’s involvement. If managers or intake staff spend time on certifications that involvement 

is not included here; it is reflected in the earlier calculation of unit costs. Additionally, without a systematic 

time study, it is possible that staff have a tendency to underestimate (or overestimate) the amount of time 

they spend on each case. They may also focus only on cases they see as “typical” without factoring in 

more (or less) complicated cases could affect the average time spent. Further, the offices visited may not 

be representative of the entire State, and staff at these offices may spend more or less time on cases than 

is average for the State as a whole. A future study could more systematically investigate time spent, case 

types, and overhead costs, and focus on a broader set of offices and staff in the State, to come up with 

more reasonable measures. 

 29 $19.95 was the national mean hourly wage for “Eligibility Interviewers, Government Programs” in May 2011, according to the 

Bureau of Labor Statistics’ Occupational Employment Statistics (http://www.bls.gov/oes/current/oes434061.htm). Mean wages 

vary among States. For example, among the six States in this study, mean hourly wages in May 2011 ranged from $17.14 in 

Idaho to $22.90 in Maryland. Mean wages also vary substantially among different areas within States. 
6. Costs Associated with Churn Urban Institute 

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An advantage of the approach used earlier in the chapter, which started with statewide cost data, is that 

it already takes account of these issues. The statewide cost data, at least to the extent that they are 

reported accurately, reflect all wages, staff time spent, and overhead and other costs, and all offices 

throughout the State. The difficulty is in figuring out how to properly distribute those costs to certification 

events, and how those events are affected by instances of churn. By including all certification costs, that 

method essentially assumes all costs involved will be affected by churn in a similar way, while some of the 

costs may in fact be unaffected by the changes that occur due to churn. A study based on a bottom-up 

approach may be able to focus more explicitly on the incremental costs associated with churn. 

6.1.5 Ongoing maintenance and other costs

In addition to its effects on certification processes, churn can be expected to influence other agency 

costs. In particular, the substantial number of households temporarily leaving the SNAP caseloads reduces 

overall State caseloads at any given time. This may reduce the ongoing program costs of SNAP to the 

extent that these costs are proportional to the caseload. Such a reduction may partially offset the costs 

churn imposes in terms of certification costs. 

We calculate a unit cost per case-month by dividing the total ongoing costs by the total number of casemonths of SNAP participation in each State. This calculation is shown in 
6. Costs Associated with Churn Urban Institute 

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Table 20. As with the certification data, this calculation leads to a wide range in the State-by-State 

estimates of unit costs, which is not fully understood. The average unit cost across the six States is 

approximately $6 per case-month.30 

 30 The aggregated unit cost of churn for the six States combined is slightly lower, at about $5 per case-month. That estimate 

weights more heavily the States with more annual case months (again, Florida, Illinois, and Texas). 
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Table 20. Estimates of Unit Costs of Ongoing Maintenance and Other Costs, FY 2011 

State Statewide ongoing 

maintenance costs ($) Case-months in FY 2011 Unit cost of ongoing maintenance costs ($) 

Florida 55,731,400 20,621,600 3 

Idaho 7,856,400 1,157,500 7 

Illinois 90,072,300 9,938,400 9 

Maryland 15,264,900 3,767,500 4 

Texas 102,674,800 19,354,700 5 

Virginia 41,972,200 4,807,700 9 

Six-state average 6 

Source: Calculations based on Urban Institute tabulations of State administrative data for FY 2011 and State expense data as 

reported on form SF-269. 

Note: Statewide ongoing maintenance costs include all categories of expenses on form SF-269 except for certifications, ADP 

development, and reinvestment. 

To calculate the total impact on State maintenance and other costs, we apply the unit cost to the 

number of months when SNAP households were off the caseload during churn spells in FY 2011. This is 

presented in Table 21, below. Based on these calculations, administrative savings due to the period that 

households experiencing churn are off the caseloads range from $0.1 million in Idaho to $2.1 million in 

Illinois, when taking into account only those households that are likely benefit eligible. Including the 

households with indeterminate eligibility, savings range from $0.2 million in Idaho to $4.5 million in Illinois.31

Table 21. Impact of Churn on Ongoing Maintenance and Other Costs, FY 2011 

State 

Likely benefit-eligible Cases Likely benefit-eligible and indeterminate cases 

Number of casemonths missed due 

to churn 

Change in ongoing 

maintenance and 

other costs ($) 

Number of casemonths missed due to 

churn 

Change in ongoing 

maintenance and other 

costs ($) 

Florida 429,200 -1,160,000 881,700 -2,382,800 

Idaho 9,200 -62,700 26,000 -176,100 

Illinois 226,900 -2,056,300 501,900 -4,548,700 

Maryland 55,000 -223,000 131,100 -531,000 

Texas 185,500 -984,100 584,500 -3,100,600 

Virginia 75,000 -654,600 144,400 -1,260,500 

Source: Calculations based on Urban Institute tabulations of State administrative data for FY 2011 and State expense data as 

reported on form SF-269. 

Notes: Ongoing maintenance costs include all categories of expenses on form SF-269 except for certifications, ADP 

development, and reinvestment. 

 31 In performing these calculations, we treated partial-month absences from SNAP during churn spells as half months, regardless 

of the actual length of the churn spell. For example, a spell lasting slightly over two months and one lasting just under three

months would both be counted as two and a half months missed due to churn. 
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Because the unit cost estimates used are based on cost data that include nearly all categories of 

spending in the SF-269s, including some where costs may not be directly proportional to monthly 

caseloads, they may overstate the savings due to churn. 

6.1.6 Net administrative costs due to churn

Table 22 brings together the findings on the certification costs of churn and the savings in ongoing 

maintenance and other costs. It shows that, taking both types of costs into account, churn imposes a net 

administrative cost on SNAP agencies, ranging from less than $0.1 million in Idaho to $3.9 million in Illinois, 

when only likely benefit-eligible cases are taken into account, and from $0.2 million in Idaho to $9.5 million 

in Illinois when cases with indeterminate eligibility are included. As a percentage of each State’s total 

administrative costs, these costs range from 0.3 percent of administrative costs in Idaho to 1.6 percent in 

Illinois among likely benefit-eligible churners, and from 1.0 percent in Idaho to 3.7 percent in Illinois when 

including cases with indeterminate eligibility, These figures are based on the assumption, discussed earlier 

in the chapter, that recertifications have one-half the cost of initial applications; if the alternate assumption 

that recertifications have one-third the cost of initial applications is used instead, these net costs would be 

higher. Notably, all six States show net costs. 

Table 22. Net Impact of Churn on Agency Administrative Costs: FY 2011 ($) 

State 

Likely benefit-eligible Cases Likely benefit-eligible and indeterminate cases 

Change in 

certification 

costs 

Change in 

ongoing 

maintenance 

and other 

costs

Net 

administrative 

costs of churn 

Change in 

certification 

costs

Change in 

ongoing 

maintenance 

and other 

costs

Net 

administrative 

costs of churn 

Florida 2,587,500 -1,160,000 1,427,500 5,643,800 -2,382,800 3,261,100 

Idaho 115,700 -62,700 53,000 367,800 -176,100 191,600 

Illinois 6,006,100 -2,056,300 3,949,800 14,054,800 -4,548,700 9,506,100 

Maryland 1,511,800 -223,000 1,288,900 3,944,900 -531,000 3,413,900 

Texas 3,874,000 -984,100 2,890,000 12,538,300 -3,100,600 9,437,700 

Virginia 1,753,900 -654,600 1,099,400 3,877,500 -1,260,500 2,617,000 

Source: Calculations based on Urban Institute tabulations of State administrative data for FY 2011, State expense data as 

reported on form SF-269, and assumptions base on qualitative interviews of SNAP agency staff. 

Notes: Ongoing maintenance costs include all categories of expenses on form SF-269 except for certifications, ADP 

development, and reinvestment. Certification cost estimates are based on the assumption that recertifications have one-half the

cost of initial applications. 
6. Costs Associated with Churn Urban Institute 

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6.2 Client costs

SNAP clients who churn while remaining benefit-eligible for the program experience a number of 

different costs and burdens, compared to continuous participation in the program. This section considers 

two types of costs. First, we consider the benefits that clients do not receive during their churn spell. We 

provide quantitative estimates of these costs based on analysis of the administrative data. Second, we 

consider the various burdens incurred during the period of churn, both as a result of having to reapply for 

the program (or otherwise rectify the situation that led to their exit from the program), and in terms of the 

ways they must cope with the absence of benefits. For these burdens, we report on qualitative information 

gathered during site visits. 

6.2.1 Forgone benefits

Table 23 presents estimates of the amount of SNAP benefits that households did not receive during 

their period of churn, based on analysis of administrative data. These estimates are case specific, applying 

the full monthly benefit paid to the case upon its reentry to the duration (in months) of the churn spell. We 

include all churn-related months of nonreceipt that occurred within FY 2011. Part-month churners are 

assigned a churn spell duration of 0.5 months. 

For the likely benefit-eligible cases, forgone benefits due to churn range from $2.2 million in Idaho to 

$108.2 million in Florida. When cases with indeterminate eligibility are included, the range is from $8.2 

million in Idaho to $246.5 million in Florida. To understand how these amounts compare to the overall scale 

of SNAP in these States, it is useful to look at them as a percentage of total benefits paid in each State. 

The forgone benefits due to churn range from 0.6 percent of total benefits in Idaho to 2.1 percent in Florida 

when only including the likely benefit-eligible cases, and from 2.3 percent of total benefits in Idaho to 5.1 

percent in Illinois when including the cases with indeterminate eligibility. 
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Table 23. Impact of Churn on Participant Benefits: FY 2011 

State 

Likely benefit-eligible 

cases ($) 

Likely benefit-eligible 

and indeterminate 

cases ($) 

Total annual SNAP 

benefit payments ($) 

Forgone benefits 

among likely benefiteligible cases, as a 

share of benefit 

payments (%) 

Florida 108,222,200 246,501,000 5,148,715,700 2.1 

Idaho 2,241,100 8,223,000 361,999,100 0.6 

Illinois 62,847,000 153,676,000 2,995,469,000 2.1 

Maryland 14,753,800 39,699,800 1,035,175,800 1.4 

Texas 61,552,100 205,429,400 5,993,125,500 1.0 

Virginia 19,860,100 42,259,200 1,335,038,900 1.5 

Source: Calculations based on Urban Institute tabulations of State administrative data for FY 2011; US Department of 

Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service Annual State Level Data: FY 2009–2013 (http://www.fns.usda.gov/pd/supplementalnutrition-assistance-program-snap). 

The table also presents the total SNAP benefits paid in each State, to provide a sense of scale. It shows 

that, had churn not occurred among the cases classified as likely benefit-eligible, benefit payments would 

have been higher in these States by 1 to 2 percent. Although not shown in the table, the range becomes 2 

to 5 percent if one includes the indeterminate eligibility cases in this calculation. 

6.2.2 Burdens on clients during periods of churn

Chapter 4 presented a detailed discussion of the perceived consequences of churn for participants, 

based on interviews with agency staff (administrators and caseworkers), interviews with staff of CBOs, and 

focus groups with participants who recently churned. We do not provide a full discussion here, but note that 

the findings discussed in that chapter illustrate the types of costs that participants face. 

There are two types of relevant burdens. First are the time and effort costs involved in having to either 

reapply for SNAP benefits or rectify the situation that led to their case closure. As with agencies, interviews 

suggest that for clients the process of reapplying for benefits is more burdensome than the recertification 

process. Clients need to gather more documentation when reapplying, and some interviewees report 

having to go to SNAP offices when reapplying, where waiting times to meet with SNAP eligibility workers 

could be several hours. They also note the costs of transportation to go to the office. 

Second are the burdens that households face when they do not have the support from SNAP benefits 

that they otherwise receive. Chapter 4 discusses that these families face material hardship and financial 
6. Costs Associated with Churn Urban Institute 

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insecurity that goes beyond just food, but ranges to housing insecurity, an inability to meet other basic 

expenses, and a general increase in anxiety and stress. In addition, some of the steps that they take to 

cope with the loss of benefits involve costs of their own. For example, many clients report using a food 

pantry; there is the time burden of identifying which pantries are available on a given day and of traveling to 

a pantry and waiting in line there. Chapter 4 notes other costs as well; for example, needing to borrow from 

friends or family. 

6.3 Key findings

 Churn imposes costs both to program clients and to agencies administering the program. For 

agencies, churn increases costs by requiring agencies to process additional applications from 

households reentering the program. For clients, costs include the loss of benefits that they otherwise 

would have received, the administrative burdens involved in the steps taken to reenter the program, 

and other burdens related to coping during the period without benefits. 

 Churn imposes certification costs because reapplications for households returning to the 

program take more staff time than recertifications. Staff responses to interview questions suggest 

that that the application procedures for a churner returning to the program after being exited, and time 

taken to process that application, is essentially the same as for an initial application for benefits. In 

contrast, recertifications or interim reports typically require only one-third to one-half of the staff time 

involved in initial applications. This indicates that churn leads to a net increase in the staff time spent 

on certifications. 

 On average, the certification costs associated with churn are in the range of approximately $80 

for each instance of churn that requires a full reapplication. There is wide variation among States, 

from less than $30 to more than $130. These estimates are based on analysis of statewide 

administrative cost data and churn spells identified using administrative datasets, and reflect the 

assumption that recertifications have one-half the cost of initial applications. Assuming that 

recertifications have one-third the cost of initial applications leads to higher estimates. 

 Recertification costs of churn make up an estimated 1 to 4 percent of total certification costs in 

the States studied. We applied the certification costs per instance of churn to the number of instances 

of churn in each State for cases considered likely benefit-eligible and where churn appears to have led 

to a full reapplication. As discussed in section 6.1.3, this leads to estimates of annual statewide 

certification costs of churn ranging from $0.1 million in Idaho to $6.0 million in Illinois, or between 1 

percent and 4 percent of total certification costs.

 By lowering monthly caseloads, churn reduces case maintenance costs, but churn still imposes 

a net administrative cost on States. Churn leads to a reduction in case maintenance costs, due to 

the period that churning households are off the program despite appearing to be benefit-eligible. Such 
6. Costs Associated with Churn Urban Institute 

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annual cost reductions range from $0.1 million in Idaho to $2.1 million in Illinois. When combined with 

the added certification costs, the estimated net administrative costs of churn for States range from $0.1 

million in Idaho to $3.9 million in Illinois. 

 The annual amount of SNAP benefits forgone by cases that churn ranges from $2.2 million in 

Idaho to $108.2 million in Florida. These estimates are based on analysis of administrative data for 

cases considered likely benefit-eligible during their churn spell. 

 There are notable other costs to churning households. Households who churn must devote time 

and effort into reapplying for SNAP benefits or otherwise rectifying the situation that led to their case 

closure. They also face material hardship when they do not receive SNAP benefits, not only relating to 

shortages of food, but also housing insecurity, an inability to meet other basic expenses, and a general 

increase in anxiety and stress. In addition, some of the steps that they take to cope with the loss of 

benefits involve costs of their own, such as the transportation cost of accessing food pantries.
7. Conclusions Urban Institute 

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7 CONCLUSIONS 

This concluding chapter builds upon the quantitative and qualitative findings presented in Chapters 3 

through 6 (and described in the Executive Summary) to address broader considerations related to the 

measurement of SNAP churn, common quantitative and qualitative themes on patterns of churn, and the 

consideration of possible actions to reduce churn. 

7.1 Implications for ongoing measurement of SNAP churn 

This report has estimated an annual rate of SNAP churn for each participating State using program 

participation data of the type that States routinely maintain. The measure is based on the current fourmonth maximum duration of a churn spell. It would be a straightforward matter to estimate the churn rate 

using a different maximum duration such as three months, which some prior State studies have adopted. 

Other issues to consider pertain to defining the numerator and denominator for the churn rate and to 

specifying the unit of analysis at the case level or the individual level. Here we have defined the 

denominator as the number of cases that have participated in SNAP at any time during the 12-month 

period. The numerator is the number of such cases who have experienced a churn spell, some or all of 

which occurs within the 12-month measurement period. One could construct a similar measure based on 

individuals. This avoids the problem of what to do when case composition changes and individuals move 

from one case to another, although not all States maintain their data in such a way as to readily estimate an 

individual churn rate. 

A particular challenge is determining whether benefit loss has occurred for those who have churned. 

Here we have classified cases as likely benefit-eligible, likely benefit-ineligible, or indeterminate using 

definitions that are ultimately arbitrary. Most cases fall into the indeterminate category, indicative of the 

difficulty of constructing a feasible typology. 
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7.2 Common quantitative‐qualitative evidence on household factors

related to churn

Drawing from the findings in Chapters 3, 4, and 5, a number of themes emerge regarding the household 

circumstances and individual attributes that appear to contribute to churn. Here we highlight those issues 

for which both the quantitative and qualitative research provided supporting evidence. These themes 

pertain to household and individual characteristics, as variations in program policy and administrative 

procedure could not be addressed in the quantitative analysis, and variations in local conditions could not 

be addressed in the qualitative analysis. The quantitative findings cited below are drawn primarily from the 

analysis in in Chapter 3 of linked SNAP-UI wage data and the multivariate analysis in Chapter 5 of churn 

patterns among those subject to a scheduled recertification. 

7.2.1 Changes in address

As noted in Chapter 5 a change in ZIP code is associated with a five-fold increase in the likelihood of 

churn for those subject to recertification. Similarly the on-site interviews and focus groups also pointed to a 

recent move as an event that triggers churn, as agency letters requesting documents may not arrive at the 

client’s new address. This can be due to either the client’s not informing the agency of the address change 

or the agency not acting on that information. 

Patterns of geographic mobility may underlie the finding in Chapter 5 that the cases most likely to churn 

are those with very low gross income and those with above-poverty gross income. These caseload 

segments tend to experience high rates of geographic mobility, reflecting the plight of the lowest-income 

clients who are transient as they attempt to avert severe hardship, contrasted with the situation of those 

with above-poverty income who have some ability to afford a move.32 

7.2.2 Changes in earnings or employment status

The analysis in Chapter 5 found that 18 percent of the SNAP households who churned at recertification 

experienced a change in employment status; this was more than twice the share among households who 

successfully recertified. A change in employment status was associated with a 50 percent increase in the 

odds of churning. The linked-data analysis also found somewhat higher amounts of average monthly 

covered earnings during churn spells, versus the pre-churn and post-churn periods of benefit receipt. 

 32 Moving is more prevalent among households in deep poverty (8.6 percent) and households living above poverty (5.7 percent) 

than households living between 50 and 100 percent of poverty (4.3 percent). 
7. Conclusions Urban Institute 

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Similarly, a number of the client focus group participants indicated that their churn spell was caused by an 

increase in earnings (such as overtime pay, a pay raise, a promotion, the onset of seasonal work, or some 

other change in job status). Job-related income gains were then sometimes lost soon thereafter, due to the 

intermittent nature of the work, child care costs, illness, or other challenges to job retention. 

The linked-data analysis suggested that churners with earnings were seemingly not made ineligible 

during their churn spell by increased earnings alone. The qualitative analysis offered several possible 

explanations. Clients may mistakenly believe that their increased earnings have made them ineligible and 

later learn otherwise. Alternatively, they may simply want to go off the program and may initially expect that 

they can make ends meet without SNAP benefits, but are unable to do so and reapplied. 

7.2.3 Changes in other program benefits, other unearned income, or assets

Both the quantitative and qualitative analysis found evidence that other increases in income or assets 

may play a role in causing churn. A change in TANF or SSI receipt was associated with a 26 percent 

increase in the probability of churn for those subject to recertification. The interviewees and focus group 

participants also noted increased child support payments, legal settlements, or other financial 

circumstances unrelated to employment. As with changes in earnings or job status, these improvements 

may have been temporary or may simply have been perceived as causing ineligibility. 

7.2.4 Changes in household size or composition

The multivariate analysis of the recertification cohort found that a change in household size was 

associated with a 64 percent increase in the odds of churning relative to successfully recertifying. During 

the interviews and focus groups there was also mention of frequent shifts in household structure with the 

arrival and departure of older children and adults. These shifts sometimes caused the changes in earned or 

unearned household income noted above, if the arriving and departing members were employed or 

received other program benefits. 

7.2.5 Issues of language, literacy, age, and disability		

Compounding the instability of low-income households is the limited capacity of the head of household 

or other household members to deal with the procedural burdens upon clients that come with required 

interim reporting and scheduled recertifications. This was noted in the quantitative analysis with respect to 

the probability of churn at recertification for those households with elderly or disabled members (but without 

children). Even though such households may have greater stability in the financial circumstances, they 
7. Conclusions Urban Institute 

115 

have cognitive limitations that make it challenging for them to understand and comply with administrative 

procedures. 

Similar to the cognitive limitations associated with age and disability are the challenges that are faced by 

those with limitations in English language proficiency, basic literacy, computer literacy, or their ability to 

drive or take public transportation, as mentioned in the interviews and focus groups. 

7.3 Implications for program policy and administrative procedure

This concluding section offers a general framework for considering changes in program policy or 

administrative procedure that might reduce SNAP churn. This framework encompasses, in a conceptual 

manner, the last research question posed for this study (as listed under Figure 1): “What is the State fiscal 

impact of implementing waivers and options?” Our approach here is broader than this stated question, 

recognizing that such options have fiscal impacts at the State and federal level, through effects on both 

administrative costs, where State and federal shares are approximately equal, and benefit payments, which 

are entirely federal. Our perspective here is also broader in that, as explained below, it is important to 

consider that churn-reducing initiatives may have second-order effects on rates of program participation 

(among benefit-eligible households who would not otherwise participate) and on rates of payment error 

(among active cases). 

The types of possible changes in policy and procedure that might reduce churn include (but go beyond) 

those mentioned in the closing section of Chapter 4, which draw specifically from the interviews with SNAP 

administrators, caseworkers, clients, and CBO representatives. Broadly speaking, such actions fall into a 

number of categories:33

 Actions to make a household’s monthly benefit entitlement less sensitive to changes in household 

composition, income, or other circumstances—e.g., allowing a longer period to report changes, 

increasing the amount of a change in income that must be reported. 

 Actions to reduce the burden to clients of establishing their eligibility in order to remain on the 

program—e.g., alignment of recertification dates across programs, longer certification periods, 

 33 As indicated in Chapter 5, although the states participating in this study differed in their use of such policies and practices, we 

were unable to estimate the corresponding effects on churn in the multivariate analysis. The reason is that we did not observe 

changes in these provisions for individual States within the multi-year period of available data. This was true not only for the 

selected States but also for other states considered to participate. 
7. Conclusions Urban Institute 

116 

elimination of face-to-face interviews, acceptance of documents and signatures electronically, 

break-in-service waivers that allow households to be reinstated promptly onto the program without 

a loss of benefit. 

 Actions to avoid delays or foul-ups in agency-client communication—e.g., improved mail-out of 

advance information to clients about their need to recertify, customer service call centers, and use 

of community-based organizations (CBOs) to provide client assistance in submitting materials for 

recertification. 

What are the types of fiscal effects that result from such actions? As indicated in Chapter 6, churn is 

associated with added administrative costs for client reentry, in the range of 1 to 4 percent of program 

certification costs, with some offsetting savings through reduced case maintenance costs during the breaks 

in participation experienced by churners. The net of these two effects is an increase in administrative costs. 

One State fiscal impact of waivers and options to reduce churn would thus be a reduction in these churnrelated costs, about half of which are borne by States. 

The other first-order fiscal impact of actions to reduce churn would be an increase in benefit payments, 

as SNAP clients would collectively experience fewer breaks in participation and would receive benefits 

during the added case-months of assistance. This cost increase, as estimated in Chapter 6, would be 

entirely federal. 

In considering the merits of possible churn-reducing actions, it is also important to recognize potential 

behavioral responses among program-eligible nonparticipants. If, for instance, burden-reducing measures 

increased the likelihood that such households enter the program, the correspondingly higher SNAP 

participation rate would increase State costs (through higher administrative costs) and federal costs 

(through higher administrative costs and benefit payments). Although a higher participation rate is 

generally considered an improvement in program performance, it does create fiscal impacts, especially at 

the federal level. 

Whether or not the participation rate is affected, churn-reducing actions might increase the rate of 

payment error among active cases. Longer certification periods, for instance, would cause some changes 
7. Conclusions Urban Institute 

117 

in household circumstances to go unreported by clients, leading to higher rates of overpayment or 

underpayment.34 Such fiscal impacts would also be borne federally. 

The quantitative and qualitative evidence presented in this report suggests that SNAP churn has 

adverse consequences to agencies and clients that are sufficient to warrant consideration of actions to 

reduce churn. One should recognize that some amount of churn is appropriate in light of fluctuating 

circumstances among low-income households. Decisions on whether to adopt changes in policy or 

procedure will involve trade-offs among multiple objectives. A lower rate of churn is clearly a desirable goal; 

it represents an improvement in benefit access and service quality for program clients. A lower churn rate 

may be very difficult to achieve, however, without some risk of compromising other objectives, such as 

maintaining low error rates and keeping total program costs within budget constraints. The information in 

this study is a first step at providing the systematic evidence needed to inform such choices. 

 34 See Mills (1988) for an earlier analysis of such relationships, with estimates of the effect of more frequent recertification in 

reducing overpayment error. 
References Urban Institute 

118 

REFERENCES

Idaho Department of Health and Welfare, Idaho Benefit Program Churn and Retention Rates, by Rosie 

Andueza, et al. February 2012. 

Mills, Gregory B. “Reducing Food Stamp Overpayments: More Frequent Recertification and Monthly 

Reporting.” Abt Associates: Cambridge, MA. December 1988. 

Oregon Department of Human Services, Administrative Churn Analysis, by Nathan Eckstein, et al., 

December 2011. 

US Department of Agriculture, Economic Research Service, Food Stamp Leavers in Illinois: How Are They 

Doing Two Years Later? by Anu Rangarajan and Philip M. Gleason, Mathematic Policy Research, January 

2001. 

US Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Office of Research, Nutrition, and Analysis, 

Dynamics of Food Stamp Program Participation, 2001-2003, by Scott Cody, et al., Mathematica Policy 

Research, November 2007. 

US Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Office of Research and Analysis, Dynamics of 

Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program Participation in the Mid-200s, by James Mabli, et al., 

Mathematica Policy Research, September 2011. 

US Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, Office of Research and Analysis, Feasibility of 

Assessing Causes of State Variation in Food Stamp Program Administrative Costs: Final Report, by 

Christopher Logan and Jacob Alex Klerman. Project Officer: Jenny Laster Genser, Alexandria, VA: 

September 2008. Available at http://www.fns.usda.gov/sites/default/files/sae.pdf (accessed June 30, 2014). 

Virginia Department of Social Services, Office of Research, Estimates of “Churning” in Virginia’s SNAP 

Caseload, by Erik Beecroft and Beth Jones, April 23, 2009. 
Appendix A Urban Institute 

119 

APPENDIX A: ADDITIONAL ANALYSIS TABLES 

Table A-1. Participating SNAP Households in FNS Program Data and State Administrative Data, by State, FY 2011 

 FNS program data 

Tabulated from State administrative 

data 

State 

October 2010 

caseload 

September 

2011 caseload 

% growth in 

FY 2011 

Average 

monthly 

caseload FY 

2011 

Participated in at 

least one month 

FY 2011 

Average monthly 

caseload FY 2011 

Florida 1,576,162 1,729,471 10 1,659,063 2,422,800 1,730,734 

Idaho 89,478 100,200 12 96,372 136,662 96,821 

Illinois 817,687 883,015 8 859,785 1,108,729 827,769 

Maryland 303,759 349,277 15 328,328 435,749 314,818 

Texas 1,557,979 1,692,595 9 1,608,476 2,389,192 1,627,557 

Virginia 389,623 431,935 11 406,811 539,527 401,539 

Source: FNS Program data from http://www.fns.usda.gov/pd/16SNAPpartHH.htm, and Urban Institute tabulations of State administrative data for FY 

2011. 
Appendix A Urban Institute 

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Table A-2. Characteristics by Churn Status, FY 2011: Florida 

Characteristics Churners 

Types of non-churners 

Subtotal Stayers Exiters Entrants Other nonchurners 

N 664,054 1,758,748 808,805 319,900 444,816 185,227 

Demographic characteristics 

Age of case head (%) 

<18 1 1 0 1 1 1

18–29 36 25 18 28 30 39

30–44 34 29 28 33 29 32

45–64 25 31 33 30 30 25

65+ 4 14 21 8 9 3

Missing age 0 0 0 0 0 0

Mean age 37 44 48 41 41 36

Race/ethnicity of case head (%) 

White, non-Hispanic 37 38 34 43 41 43

Black, non-Hispanic 33 27 29 25 25 26

Hispanic 26 29 32 27 28 26

Other, non-Hispanic 4 5 5 5 6 6

Unknown race 0 0 0 0 0 0

Household size (mean) 1.9 1.7 1.8 1.7 1.6 1.6

Case composition (%) 

Nonelderly/nondisabled, no children 33 30 18 35 41 47

Nonelderly/nondisabled, with children 36 28 27 28 28 28

Elderly/disabled, no children 24 37 47 32 29 21

Elderly/disabled, with children 7 6 8 6 3 4

Clients on case (mean) 

Adults on case 1.4 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3

Children < 18 on case 1.0 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.2 0.8

Economic characteristics 

Employment and earnings (%) 

Employed, income < 50% poverty 7 5 5 5 5 7

Employed, income 50–100% poverty 13 10 10 11 9 10

Employed, income ≥ 100% poverty 8 8 5 12 10 12

Not employed, SSI or TANF receipt 6 13 22 7 5 2

Not employed, other unearned income 21 29 34 28 27 19

Not employed, no unearned income 45 34 24 37 43 51
Appendix A Urban Institute 

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Characteristics Churners 

Types of non-churners 

Subtotal Stayers Exiters Entrants Other nonchurners 

N 664,054 1,758,748 808,805 319,900 444,816 185,227 

Local characteristics (county-level) 

Poverty rate (mean %) 17.0 17.1 17.3 16.9 16.9 16.9

Unemployment rate (mean %) 11.5 11.5 11.6 11.5 11.5 11.4

Community food providers per 100,000 (mean) 0.62 0.62 0.62 0.63 0.63 0.62

Median rent percent of median income (mean) 29.9 30.2 30.6 29.8 29.9 29.7

Rural (%) 6 6 6 6 6 6

Missing ZIP code (%) 0.1 0.2 0.0 0.5 0.1 0.6

Source: Urban Institute tabulations of State administrative data for FY 2011. 

Notes: All characteristics reflect values for the first month that the case is observed participating in FY 2011 (except local characteristics, as 

discussed in text). 
Appendix A Urban Institute 

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Table A-3. Characteristics by Churn Status, FY 2011: Idaho 

Characteristics Churners 

Types of non-churners 

Subtotal Stayers Exiters Entrants Other nonchurners 

N 22,689 113,974 49,997 20,909 31,694 11,374 

Demographic characteristics 

Age of case head (%) 

<18 0 0 0 0 1 1

18–29 49 36 29 39 42 45

30–44 34 33 35 34 30 33

45–64 16 24 27 22 23 20

65+ 1 6 8 5 4 1

Missing age 0 0 0 0 0 0

Mean age 32 38 40 37 36 34

Race/ethnicity of case head (%) 

White, non-Hispanic 81 82 82 84 82 82

Black, non-Hispanic 1 1 1 1 1 1

Hispanic 14 14 15 12 13 14

Other, non-Hispanic 3 2 2 2 3 2

Unknown race 1 1 1 1 2 1

Household size (mean) 2.3 2.3 2.5 2.3 1.9 2.1

Case composition (%) 

Nonelderly/nondisabled, no children 39 29 13 35 44 51

Nonelderly/nondisabled, with children 47 40 45 42 34 37

Elderly/disabled, no children 8 23 32 17 18 8

Elderly/disabled, with children 6 7 10 6 4 4

Clients on case (mean) 

Adults on case 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.4

Children < 18 on case 1.1 1.0 1.3 1.0 0.7 0.8

Economic characteristics 

Employment and earnings (%) 

Employed, income < 50% poverty 12 10 9 9 11 10

Employed, income 50–100% poverty 19 18 20 18 16 17

Employed, income ≥ 100% poverty 12 11 8 15 12 16

Not employed, SSI or TANF receipt 1 2 2 1 1 1

Not employed, other unearned income 21 33 42 27 26 21

Not employed, no unearned income 36 27 19 31 35 35
Appendix A Urban Institute 

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Characteristics Churners 

Types of non-churners 

Subtotal Stayers Exiters Entrants Other nonchurners 

N 22,689 113,974 49,997 20,909 31,694 11,374 

Local characteristics (county-level) 

Poverty rate (mean %) 16.0 16.1 16.2 16.0 16.0 15.9

Unemployment rate (mean %) 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0

Community food providers per 100,000 (mean) 2.73 2.74 2.79 2.74 2.66 2.75

Median rent percent of median income (mean) 19.6 19.7 19.7 19.8 19.7 19.7

Rural (%) 27 29 30 29 28 28

Missing ZIP code (%) 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.1

Source: Urban Institute tabulations of State administrative data for FY 2011. 

Notes: All characteristics reflect values for the first month that the case is observed participating in FY 2011 (except local characteristics, as 

discussed in text). 
Appendix A Urban Institute 

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Table A-4. Characteristics by Churn Status, FY 2011: Illinois 

Characteristics Churners 

Types of non-churners 

Subtotal Stayers Exiters Entrants Other nonchurners 

N 306,002 802,697 410,878 134,619 190,177 67,023 

Demographic characteristics 

Age of case head (%) 

<18 1 1 1 1 1 1

18–29 36 27 20 31 34 40

30–44 37 32 31 35 30 34

45–64 23 30 33 27 27 22

65+ 3 11 15 7 8 3

Missing age 0 0 0 0 0 0

Mean age 37 43 46 40 40 36

Race/ethnicity of case head (%) 

White, non-Hispanic 32 37 34 40 40 45

Black, non-Hispanic 45 40 42 39 38 34

Hispanic 17 16 17 15 16 16

Other, non-Hispanic 2 3 3 2 3 2

Unknown race 4 4 4 3 4 3

Household size (mean) 2.3 2.0 2.1 1.9 1.8 1.9

Case composition (%) 

Nonelderly/nondisabled, no children 36 31 18 42 44 51

Nonelderly/nondisabled, with children 46 34 34 35 32 37

Elderly/disabled, no children 11 30 40 19 21 9

Elderly/disabled, with children 6 6 8 4 3 3

Clients on case (mean) 

Adults on case 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.3

Children < 18 on case 1.0 0.8 1.0 0.8 0.7 0.6

Economic characteristics 

Employment and earnings (%) 

Employed, income < 50% poverty 5 3 3 3 3 4

Employed, income 50–100% poverty 13 9 9 11 9 11

Employed, income ≥ 100% poverty 7 7 4 10 7 11

Not employed, SSI or TANF receipt 12 20 29 11 10 8

Not employed, other unearned income 26 31 32 29 30 25

Not employed, no unearned income 37 30 21 36 41 42
Appendix A Urban Institute 

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Characteristics Churners 

Types of non-churners 

Subtotal Stayers Exiters Entrants Other nonchurners 

N 306,002 802,697 410,878 134,619 190,177 67,023 

Local characteristics (county-level) 

Poverty rate (mean %) 14.9 15.2 15.5 15.0 15.0 14.7

Unemployment rate (mean %) 10.8 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7 10.7

Community food providers per 100,000 (mean) 1.26 1.30 1.31 1.31 1.29 1.31

Median rent percent of median income (mean) 20.8 21.0 21.3 20.8 20.8 20.3

Rural (%) 11 14 13 14 14 17

Missing ZIP code (%) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Source: Urban Institute tabulations of State administrative data for FY 2011. 

Notes: All characteristics reflect values for the first month that the case is observed participating in FY 2011 (except local characteristics, as 

discussed in text). 
Appendix A Urban Institute 

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Table A-5. Characteristics by Churn Status, FY 2011: Maryland 

Characteristics Churners 

Types of non-churners 

Subtotal Stayers Exiters Entrants Other nonchurners 

N 92,027 343,722 162,680 56,251 94,594 30,197 

Demographic characteristics 

Age of case head (%) 

<18 4 3 5 3 1 1

18–29 38 26 20 28 33 39

30–44 33 30 28 34 30 32

45–64 22 31 33 29 29 25

65+ 2 10 14 6 7 2

Missing age 0 0 0 0 0 0

Mean age 35 41 44 39 40 36

Race/ethnicity of case head (%) 

White, non-Hispanic 29 31 30 31 31 33

Black, non-Hispanic 60 55 56 54 53 52

Hispanic 6 6 6 6 7 5

Other, non-Hispanic 1 3 3 2 2 2

Unknown race 5 6 5 7 7 8

Household size (mean) 2.2 1.9 2.0 2.0 1.7 1.8

Case Composition (%) 

Nonelderly/nondisabled, no children 30 29 15 47 35 54

Nonelderly/nondisabled, with children 40 31 31 36 29 30

Elderly/disabled, no children 24 35 47 15 33 13

Elderly/disabled, with children 7 5 7 2 3 2

Clients on case (mean) 

Adults on case 1.2 1.2 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3

Children < 18 on case 0.5 0.7 1.2 1.0 0.8 1.0

Economic characteristics 

Employment and earnings (%) 

Employed, income < 50% poverty 9 6 5 6 7 11

Employed, income 50–100% poverty 12 10 10 10 9 9

Employed, income ≥ 100% poverty 12 12 9 16 13 17

Not employed, SSI or TANF receipt 17 23 36 18 9 6

Not employed, other unearned income 18 24 24 22 26 20

Not employed, no unearned income 32 26 17 29 36 38
Appendix A Urban Institute 

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Characteristics Churners 

Types of non-churners 

Subtotal Stayers Exiters Entrants Other nonchurners 

N 92,027 343,722 162,680 56,251 94,594 30,197 

Local characteristics (county-level) 

Poverty rate (mean %) 14.8 13.7 14.2 13.2 13.4 12.9

Unemployment rate (mean %) 9.4 9.1 9.2 9.0 9.0 8.9

Community food providers per 100,000 (mean) 1.66 1.52 1.57 1.48 1.50 1.44

Median rent percent of median income (mean) 27.6 26.5 26.9 26.2 26.2 25.8

Rural (%) 6 6 7 6 6 6

Missing ZIP code (%) 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0

Source: Urban Institute tabulations of State administrative data for FY 2011. 

Notes: All characteristics reflect values for the first month that the case is observed participating in FY 2011 (except local characteristics, as 

discussed in text). 
Appendix A Urban Institute 

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Table A-6. Characteristics by Churn Status, FY 2011: Texas 

Characteristics Churners 

Types of non-churners 

Subtotal Stayers Exiters Entrants Other nonchurners 

N 548,427 1,840,765 754,335 382,665 511,004 192,761 

Demographic characteristics 

Age of case head (%) 

<18 1 1 0 0 2 1

18–29 41 29 23 30 34 36

30–44 38 33 32 36 32 33

45–64 17 25 27 25 25 21

65+ 3 11 18 7 7 2

Missing age 0 1 0 1 0 8

Mean age 35 41 45 40 38 35

Race/ethnicity of case head (%) 

White, non-Hispanic 25 28 24 31 29 32

Black, non-Hispanic 23 22 21 22 23 24

Hispanic 49 45 51 43 43 33

Other, non-Hispanic 2 4 5 3 4 3

Unknown race 0 1 0 1 0 8

Household size (mean) 2.8 2.2 2.3 2.3 2.1 1.8

Case Composition (%) 

Nonelderly/nondisabled, no children 17 21 6 24 27 58

Nonelderly/nondisabled, with children 65 46 47 50 48 31

Elderly/disabled, no children 8 26 38 18 19 7

Elderly/disabled, with children 10 7 9 7 6 4

Clients on case (mean) 

Adults on case 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.2 1.2 1.4

Children < 18 on case 0.7 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.7 1.2

Economic characteristics 

Employment and earnings (%) 

Employed, income < 50% poverty 9 6 7 5 7 5

Employed, income 50–100% poverty 18 13 13 12 14 8

Employed, income ≥ 100% poverty 12 11 7 15 14 12

Not employed, SSI or TANF receipt 11 20 34 15 10 4

Not employed, other unearned income 24 24 25 28 22 17

Not employed, no unearned income 26 26 13 26 33 54
Appendix A Urban Institute 

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Characteristics Churners 

Types of non-churners 

Subtotal Stayers Exiters Entrants Other nonchurners 

N 548,427 1,840,765 754,335 382,665 511,004 192,761 

Local characteristics (county-level) 

Poverty rate (mean %) 19.6 19.7 20.7 19.2 18.9 18.5

Unemployment rate (mean %) 8.5 8.6 8.8 8.5 8.5 8.3

Community food providers per 100,000 (mean) 1.33 1.33 1.36 1.36 1.28 1.31

Median rent percent of median income (mean) 21.8 21.8 22.1 21.6 21.6 21.5

Rural (%) 13 13 15 14 12 12

Missing ZIP code (%) 0.3 1.1 0.1 0.8 0.4 7.8

Source: Urban Institute tabulations of State administrative data for FY 2011. 

Notes: All characteristics reflect values for the first month that the case is observed participating in FY 2011 (except local characteristics, as 

discussed in text). 
Appendix A Urban Institute 

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Table A-7. Characteristics by Churn Status, FY 2011: Virginia 

Characteristics Churners 

Types of non-churners 

Subtotal Stayers Exiters Entrants Other nonchurners 

N 115,048 424,466 220,607 71,545 102,411 29,903 

Demographic characteristics 

Age of case head (%) 

<18 0 0 0 0 1 0

18–29 38 28 23 29 36 37

30–44 35 32 31 34 31 33

45–64 24 30 31 29 27 27

65+ 4 10 14 7 5 2

Missing age 0 0 0 0 0 1

Mean age 37 42 45 40 38 37

Race/ethnicity of case head (%) 

White, non-Hispanic 36 40 42 41 37 39

Black, non-Hispanic 46 40 43 38 36 35

Hispanic 9 7 7 8 9 8

Other, non-Hispanic 2 2 3 2 2 2

Unknown race 8 10 6 12 17 16

Household size (mean) 2.1 2.0 2.2 2.0 1.8 1.8

Case composition (%) 

Nonelderly/nondisabled, no children 36 31 18 39 44 52

Nonelderly/nondisabled, with children 45 37 39 37 35 34

Elderly/disabled, no children 13 26 34 19 18 11

Elderly/disabled, with children 6 6 8 5 4 4

Clients on case (mean) 

Adults on case 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3

Children < 18 on case 0.9 1.2 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.6

Economic characteristics 

Employment and earnings (%) 

Employed, income < 50% poverty 9 6 6 5 8 8

Employed, income 50–100% poverty 17 13 14 13 13 13

Employed, income ≥ 100% poverty 9 8 6 12 10 11

Not employed, SSI or TANF receipt 10 16 24 10 7 5

Not employed, other unearned income 22 28 32 26 24 21

Not employed, no unearned income 34 28 19 34 38 42
Appendix A Urban Institute 

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Characteristics Churners 

Types of non-churners 

Subtotal Stayers Exiters Entrants Other nonchurners 

N 115,048 424,466 220,607 71,545 102,411 29,903 

Local characteristics (county-level) 

Poverty rate (mean %) 15.1 15.0 15.4 14.7 14.5 14.5

Unemployment rate (mean %) 8.3 8.4 8.5 8.3 8.2 8.2

Community food providers per 100,000 (mean) 1.21 1.29 1.31 1.29 1.25 1.29

Median rent percent of median income (mean) 22.3 21.7 21.7 21.7 21.7 21.7

Rural (%) 16 22 24 20 19 18

Missing ZIP code (%) 2.1 2.4 2.9 2.3 1.7 1.6

Source: Urban Institute tabulations of State administrative data for FY 2011. 

Notes: All characteristics reflect values for the first month that the case is observed participating in FY 2011 (except local characteristics, as 

discussed in text). 
Appendix A Urban Institute 

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Table A-8. Characteristics of Households that Churn, by Length of Churn Spell, FY 2011: Florida 

Characteristics 

Churn for 

one month 

or less 

Churn for 

two 

months 

Churn for 

three 

months 

Churn for 

four 

months 

N 486,749 76,547 54,735 46,023 

Demographic characteristics 

Age of case head (%) 

<18 1 1 1 1

18–29 35 39 39 38

30–44 35 33 33 34

45–64 25 24 24 24

65+ 4 3 3 3

Missing age 0 0 0 0

Mean age 37 36 36 36

Race/ethnicity of case head (%) 

White, non-Hispanic 36 39 40 40

Black, non-Hispanic 33 31 31 30

Hispanic 27 26 25 26

Other, non-Hispanic 4 4 4 4

Unknown race 0 0 0 0

Household size (mean) 1.9 1.8 1.8 1.8

Case Composition (%) 

Nonelderly/nondisabled, no children 32 36 37 37

Nonelderly/nondisabled, with children 37 35 35 35

Elderly/disabled, no children 24 23 23 23

Elderly/disabled, with children 7 6 6 5

Clients on case (mean) 

Adults on case 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3

Children < 18 on case 0.9 0.7 0.7 0.7

Economic characteristics 

Employment and earnings (%) 

Employed, income < 50% poverty 7 7 7 7

Employed, income 50–100% poverty 13 13 13 12

Employed, income ≥ 100% poverty 8 10 10 11

Not employed, SSI or TANF receipt 6 5 4 4

Not employed, other unearned income 21 20 20 20

Not employed, no unearned income 44 46 46 45
Appendix A Urban Institute 

133 

Characteristics 

Churn for 

one month 

or less 

Churn for 

two 

months 

Churn for 

three 

months 

Churn for 

four 

months 

N 486,749 76,547 54,735 46,023 

Local characteristics (county-level) 

Poverty rate (mean %) 17.1 17.0 16.9 17.0

Unemployment rate (mean %) 11.5 11.4 11.5 11.4

Community food providers per 100,000 (mean) 0.62 0.62 0.63 0.62

Median rent percent of median income (mean) 30.0 29.8 29.7 29.7

Rural (%) 6 6 6 6

Missing ZIP code (%) 0.1 0.2 0.2 0.2

Source: Urban Institute tabulations of State administrative data for FY 2011. 

Notes: All characteristics reflect values for the first month that the case is observed participating in FY 2011 (except local characteristics, as 

discussed in text). 

 
Appendix A Urban Institute 

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Table A-9. Characteristics of Households that Churn, by Length of Churn Spell, FY 2011: Idaho 

Characteristics 

Churn for 

one month 

or less 

Churn for 

two 

months 

Churn for 

three 

months 

Churn for 

four 

months 

N 13,922 3,533 2,770 2,464 

Demographic characteristics 

Age of case head (%) 

<18 0 0 0 0

18–29 50 48 48 45

30–44 34 33 33 35

45–64 15 16 18 18

65+ 1 2 1 1

Missing age 0 0 0 0

Mean age 32 33 33 33

Race/ethnicity of case head (%) 

White, non-Hispanic 81 82 83 80

Black, non-Hispanic 1 1 1 1

Hispanic 14 13 13 16

Other, non-Hispanic 3 3 2 3

Unknown race 1 1 0 0

Household size (mean) 2.3 2.3 2.3 2.3

Case Composition (%) 

Nonelderly/nondisabled, no children 39 39 40 39

Nonelderly/nondisabled, with children 49 45 45 46

Elderly/disabled, no children 7 10 10 9

Elderly/disabled, with children 6 6 6 6

Clients on case (mean) 

Adults on case 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.4

Children < 18 on case 1.1 1.0 1.0 1.1

Economic characteristics 

Employment and earnings (%) 

Employed, income < 50% poverty 12 11 11 10

Employed, income 50–100% poverty 18 19 20 21

Employed, income ≥ 100% poverty 9 14 15 16

Not employed, SSI or TANF receipt 1 1 1 1

Not employed, other unearned income 20 22 22 22

Not employed, no unearned income 39 32 32 31
Appendix A Urban Institute 

135 

Characteristics 

Churn for 

one month 

or less 

Churn for 

two 

months 

Churn for 

three 

months 

Churn for 

four 

months 

N 13,922 3,533 2,770 2,464 

Local characteristics (county-level) 

Poverty rate (mean %) 16.0 16.0 15.9 16.1

Unemployment rate (mean %) 9.0 9.0 9.0 9.0

Community food providers per 100,000 (mean) 2.71 2.83 2.67 2.72

Median rent percent of median income (mean) 19.6 19.6 19.6 19.7

Rural (%) 27 28 28 28

Missing ZIP code (%) 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0

Source: Urban Institute tabulations of state administrative data for FY 2011. 

Notes: All characteristics reflect values for the first month that the case is observed participating in FY 2011 (except local characteristics, as 

discussed in text). 

 
Appendix A Urban Institute 

136 

Table A-10. Characteristics of Households that Churn, by Length of Churn Spell, FY 2011: Illinois 

Characteristics 

Churn for 

one month 

or less 

Churn for 

two 

months 

Churn for 

three 

months 

Churn for 

four 

months 

N 203,756 56,907 26,064 19,275 

Demographic characteristics 

Age of case head (%) 

<18 1 1 1 1

18–29 34 38 40 39

30–44 37 36 35 36

45–64 25 22 21 21

65+ 3 3 4 3

Missing age 0 0 0 0

Mean age 37 37 36 36

Race/ethnicity of case head (%) 

White, non-Hispanic 31 34 36 37

Black, non-Hispanic 46 43 40 42

Hispanic 17 18 17 16

Other, non-Hispanic 2 2 2 2

Unknown race 4 4 4 3

Household size (mean) 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.1

Case Composition (%) 

Nonelderly/nondisabled, no children 35 38 40 42

Nonelderly/nondisabled, with children 47 45 44 43

Elderly/disabled, no children 11 12 11 10

Elderly/disabled, with children 7 5 5 5

Clients on case (mean) 

Adults on case 1.2 1.2 1.2 1.2

Children < 18 on case 1.2 1.0 1.0 0.9

Economic characteristics 

Employment and earnings (%) 

Employed, income < 50% poverty 5 5 4 4

Employed, income 50–100% poverty 13 13 13 12

Employed, income ≥ 100% poverty 6 8 9 10

Not employed, SSI or TANF receipt 13 11 10 10

Not employed, other unearned income 26 26 25 24

Not employed, no unearned income 36 38 38 39
Appendix A Urban Institute 

137 

Characteristics 

Churn for 

one month 

or less 

Churn for 

two 

months 

Churn for 

three 

months 

Churn for 

four 

months 

N 203,756 56,907 26,064 19,275 

Local characteristics (county-level) 

Poverty rate (mean %) 14.9 14.8 14.8 15.0

Unemployment rate (mean %) 10.8 10.8 10.7 10.7

Community food providers per 100,000 (mean) 1.25 1.26 1.28 1.28

Median rent percent of median income (mean) 20.9 20.7 20.6 20.7

Rural (%) 10 10 13 14

Missing ZIP code (%) 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Source: Urban Institute tabulations of state administrative data for FY 2011. 

Notes: All characteristics reflect values for the first month that the case is observed participating in FY 2011 (except local characteristics, as 

discussed in text). 
Appendix A Urban Institute 

138 

Table A-11. Characteristics of Households that Churn, by Length of Churn Spell, FY 2011: Maryland 

Characteristics 

Churn for 

one month 

or less 

Churn for 

two 

months 

Churn for 

three 

months 

Churn for 

four 

months 

N 62,299 13,517 8,929 7,282 

Demographic characteristics 

Age of case head (%) 

<18 5 4 4 3

18–29 38 39 39 38

30–44 33 32 34 34

45–64 22 22 22 23

65+ 2 2 2 2

Missing age 0 0 0 0

Mean age 35 35 35 35

Race/ethnicity of case head (%) 

White, non-Hispanic 28 29 31 32

Black, non-Hispanic 61 59 56 57

Hispanic 6 5 6 5

Other, non-Hispanic 1 1 1 1

Unknown race 5 5 5 5

Household size (mean) 2.2 2.1 2.1 2.1

Case composition (%) 

Nonelderly/nondisabled, no children 29 31 32 34

Nonelderly/nondisabled, with children 41 38 38 37

Elderly/disabled, no children 23 24 24 24

Elderly/disabled, with children 7 6 6 5

Clients on case (mean) 

Adults on case 1.2 1.2 1.3 1.3

Children < 18 on case 0.8 0.8 0.7 0.7

Economic characteristics 

Employment and earnings (%) 

Employed, income < 50% poverty 8 9 9 9

Employed, income 50–100% poverty 12 12 12 12

Employed, income ≥ 100% poverty 11 13 14 15

Not employed, SSI or TANF receipt 18 17 15 13

Not employed, other unearned income 18 19 19 19

Not employed, no unearned income 32 32 32 33
Appendix A Urban Institute 

139 

Characteristics 

Churn for 

one month 

or less 

Churn for 

two 

months 

Churn for 

three 

months 

Churn for 

four 

months 

N 62,299 13,517 8,929 7,282 

Local characteristics (county-level) 

Poverty rate (mean %) 15.0 14.6 14.2 14.1

Unemployment rate (mean %) 9.5 9.4 9.3 9.2

Community food providers per 100,000 (mean) 1.68 1.64 1.60 1.59

Median rent percent of median income (mean) 27.8 27.5 27.0 26.9

Rural (%) 6 6 6 6

Missing ZIP code (%) 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.1

Source: Urban Institute tabulations of state administrative data for FY 2011. 

Notes: All characteristics reflect values for the first month that the case is observed participating in FY 2011 (except local characteristics, as 

discussed in text). 
Appendix A Urban Institute 

140 

Table A-12. Characteristics of Households that Churn, by Length of Churn Spell, FY 2011: Texas 

Characteristics 

Churn for 

one month 

or less 

Churn for 

two 

months 

Churn for 

three 

months 

Churn for 

four 

months 

N 427,783 54,849 37,784 28,011 

Demographic characteristics 

Age of case head (%) 

<18 1 1 0 0

18–29 41 41 39 39

30–44 39 36 36 36

45–64 17 18 19 19

65+ 3 3 4 4

Missing age 0 1 1 1

Mean age 35 35 36 36

Race/ethnicity of case head (%) 

White, non-Hispanic 24 28 28 28

Black, non-Hispanic 23 23 23 23

Hispanic 50 46 46 45

Other, non-Hispanic 2 3 3 3

Unknown race 0 1 1 1

Household size (mean) 2.9 2.5 2.4 2.4

Case composition (%) 

Nonelderly/nondisabled, no children 14 24 28 29

Nonelderly/nondisabled, with children 67 59 54 54

Elderly/disabled, no children 8 9 11 10

Elderly/disabled, with children 11 8 7 7

Clients on case (mean) 

Adults on case 1.4 1.4 1.3 1.4

Children < 18 on case 1.8 1.4 1.3 1.2

Economic characteristics 

Employment and earnings (%) 

Employed, income < 50% poverty 9 8 7 6

Employed, income 50–100% poverty 18 17 15 15

Employed, income ≥ 100% poverty 11 15 15 16

Not employed, SSI or TANF receipt 12 9 10 9

Not employed, other unearned income 25 23 22 22

Not employed, no unearned income 25 28 31 31
Appendix A Urban Institute 

141 

Characteristics 

Churn for 

one month 

or less 

Churn for 

two 

months 

Churn for 

three 

months 

Churn for 

four 

months 

N 427,783 54,849 37,784 28,011 

Local characteristics (county-level) 

Poverty rate (mean %) 19.7 19.2 19.3 19.3

Unemployment rate (mean %) 8.6 8.5 8.5 8.4

Community food providers per 100,000 (mean) 1.33 1.36 1.35 1.38

Median rent percent of median income (mean) 21.9 21.7 21.8 21.8

Rural (%) 13 14 14 14

Missing ZIP code (%) 0.1 0.7 0.9 1.2

Source: Urban Institute tabulations of state administrative data for FY 2011. 

Notes: All characteristics reflect values for the first month that the case is observed participating in FY 2011 (except local characteristics, as 

discussed in text). 
Appendix A Urban Institute 

142 

Table A-13. Characteristics of Households that Churn, by Length of Churn Spell, FY 2011: Virginia 

Characteristics 

Churn for 

one month 

or less 

Churn for 

two 

months 

Churn for 

three 

months 

Churn for 

four 

months 

N 88,537 10,596 8,447 7,468 

Demographic characteristics 

Age of case head (%) 

<18 0 0 0 0

18–29 38 38 38 37

30–44 35 34 35 36

45–64 23 24 24 24

65+ 4 4 3 3

Missing age 0 0 0 0

Mean age 37 37 37 36

Race/ethnicity of case head (%) 

White, non-Hispanic 34 39 40 41

Black, non-Hispanic 47 42 43 42

Hispanic 9 9 8 8

Other, non-Hispanic 2 2 2 2

Unknown race 8 8 7 7

Household size (mean) 2.2 2.0 2.0 2.0

Case composition (%) 

Nonelderly/nondisabled, no children 34 42 42 43

Nonelderly/nondisabled, with children 46 40 41 41

Elderly/disabled, no children 14 13 12 12

Elderly/disabled, with children 6 5 5 5

Clients on case (mean) 

Adults on case 1.3 1.3 1.3 1.3

Children < 18 on case 1.0 0.8 0.8 0.8

Economic characteristics 

Employment and earnings (%) 

Employed, income < 50% poverty 9 8 8 8

Employed, income 50–100% poverty 17 15 15 16

Employed, income ≥ 100% poverty 8 10 12 12

Not employed, SSI or TANF receipt 11 8 8 7

Not employed, other unearned income 22 22 21 21

Not employed, no unearned income 33 37 36 37
Appendix A Urban Institute 

143 

Characteristics 

Churn for 

one month 

or less 

Churn for 

two 

months 

Churn for 

three 

months 

Churn for 

four 

months 

N 88,537 10,596 8,447 7,468 

Local characteristics (county-level) 

Poverty rate (mean %) 15.1 15.1 15.1 15.0

Unemployment rate (mean %) 8.3 8.3 8.3 8.4

Community food providers per 100,000 (mean) 1.18 1.26 1.31 1.29

Median rent percent of median income (mean) 22.4 22.1 22.0 21.9

Rural (%) 15 18 19 19

Missing ZIP code (%) 2.2 2.1 2.3 2.0

Source: Urban Institute tabulations of state administrative data for FY 2011. 

Notes: All characteristics reflect values for the first month that the case is observed participating in FY 2011 (except local characteristics, as 

discussed in text). 

 
Appendix A Urban Institute 

144 

Table A-14. Estimated Relationships between the Probability of Churning or Exiting versus Remaining on SNAP and Demographic, 

Economic, and Local Characteristics: Florida 

Characteristic Churner Exiter 

Odds ratio (SE) Odds ratio (SE) 

Demographic characteristics 

Age of case head 

< 18 1.174*** 2.009*** 

(0.045) (0.075) 

18–29 1.317*** 1.129*** 

(0.007) (0.007) 

30–44 (reference) 

45–64 0.695*** 0.743*** 

(0.004) (0.004) 

65+ 0.378*** 0.536*** 

(0.004) (0.005) 

Race/ethnicity of case head 

White (reference) 

Black 1.020*** 0.700*** 

(0.005) (0.004) 

Hispanic 0.919*** 0.853*** 

(0.005) (0.005) 

Other 0.901*** 1.073*** 

(0.009) (0.011) 

Unknown 0.437 6864304.9 

(736.687) (7.1e+09) 

Household size 0.978*** 0.897*** 

(0.002) (0.002) 

Household composition 

Nonelderly/nondisabled with children (reference) 

 

Nonelderly/nondisabled without children 1.081*** 1.553*** 

(0.008) (0.012) 

Elderly/disabled with children 1.081*** 0.985 

(0.008) (0.009) 

Elderly/disabled without children 0.840*** 1.077*** 

(0.006) (0.009) 

Economic characteristics 

Employment and earnings 

Employed, gross income < 50% poverty 0.905*** 0.439*** 

(0.010) (0.005) 

Employed, gross income 50–100% poverty 0.909*** 0.545*** 

(0.008) (0.005) 

Employed, gross income > 100% poverty (reference) 

 

Not employed, SSI or TANF receipt 0.415*** 0.222*** 

(0.004) (0.002) 

Not employed, unearned income (not SSI/TANF) 0.644*** 0.474*** 

(0.006) (0.004) 

Not employed, no income 1.009 0.520*** 

(0.009) (0.005) 

Local characteristics (county-level) 

Poverty rate 0.994*** 0.989*** 

(0.001) (0.001) 

Unemployment rate 0.972*** 0.963*** 

(0.002) (0.002) 

Community food providers per 1,000 population 0.0123*** 0.0625*** 
Appendix A Urban Institute 

145 

Characteristic Churner Exiter 

Odds ratio (SE) Odds ratio (SE) 

(0.005) (0.029) 

Median rent as percent of median income 1.002*** 0.995*** 

(0.000) (0.001) 

Rural area 0.981* 1.003 

(0.009) (0.010) 

SNAP participation characteristics 

Months on SNAP 0.932*** 0.916*** 

(0.001) (0.001) 

First observed December 2009 0.704*** 0.570*** 

(0.005) (0.005) 

Constant 2.829*** 6.821*** 

(0.066) (0.172) 

Observations 1,618,324 

Pseudo r-squared 0.087 

Source: Urban Institute estimates of State SNAP administrative data. 

Universe: All SNAP cases observed receiving benefits in September 2010. 

Dependent variable: whether case churns or exits (rather than stays on SNAP) during observation period of October 2010–September 2011. 

Notes: Exponentiated coefficients; standard errors in parentheses. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. 

 
Appendix A Urban Institute 

146 

Table A-15. Estimated Relationships between the Probability of Churning or Exiting versus Remaining on SNAP and Demographic, 

Economic, and Local Characteristics: Idaho 

Characteristic Churner Exiter 

Odds ratio (SE) Odds ratio (SE) 

Demographic characteristics 

Age of case head 

< 18 1.149 1.274 

(0.204) (0.202) 

18–29 1.345*** 1.069** 

(0.030) (0.022) 

30–44 (reference) 

45–64 0.698*** 0.829*** 

(0.021) (0.021) 

65+ 0.492*** 0.973 

(0.038) (0.044) 

Race/ethnicity of case head 

White (reference) 

Black 0.951 1.028 

(0.088) (0.083) 

Hispanic 0.890*** 0.824*** 

(0.025) (0.021) 

Other 1.391*** 1.218*** 

(0.085) (0.069) 

Unknown 0.707** 0.960 

(0.083) (0.092) 

Household size 0.971*** 0.953*** 

(0.008) (0.008) 

Household composition 

Nonelderly/nondisabled with children (reference) 

 

Nonelderly/nondisabled without children 1.782*** 2.223*** 

(0.057) (0.066) 

Elderly/disabled with children 0.706*** 0.713*** 

(0.028) (0.025) 

Elderly/disabled without children 0.389*** 0.640*** 

(0.017) (0.022) 

Economic characteristics 

Employment and earnings 

Employed, gross income < 50% poverty 0.712*** 0.395*** 

(0.030) (0.015) 

Employed, gross income 50–100% poverty 0.683*** 0.471*** 

(0.025) (0.015) 

Employed, gross income > 100% poverty (reference) 

 

Not employed, SSI or TANF receipt 0.599*** 0.382*** 

(0.055) (0.029) 

Not employed, unearned income (not SSI/TANF) 0.692*** 0.459*** 

(0.026) (0.015) 

Not employed, no income 0.926* 0.496*** 

(0.034) (0.016) 

Local characteristics (county-level) 

Poverty rate 0.995 0.982*** 

(0.004) (0.003) 

Unemployment rate 1.025*** 1.012* 

(0.007) (0.006) 

Community food providers per 1,000 population 2.403*** 1.565* 
Appendix A Urban Institute 

147 

Characteristic Churner Exiter 

Odds ratio (SE) Odds ratio (SE) 

(0.594) (0.352) 

Median rent as percent of median income 0.991 1.031*** 

(0.007) (0.006) 

Rural area 0.983 1.025 

(0.023) (0.021) 

SNAP participation characteristics 

Months on SNAP 0.944*** 0.927*** 

(0.005) (0.004) 

First observed December 2009 0.576*** 0.605*** 

(0.021) (0.019) 

Constant 1.005 1.553*** 

(0.102) (0.138) 

Observations 87,952 

Pseudo r-squared 0.091 

Source: Urban Institute estimates of State SNAP administrative data. 

Universe: All SNAP cases observed receiving benefits in September 2010. 

Dependent variable: whether case churns or exits (rather than stays on SNAP) during observation period of October 2010–September 2011. 

Notes: Exponentiated coefficients; standard errors in parentheses. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. 

 
Appendix A Urban Institute 

148 

Table A-16. Estimated Relationships between the Probability of Churning or Exiting versus Remaining on SNAP and Demographic, 

Economic, and Local Characteristics: Illinois 

Characteristic Churner Exiter 

Odds ratio (SE) Odds ratio (SE) 

Demographic characteristics 

Age of case head 

< 18 1.072 1.494*** 

(0.038) (0.059) 

18–29 1.295*** 1.220*** 

(0.009) (0.010) 

30–44 (reference) 

45–64 0.834*** 0.745*** 

(0.007) (0.007) 

65+ 0.659*** 0.822*** 

(0.010) (0.013) 

Race/ethnicity of case head 

White (reference) 

Black 1.176*** 0.810*** 

(0.009) (0.007) 

Hispanic 0.998 0.780*** 

(0.009) (0.008) 

Other 0.988 0.914*** 

(0.021) (0.021) 

Unknown 1.079*** 0.842*** 

(0.017) (0.015) 

Household size 1.019*** 0.940*** 

(0.003) (0.003) 

Household composition 

Nonelderly/nondisabled with children (reference) 

 

Nonelderly/nondisabled without children 1.406*** 2.061*** 

(0.014) (0.023) 

Elderly/disabled with children 0.811*** 0.759*** 

(0.010) (0.012) 

Elderly/disabled without children 0.401*** 0.654*** 

(0.005) (0.009) 

Economic characteristics 

Employment and earnings 

Employed, gross income < 50% poverty 0.826*** 0.352*** 

(0.015) (0.007) 

Employed, gross income 50–100% poverty 0.850*** 0.455*** 

(0.012) (0.007) 

Employed, gross income > 100% poverty (reference) 

 

Not employed, SSI or TANF receipt 0.705*** 0.337*** 

(0.011) (0.005) 

Not employed, unearned income (not SSI/TANF) 0.771*** 0.454*** 

(0.010) (0.006) 

Not employed, no income 0.831*** 0.424*** 

(0.011) (0.006) 

Local characteristics (county-level) 

Poverty rate 0.976*** 0.996* 

(0.001) (0.002) 

Unemployment rate 1.084*** 1.009*** 

(0.002) (0.003) 

Community food providers per 1,000 population 0.289*** 0.496** 
Appendix A Urban Institute 

149 

Characteristic Churner Exiter 

Odds ratio (SE) Odds ratio (SE) 

(0.059) (0.107) 

Median rent as percent of median income 0.944*** 0.948*** 

(0.002) (0.002) 

Rural area 0.670*** 0.803*** 

(0.008) (0.010) 

SNAP participation characteristics 

Months on SNAP 0.945*** 0.919*** 

(0.002) (0.002) 

First observed December 2009 0.750*** 0.700*** 

(0.008) (0.009) 

Constant 2.860*** 7.315*** 

(0.103) (0.291) 

Observations 775,633 

Pseudo r-squared 0.086 

Source: Urban Institute estimates of State SNAP administrative data. 

Universe: All SNAP cases observed receiving benefits in September 2010. 

Dependent variable: whether case churns or exits (rather than stays on SNAP) during observation period of October 201–September 2011. 

Notes: Exponentiated coefficients; standard errors in parentheses. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. 

 
Appendix A Urban Institute 

150 

Table A-17. Estimated Relationships between the Probability of Churning or Exiting versus Remaining on SNAP and Demographic, 

Economic, and Local Characteristics: Maryland 

Characteristic Churner Exiter 

Odds ratio (SE) Odds ratio (SE) 

Demographic characteristics 

Age of case head 

< 18 0.950* 0.694*** 

(0.022) (0.019) 

18–29 1.387*** 0.984 

(0.017) (0.013) 

30–44 (reference) 

45–64 0.698*** 1.027 

(0.010) (0.015) 

65+ 0.236*** 1.224*** 

(0.007) (0.031) 

Race/ethnicity of case head 

White (reference) 

Black 1.000 0.882*** 

(0.012) (0.011) 

Hispanic 0.899*** 0.854*** 

(0.021) (0.020) 

Other 0.787*** 0.851*** 

(0.032) (0.031) 

Unknown 0.969 1.152*** 

(0.024) (0.027) 

Household size 1.071*** 1.014** 

(0.005) (0.005) 

Household composition 

Nonelderly/nondisabled with children (reference) 

 

Nonelderly/nondisabled without children 1.393*** 2.552*** 

(0.023) (0.041) 

Elderly/disabled with children 0.956* 0.347*** 

(0.019) (0.010) 

Elderly/disabled without children 0.826*** 0.315*** 

(0.015) (0.007) 

Economic characteristics 

Employment and earnings 

Employed, gross income < 50% poverty 1.136*** 0.595*** 

(0.027) (0.015) 

Employed, gross income 50–100% poverty 0.970 0.567*** 

(0.020) (0.012) 

Employed, gross income > 100% poverty (reference) 

 

Not employed, SSI or TANF receipt 0.710*** 0.565*** 

(0.014) (0.011) 

Not employed, unearned income (not SSI/TANF) 0.907*** 0.729*** 

(0.017) (0.013) 

Not employed, no income 1.301*** 0.706*** 

(0.025) (0.013) 

Local characteristics (county-level) 

Poverty rate 0.999 0.971*** 

(0.003) (0.003) 

Unemployment rate 1.047*** 1.021*** 

(0.006) (0.006) 

Community food providers per 1,000 population 16.01*** 8.992*** 
Appendix A Urban Institute 

151 

Characteristic Churner Exiter 

Odds ratio (SE) Odds ratio (SE) 

(10.125) (5.971) 

Median rent as percent of median income 1.004* 1.015*** 

(0.002) (0.002) 

Rural area 0.912*** 0.853*** 

(0.021) (0.021) 

SNAP participation characteristics 

Months on SNAP 0.983*** 0.955*** 

(0.003) (0.003) 

First Observed December 2009 0.609*** 0.629*** 

(0.011) (0.012) 

Constant 0.374*** 1.031 

(0.019) (0.052) 

Observations 285,368 

Pseudo r-squared 0.100 

Source: Urban Institute estimates of state SNAP administrative data. 

Universe: All SNAP cases observed receiving benefits in September 2010. 

Dependent variable: whether case churns or exits (rather than stays on SNAP) during observation period of October 2010–September 2011. 

Notes: Exponentiated coefficients; standard errors in parentheses. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. 

 
Appendix A Urban Institute 

152 

Table A-18. Estimated Relationships between the Probability of Churning or Exiting versus Remaining on SNAP and Demographic, 

Economic, and Local Characteristics: Texas 

Characteristic Churner Exiter 

Odds ratio (SE) Odds ratio (SE) 

Demographic characteristics 

Age of case head 

< 18 1.580*** 1.572*** 

(0.056) (0.058) 

18–29 1.322*** 0.975*** 

(0.007) (0.005) 

30–44 (reference) 

45–64 0.783*** 0.806*** 

(0.005) (0.005) 

65+ 0.584*** 0.747*** 

(0.007) (0.007) 

Race/ethnicity of case head 

White (reference) 

Black 1.022*** 0.776*** 

(0.006) (0.005) 

Hispanic 0.843*** 0.705*** 

(0.005) (0.004) 

Other 0.778*** 0.737*** 

(0.011) (0.009) 

Unknown 

Household size 1.066*** 0.979*** 

(0.002) (0.002) 

Household composition 

Nonelderly/nondisabled with children (reference) 

 

Nonelderly/nondisabled without children 1.502*** 2.838*** 

(0.013) (0.025) 

Elderly/disabled with children 1.151*** 0.972** 

(0.009) (0.009) 

Elderly/disabled without children 0.365*** 0.671*** 

(0.004) (0.006) 

Economic characteristics 

Employment and earnings 

Employed, gross income < 50% poverty 0.822*** 0.364*** 

(0.008) (0.004) 

Employed, gross income 50–100% poverty 0.847*** 0.436*** 

(0.007) (0.004) 

Employed, gross income > 100% poverty (reference) 

 

Not employed, SSI or TANF receipt 0.643*** 0.448*** 

(0.006) (0.004) 

Not employed, unearned income (not SSI/TANF) 0.939*** 0.698*** 

(0.007) (0.005) 

Not employed, no income 1.017* 0.601*** 

(0.008) (0.005) 

Local characteristics (county-level) 

Poverty rate 0.991*** 0.990*** 

(0.001) (0.001) 

Unemployment rate 0.965*** 0.992*** 

(0.002) (0.002) 

Community food providers per 1,000 population 0.805* 0.917 
Appendix A Urban Institute 

153 

Characteristic Churner Exiter 

Odds ratio (SE) Odds ratio (SE) 

(0.073) (0.081) 

Median rent as percent of median income 1.018*** 0.987*** 

(0.001) (0.001) 

Rural area 1.046*** 1.055*** 

(0.007) (0.007) 

SNAP participation characteristics 

Months on SNAP 0.938*** 0.898*** 

(0.001) (0.001) 

First observed December 2009 0.739*** 0.717*** 

(0.006) (0.006) 

Constant 1.424*** 5.498*** 

(0.033) (0.129) 

Observations 1,549,459 

Pseudo r-squared 0.098 

Source: Urban Institute estimates of state SNAP administrative data. 

Universe: All SNAP cases observed receiving benefits in September 2010. 

Dependent variable: whether case churns or exits (rather than stays on SNAP) during observation period of October 2010–September 2011. 

Notes: Exponentiated coefficients; standard errors in parentheses. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. 

 
Appendix A Urban Institute 

154 

Table A-19. Estimated Relationships between the Probability of Churning or Exiting versus Remaining on SNAP and Demographic, 

Economic, and Local Characteristics: Virginia 

Characteristic Churner Exiter 

Odds ratio (SE) Odds ratio (SE) 

Demographic characteristics 

Age of case head 

< 18 0.687 1.233 

(0.211) (0.336) 

18–29 1.272*** 1.050*** 

(0.013) (0.012) 

30–44 (reference) 

45–64 0.725*** 0.771*** 

(0.009) (0.009) 

65+ 0.487*** 0.649*** 

(0.011) (0.014) 

Race/ethnicity of case head 

White (reference) 

Black 1.092*** 0.830*** 

(0.011) (0.009) 

Hispanic 1.138*** 0.995 

(0.019) (0.018) 

Other 1.065* 0.904** 

(0.033) (0.028) 

Unknown 1.035 1.420*** 

(0.020) (0.024) 

Household size 0.969*** 0.944*** 

(0.004) (0.005) 

Household composition 

Nonelderly/nondisabled with children (reference) 

 

Nonelderly/nondisabled without children 1.409*** 1.975*** 

(0.021) (0.031) 

Elderly/disabled with children 0.948** 1.012 

(0.018) (0.021) 

Elderly/disabled without children 0.698*** 0.986 

(0.013) (0.019) 

Economic characteristics 

Employment and earnings 

Employed, gross income < 50% poverty 0.808*** 0.378*** 

(0.017) (0.009) 

Employed, gross income 50–100% poverty 0.816*** 0.464*** 

(0.015) (0.009) 

Employed, gross income > 100% poverty (reference) 

 

Not employed, SSI or TANF receipt 0.591*** 0.275*** 

(0.013) (0.006) 

Not employed, Unearned Income (not SSI/TANF) 0.650*** 0.435*** 

(0.012) (0.007) 

Not employed, no income 0.811*** 0.469*** 

(0.015) (0.008) 

Local characteristics (county-level) 

Poverty rate 0.995*** 0.988*** 

(0.001) (0.001) 

Unemployment rate 0.968*** 0.982*** 

(0.003) (0.003) 

Community food providers per 1,000 population 0.521*** 1.227 
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155 

Characteristic Churner Exiter 

Odds ratio (SE) Odds ratio (SE) 

(0.097) (0.207) 

Median rent as percent of median income 1.025*** 1.010*** 

(0.001) (0.001) 

Rural area 0.804*** 0.912*** 

(0.011) (0.012) 

SNAP participation characteristics 

Months on SNAP 0.920*** 0.929*** 

(0.002) (0.002) 

First observed December 2009 0.735*** 0.524*** 

(0.013) (0.009) 

Constant 1.243*** 2.819*** 

(0.044) (0.104) 

Observations 379,842 

Pseudo r-squared 0.080 

Source: Urban Institute estimates of State SNAP administrative data. 

Universe: All SNAP cases observed receiving benefits in September 2010. 

Dependent variable: whether case churns or exits (rather than stays on SNAP) during observation period of October 2010–September 2011. 

Notes: Exponentiated coefficients; standard errors in parentheses. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. 

 
Appendix A Urban Institute 

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Table A- 20. Estimated Relationships between the Probability of Churning versus Remaining on SNAP and Demographic, Economic, and 

Local Characteristics: Entry Cohort 

Characteristic Churner 

Odds ratio (SE) 

Demographic characteristics 

Age of case head 

< 18 1.328*** 

(0.072) 

18-29 1.260*** 

(0.013) 

30–44 (reference) 

45–64 0.713*** 

(0.008) 

65+ 0.428*** 

(0.010) 

Race/ethnicity of case head 

White (reference) 

Black 0.970** 

(0.011) 

Hispanic 0.867*** 

(0.010) 

Other 0.895*** 

(0.022) 

Unknown 0.978 

(0.035) 

Household size 1.036*** 

(0.004) 

Household composition 

Nonelderly/nondisabled with children (reference) 

Nonelderly/nondisabled without children 1.298*** 

(0.018) 

Elderly/disabled with children 1.011 

(0.018) 

Elderly/disabled without children 0.672*** 

(0.011) 

Economic characteristics 

Employment and earnings 

Employed, gross income < 50% poverty 0.964 

(0.019) 

Employed, gross income 50–100% poverty 0.922*** 

(0.016) 

Employed, gross income > 100% poverty (reference) 

Not employed, SSI or TANF receipt 0.579*** 

(0.012) 

Not employed, unearned income (not SSI/TANF) 0.734*** 

(0.012) 

Not employed, no income 1.038* 

(0.016) 

Local characteristics (county-level) 

Poverty rate 0.987*** 

(0.001) 

Unemployment rate 0.981*** 

(0.003) 

Community food providers per 1,000 population 1.084 
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157 

Characteristic Churner 

Odds ratio (SE) 

(0.269) 

Median rent as percent of median income 1.013*** 

(0.001) 

Rural area 0.998 

(0.015) 

State fixed effects 

Florida (reference) 

Idaho 0.405*** 

(0.015) 

Illinois 0.727*** 

(0.012) 

Maryland 0.439*** 

(0.009) 

Texas 0.715*** 

(0.013) 

Virginia 0.587*** 

(0.013) 

SNAP participation characteristics 

On SNAP before September 2010 1.205*** 

(0.010) 

Constant 1.909*** 

(0.082) 

Observations 388,426 

Pseudo r-squared 0.057 

Source: Urban Institute estimates of pooled State SNAP administrative data from Florida, Idaho, Illinois, Maryland, Texas, and Virginia. 

Universe: All SNAP cases entering SNAP in September 2010. 

Dependent variable: whether case churns or exits (rather than stays on SNAP) during observation period of October 2010–September 2011. 

Notes: Exponentiated coefficients; standard errors in parentheses. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. 
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APPENDIX B: INSTRUMENTS 

Recruitment Script--Interviews 

Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 9 minutes per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, 

searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. An agency may not 

conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number. Send 

comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to: U.S. Department 

of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Services, Office of Research and Analysis, 3101 Park Center Drive, Room 1014, Alexandria, VA 22302 ATTN: PRA (0584-

xxxx*). Do not return the completed form to this address. 

Note: Interview respondents (as identified in consultation with the state or local SNAP director) will be 

contacted by the Urban Institute (or MEF Associates) to request their cooperation and to arrange a time 

and location for the interview. A common recruitment script will be used for SNAP administrators, SNAP 

caseworkers, and CBO directors. The recruitment and reminder scripts assume that, for any given 

respondent, both contacts are made by the same Urban Institute (or MEF Associates) staff member, one of 

the interviewers assigned to the site. The contacts are assumed to be telephone calls. The same wording 

will be used if the contact is made via e-mail. 

Hello, may I please speak with [RESPONDENT’S NAME]? [Once the respondent is on the call . . .] 

Hello, I’m [NAME], a researcher with the Urban Institute [or MEF Associates], a research organization 

located in the Washington, DC area. [NAME OF STATE OR LOCAL SNAP DIRECTOR] at the food stamp 

[SNAP; name of program to be tailored to specific site] program suggested that I contact you. I’d like to 

request your cooperation in a study that we are conducting for the Food and Nutrition Service on churning 

among SNAP participants. Our study is assessing the causes and costs of participant churning. As part of 

this study, we will be interviewing SNAP administrators, SNAP caseworkers, and directors of local 

community-based organizations to get their perspectives on the causes and costs of churn. [NAME OF 

CITY] is one of six local areas selected as a study site. I am one member of the research team coming to 

[CITY] on [DATES] to conduct these interviews. We would like to include you in our interviews, if you agree 

to cooperate. Each interview will take an hour. Your participation in the study is voluntary. We will take 
Appendix B Urban Institute 

159 

notes during the interview, but no individual will be quoted by name in our reports or in any discussions 

beyond the research team itself. 

Are you willing to be interviewed for this study? 

[IF YES] Terrific. I’ll add your name now to our interview list. [CONTINUE BELOW WITH “Are 

you available . . . ?”] 

[IF NO] That’s fine. Thank you for letting me tell you about this. Enjoy the rest of your day. 

Good-bye. 

Are you available during either of the days when we will be in [CITY]? Those days are [DATES]. 

[IF YES] Great. What would be the best times for you on those days? 

[CONTINUE] Good. I’ve recorded those times. For now, let’s schedule the interview for 

[DATE and TIME]. Please write down this meeting in your calendar. 

[CONTINUE] What is the best location for our interview? 

[CONTINUE] Excellent. Prior to that time, I will re-contact you to remind you of the 

details – the date, time, and location, etc. Enjoy the rest of your day. Good-bye. 

 

RECORD INFORMATION: 

Name of Respondent ____________________ 

Phone Number ____________________ 

Location of Interview ____________________ 

Time/Date of Interview ____________________ 

[IF NO] That’s unfortunate. I will get back to you after I check with the other members of our 

research team, to see what other dates and times we might arrange. Enjoy the rest of your day. 

Good-bye. 
Appendix B Urban Institute 

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Appendix B Urban Institute

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Reminder Script--Interviews

Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 6 minutes per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, 

searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. An agency may not 

conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number. Send 

comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to: U.S. Department 

of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Services, Office of Research and Analysis, 3101 Park Center Drive, Room 1014, Alexandria, VA 22302 ATTN: PRA (0584-

xxxx*). Do not return the completed form to this address. 

Note: As noted earlier, the reminder call is made by the same Urban Institute [MEF Associates] staff 

member who made the recruitment call.

Hello, may I please speak with [RESPONDENT’S NAME]? [Once the respondent is on the call . . .] 

Hello, I’m [NAME] from the Urban Institute [MEF Associates], and I’m following up on our recent 

conversation. As you may recall, I described our study of SNAP churning, and you agreed to participate in 

an interview during our upcoming visit as part of this study. Do you remember our conversation? 

[IF YES] Terrific. I’m calling just to confirm that you’re still available for us to interview you. We 

arranged this for [DATE] at [TIME] at [ADDRESS]. Is this still OK for you? 

[YES: NO CHANGE REQUIRED] That’s great. We’ll look forward to speaking with you 

then. Thanks very much. Enjoy the rest of your day. Good-bye. 

[NO: CHANGE REQUIRED] That’s OK. Let’s change this then to the following: [DATE] 

at [TIME] at [ADDRESS]. We’ll look forward to speaking with you then. Thanks very much. 

Enjoy the rest of your day. Good-bye. 

[IF NO] REPEAT RECRUITMENT SCRIPT (APPENDIX B-1). 

[IF RESPONDENT AGREES TO BE INTERVIEWED.] Let’s arrange this for [DATE] at [TIME] at 

[ADDRESS]. Is this OK for you? 
Appendix B Urban Institute

162 

[YES: NO CHANGE REQUIRED] That’s great. We’ll look forward to speaking with you 

then. Thanks very much. Enjoy the rest of your day. Good-bye. 

[NO: CHANGE REQUIRED] That’s OK. Let’s change this then to the following: [DATE] 

at [TIME] at [ADDRESS]. We’ll look forward to speaking with you then. Thanks very much. 

Enjoy the rest of your day. Good-bye. 

[IF RESPONDENT DOES NOT AGREE TO PARTICIPATE.] That’s fine. Thank you for letting 

me tell you about this. Enjoy the rest of your day. Good-bye. 

RECORD ANY CHANGE IN INFORMATION: 

Name of Respondent ____________________ 

Phone Number ____________________ 

Location of Interview ____________________ 

Time/Date of Interview ____________________ 
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Introductory Script--Interviews 

Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 5 minutes per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, 

searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. An agency may not 

conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number. Send 

comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to: U.S. Department 

of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Services, Office of Research and Analysis, 3101 Park Center Drive, Room 1014, Alexandria, VA 22302 ATTN: PRA (0584-

xxxx*). Do not return the completed form to this address. 

Note: This introduction is to be used at the beginning of each interview with SNAP administrators, SNAP 

caseworkers, and community-based organization (CBO) representatives.

Thank you for participating in this study and taking the time to talk with us. I know that you are busy and 

I will try to be as focused as possible. My name is ____ and this is ______. We work with the Urban 

Institute [or MEF Associates], a research organization located in the Washington, DC area. We are 

conducting a study for the US Department of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, gathering information 

from states and localities related to churning among recipients of SNAP benefits (or food stamps). For this 

study we are defining churning as a SNAP case that closes and then reopens within four months. The 

goals of the study are to improve our understanding of the rates, causes, and costs of churning among 

SNAP participants and to examine policies and practices that might help reduce churning or the costs 

associated with it for SNAP agencies and clients. 

As you know, this on-off-on cycling in the SNAP caseload is an important policy issue, in terms of the 

benefit loss to households who may have remained continuously eligible, the burden to them (in time and 

expense) of reentering the program, and the administrative costs to program agencies associated with case 

closings and reopenings. Our study will analyze administrative data as well as information from interviews 

and focus groups in six states, including yours. The other states are _____. In each site we visit, we will 

speak with SNAP administrators and staff and with community-based organizations. We will also conduct 

focus groups with SNAP participants who have stopped receiving SNAP benefits and then started again. 

Our study will culminate with a report to FNS in July 2014, and we expect that report to later be made 

publicly available. 

I have many questions. We are talking with a number of people, so please do not feel as though I 

expect you to be able to answer every question. We want to make sure you know that your participation 

today is completely voluntary–you are free to decide whether or not to participate in the discussion and you 

can always choose to not discuss any particular issue. 

When we write our reports and discuss our findings, we will ensure that the information from all the 

people we spoke with cannot be traced back to those persons. No individual will be quoted by name or by 

title. The goal is to find common themes across all the interviews, not to report the responses of any 

particular individual. Please remember that our aim is learn from your experiences, not to judge your work 

in any way. Are you willing to participate in this interview? 

We value the information you will share with us today and want to make sure we capture all of it. So, 

with your permission, we will be recording the interview, and [name of person] will also be taking notes 

on a laptop computer. We will not use your name in preparing any reports and will ensure that no one 

could identify you as the source of any specific comments. Do you have any objection to our recording 
Appendix B Urban Institute

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the interview? During the discussion, if you would like to stop the recording while you make a particular 

comment, please let us know. 

We have scheduled this meeting for [1 hour – LENGTH OF INTERVIEWS WILL VARY BY TYPE OF 

RESPONDENT. INTERVIEWERS SHOULD REFER TO SCHEDULE]. Is that still convenient? 

Do you have any questions before we begin? 
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Interview Guide--SNAP Administrators 

Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 60 minutes per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, 

searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. An agency may not 

conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number. Send 

comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to: U.S. Department 

of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Services, Office of Research and Analysis, 3101 Park Center Drive, Room 1014, Alexandria, VA 22302 ATTN: PRA (0584-

xxxx*). Do not return the completed form to this address. 

Respondent Background 

1. Please describe your current position/role (e.g., job title, overall responsibilities, any specific 

responsibilities related to SNAP) 

Organizational Overview 

2. [Note: This question should be tailored based on information obtained prior to the interview. For 

example, “My understanding is that this office also administers____. Is that right? Does this office 

administer any other programs?] Does this office administer other programs in addition to SNAP? If 

so, what are they? (e.g., SNAP, TANF, Medicaid, Child Care) 

3. Can you describe for me the process for applying for SNAP in this office? When someone walks 

into the office to apply for SNAP, what is the procedure? Can they apply for other programs, such 

as TANF, at the same time? (Use probes below, if not already answered.)

a. Are there forms that can be completed online? (If online, what is the take-up rate/access to 

computers?)

b. Does your office require face-to-face or telephone interviews for SNAP? Does your office 

allow for online or telephone recertification? Mailing or faxing of required documentation? 

c. Are SNAP forms translated into other languages? If so, how many other languages? 

Which ones? 

d. What are your office hours? 

e. What is the waiting time for someone who comes to the office? 
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4. [To the extent that this information is known ahead of time, tailor question to say, “I have in my 

notes that ...”] How often do clients need to recertify? When do clients need to report relevant 

status changes? For those with a 12-month recertification period, is a 6-month report also 

required? What information is required? How is it submitted? 

5. How many staff work in this office? How many staff are responsible for processing SNAP cases? 

Are they responsible for processing other types of cases as well? Are these workers responsible 

for all aspects of a SNAP case or are different staff responsible for different tasks, such as 

processing new applications or recertifications? Who is responsible for entering data regarding 

closures for SNAP participants? 

6. What is the diversity among your staff and how does that compare to the diversity of the population 

you serve? Do your offices have sufficient staff to serve customers in a timely manner? 

Determining the process of churner reentry 

7. What is the process of reentry for churners? What steps are involved? 

a. Does the process for churner reentry differ from the standard application or recertification 

processes? (i.e., possibly having to provide less documentation or go through a shorter 

process?) 

b. Does the reentry process depend on length of time off the program? For example, are 

there different requirements if a recipient has been off SNAP for less than 30 days? 

c. Does this vary by office or region within a state? 

8. What happens when participants who appear to be eligible do not recertify (i.e., do not show up for 

interview, do not provide necessary documents, or do not even begin recertification process)? 

Does the case manager know (i.e., does a warning pop up in their computer record that a 

household has missed recertification?) Is there any outreach to these households? 

9. Are there any differences in the action taken among types of households that fail to recertify? For 

example.... 

10. How have these policies changed in recent years? If they’ve changed, what were the perceived (or 

documented) effects of these changes? 

Calculating the cost of churning 
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11. Do you track the cost of churning for the program? If yes, what are those costs and how do you 

measure them? 

a. Do you know how many hours it might take to process a typical initial application? A typical 

recertification; a typical reentry (churn)? Does it vary by client, caseworker, or both? How 

so? 

b. Do you know how much time is spent on ongoing case maintenance functions that might 

prevent churning, such as sending follow-up letters or making calls reminding the 

participant that the recertification date is near? 

c. Do you often have to reschedule appointments that are made? How long does it take on 

average to get a client on the phone to complete a telephone interview? 

d. What other case management activities do caseworkers perform for SNAP cases? 

e. Do you have a sense of whether these actions actually have an effect on churning? 

Examining the causes and relevant factors associated with churning 

12. Among the many program issues that receive your attention, how important an issue is churning in 

SNAP (going off of SNAP and then back on again within a few months), in terms of its prevalence 

or how much of a burden it creates? 

13. Do you have a feel for whether different types of SNAP units might churn more (for example, 

families with earned income)? Why do you think so? 

14. What do you believe causes churning? (New computer system? Case overload? Auto-closures or 

paperwork backlogs? Temporary ineligibility? Eligible people not recertifying?) Which causes are 

most common? Why do you think this is the cause? 

15. When cases don’t recertify, why do you think this happens? In general, are there SNAP policies or 

office practices that make it harder or easier for recipients to recertify or report status changes? 

a. Do you think the office practices we discussed earlier (e.g., office hours, availability of 

online or telephone services, etc.) have any effect on clients’ ability to recertify or report 

status changes? Do you think they have any effect on churning? If so, how? 

b. Do you think recertification periods have any impact on churning? Why or why not? 

16. Does your office have any other policies or practices to simplify reporting? (For example....) Has 

the state received any waivers that have enabled you to reduce the extent of churning? 
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17. Do you believe that the number or diversity of your staff has any effect on churning? Why or why 

not? 

18. We have heard that in some SNAP offices, paperwork backlogs and auto-closures as cases reach 

the end-date of their certification period can result in eligible families having their cases closed and 

then needing to be restarted, contributing to one kind of churning. Does that sometimes happen in 

your office? 

19. Are there ways that enhanced technology could improve (or, has improved) your business 

processes to potentially reduce churn? For example, better access to data about who is churning 

and why their cases were closed...” or “Are there ways that technology contributes to churning? 

For example, when computer systems are down or there are computer glitches ...” Regardless of 

resources, what would you do or what would you need to do to improve the way you do business? 

20. What, if any, policies have your state [or county, for state-supervised systems] made that are 

specifically intended to reduce churning? (e.g., length of recertification) Do you think other policies 

that were not specifically intended to affect churning have anyway? Which ones, and it what ways? 

21. Do you (or your office) have any plans to implement any new policies or procedures specifically 

designed to address churning? 

22. Are there any additional actions caseworkers or the SNAP agency could take to reduce churning? 

If so, what prevents you from taking that action now? 

23. Are any local community-based organizations (CBOs) involved in assisting SNAP recipients apply 

for or maintain benefits? Is this a formal relationship with your office, or do you just know that they 

help people? What is the role CBOs play in helping cases maintain certification or recertify? How 

important are CBO’s in preventing or addressing churning? Which CBOs provide assistance to 

SNAP applicants and recipients in this community? 

a. What actions can CBOs take to help SNAP applicants and recipients? Do you know what 

percent of cases receive CBO assistance? 

24. Is there anything unique about this area/office, the types of clients that you typically serve or the 

barriers that they face that might affect churning patterns? 

Determining the rate and patterns of churning 

I have a few specific questions about the information in your computer system. We are analyzing data 

from data systems to determine the rates and patterns of churning. We want to understand how information 

is entered into the computer system so we can be sure that we are interpreting the data correctly in our 

analyses. 
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25. Do you ever see data that has been extracted from your computer system (i.e., data reports)? If so, 

do you ever see data on reasons for case closure (e.g., because case was income ineligible or did 

not submit necessary paperwork)? Do you have a sense of how accurate the data on case 

closures are? 

26. Data systems sometimes include some data elements that aren’t required. For example, in some 

states there is a race/ethnicity data field or a gender data field available, but not required. Even 

when a data element is required, there may be missing or miscoded data. 

a. Are you aware of any data elements in your system that are often skipped? 

b. Are you aware of data elements that are often miscoded (e.g., contain incorrect 

information)? If so, which ones? Why? 

c. Are there other idiosyncrasies about the data that would be important for us to 

understand? 

Wrap-up 

27. What other issues related to SNAP churning would you like to tell me about? 

28. We’ve talked a lot about the time and effort it takes to enroll someone in SNAP and help them 

maintain those benefits. It’s a big challenge. Can you tell me what one thing you think is working 

best in your office to move clients through this process more efficiently and effectively?

29. Do you have any final questions for us, or comments you would like to add? 

30. If we have any follow-up questions as we are writing our report, may we follow up by e-mail or 

phone? 
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Interview Guide--SNAP Caseworkers 

Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 60 minutes per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, 

searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. An agency may not 

conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number. Send 

comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to: U.S. Department 

of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Services, Office of Research and Analysis, 3101 Park Center Drive, Room 1014, Alexandria, VA 22302 ATTN: PRA (0584-

xxxx*). Do not return the completed form to this address. 

The specific number and roles of the caseworkers or other staff interviewed will vary depending on how 

each particular SNAP office is organized. We will work with the SNAP office director or her designee to 

identify the relevant staff to be included in our interview schedule. We will seek to interview staff with 

responsibility for each aspect of the SNAP application and recertification processes, whether those 

responsibilities are taken by a single caseworker or shared across multiple staff roles. 

 

Respondent Background 

1. To start, would you please describe your current position or role? What are your responsibilities 

related to SNAP? What other responsibilities do you have? 

1. Are you responsible for processing benefits for other programs (e.g., TANF, Medicaid, Child Care)? 

Are you responsible for all aspects of an assigned SNAP case or do you only process new 

applicants versus manage ongoing cases, or is there another model? 

Office Background 

2. We want to make sure we understand some of the processes and circumstances in your office. 

a. [To the extent that this information is known ahead of time, tailor question to say, “I have in my 

notes that your office...”] How often do clients need to recertify? 

b. When do clients need to report relevant status changes? 

c. For those with a 12-month recertification period, is a 6-month report also required? What 

information is required? How is it submitted? 

d. Does your office conduct face-to-face or telephone interviews for recertification? 

e. Does your office allow for online recertification? Mailing or faxing of required documentation? 
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f. What are your office hours? What is the waiting time for someone who comes to the office? 

3. Are SNAP forms translated into other languages? If so, how many other languages? Which ones? 

4. What is the diversity among your staff and how does that compare to the diversity of the population 

you serve? (Probe about racial, ethnic, and language diversity.)

5. Do your offices have sufficient staff to serve customers in a timely manner? 

Determining the process of churner reentry 

6. When someone has been off of SNAP for no more than a few months, what is the process of 

reentry? What steps are involved? 

a. Does the process for churner reentry differ from the standard application or recertification 

processes? (i.e., possibly having to provide less documentation or go through a shorter 

process?) 

b. Does the reentry process depend on length of time off the program? (i.e., is it different for 

someone who was off for one month versus four months versus one year?) 

7. What happens when participants appear to be eligible but they do not recertify (i.e., do not show up 

for interview or provide necessary documents)? Is there any outreach to these households? Does 

the action taken depend on the type of household? If so, how? Administratively, is anything 

required? Do you enter a specific code in the file? 

8. Have these policies changed in recent years? If they’ve changed, what were the perceived (or 

documented) effects of these changes? 

Calculating the cost of churning 

9. How much time, overall, do you spend processing applications and recertifications in a given 

week? 

a. How much time is spent for a typical initial application (e.g., 1 hour)? 

b. How much time is spent recertifying a typical case? 

c. How much time is spent on a typical reentry application (meaning someone who churns)? 
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10. What other activities do you spend your time doing? How much time do you spend on these other 

activities? Do you have a sense of whether any of these other activities would have an effect on 

churning? 

11. When a client goes off and back on benefits in a few months’ time, there might be costs that they 

wouldn’t have had if they stayed on SNAP the whole time. What do you believe are the kinds of 

costs of churning for participants? 

Examining the causes and relevant factors associated with churning 

12. Among the many program issues that receive your attention, how important an issue is churning in 

SNAP (going off of SNAP and then back on again within a few months), in terms of its prevalence 

or how much of a burden it creates? Is churning a topic ever discussed among staff in your office? 

13. What do you believe causes churning? (Probe, if necessary. New computer system? Case 

overload? Temporary ineligibility? Eligible people not recertifying?) Which causes are most 

common? 

14. From your perspective, what percentage of cases does not recertify? What do you think are the 

common reasons? 

15. In general, are there SNAP policies or practices that make it harder or easier for recipients to 

recertify or report status changes, which might have an effect on churning? (Use the following 

probes, if not already answered.) 

a. Do you think the length of the recertification period has any effect on churning? Why or 

why not? 

b. Do you think any of the practices we’ve been discussing (face-to-face or phone 

interviews, mailing documentation, office hours, etc.) have any effect on clients’ ability 

to recertify or report status changes? Do you think they have any effect on churning? If 

so, how? 

c. Does your office have any other policies or practices that make it harder or easier for 

recipients to recertify or report status changes? 

16. We have heard that in some SNAP offices, paperwork backlogs and auto-closures that occur as 

cases reach the end-date of their certification period, can result in eligible clients having their cases 

closed and then needing to be restarted, contributing to one kind of churning. Does that sometimes 

happen in your office? 
Appendix B Urban Institute

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17. Are there ways that enhanced technology has improved (or, maybe could improve) your business 

processes to potentially reduce churn? For example, better access to data about who is churning 

and why their cases were closed? Are there ways that technology contributes to churning? For 

example, when computer systems are down or there are computer glitches? 

18. Do you believe that the number or diversity of your staff has any effect on churning? Why or why 

not? 

19. You mentioned [refer to answers given above] as a possible cause of churning. Is there anything 

caseworkers or the SNAP agency could do to reduce address this? [Note: specific wording will 

depend on the specific issues being discussed.]

20. Do you think some cases are more likely to churn than others? Which ones? Why? To what extent 

do you think that SNAP participants’ personal characteristics (i.e., health issues, small children, 

household composition changes, work schedules, etc.) might make it more challenging for them to 

follow SNAP rules and complete administrative processes? 

21. Are local community-based organizations involved in assisting SNAP recipients to apply for or 

maintain benefits? Which ones? 

a. What is the role community-based organizations play in helping cases maintain 

certification or recertify? How important are community-based organizations in preventing 

or addressing churning? 

b. (Probe, if not already answered) What actions can community-based organizations take to 

help SNAP applicants and recipients? Do you know what percent of cases receive 

assistance from community-based organizations? 

22. Is there anything unique about your area or office, such as the types of clients that you typically 

serve or the barriers that they face that might affect churning patterns? 

Determining the rate and patterns of churning 

I have a few specific questions about how information about cases is entered into your computer 

system. We are analyzing data from state data systems to determine the rates and patterns of churning. 

We want to understand how information is entered into the computer system so we can be sure that we are 

interpreting the data correctly in our analyses. 

23. Who is responsible for entering information about SNAP participants? 
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24. If a case closes because they don’t comply with procedural requirements (i.e., don’t submit 

documentation or have an interview), what information do you enter in the computer? Is there a 

specific code number or name for that? 

25. If, instead, a case closes because the client is ineligible due to income or assets, what information 

do you enter in the computer? Do you need to enter information saying the case is closed, or does 

the computer determine that based on the information about the income and assets? Are there 

specific code numbers or names that are used for cases that are closed due to income or assets? 

Data systems sometimes include some data elements that aren’t required. For example, in some states 

there is a race/ethnicity data field or a gender data field available, but not required. Even when a data 

element is required, there may be missing or miscoded data. 

26. Are there data elements in your system that are often skipped? If so, are these left blank or do they 

show a default (e.g., Field says “Female” unless you change it to “Male”). 

27. Are there data elements that are often miscoded (e.g., contain incorrect information)? If so, which 

ones? Why? 

28. Are there other idiosyncrasies about how you enter information into the computer that would be 

important for us to understand? 

Wrap-up 

29. What other issues related to SNAP churning would you like to tell me about? 

30. We’ve talked a lot about the time and effort it takes to enroll someone in SNAP and help them 

maintain those benefits. It’s a big challenge. Can you tell me what one thing you think is working 

best in your office to move clients through this process more efficiently and effectively? 

31. Do you have any final questions for us, or comments you would like to add? 
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Interview Guide--Community Based Organization (CBO) Directors 

Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 60 minutes per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, 

searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. An agency may not 

conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number. Send 

comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to: U.S. Department 

of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Services, Office of Research and Analysis, 3101 Park Center Drive, Room 1014, Alexandria, VA 22302 ATTN: PRA (0584-

xxxx*). Do not return the completed form to this address. 

We will interview CBO directors and/or other key CBO representatives with responsibility for SNAPrelated activities. Some of these CBOs will be operating under FNS waivers and others will not. We expect 

that the CBOs will have a range of formal and informal roles related to SNAP. 

Respondent Background

1. Please tell me about this organization and the types of services you provide. Who is your target 

population? What are your key funding sources? 

2. Please describe your current position/role (e.g., job title, overall responsibilities, specific 

responsibilities related to SNAP) 

Examining the causes and relevant factors associated with churning 

3. How long has [NAME OF ORGANIZATION] been working to assist families applying for SNAP 

benefits? How did your organization get involved? About how many families does your organization 

assist in applying for SNAP over the course of a year? 

4. What is the role of your organization in helping individuals apply for and receive SNAP benefits? 

Are you involved in outreach activities? Helping individuals apply for benefits? Filing applications? 

Helping SNAP cases maintain certification or recertify? Conducting interviews? 

a. Do other CBOs in your area also provide these services? Which are most involved? 

b. What actions do these other CBOs take? 

c. Do you know approximately what percent of SNAP cases receive CBO assistance? 

d. How many staff are involved in assisting families applying for SNAP benefits? 

5. Among the many program issues that receive your attention, how important an issue is churning in 

SNAP (going off of SNAP and then back on again within a few months), in terms of its prevalence 

or how much of a burden it creates? 
Appendix B Urban Institute

176 

6. Do you have a feel for whether different types of SNAP units might churn more (for example, 

families with earned income)? Why do you think so? 

7. What do you believe causes churning? (New computer system? Case overload? Auto-closures or 

paperwork backlogs? Temporary ineligibility? Eligible people not recertifying?) Which causes are 

most common? 

8. When cases don’t recertify, why do you think this happens? In general, are there SNAP policies or 

office practices that make it harder or easier for recipients to recertify or report status changes? 

a. What operational practices in offices make it easier or harder for recipients to recertify or 

report status changes? (e.g., face-to-face or telephone interviews? online or telephone 

recertification? Waiting times in the office? Office hours? Language used on forms and in 

SNAP office?) Do you think these practices have any effect on churning? If so, how? 

b. What policies make it easier or harder for recipients to recertify or report status changes? 

(e.g., how often do clients need to recertify or report relevant status changes? Other 

policies or practices to simplify reporting? ) Do you think these practices have any effect on 

churning? If so, how? 

9. To what extent do you think that recipients’ personal characteristics and circumstances (i.e., health 

issues, small children, household composition changes, work schedules, etc.) might make it more 

challenging for them to comply with SNAP rules and processes? Why do you think so? 

10. What steps can families take to reduce churning? What steps can caseworkers take to reduce or 

prevent churning? 

11. How do CBOs help prevent or address churning? If you could do anything you wanted, are there 

any additional actions you wish your organization or other CBOs could take to help reduce 

churning? If so, what prevents you from taking that action now? (e.g., insufficient funds, legal 

restrictions, other priorities?) 

12. Is there anything unique about this area/office, the types of clients that you typically serve or the 

barriers that they face that might affect churning patterns? 

Determining the process of churner reentry 

13. For churners who use the services of the CBO, what is the process of reentry into the SNAP 

program? What steps are involved? Can you walk me through one or two case examples? 

a. Does the process at the CBO for churner reentry differ from the standard application or 

recertification processes? 

b. Does the process depend on length of time off the program? 
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177 

14. What churning-specific policies are in place at the CBO? 

Calculating the cost of churning 

15. For the CBO, does the time spent processing applications and conducting certification differ 

between restarting benefits and certifying existing cases? (What is the amount of staff time spent 

on a typical initial application? A typical recertification; a typical reentry (churn)?) 

16. How much time at the CBO is spent on activities to help families maintain certification and avoid 

churning? 

17. Do you think there are costs to the family for churning? What do you think they are? (Probe, if 

needed. For example, it takes time to recertify for SNAP after they have lost their benefits and they 

might also need to pay for gas or bus fare to get to the SNAP office.) 

Wrap-up 

18. What other issues related to SNAP churning would you like to tell me about? 

19. We’ve talked a lot about the time and effort it takes to enroll someone in SNAP and help them 

maintain those benefits. It’s a big challenge. Can you tell me what one thing you feel is working 

best to help move families through this process more efficiently and effectively? Do you have any 

final questions for us, or comments you would like to add? 
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Recruitment Script--Focus Groups 

Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 9 minutes per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, 

searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. An agency may not 

conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number. Send 

comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to: U.S. Department 

of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Services, Office of Research and Analysis, 3101 Park Center Drive, Room 1014, Alexandria, VA 22302 ATTN: PRA (0584-

xxxx*). Do not return the completed form to this address. 

Note: Focus group participants will be recruited by the Urban Institute [or MEF Associates], unless the 

local office director prefers to have local agency staff recruit participants. Participants will be at least 18 

years of age. About 20 adult heads-of-households for each group will be contacted to ensure that about 10 

agree to participate and that each group includes about 5 actual participants. The recruitment and reminder 

scripts below assume that both calls are made by the same Urban Institute [or MEF Associates] staff 

member. 

Hello, may I please speak with [PARTICIPANT’S NAME]? [Once the participant is on the call . . .] 

Hello, I’m [NAME], a researcher with the Urban Institute [or MEF Associates], a research organization 

located in the Washington, DC area. [NAME OF CASEWORKER] at the food stamp [SNAP; name of 

program to be tailored to specific site] program, gave me permission to invite you to join an upcoming 

discussion group for SNAP recipients. We are holding a one-time meeting to hear from SNAP participants 

about the experience of going off the SNAP program and then coming back on soon after. As a token of our 

appreciation, you will receive $30 [increased to $80] and a light meal [lunch or dinner, depending on the 

time of the session], and you will be helping SNAP administrators understand how to better serve clients 

and reduce the burden of going off and on SNAP on families. Our research team is coming to [CITY] on 

[DATE] to conduct the discussion group. We are hoping that you would be willing to talk with us about your 

experiences. We hope to hear as many points of view as possible about why people go off and on SNAP 

and how it affects households like yours. We feel that your input would be really valuable. 

Am I correct that you recently had the experience of going off the SNAP program and then coming back 

on? [IF NO, SKIP TO “That’s fine” below. IF YES, CONTINUE.] 

Your decision to participate in the discussion or not will have NO impact on your receipt of SNAP or any 

other public assistance benefits. Your participation is completely voluntary. The discussion should take 
Appendix B Urban Institute

179 

about an hour and a half. As I mentioned, you will receive $30 [increased to $80] as a token of 

appreciation. We will also serve a light meal. Our research team will use what we learn to contribute to a 

report to the federal government on the patterns, causes, and costs of going off and on SNAP. Your name 

will not be recorded, and all information will be kept private. 

Would you be interested in and available to participate in the discussion group on [DATE] at [TIME]? 

The discussion will take place at [the SNAP offices OR OTHER SPECIFIC LOCATION], located at 

[ADDRESS]. 

[IF YES] Terrific. I’ll put your name down as a participant, and would ask that you write down this 

meeting in your calendar. One of the research team members will call you again prior to the meeting to 

remind you of the details – the date, time, and location, etc. Enjoy the rest of your day. Good-bye. 

[IF NO] That’s fine. Thank you for letting me tell you about this. Enjoy the rest of your day. Good-bye. 
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Reminder Script--Focus Groups 

Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 6 minutes per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, 

searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. An agency may not 

conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number. Send 

comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to: U.S. Department 

of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Services, Office of Research and Analysis, 3101 Park Center Drive, Room 1014, Alexandria, VA 22302 ATTN: PRA (0584-

xxxx*). Do not return the completed form to this address. 

Note: As noted earlier, the reminder script below assumes that the call is made by the same Urban 

Institute [or MEF Associates] staff member who made the recruitment call.

Hello, may I please speak with [PARTICIPANT’S NAME]? [Once the participant is on the call . . .] 

Hello, I’m [NAME] from the Urban Institute [or MEF Associates], and I’m following up on my recent call 

to you. As you may recall, I invited you to join a discussion group of SNAP recipients who have gone off the 

program and then come back on soon after. You agreed to participate in the discussion group. Do you 

remember what I’m referring to? 

[IF YES] Terrific. I’m calling just to confirm that you’re still available and interested in 

participating. I’m one of the research team members who will conduct the discussion group on 

[DATE]. We feel that your input would be really valuable in helping those who run the SNAP 

program understand how to better serve clients and reduce the burden of churning on households 

like yours. As a reminder, you will receive $30 [increased to $80] as well as lunch/dinner as a token 

of our appreciation. Can I confirm your interest and write you down as a participant? 

[IF ACCEPT] Terrific. I’ll write you down as a participant and will look forward to seeing 

you on [DATE] at [TIME] at [ADDRESS]. [IF THE MEETING WILL BE HELD AT A 

LOCATION OTHER THAN THE SNAP OFFICE: Would you like me to e-mail or text you 

the address? IF YES, Which e-mail address or number should I send that to?] Please try to 

arrive promptly so that we can begin on time. Thanks very much. Good-bye. 

[IF DECLINE] That’s fine. Thank you very much. Enjoy the rest of your day. Good-bye. 
Appendix B Urban Institute

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[IF NO, REPEAT RECRUITMENT CALL SCRIPT (APPENDIX B-1). IF PARTICIPANT THEN 

AGREES TO JOIN, PROCEED TO “IF ACCCEPT” ABOVE.] 
Appendix B Urban Institute

182 

Introductory Script--Focus Groups 

Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 5 minutes per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, 

searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. An agency may not 

conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number. Send 

comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to: U.S. Department 

of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Services, Office of Research and Analysis, 3101 Park Center Drive, Room 1014, Alexandria, VA 22302 ATTN: PRA (0584-

xxxx*). Do not return the completed form to this address. 

Note: Two discussion groups will be held in each of the case study sites. If possible, the two groups will 

differ from each other based on reason for case closure and other case characteristics available in 

administrative data. 

Thank you for coming to this group discussion today. Your participation is very important to this study. 

Who are we? I’m [name], a researcher on the Urban Institute’s [or MEF Associates’] study team; I will 

be your moderator for the session. The Urban Institute [or MEF Associates] is a non-profit research 

organization located in the Washington, DC area that studies government programs and makes 

recommendations to improve them. Helping me today is [name]. 

Why were you invited to this group? You have been invited to join this group because you are 

someone who has had the experience of losing SNAP benefits and reapplying within a few months—that is, 

food stamps [customize discussion guide to include the local name for SNAP]. Is that true for everyone 

here? Have you all received SNAP benefits at one time, then stopped for a while and then later started 

receiving them again? [If anyone does not qualify for the focus group, thank them for their time and let them 

know that the discussion is for people who have “churned.”] We call that process of losing SNAP benefits 

and reapplying within a few months “churning.” Our research team, on behalf of the Federal Department of 

Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Service, which operates SNAP, is studying the patterns, causes, and costs 

of churning. We are analyzing data on this issue and also talking with SNAP administrators, caseworkers, 

community-based organizations (like [name of CBO in this community]), and SNAP participants like you to 

better understand the issue of churning. We are visiting six communities across the country. In addition to 

[this city] the other communities included in our study are _______. 
Appendix B Urban Institute

183 

What is a discussion group? Have any of you participated in a discussion group like this before? 

Discussion groups are a way to find out what people think about an issue through group discussion. We are 

interested in learning about your experiences and thoughts about why churning (losing SNAP benefits and 

reapplying within a few months) happens and what effect it has on you. There are no right or wrong 

answers. We want to know what you think and what your experience has been. You should feel free to 

disagree with each other; you might have had different experiences from each other. We hope to hear as 

many points of view as possible in response to the questions I’ll ask. Please feel free to speak up: your 

participation is very important to the success of this study. 

What happens with the information shared during the group? We will use what we learn today and 

from other interviews and discussion groups to help us write a report on the patterns, causes, and costs of 

churning in SNAP. This report will be submitted to FNS to inform the federal government about SNAP 

churning, the policies and practices that might reduce churning, and the related costs to SNAP offices and 

recipients. 

How does this work? The session today should last about 90 minutes. I may remind you occasionally 

to speak one at a time so that we can hear your comments. I am your guide, but this is a group discussion; 

let’s try to make sure that everyone has a chance to answer each question and that we listen to what each 

person has to say. To keep us on schedule, I may change the subject or move ahead. Please stop me if 

you have something to add. In the past, most people have told us that they enjoy these discussions 

because it gives them a chance to share their experiences and hear about other peoples’ experiences. 

At the end of this session, we will ask you to complete a short form with some background information 

about yourself to help us understand more about the people who participate in these discussion groups, but 

you will not be putting your name on the form. We will also give you $30 [increased to $80] in cash for 

participating today and will ask you to sign a receipt indicating you have received this payment. We will ask 

you to sign for your incentive payment in order to account for our finances, but we pass on only a coded 

identifier, not your name, to our accounting department. 

Privacy Statement [Interviewer must read this]: 
Appendix B Urban Institute

184 

Participation in this discussion group is voluntary, which means that you do not have to participate and 

you can decide not to answer any specific questions. There are no consequences for choosing not to 

participate or not to answer any question. I want to stress that your participation is not required in order to 

continue receiving benefits or to receive them at any time in the future. You can also leave the group at 

any point. The group discussion will last about 90 minutes. 

The personal information you provide will be kept confidential and will not be shared with anyone 

outside the research staff working on the study, except as otherwise required by law. This includes 

anything that can identify you such as your name, address, or telephone number. Information is never 

repeated with the name of a participant in any reports or in any discussions with program staff or FNS. 

When we write our reports and discuss our findings, information from all the people we speak with is put 

together and presented so that no one person can be identified. Everyone who works on this project has 

signed a legal document stating they will not reveal any of your personal information and can be severely 

penalized if they do. We also ask that you respect the privacy of others in the group and not repeat 

anything you hear in this discussion outside the group. 

We value the information you will share with us today and want to make sure we capture all of it. So, 

with your permission, we will be recording the session and [name of person] will be taking notes on a 

laptop computer. Those notes will not use your names. Also, as we said, we will not use your names in 

preparing any reports and will disguise your comments so that no one can identify who made specific 

comments. Does anyone have an objection to recording this group? During the discussion, if you would 

like to stop the recording while you make a particular comment, please let us know. 

[N0TE TO FACILITATORS: If anyone objects to recording the discussion, the researcher who is not 

leading the discussion group will need to take thorough notes. Anyone who chooses to leave the group at 

any time should be given the $30 [increased to $80] and sign to acknowledge receipt of the incentive. This 

should be done outside the room in which the focus group is occurring.] 

Do you have any questions before we begin? 
Appendix B Urban Institute

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Focus Group Guide--SNAP Participants 

Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 90 minutes per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, 

searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. An agency may not 

conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number. Send 

comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to: U.S. Department 

of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Services, Office of Research and Analysis, 3101 Park Center Drive, Room 1014, Alexandria, VA 22302 ATTN: PRA (0584-

xxxx*). Do not return the completed form to this address. 

 [Ask participants to write their first name on a tent card.] 

Introduction/Icebreaker 

1. [MODERATOR: Start with an icebreaker] Please tell us your first name and tell us about how long 

have people lived in this area? 

2. [MODERATOR: Transition to getting a rough timeline of participants’ history of SNAP use] When 

did you first apply for SNAP? Are you receiving anything else from [LOCAL HUMAN SERVICE 

OFFICE]? 

SNAP Churn 

1. [MODERATOR: Make sure to distinguish between short spells where someone churns versus 

instances where someone leaves the program for a long period of time and then comes back; also 

distinguish between instances where someone reapplies and when they recertify.] We’re interested 

in talking about any interruptions to your SNAP benefits. 

a. Over the past five years, how many times has the SNAP office SNAP stopped your 

benefits? 

b. Over the past five years, how many times have you reapplied for SNAP? 

c. Over the past five years, have you ever lost your SNAP benefits and then applied again 

within a few months? 

2. How did you apply? What was that like? 

3. How do you usually communicate with staff at the SNAP office? Have you had to for any reason? 

4. Has there been a time when you’ve had to [renew/recertify/resubmit paperwork]? Did you? What 

was that like? 
Appendix B Urban Institute

186 

a. [If applicable] Why didn’t you reapply? 

b. [If applicable] Why weren’t you eligible? 

[MODERATOR: 1) Select questions based on issues mentioned by discussants 2) After covering 

these topics, proceed to the remaining questions, if any.] 

5. Some of you have mentioned [OR sometimes people have] personal circumstances (like health 

issues, small children, changes in the number of people living in your household, work schedules, 

etc.) that make it hard for you to complete the processes needed to continue receiving SNAP (like 

getting to an interview or submitting paperwork on time). Has this been your experience? What 

other personal circumstances have made it hard for you to keep SNAP? 

6. Some of you have mentioned [OR sometimes people say that] SNAP rules or office procedures 

can make it easier or harder for you to recertify or report status changes. In your experience, are 

there things that your office or caseworker does to try to make it easier for you to recertify or report 

changes? 

a. When it’s time to [recertify renew/recertify/resubmit paperwork] for SNAP or you have 

to report changes, can you do it over the phone, on the internet or by mail or fax, or do 

you have to go into the office and meet with a worker? If you have a choice, which 

method do you use to recertify? Why? 

i. Do you have access to a computer where you could get online to recertify? If 

so, do you know how to recertify online? 

ii. Do you have access to a fax machine if you wanted to fax SNAP paperwork? 

iii. Is the office open at times that are convenient for you? When you go to the 

SNAP office, how long do you usually have to wait to see someone? 

b. Did you have a choice of having your SNAP interview on the phone or in the office? If 

you do have a choice, do you prefer having your interview on the phone or in the 

office? Why? 

c. Are there times when you have no choice and you need to go to the SNAP office inperson? If so, what are the reasons you have to go into the office? 

d. How do you know when it’s time to recertify for SNAP? Do you know how often you 

need to recertify (e.g., every six months? Every year?) Does the SNAP office notify 

you that you need to do something, or do you need to remember to do it on your own? 

e. If your situation changes while you are receiving SNAP, such as getting a job or 

working more hours, do you need to report changes right away or can you wait until 
Appendix B Urban Institute

187 

the next time the SNAP office asks for information? In what situations do you need to 

report changes right away? 

f. How do these office procedures [repeat specifics identified during discussion] affect 

your ability to recertify or report status changes?

Causes of Churning 

I’d like to begin with a very broad question that will help guide the rest of our discussion today. 

7. What do you believe causes churning or an interruption in SNAP benefits–the process of losing 

SNAP benefits and then reapplying again within a few months? What was your experience? 

(Probe: Temporary ineligibility because your circumstances have changed? For example, you’re 

working more or earning too much? Paperwork issues at the SNAP office? Eligible people not 

completing the process for renewing your SNAP benefits?) 

8. [QUESTION TO BE ASKED OF MIXED GROUPS OR GROUPS OF “ELIGIBLE” CHURNERS] 

Sometimes people who are eligible to continue receiving SNAP don’t [renew/recertify/resubmit 

paperwork] on time so they lose their SNAP benefits for a few months. If this was your experience, 

what prevented you from [renewing/recertifying/resubmitting paperwork] on time? Did you think you 

weren’t eligible anymore because your circumstances had changed? Are there other reasons? 

9. [QUESTION TO BE ASKED OF MIXED GROUPS OR GROUPS OF “INELIGIBLE” CHURNERS] 

Sometimes people lose their SNAP benefits because their circumstances change and they aren’t 

eligible. Then their circumstances change again and they can receive SNAP again. If this was your 

experience, what changed to make you lose eligibility and then what changed to make you eligible 

again a few months later? 

10. After your SNAP benefits stopped, did anyone from the SNAP office reach out to you to see why 

you didn’t recertify or to help you recertify for benefits? 

11. Are there other things your office or caseworker does that make it easier or harder for you to report 

changes or recertify for SNAP? 

Determining the Process of Churner Reentry 

I would like to shift our discussion now to hearing about the specific process you went through after 

losing SNAP benefits and reapplying within a few months. 

12. When you reapplied for SNAP after losing the benefits for a little while, do you think the application 

process was any different from when you first applied for SNAP? (i.e., possibly having to provide 

less documentation or go through a shorter process?) 

a. When you reapplied for SNAP after losing the benefits for a little while, what did you need 

to do to make sure you received SNAP benefits once again? 
Appendix B Urban Institute

188 

13. Are you aware of any local community organizations that are able to help with part of the 

application process for SNAP? Can you tell us about any help you received from any community 

organizations? Do you think it would be useful to get help from a community organization? If so, 

what things would help you? 

a. If the CBO we visit is not mentioned by name, ask: Did any of you go to [NAME OF CBO 

WE VISITED] for help signing up for or recertifying for SNAP? What can that organization 

help with? 

b. How important have [THE CBO WE VISITED] or other outside organizations been in 

helping you... 

a. ...keep your SNAP benefits? 

b. ...renew your SNAP benefits? 

c. ...resubmit SNAP paperwork? 

d. ...reapply for SNAP benefits? 

Costs of Churning 

I would like to hear about your experiences during the short time when you were not receiving SNAP, 

before you started getting SNAP again. 

14. Did you stay off of SNAP because you didn’t think you needed it? Was it difficult to get by without 

SNAP? 

a. How did you get groceries when you didn’t have SNAP? Do you go to food pantries more? 

b. During your time off of SNAP, did you have other supports from TANF, family, or local 

community organizations? 

15. How did the loss of SNAP for that period affect your family? 

16. What brought you back on to SNAP? 

17. When a family goes on and off of benefits in a few months’ time, there might be extra costs that 

you wouldn’t have had if you stayed on SNAP the whole time. For example, it takes time to 

recertify for SNAP after you’ve lost your benefits and you might also need to pay for gas or bus fare 

to get to the SNAP office. Did you have costs like these as a result of losing SNAP benefits and 

reapplying? If so, what kinds of costs did you have? 

Wrap up 
Appendix B Urban Institute

189 

18. Do you think that churning—the process of losing SNAP benefits and reapplying with a few 

months—is a major issue? Why or why not? 

19. What can the SNAP workers or agency do to reduce or prevent churning? How can the SNAP 

process be improved? 

20. We’ve talked a lot about the time and effort it takes to enroll in SNAP and maintain those benefits. 

It’s a big challenge. Can you tell me what your worker or the agency has done well to be of 

assistance through this process, that you think other SNAP office should do to help their clients? 

Let’s summarize the key points we’ve discussed today....... Do you have any final thoughts, comments 

or recommendations? Or do you have any questions for us? 

Thank you. 

Ask participants to complete the “Participant Information Form” (B-5) and sign the “Participant Receipt 

Form” (B-6).
Appendix B Urban Institute

190 

Focus Group Participant Information Form 

Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 3 minutes per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, 

searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. An agency may not 

conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number. Send 

comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to: U.S. Department 

of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Services, Office of Research and Analysis, 3101 Park Center Drive, Room 1014, Alexandria, VA 22302 ATTN: PRA (0584-

xxxx*). Do not return the completed form to this address. 

Please complete this form. The information will be used only to summarize who participated in this 

discussion group. Your name and address are not needed. 

1. How many years have you lived in this city? ___________________________ 

2. What is the total number of people living in your household? ____________________ 

3. How many children younger than 18 live in your household? ____________________ 

4. Are you employed? 

Yes 

o Full time (more than 32 hours per week) 

o Part time 

No 

5. Are you a student? 

Yes 

o Full time 

o Part time 

No 

6. Which category best describes your highest grade completed (check one) 

Less than high school 

High School/GED 

Some College 

Completed College 

7. Are you: 

Male 

Female 

8. What is your age? _____________________ 
Appendix B Urban Institute 

191 

Focus Group Participant Receipt Form 

Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 minute per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, 

searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. An agency may not 

conduct or sponsor, and a person is not required to respond to, a collection of information unless it displays a currently valid OMB control number. Send 

comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to: U.S. Department 

of Agriculture, Food and Nutrition Services, Office of Research and Analysis, 3101 Park Center Drive, Room 1014, Alexandria, VA 22302 ATTN: PRA (0584-

xxxx*). Do not return the completed form to this address. 

Site: Date: 

 Time: 

By signing below, I confirm that I received $30 [increased to $80] as an incentive to participate in a 

discussion group conducted by the Urban Institute regarding churning in the Supplemental Nutrition 

Assistance Program (SNAP). 

Name (please print) Signature 

1. ________________________________________________________________________________ 

2. ________________________________________________________________________________ 

3. ________________________________________________________________________________ 

4. ________________________________________________________________________________ 

5. ________________________________________________________________________________ 

6. ________________________________________________________________________________ 

7. ________________________________________________________________________________ 

8. ________________________________________________________________________________ 

9. ________________________________________________________________________________ 

10. _______________________________________________________________________________ 

11. _______________________________________________________________________________ 

12. _______________________________________________________________________________ 

13. _______________________________________________________________________________ 

14. _______________________________________________________________________________ 

15. _______________________________________________________________________________