IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF IOWA

No. 15-0973

Filed February 10, 2016

IN RE THE MARRIAGE OF MISTY DAWN TUCKER 

AND NICHOLAS DAVID TUCKER

Upon the Petition of

MISTY DAWN TUCKER, n/k/a

MISTY DAWN STUART,

Petitioner-Appellee/Cross-Appellant,

And Concerning

NICHOLAS DAVID TUCKER,

Respondent-Appellant/Cross-Appellee.

________________________________________________________________

Appeal from the Iowa District Court for Mahaska County, Daniel P. Wilson, 

Judge. 

A father appeals the district court’s grant of physical care of the parties’ 

two children to the mother, and the mother cross-appeals. AFFIRMED ON 

APPEAL; MODIFIED ON CROSS-APPEAL. 

Diane Crookham-Johnson of Crookham-Johnson Law Office, P.L.L.C., 

Oskaloosa, and Philip J. De Koster of De Koster & De Koster, P.L.L.C., Hull, for 

appellant/cross-appellee.

Heidi Young of Parrish, Kruidenier, Dunn, Boles, Gribble, Gentry, Brown 

& Bergmann, L.L.P., Des Moines, for appellee/cross-appellant.

Heard by Tabor, P.J., and Bower and McDonald, JJ.
2

BOWER, Judge.

The May 2015 dissolution decree entered for Nicholas and Misty Tucker1

provided they would have joint legal custody and Misty would provide the 

physical care for their two children. Nicholas appeals and seeks physical care. 

Misty cross-appeals and challenges Nicholas’s receipt of (1) both children’s tax 

exemptions and (2) a child-support offset based on one child’s supplemental 

security income (SSI). Because we agree with the court’s determination the 

children’s best interests will be served by continuing physical care with their 

historical caregiver, Misty, we affirm the court’s ruling on physical care. On 

Misty’s cross-appeal, we modify the court’s ruling so that each parent claims one 

child for a dependency tax exemption. We also modify the court’s ruling on child

support by striking the offset to Nicholas’s support obligation. 

I. Background Facts and Proceedings

Misty and Nicholas, both in their thirties, started dating in 2002 and were 

married in 2005. They are the parents of H.T., age nine and one-half, and K.T., 

age five and one-half. The children have a close sibling relationship. K.T. was 

born deaf and underwent cochlear implant surgery on one ear in 2011, age three

years and three months, and on the other ear in 2013, age four years and eight 

months. K.T. is able to hear when he wears the cochlear-implant devices (CIs).2 

 

1 Misty is now using her maiden name and is known as Misty Stuart. 

2 Nicholas described the CIs:

The [outside piece] has the battery, the processor, cable, and the head 

piece. We’ve had a lot of trouble with the cables when he’s had issues at 

school, things like that. That’s typically because it’s a regular wire so it 

gets damaged very easily. And sometimes we’ve had issues with a 
3

If K.T. is not wearing the CIs, he cannot hear and uses sign language. Both 

Nicholas and Misty can communicate with K.T. using sign language. Nicholas 

testified he is able to use sign language to “calm [K.T.] down and give him that 

sense of communication with him enough to calm him down.” Misty has three 

relatives who are profoundly deaf, and she works with them on developing her 

own skills in sign language. 

Shortly after K.T.’s first surgery in 2011, Misty took him to see speech 

therapist Kim Swartz; those appointments are ongoing. It is undisputed, based 

on K.T.’s age when he received the implants, he is developmentally on track. He 

currently communicates at approximately a two-year-old level because he has 

had access to sound in order to learn and develop speech and language skills for 

two years. K.T.’s communication skills are expected to “catch up to” his hearingage peers at age nine or ten. K.T. has no I.Q. issues, and professionals opine he 

will be successful in a general-education classroom if his communication skills 

continue to improve. Nicholas testified the teachers who have worked with K.T. 

have all “said he’s a very bright, happy kid.” 

For three years, K.T. has attended day care and then preschool at 

Eddyville schools. Both parents attend K.T.’s conferences and his annual 

individual education plan (IEP) meetings. In the classroom, K.T. has had 

frequent and sometimes violent outbursts. About six weeks before the April 2015 

 

couple processors that just weren’t working for some reason, probably got 

jarred or something from being thrown, and I’ve had trouble with the ear 

hooks as well because of their design. There’s a weak spot that they’ve 

been broken several times.
4

dissolution trial, K.T.’s long-term medical care provider placed him on medication 

for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Misty believes the medication 

has been decreasing K.T.’s “acting out” behaviors—he is not “throwing and 

hitting things now.” Nicholas testified K.T.’s behavior has “gotten better since 

he’s been on the medicine” but his behavior is still problematic if his wearing of 

the CIs is “inconsistent.” Nicholas does not believe K.T. should be medicated

and is concerned about K.T. being labeled a problem child.

The parties separated, and Misty and the children started living with her 

parents in November 2013. When Misty moved out, Nicholas was working in 

Cedar Rapids and saw the children about once a week. Misty was frustrated that 

Nicholas did not see the children more often on the days he was not working. 

From November 2013 to May 2014, Misty took care of the children, and Nicholas 

occasionally watched them but provided no financial support to Misty.

In May of 2014, Nicholas took a new job in a new location. He then would 

call Misty and tell her the days and nights he would be taking the kids based on 

the days he had off from work; again, there was no regular schedule. Nicholas 

would pull the children out of daycare on his days off. Misty paid the daycare 

bills despite Nicholas’s agreement to pay half.

Nicholas currently lives with his girlfriend, Tanya, and one of Tanya’s three 

children in the two-bedroom marital home. Nicholas and Misty had been buying 

the house on contract, and the owners forfeited the contract for nonpayment. 

Nicholas now pays rent to the same owners and believes there is a possibility he 

could again contract to buy the home. 
5

Misty and Nicholas both drank during their relationship, and Misty has had 

issues with alcohol abuse. At trial Misty stated she had one a drink on January 

1, 2015, and prior to that she had a drink on July 26, 2014. When the parties 

were together, Misty observed Nicholas being violent when he was drinking. 

Nicholas testified his drinking has “gone in spurts” and the heaviest drinking he 

has done since the children were born was no more than six beers at night for 

“maybe five or six days in a month.” 

After Nicolas and Misty separated, on two occasions Nicholas and Tanya 

used Tanya’s brother, Tony Jr., as a babysitter, and the children spent the night 

at his house. According to Nicholas, both overnights occurred before the family 

learned of Tony Jr.’s pending criminal charges for third-degree sexual abuse of a 

young, female teenager. At trial, Misty expressed concern about Tony Jr. being 

around H.T. The children’s guardian ad litem also expressed concerns in this 

regard. Nicholas testified the children have not stayed with Tony Jr. after the 

charges and the only post-charge occasion in which H.T. was at Tony Jr.’s house 

was when H.T. got her hair done for a dance. On that occasion, Tony Jr. and 

Nicholas remained outside the house the whole time. 

Misty testified she began abusing prescription medications after she was 

sexually assaulted in 2011 and also testified she has been sober from narcotic 

abuse since July 2012 (approximately three years before the April 2015 trial). 

She regularly attends NA/AA meetings and has a sponsor. Misty smokes 

cigarettes in her bedroom at home and in the car. 
6

In June and July 2014, Misty’s parents were out of town. Due to her work 

schedule, Misty asked Nicholas for more help with the children. During those 

months, the children were with Nicholas more than half the time. Also in July 

2014, Misty and the children moved to a separate residence in which the children 

have their own bedrooms. 

Misty filed for dissolution in August 2014. After the parties attended 

mediation, a stipulated order on temporary matters was filed in October 2014. 

Under the temporary order, the parties shared legal and physical custody, and no 

child support was paid.

In November 2014, Nicholas started taking K.T. to Lindsey Overton at 

Chatterbox Speech “at least once a week.” Overton would work with both K.T. 

and Nicholas and would put homework for K.T. on the post-session paperwork. 

Nicholas did not tell Misty about the appointments or the homework. Overton 

testified Misty was not made aware of these weekly appointments until January 

2015 or later. Overton observed Misty is receptive to Overton’s coaching—Misty 

was willing to do charts for K.T. and was “on board” with Overton’s “plan.” Misty 

and K.T. met with Overton three times. Overton testified, based on her 

numerous sessions with Nicholas and K.T. and her three sessions with Misty and 

K.T., Nicholas is “on track” as a parent regarding commitment to CIs while Misty 

is “trying” but K.T. refuses to wear the CIs with her. Overton admitted she 

provided Nicholas with more information than she provided to Misty. While 

Overton believed K.T.’s development was on track, she did not believe it was 
7

appropriate to take off K.T.’s CIs when he was in the car, or was angry and 

frustrated, or was having bad behavior. Overton clarified:

[I]f we’re taking the [CI’s] off but we’re providing [signs or 

sign language or picture visuals,] I guess that’s an approach to 

take. It wouldn’t be one I would want to take, but it’s an approach 

that could work. I would guess that the reason they would be taken 

off is to keep them from being broken . . . . I’m not sure why he’s 

learned that if he’s mad or angry, the way to respond is to do 

something to his [CIs]. But he has. 

Sarah Welch is the “deaf and hard of hearing” teacher at K.T.’s school and 

has worked with K.T. for three years—five one-half days each week. Welch 

testified, if K.T. has the CIs on he does not “take them off unless there’s a 

behavior issue. And then, that’s kind of his go to thing. He takes them off and 

throws them.” Welch explained the school’s efforts to close K.T.’s language gap 

“and getting his language built so he can understand instruction” in a general 

education classroom: “It is a combination between the CIs, which help with 

auditory, oral skills, and also maintaining his sign language so that he has a 

mode of communication, whether it’s going to be oral or it’s going to be sign 

language.” 

Welch observed the CIs are “typically on” when Nicholas brings K.T. to 

school. When Misty brings him to school, “sometimes they’re on. But usually 

they’re either in his backpack or she gives them to K.T.’s associate.” Welch will 

then offer K.T. the CIs, and she described her typical procedure: “[W]hen his 

behaviors have gotten bad this year, I get them out and I offer them to him and 

he doesn’t always put them on. But I don’t struggle with him because they have 

been broken so many times. So then I just put them back on my desk.”
8

Welch believed K.T. “does better behaviorally” and is “easier to redirect”

when he is wearing the CIs. On bad-behavior days, K.T. yells and screams, and 

“in the past,” he has hit or thrown things at adults. After the school principal calls 

for one of K.T.’s parents to come to his classroom, Welch has observed both 

parents are able to calm K.T. with the CIs off. Welch can also calm K.T. with the 

CIs off. Welch explained K.T.’s behavior issues and frustrations “stem from his 

lack of communication” in both forms—sign and auditory. “So he’s frustrated 

because he can’t express what he wants or needs. So no, I can’t say that it’s 

from one or the other [parent].” 

Sometimes when K.T. is acting out, Welch removes him to a lessstimulating area, where K.T. typically throws his shoes off and also throws his 

CIs off. Because K.T. has tended to break the CIs, Welch sometimes will 

remove the CIs “before [K.T.] has a chance to take them off and throw them.” 

K.T. usually calms himself down, is returned to the classroom, and Welch offers 

him the CIs. Sometimes K.T. puts them back on, and sometimes he does not. 

Misty believes the children have more of a daily routine at her household 

than they do at Nicholas’s household. Misty testified her form of discipline is to 

take away toys or television time or to have a time out and she does not spank 

the children, while Nicholas used spanking as a discipline technique. Nicholas 

testified he had been “spanked as a kid and I believe it gave me a better 

knowledge of what’s right from wrong . . . . And at first I thought maybe it was 

right [to spank] but I kind of changed my mode and did more grounding things 
9

and taking away items.” Nicholas testified he had not used spanking as 

punishment for four years.3 

It is undisputed the parties have had numerous disagreements about the 

children’s medical care and the appropriate treatment. For example, Nicholas 

was unhappy when K.T. was recently prescribed the ADHD medication. Misty 

stated she consistently provided Nicholas with notice of all the children’s 

appointments and set up appointments on the days Nicholas is off work. 

However, Nicholas refused to do the same for her, and if he did tell her, it was

untimely. Misty’s testimony is supported by Nicholas’s actions of failing to inform 

Misty when, three months after Misty filed for dissolution, Nicholas started taking 

K.T. to an entirely new speech therapist. In this regard, the record demonstrates 

Misty is the parent seeking to keep Nicholas up to date on the children’s 

appointments and activities while Nicholas has chosen not to extend the same 

courtesy to Misty.4 

 

3 Misty reported Nicholas to the Iowa Department of Human Services (DHS) based on 

bruising she found on K.T. After an investigation, the report’s conclusion was “not 

founded.” Nicholas testified the DHS worker “gave me an order . . . stating no 

aggression toward the children, specifically [K.T.].” 

4 At trial, Nicholas presented a letter from an audiologist at the University of Iowa (“it is 

crucial for K to use his [CIs] on a full time basis”) and from teacher Welch (on the days K 

comes to school without his CIs on, “[t]hese days are very difficult for him and his 

behavior reflects this”). On cross-examination, Nicholas admitted Misty was not given 

either letter and also admitted it is important that Misty be included in this type of 

information. To justify his failure to give Misty the audiologist’s letter, Nicholas claimed 

the audiologist’s information is “something that’s been spoken of since he got [the CIs] to 

begin with.” To justify his failure to give Misty the letter from teacher Welch, Nicholas 

claimed he spoke with Misty about the information “prior to this letter.” Nicholas’s 

behavior demonstrates gamesmanship during the dissolution process instead of the 

preferable process of working with Misty to jointly provide the best care for their children. 
10

Five weeks before trial, Nicholas and Misty both took K.T. to his initial 

appointment with a play therapist in Ottumwa. Thereafter, Nicholas has not 

followed up with making his own appointments with K.T. Misty testified the play 

therapist put K.T. on “a very strict program that if you don’t follow through and do 

it in both households, it can disrupt” him. Misty believes K.T. is becoming 

confused because he does not have the same rules in Nicholas’s household. 

One suggestion from the play therapist was for each child to have one-on-one 

time with the parents. Misty follows that suggestion with the help of a friend. 

Prior to trial, the parties stipulated to the resolution of the division of their 

assets and debts, and the court incorporated the stipulation into the decree. At 

the time of trial, Misty had accepted a job with American Gothic Home 

Association. She will be providing in-home care for eight dollars per hour, 

generally working Monday through Friday from 8:00 a.m. to 1:00 p.m. Misty

stated her weekly hours will vary from twelve to twenty-five hours per week. 

Misty’s schedule will allow her to take the children to and from school and to their 

numerous appointments. On cross-examination, Misty agreed she is 

underemployed and also agreed she is capable of earning a full-time minimum 

wage.

5

 The court’s ruling on child support was based upon Misty being 

employed full-time.

 

5 Misty had consistently been employed through 2014 until she was injured at Work 

Force (material handler for one and one-half months until she broke a rib). Her previous 

jobs were through Manpower (at Vermeer—two months, September 2014 to early 

November 2014), ASI (painted windows at Pella Corp.—five months, April 2014 to 

August 2014), Temp Associates (sand molds for Bender’s—three months, January 2014 

to March 2014), Menard’s (two years ending December 2013), and working at her own 
11

Nicholas testified he is taking a new job with Mahaska Bottling in 

Oskaloosa with a full-time, annual salary of $39,140 for driving a vendingmachine route Monday through Friday from 6:00 a.m. until his job is done—

between 2:00 and 5:30 p.m. each day. Nicholas had arranged for the necessary 

babysitting, a sitter who allows children to be dropped off at 5:30 a.m. This job 

provides Nicholas with health insurance. 

Nicholas testified he has little difficulty in having K.T. wear his CIs 

consistently and K.T. wears them during all waking hours, allowing K.T. to get the 

most out of the CIs. Nicholas admitted K.T. has had behavioral issues and 

attempted, though rarely, to take his CIs off at Nicholas’s house. Nicholas has 

gone to school to help K.T. calm down, and the CIs have been broken at school. 

When parts for the CI break at Nicholas’s house, he has backup parts. On crossexamination, Nicholas admitted he has not given Misty backup parts because “of 

the way some parts are getting broken constantly at her house.” 

Q. Do you think it’s important Misty have access to [backup 

parts]? A. There’s been times when she’s gotten ahold of me and 

I’ve gotten them to her.

Q. Do you think it’s important that [K.T.] have access to 

those parts? A. If all the parts are broken, how can he use them? 

If they are constantly getting parts for two of them broken, or three, 

then he doesn’t have that access anyway.

Q. You’re not accusing Misty of breaking those parts are 

you? A. No. 

 

If Nicholas needed to order replacement parts, he stated the parts usually arrive 

in two days. 

 

beauty salon (almost one year). At some point Misty began receiving $659 per month in 

supplemental security income (SSI) payments for K.T. It appears Misty and the children 

lived on these payments from January 2015 through trial in early April 2015. 
12

Misty testified she understands it is important for K.T. to wear the CIs and 

she appropriately takes them off after “he’s having attitude” to prevent him from 

breaking parts. Misty first tries to redirect K.T., when that doesn’t work then the 

CIs come off. “And working with [the play therapist], she’s been helping me get 

other ways of redirecting him so we’re not getting the CIs off right away.” Misty 

believes one hour is the maximum amount of time K.T. has the CIs off for an 

attitude problem at her residence, and “most of the time,” he goes only fifteen to 

twenty minutes without the CIs. 

According to Misty, K.T. routinely wears his CIs at her house and she 

does whatever is possible to make sure he wears them. Misty believes the better 

choice when K.T. is “having attitude” is for her to remove the CIs for a short time 

to prevent him from breaking a part that would take time to replace and would 

render K.T. unable to hear during the wait. Misty explained she does not remove 

the CIs as a punishment and removing the CIs does not take away K.T.’s ability 

to communicate because “he can still sign.” Also, Misty does not always take off 

the CIs when K.T. is angry: “I’ve placed him on my lap and sit there working 

through anger and attitude with his CIs on.” But, Misty admitted she sometimes 

has a difficult time having K.T. put on his CIs. She also admitted his routine 

when he sees her after being dropped off by his father is to take off his CIs and 

hand them to her “but they end up back on him.” Misty stated K.T. has his CIs on 

at home before they head to school in the car, a fifteen to twenty minute drive, 

and she described her routine: 

[He] doesn’t like to wear the CIs in the car because he will 

chuck them up to the front window in the car when I’m driving. So 
13

as opposed to him throwing his CIs while I’m driving and losing the 

pieces in the car driving to school, I don’t put them on him in the car 

so he doesn’t get that chance to throw them to lose pieces in the 

car.

I’ll put them on him in school, and the last [IEP] meeting we 

had about his behavior, Kathy Utterback [AEA social worker] said 

why don’t you give them to [K.T.’s one-on-one aide] and we’ll take 

care of it here at school.

Teacher Welch testified the discussion at the meeting was to try to 

alleviate the struggle at school to get him to put on the CIs. “And it was brought 

up to whoever’s house he came from, to make sure that he had them on when he 

came to school.” Welch recalled Misty stating she “would put them on in the 

morning and he would take them off in the car, so she would just put them in his 

bag.” Welch testified the school was okay with Misty’s plan because we “can’t 

say you have to put them on. It was just a suggestion to try to alleviate some of 

the behaviors.” Welch also testified her own practice is also not to force K.T. to 

put on the CIs if he does not want to wear them.

Kathy Utterback, the school social worker from the AEA, testified K.T. 

“interacts pretty well” in the classroom, he is “comfortable there,” and he 

participates. She believes there have been more concerns this year with K.T. 

following the rules, stating: “When he has the [CIs on,] he just has better access 

to what is going on around in his environment so he hears and follows the rules 

better.” Utterback’s contact with Misty and Nicholas has been at the annual IEP 

meetings, and she observed both parents have always been present and 

participating appropriately. According to Utterback, at the February 2015 

meeting, everyone agreed K.T.’s days went better if he arrived at school wearing 

the CIs. Additionally: 
14

Q. And isn’t it correct that you told her [at the meeting] to put 

the CIs in the bag and bring them to school? A. Uh-huh. We told 

her, we talked about it that it’s not worth fighting over and we don’t 

fight with him at school with that either.

Q. You don’t fight with him about wearing the CIs? A. No, 

because that typically turns into kicking, hitting, running around the 

room. And so, we talked about it’s better to have them in the 

classroom and at least getting information than having those kinds 

of experiences. 

 

At trial, Misty stated she thought it was important for the children to have a 

relationship with their father but she can provide more consistency and stability. 

Specifically, “I’ve raised the kids, taken care of them. I get the kids to their 

appointments on time. I make sure that they are taken care of.” Nicholas 

believed he should have physical care because, among other reasons, he is 

more successful in having K.T. wear his CIs throughout the day. 

The guardian-ad-litem’s April 2015 report stated H.T. “is a lively and 

engaging nine year old, currently in third grade.” She enjoys playing softball, and 

her dad helps out as a coach. H.T. “didn’t identify anything at either house that 

made her unhappy.” The report concluded: “These are two wonderful children 

who appear to have good family and community support. Hopefully the parties 

can continue to provide supportive environments.”

The district court found both parents can provide for the children’s 

“respective needs to enable them to thrive” and “Misty has been and continues to 

be the primary caregiver.” The court also concluded, while Nicholas “is 

somewhat better qualified, situated, or motivated to deal with K.T.’s special 

needs arising from his deafness,” the “evidence also establishes that both parties 

are capable of accomplishing that goal and are motivated to do so.” The court 
15

found Nicholas’s testimony to be “somewhat more credible” than Misty’s 

testimony, but thereafter specifically found its credibility determination “does not 

significantly diminish either party’s ability to care for the two children going 

forward.” 

The court concluded physical care should remain with Misty, due to (a) 

Misty having been the primary caregiver “during most of their lives”; (b) despite 

Nicholas being “somewhat better situated to care for [K.T.], both parties are able 

and willing to care for K.T., including his special needs”; (c) the fact Nicholas’s 

work hours begin at 6:00 a.m. and continue to an indefinite time in the afternoon

“will create issues concerning the care and supervision of the children;” and (d) 

“although a close question, the best interests of the children will be served by the 

placement of their physical care with Misty.” 

Nicholas now appeals, claiming the court should have awarded him 

physical care. Misty cross-appeals. 

II. Standard of Review

We review the district court’s decision de novo. In re Marriage of 

McKenzie, 709 N.W.2d 528, 531 (Iowa 2006). We examine the entire record and 

decide anew the legal and factual issues properly presented. In re Marriage of 

Rhinehart, 704 N.W.2d 677, 680 (Iowa 2005). “However, we recognize that the 

district court was able to listen to and observe the parties and witnesses.” In re 

Marriage of Gensley, 777 N.W.2d 705, 713 (Iowa Ct. App. 2009). Consequently, 

we give weight to the district court’s findings of fact, especially when considering 
16

the credibility of witnesses, but we are not bound by them. In re Marriage of 

Brown, 778 N.W.2d 47, 50 (Iowa Ct. App. 2009).

III. Physical Care

Nicholas requests we reverse the district court and grant him physical care 

of the children. Physical care is the right and responsibility to maintain a home 

for the children and provide for the routine care of the children. In re Marriage of 

Fennelly, 737 N.W.2d 97, 101 (Iowa 2007). “When considering the issue of 

physical care,” the children’s best interests are “the overriding consideration.” Id. 

(recognizing the district court’s opportunity to observe the witnesses). The 

ultimate objective is to place the children in the environment most likely to bring 

them to healthy physical, mental, and social maturity. In re Marriage of Hansen, 

733 N.W.2d 683, 696–99 (Iowa 2007).

Misty is correct in asserting we give consideration to placing children with 

the historical caregiver. See In re Marriage of Decker, 666 N.W.2d 175, 178–80 

(Iowa Ct. App. 2003). However, Nicolas is correct that “no one criterion is 

determinative” and our courts apply a multi-factored test. Hansen, 733 N.W.2d at 

697. The “fact a parent was the primary caretaker prior to separation does not 

assure [she] will be the custodial parent.” Decker, 666 N.W.2d at 178.

As the district court recognized, Misty and Nicolas are both competent and 

loving parents who are sincere and motivated in their desire to care for their 

children. Each parent would be a suitable caretaker for the children since each 

has shown in the past the love and nurturing the children need. Thus, the choice 
17

of physical care in this case necessarily turns on narrow and limited grounds. In 

such cases, “stability and continuity of caregiving are important factors” and 

“preservation of the greatest amount of stability possible is a desirable goal.” 

Hansen, 733 N.W.2d at 696–97. These factors favor a parent who was primarily 

responsible for the physical care of the minor children. Id. After our de novo 

review, we agree with the district court’s conclusion Misty was the primary 

caregiver for the children. Although Nicholas disputes this finding, claiming he 

shared equally in physical care, we defer to the district court, recognizing its 

opportunity to observe the parties in reaching its conclusion. Accordingly, the 

concepts of continuity, stability, and approximation do not support this court 

changing physical care to Nicholas; physical care to him is not an alternative 

“least disruptive to the children.” See id. at 700.

On our de novo review, we also concur in the district court’s decision to 

place the children in Misty’s physical care. While we review de novo, we defer to 

the district court’s fact findings and credibility assessments. Gensley, 777 

N.W.2d at 713. Specifically:

A trial court deciding dissolution cases is greatly helped in making a 

wise decision about the parties by listening to them and watching 

them in person. In contrast, appellate courts must rely on the 

printed record in evaluating the evidence. We are denied the 

impression created by the demeanor of each and every witness as 

the testimony is presented.

In re Marriage of Vrban, 359 N.W.2d 420, 423 (Iowa 1984) (internal quotation 

marks omitted). In making its physical-care determination, the district court 

considered the appropriate factors and provided a well-reasoned explanation. 

Because the court had the opportunity to observe the parties and witnesses and 
18

concluded it was in the children’s best interests to grant physical care to Misty, 

we decline to reverse that judgment and affirm on the issue of physical care. 

IV. Dependency Exemptions for Income Tax

Nicholas took H.T. as a tax exemption for 2014, and Misty took K.T. At 

trial, both parties sought to have the tax exemptions similarly divided. However, 

the district court sua sponte awarded the dependency exemptions for both 

children to Nicholas. In a post-trial motion, Misty asked the court to revise this 

determination, and the court declined, ruling: “Nicholas has had full-time 

employment for many years and continues with full-time employment. In 

addition, Misty has not established a consistent history of full-time gainful 

employment. Nicholas will benefit significantly more from the tax dependency 

exemption than will Misty.”

On cross-appeal, Misty seeks one of the dependency exemptions, 

claiming her need for this exemption is greater than Nicholas’s need due to her 

annual earnings of $10,400. Misty also claims the court’s ruling is inequitable. 

We first note Misty testified her hours would vary from twelve to twentyfive hours per week. Only if Misty worked twenty-five hour weeks for all fifty-two 

weeks in the year would she would earn $10,400. Nevertheless, based on the 

facts (1) Misty is entering a new position without historical earnings, (2) Misty 

may likely be able to benefit from the dependency exemption or special tax 

credits, and (3) Nicolas asked the court to split the dependency exemptions and 

allocate one to each parent, we modify the district court’s ruling and grant one 
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exemption to each party as was done in the 2014 tax year—Nicholas shall claim 

H.T. and Misty shall claim K.T. The parties will alternate this exemption on a 

yearly basis when one child remains a dependent as long as child support is 

current. If it turns out Misty’s future earnings demonstrate she will not benefit 

from the exemption, Nicholas may apply to modify this provision.

V. Deduction of K.T.’s SSI Benefits from Nicholas’s Child Support

The court ordered Nicholas to pay Misty $750 per month in child support. 

The court also ruled: “As long as Misty is receiving SSI benefits for the child K.T., 

those benefits shall offset the amount of child support owed by Nick to Misty for 

the child K.T.” Accordingly, the court ordered Nicholas’s child support “reduced 

by the sum of $659 per month,” i.e., support of ninety-one dollars per month. 

On appeal, Misty challenges this offset, claiming the court’s ruling 

provides “little to no explanation as to the reason” for the SSI offset. We agree

with Misty; the court did not provide a rationale or analysis for the offset and did 

not cite any statutory or case authority supporting the offset.

This court has discussed the interplay between SSI payments and child 

support. See In re Marriage of Benson, 495 N.W.2d 777, 781-82 (Iowa Ct. App. 

1992). We found SSI is “public assistance” and recognized payments for public 

assistance are not included as income under the child support guidelines. See 

id. at 781 (declining to include the children’s SSI payments as income for the 

mother “because we consider [SSI] as public assistance . . . and also because 

we recognize the amount of [SSI] received, if any, will be affected by the child 

support that [the father] is ordered to pay”). We concluded:
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[SSI] is based on need and anticipates that it will only come into 

play if minor children do not have sufficient support from their 

parents. We will not structure child support so as to make families 

eligible for [SSI]. Eligibility for [SSI] should be determined after the 

courts have fixed reasonable child support based on the 

noncustodial parent’s ability to pay.

Id. at 782. See, e.g., In re Marriage of Keim, No. 04-0034, 2004 WL 2674274, at 

*2 (Iowa Ct. App. Nov. 24, 2004) (recognizing “Iowa Court Rule 9.5, of the Child 

Support Guidelines, states that, ‘Gross monthly income does not include public 

assistance payments’” and rejecting father’s claim the SSI payments received by 

mother and son should have been included in mother’s income for purposes of 

calculating child support). 

Accordingly, under the circumstances of this case, we modify the 

dissolution decree to strike the provision giving Nicholas “a credit to” his child 

support obligation based on SSI payments attributable to K.T. of $659 per month. 

We affirm the court’s determination Nicholas should pay child support of $750 

per month. 

VI. Appellate Attorney Fees

Misty requests attorney fees for this appeal.6 We have discretion in 

awarding appellate attorney fees. In re Marriage of Okland, 699 N.W.2d 260, 

270 (Iowa 2005). “We consider the needs of the party making the request, the 

ability of the other party to pay,” and the relative merits of the appeal. In re 

Marriage of Berning, 745 N.W.2d 90, 94 (Iowa Ct. App. 2007). Misty successfully 

 

6 We do not address Misty’s conclusory request that we should award her trial attorney 

fees. See Soo Line R.R. v. Iowa Dep’t of Transp., 521 N.W.2d 685, 691 (Iowa 1994) 

(holding random mention of an issue, without analysis, argument, or supporting authority 

is insufficient to prompt an appellate court’s consideration).
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defended the decision of the district court. Her imputed yearly income is 

considerably lower than Nicholas’s annual income. Additionally, Misty was 

successful on her cross-appeal. Accordingly, we conclude Nicholas should pay 

$750 toward Misty’s appellate attorney fees. Costs of this appeal are taxed to 

Nicholas. 

AFFIRMED ON APPEAL; MODIFIED ON CROSS-APPEAL.