In The

Court of Appeals

Sixth Appellate District of Texas at Texarkana

______________________________

No. 06-09-00035-CV

______________________________

IN THE INTEREST OF J.K.H. AND B.D.M., CHILDREN

 

On Appeal from the County Court at Law

Hopkins County, Texas

Trial Court No. CV38579

 

Before Morriss, C.J., Carter and Moseley, JJ.

Memorandum Opinion by Justice Carter
To protect the identity of the children who are the subject of this suit, we shall refer 1

hereinafterto Appellant individually bythe pseudonym "William" and to the Appellee as "Suzanne."

See TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 109.002(d) (Vernon 2008). 

2

MEMORANDUM OPINION

I. Factual Background

The father,William, appeals from the termination of his parental rightsto J.K.H. and B.D.M.

The opposing party is the mother of the children, Suzanne. The parties divorced in 2000, and the 1

trial court appointed Suzanne the sole managing conservator of their two children; William was

appointed possessory conservator, but William's visitation rights were to be supervised by his

mother. 

The evidence shows that William had drug and alcohol problems at the time of divorce and

thereafter, and suffered clinical depression. William exercised his visitation rights regularly for a

short period of time, and then occasionally up to three years after the divorce. He has not seen the

children since the spring of 2003. He paid child support in the months immediately after the divorce,

but has sent no funds since March 2003, except for one check sent in 2007. There is evidence that

he and Suzanne had disagreements and that arranging visits became difficult. As is not uncommon

in visitation disputes, each party blamed the other for the difficulties; William and his mother said

Suzanne became hesitant to allow visits and obstructed them, whereas Suzanne thinks William was

irresponsible and did not attempt to exercise his visitation regularly. Suzanne remarried and

eventually told William's mother that she must visit the children at Suzanne's home. 
The petitioner alleged that William had also "failed to support the children in accordance 2

with his ability during a period of one year ending within six months of the date of filing of this

petition." But the only ground found by the trial court in the order of termination was that William

voluntarily left the children without adequate support. 

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William's relationship with the children has essentially been nonexistent since

2003—although he sent birthday and Christmas presents during 2008 to the children—after the

termination proceedings were filed. He had been incarcerated for eighteen to twenty months before

the termination proceedings for state jail felony possession of methamphetamine, but was due for

release shortly after the termination hearing. Before being incarcerated, the evidence shows he was

unemployed for varying lengths of time; he also suffered continuing depression and alcohol or drugrelated difficulties.

II. Grounds for Termination 

The trial court found that clear and convincing evidence showed that William

voluntarily left the children alone or in the possession of another without providing

adequate support of the children and remained away for a period of at least six

months.

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The court also found the termination was in the best interests of the children and accordingly

terminated William's parental rights. 

William contends that the evidence is insufficient to support this finding, and thus to support

termination, because there was no specification of the six-month period relied on and because there

was insufficient evidence that he "voluntarily left the children alone or in the possession of another

without providing adequate support." 
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In proceedings to terminate the parent-child relationship brought under Section 161.001 of

the Texas Family Code, the petitioner must establish one or more of the acts or omissions

enumerated under subdivision (1) of the statute and must also prove that termination is in the best

interest of the child. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001 (Vernon 2008); Richardson v. Green, 677

S.W.2d 497, 499 (Tex. 1984). Both elements must be established; termination may not be based

solely on the best interest of the child as determined by the trier of fact. Tex. Dep't of Human Servs.

v. Boyd, 727 S.W.2d 531, 533 (Tex. 1987).

III. Standard of Review 

Termination is a drastic remedy and is of such weight and gravity that due process requires

the grounds must be established by clear and convincing evidence. In re G.M., 596 S.W.2d 846, 847

(Tex. 1980). The Texas Family Code also requires that termination grounds must be shown by clear

and convincing evidence. TEX.FAM.CODE ANN.§ 161.206(a)(Vernon 2008). The evidence is clear

and convincing when the proof is such that it produces in the mind of the trier of fact a firm belief

or conviction of the truth of the allegations sought to be established. In re C.H., 89 S.W.3d 17,

25–26 (Tex. 2002);see TEX. FAM.CODE ANN. § 101.007 (Vernon 2008). By the same standard, the

trial court must also find that termination is in the best interest of the child. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN.

§ 161.001(2).

In reviewing the legal sufficiency of the evidence, we view all the evidence in a light most

favorable to the finding to determine whether a reasonable trier of fact could have formed a firm
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belief or conviction that its finding was true. TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 101.007; In re J.F.C., 96

S.W.3d 256, 266 (Tex. 2002); C.H., 89 S.W.3d at 25. Looking at the evidence in the light most

favorable to the judgment means that we must assume that the fact-finder resolved disputed facts in

favor of its finding if a reasonable fact-finder could do so. A corollary to this requirement is that a

trial court should disregard all evidence that a reasonable fact-finder could have disbelieved or found

to have been incredible. J.F.C., 96 S.W.3d at 266.

When reviewing a factual sufficiency challenge to a parental rights termination, we consider

the evidence the fact-finder could reasonably have found to be clear and convincing. See id.; C.H.,

89 S.W.3d at 25–26. In applying this standard to a trial court's findings, we ask whether there was

sufficient evidence presented to produce in the mind of a rational fact-finder a firm belief or

conviction as to the truth of the allegations sought to be established. In re N.R., 101 S.W.3d 771,

774 (Tex. App.—Texarkana 2003, no pet.).

IV. Voluntarily Left Children 

Under this section, the statute provides that a parent's rights may be terminated if the trial

court finds by clear and convincing evidence that the parent has

(C) voluntarily left the child alone or in the possession of another without providing

adequate support of the child and remained away for a period of at least six months.

TEX. FAM. CODE ANN. § 161.001(1)(c).

This statute has been explained as meaning six consecutive months. In re T.B.D., 223

S.W.3d 515, 518 (Tex. App.—Amarillo 2006, no pet.); In re D.L.N., 958 S.W.2d 934, 937 (Tex.
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App.—Waco 1997, writ denied). Although it is argued that no such six-month period is proven by

the evidence, there is uncontested evidence that William was completely out of contact with his

children for a period of several years. This easily meets the six-month requirement.

Whether William "voluntarily" left the children is the key issue to be considered. The

argument is presented that under the plain terms of the statute, the evidence must clearly and

convincingly show that William "voluntarily" left the children. In this case, however, he left the

children with the mother not purely of his own volition—he did so pursuant to a court order giving

her possession of the children. The decree is part of the record. It reflects that Suzanne was granted

a default judgment, as William did not appear. The court appointed Suzanne as sole managing

conservator and William as possessory conservator, and obligated William to pay child support of

$62.50 per week for each child. As possessory conservator, William was granted visitation with the

children which was required to be supervised by his mother. 

Looking at the plain meaning of the root word "voluntary," we find it defined as

"1. proceeding from the will of one's own choice or consent 2. unconstrained by interference: selfdetermining, 3. done by design or intention." MERRIAM-WEBSTER'S COLLEGIATE DICTIONARY 1402

(11th ed. 2003). William did not voluntarily leave the children with the mother—the court ordered

him to do so. See G.M. v. Tex. Dep't of Human Res., 717 S.W.2d 185, 187 (Tex. App.—Austin

1986, no writ) (department named as managing conservator and parent had no power to do anything

voluntarily with child); Wetzel v. Wetzel, 715 S.W.2d 387, 390 (Tex. App.—Dallas 1986, no writ)
In K.M.B., the trial court also found that he had not provided support, as he had done nothing 3

to keep in touch with the mother or child, had provided no monetary support, had made no effort to

follow the "service plan" set up for him by Child Protective Services, which required him to keep

the agency informed of his location (prison), to write the child monthly, or stop his criminal activity.

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(leaving children in compliance with court-ordered custody decree is not a ground for termination).

William left the children in the possession of another, but the divorce decree specifically states that

the children are to be left in the possession of the mother as the sole managing conservator. Had

William attempted to take possession ofthe children, except during his supervised visitation period,

he would have been in violation of the decree and subject to sanction for contempt. 

Grounds for termination may occur if the biological father voluntarily leaves the mother

before the birth of the child and fails to support or visit. See In re K.M.B., 91 S.W.3d 18, 25 (Tex.

App.—Fort Worth 2002, no pet.) (other grounds for termination were also present). This situation 3

is different. William did not voluntarily leave the mother before the birth of the children. Likewise,

his leaving the children after the divorce was directed by a divorce decree. There is no other

evidence that William left the children or abandoned the family before the divorce decree was

entered. He did fail to visit the children, but that is not the question. The question is whether he

voluntarily left them in the possession of the mother. As in Wetzel, we cannot see how William's

leaving the children with their mother, as required by a divorce decree, can be considered a voluntary

act. For that reason, the termination cannot stand.
The trial court allowed a trial amendment to Suzanne's pleading to include the grounds 4

ultimately relied on for termination. William complains this action violated his due process rights

and this should be treated similarly to an amendment of an indictment. Since we have found the

evidence is insufficient under the amended pleading, we will not address this argument. 

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Having found the evidence legally insufficient on this element of proof, we do not need to

address the other points raised on appeal. We reverse and render judgment denying termination. 4

Jack Carter

Justice

Date Submitted: August 19, 2009

Date Decided: September 16, 2009