DEPAKTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

BULLETIN

OF THE

UNITED STATES

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

No. 34

WASHINGTON

CrOYERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1880
UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

J. W. POWELL, DIKECTOB

ON THE RELATION

OF THE

LARAMIE MOLLUSCAN FAUNA

TO THAT OF THE

SUCCEEDING FEESH-WATEE EOCENE

AND OTHER GROUPS

BY

CHARLES A. WHITE, M. D.

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1886
CONTENTS.

Page.

General remarks ........................<^.................................... 9

Description of species ....................................................... 20

Mollusca.................................................................... 20

Uniouidae............................................................... 20

Cyrenidae ................................................................ 21

Litnn£eida> .............._ _.............................................. 22

Physidse................................................................ 24

Ancylidso .......... _.................................................. 26

Helicidae................................................................ 26

Pupidse................................................................. 27

Ceripuasiidte............................................................ 28

Kissoidoa.........................r.............-....................'.-.. -30

Viviparidso .............................................................. 31

Urustacea..................................................................... 132

Cypridio................................................................. 32

Index.............._...................................................... 53

(393) 5

-ILLUSTRATIONS.

PftgO.

PLATE I. Viviparus trocbiformis; V. panguitchensis; V. leidyi; V. leidyi var.

formosus; V. raynoldsianus .................................... 34

II. Goniobasis tenera; G. filifera; G. nebrascensis; G. tenuicarinata; 

Limntea?; L. (Leptoliinnaea) ininuscula; Acella micronema; 

PI an orbis convolntus; P. (Gyranlus) militaris; Viviparus nauus; 

Hydrobia utabensis; H. recta .................................. 38

III. Phyea pleromatis; Bulinus atavus; Physa kanabensis ? ; P. bullatula............................................................ 42

IV. Unio rectoides; U. mendax; Sphaerium formosum................ 46

V. Unio rectoides ?; Helix adipis; Helix nacimientensis; Pupa leidyi?. 50

(395) 7

RELATION OP THE LARAMIE MOLLUSCAN AND 

FRESH-WATER EOCENE FAUNAS.

BY CHARLES A, WHITE, M. D.

GENERAL REMARKS.

Certain equivalent strata which are found,exposed at various and 

widely separated localities in Utah and Southern Wyoming containing 

fresh-water types only among their fossil molluscan forms, have for several years past been known to contain a few species which are elsewhere characteristic of the Laramie Group. At a few of the localities 

referred to the strata have been regarded as belonging to the Laramie 

Group, but generally they have been assigned to the base of the freshwater Eocene series. No difference of opinion seems to have existed 

among the geologists who have' observed them as to their position in. 

the stratigraphical series. They seem to have differed only in regard 

to the position of a plane of demarkation which should separate them 

from the unmistakable Laramie strata beneath. The strata which are 

found exposed at the following-named localities are especially referred 

to in the following remarks: The vicinity of the town of Wales, the 

valley of Twelve Mile Creek east of Mayfield, the west base of Musinia 

Mountain all in the large county of San Pete, Utah; Soldier's Fork, 

Utah County, Utah; Desolation Canon of Green Eiver, Eastern Utah; 

and near Evanston, Southwestern Wyoming. Besides these, certain 

localities near Panguitch and Upper Kanab, respectively, in Southern 

Utah, ought also to be mentioned.

Not having had until the past season a satisfactory opportunity to 

study the strata at any of the localities just mentioned, I have heretofore regarded them as belonging to the upper part of the Laramie Group, 

because of the presence in them of the Laramie species referred to. 

Investigations in Utah during the past season, together with a further 

study of the collections which .were previously made in that region by 

different parties of the Government surveys, have satisfied me that the

(397) ' 9
10 LARAMIE MOLLUSCAN AND FRESH-WATER EOCENE. [BULL. 34.'

strata of the localities which have just been named, although they contain those Laramie species, are all equivalent portions of the Wasatch 

Group, the lowest group of the purely fresh-waiter Eocene series.

In the prosecution of my field studies during the past season more 

especial attention was given to the strata which were found exposed in 

San Pete Valley and the adjacent portion of the Wasatch Mountains. 

My principal collections of Wasatch fossils were also made from these 

strata, mainly near the town of Wales, in the hills which form the western side of San Pete Valley. In that vicinity these hills are composed 

from base to summit of strata of the Wasatch Group, which there reach 

an estimated thickness of about 2.50.0 feet. These strata consist of 

sandstones, shales, marlites, and a few layers of impure limestone, 

resting upon a very coarse conglomerate which forms the base of the 

hills, all evidently forming one uninterrupted series from bottom to 

top.1

The base of the Wasatch Group was not recognized at this locality, 

but it is probably not much beneath the surface of the valley here. 

Some two or three hundred feet above the conglomerate there is a bed 

of coal, which has been- worked at several points, the openings being 

known as the Wales Coal Mines. The fossils which were collected from 

these strata were found at different horizons, ranging from about 100 

feet beneath the coal to the top of the hills, the vertical range of the 

fossil-bearing strata being more than 1,500 feet. I have recognized 26 

species of invertebrate fossils which were obtained here, all plainly 

belonging to one and the same fauna, and in a layer immediately above 

the coal some undetermined vertebrate remains were found.

Some of these invertebrate forms are common in the Wasatch Group 

elsewhere; three or four of them are known to occur also in the Green 

River Group ; some of them, are characteristic Laramie species, and some 

of them are new. A part of them have also been found at the Almy 

Goal Mines, near Evanston, Wyo., and a part were found by Major 

Powell in Desolation Canon; others at localities in Southern Utah and 

at the west base of Musinia Mountain; a part were found by Mr. E. E. 

Howell. at Twelve Mile Creek, and one of them is apparently identical 

with a form which Professor Cope obtained from his Pucrco Group in 

New Mexico.

The .equivalents of the strata which are exposed near the town of Wales 

are also largely exposed in the Wasatch Mountains upon the east side 

of San Pete Valley, and, as is mentioned further on, those strata are 

there found to rest conformably upon the Laramie. It is worthy of 

note in this connection that the Laramie strata upon which these freshwater Eocene strata rest are referable to the Laramie proper, and not

1 This conglomerate is probably a part of the great Wasatch conglomerate which is 

so largely exposed in tho valley of Weber River, in Echo Canon, and elso-whore in 

Southern Utah.

(398)
W MITR. | GENERAL REMARKS. 11

to the strata known as the Bear River Laramie, upon which the Wasatch 

apparently lies uncouformably in the vicinity of Evanston.1

The following is a list of the species which, were collected at the 

Wales locality. They are tabulated so as to show in part the localities 

and the different horizons at which they have been recognized. Those 

species which are indicated in the table as ranging from the Laramie 

into the Wasatch Group have been found mainly in the lower portion 

of the latter group, but some of them range more than 500 feet above 

the coal at the Wales locality, which is more than 1,000 feet above the 

base of the group. Furthermore,' a small number of the species found 

in the Wasatch strata at the Wales locality are known to range into 

the Green Eiver Group, and one at least into the Bridger Group. To 

this list is added the Helix and the Pupa which were obtained by Professor Cope from his Puerco Group in New Mexico. Some of the names 

in this list are now regarded as synonyms, as will appear from remarks 

in connection with the description of species on following pages.

Table allowing ranqe of species.

List of fossils.

Hayden.

cnla White.

Hayden.

Wasatch.

of <t>

1

y

<o j

Twelve-Mile

4$g

M nsinia MOD

.si

Soldier's Fo

^

Southern TJtt

Eyanston.

y 9

P

O

a

a

Besolation C

ft

Gron Paerco 

.

<D

1

Typical Lara

X

g,

5

I 

1

v f

ft c

Bridger Grot

1 There is now some reason to doubt whether the strata which have hitherto been 

known as the Bear River Laramie should be regarded aa a portion of the Laratnio 

Group. That their position is between the uppermost of the marine Cretaceous 

groups and the basal portion of the Wasatch, as is that of the Laramie proper, 

is apparently beyond question, but so far as is now known not a siugle fossil species is common to both the Bear River strata and the Laramie proper. It seems 

therefore necessary to infer that the fauna of the former strata lived in a separate 

body of water; but whether it preceded, followed, or was contemporary with the 

Laramie cannot be asserted now with confidence. The question ,is rendered still, 

more obscure by the fact that the Bear River fauna contains types which are not 

known in any other North American strata, nor among living faunas of this continent. In these discussions reference is made to the fauna of the Laramio proper, and 

not to that of the Bear River Laramie

1399)
12 LAEAMIE MOLLUSCAN AND FRESH-WATER EOCENE. [BULL. 34. 

Table showing range of species Continued.

List of fossils.

Plauorbia (Gyraulus) militaris 

White.

Goniobasis tenuiparinata Meek 

& Hayden. 

Goniobasis nebrascensis Meek 

& Hayden.

Hydrobia utahensis White..-..

Viviparus trochiformis Meek 

& Hayden. 

Viviparus leidyi Meek & Haydon. 

Viviparus raynoldaianus Meek 

. & Hayden.

Viviparus panguitchonsis 

White.

Wasatch.

 i

-*3

£ 

ta

CO

1

X

X ?

X 

X

X 

X

X 

X 

X 

X

Creek; Twelve-Mile 

X

X

X 

X

X

Masinia Mountain.

X 

X

X

Soldier's Fork.

X 

X

X

Southern Utah.

X

X

Evanston.

-

X

Canon. Desolation 

X

Group. Paerco 

y?

Laramie.* Typical 

X *

Group. Green-Biver 

.

X

Bridger Group.

X

X

The following general remarks are presented in this connection for the 

purpose of explaining the relation which the Wasatch Group, as it is 

developed in Utah, is understood to hold to the Lararnie and other 

groups. The intimate stratigraphical relation of the Laramie Group 

to the marine Cretaceous series beneath it has been recognized by every 

field geologist who has studied those strata, and it is this fact, in addition to the discovery of dinosaurian remains in the Laramie, that has led 

them to range that group as a member of the Cretaceous series. While 

there seems to be no reason to doubt that sedimentation was continuous, 

not only through the marine Cretaceous series, but also from that series 

into and through the Laramie, it is true that there was at the beginning 

of the Laramie period a comparatively sudden change in the character

(400)
wmm] GENERAL REMARKS. 13 >

of the previously existing molluscan fauna over tlie whole area which, 

was then occupied by the Laramio waters; that is, at a certain horizon 

in the unbroken succession of strata there is an abrupt disappearance of 

all distinctively marine forms,1 and an equally abrupt accession of brackish water and fresh water forms which continue through the whole 

Laramie Group.

On the other hand similar evidence of continuous sedimentation from 

the Laramie into the Wasatch Group has not hitherto been publicly 

announced. It is true that a conformity of the Wasatch upon the Laramie in some places has been distinctly recognized by Major Powell 2 

and myself, but others have denied the existence of any such conformity.3 Wherever later' strata have been discovered resting upon 

those of the Laramie Group, as its limits are indicated in note 2, below, 

they have been found to be free from all fossil forms which can be

reasonably referred to even a slightly saline habitat, while the Laramie 

strata contain many brackish water forms throughout their vertical 

range.

That is, those overlying strata contain such genera of fresh-water 

and land mollusca as characterize existing lakes and rivers and the 

land adjacent to them. In my former writings upon the Laramie Group 

I have suggested that its whole molluscan fauna ceased abruptly with 

the close of that period, for I did not then know that any of the numerous fresh water species of the Laramie Group survived their brackishwater contemporaries and became members of the Wasatch fauna. I 

thought it probable that the physical changes which attended the extinction of the brackish-water mollusca of the Laramie sea were also 

attended by a like extinction of their fresh-water contemporaries. 

Still, I had expressed a hope that certain of the fresh-water species

1 One species each of Nuculana, Axincea, and Odontobasia appears to have survived 

the partial freshening of the Laramie waters; but this fact is not regarded as affecting the general statement that true marine conditions ceased at the beginning of the 

Laramie period.

2 Reference is hero made to the Report on the Geology of theUinta Mountains, by J. W. 

Powell. The plane which he then recognized as separating the Laramie (Pointof Rocks 

Group) from the marine Cretaceous group beneath it gave certain layers to the Laramie which contain fossils properly belonging to the Cretaceous, but none of which fossils belong to the true Laramie fauna, as it is now understood. He also referred certain 

layers containing only characteristic Laramie forms to the base of the Wasatch (Bitter Ci'eek Group). In these views I then concurred, as will appear by referring to 

Chapter III of the report cited, but I have since regarded the Laramie as beginning 

where the distinctively marine forms cease and ending where the brackish water 

forms cease. It will thus be seen that the unconformity which wo referred to (Zoo. cit. ) 

as existing between the Laramie and the Wasatch groups really occurs within the 

Laramie. For my observations on the conformity of the Wasatch upon the Laramie, 

see Tenth Annual Report of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey 

of the Territories, page 33; Eleventh Report, pages 210 and 223 ; and Twelfth Report, 

Part I, page 53.

3 See report of the Geological Survey of the Fortieth Parallel, Volume I, page 

553; Volume II, page 201.

(401)
14 LAEAMIE MOLLUSCAN AND FEESH-WATER EOCENE. [BULL. 34.

would yet be found to have continued their existence into the Wasatch 

epoch.1

This tentative opinion not having been then confirmed l?y known facts, 

I considered the few species I had recognized among the collections 

from Utah and Southern Wyoming as being identical with certain 

forms from the Laramie strata of the Upper Missouri Eiver region to 

belong to the upper part of the Laramie beds in that more southern 

region. This idea of a definite restriction of the upward range of all 

the Laramie species seemed to be supported by Professor Cope's discovery in New Mexico* in strata holding an intermediate position between well recognized Laramie strata beneath and equally well recognized Wasatch strata above, of a vertebrate fauna which is distinctly 

different from that of either of those groups. According to Professor 

Cope,2 so different is this vertebrate fauna from the faunas which preceded and those which followed it that he has separated the strata containing it as a distinct group under the name of the Puerco Group. At 

the typical localities of this group in New Mexico and Southern Colorado 

he recognizes the strata containing the Puerco fauna as having distinguishing stratigraphical characteristics. Dr. F. M. Endlich 3 and Mr. W. 

H. Holmes4 also recognized that distinction in Southern Colorado; but in 

other places at which the Laramie'and the Wasatch have been studied 

in juxtaposition, especially in Utah and Southern Wyoming, the Puerco 

Group has not hitherto been recognized either by stratigraphical or by 

paleontological characteristics. Professor Cope gives the maximum 

thickness of the Puerco beds in New Mexico as about 850 feet. With 

this estimate Mr. Holmes essentially agrees, but Dr. Endlich estimates 

their thickness at something more than this in Southern Colorado. 

All three of these authors agree, however, that the Puerco .beds are 

conformable with the Laramie beneath and with the Wasatch above;

and they all, when those beds were first discovered, regarded them as a 

part of the Wasatch Group.

As has been already intimated, it is now known that within an area 

which comprises a large part of the Territory of Utah not only is there 

a true conformity of the Wasatch upon the Laramie, but several of 

the characteristic molluscan species of the Laramie Group pass up into 

the Wasatch strata and there become members of the purely freshwater fauna of that group. In all the region where this intimate stratigraphical and paleontological relation of the Wasatch to the Laramie

'Twelfth Annual Report of the United States Geological and Geographical Survey 

of the Territories, pp. 51 and 52.

* For a'concise statement concerning the Puerco Group and its vertebrate fauna 

by Professor Cope, see American Naturalise, Volume XIX, p. 985. For important references to its vertebrate fauna by him, see the same Volume, pp. 385 and 493.

3 Niuth Annual Report United States Geological and Geographical Survey of the 

Territories for 1875, p. 189.

* Ibid., pp. 243 and 248.

(402)
WUITK.I GENERAL REMAKKS. 15

was observed the character of none of the strata of either the Laramie 

or the Wasatch was such as to suggest the propriety of separating 

them from either or both of those formations as a distinct group or even 

as a subordinate division. That is, I observed nothing in the character 

of these strata which suggested to me the presence in that region of 

the Puerco Group of Cope. Having received from Professor Cope a 

small collection of fresh-water and land shells which he obtained from 

typical Puerco strata near the town of Nacimiento, K Mex., and which 

are figured on Plate I, special search was made for like forms in the 

Utah strata just referred to, but with the exception of the somewhat 

satisfactory identification of the Puerco Unio with U. rectoidcs of the 

Wasatch strata near the town of Wales, this search was without material success. The probabilities are that the lower portion of the Wasatch series in that part of Utah represents the Puerco Group of Cope j

but because of the now known range of inolluscan species from the 

Laramie into the Wasatch Group, the actual identification of such species alone in both the Wasatch and the Puerco would not serve to fix 

the Puerco horizon in the Utah region with precision. That is, the 

facts at present known seem, plainly to indicate that while the Puerco 

fossils which have been published by Professor Cope indicate a distinct 

epoch in the history of North American vertebrate life, neither the 

stratigraphy nor the remains of inolluscan life, so far as it is now known, 

give any corresponding indication of either physical or faunal changes.

For the present, therefore, while I do not hesitate to recognize the 

Puerco epoch as it is indicated by the vertebrate fauna which Professor 

Cope has published, I am not able to recognize the existence of a distinct group of strata representing that epoch in the region which I have 

examined ; that is, I admit that a record of the Puerco epoch has been 

made in the history of vertebrate life, but not in that of aqueous invertebrate life, nor, except locally, in the strati graphical series.

The species which have been found to pass from the Laramie into the 

Wasatch are figured and described, together with others, on followingpages of this bulletin. Such a perpetuation of specific forms of gillbearing mollusks seems to make it necessary to infer that there was an 

unbroken continuity of aqueous habitat and also continuous sedimentation from the Laramie to the Wasatch Group. The condition of the 

strata in that part of Utah which I have recently examined also favors 

the inference as to the continuity of sedimentation. The area within 

which this blending of the Laramie with the Wasatch took place, although large, is evidently much smaller than that over which the blending of the marine Cretaceous strata (not its fauna) with those of the 

Laramie has been observed.

The strata which indicate the intimate relation of the Laramie with 

the Wasatch are much disturbed in that district and the difficulty of 

tracing their succession is largely increased by the presence of surface 

debris and vegetation uppn the mountain slopes. Still, this succession.

(403)
16 LARAMIE MOLLUSC AN AND FEESH-WATER EOCENE. inuu.34.

was traced with a good degree of satisfaction in the canons upon the 

eastern face of the Wasatch Eange in Emery and San Pete Counties, 

Utah. Beginning with the bluish marls of the Colorado Group in Castle Valley I traced the successive strata without a break, as I think, 

through the Fox Hills and Laramie Groups into and through the Wasatch Group. In addition to this is the well-known intimate relation 

of the three groups of Eocene fresh-water deposits .with each other, 

namely, the Wasatch, the Green Eiver, and the Bridger, especially in 

the Green Eiver Basin north of the Uinta Mountains. That is to say, 

certain species of mollusks range through these three groups, which 

are everywhere conformable, and it is evident that sedimentation was 

continuous through the whole series.

We seem, then, to have conclusive proof that there is a complete and 

unbroken stratigraphical series in that western region, extending from 

the Middle Cretaceous to the top of the Eocene, and aggregating nearly 

or quite two miles in thickness. A remarkable fact connected with the 

production of this great series is that, while sedimentation was evidently not materially interrupted in at least a large part of the area 

within which those deposits are now found, the aqueous life was changed 

first from that of a purely marine character to that of alternating brackish and fresh waters, and finally to that of a purely fresh-water character ; that is, the waters in which this series of strata were deposited 

were first marine, then alternating brackish and fresh, and finally wholly 

fresh. This, of course, implies the occurrence of great physical changes 

upon the North American continent during the Cretaceous and Eocene 

periods, which, however, did not interrupt sedimentation in a large 

part of its interior.

The inability of geologists to fix upon a definite plane of demarkation which shall separate the uppermost of the marine Cretaceous strata

from those of the Laramie Group has been referred to and is well known. 

It is now also known that a similar state of things really obtains within 

a large part of the Territory of Utah with regard to the strata of the 

Laramie and the Wasatch groups; and it is not strange that strata upon 

the confines of each of these groups, and containing an identical fauna, 

sbould have been sometimes referred to one and sometimes to the other 

group before the fauna had been recognized as identical. So far from 

there being an abrupt faunal break between the Laramie and the Wasatch groups, as was formerly supposed, it is now known that the 

faunal relation between the two groups is more intimate than that between the Laramie and the marine Cretaceous, for no species are yet 

known to have passed from the latter up into the Laramie.

The fact of the survival into the Wasatch epoch of several freshwater molluscan species which have hitherto been regarded as belonging exclusively to the Laramie naturally leads us to inquire whether 

tbe upper portion of the Laramie series in the Upper Missouri Eiver region and elsewhere may not be as properly referred $o the Wasatch as,

(404)
WHIM.] GENERAL REMARKS. 17

to the Laramie. Applying the rule for the determination of the upper 

limit of the Laramie Group which I have designated on a previous 

page, it appears probable that at least the upper portion of the series 

of strata which are exposed in the vicinity of Fort Union, near the 

mouth of Yellowstone Eiver, should be referred to the Wasatch Group. 

That the lower portion of the series known as the Fort Union beds belongs to the Laramie Group cannot be doubted, because of the presence there of characteristic dinosaurian and other vertebrate remains; 

but there is evidently no break in that series of strata which should 

separate them as two formations. In the upper part of the series, however, only fresh water molluscan forms have been found, if we except 

one species of Corbuld, and this is understood to have come from a comparatively low horizon. Moreover, several of the same species of mollusks which are found in the Fort Union series of Laramie strata are 

also found in the Wasatch strata of Utah.

This .suggestion of the intimate relation of the Laramie of the Upper 

Missouri Eiver region to the fresh-water Eocene series is apparently supported by the discovery of some fresh-water beds on the top of Sentinel 

Butte, in that region. These beds are connected with the Laramie strata 

beneath by direct continuity, and I have suggested that they probably 

represent the Green Eiver Group.1

Before closing these remarks, it is thought desirable to state concisely the grounds for my conclusion that the strata in the western portion of our national domain form one uninterrupted series from the lowest of the marine Cretaceous formations to the top of the Bridger Group, 

the uppermost of the fresh-water Eocene series, inclusive. These reasons fall under two separate categories, the one based upon observed 

stratigraphical conditions and the other upon the character and distribution of the fossil contents of the respective groups of strata.

The stratigraphical conditions which indicate continuous sedimentation from one group or formation to the next succeeding one in this 

great series are, first, conformity, and second, absence of abrupt change 

in the character or composition of the material deposited. That is, although there are numerous instances of unconformity within the vertical 

range of the great series in question, especially above the distinctively 

marine Cretaceous strata, that unconformity in no case involves the 

whole of any formation of the series. In other words, where unconformity between any two formations, or any two portions of the same formation, is apparent at any one locality, perfect conformity is to be found 

at some other localities. The greatest and most complete unconformity 

in the great series has hitherto been understood to exist between the 

Laramie and the Wasatch groups; but it is now known that at even this 

horizon there is perfect conformity within a great area which includes 

a large part of the Territory of Utah. This area has doubtless been 

1 Americaa Journal of Science, third series, Vol. XXV, pp. 411-414.

(405) 

Bull. 34 2
18 LARAMIE MOLLUSC AN AND FRESH-WATER EOCENE. [BULL. 34.

materially reduced, because the strata have been so much displaced 

and eroded.

The paleontological evidence of the unbroken continuity of the series 

of formations in question consists mainly in the known passage of cer. 

tain species of fossils from one formation up into the next. That some 

of the species which existed in and about the estuaries of the marine 

waters in which the Cretaceous formations were deposited survived in the 

brackish waters of the Laramie sea is probable, but it has not yet been 

demonstrated by the specific identification of any such fossils in the Laramie strata. That certain species of molluscan fossils range through all 

three of the purely fresh-water Eocene Groups has long been known, and 

it is now also known that there is a similar range of a considerable number 

of fresh-water species of the Laramie period which coexisted with its 

brackish water forms, up into the Wasatch Group. This demonstrates the 

faunal continuity of the series from the base of the Laramie to the top of 

the Bridger Group. The passage of these fresh-water species from one 

group to another is understood to indicate that there must have been a 

continuity of congenial habitat from the one epoch to the other. If that 

habitat was not continuously lacustrine, the only way in which it is 

thought possible that any of the fresh-water species in question co'uld 

have survived was by escaping into fluviatile waters from their original 

lacustrine habitat and returning to a similar one subsequently established on the same ground. The character of the deposits in which these 

fossils are found indicates that sedimentation was continuous from the 

Laramie to the Wasatch, and an aqueous habitat was therefore continuous from the one epoch to the other. The survival into the latter epoch 

of certain species which flourished in the former one shows that that 

habitat was continuously a congenial one to them. This conclusion, of 

course, implies that the individuals of those surviving species whose 

remains are found in the upper formation were direct lineal descendants 

of those in the lower. There appear to be only two alternatives to this 

conclusion, first, that the species have been incorrectly identified, or, 

second, that they were reintroduced after they had once become extinct. 

In the light of modern zoology the latter proposition is not thought to demand serious consideration. As to the former, it can only be said that 

the specific determinations in those cases have been made with as much 

confidence in their accuracy as may reasonably attend any work of that 

kind.

In connection with this statement of the grounds upon which are 

based the opinions advanced in the foregoing pages, it is proper to make 

some remarks upon the estimated value of fossils of fresh-water origin in 

geological determinations. As fossil mollusca are the principal forms 

which characterize fresh-water deposits, they alone will now be referred 

to. The differentiation of the mollusca into generic, family, and ordinal 

groups, and the diversification of specific forms among these groups, are 

immensely greater in marine waters than in any other. In brackish

(406)
WHITE.] GENERAL REMARKS. 19

waters it is much less than in the open marine, and in lacustrine waters 

the minimum of differentiation is found. The large collections of fossil mollusca which have been made in different parts of the world indicate that this slight tendency to differentiation among fresh-water mollusca has always obtained in past geological time; also, that types once 

established have persisted through a long series of geological periods. 

Therefore it has become known that fossils of fresh-water origin are of 

little value, compared with those of marine origin, as indices of the true 

geological age of the strata containing them. In consequence of this, 

the real value of fresh-water fossils as aids in the study of strati graphical geology has been underestimated. While it is admitted that these 

fresh-Avater forms are of little value in determining the geological age 

of strata, they are really of as great importance in the study of local, 

and even of continental, geology as are any other fossils. Indeed, it 

would be quite impracticable to ascertain whether the waters in which 

formations have been deposited were marine, brackish, or fresh, except 

by the character of the contained fossils.

Fresh-water formations of considerable extent can only be produced 

upon continental areas, and they consequently record phases of continental history of which marine formations give no indication. In Western North America the fresh-water deposits rival in extent and thickness 

the great marine formations; and it would have been impossible to arrive at the knowledge of them which we have now attained except by a 

study of their fossils. Each of these great lacustrine formations has its 

own distinguishing fauna, the uniform character of which .over great 

areas is quite remarkable. So large has been the area of some of the 

fresh-water seas in which these deposits were formed, and so uniform the 

conditions under which they existed, that the geographical distribution 

of species in them has been nearly or quite as great as the average of 

that of marine mollusca. For example, some of the species of the Laramie Group have been found at points more than a thousand miles apart; 

and in the fresh-water Eocene groups the molluscan fauna is practically 

identical at points as much as 200 miles apart.

In view of the above indicated estimate of the value of fossils of freshwater origin in the study of the geology of great continental areas, I 

have not hesitated to use them with confidence in the foregoing discussions.

(407)
20 LAKAMIE MOLLUSCAN AND FKESH-WATER EOCENE. [BULL. 34.

DESCRIPTION OE SPECIES-MOLLUSCA.

UNIONID^.

i

Genus UNIO Betzius. 

UNIO MENDAX White.

(Plate IV, Figs, 2, 3, and 4.)

Unio vetuatus (Meek) White, 1876; Keport upon United States Geographical Surveys 

West of the One Hundredth Meridian, Vol. IV, p. 206, pi. xxi.'fig. 12, a, I, c, d.

Unio mendax White, 1877; Bulletin of the United States Geological and Geographical 

Survey of the Territories, Vol. Ill, p. 605.

Unio mendax White, 1883; Third Annual Report United States Geological Survey, 

1881-'82, p. 433, pi. 18, figs. 3, 4, 5.

Shell of medium size, subelliptical in marginal outline; valves moderately gibbons, the postero-dorsal portion of each valve more or less 

flattened, and in the case of the examples which are regarded as females 

there is a slightly increased convexity of the median portion; test somewhat thin; beaks situated near the front, inconspicuous, and only 

slightly elevated above the hinge line; the umbones scarcely differing 

in their convexity from that of the adjacent portion of the valves; anterior margin rounded by a somewhat regularly diminishing curve to 

the basal margin; the convexity of the latter margin sometimes slight 

and sometimes considerable, the difference being probably due to sex; 

dorsal margin nearly straight or slightly convex; posterior margin 

sloping downward and backward from the dorsal margin to the posterobasal extremity, which is narrowly rounded to the basal margin. Surface marked by the ordinary lines of growth. Numerous small wrinkles

are usually visible upon the beaks; and two sharply-raised lines radiate

from the beak upon the postero-dorsal portion of each valve. The test 

being somewhat light the hinge is also more delicate than is usual with 

shells of Unio of equal size, but the lateral and cardinal teeth are those 

of true Unio.

Length of an adult example, which is probably a female, 64mm ; height, 

39mm. The proportionate Jength of males is apparently a little more.

This species was first described by me in Volume IV, Report upon 

United States Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian (loc. cit.), and erroneously referred to the U. vetustus of Meek. 

The types of Meek's species came from the Bear Eiver Laramie, while 

the specimens of this species came from the Wasatch strata near Wales, 

Utah. The specimens which I then figured and described are probably 

males, and their proportions differ a little from those of the specimens 

figured in this bulletin. These figures are copied from plate 18 of the 

Third Annual Keport of the U. S. Geological Survey.

This is one of the plain oval types of Unio which has been so common in that great genus from the Jurassic period to the present time,

(408)
UNIONJ.DJ5 AND CYRF^ID/TC. 21

Indeed, it is closely like the U. nucalis of Meek and Hayden, which they 

published as coming from the Jurassic rocks in the vicinity of the Black 

Hills.

Locality and position. This species has hitherto been collected only 

at the Desolation Canon and Wales localities, in Utah, but it is likely 

to be found at any locality of the Wasatch Group in that region. Its 

vertical range wafc found to be more than 1,000 feet at the Wales 

locality.

UNIO RECTOIDES (sp. nov.).

(Plate IV, Fig. 1; and Plate V, Figs. 1 and 2.)

Shell transversely elongate, subelliptical in marginal outline ; front 

margin regularly rounded; basal margin broadly convex; postero-dorsal 

margin sloping downward and backward to the postero-basal extremity,

which is narrowly rounded to the base; beaks situated at about onequarter of the length of the shell from the front, incurved; umbones 

prominent, elevated above the hinge line. Surface plain.

Length, 90mm ; height, 47mm.

This form was found associated with U. mendax at the Wales locality. 

While the range of variation is doubtless great in all species of Unio, 

there seems to be too much difference between the form above described 

and U. mendax to allow them to be referred to the same species. The 

principal differences are the greater proportionate length of U. rectoides, 

the prominence of its umbones, and the greater distance of the beaks 

from the front. This fossil form bears some resemblance to the living 

U. rectus Lamarck.

Locality and position. The specimen figured on Plate IV, together 

with some other less perfect examples, was obtained at the Wales locality. A fragment which is figured on Plate V, and which probably 

belongs to this species, was obtained by Professor Cope from his Puerco 

Group near the town of Nacimiento, New Mexico.

CYRENID^E.

Genus SPH^BEIUM Scopoli. 

SPH^ERIUM FORMOSUM Meek and Hayden.

(Plate IV, Figs. 5 and 6.)

Cycla* formosa M. and H. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, Phila., for

1856, p. 11C. 

Sphcwium formosum M. and H. Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences,

Phila., for 1860, p. 185. 

Spli cerium, formosum Meek, 1876. Report of the United States Geological Survey of the

Territories, Vol. IX, p. 526, pi. 43, fig. 4, a, I, c. 

Splicerium formosum White, 1883. Third Annual Report of United States Geological

Survey, p. 539, pi. 17, fig. 11.

In the Wasatch strata, at the locality near Wales, Utah, some examples of a Sylicerinm were found which appear to be identical with

(409) '
22 LARAMIE MOLLUSCAN AND FRESH-WATER EOCENE. [BULL. 34.

the S.formosum of Meek and Hayden, the type specimens of which 

were obtained from the Fort Union Laramie strata. The best one of 

the specimens which were found at the Wales locality is represented 

by Figure 6 on Plate 1Y! Figure 5 on the same plate represents the 

type specimen of Meek and Hayden, it being a copy of their original 

fiure.

Genus LIM1JL3EA Lamarck.

(Plate II, Fig. 13.)

A single imperfect example was found at the Wales locality, which 

evidently belongs to the genus Lirnnsea and the general aspect of 

which is like that of the living species, L. columella. No species of 

Limncea is yet known from either the Laramie or the Wasatch Group 

to which this form can be properly referred; but it is possible that it 

is only a variety of the L. similis of Meek, from the Bridger Group of 

Southern Wyoming. The specimen is too imperfect to allow of a satisfactory specific description.

Subgenus LEPTOLIMNJEA Swainson.

LlMNJEA (LEPTOLIMN^EA) MINTISCULA White. 

(Plate II, Figs. 10, 11, 12.)

lAmncea (L&ptolimncea) minuseula White, 1880 ; Proceedings of the United States National Museum, Vol. Ill, p. 160.

Limncea (Lqptolimna&a) minuscula White, 1883; Third Annual Report United States 

Geological Survey, p. 446, pi. 29, figs. 24 and 25.

Some imperfect examples, one of which is figured on Plate II, were 

found among the other fossils in the Wasatch strata at the Wales locality, 

which appear to belong to L. (L.) minuscula White. The type specimens of this species were found in strata upon the confines of the Wasatch and Green Eiver Groups in Southern Wyoming. Figure 10 on 

Plate II represents one of the examples found at the Wales locality; 

and Figures 11 and 12 represent one of the type specimens.

Genus ACELLA Haldeman. .

AOELLA MICRONEMA (sp. nOV.). 

(Platell, Fig. 14.)

Among the fossils which were1 collected from the Wasatch strata at 

the Wales locality are several fragments of a small limnseid which is
WHITK.] LIMN.EID.a3. 23

i

referable to the genus Acella. These fragments are sufficient to give a 

good idea of the outline and general character of the shell, but none of 

them are sufficiently perfect to be figured satisfactorily. I have therefore prepared an outline which is understood to represent the general 

aspect of the species, and which is given on Plate II, Fig. 14. Tho §urface is marked by fine, distinct, uniform lines, the direction of which 

corresponds with the lines of growth of the shell and approximately 

also with its axis.

The length of adult shells was apparently from 10 to 12 millimeters.

This shell is perhaps specifically identical with the form which I found 

associated with the preceding species in strata near the junction of the 

Wasatch and Green Eiver Groups iii Southern Wyoming. It is mentioned but not described on page 160, Volume III, of the Proceedings of 

the United States National Museum,

Genus PLANOEBIS Miiller. 

PLANORBIS CONVOLUTUS Meek and Hayden.

(Plate II, Fig. 15.)

PlanorUs convolutus M. and H., 1876; Report of the United States Geological Survey

of the Territories, Vol. IX, p. 536, pi. 42, figs. 11 and 12.

PlanorUs convolutus White, 1883 ; Third Annual Report United States Geological Sur- 

' vey, p. 447, pi. 27, fig. 16.

Some imperfect examples of a species of PlanorMs were found among 

the other Wasatch mollusca at the Wales locality which do not seem to 

differ specifically from P. convolutus Meek and Hayden. The type specimens of P. convolutus came from the Laramie strata of the Upper Missouri Eiver region; and these Wasatch specimens agree with them so 

closely that they cannot be regarded as-any thing more than a variety. 

A few fragments of a Planorbis were also found in the Wasatch strata 

near Evanston, Wyo., which probably belong to this species.

4

Subgenus GYRAULUS Agassiz. . 

PLANORBIS (GYRAULUS) MILITARIS White.

(Plato II, Figs. 16 and 17.)

PlanorUs (Gyraiilus) militaris White, 1880; Proceedings of the National Museum, Vol. 

Ill, p. 159.

PlanorUs (Gyraulus) militaris White, 1883; Third Annual Report United States Geological Survey, p.-447, pi. 28, figs. 10 and 11.

The type specimens of this species came from near the headwaters 

of Soldier's Fork, Utah County, Utah, the strata.containing them being a portion of the Wasatch Group. Some imperfect examples were 

obtained at the Wales locality. The species has also been recognized 

in strata upon the confines of the Green Eiver and Wasatch Groups in
24 LAEAMIE MOLLUSCAN AND FRESH-WATER EOCENE. [BOLT*34

Southern Wyoming. The figures on Plate II are copies of the original 

figures which were published in the work last above cited.

PHYSID^E.

Genus PHYSA Draparnaud. 

PHTSA PLEROMATIS White.

(Plate III, Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6.)

Physa pleromaiis White, 1875; Report upon United States Geographical Surveys West 

of the One Hundredth Meridian, Vol. IV, p. 211, pi. xxi, fig. 1, a, &.

Physa pleromaiis White, 1883 ; Third Annual Report United States Geological Survey, 

p. 450, pi. 30, figs. 6, 7, 8.

The original specimens of this species came from Wasatch strata in 

Utah which are equivalent with those at the Wales locality, where numerous examples were also obtained. Specimens of this species are 

likewise often met with in the Wasatch strata north of the Uinta Mountains, in which region it" also extends up into the base of the Green 

Eiver Group.

The specimens which were collected at the Wales locality, as well as 

those collected elsewhere, show great variation as to form and proportions. So great is this range of variation that in the absence of intermediate forms no one would hesitate to refer the specimens showing 

the two extremes of variation to different species. The specimens 

illustrated on Plate III show much variation, but not the full extremes, 

especially as shown in the young.

PHTSA KANABENSIS White.

(Plate III, Figs. 11,12, and 13.)

Physa Jcanabensis White, 1876; Report upon the Geology of the Uinta Mountains, by 

J. W. Powell, p. 119.

The original specimens of PJiysa Jcanabensis were obtained by Major 

Powell from strata in Southern Utah which he then regarded as belonging to the Lararnie (Point of Eocks) Group. These were described by 

me (loo. cit.), but the specimens were too imperfect to be satisfactorily 

figured. Several imperfect examples of a form which probably belongs 

to the same species were found in the Wasatch strata at the Wales 

locality, already often mentioned. These specimens show that the last 

volution was proportionally much more inflated than the others. Theoriginal specimens of P. Icanabensis did not show this, but it is probable 

that they were not fully adult. Figs. 11 and 12 represent two imperfect 

examples from the Wales locality and Fig. 13 is a restored outline of 

the full adult shell.

(412)
WFTTTR.] PHYSID2E. 25

PHYSA BTJLLATA (sp. nov.).

(Plate III, Figs. 14, 15, 16, and 17?.)

Shell small, ovoid; volutions four or five in number, the last one 

large and ventricose; spire small and short, forming only a small part 

of the length of the shell. Surface marked by the usual lines of growth.

Length of one of the largest examples, 15mm ; greatest breadth, of the 

same* 10mm.

This species is closely like the living P. bullata Gould, but it seems 

to differ from that and from other fossil forms too much to justify 

its reference to any published species. A considerable number of examples of this form were collected which show a good degree of varition. The last volution of some of the specimens is much expanded, 

making the aperture very broad, but in other examples the expansion 

is less. The length of the spire is also variable, but it is short in all 

cases.

Locality and position. Wasafcch strata, near Wales, Utah; and also 

at several other localities in equivalent strata in the Wasatch Mountains, 

east of Sa,n Pete Valley.

Genus BULINUS Miiller. 

BULINUS ATAVTJS White?

(Plato III, Figs. 7, 8, 9, and 10.)

B-iiMnus alamis White, 1877; Bulletin UnitecV States Geological and Geographical Survey of the Territories, Vol. Ill, p. 601.

Bulinus atavus White, 1880; Twelfth Annual Report of the United States Geological 

and Geographical Survey of the Territories, Part I, p. 86, pi. 24, fig. 5, a, &.

Bulinus atavus White, 1883; Third Annual Report of the United States Geological 

Survey, p. 450, pi. 25, figs. 6 and 7.

Among the fossils collected from the Wasatch. strata at the Wales 

locality in Utah are some examples which are closely like, if not identical with, the form which I described (loc. cit.) under the name of Bulinus atavus. The Utah specimens are not quite perfect, but so far as 

they exhibit their specific characters they seem to differ from the type 

specimens only in being of smaller size. The type specimens were 

collected by Professor Cope from the Judith Kiver Laramie beds in 

Montana.

Among the Physidsa which were collected from the Wasatch strata 

at the Wales locality in Utah are some more or less imperfect examples 

which do not seem to be referable to any of the preceding species. Some 

of these closely resemble the Bulinus subelongatus of Meek and Hayden, 

the types of which they obtained from the Laramie strata at the mouth 

of Judith River, Montana. Some fragments found in the Wasatch. 

strata near Evauston, Southwestern Wyoming, appear also to belong 

fa the last-uained species.

(413) '
26 LARAMIE MOLLUSCAN AND FRESH-WATER EOCENE. [BULL.34.

ANCYLID^E.

Genus ACEOLOXUS Beck.

ACROLOXUS ACTINOPHORUS (sp. UOV.).

(Plate II, Fig. 22.)

 

Shell small, elongate, subelliptical in marginal outline, somewhat

wider in front than behind; apex situated at a little more than onequarter of*the full length of the shell from the posterior end. Surface 

marked by the ordinary lines of growth, which are crossed by a multitude of minute radiating lines, the latter being visible only under a 

lens.

Length, 4mm ; breadth, 3mm.

This form is possibly identical with the A. minutus of Meek and Hayden, from the Laramie strata at Fort Union, Mont. It seems to differ 

specifically from that form, however, in possessing the finely radiate 

markings of the surface and in being proportionally longer.

Locality and position. Wasatch strata near the town of Wales, Utah.

HELICIDJE.

Genus HELIX Linnaeus. 

HELIX NACIMIENTENSIS (sp. nov.).

(Plate V, Figs. 3, 4, 5, 6, and 7.)

Shell large, nmbilicate; volutions six or seven in number, broadly convex upon the upper side, increasing regularly in width, but the depth 

is somewhat rapidly increased adjacent to the umbilicus upon the maturity of the shell; the periphery of the shell somewhat sharply angular in the earlier stages of growth, but it is obtusely or even obscurely 

so in its later stages; spire convex; apex obtuse; under surface of the 

last volution broadly convex from the periphery to the border of the 

umbilicus, which is abruptly rounded; outline of the aperture approximately semi-lunar, obtusely angular both above and below; the outer 

lip is apparently neither thickened nor reflexed.

Greatest diameter of the largest example in the collection, 42 m ; 

height, 33 mm.

This species is related to H. peripheria White, but it is a much larger 

shell, and the peripheral angle is much sharper in specimens of equal 

size than it is in H. peripheria.

Locality and position. Puerco strata, near the town of Nacimiento, 

N. Mex., where it was collected by Professor Cope.

(414)
WHITE.] HELICID^E AND PUPIM. 27

HELIX ADIPIS (sp. nov.).

(Plate V, Figs. 11 and 12.)

Shell small; spire moderately elevated; umbilicus not very broad; 

outer lip apparently slightly reflexed, but not materially thickened. The 

surface marked by regular transverse raised lines, corresponding in 

direction w,ith the lines of growth.

Height, 3 mm ; diameter, 5mm.

Only two examples of this little shell were obtained, and it is possible that they are immature, but they appear to be adult. Jnaaspect this 

species resembles R. evanstonensis White, from the Wasatch beds near 

Evanston, Wyo.,but that shell is larger and has its umbilicus closed.

Locality and position. Puerco Group, near the town of Nacimiento, 

N.'Mex.j where it vwas obtained by Professor Cope, who found it associated with both the preceding and the following species:

PUPID^E.

Genus PUPA Lamarck. 

PUPA LEiDYr Meek ?

(Plate V, Figs. 8, 9, and 10.)

Pupa 9 leidyi Meek, 1873; Sixth Annual Eeport of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories [for 1872], p. 517.

Associated with the preceding species, and among the few shells collected by Professor Cope from his Puerco Group near the town of Nacimiento, N. Mex., are some specimens which seem to be specifically identical with Pupa leidyi Meek. I have never been able to find Meek's type 

of P. leidyi among the collections of the National Museurr., and I am 

therefore obliged to rely upon his description alone. This description 

agrees too closely with the specimens from New Mexico to justify their 

reference to any other species except upon the ground that they come 

from different horizons. Meek's types came from the top of the Green 

Biver Group or from the base of the Bridger, while the New Mexican 

specimens come from a horizon which is apparently 4,000 or 5,000 feet 

lower.

I have shown on a previous page of this bulletin that the fresh-water 

series of strata is complete from the Laramie Group to the Bridger, inclusive ; and there seems, therefore, to be no good reason to doubt that 

this niolluscau form lived continuously through the whole time in which 

those formations were deposited.

(415)
28 LARAMIE MOLLUSCAN AND FRESH-WATER EOCENE. fnuu,34.

CERIPHASIID/E.

Genus GONIOBASIS Lea.

GONIOBASIS TENUICARINATA Meek and Hayden. 

(Plate II, Figs. 6, 7, 8, and 9.)

Melania tenuicarinata M. and H.; Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, 

Phila., for 1857, p. 137.

Goniobasis tenuicarinata M. and H., 1876; Report on the United States Geological Survey of the Territories, Vol. IX, p. 566, pi. 43, fig. 14, a, b, c.

Goniobasis tenuicarinata White, 1875; Report upon United States Geographical Surveys West of the One Hundredth Meridian, Vol. IV, p. 212, pi. xxi, fig. 10, 

a, b, c.

Goniobasis tenuicarinata White, 1883; Third Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, p. 463, pi. 26, fig. 11.

This is'one of the best known of the gasteropods of the Laramie 

Group, it having been found at different localities in Montana and 

Colorado; and it was formerly supposed to be confined to that group. 

The type specimens of Meek and Hayden came from the Laramie strata 

near Fort Union, Mont.; and the specimens which I figured in. Volume 

IV, Explorations and Surveys (loc. cit.), came from the Wasatch strata 

at the Wales locality in Utah, as did also those represented by Figs. 6, 

7, and 8, Plate II, of this bulletin. A large number of specimens have 

been obtained from the Wales locality which, while they vary considerably among themselves, possess all the essential characteristics of the 

species. Indeed, there seems to be no reason to doubt that these 

Wasatch specimens are in all respects specifically identical with those 

which have been obtained from undoubted Laramie strata.

GONIOBASIS NEBRASCENSIS Meek and Hayden.

(Plate II, Figs. 4 and 5.)

Melania nebrascensis M. and H.; Proceedings Academy Natural Sciences, Phila., for 

1856, p. 124.

Goniobasis nebrascensis M. and H., 1876; Report of the United States Geological Survey of the Territories, Vol. IX, p. 565, pi. 43, fig. 12, a, I, c, d, e, f.

Goniobasis nebrascensis White, 1875; Report upon United States Geographical Surveys 

West of the One Hundredth Meridian, Vol. IV, p. 213, pi. xxi, fig. 9, a, b, c.

Goniobasis nebrascensis White, 1883; Third Annual Report United States Geological 

Survey, p. 463, pi. 26, figs. 15 and 16.

This species is a very variable one, and it seems to have been in part 

confounded with another similar form which occurs in the Laramie strata 

of Montana. The specimen represented by the figures on plate 26 of 

the work last above cited is especially referred to. Those copied figures 

are still more widely different from what I regard as the typical form of

(416)
WUITJJ.] CERIPHASIID^E. 29

G. nebrascensis by the failure of the artist to add the revolving lines 

which appear in Meek's Original figures of the specimen. The specimens 

which were found at the Wales locality many years ago by Mr. G. K. 

Gilbert were pronounced by Mr. Meek, who then saw them, to be identical with G. nebrascensis. The near relationship of G. nebrascensis with G. 

tenuicarinata, as the two forms occur in the Wasatch strata of Utah, is 

quite apparent; but the difference is constant, and.the two forms were 

not there found associated in the same layers. The form here referred 

to G. nebrascensis has also been recognized among collections which 

have been made from Wasatch strata near Evanston, Wyo., and in Desolation Canon, Utah.

GONIOBASIS TENERA Hall.

(PlateII, Figs, land2.)

Cerithiwm ten&rum Hall, 1845 ; Exploring Expedition Oregon and Northern California (Fre"mont), p. 308, pi. ill, fig. 6.

Goniobasis tcnera White, 1875; Report upon United States Geographical Surveys West 

of the One Hundredth Meridian, Vol. IV, p. 212, pi. xxi, fig. 11, a, I, c.

Goniobasis tcnera White, 1883; Third Annual Report of the United States Geological 

Survey, p. 464, pi. 31.

This species is one'of the most common forms in the fresh-water 

Eocene strata of the West, and it ranges from the Wasatch Group to 

theBridger Group inclusive. It varies so greatly in its surface markings, 

and also in size, that no less than five specific names have by different 

authors been given to forms all of which I now regard as belonging to 

this species. Examples of all these varieties are figured on plate 31 

of the work last above cited, so arranged as to show a gradation from 

nearly plain to highly ornamented examples. Some imperfect examples of the typical variety tenera were found, near the top of the series 

exposed at the Wales locality.

GONIOBASIS FILIFERA (sp. nov.).

(Platell, Fig. 3.)

Some imperfect examples of a species of Goniobasis were found at the 

Wales locality, in Utah, associated with G. tenuicarinata and others of 

the forms which are described on previous pages, which evidently belong to an unpublished species. The shell is rather small, slender; 

the volutions convex and marked by three or more revolving raised 

lines, similar to those which mark the volutions of G. tenuicarinata. 

The revolving lines are only two in number in one of the examples and 

in another there seems to be only one. No indication of longitudinal 

folds, such as mark G. tenera, nor of fine revolving striae, such as appear upon Q. tenuicarinata, between the carinse, have been observed.

(417)
30 LARAMIE MOLLUSCAN AND FRESH-WATER EOCENE. [BULL.34.

RISSOID^E.

Genus HYDBOBIA Hartinann. 

HYDEOBIA RECTA White.

(Plate II, Fig. 21.)

HydroMa recta White, 1876; Geological Keport of the Uinta Mountains by J.W. Powell,

p. 132. 

HydroMa recta White, 1883; Third Annual Keport of the United States Geological

Survey, p. 466, pi. 27, fig.'38.

The original specimens of this species were obtained from the coalbearing Wasatch strata,near Evanston,Southwestern WyoiniDg. Numerous imperfect examples were also found at the Wales locality, in layers associated with the coal, and also in other layers several hundred 

feet above the coal. These specimens were all crushed by pressure of 

the strata, and are otherwise imperfect, but they seem to be specifically 

identical with the type specimens. The latter are also imperfect. They 

are represented on Plate II of this bulletin.

In view of the purely- fresh-water molluscan types with which these 

shells have been found associated there is reason to doubt whether the 

species ought to be referred to the genus Hydrobia. Perhaps it might 

with better reason be referred to Bythinella or to Paludistrina.

HYDEOBIA UTAHENSIS White.

(Plate II, Fig. 20.) 

HydroMa utahensis White, 1876; Geological Report Uiiita Mountains, J. W. Powell,

p. 132.

HydroMa utahcnsis White, 1883;' Third Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, p. 466, pi. 27, fig. 35. .

The type specimens of this species came from the Wasatch strata at 

the west base of Musiuia Mountain, San Pete County, Utah. It was 

also found in equivalent strata at the Wales locality; but the latter 

specimens are not well preserved. Copies of the original figures are 

given on Plate II of this bulletin.

In view of the close faunal relationship which the Wasatch Group is 

now known to hold to the Laramie, it seems not improbable that Hydrobia utahensis ought to be regarded as specifically identical with H. 

eulimoides Meek and Hay den. The latter was obtained from the Laramie strata of the Upper Missouri Eiver region. The remarks which 

are made concerning the generic relations of the preceding species are 

also applicable to this.

(418)
WHITE.J RISSOID^E AND VIVIPARID^E. 31

Genus MICEOPYEGUS Meek. 

MICEOPYRGUS MINUTULTJS Meek and Hay den.

(Plate II, Fig. 24.)

Melania minutula M. and H.; Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, 

Phila., for 1856, p. 123.

Micropyrr/us miuutvlns Meek, 1876; Report of the United States Geological Survey of 

the Territories, Vol. IX, p. 575, pi. 43, fig. 18, a, I.

Mivropyrgus minutulus White, 1883; Third Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, p. 465, pi. 26, fig. 20.

Some small shells which were found in the Wasatch strata at the 

Wales locality, imbedded in one of the thin limestone layers, appear 

to be specifically identified with Micropyrgus minutulus Meek and ,Hayden. The only apparent difference is that the Utah specimens are somewhat larger than the dimensions given by Meek and Hayden. Their 

type specimens came from the Fort Union Lararnie strata in Montana. 

The figures on Plate II are copied from Meek's original figures. They 

are muchen larged.

VIVIPARID^E.

Genus VIVIPAEUS Gray. 

YIVIPAKUS TROCHIFORMIS Meek and Hayden.

(Plate I, Figs. 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5; conf. Figs. 6 to 13.)

Viviparus trochiformis M. and H.; Proceedings of the Academy of Natural Sciences, 

Phila., for 1860, p. 185.

Viviparus trochiformis White, 1875; Report upon United States Geographical Surveys 

West of the One Hundredth Meridian, Vol. IV, p. 214, pi. xxi, fig. 4, a, V, c.

Viviparus trocMformis Meek, 1876; Report of the United States Geological Survey of 

the Territories, Vol. IX, p. 580, pi. 44, tig. 2, a, I, c.

Viviparus IrocMformis White, 1883; Third Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, p. 467, pi. 24, figs. 10 to 16.

Compare also with V. leidyi, V. leidyi var. formosus, and V. raynoldsianus Meek and 

Hayden (loo. cii.), and also with V. panguitchensis White, Third Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, p. 467, pi. 25, figs. 19,20, and 21.

This species was originally described by Meek and Hayden from the 

Laramie strata of the Upper Missouri Eiver region. It was afterwards 

recognized by me among the fossils which were brought from certain 

strata in Utah which have since been ascertained to belong to the 

Wasatch group. Upon a re-examination of the collections referred to, 

and also a study of those which I collected during the past season at 

the Wales locality, I am still convinced that those Utah examples are 

specifically identical with the original specimens brought from Montana. 

Furthermore, I find in the Utah collections varietal forms which may 

with propriety be referred respectively to V. leidyi and V. raynoldsianus.

(419)
OZ LAKAMIE MOLLUSCAN AND FBESH-WATEK EOCENE. IDULL. 34.

Again, I find among those collections intermediate forms which seem 

to show that these are only varieties of V. trocMformis. Some of these 

varietal forms indicate that V.'panguitchensis ought also to be considered as a variety of V. trocMformis. Besides this close relationship 

among themselves of the forms just named, I have shown in the work 

last above cited the intimate relation which Tulotoma tkompsoni White 

holds to Viviparus trocMformis.

VlVIPAEUS NANUS (sp. nOV.). ' 

(Plate II, Figs. 18 and 19.)

Viviparus ? White, 1875; Beport upon United States Geographical Surveys 

West of the One Hundredth Meridian, Vol. IV, p. 215, pi. xxi, fig. 7, a, b.

Shell small, the axis short as compared with the transverse diameter; 

volutions five in number, regularly convex; surface plain.

Height of the largest example in the collection, 10mm ; greatest diameter, 8mm.

When this form was first noticed by me (loc. cit.) the specimens tlien 

obtained would not justify the application of a new specific name. 

During the past season, however, I collected a considerable number of 

nearly perfect examples, which indicate that it really belongs to an unpublished form. I have, therefore, given it a new specific name.

Locality and position. Wasatch strata, near Wales, Utah, and in 

equivalent strata at several localities in the Wasatch Mountains.

CRUSTACEA.

CYPRID^.

Genus CYPEIS Miiller. 

CYPRIS SANPETENSIS (sp. nov.).

(Plate II, Fig. 23.)

Shell obliquely oblong in marginal outline, wider behind than before; 

anterior margin rounded;. ventral margin straight and also a little 

longer than the dorsal; posterior margin gently convex, and sloping 

downward and a little backward from the dorsal to the ventral margin; 

valves moderately convex, and a very slight transverse depression is 

observable towards the anterior end. ' \

Length, 2mm ; height, lmm.

Locality and position. Wasatch strata near the town of Wales, 

{Jtah,

(420)
PLATE I.

(421) 33 

Bull. 34 3
PLATE I.

Paga 

VlVIPARUS TROCHIFORMIS AND RELATED FORMS........__.___ ............ 31

Fig. 1. Viviparus trochiformis from the Fort Union beds; a copy of Meek's

type figure. N 

Figs. 2 and 3. Opposite views of another example, also from the Fort Union

beds. 

Figs. 4 and 5. Opposite views of an example from the Wasatoh beds near

Wales, Utah. This specimen is more elongate than usual. 

Figs. 6, 7, and 8. Views of each of the three types of V. panguitchenaia ; from

Southern Utah.

Fig. 9. A copy of Meek's type figure of V. leidyi. 

Figs. 10 and 11. Copies of Meek's figures of V. leidyi var. formosut. 

Figs. 12 and 13. Copies of Meek's figures of V. raynoldsictnua. 

All figures on this plate are of natural size.

34 (422)
BULLETIN NO. 34 PL. 1

1, 2, 3, 4, 5. Viviparus trochir'ormis.

6, 7, 8. V. pai)j;uitckeiisi>s.

9. V. leidyi.

10,11. V. leidyi var. fonnosus. 

12, 13. V. rayiioldsianus.

PLATE II.

(425) 37
PLATE II.

Page.

GONIOBASIS TENERA ........... ...^:........... .............................. 29

Figs. 1 and 2. Views of two typical examples; natural size. 

GONIOBASIS FILIFERA ....................................................... 29

Fig. 3. View of one of the type specimens; enlarged. 

GONIOBASIS NEBRASCENSIS ....... ..........................;............. 28

Figs. 4 and 5. Views of two examples from the Wasatch beds near Wales,

Utah; natural size. 

GONIOBASIS TENUICARINATA ................................................ 28

Figs. 6,7, and 8. Examples from the Wasatch strata near Wales, Utah;

natural size. 

Fig. 9. Copies of Meek's original figures of the type specimen, from the Fort

Union beds. 

LiMN2BA (LEPTOLIMN^EA) MINUSCULA........................................ 22

Fig. 10. An example from the Wasatch beds near Wales, Utah; enlarged. 

Figs. 11 and 12. Opposite views of the type specimen, from Southern

Wyoming; enlarged. 

LIMN.EA ?............................................................ 22

Fig. 13. Lateral view of an imperfect example; natural size.

ACELLA MICRONEMA ........................................................ 22

Fig. 14. A restored outline; enlarged. 

PLANORBIS CONVOLUTUS .................................................... 23

Fig. 15. Copies of Meek's original figures. 

PLANORBIS (GYRAULUS) MILITARIS .......................................... 23

Figs. 16 and 17. Opposite views of one of the type specimens; enlarged.

VlVIPARUS NANUS .......................................................... 32

Figs. 18 and 19. Opposite views of an adult example; enlarged.

HYDROBIATJTAHENSIS....................................................... 30

Fig. 20. Lateral view of the type specimen ; enlarged. 

HYDROBIA RECTA ........................................................... 30

Fig. 21. Views of the type specimens; enlarged.

ACROLOXUS ACTINOPHORUS...... ............................................ 26

Fig. 22. Apical view of the type specimen, from the Wales locality; enlarged. The figure is a partial restoration, the specimen having been 

somewhat crushed. 

CYPRIS SANPETENSIS........................................................ 32

Fig. 23. Lateral view of a left valve; enlarged. 

MlCROPYRGUS MINTJTULUS ..... ............................................. 31

Fig. 24. Lateral views; enlarged. After Meek.

38 (426)
BtJLtETJN NO. 34 PL. I]

23

1, 2. Goniobasis tenera.

3. G. tilifera. 

4, 5. G. nebraseensis 

6, 7, 8, 9. G. tenuicarinata. 

10,11,12. Limnaia (Leptoliumrca) 

iiiiimscula.

13. Limnrea 

14. Aoi'llii micronema.

15. Planorbis convolutus. 

16,17. P. inilitai is. 

18,19. Viviparus uanus.

20. Hydrobia utahensis.

21. H.'recta.

22. Acroloxus actinopborus.

2ii. Cyjiris .saiipetciisis.

24. Micropyrgus miuutulus.

PLATE III.

(429) 41
PLATE III.

PRYSA PLEROMATTS .-..-........-.--...-...-. ..--.....--....-......-...---. 24

Fig. 1. Lateral view of the type specimen; natural size.

Figs. 2 and 3. Opposite views of another example from the Wasatch beds

near Wales, Utah; natural size. 

Figs. 4, 5, and 6. Lateral views of other examples from the same locality.

BULINUS ATAVUS ............................... ............................ 25

Figs. 7 and 8. Copies of Meek's figures of the type specimens from the Judith Eiver strata; natural size.

Figs. 9 and 10. Opposite views of an example from the Wasatch beds near 

Wales, Utah ; apparently belonging to this species, although much smaller 

than the types. 

PHYSA KANABENSIS? ........................................................ 24

Fig. 11. Lateral view of a crushed and imperfect example from the Wales 

locality; natural size.

Fig. 12. Another, fragment from the same locality.

Fig. 13. A restored outline of the whole shell. 

PHYSA BULLATULA ..............:..... 1...................................... 25

Figs. 14,15, and 1(5. Lateral views c f three different examples from the Wales 

locality | natural size.

Fig. 17. Lateral view of an exanc pie from tlie same locality, perhaps belonging to this species.

42 (430)
. 8. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 34 PL. Ill

11

17

1, 2, 3,4. 5, 6. Physa pleromatis. 

7, 8, 9,10. Buiinus atavus.

11, 12,13. Physa kanabensis. 

14,15,16,17. P. bullutula.

PLATE IV.

45
PLATE IV.

Page. 

RECTOIDBS ................................_..........1.............. 21

Fig. 1. Right side view; natural size. 

UNIO MENDAX .............................................................. 20

Fig. 2. Left side view ; natural size.

Fig. 3. Right side view of a smaller example.

Fig. 4. Interior view of a portiou of a right valve.

SPH2ERIUM FORMOSUM .............................................. 1... . 21

Fig. 5. Copies of Meek's figures of the type specimen from the Fort Union

beds; natural size and enlarged. 

Fig. 6. A right valve from the Wasatch strata near Wales, Utah; enlarged.

46 (434)
Q. B. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 34 PL. IV

1. Uuio rectoiiies. 2, 3, 4. U. mendax. 5, 6. Sphserium fonnoaum.

(437) 49 

Bull. 34 4
PLATE V.

UNIO RECTOIDEST .__........................._......_................. 21

Figs. 1 and 2. Opposite views of a fragment of a left valve. 

HELIX ADIPIS..... .......................................................... 27

Figs. 11 and 12. Lateral and apical views of one of the type specimens; 

enlarged.

HELIX NACIMIENTENSI8....... ......... ............ .1.. ..................... 26

Figs. 3, 4, and 5. Upper, under, and lateral views of the largest and most 

perfect example in the collection; natural size. The test is nearly all 

exfoliated. 

Fig. 6. Lateral view of another example, a portion of the last volution

having been distorted by pressure. 

Fig. 7. An apical portion, showing the angular character of the periphery

of the earlier volutions. 

PUPA LEIDYI?............................................................... 27

Figs. 8 and 9. Opposite views of a broken example, but the best one in the

collection; enlarged.

Fig. 10. Another example, crushed and imperfect.

All the/specimens figured on this plate were.collected by Professor Cope from his 

Puerco Group, near the town of Nacimiento, N. Mex. . , .

50 (438)
BULLETIN NO 34 PL.V

1,2. Unip reetoides ? 

3,4, 5, C, 7. Helix nacimientensis.

8, 9,10. Pupa leidyi ? 

11,12. Helix atlipis.

INDEX.

Page.

Acella inicrouema........................................................... 22

Acroloxus actinophorus ..................................................... 26

Ancylidse................................................................... 26

Bulimia atavus ............................................................. 25

Ceriphasiidse ............................................................... 28

Cope, E. D., on the Puerco Group ........................................... 14

Crustacea.................................................................. 32

Cyrenidw................................................................... 21

Cypridffi............................................................'........ 32

Cypris sanpetensis .......................................................... 32

Description of species....................................................... 20

Endlich, F. M., quoted ...................................................... 14

General remarks ............................................................ 9

Goniobasis filifera.......................................... ................ 29

Goniobasis nebrascensis ..................................................... 28

Goniobasis tenera ........................................................... 29

Goniobasis teuuicarinata.................................................... 28

Helicidse .........................................................I......... 26

Helix adipis ................................................................ 27

Helix nacimientensis........................................................ 26

Holmes, W. H., quoted...................................................... 14

Hydrobiarecta.............................................................. 30

Hydrobia utahensis......................................................... 30

Limnsea ?............................................................. 22

Limnaea (Leptolimnsea) minuscula........................................... 22

LimufeidaB.................................................................. 22

List of species............................................................... 11

Mollusca..........I........'... ............................................. 20

Micropyrgus minutulus ..................................................... 31

Physabullata............................................................... 25

Physa kanabensis........................ ................................... 24

Physa pleromatis .... ....................................................... 24

Physidse.................................................................... 24

Planorbis con volutus........................................................ 23

Planorbis (Gyraulus) militaris............................................... 23

Puerco Group............................................................... 14

Pupa leidyif................................................................ 27

Pupidse.......................... .......... ...............I................... 27

Rissoidffi.................................................................... 30

Species, description of ...................................................... 20

list and tabular view of the range of................................... 11

Sphserium formosum .............. .......................................... 21

Tabular view of the range of species......................................... 11

Unio menclax ...................... ......................................... 20

Unionidse................................................................... 20

(441) 53
54 INDEX.

Page.

Unio rectoides .............................................................. 21

Viviparidse ................................................................. 31

Viviparus leidyi ............................................................ 31

Viviparus leidyi var. formosus............................................... 31

Viviparus nanus ............................................................. 32

Viviparus panguitchensis .....r ............................................. 31

Viviparus ray noldsianus................... ................................... 31

Viviparus trochiformis .................................................. . 31

Wales.Utah ................................................................ 9

(442)
ADVERTISEMENT.

[Bulletin No. 35.]

The publications of the United States Geological Survey are issued in accordance with the statute, 

approved March 3,1879, which declares that 

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