FILED 

 U.S. COURT OF APPEALS

 ELEVENTH CIRCUIT 

 12/01/98 

 THOMAS K. KAHN 

 CLERK

PUBLISH

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________________

No. 96-3506 

________________________________

D.C. Docket No. 92-1184-CIV-ORL-19

GREGORY MILLS,

Petitioner-Appellant,

versus

HARRY K. SINGLETARY, JR.,

Secretary, Florida Department of Corrections,

Respondent-Appellee.

_________________________________________________________________ 

Appeal from the United States District Court 

for the Middle District of Florida

_________________________________________________________________

(December 1, 1998)

Before HATCHETT, Chief Judge, and EDMONDSON and BLACK, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM:
2

In this capital case, appellant Gregory Mills challenges the district court’s denial of his

petition for writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254. We affirm.

I. BACKGROUND

The Florida Supreme Court described the circumstances surrounding the murder of James

Wright and Mills’s trial as follows:

The evidence at the trial showed that Gregory Mills and his accomplice Vincent

Ashley broke into the home of James and Margaret Wright in Sanford between

two and three o’clock in the morning, intending to find something to steal. When

James Wright woke up and left his bedroom to investigate, Mills shot him with a

shotgun. Margaret Wright awakened in time to see one of the intruders run across

her front yard to a bicycle lying under a tree. Mr. Wright died from loss of blood

caused by multiple shotgun pellet wounds.

Ashley, seen riding his bicycle a few blocks from the Wright home, was stopped

and detained by an officer on his way to the crime scene. Another officer saw a

bicycle at the entrance to a nearby hospital emergency room, found Mills inside,

and arrested him. At police headquarters officers questioned both men and

conducted gunshot residue tests on them. Then they were released.

At trial Mills’ roommate [Sylvester Davis] testified that he and his girlfriend

[Viola May Stafford] hid some shotgun shells that Mills had given them, that

Mills had been carrying a firearm when he left the house the night of the murder,

and that Mills had said he had shot someone. He also stated that Mills told him

that a city worker had found a shotgun later shown to have fired an expended

shell found near the victim’s home.

After the murder, Ashley was arrested on some unrelated charges. He then

learned that Mills had told his roommate and his girlfriend about the murder and

that they in turn had told the police, so he decided to tell the police about the

incident. Ashley testified that Mills entered the house (through a window) first,

that he, Ashley, then handed the shotgun to him, and that he then entered the

house himself. Ashley saw the man in the house had awakened and was getting

up, so he exited the house and ran to his bicycle. Then he heard the shot and ran

back to the house, where he saw Mills. They both departed the scene on their

bicycles, taking separate routes. Ashley was granted immunity from prosecution

for these crimes and also for several unrelated charges pending against him at the

time he decided to confess and cooperate.
1

 Under 28 U.S.C. § 2254(d), a federal court reviewing a state petitioner’s petition for

writ of habeas corpus must give a presumption of correctness to the state courts’ factual

determinations (when certain prerequisites are met). See Bolender v. Singletary, 16 F.3d 1547,

1552 n.1 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 513 U.S. 1022 (1994); Cumbie v. Singletary, 991 F.2d 715,

723 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 510 U.S. 1031 (1993). This presumption is applicable equally to

state appellate court findings of fact. See Sumner v. Mata, 449 U.S. 539, 547 (1981); Bolender,

16 F.3d at 1552 n.1.

2

 Florida later filed a nolle prosequi as to Count IV.

3

 The trial court found that the following statutory aggravating factors supported Mills’s

death sentence: (1) under sentence of imprisonment when he committed the murder; (2)

3

Mills testified in his defense. He said that he arrived home from work on May 24

at around 9:30 p.m. Then he went out, first to one bar, then another, playing pool

and socializing. He went home afterwards but could not sleep, he said, because of

a toothache and a headache, so he went to the hospital emergency room. There

police officers took him into custody.

Mills v. State, 476 So. 2d 172, 174-75 (Fla. 1985), cert. denied, 475 U.S. 1031 (1986).1

II. PROCEDURAL HISTORY

The State of Florida charged Mills through an indictment dated June 29, 1979, with four

counts relating to the May 25, 1979 shooting of Wright: (1) first degree felony murder (Count

I); (2) burglary (Count II); (3) aggravated battery (Count III); and (4) possessing a firearm

despite a prior felony conviction (Count IV). On August 16, 1979, a jury trial commenced. 

After the trial judge denied Mills’s motion for judgment of acquittal, the jury returned verdicts of

guilty on the charges of first degree felony murder, burglary and aggravated battery.2 At the

penalty phase of the proceedings on the first degree murder conviction, the jury recommended

that Mills receive a life sentence. On April 18, 1980, the trial judge overrode the jury’s

recommendation after finding that the aggravating factors surrounding Mills’s crime outweighed

the absence of statutory mitigating factors pursuant to Florida Statute § 921.141, and sentenced

Mills to death.3
previously convicted of a felony involving the use or threat of violence; (3) knowingly creating a

great risk of death to many persons; (4) murder committed while Mills was engaged in the

commission of or an attempt to commit or flight after committing the robberies; (5) pecuniary

gain; (6) heinous, atrocious or cruel. The trial court additionally found that the following

statutory mitigating factors were not present: (1) no significant history of prior criminal activity;

(2) murder committed while Mills was under the influence of extreme mental or emotional

disturbance; (3) the victims were participants or consented to Mills’s acts or conduct; (4) Mills

was an accomplice in the murder that another committed, or Mills’s participation in the murder

was minor; (5) Mills acted under extreme duress or under the substantial domination of another;

(6) Mills’s capacity to appreciate the criminality of his conduct or to conform his conduct to the

requirements of the law was substantially impaired; (7) Mills’s age at the time of the crime. See

Fla. Stat. § 921.141 (1979). The trial court also sentenced Mills to ten years of imprisonment on

Count II (burglary) and five years of imprisonment on Count III (aggravated battery), with the

sentences running concurrently.

4

On direct appeal to the Florida Supreme Court, Mills raised the following issues: (1)

whether sufficient evidence supported his felony murder conviction; (2) whether he received

ineffective assistance of counsel because of a conflict of interest in the public defender’s office;

(3) whether the trial court violated his confrontation rights in abridging cross-examination of

Ashley; (4) whether the trial court erred in admitting gunshot residue tests; (5) whether his

conviction for aggravated battery was improper; (6) whether his convictions for both felony

murder and burglary were improper; and (7) whether the trial judge’s override of the jury’s

recommendation was improper. See Mills, 476 So. 2d at 175, 179. 

The Florida Supreme Court affirmed Mills’s convictions and sentences for felony murder

and burglary, but vacated the sentence and conviction for aggravated battery. See Mills, 476 So.

2d at 175, 177. The Florida Supreme Court held that Mills’s contentions concerning ineffective

assistance and gunshot residue tests were meritless, and that the trial court did not abridge

Mills’s right to confront the witnesses against him. See Mills, 476 So. 2d at 175-77. 
4

 Specifically, the Florida Supreme Court held that 

the facts suggesting a sentence of death are so clear and convincing that virtually

no reasonable person could differ. There are three valid statutory aggravating

circumstances, and the trial judge has found that there are no valid mitigating

circumstances. The purported mitigating circumstances claimed by Mills, but not

found by the trial judge, are not sufficient to outweigh the aggravating

circumstances nor do they establish a reasonable basis for the jury’s

recommendation.

Mills, 476 So. 2d at 179 (construing Tedder, 322 So. 2d at 910).

5

The Florida Supreme Court then analyzed the trial judge’s override of the jury’s

recommendation at Mills’s sentencing. It found that the trial judge had found the existence of no

mitigating factors and the following six aggravating factors pursuant to Florida Statute §

921.141: (1) under sentence of imprisonment; (2) previous conviction of violent felony; (3)

great risk of death to many persons; (4) felony murder; (5) pecuniary gain; and (6) heinous,

atrocious or cruel. The Florida Supreme Court held that the following aggravating factors were

improper: (1) great risk of death to many persons; (2) pecuniary gain; and (3) heinous, atrocious

or cruel. It affirmed the remainder of the aggravating factors, as well as the trial court’s finding

that no mitigating factors existed. See Mills, 476 So. 2d at 177-79. The Florida Supreme Court

affirmed the trial judge’s imposition of the death sentence, holding that the override complied

with Tedder v. State, 322 So. 2d 908 (Fla. 1975).4 The United States Supreme Court denied

Mills’s petition for writ of certiorari. Mills v. Florida, 475 U.S. 1031 (1986).

The Governor of Florida signed Mills’s death warrant, and Mills thereafter moved for

post-conviction relief pursuant to Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.850. The trial court

denied all requested relief. Mills appealed the trial court’s denial to the Florida Supreme Court,

petitioned for a writ of habeas corpus and requested a stay of execution. The Florida Supreme
5

 Mills included seven claims in his petition for writ of habeas corpus: (1) the Florida

Supreme Court decided wrongly on appeal the issue of Mills not being allowed to impeach his

codefendant; (2) the trial judge’s override of the jury’s recommendation was improper; (3)

appellate counsel was ineffective because Mills should have been resentenced pursuant to

Elledge v. State, 346 So. 2d 998 (Fla. 1977); (4) the trial court erred in finding an automatic

aggravating factor (felony murder); (5) the trial court erred in allowing gunshot residue test

evidence; (6) the trial court impermissibly shifted to Mills the burden of proving life to be the

proper penalty; and (7) consideration of victim impact evidence violated Booth v. Maryland, 482

U.S. 496 (1987). The Florida Supreme Court held that “Mills raised most of these issues on

direct appeal or in his 3.850 motion; others should have been raised, if at all, on appeal . . . .

Claims 1, 2, and 4 through 7 are . . . procedurally barred.” Mills, 559 So. 2d at 579 (citations

omitted). The Florida Supreme Court also held that Mills’s lawyer did not render ineffective

assistance on appeal. See Mills, 559 So. 2d at 579.

6

Court denied Mills’s petition for habeas corpus, but reversed the trial court’s summary denial of

his 3.850 motion and directed the trial court to hold an evidentiary hearing on Mills’s 3.850

claim of ineffective assistance relating to his lawyer’s failure to develop and present evidence

that would tend to establish statutory or nonstatutory mental mitigating circumstances. See Mills

v. Dugger, 559 So. 2d 578, 579 (Fla. 1990).5 

 The trial court held an evidentiary hearing pursuant to the Florida Supreme Court’s

remand. Mills called numerous witnesses at the evidentiary hearing, including: his trial

attorneys, one of whom testified that “with the benefit of hindsight” she would have looked at

mental health evidence; two psychologists who testified that Mills had some brain damage and

satisfied the criteria for two statutory mental mitigators; and his sister and one of his brothers,

who recounted Mills’s difficult upbringing. The trial court held that Mills failed to show that his

lawyer’s performance was deficient under Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668 (1984). 

The Florida Supreme Court affirmed, holding that Mills’s lawyer’s admission that “with

the benefit of hindsight” he would have investigated mental health evidence “illustrates the

Supreme Court’s concern [in ineffective assistance claims] ‘that every effort be made to
7

eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight.’” Mills v. State, 603 So. 2d 482, 485 (Fla. 1992)

(quoting Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689). The Florida Supreme Court found that Mills also failed to

satisfy the prejudice prong of Strickland, holding that “Mills has not demonstrated a reasonable

probability that the currently tendered evidence would have produced a reversal of the judge’s

override of the jury’s recommendation.” Mills, 603 So. 2d at 486.

 Mills then filed a petition for extraordinary relief and for writ of habeas corpus with the

Florida Supreme Court. He raised two issues in the petition: (1) the Florida Supreme Court

performed an inadequate harmless error analysis in affirming the death sentence; and (2) the

felony-murder aggravator is an unconstitutional automatic aggravating circumstance in felony

murders. The Florida Supreme Court found both issues to be procedurally barred. Mills v.

Singletary, 606 So. 2d 622, 623 (Fla. 1992).

After exhausting state remedies, Mills filed a petition for writ of habeas corpus pursuant

to 28 U.S.C. § 2254 in the United States District Court for the Middle District of Florida. He

claimed that: (1) he received ineffective assistance of counsel at the penalty and sentencing

phase; (2) the trial court and the Florida Supreme Court failed to evaluate adequately mitigation

evidence in contravention of Parker v. Dugger, 489 U.S. 308 (1991); (3) the Florida Supreme

Court erred in upholding the jury override despite its invalidating three aggravating factors; (4)

his sentence rested upon an unconstitutional automatic aggravating factor (felony murder); (5)

the jury override resulted in an arbitrary, capricious and unreliably-imposed death sentence; (6)

the trial court violated his confrontation rights when it precluded certain impeachment and crossexamination of witness Ashley; (7) he received ineffective assistance of counsel because of a

conflict of interest in the public defender’s office; (8) the trial judge erroneously considered
8

nonstatutory aggravating factors in overriding the jury’s recommendation of a life sentence, and

his lawyer rendered ineffective assistance in failing to object; (9) the trial judge erred in failing

to find mitigating factors; (10) the trial court erred in admitting testimony and evidence of

gunshot residue tests; (11) he received ineffective assistance of counsel at the guilt phase of his

trial; (12) the trial court erred in admitting as rebuttal evidence results from the gunshot residue

test; (13) the government engaged in prosecutorial misconduct at the sentencing hearing; and

(14) the failure to transcribe the bench conferences resulted in trial error and ineffective

assistance of counsel. The district court found that all of Mills’s claims were either meritless or

procedurally barred, and therefore denied Mills’s section 2254 petition in a 51-page order. See

Mills v. Singletary, No. 92-1184-CIV-ORL-19 (M.D. Fla. Aug. 19, 1996).

III. ISSUES

Mills raises the following issues in this appeal: (1) whether the trial judge’s override of

the jury’s recommendation of a life sentence, and the Florida Supreme Court’s affirmance,

resulted in an arbitrary and discriminatory sentence of death; (2) whether the Florida Supreme

Court violated Parker v. Dugger in failing to review adequately the record for mitigating factors;

(3) whether the Florida Supreme Court conducted an inadequate harmless error analysis; (4)

whether Mills received ineffective assistance of counsel at the guilt phase, jury penalty phase

and judge sentencing phase; (5) whether the felony murder aggravating factor is

unconstitutional; (6) whether Mills’s lawyers had an actual conflict of interest that adversely

affected their representation; (7) whether the trial court violated his confrontation rights; (8)

whether the introduction of nonstatutory aggravating factors rendered his trial fundamentally

unfair; (9) whether the trial court failed to consider mitigating evidence in violation of Eddings
6

 Mills filed his petition for writ of habeas corpus on December 23, 1992, before the

effective date (April 24, 1996) of the Antiterrorism and Effective Death Penalty Act of 1996

(AEDPA), and thus the AEDPA standard of review provisions are not applicable. See Lindh v.

Murphy, 117 S. Ct. 2059, 2068 (1997); Neelley v. Nagle, 138 F.3d 917, 921 (11th Cir. 1998). 

9

v. Oklahoma, 455 U.S. 104, 114-115 (1982); (10) whether the introduction of unreliable

scientific evidence rendered Mills’s trial unfair; (11) whether the prosecutors engaged in

misconduct during the penalty phase of Mills’s trial.

Because we find that Mills is not entitled to relief on the merits of some of his claims and

has procedurally defaulted the others, we affirm the district court’s denial of his petition for writ

of habeas corpus. Specifically, we hold in accord with the district court that Mills has

procedurally defaulted on the following claims: whether the introduction of nonstatutory

aggravating factors rendered his trial fundamentally unfair; whether the prosecutors engaged in

misconduct during the penalty phase of Mills’s trial; and whether Mills’s lawyer rendered

ineffective assistance of counsel at the guilt phase. We address Mills’s remaining issues in turn.6

IV. DISCUSSION

A. Jury Override

Mills first challenges the trial court’s override of the jury’s recommendation of life

imprisonment and the Florida Supreme Court’s subsequent affirmance. The trial court found

that six statutory aggravating factors, as well as the absence of statutory mitigating factors,

supported a death sentence. The Florida Supreme Court held that three of the aggravating

factors -- great risk of death to many persons, pecuniary gain and heinous, atrocious or cruel --

were erroneous and that the trial court’s finding that no mitigating circumstances existed was

correct in affirming Mills’s death sentence. See Mills, 476 So. 2d at 178-79.
7

 This court, and the Supreme Court, have analogized the “great weight” given to a

jury’s recommendation as having the “effect of placing a thumb on one side of the trial judge’s

sentencing scale -- either on the death side or the life side.” Glock v. Singletary, 65 F.3d 878,

892 (11th Cir. 1995) (en banc) (Tjoflat, J., dissenting), cert. denied, 117 S. Ct. 225 (1996); see

Stringer, 503 U.S. at 232.

8

 The Supreme Court in Spaziano discussed Florida’s override scheme and found it to be

constitutional. This court has further discussed Florida’s override scheme and its safeguards that

render it unlikely that Florida courts will impose the death penalty in an arbitrary or

discriminatory manner:

First, several Florida procedural rules, of both statutory and case law origin,

constrain trial judges from imposing the death penalty in an arbitrary or

discriminatory manner. Among these significant safeguards is § 921.141(3) of

the Florida Statutes, which requires trial judges to independently review the

evidence and make detailed written findings regarding aggravating and mitigating

circumstances before imposing the death penalty. Another significant safeguard

is the Tedder standard. Second, the meaningful appellate review by the Florida

Supreme Court in every capital case further reduces the likelihood that the death

penalty will be imposed in an arbitrary or discriminatory manner. That court is

required by law to review every death sentence to ensure that it has not been

imposed arbitrarily or capriciously. The [Spaziano] Court noted that there has

been no evidence that the Florida Supreme Court has failed to execute its

responsibility faithfully, or hesitated to reverse a trial judge who has derogated

the jury’s role by failing to comply with the mandates of Tedder. Thus, not only

10

In Florida, a jury’s recommendation of a life sentence is entitled to “great weight,” but a

trial judge may overturn such a recommendation when “the facts suggesting a sentence of death

[are] so clear and convincing that virtually no reasonable person could differ.” Tedder, 322 So.

2d at 910.7 Our review of a jury override “is not to second-guess the deference accorded the

jury’s recommendation in a particular case, but to ensure that the result of the process is not

arbitrary or discriminatory.” Spaziano v. Florida, 468 U.S. 447, 465 (1984). Thus, our role is

not to second guess the Florida courts on questions of state law, but to determine whether the

application of the override scheme in Mills’s case resulted in an imposition of the death penalty

in an arbitrary or discriminatory manner.8
are Florida trial judges provided with procedural rules to aid them in performing

their duty in a constitutional manner, the likelihood that they will succeed in

ignoring these rules or incorrectly following them is reduced significantly by

meaningful appellate review.

Parker v. Dugger, 876 F.2d 1470, 1474 (11th Cir. 1989) (citations omitted), rev’d on other

grounds, 498 U.S. 308 (1991).

9

 As the district court correctly noted, we held in Moore that:

[a] federal habeas court should not undertake a review of the state supreme

11

Mills contends that Florida’s override scheme resulted in an arbitrary and discriminatory

death sentence because: Florida arbitrarily affirmed an override when Florida courts have

sentenced similarly-situated capital defendants (convicted of felony murder) to life; the timing of

appellate review, and the use of the law of the case doctrine, resulted in an arbitrary imposition

of a death sentence because Florida courts might not sustain the jury override today; the facts of

the case were not extraordinary for a capital case; the number and type of aggravating factors

that the Florida Supreme Court struck were not considered effectively; Florida ignored

codefendant Ashley’s total immunity; and Florida ignored mitigation in the record. As an initial

matter, we agree with the district court that several of Mills’s contentions concerning “factual or

temporal similarities”-- initially, that similarly-situated capital defendants have received life

sentences and that the facts of Mills’s crime were not extraordinary for a capital case -- are

actually requests for a proportionality review. We have instructed district courts to refuse such

requests when deciding habeas corpus petitions. See Lindsey v. Smith, 820 F.2d 1137, 1154

(11th Cir. 1987), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1059 (1989); Tucker v. Zant, 724 F.2d 882, 895 (11th

Cir. 1984); Moore v. Balkcom, 716 F.2d 1511, 1518 (11th Cir. 1983), cert. denied, 465 U.S.

1084 (1984).9
court’s proportionality review and, in effect, ‘get out the record’ to see if the state

court’s findings of fact, their conclusion based on a review of similar cases, was

supported by the ‘evidence’ in the similar cases. To do so would thrust the

federal judiciary into the substantive policy making area of the state. It is the

state’s responsibility to determine the procedure to be used, if any, in sentencing a

criminal to death.

Moore, 716 F.2d at 1518.

10 Cochran notes Justice Shaw’s commentary in his special concurrence to Grossman v.

State, in which he stated:

During 1984-1985, we affirmed on direct appeal trial judge overrides in eleven of

fifteen cases, seventy-three percent. By contrast, during 1986 and 1987, we have

affirmed overrides in only two of eleven cases, less than twenty percent. This

current reversal rate of over eighty percent is a strong indicator to judges that they

should place less reliance on their independent weighing of aggravation and

mitigation . . . .

Cochran, 547 So. 2d at 933 (quoting Grossman v. State, 525 So. 2d 833, 851 (Fla. 1988) (Shaw,

J., specially concurring), cert. denied, 489 U.S. 1071 (1989)).

12

Mills next argues that the application of the “law of the case” doctrine, and the

inconsistent application of the Tedder standard in Florida courts at the time of his review,

resulted in the arbitrary imposition of his death sentence. Mills identifies the Florida Supreme

Court’s proclamation in Cochran v. State that “since 1985, the Court has determined that Tedder

means precisely what it says, that the judge must concur with the jury’s life recommendation

unless ‘the facts suggesting a sentence of death [are] so clear and convincing that virtually no

reasonable person could differ.’” 547 So. 2d 928, 933 (Fla. 1989) (quoting Tedder, 322 So. 2d at

910). The Florida Supreme Court ruled on Mills’s override claim in 1985. Mills contends that

the timing of his direct appeal and the subsequent application of the law of the case doctrine

resulted in an arbitrary death sentence, and that his sentence would have been different if the

Florida Supreme Court had reviewed his claim after 1985.10
11 Mills attributes much significance to the district court’s pronouncement in a previous

order that application of the law of the case doctrine to his case indicates “a certain level of

arbitrariness.” Although the district court’s order denying Mills’s petition conceded that Mills’s

argument was “logically attractive,” the court correclty held that Mills’s argument on this issue

was actually a request for proportionality review.

13

Again, however, Mills is actually requesting a proportionality review, which the district

court correctly refused to entertain.11 To compare Mills’s situation with other Florida capital

defendants whose override issues were decided after 1985 would be in contravention of our role

as a federal court. See, e.g., Antone v. Strickland, 706 F.2d 1534, 1538 (11th Cir.) (“[i]t is not

the role of the federal courts in Section 2254 proceedings to retry the circumstances contributing

to the state’s imposition of the death penalty.”), cert. denied, 464 U.S. 1003 (1983). 

Additionally, the Spaziano Court in 1984 remarked that, 

there is no evidence that the Florida Supreme Court has failed in its responsibility

to perform meaningful appellate review of each death sentence, either in cases in

which both the jury and the trial court have concluded that death is the

appropriate penalty or in cases when the jury has recommended life and the trial

court has overriden the jury’s recommendation and sentenced the defendant to

death.

Spaziano, 468 U.S. at 466 (citing Barclay v. Florida, 463 U.S. 939, 971-72 (1983) (Stevens, J.,

concurring)).

Turning to Mills’s other contentions on the override claim, he argues that the trial court

and the Florida Supreme Court ignored arbitrarily Ashley’s grant of total immunity. In Florida,

the disparate treatment of a codefendant can constitute a nonstatutory mitigating circumstance

when the defendants are equally culpable. See Bolender, 16 F.3d at 1565-66 n.27; Pentecost v.

State, 545 So. 2d 861, 863 (Fla. 1989) (“[t]he disparate treatment of equally culpable

accomplices can serve as a valid basis for a jury’s recommending life imprisonment.”). The
14

record does not show, however, that Ashley was “equally culpable” in the murder of James

Wright. See White v. Dugger, 523 So. 2d 140, 141 (Fla.) (“[i]t is permissible to impose different

sentences on capital co-defendants where their various degrees of participation and culpability

are different from one another.”), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 871 (1988). We agree with the district

court that Mills’s argument on this point is unpersuasive. 

Mills also contends that the trial court and the Florida Supreme Court ignored mitigation

evidence in the record. We find no merit in this argument for several reasons. First, it is wellsettled that in override cases, “the mere presence of mitigating evidence does not automatically

provide a reasonable basis for the jury’s recommendation.” Francis v. Dugger, 908 F.2d 696,

704 (11th Cir. 1990), cert. denied, 500 U.S. 910 (1991); see Lusk v. Dugger, 890 F.2d 332, 342

(11th Cir. 1989) (“[t]he state courts concluded that there were no reasonable bases for the jury’s

recommendation despite the fact that both the jury as advisor and the judge as sentencer were

made aware of mitigating factors . . . . [W]e do not find that the result of the application of

Tedder was arbitrary or irrational.”), cert. denied, 497 U.S. 1032 (1990). Second, the Florida

Supreme Court on direct review held that Mills’s purported mitigating circumstances neither

outweighed the aggravating circumstances nor established a reasonable basis for the jury’s

recommendation. See Mills, 476 So. 2d at 178-79. Finally, Justice McDonald, in his concurring

and dissenting opinion, discussed the purported nonstatutory mitigation evidence that Mills

presented. See Mills, 476 So. 2d at 180 (McDonald, J., concurring in part and dissenting in

part). The Florida Supreme Court was well aware of any potential nonstatutory mitigating

evidence.
15

The Florida Supreme Court’s opinion on direct review reveals that the Florida courts did

not impose Mills’s death sentence in an arbitrary and discriminatory manner. The court

reviewed Mills’s sentencing and invalidated three of the aggravating factors that the trial court

had found. The court also agreed with the trial court’s finding that no mitigating factors existed

and held that “the facts suggesting a sentence of death are so clear and convincing that virtually

no reasonable person could differ.” Mills, 476 So. 2d at 179. The Florida Supreme Court

complied with the mandate of Tedder, and, as the district court held, Mills’s case is similar to

Francis v. Dugger. See Francis, 908 F.2d at 704 (holding that override was not arbitrary and

discriminatory where jury’s recommendation of life imprisonment may have been the product of

defense counsel’s highly impassioned closing argument, where defendant had a prior criminal

history and where no valid statutory mitigating factors and three statutory aggravating factors

existed).

B. Parker v. Dugger claim

Mills contends that the Florida courts failed to consider and evaluate the record for

mitigation evidence that would have precluded the trial court’s override of the jury

recommendation, in contravention of Parker v. Dugger, 498 U.S. 308 (1991). Mills also argues

that the Florida Supreme Court failed to conduct an independent review of nonstatutory

mitigating factors presented at sentencing. We review the district court’s factual finding that the

Florida courts considered and evaluated the record for mitigation evidence under the clearly

erroneous standard. Spaziano v. Singletary, 36 F.3d 1028, 1032 (11th Cir. 1994), cert. denied,

513 U.S. 1115 (1995). 
12 At the time of Mills’s sentencing, Florida Statute § 921.141(3) required that the trial

judge set forth explicit findings as to only the statutory aggravating and mitigating

circumstances. See Mason v. State, 438 So. 2d 374, 379-80 (Fla. 1983), cert. denied, 465 U.S.

1051 (1984). Florida has since changed the statute and now requires a trial court to evaluate

expressly in its sentencing order each nonstatutory mitigating circumstance that a defendant

proposes. See Campbell v. State, 571 So. 2d 415, 419-20 (1990). 

16

After a review of the record, we find no clear error in the district court’s finding that the

trial court weighed and considered evidence of mitigation and aggravation, including

nonstatutory mitigation. The trial court’s sentencing order concluded, “[i]t is the finding of this

Court after weighing the aggravating and mitigating circumstances that there are sufficient

aggravating circumstances as specified in 921.141 and insufficient mitigating circumstances

therein that a sentence of death is justified.”12 Also, as the district court found, the trial court’s

order denying Mills’s motion for post-conviction relief noted that Mills had presented substantial

mitigating evidence at the sentencing phase, including Mills’s disadvantaged upbringing. 

Additionally, we agree with the district court’s finding that the Florida Supreme Court

evaluated adequately mitigation evidence in the record, based on our discussion of the override

claim. The Florida Supreme Court -- on direct review and again on review of Mills’s postconviction 3.850 motion -- discussed mitigating circumstances in the record. See Mills, 603 So.

2d at 483-84 (post-conviction 3.850 motion); Mills, 476 So. 2d at 178-79 (direct review). Justice

McDonald’s concurring and dissenting opinion on direct review also shows that the Florida

Supreme Court considered nonstatutory mitigating factors. See Mills, 476 So. 2d at 180

(McDonald, J., concurring in part and dissenting in part). The district court’s finding that the
13 Mills raises as a separate issue that the trial court’s failure to find mitigating

circumstances, and the Florida Supreme Court’s subsequent affirmance (despite noting that

mitigation was in the record), violated Eddings v. Oklahoma, 455 U.S. 104, 114-15 (1982) and

Lockett v. Ohio, 438 U.S. 586 (1978). Consistent with our analysis above, we reject this

argument as well.

17

Florida Supreme Court considered mitigation evidence adequately and within the dictates of

Parker v. Dugger is thus not clearly erroneous.13

C. The Florida Supreme Court’s Harmless Error Analysis

Mills contends that the Florida Supreme Court, after invalidating three of the trial court’s

aggravating factors, conducted an inadequate harmless error analysis in contravention of the

Supreme Court’s opinions in Sochor v. Florida, 504 U.S. 527 (1992) and Stringer v. Black, 503

U.S. 222 (1992). Mills raised this issue previously in a petition for writ of habeas corpus in the

Florida courts. The Florida Supreme Court denied Mills’s petition, holding that “Sochor is not a

change in the law that will save Mills’s first claim [of inadequate harmless error analysis] from a

procedural bar, and that claim is barred from consideration.” Mills, 606 So. 2d at 623. 

This court recognizes that “[f]ederal review of a petitioner’s claim is barred by the

procedural default doctrine if the last state court to review the claim states clearly and expressly

that its judgment rests on a procedural bar . . . and that bar provides an adequate and independent

state ground for denying relief.” Johnson v. Singletary, 938 F.2d 1166, 1173 (11th Cir. 1991)

(en banc) (citing Harris v. Reed, 489 U.S. 255, 262-63 (1989)), cert. denied, 506 U.S. 930

(1992). We conclude that Mills has procedurally defaulted this claim. The Florida Supreme

Court “clearly and expressly” stated that its judgment rested on a procedural bar, and the bar

provides an adequate and independent state ground for denying relief. We note that Mills has

not attempted to except himself from this bar to review through showing cause for and prejudice
14 We also note that Mills does not qualify for two additional exceptions to procedural

default: (1) if the alleged constitutional violation resulted in the conviction of an innocent

defendant; see Johnson, 938 F.2d at 1174; or (2) if the state procedural bar has been

inconsistently or irregularly applied; see Johnson v. Mississippi, 486 U.S. 578, 587-88 (1988).

18

from the procedural default. See Wainwright v. Sykes, 433 U.S. 72, 90-91 (1977); Johnson, 938

F.2d at 1174-75.14

D. Ineffective Assistance of Counsel (Penalty Phase and Sentencing)

Mills contends that his penalty phase lawyer, Joan Bickerstaff, and his sentencing lawyer,

Thomas Greene, rendered ineffective assistance because: (1) both failed to investigate

mitigating evidence and to prepare for their respective proceedings; and (2) both failed to have a

mental health evaluation of Mills performed, and failed to argue mental health issues as

mitigating evidence. A habeas corpus petitioner’s ineffective assistance of counsel claim is a

mixed question of law and fact, subject to de novo review. Dobbs v. Turpin, 142 F.3d 1383,

1386 (11th Cir. 1998). To obtain relief on this claim, Mills must show that (1) his lawyers’

performance was deficient and “fell below an objective standard of reasonableness,” and (2) this

deficient performance prejudiced him so that “a reasonable probability [exists] that, but for

counsel’s unprofessional errors, the result of the proceedings would have been different.” 

Strickland v. Washington, 466 U.S. 668, 687-88, 694 (1984).

The Florida Supreme Court, upon review of the trial court’s denial of Mills’s motion for

post-conviction relief pursuant to Florida Rule of Criminal Procedure 3.850, made the following

findings concerning Mills’s ineffective assistance of counsel contentions:

Mills’ employer, his grandfather, and his oldest sister testified at the penalty

phase. The grandfather and sister spoke of Mills’ father being shot and killed

when Mills was a child, of his mother’s working as a field hand with the sister

being responsible for taking care of her younger siblings, and of his poverty-
19

ridden childhood. Bickerstaff made an impassioned argument to the jury that

Mills’ life should be spared. She emphasized the disparate treatment received by

Mills and his codefendant who testified against Mills and argued that Mills’ crime

was not the type that deserved the death penalty, that Mills had been raised in a

ghetto, and that he was capable of being redeemed. After hearing her argument,

the jury recommended that Mills be sentenced to life imprisonment.

Mills and his sister both testified before the judge in April 1980 [at his

sentencing]. Greene argued that the judge should follow the jury’s

recommendation because the aggravators should not be applied to Mills. He also

argued that the statutory mitigators of impaired capacity to conform one’s conduct

and age had been established. The prosecutor, however, pointed out that the jury

knew nothing of Mills’ juvenile criminal record or that Mills had been convicted

both of burglary for stealing the shotgun used to kill this victim and of armed

robbery where he used that same shotgun and abducted a store clerk. After

hearing both sides, the court overrode the jury’s recommendation and sentenced

Mills to death. 

Mills, 603 So. 2d at 483-84. The Florida Supreme Court found that Greene, who had also served

as Mills’s lead attorney during the guilt phase, testified at the 3.850 hearing that: (1) “because

he had no responsibility for the penalty phase . . . he did nothing to develop mitigating

evidence”; (2) “[a]lthough he represented Mills at the actual sentencing several months after the

jury made its recommendation, he only looked through the file before appearing before the

judge”; and (3) “[o]n cross-examination he admitted that nothing about Mills suggested a mental

health examination was needed.” Mills, 603 So. 2d at 484. The Florida Supreme Court also

found that Bickerstaff testified at the 3.850 hearing that “the public defender’s office hired her

on Saturday, August 18, 1979 to conduct the penalty phase on the following Monday[,]” and that

“‘with the benefit of hindsight’ mental health evidence should have been looked at.” Mills, 603
15 According to Strickland, “[a]lthough state court findings of fact made in the course of

deciding an ineffectiveness claim are subject to the deference of § 2254(d), and although district

court findings are subject to the clearly erroneous standard of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure

52(a), both the performance and prejudice components of the ineffectiveness inquiry are mixed

questions of law and fact.” Strickland, 466 U.S. at 698; see also Oats v. Singletary, 141 F.3d

1018, 1028 (11th Cir. 1998) (remarking that state court findings of fact in a 3.850 hearing on

ineffective assistance of counsel are subject to the deference of section 2254(d)).

20

So. 2d at 484.15 Both the trial court and the Florida Supreme Court held that Mills failed to

demonstrate that his lawyers had rendered ineffective assistance. Mills, 603 So. 2d at 486.

In determining whether a lawyer’s performance was deficient under Strickland, we must

inquire “whether counsel’s assistance was reasonable considering all the circumstances.” 

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 688. We determine the reasonableness of Mills’s lawyers’ performance

“through a deferential review of all the circumstances from the perspective of counsel at the time

of the alleged errors.” Baldwin v. Johnson, 152 F.3d 1304, 1311 (11th Cir. 1998). As the

district court noted, Mills’s family members testified as to his “poverty-ridden childhood and

difficult upbringing.” Both lawyers made impassioned arguments to spare Mills’s life. We hold

that the district court did not err in holding that Mills’s lawyers prepared adequately for their

respective roles in Mills’s proceedings, that they presented mitigating circumstances at the

penalty phase and sentencing and that they therefore did not render deficient performance under

Strickland.

Mills also contends that his lawyers’ failure to pursue mental health issues as mitigating

evidence demonstrated ineffective assistance. Both lawyers testified at the 3.850 hearing that

nothing suggested that any mental heath examination was needed or that Mills indicated that

they should offer any mental health issues as mitigating evidence. Bickerstaff also testified that

“with the benefit of hindsight” she would have examined mental health evidence. As Strickland
21

warns, however, “[a] fair assessment of attorney performance requires that every effort be made

to eliminate the distorting effects of hindsight, to reconstruct the circumstances of counsel’s

challenged conduct, and to evaluate the conduct from counsel’s perspective at the time.” 

Strickland, 466 U.S. at 689. Mills’s lawyers presented witnesses who testified as to mitigating

circumstances at the penalty phase and sentencing, and “[a] defendant’s mental condition is not

necessarily at issue in every criminal proceeding. . . .” Ake v. Oklahoma, 470 U.S. 68, 82

(1985). We agree with the district court that Mills’s lawyers’ actions fell within Strickland’s

wide range of reasonable professional assistance. 

We additionally agree with the district court that even if Mills’s lawyers’ performance

was deficient, Mills cannot demonstrate that the alleged failure to present mitigating evidence

prejudiced him at the penalty phase because the jury recommended a life sentence. See Routly

v. Singletary, 33 F.3d 1279, 1297 (11th Cir. 1994) (“[petitioner] cannot show that any failure to

present mitigating evidence to the jury prejudiced him to any degree whatsoever in the jury’s

consideration of penalty because the jury recommended a sentence of life imprisonment

anyway.”), cert. denied, 115 S. Ct. 2627 (1995). Mills has also failed to demonstrate prejudice at

sentencing under Strickland and its progeny. Mills’s trial judge considered evidence at the 3.850

hearing concerning his ineffective assistance claim. The Florida Supreme Court found that 

the trial court had information on Mills’ serious criminal activity committed in the

two months between his release from prison and the killing for which he received

a death sentence that the jury knew nothing about. Given the psychologists’

testimony [at the 3.850 hearing] that Mills’ mental problems boiled down to being

impulsive, it is purely speculative that the currently tendered evidence would have

carried sufficient weight to abrogate the judge’s override of the jury

recommendation. 
22

603 So. 2d at 486. The trial court also considered evidence of Mills’s childhood through

testimony of his family members and the presentence investigation report. We hold that the

district court correctly concluded that the failure of Mills’s lawyers to present mental health

evidence as mitigating evidence and their failure to seek mitigating evidence did not prejudice

him. See Routly, 33 F.3d at 1297 (holding that the petitioner could not show prejudice because

the essence of the mitigation evidence that he argued was before the judge through the

presentence investigation report and his mental health expert’s testimony, and the judge referred

to it specifically in the sentencing order; further, the same judge and the Florida Supreme Court

held that the mitigation evidence would not have changed the result).

E. Felony Murder Aggravating Factor

Mills contends that his death penalty conviction was erroneously predicated upon “the

unreliable automatic finding” of the felony murder aggravating factor for the felony murder that

formed the basis of his conviction. The Florida Supreme Court previously addressed this

contention, rejecting the substance of it on direct appeal and holding that it was procedurally

barred in two separate habeas corpus petitions. See Mills, 606 So. 2d at 623 (second habeas

corpus petition); Mills, 559 So. 2d at 579 (first habeas corpus petition); Mills, 476 So. 2d at 178

(direct review). We hold that Mills has procedurally defaulted this claim. See Johnson, 938

F.2d at 1173. In any event, this circuit has considered this argument previously and found it to

be meritless. See Johnson v. Dugger, 932 F.2d 1360, 1368-70 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 502 U.S.

961 (1991); Bertolotti v. Dugger, 883 F.2d 1503, 1527-28 (11th Cir. 1989), cert. denied, 497

U.S. 1032 (1990).

F. Conflict of Interest/Confrontation Clause Claim
23

The public defender’s office represented both Mills and codefendant Vincent Ashley

before Florida charged Mills with felony murder. Upon learning of the potential conflict of

interest in representing both, the public defender’s office withdrew from representation of

Ashley, and the trial court appointed him private counsel. While the dual representation existed,

however, Ashley spoke to a public defender investigator. At trial, Florida granted codefendant

Ashley complete immunity from prosecution in exchange for his testimony concerning Mills’s

murder of James Wright. During cross-examination of Ashley, Mills’s lawyer (Greene,

an assistant public defender) inquired about statements Ashley made to the public defender

investigator in an attempt to impeach Ashley with prior inconsistent statements. Florida

objected, and Ashley invoked the attorney-client privilege in refusing to answer Greene’s

questions concerning the statements. Mills contends that: (1) the public defender’s prior

representation of Ashley resulted in ineffective assistance of counsel at trial because of a conflict

of interest; and (2) the court’s curtailment of his cross-examination of Ashley violated his

confrontation rights under the Sixth Amendment.

Mills’s conflict of interest claim is subject to de novo review. “[W]e defer to the district

court’s findings of fact unless we determine that the findings are clearly erroneous. We apply

our own judgment, however, as to whether the conduct in question constitutes . . . an actual

conflict of interest warranting relief.” Buenoano v. Singletary, 74 F.3d 1078, 1083 (11th Cir.)

(citations omitted), cert. denied, 117 S. Ct. 520 (1996). “In order to establish a violation of the

Sixth Amendment, a defendant who raised no objection at trial must demonstrate that an actual

conflict of interest adversely affected his lawyer’s performance.” Cuyler v. Sullivan, 446 U.S.

335, 348 (1980). Mills must show that an actual conflict exists; “[a] possible, speculative or
24

merely hypothetical conflict does not suffice.” Lightbourne v. Dugger, 829 F.2d 1012, 1023

(11th Cir. 1987), cert. denied, 488 U.S. 934 (1988); see also Burden v. Zant, 24 F.3d 1298, 1305

(11th Cir. 1994). In Smith v. White, this circuit adopted a test to distinguish actual from

potential conflict:

We will not find actual conflict [of interest] unless appellants can point to specific

instances in the record to suggest an actual conflict or impairment of their

interests. . . . Appellants must make a factual showing of inconsistent interests

and must demonstrate that the attorney made a choice between possible

alternative courses of action, such as eliciting (or failing to elicit) evidence

helpful to one client but harmful to the other. If he did not make such a choice,

the conflict remained hypothetical. 

Smith v. White, 815 F.2d 1401, 1404-05 (11th Cir.) (quoting Barham v. United States, 724 F.2d

1529, 1532 (11th Cir.), cert. denied, 467 U.S. 1230 (1984)), cert. denied, 484 U.S. 863 (1987).

The district court found that no actual conflict existed because 

[a]n alleged conflict of interest on the assistant public defender’s part did not

impede or prevent [testimony concerning Ashley’s statements to Scarpello] from

being elicited during Ashley’s cross-examination; the statements were made

during the course of an attorney-client relationship, and Mr. Ashley had the right

to invoke the privilege’s protection.

We agree with the district court. The public defender’s alleged loyalties did not force him to

forego cross-examination of Ashley; instead, Greene cross-examined Ashley extensively and

attempted to elicit the statements that caused Ashley to invoke the attorney-client privilege. 

Mills does not point to anything in the record that demonstrates that Greene made a choice to

refrain from cross-examining Ashley in a manner harmful to Mills, or that Greene had

inconsistent interests. “In order to warrant habeas corpus relief, the petitioner has to show not

only an actual conflict of interest but also that the conflict adversely affected his lawyer’s

representation.” Stevenson v. Newsome, 774 F.2d 1558, 1562 (11th Cir. 1985), cert. denied, 475
25

U.S. 1089 (1986). Based on the foregoing analysis, we agree with the district court that Mills

has not shown adverse effect.

Mills also contends that the trial court’s allowing Ashley to invoke the attorney-client

privilege, and the resulting curtailment of his cross-examination of Ashley, violated his

confrontation rights under the Sixth Amendment. We review whether the trial court erred in

limiting cross-examination for a clear abuse of discretion. See United States v. Tokars, 95 F.3d

1520, 1531 (11th Cir. 1996), cert. denied, 117 S. Ct. 1328 (1997). The court’s discretion in

limiting the scope of cross-examination, however, is limited to the requirements of the Sixth

Amendment’s guarantee of the right of confrontation. See Tokars, 95 F.3d at 1531. 

“The Confrontation Clause guarantees criminal defendants an opportunity to impeach

through cross-examination the testimony of witnesses for the prosecution.” United States v.

Baptista-Rodriguez, 17 F.3d 1354, 1370 (11th Cir. 1994). This right, however, is “not without

limitation; [a defendant] is entitled only to an opportunity for effective cross-examination, not

cross-examination that is effective in whatever way, and to whatever extent, the defense might

wish.” United States v. Frost, 61 F.3d 1518, 1525 (11th Cir. 1995) (quotations and citations

omitted). “A defendant’s confrontation rights are satisfied when the cross-examination

permitted exposes the jury to facts sufficient to evaluate the credibility of the witnesses and

enables defense counsel to establish a record from which he can properly argue why the witness

is less than reliable.” Baptista-Rodriguez, 17 F.3d at 1371. Once a defendant has engaged in

sufficient cross-examination to satisfy the Confrontation Clause, further questioning is within the

trial court’s discretion. United States v. Diaz, 26 F.3d 1533, 1539 (11th Cir. 1994), cert. denied,

115 S. Ct. 1110 (1995).
16 The Florida Supreme Court on direct review of Mills’s claim found that:

Here the disallowed impeachment was an attempt to bring out a prior inconsistent

statement Ashley made to his former counsel’s investigator. However, Mills’

counsel was able to confront Ashley with several prior inconsistent statements he

made to police officers. Defense counsel also cross-examined Ashley about the

bargain he made with the authorities whereby Ashley gained immunity not only

for the crimes Mills now stands convicted of but also other, unrelated crimes. We

therefore hold that the court did not abridge Mills’ right to confront the witnesses

against him.

Mills, 476 So. 2d at 176.

26

We hold that the trial court neither violated Mills’s rights under the Confrontation Clause

of the Sixth Amendment nor abused its discretion in limiting cross-examination of Ashley. 

During cross-examination of Ashley, Mills’s lawyer induced Ashley to admit that: (1) he

changed his story of the events surrounding the murder, thereby implicating Mills, after Florida

offered him a deal and deciding that “there was a chance of me getting out and starting a new

life”; and (2) the deal that Florida offered Ashley gave him complete immunity from prosecution

on the burglary and murder charges in exchange for his testimony against Mills. We hold that

this cross-examination exposed Ashley’s prior inconsistent statements and bargain with Florida

to the extent that the jury could judge his credibility and Mills could argue effectively that

Ashley’s testimony was not credible.16 Mills’s lawyer engaged in sufficient cross-examination,

and the trial judge neither abused his discretion nor violated the Confrontation Clause in limiting

the cross-examination to that which the attorney-client privilege did not protect. See, e.g.,

United States v. Perez-Tosta, 36 F.3d 1552, 1563 (11th Cir. 1994) (holding that despite district

court’s restriction on cross-examination of government witness concerning the sentencing

benefits he would earn through testifying for the government, it did not violate defendant’s
27

confrontation rights because of defense counsel’s effective impeachment of the government

witnesses’ credibility and sentence reduction); United States v. Taylor, 17 F.3d 333, 340 (11th

Cir. 1994) (concluding that the trial court did not violate that defendant’s confrontation rights

when his lawyer had ample opportunity to raise doubts during cross-examination concerning a

government witness’s plea agreement); United States v. Orr, 825 F.2d 1537, 1540 (11th Cir.

1987) (holding that defendant had ample opportunity to cross-examine government witness,

including the terms of a plea agreement, and that further impeachment was “speculative and

minimal, at best”).

G. Scientific Evidence

Mills contends that the trial court erred in admitting expert testimony and evidence on

gunshot residue tests during Florida’s rebuttal after ruling that the tests were inadmissible during

Florida’s case-in-chief. Federal courts generally do not review a state court’s admission of

evidence in habeas corpus proceedings. See McCoy v. Newsome, 953 F.2d 1252, 1265 (11th

Cir.), cert. denied, 504 U.S. 944 (1992). We will not grant federal habeas corpus relief based on

an evidentiary ruling unless the ruling affects the fundamental fairness of the trial. See Baxter v.

Thomas, 45 F.3d 1501, 1509 (11th Cir.) (stating that we “inquire only to determine whether the

error was of such magnitude as to deny fundamental fairness to the criminal trial.”) (citations

omitted), cert. denied, 516 U.S. 946 (1995); McCoy, 953 F.2d at 1265. “A denial of

fundamental fairness occurs whenever the improper evidence ‘is material in the sense of a

crucial, critical, highly significant factor.’” Snowden v. Singletary, 135 F.3d 732, 737 (11th Cir.

1998) (quoting Osborne v. Wainwright, 720 F.2d 1237, 1238 (11th Cir. 1983)), petition for cert.

filed, 67 U.S.L.W. 3113 (U.S. Aug. 3, 1998).
28

We agree with the district court that the admission on rebuttal of the gunshot residue tests

was not erroneous and did not affect the fundamental fairness of the trial. On direct review, the

Florida Supreme Court held that “[t]he test has attained sufficient standing among scientists to be

accepted as reliable evidence in the courts. . . . A majority of American jurisdictions has held the

results of such tests to be admissible evidence in criminal proceedings.” Mills, 476 So. 2d at

176. Additionally, the trial court did not err in admitting the test results and expert testimony as

rebuttal evidence. During his direct examination, Mills denied breaking into James Wright’s

house on May 25, 1979, denied shooting anyone and on cross-examination, denied firing the

particular shotgun (or any gun) on May 24 or May 25, 1979. Thus, the impeachment with the

otherwise suppressed gunshot residue tests was proper because Mills’s testimony “reasonably

suggested” it. See United States v. Havens, 446 U.S. 620, 627-28 (1980) (“[A] defendant’s

statements made in response to proper cross-examination reasonably suggested by the

defendant’s direct examination are subject to otherwise proper impeachment by the government,

albeit by evidence . . . that is inadmissible on the government’s direct case . . . as substantive

evidence of guilt.”). 

V. CONCLUSION

Based on the foregoing, we conclude that the district court did not err in denying Mills’s

petition for writ of habeas corpus pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 2254.

AFFIRMED.