Robert I ,, Anderson and WiIliarln 11, llolthm-d arc Pathologjse ;and kin 

toi~ii~~ogi:~i,e, respo:ctiveiay, Soutii-ac:rs-j Kcgiorn, FIL~CS~ PC"' tM;~~ilgt:i.n~nt, 

Asiicvillc, NC:. RneK D,. Gost is Pr~ji:ct F,i:acZrr, Forest. 1rrvi:ntory and 

A.nalysis, Sou~the;rster,n Ftrtest Expu'.imcn"k Siatiolr, Asils:vElle, NC:; 

&:lair ReaSin~o~act is IJ'~;~ili~fil;ii:il, Saiu&lri:,rn Kegitrra, Pl:iranjng (9, Urldgc:~, 

Aiiaarta, <;A; nird ,Joe Glover, Forctitcr, iB:trrcxB Inarcnkory :and 

14r;iaEysis, Stri~theastcrn &-:orest B~rny~~:rirnct-a~ Stalitrn, A~he-~.iIle, ;".it:. 

ScMhheastern Forest Expe~'il;nerrt Station 

P.0. BOX 2680 

Ashelrille, Nortl-r Carol~na 28802 
ABSTRACT 

On South Cararb~a's 12.2 xjiIBic~n acre:s of tirnixrland, 1% 1rnilRiosk cubic feet of firnk,r wcrn: 

lost aa7tnua.U~ &13 rnorta6ty ancl crall k,t*ic.cn 19'78 md 19%. "rhe cstknatetl m.r~uaB rna~raetuhay 

loss wz; $973 irniJhon. Among broad mmaaaga:.ment tp:s - -. natural pline, planted pine,, upbnd 

hardwmdq, and hsttondand Rl:ardwcxds -- t&r,e peatest loss rxxzaxr-red in 11;8&usal pine stantis. 

About three;-foiraaartk~j of the loss wmrcd in xanuauindnastri:d private forests, Fu~~iforrn nuds;Bpc6 

caused grcatcst damagc to pines, but shoot. and sten~-h~rim~g inseds, liitiieleaf dkcasc, pitct~ 

canker, arral pine bark ketles also camset1 major Kossec;. A sigqifica~~k kncrcasc isa 1~11(2~.(iiPiky of 

tmeh upland and tmttc>anlani& haralwihixk was aitributed to a complex of factors that indudes 

sta~~n dpane~"~ md ~4;).0~ght.. 

Keywords: lrrsect alarnage, discase damage, ffusifosrn rust, Irxk i.xxztles. forest insects, fi~rest 

dseases. 
Foreword 

'I'he darnagc inkkrrm;aaion prese:rrfed hesc was gathered during 11mc 62'1 h surd sixth inacnta>rrc:s 

of the State's forest resources. Mort infornlation w~B.!~ gaehercd in thii., lat::st i~lvcnfory than 

in prwious ones. "['his inferrxraaticm rniakcs it possili,lc: 10 csilenzitr dwnatngtc incirkcncc: ;~rrncI 

trencHi; in anor8,aiidy. 

The SoratRxeastcrn Forest Expcrirnc;n~ Station, 11caiiquarfc:rcd ira Ashcvilli:, Nc :, pcrioelEcaiYy 

iravendor-ics and e~k~Xi~att:'i. Iorulit rcesour~:~:: In k:IoricPa, B.Zetrrgia, Nor{ laCar-okina, Soriillu 

$:ari,lina, and Virginia. Tlac. So~xtbacrnn Rcgioaa, f20ae:;t Pcsl Maniigi;ni-lcni Staff 1mil, E~catl. 

i~~airlcn-ed in Atlanta, (;A, aariuwides Irair~ing anad fie1i.k xrrpg-torh anrd IzcEps c\~a~~k;iEc. ihi; 11;~t:i or7 

&)rest ixlist:cts, diseases, and uthw darnaging agents. 

K.)arraagi: incidcncc and mrc~ortaEity tr~:nJs arc, descn-ilrcd licre, l~ut appropriate HP'C:"SCH-C:S for 

preventing damage are rsot descril>et8. Itesic!~:nl.s of Sc~ueBx $:aroBisn;i rerlrairiszg tec1anil:al a.,sis 

iance with forestry proi~ker~~:, on SlaQe and private land should coridacb: 

St ate Forester 

South Carolina State C:trn~anxic;sionn of Forestry 

P.0. Box 21 '707 

[lerlumabia, SC 29221 
Incidence and impact 

of Damage and Mortality Trends 

to South Caro ina's Timber, 1986 

Rolat;rl L, l%ndcrsorat, Noel 11, (_"ost, \Yillia~n 11, HoflhrtB, 

C'lair Kednrar161, and Joe Glover 

IJtaring thr fifth (I4J7X) and h (1980) Artvcaaloi Ecri of 

:<uwth C:;ar.oulina's foresls, lii:Etl crews nots~d ~I;wrnape lo ant! 

narortalitjr of s;rrnple trees. WPwc:re jpcr?,silrlr, ii,hcy icicntiiicd 

c;rw:;es of ~111ort;~RIty and dalnaaging agents. 'I'iriis; f3rrlli:tin 

I.C:JPOI-IS the da~~~agc ;inti mortality rihncrvcd during tine 

xixeh survey and the chariges in rnortl~IX~y bi:twc<:n 1.h~ fwo 

survcys. It was An~j,ossiBrlc lo cornpart: dara~iigi: ~rcnch he. 

twecel s~al-vcys, bccausi: prcw d;ianagc: cxatcgi~rics wcri: 

adtfcd in thc six111 survey, bua c,srirnaacs of ~:ccraztcrnic llrasca 

al*sciciatctl with damage and n~aortality are: rcpoi-lccl. 

Inventory PI-ocedul-es 

Innveaitory prc~ccdciacn arc dc:scril-be<k in dct;ril in n haaitllbook by the F I'SIIA. Ptiii.r;f Servie:~: (198.5). Sorase cif thilnc 

pr~~ccdli~cs infliLicnc~.: the kinds 1~fin14)rrn;blilon about 

tfaanage elrat can Isc coiasyriletl ;a~d efnc n7aya In which "ri)nne 

dafa can he intcrpreicd. ''1%~ priuccdures aartii iR1.:i7nitior,s 

khat afffcct. understanding of Ihc resuljls pruscre8cc! Bncrc xi: 

provided. 

11.1 cach ixxvcr,eory, plot!h arc v/sikcc;A only orace, and [ha: V~IE - - ralay take pYace at ieaiy tiln"t ccsk' yeaa.. 1 lcncc, it iq>os\il>Ac 10 

kccp record.; only on agcnls that prcrcil~ca, :;ynn-Eptornr: or 

signs Xea all sccasons. Oxi the 1ia:iis of tXic~k: ''~I~rirhlc'~ 

syn~pt oms allid signs, danzap;in.sg ;rgerrt s it;c,otgniz,s'(:d in the 

1986 survey wesc: 

I~~.secis 

1.l;ardavood borci?; 

Rark beef Iccl A~itn(il.~ 

'l'errraiaial sX~ool i3~ i"ai:avcr 

stem borers S;aprsi.mckcr 

t-lkhcr irlsccts 

";~B~&oP"Is and sig~l'i ;k~~0i:iiif(:t.1 wit11 cach category iai-t: 

deseritiecH in ehe BTcfir~iiaionsection of this HuXlclin. 

Ba;foae: &ha: licld srarvey, c.!elalificd pc:c;iplk: fro~i~, ;I.<t:fiii;i~l X, 

SBatc &- Private F'or6:~,1ry, Fc:s(:sZ. Pest hk~n;~p:~~'ncrwt, 

tranncd the field crews in tint: atsc of a dar~a:rge idcntikica 

tiole handkxx~k ahat %aus u.;e:d %.h ot~g%aoiat lhc survi:,y. 

During ihk: silii\'i:y, dala ciaE&ectccl bg/ field crew:, wcrc ficlai 

checked tct erusrrrc at:i:iaracy and ca~nsis:cncy, Cri:w rncrnYpcrs a8so rcceivcd l;pc.cirncn kits atrd for~n:~ to help 1hi:nri 

identify 1ylai.s of ddrxaagc. It sbou&r% be, rcmlkzeil, iaiiwi.vcr, 

rhar /hi: cI;~,ia reported hcrt: WL:TC: giil1i;cretl by peojrli: 

tr siraed ;and exg~crieaac:~:il ila f,ri:!ct invcn~~oryalf~cr tkt:in~ Fly 

critorn~dogksts and pathologist:,. 

Limitations wcrc cri;aicii.X hy ifti: rcajuircra~:;rn~s this1 daniirgErlg agcaats or ijari~agi-: had to bc eahify ideritifi;rhl;e, yrrc:?iSn~f 

rkrrouglaomt [axe year, mal: pacscrnt irn tree:; a! Icacd 1 inch in 

diameter at breast heiglzt (db.h'p. H;,N'c:ct.; nI scca-IBiirg cli:;. 

::;xsek iiki: I.>~OWPX..S~IP~ i~i,cc%tk: ldight oh 1ongll:aa' pirit: ;in(?i s:ffrcts of Exas~ikwocrd dcfobia~iair~ (\vPiic'tt if; rnoi apji;ix.erif ill, 

w~u?rlt,a.) c;dnnci% hc irrcluclcd in this rcpor-1. 

'There: ale tltr c:e rcantralh why v;ilui:i, pr":sx"abcd hc:r.cx lal~tic~- 

st ;ace eha: irlidcJcn~ce arad ilny,act oh' d;il~r:,pc I tr Sc'nut PI 

d:alihlj~ia'i tik-inber. li'iri,t, asjtasl t:xplai~ncd, 6:crt:?,ia1 typci, cih 

clamage, saech as that c;rt.rsc:tl 1i.y 1i;rrdwcrcid dclcki:i&o~-s, 1i;iil 

to bc excludcd~ Scciirrd, %It62 damiige iau!ieil Fiy ioirrc 

agcr~ts, such as root &>cay orgr,ani~nas, is cxll-erxri;iy diffic~ilf. 

ici idcnrify, Third, sorrtc: cj;nsa-ua!ging ;igc:xlrfr; t:al~i,l: irc:c:5 to 

iiii: rapidly artd pci-son:; cooiductkmg; (hi: i~unvlc~rnfory c:aitilaif 

dr:tcrmine the causc of' drat h. A:, a rcsull, rnortnlily cs 

iia~lates are at:cur.alc hang talc anaii~exinfs i~f ~.ili(i~tiility ;it11-ihutal-lie io slvxific :ag::ntn arc ~r~dcr~~~irnatcd. 

111 slrilc arf thcse pra~'bicsi~:~, iirhla rcportc:,cd, hc;r-c ;ir c: irirl;~ox 

rani, 'I'XII:~ shc~w aha1 ioss6:s ari: sip,mik%:;ii~i, 2nd lhcy 

sholiEtl help rn;a~~agcrs 10 pEiin jxotcctiornu projiv-;arris. 
Eargc !ot;rE volax~ll::, in OEH: Staic. Ac~:ordingly, t:r.rors a:; 

r;oa-"iaieci with r,el;rfivcly- minor *;pi;cics like ~:t~~t&~ravvooci CXceeet: thiisi: for such rniajor spcci(*:i like ItulrIotIy piiuc:. 

Pi-ctcl:drrrl::, ;xi: ~OC:UIRICYI~C~J in "Son~th Ql'aroijna's I:ortbsts" 

('l~irn:icy aild Ila~tchir-nx 19138). 

'I5rc:e .size f;a&~gorik::~ wcacr s6a;;riirig~,, &.I) to 5.0 inclics 

tl.l,.h.; softwood yolcs, .";O to 9.0 icachcs d.b.11.; haallwootk: 

IIOPIIC, 5.0 10 1 k..lP irlcllc:; d.&,.h.; sof'twirod snw~isxsber, 9.0 in.- 

cllcs tl.b.h. rind ahovi:; ctnd hardwcroci s;rwtirnbor, 1 I .0 inches d.k-rh. arad ahuvc. 

'I('lic syxnptoln.; n:,ec$ to idcnnib ~hc cause of d;tralagl: to 

living trcel; on tbc salmlried pia>lt:i are listed in '"chieions.'' '&'lac: pc:rccaatage of il11c.:i6%~r~~b:i: and eh~ voRul?ilc of 

cu,XI associatetl with e;,cXa d;an~;age cl;sss were nletorr~~ined 

Chjr tach sps:cic~. 1Pamn;jge entr.ii;n dcl not imply total rrcc 

IMS. Ordji ;B p;i;rf of itn~: VOBLI~~L: losf due ail cuii WIPYJ~~ r'iril 

10 qualify f~i,r home ~:onnmeri,:i:d USL:, s~teh iXS f"E~i:w~od. 

'l'lac volume Itr'ss was slC:fcrraiilii:d h~y totaling rhc voiun-ite of 

cilC1 associ:ited 6th each domiigirag ;rgi:rik, by spcci:::~.. 

Aithc~ugkl rreoat;alily ol'iaidR-v'd~i;i! &~CC"~O~ICII ct)~l;hd not hc 

;i~tribintcd lo ;R >,pl:cific. ;agi.:rrt, 1.h~ voloenc lor,.; 10 mort;x.Eity 

w;t dc&i:rrninetJI accaxrateliy for cac:Rj tree spc.ctt:s ora tach 

plot. By usia~gr, total xnortalily Fly tree specics, it wa,s paas-, 

:ilP>lc to calcal~te total volunkr: 1.0:;s hatv poles ailil sawtirnbix by S~CC~CS. 

- I'o ~!~tinl,p[c the vaioi: ok [hi. IONS, 311 i~vcrirgi: agc of ir;arvt:st 

was esflrn;a&cd dn-ow-r t:ctrcs& Invca- tory ;inif Anaiysi:; (1'1A) 

""ii.~racrv;ui" data by age, trwncrs&~ip,, rand sy,ectcs catcgctry. 

For tach age cBa:;s axvtl type oi' loss9 ii.'IA data om volurnc cik 

]OR'; ~I~otgsnncd CLI~%~C fi.:r,l wcrc ~o);.kvcrtk:d lli ~OIllllm~~ &X:r 

r~~:r~: and L'growm99 lo thi~a~suxncad rotation agc ebsirig 

~/;n.~wth factors colltainlied ita "IB'he Sooth's Fourth h"i;,scst: 

AEtera~ativcs for thc Frnt~are," (P.ISDA Forest Service 1088). 

Suclr a procc:;s tr-i.at:> tach age clrirss ;is a group of acres in 

rhar C~~SS. Morf;aliey is incorpox~;hlo:ti inafo the :;pcciGc agt; 

clas:;, slx:cics, ;and owilcr:;laip growth f;acior employed. Rccaelxk: eslii?;aal.es cov::r t;arp,ii arr;as: they arc 1101 site 

lif" the agc class for voiun~e Ross was greater thael the asss.arned rart;xfkon age, rlo growth v~as calcuRarcd; wc as,- 

:;usarsrcf iRsat thc dainagcd &rot;:; could 1~c I~;irwcster:! 

iimx~ac:diately. I'he reszaltiixg fl~t~~rc h:rvcst vobu~nes ,were 

ccraw:r!cd to R~I)UC,~BII.I l-r~t;ird h;et and cordh with divkor 

fae-~<,ss of 200 ce1hR6: ftxl p:r t1loa~s;iaad I7o;rr.d kc:^ and 90 

cubic: Ecet ps:r 1:0$<$. /ivt:ragc: siaiewide stnnmpagc: pris:es 

knr Oh:: species and ycar of &:1A survey were t;rkera from 

Tiartl-~cs M;lrt-S~utkb (Noliris 10%) and wcre ii~cr.e:,s~:d 

froatr ihc year of tltc iuiwcy ttr 2030 by titc ri:al ratcs of ini:icasc for tlilr.cJwoohK and :i~I~wood B~I~IT~P;I~I: es~%rnatcd in 

'Thc Scrt~rh'~ Fourth F:orrst: A1Bern;ntives for IPiic.: Futt~rc.'" 

No f.'~rrther real incsensa: in starrrrpaga; was assuuuseck to 

cri:i:elr after 2031. The rs:iuXting futurc sturarp;agt: values 

were rnl~r~%.iplictj by (he os~ixnabei"lt;rrc~esl volumes tit r0l;ttion age. All cpmlncr~ ex6:i:gat ic-rrest iald~6~tr.y wt:ae assilmcd 

It, Kxavc 3 "iawli~r~ltt;r prodtact ;at sotakicrn. irxdustsy, 

prc.l~~xtI;on off thi: volilma: less !hail 25 yc.:aw":, itld uiia <:IXCEX. 

larcd as a ctrrajiwoctd k.;r.oti~.rct, f,:ac?;l age: c8;lss ioerarc valmc 

was discuu~?uied ktr tl-ii; prcscnt at a 4.g,crci:rrrl rcai r;alc of inXcred arid a time factor that .taras i:qtxag [as thk: tiilfurcnca: hc:" 

iwet:rn &ht; asslrrneaj rotafacan ;ige and flat: age class. Wc ditf 

mot aasnnns,: that there woruld Pre a market availalda:. f60r all 

!.he Zobt tinaher. TM'he ~t~~aly!iks was restrkcta.;d to excluaic af- 

&~:c!cd tlam8,cr (in s&i:ekt slopes where cost of logging may 

be prohilrikive,. Thu:;, exp<:ctcn& voli~rne 10:;s is tat-ndce.stiat~:tk 

Eca all catcgoric:, t~c~iausc of ~hl: locaficsn rcstrii:tit~a~. Wc 

carnsidcrcd tinrnl-ucr to h;xvk- value oetly ira arcas ~n/lzt:rc Err$!>- ', 

gmg fi wor~on~icalYy fcasililc,, F'ixrthcrmtrrc, we ignuorcd 

r111: ptrssibility of ingraawtln e'lni~t would rcs~nEt from trrcss 

dying and wc igraored ii~c ~~ar;:i;il~ii~ty that n~orh;xlity wc;idd 

i~bt;ica:ib: !lit: gl o~h r;xte of rt:.;iatu;iP stem:,. At ir;ast in tlzi: 

c;i:;c trt soulhern pirnt: btactles, liic proc:c.,ilurc "ic:c:Ins 

rca:.,ol;la%>lc. In !;talciic:, ccindiactcsi by I3uirkkaari lsrad ril hers 

j 19)89), grcrwtla. of s&t:nus remaining akivc aftcn. soi~fllcrn 

pin(:. hcc&lc ati;xo:ks was ixrc;igrmficiant when the ntnnnlicr !,t' 

Cree!; Eo:i/ wa:i low. 

Vcr~enrncs iir~eB prchc~kt VH%U~:, for n1~11-fiiaiiy and culI ho~.; ;arc 

fva lhc enirrc period ~C~V~I<:CI~ 6ni3~s?:, B"t\ii Soiiltb 

(:arolina, hi:; llliarc was 8.3 yearsI 1%~ volu~aiar :mn~l;i k,ss 

data avcre ctrnvcrtcd fo an ;ittlnoal b;i:;ic, Yjy ~livitdilag vol~inic 

Isy 8.") arnd P-iy caka:uiiikit~g tIzc anx~uily ;~.rnorrrlt fox. & ht: 

gxescr~l vale^^: of tbc It~s over Lh:: 8 '3 ycars, ri:apa:ctivi~~~~. 

Mortality c;ast 1-jc assrrrn~etf to have occurred irckweciia srar 

vcys; Rxovsevcr, caail Ooss is II c:'tinauI;~tRv~: VYIEEIY~C iia IE?IPPI~ 
4:;isa:s ;qLnctd ir~cri;n1arnfia1 lhi+;s ba:cwccn: si1nve.y jrcriods c:tmuiwt 

bc estimated a~~-niii IWO survey pc;rio~fs ai e conip3ra:ii. i);ita 

rrxhihitcd in 1l.a~ at:cc~anpanying grai~&.as ;~rc;rlctnla~i:.d annual ;ivc:r:~gc:s. 

The suo-vc:y scit~lls i1i.t: jil e:;cnf,~:i,l irt dc-~iaiEcd ?ml)ics r41ai 

regrurt rnort;elity ;inel ctu,ii by B~roaiE rnanagc:nl1t:rl1 clasi, 

owznk:rshiji class, Ircrc spc:i:ie:;, ;ind tBiai11agir7g agenl. Imecri. 

prcttalg sornc oh' t&rc IIU~Y~>C~~ presexa&cl.l in the iii:eaiYt:d 

t;nhies rrrluires i~~forrnaiitrnn trn fo~cst ;~CTC:B~C fry F~roiid 

rnan:rgi:rrucr~f c1;xsr; arid ~CII.C,SJ f.,ype. Tahl:: 1 pn-ovidi:~ thost: 

itcreages for 1 a978 aalil 1984). 17iguri:s 11 -5 sFlc>w e11e 

geographic disbribuiiiin oA'1~ro:td nral;i;xgi:rrni:nf cRavlcs 

itcross lhe S%:jts: 

In 1986, Soix~h (.:ai.c~linn ktad 12.1 ~znilkjoip, ,xc:xc~, offi~ril-lcl:- 

lard 3 jri:.rcenl Kc,ss tih;an irn 1'171!1. I3eIwuc:n ::,urvcys, ihc: 

area of galarlli:d pine ia3i.i caxi:d lro~a~ 1.4 (ti 2 nxilkiotn ac:rcs, 

while &he arca ai&'n.aa!ur;j'i pine dccri:;nscd from 4.2 to '3.4 

nniiliorn acres. (Iak pine arid angilalsd h;ardwwod ina-eagi::, 

caLh (l~ck-~asi'd hy alrollrt 10 l-rcrcent, ax~hilc boftomlijnd 

h;xrdwocid acr c;igc incrr:acd by 13 pcr~:i.rnt. 7'hc:sc chiainI;es ra~usr he ccrm~,PcRcreel wfui;n d;irn:xgc tot:i;ls in ~b~c: IWO sarr 

vcys are col-a~paretl. 

'I'ahlc 2 shows tha: pcrccaxiage of tr.ci:i; c1aia1:tgi:a.l ;ii;l<I 

volarane of a:;~~ociafc:tE cull, Iry ircc.l;td niailaj;i.rnc:nt cint,s sad 

irec si7L Ilm Eniiividual 1ie;rii;q;cnkciat (.:EIIsL~':~, thi: pr6ij7.ortiona of :,aplE~qr;t; with dar~iagc: raargcd froen 14 10 19 )XCI.I:GFI~. 

A: orlc er~ight CX~I:C~, f%ie ~ITO~L)~&~~PI, of CTI:CS 's"irith dnrnagc: 

Ei~creast:ck with tn-(xS sizc, xacq;il;ag front 21 to 25 pcsccnt for 

po&e~l?rrld?er arrc& horn 2?r to 32 i;rc:r<:cnt for sawti~n'iter Irec!,. 

!~~cidci.ice of i;rrlE was highcst in l~~~~tornlaazdi I~archv~ods; 

fin: niay bc the larg~.rt cause for that diininagi.:. 

Tairlc 3 shows tilt: ~>erl,:c:r-lt;ige trf frccs d;lsnagcd anncE (hi: as 

sociafcd ~:uil danual~c in1 each Ep~:oad rna~~ilgclnct~/ cPII:,~, lry 

irec species anil type of ~Famsgo~. /& type of d;ilii;~;.q;,c vcis 

cnnterril in ihc t;rhir only if at li:ast '3 y~crccr~t arftile irecs in 

on(: erl thh: siz~ cllliii~>, di~~ila~~~t, ~hllt iypc: of d;irrj;rgi:. 

1:ornt d:xr-s~agc, su~rprc.;aiorr, died staga~iriior-, wcrc ~:xc.I~udccl 

from talrle 3 1sc:i:au:;r t%u~:y occur wry (.afii:ii lin~ riiay not lit: 

i~i1cdi~;48or+i of w !~:t i009! glrt'rl)l~i~~. In adensi; srlzi~d, scmc 

"i~~~~pe-es~io~? of OVCII G )pp(;d iri:cs netti8 bw: ~:xj~c;t:e cd. 

Fu:;ifosrn irlsi; was ihc ~lraoisl sca.ki\n~, thnlaginp rigcnt irli 

pian~kition.; asad rtal i~r;tt "iji'r~l~k of lail7lolili; ;tnlcE dash piau:: 

and in oak-giini. s(;hi~ds (fit:. 4'). 'i'b:r~r~in;tl +hoot ;inel sEi.:lar 

'Tiii~lc 4 jrrcscruts I 111: 1 f~o~~~r;irid*., LP~ t~(:t::;~ iEiolisatid;, oi 

c:ulric fcea, and \~oltu~rze of ax.;oi*iat i:d caxbl, icy i.iro;rci 

n~;irraficmc:xii class, laosi :;j;)~"~:ics, and lyi;ie, of 11;tli~liig~. 

-1'ahlc 5 sho.)ws incrrtitllfy ;alld aririu;ri, I.~inrvi:si, I,? hi-oiid 

nr~;el;s;xgcnrtcfl fypc ant1 apecict; ior Pb;i'?X and I(lt^lO. 'I'Jlicrt: 

was ;na~ ovrrahl iclc:rcicc;;r in t.norf;;riify 1~etwl:c~rt ;urvr:yi, cvcrl 

;if'ti:r cha~tgcs irr f~iril:,~ acra:al;i: wcr~: tiikt:~~ ~BI/O ~CCOLIII~. 

'Tlai: acr.c.:apc in at;atiirrlI plrc saaa~ds di:or tca:;i>11 sn;iri;cal!y. 

I)c:,pist- 1&1;41 del:rc;asc, r11c;i e w:r a 30-laen-ccxnii ini"rc:;isc in 

icibkoh!gr gi,ix.c: rniiat;rliiy bi:tavci.:la sl.laua:ys, 'I'liicr-c w;us ii1id.r iiil 

iiit*e-c:c:.,c in jrie~c mci~.tirliiy In yr11arilc.ii ~t'jritk:,~ IluI !hiit incicakc: k EXO Earg~;r 111;111 woulii li~: CI';IPC:C!C~ WIYC~ the rz~;~joi 

isicrcasc in plirrutii~ion~ zrcr:.ay_:i: is 1akc.n into a~ctuii~ll. 

Economic 1 ,o".\cs 

i'riiiaa JCI'TX lo 19X(, fix avcragn ;rrlriiu;rl loih Itr cull ;rrnd sxl:bl.- 

~aiily wal, 18.5." miillion culric feel of" tiirn~Xica. 'h: c-s- 

~il~m:atcil v;iluk: of ~hc lo:;:, was $9)'i.:3, artillion pi:r yciir-. 

/t;.vc-ragcci cvcn ~hl: ;r ak's 12.2 xrtiliiim ;ui:rc:* of i iarrlii.:rI'i~i~i, 

tlac &clss w;x~ :a littic umtlcr $8 per :vGI^(: j)i"r YI:HT. 
ananr;dgem6:a1t c~a:;;c:s, Io>~scs ;#iv.crr: grcia1i:st in snabreral P~XIC: 

stands. NattlraR jjirtv si;ii~clli COVI:~ ;jho1~1i 31 ~I:~CCRIB of tllc 

Slate's tina&icrhand, 8nii .51 pci.ccnt c~l [&I(: valilc. Ions VV~~S in 

thi:se starad:;. Rot1iomI;~n1E hardwoods accorlinted fkrr 30 

percent of fhc vtdtirne %o&s &wlt for only I8 percent of the 

vah~c loss. Other rn;sanrrgcn~k:~it 6:kas:;i:s 1ick:c)un6eli for r ckr17igurcs 9 1% stratify la>~::~i:?i by rnanagc~tlrcnl ci;a:i.; and 

i>wner.;hip catego~.y. P'Jat~Jral piwnl: 1arrtE the grcnte+,t p:r- 

~:t:riT;)p,(:, of II~SSFS ;3(:1.05:, IJWTICTC;~~~ c;~~~:~ILI.~cs. OIY 

forest ir.id1r:itr.y land, 1-~crwevcr, btitton~~lar~d h;brr;&wo~>~:., anlci 

[line [dl;xn8;itiar1a', also had signmii"acal;'~t lo1sso:s. 

I'abic 6 sirtrws ;LVC:T;I~,C :il~.ltiaE X~SSSC,~ etf~ioitarnlt: and value, 

ow~at:rsE~jp and broad nuanagenrca~t crlas:;. About $'r2.X 

xlrillion was ;llo:,t aliltirl;ully ira nonin-aduxtrial ~~"ivakc forests, 

itrnd $49.1 re1kERiarna was lost in IE~R card pirec staintl:;. 

klartBiwood borers, All hardwood:;. 'ii'hi: initial syini(,lon~ is 

n iilark. sap spot on file hark sti~f;ict: (136b.cn w~ixcd with 

ii'r;ass). lk,verntuaFly, cci:an.;c boring jxinticlcs apkrerur in bark 

crack; 2nd creviccs 'ir~enec;rth tlic point arf a!t;ick. Old 

tiannagc ayrpcars as krlirbl~y ov~rgrowtk~~ or SC~~C; C~IB the: 

hark surface. 

Il;rrk Isretkles, All pines, al:rciinn ttr yellow iind pirnkisla 

L, 

globs ol' resin rescml~iirng pupped corm <-Ian bark salrface. If 

the ia~fci;tatii,n is nlcll i:i*f:~l~lE~;l~i"(l and CIOXIII: frees still 

rctabr~ tht:,ir hliap~, k~en~ncls or egg gS;ll;;rit:s arc, ~".vi(jcnI on 

rhe innc.r-bark srnrfacc and OPY ~Eae sapwsrod surf:lcc. 

Streaks ca~rsed by bkire stlain furlg,i are olt(:la ckiilii~nt on sl1j.i 

wood. Foliage gvr;riJ~.taliyellows, the11 rcddeni;. 

'Tvrminal shuiiol arad stem borers, All spa:cis:s. I"'res1-w attdcka:; ?;how boring {just and frass rrt the entrance l~oRes, Locntctf rnost oilen at IBK, 1xsc of leaf pctioles and 1~c~ds. 

'WPxita, ~o ~ril~kksFp gloijs of rc::in may appear at attack 

$iciilrnts. A~talc'&.:c Icird to tcrmiaa;hl on briunch dickiack. 

Shoots turn ycllirw, then rcA, ;rnd fin;lBKy lsrarwa naa:ctile 

(':~?/cJT. 

Otlrer insects. All tree spi:c:ics. All ti;ii;n:igt: cai~.;c:ck bry in 

i;i:cts not itlerr,tifYc:d in scpairi11: cate~l,,i,rics. Lnc:l~clc?~ 

h;ardwoe;d defoli;itors (c.g., vnri;rh>le i.xak Icaf c;rtcrpill;trr;j 

and pine dcfokiakorx rcclhcadcd pine sawfly ;and pine 

wccvhls). 

k'u~d"orn;n rust, Sl;a.,Ea, IobEoliy, pitch, pcind, and shx~,iiblc,if ,. 7 pin(:&. I Ixcsc rusts lyg~icaily causi: the foriliatiosr of qhindlc- 

.;h;ig,ed galis or1 thc :;tctt.t or B~riirncXaes; ~77r;i~ly <il~ki:i. prail?, 3"- 

pci~r as canker:; with s~artBtcn rotten centersb i:nci.rcled by a 

i:aElus ridge.. Wii,t*?1~~.;'-brircjan is C~:CYI~IE~~OXI at galls. l'hc fungrns fruit in thc spring, 1irocttll;:ing hrig111 -orange spore:;. 

17c,x. ri.:lroshki~g purpoxq (cci~~sider ;a11 stem ca-eukcrc; but oxiiy 

i hose &rr;kn,cln canka:rs occ"tarniang witlzilra 12 inches of thc 

Y?trle. 

Rtrtat rots. ,411 spccicn. K,oc.,k fiir group:> of tiead or windthrown trees lu.ceu with tufii:cl, thin crown w1rii.h lalay l-rc 

yellowinrg. Q:oxiks (fi-rlitiritr; bodi~s) ol v:irio~",u~igl may hc: 

]~~a.csi:ilt oan srr nt:;iu. the base of dise;nscd rrct:s. 8)ixc;nsc is 

more fri-cqaerat in tralc.; of ICI~UCC(:! vigor, in thinned sl!;in~l.;, 

rareti2 irl trces wit11 bnaf t or root injury. Bark iucctles i~ltcn at 

tack the v6eakt:mcc.l tnce:c. 

B,itlleleaf tlisease, Shortleaf arrd ioirlarkly pin(,::;; s11ortlc;if is ,-8 

naore ~11sk:t:ptihrKc. Affcckt:tl trc6:s OCCLJI. ;,RI grou])~. 1ypic;iI. 

Xy sccea are yc'ulow tii,:t;;:dIes, rc~4ilaccCP sEloo( growth, anid 

laaga: crops of untli:r:,ized conics. "J'fris t4isc;r:;c ~rsually oi:- 

crrrs wherc heavy soiAs irsviirp, poiir ix~tc:n.mal LR~li,inikgt: 

dorniriafc th(3 site. 

Ikliardwooel cankerb, All k-u;rrdavi,oels,. Affcctccb tro:cs hravi: 

(lead aunkcn are;as on ~Bac srcrn, frec~n~:n-kilg with aruruissl; calk~:, ric'ngex ;~rc)und dc;aek areas, 

l%r;inch skolis, AII s1>cciir6.i. I3n";nup.c.h 11ole:~ 01 ,stubis grs:ielcr 

ahas 4 inchus in tjimmetcr oal the stern (trees 54 inchcs 

d.h.h. and Raagcr). Braa-8~11 lilcries or stubs grcatcr than I. 

inch in tli;arneier or1 stcana (~recs 1.0 and 4.9 inches ti.b,h.). 

Hasal defects, AEI specics. Butt s'i~/clIing, c1;.1rls, V-sR~~~~pecl 

r;turnp sgtr-or)&, host scanas, ;had low siarlx hi:Iokni d.17.h. arc 

:;y~npft~cxs of bai;al dcfcct. Coraks of dec:;xy fl1ngi arc often 

as:.;e,ciatcJ with dcfcce. 

tbit.ch czanker. Virgini;a, slash, s&roraiic;a8; Iongliiiah; In.tbilolly, 

eastern whift:, Scc-rl~:h~ 'I'zlbk Mt)r&~^tl.ain~ and pitch piracs 

(primarily slash, Rahksilly, ;~PZCI shi~xtleaf), I;Eapging at ends 

,,f branches, pitch flow from ;affected are;i, slight swt:lling 

0x1 affeckcd stem:< anad twigs; conm-iionly &ha:rr are crooks in 

snaie~ ,terns and wiltiszg of nsw sB~t>o&s. Inu early stages, 

thcarc is a sliighf, bark dcpre~;sion. 
Other diseases, AIE spccies. All olaax~age caust:d try tliacascs not scp;zratcly identified is cmtercd here. Exarrkpl6:s 

are I-~:d hk:iirl of pinc, brauwn iipi-j6, and leaf diseases. 

f%e. All sl;~a:cics.. Firc: sc:ari, ark: ~kblkilkl~r albase of !;ta:m; 

\viidesg,il c--,a~B ctccurrcaxcc in stand. I.?sualil on ugriiil1 c3idc OR] 

sicupes. Signs of cliamriaag :apt ger;mt:i;-ally $,icsent on the stem, 

Anina~aX. All &rce, species. Br;lna:hcs ctirrpetl off or briikcea, 

fkx; bark removi:d, holes in :;acm, tcars auld tootl~lnarks in 

the wood wrl: aki conlanoxl iiiiirnal ;~c:tivity S~IRIIPRO~IUS. 

Ilcaver, All spe,t:ies. Beaver, Xcavi; tootftnxar ~znd 

~CDIOVC bark fiom the bole of tho:, krec. "I'rccs are often 

I"1ooded by water hrlapoutrdnaen~~ 

Weatl~er. AEl spi.:cic:\. Wintlthrtrw, ice:, Inost crack (abovt: 

d.b.h. for report), hrokcrr 101" ,~I'O&ik:n Y11;1ni:ht:lr, ~lii;irgEn:il 

Ecaf l->urn, and wirmacr Oenrs~ ;nrc the c;o~r.cr.a~a~n syr~aploms. 

FBaaodi~ag, All spel,:ies. Yc&lowinig andlor cut-ling 

dosi.rrnvam.d of leavcs;, i,.rr.emafurc 16-af-C';all, 1-iranch and to~p 

tiichach, tree ixncirt;,.,iify, a;rlil high waicr and silt ni;rs.&s on 

hoe, l.aoUi:c, arc thc mei:iL i:vmvnc~i Flirodinp, c:kfcc%i. 

Lightning. ,411 sp(:cikiti. l,igkj~aning c;iilses 11;ii.k ~(ripi~iirg or 

cracks with damage running fla~eaa strike point. to iyorznd, 

.,pir;illiy or ,straigli~t. 'I'oli~ fading from root ilannagc: or Iiip 

breakag~. Bark l*ei:tlt.:.; oDtcra inv;nc-EC~ij?; struck Irecs. 

Srxlq~ression and stagaaia&iora, AiiI sj>ccic:i. Ssrpprt::;sed and 

s~iagnaicd trees arc, chma izcier-izeiQ by poor hivts~. Lila~alk 

~.rciw~.-,siap~~ri;,i;,s~i~:d L~CC,~ arc opsrel ioj~pcd az~d i.i:i:c:ivc iniiircct senpilight. Stat:n;~tcd frci:s ha\!(: thin foliage and 

rcccave same dirt?s:8 sundiglrf.. Skiuplalion;? is imsanralPy ;is 

sl.~cnatcd wit hr poor gl;.o"it,linfi sih o:; or o\ler:,t~rc:kc-d s~aupiis. 

I)a~rzi,iga: caruscad by people. AH spccli:a. 111ittals in hai-k, 

n;aiYs in Ire(:, Eanican burn, [);irk titrilrpcd, e.:;iikiused ~.cri;lx, 

wire around stcm, arid arc an;irits are ex-;mqrEt:s. 

Il,a~ggin~g, arad I-~blatrd. All ~,pccic~,. k,olging it.:ara criu i-;&crn 

kiavi: cakliis sidi;r:s wielrin 1 2 ycars affer \woiieiikii~g. It7hcy 

arc scat~cred in ~hc stand and show ridl i:h;iri ing, diirnFr 

brcrzkagc ;tradic.ix- stem :car nl;:;ir crti.wn C~IUSCCI t)y f~:ICErlg (if 

olhcr trees. 1,oo'AC for ~ktil?: t~iiill~, S/YIIII~PS, C[C. 

Iliielaack, Ail h;xrdwootls. 'I'ita:; of br;i~~cFhi:h dead. Jui.,~ ;I 

few hr.ai~a:h<:s arc af'ccacd ;at first, Ijtlf w1,01l: hn ;xrli:l~ch ctic 

in irdvanccd slag?,i:s. 7'1 er dcakir n~ay OU:IIK.. 

Forest Inventory Terms 

.4ccumulatcd vnlerrwxle lo,\s* J'I'I.cI:xvI;~.~c of Irrefi 3I'f::c:~cLa 

iinicb; the percent ctiPl fin~cs ihc voiinrrlzc for [War: spi:cii::,,. 

!i~isociala:d cuff 1, Vercentagc irk' alfcctcd trees ctrsaiainia~y: 

cull assoi:iatcd widh the irictlcafctl dase-~al:i~ag agcnt. 

%labpal iixrra, l'klt: arcs in sigar;ire feet 01' thr: ca-os., :,c:coiioil at 

Irrcast B~ePi?jit of A single el-i:i: or of 311 tlrc Eri:c:s in a ~~f;ilritl, 

i~sclally cnpr.ci;:;cd ilqu;ra-c feet trf l~a.;;~! arcri pel- ;rcr (;, 

Comncaerciilai xpecirs, Tree qrec:ier? pi ezlcc~utly i )r. JiP.O!\[>Ck~ 

tively suital3lc for i~l~dmita"ial wooti jtrodiai:tx. 

Desirable trees. C~;r-owing 4toi;:k Irei:s t,rQ't:on~mi:e-cizll 

species having no .iciio\lh iiefcsti\ in ~]i~:~t.iey Pir~iiiirxg 

prt*scnl or pr(~hp'~;c~llvc IYSI: for 1i1nk)t:r j~~~od~~i'ts, 01 rclaiivc:- 

ly high vigor, ;and cointaining ino pitiaogcn-, tha~ traiiy rcirilt 

in i;lca;h or scriou:, de~cric~r ation P>!:f<i~k: ri-ii;~?io~'i ;*g(:. 

I)iaraeler class. A c:la+,sPf~ca~iopllr of trccs I~;i:,cei on 

diamrefes" atni,\ic%c. Vjark, mr~.;urcc$ at Plr~:a"i,\~ heip,ht I/? 

i'ect af-hove fjrr 8;rou~rncI). Two-inch ~.li;irnc:!cr i'l;~s:ies are 

~:ornnrorsly .ahc:d by TIA, v,/llh cvcn incklc:; !PI(: apprarxiwnriti* 

rrnidptnirlks foe. cla~scs. For ~:xarnplie, 1hc: ti--incia ~1:~s~ ill: 

cludi:~ Brtx:, 5.0 bhroujr;kr 0.9 iancliic:; (1. h.h, 

Incidence, IVri.cari;rgr id !-uz:,~:cptiRlr: Crcc.s, afi'c:ctcd Fiv r1~: 

agent. 
S;IW Itag, Iog n~i:cting ~rllrxisn~lan staritlards of dian1i:8er: 

ieangtkl, and dclec:i, inclnatktu~g PO~M at Ic:a:;i 8 fc:ee Iot~g?, 

st,>ra*rd aasd straight, ;axad vv'lth a nwiaiisznunrn diarnctc:r i~asiikc 

">;irk for soil wcioal:; of h inckri:s (8 inckxos for hardwootk). 

p. ,aw4,~sraber -, trees. I.4iivi: t rces of ~6,~inm~1.~i;lj1 EIPCC~CS co~lillitlimg ,rB Il:ii~t 13 P2-fooe saw logR1 O~I.WO n~.mcontigaroe~s saw 

log:,, c;jcpl 8 feet or longer, ilxltl with at hast trne.-thisd of 

rht: gross hoard-felof wola~~~ec. frclwi:ea~ ihc 1 foot stomp arvd 

xrriwnirnlarn S;AW tog hcing sound. Soft.wocrds milrst hc: at ici~sf 

vB.O iesclrc:~ rrnd Xir~rc~wootPa at least 11 .O int:hes in ditxranc:tc:r- 

;At r.)l"~;l!i$ Ilciglll. 

ii3~~:~s. Y~:Iltrw lriarc :ig>~a.:ic:, which i~nciwrile IobboIEy, 

liji~gEc;ilf, "ia:ih, s1~ort1caC~ ~zilch, Virginia, Il'aiiiks: Mtitnar, 

i;ri~a, :;;rrac&, spruci: pinc, and poritl. pine. 

u,l~c-~.safi~.~la~is. Whi~c lihni:, harxlnlock, cyerri:+,r.i, I:;PS~I:IIU"I 

rcifcccilar, whiteccdar, syrrucc, arid fir. 

St;araal-size cE;>lss. A cI,;l";5ii~~;~fi~m oi' II)~c"sI band is;x:;cd on 

ihr: :,i.;ic: c'l:i.;s trf g~-cw"irg+it~ticli tree.; tin the irrca. 

&~&Li.him_!hc,~$~&i.lb. St;at~tis ab 11:;isl. Itx'l [icrc:~;nt stocki'cE 

witla gro~~ving-s&rrcA~ trccil, with half aps rnoirv ad 111ta1 

:;&oc"king ixnsawtilrrhex. OK po11:ti~nbt.r trecai, and wie PE 

sawlirnlst:s s,ta.~c:king ah least equal 10 paaletim&i.d:r stock 

ierg. 

III~~~L?JLLC.C.SI^I~~~Z~~~ Skalzds ;at icast k 6.7 pi:r.t:cn~ stosckc:d, 

with growing-i;toc&- $xcrss, witla k131f or nl(iri* of tltiw~~o~:kir~g ha pirlctint1)c:n. as111 s;rwtiit-ai>ce. trecbs, arid witLb 

~?okttirnlhcr stocking cxccc:ding that of s6awlin?l,x;r-. 

~~QJ~~~~.~~~:~~JE.~IJ~,.:&JJ(J;~, i3 an({:; a& Qc.;ait l(3.7 pcri:en1 

stirckcd with growi~~~htock tree:;, off which ntori: tjrarx 

Ea:lkl' of I llo s$ockilag i?i sap&img.; and scedling"s. 

HranrlcB~lart, Har-old E,; R'Wm~-ssey, l)ooald 11,, Jr,; "hxlaakeis, 

Ralph I,.,; Iledden, Roy La, 7980'. F-"rc:dicking irnpacf. of 

southcsn pirri: bcctie S~CIBS on r08alrtia;a agc yield of B,ohEo1Ey 

pine stands. UnptiblisheiS. rnari~arscript. OYI Pile with: 

Ue~mrtinent of Fnrer;trgi, Virginia Yi;:lyte~:kzraAc Inasliltete 

:isrd Statc lilariwt:rsity, I3lacksbrilrg, VA, anif (.1Berswsntta 

PJnivcx-city, Clcmson, SC:. IiX pp. 

'I'anriey, John R,; Hutchins, CcciE $':*, .Jr. Ioii";X. Soulis 

C:;trtrilin;a's fore:;ts,. $,(i:sour. Bp~il. SlE- 10.3. ,~~hJ~~~-i~l~, N6:: 

IJ .S. Departn~reaat arf AgrEcuiturt:, For CS~ SCRVRC~.:, 

Soutiaeiistcra~ Fori:st Expcrirraerrt Stiriitrrn. 96 pp. 

li,S, Ilepartmt!nt of Agriculture, Forest SPI-vice. 198-5. 

Ficld instrractioos for tha.: Soiittluc;asi, 1985. AshcviPle, NC': 

1.i.S. lJei;~artrx~c~ut of Agricnkbrarc, Forest Servii.:~, 

Scra~thca:*tern I;c~re:;t Expei"irnc:aai; St;iiicri~, 120 pp 

I!,S, 1)ep;ar-t~nealt urf Agrieaaltii,lrc, I?orest Sewice, IOXII. 

'E'ilt: South's fourth Phicst: ;a/tca.i~trfiv:.s 6.rx ~hc: futrrri:. For 

Resoanr. Rcp. 24. Wad~ingloo, 1)rC: [is. ncplkrliike~l~ of 

Ap?;ria:uCt IRP~.:, F0rt:st ,"<G:IV~CG (C ;iikT1c:s 13.15-3.20). ,512 Ilj'J. 


185,920 Ihoi~siarad ctiidic feel 

otue $97.3 nriilion 

r.zj Rreserrt Voli.ae 

40 1- 

I 

30 k" 

I 

" .- -- .... 

"A A " : : : : : I " wA:":::,:::~-."""" - . 

P'k~tional Forest Other yirbiic Norrindustrianl Forest irrdiaslry 

pr ivante Purest 

Total Volurrias -. 185,910 thoi~aanrtzi cubic feet 

... .... lot.al Present Volwa . $87.3 rniiiiorr 

... 

. " 

' mVolu~are ..., 

. . . , 

" . 63 present ~fi.tius 

, ", . . .... 

. . ". .I 

. 8 

.... . . . . .M . . .I . . ,.. 

... 

. , . ., .. . 20 .... . , 

. , . " 

, . : j . . . . 

, . . . , , I . . . to '-"I , . 

... ,,.. ,.. . , . . . . . . . . . . . .... ..,. 0 ." ------- Bottomland NaturcsE Oak--Rirre ff iine LJpiurnd 

Ouordwoods pine plon~taQiora hardwoods 

Figufi"4 - Per! ccnllage of R otal annual al'f'ccictj iic,/ur.lzc and i:ser.ri ~:ilikk: 

of 10s.-;, by s~,iir:ies, Soul la Carolina, 19'78- 1.986. 
iotc~l Present Vciiue -- $14.5 million 

rA Mod..nlity 

I;igurr i: 0 - ~"E.(.:SC:EI~. iliil~t: I.)!' c~b.ill;nil~ctj idveragc an~iv,~.;ij 14,~s eianc To 

insect arrd iiiccasr, Slouch (I:ai-olina, 1978- 1986. 

hardwoods pir~e plarvtotiuru h~~rdwot.sds 
Percent - .... "~ " - - 

Toto1 qc?it.ims? -- 8, 19 1 ?.hauscind cl.ibic feet 

Iota[ Present Wuiur: -. $3 3 rniiii<ii? 

WJ Vr~l~in~e 

rzi Frru:.ient Vniiie 

.. . , , 

. . 

. , 

. . 

Oak. -Piroe Pine EUpOarvd 

hardwoods pliur~tation hor-dwc>od:3 

Flgu~a-c 12 J'ciccnaiagc of aririuinl Jfei:icd VI>ILIRIUC an!l jrrl;"rnt ~:;~JYEC* 

crf' loss, by ownca-ship, Stitit11 (.:;rralRina, 10'18-1")r"lCi. 

I 

,. 

--:---- 

. 1" .. ; i. " 

!.: . .' , . 1 :. : 

, . 

loiiul Volurns - 15,9 1 ..3 thoiintluud cubic iaet 

lotcnl t'reueat Vo11:e -- $72.8 .rriliion 

Vo'iuri~s 

r73 Prsser~l Value 

, .. 
Broad managc.!rncnt ci ASS 

and f"ur11-:,5 t. type .- . .... .- 

P l.arn teei pine 

I ,obLol l y 

L,or.igl.ea l" 

Sfic~ctl ea i" 

YLtl.;!.i 

'd f. 1:g.i 1.) i. ?I. 

Eas t;er.rr w11 i tii 

Clther pla?-lt,cid pin<: 

Oak,-.pine: 

A I E oak-pine 

Ilplar-ici hardwoods 

Oal< --h i ck~~r-y 

Ck9.est.nrr t, oak 

t3ioul,i:ern scr-ub irak 

Acres 

. .- ii c: I* c: is 

Ail. up 1 ailti, i~a~dwijods 2,0411,230 

/\ 1. i bo t.l;c~miai~i:i hardwoods 2 3 v v/21. 

Tab1.e 3--.l1lci.deea~:,t'? sf damage, by broad marsagemen t class, &nos t spt2ciesS 

and type of da~leage , South Carol..inu, 1386 .. .- .--. ..... ---- . ... 

I3 road n?arl:rgi?rncnl, c l.i~ss , rklrec>s dan1age~i ...-. .... .......... ......-. 

1.7i)st .................. :;p:icc:i.ei;, and ....... damagcc? ....... type ....... .......... SWlin%. .. .. . l.)crli.e S;iw?;.i mhe r 

- - ...... - ..... j?prcen6, .... -. ............ ............ 

bil anted pine 

1 CJ L 1. y 

'I'ez-mii-iai shoot. &, sten) borers 

14'1.1s .i yc~r~r~ ~1.1s t; 

Shor1,lea.F" 

Ot,l.re,r inseci,u 

[.lr,i?c?r diseases 

W~iiltli~r" 

X.cig-ging X i.*elnl;t:(1 

7'0 t;;~ 1 ai:il" twcx~ds 

'i'cr?rrnii.-~all slq,c?iot, R st.rinl borer:; 

i'li5; i f urm rust, 
'Fable incidence of d=mage, by broad management c%.ass, 1ac.aat species, 

and type of dmage , Soutla Carol.ina, 1986"--~Conti.nlled 

I . "_ " ""."-" l..-l_.-.--_--.-- "" .""-"l"~"ll_-~.^--." ~ . " "" ..-I ". l"*."" -.-.. lll^l -. - -" _ . _. ._ 

Broad mpznagc:me~~r; cl.ass, - - Trwes ilzxnnnged .. -- ---" 

host, species 8331111 dml8ge type Supling Pols l^isw"rimbp.rr --"" L". -- "."". ".~ -"~ - - - . . ". . --_____.- ". " "- 

Sklc>i", Ler:T' 

!,i i, tl el c?af disease 

irjeaLht_?r 

:5 1 as kl , u r~!r!r;ifcrrril vrrizt 

Pit,cli c:tir)ker. 

Wriatfrer 

Logging ti; re14 s ted 
P'ab1.e 3,--A.ncidence of dzmage, by bx-sad marlagenrent rr l.ass , lkos t SIPC?C~.~S, 

wsxd t,ype of damage, South Caro I irm, 198Q---Coa.a tiaraued 

. . . . . . . 

Firciati managernerii; ci.ass, 

h(-):32, - . -.. species, anli --- ." d:.irnagc:: . . type "- . 

- -" - -- ,- - percent, -. - .- "" -" .- - - - . . - 

Slit., r* t i e?a F 

Ter-mirial skioat & stern ~OZVCT"~ '-I 0 !I 

d4ea Y:licr jl i I 

Logging &, re i a bed 0 '7 4 

'To t;a? so r"tkl/r)i.rds 

RLIS l;~ 

L? . ,.>dp:.;u ckcr 

FJca ther 

Logging; R ro.1 a i;eci 

, . 1 ol,n.! hartlwcxjds 

H ar.dwoc.,ct borer-:; r'.,2c ,,d " rici"ec.-i,:.; 

D Lebrzcl.cWe a tiler 

I,ogg.Lrrp; Ri I-(: 1 a ted 

Red C~R.~S 

Jla~~dwood bo~xrs 

Ha.sal deFccts 
Table 3--IrrcSder~c:c of dmage , by broad naw~agelnent class, host species , 

and type of d~amage, South Carol i na, %.984--Cx1nn$ri1~ecJ 

~""" .".. .. "" .. - - - -- . .- 

3roactU management c:l ass, - - . . -.. .- 

?ioi;t spcxcies, and -. "- o2;~,mr.hge type Sap1 i rlfi .. - - 

Wea Li-lerb 

1,oggi rig IIf, re! u l;cd 

Whitc:: oaks 

Hari'awood bore]-s 

XlasaL defecls 

'.;a~.~s~acke -.- 

Weather 

I ,oggi r-lg ?% rc? 1 a t.ed 

124 ckom-y 

Xardwood borers 

'Tcrrni nal slicj.ot Pk stem 1-jol-e~~ 

R;-nsaC def"ect;:; 

~~~I~SIJ~C~C r r 7 weati-ier 

Loggi rrg R r-el nI,ed 

'ic:i I ow-poplei* 

Na~~dwood borers 

Basal. dcl"ect,s 

Weather 

I,oggj ng K rc? la he(% 

7rol,al softwoods 

3t)iic:~" d i seas1-3~ 

Fius l;s 

Sai~sucJtcer 

idea Lher 

;,egging & re? a Led 

r- 7 local i-rr-irbdwcjcid::; 

Flui-dwoocl borers 

Basal d~:f"@cts 

lidec~tl~or. 

1,ogg.i ng 8! re!-a. t;ed 
f, 3 l able 3--Incidence of tlannage, by broad manageanent class, host syaecb-es , 

arbd type crf damage, South Caroli.ne, 1986--.contip.nmed . - - - - .. - - .- . 

Rrornli management; cLas:+ , 

i 1 o s . ttL:~-!l e ci~-?.;, --- art ci tl ain 

.- a ge 'r; y pe.: -- 

PI aokg~r~r~ 

lir~anch SLUEIS 

i3asa.L dei"i_.l:t,s 

D ieboc:i.c: 

Wt!ather 

!,<jff~i rig & rc;lat,t;d 

1 A". 

2 

3 

0 

1s 

I-) 
r 7 iabie 3---Incidence of dmsrnge , by broad mas~ageenent, class, host species, 

and type sf damage, South Carsllr~e, I~~16--~-~Cantinu~ed 

-- . - - . . - .- 

R::outSi management c:iass, .- 

ho; l;spec iert , nncX diknnzzge i,ypc? .. .". - . - - -- . 
Ta.3bI.a Xi- -k$usnbes= of trtAes, tut,al volume, and cull volunne in South Carolina, 

by t*rsjaJ mariagcknae~lt class and spcleies, 1986 

P Larnterl pine 

Lob1 oll y 

i.o(ing'l enf 

s1163~'t.Itt:af' 

S? ash 

'!,'!I t,a.Y sa:rl-"twn~.,ds 

%(?i,~? ~C~TY~WC>ES~S 

Natural pine 

i ,obi.o 1.1y 

I>~rt"lgl-c!ciF 

Shon? t..i.ea.f 

Slash 

1-"c) Yid 

'I'otal 5.0 R'Lwc,ods 

'I~cJ~,HJ. hardmic>ods 

Blpl.alzd hardwoods 

Mupl i:: 

Swceit,g~~nx 

i3e.d oek6-s 

idkli. i,e c~ciks 

T3 i ckory 

\/el Low -popLar ?" 1 (;;%,a 1, aof twoods 

'rot,ra l hardwoods 
Tab2 e 4 -- - ~mrnbea* of Lrtxzs, to &AX "hi01 IJ~EK~~, and("11 1 vol tmee a n South Car-oli r~a, 

by broad nlrarlsagement class and speei ~s , 1986 - -Cornti n~aed 

. .--A- . . --- -. - . - .- - - . - 

I'dumbe r 

!?road nut-irlregemenl, ciuss of t, ;-I 1 . . . - .- . ('"7 .,\ll".l Tv(:>l.\lmtc 

and has l spec?-ies t,r~?es " "" " -- - vol . nme l-'oleP;-irnhei' -. .. - Yawi,irnYnc:r -- . . -- 

Rot tornland hardwtaods 

hiat.er I..r.ipeio 

3luckgiirn 

i;:ypress 

lied oaks 

WI-r i te OR~C; 

As k9 

S vv (2 c: t [CII rri 

Maple 

'X3i:rtri,l sof?,wcliods 

'I'otrrl hnr-dwoiids 
C3 C, P- C71 -2- ill o\a 
cr; a\.3- a, CT\ "-4 (2 --.i --i LC a I:) in C; (23 C:J cv*? iri c:i-\ co ZY- (~; ( ~o -2- 0 !I\ d! ILP, CXJ IT'\ ru c*i -I cc; J - w- a c r.) C> ...- I "-7" .-a- 1.- CJ-,) C-T\ u-,, Y-I LC', rtj ..:r C> \*D iS1 n? CT\ \Q I. -- 0'. 7-i f 7 CY CK> 0-t Y) C) 7-Y -? C-i --i [--- --y c3 
:'d 0 --s 0 :,\G (2 F-I c? CT'~ ,.;z C? p- .- 4 r"i (m r*-i c-,~ rr: c-2 c~ t--- w ["i) I:'\ - 3 cr) -y 0, c; cr\ yo Lo I r\ :rJ a2 LC) -;f ir,b ~r\ .r 1 CI) CS? rli -.-I an c:! \.r; co cc) w (-.I \a cv-, cu !..c 

\.D \G ~na.z-inm(\u('ri I c-, I ti"-\ --I a- r -- 0, 4 I:--- ~,r\ ! :*I --4 c?., %..D ,$-4 I P ~3- I-(-, 
1.- (yJ c:> C"> \,L> ,.f> (-4 ,,:-J CTb (-4 ?\I 7-1 <:> Lr) u-\ CY"*j f*J <"f-> ti-\ <,T\ I.::) <I> try"",! c> L~'I n-1 :I) v-5 CV ~2 wi (Y-) 0, a) -::r ;f' ~7, 0, T) N7 C'rl rT? h(-\ .-I 3- (-d (7:) .:5" 

!m C) -4 w) c0 crLr: p-- C<> u,C'i ~.-i IX4) '9, C.J 3 '\I vi P- ~""4 Cd V'- w\ CU 

* - * - mh CI-DICVI-CII *'*-- 

flit 4 -"+ T-I -3 ::I> CT, t,n c-,I r-"- n.1 LZJ P- -3. rr) CJ)--X- c~'.CJ ,"" 4 C\,k .r4 tm 7-4 CV -4 4 --i 

C 'ii 
Table 6--ilio ii urn@ anti vaLue (sf timber dmaged 01% 11ci ll ed annually, by ome~~slaip aard 

broad maalagexnent r.4 ass, Sout;fx Carol ina, 1978- lq$?;& 

Na tioslal. forest 

ISir:c j-ilarlted 

Natl.ira.1 p.iLrle 

0 ?ll< ~- p i 1) 6: 

1Jp X unl~d k!u rtlwocntl,~ 

1301; t;nan !:?ricrl l~ardwoocis 

Other public 

Pine p1.ar.t l;etl 

Na tta cral p he 

Oak--pine 

iipi.nrrd i'iar-cawclods 

Ro [.torn l and ha.:-dwood 

K~rlii?~dus trial priwa t.c 

Pine pinlaril,c:d 

!iiit;;u~.al pi ni:: 

Oali --p-Lrrc: 

Ijp l n.rid J-~R~CIWC~~ICI,~ 

Ucrl tom 1 rir~il i.tii~t3~00d.; 

i.'cilqes t i.r~d~l~ try 

P ixici p l a.n i,ed 

'Va l;ur*a; pine 

--pi rrc: 

:7y l and I?;n rr.dwoocil.; 

Bc>i;t,onr_i and h;lr:.c3wootfs 

All ac~nerskn.ips 

P i~ic p i axit-.ed 

?la Lizra? pine 

Oak--p i r:a;l 

lij)i anti I-i~rdwoodi; 

X-30 t 1 ;i~%iii ~LW~WOO~S 

Ave raga annual ..- A~rereige anr1i~a.l present. uuLile ................................. .. 

t~olilrrre af f"cicted Mrlr La1 i ty . ... ..... . ...........--- -- "- .- ~ "" . ~ "-- CIJ 17. 7'0 t.al -. -- 

Thou ............ 2; and 

i,:ubic feet -~ ~~. - .,". - -" -- "- 

. . .- - 
w ra 0.. 'p ?? -3 ea hi 2 ,E 5 E'' 

!.J b> 0 tr 73 

g 2 kg); C" ,--- 5 5" ** 2% 5. 0- 2- 

P 

yJ e~q, g" G P E" I% 0. 

.*: p " CD w 5 

g g\dlY;3w 8 7; 

"ii~" ,gr Btp9 

tL? 0 .R I" 

-1 @" 5 g w.> *- f? -" Q C W' -" 

+A 5 :j g y: 72 kL zi 

&S>>S 

," 0 5 5.2 5'" "4 v,- "lii 

p.. w ra 8 :; ' 3 c:9 h 0 p CD z a ,a in rr. Y> - 

6. * ,,p :* <: rs 

g $ "I 

a.r+c 3 ,$pa cn 

*A 

- 

gj ?g 
The Forest Se;n?rice, U.S. Dep~irrn~er~t 611 

Agric~ikture, is deciicated to the prirri;iple of 

rrlieltiple use rr.tanagerr.ne!it of the Naliorr's torest resoidrcei; 

for sustained yields of wood, water, forage, vuildEiFe, ar'd 

recreation. "Through forestry sesc:aucl?, cooperation with the 

States and private forest owners, aitd mar-iagerrlent of tk~e 

IVational Forests and National Grasslands, At strives--.as 

directed by Congress--to provide increasingly greater 

service lo a growing E'ialaon. 

I,JSDA policy prohibits discrirninatioi~ becaiise of race, 

color, nalionni urigit-n, SAX, age, rel~yla>r~, or handicapping 

conditioal. Any person who believes he or she Y- as been 

discri~nkrlated against in arry USDA."reiated activity shs~iid 

irnn~ediately contact the Socrelary of Agrle:wC"rure, 

Washington, DC 202561.