TABLE 10. SOUTHWESTERN URBAN AREA B (CONTINUED)

Buildings inspected

Surrounding buildings

Small metal structure; concrete
floors; metal ceiling

Single story brick warehouse;
Concrete floor and ceiling in
warehouse; vinyl tile and
suspended ceiling in office

Single story brick structure; carpet;
suspended ceslings; electric air
system on roof

Six story modern brick building;
carpet; ceiling tile; boiler in
basement

Single story brick; concrete floors;
ceiling tile

Single story brick and wood building;
carpet and vinyl tile; plaster
ceiling

Single story brick building; recently
remodeled; floor tile and
svspended cejling

Single story brick building; vinyl
tile; suspended ceiling

Single story brick building; vinyl
tile; suspended ceiling

G-20

Wood single family residences

Brick commercial warehouses

Part of a shopping mall

Brick commercial buildings

open woods

Brick single family residences

Part of a brick shopping plaza

Apartments and commercial buildings

Brick and wood single family
residences


6-2 (continued)

Materials Present: Type and Volume Percent*

MRI Internal Asbestos Fibrous Nonasbestos

Sample ID No. Field ID No. CHR AMO GWL FGL CEL OTR Nonfibrous
7901-17-1145 78620 ND ND 59 ND 39 ND 2
7901-17-1174QC 78620 ND ND 64 ND 30 ND 6
7901-17-1146 97974 ND ND 50 ND 49 ND 1
7901-17~1613QC 97974 ND ND 30 ND 60 ND 10
7901-17-1155 81564 ND ND 99 ND ND ND 1
7901-17-1175QC 81564 ND ND 99 ND ND ND 1
7901-17-1165 57016 ND ND 98 ND ND ND 2
7901-17-1176QC 57016 ND ND 94 ND T T 6
7901-17-0848 79661 ND ND ND 100 ND ND T
7901-17-1180QC 79661 ND ND ND 90 ND ND 10
7901-17-0861 55660 3 ND ND ND ND ND 97
7901-17-1182QC 55660 5 ND ND ND 1 ND 94
7901-17-0882 75751 ND ND ND ND 93 ND 7
7901-17-1177QC 75751 ND ND ND ND 90 ND 10
7901-17-0898 18915 T ND ND ND T ND 100
7901-17-1181QC 18915 ND ND ND ND T ND 100
7901-17-0924 81566 ND ND 65 ND T ND 35
7901-17-1192QC 81566 ND ND 50 ND T ND 50
7901-17-0939 46155 T ND ND ND 95 ND 5
7901-17-1190QC 46155 ND ND ND ND 95 ND 5
7901-17-0953 64942 1 ND ND ND ND ND 99
7901-17-1191QC 64942 T ND ND ND 1 ND 99
7901-17-0968 56919 ND ND ND ND ND ND 100
7901-17-1575QC 56919 ND ND ND ND T ND 100
7901-17-0982 06591 ND ND 42 ND 43 ND 15
7901-17-1571QC 06591 ND ND 50 ND 25 ND 25
7901-17-0990 97723 ND ND ND ND T ND 100
7901-17-1570QC 97723 ND ND ND ND ND ND 100
7901-17-1002 93727 ND ND ND ND ND ND 100
7901-17-1573QC 93727 ND ND ND ND ND ND 100
7901-17-1012 92061 ND ND 65 ND 30 ND 5
7901-17-1572QC 92061 ND ND 60 ND 30 ND 10
7901-17-0944 86199 ND ND ND ND 97 ND 3
7901-17-1189 86199 ND ND ND ND 95 ND 5
7901-17-1107 70071 ND ND ND ND ND ND 100
7901-17-1582QC 70071 ND ND ND ND ND ND 100
7901-17-1027 68839 ND ND ND 85 ND ND 15
7901~17-1569QC 68839 ND ND 9 80 ND ND 1l
7901-17-1040 34935 30 ND ND 50 ND ND 20
7901-17-1574QC 34935 30 1 30 20 ND ND 20
7901-17-1054 05346 8 ND ND ND 2 ND 90
7901-17-1576QC 05346 T ND ND ND 1 ND 99
7901-17-1065 17655 95 ND ND ND ND ND 5
7901-17-1579QC 17655 70 ND T ND 20 ND 10
7901-17-1076 85020 15 ND ND ND ND ND 85
7901-17-1580QC 85020 2 ND ND ND 3 ND 95


When the building contains only one floor or when all
floors of the building are alike, the square footage of one
floor can be calculated then multiplied by the number of floors.
By "alike" we mean that they all have the same exterior dimen-
sions, not that the rooms, hallways, or usage is alike. List
floors of the same shape in the diagram.

If all the floors of the building are not alike,
sketch each shape and indicate the dimensions of all floors on
the same map. Identify each floor on the map.

For instance, the example on the next page is a map of
a discount clothing store. The second floor is open to the
first like a balcony. Using the Exterior Map, you can both
calculate the square footage of the building and describe its
layout.

The most important point about the Exterior map is
that a coder at Westat should be able to recalculate total
square footage of the building by looking only at the map page.

Other information which must be included on the
Exterior map is the following.

. Map number -- number all maps sequentially with
number 1 being the Exterior map.

. Building name.

. Building I.D.

. Square foot calculations (as above) at the bottom

of the page.

In some buildings, building plans or blue prints may
be available. These plans can be useful in helping you draw the

A-18


experience with EPA-sponsored asbestos projects. They did not
need as much training in inspections as inexperienced inspectors
would have required. The training agenda is shown in Appendix D.
The PLM analysts also received appropriate training, as specified
in the Quality Assurance Plan.

C. PLM Quality Control Data

For the PLM analysis, a one-in-ten randomly selected sample
of side-by-side bulk samples was taken for quality control pur-
poses. For half of the pairs, both samples were analyzed blind
at MRI for project internal quality control; for the remaining
pairs, one sample was analyzed at MRI and one sample was analyzed
at Environmental Health Laboratory for project external quality
control. In addition, MRI conducted its own quality control
analysis of ten percent of the samples. The project quality
control results are presented in this section. The internal MRI

quality control results are reported in detail in Section 6.

1. Project Internal Quality Control

For internal quality control, 43 pairs of samples were
analyzed at MRI. The two blind analyses agreed in 98 percent of
these pairs (42 agreements). Laboratory results on the issue of
whether asbestos was present in a given sample were reported as
one of three categories: none detected, trace (less than
1 percent), and greater than or equal to one percent. In the
statistical analysis, samples in the first two categories were
counted as not having asbestos, while those in the third category
were counted as positive for asbestos. Therefore, in the analy-
sis of quality control results, none detected and trace (less

than 1 percent) are in agreement, as shown in the tables



APPENDIX B

DATA FORMS


for floor tile, clearly identify the location in the building and
the total square footage. Assign an area number and a Random ID
sticker. Take a Q.A. sample for every 10th sample taken. Bracket
those samples.

Pipe wrap will not be mapped but will be assigned an

area number. It is also very important to describe the pipe or
duct and its location.

6.2 Determining Sampling Locations

The use of a random sampling technique is especially
critical to the validity of our study results. The importance of
this aspect cannot be overemphasized.

Since it is clearly not reasonable to remove all the
material from a ceiling to examine for the presence of asbestos,
a few small specimens and sample of the ceiling material, are
taken. The basis for extending the results of the sample to the
entire ceiling is statistical theory which assumes random
sampling.

Given the wide variation in asbestos content observed
in some ceilings, a judgemental or convenience sampling method
has led to incorrect characterization of the material. In some
cases, the asbestos was entirely missed. In other cases, it was
significantly over-estimated.

The number of samples to be collected will be based on
the overall size of the Sampling Area. From the dimensions
recorded on the Sampling Area diagram, compute the total square
feet in the Sampling Area, recording it on Data Form A. Then
from the table below, determine the number of samples to be
collected.


DISCLAIMER

This report was prepared under contract to an agency of the United States Government.
Neither the United States Government nor any of its employees, contractors, subcontractors,
or their employees makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or
responsibility for any third party's use of or the results of such use of any information,
apparatus, product, or process disclosed in this report, or represents that its use by such third
party would not infringe on privately owned rights.



tile or pipe wrap, ask for permision to take a sample. If you
conduct the walk~-thru unaccompanied, ask for permission to
sample after the walk-thru is complete. Then, go back and take
the sample. Chapter 6 describes the method for determining
where to take the samples of material and how to record them on
the data forms.

The Edit Check List

Because of the complexity of the data for this survey,
it is important that the data folder be checked carefully before
it reaches Westat. If items are unclear or missing when the
folder reaches Westat, it will be necessary to recontact the
field team to supply additional information. The field coordi-
nator may receive assistance and feedback from Westat during
regular reporting calls concerning the quality and usability of
the data folders. We have provided an edit check list for each
building. Please check these items carefully and return the
check list in the folder.

On the back of the edit check list is space to record
the building owner's request for information and address.


II. RESULTS BY BUILDING TYPE

This part of the report presents results relating to the
major study objective by the three sampling strata of building
types: Federal government, residential, and private non-
residential. The results are presented in tabular form and
discussed in the accompanying text. Tables containing number of
buildings are rounded to thousands and square footage is given
in millions. Due to this and internal rounding of weights in
SAS, the totals are not always exactly equal to the sum of the
cell entries.

A. Number of Buildings

Table 7-1 gives the number of inspected buildings for each
type of building, the estimated universe totals for each type,
with 95 percent confidence limits, and the percent of the uni-
verse represented by each building type. We estimate that
3,606,000 buildings fall into one of our three categories
nationally (for full definition of the building types, see
Section 4, Part IA). In the set of inspected buildings, about
one-quarter are Federal government, about one-quarter are resi-
dential, and half are private nonresidential. This allocation
was deliberate in order to have enough buildings of each type to
make separate estimates by type with desired precision.

However, the breakdown of the total population of buildings is
quite different with private nonresidential buildings accounting
for nearly 90 percent of the total. Thus our estimates for all
buildings combined will reflect this type most heavily.

Tables 7-2 and 7-3 show the estimated number and percent of
buildings in the target universe with asbestos-containing
material. Very few buildings have asbestos-containing ceiling



As you calculate coordinates for the second sample, in
step (4), if the point is on the same floor as the first sample,
do not use this point as a sample point. Cross it out and try
again.

Continue on, accepting only sample points that fall on
anew floor. If there are fewer floors than the desired number
of samples, after you have drawn one point from each floor, the
next sample can fall on any floor. Then you would exclude
locations on floors that already have two points. In this way,
the three, five or seven sample locations will be spread as
evenly as possible among the floors, but will still be randomly
determined with the correct probabilities.

6.3 Sample Collection

Collect the bulk samples, i.e., samples taken from the
friable material by penetrating the depth of the friable material,
at the specified locations according to the following guidelines:

(1) Gently twist the open end of the sampling con-
tainer into the material. A core of the material
should fall into the container. A sample can also
be taken by using a clean knife to cut out or
scrape off a small piece of the material and then
placing it in the container. Be sure to penetrate
any paint or protective coating and all the layers
of the material. If the sampling container cannot
penetrate the material, consider whether the
material is really friable or not.

(2) Tightly close the sampling container; wipe its
exterior with a damp cloth to remove any material
which may have adhered to it during sampling.

(3) Tape the sampling container cap to prevent the
accidental opening of the container during ship-
ment or handling. In addition, it is recommended
that each container be placed in a sealed plastic
bag because film canister caps, even when taped,
may come off in transport.


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7-15


trowelled-on friable materials is less than 10,000 buildings, |
with a point estimate of 5,000 buildings." This means that |
there is a 5 percent chance that actual values fall outside of |
this range.

The major findings are given in Tables 2-1 through 2-4. |

. Table 2-1 gives the estimated number of buildings with
asbestos-containing friable material by type of material
and type of building. The estimated number of buildings
with any type of asbestos-containing friable material
is 733,000 buildings, with a 95 percent confidence
interval of 499,000 to 966,000 buildings.

Table 2-1. Estimated number of buildings with asbestos-containing
friable materials by type of material and type of
building (in 1,000s) (95% confidence limits are
provided for each estimate)

Type of asbestos-containing friable material
Type of building Sprayed- or Ceiling Pipe/boiler Any
(universe total) trowelled-on tile insulation© material
Federal 5 1 9 14
government (< 10) (<2) (< 18) (8-20)
35
Residential (10+ 64 2 155 208
rental units) (34-94) (<6) (66-243) (119-297)
350
Private 122 0? 400 511
nonresidential (< 275) (76-724) (274-748)
3,221
All buildings» 192 2 563 733
combined (18-365) (<6) (239-888) (499-966)
3,606

30f 110 sampled buildings in this category, none had asbestos~

containing ceiling tile. However, some small number of buildings
in this category may have asbestos-containing ceiling tile.

Pyay not equal sum of the columns due to rounding.

“sampled damaged or exposed material.

2-2 |


$0277-10'

REPORT DOCUMENTATION 1. REPORT NO. (2 | 3. Recipient's Accession No
£ EPA 560/5-84~-006 i

“5, Report Date

Asbestos in Buildings: A National Survey of | gune 1984
Asbestos-Containing Friable Materials Te. 7
—— a — p— — — ns
7. Author(s) Judith F. Strenio a/Paul Cc. Constant ,b/ Donna Rose, | 8 Performing Organization Rept. No
Marilyn Gabriel ,b/and Donald E. Lentzen {68149-0601
3. Performing Orgamzation Name and Address T To. Project/Task/Work Uni No.
Battelle Columbus Laboratories, Washington Operations, Task 6

a :
Westat Inc., 1650 Research Boulevard, Rockville, MD 20850 (© EPA No. 68-01-6721

and
EPA No. 68-02-3938

13. Type of Report & Period Covered

ovidwest Research Institute, 425 Volker Blvd, Kansas City, MO

64110

2030 M Street, NW, Washington, D. C. 20036 | 5 anc o Gai No.
|
ia

192. Sponsoring Organization Name and Adaress

Environmental Protection Agency
Office of Toxic Substances 1
Exposure Evaluation Division i
401 M Street, SW j

15. Supplementary Notes _ - _

Peer Review Report

jy lan Bi = April 84 _|

20460

16. Abstract (Limit: 200 words)
A nationally representative sample of 231 buildings at 10 sites were inspected
for potentially asbestos-containing materials. Bulk samples (1,510) were taken
and analyzed by Polarized Light Microscopy. Estimates were made of the number
and percent of buildings with asbestos-containing friable materials, the square
footage of such materials, and the percent asbestos content of the materials.
Principal findings include the following statements: 20 percent (733,000) of all

>

buildings have some asbestos-containing friable material (ACFM) -- sprayed-on or
trowelled-on material, pipe or boiler insulation, or ceiling tile; 5 percent
(192,000) of all buildings have sprayed-on or trowelled-on ACFM. The average

percent asbestos content is 14 percent. Eighteen percent (64,000) of residential
apartment buildings have sprayed-on or trowelled-on ACFM. The average percent
asbestos content is 9 percent. One-tenth of one percent of ceiling tile contains
asbestos and it contains a very low percentage on average (3%). In buildings
constructed prior to 1960, ACFM was concentrated primarily in pipe and boiler
insulation; in buildings constructed between 1960 and the early 1970's, ACFM was
concentrated primarily in sprayed-on or trowelled-on materials. In 1973, EPA
banned the use of asbestos thermal and acoustical insulation materials except for
decorative purposes, and in 1978 EPA banned them for all purposes.

17. Oocument Analysis a. Descriptors
Asbestos, asbestos in buildings, asbestos sampling, ceiling tile, Government
buildings, PLM, private buildings, residential buildings, survey design

b. Identitiers/Open-Ended Terms

6 CCSait

38 Avasabiity Statement 119, Security Class (This Recort) [21 No. of Pages

| Unclassified i

: ‘ 260

: 20. Security Class (This Page) 122, Price

n 11 i

(See ANSI“Z39.28) See Instructions on Reverse OPTIONAL FORM 272 (4-77)

‘Formerly NTIS~35)
Department of Commerce


frame-building approach did not generate national counts of

numbers of 10-plus rental unit apartment buildings. Independent
estimates are again not available, so our estimate of this total
is based on the sampling weights of the 55 inspected residential

buildings.


The diagram should show the shape of the area with the
dimensions clearly marked. It should also identify the location
(i.e. ceiling or wall) and the location within the building
(i.e. Ist floor lobby) as in the example on the next page.

An 'X' will be used to indicate where samples were
taken. Sample locations, Quality Control Samples, and sample
identification are discussed in Chapter 6. Using the procedures
described, show the calculations used to select samples at the
bottom of the S.A. map. If, for some reason, you cannot take a
sample by random coordinates, draw an arrow to the 'X', identify
it as a ‘convenience sample,' and explain the reason why the
samples could not be taken by random coordinates (i.e. "the wall
could not be damaged except under a light fixture").

S.A. maps should each have a map # and each sampling
area should have an area number. These numbers will also appear
on the data forms so that we can identify the map that shows the
location of each sample.

In addition, each S.A. map should have the building
I.D. and building name in the upper right hand corner. Examples
of a completed set of maps and data forms appear as an Appendix.


Residential Building Data Form, Part II: If the build-

ing is part of a complex, there may be only one boiler room
serving several buildings in the complex. If that is the case,
we want to inspect the boiler room serving our sampled building
regardless of what building that boiler room is in. We ask
three questions in Part II so that you can record the informa-
tion we will need to know regarding where the inspected boiler

room was.

Question A is: does every building in the complex
have its own boiler room? If the answer is yes, check that box
and you are finished with Part II. Inspect the boiler room in
the sampled building. If the answer is no, check that box and
go to Question B.

Question B states: There are no boiler rooms in any
building in the complex. This is a rare situation; either the
machinery is in a separate shed (not one of the buildings in the
complex) or it is in some building completely outside the apart-
ment complex. We do not expect this, but if it happens, check
yes. There will be no boiler room to inspect and you would
proceed to Part III of the data form. If this rare situation
did not occur, check no, and continue to Question C.

Question C describes the remaining possibility:
Boiler rooms in one building of the complex serve other build-
ings in the complex. Notice that to get here you have checked
no to A and B. Therefore if C is also no, you have to describe
the situation for us in D and call Westat to determine which
boiler room to inspect. If you are in the situation described
in C, you must fill in the following information: What building
houses the boiler room serving the sampled building; what are
the buildings this boiler room serves? We need enough des-
cription and clear notes on the map so that we will be able to


A stratified systematic sample was drawn from the building
frame in each PSU. Sampling rates were chosen so that two
criteria were satisfied: (1) Sample sizes were achieved as
outlined below for each building type within a PSU:

Building Stratum PSU Sample Size
Federal government 6
Residential

Private non-residential 11

and (2) relative overall sampling rates for size strata were
fixed according to the sampling plan:

Size Class Sampling Rate

R/20
R/10
R/5
R/4
R/2
R

Noe wn B

These relative rates had been calculated so that the overall
probability of selection was in proportion to the square root of
the average building square footage for a size class stratum.

Let Whijk be the within strata sampling rate for frame h,
PSU i, intermediate segment j, and size class k. This inter-
mediate segment was the zip code for private nonresidential
buildings, the census block (ED) for private residential build-
ings, and it did not exist for government buildings (i.e., Whijk

= Wnikr for all j).


APPENDIX D

TRAINING AGENDA


building, Federal government buildings account for two percent
of total building square footage, while this category includes
one percent of all buildings (see Table 7-1). Further, the
residential buildings' 7.7 billion square feet represent

19 percent of estimated total building square footage, while the
number of residential buildings, 350 thousand, represents only
10 percent of the estimated total number of buildings. From
these comparisons we infer that Federal government and residen-
tial buildings with ten or more rental units tend to be larger
on average than private nonresidential buildings (although no
test of statistical significance has been done).

Table 7-4 also allows us to consider the percentage of
building square footage represented by buildings with asbestos-
containing sprayed- or trowelled-on friable material, and then
compare this with the percent of all buildings with such
material, by building type. These comparisons have not been
tested for statistical significance, but can be considered as
interesting indications in the data. We saw in Table 7-3 that
an estimated 5 percent of all buildings have asbestos-containing
sprayed- or trowelled-on friable material. From Table 7-4 we
find that these buildings account for 5.6 billion square feet of
the 40 billion square feet in all buildings, or 14 percent of
building square footage. This indicates that the buildings with
asbestos-containing sprayed- or trowelled-on friable material
tend to be larger on average than all buildings. Similar
statements hold for all building types except rental residential,
where 18 percent of buildings have asbestos-containing sprayed-
or trowelled-on friable material, representing 14 percent of
building square footage in that category.


c. Precision of Estimates of National Totals

The third major tradeoff concerned the precision of the
overall estimates (as measured by the projected width of the
confidence limits) versus the cost of the survey. For a given
set of target groups, a larger sample size will yield estimates
with greater precision, and will add to the cost of the survey.
The level of effort selected was deemed by EPA to provide
sufficient precision to support the policy decisions with which
they were faced. It would be inefficient to spend more for
greater precision which was not necessary. The projected width
of 95 percent confidence limits on the statistic "number of
buildings with asbestos-containing sprayed- or trowelled-on
friable material" was + 200,000 buildings, while the actual
confidence limits achieved by the survey for that statistic were
+ 175,000. Thus, although the intervals are too wide for many
purposes, they have achieved or exceeded the desired level of
accuracy for the EPA program managers.

This decision is put into perspective when the estimate
considered is percent of buildings with such material. The
survey confidence limits are 0.5%-10%; whereas the previously
available estimates ranged from 5% to 45%, with no information
to evaluate the accuracy of these numbers, and serious questions
of potential bias.

2. Response Rates

An important aspect of the validity of survey data is the
response or cooperation rate achieved. The initial sample,
drawn from a universe frame using probability sampling methods,
is an unbiased probability sample of that frame. Estimates
derived from the full sample are unbiased estimates. Ina
voluntary survey such as the asbestos in buildings study, one



TABLE 8. MIDWESTERN URBAN AREA

Buildings inspected

Surrounding buildings

Brick building, vinyl tile,
ceiling tile

Masonary structure, concrete
floors and ceilings

Brick two-story structure, vinyl]
tile and ceiling tile in base-
ment; concrete floor and ceiling
on top floor.

35 story stone office building,
ornate towers on top, vinyl tile
and marble floors, tiled ceiling

Three story glass and metal paneled
building; vinyl tile throughout,
mineral wood covered as ceiling;
fire proofing sprayed in attic

Eight story stone building with
columns in front, vinyl tile
throughout, suspended ceilings
in offices

Three story brick apts., one
central boiler, carpet, sprayed
on ceilings

Recently renovated 4 story brick
apts., wooden floors, sprayed on
ceilings, boiler in basement

Three story renovated brick apts.,

wooden floors, sprayed on ceilings,

boiler in basement

Four story brick apts., carpet,
sprayed on ceiling, boiler in
basement

Three story wood apt., individual
air systems, carpet and sprayed on
ceilings

Three story brick colonial apts.,
central air system, carpet,
sprayed on ceiling

Brick residential homes

Similar structures

Brick multi-floor hospital

Large stone office buildings

Brick commercial buildings

Large stone commercial buildings

Similar brick apts., brick

residential homes

Brick homes

Brick homes

Multi-story brick apt. buildings

Similar wood apts.

Brick apts. and residential homes


x. Northeastern Urban Area

Another selected site was a large northeastern city with a
population of five million. The city is located on the Atlantic
Ocean with access to air and waterways to transport freight. The
economic base is textile manufacturing, education, import, export,
and entertainment.

Nonresidential and residential buildings both were con-
structed of brick and five or more stories tall. All buildings
inspected are 50 to 100 years old with little renovation having
been done. The sites all have basements where the boiler is
located. The boiler and pipes all have an asbestos-type material
used for insulation. Asbestos-type material is used for decor-

ative purposes and as fire proofing above suspended ceilings.

Table 9 of Appendix G describes inspected sites and
surrounding areas. The inspected sites are representative of the
entire city. Very few merchants know what asbestos is and are
unconcerned about it. One site has confirmed asbestos on the
ceilings and have encapsulated this area.

XI. Southwestern Urban Area B

A large southwestern city with a population of 1.6 million
was another selected site. This city is located in close proxim-
ity to the Gulf of Mexico for easy access to the waterways. The
population increased during the 1970's from one million in 1970
to the present population of 1.6 million. This was primarily due
to the economics of the area. The economic base is petroleum,
chemical products, aeronautics, and education.


B. Sampling Frames

Each of the three target strata had a different sampling
frame (i.e., list of buildings from which the sample is drawn).
The three frames are discussed briefly here, and more detail is
given in Appendix E.

For Federal government buildings, the 1981 General Services
Administration's (GSA) Real Property Inventory (RPI) was used.
Records were extracted from this list of all property owned or
leased by the Federal government to form the frame. The extrac-
tion consisted of non-military, non-Army Corps of Engineers
records of property listed as buildings. Buildings with primary
usage of storage were excluded. The records were also extracted
for the 10 sampled geographic areas to form the final frame for
this stratum. Since the RPI records sometimes consist of one
record for several buildings, after a record was selected, a
telephone contact was made with the site building manager to list
all eligible buildings from the sampled record. One of these
buildings was then selected for the study.

For private nonresidential buildings, lists of business
establishments were purchased from two sources, one based on
credit references (the Dun's Market Indicators from Dun and
Bradstreet) which has good coverage of medium-sized and large
businesses and one based on Yellow Pages entries (National
Business Lists) which has good coverage of smaller businesses.
These lists also include some of the noncommercial establishments
which are part of our target universe. The lists of establish-
ments were sorted by address, then collapsed to one entry per
address and merged into one list of addresses for each sampled
ZIP code. These addresses formed the frame for private non-
residential buildings.


Building ID: # Maps

Building Name: # Data Form A

Ir

Iv

B

Cc
Residential
Forms

Edit Check List

Check all items on summary sheet are complete and accurate.
Check building ID on all pages.
Be sure that all maps are numbered sequentially and that there is

an exterior map and a map for each sample listed on Form A and for
floor tile on Form B.

Exterior Map

Check to see that diagram is understandable and that all exterior
dimensions are clearly marked.

Check to see that number of floors is clearly marked and includes
basement.

Check to see that total square feet calculation is clear and accurate.

S.A. Maps

Check to see that all information on top of page is filled out.
Check to see that area location is as specific as possible.

Check to see that random coordinate calculations are clear and that
the samples are clearly marked with an xX.

Check to see that the square feet calculation is clear and accurate.

Data Forms

Check all columns on all data forms. Be sure that Q.A. samples are
bracketed.

Be sure that the specific place where the sample was taken is
recorded so that the sample spot may be identified to the building
owner by room number, floor number, etc.

Be sure that all information from the maps agrees with the information
on the data forms.


Table 6-4. Distribution of percent asbestos content in samples
where amosite and chrysotile asbestos was found

Percent Percent Percent Percent
Amosite of samples Chrysotile of samples
1-10% 41% 1-103 25%
11-20 11 11-20 7
21-30 6 21-30 12
31-40 17 31-40 7
41-50 11 41-50 8
51-60 12 51-60 3
61-70 2 61-70 4
71-80 0 71-80 4
81-90 0 81-90 15
91-100 0 91-100 15

(64 samples) (358 samples)



For the case in which a building with a vague address had
multiple establishments, each with a vague or specific address
listed on the sampling frame, this building also had a multiple
probability of selection and was adjusted in the same manner as
above.

For all buildings with no within-list adjustment define

w" = w'. Note that we have made this adjustment after that in
Section 2 because some buildings were comprised of listings in
several size classes; the previous adjustments were within-size

class.

b. Government Buildings

A sampled building may have had several chances of being
selected if there was more than one lease listed for the same
location. In that case the building was adjusted for multiple
probability of selection as in Section 2(a) above, otherwise

w" =w'.

c. Residential Buildings

Since these were listed in the field, there was no chance
of multiple listings per building; hence, no adjustment was
necessary.


Building Name

Form B. Floor Tile and Pipa. Wrap Convenience Samples Outside
Fan/Beiter Rooms
(ome sample per area, plus Q. A. sampies when taken)

Random ID Sticker*

_S
Floor # Describe Condition Code:
Area # Room * Pipe or Duct 1-5 Random 1D
Apartment # etc. (1) = Best. (5) = Worst Sticker
A-44

20 - ber anrh mar af side-by-side samples


E. Verification Procedures

A number of verification procedures were employed during
the conduct of the study to ensure that the final data tape was
an accurate portrayal of the desired information. These proce-
dures included observations of the work in the field, receipt
control of data forms and bulk samples, both clerical and com-
puter data editing procedures, data retrieval activities, and
final “reasonableness” checks of the data base.

1. Site Visits

A total of 6 of the 10 study sites (cities or groups of
counties) had one or more observers to ensure that field proce-
dures were being carried out correctly. This included the
pretest site, which was observed by Dr. Joseph Breen and
Ms. Cindy Stroup of EPA and Ms. Barbara Kreling of Westat. The
first site for each team in the main study was observed by
Ms. Cindy Stroup, Dr. Joseph Breen and Mr. Joseph Carra of EPA.
A second site for each team was observed midway through the
survey, one by Ms. Barbara Kreling of Westat and the other by
Dr. Judith Strenio of Westat and Dr. Joseph Breen of EPA. The
final site of the study was observed by Dr. Frederick Kutz of
EPA.

2. Sample Tracing

All bulk samples taken were labeled immediately using a set
of computer-printed labels of random five-digit ID numbers.
Three copies of each number were used. One label went on the
sample vial, one went on the building data form, with the sample
location and description, and one went on the sample transmittal


For private nonresidential buildings, an outside data source
is available, the 1981 Department of Energy (DOE) Survey of
Energy Consumption in Nonresidential Buildings. From the data
tape produced for that survey, buildings which met the study
definition of private nonresidential were selected and national
estimates based on these buildings were created for each size
class. Thus for this segment of the building population, the
total number of buildings in the target universe was known
fairly precisely, and the building weights were adjusted to sum
to that total.

The final weights were attached to the clean data file and
used in the calculation of national estimates. Sampling vari-
ances for these estimates were estimated using the method of
balanced repeated replication, implemented by a procedure in the
computer system SAS. The method is described in more detail in
Appendix F. In this method, PSUs are paired, and a series of
replicates is defined, consisting of two half-samples with one
PSU from each pair in each half-sample. For each replicate, two
national estimates are made, one from each half-sample. Thus
separate weights must be calculated for each replicate, incorpo-
rating all adjustments. Each replicate then contributes one
squared difference to the overall estimated variance. This
method allows the inclusion in the variance estimates of the
effects of adjustments made to the weights.

See Section 5, Part III, for a discussion of the definitions
used in the study, especially the target universe, and descriptions

of nonsampling and sampling errors in the estimates.



Where low levels of PSU selection probability and segment
probability necessitated sampling more than 100 percent of the
buildings, the overall sampling rate could not be achieved. In
these instances all buildings within that size class were
identified as certainty buildings and selected with rate Whijk
equal to l.

The building sample was drawn independently by type and
PSU, using a skip interval of Wn isk after a random start.
Where expected sampling sizes revealed that no unit at all might
be drawn from a particular stratum, it was collapsed with an
adjacent stratum (or strata) and the relative overali sampling
rate recalculated.

Before sampling, buildings were sorted in the following
orders:

A. Private nonresidential -- By PSU, zip code, size class,
and four-digit SIC code.

B. Private residential -- By PSU, state, tract, census
block (ED), size class, building complex, and square
footage.

Cc. Federal -- By PSU, size class, owned/leased, and usage
type.

Refusal Substitutes

Substitute units were necessary as a backup in case of
respondent refusal. They were selected by choosing the next
record in the building frame directly following the sampled
unit, with these provisions:

(1) The backup building remained within the same size
class as the sampled building; and


Table E-2.

Eligibility rates and reasons for ineligibility, in

initial sample, private nonresidential buildings

Area

e
DOCBIYHUSWNE

Total

Reasons for ineligibility

1. Less than 50 percent
of building occupied by
business (usually busi-
ness in private home)

2. Built after January 1,
1979

3. Ineligible building
(storage, garage,
warehouse, vacant,
closed)

4. Located in nonsampled
ZIP code

Eligibility rate in
initial sample

18%
100%
73%
73%
73%
55%
36%
64%
55%
73%
62% (n=114 initially
sampled
buildings)

Percent of
ineligible buildings

€08

14%

14%

12%

(n=43 ineligible
buildings)


Nonresidential and residential buildings are all one to two
stories tall with only one having a basement. Construction of
most buildings is a mixture of wood and brick. There is no
boiler or pipe insulation used in this area because of the warm
climate. Both nonresidential and residential buildings have
either central heating systems or individual forced air systems.
Acoustical tiles and asbestos-type fire proofing have been used
in several buildings.

Table 10 of Appendix G describes the selected sites and
surrounding buildings. The selected sites appeared to represent
the entire city. The people were aware of asbestos because of a
previous problem.

XII. Qualitative Conclusions

General statements that can be made from the inspections

include:

. Inspections of the various types of buildings in this
survey for friable material were carried out within a
reasonable time frame and for a reasonable cost.

. Samples of suspect material may be obtained without
undue disruption of building activities.

. Analyses of suspect material may be readily performed
by established techniques through contract labora-
tories.

. Asbestos-type materials are common on central heating
plant components throughout the country. These mater-
ials include boiler wrap, pipe wrap, gasket material,
flue wrap and couplings.

. Asbestos-type materials appear less common on hot water

supply systems including heater jackets, reserve tanks
and supply lines.


Residential Building Data Form (Continued)
Building ID: Page

Building name:

of

Section of

Describe location of section:

III. Floors selected:

A. Number of floors with apartments:
Five or fewer {| (go to Iv)
More than five II (go to B)

B. Designate sample floors (Attach Worksheet)

IV. Apartments selected: (Attach Worksheet)

Floor Apt. # Floor Apt. #

The apartments selected were inspected:
Yes |“*I (end of data form)

No II (go to v)

B-14


Sampling Area Map

_
tap #_ Area # / Bldg ip 32059! pidgname Ki cteretcra
Location 2ooTine Cdinbee$ | Floor # 2

SKETCH AREA WITH DIMENSIONS
MARK SAMPLES WITH X
Pit: Tt

rn
a

T
4
oe
Li

a
t

b

; a : i
: t i i H |
|

!
i {
a — - 4
i

Total area height @QOFT x width Bool = tora square feet of area | % a0

RN X ht = IF CONVENIENCE SAMPLE,
RN X width = RECORD REASON
RN xn = Carting Corte rot be
dawopct . Som Wd hae
RN X width = Tohew Under eur
RN xX he = {dT
RN X width =
Repeat on back for additional sampies

A-21


The advance person was trained separately for the most
part, since her job was fairly different from the field team
job. The training agenda is shown as Appendix D. Basically,
the advance person spent two days (Wednesday and Thursday) of
training in her tasks. On Thursday, the field team members and
advance person attended an introductory session. The advance
person then finished her specific training, and left for the
first site. The field teams, meanwhile, went through two full
days of training, learning the specific tasks required by the
study, which team member was responsible for each task, reviewing
and using the data forms, and learning to work together ina
practice inspection session. Because the inspectors were chosen
based on previous EPA experience and qualifications, less time
was spent in training to do the inspections than less qualified
inspectors would have required. The training session provided
an opportunity for each member of the field staff to thoroughly
learn the procedures of the study and for the field teams to
learn to work together as teams.

II. FINAL BUILDING IDENTIFICATION IN THE FIELD

The advance person had two major tasks: listing the
residential (10 or more rental units) buildings in specified
area segments within the Primary Sampling Unit (PSU); and
locating, verifying, and recording information on all sampled
buildings and refusal substitutes. The first task is described
in Section 4, under Sample Selection. We describe the second
task here. The advance person was to actually locate the
sampled buildings in each PSU, check that they were in-scope for
the study (not built after 1979, not vacant, etc.), and create a
record to aid the field team in finding the buildings. This
record consisted of a verbal description on the Advance Form
(such as "white stucco building on corner across 4th St. from



Table 7-12.

Estimated number of buildings with asbestos-containing

materials@ by type of material and construction date

(in 1,000's) (95 percent confidence limits in parentheses)

Asbestos-containing material

Sprayed- or Pipe/
Construction }|trowelled-on Ceiling boiler
date friable tile insulation Any©
Up to 1944 18 od 340 355
(< 45) (45-665)
1945 - 1959 13 od 142 146
(< 37) (7-284)
1960 - 1969 122 2 81 192
(<295) (41-344)
1970 - 1978 39 oe 2 39
(22-56) (23-56)
All f£ 192 2 563 733
buildings (18-365) {< 6) (239-888) (499-966)

3one percent

or more asbestos found in laboratory analysis.

Pincludes friable material applied to surfaces and steel beams.

Swill not be the sum of the columns.

Gness than 500.

"of 47 inspected buildings built in 1970-1978, none had asbestos-
containing ceiling tile.
in this category may have asbestos-containing ceiling tile.

£

However,

May not equal sum of rows due to rounding.

some small number of buildings

x



The quality assurance program covered all aspects of the
study. Personnel working on the study were chosen for their
qualifications and experience and were given specific training
in survey tasks. Protocols and manuals were prepared and
followed for every aspect of the work. The fieldwork was con-
ducted with extensive telephone supervision and site visits.

The laboratory analysis had both internal and external laboratory
checks with excellent agreement.

xi


Section

TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)

8 ASBESTOS INSPECTION -- QUALITATIVE REPORT. .

I.

II.

III.

Iv.

Vv.

vi.

VII.

VIII.

Ix.

X.

XI.

XII.

Appendix

A
B
c
D
E
F
G

Introduction. ...... 2. ee eee
Northeastern Suburban Area. ......
Midwestern Urban Area. ........
Midwestern Urban Area B........
Southwestern Urban Area. .......
Southeastern Rural Area... .....
Western Urban Area. .....+....-.
Midwestern Rural Area. ........
Midwestern Urban Area C.......-.
Northeastern Urban Area. .......
Southwestern Urban Area B.......

Qualitative Conclusions ........

LIST OF APPENDICES

FIELD PROCEDURES--CHAPTERS 3 THROUGH 6
OF THE FIELD MANUAL .....-.-....

DATA FORMS. . . 2 6 6 ee ee ee ee
PLM PROTOCOL. . . . - - - 2+ + ee eee
TRAINING AGENDA .....-+-+ +++.
SAMPLE DESIGN AND EVALUATION OF FRAMES.
CALCULATING WEIGHTS AND VARIANCES . . .

QUALITATIVE BUILDING DESCRIPTIONS . . .

iv

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If the size (square Then the number

feet) of the Sampling of samples to
Area is be collected is
Less than 1,000 3

Between 1,000 and 5,000
Greater than 5,000

If a Sampling Area extends over several floors, some additional
steps must be taken to spread the samples across the floors.
However, since this complex situation will not occur often, we
proceed to describe sampling an area on one floor. After those
instructions we will return to the question of areas extending to
more than one floor.

After preparing the diagram and determining the number
of samples to be collected in Sampling Area, determine the
approximate location of each sample. The method for selecting
sample locations described below utilizes a TABLE.OF RANDOM
DIGITS. This is designed to eliminate any inadvertent bias which
would jeopardize the correctness of the final decision as to
whether or not asbestos is present. Unfortunately, this method
involves a certain amount of numerical work. No other method of
site selection, though, can guarantee unbiased results. Follow-
ing this step-by-step procedure carefully will give reliable,
unbiased sample site selections.

Select sample locations according to instructions (1)
through (6) below. It is very important to properly use the
random number procedure to select locations.

(1) Construct on the Sampling Area map an imaginery
rectangle enclosing the entire Sampling Area.
Diagram with a dotted line. Record the dimensions
of this imaginary rectangle below.


PSU's were constructed as groups of counties forming
metropolitan areas or groups of rural counties. Ten were
selected with probability proportional to population, stratified
by size category and Census Region. Thus, the final sample of
PSU's consists of four large cities, one in each major Census
Region; four small to moderate cities, one in each Census Region;
and two groups of rural counties, one from the South Region and
one from the other three Census Regions combined.

Within PSU's, the Federal government sample was selected
directly from the GSA RPI frame for that PSU. Selected buildings
and groups of buildings were screened for eligibility, and
replacements selected for ineligible sampled records. Sampled
records with multiple buildings were contacted for a list of
buildings represented, and one building was selected for
inspection.

For residential buildings, the second stage of selection was
blocks or Census Enumeration Districts in unblocked rural areas.
These were chosen with probability proportional to a measure of
size based on the number of dwelling units in buildings with 10
or more units. A fieldworker (the advance person) then listed
all eligible residential buildings on the selected blocks (not
only having 10 or more dwelling units -- but rental units, and
being built before 1979). These listings from all sampled blocks
in a PSU were the residential frame for the PSU, and a sample of
buildings was drawn using number of apartments in each building
as a size measure.

For the private nonresidential stratum, the second stage of
selection was ZIP code within PSU. For each PSU, a sample of ZIP
codes was selected with probability proportional to size, where
the size measure was based on the number of employees in the ZIP
area, based on data from the 1980 County Business Patterns survey.



Building ID

Building Name
Form C. Fan/Boiler Room Samples

Number of fan/boiler rooms

ia Location of Material Condition —

Fan/Boiler Room Area # Ceiling, Wall roa Random
Location in Building Other ( pipe wrap, ID Sticker*
Floor # boiler insulation, duct (1) = Best
insulation, describe ) (5) = Worst
oe a a a i -

-}-—---4

Ne a,

B-7
“Bracket each pair of side-by-side samples



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7-18


EPA 560-5-84-006

October 1984

FINAL REPORT

ASBESTOS IN BUILDINGS

NATIONAL SURVEY OF
ASBESTOS-CONTAINING FRIABLE MATERIALS

by

Judith Strenio
Westat, Inc.
1650 Research Boulevard
Rockville, Maryland 20850

Subcontract No. A-3043(8149)-270

BATTELLE
Columbus Division - Washington Operations
2030 M Street, N.W.
Washington, D. C. 20036

EPA Contract No. 68-01-6721

and

Paul C. Constant, Jr.
Marilyn Gabriel
Donna R. Rose
Midwest Research Institute

EPA Contract No. 68-02-3938

and

Donald Lentzen
Research Triangle Institute

Subcontract No. 111-7900-6

EPA Task Managers: Cindy Stroup and Joseph J. Breen
EPA Project Officers: Joseph S. Carra and Frederick W. Kutz

Exposure Evaluation Division
Office of Toxic Substances
Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances
US Environmental Protection Agency
Washington, D.C. 20460



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SAMPLE DESIGN

I. OVERVIEW OF DESIGN

The survey employs a multi-stage stratified design to sample
buildings to be examined for the presence of asbestos-containing
materials. As shown below, there are three types of buildings
(strata) to be selected, with a total target sample size of 224
buildings. They are:

Private Nonresidential Buildings 112
Private Residential Buildings with
10 or more Units 56
Federal Government Owned
and Leased Buildings 56
224

Public school buildings are not considered in this design, as
asbestos in schools is a separate program area. Other exclusions
for program reasons are vacant buildings, buildings used primar-
ily for storage such as warehouses, buildings owned or leased by
the military, buildings used in agriculture, and privately-owned
homes and apartments. Buildings owned or leased by state and
local governments are excluded because the additional expense
involved in listing such buildings was deemed too great. Also,
they can be assumed to share many characteristics with Federal
government and commercial office space.

For the purposes of the survey a building has been defined

as:

(1) A free-standing structure;

(2) Part of a contiguous building with distinct
architecture;


Residential Building Data Form (Continued)

Building ID: Page

Building name:

of

Section of .

Describe location of section:

III. Floors selected:

A. Number of floors with apartments:

Five or fewer II (go to Iv)

More than five {I (go to B)

B. Designate sample floors (Attach Worksheet)

Iv. Apartments selected: (Attach Worksheet)

Floor Apt. # Floor Apt. #

The apartments selected were inspected:

Yes | (end of data form)

No I! (go to v)


Building ID

Building Name

Form A. Friable Material Areas (ceiling, walls, other) and Ceiling Tile
Area Samples Outside Fan/Boiler Rooms

(take only convenience sample of ceiling tile)

oO Type of >
Location: material: Condition
> ceiling, 1- fibrous Code .
z floor # 3 | wall, Total Exposed | 2- granular 1-5 Selection] Random
7° room # * | ceiling tile, square Yes (1) cementicious| (1) = Best | (1) Plot 1D
* apt.# etc. other feet No(2) | 3-concrete-like| (5) = Worst] (2) Conv | Sticker*
s
— —s }
- _ an - 4 _
- _ — ft — | ne f{—.
_ ee ee od oe

*Bracket each pair of side-by-side samples



TABLE OF CONTENTS

Section Page
EXECUTIVE SUMMARY. . 2... ee ee eee eee ee ee) UG

1 INTRODUCTION . 2. 1 6 ee ee we we we ee we ee 1-1
I. Background. . 2. 2. 2. 6 ee ee ee ee eee ee 1-1

II. Objectives. 2... 1 1 ee ee ee ee 1-3
III. Overview of the Report. ........-.+...e.e.-s 1-5

2 CONCLUSIONS. . «© 2 6 1 ee ee ee we we ee ee ee 2-1
3 OVERALL QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAM. . ..... 2.2.2 we 3-1
I. Project Overview. . 2... 1 6 we ee ee ee ee 3-1

II. Organization and Personnel. ........-..e- 3-2

3-4

III. Operation . . 2. ew eee ee eee ee ee ee

4 SAMPLE DESIGN AND SELECTION. . . . 2. ee ee ee eee 4-1

I. Target Population and Sampling Frames ....... 4-1
Il. Sample Design... 2 ee ee ee ee ee we eee 4-4
5 FIELD SURVEY PROCEDURES. . . 2. - 6 2 © 2 ee ew ee eee 5-1
I. Field Teams and Training. ...........6-. 5-1
Il. Final Building Identification in the Field. .... 5-2
IIl. Gaining Entry... . 2... ee ee eee ee eee 5-3
Iv. Building Inspection Protocol. .........4.. 5-4
Vv. Bulk Sampling... . 2... 6. 2. ee eee eee ee 5-5

6 POLARIZED LIGHT MICROSCOPIC (PLM)
ANALYSIS OF BULK SAMPLES . ..... +. 2. 2. 2 2. 2 eee 6-1
I. Method of Laboratory Analysis ........... 6-1
Il. Discussion. . 2... . ee ee ee ee ee ee 6-3

7 STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS ..........-.-. 7-1

I. Estimation and Variance Calculations. .... 7-1
Il. Results by Building Type. .......... 7-4
III. Other Building Characteristics. .......... 7-1
Iv. Presence of Asbestos by Construction Date . . 7-2
v. Presence of Asbestos by Building Height ...... 7-2

won

iii



(2) For private residential and government buildings, the
backup was not within the same complex or facility (to
preclude selecting the same respondent twice).

Out-of-Scope Substitutes

Substitute units were also necessary when the sampled unit
was determined to be out-of-scope during field investigations.
These were drawn from the PSU lists in the same way the original
sample was drawn, as needed. A substitute was not necessarily
within the same size class as the unit it replaced.

Subsampling

Certain Federal government and private nonresidential records
selected in the previous stage were identified as groups of
buildings from which a subsample had to be drawn. For private
nonresidential units, field investigation sometimes determined
that a sampled address actually represented several buildings,
which were then also subsampled.

A subsample was drawn by stratifying each building in
a given complex on the basis of its square footage, and assigning

it a measure of size:

m = relative sampling rate of size class 1 of
the building for that PSU and segment.

The probability of selection for each building is given by

ss) = m/Zm)


TABLE 1 (continued)

Buildings inspected

Surrounding buildings

Single-story brick, vinyl
flooring

Single-story masonry, warehouse
converted to multiple commercial,
new individual heating units

Single-story masonry, ceiling tile
Three-story masonry, ceiling tiles,
asbestos concrete type wall covering,
vinyl tile

Brick single-story, space heaters,
ceiling tile

Brick and steel shell building,
sprayed-on insulation, sus-
pended ceiling

Brick single-story, ceiling
tile

Stee) shell and glass, sus-
pended ceiling

Three-story brick apartment

Single-story masonry, no heat,
no sampled materials

Single-story brick building,
ceiling panels, and vinyl floor

Strip commercial, steel shell
and glass plus residential brick

Brick and masonry industrial,
single-family wooden residences

Single-family residential plus a
few wooden stores

Building adjoining had millboard,
asbestos concrete type exterior,
other buildings of brick

Single-family residential brick,
single-story commercial

Single-family residential, single-
story brick commercial

Similar commercial nearby

Similar commercial nearby, also
single-family residential

Other smaller residential units,
some brick single-story retail

Heavy manufacturing in steel-shelled
buildings, two-story brick buildings,
also smaller brick apartments and
wooden residences

Five-story apartment, vinyl

flooring, textured ceilings

Single-story brick and glass com-
mercial plus wooden residential

G-2


acoustical plaster was usually a dense, non-fibrous mixture of
granular materials such as perlite, calcite, calcium carborate
and vermiculite. The only fibrous component was the asbestos,
usually at a concentration of less than 10 percent. This accus-
tical plaster had most frequently been spray-applied; although,
in a few instances it had been troweled on. This material had a
coarse sand, textured appearance and was most often 1/8 inch to
1/2 inch thick, with a maximum thickness of 3/4 inch. Such
materials were soft and could easily be indented by hand pressure
and if rubbed, a powder residue remained on the hand. It was
light tan in color if unpainted, but was frequently observed
coated with latex paint.

The third type of spray-applied coating was a very
hard, concrete-like asbestos-containing material. It also had a
coarse sand, textured appearance and was approximately 1/8 to
3/4 inch thick. It was most often used to fireproof structural
steel members and was therefore commonly referred to as fire-
proofing concrete. It did not leave a powder residue on the
hand when rubbed and required a mechanical device to penetrate
the material.

Other types of asbestos-containing material have been
observed in other parts of the United States. An asbestos-
containing material having the consistency and appearance of mud
is an example of a type of material observed in a Maryland school
but, to date, not encountered in mid-western schools and build-
ings. Therefore, experience may be different in different parts
of the country.

Asbestos-containing materials were most frequently
encountered in: air handling room(s), boiler room, bathrooms,
corridors, garages, and above suspended ceilings. The highly

friable, spongy, asbestos-containing material was rarely observed


1. Survey Design Considerations

Once it was decided that a probability sample of buildings
would be inspected to produce national estimates, several options
were considered in terms of the scope of the survey versus the
level of resources required. Several tradeoffs were looked at
in designing the study. The specific decisions made involved
three issues: the definition of the target universe; detailing
the types of buildings for which separate estimates were desired;
and the level of accuracy of the national estimates. These
three issues are discussed in the sections below.

a. Definition of Target Universe

The initial objective of the asbestos in buildings survey
was to survey "all public buildings." This goal required further
definition before it could be operational. Sampling frames were
available at moderate cost for commercial establishments and
Federal government owned or occupied buildings. Census data on
number of dwelling units in buildings with ten or more units was
available to use in drawing a sample of small areas in which
rental apartment buildings could be listed in the field, again
at moderate cost and without adding excessive time to the schedule.
The only major type of public building not included in these
frames are buildings primarily owned or occupied by State and
local government agencies. No adequate frame of such buildings
exists. The effort required to develop such a frame was judged
to be excessive in terms of the contribution to the total estimate
one might anticipate from such buildings. Although no specific
data are available as to the number of State and local government
buildings, a maximum can be estimated from DOE survey data.*
Starting with the DOE estimate of the total building stock, one

*The best currently available data on the U.S. building stock
was obtained in a survey for the U.S. Department of Energy.
Data discussed here are from Nonresidential Buildings Energy
Consumption Survey: Building Characteristics. U.S. Department

of Energy, 1981, DOE/EIA-0246. to



TABLE 2 (continued)

Buildings inspected

Surrounding buildings

Four-stories, masonry/concrete,
vinyl tile, suspended ceiling,
sprayed-on insulation in furnace
room

Seven stories, masonry/concrete,
vinyl tile, and ceiling tile

Brick veneer, vinyl flooring
Masonry two-story large open
area with wood block floor

Masonry two-story, ceiling
tiles, vinyl flooring

Stucco and wood construction,
vinyl tile, and suspended ceilings

Single-story brick and wood,
open structure with arched roof
Single-story masonry/steel/glass,

vinyl flooring

Masonry glass and steel, single-story
ceiling tile, vinyl flooring

Masonry/wood, single-story, vinyl
flooring, ceiling tile

Similar to other buildings of this
size’ in area

Similar to other buildings of this
size in area

Typical of store construction in
this area

Masonry two-story commercial and
residential

Single-story brick commercial and
residential

Store of the type common in area,
single-family residential also

Similar to other stores in area,
masonry/wood construction
Near multistory brick office, also

single-story brick stores in area

Similar buildings nearby, also
smaller size brick store fornts

Conventional construction for this
area

G-4


We also see a definite trend towards fewer buildings with
asbestos-containing pipe and boiler insulation as buildings
become more recent. In conclusion, more of the newer buildings
have asbestos-containing sprayed- or trowelled-on friable material
and more of the older buildings have asbestos-containing pipe ‘a

and boiler insulation.

In Table 7-14 we look at the square footage of asbestos-
containing sprayed- or trowelled-on friable material by date,
and what percent of all such material this represents. The
majority of asbestos-containing sprayed- or trowelled-on friable
material (56 percent of the square footage or 666 million out of
1,184 million square feet) is found in buildings built in the
sixties. This is partially due to increased use of sprayed- or
trowelled-on friable materials then, especially the difference
between 1945-59 and 1960-69. However, for WWII and before, we
see that only two percent of all sprayed- or trowelled-on friable
material contained asbestos. In the pre-1945 period, there was
extensive use of nonasbestos-containing sprayed- or trowelled-on
friable material.

Finally, in Table 7-15 we see the asbestos content of
various asbestos-containing materials by building age. The
sprayed- or trowelled-on friable material used from 1945-1969
appears to have slightly higher asbestos content (15-20 percent)
than that used before and after those dates (less than 10 percent).
However, the uncertainty due to variance in samples analyzed and
precision of the percent asbestos finding in a given sample
means that this should be viewed as an interesting note rather
than a firm finding. The main finding in this table is that the
pattern of asbestos content seen in all buildings is fairly

similar across building construction dates.



APPENDIX F

CALCULATING WEIGHTS AND VARIANCES

1. Calculation of Preliminary Base Weights

Preliminary base weights were calculated for each inspected
building. Adjustments to these weights were made for both non-
response and out-of-scope substitutions. The manner of adjust-
ment varied between the pilot site and the remaining PSUs as
well as among the three building lists (government, residential

and commercial).

Initial Sampling Probability

Every sampled building on the three lists was assigned an
initial selection probability of

Phijkl PSU, seg jsclass, ;.,Sub),
where
PSU; is the selection probability of PSU i;
seg. is the selection probability of either a ZIP
J code for commercial listings or a census block

for residential listings;

sclass) i 4, is the selection probability of a unit in size

J class k, which is unique for list h, PSU i, and

segment j; and

sub, is the subsampling rate for unit 1 where the

originally sampled unit represented a complex
of buildings.*

The preliminary base weight is then Whijkl = V/Prigki?

*Subsampling rates were included here for residential buildings
only; for government and private nonresidential buildings,
subsampling rates were applied later, after first adjusting for
ineligible listings--see Section 4.

F-1


In Table 7-10 we look at building height by type of building.
The rental residential (10 or more units) category shows an
opposite pattern to all other types of buildings -- the majority
(65 percent) have three or more floors. This is no doubt due to
our restriction of this category to buildings with ten or more
units. Most such buildings will consist of either three floors
of apartments or two floors of apartments with a basement, which
was defined as three floors for this study.

Table 7-11 gives the estimated number of buildings by
construction date and type of building. No significant differ-
ences appear among the building types, although Federal buildings
appear to be slightly older than all buildings.

IV. PRESENCE OF ASBESTOS BY CONSTRUCTION DATE

In this section we look at the basic survey estimates by
construction date. Recalling Table 7-8, we found that buildings
are fairly evenly distributed among World War II (WWII) and
before, post-WWII, the 1960's and the 1970's. (Buildings built
after 1978 were not surveyed.) Tables 7-12 and 7-13 show the
number and percent of buildings with asbestos-containing material
for each age category. We see a great concentration of asbestos-
containing sprayed- or trowelled-on friable materials in the
sixties -- 15 percent of buildings built then have it, compared
to two and one percent of buildings in the earlier periods.
Looked at another way, 84 percent of buildings with asbestos-
containing sprayed- or trowelled-on friable materials were built
in 1960-78, although only 45 percent of all buildings were built
in that period.



. Square feet of the material in such buildings; and

. Percent of asbestos in the material.

The statistical analysis plan included separate estimates
for:

. Privately-owned, nonresidential buildings;

° Federally owned or leased buildings;

. Rental apartment buildings with 10 or more dwelling
units;

. All nonresidential buildings; and

. All buildings combined.

A second set of estimates was planned to elaborate on the
primary results. The three basic estimates were to be tabulated
separately for various types of materials:

. Sprayed- or trowelled-on friable materials;

. Ceiling tile;

. Pipe wrap and insulation found in machine rooms; and
. All materials combined.

Estimates were also planned based on vinyl floor tile
findings (these results will appear in a separate report).
Separate estimates were planned for sprayed- or trowelled-on
friable material and ceiling tile which is directly exposed in
areas of the building outside of machine rooms. Data on auxil-
iary building characteristics were also collected, and estimates
by construction date, height and construction type were planned.
Regional estimates or comparisons were not planned, since the
sample was not large enough to allow for separate estimates by

region.



Estimates of numbers of buildings were calculated for sampling
size classes using the DOE file. The adjustment size classes

were:

Square Feet

1. 1 - 10,000

2. 10,001 - 25,000
3. 25,001 - 50,000
4. 50,001+

Define
DOE, = number of private nonresidential buildings
estimated by the DOE survey for adjustment
size class k;
then,
DOE,
ratio adj, =
= ny
ven
e whijkl .
i=l
where
n= the number of sample buildings in adjustment size

class k.

, ret ; . . . .
Let EWnijkl équal whidk1 times ratio_adj, for all nonresidential
buildings. Then, fw is the final adjusted building weight.


oblique illumination, and a polarizing microscope (100X magnifi-
cation) equipped with an external illuminator and dispersion
staining objective.

Each bulk sample was emptied onto clean weighing paper, and
the entire sample was examined as a whole through the stereo
microscope for layering, homogeneity, and the presence of fibrous
material. Identification of macro-size nonfibrous components
was usually possible at this point.

Subsamples of the bulk sample were selected using the stereo
microscope. They were then mounted onto a clean microscope
slide in the appropriate index of refraction liquids for examina-
tion through the polarizing microscope.

The polarized light microscopy procedure consisted of
observing the characteristics of the subsample components with
transmitted polarized light, crossed polars, slightly uncrossed
polars, crossed polars plus the first-order red compensator, and
the central stop dispersion staining objective. The observations
obtained using the various techniques were used to identify the
fibrous and some of the nonfibrous components on the basis of
morphology, sign of elongation, and refractive index/dispersion
staining colors.

Quantitation of the asbestos was achieved by stereo micro-
scopic observation of the entire bulk sample through the stereo
microscope and PLM examination of the subsamples. The volume
percentages of the various components were estimated in relation-
ship to the whole sample.


NATIONAL SURVEY OF ASBESTOS IN BUILDINGS
LABORATORY ANALYSIS DATA FORM

LABORATORY OFFICE USE ONLY:
NOTEBOOK #: PAGE #:
DATE ANALYZED: ANALYST:
SAMPLE ID#:_7901-17- FIELD ID#:
SAMPLE DESCRIPTION:
ASBESTOS FOUND?: NONE DETECTED TRACE GREATER THAN 1%

PLEASE COMPLETE FOR ALL ITEMS... ENTER“NONE DETECTED’ IF NONE FOUND.

MATERIAL PERCENT

IF A RANGE, SPECIFY HERE.

ASBESTOS:
CHRYSOTILE

AMOSITE

OTHER ASBESTOS

SPECIFY OTHER TYPE(S) OF ASBESTOS:

FIBROUS NON-ASBESTOS:
GLASS WOOL OR MINERAL WOOL

FIBERGLASS

CELLULOSE

OTHER FIBROUS NON-ASBESTOS
MATERIALS

SPECIFY OTHER TYPE(S) OF FIBROUS NON-ASBESTOS:

NON-FIBROUS NON-ASBESTOS:
PERLITE

VERMICULITE

OTHER NON-FIBROUS NON-ASBESTOS
MATERIALS

SPECIFY OTHER TYPE(S) OF NON-FIBROUS NON-ASBESTOS:

OFFICE USE ONLY
BUILDING NAME:

LOCATION SAMPLE TAKEN:



SECTION 8

ASBESTOS INSPECTION -- QUALITATIVE REPORT

I. Introduction

The following discussion describes the noteworthy field
observations and general characteristics encountered during a
survey for friable materials in buildings at ten sampling sites
around the United States. The primary objective of this survey
was to locate friable materials within selected buildings; in
particular, sprayed ceiling coverings, boiler and pipe wrap, and
other exposed suspect materials were inspected. Discussion of
the selected building sites are based on a thorough review; how-
ever, any discussion of the nearby buildings is subjective in
nature and is based on the inspection teams' limited observations
of the surroundings areas. Only one to two weeks were allowed to
inspect approximately two dozen buildings in each area. During
this inspection period there was incidental contact with other
building interiors and chance cross-sectional area reviews.
Regional generalization is even more tenuous since there was even
less opportunity for overview from this perspective. Within
these constraints, each area is described briefly in terms of its
population growth patterns, its economic base, and its weather
factors since these provide a functional rationale for the con-
struction practices. Appendix G provides tables giving detailed
building descriptions.

II. Northeastern Suburban Area

A countywide area in the Northeast was designated as one of
the sampling sites. It is near a large metropolitan area and has
a population of about 600,000 although none of its cities exceeds
50,000. Growth and development in the community was steady over


ZIP codes were ordered sequentially within each PSU. Since
the target sample for a PSU was four ZIP codes the skip interval
was set equal to the total measure of size divided by four.
Certainty ZIPs were identified as those with individual measure
of size greater than the skip interval for that PSU. Non-
certainty ZIPs were chosen by applying the skip interval
independently by PSU. Define:

244 a8 the selection probability for ZIP j within
PSU i.

This is equal to the measure of size for the selected ZIP divided

by the skip interval. For certainty ZIPs 24371.

B. Private Residential

Here the intermediate stage was a list sample of Census
Blocks containing buildings with 10 or more housing units.
Census Blocks were delineated for each PSU according to the 1980
Census Summary Tape Files No. 1B. Where there were no blocks,
enumeration districts (ED's) were used instead (this occurred in
rural areas). Twelve blocks were selected from each PSU, again,
because this number was expected to be sufficient to produce the
targeted sample size.

Blocks were assigned a measure of size equal to the square
root of the number of units in buildings with 10 or more units.
The square root of this measure was used so that blocks with a
large number of 10+ residential buildings would not dominate the
sample. In instances where there was at least 1 but less than
10 of these units (a physical impossibility but a reporting
reality), the block was assigned a measure of size equal to 2.


Worksheet for Sampling Two Apartments on One Floor
Building ID:

Building name:

Floor:

Number of apartments on floor:

Line # Apt. # Line # Apt. # Line # Apt. #
1 21 41
2 22 42
3 23 43
4 24 44
5 25 45
6 26 46
7 27 47
8 28 48
9 29 49
10 30 50
ll 31 51
12 32 52
13 33 53
14 34 54
15 35 55
16 36 56
17 37 57
18 38 58
19 39 59
20 40 60
Random number = , Apt. # =
Random number = , Apt. # =



Cc. Square Footage of Asbestos-Containing Friable Materials

The second major objective of the survey was to estimate
the amount of asbestos-containing friable material in buildings.
Table 7-5 gives the national estimates for sprayed- and trowelled-
on friable material and Table 7-6 gives estimates for ceiling
tile. Both tables give the estimated square footage of material,
the estimated square footage of asbestos-containing material,
and the percent of all material which contains asbestos.

Thus, in Table 7-5, we estimate that buildings in our target
universe contain a total of 4.7 billion square feet of sprayed-
or trowelled-on friable material, of which 1.2 billion square
feet, or one-quarter of the material, contains asbestos. The
breakdown by building type shows that for Federal government
buildings an estimated two-thirds of the material contains
asbestos. The remaining building types are close to the

one-quarter figure.

Looking at Tables 7-4 and 7-5 together, we find that the
estimated sprayed- or trowelled-on material square footage for
residential buildings is one-quarter the estimated building
square footage, while for private nonresidential buildings the
estimated sprayed- or trowelled-on material square footage is
less than one-tenth of the building square footage. This implies
that residential rental buildings are more likely to have sprayed-
or trowelled-on friable material (often in the form of acoustic
or decorative ceiling plaster) than private nonresidential build-
ings, although if present the material is equally likely to
contain asbestos in either type of building.

Table 7-6 repeats the exercise for ceiling tile. Overall,
less than one-half of one percent of ceiling tile found (by

square footage) contained asbestos. This is out of an estimated


TABLE 5. SOUTHEASTERN RURAL AREA

Buildings inspected

Surrounding buildings

One-story brick and glass with flat
roof, some carpet, ceiling tile,
forced warm air

Brick and glass utilitarian building,
vinyl flooring, suspended ceilings,
forced warm air

Brick and glass two-story building
built in 1970s newer type central
heat, vinyl tile

Brick single-story box
construction, vinyl tile

Masonry and stone, two-story,
large open work area, interior
central boiler, older style

Masonry and stone, two-story
central boiler, older style,
vinyl] tile

Two-story brick and wood apartments,
sprayed-on ceiling texture

Two-story brick apartments, vinyl]
flooring, individual unit heat

Two-story brick apartments,
vinyl tile, carpeting, individual
unit heat

Masonry building recently remodeled,
suspended ceiling, carpeting

Glass, wood, and brick store and
distribution center, textured
ceiling, vinyl flooring

Steel and brick building,
single-story suspended ceiling,
vinyl flooring

Masonry and glass single-story,
space heaters

Courthouse multistory stone, brick
two-story stores, residential

Cinderblock shops, wooden store,
residential

Brick and wood residential, one-story,
commercial

Steel-shell warehouse, wooden commer-
cial, residential
Single-story commercial, brick and

steel construction

Siagle-story brick stores, two-
story stone government building,
residential

Brick school, residential, other
apartments of same type

Large brick church, wooden
residential

Wood and brick, residential

Single-story commercial and resi-
dential

Steel-shelled processing plant,
wooden storage buildings

Strip commercial, single-story,
residential

Strip commercial, residential

G-9

(continued)


sheet used to send the samples to MRI. Westat staff checked the
building data sheets against the transmittal sheets and MRI
checked the transmittal sheets against the sample jars. Some
discrepancies were found at both levels, but all but four were
resolved after further investigation. Of 1,514 samples taken,
only three samples were lost. Four samples listed on the build-
ing data sheets were not transmitted to MRI and were not found
later. One of these was reported later by the inspector to have
been a contingency sample not needed later. Therefore it had
deliberately not been transmitted. This sample was removed from
the data sheets. One was a side-by-side taken for QA purposes,
which was replaced by splitting the main sample of the pair,
which was transmitted. Thus, 99.7 percent of all samples taken
were traceable.

3. Data Tape Editing

The building data and the lab data were coded, keypunched
and 100 percent key verified. The resulting computer file was
then edited using a computer program to check that all values
fell within allowable ranges and that logical relationships
between variables were not violated. For data found in error,
and important variables found missing, telephone calls were made
to field team members and building contacts to complete the data
file, as much as possible. Any remaining missing items were
given a special coded value.

4. Final Data Tape Verification

The final step in verifying the data tape was running
frequencies and cross-tabulations of selected variables to check

for reasonableness and consistency across all records.



APPENDIX E

SAMPLE DESIGN
AND
EVALUATION OF FRAMES



TABLE 6.

WESTERN URBAN AREA

Buildings inspected

Surrounding buildings

One-story brick, vinyl tile,
suspended ceiling

Single story masonary, vinyl tile,
suspended ceiling

Brown two-story stone, vinyl tile,
suspended ceiling

Four-story white brick, vinyl
tile, acoustical tile, asbestos
pipe wrap (previously sampled
and marked)

One-story stone building, vinyl
tile, suspended ceiling tile

Five-story stone and brick, sus-
pended tile, fire proofing above
ceiling tiles

Five-story stone and brick apart-
ments; carpet, vinyl tile,
plaster ceilings

Two-story adobe bachelor apart-
ments; carpet, vinyl tile,
plaster ceiling

Two-story garden apartments, vinyl
tile, carpet, sprayed on ceiling

Two-story garden apartments, wood
floors, plaster ceilings, own
heat unit

Two-story adobe garden apt., vinyl
tile, sprayed on ceilings

Two-story adobe apts., vinyl tile
carpet, sprayed on ceiling

Single story brick and wood
warehouse, concrete floors and
steel framed ceiling

Single story commercial and
residential
Park, residential area

Commercial area

Brick Naval Hospital

School, residential neighborhood

Several story commercial buildings

Other similar apartments

Residential homes

Residential homes

Other similar two-story apartments

Residential homes and apartments

Residential homes

One and two story brick commercial
buildings


inspection, the Building Summary Sheet was completed (all data
forms are in Appendix B). The inspection began with the machine
rooms, and then proceeded floor by floor from the basement to
the top floor, including parking garages and rooftop equipment
areas. On each floor, all floors and ceilings were observed.
Ceiling materials above suspended ceilings were observed by

raising ceiling tiles, using a ladder if necessary.

During the walk-through inspection, sampling areas were
defined. A sampling area is the area within the building
covered with one type of material of interest. One or more
samples were taken from each sampling area. In this study the
materials of interest were: sprayed- or trowelled-on friable
material, ceiling tile, vinyl floor tile, pipe lagging, and
insulation materials found in fan and boiler rooms. For sprayed-
or trowelled-on friable materials, a randomization protocol was
provided for choosing three to seven spots within the sampling
area to obtain bulk samples. For other materials, samples were

taken from accessible or inconspicuous locations.

V. BULK SAMPLING

Bulk sampling in buildings was accomplished by two different
inspectors. Each inspector covered five geographic areas. The
sampling was done during the period of September 1983 through
January 1984, except for the pilot study that was done in July
1983 (the pretest). A total of 1,514 bulk samples were taken
from the 10 sampling locations.



Next, obtain one sample from each “different” area.
In the fan/boiler room, samples should be taken only at loca-
tions where no damage will be done by the sampling process.
This will either be an area where the pipe lagging or insulation
is already damaged or at the end of the pipe where the material
stops, and can easily be sampled. Do not damage intact pipe
covering.

To help you keep track of when it is time to take a
Q.A. sample we have bracketed the right most labels on the ID
sticker sheet for every 10th sample. Use the stickers in order -
then Q.A. samples will be chosen correctly. Using the stickers
in order will also make receipt control easier at the home office.
Be sure to affix the stickers to the bottles and data forms

immediately upon taking the sample. The other entries in the
data form should also be filled out then.

4.2 Walk-Thru Inspection

After the boiler/fan rooms have been inspected you
will begin the walk-thru inspection.

The most important point to be made about the walk-thru
is that the objective is to observe as much wall, ceiling and
suspended ceiling area as possible. You will need to judge which
procedures are needed to achieve this objective. For instance,
if there is a suspended ceiling and the area above can only be
observed by lifting a ceiling tile, remove as many tiles as is
necessary to get a clear view of the ceiling to the exterior
walls. I£ you can see beyond rooms from one vantage point, it
is not necessary to look above ceiling tiles in each room. It
will probably be necessary to use a step~-ladder to look and
sample above the ceiling tiles. You will also note the presence


SECTION 6

POLARIZED LIGHT MICROSCOPIC (PLM) ANALYSIS OF BULK SAMPLES

A total of 1,510 bulk samples were received at MRI from the
10 sampling locations. Westat designated 965 of these samples
for analysis by MRI and 44 samples for external laboratory
analysis. The remaining samples, consisting mainly of floor
tiles, were not analyzed.

I. METHOD OF LABORATORY ANALYSIS

The samples were analyzed according to the protocol specified
in Appendix C. This protocol conforms to that given in the EPA
Interim Methoa!1) for the Determination of Asbestos in Bulk
Insulation Samples and that published as amended in the Federal

Register. ‘213)

The quantitation was obtained by observing the
entire sample through the stereomicroscope and visually estimating
the percentage of each component relative to the whole sample.
The results are comparable to those obtained by 400-point count
quantitation method described in the Interim Methoa, {17213)
Asbestos-containing samples with known quantities of asbestos
serve as guides for maintaining the accuracy of the estimates.
Visual estimation of quantity, with the aid of a stereomicro-
scope, is commonly used by laboratories during asbestos analyses.
For the analysis, MRI used a stero zoom microscope capable of 8X
to 40X magnification equipped with an external illuminator for

lusepa. 1982. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Environ-

mental Systems Laboratory. Interim Method for Determination of
Asbestos in Bulk Insulation Samples.

Research Triangle Park, N.C. EPA 600/M4-82-020.

2asbestos; Friable Asbestos-Containing Materials in Schools;
Identification and Notification, Appendix A. Final Rule,
Environmental Protection Agency, 40 CFR Part 763, Federal
Register Vol. 47, No. 103, 23360, May 27, 1982.

3asbestos; Friable Asbestos-Containing Materials in Schools;

Identification and Notification; Correction. 40 CFR Part 763,
Federal Register Vol. 47, No. 170,38535, September 1, 1982.

6-1


4. Adjustments to Base Weight-Subsampling

Private nonresidential and government buildings which were
subsampled were adjusted as follows:

whisker = “niger 7% S¥b, -

The subsampling rate was applied after the adjustments in Section 2
because these previous adjustments were alterations to the selection
probability of the listing. This final adjustment creates the
selection probability of the building.

For buildings which were not subsampled, define wi!!!

hijkl ~ “hijk’

5. Final Weights - Ratio Adjusted

a. Private Nonresidential Buildings

In order to improve the estimate of the number of private
nonresidential buildings, the building weights were ratio-adjusted
to agree with a more precise estimate.

The Nonresidential Building Energy Consumption Survey,
conducted by the Department of Energy in 1979-1980 (the DOE
survey), collected data on over 6,000 buildings in the U.S. Any
building which showed evidence of commercial or industrial activity
was eligible including those which were primarily residential.

If these latter buildings are excluded, we can estimate the
population with which this study is concerned.* (Those buildings
constructed since the DOE survey was conducted were out-of-scope
by our definition.)

*Educational, agricultural, storage, and government-owned or
occupied buildings were also excluded from the DOE figures.


Exhibit 5-2
Worksheet for Sampling Two Apartments on One Floor
Building ID:

Building name:

Floor:

Number of apartments on floor:

Line # Apt. # Line # Apt. # Line # Apt. #
1 21 41
2 22 42
3 23 43
4 24 44
5 25 45
6 26 46
7 27 47
8 28 48
9 29 49
10 30 50
il 31 51
12 32 52
13 33 53
i4 34 54
15 35 55
16 36 56
17 37 57
18 38 58
19 39 59
20 40 60
Random number = , Apt. # =
Random number = , Apt. # =


A. Sample Collection and Recording

Building material that was suspected of containing asbestos
was sampled. This covered ceiling tile, floor tile, pipe wrap,
and sprayed- or trowelled-on friable material. When these types
of materials were seen in a building, a sample was taken. The
manner in which the sample was taken depended on the type of
material and its accessibility.

Sprayed- or trowelled-on friable material was sampled
according to the procedures in the Field Manual (Appendix A)
based on the EPA guidance document for the schools program.* A
room containing sprayed- or trowelled-on friable material was
measured and a random number table was used to select the coor-
dinates. The sample was then obtained from the designated place.
In cases where it was impossible to random sample, such as in an
apartment, the appropriate number of samples according to the
protocol was taken in closets and inconspicuous areas. The
core, made by a hole saw blade, was placed in a small plastic
vial and a preprinted label was affixed to it. A label was also
affixed to Form A and the location of the sample was recorded on
Form A. (All data forms are shown in Appendix B).

Pipe wrap was accessible either in a boiler room or along
walls near the ceiling. This type of sample was taken at a
joint or a previously torn spot. The sample was taken using a
linoleum knife or hole saw and placed in a small plastic vial.
Preprinted identical labels were affixed to the sample vial and
to Form B for pipe wrap outside boiler room or Form C for inside
boiler room (forms given in Appendix B). The form was filled

*Chapter 2 of Asbestos-Containing Materials in School Buildings:
Guidance for Asbestos Analytical Programs by D. Lucas,

T. Hartwell and A. V. Rao, (EPA 560/13-80-017A). Office of
Toxic Substances, US Environmental Protection Agency, December
1980.



TABLE 3 (continued)

Buildings inspected

Surrounding buildings

Older masonry structure renovated and
merged with newer addition

Large building, one city block,
masonry structure with tall
stack, several apartments above
offices

Masonry structure with much glass,
office with large work area and
contiguous boiler room

Single-story shell, concrete floor

Masonry and wood structure,
garage-type builning

Similar to other commercial in
district, also smaller shops
and single-family residence

in area

Edge of commercial district with
single-family homes on other side.
Many similar buildings of same
vintage, some newer construction
also

Commercial district, similar building
nearby, also steel shell and small
stores

Newer building in area, other
structures wood frame and masonry

Mostly single-family residences,
some steel-shel] commercial,
also a few wooden structures

G-6


APPENDIX G

QUALITATIVE BUILDING DESCRIPTIONS



TABLE 4.

SOUTHWESTERN URBAN AREA

Buildings inspected

Surrounding buildings

Large steel and concrete
building with open work area
and high ceilings, asphalt tile
on floor

Masonry building, vinyl floors,
heating and A/C on roof

Masonry building, vinyl] tile,
ceiling tile

Masonry and steel building used
as dormitory

Partially renovated masonry structure
linked to two other buildings,
brick, concrete, wood

Two-story apartment units,
masonry/steel/stucco

Two-story apartment units,
masonry/steel construction

Two-story masonry apartment
units

Single-story apartments,
masonry/wood construction

Two-story apartments, masonry/
stee]l/stucco

Two-story masonry apartment with
separate laundry building

Light industry/office, masonry/

steel

Masonry/wood shop building,
no heat system

Urban renewal project replaced
single-family wooden housing,
some similar buildings near with
industry

New community of single-story
condominiums or private residences

Hospital and shops nearby. Post
office similar construction to
shops

Several similar units nearby

Commercial section with masonry
and concrete buildings, also taller
steel and glass structure nearby

In complex of similar units,
neighborhood of strip commercial
and single-residence buildings

Near large shopping center and
office complex, also in single-
family residential section

Near university, among other
apartment buildings of same
vintage and similar materials

Near university, among other apart-
ment buildings of same vintage
and similar materials

Single-family residences, strip
commercial and apartment mixed

In complex with many similar units,
neighborhood of single-family
homes

Commercial section with warehouses
and shops of similar type

Trailer court and strip commercial

G-7

(continued)


nearly 10 billion square feet of ceiling tile in the target
universe buildings, over twice as much square footage as
estimated in Table 7-5 for sprayed- and trowelled-on friable
material. Although some ceiling tile does contain asbestos,
and in specific cases can contribute to a serious exposure
problem, at the national level the scale of asbestos in ceiling
tile is much lower than asbestos in sprayed- or trowelled-on
material.

D. Percent Asbestos in Materials

Results for the third major objective of the study, the
percent of asbestos found in asbestos-containing materials, are
shown in Table 7-7. Asbestos-containing ceiling tile averages
only 2 to 3 percent asbestos content. Thus not only did we
rarely find asbestos in ceiling tile; when we did, there was not
very much asbestos present.

The sprayed- and trowelled-on friable materials showed an
average of 14 percent asbestos, ranging from 9 percent among
residential buildings (presumably in the largely decorative
ceiling plaster type of material) to 29 percent in Federal
government buildings. Fluffy sprayed-on type of insulation was
also found more often in Federal government buildings.

The asbestos-containing pipe and boiler insulation, not
surprisingly, contained the most asbestos, an average of about
70 percent. This finding reflects the bulk sampling protocol
for pipe wrap--to sample at damaged or exposed places which may
have higher percent asbestos content than areas not sampled. In
this column, Federal buildings have lower asbestos content insu-
lation, about 55 percent asbestos, residential buildings fall in
the middle with 67 percent and private nonresidential buildings


Table 7-13. Estimated percent of buildings with asbestos-
containing materials® by type of material and
construction date

Asbestos-containing material
Sprayed- or Pipe/

Construction | trowelled-on Ceiling boiler

date friableP tile insulation Any
Up to 1944 2 od 37 38
1945 - 1959 1 od 13 14
1960 - 1969 15 od 10 24
1970 - 1978 5 oe od 5
All buildings 5 od 16 20

Fone percent or more asbestos found in laboratory analysis.
Pincludes friable material applied to surfaces and steel beams.

Cwill not be the sum of the columns.

Gpess than 0.5 percent.

©of the 47 inspected buildings built in 1970-1978, none had
asbestos-containing ceiling tile. However, some small

number of buildings in this category may have asbestos-containing
ceiling tile.



Lists were purchased for these ZIP codes, after which the clerical
reduction to address lists was made. Size measures for addresses
were obtained as employee size class from one of the lists, and
entries from the supplemental list (where employee size was not
known) were sampled at the rate for the middle size class.
Buildings were sampled from the ZIP code lists.

In each stratum, replacements were drawn randomly for ineli-
gible initial selections, and the next entry on the list was used

as a backup in case of refusal. Calculation of sample weights is
discussed in Section 7.


5. RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

Since residential buildings are by definition where
people live, we have developed special procedures for inspecting
them to minimize the intrusion into people's living quarters.

We will inspect a sample of apartments rather than every apart-
ment. In order for us to make estimates for the entire building
based on a sample of apartments, it is important that these
procedures be carefully followed and that all the relevant data
be collected and recorded accurately and completely. Another
special aspect of those residential buildings found in apartment
complexes involves boiler rooms. This section of the manual
details three special procedures that may be needed for apart-
ment buildings. In Section 5.1, we review the special procedures,
describe when each one is used, and tell how to fill out the
Residential Building Data Form. In Section 5.2, we describe how
to select two apartments for inspection on one floor using the
Worksheet for Sampling Two Apartments on One Floor. In Section
5.3, we explain how to select five floors in a multi-floor
building.

5.1 Residential Building Data Form

The Residential Building Data Form (Exhibit 5-1) is
designed to give us the information we need to estimate building
information from the inspection of sampled apartments. It will
also assist you in collecting the proper information and
inspecting the correct parts of the building.

In describing residential building inspections, we
concentrate on the differences from other building inspections.
One potential difference is that you may have to schedule your


Number fan/boiler rooms should agree with form C.

Number of samples taken - count the sample I.D.
labels on all three data forms (exclude Q.A.
samples).

Total square feet of building should be the
result of your measurement and calculations as
shown on the Exterior Map. Check with the build-
ing contact to make sure your information is
nearly the same. If it is not, investigate the
reason, recalculate or remeasure.

Comments - Include other relevant information
about the building, especially information about
major additions, alterations and/or rennovations.

Record the square footage of the portion of the
building which was not inspected and state the
reason and specific location such as establish-
ment names or room numbers.

Check type of construction.

Check building use. If mixed give percent of
square footage for each type.


Information from the maps will be used to verify and
supplement the information on the data forms. It will be the
responsibility of the Field Coordinator to see that information
from the maps agrees with information on the forms and that the
information listed above is clear and accurate.

Maps for a building should be completed and edited
before the next building inspection.

4.3.1 The Exterior Map

The purpose of the exterior map is to show the dimen-
sions of the building from which square footage was calculated.
This map does not need to be to precise scale but should show
the basic shape(s) of the building (i.e. square or rectangular).

300 FT.
Floor 1
100 FT. 3 —_—_—_—_____+—_List Floors:
Basement



TABLE 1.

NORTHEASTERN SUBURBAN AREA

Buildings inspected

Surrounding buildings

Brick and masonry, vinyl tile,
suspended tile

Two-story stone buitding, terrazzo
floor and vinyl tile, spray-in
insulation in attic

Wooden two-story building,
vinyl floor cover, recent
insulation removal (asbestos)
sprayed-on in boiler room,

4 units inspected

Wooden single-story building,
vinyl flooring, suspended ceiling,
suspect material in furnace room

Two-story brick apartments, vinyl
floors plus carpet, each unit
has ow? heater

Three-story masonry and stone,
porous ceiling tiles, suspended
ceiling panels, vinyl] tile

Brick single-story, vinyl tile,
suspended ceiling

Two-story brick apartments,
some vinyl] tile

Two-story converted school,
renovated furnace, some vinyl

One-story brick, ceiling tile
Single-story masonry and glass
stores, vinyl tile, ceiling tile
Single-story brick building
converted from boiler house,

vinyl tile

Renovated service station, vinyl
tile, ceiling tile

Single-story commercial and resi-
dential

Two-story brick commercial and
residential

Similar wooden structures nearby,
a few brick buildings interspersed

Wood two-story structure nearby

Similar apartments in complex and
newer apartments in surrounding area

Similar buildings in area plus brick
exterior industrial complex

Strip commercial-brick and glass
stores, residential

Single-family residences, brick,
single-story commercial

Single-family wood residences,
single-story brick commercial

Wooden single-family residences,
brick school

Brick and wood residential single-
story commercial

Chemical process plant, asbestos
concrete type sheeting on building

Residential neighborhood, single-
family, wooden

G-1

(continued)


Sampling Area Map

Map #. Area # Bldg iD ——______ Bldg name
Location Zui EPA Lk a Pe a Floor # =
SKETCH AREA WITH DIMENSIONS
MARK SAMPLES WITH X

i UO

toy

sof fe — ff. fb 4

Total area height BSUET X width 20 F7TM = Total square feet of area 740 -

RN X ht = IF CONVENIENCE SAMPLE,
RN X width = RECORD REASON
Dem eT ke ee IT,
RN X he = “e ie
RN X width = eR
RN X he =
RN X width =
Repeat on back for additional samples
A-22


TABLE 7.

MIDWESTERN RURAL AREA

Buildings inspected

Surrounding buildings

Single story brick, carpet, sus-
pended ceilings

Single story brick, vinyl tile,
suspended ceiling

Single story brick and glass,
vinyl tile, suspended ceiling

Three story stone, vinyl tile,
plaster ceiling

Single story brick and natural
finish, partial basement,
carpet, suspended ceiling,
sprayed on ceiling in one
office

Single story brick and aluminum,
vinyl tiles, suspended ceiling

Three story brick and wood apts.,
carpet, some vinyl tile, plaster
ceilings, individual air system

Six story brick retirement home,
carpet, vinyl tile, sprayed on
ceiling, common air system in
basement

Three story brick and wood apts.,
vinyl tile, plaster ceilings

Six story brick hotel that is
mostly rented monthly, carpet,
some vinyl tile, suspended and
plaster ceiling. Common boiler
in basement

Three story wooden apts., vinyl tile,

plaster ceilings, individual air
systems

G13

Brick commercial bldg., wooden
residentail homes

Single story brick commercial,
residences
Commercial

Wood and brick residences

Wood and brick residences

Brick commerial bldgs.

Similar apts., single family
residences

Single family wood and brick
residences

Similar apts., part of a complex

Several story commercial bldg.

Similar apt. bldgs., single family
residences


(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

From the TABLE OF RANDOM DIGITS, choose a pair of
four-digit random numbers. Record the random
numbers on the by RN on map. A TABLE OF RANDOM
DIGITS is provided at the end of this chapter.
Cross out numbers as they are used. Choose a
random digit number. Put a decimal point in front
of the number, multiply the numbers by each
dimension.

The calculated coordinates (2) describe a location
within the rectangle. The first number of the
pair specifies the number of feet from the bottom
of the rectangle, and the second number specifies
the number of feet from the left side of the
rectangle. The point should be plotted on the
Sampling Area diagram.

If the point described by the random number pair
is within the Sampling Area and not within any
area designated on the diagram as inaccessible for
the purpose of sampling, then that point is a
sample location. Otherwise, the point is not a
sample location. Cross it off and start again.

Continue using the above random number pair pro-
cedure until the required number of appropriate
sample locations have been selected. Repeat on
back of page for additional samples.

All calculated coordinate pairs should be recorded
on the map.

Multi-Floor Sampling Areas

In multi-floor sampling areas, we want to spread the

sample locations as evenly as possible across floors. In this

section we describe how to do that. If a sampling area includes

area on several floors, proceed as described above to’ map all the

floors on one S.A. map. Calculate the total sqaure footage and

determine whether three, five or seven samples are to be taken.

Calculate the coordinates for the first sample according to step
(1) - (6) above.


NATIONAL SURVEY OF BUILDING MATERIAL

Advance Form Government Building Sample

Building ID#:

Building or establishment name:

Building address with building #:

50% or more government use (verify) |~ | | | call Westat.

Number of floors:

Describe building:

Information from Westat telephone contact:

contact person: title:

telephone:

scheduling information:

other:

Mixed use buildings (record % and description)

% residential:
% government:
% commercial:


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The authors of this report wish to thank all those whose efforts
contributed to the success of the survey. First, we gratefully
acknowledge the invaluable technical assistance and administrative
support of Cindy Stroup, Joseph Breen, Joseph Carra and Fred-
erick Kutz of EPA. We thank those who contributed in the planning
stages of the survey, especially Harold Nisselson and David Morgan-
stein of Westat, Bertram Price of Battelle, Connie DeRocco and
David Mayer of EPA. For overall project management support, we thank
David Cox of Battelle and Stephen Dietz of Westat.

The success of the project also depended directly on the staff
which carried out the various tasks. In particular, we wish to
acknowledge: Barbara Kreling of Westat, who developed the survey
procedures, designed the data forms, hired the field coordinators
and organized the training of the field staff; Ginny Osterlund of
Westat, who ensured that the field work went smoothly and managed the
data processing effort; and very importantly, the field coordin-
ators, Joan Fried, Mary Tarkowski, and Lorraine Robinson of Westat,
who were directly responsible for the high rate of cooperation from
building contacts enjoyed by the survey.

We wish to thank the Federal government officials at the U.S.
Postal Service, the Veterans Administration, the General Services
Administration and other agencies for assistance in planning the
study and in gaining access to buildings they manage. We also
appreciate the support given by the Environmental Protection Agency
Regional Asbestos Coordinators while the survey was in the field.
Without the cooperation and support of all these people, we would
have had great difficulty in completing the survey in a timely and
efficient manner.

We would also like to thank Dr. Frederick W. Kutz for the
photograph appearing on the cover of this report.

ii


Partition the total friable material area of the build-
ing into Sampling Areas. The partitioning will be based upon
visual inspection, knowledge of the building's history, and
building records, if available.

The following example should clarify the method of
partitioning.

Example: Suppose that friable material is found on the
ceiling of a large meeting room in an office building
and on the ceilings of first floor offices of a wing
constructed six years after the main building, where
the meeting room is. The friable material on the meet-
ing room ceiling appears to all be of one type, and the
friable material on the ceilings of the offices in the
new wing appears to all be of a second type. In this
situation, two Sampling Areas are required: (1) meet-
ing room ceiling and (2) ceilings of first floor office
of the new wing. An estimate of the percentage of
asbestos present will be obtained for each of these
Sampling Areas. The total square feet of each area
will also be estimated based on your scale maps.

For each Sampling Area, diagram the area covered by
friable materials. The Area should be marked off as follows:

(1) Clearly indicate the approximate dimensions of all
building areas covered by the F.M. Sampling Area.
If these measurements are not readily available,
measure the area with a tape measure.

(2) Indicate on the diagram any areas that are inac-
cessible for the purpose of sampling the friable
material.

Large Areas

If one Sampling Area contains friable material areas
that are not adjacent (for example, areas on different floors of
the building where the material is the same), sketch each separate


APPENDIX A

FIELD PROCEDURES--CHAPTERS 3-6
OF THE FIELD MANUAL



A further component is reflected in the weights of buildings
subsampled from a sampled complex (i.e., group of buildings).
The first modification occurs at the building level, for build-
ings which had multiple addresses, and therefore a multiple
chance of selection from the address list. The building proba-
bilities were adjusted appropriately.

The remaining adjustments were done by size class for each
type of building. Adjustments to the base weights were made to
reflect the substitutions done for ineligible buildings. These
adjustments reduced the weights so that the weighted totals
would reflect the number of eligible buildings on the frame
rather than the total number of buildings on the frame. No
adjustment was needed for substitutions made for eligible build-
ings which were not inspected. However, in a few instances,
there were not enough eligible buildings to provide substitutes
for all noncooperating buildings. In those cases, the building
weights were increased to reflect the loss of eligible buildings
from the final set of inspected buildings.

The final set of adjustments involved adjusting building
weights, again by type of building and size class, using infor-
mation known from outside the study. We did not have an outside
source for the actual number of buildings which would fall in
our study definition for Federal government buildings, so Federal
government adjustments occurred at the frame level. Primary
Sampling Unit (PSU) weights were adjusted to bring weighted PSU
totals in line with the frame totals for the continental U.S.

For residential buildings with 10 or more rental units we
also did not have an external data source for number of buildings.
However, we did adjust the PSU weights so that weighted PSU
totals would reflect the stratum (region by PSU size) totals for

the number of dwelling units in 10 or more unit buildings.



Westat. Any discrepancies found in the shipments (e.g., missing
samples, extra samples) were noted at this time and guidance in
solving them requested from Westat.

Samples were stored in a locked room at all times except
when they were analyzed.



ANALYSIS OF BULK SAMPLES
FOR ASBESTOS AND/OR OTHER MATERIALS

I. Microscopic Analyses

CAUTION: Perform all asbestos analyses in laboratory fume
hoods.

This protocol conforms to that given in the EPA Interim
Method for the Determination of Asbestos in Bulk Insulation
samples!) (2,3)
tation was obtained by observing the entire sample through the

and as amended in the Federal Register. Quanti-
stereomicroscope and visually estimating the percentage of each
component relative to the whole sample. The results are com-
parable to those obtained by the 400-point count quantitation
method described in the Interim Methoa, (11243) Asbestos-containing
samples with known quantities of asbestos serve as guides for
maintaining the accuracy of the estimates. Visual estimation of
quantity, with the aid of a stereomicroscope, is commonly used

by laboratories during asbestos analyses.

A. General and Stereomicroscopic Observations

1. Empty the entire bulk sample onto clean weighing
paper. Describe general appearance in laboratory notebook (e.g.,
floor tile, acoustical tile, etc.).

2. Examine the sample under the stereomicroscope at

7 to 30x magnification. Use tweezers and probes to expose all


VII. Western Urban Area

A large western metropolitan city was one of the selected
sampling sites. The city is located on the Pacific Ocean and has
a population of about three million. The economic base is diverse
and includes petroleum plants, produce importers and exporters,
produce farmers, and many tourist attractions. Commercial build-
ings are cinder block or brick, one to two stories tall, with
flat roofs. Many of these are warehouses with offices in the
front.

Table 6 in Appendix G describes the sampling sites and
surrounding buildings in the area. The sampled sites are
representative of the entire city.

Only two of the buildings inspected had basements. The
buildings have little boiler insulation or pipe wrap due to the
warm climate. Most buildings have individual forced air furnaces
with fiberglass insulation. Asbestos-type fire proofing was used
above the suspended ceiling.

There was a general awareness of asbestos in the area even

though not much was present. In one instance, sampling and

removal had already been completed.

VIII. Midwestern Rural Area

Another selected area was a midwest county with a total
population of approximately 70,000. One major town has a popula-
tion of 45,000 with the smaller towns having less than 1,000
people. The main economic base is farming, mainly wheat, corn,
soybeans and milo. The country's largest grain elevator is in
this county and crops are shipped by railroad and truck. One
community in the county is Amish.


Table 3-1. Internal QA results:

analyzed at MRI

both samples in a pair

Both No discrepancy
Type of <1% or Both Discrep- Total
material N.D.? | 213 Number | Percent ancy pairs
Sprayed- or
trowelled-on
friable c
material 6 5 11 92% 1 12
Ceiling tile 13 0 13 100 0 13
Pipe wrap? 5 13 18 100 0 18
Total Pairs 24 18 42 98% 1 43

an.p. = none detected,

i.e., no asbestos detected.

was also reported, and is equivalent to N.D.

b

Trace (<1%)

Includes any pipe wrap, insulation or sprayed- or trowelled-on

friable materials found in boiler rooms, as well as pipe wrap
and non-friable insulation found outside boiler rooms.

Soriginally, one sample's analysis showed 1% and the other's "none
detected." After reanalysis, both showed 1%.


TABLE 10. SOUTHWESTERN URBAN AREA B

Buildings inspected

Surrounding buildings

Sinele storv brick and stone
building; vinvl tile; suspended
cetlins

Two story bricks vinvl tile,
susnenied deiling and some
soraved cn material

Sinvle story wood naneled brildine;
asohaltic tile, svsnended ceiling

Nvlti-story stcne and plass
buildings; vinvl tile and carpet;
s'spended ceilinzs; sprayed on
fire-proofine ahove “stlinz

Sinole story brick structure; vinyl
tile: svsnended ceiling

Sinele story brick structure;
asphaltic tile; suspended ceiling

Two story brick anartments; carpet and
vinvl tile; olaster ceilines;
individval air svstem

Two story brick anartments; carvet;
vlaster ceilings; individual air
system

Two story brick avartments; carnet
and linoleum; plaster ceilings;
individual air system

Three story brick apartments;
carnet; spraved on ceilings; two
hot water heaters provide heat

Two story brick apartments; carpet
plaster ce‘lings; individual
air system

Metal building with concrete floor
and metal ceiling; vinyl tile and
ceiling tile in office

Single story cinderblock building;
concrete floors and ceilines

G-19

Prick commercial buildings
Brick commercial buildines
Stone and brick buildings

Stone and briek buildings |

Brick and wood residences |

Brick and aluminum commercial
buildings

Similar brick apartment buildings
Similar apartment buildings
Similar apartment buildings
Similar apartment buildings
Similar apartment buildings
Brick and wood residences

Brick school and wood residences


II. OkGANIZATION AND PERSONNEL

The study was conducted as a collaborative effort for EPA's
Office of Toxic Substances (OTS) under two prime contracts.
Battelle Columbus Laboratories (BCL), under EPA Contract
No. 68-01-6721, was the prime contractor under contract to the
Design and Development Branch of the Exposure Evaluation Division
of OTS. Westat was the subcontractor to BCL under Subcontract
No. A-3043(8149)-270. Midwest Research Institute (MRI), under
EPA Contract No. 68-02-3938, was the prime contractor under
contract to the Field Studies Branch of the same division. Its
subcontractor was Research Triangle Institute (RTI), under
Subcontract No. 111-7900-6.

The major tasks in the study were survey planning, quality
assurance, designing and drawing the national sample of buildings,
developing data collection procedures and materials, conducting
a pilot study, hiring and training field inspection team members,
data collection in the field (including taking bulk samples),
laboratory analysis of bulk samples using PLM, data preparation,
statistical analysis and interpretation and writing a final
report. While BCL was responsible for the overall management of
the project, Westat, under subcontract to BCL, had direct respon-
sibility for all areas listed above with the following exceptions.
MRI shared responsibility for quality assurance, supplied one
building inspector directly and another through a subcontract
with Research Triangle Institute (RTI), and was completely
responsible for the PLM analysis of the bulk samples. MRI also
assisted in writing the final report. One other subcontractor,
Environmental Health Laboratory, provided quality assurance PLM
analyses to MRI. The project organization and key personnel are
shown in Figure 3-1.



. Sprayed- or trowelled-on friable material appears
distributed across country in three forms -~ fluffy,
tamped, and granular.

. There appear to be regional differences in the types of
sprayed- or trowelled-on friable materials found.

. Ceiling tiles and panels are used throughout the coun-
try. Very few contain asbestos.

. Floor tiles and linoleum coverings are used throughout
the country. Some may contain asbestos.

° Materials other than those listed above are used in
building construction and may contribute to asbestos
burden. These include millboard, HVAC couplings,
caulking, etc.

. Asbestos-type materials are being rapidly phased out
and replaced by cellulose, fibrous glass, and mineral
wool substitutes.

. Many building owners have already made asbestos inspec-
tions and initiated remedial action.

Regional comparisons:

. The east and midwestern U. S. are more likely to have
central heating with furnace/boiler configuration than
the South and West.

. Certain areas in the East have an increased conscious-—
ness of asbestos hazard and have initiated remedial
action on heating systems.

. Other areas of the East have a very common usage of
asbestos in existing buildings including sprayed-on
materials for acoustical, thermal and fire protection
insulation and are not aware of the potential problems.

° The use of suspect asbestos materials is less in the
Midwest, West, and South than in the East.


Exterior Map

Map # Bldg. ID Bldg name

SKETCH EXTERIOR SHAPES WITH DIMENSIONS

Square Feet Shape | (show calculations)

X number of floors = TOTAL

Shape 11
X number of floors = TOTAL

Shape III (Record additional shapes on back)
X number of floors = TOTAL

Total square feet of building (sum shapes) (include basement)

+ + =
B-8

TOTAL SQUARE FEET



REQUEST FOR REPORTS

Building ID:

Building Name:

Building Address:

Owner's Name:

Title:

Telephone #:

Mailing Address of Owner:

Type of Report:
1. Lab results of samples taken.
2. Final Report of survey.

3. Other (Specify)



Worksheet for Sampling Five Floors

Building ID: Page of

Building name:

Number of floors containing apartments:

1. Random number: = Floor #:
2. Random number: = Floor #:
3. Random number: = Floor #:
4, Random number: Floor #:
5. Random number: Floor #:

Line # Floor # Line # Floor # Line # Floor #
1 1 1

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into the survey results. In order to maintain the desired sample
size, substitutions were made for non-cooperating buildings.
Substitutes were chosen from the sampling frame by taking the
next building on the list, thus ensuring a building as similar

as possible to the originally sampled building, at least in

terms of sample stratification variables.

3. Other Potential Sources of Nonsampling Error

Nonsampling errors are those which result from sources
other than that attributable to sampling. There were various
potential sources of nonsampling error in this survey. Although
the impact of such errors on the estimates is not generally
quantifiable, it is important to acknowledge these sources so
that users of the survey data may be aware of their possible
effects.

Potential sources of nonsampling errors include: nonresponse
bias (discussed above under Response Rates); failing to sample
potentially asbestos-containing material; errors in laboratory
analysis of bulk samples; and errors in data collection, tran-
scription, keypunching, or computer manipulations. The Quality
Assurance Plan addresses each of these potential sources of
error. Although such errors may still have occurred, there is
no evidence to suggest that they introduced bias into the survey
results. What evidence we do have, as detailed throughout this
section of the report, indicates that such errors did not occur,

or if they did, it was at a very low level.


(b) Slightly uncrossed polars (X).

Optional: May help in determining glass.

(c) Crossed polars plus first order red plate
(+R1): Insert upper analyzer and cross the polars. Insert
first order red plate. Rotate stage and observe sign of elongation.
Note: First order red plate need be removed only when upper
analyzer is in place.

(d) Dispersion staining central stop (CS) or
anular stop (AS). Uncross polars and remove upper analyzer.
Insert Bertrand lens and rotate central or annular stop into
place. Remove Bertrand lens and refocus microscope. Rotate the
stage and determine dispersion staining colors of sample materials.
Enter in lab book.

(e) Transmitted light (1). (Used when crocidolite
is suspected.) Insert Bertrand lens and remove dispersion staining
stop from field of view. Remove upper analyzer. Rotate stage
and determine pleochroism of suspect fiber(s). Note all PLM
observations in laboratory notebook.

Cc. Estimation of Sample Components

Using PLM results (specific materials identification)
combined with carbonate/noncarbonate binder determination and
whole-sample observation under the stereomicroscope, estimate
volume percentages of all materials and enter in lab book.
Standards containing known percentages of asbestos are available

for reference.


u.S. Environmental Protection Agency
Region 5, Library (PL-12J)

77 West Jackson Boulevard, 12th Floor
Chicago, IL 60604-3590

4


Form C. Fan/Boiler Room Samples

Number of fan/boiler rooms

Building ID

Building Name

fo

Fan/Boiler Room
Location in Building

Floor #

Area #

Location of Material
Ceiling, Wall

Other ( pipe wrap,

boiler insulation, duct

insulation, describe )

Condition
Code
1-5

(1) = Best
(S) = Worst

|

Random
ID Sticker*

\

“Bracket each pair of side-by-side samples

A-10


Table E-1.

Eligibility rates and reasons for ineligibility in

initial sample, Federal government buildings

(unweighted)

Area

COMBNHDUNBWNeE

=

Total

Reasons for ineligibility

1. Less than 50 percent
of building occupied
by Federal government

2. No longer leased

3. Not a building (radar,
beacon, etc.)

4. Ineligible building
(garage, storage,
warehouse, vacant)

Eligibility rate in
initial sample

83%
508
508
83%
100%
50%
67%
67%
50%
100%

73% (n=66 initially
sampled
buildings)

Percent of
ineligible buildings

41%

24%
248

12%

(n=18 ineligible
buildings)


TABLE 8. MIDWESTERN URBAN AREA (CONTINUED)

Buildings inspected

Surrounding buildings

Sinele story concrete structure;
Sonerete floor and ceiling

Two story brick; residence upstairs;
vinyl tile; sprayed on ceiling

Single story brick building; carpet;
suspended ceiling

Single story brick building; carpet;
suspended ceiling

Single story cinderblock building;
linoleum; suspended ceiling

Two story brick warehouse; carpet

and-eéilingttile in office;
concrete floor and ceiling in
warehouse.

Single story cinderblock structure;
vinyl tile; suspended ceiling

Single story brick building; vinyl
tile; suspended ceiling

Single story cinderblock structure;
vinyl tile; susnended ceiling

Cld wecd hovse converted to offices
vinyl tile; ceiling tile

Single story brick office bvildine;
vinvl tile; ceiline tile

"rick commercial buildines

‘ood and brick single family
residences

Part of a brick shopping center

Part of a brick shoppine center
Brick commercial buildings

Brick commercial and residential
buildings

Brick commercial buildings

Brick commercial buildings
Part of a *rick shopping center

Brick and wood single family
residences

Brick and wood single family
residences

Rrick sinele familv residences


sure to number the pages carefully. When the entire building is
homogeneous (the usual case), write Section 1 of 1 and "whole
building" at the top of Part III of the form.

Now fill in Part III for one section (or the whole
building). Fill in the number of floors with apartments. If
the building has a basement with no apartments in it, or several
levels of parking garage, do not count these floors. Count only
those floors with apartments. Now check the appropriate box in
Question A. If there are five or fewer floors with apartments,
you will select two apartments to inspect from every floor. Go
on to Part IV of the form. If, however, there are more than
five floors with apartments, you will have to select five floors
at random using the Worksheet for Selecting Five Floors. The
selection process is explained in Section 5.3. Write down the
five selected floors in the space provided in Question B and
include the completed worksheet with this data form in the data
folder.

After you have five (or fewer) floors, either all
floors in a low-rise building or through sampling, go to Part
IV. List the five (or fewer) floors in the column labeled
"floor" of the table. You are now ready to draw two apartments
from each floor using the Worksheet for Sampling Two Apartments
from One Floor. The process is explained in Section 5.2. Record
the selected apartments in column 2 and include the worksheets
with the data form.

The next task is inspecting the selected apartments.
You may be able to inspect these apartments by approaching the
tenants directly for cooperation. If the apartment manager
prefers, you may have to schedule a second visit so that tenants
can be notified in advance. After you inspect the selected
apartments, check the “yes" box at the end of Part IV. In some


When obscuring materials (e.g., gypsum, calcium
carbonate, cement) are present the limits can be greatly
increased and may approach or exceed one percent. Special
treatments to visualize the asbestos may then be required, such

as treatments to dissolve the obscuring materials.

III. MRI Internal QC

An additional 10 percent of the bulk samples will be
reanalyzed by a second MRI analyst. Every tenth sample analyzed
by the primary analyst will be recoded and analyzed blind by a
second person. Results will be compared after the second
analysis is complete. Comparison of results may be on a sample
by sample basis, or after several of the internal QC samples

have been analyzed.

QC analyses will be recorded in a laboratory notebook
reserved for this purpose only. The MRI task leader will
examine the QC analysis notebook on a regular basis.

REFERENCES:

L .
USEPA. 1982. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Environ-

mental Systems Laboratory. Interim Method for Determination of
Asbestos in Bulk Insulation Samples.
Research Triangle Park, N.C. EPA 600/M4-82-020.

asbestos; Friable Asbestos-Containing Materials in Schools;
Identification and Notification, Appendix A. Final Rule,
Environmental Protection Agency, 40 CFR Part 763, Federal
Register Vol. 47, No. 103, 23360, May 27, 1982.

3 .

Asbestos; Friable Asbestos-Containing Materials in Schools;
Identification and Notification; Correction. 40 CFR Part 763,
Federal Register Vol. 47, No. 170,38535, September 1, 1982.

Q
1
wn


6-2 (continued)

Materials Present: Type and Volume Percent?

MRI Internal Asbestos _Fibrous Nonasbestos

Sample ID No. Field ID No. CHR AMO GWL FGL CEL OTR Nonfibrous
7901-17-0672 57580 ND ND ND ND 98 ND 2
7901-17-0786QC 57580 ND ND ND ND 93 ND 7
7901-17-0682 89152 ND ND ND ND ND ND 100
7901-17-0784QC 89152 ND ND ND ND T ND 100
7901-17-0697 37690 40 ND ND 15 ND ND 45
7901-17-0787QC 37690 5 ND 50 15 ND ND 30
7901-17-0716 37897 ND ND ND ND 99 ND 1
7901-17~0783QC 37897 ND ND ND ND 90 ND 10
7901-17-0731 57802 20 ND ND ND 40 ND 40
7901-17-0788QC 57802 15 ND 15 ND 50 ND 20
7901-17-0747 79844 10 ND ND ND ND ND 90
7901-17-0789QC 79844 5 ND ND T T ND 95
7901-17-0761 03652 8 ND ND ND ND ND 92
7901-17-0785QC 03652 2 ND ND T T T 98
7901-17-0490 22953 ND ND 44 ND 45 ND 11
7901-17-1453QC 22953 ND ND 30 ND 30 ND 40
7901-17-0503 28101 ND 1 20 ND 20 49 10
Reanalysis 28101 T ND

7901-17-1452QC 28101 ND ND 10 ND 65 5 20
Reanalysis QC 28101 ND T

Third analyst 28101 ND 1

7901-17-0517 93983 ND ND ND 100 ND ND ND
7901-17-1451QC 93983 ND ND 100 ND ND ND ND
7901-17-0569 20592 ND ND 80 ND ND ND 20
7901-17-1448QC 20592 ND ND 95 ND T ND 5
7901-17-0579 83081 55 ND 30 ND 1 ND 14
7901-17-1450QC 83081 55 ND 25 ND T ND 20
7901-17-0591 11254 ND ND 44 ND 44 ND 12
7901-17-1449QC 11254 ND ND 30 ND 40 ND 30
7901-17-0616 71312 ND ND ND ND 99 ND 1
7901-17-1184QC 71312 ND ND ND ND 95 ND 5
7901-17-0626 44830 ND ND 35 ND 47 ND 18
7901-17-1185QC 44830 ND ND 25 ND 25 ND 50
7901-17-0636 69424 20 ND ND ND ND ND 80
7901~-17-1183QC 69424 5 ND ND ND T ND 95
7901-17-0646 55823 ND ND ND ND 1 ND 99
7901-17-1187QC 55823 ND ND ND ND T 1 99
7901-17-0054 96869 93 ND ND ND 1 ND 6
7901-17-1186QC 96869 70 ND ND T 5 ND 25
7901-17-0811 80247 90 ND ND ND ND ND 10
7901-17-1179QC 80247 60 ND ND ND ND ND 40
7901-17-0824 16115 ND ND 39 ND 53 ND 6
7901~17-1178QC 16115 ND ND 30 ND 30 ND 40
7901-17-0843 77897 ND ND 30 ND 59 ND 11
7901-17-14 188QC 77897 ND ND 25 ND 25 ND 50


NATIONAL SURVEY OF BUILDING MATERIALS

BUILDING SUMMARY SHEET
Building iD:

Building Name: Inspection Team: amen

~

Inspection Date: —________..

Building Address:

Contact Name

Title

Telephone

Year of Construction: —____

Ne /

SUMMARY DATA:
Type of Construction Use

# floors (include basement) —___ (enesk one) (check one)

frame OC) office C)

masonry (L) commercial C)

steel beam C) residential C)
other C) mixed

(specify)

#* maps
# sampled areas
# fan/boiler rooms

# samples taken

# Q.A. samples taken

LL total square feet of building

~,
(- \

COMMENTS: (include comments about major alterations, renovations and additions)

Portion of building not inspected (in sq. ft.): Reason:



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7-12


Table 3-2. External QA results: one sample of each pair analyzed
at MRI, the other at Environmental Health Laboratory

Both No discrepancy

Type of <1% or Both |————-++-—————__|_ Discrep- Total
material N.D.@ 21% Number |} Percent ancy pairs
Sprayed- or

trowelled-on

friable

material 7 5 12 100% 0 12
Ceiling tile 13 0 13 100 0 13
Pipe wrap? 3 15 18 95 ic 19
Total Pairs 23 20 43 98% 1 44

@ND = none detected, i.e., no asbestos detected. Trace (<1%) was
also reported, and is equivalent to N.D.

Pincludes any pipe wrap, insulation or sprayed- or trowelled-on
friable material found in boiler rooms, as well as pipe wrap and
non-friable insulation found outside boiler rooms.

°original analysis showed MRI = ND, EHL = 7%. Reanalysis of MRI
sample showed 1%, so both became "21%."


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7-30


SECTION 1

INTRODUCTION

I. BACKGROUND

Asbestos-containing materials have been widely used in
building construction. Some of these materials are friable, that
is, they may be crumbled, pulverized, or reduced to powder by
hand pressure. When friable material is present, asbestos fibers
may be easily dislodged and become airborne. People using the
building are then exposed to the risk of breathing asbestos
fibers, which research indicates is associated with increased
incidence of cancer and respiratory diseases. The EPA has
responded to this situation in several ways. Under the Clean Air
Act, EPA restricted the use of sprayed-on asbestos-containing
friable materials except for decorative purposes in new construc-—
tion as of 1973, and banned the use of all sprayed-on asbestos-
containing friable materials in new construction beginning in
1979. Under the Toxic Substances Control Act, EPA promulgated
the Asbestos-in-Schools Identification and Notification Rule in
1982, as part of a program to protect the nation's school chil-
dren from this potential health hazard.

The Asbestos in Buildings National Survey of Asbestos-
Containing Friable Materials is part of an effort to deal with
the broader problem of public exposure to asbestos from friable
building materials. Such exposures might occur in the office, in
a commercial establishment, in a Federal government building or
in a rental apartment building. In 1982, a report prepared by
GCA Corporation summarized the available data on the presence of
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7-19



TABLE 9. NORTHEASTERN URBAN AREA (CONTINUED)

Buildings inspected

Surrounding buildings

Five story brick; hardwood floors;
decorat‘ve tin ceilings

Seven story brick hotel; carnet
and rlaster ceilings in hotel;
some rented offices have vinyl
tile and ceiling tile

Seven story brick building; vinyl
tile and concrete floors; plaster
ceilings

Two story brick; vinyl tile and
woed floors; ceiling tile

Fovr story brick hnildine; concrete
floor and ceil‘ne in work area;
carnet and svsvcended cetlines in
offices

Three storv brick bri ldine; concrete
and hardwood floors: hich ceilines

Four story brick boild‘ng: vinvl
tile; ceiline tile

Ten storv brick office buildine:
carnet and vinyl tile; susnended
cet lines

Mlti-sterv hric’ Fotel: several
svhe c-erents inelided in this;
carnet: caraved on cejlineg jin rooms
and vsed “or decoraticn

Five story troek hy tldine; hardwood
floors; decorative tin ce* lines

Three ctory brick warehcuse;
ecnerete “leer: hich ceiline

Several stor’ brick commercial
buildings

Rrick commercial hvildines

Rrick commercial buildings

Rrick commercial huildings

Rrick commercial h-ildines

Prick cormercial warehouses

Prick commercial huildin-s

Several story brick commercial
bri ldines

Several storv brick commere‘al
biildin-s

Several story ‘rick commercial
maldings

Brick commercial warehorvses


residential (with 10 or more rental units); and private
nonresidential (largely commercial--office, retail and other).
Additional information was gathered including data on ceiling
tile, pipe or boiler insulation, floor tile and building charac-
teristics.

The survey involved five major areas of work: the
development of a survey design, the design and implementation of
a quality assurance program, the execution of a field survey,
the laboratory analysis of field samples, and the statistical
analysis and interpretation of the data.

The study was conducted in 10 sites (cities or groups of
counties) chosen with probability sampling to represent the |
continental U.S. A total of 231 buildings was inspected, with |
about half being private nonresidential, one-quarter residential,
and one-quarter Federal government. A total of 1,514 bulk
samples were taken. The sample of buildings was chosen so that

separate estimates could be made for each type of building.
Although survey participation was not mandatory, a high rate of

cooperation was achieved -- 88 percent of initially sampled
eligible buildings were inspected. Replacements for those
buildings that did not participate were identified and
substituted.

Each sampled building was thoroughly inspected for the
presence of materials which might contain asbestos: sprayed- or
trowelled-on friable materials, ceiling tile, pipe and boiler
insulation, and vinyl floor tile. A bulk sample was taken of
any such material found, and all bulk samples except floor tile
samples were analyzed for asbestos content. Pipe wrap was
sampled at elbows, pipe ends and damaged spots, to estimate
asbestos content of exposed material. Undamaged material not at

elbows or valves may have lower percent asbestos content. The

viii



Friable material may be found on the ceilings of office
space, corridors, meeting rooms, cafeterias, machinery rooms,
and storage rooms. It may also be found on steel support beams
and columns, pipes, and occasionally on walls. Neither visual
inspection of friable material nor checking building records can
determine the presence or absence of asbestos. Such a deter-
mination must be made through proper sampling and analysis.

3.2 Building Summary Sheet

The building inspection will be conducted by the field
coordinator and the building inspector. The first task will be
.Measuring the outside of the building and preparing the Exterior
Map, discussed later.

Next, begin to obtain the information from the build-
ing contact which is recorded on the building summary sheet on
the next page. The top portion of the summary sheet should be
filled in at the start of the inspection. Much of the informa-
tion in the middle and lower sections is filled in after the
inspection is completed.

The following points refer to this data form:

. Year of construction - It is important for sam-
pling purposes to have the specific year of con-
struction. The Advance person has already made
sure that the building has been constructed
before January 1979. If you find out a later
date, check it carefully and call Westat.

. Number of floors should agree with the Exterior
Map.
. Number sampled areas. Count the number of areas

on all three data forms.


those characteristics and their association with asbestos. Here
we look at the observed distributions of the characteristics.
The three building characteristics recorded were construction
date, height (number of floors) and construction type. In our
sample, we did not get enough variety of construction types for
valid estimates to be made for each type, so we do not report
results by construction type here. In tables by building height
we show buildings with one or two floors and buildings with three
or more floors. Our sample of buildings, as drawn, does not
allow us to offer separate statistics on tall buildings (15 or
more floors).

We begin by comparing our survey estimates of the percent
distribution by construction date and building height with those
from the Department of Energy Nonresidential Building Energy
Consumption Survey, 1981*. That survey consisted of interviews
and observations on 6,000 buildings nationally and is the only
source of survey data available on the U.S. building stock. The
survey defined as nonresidential all buildings with any commercial
activity, so that many apartment buildings are included (for
example, an apartment building with office space on the lower
floors, or with a beauty salon or other business serving the
tenants would be included in the DOE survey.) So the target
universe of the Asbestos in Buildings Survey is fairly comparable
to that of the DOE survey. In Tables 7-8 and 7-9 we see that
our 95 percent confidence limits on percent distribution by
construction date and height include the DOE estimates. Thus,
our survey is in agreement with the DOE survey: buildings are
approximately evenly distributed across the four defined time
spans, and a large majority of buildings are only one or two

stories tall.

*U.S. Department of Energy, 1981. Nonresidential Buildings
Energy Consumption Survey: Building Characteristics. DOE/EIA
- 0246.


V. BUILDING SAMPLE

All buildings were classified by square footage into size

strata.

These were as follows:

Size Class Square Feet

1-1000
1,001-5,000
5,001-10,000
10,001-25,000
25,001-100,000
100,001+

nuk WN HE

Square footage was provided by the GSA for each government

building or facility but for the other building types square

footage had to be estimated:

A.

Private nonresidential buildings "composed" of

D&B establishments had available the total number

of employees for all the establishments as

reported by D&B. The number of employees was
converted to square feet based upon the two-digit
Standard Industrial Classification (SIC) code of the
largest employer at that address. This conversion
factor ranged from 305 square feet per employee for
restaurants to 1,290 for education.

Buildings "composed" solely of NBL establishments were
assigned to size class 3, since NBL, based strictly
upon telephone book listings, did not have any size
information available.

Buildings composed of both DMI and NBL establishments
followed the procedure in (A).

Residential buildings were assigned to a size class by
using a conversion factor of 1000 square feet per
housing unit.


3. THE BUILDING INSPECTION

3.1 How to Identify Friable Materials

As you conduct the inspection you will be looking
primarily for friable material -- material which can be crushed,
crumbled or reduced to powder by hand. Friability cannot be
determined visually; the material must be touched. In this
chapter we describe friable materials and discuss how to identify
them. The discussion below is from an EPA Region VII document
entitled Asbestos Exposure Assessment _ in Buildings: Inspection

Manual.

During the past four years, members of the EPA Region
VII office evaluated over 600 buildings in Iowa, Kansas and
Nebraska, identified as containing asbestos. Inspection of
these buildings revealed basically three types of sprayed-on
asbestos-containing material (see Exhibit 3-1). One was very
fibrous (composed almost entirely of fibers), spongy, fluffy,
loosely bonded, highly friable (easily crushed by hand pressure),
and one to four inches thick. The asbestos content was usually
greater than 10 percent with a maximum asbestos concentration of
98 percent. It had the appearance of cotton candy or Spanish
moss hanging from the ceiling and/or walls. This material was
usually a mixture of asbestos plus cellulose, rock wool, or
fibrous glass which had been spray-applied and in many instances
had been tamped (compressed). Several instances were found in
which latex or enamel paints had been applied over the asbestos-
containing material.

A second type of asbestos-containing material was an
essentially non-fibrous, cementitious material commonly referred
to as acoustical plaster. The major component of the cementitious,


Vv. PRESENCE OF ASBESTOS BY BUILDING HEIGHT

In Table 7-9 we saw that an estimated eighty-five percent
of buildings in our target universe have one or two floors. In
Table 7-16, however, we estimate that the majority of buildings
with any asbestos-containing material (52 percent or 380,000 out
of 733,000 buildings) are three or more stories tall. This is
due to asbestos-containing pipe and boiler insulation. The
sprayed- or trowelled-on friable material column shows that the
distribution of buildings with asbestos-containing sprayed- or
trowelled-on friable materials by height was the same as the
overall distribution by height. This means that buildings with
one to two floors are as likely as those with three or more
floors to have asbestos-containing sprayed~ or trowelled-on
friable material, as shown in Table 7-17. Looking at the square
footage of sprayed- or trowelled-on friable materials in
Table 7-18, we see that the bulk of such material with asbestos
(72 percent or 859 million out of 1,184 million square feet) is
found in one or two story buildings, and that such material in
short buildings is more likely to contain asbestos than in
taller buildings (54 percent of material vs. 11 percent). Esti-
mates for tall buildings are based on a small number of responses
and therefore subject to large sampling errors. No pattern of
asbestos content was found by height.



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(3) A separately-owned continguous building with the same
architecture; and/or

(4) For a contiguous building with the same architecture
and the same owner, if divided by a permanent interior
wall (for residential buildings this is assumed to be
equivalent to having distinct street addresses).

The sample of buildings was drawn using a multi-stage
stratified design. In the first stage an area sample of the
U.S. was drawn with probability proportional to 1980 population
size. Within each of these areas or primary sample units
(PSU's), a stratified list sample of buildings was drawn. For
private nonresidential and residential buildings an additional
intermediate sampling stage was used to reduce the task of
listing all the buildings within the PSU's.

II. FIRST STAGE: SAMPLE OF PSU'S

The first stage in sample selection was selecting a sample
of ten areas, known as Primary Sampling Units (PSU's), to
represent the continental United States. This selection pro-
ceeded as follows. The continental U.S. consists of over 3,000
counties and independent cities. These were grouped into
approximately 1,000 PSU's, following the grouping used by the
Census Bureau in its Current Population Survey and other work.
Urban counties are grouped into Standard Metropolitan Statistical
Areas (SMSA's), and rural counties are grouped into PSU's of a
minimum total population. The PSU's were then placed in ten
strata: large SMSA's by Census Region* (4 strata), medium and
small SMSA's by Census Region (4 strata), rural PSU's in the
South Region, and rural PSU's in all other Regions. In each

*The four Census Regions are: North East, North Central, South
and West.

E-2


6-2 (continued)

Materials Present: Type and Volume Percent®

MRI Internal Asbestos Fibrous Nonasbestos

Sample ID No. Field ID No. CHR AMO GWL FGL CEL OTR Nonfibrous
7901-17-1089 43415 ND ND 46 ND 46 ND 8
7901-17-1577QC 43415 ND ND 50 ND 40 ND 10
7901-17-1115 87384 ND 2 96 ND T ND 2
7901-17-1581QC 87384 ND 5 90 ND ND ND 5
7901-17-1125 86351 85 ND ND ND ND ND 15
7901-17-1583QC 86351 75 ND ND ND 1 ND 24
7901-17-1200 44896 40 2 ND 40 ND ND 18
7901-17-1602QC 44896 2 25 ND 50 ND ND 23
7901-17-1216 69761 ND ND 50 ND ND ND 50
7901-17-1603QC 69761 ND ND ND 10 ND ND 90
7901-17-1229 84664 1 ND ND ND ND ND 99
Reanalysis 84664 ND

7901-17-1601QC 84664 ND ND ND ND 1 ND 99
7901-17-1246 09165 90 ND 1 ND ND ND 9
7901-17-1599QC 09165 60 ND ND 5 20 ND 15
7901-17-1257 43676 ND ND 20 ND 10 ND 70
7901-17-1595QC 43676 ND ND ND 20 20 ND 60
7901-17-1271 15889 ND 60 ND ND ND ND 40
7901-17-1598QC 15889 ND 80 ND ND ND ND 20
7901-17-1282 39890 ND ND ND ND 100 ND ND
7901-17-1600QC 39890 ND ND ND ND 90 ND 10
7901-17-1292 24488 ND ND ND ND 99 ND 1
7901-17-1591QC 24488 ND ND ND ND 100 ND ND
7901-17-1307 13175 ND ND ND 100 ND ND ND
7901-17-1597QC 13175 ND ND ND 100 ND ND ND
7901-17-1318 89886 2 ND ND ND ND ND 98
7901-17-1590QC 89886 5 ND ND ND ND ND 95
7901-17-1329 00471 ND 30 65 ND ND ND 5
7901-17-1596QC 00471 ND 75 25 T ND ND ND
7901-17-1340 19606 1 ND 25 ND ND ND 74
7901-17-1593QC 19606 2 ND 38 ND ND T 60
7901-17-1340 19606 1 ND 25 ND ND ND 74
7901-17-1593QC 19606 2 ND 38 ND ND T 60
7901-17-1355 42942 ND ND Al ND 45 ND 14
7901-17-1594QC 42942 ND ND 40 ND 30 ND 30
7901-17-1392 80516 ND ND ND ND 97 ND 3
7901-17-1592QC 80516 ND ND ND ND 100 ND T
7901-17-1456 69401 ND ND ND 96 ND ND 4
7901-17-1610QC 69401 ND ND ND 99 ND ND 1
7901-17-1466 26236 ND ND ND ND 80 ND 20
7901-17-1605QC 26236 ND ND T ND 50 ND 50
7901-17-1477 80060 ND ND ND 90 5 ND 5
7901-17-1609QC 80060 ND ND ND 90 5 ND 5
7901-17-1488 98924 30 ND ND ND ND ND 70
7901-17-1606QC 98924 1 ND ND ND 5 T 94



Table 6-1. Samples designated for analysis or storage

MRI External b
Sampling area analysis laboratory Hold
02, 04, 08 268 13 150
06 107 5 58
05 106 3 40
10 43 2 31
09 54 3 37
07 138 7 31
01a 182 9 106
03 67 2 44

| @tncludes extra splits prepared by MRI at Westat's direction.

Ponese are primarily vinyl floor tile samples which will be
analyzed by PLM upon the development of a suitable analytical
protocol. The results will be reported in a separate report.


. Table 2-4 gives the average percent asbestos content
in the various types of asbestos-containing friable
Pipe and boiler insulation shows the
highest asbestos content, 70 percent (66-74 percent),
followed by sprayed- or trowelled-on friable material

material.

with 14 percent (7-21 percent).

The asbestos-containing

ceiling tile that was found had very low asbestos
content, 3 percent (less than 8 percent).

Table 2-4. Estimated average percent asbestos content® in
asbestos-containing friable materials by type of
material and type of building (95% confidence limits
in parentheses)

Type of asbestos-containing friable material
Type Sprayed~- or Ceiling Pipe/boiler
of building trowelled-on tile insulation©

Federal 29% 3% 55%

government (23-36%) (< 11%) (46-638)
Residential 9% 2% 67%
(10+ rental units) (1-173) (< 5%) (56-79%)
: b
Private 17% -- 71%
nonresidential ( < 338%) (62-80%)
All buildings 148 3% 70%
combined (7-213) (< 8) (66-74%)

? average percent asbestos weighted by square footage of material
(except pipe/boiler insulation unweighted).

b

Of 110 sampled buildings in this category, none had asbestos-

containing ceiling tile.

could not be estimated for this cell.

“sampled damaged or exposed material.

Therefore, percent asbestos content


those managed by the General Services Administration), the
Director of the facility or the Chief Safety Engineer agreed to
participate. For others, especially United States Postal
Service and Veterans Administration facilities, permission to
inspect all sampled facilities was received from a national
headquarters office. All eligible government facilities did
cooperate and were inspected.

For privately-owned buildings, the general approach taken
was to go to the building and seek permission to do the inspec-
tion immediately from a building manager or other representative
of the building owner. The exceptions to this approach were
buildings which could be identified in advance as housing a
large business establishment. These establishments were con-
tacted in advance by telephone in case any paperwork was needed
within the company before permission was granted.

This combination of approaches, based on experience from
the pilot study, worked very well. As shown in Section 3, the
response rates for the initial sample of eligibles were 100
percent for Federal government, 84 percent for rental apartment
buildings and 83 percent for private non-residential buildings.
The overall response rate in the survey was 88 percent.

IV. BUILDING INSPECTION PROTOCOL

The building inspection protocol is given in detail in the
Field Manual. It begins with information on identifying friable
materials, adapted from an EPA Region VII document entitled,
Asbestos Exposure Assessment in Buildings: Inspection Manual.

The actual protocol for building inspection is adapted for
buildings generally from the guidelines for inspecting schools
given in the EPA Guidance Document (US EPA 1979). Prior to the


B. Quality Assurance Samples

A quality assurance sample was taken along with each 10th
sample taken for each type of material. The quality assurance
sample was taken side-by-side with the test sample, recorded,
and handled in the same manner as described for the test samples.

Cc. Handling and Transmitting Samples

During the building inspection and sampling, the sample
vials were kept in a plastic bag. After an entire building had
been inspected, the vial lids were taped down and all samples
placed in double plastic bags. A custody log was maintained at
all times. This consisted of filling out the important informa-
tion (location, date, how shipped), placing sample labels on it,
describing the sample, and recording the condition of a sample.
Once all the samples were accounted for they were shipped.
Samples were sent to MRI by U.S. certified mail, express mail,
or were hand carried.

D. Receipt Control for Bulk Samples

Samples received at MRI were checked individually against
the sample transmittal logs included with each shipment. Each
sample was then logged via a bound project notebook reserved
exclusively for sample traceability records. In addition to the
5-digit random field ID number already affixed to a sample, each
sample was given a unique 10-digit MRI internal ID number to

facilitate sample traceability at MRI.

Lists of samples received in each shipment, identified by
the 5-digit random field ID numbers, were then forwarded to


had the most with 71 percent asbestos. However, the confidence
limits indicate that the only one of these types of buildings
that may be significantly different from the average is the
Federal government type.

E. Exposed Asbestos-Containing Materials by Building Type

One characteristic of the materials which was collected as
a data item for sprayed- or trowelled-on friable material and
for ceiling tile was whether the material was directly exposed
to the public areas or whether it was hidden, for example,
behind drop ceilings or inside walls or crawl spaces. In our
sample of buildings and in our national estimates as well, we
found very little material that was not exposed, and the charac-
teristics of the exposed material did not appear to differ from
all material. Prior to conducting the study, it was hypothesized
that friable material sprayed on steel beams, concealed behind
drop ceilings, would be found often and would constitute the
bulk of asbestos-containing friable material. This was not the
experience of the survey. Steel-beam buildings with sprayed-on
friable material were inspected and contribute their part to the
national estimates. However, nationally such buildings appear

to represent only a small proportion of the target universe
building stock. Further, we found that in the sampled buildings
which were of steel-beam construction with sprayed-on material,
the material did not always contain asbestos.

Til. OTHER BUILDING CHARACTERISTICS

Since the sample was drawn by building type, we presented
those findings first. However, other building characteristics

were also recorded. In the remainder of this Section we examine


random numbers that are the line numbers of the selected floors.
Use sets of one, two or three digits from the table depending on
whether there are fewer than 11, 101, or 1001 floors listed.
When drawing one digit, let "0" = 10; when drawing pairs, let
"00" = 100; and when drawing triples, let "000" = 1000. The
procedure is simple. For illustrative purposes, we describe it
using pairs of numbers to draw a line number between 1 and 47.
Taking the next unused pair of digits in the table, if they form
a number between 01 and 47, say 33, we circle the pair in the
table (to denote that they were used), write "33" as the first
random number, and copy the floor recorded on line 33.

Move on to the next pair of digits. If it is not
between 1 and 47, or if it equals 33, we cannot use it. Cross
out the pair of digits (to indicate they have been used) and
examine the next pair. Continue looking at pairs of digits,
crossing out any that are out of range or repeats, until five
pairs of digits have been circled and recorded on the worksheet.

Fill in the floors that have been thus selected and
transfer the list of sampled floors to Parts III and IV of the
Residential Building Data Form.



go back to the original listing sheets and find each specific
building. Street addresses, building names, or building numbers
may all be appropriate. Sometimes a list of the range of apart-
ment numbers in a given building will identify the buildings.

It is better to identify a building three ways if this is pos-
sible than risk choosing a different identifier from the one we
have on record. After filling out this information, inspect the
boiler room that serves the sampled building according to the
usual boiler room inspection procedures. Be sure to state on
the form both the sampled building information and some infor-
mation about the building where the boiler room is located, as
well.

5.1.2 Further Inspection

After you have completed the boiler room inspection
you are ready to inspect the rest of the building. Inspect all
public areas such as lobbies, laundry rooms and hallways as you
would any building. But, as we stated earlier, you are not to
inspect all the apartments. We want you to inspect two apart-
ments per floor on up to five floors for each homogeneous sec-
tion of the building. Thus, a maximum of 10 apartments per
homogeneous section will be inspected. In Sections 5.2 and
5.3 below, we give detailed instructions for randomly selecting
five floors from a larger building and two apartments per floor.
Your first task is to determine whether the building is homo-
geneous or whether it contains two or more sections. This
determination can be based on exterior appearance, interior
clues such as a step up in a point in the hall on each floor,
information from the building manager about construction dates,
and major additions, alterations and renovations. If the
building contains more than one section, fill out Parts III, IV,
and V of the data form for each section of the building. Be


As part of the objective of providing quantitative estimates,
the estimation of the probable size of error due to sampling in
the most important estimates was also included in the statistical
analysis plan. Thus the estimates are accompanied by estimated

confidence intervals.

III. OVERVIEW OF REPORT

In this report we present the results of the Asbestos in
Buildings National Survey of Asbestos-Containing Friable
Materials. The main results are summarized in Section 2.
Section 3 reviews the Quality Assurance program of the study and
its results. Section 4 describes the building sample design and
building selection. Section 5 describes the procedures used in
the field, and Section 6 describes the analysis of the bulk
samples. Section 7 contains extensive tables and discusses the
quantitative findings of the survey in detail. Section 8 con-
tains a qualitative interpretation of the data collected in the
survey, with subjective comparisons made regionally as well as
urban versus rural comparisons. Finally, several appendices
provide details which were too lengthy or too technical to
include in the body of the report.

The results from floor tile analyses are not contained in
this report and will be presented in a separate document.


cases, the manager may not cooperate with any inspection of the
selected apartments, but will allow inspection of vacant or
model apartments, or the apartment occupied by the manager. In
this case, if you are convinced that the apartments are similar
throughout the building, inspect the offered apartments rather
than considering the building a refusal. If this occurs, check
the “no" box at the end of Part IV. Go on to Part V to document
which apartments were inspected; and write down any information
supporting the assumption that all apartments are similar. Since
it is statistically more valid to inspect the sampled apartments,
proceed as if you will do this. Only when meeting with strong
objections will you inspect apartments suggested by the manager.

The actual apartment inspections proceed in much the
same fashion as the usual building inspection. Any friable ma-
terial, ceiling tile, or floor tile found must be mapped and
sampled. The place where the sample was taken must be clearly
discribed and marked on the map. However, if the same material
is found in all apartments, additional samples need not be taken
after the first apartment. The map for the sample(s) taken
should include the areas of all apartments in which the same
material was found, labeled by floor and apartment number. Pipe
wrap samples should be documented with where they were taken.
After inspecting all the selected apartments, make sure you have
collected all the necessary data and thank the apartment manager
for his time.

5.2 Sampling Two Apartments on One Floor

In this section we explain how to use the Worksheet
for Sampling Two Apartments on One Floor (Exhibit 5-2) to do
just that. For each floor you will need one copy of the work-
sheet. Fill in the building ID and name (or address) and the

A~-33


II. DISCUSSION

Table 6-1 lists, by sampling areas, the numbers of samples
designated for analysis by MRI, quality assurance analysis by an
external laboratory, or storage for a future task. Ninety-two
of the samples analyzed were renumbered with a new MRI internal
ID number and reanalyzed blind by a second MRI analyst.

Table 6-2 gives a comparison of these internal MRI duplicate

analyses.

Reanalysis of six samples for asbestos content only was
requested by Westat. The samples were coded with a new MRI
internal ID number and reanalyzed blind. Table 6-3 compares the
results of the original results with the results from the
reanalyses.

Environmental Health Laboratories (EHL) of Macon, Georgia,
performed the external laboratory analysis. The samples desig-
nated for external analysis were logged out of MRI and shipped
by express mail to EHL for analysis. The project analytical
protocol was provided to EHL to assure uniform analytical
methodology. Telephone communiques with EHL were held to
discuss the analysis protocol for assurance that it was followed.
The externally analyzed samples were returned to MRI and logged
back into the task records.

Among the’ bulk samples analyzed for this report, 39 percent
contained asbestos. Of this, chrysotile was found in 92 percent,
amosite in 16 percent and crocidolite in 1 percent (3 samples).
No other type of asbestos was found. These percentages sum to
more than 100 percent because more than one type of asbestos was
found in 9 percent of the samples.



Table

2-1

nn AD
f
w

TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)

LIST OF TABLES

Estimated number of buildings with asbestos-—
containing friable materials by type of material
and type of building. ..... we ee ee
Estimated percent of buildings with asbestos-
containing friable materials by type of material
and type of building. .. ee ey
Estimated square footage of asbestos-containing
friable materials by type of material and type

of building . 2... 1 ee ee ee ee eee ee ee
Estimated average percent asbestos content in
asbestos-containing friable materials by type
of material and type of building. ......
Internal QA results ...........-2.-.
External QA results ........+.+.2.6-.
Response rates for the initial sample... .
Eligibility rates and reasons for ineligibility
in initial sample, Federal government buildings
(unweighted)... . 2... ee. ee wee oe
Eligibility rates and reasons for ineligibility

in initial sample, private nonresidential

buildings ... . Pe er)
Samples designated for analysis or storage. ...
Comparison of results of MRI internal QC duplicate
analyses. ........ es see
Results from six samples reanalyzed at Westat! s
request . 2. 6 6 6 ee ee ew ee we ee eee ee
Distribution of percent asbestos content in

samples where amosite and chrysotile

asbestos was found. .... ee eee wee
Sample size and estimated universe number of
buildings by building type. . . . a se ee
Estimated number of buildings with asbestos-
containing material by type of material and

type of building. .... . ee
Estimated percent of buildings with asbestos-
containing material by type of material and
building type .... . er rs
Estimated building square Footage by

building type and percent of universe square
footage . 6. 6 1 ew ee ee ee ee ee ee
Square footage of sprayed- or trowelled-on
material, all material and asbestos-containing,

by building type... . . rs
Square footage of ceiling tile and asbestos-
containing ceiling tile by type of

building. . 2... 2. 2. ee ee ee ee ee ee ee



materials to view. Write stereomicroscopic observations in
laboratory notebook.

B. Polarized Light Microscope (PLM) Observations

All fibrous components in bulk sample must be
identified, although nonasbestos fibers may be designated by
class only (e.g., synthetics). The PLM procedures in Step 4
below may be performed in any order.

1. Set up the PLM for Kohler illumination ina
manner similar to that described by McCrone (McCrone, W. C., et
al., Polarized Light Microscopy, Ann Arbor Science, Ann Arbor,

Michigan, 1979). Use only steps appropriate for specific PLM
and associated illuminator used (e.g., all PLM's do not have a
Bertrand lens, all illuminators are not equipped with diffusers).

2. Using tweezers and the stereomicroscope if needed,
place representative examples of each type of material present
onto a microscope slide and mount them in one or more drops of
1.550 HD and other appropriate index of refraction liquids for
PLM analysis. Separate fibers in the liquid, if necessary, then
add coverslip.

3. Place prepared slide on PLM stage and focus on
sample.

4. Identify asbestiform minerals and other bulk
sample components using prescribed polarized light microscope
techniques. These techniques include but are not limited to:

(a) Crossed polars (+) - insert upper analyzer
and cross the polars. Rotate stage and observe angle of
extinction of anisotropic minerals. Observe morphology of fibers.


APPENDIX F

CALCULATING WEIGHTS AND VARIANCES



TABLE 6. WESTERN URBAN AREA (CONTINUED)

Buildings inspected

Surrounding buildings

Single story cinder block, concrete
floors, blanket insulation on
ceiling

Two story brick, artist in
residence building, vinyl tile,
plaster ceiling

One story stone warehouse, concrete
floor, blanket fiberglass insula-
tion on ceiling

Single story, vinyl tile, suspended
ceiling

Single story workshop, concrete
floor and ceiling

Single story brick, vinyl tile
and ceiling tile in offices,
concrete floor in work space

Single story aluminum, carpet
and ceiling tile in offices,
concrete floor in work space, air
system in loft above offices

Single story brick, vinyl tile
and ceiling tile in offices,
concrete floor in workspace

Single story brick, vinyl tile,
carpet, and suspended ceiling

Single story brick building,
garage doors in front, concrete
floors and steel beamed ceiling

Single story commercial buildings

Brick warehouses

Commercial buildings and ware-

houses

Single story commercial buildings

Nothing

Single story commercial building

Single family residence, brick

Single story brick commercial bldg.

Single story brick shopping center

Warehouses


Sampling Area Map

Map # Area # Bidg ID Bidg name
Location Floor #
SKETCH AREA WITH DIMENSIONS
MARK SAMPLES WITH X
/ - a on
SS hy
“ +f + 4
. re
|
ee - a |
7 | j
Poy _t
: i i
a aie
| be
i. i
Co mi Ti
(oo deg pepe
: PT

Total square feet of area:

RN X ht = IF CONVENIENCE SAMPLE,
RN X width = RECORD REASON
RN X ht =
RN X width =
RN X ht =
RN X width =
Repeat on back for additional samples



tile, although many of the inspected buildings contained ceiling
tile. Only one-tenth of one percent of all buildings with
ceiling tile have asbestos-containing ceiling tile (this statis-
tic is not shown in the table). For the other types of material,
5 percent of all buildings have asbestos-containing sprayed- or
trowelled-on friable material, 16 percent have asbestos-containing
pipe or boiler insulation, and 20 percent of buildings have any
asbestos-containing material.

In comparing the types of buildings, the highest percent of
buildings with asbestos-containing materials is residential,
followed closely by Federal government, with much lower percen-
tages in private nonresidential buildings. Because private
nonresidential buildings form the bulk of the total, there are
more such buildings with asbestos-containing materials, but the
percentage of buildings is much lower. These results hold for
all types of material except ceiling tile.

B. Building Square Footage

In addition to figures on numbers of buildings with
asbestos~containing friable material, the survey provided
estimates of total square footage for all buildings and buildings
with asbestos-containing materials. The primary interest of
these numbers is to provide a background for data on square
footage of material. In addition, comparing the estimates of
numbers of buildings with estimates of building square footage
gives an indication of whether the buildings with asbestos tend
to be large, small, or about average in size.

Table 7-4 shows two sets of statistics. The first two
columns indicate the breakout of the target universe by building
square footage. With an estimated 699 million square feet of


presenting the results. The data are summarized in Table 3-1,
where the results for sprayed- or trowelled-on friable material,
ceiling tile, and pipe wrap and other insulation are shown
separately. For sprayed- or trowelled-on friable material,
agreement was found in 11 out of 12 pairs, or 92 percent. For
ceiling tile, agreement was 100 percent -- 13 out of 13 pairs
agreed. For pipe wrap and other insulation, there was also 100
percent agreement -- 18 out of 18 pairs agreed. As noted in the
table, the discrepancy was between "none detected," and "1%",
which is close to the technical limits of PLM analysis' ability
to detect asbestos. After blind reanalysis of the discrepant
pair, 100 percent agreement was reached. Thus, the internal
quality control results show a high standard of analysis.

2. Project External Quality Control

For external QA, 44 pairs of samples were analyzed. One
sample of each pair was analyzed at MRI and the other at
Environmental Health Laboratory (EHL). The two analyses agreed
for 98 percent of the pairs (43 agreements). The data are
summarized in Table 3-2, where the results for sprayed- or
trowelled-on friable material, ceiling tile and pipe wrap and
other insulation are shown separately. For sprayed- or
trowelled-on friable material, agreement was found in 12 out of
12 pairs, or 100 percent. For ceiling tile, agreement was also
100 percent -- 13 out of 13 pairs agreed. For pipe wrap and
other insulation there was 95 percent agreement -- 18 out of 19
pairs agreed. The discrepancy showed "none detected" from MRI
and 7 percent asbestos from EHL. Reanalysis by MRI showed 1
percent asbestos. Thus, after reanalysis, the agreement rate
was 100 percent, and the external quality control results are
further evidence of the excellent reliability of the laboratory
analyses results.



Table 7-2. Estimated number of buildings with asbestos-—
containing material® by type of material and

type of building (in 1,000s) (95 percent confidence
limits in parentheses)

Asbestos-containing material
Sprayed- or Pipe/
Building trowel led-on Ceiling boiler
type friable> tile insulation Any©
Federal 5 1 9 14
government (<10) (< 2) (<18) (8-20)
Residential
(10+ rental 64 2 155 208
units) (34-94) (<6) (66-243) (119-297)
Private non- a
residential 122 0 400 511
(commercial (< 275) (76-724) (274-748)
Private 186 2 555 719
total (15-357) (<6) (234-876) (489-949)
All 192 2 563 733
buildings® (18-365) (<6) (239-888) (499-966)

?one percent or more asbestos found in laboratory analysis.
Pincludes friable material applied to surfaces and steel beams.

Swill not be the sum of the columns.

Fog 110 inspected private nonresidential buildings none had

asbestos-containing ceiling tile. However, some small number of
buildings in this category may have asbestos-containing ceiling
tile.

may not equal sum of rows due to rounding.


section on the same map according to the above instructions. The
Sampling Area may include areas that are not in the same plane
(for example, a ceiling and a wall with the same type of friable
material). In this case, draw them on the same map and label
them clearly (as in the following example).

On Data Form A (on the next page), the Friable Material
Form, record the information on the label of each map. The first
column of Data Form A is very important for the purposes of
reporting back to the building owner. Consider a telephone
conversation in which EPA informs the owner of a large office
building of the presence of asbestos in a certain location.
First, they would need to describe the location of the area,
(i.e. third floor, Rooms 339, 340, 342, East Wing). Next, in
such a large area, they would need to be able to say that the
samples were taken in Rooms 340 and 342. In other words, in
large sample areas where the area is not all in one room, list
the location of each sample taken.

Number each area consecutively for each form (A, B, C).
If additional copies of a form are used, follow on with the next
number. Draw a line under each separate area.

Record the location and total square footage of the
area. Exposure, type of material, and condition will be
described in detail in training. Record whether the sample was
selected by plotting coordinates or by convenience, and assign a
random ID sticker. Take a side by side Q.A. sample for every
10th sample as indicated on the sticker sheet, and bracket the
side by side on the form.

Data for floor tile and pipe wrap samples are recorded
on Form B. One sample should be taken in an area which is
already damaged or in which damage will not show. Assign a map #


The range of percent asbestos content found was 1 percent
to 70 percent amosite in 64 samples, 1 percent to 100 percent
chrysotile in 358 samples, and 5 percent to 20 percent
crocidolite in 3 samples. The distributions of percent asbestos
are shown in Table 6-4 for both amosite and chrysotile asbestos.


Looking at the incidence of asbestos-containing friable
materials by other building characteristics showed that:

. Prior to 1960, most of the asbestos-containing friable
materials found were boiler and pipe insulation
materials. After 1960 most of the asbestos-containing
friable materials were sprayed or trowelled onto
ceilings and steel beams. This continued until 1973,
when the EPA banned the use of sprayed-on asbestos-
containing friable materials for all but decorative
use. These materials were banned totally in 1978.

. Small sample size precluded any conclusions being
drawn on the importance of building height or
construction type.

These and other observations are presented in more detail
in Section 7.



SECTION 4

SAMPLE DESIGN AND SELECTION

The buildings selected for this study form a nationally
representative probability sample of all buildings in the target
universe. In this section the target universe is defined and the
methods used to develop sampling frames are described. The actual
sample design and selection process are then summarized. The
sample design is given in more detail in Appendix E, along with
an evaluation of frame coverage based on the experience in this
survey.

I. TARGET POPULATION AND SAMPLING FRAMES

A. Target Population

The target population consisted of buildings in the
continental United States falling into one of three strata, with
certain general exclusions. Buildings with mixed use were classi-
fied by the majority use, which had to occupy at least half the
building. The three strata are:

1. Federal government -- Owned or operated by a civilian
agency of the Federal government. The building must be
50 percent or more occupied by the Federal government
to fall into this category.

2. Residential (10+ rental units) -- A rental apartment
building with 10 or more dwelling units. Again, a
building must be 50 percent or more used as residences
to fall into this category. The cut-off of 10 or more
dwelling units was chosen to concentrate survey
resources on buildings with the greatest potential
exposure. This particular cut-off value (rather than,
say, 5 or 15) was selected because the Census data from
which the sample was selected report that figure
separately.


NATIONAL SURVEY OF BUILDING MATERIAL
Advance Form Commercial Building Sample

Building ID#:
Building name:

Building address:

(if vague address) establishment name:

(fill in address above)

Constructed before Jan. 1, 1979? | | yes | | no (00S)
50% or more commercial? || yes |” | no (008s)
List up to 10 establishments list outside addresses

Verify zip code from establishment mailing address:

Zip Code

total number of establishments:
number of floors:

Describe building:

Mixed use buildings (record % and description)
% residential:
% government:
% commercial:

OOS reason:


Table 6-2.

Comparison of results of MRI internal QC duplicate analyses

Materials Present:

Type and Volume Percent

MRI Internal Asbestos Fibrous Nonasbestos
Sample ID No. Field ID No. CHR AMO GWL FGL CEL OTR
7901-17-0365 12799 ND ND ND 99 1 T
7901-17-0769QC 12799 ND ND ND 99 1 ND
7901-17-0297 92153 ND ND ND ND ND 1
7901-17-0767QC 92153 ND ND ND ND ND T
7901-17-0359 77336 ND ND 100 ND ND ND
7901-17-0782QC 77336 ND ND 99 ND ND ND
7901-17-0287 64740 ND ND ND ND 70 T
7901-17-0768QC 64740 ND ND ND ND 80 ND
7901-17-0272 30211 98 ND ND ND ND ND
7901-17-0763QC 30211 80 ND ND ND T ND
7901-17-0435 76021 ND ND ND 90 ND ND
7901-17-0766QC 76021 ND ND ND 95 ND ND
7901-17-0454 87575 ND ND ND 96 ND ND
7901~17-0764QC 87575 ND ND ND 90 ND ND
7901-17-0361 91809 8 50 ND ND ND ND
7901-17-0770QC 91809 15 20 ND ND ND ND
7901-17-0378 25459 99 ND ND ND ND ND
7901-17-0771 25459 70 ND ND ND 10 ND
7901-17-0407 91240 ND ND 15 ND 70 ND
7901-17-0765QC 91240 ND ND 30 ND 40 ND
7901-17-0178 15597 ND ND ND 100 T T
7901-17-0762QC 15597 ND ND ND 100 ND ND
7901-17-0335 01168 ND ND 57 ND 40 ND
7901-17-0772QC 01168 ND ND 40 ND 40 ND
7901-17-0323 68442 ND ND ND ND ND 1
7901-17-0773QC 68442 ND ND ND ND 5 5
7901-17-0220 01531 ND ND 45 ND 45 ND
7901-17-0781QC 01531 ND ND 45 3 30 ND
7901-17-0249 29411 ND ND ND ND 99 ND
7901-17-0780QC 29411 ND ND ND ND 90 ND
7901-17-0268 29590 ND ND ND ND 80 ND
7901-17-0778QC 29590 T ND ND ND 80 ND
7901-17-0183 59333 ND 1 97 ND ND ND
7901-17-0777QC 59333 ND 2 83 ND T ND
7901-17-0169 20530 1 ND ND ND ND ND
7901-17-0779QC 20530 1 ND ND ND T ND
7901-17-0417 04829 ND ND ND ND 95 ND
7901-17-0775QC 04829 ND ND ND ND 90 ND
7901-17-0466 77096 ND ND ND ND T ND
7901-17-0776QC 77096 ND ND ND ND T ND
7901-17-0659 39231 40 ND ND ND 60 ND
7901-17-0774QC 39231 40 ND ND ND 55 ND

Nonfibrous

ND
ND
99
100
ND
1
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Outside Fan/Boiler Rooms

Draw Random Sample by
Sample Areas Map Sample Convenience
Floor tile x x
Ceiling tile x
Pipe wrap, boiler
and other insulation *

Friable material
ceilings or x x
area walls

Inside Fan/Boiler Rooms

Friable material x

Pipe wrap and x
insulation

The following section contains a discussion of the
procedures used for selecting a random sample.

6.1 Record Friable Material on Maps for Sampling

Following the inspection for friable material, estab-
lish Sampling Areas. A Sampling Area is defined as a homogeneous
area of friable material -- that is, all friable material ina
single Sampling Area is of the same type and was applied during
the same time period.

The procedure for establishing Sampling Areas is
described below. Their proper establishment is extremely
important as incorrectly established Sampling Areas will yield
results that do not accurately reflect the asbestos content of
the friable material in the building. This will bias the results
of our study.


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APPENDIX C

PLM PROTOCOL


SECTION 5

FIELD SURVEY PROCEDURES

In this section the procedures followed in conducting the
field survey are described. The training of the field teams,
final field identification of sampled buildings, gaining coopera-
tion of building contacts, the building inspection procedures
and the bulk sampling procedures are each discussed.

I. FIELD TEAMS AND TRAINING

The field staff consisted of six people, each assigned to
one of three roles. There was one advance person, three field
coordinators (two principal and one backup) and two field
inspectors. The advance person went to each location alone and
laid the ground work for the field teams. Each field team con-
sisted of an inspector and a coordinator (there were two teams
with one backup coordinator). The coordinator assisted in the
inspections and was primarily responsible for gaining access and
data collection. The field inspectors had been selected for
their experience and expertise in the asbestos field. Both had
extensive previous experience in inspecting buildings for
asbestos under EPA auspices. The training sessions focused on
the specific tasks of this survey.

Prior to training, the advance person received a copy of
the Advance Manual, and the field coordinators and field
inspectors received the Field Manual. These were to be read
before training so the training could build on some familiarity

with the study procedures.



Table 7-10. Estimated number of buildings (in 1,000's) by
building type and height (sample size in parentheses)

Building height

1-2 3 or more All
Building type floors floors buildings @
Federal 28 7 35
government (40) (26) (66)
Residential 122 229 350
(10+ rental units) (20) (35) (55)
Private 2,931 290 3,221
nonresidential (91) (19) (110)
a 3,080 526 3,606
All buildings (151) (80) (231)

amay not equal total of cells due to rounding.



D. Disposition of Analyzed Samples

1. Return bulk sample to its original primary
container and reseal.

2. Damp-wipe the outside of the container and remove
sample from hood.

3. If asbestos was found, place "cancer hazard" or

other type of carcinogen sticker on outside of primary container.

4. Place analyzed sample in designated secondary
container to await storage or other disposition as directed by
project/task leader.

E. Handling Discrepancies

If blind analysis by a second MRI analyst or by
outside QA contractor produces serious discrepancy, the sample
will be compared with standards containing known percentages of
asbestos. These standards are available for reference, should
they be needed by the analyst to compare with any sample being
analyzed.

II. Detection and Quantification Limits

The limits of detection and quantification of asbestos
in bulk sample are a function of the presence of materials that
tend to coat or otherwise obscure the fiber. In the absence of
interferences, detection and quantification limits are simply
related to the quantity of sample examined and are well below
one percent. Estimated quantification values are relatively
accurate under these conditions.


TABLE 2.

MIDWESTERN URBAN AREA

Buildings inspected

Surrounding buildings

Two-story masonry, ceiling tile,
vinyl tiles

Stee] shell/insulation blanket
Brick single-story with attached
warehouse, 00S ceiling tile,

vinyl flooring

Two-story brick, much piping
and pipe insulation, ceiling tiles

Apartment house, two-story, 12 units,
brick and wood viny? flooring

Apartment unit, four stories, brick

Poured, concrete some viny]
flooring

>20-story apartment with commercial

on lower floors, sprayed-on material
in several areas

Four-story apartment, masonry
and wood

Single-story masonry construction,
vinyl] flooring, ceiling tile
Cinderblock shop, wooden office
Shop area, metal fabrication,
office of brick

Multiunit brick apartment complex

Brick stores on commercial strip,
older residential single-story

Commercia] district, masonry and
glass construction

Commercial district, relatively new
business complex, service and light
manufacturing of similar construction

Brick, steel, and glass

New expansion of the city, several
more of these complexes in this
area; however, these are not
typical of city itself

Brick and glass two-story, commercial,
wooden residential two-story homes,
some brick residential

Masonry and concrete apartment of
similar size

Urban renew project of the 1960's,
many other units of this type
present among original residential
flats and strip commercial

Apartment similar to others in area,
but two- and three-flat residences
predominate

Typical of stores, two- and three-
flat residences predominate

Newer construction than surrounding,
see above entry

Similar to other factories, resi-
dential area across street

Surrounded by similar construction,
single-family dwellings in immediate
area

w

(continued)


where the numerator is the sum of the preliminary base weights
for originally sampled eligible units and the denominator is the
same sum for finally inspected units.

Then Waijkr > “hijxr * 29x

3. Adjustments to Base Weight - Within-List Multiple-Selection
Probability

a. Private Nonresidential Buildings

The sampled units for the private-nonresidential frame were
actually unique addresses or, in the case of vague address
(e.g., 4th and Main Sts.), unique establishment names.

In the first case, the building examined may have had
several chances of being selected if there was more than one
address at its location. The advance field forms identified
these other addresses (and establishments) within the building.
The sampling frame was evaluated to determine if these other
addresses were listed.

Let w' be the adjusted base weight of the original address.
Let Wie Wir eee we be the adjusted base weights which would have
been assigned to the n other addresses located at the inspected
building and listed on the frame. Then the base weight adjusted
for multiple probability of selection becomes


Table 6-3. Results from six samples reanalyzed at Westat's request

Field ID No. Original Analysis Reanalysis
89152 Not detected Not detected
64942 1% Chrysotile 1% Chrysotile
81909 Not detected 1% Chrysotile
77719 Not detected 1% Chrysotile
48651 Trace Chrysotile Not detected
90564 Not detected Not detected



Table 7-11.

in parentheses)

Estimated number of buildings (in 1,000's) by
construction date and type of building (sample size

Type of building

Residential Private

Construction Federal (10+ rental non- a
date government units) residential Total
Up to 1944 11 48 865 924
(23) (11) (35) (69)

1945 - 59 5 96 949 1,051
(11) (11) (27) (49)
1960 - 69 13 119 666 797
(18) (20) (28) (66)
1970 - 78 5 88 741 834
(14) (13) (20) (47)

35 350 3,221 3,606

Total * (66) (55) (110) (231)

aMay not equal sum of cell entries due to rounding of weights
in calculating cells and totals.


4.3 Preparation of Maps

Two types of maps will be prepared by the inspection
team, the exterior map and the sampling area maps. The maps
allow the home office to recalculate dimensions and to locate
the spots where samples were taken. It is important that the
maps contain all the information discussed below but not be more
detailed than necessary. In general, it is not necessary to:

. Draw the maps to scale.

. Include doors or windows.

° Include rooms on exterior map.

. Include separate establishment names on

exterior map.

The data we want to collect and verify by examination
of the maps is the following:

Ll. The total square footage of the building (the
Exterior Map), and

2. The dimensions, sample location and sample
procedure for each sampling area (S.A. map).


The major design problem caused by the form of the list was
that it consisted of addresses, whereas our target universe was
buildings. Thus, we could not completely control both sample
size and probability of selection. Again we chose to control
sample size and had to adjust the sampling weights for multiple
address buldings. In some cases we also found multiple buildings
at one address, where the address was for a “compound" covering a
city block. In these cases we selected only one building for the
study, again disrupting the sampling probablities.

Also, this frame contained even more ineligibility than the
Federal government frame, as shown in Table E-2. The overall
eligibility rate in the initial sample was just over 60 percent.
Over half the ineligibles were buildings which were less than 50
percent commercial. These were either businesses being run out
of private homes (from the Yellow Pages list) or businesses on
the first floor of a building which had apartments on the second
and higher floors. As in the Federal government sample, this
caused extra advance work to find a sufficient sample of eligible
buildings. However, for this stratum of the target universe
there does exist an alternative means of estimating the total
number of buildings, the Department of Energy 1981 Nonresidential
Building Energy Consumption Survey. Thus, the high level of
ineligibility in the frame did not add sampling variance to the
estimates of total buildings in this stratum.

III. RESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

Since the residential building frame was constructed by
field observation, there was much less chance for a mismatch
between sampling frame entry and eligible building. Thus, we
have the most confidence in this frame. However, the problem of

estimating a universe total occurs for this stratum since the


Exterior Map

Map # Bldg 1D 30°50! pidgname Kittie
SKETCH EXTERIOR SHAPES WITH DIMENSIONS
L sac Ft A
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300° T xX ,SD pt X number of floors = TOTAL <1
Shape I! / ae
250FT x oo Pt. X number of floors = TOTAL —_2
Shape II (Record additional shapes on back)

X number of floors = TOTAL

Total square feet of building (sum shapes) (include basement)

“Fret ttt + — = f/f,

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subtracts the estimated number of vacant buildings, warehouses,
primarily residential buildings, and private nonresidential
buildings. The remaining buildings consist of 95,000 buildings,
which represents a maximum estimate of the number of State and
local government buildings. This would represent 2.5 percent of
the total, if included. Thus, even if such buildings were more
likely to contain asbestos than the surveyed buildings, they
could not change the overall estimated percent of buildings with

asbestos by more than 2.5 percentage points.

b. Separate Estimates for Building Types

In order to make separate estimates for a particular type
of building, a sufficient number of such buildings must be
sampled. If the subgroup is a small proportion of the target
universe, it will have to be oversampled--that is, sampled at a
higher rate than buildings not in the subgroup. Sampling groups
at different rates leads to a difference in statistical weights
which can result in a larger sample variance for the overall
estimates than would be achieved by a sample of the same size
with a uniform sampling rate. The tradeoff is between either
expanding the sample (and increasing the survey cost), accepting
a larger sample variance for the national estimates, or not
requiring oversampling of certain subgroups. The final decision
in terms of subgroups was to sample so as to get estimates for
Federal government, rental residential and commercial buildings
separately. Other types of buildings were considered as
candidates for separate estimates but finally rejected because
the need for such detail did not justify the costs involved. At
the total sample size finally selected, the oversampling
required to make separate estimates for Federal and residential
buildings had the effect of increasing the width of 95 percent
confidence limits on national totals by about 25 percent.



National Survey of Building Materials
Advance Form

Residential Building
Sample
Building I.D.
Building #

Complex or building name

Address

Number of apartments

Number of floors

Description of building

Mixed use buildings (record % and description)
% residential
% commercial

% government

OOS Reasons


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Five percent (0.5-10 percent) of buildings have
asbestos-containing sprayed- or trowelled-on friable
material, accounting for 192,000 (18,000-365,000)
buildings.

Sixteen percent (6-25 percent) of buildings, or 563,000
(239,000-888,000) buildings have asbestos-containing
pipe and boiler insulation. This material is generally
limited to closed, restricted-access areas rather than
offices or other highly-used space.

The amount of sprayed- or trowelled-on asbestos-
containing material is estimated at 1,184 million
square feet (406-1,961 million square feet).

The average percent asbestos content (weighted by
square footage of material) in asbestos-containing
sprayed- or trowelled-on friable material was 14
percent (7-21 percent). For asbestos-containing pipe
and boiler insulation material, the average percent
asbestos content was 70 percent (66-74 percent).

Rental residential and Federal government buildings
had a higher incidence of asbestos-containing friable
materials than private nonresidential buildings.

These two types of buildings account for 11 percent of
the total population of buildings.

very few buildings had asbestos-containing ceiling
tile (less than 0.5 percent of buildings). The square
footage of asbestos-containing ceiling tile is also
low, an estimated 3.6 million square feet (less than
7.8 million square feet), and the average asbestos
content of the asbestos-containing ceiling tile that
was found was quite low, averaging three percent (less
than 8 percent).

Buildings built in the sixties are more likely to have
asbestos-containing sprayed- or trowelled-on friable
material (15% of such buildings do), than other build-
ings. It appears that the extensive use of asbestos-
containing sprayed-on friable material would have
continued and perhaps increased in the 1970's had not
the EPA banned the use of those materials for all but
decorative purposes in 1973. In 1978, the EPA banned
all other uses of these materials. Older buildings
are more likely than newer ones to have asbestos-
containing pipe and boiler insulation.

No significant differences in percent asbestos content
were found by building height or construction type
(masonry, frame, or steel beam).



b. Government Buildings

The government list sample cannot be adjusted to the total
square footage of its frame since many of the government buildings
are ineligible, e.g., leased office space housed in private
office buildings, poorly identified storage spaces, odd building
types (e.g., radar and monuments), and transitions since the
year of file creation. However, an adjustment was made to the
weights for government buildings to bring the total square footage
of the frame for the sampled PSUs in line with the figures for
the continental U.S. Buildings could not be adjusted to agree
with the total number of buildings per size class since records
within a size class often represented complexes of buildings
whose individual sizes were unknown.

This ratio adjustment was made by size class as follows:

Owned buildings Leased buildings
1 - 1,000 sq. ft. 1 - 1,000

1,001 - 25,000 1,001 - 100,000
25,001+ 100,001+

Define ratio_adj, to be the ratio adjustment for one of the
k size classes above. Then

= tre i 4
EWnigkl Whigkl x ratio adj,

for government buildings.


floor you are working on in the lines provided. Either using
information provided by the apartment manager or walking through
the entire floor, write down all the apartment numbers for apart-
ments on this floor in the columns labeled "Apt. #" starting
with Line 1 and continuing down each column in turn. If there
are more than 60 apartments on the floor, use another copy of
this form. Write and fill in Page __ of __ on the first and
all subsequent sheets. You will also have to renumber the lines
on the continuation sheets. When you are done, fill in the
blank for "number of apartments on floor" at the top of the form
(page 1).

Now, draw random numbers to select two apartments.
There are separate instructions for a total of 10 or fewer

apartments and 11 or more.

Ten or few apartments: Use one digit at a time from

your random number table. Start with the next digit after the
last one you used. If it is 0, consider it equal to 10. If the
number is the line number of an apartment, circle the number in
the table, write down the random number at the bottom of the
worksheet, and write the apartment number for that line. If the
number is a line number with no apartment, cross it off in the
table and look at the next digit. Treat this digit the same
way, continuing until an apartment is selected.

To pick the second apartment, follow the same instruc-
tions except that if the line number of the first apartment you
selected comes up again, cross that number off in the-table and
look at the next number.

Eleven or More Apartments: If there are ll or more

apartments, look at pairs of digits in the table. Zeros count
the usual way: "03" is three; "30" is thirty. But "00" is one


Building 10

Building Name

Form A. Friable Material Areas (ceiling, walls, other) and Ceiling Tile
Area Samples Outside Fan/Boiler Rooms

(take only convenience sample of ceiling tile)

Type of a
Location: material: Condition
>| ceiling, 1- fibrous Code Selecti
2 floor # 3 | wail, Total Exposed | 2- granular 1-5 ection! Random
: room #* ‘a | ceiling tile, square Yes (1) cementicious| (1) = Best | (1) Plot 1D
* apt. # etc. other feet No (2) | 3-concrete-like} (5} = Worst| (2) Conv | Sticker*
— - —-| = = a Sr —

“Rracker each nar ar side shucida camniac


(4) Use one computer-generated label on the sampling
container. Use the other copies to record the
unique sample ID numbers on the data forms, and
the lab transmittal sheet to Westat and to the
lab.

Collect samples at (or as ciose as possible to) the
selected locations and collect all samples. Exact measurements
(i.e., by ruler) are not necessary for finding the sample loca-
tions. Quicker, easier techniques such as pacing may be employed.
If for any reason the sample cannot be taken at the random spot,
take it as close as possible. Note on the map the selected spot
and the actual location, and record the reason on the map.

Precautions to be Taken During Sampling

To avoid causing unnecessary exposure to asbestos
fibers, take the following precautions while sampling friable
materials.

(1) Sample the material when the area is not in use.

(2) Have only those persons needed for the sampling
present.

(3) Hold the sampling container away from the face
during actual sampiing.

(4) Do not disturb the material any more than
necessary.

(5) Spray the material with a light mist of water to
reduce fiber release during sampling.

(6) Wear a respirator if moving ceiling tiles or in
any other way disturbing possible fallen asbestos
or its debris.

(7) If pieces of material break off during sampling,
wet mop the areas where they have fallen.


Sunoco station"), clearly marking the location on a map of the
area, and taking one or two pictures of each building. The
addresses and names of one or more establishments in the build-
ing were also recorded. The photos and written information were
collected in a notebook for use by the field team and as part of
the permanent record of the study.

Besides locating and recording the sampled buildings, the
advance person checked that each building in the sample met the
study definitions for inclusion. Substitutions were made for
buildings which did not meet the definitions (for example, ware-
houses or vacant buildings). The advance person was provided
with a list of substitutes for buildings not meeting study
definitions and instructions for using this list. If the list
was used up, more substitutes were drawn. For each eligible
building in the sample, a refusal substitute was identified in
advance. These buildings were also located, checked for eligi-
bility, and recorded. Any ambiguities or difficulties in
locating a building based on the sampling information (usually
address and some identifying name) were cleared up by telephone
consultation. This part of the advance work saved the field
team a great deal of time upon their arrival in the PSU.

III. GAINING ENTRY

Before a sampled building could be inspected, a responsible
person had to give permission for the building to be in the
study. Gaining this permission is referred to as gaining
cooperation or gaining entry to the building.

The approach was different for different types of building.
For Federal government buildings, contacts were made well in

advance of the field period. For some facilities (generally


Variances, standard errors, and confidence limits were
calculated using the method of Balanced Repeated Replication,
presented by McCarthy (1966, 1969).* This method was carried
out using NASSVAR, a user-defined PROC written for the data
analysis package SAS.

*McCarthy, Philip (1966) "Replication, an Approach to the
Analysis of Data from Complex Surveys" Public Health Service
Publication No. 1000, Series 2, No. 14.

McCarthy, Philip J. (1969) “Pseudoreplication, Further
Evaluation and Application of the Balanced Half-Sample
Technique" Public Health Service Publication No. 1000,
Series 2, No. 3l.

F-10



TABLE 9. NORTHEASTERN URBAN AREA

Buildings inspected

Surrounding buildings

Large stcne monument; marble
floors; decorative ce*lings

Three storv circular bric’ building:
vinvl tile; susvended ceilines

Seven story br*ck building: vinyl
tile and carnet; svspended cielings

Six story ornate stone building;
vinyl tile and concrete floors;
decorative ceiling

Multi-story brick; vinyl tile
suspended ceilines; sparyed on
material in one area that had
been encavsulated

Multi-story panel and plass building;
carpet; suspended ceilings; fire-
proofing above ceiling

Eight story brick apartments; vinyl
tile and wood floors; plaster
ceiling; common boiler in basement

Seven story rick apartments;
commercial stores on 1st floor;
vinyl tile and wood floors;
plaster ceilings. Common boiler in
basement

Seven story brick avartments; vinyl
tile; plaster ceilings; common
boiler in basement.

Three storv hrick apartments; hardwood
floors; vlaster cejlings; common
boiler in basement

Several story brick; hardwood floors;
plaster cejlings; common boiler in
baserent

Seven strov brick arartments;
“orduood floors; plaster ceilines
common hojler jin ‘acerent.

Park; brick single family
residences

Prick cormercial buildings

Rrick commercial buildings

Rrick commercial huildings

Brick single family residences

Brick commercial buildings

Brick public housing complex

Brick commercial and residential
buildings

Several story brick residences

Rrick residences

Brick public housing complex

Similar anartment hii ldings


analysis was carried out using Polarized Light Microscopy; the
identity of the fibers was determined by optical characteristics
according to an established protocol. Vinyl floor tile was
sampled whenever found. The results of those analyses are not
yet available, and will be presented in a separate publication.
During the building inspection, auxiliary data such as date of
construction and number of floors was also recorded.

The major study findings are summarized below. The term
asbestos-containing friable material refers collectively to
sprayed- or trowelled-on friable material, ceiling tile, and/or
pipe and boiler insulation. Results pertaining to one of these
types of material specifically reference the particular material
type. The term “all buildings" refers to estimates based on
survey data appropriately weighted to the defined target uni-
verse. There are two important exclusions from this universe.
One is primary and secondary schools, which are studied and
regulated under a separate EPA program. The other excluded
buildings are those owned or occupied primarily by agencies of
State or local governments, which may be a sizable number of
buildings (there are no published estimates of the exact number).

The figures given here are estimates and, as such, are
imperfect measures. In general, survey estimates are subject to
sampling error and nonsampling error. Ranges given in parentheses
following estimates represent the 95 percent confidence limits
for the estimates due to sampling error. This means that there
is only a five percent chance that actual values fall outside of
this range. Potential sources of nonsampling error are discussed
in Section 3.

. About 20 percent (14-27 percent) of all buildings have
some type of asbestos-containing friable material.
This represents 733,000 (499,000-966,000) buildings.

ix



For residential buildings, no lists of rental apartment
buildings with 10 or more units was available. Therefore an area
sampling approach was taken. For each geographic area in the
study, a sample of blocks or Census Enumeration Districts (in
rural areas) was drawn using Census data on number of buildings
with 10 or more units. The advance person went to each sampled
block and located all buildings on the block which met the study
definition of residential. Every eligible building was listed,
together with a measure of size (number of apartments). The
listing for all blocks in one area was the sampling frame for
residential buildings for that area.

II. Sample Design

The sample of buildings was drawn in a three-stage stratified,
clustered design. The three stages of selection were geographic
areas (known as Primary Sampling Units, or PSU's), segments, and
buildings, with the PSU's and segments forming clusters. The
strata were the three types of buildings: Federal government,
residential and private nonresidential. The target sample sizes
for each stratum are shown below.* The number of PSU's to be
drawn was 10.

Stratum Target Sample Size
Federal government 56
Residential 56
Private nonresidential 112
TOTAL 224

*The number of buildings actually sampled was different from the
target sample size due to a slightly different sample design in
the pilot site and a frame shortfall for residential buildings
in two main study sites. The final number of buildings inspected
was 231 - 66 Federal government, 55 residential, and 110 private
nonresidential.


Building Name: # Data Form A

rot

Ir

Iv

Residential
Forms

Edit Check List

Check all items on summary sheet are complete and accurate.
Check building ID on all pages.
Be sure that all maps are numbered sequentially and that there is

an exterior map and a map for each sample listed on Form A and for
floor tile on Form B.

Exterior Map

Check to see that diagram is understandable and that all exterior
dimensions are clearly marked.

Check to see that number of floors is clearly marked and includes
basement.

Check to see that total square feet calculation is clear and accurate.

S.A. Maps

Check to see that all information on top of page is filled out.
Check to see that area location is as specific as possible.

Check to see that random coordinate calculations are clear and that
the samples are clearly marked with an X.

Check to see that the square feet calculation is clear and accurate.

Data Forms

Check all columns on all data forms. Be sure that Q.A. samples are
bracketed.

Be sure that the specific place where the sample was taken is
recorded so that the sample spot may be identified to the building
owner by room number, floor number, etc.

Be sure that all information from the maps agrees with the information
on the data forms.


TABLE 3.

MIDWESTERN URBAN AREA B

Buildings inspected

Surrounding buildings

Four floors, masonry/steel, vinyl
floor, sprayed-on acoustical in
large area

Two-story, precast concrete/glass,
removable floors, vinyl flooring

Large wooden frame structure, tin
roof

Masonry building, vinyl floor

Masonry/steel building, flat roof

Nine-story masonry office building
with attached garage and landscaped
decks, vinyl floors and textured
walls

Brick home converted to office,
high-pitched roof

Small single-story office,
masonry

Two-story masonry and steel
building, office

Masonry, steel, glass store fronts,
box construction, vinyl floor,
ceiling tiles

Masonry and steel shop/office
mix, ceiling tile

Brick and wood store front,
suspended ceiling

Commercial district older buildings,
smaller size, wood and stone

Similar buildings, others are masonry
and steel

Some but not many similar buildings,
others metal or masonry

Strip commercial (smaller stores),
single-family residential housing

Larger and older stores, steel
storage buildings for agricultural
products

Older facilities of masonry and
steel

Single-family residences intermixed
with single-story commercial masonry
structures

Similar to other commercial in area,
mostly single-family residential

Strip commercial in residential
area

Mixed commercial, most in older
masonry buildings than selected site
except for on geodesic building

and high rise office, steel and
masonry

Heavy commercial industry, many
steel-shell buildings

Similar to other commercial,
residential use predominant

(continued)


To supplement these tables we present some general
observations based on these tables and others presented in
Section 7.

. Rental residential buildings have the highest incidence
(18% or 64,000 buildings) of sprayed- or trowelled-on
asbestos-containing friable material although the
material has a lower average percent asbestos content
than in other types of buildings. This appears to be
due to widespread usage of asbestos-containing decora-
tive or acoustic trowelled-on materials in apartment
buildings.

. Sixteen percent of all Federal government buildings
have sprayed- or trowelled-on asbestos-containing
friable material. The average percent asbestos content
is much higher (29%) than for other building types.

° More buildings have asbestos-containing pipe and boiler
insulation than other types of asbestos-containing
materials. This is generally limited to machine rooms
rather than office or other highly-used space.

. Private nonresidential buildings form 89 percent of
the target universe, and most of the buildings with
asbestos-containing friable materials are private
nonresidential buildings.

. Virtually no asbestos-containing ceiling tile was
found (less than 0.5 percent of buildings had any),
and what there was had very low asbestos content
(under 10 percent, averaging 3 percent).

. More buildings have asbestos-containing pipe and
boiler insulation, 16 percent (7-25 percent), than
asbestos-containing sprayed- or trowelled-on friable
material. This material also has higher asbestos
content, 70 percent (6-74 percent). (Pipe wrap was
sampled in damaged or exposed areas, which may tend to
have higher asbestos content due to the loss of
non-asbestos binders.) This material is generally
confined to machine rooms which have limited access
but may be part of the building ventilation system.

. Most asbestos-containing sprayed- or trowelled-on
friable material found was exposed to areas of public
use rather than found behind drop ceilings or other-
wise concealed.


SECTION 2

CONCLUSIONS

The major findings of this survey are the national estimates
made from the data. These are presented in tabular form, along
with statements based on the data. The numbers are statistically
unbiased estimates based on a national probability sample, and
represent a sample estimate of the result that would be obtained
from a census of the target universe in which standard inspection,
bulk sampling and chemical analysis was conducted for all build-
ings in the target universe. The size of the difference between
sample results and results from such a hypothetical census are
measured by sample variances estimated from the survey data.

Thus the accuracy of the figures can be objectively assessed.

Estimates are given together with 95 percent confidence
limits in parentheses. These confidence limits are based on the
sampling variances estimated from the survey data. (The estima-
tion procedures are discussed in Section 7 and Appendix F.) The
limits can be expressed as the following statements. For the
first entry in Table 2-1 for all buildings, which is 192 (18-365)
thousand, one would say, "It is estimated with 95 percent con-
fidence that the number of buildings with asbestos-containing
sprayed- or trowelled-on friable material is between 18,000 and
365,000 buildings, with a point estimate of 192,000 buildings.”
When an upper limit is given, as in the upper left corner of
Table 2-1, where the entry is 5 (less than 10) thousand, this
indicates that while asbestos was found in some buildings in the
survey sample, the lower bound of the confidence interval is a
small number. The statement for this estimate would be, "It is
estimated with 95 percent confidence that the number of Federal
government buildings with asbestos-containing sprayed- or


Figure

TABLE OF CONTENTS (continued)

LIST OF TABLES (continued)

Percent asbestos found in bulk samples of
asbestos-containing materials by material

type and building type. ... oe . coe
Sample size, survey estimate of number and
percent distribution of buildings by
construction date, DOE survey estimate of
percent distribution. ............-
Sample size, survey estimate of number and
percent distribution of buildings by

height, DOE survy estimate of percent
distribution. .. oe we ee ee ee
Estimated number of buildings by building

type and height ...... wee ee we ee
Estimated number of buildings by

construction date and type of building. ....
Estimated number of buildings with
asbestos-containing materials by type of
material and construction date. ........
Estimated percent of buildings with
asbestos-containing materials by type of
material and construction date. .... woe
Square footage of sprayed- or trowelled-on
material, all material and asbestos- “containing,
by construction date. ..... . ee eee
Estimated average percent asbestos in
asbestos-containing materials by type

of material and construction date .......
Estimated number of buildings with
asbestos-containing materials by type of
material and building height. ... see
Estimated percent of all buildings with
asbestos-containing material by type of
material and building height. .........
Square footage of sprayed- or trowelled-on
material, all material and asbestos-containing,
by building height. . .. 1... ee ee eee

LIST OF FIGURES

Asbestos in buildings survey project
organization. . . 2... ee ee ee ee ee ee

vi


Residential Building Data Form (Continued)

Building ID: Page sof

Building name:

Vv. Apartments inspected:

Floor Apt. # Replaces Apt. # Comments

Comments: (Information about additions, alterations, renovations, or lack
thereof is especially relevant to a judgment of the likely "representative-
ness of a given apartment.)



throughout an entire building. In most cases it was observed
only in isolated rooms. For this reason, it is extremely impor-
tant that the entire building be inspected. Schools have been
inspected with bare concrete in two air handling rooms only to
find the ceiling and walls in the third air handling room coated
with two-inch thick asbestos-containing material.

Of all the asbestos-containing buildings examined in
the Midwest, approximately 80 percent of the coatings were
acoustical plaster having the appearance of textured ceilings
and having the consistency of the second type of asbestos-
containing material described above. Whenever cementitious,
acoustical plaster was found, it had usually been spray-applied
on ceilings throughout the entire building. The predominant
ceiling construction in mid-western schools was found to be a
three coat plaster system on suspended metal lath. The final
coat, or finish coat, of this three coat plaster system was the
acoustical treatment containing asbestos fibers.

The concrete-like coating was rarely located and
usually did not represent an asbestos fiber exposure hazard
because the material was not friable.

The use of asbestos as pipe and boiler wrapping is
widespread. Damaged asbestos wrapping can easily be rewrapped
in canvas or with duct tape.

In summary, friable material is material that can be
easily crumbled, pulverized, or reduced to powder in the hand.
It may be an asbestos-containing material, or it may be a
material that contains other fibers, such as cellulose and
fiberglass.


Table 7-1.

Sample size and estimated universe number of buildings

by building type (95 percent confidence limits in
parentheses)

Estimated
Estimated percent
universe of
Building Sample total total
type size (in 1,000s) universe
Federal 66 35 1%
government (20-49)
Residential
(10+ rental 55 350 108
units) (269-432)
Private nonresi-
dential (com- 110 3221 89%
mercial) (a)
Private 165 3571 99%
total (3490-3653)
All buildings 231 3606 100%

(3533-3680)

athe private nonresidential universe size was known from other
sources (DOE, 1981) and did not have to be estimated from

survey data.


c. Residential Buildings

The number of 10+ dwelling units was adjusted at the primary
stratum level so that the number of units represented in a PSU
weighted up to the stratum total for the stratum containing that
PSU. Three adjustment strata were defined as PSU 1, PSUs 2-8,
and PSUs 9-10. The stratum totals (or universe counts) were
derived from the General Housing Characteristics, 1980 Census of
Housing, U.S. Summary, May 1983.

Let ratio_adj, be the ratio of the stratum total to the
weighted PSU total within that stratum. Then

= witt i 4
fWaigkl = Whidkl x ratio_adj,

for residential buildings.

6. Variance Estimates

Sampling variances were estimated by the method of balanced
repeated replications (BRR). Five variance strata with two PSUs
per stratum were created by pairing homogeneous PSUs. Eight
half samples were created by considering five columns of an
8 x 8 (0-1) orthogonal matrix. Each of the eight half samples
involved a unique combination of one PSU from each of the five
strata.

A set of eight half-sample weights was derived for each
sampled building. Each half-sample was individually ratio-
adjusted in the manner of the full sample as discussed in
section F-5. These half-sample weights, with the replicate
definitions, allowed variances, standard errors, and 95 percent

confidence limits to be calculated for key estimates.


III. OPERATION

Every aspect of project operations is subject to quality
assurance (QA) considerations. Such measures as thoroughly

reviewing all work and assuring that all project personnel have

adequate experience and training for their project responsibil-
ities were followed throughout the course of the work. Some
aspects of the project work, however, had specific quality
assurance procedures, which are summarized in this section.

A. Protocols

Several elements of the collection of data followed specific
protocols in order to assure uniformity of sampling and results.
Instructions for inspecting each building, completing the build-
ing data forms, determining where to take bulk samples, and
taking the bulk samples are contained in the Field Manual. They
are described in Section 5 of this report, and the relevant
chapters of the Field Manual form Appendix A. The actual data
forms are given in Appendix B. Instructions for taking side-by-
side samples for QA purposes at every tenth sample were also
contained in the Field Manual. These instructions are included
in Appendix A. Instructions for transmitting the bulk samples
to MRI are also given in the Field Manual. The bulk samples
were analyzed for asbestos according to the protocol presented
in Appendix C.

B. Training

The building inspection teams and the advance person
attended a three-day training session at Westat. The building
inspectors were selected based on their extensive previous


6. RECORDING SAMPLING AREAS ON MAPS AND SAMPLING:
OUTSIDE FAN/BOILER ROOMS

As you conduct the inspection, when you find material
to be sampled you will record its location by sketching the area
it covers on the scale map. After the different areas have been
identified, you will determine the random locations for sampling
and take bulk samples. The procedures for these activities are
based on the EPA guidance document Asbestos-Containing Materials

in School Buildings, adapted to the type of building we are
studying. You will sample the follow areas:

1. Friable material areas
2. Ceiling tile

3. Floor tile

Ceiling tile, floor tile and pipe wrap will be sampled by con-
venience, that is, the inspector selects the most convenient spot
to take a sample. Friable material samples will be selected by
random coordinate procedures.

The following chart shows procedures for sampling from
different materials.


buildings (Anderson, et al. 1982).* That study combined a review
of the existing literature with a telephone/mail effort to gather
the results of inspections and analyses already performed by
building owners and managers. The respondents were largely
government and university sources, providing very little data
about commercial buildings. That effort resulted in an estimate
that 5 percent of buildings built before 1979 had friable asbes-
tos material. The study also canvassed the expert opinions of
architects, construction engineers, building inspectors, and
others concerning the number of buildings they would estimate had
friable asbestos material. The consensus of those canvassed was
that nearly half of buildings built between 1946 and 1973 con-
tained friable asbestos material. Thus available expert opinion
and anecdotal evidence, primarily about publicly-owned buildings,
presented widely diverging estimates (5 percent to 45 percent)
with an unknown degree of accuracy. In order to make decisions
as to the seriousness of potential exposure, more objective data
were needed. Therefore, the present study was undertaken to
obtain valid, national estimates with a known degree of accuracy
and a common definitional basis from a statistical survey.

The data presented in this report are based on a sample
survey. Advantages of such data include: a defined target
universe to which estimates apply; specified and uniform building
inspections, definitions, and decisions as to material being
studied; controlled laboratory analyses with an explicit quality
control plan; and the ability to measure the variance of the
estimates due to sampling.

*Anderson PH, Bell RK, Huidobro P, Bergson EF, and Sawyer RN.
1982. GCA Corp./Technology Division. Asbestos in Public and
Commercial Buildings. Draft Final Report, Washington, D.C.:
Office of Pesticides and Toxic Substances, U.S. Environmental
Protection Agency. Contract 68-01-5960.

o a 1-2



Exhibit 5-3

Worksheet for Sampling Five Floors

Building ID: Page of

Building name:

Number of floors containing apartments:

1, Random number: = Floor #:

2. Random number: = Floor #:

3. Random number: = Floor #:

4. Random number: = Floor #:

5. Random number: = Floor #:

Line # Floor # Line # Floor # Line # Floor ¢
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
4 4 4
5 5 5
6 6 6
7 7 7
8 8 8
9 9 9
0 0 Q
1 1 1
2 2 2
3 3 3
4 4 4
5 5 5
6 6 6
7 7 7
8 8 8
9 9 9
0 0 ie)



stratum, PSU's were sorted by such factors as ethnic and income
distribution, and one PSU was chosen with probability propor-
tional to 1980 population to represent each stratum. The
first-stage probability of selection, denoted pi for PSU i, is
thus equal to:

population, PSU i

total population, stratum i

III. SECOND STAGE SAMPLING WITHIN PSU's

A. Private Nonresidential Buildings

A middle stage of sampling was introduced--selection of
post office ZIP codes within PSU--to reduce the amount as well
as cost of building enumeration. Four ZIPs were drawn from each
PSU, as this number was sufficient to produce the desired number
of buildings.

All nonmilitary ZIP codes were listed as recorded by the
post office. Each ZIP code was assigned a measure of size equal
to the square root of the number of employees in that ZIP code,
which was derived from the 1980 County Business Patterns. Four
ZIPs were then selected with probability proportional to size
using a stratified systematic sample. Since the number of
employees is highly correlated with the number of buildings,
this was thought to be a good measure of size. The square root
of this number was used so that the largest ZIP codes would not
excessively dominate the sample.


D. Statistical Reliability and Data Accuracy

The data presented in this report are based on a sample
survey. In common with all survey data they are subject to
sampling error as well as nonsampling error. These two types of
error are discussed below. Before presenting that discussion we
review the advantages of the data collected in a survey over
anecdotal evidence, expert opinion, and attempted complete
enumerations which include a very low percent of the universe.

The advantages of survey-based data can be summarized by
the statement that one knows what the final estimates represent.
Specifically, the universe of buildings to which the estimates
apply can be stated; the type of inspection conducted is specified
and uniform; the type of material of interest is likewise
specified and uniform; the same data items are collected for all
selected buildings using common definitions; the laboratory
analyses are conducted in a known fashion with specified quality
control procedures; the tabulations are made using established
definitions and the level of precision of the estimates can be
measured by estimating the sampling error from the data. A
further advantage in the present survey was that the precision
of the estimates was roughly estimated in advance, so that a
decision could be made at the outset as to the most efficient
survey design in terms of precision of estimates versus survey
cost. The level of accuracy of the present survey, then, was
thoughtfully chosen as adequate to meet the EPA's policy-making
information needs. Further, the measured (known) precision of
the current survey leads to a 95 percent confidence interval
which is much narrower than the range of previous estimates,
which did not have a known or measured precision, and which were

subject to several serious potential sources of bias.



SURVEY OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS
Residential Building Data Form
Building ID: Page 1 of

Building name:

I. Building is: a single building | I (go to III)
(Check one)
part of a complex |7 | (go to II).
II. Boiler room information for a building in a complex.
A. Every building in the complex has its own boiler room:
Yes {1 (go to III)
No {—~I (go to B)
B. There are no boiler rooms in any building in the complex.
Yes \~} (go to III)
No {1 (go to C)
Cc. Boiler rooms in one building of the complex serve other buildings
in the complex.
Yes |"7I (£il1 in data below)
No II (go to D)

Name of building housing boiler room that serves sampled building:

List all buildings served by this boiler room:

D. None of A, B, or C. Use this space and back to describe the situation.



Blocks were sorted by their unique Census ID number (state
no./tract no./block(ED) no.) within PSU and sampled systemat-
ically with probability proportional to size. A skip interval
was calculated equal to the total measure of size for that PSU
divided by 12, the target sample size. Certainty blocks were
identified as those with individual measure of size greater than
the skip interval for that PSU. Noncertainty blocks were chosen
by applying the skip interval to each PSU independently.

Let big be the within-PsU block selection probability for
block j within PSU i. This was equal to the measure of size for
the selected block divided by the skip interval.

IV. BUILDING FRAMES

After intermediate stage sampling, building frames were
developed separately for each building type but each was sampled
in the same manner. Buildings were assigned to size class
strata based upon their square footage. A stratified systematic
sample was drawn to achieve the targeted sample sizes for each
PSU. Where necessary, adjacent size strata were collapsed
independently for each PSU and building type.

A. Private Nonresidential Buildings

A list of buildings within each sampled zip was enumerated
by using establishments provided by Dun & Bradstreet in combina-
tion with National Business Lists. Both sources are comprised
of business establishments but are created from different sources
and have differing coverage of various types of businesses. Dun
& Bradstreet, which was treated as the main list, is based on
credit references, while NBL is derived from businesses listed
in the phone book.


steadily through much of that century to a population of 500,000
in 1880. That figure had doubled by 1890. Current population
within the city limits exceeds three million with another four

million people in the immediate area.

The economic base of the area is diverse and includes equip-
ment and durable goods manufacturing, petrochemical refining,
steel production, and agricultural products processing. The city
is one of the air, truck, and rail centers of the country. It is
located on a large body of water with interconnecting waterways
to the Atlantic and the Gulf of Mexico, which further promotes
commerce opportunities.

The city is considered a leader in volume of construction
and production of architectural landmarks. There are a few
buildings that exceed 100 stories in height at the city's center;
however, most of the commercial structures are less than 20
stories tall. Outside of this center, most buildings are less
than five stories tall with the exception of high rise public
housing projects of the 1960's and 1970's and numerous older
apartment houses in one area. The premises selected for inspec-
tion seemed to be a reasonable cross section of the area's
buildings. Table 2 in Appendix G describes the buildings in the
area.

Older buildings have furnace rooms in their basements and
heat water as a transfer medium. Asbestos-type material is quite
common as an insulator in the buildings inspected. There were
several areas sprayed with acoustical or thermal insulation
material in the premises inspected. This practice, while not
very common, appeared occasionally in other buildings of the
area.


hundred. Again, begin with the next pair of digits after the
last use of the table. If the pair is the line number of an
apartment, circle it in the table, record it on the data form,
and write down the apartment number on the form. If it is a
line number with no apartment (higher than the number of apart-
ments) cross out the pair of digits and look at the next pair.
Continue until an apartment is selected. The second apartment
is selected the same way, with the additional instruction that
if the line number of the apartment already selected comes up
again, cross it off and look at the next pair of random digits.

Transfer the selected apartment numbers to the Resi-
dential Building Data Form, Part IV.

5.3 Selecting Five Floors

In this section we describe how to use the Worksheet
for Sampling Five Floors (Exhibit 5-3). This is to be done when
a residential building has more than five homogeneous floors.
Begin by filling in the building ID and name (or address). Label
the first page "page 1." List all the floors in the building or
homogeneous section that contain apartments (do not list floors
with no apartments). You will have to fill in the front digit(s)
of the line numbers after all floors are listed. The form is
designed so that the same form is used for page 1 and continua-
tions. On all continuation sheets, include the building ID and
name, and number the page. On page one in the first column,
half-way down, fill in ten 1's and a 2 to make line number 10
through 20. In the second column, fill in nine 2's, ten 3's,
and a 4 for line numbers 21 through 40. Continue in this way
for all line numbers used to list floors. Once all floors are
listed, write the number of floors in the space at the top.

This should equal the highest line number. Next, draw the five


Table 7-15. Estimated average percent asbestos in asbestos-
containing@ materials by type of material and
construction date

Asbestos-containing material
Sprayed or

Construction trowelled on Ceiling Pipe/boiler

date © friable material tile insulation
Up to 1944 6% 1% 69%
(<16%)

1945 - 1959 18% 8% 70%
(< 48%)

1960 - 1969 17% 2% 71%
(< 348)

1970 - 1978 9% --4 59%
(7-108)

All buildings 14% 3% 70%
(7-218)

@One or more percent asbestos found in laboratory analysis.

bincludes material sprayed on surfaces and steel beams.

Csampled damaged or exposed material.

dof 47 inspected buildings built in 1970-1978, none had

asbestos-containing ceiling tile.

Thus the percent asbestos

in asbestos-containing ceiling tile could not be estimated.



TABLE 5 (continued)

Buildings inspected

Surrounding buildings

Masonry and wood structure under
renovation, vinyl floors

Glass and masonry, single-story,
suspended ceiling, space heaters

Wooden single-story, vinyl floor,
textured ceiling

Wood, glass, and brick, single-
story, vinyl floor

Brick facade church with two
additions, single-story, vinyl
floor

Brick and wood, two-story, recent
renovation, suspended ceiling,
new heating system

Three-story brick and wood building,
older style central boiler, sus-
pended ceiling/tiles

Single-story steel shell, farm
buildings

One- and two-story brick commercial,
wooden residential

Wooden storage buildings, steel
sheds

Farmland, wood]and

Brick multifamily residential

Steel shell warehouse area, single-
story commercial

Two-story commercial and brick office
buildings

G-10


EVALUATION OF FRAMES

I. FEDERAL GOVERNMENT

The GSA RPI list is very complete. We had great confidence
in the coverage provided by this frame. Two aspects of the frame
caused some operational difficulty. One was the large amount of
ineligible buildings on the list and the other was the multiple-
building feature of some records. This feature meant that we
could not simultaneously control the sample size and the proba-
bility of selection for each building. We chose to control the
sample size.

The proportion of ineligible buildings on the frame is
summarized in Table E-1. In our initial sample of building
records, about 25 percent of the records proved ineligible for
our study, for a variety of reasons summarized in the table.
Operationally this posed some problems in terms of additional
contacts required to obtain the desired sample size. Also, there
is no alternate data source for estimating the total number of
Federal government buildings in our target universe, so our
estimate of that total is based on the sample weights for the
66 inspected buildings.

II. PRIVATE NONRESIDENTIAL BUILDINGS

Although we have no firm figures, we believe that the
combined list frame for these buildings provides good but not
perfect coverage of the target universe. Areas of weakness would
be buildings whose occupants do not seek credit references or
advertise in the Yellow Pages.


Like all survey data, the estimates are subject to sampling
error, which has been estimated from the survey data and is
presented in terms of 95 percent confidence limits for important
estimates. Some readers may find the confidence bounds in this
survey to be too wide for their purposes. The level of precision
necessary for EPA policy-making purposes was specified in advance
and this pre-specified accuracy was achieved. The decision is
discussed more thoroughly in Section 3. Further, the statement
that 5 percent (0.5 to 10 percent) of buildings have asbestos-
containing sprayed- or trowelled-on friable material is much more
precise than the GCA findings discussed above, and does not
suffer from reliance on anecdotal evidence and opinion.

The data will also be subject to nonsampling error, such as
potential bias introduced by substitution of buildings, inspection
or laboratory error, and errors in data collection, transcription,
keypunching, etc. The Quality Assurance Plan provided ways of
guarding against such errors and in some cases measures of the
extent of such errors. There is no evidence that nonsampling
errors have contributed any substantial bias to the estimates.

In particular, substitution of buildings, a potential source of
nonsampling error, was minimal because of the excellent response
rate of the original sample (88 percent).

II. OBJECTIVES

The primary objective of this study was to obtain more
objective data to determine, within a stated level of accuracy,
the extent to which asbestos-containing friable materials are
present in public and commercial buildings. Specifically,
through on-site inspections of a nationally representative sample
of buildings, estimates were planned for:

. Number of public and commercial buildings which have
asbestos-containing friable materials;

1-3


the first half of this century but escalated in more recent times.
Its economic base evolved from farming and commerce to one prom-
inent in petrochemicals, pharmaceuticals, clothing, electric sup-
ply, and service industries. Nonresidential buildings are masonry
or brick, one to two stories tall, with flat roofs. There are
over 1,200 industrial firms in the county.

Table 1 of Appendix G describes the sampling sites and
surrounding buildings in this area. The buildings sampled
appeared generally representative of the county's buildings with
the exception of the five wooden barracks included. These may
have been considerably oversampled for the area.

Most older buildings in the sample have their own central
heating systems of the hot water radiation type, usually located
in basements. Common heating fuel had been coal with later con-
versions to oil and gas. Asbestos had been used extensively as a
thermal insulation in these systems but many of the inspected
units have had recent alterations. New building heating systems
are of the forced warm air variety with fiberglass duct insula-
tion.

There appeared to be a general awareness of potential asbes~
tos problems in this area. There were several instances in which
inspections had been made previously and removal action had been
taken as a result. However, insulation was not replaced in sev-
eral of these units.

III. Midwestern Urban Area

Another area selected was a large midwestern city. This
region has the greatest temperature variation of any of the sec-
tions studied. The city was founded in the 1830's and grew


These establishment lists were manually studied and reduced
to building lists by selecting only one establishment per unique
address. All addresses associated with agricultural businesses
and those establishments from NBL designating private and public
schools (except post-secondary) and government and apartment
buildings were deleted.

B. Private Residential

Field workers enumerated all residential buildings with 10
or more rental units that were situated within the sampled census
blocks (or ED's). The total number of units within each building
was identified, where the building was defined according to the
definition detailed above. The building frame was then con-
structed by listing all the building complexes and assigning
a measure of size to each based on number of apartments. Build-
ings which were not part of a complex were listed individually
with individual measures of size.

Cc. Government

Building records from the General Services Administration's
(GSA's) owned and leased Real Property Inventory (1979) were
used to create a list of federally owned and leased buildings.
Military and Army Corps of Engineers buildings as well as ware-
houses and buildings with 0 square feet were not included. Each
record represented a building or group of buildings with the
same usage type at a particular installation of a Federal
department or agency.


Nonresidential buildings are single story steel framed and
brick. Blanket fiberglass insulation is used in the steel framed
structures. The majority of the nonresidential and residential
sites have a central heating system; fiberglass insulation is
used on pipes. The other residential buildings had basements
with boilers and pipes insulated with asbestos-type material.

The sites selected for inspection are representative of the entire
county. Table 7 in Appendix G describes the sites and surrounding

areas.

IX. Midwestern Urban Area C

A large midwestern city was another selected area. The
population of the city proper is 448,000 and in the surrounding
ten-county area is 1.3 million. The economic base is in agri-
business, automobile manufacturing, and commercial business.

Nonresidential buildings are one to two story brick structures
with and without basements. Central air systems are common
although several do have boiler insulation and pipe wrap of
asbestos-type material. Residential buildings are constructed of
brick and are two to three stories tall. All the residential
buildings had basements but only half of the total used a boiler
to generate heat. The boiler and pipes present have asbestos-type
material as insulation. The other half of the buildings have
individual air systems. The upstairs of two residential buildings
has been renovated but the boiler has not been touched. One
nonresidential building had asbestos-type fire proofing sprayed
on the attic.

Table 8 in Appendix G describes the inspected sites and
surrounding areas. The entire city was well represented by the
sites inspected.


TABLE 7. MIDWESTERN RURAL AREA (CONTINUED)

Buildings inspected

Surrounding buildings

Two story brick and wood apts.,
carpet, plaster ceilings

Single story brick with partial
basement, carpet and suspended
ceiling

Steel framed building, blanket
insulation in warehouse

Single story stucco building with
partial basement, concrete floors,
tiled ceiling

Single story cinder block, vinyl
tile, plaster ceiling

Single story brick, vinyl] tile,
suspended ceiling

Brick building with decorative
roof, carpet, vinyl tile in
basement, tiled ceiling

Steel framed warehouse, blanket
insulation, suspended ceiling

Single story cinderblock structure,
concrete floor and ceiling

Steel framed building, blanket
insulation in garage, tile in
office

Single story cinderblock building,
vinyl tile and suspended ceiling

Wooden barn-like building, wooden
floors and ceiling

G-14

Similar apts., single family
residences, wood and brick

Brick commercial buildings
Open fields

Grain elevators

Highways, brick homes
Part of a brick mall

Brick residences

Open fields

Single family residence, wood
and brick

Open fields

Brick commercial buildings

Brick and wood commercial

buildings



There were no units for which substitutes could not be

found; hence, no adjustment for nonresponse was needed.

b. Government Buildings

The adjustment for ineligibles followed the same procedure
adopted for private nonresidential buildings, except adjustments
were made across PSUs by size class, separately for the pilot
site and the remaining PSUs. Since no segments were used in
this sample, the formulas differ as follows:

ro
i Mix 7 PSD;

e =
k ,
i Pik 7 PSUs
=
i Ny / PSU;
adj,
Doon
i Mik / (PSU; x sclassy j 44) ,
and Whijkl = Whijkl x ej x adi,

Again, no adjustment for nonresponse was needed.

Cc. Residential Buildings

Residential buildings were adjusted for nonresponse and

ineligibility with one adjustment by PSU and size class:
z
7 j “hijk |
adj, FO

* z
; Ww
J



where the denominator is the sum of m, over all
buildings in the complex. This subsampling method selects one
building per complex with probability proportional to building

size.

The final selection probability for a sampled building is:
fijki =
x SS), for private nonresidential

P; X¥ Z;,. X Whe.
+ 1 hijk buildings

Py x big x Whijk x SS), for private residential buildings,

Pi * Whiz X S5y, for government buildings.

Thus, each sampled unit represents WE sax similar units in the

building universe.


of vinyl floor tile and will take at least one sample of tile in
each building where it is present (in the least consipicuous

place).

There may be some areas which cannot be observed such
as offices which cannot be entered. Please indicate those areas
on the summary form and indicate the reason why the inspection
was not possible.

The walk-thru inspection should follow inspection of
the boiler/fan room(s). It is not necessary that the building
contact accompany you through the building but it may be help-
ful. In some instances you may need to stand on a desk or use a
ladder which the building contact can provide. However, you
should have a step-ladder in your car in case you need one and
the building contact cannot provide one.

It is most important to conduct the walk-thru as unob-
trusively as possible. We want neither to raise curiosity nor
to cause any disruption in the building. Be very sensitive to
the wishes of the contact person. If he or she suggests that
some area of the building should be inspected at a different
time follow these suggestions. Be as courteous as possible to
anyone you encounter in the building.

Begin the inspection with the lowest floor. Observe
walls and suspended ceilings. Be especially careful to observe
the areas above suspended ceilings including pipes or ducts.
All floors with rooms or equipment or in which building activi-
ties take place should be inspected. These would include
parking garages and roof top equipment areas.

If the building contact is with you during the inspec-
tion and you do observe friable material, ceiling tile, floor


SECTION 7

STATISTICAL ANALYSIS AND RESULTS

In this section we present detailed tables and discussion
of results. We begin by describing the calculation of final
weights and variances, and then proceed to the findings. The
final weights were used to estimate national totals from the
sampled buildings. Because the sample was not self-weighting,
the correct calculation of weights was crucial to the final
results. A summary of the major results appear as Section 2,
and the results are also given in brief in the Executive Summary.

I. ESTIMATION AND VARIANCE CALCULATIONS

The plan for calculating final weights and variances is
given as Appendix F. We briefly review the calculations here.
In order to make national estimates for 3.6 million buildings
based on a sample of 231 buildings, the results for each sampled
building must be multiplied by a number known as the weight,
which is the number of buildings nationwide represented by the
sampled building. These weighting factors are based on the
building's probability of selection -- for example if one build-
ing in a hundred were sampled, then the building base weight
would be one hundred. These base weights are modified, or
adjusted, to reflect differences between the initial sample and
the final sample, and to reflect outside knowledge.

The initial base weights are merely the inverse of the
probability of selection. This probability is based on the site
(PSU), type of building, and size class of the sample building.


Table 7-3. Estimated percent® of buildings with asbestos-
containing material? by type of material and
building type
(95 percent confidence limits in parentheses)

Asbestos-containing material
Sprayed- or Pipe/
Building trowelled-on | Ceiling boiler
type friablec tile insulation Any@
Federal 16 2 25 39
government (133) (14) (8-41) (29-48)
Residential
(10+ rental 18 oe 44 59
units) (10-27) (12) (26-62) (45-74)
Private non- £
residential 4 0 12 16
(commercial) (19) (2-22) (9-23)
Private 5 0° 16 20
total (110) (11) (6-25) (14-27)
All 5 0° 16 20
buildings (1-10) (11) (7-25) (14-27)

aay not equal percentages calculated directly from Tables 7-1
and 7-2 due to rounding in those tables and in this one.

Pone percent or more asbestos found in laboratory analysis.

“Includes friable material applied to surfaces and steel beams.

d,

Will not be the sum of the columns.

®Less than 0.5 percent.

for 110 inspected buildings of this type, none had asbestos-
containing ceiling tile.
in this category may have abestos-containing ceiling tile.

However, some small number of buildings


2. Adjustments to Base Weight - Ineligibility and Nonresponse

a. Private Nonresidential Buildings

Adjustments to the base weight were made by PSU and size
class to reflect the number of originally sampled listings which
were out-of-scope for the study. In addition, the weights were
adjusted to agree with the total number of listed addresses in
each ZIP code from which the sample was drawn. This last measure
helped correct for the inaccuracy of within-segment sampling
rates imposed by small sample sizes.

Let idk and idk be the number of originally sampled and
eligible listings, respectively, in PSU i, segment j and size
class k. Then

'
hak J seg,

ik

M

5k / seg,
is the estimated percentage of eligible listings in PSU i and
size class k.

Let Nijk be the number of address listings in PSU i,
segment j and size class k, and ni 5k be the number of inspected
listings. Then,

z

5 Nigk / seg.

3

adii, =

Zoe
j nigk / (seg, x sclassy i 44)

adjusts the inspected listings in PSU i and size class k so that
their weights sum to the total number of listings in each ZIP
code. The final adjusted base weight then becomes

x e x adiiy-

Whigkl 7 “hijkl ik


. In Table 2-2 these numbers are given as percentages of

the total for each type of building.

Overall,

20 percent (14-27%) of all buildings have some type of
asbestos-containing friable material.

Table 2-2. Estimated percent® of buildings with asbestos-

containing friable materials by type of material and
type of building (95% confidence limits in
parentheses)

Type of asbestos-containing friable material

Type Sprayed- or | Ceiling Pipe/boiler Any
of building trowelled-on tile insulation© material
Federal 16% 2.0% 25% 39%
government (< 33%) (0.3-3.6%) (8-413) (29-483)
Residential (10+ 183 0.5% 44% 59%
rental units) (10-27%) (< 1.78) (26-62%) (45-748)
Private 4% 0° 128 16%
nonresidential ( < 98) (2-228) (9-238)
All buildings 5% 0.1% 16% 20%
combined (0.5-10%) (< 0.28%) (7-25%) (14-278)

aMay not equal percentages calculated directly from Table 2-1 due

to rounding in Table 2-1 and in this table.

b

containing ceiling tile.

Of 110 sampled buildings in this category, none had asbestos-—
However, some small number of buildings

in this category may have asbestos-containing ceiling tile.

“sampled damaged or exposed material.


Building 1D
Building Name

Form B. Floor Tile and Pipe Wrap Convenience Samples Outside
Fan/Boiler Rooms
(one sample per area, plus Q. A. samples when taken)

Floor #

Map # Room #
Apartment # etc.

‘ae

Area #

Total

+ *
Square Feet Random ID Sticker

Floor #

Describe

*Bracket each pair of side-by-side samples

Condition Code:
Area # Room # Pipe or Duct 1-5 Random 1D |
Apartment # etc. (1) = Best (5) = Worst Sticker
B-6


IV. Midwestern Urban Area B

Another midwestern city was selected that has grown rapidly
since just before the turn of the century. Its present popula-
tion of nearly 0.5 million is distributed over about 600 square
miles. Principal industries include oil, computers, defense,
farming, and meat processing. There is also a large commitment
to education, hospital services, and government administration.
The premises in this sample are generally representative of the
buildings in the area. The building profile for this area is
typically low. Brick, stone, and steel are the usual construc-
tion materials. The buildings are typically heated from a cen-
tral furnace with supplements from space heater arrangements.
Pipe wrap and boiler wrap of asbestos-type materials are common
in larger buildings. Table 3 in Appendix G describes the
buildings in this area.

Vv. Southwestern Urban Area

Another of the selected sites was a large town and surround-
ing area in the Southwest. It is a town of relatively new con-
struction though its founding dates to the Spanish colonial era
and Indian times. Some of the modern architecture reflects the
influence of these peoples. The town began its present growth in
the 1880's but, because of hot summer temperatures, its popula-
tion was modest until the advent of air conditioning.

Its population was:

1950 100,000
1970 581,000
1980 765,000



SECTION 3
OVERALL QUALITY ASSURANCE PROGRAM

Quality assurance was an important part of all aspects of
this study. The quality assurance program is fully described in
the Quality Assurance Plan.* Quality assurance covers the
organization of the project team and all aspects of project
work. The major elements of the quality assurance program are

summarized below.

I. PROJECT OVERVIEW

The Asbestos in Buildings National Survey of Asbestos-
Containing Friable Materials was a survey of a probability sample
of buildings representing the building stock of the continental
US. The selected buildings were identified in the field by an
advance person, who also performed part of the statistical
sampling task, and a two-person team inspected each building for
friable material. When such material was identified, data about
the location and type of material were recorded, and bulk samples
were taken. During the inspection visit, other building charac-
teristics of interest were recorded. The bulk samples were
transmitted to the laboratory for analysis of asbestos content.
This laboratory analysis was carried out using Polarized Light
Microscopy (PLM), a method in which bulk material is mounted on
a slide, magnified and observed under polarized light using
prescribed techniques. The identity of the fibers is determined
by the optical characteristics observed in this way, according
to an established protocol. Vinyl floor tile was sampled when-
ever found. The results of those analyses are not yet available,
and will be presented in a separate publication.

*Quality Assurance Plan, Asbestos in Public Buildings Survey,
EPA, 1983, Contract 68-01-6721.



out according to the building inspection protocol found in the
Field Manual (Appendix A). Blanket insulation was found above
suspended ceilings or along a wall. A piece of this was pulled
off by hand and placed in the vial. A label was affixed to the

vial and Form B and this form was filled out.

Floor tile was more difficult to sample without leaving a
hole in the floor. In many instances a spare tile was used.
Otherwise a broken piece of tile was sampled or a small piece
was taken, using a linoleum knife, from an inconspicuous place.
The sample was then placed into a small plastic vial. Due to
presumed homogeneity of floor tiles based on the manufacturing
process, one sample was sufficient for each type of tile found.
A preprinted label was affixed to the vial and one was affixed
to Form B. The exact location where the sample was taken was
recorded on the form.

Ceiling tile was sampled in much the same way as floor
tile. Again the manufacturing process introduces homogeneity
into the material. If a spare tile was available, a small
corner was broken off. If one was not available, a broken tile
was sampled or a sample was taken from an inconspicuous location,
i.e., by a light fixture or behind a door in a corner. If the
ceiling were suspended, a tile was raised and a corner broken
off the tile so that the sampled area was not visible when the
tile was back in place. The ceiling tile sample was placed ina
small plastic vial and affixed with a preprinted label. A label
was also affixed to Form A. The location the sample was taken
and other sampling information was recorded on Form A.



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7-31



does not generally achieve full participation, as some contacts
exercise their right to refuse participation. In this study a
fairly high cooperation rate of 88 percent was achieved.

Table 3-3 shows the number of buildings in the initial sample
and the number and percent of those that were inspected, by
sample category. As is shown in the table, all Federal govern-
ment agencies approached cooperated with the survey. Among
privately-owned buildings (including apartment buildings), 83

percent were cooperative, an excellent rate.

Table 3-3. Response rates for the initial sample

Inspected
Initial
Type of building sample Number Percent
Federal government 66 66 100%
Rental apartments 57 48 84
Private non-residential 110 91 83
Private residential
and non-residential 167 139 83
Total 233 205% 88%

arhrough substitution for non-cooperating buildings, the final
sample size was 231.

Reasons for noncooperation included cases where absentee
owners could not be contacted within the survey time frame,
owners who would not be available to accompany inspectors during
the study period, and contacts who were personally opposed to
government survey work. Non-cooperation did not appear to be
related to the presence or absence of asbestos-containing
friable material in the building. Thus, the nonresponse that
was encountered probably did not introduce any substantial bias


Residential Building Data Form (Continued)
Building ID: Page of

Building name:

Vv. Apartments inspected:

Floor Apt. # Replaces Apt. # Comments

Comments: (Information about additions, alterations, renovations, or lack
thereof is especially relevant to a judgment of the likely "representative-
ness of a given apartment.)



inspection of apartments for a later time. Often, the manager
of an apartment complex may be willing to allow you to begin the
inspection but may ask for a few days to notify tenants before
you inspect apartments. If this situation occurs, you should be
able to fill out the Residential Building Data Form and draw the
sample of apartments at your initial visit. The apartment
inspections would be all that remained for the second visit.

Much of the residential building inspection is similar
to all inspections. You begin with the exterior map of the
sampled building, and you fill in the building summary sheet
information in the same way described in Sections 3.2 of this
Manual. Next, as usual, you turn to the boiler room inspection.
This represents the first special procedure for residential
buildings. Parts I and II of the Residential Building Data Form
collect the relevant information and guide you through the procedure.

5.1.1 Boiler Room Inspection

Residential Building Data Form, Part I: In Part I,
you simply check the appropriate box as to whether this building

was sampled as a single building or as part of a complex. This
information will be stated on the advance sheet, and if the
building is part of a complex, a sketch map will have been drawn
showing all the buildings in the complex. Be sure you have the
sketch map with you when you visit the building. If this is a
single building, you can skip Part II of the data form. Cross
it out with a large X. Inspect whatever boiler/fan rooms there
are in the sampled building following the procedures laid out in
Section 4-1 of this manual. If the building is part of a com-
plex, you must fill in Part II of the data form.


Table 2-3.

Table 2-3 gives the estimated square footage of
asbestos-containing sprayed- or trowelled-on friable
material and asbestos-containing ceiling tile. While
1.2 billion square feet of asbestos-containing sprayed-
or trowelled-on friable material is estimated to be in
buildings, very little asbestos-containing ceiling

tile was found (less than 7.8 million square feet).

Estimated square footage of asbestos-containing

friable materials by type of material and type of

building (in 1,000,000s)

parentheses )

(95% confidence limits in

Type of asbestos-containing
friable material

Sprayed- or Ceiling

Type of building trowelled-on tile
Federal 71 2.0
government ( <165) (< 4.6)
Residential 537 1.6
(10+ rental units) (203-870) (< 5.2)
Private 576 0
nonresidential ( <1,480)
All buildings 1,184 3.6
combined (406-1,961) (< 7.8)

Of 110 sampled buildings in

this category, none had

asbestos-containing ceiling tile. However, some small

number of buildings in this

asbestos-containing ceiling tile.

category may have


MRI Internal
Sample ID No.

Field ID

6-2 (concluded)

Materials Present:

Type and Volume Percent®

Asbestos

Fibrous Nonasbestos

No. CHR AMO

7901-17-1513
7901-17-1607QC
7901-17-1536
7901-17-1604QC
7901-17-1554
7901-17-1608QC
7901-17-1206
7901-17-1611QC
7901-17-1094
7901-17-1578QC

25873
25873
49375
49375
39881
39881
25947
25947
09383
09383

~Sssssss&
35-3555 886

GWL FGL CEL OTR Nonfibrous
ND ND ND ND 75
ND ND 4 ND 95
ND ND 90 ND 10
ND ND 90 ND 10
44 ND 50 ND 6
60 ND 35 ND 5
94 ND T ND 6
89 ND ND ND 10
ND ND ND ND 90
ND ND 8 ND 90

a CHR
FGL

wou

chrysotile; AMO
fiberglass; CEL

amosite; GWL = glass wool or mineral wool;
cellulose; OTR = other fibrous materials
(e.g., synthetics); ND = not detected; and T = trace amount, < 1%.


TABLE 4 (continued)

Buildings inspected

Surrounding buildings

Home converted to office, masonry

Storage, showrooms and office,
masonry/steel

Storefront office building with
light industry and storage in
rear, masonry and steel

Nine-story building converted
from apartments to office,
textured ceiling material
throughout

Masonry and steel structure with
offices and cold storage facilities
within

Single-story masonry and wood structure
with office, shop, and storage

Single-story masonry and steel building

Converted residence to office and
storage

Cinderblock building adjoining
open metal shed

Masonry structure with office space
and laboratory facilities, four
trailers attached, 00S

Single-family residence, strip
commercial

Warehouse and light industry housed
in similar buildings

Complex with many similar units

Commercial section most buildings
of two-story variety, some residential
single-family units

Warehouse district and light manu-
facturing, many buildings of similar
size but older vintage

Typical of other commercial in area,
also many single-family homes nearby

Relatively new area predominantly
residential

Residential area, some apartments,
strip commercial

Heavy industrial district with
large utility buildings surrounding

Residential area with light commercial
in sections

G-8



Building ID: Page 1 of

Building name:

Exhibit 5-1
SURVEY OF PUBLIC BUILDINGS

Residential Building Data Form

I. Building is: a single building |i (go to III)

(Check one)

part of a complex |_| (go to II).

II. Boiler room information for a building in a complex.

A.

Every building in the complex has its own boiler room:
Yes II (go to III)
No (“I (go to B)

There are no boiler rooms in any building in the complex.
Yes II! (go to III)

No IZ! (go to C)

Boiler rooms in one building of the complex serve other buildings
in the complex.

Yes {771 (fill in data below)
No I~~1 (go to D)

Name of building housing boiler room that serves sampled building:

List all buildings served by this boiler room:

None of A, B, or C. Use this space and back to describe the situation.



4, INSPECTION PROCEDURES

4.1 Fan/Boiler Room Procedures and Data Forms

The first part of the building inspection is the equip-
ment room(s), or boiler/fan room(s). These rooms are usually
located in the basement or on the roof of the building but may
be anywhere. After you have completed the Exterior Map and top
portion of the Summary Sheet, ask the building contact for the
location of these room(s). Be sure that s/he identifies all
such areas in the building.

The inspection of the b/f room(s) should be brief (not
more than 15 or 20 minutes). You will not be required to diagram
the inside of the room. Ask that the building contact accompany
you to the room(s) to unlock doors and identify different uses
of pipes and ducts.

Data Form C, to be used for recording this part of the
inspection, appears on the next page. Fill in the ID information
and the number of fan/boiler rooms.

Next, observe all areas of the room including the
ceiling, the floor, and all pipes, ducts, and boilers to identify
friable material. Using the procedures described in Chapter 6,
touch, press, or crumble the material. For areas which are
inaccessible, ask the building contact if a ladder is available.
If not, observe the area from as close a vantage point as
possible.


The following points refer to data form C.

. Location - Describe the location of the fan/boiler
room and the floor (i.e. S.W. corner of basement,
accessible only from outside). Use ditto marks
for additional samples taken in that room.

. Area Number - Number areas sequentially on each
form. Use ditto marks if more than one sample is
taken in an area.

. Describe location of area within the boiler room.

. Condition code - to be described in detail at
training

. Affix a random I.D. sticker to the sample bottle

and to this form.

. Take a side by side Q.A. sample for every 10th
sample and bracket the pair in the margin.

Friable Material Areas

Note each "different" area of friable material. By
"different" we mean either

1. An area that looks or feels different from other
F.M. areas (not only in color but in texture).

2. An area which is covering a boiler, pipe, duct,
or

3. An area which is covering a pipe or duct which
has a different function or is a diffcrent size.
(Information about the function of pipes and
ducts may be obtained from the building: contact.)

In regard to (3) above, it is more likely that asbestos-
containing material will be used to insulate a heat pipe, so it
is important to identify these pipes, when possible and to sample
from them.

A-1ll


ASBESTOS IN BUILDINGS NATIONAL SURVEY
OF ASBESTOS-CONTAINING FRIABLE MATERIALS

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The U. S. Environmental Protection Agency's Office of Toxic
Substances (OTS) has an ongoing program concerning asbestos in
buildings. As part of this program, a national survey of
materials in buildings was conducted. The survey was an effort
to deal with the broad problem of public exposure to asbestos-
containing friable materials. Previous estimates of the number
of buildings that contain asbestos ranged from 5 to 45 percent
with an unknown degree of accuracy because they were based on
anecdotal information or expert opinion. No valid national
estimates had been generated and this wide range did not satisfy
the Agency's information needs. Thus, a national survey was
undertaken to produce more precise and statistically valid
estimates with a known degree of accuracy that can be used to
support OTS' technical assistance and regulatory programs.

The survey's primary objective was to determine the extent
of the use of friable asbestos-containing materials in buildings
and the amount of asbestos in them. A secondary objective was
to determine how many buildings have asbestos-containing floor
and ceiling tiles and the approximate square footage of each.

To accomplish these objectives, the survey was designed to:

(1) estimate the number and percent of buildings with asbestos-
containing friable material; (2) estimate the square footage of
such material; and (3) estimate the percent asbestos content of
the material. The estimates were to be made at specified levels
of accuracy, and estimates of their precision were also to be
made. These estimates were made for three types of buildings:
Federal government (owned or operated by a civilian agency);

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3. Private nonresidential -- A privately-owned building
used for nonresidential purposes. Must be 50 percent
or more private nonresidential. Includes (besides
commercial retail and office space) such buildings as
churches, auditoriums, etc.

A standard definition of a building was used to determine
the boundaries of contiguous buildings (see Appendix E) as was a
standard definition of dwelling unit in defining the residential
buildings.

The exclusions to the study universe follow:

1. Buildings built after January 1, 1979 -- These
buildings are banned by law from containing any

asbestos-containing sprayed- or trowelled-on friable
materials.

2. Vacant buildings and warehouses -- These buildings were
excluded because they are not generally occupied.

3. Buildings owned or operated by the military -- These
buildings were not included because of difficulties in

constructing a sampling frame and access to restricted
areas.

4, Elementary and secondary schools -- Schools are studied
and regulated under a separate EPA program.

5. State and local government buildings ~- These buildings
were not included because it would have been very
time-consuming and costly to construct a sampling frame
for them. Also, there is no reason to believe that
they are different in terms of asbestos-containing
materials from other buildings surveyed and adequately
represented in the Federal government and private non-
residential samples.



NATIONAL SURVEY OF BUILDING MATERIALS

BUILDING SUMMARY SHEET

la

XX

Building ID:

Building Name:

Inspection Date:

Inspection Team:

~

Building Address:

Contact Name

Title

Telephone

Year of Construction:

SUMMARY DATA:
# floors (include basement)
# maps

# sampled areas

*

fan/boiler rooms
# samples taken

# Q.A. samples taken

Type of Construction

Use

(check one)

frame C)
masonry C)
steel beam C)
other C)

L total square feet of building ———_______

commercial Oo
residential O

(specify)

(check one)

office O

mixed

va

COMMENTS: (include comments about major alterations, renovations and additions)

Portion of building not inspected (in sq. ft.):

Reason:

I



Exterior map. Please do not substitute these plans for maps but
please include them in the data folder.

4.3.2 Sample Area Maps

In addition to the Exterior map, you will prepare a
map for each sample area which is located outside a fan/boiler
room. These samples are listed on Forms A and B. It is not
necessary to prepare maps for samples taken in fan/boiler rooms
or for samples of pipe or duct wrap taken outside fan/boiler
rooms.

The purpose of the S.A. map is to show the dimensions
of the SA, where samples were taken and the procedure used to
select the spot. Samples will be taken in spots chosen by a
random number procedure (except for floor tile and ceiling tile)
unless it is impossible to do so.

At the bottom of each S.A. map page, one of two things
should be recorded:

. Calculations showing how the random coordinates
were chosen,
OR
. The reason why a convenience sample was taken.

The S.A. map is a diagram of a homogenous area of
material. For instance, if a homogenous area covers a ceiling
and extends down the wall, the wall and ceiling would be con-
sidered one area and would be drawn on the same map.

A-20


Electronics and aerospace manufacturing supplement agricul-
tural production and distribution. Retailing and service indus-
tries are much in evidence with over 200 shopping centers in the
county to serve the residents, tourists, and retirement commun-
ity. A university of about 20,000 students is nearby.

The buildings sampled are representative of those in the
area. The use of area heaters or reverse-cycle air conditioners
in this region is widespread because the temperature does not
generally drop below freezing. No central furnace rooms were
included in sampled buildings. NVAC units were mounted on sides
of buildings or on roofs. The practice of texturing ceilings and
walls appeared to be common. Table 4 of Appendix G describes the
buildings in this area.

VI. Southeastern Rural Area

Another region selected was in the Southeast. This three-
county area is fertile farmland and major industries center on
tobacco, peanuts, cotton, and soybeans. Timber and some textile
manufacture also contribute to the economy. The larger cities in
the region are centuries old but contain less than 30,000 people.
Most of the towns have less than 1,000 individuals. Nonresiden-
tial buildings are typically one story brick structures or two
story brick and masonry construction. Newer buildings are com-
monly steel shell. Table 5 in Appendix G describes the buildings
in this area. The sampled buildings appear to be representative
of the buildings in this area. Space, area, or radiant heaters
are often used in heating these buildings since the winters are
relatively mild. Some larger government buildings and stores
have central hot water furnaces and asbestos-type insulation has
been used with these.


In designing the sample, one decision is the total sample
size, which was made based on cost and precision estimates as
discussed in Section 3.III.D. of this report. One must also
determine the allocation of the sample between number of PSU's
and number of buildings per PSU. Thus, given the target sample
size of 224 buildings, one could sample 44.8 buildings in each of
5 PSU's, 22.4 buildings in each of 10 PSU's, 11.2 buildings in
each of 20 PSU's, and so on. The decision was made by estimating
the optimum allocation mathematically. Essentially, the relative
contributions to overall sample variance from differences between
PSU's (cities or groups of counties) and differences between
buildings in the same PSU is compared to the relative costs of
going to more PSU's versus inspecting more buildings in each
selected PSU. The optimum is thus the allocation which minimizes
total variance for a fixed cost. The estimates for. sample design
purposes for this survey showed a fairly broad optimum, from
which the 10 PSU design was selected.

The actual sample of buildings was drawn in a modified prob-
ability proportional to size design. Buildings were grouped into
size classes, with the target relative rates for each size class
as shown. (R is the rate for the most heavily sampled group,
which all other rates are relative to.)

Size Class Relative Sampling Rate

1. 1,000 square feet R/20
2. 1,001-5,000 sq. ft. R/10
3. 5,001-10,000 sq. ft. R/5

4. 10,001-25,000 sq. ft. R/4

5. 25,001-100,000 sq. ft. R/2

6. 100,001 or more sq. ft. R

In some PSU's and some strata the classes were collapsed as
described in Appendix E.