ARMY RESEARCH LABORATORY

ARL-TR-2636 MARCH 2002

Virtual Environment Study of MissionBased Critical Information Requirements

Elizabeth S. Redden

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Army Research Laboratory

Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005-5425

_____________________________________________________________________

ARL-TR-2636 March 2002

_____________________________________________________________________

Virtual Environment Study of MissionBased Critical Information Requirements

Elizabeth S. Redden

Human Research & Engineering Directorate, ARL

_____________________________________________________________________

Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

_____________________________________________________________________
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_____________________________________________________________________

Abstract

_____________________________________________________________________

The Human Research and Engineering Directorate of the U.S. Army

Research Laboratory conducted an experiment to determine the

critical information required by soldiers in four echelons (squad

member, fire team leader, squad leader, and platoon leader). This

information is intended for use in the development of the design

requirements for information systems such as the Smart Sensor Web.

The experiment was conducted in the Dismounted Battlespace Battle

Lab’s Squad Synthetic Environment (SSE), a virtual environment that

allows the squad to participate in force-on-force exercises. A

validation study of the SSE was conducted before the start of the

experiment to ensure that information gathered in the virtual

environment would be comparable to that gathered in a live

experiment. The eight squads that participated in the experiment

conducted infantry operations using scripted vignettes that were

prepared to include as many situations as possible that are typically

encountered during infantry operations. After participation in each

vignette, soldiers rated the criticality of each of the situational

awareness (SA) items on a questionnaire. This questionnaire was

developed after a literature search and a subject matter expert

conference that were conducted to gather potential SA critical

information items.
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors wish to thank the several individuals from the U.S. Army Infantry

School and the U.S. Army Research Laboratory (ARL) for their contribution to the

study. First, we would like to thank Dan Turner. Without his assistance, this study

would not have been possible. He led in the development of the scripts for the

vignettes, and his extensive combat experience was crucial to the validity of the

scripts and questionnaires used. In addition, his leadership skills were instrumental

in the smooth running of the experiment. Bill Youngblood’s assistance in the

preparation of the scripts and in running the Platoon Headquarters and White Cell

was very valuable. We also wish to thank SFC John Corderro-Torres and Jeffrey

Everette for assisting in performing the literature search. Cindy Holloway was

instrumental in the data reduction, questionnaire administration, and editing of the

final report.

The authors further thank Nancy Nicholas of ARL for technically editing this

document.
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Contents

Executive Summary ...................................... 1

1. Introduction ...................................... 3

1.1 Background..................................... 3

1.2 Purpose ....................................... 4

2. Method .......................................... 4

2.1 Apparatus ..................................... 4

2.2 Methodology Background ........................... 4

2.3 Current Methodology .............................. 5

2.4 Subjects ....................................... 6

2.5 Instruments ..................................... 7

3. Results .......................................... 8

3.1 Validation Study ................................. 8

3.2 Critical Information Requirements...................... 10

4. Conclusions....................................... 17

References ........................................... 19

Appendices

A. CIR Questionnaire Results ........................... 21

B. Literature Search Results............................ 37

C. Smart Sensor Web Demographic Questionnaire Results ....... 65

Distribution List ........................................ 73

Report Documentation Page................................ 79

Figure

 1. McKenna MOUT Site Layout ............................ 1

Tables

 1. Description of Vignette Tactics and Scripts .................. 6

 2. Squad Matrix....................................... 7

 3. Priority Ratings of Information Requirements ................. 9

 4. Comparison of Live and Simulation Ratings.................. 11

 5. Summation of CIR Questionnaire Results .................... 12
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Executive Summary

The Human Research and Engineering Directorate of the U.S. Army Research

Laboratory (ARL) conducted an experiment to investigate the critical information

requirements (CIRs) for four echelons of the infantry platoon operating in and

around urban areas during attack, defend, and reconnaissance missions in a

virtual environment. The virtual environment used for the study was the

Dismounted Battlespace Battle Lab’s Squad Synthetic Environment (SSE). We

validated the use of the SSE by conducting a “clear a room” vignette in the

McKenna military operations on urbanized terrain (MOUT) site (see Figure 1),

Fort Benning, Georgia, and by conducting the same vignette in the SSE. The

results from both exercises were compared, and similar results were found in

both environments.

A thorough literature search was conducted to document hypothesized CIRs for

attack, defend, and reconnaissance missions. Next, a subject matter expert (SME)

Figure 1. McKenna MOUT Site Layout.
2

panel comprised of current and former infantrymen was convened to generate

CIRs that were specific to the scenarios used in the study and that were tailored

by echelon. The literature search and the SME panel provided a large quantity of

possible CIRs to be evaluated. To focus the study, an additional panel of SMEs

convened with the purpose of reviewing the CIR literature search results and

selecting CIRs to evaluate in the vignettes. The panel based CIR selection on

criticality and relevancy to proposed vignettes. At the completion of the SME

review, CIR questionnaires were constructed. These questionnaires were

administered after the soldiers conducted each of the vignettes in the SSE so that

the soldiers could rate the criticality of the proposed information requirements to

the conduct of the vignette.

Findings indicate that information that should be rushed to the platoon members

should be limited to only the critical information that affects their decisions or

actions. This would result in less cluttered displays that are easily read and

understood. Soldiers should be allowed to “pull” information that is less critical

or that is only needed occasionally. Since squad members make very few

decisions, they need less information than the higher echelons do. The

information provided to squad members should only concern items that they

have the ability to impact and items that cause them to take a particular course of

action.

Criticality of the knowledge of the opposing forces’ (OpFor) location beyond

50 meters from the objective increases as the level of leadership increases. Squad

members are interested in their objective and are somewhat interested in the

OpFor location within 50 meters of their objective. The leaders are interested in

the location of the OpFor all the way to 1 kilometer because this knowledge is

important in their planning.
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VIRTUAL ENVIRONMENT STUDY OF MISSION-BASED

CRITICAL INFORMATION REQUIREMENTS

1. Introduction

1.1 Background

The primary design driver for information technology (IT) systems often appears

to be expedience rather than human strengths and limitations. Many systems

have been designed to provide the soldier with the information that can easily be

obtained rather than first determining the type of information that is most

needed. The Project Manager (PM) of the Deputy Under Secretary of Defense

(Science and Technology) (DUSD[S&T]) Smart Sensor Web (SSW) initiative

recognized this potential problem and addressed it by commissioning the U.S.

Army Infantry Center (USAIC) and the U.S. Army Research Laboratory’s (ARL)

Human Research and Engineering Directorate to perform a study in support of

the program. The purpose of the study was to investigate the critical information

requirements (CIRs) for members of an infantry platoon operating in urban

terrain. The results from this study will be used to document information

requirements that should influence the design of the SSW. Two studies preceded

the current study and acted as pilot tests for the methodology used.

1.1.1 Situational Awareness and Communication Experiment for Military

Operations in Urban Terrain – Experiment I (SA-CE I)

The SA-CE I was conducted by ARL in support of the military operations in

urban terrain (MOUT) advanced concept technology demonstration (ACTD)

(Redden & Blackwell, 2000). This experiment successfully demonstrated the

utility of the situational awareness (SA) assessment center methodology. It also

piloted the concept of using an assessment center to determine CIRs for specific

missions. The assessment center methodology placed squad-sized elements in

vignettes at the McKenna MOUT facility in Fort Benning, Georgia. The vignettes

required them to fight against a live opposing force (OpFor) whose movements

and actions were scripted. At the completion of the short vignettes, the soldiers

were given an assessment of knowledge questionnaire to determine the level of

SA they achieved during the vignette. They also gave a subjective rating of the

importance of the SA elements to the conduct of the mission.

1.1.2 Smart Sensor Web Pilot Test

This test was also conducted at the McKenna MOUT facility and used live OpFor

in scripted vignettes. The assessment center methodology was able to

discriminate between baseline and technology-enhanced conditions,

demonstrating the potential of the SSW to increase the SA of the infantry squad.

At the pauses in the vignettes, soldiers were administered a subjective
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questionnaire that required them to evaluate the importance of the SA

information elements to the conduct of the vignettes. This study also

demonstrated the usefulness of placing soldiers in vignettes to evaluate the

importance of CIRs to specific missions.

1.2 Purpose

The purpose of this study was to investigate the CIRs for four echelons of the

infantry platoon (squad member, team leader, squad leader, and platoon leader)

operating in urban areas during attack, defend, and reconnaissance missions.

2. Method

2.1 Apparatus

2.1.1 Squad Synthetic Environment

The CIR study was performed with the squad synthetic environment (SSE)

simulator housed at Fort Benning. The study was executed by ARL, with the

support of the Simulations and Modeling Division of the Dismounted

Battlespace Battle Lab. The simulator configuration used for this study consisted

of a command center (two control personal computers [PCs]), nine interactive

soldier visualization stations (SVS), a maximum of eight PC OpFor and civilian

on the battlefield (COB) interactive stations. Pleban, Eakin, Salter, and Matthews

(2001) provided additional information about the configuration of the SSE

simulator.

2.1.2 Validation Study

A validation study was conducted to ensure that the data obtained with the

simulator would be consistent with data obtained during live operations. During

the validation study, the soldiers used in this study conducted a vignette that

had previously been conducted in a live exercise at McKenna MOUT site by

three Ranger platoons. At the conclusion of the vignettes (both live and

simulation), soldiers were administered a CIR questionnaire that asked them to

rate the importance of specific information requirements in the vignettes. The

results from the ratings from both exercises are given in Appendix A. The

importance ratings of the information to the soldiers in the simulation vignette

were then compared to the importance ratings of the soldiers who conducted the

live vignette to determine whether the information requirements in the simulator

were similar to the cognitive requirements in the live exercises.

2.2 Methodology Background

A literature search was conducted to evaluate methodologies that had been used

in the past to determine or document CIRs. Payne, Bettman, and Johnson (1993)
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placed subjects in a static simulator in which they selected items for

consideration with mouse clicks. The CIRs were determined to be those that

were most frequently chosen with mouse clicks. Endsley (1993) surveyed SA

requirements in air-to-air combat fighters. She used unstructured interviews

with subject matter experts (SMEs) and a goal-directed task analysis to develop

structured information requirement questionnaires. Additional SMEs then

performed criticality ratings of the potential CIRs contained in the structured

questionnaires. In both the SA-CE I and SSW Pilot Test, ARL used SMEs to

develop critical SA requirements, which were then given criticality ratings by the

participants after they completed the assessment center vignettes.

2.3 Current Methodology

2.3.1 Literature Search

An extensive literature search was performed to find CIRs for the following

mission-based scenarios: clearing a building, defending a MOUT objective, and

reconnoitering a MOUT objective. Although no previous experiments or studies

were found that were conducted solely to address infantry CIRs, several

references hypothesized CIRs for different echelons of infantry soldiers. The four

echelons of infantry soldiers considered in the literature search were squad

member, team leader, squad leader, and platoon leader. The results of the

literature search are a compilation of CIRs for each aforementioned echelon, as

well as for the three mission-based scenarios and are given in Appendix B.

Information sources and references cited include Army training and evaluation

plans; U.S. Army field manuals; the U.S. Army Ranger Handbook (SH 21-76);

Army Research Institute technical reports; data from two joint experiments

conducted by the MOUT ACTD at the U.S. Army Dismounted Battlespace Battle

Lab and the U.S. Marine Corps Warfighting Lab (JE1 and JE2); and data collected

during SA-CE I. A SME panel comprised of current and former infantrymen was

convened to generate CIRs that were specific to the scenarios used in the study

and that were tailored by echelon.

The literature search and the SME panel provided a large quantity of possible

CIRs to be evaluated. To focus the study, an additional panel of SMEs convened

with the purpose of reviewing the CIR literature search results and selecting

CIRs to evaluate in the vignettes. The panel based CIR selection on criticality and

relevancy to proposed vignettes. At the completion of the SME review, CIR

questionnaires were constructed.

2.3.2 Vignette Development

Vignettes were developed for the three mission-based scenarios selected for this

study (clearing a building, defending a MOUT objective, and reconnoitering a

MOUT objective). The vignettes were tailored to meet virtual environment

requirements. Scripts were written for each vignette, which controlled the

movement and action of the OpFor and COBs. An attempt was made to vary the

scripts and the vignettes so that the soldiers would be confronted with as many
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conditions as possible during the conduct of the experiment. Table 1 provides a

description of the vignette tactics and scripts used for the CIR study.

Table 1. Description of Vignette Tactics and Scripts

____________________________________________________________________

Vignette Tactics Script 1 Script 2 Script 3

____________________________________________________________________

 A Squad attacks and Three OpFor Three COBs Four OpFor located

clears a freestand- located on the dead on the on the objective.

ing building objective. Three objective. Six Three COBs cothat consists of four COBs co-located OpFor mount located with OpFor.

rooms. Squad with OpFor. counterattack.

attacks across an

open danger area.

 B Squad defends and Six OpFor in two Seven OpFor Eight OpFor in two

prepares for counter different build- in two different different buildings;

attack. Squad occu- ings; all move to buildings; three four move to attack

pies the second attack squad. move to attack fire team A and

floor of a building Four total COBs: squad, four fire (squad and) four

and observes two in a building from one build- attack fire team B

OpFor activity on and two in vicin- ing (two OpFor (fire from one

the eastern half of ity of the ceme- KIA in the building).

McKenna MOUT tery. building). Three

site. COBs; all KIA in

an open area.

 C Squad conducts a Four OpFor pre- Four OpFor Four OpFor

reconnaissance from paring defensive preparing de- preparing defensive

the wood line, ob- positions in four fensive positions positions in four

serving OpFor ac- different build- in two differ- different buildings.

tivity on the south- ings. Three COBs ent buildings. Three COBs under

ern half of McKenna move in an open Two COBs heavy guard by

MOUT site. area. Obstacle move in an OpFor; one killed

and vehicle open area. by OpFor in an

(moving) in an Obstacles and open area.

open area. vehicle (stationary)

in an open area.

____________________________________________________________________

KIA = killed in action

2.3.3 Experimental Design

Eight squads participated in the study; each squad completed one of the three

scripts for each vignette, as shown in Table 2.

2.4 Subjects

Eight squad-sized elements of soldiers and their platoon leaders were used for

this study. The first six squads were comprised of soldiers from the 1/167 INF

Alabama National Guard. The seventh squad was from Bravo Company, 1/30

INF 3ID (M) (Fort Benning), and the remaining squad was from Bravo Company,

1/29 INF (Fort Benning). Complete results of the demographics are given in

Appendix C.
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Table 2. Squad Matrix

____________________________________________________________________

Vignette A Vignette B Vignette C

Squad Script 1 Script 2 Script 3 Script 1 Script 2 Script 3 Script 1 Script 2 Script 3

____________________________________________________________________

 1 X X X

 2 X X X

 3 X X X

 4 X X X

 5 X X X

 6 X X X

 7 X X X

 8 X X X

____________________________________________________________________

The six National Guard squads were close to full strength (a total of 48 soldiers)

and had an average age of 31 years. They had an average of 13 years of education

and 115 months of military service, with 61 months in their current positions.

Most (88%) of the soldiers were infantry (qualified as 11M), with (an additional)

6% qualified 11B. Average military training and instruction received in light

infantry operations (including classroom training and field exercises) was 16

months. Their self-evaluation of individual knowledge, skills, and abilities was

average.

The 3ID (M) squad and the 1/29 squad were nearly full strength (a total of 17

soldiers) and had an average age of 24 years. They had an average of 13.6 years

of education and averaged 47 months of military service with 43 months in their

current positions. All the soldiers were infantry, with 12% qualified 11B. Average

amount of military training and instruction received in light infantry operations

(including classroom training and field exercises) was 10 months. Their selfevaluation of individual knowledge, skills, and abilities was average.

The subjects from the live validation exercise were nine Ranger squads from A

and C Companies, 3rd Battalion, 75th Ranger Regiment, Fort Benning. The

squads were at full strength (a total of 84 soldiers) and the soldiers’ average age

was 22 years. The Rangers had an average of 12.7 years of education with a mean

general technical score of 118. They averaged 24 months of military service and

11 months in their current positions. Their self-evaluation of individual

knowledge, skills, and abilities was slightly above average.

2.5 Instruments

2.5.1 Demographic Questionnaire

The demographic questionnaire was used to collect soldier military service,

training, and experience data. The demographic questionnaire also included a
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self-rating of knowledge, skills, and abilities related to infantry duties. The

questionnaire was administered to the soldiers upon their arrival at the SSE

simulator. (Detailed results are given in Appendix C.)

2.5.2 CIR Questionnaires

The CIR questionnaires were administered during pre-planned pauses in the

vignettes. They required the participant to give a subjective rating on a 7-point

scale (importance to the completion of the mission) of each of the information

requirements contained in the CIR questionnaire. Items rated 5 to 7 were rated as

being necessary for mission performance. Thus, the soldiers were able to place

themselves into an actual scenario to determine how important the CIRs were to

their positions in the platoon. See Appendix A for the CIR questionnaires.

3. Results

3.1 Validation Study

Forty-seven of the soldiers from the simulation exercise and 72 of the soldiers

from the live exercise were used in the validation study. The mean ratings of

criticality and standard deviations for the live and the simulation iterations of the

validation study are given in Table 3. The questions from the live and the

simulation exercises are listed in order of ratings from highest criticality to

lowest criticality.

Independent sample t-tests were conducted to determine whether the criticality

ratings during the simulation exercise were similar to the ratings given during

the live exercise. Eight of the eleven t-tests were significant. However,

examination of the order of the criticality ratings (see Table 3) revealed that the

ordering of the criticality of the information requirements was very consistent

between the live and simulated exercises. There was a 0.55 mean difference

among the 11 ratings from the live and simulation exercises. In all cases, the

soldiers from the simulation exercises rated the criticality of the information

requirements higher than did the soldiers from the live exercises. This makes

intuitive sense because the soldiers in the live exercises were receiving

information from all five of their senses and had better peripheral vision. The

soldiers in the simulation only had information from a two-dimensional visual

display and from the “open microphone radio” that was used in the simulator so

that the squad members could talk to each other and so that the squad leader and

platoon leader could maintain communications. Information from outside

sources would thus seem to be more critical to soldiers in the simulator than to

soldiers in a live exercise. When the mean difference (0.55) was subtracted as a

constant from the simulation ratings and independent sample t-tests were

run, there were no
Table 3. Priority Ratings of Information Requirements

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Information Requirements Information Requirements

Priority Live Mean SD N Simulation Mean SD N

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 1 Q09 OpFor location on objective 5.28 1.35 72 Q09 OpFor location on objective 6.04 1.30 46

 2 Q02 Counterattack threats and location 5.08 1.17 72 Q02 Counterattack threats and location 5.62 1.42 47

 3 Q05 Type of hostile fire expected from 4.99 1.32 72 Q11 Platoon sergeant location 5.52 1.46 46

Southeast

 4 Q03 OpFor location outside McKenna 4.92 1.19 72 Q05 Type of hostile fire expected from 5.50 1.43 46

Southeast

 5 Q08 Company CCP location 4.83 1.16 72 Q03 OpFor location outside McKenna 5.36 1.29 47

 6 Q06 OpFor activity reported by A Co. 4.69 .94 72 Q07 Disposition of 2nd Squad 5.34 1.27 47

 7 Q11 Platoon sergeant location 4.66 1.30 68 Q06 OpFor activity reported by A Co. 5.32 1.46 47

 8 Q04 OpFor element rate of movement 4.64 1.26 72 Q01 Anticipated time OpFor will reach 5.13 1.50 47

McKenna

 9 Q01 Anticipated time OpFor will reach 4.62 1.20 71 Q04 OpFor element rate of movement 5.09 1.43 46

McKenna

 10 Q10 Disposition of A CO 4.40 1.29 72 Q08 Company CCP location 4.98 1.65 47

 11 Q07 Disposition of 2nd Squad 4.39 1.11 71 Q10 Disposition of A Co. 4.79 1.40 47

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
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significant differences between the ratings from the live and the simulation

exercises (see Table 4).

3.2 Critical Information Requirements

The detailed results from the CIR questionnaire are given in Appendix A. Table 5

displays a compilation of the results from all the questionnaires (i.e., the attack,

defense, and reconnaissance questionnaires for planning, occupying an attack

position, and executing the vignettes). It combines the information requirements

on the soldiers’ questionnaires into information requirement categories (i.e., all

questions concerning the number of OpFor are grouped into an information

requirement category). It also displays the mean of the question means in that

category by echelon. Items rated 5.5 and higher were considered to be critical.

We chose this mean rating cutoff by adding 0.55 (the mean difference between

the live and simulator ratings that was considered to be simulator inflation) to

the 5.0 (necessary for performance) scaled item.

Table 5 also presents the level of SA for each of the information requirements.

Endsley (1987, 1988, 1995) defined SA as “the perception of the elements in the

environment within a volume of time and space, the comprehension of their

meaning, and the projection of their status in the near future.” Endsley’s

definition of SA discussed three levels: perception, comprehension, and

projection. Perception (Level I SA) is the lowest level of SA because it involves

only the conscious knowledge that something is present in the environment.

Level 2 SA or comprehension is the synthesis of disjointed perceptions so that

understanding of the significance of the perceptions is present. Projection

(Level 3) SA is the ability to project future courses of action, based on the

understanding gained from Level 2 SA.

3.2.1 Location of OpFor on the Objective

Knowledge of the location of the OpFor on the “objective1” was critical to all

echelons before the attack. This knowledge was critical for planning the

execution of the attack.

3.2.2 Size of the OpFor on the Objective

The number of OpFor on the objective was critical during the planning and

execution of the attack to all echelons. It was also critical to all echelons during

the planning and execution of the reconnaissance mission.

 

1

A key piece of terrain identified by the commander to be seized or held.
Table 4. Comparison of Live and Simulation Ratings

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

 Simulation Live 2-tail

Information Requirements Adjusted Mean Mean t-value df Significance

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Q01. When do you anticipate that the platoon-size OpFor 4.58 4.62 -.17 116 .87

element will reach McKenna Village?

Q02. Do you have any OpFor counterattack threats? If 5.07 5.08 -.07 117 .95

so, from where?

Q03. Are there any reports of OpFor platoon-sized units 4.81 4.92 -.48 117 .63

outside McKenna Village? If so, where are they?

Q04. If yes, what is the rate of movement? 4.54 4.64 -.41 116 .69

Q05. What type of hostile fire do you expect to receive from 4.95 4.99 -.14 116 .89

the OpFor southeast of McKenna?

Q06. What OpFor activity was reported by A Co.? 4.77 4.69 .34 117 .74

Q07. What is the disposition of the 2nd Squad? 4.79 4.39 1.78 116 .08

Q08. Where is the Company CCP? 4.43 4.83 -1.57 117 .12

Q09. Where are the OpFor on your objective? 5.49 5.28 .86 116 .39

Q10. What is the disposition of A Co.? 4.24 4.40 -.66 117 .51

Q11. Where is your platoon sergeant? 4.97 4.66 1.19 112 .24

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Table 5. Summation of CIR Questionnaire Results

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Ref No. Information Requirement Category SA Level Question Number PL SL FTL SM

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________

OfFor

 1 Location of OpFor on objective Per AO7 6.67 6.06 6.12 6.15

 2 Size of OpFor on objectives Per AP1, AO6, AA1, BP1, CP1, CR1 6.17 6.37 6.36 5.95

 3 Type of OpFor activity Per AA4, BD2, CP18 5.79 5.80 5.81 5.32

 4 Location of OpFor outside of objective but Per AO8, AA 2, BD3, CP17, CR9 5.71 6.22 5.79 5.61

within 50 meters of objective

 5 Location of OpFor greater than 50 meters Per AA5, BP4, CR3, CR8 5.93 5.97 5.83 5.38

but less than 1 km away from objective

 6 Existence of OpFor special direct fire weapons Per AP2, AP3, AO17, BP2, CP2, CP3, 6.22 6.06 6.28 5.83

CP4, CP5

 7 Existence of OpFor indirect fire weapons Per AP9, BP5, CP9 5.56 6.08 6.11 5.36

 8 OpFor special equipment such as night vision Per AO20, CP16, CR11, CR12 6.06 6.09 5.79 5.67

and long range optics

 9 Existence of OpFor air support Per AP10, CP10 5.34 5.97* 5.77 5.31

10 OpFor NBC capability Per AP7, CP11 5.67 6.45 6.10 5.66

11 OpFor reinforcement capability Per AP6, AO12, AA3, AA7, BP4, BD1, 5.82 6.02 5.91 5.42

BD5, CP8, CR2

12 Direction of OpFor movement Per AA6, BD4 5.83 6.17 5.80 5.20

13 OpFor ammunition status Per BP18 5.00 5.72 5.57 5.18

 14 Number of dead OpFor Per A01, AO3 4.20 4.61 5.36 4.43

 15 OpFor physical and mental status Comp AO18, AO21 5.42 5.42 5.37 5.17

 16 Strongest OpFor location Comp AP21 6.67 6.28 5.98 5.52

 17 Weakest OpFor location Comp AP20 6.50 5.94 5.57 5.28

 18 OpFor knowledge of your activities Proj BP12 5.33 6.78 6.18 6.07

 19 OpFor intent and projection of enemy activity Proj AP5, AO10, AO11, AO22, AA8, BP3, 5.70 5.87 5.86 5.50

BP10, BP17, BP20, BD6, CP7, CP 31,

CR4, CR15 CR20
Table 5 (continued)

Civilians on the Battlefield (COBs)

 20 Presence of COBs Per AP11 5.67 5.61 5.47 4.98

 21 Location of COBs on objective Per CP14 4.83 5.39 5.41 4.97

 22 Number of COBs on objective Per CP12, CR5 5.17 5.31 5.49 4.88

 23 Temperament or status of COBs on objective Comp AP13, AO13, CR6 4.80 5.31 5.50 4.94

 24 Temperament or status of COBs around objective Comp AO2, AO4, BP6, CP13 4.35 5.06 5.20 4.69

 25 COB KIAs Per AA9 5.06 5.11 4.92 4.92

 26 Differentiate between COBs and OpFor Comp AP12 5.00 5.50 6.02 5.15

Friendly Troops

 27 a. Friendly location Per AO16, AA10, BD7, 5.80 5.58 5.85 5.76

b. Friendly identification Per AO14, AO15, BP9, CP15 4.89 5.31 5.09 5.35

 28 Friendly physical and mental stats Comp AO19, AA16, CP30 5.48 5.92 6.07 5.72

 29 Attachments or detachments to the squad Per AP19, BP11 4.50 4.94 5.86 4.92

 30 Knowledge of other friendly unit activity Comp AP16, AA14, BP15, CR13 5.32 5.57 5.73 5.36

 31 Friendly wounded in action/killed in action Per AO5, AA11 6.33 5.59 5.81 5.50

(WIA/KIA)

 32 Strongest Friendly location Comp BP14 5.50 6.17 5.65 5.88

 33 Weakest Friendly location Comp BP13, BD12 6.17 6.00 5.95 5.66

Mission Information

 34 Information concerning buildings on the Comp AP8, AO23, CR16, CR17, CR18, 5.98 6.11 6.00 5.40

objective CR19

 35 Knowledge of terrain Per BP19, CP19, CP20, CP22, CP25, CP26 5.94 6.00 5.93 5.76

 36 Obstacles or hazards on potential routes or Per AP4, AO9, CP6, CP24 6.00 6.07 6.02 5.44

objective

 37 Knowledge of mission parameters and Per AP14, AP15, AP17, AA13, BP7, BP8, 5.52 5.78 6.11 5.43

command and control BP21, BP22, BD9, CR14

 38 a. Friendly ammunition status Per AA15, BD11 6.17 6.56 6.19 6.45

b. When Friendly resupply expected Per BD10 4.00 6.22 4.97 5.64

 39 Secondary missions Per AP18, AA12, BD8, CR7 5.03 5.70 5.68 5.04

 40 Conditions affecting mission (i.e., weather, Proj AP22, CP2, CP23, CP27 5.63 5.63 6.00 5.56

light level)

 41 Squad projected routes and movement rates Comp CP21, CP28, CP29, CR10 5.83 5.77 5.96 5.76

 *because of reconnaissance
14

3.2.3 Type of OpFor Activity

The type of activity in which the OpFor is engaged is important to all echelons

during a reconnaissance mission; it is one of the primary purposes of the

mission. During the attack, attention is diverted from interest in OpFor activity

outside the objective and is focused on areas of immediate concern. During the

defense, the squad leadership found information about OpFor activity in the area

to be of critical concern. This information helps the squad leadership to know

what defensive tactics to employ and when to employ them.

3.2.4 Location of OpFor Outside the Objective but Within 50 Meters of the

Objective

During the reconnaissance mission planning and execution, all echelons rated

knowledge of the location of the OpFor within 50 meters of the objective as being

critical. When the platoon was in the attack position and preparing to attack,

their focus narrowed to the immediate objective. Once the attack was over, the

squad became concerned with the location to which the OpFor escaped. During

the defense, the squad leadership found information concerning OpFor location

within 50 meters to be of critical concern. This information helped the squad

leadership to know when and where to shift soldiers and where to direct fires.

3.2.5 Location of OpFor >50 Meters From the Objective but <1 km Away From

the Objective and Reinforcement Capability

All three levels of leaders (fire team leader, squad leader, and platoon leader)

were concerned with activity beyond 50 meters during the reconnaissance and

the defense. During the attack, the fire team leaders were not interested in

activity beyond their immediate objective. Squad members were not interested in

the location of the OpFor at these distances, nor were they interested in

knowledge of the OpFor reinforcement capability and the direction of OpFor

movement. Knowledge concerning OpFor reinforcement during the planning of

all types of missions is critical. During and immediately after the execution, it is

critical to the leadership but not to the squad members.

3.2.6 Existence of OpFor Special Weapons

All four echelons believed that the knowledge of the location and the existence of

special OpFor weapons (such as direct fire weapons and nuclear, biological,

chemical capability) and special equipment (such as night vision and long range

optics) was critical. This knowledge has a direct impact on the actions of all four

echelons. In planning for attack and reconnaissance missions, the leadership

needs to know critical information such as the location of special direct fire

weapons (i.e., machine gun and sniper weapons) to plan their concept of

operations. In the defense, the location of special direct fire weapons has a big

impact on the squad leadership in preparing their defensive positions. It is

important to the squad members because it affects their actions (i.e., whether to

“low crawl,” to use cover at long ranges or at night, to use smoke, etc.).
15

However, squad members did not rate the knowledge of indirect fire weapons or

air support as critical because this knowledge did not directly affect their actions.

3.2.7 OpFor Physical and Mental Status

Knowledge concerning the number of dead OpFor and the physical and mental

status of the live OpFor was not considered critical at any of the four echelons.

3.2.8 Strongest and Weakest OpFor Location

Identification of the OpFor strong and weak points was considered to be critical

by all three leadership levels. At these levels, this knowledge can be exploited.

The criticality of the knowledge was highest at the highest echelon and next

highest at the next level.

3.2.9 OpFor Intent and Projection of Enemy Activity and OpFor Knowledge of

Friendly Activities

The leadership rated the comprehension of the OpFor intent and the ability to

project their activity as critical. During the planning for defense and

counterattack, the squad leaders, fire team leaders, and squad members found

OpFor knowledge of friendly activity to be critical. During the defensive mission,

the squad was split into two different locations (building C5 and behind a

barricade on the north side of C6). The fact that they would have had to cross a

danger area to reinforce each other could have been a contributing factor to their

being more concerned about the OpFor knowledge of their activities and

location.

3.2.10 COBs

Platoon and squad leaders rated knowledge of the presence of COBs as

marginally critical. However, most information about COBs was not considered

critical. Caution must be used when one is drawing conclusions about this

information because in the simulations used for these vignettes, COBs were not

capable of hostile fire or of affecting the outcome of the vignette. In a live

vignette, where COBs could be hostile to the friendly forces, knowledge

concerning their location, temperament, etc., could be critical. Also, if the

friendly unit’s mission is to extract the civilians, then knowledge of their location

and status would be critical.

3.2.11 Friendly Location and Identification

Knowledge concerning the location of friendly units was considered critical at all

echelons. The identification of the friendly unit (i.e., what company, what

platoon, etc.) was not considered to be critical information.

3.2.12 Friendly Physical and Mental Status

The status of the squad members was considered critical information by the

squad leader and below. The platoon leaders considered platoon morale to be

critical, but the unit experience level was not considered to be critical.
16

3.2.13 Attachments to or Detachments From the Squad and Knowledge of

Other Friendly Activity

Information in this category was generally not considered to be critical. Although

knowledge of attachments to and detachments from the squad is important for

accountability and assignments, it is not deemed critical information for

planning. Knowledge of friendly unit activity is a critical piece of information

during planning and execution of a defensive mission and during the execution

of attack and reconnaissance missions. Knowledge of what or who might be to

the front, right, left, and rear could play a part in squad movement to and from

the objective.

3.2.14 Friendly Wounded in Action (WIA) and Killed in Action (KIA)

This information was critical to the leadership.

3.2.15 Strongest and Weakest Friendly Locations

This knowledge was considered to be critical by all four echelons.

3.2.16 Knowledge of Terrain, Obstacles, Squad Projected Routes and

Movement Rates, and Conditions Affecting the Mission

This information was considered to be critical to all echelons.

3.2.17 Knowledge of Mission Parameters, Command and Control, and

Secondary Missions

This information was considered to be critical by the squad and fire team leaders.

3.2.18 Knowledge of Friendly Ammunition and Re-supply Status

All echelons felt that knowledge of ammunition status was critical. The expected

time for re-supply of water and food was not considered to be nearly as

important.

3.2.19 Information Concerning Buildings on the Objective

The leadership rated this information as critical. This information would affect

their approach plans and the weapons and equipment that they would take with

them for building entry. Squad members do not need this information because

they only react to orders from the leadership.

3.2.20 Squad Members

Squad members had fewer information requirements than the higher echelons.

Squad members rated only the information that had a direct effect on their

actions as critical. For example, knowledge of obstacles or hazards on potential

routes was not considered critical because the leaders plan the routes that squad

members will take. Many information items concerning the OpFor were

considered critical. Squad members wanted to know where the OpFor were

located on their objective or where they were located in proximity to their

objective. However, they were not concerned about the OpFor location 25 or
17

more meters beyond the borders of their objective. Knowledge of the OpFor

weapons and special equipment was considered to be critical because they affect

squad member posture, need for cover and concealment, and so forth.

Knowledge about friendly units, which was considered critical to the squad

members, included friendly strengths and weaknesses as well as knowledge

about unit physical and mental status. Ammunition status was considered to be

critical mission information. Squad members were not as interested in

information about COBs. However, this may have been an artifact of the

vignettes used, since liberation of the COBs was not a mission objective. Squad

members should be situationally aware of items that would cause them

individual danger and items that would cause them to take one action or

another.

3.2.21 Fire Team and Squad Leaders

The CIRs that were identified by fire team and squad leaders were almost

identical. Fire team and squad leaders are small unit leaders. Fire team leaders

must be prepared to lead the squad if the squad leader becomes incapacitated

and therefore must remain situationally aware of the same issues. The items

identified by the squad and fire team leaders as most critical were very similar to

those identified by the squad members; however, they did identify additional

items (mostly comprehension and projection items) that were important to squad

leadership decisions.

3.2.22 Platoon Leaders

The CIRs identified by the platoon leaders were fairly similar to those identified

by the squad and fire team leaders. Platoon leaders rated the items that would

contribute to their decisions (i.e., weakest friendly location and strongest OpFor

location) higher than did the lower echelons. They also rated detailed items

having to do with close combat (i.e., differentiation between COBs and OpFor) as

non-critical, whereas their subordinates rated them as critical.

4. Conclusions

With current tactics, techniques, and procedures, squad members make very few

decisions and therefore need less information than the higher echelons. The

information provided to squad members should only concern items that they

have the ability to impact and items that cause them to take a particular course of

action.

Criticality of the knowledge of the OpFor location beyond 50 meters from the

objective increases as the level of leadership increases. Squad members are

interested in their objective and somewhat interested in the OpFor location

within 50 meters of their objective. The leaders are interested in the location of
18

the OpFor all the way to 1 km because this knowledge is important in their

planning.

Occam’s razor (the Law of Parsimony) should be applied to the development of

the information displays for the platoon. Information “pushed” to the platoon

members should be limited to only the critical information that affects their

decisions or actions. This would result in less cluttered displays that are easily

read and understood. Soldiers should be allowed to “pull” information that is

less critical or is only needed occasionally.

The limitations of the simulator used in this study may have had a modest effect

on the outcome of some of the ratings. For example, the COBs in the study could

not be configured with a weapon and could not be made to act hostile to the

friendly units. Live vignettes would contribute greatly to the knowledge gleaned

in this experiment. An additional study that analyzes the frequency of the usage

of the information would also contribute to the body of knowledge gained in this

experiment.
19

References

Department of the Army (April 2000). Ranger handbook (SH 21-76). Washington,

DC: Author. See web site: http://www.booktrail.com/

Military_Elite/Ranger%20Handbook%20(SH%2021-76)%20April%202000.

asp.

Department of the Army (3 March 2002). Battle drills for the infantry rifle platoon

and squad (Army Training and Evaluation Plan [ARTEP] 7-8). Washington,

DC: Author.

Department of the Army (29 Sep 1994). Infantry rifle company (ARTEP 7-10).

Washington, DC: Author.

Department of the Army (22 April 1992). Infantry rifle platoon and squad (Field

Manual [FM] 7-8). Washington, DC: Author.

Department of the Army (14 December 1990). Infantry rifle company (FM 7-10).

Washington, DC: Author.

Department of the Army (9 June 1987). Ranger unit operations (FM 7-85).

Washington, DC: Author.

Department of the Army (23 December 1992). The infantry reconnaissance platoon

and squad (airborne, air assault, light infantry) (FM 7-85). Washington, DC:

Author.

Department of the Army (23 December 1992). The infantry reconnaissance platoon

& squad (airborne, air assault, light infantry) (FM 17-92). Washington, DC:

Author.

Department of the Army (12 May 1993). An infantryman’s guide to combat in builtup areas) (FM 90-10-1). Washington, DC: Author.

Endsley, M.R., Holder, L.D., Leibrecht, B.C., Garland, D.J., Wampler, R.L., &

Matthews, M.D. (January 2000). Modeling and measuring situation awareness in

the infantry operational environment (Research Report 1753). Fort Benning, GA:

Army Research Institute.

Endsley, M.R. (1987). SAGAT: A methodology for the measurement of situation

awareness (NOR DOC 87-83). Hawthorne, CA: Northrop Corp.
20

Endsley, M.R. (1988). Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique

(SAGAT). In Proceedings of the National Aerospace and Electronics Conference

(pp. 789-795). New York: Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers.

Endsley, M.R. (1993). A survey of situation awareness requirements in air-to-air

combat fighters. International Journal of Aviation Psychology, 3, 167-168.

Endsley, M.R. (1995). Toward a theory of situation awareness in dynamic

systems. Human Factors, 37, 32-64.

Offen, L., Crutcher, M., Beckwith, J., & Dutoit, G. (in press). Dismounted

battlespace battle lab (DBBL) and marine corps war fighting lab assessment report

for military operations in urban terrain advanced concept technology demonstration

(MOUT ACTD): Joint Experiment 1 and Joint Experiment 2. Ft. Benning, GA:

Dismounted Battlespace Battle Lab.

Payne, J.W., Bettman, J.R., & Johnson, E.J. (1993). The adaptive decision maker.

Cambridge, MA: Cambridge University Press.

Phillips, J., McDermott, P.L., Thordsen, M., McCloskey, M., & Klein, G.

(September 1998). Cognitive requirements for small unit leaders in military

operations in urban terrain (Research Report 1728). Ft. Benning, GA: Army

Research Institute.

Pleban, R.J., Eakin, D.E., Salter, M.S., & Matthews, M.D. (2001). Training and

assessment of decision-making skills in virtual environments (Research Report No.

1767). Alexandria, VA: U.S. Army Research Institute for the Behavioral and

Social Sciences.

Redden, E.S., & Blackwell, C.L. (October 2001). Situational awareness and

communication experiment for military operations in urban terrain: Experiment I

(ARL TR-2583). Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD: U.S. Army Research

Laboratory.

Strater, L.D., Endsley, M.R., Pleban, R.J., & Matthews, M.D. (March 2001).

Measures of platoon leader situation awareness in virtual decision-making exercises

(Research Report 1770). Ft. Benning, GA: Army Research Institute.
21

APPENDIX A

CIR QUESTIONNAIRE RESULTS
22

INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
Vignette A, Planning Position

Please answer the following questions based on your experience. Answer all questions as accurately as

possible. Circle the appropriate letter.

QUESTIONS/Mean Responses

q1 q2 q3 q4 q5 q6 q7 q8 q9 q10 q11 q12 q13 q14 q15 q16 q17 q18 q19 q20 q21 q22

Script PLATOON LEADER

1 6.50 6.50 6.50 6.50 4.50 6.00 6.50 5.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 5.50 5.50 5.00 5.50 5.00 5.00 5.50 4.00 6.50 6.50 5.00

2 7.00 7.00 6.00 6.50 5.00 6.50 5.50 7.00 5.50 5.50 5.50 4.50 4.50 6.00 6.00 5.00 5.00 4.50 5.00 6.50 7.00 4.00

3 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.50 6.00 5.50 6.00 7.00 5.00 5.00 5.50 5.00 4.50 6.50 7.00 5.00 6.50 6.00 5.00 6.50 6.50 6.00

Total

Mean 6.50 6.50 6.17 6.50 5.17 6.00 6.00 6.33 5.50 5.50 5.67 5.00 4.83 5.83 6.17 5.00 5.50 5.33 4.67 6.50 6.67 5.00

SQUAD LEADER

1 6.67 6.67 6.67 6.00 6.33 6.00 6.33 6.33 6.33 5.33 6.33 6.00 6.33 6.00 6.00 5.67 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.33 6.00 6.00

2 5.67 6.00 5.67 6.00 5.67 5.67 7.00 6.33 5.67 5.67 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.67 5.00 5.67 5.33 5.33 6.00 6.33 5.67

3 6.00 6.00 6.00 7.00 5.50 6.50 7.00 6.50 6.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 6.00 6.50 5.00 5.00 5.50 4.50 6.50 6.50 5.00

Total

Mean 6.11 6.22 6.11 6.33 5.83 6.06 6.78 6.39 6.17 5.50 5.61 5.50 5.61 5.67 6.06 5.22 5.22 5.28 4.94 5.94 6.28 5.56

FIRE TEAM LEADER

1 5.80 6.00 5.80 5.80 5.60 5.60 5.60 NA 5.60 5.20 5.40 6.40 6.60 6.40 6.60 6.20 6.40 5.80 5.80 5.80 6.60 5.00

2 6.83 6.33 6.67 5.83 5.67 5.83 6.17 NA 6.33 6.00 5.50 6.17 4.83 6.17 6.33 5.50 6.33 5.50 6.17 5.67 5.83 5.50

3 6.50 6.00 6.00 6.25 5.00 5.25 6.75 NA 7.00 6.00 5.50 5.50 5.00 6.75 7.00 6.25 6.25 6.50 6.00 5.25 5.50 4.50

Total

Mean 6.38 6.11 6.16 5.96 5.42 5.56 6.17 NA 6.31 5.73 5.47 6.02 5.48 6.44 6.64 5.98 6.33 5.93 5.99 5.57 5.98 5.00

SQUAD MEMBER

1 6.24 6.18 6.18 5.94 5.65 5.94 6.12 NA 6.06 5.81 5.65 5.47 5.47 5.76 6.06 5.53 5.47 5.53 5.29 5.35 6.06 4.65

2 5.64 4.79 5.50 4.50 4.36 5.00 5.00 NA 5.07 5.14 4.36 5.07 4.43 5.50 5.36 4.57 4.77 4.64 4.75 5.07 5.07 4.29

3 6.42 5.83 6.25 5.42 5.33 5.25 6.00 NA 5.33 5.75 4.92 4.92 4.58 5.92 5.67 5.42 5.67 5.00 4.92 5.42 5.42 3.92

Total

Mean 6.10 5.60 5.98 5.29 5.11 5.40 5.71 NA 5.49 5.57 4.98 5.15 4.83 5.73 5.70 5.17 5.30 5.06 4.99 5.28 5.52 4.29
(Questions) Vignette A, Planning Position

1. What size of OpFor force is located on your Platoon (Squad)’s objective?

2. Are there any crew-served automatic weapons that are located on your Platoon (Squad)’s objective?

3. Are there any Sniper-type weapons located on your Platoon (Squad)’s objective?

4. Are there any known obstacles located on the Platoon (Squad)’s objective?

5. What are the OpFor preparing for at this time?

6. Does the OpFor have any reinforcement capability?

7. Does the OpFor have the capability to employ NBC?

8. Draw a sketch of the floor plan of your Platoon (Squad)’s objective building(s).

9. Does the OpFor have any indirect fire capability?

10. Does the OpFor have any air support capability?

11. Are there any COBs located on your Platoon (Squad)’s objective?

12. How do we identify the COBs and differentiate them from the OpFor?

13. What, if any, is the status/temperament of the COBs at this time?

14. What is your Platoon (Squad) and/or Company’s right and left limits for supporting fires?

(Describe using building numbers or terrain features.)

15. What is the signal to lift/shift supporting fires for your Platoon (Squad)/Company?

16. What unit is to the right of your Platoon (Squad)?

17. What time does the lead element cross the line of departure?

18. What/where is your secondary objective?

19. Do you have any attachments to your Platoon (Squad)?

20. On your Platoon (Squad) objective, where is the weakest OpFor location?

21. On your Platoon (Squad) objective, where is the strongest OpFor location?

22. Will weather impact your operation?
Vignette A, Occupy Attack Position

QUESTIONS/Mean Responses

q1 q2 q3 q4 q5 q6 q7 q8 q9 q10 q11 q12 q13 q14 q15 q16 q17 q18 q19 q20 q21 q22 q23

Script PLATOON LEADER

1 5.00 5.00 4.67 4.67 5.67 6.00 6.00 5.00 6.00 6.33 5.67 6.00 4.67 4.33 3.67 5.00 5.33 6.00 5.67 5.67 6.00 6.00 5.67

2 3.00 2.00 4.50 3.00 6.00 7.00 7.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.50 4.00 3.50 4.50 5.50 6.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 5.50 6.00 5.50

3 4.00 6.00 4.00 6.00 7.00 6.00 7.00 5.00 7.00 6.00 5.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 5.00 6.00 6.00 5.00 7.00 6.00 5.00 6.00 7.00

Total

Mean 4.00 4.33 4.39 4.56 6.22 6.33 6.67 5.33 6.33 6.11 5.56 6.17 4.89 4.61 4.39 5.50 5.94 5.33 6.06 5.89 5.50 6.00 6.06

SQUAD LEADER

1 5.67 6.33 5.67 6.00 6.33 6.67 6.67 6.33 6.33 6.67 6.00 6.33 6.00 6.33 6.00 6.00 6.33 6.00 6.00 5.67 5.67 6.00 6.67

2 3.67 4.00 3.67 4.00 4.33 6.33 6.00 5.33 5.67 5.33 5.67 6.67 5.00 5.33 5.33 5.33 5.67 5.33 6.33 6.33 6.00 5.67 6.33

3 4.50 5.00 4.50 4.50 5.50 6.50 5.50 6.00 7.00 5.50 6.00 5.50 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.50 5.50 4.00 7.00 6.00 5.50 5.00 5.50

Total

Mean 4.61 5.11 4.61 4.83 5.39 6.50 6.06 5.89 6.33 5.83 5.89 6.17 5.33 5.55 5.44 5.61 5.83 5.11 6.44 6.00 5.72 5.56 6.17

FIRE TEAM LEADER

1 5.40 5.60 5.20 4.80 5.80 5.60 5.60 5.80 5.60 6.20 5.80 5.80 5.60 5.40 5.80 5.60 5.80 5.40 6.00 5.80 5.40 5.20 5.80

2 5.83 4.67 5.50 5.17 5.17 6.50 6.00 5.67 6.00 5.83 6.17 6.50 5.33 5.67 6.17 6.17 6.50 6.33 6.80 6.50 6.33 6.50 6.33

3 5.25 5.00 5.00 5.75 6.00 6.25 6.75 5.50 7.00 6.50 5.25 5.75 6.00 6.50 5.50 5.50 6.00 4.00 6.33 6.25 4.75 6.25 4.75

Total

Mean 5.49 5.09 5.23 5.24 5.66 6.12 6.12 5.66 6.20 6.18 5.74 6.02 5.64 5.86 5.82 5.76 6.10 5.24 6.38 6.18 5.49 5.98 5.63

SQUAD MEMBER

1 4.89 4.94 5.06 4.78 5.76 5.78 6.11 5.72 5.78 5.72 5.44 5.78 5.06 5.50 5.22 5.56 5.94 5.24 6.22 6.06 5.67 5.61 5.72

2 4.29 4.50 4.07 4.36 4.50 6.29 6.00 5.36 5.23 5.29 5.36 5.43 4.86 5.21 5.07 5.00 5.36 4.64 5.29 5.50 4.79 4.93 5.21

3 4.50 4.58 3.75 4.75 5.42 5.92 6.33 4.92 5.83 5.08 5.67 5.50 4.92 5.25 5.42 5.58 6.25 4.75 6.42 6.25 5.92 5.25 5.08

Total

Mean 4.56 4.67 4.29 4.63 5.23 6.00 6.15 5.33 5.61 5.36 5.49 5.57 4.95 5.32 5.24 5.38 5.85 4.88 5.98 5.94 5.46 5.26 5.34

1. How many, if any, KIA OpFor are there on objective one?

2. What is the status of COBs on objective one?

3. How many, if any, KIA OpFor are there on objective two?

4. What is the status of COBs on objective two?

5. How many friendly KIA/WIA did the Platoon (Squad) receive on objective’s one and two?

6. How many OpFor are on objective three?

7. Where, if any, are the OpFor located on objective three?

8. Are there any OpFor located in building C1?
(Questions cont) Vignette A, Occupy Attack Position

9. Are there any obstacles between objective two and three?

10. What are the OpFor (if any) most likely to do on objective three?

11. What are the OpFor preparing for at this time?

12. What size, if any, reinforcement capability does the OpFor possess?

13. What is the status/temperament of the COBs at this time?

14. How many members of the 1st Squad are located in building C5?

15. Are all members of third Squad located in C4 A and B?

16. What is the location of the unit on your right?

17. Do the OpFor have automatic weapons?

18. What is the morale of the OpFor?

19. What is the morale of the Platoon (Squad)?

20. Do the OpFor have any long-ranged sight capability?

21. Are the OpFor made up of elite, regular, or militia?

22. Are the OpFor standing in place, falling back to prepared positions, or are they running?

23. What is the construction of the building on your objective (i.e., triple brick, reinforced concrete,

wood frame, etc.)?
Vignette A, Post Attack Position

QUESTIONS/Mean Responses

q1 q2 q3 q4 q5 q6 q7 q8 q9 q10 q11 q12 q13 q14 q15 q16

Script PLATOON LEADER

1 6.00 4.67 5.67 5.67 5.67 6.00 6.00 6.33 5.67 5.67 6.33 5.33 5.67 5.33 6.00 5.67

2 4.50 6.00 6.50 6.00 6.50 6.50 6.50 4.00 4.00 5.50 6.50 5.50 5.50 5.00 6.50 5.00

3 7.00 5.50 5.00 5.50 5.50 5.00 6.00 6.00 5.50 6.50 6.50 5.00 5.00 4.50 6.50 4.50

Total

Mean 5.83 5.39 5.72 5.72 5.89 5.83 6.17 5.44 5.06 5.89 6.44 5.28 5.39 4.94 6.33 5.06

SQUAD LEADER

1 6.33 6.33 6.33 6.00 6.33 6.50 5.67 5.67 5.00 6.00 6.67 6.33 5.67 5.67 5.67 6.00

2 5.67 6.00 5.00 5.00 6.00 5.67 6.33 5.33 5.33 5.67 5.67 5.67 5.00 5.00 6.33 5.67

3 6.00 6.50 6.00 5.00 5.00 6.50 7.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 6.50 5.00 5.50 7.00 6.00

Total

Mean 6.00 6.28 5.78 5.33 5.78 6.22 6.33 5.33 5.11 5.56 5.78 6.17 5.22 5.39 6.33 5.89

FIRE TEAM LEADER

1 6.40 6.20 5.80 5.40 5.40 5.60 5.60 5.20 5.00 5.80 5.80 5.40 5.40 5.40 5.60 5.40

2 6.67 6.17 6.00 6.17 5.83 6.00 6.00 5.50 4.50 5.67 6.33 6.17 6.17 5.83 6.83 6.00

3 6.75 4.75 5.50 5.75 5.25 5.75 6.25 5.50 5.25 5.75 5.75 6.50 6.75 6.25 7.00 6.50

Total

Mean 6.61 5.71 5.77 5.77 5.49 5.78 5.95 5.40 4.92 5.74 5.96 6.02 6.11 5.83 6.48 5.97

SQUAD MEMBER

1 5.89 5.72 5.78 5.50 5.50 5.67 5.78 5.78 5.39 5.83 5.83 5.72 5.50 5.44 6.39 5.72

2 6.00 5.57 5.07 4.93 4.50 4.36 5.14 5.00 4.71 5.36 5.64 4.86 4.69 4.71 5.93 5.14

3 6.17 5.75 5.67 5.25 5.50 5.17 5.08 4.83 4.67 5.67 5.83 5.75 4.92 5.17 6.25 5.50

Total

Mean 6.02 5.68 5.51 5.23 5.17 5.07 5.33 5.20 4.92 5.62 5.77 5.44 5.04 5.11 6.19 5.45

1. How many OpFor were on your Platoon (Squad)’s objective?

2. To where did the OpFor on your 2nd Platoon (Squad)’s objective escape?

3. How long, if at all, will it take the OpFor to reinforce with at least a squad-size element?

4. What OpFor activity, if any, has been reported west of McKenna?

5. What is the current location, if any, of OpFor outside of McKenna?

6. In what direction, if any, was the OpFor unit outside of McKenna village reported to be moving?

7. Does the OpFor have the capability to reinforce McKenna with a platoon-size element?

8. What was the OpFor intent?
(Questions cont) Vignette A, Post Attack Position

9. How many, if any, COBs were on the Company’s objective?

10. What is the current location of your 2nd Squad Leader?

11. How many, if any, friendly KIA/WIAs did your Platoon (Squad) receive during the attack?

12. What is your Squad/Company’s next mission?

13. Where is the 2nd Platoon’s CCP/EPW point located?

14. What is the disposition of your 1st Squad?

15. Do you have enough ammo to defend against counterattack?

16. Is fatigue an issue?
Vignette B, Planning Position

QUESTIONS/Mean Responses

q1 q2 q3 q4 q5 q6 q7 q8 q9 q10 q11 q12 q13 q14 q15 q16 q17 q18 q19 q20 q21 q22

Script PLATOON LEADER

1 6.00 5.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 4.50 5.00 5.00 5.50 6.00 4.50 4.50 4.50 4.50 5.50 4.50 4.50 4.00 5.00 6.50 5.50 4.50

2 7.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 2.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 7.00 4.00 6.00 7.00 6.00 7.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 7.00 6.00 5.00 5.00

3 6.50 5.50 6.50 5.50 6.00 4.00 7.00 5.50 5.00 7.00 4.50 5.50 7.00 6.00 7.00 6.00 4.50 5.00 6.50 6.00 4.50 6.50

Total

Mean 6.50 5.67 5.83 5.67 6.00 3.50 6.00 5.50 5.50 6.67 4.33 5.33 6.17 5.50 6.50 5.50 5.00 5.00 6.17 6.17 5.00 5.33

SQUAD LEADER

1 6.67 5.67 6.00 6.67 6.00 5.33 5.33 5.67 5.67 6.33 5.33 6.33 6.33 6.00 6.33 6.67 6.67 6.00 6.33 6.00 6.33 5.67

2 6.67 5.67 5.67 6.00 6.00 5.67 6.33 6.00 6.00 6.67 5.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 6.67 7.00 6.00 6.67 7.00 6.67 6.67 6.67

3 6.50 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.50 5.00 6.50 7.00 5.00 5.50 4.50 7.00 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 6.00 5.50

Total

Mean 6.61 5.78 5.89 6.22 6.17 5.33 6.05 6.22 5.56 6.17 4.94 6.78 6.28 6.17 6.17 6.39 5.89 5.72 6.11 6.06 6.33 5.95

FIRE TEAM LEADER

1 6.00 6.20 5.60 5.80 6.00 5.40 6.60 5.80 5.20 6.00 5.60 6.20 6.20 6.20 5.80 6.20 5.60 5.80 5.80 5.40 6.00 5.60

2 6.83 6.83 6.17 6.50 5.50 4.83 5.67 5.50 5.67 6.00 5.83 6.33 5.00 5.00 6.17 6.17 5.83 6.17 6.17 6.17 6.00 5.17

3 6.75 6.75 5.50 6.25 6.75 5.50 6.25 6.75 6.50 6.25 5.75 6.00 5.75 5.75 6.25 6.00 5.75 4.75 6.00 6.25 6.75 6.00

Total

Mean 6.53 6.59 5.76 6.18 6.08 5.24 6.17 6.02 5.79 6.08 5.73 6.18 5.65 5.65 6.07 6.12 5.73 5.57 5.99 5.94 6.25 5.59

SQUAD MEMBER

1 5.67 5.72 5.89 5.78 5.61 4.83 5.65 5.44 5.22 6.06 5.00 6.00 5.71 5.71 6.06 5.78 5.61 5.39 5.89 6.00 5.28 5.50

2 5.87 5.40 5.47 5.40 5.27 4.53 5.53 5.53 5.07 5.67 4.53 5.80 5.13 5.60 5.79 5.57 5.50 5.14 5.93 5.79 5.29 4.93

3 5.75 5.50 5.67 5.50 5.42 4.75 5.83 5.58 5.50 6.08 5.00 6.42 6.00 6.33 6.42 5.33 5.33 5.00 5.58 5.83 5.92 5.08

Total

Mean 5.76 5.54 5.68 5.56 5.43 4.70 5.67 5.52 5.26 5.94 4.84 6.07 5.61 5.88 6.09 5.56 5.48 5.18 5.80 5.87 5.50 5.17

1. What size OpFor force do you expect to counterattack the 2nd Platoon’s position?

2. Does the Counterattack OpFor have any crew-served automatic weapons?

3. What are the OpFor preparing for at this time?

4. What size, if any, reinforcement capability does the OpFor possess?

5. Does the OpFor have any indirect fire capability?

6. What is the disposition of the COBs in McKenna village?

7. Describe your Platoon (Squad)’s sector of fire. (Use building numbers and terrain features, i.e., NW

corner of building A1 to the cemetery.)
(Questions cont) Vignette B, Planning Position

8. What are your primary Target Reference Point(s)?

9. What unit is to the right of your Platoon (Squad)?

10. What is the most likely OpFor avenue of approach for reinforcements?

11. Do you have any attachments to your Platoon (Squad)?

12. Does the enemy know the location of your Platoon (Squad)?

13. Which location in your Platoon (Squad) is weakest?

14. Which location in your Platoon (Squad) is strongest?

15. Which section of your Platoon (Squad) is currently exposed to enemy fire or attack?

16. Who has the advantage in the current situation?

17. How dispersed do you expect the enemy’s formation to be during the counterattack?

18. Does the enemy have adequate ammunition for the counterattack?

19. Are there any building vantage points around your defensive position that would be advantageous for

the enemy to occupy?

20. What is the projected area of enemy attack?

21. What are the priority of fires?

22. How will causalities be handled?
Vignette B, Defense Position

QUESTIONS/Mean Responses

q1 q2 q3 q4 q5 q6 q7 q8 q9 q10 q11 q12

Script PLATOON LEADER

1 4.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.00 5.50 5.00 4.00 5.00 4.00 5.00 4.50

2 7.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 7.00 4.00 6.00 4.00 6.00 2.00 6.00 7.00

3 4.50 4.50 5.00 6.00 5.50 6.00 7.00 5.00 5.00 6.00 7.00 7.00

Total

Mean 5.33 5.33 5.50 5.83 5.83 5.17 6.00 4.33 5.33 4.00 6.00 6.17

SQUAD LEADER

1 4.67 6.00 6.50 6.00 5.00 6.00 4.33 6.33 4.67 6.33 6.67 5.00

2 6.33 6.33 6.33 6.33 6.33 6.33 5.67 5.67 6.33 6.33 6.67 6.67

3 6.00 6.50 6.50 6.00 6.50 5.50 5.50 6.00 5.50 6.00 7.00 5.50

Total

Mean 5.67 6.28 6.44 6.11 5.94 5.94 5.17 6.00 5.50 6.22 6.78 5.72

FIRE TEAM LEADER

1 5.75 6.25 5.00 5.50 5.75 5.75 6.25 6.25 5.00 5.25 6.50 6.00

2 6.33 6.00 5.67 5.67 6.33 6.33 6.33 5.50 5.83 6.17 6.83 6.50

3 6.25 5.75 6.25 6.25 6.25 6.50 6.75 5.25 6.25 5.50 7.00 6.25

Total

Mean 6.11 6.00 5.64 5.81 6.11 6.19 6.44 5.67 5.69 5.64 6.78 6.25

SQUAD MEMBER

1 5.24 5.41 5.82 5.88 5.94 5.53 5.94 5.35 5.53 5.47 6.35 5.76

2 4.93 4.64 4.93 5.00 5.07 5.20 5.67 4.27 5.14 4.87 5.73 5.53

3 5.50 5.33 5.25 5.08 6.08 5.67 6.17 5.08 5.42 4.58 6.50 5.83

Total

Mean 5.22 5.13 5.33 5.32 5.70 5.47 5.93 4.90 5.36 4.97 6.19 5.71

1. How long, if at all, will it take the OpFor to reinforce with at least a squad-size element?

2. What OpFor activity, if any, has been reported east of McKenna?

3. What is the current location, if any, of OpFor outside of McKenna?

4. In what direction, if any, was the OpFor unit outside of McKenna village reported to be moving?

5. Does the OpFor have the capability to reinforce McKenna with a platoon-size element?

6. What was the OpFor intent?

7. What is the current location of your 2nd Squad leader?

8. What is your 2nd Platoon (Squad)’s next mission?
(Questions cont) Vignette B, Defense Position

9. Where is your 2nd Platoon’s CCP/EPW point located?

10. When do you expect a resupply of water and food?

11. What is your ammunition status?

12. Which area of your Platoon (Squad) is weakest?
Vignette C, Planning Position

QUESTIONS/Mean Responses

q1 q2 q3 q4 q5 q6 q7 q8 q9 q10 q11 q12 q13 q14 q15 q16 q17 q18 q19 q20 q21 q22 q23 q24 q25 q26 q27 q28 q29 q30 q31

Script PLATOON LEADER

1 5.50 5.50 5.50 6.00 5.00 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.00 5.00 6.00 5.00 6.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.50 5.00 5.00 5.50 4.50 5.00 5.50 5.50 6.50 6.50 5.50 6.00

2 6.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 5.00 5.00 6.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 4.00 4.00 4.00 6.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 7.00 7.00 6.00 5.00 7.00 3.00 4.00 5.00 4.00 6.00

3 7.00 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.00 6.00 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.00 6.00 5.00 5.50 4.50 7.00 6.50 7.00 6.00 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.00 6.50 6.00 6.50 6.00 5.00 6.50 6.50 6.00

Total

Mean 6.17 6.17 6.33 6.67 6.33 5.50 5.33 5.67 5.17 5.17 5.33 5.00 5.00 4.83 5.17 6.33 6.17 6.33 5.67 5.83 5.83 6.33 6.50 5.67 5.33 6.33 4.83 5.17 6.00 5.33 6.00

SQUAD LEADER

1 6.67 5.33 5.33 6.00 6.00 5.33 5.00 6.33 5.67 6.00 5.00 4.67 4.67 5.67 4.33 6.00 6.00 5.00 5.00 5.67 5.33 6.00 6.00 5.00 4.67 6.00 4.33 5.33 5.33 5.33 5.33

2 6.33 6.00 6.33 6.67 6.33 5.67 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.33 6.33 5.67 5.67 6.00 5.67 6.33 7.00 6.33 6.00 6.00 6.67 6.67 6.67 6.33 5.67 6.00 5.00 5.33 5.67 6.00 6.67

3 6.50 6.00 6.50 6.50 6.50 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 7.00 7.00 5.50 4.50 4.50 4.00 6.50 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.50 7.00 7.00 6.50 7.00 6.00 4.50 5.00 5.50 5.00 6.00

Total

Mean 6.50 5.78 6.05 6.39 6.28 5.67 5.67 6.11 5.89 6.44 6.11 5.28 4.95 5.39 4.67 6.28 6.33 5.78 5.67 5.89 6.17 6.56 6.56 5.94 5.78 6.00 4.61 5.22 5.50 5.44 6.00

FIRE TEAM LEADER

1 6.00 6.40 6.00 6.00 6.20 5.40 5.20 5.60 5.80 5.60 6.00 6.00 5.60 5.80 6.00 5.80 6.40 6.00 5.80 5.60 6.20 6.20 5.80 6.00 6.00 6.40 5.60 5.60 5.80 5.80 6.00

2 6.33 6.50 6.17 6.67 6.67 6.17 5.33 6.00 5.50 5.33 5.33 4.83 4.83 4.67 5.17 5.00 5.00 5.50 5.00 5.83 6.17 6.67 6.50 6.17 5.33 5.67 5.67 5.67 6.00 6.50 6.00

3 6.50 6.50 6.50 6.25 6.00 6.25 5.25 6.00 6.50 6.50 6.75 5.75 5.25 5.75 5.50 5.50 6.25 5.50 6.50 6.50 6.00 6.00 6.25 5.75 5.50 5.75 4.75 4.75 5.75 5.25 5.25

Total

Mean 6.28 6.47 6.22 6.31 6.29 5.94 5.26 5.87 5.93 5.81 6.03 5.53 5.23 5.41 5.56 5.43 5.88 5.67 5.77 5.98 6.12 6.29 6.18 5.97 5.61 5.94 5.34 5.34 5.85 5.85 5.75

SQUAD MEMBER

1 5.53 5.87 6.13 5.87 6.00 5.47 5.33 5.67 5.73 5.50 5.60 5.33 5.40 5.33 5.40 5.64 5.80 5.73 5.80 5.93 6.00 6.20 5.60 5.27 5.73 5.87 5.33 5.13 5.67 5.93 5.73

2 5.93 5.73 5.73 6.00 5.93 5.27 5.07 4.40 5.20 4.87 5.20 4.73 4.67 5.00 4.93 5.27 6.00 5.53 5.33 5.60 5.87 6.33 5.80 5.60 5.47 6.00 5.27 5.53 5.60 5.80 6.33

3 6.17 5.83 5.67 6.17 6.00 5.83 4.75 5.50 4.58 4.75 6.00 4.50 4.25 4.58 5.08 5.08 5.75 5.50 5.75 5.42 5.75 5.92 5.75 5.08 5.17 5.67 4.83 5.50 5.75 5.50 5.58

Total

Mean 5.88 5.81 5.84 6.01 5.98 5.52 5.05 5.19 5.17 5.04 5.60 4.85 4.77 4.97 5.14 5.33 5.85 5.59 5.63 5.65 5.87 6.15 5.72 5.32 5.46 5.85 5.14 5.39 5.67 5.74 5.88

1. What size of OpFor force is located on your Platoon (Squad)’s objective?

2. What type, if any, crew-served automatic weapons are located in/around your Platoon (Squad)’s

objective?

3. Where, if any, are the crew-served automatic weapons located in/around your Platoon (Squad)’s

objective?

4. Are there any Sniper-type weapons located in/around your Platoon (Squad)’s objective?

5. If there are Sniper-type weapons in/around the Platoon (Squad)’s objective, where are they located?

6. Are there any obstacles located in/around the Platoon (Squad)’s objective?
(Questions cont) Vignette C, Planning Position

7. What are the OpFor preparing for at this time?

8. Does the OpFor have any reinforcement capability?

9. Does the OpFor have any indirect fire capability?

10. Does the OpFor have any air support capability?

11. Does the OpFor have the capability to employ NBC?

12. How many COBs are located on your Platoon (Squad)’s objective?

13. What is the status/temperament of the COBs at this time?

14. What is the location, if any, of the COBs in your Platoon (Squad)’s objective?

15. What unit is to the right of your Platoon (Squad)?

16. Does the OpFor have any high tech (night vision devices, sensors, etc.) capability?

17. What, if any, are the locations of OpFor LP/OPs?

18. Has the OpFor been using patrolling activities outside of McKenna village?

19. If you make your approach to the observation point from the northwest, do you have terrain masking

from McKenna excluding the tower in building C3?

20. If you make your approach to the observation point from the southwest, do you have terrain masking

from McKenna excluding the tower in building C3?

21. What is the best approach to your observation point?

22. Will the terrain offer concealment during your observation?

23. Will you have good visibility of your recon objective (i.e., problems with fog, canopy, smoke,

etc.)?

24. Are there any hazards (i.e., rivers, open areas, steep terrain, etc.) between you and your recon

objective?

25. Do you expect any areas of poor communication on your route to the recon objective?

26. When approaching your planned observation point, are there any projected areas of enemy detection?

27. What light levels do you expect to encounter on your route?

28. What is the estimated time required to move to your observation point?

29. What is the projected safety of your route?

30. What is the experience level of your unit?

31. What type of resistance do you expect to encounter?
Vignette C, Recon Phase

QUESTIONS/Mean Responses

q1 q2 q3 q4 q5 q6 q7 q8 q9 q10 q11 q12 q13 q14 q15 q16 q17 q18 q19 q20

Script PLATOON LEADER

1 4.50 5.50 7.00 5.50 5.50 4.00 5.50 5.50 5.50 5.50 6.00 5.50 6.00 5.50 4.50 5.00 6.00 4.50 5.50 5.00

2 6.00 7.00 7.00 6.00 5.00 5.00 5.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 7.00 4.00 5.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 7.00 6.00 7.00

3 6.50 5.00 5.00 5.00 5.50 5.00 5.00 5.00 6.00 6.50 6.00 4.50 4.50 5.00 6.50 6.50 6.00 6.00 6.00 5.50

Total

Mean 5.67 5.83 6.33 5.50 5.33 4.67 5.17 5.83 6.17 6.33 6.33 5.67 4.83 5.17 5.67 5.83 6.00 5.83 5.83 5.83

SQUAD LEADER

1 6.33 6.00 6.67 6.67 5.67 5.50 4.67 4.67 5.33 5.67 6.00 5.00 4.67 4.33 4.67 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.67

2 6.67 6.33 5.67 5.33 5.33 5.00 5.33 6.67 6.67 6.33 6.33 6.33 6.33 6.33 6.67 5.67 5.67 6.67 6.33 6.67

3 6.50 5.50 5.50 6.00 5.00 4.50 6.00 6.50 6.50 6.50 6.50 6.00 5.50 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 6.00 5.50

Total

Mean 6.50 5.94 5.95 6.00 5.33 5.00 5.33 5.95 6.17 6.17 6.28 5.78 5.50 5.55 5.78 5.89 5.89 6.22 6.11 6.28

FIRE TEAM LEADER

1 6.00 5.20 5.60 5.60 5.40 5.40 5.40 5.40 5.80 6.00 5.80 6.00 5.00 6.00 6.20 6.20 6.20 6.20 6.40 6.40

2 6.67 6.00 6.33 6.33 4.67 4.50 4.83 6.33 6.17 6.83 6.50 5.33 4.83 5.67 6.00 6.17 6.33 6.33 5.83 6.67

3 6.00 5.75 5.25 5.50 6.25 6.25 5.00 6.00 6.25 6.75 6.25 4.75 5.25 5.75 6.25 5.25 5.25 6.25 6.75 6.50

Total

Mean 6.22 5.65 5.73 5.81 5.44 5.38 5.08 5.91 6.07 6.53 6.18 5.36 5.03 5.81 6.15 5.87 5.93 6.26 6.33 6.52

SQUAD MEMBER

1 5.35 5.18 5.06 5.00 4.82 5.24 5.00 5.59 5.88 6.00 5.82 5.47 5.06 5.71 5.71 5.29 5.18 5.35 5.53 5.59

2 6.07 4.93 5.33 5.00 5.13 4.93 4.07 5.47 5.73 6.13 6.20 5.67 5.00 4.80 5.73 5.40 5.27 5.33 5.60 6.00

3 6.33 5.83 5.42 5.00 4.75 4.92 5.25 5.50 6.00 6.17 6.00 5.08 5.17 5.50 5.83 5.25 5.25 5.58 5.92 6.17

Total

Mean 5.92 5.31 5.27 5.00 4.90 5.03 4.77 5.52 5.87 6.10 6.01 5.41 5.08 5.34 5.76 5.31 5.23 5.42 5.68 5.92

1. How many OpFor are/were there on your objective?

2. How long, if at all, will it take the OpFor to reinforce with at least a squad-size element?

3. What OpFor activity, if any, has been reported outside of McKenna?

4. What appears to be the OpFor’s intent?

5. How many COBs are located on the objective?

6. What is the disposition, if any, of the COBs?

7. What is your Platoon (Squad)’s next mission?

8. Does the OpFor have any OP/LPs on the west or south sides of McKenna?
(Questions cont) Vignette C, Recon Phase

9. Where, if any, are the OpFor patrolling activities located?

10. What is the best approach to the objective for the Platoon (Squad)?

11. Does the OpFor have any long-range sights?

12. Does the OpFor have any night vision devices?

13. Are any friendly elements not executing plans per their orders?

14. Which Company (Platoon Squad) elements are in communication with you?

15. Which enemy element is your highest level threat?

16. Please mark on the map the entry points that can best be breached using explosives.

17. Please mark on the map the entry points that can best be breached using mechanical devices.

18. Please mark on the map the areas of fortification.

19. Which buildings are most accessible?

20. Please mark on the map the projected enemy field of fire/observation.
37

APPENDIX B

LITERATURE SEARCH RESULTS
38

INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
Table B-1. Results of Literature Search for Clearing a Building CIRs

REFERENCE

ARI ARI ARI FM FM FM FM FM SH ARTEP ARTEP JE-1 JE-2 SA CE I SME

DUTY

POSITION

CIR

1728 1753 1770 7-8 7-10 17-92 90-10-1 7-85 21-76 7-8 7-10

RIFLEMAN Enemy X

Strength/Size X

Location X X X X

Composition

Tactics X

Morale

Equipment X X

Building

Construction X

Layout X

Boobytraps (in

or around)

X

Terrain X

Obstacles X X X

Visibility

Cover

Concealment

Trafficability

Urbanization

Environmental

Condition

X

Location of

Hazards

X

Status of

Hazards

X

Troops
REFERENCE

ARI ARI ARI FM FM FM FM FM SH ARTEP ARTEP JE-1 JE-2 SA CE I SME

DUTY

POSITION

CIR

1728 1753 1770 7-8 7-10 17-92 90-10-1 7-85 21-76 7-8 7-10

Location of

Teammates

X X X

Location of

Friendly Forces

X X X X

Availability of

Ammo

X X X

Availability of

Medical

X

Availability of

Supplies

X X

Time X

Until

Deployment

Of Attack X

Civilian

Number of

COB's

X

Location of

COB's

X X

How to ID

COB's

X

Morale of COB's X

Changes to the

Situation X X

Signal

Marking of

Cleared Room

X X X X

Lift and Shift of

fires

X X X X X

TEAM LEADER Enemy X

Strength/Size

Location

Composition

Tactics
REFERENCE

ARI ARI ARI FM FM FM FM FM SH ARTEP ARTEP JE-1 JE-2 SA CE I SME

DUTY

POSITION

CIR

1728 1753 1770 7-8 7-10 17-92 90-10-1 7-85 21-76 7-8 7-10

Morale

Equipment X

Building

Construction

Layout

Boobytraps (in

or around)

Terrain X

Obstacles

Visibility

Cover

Concealment

Trafficability

Urbanization

Environmental

Condition

X

Location of

Hazards

X

Status of

Hazards

X

Troops

Location of

Teammates

X

Location of

Friendly

forces

X

Availability of

Ammo

X

Availability of

Medical

X

Availability of

Supplies

X
REFERENCE

ARI ARI ARI FM FM FM FM FM SH ARTEP ARTEP JE-1 JE-2 SA CE I SME

DUTY

POSITION

CIR

1728 1753 1770 7-8 7-10 17-92 90-10-1 7-85 21-76 7-8 7-10

Time

Until

Deployment

X

Of Attack

Civilian

Number of

COB's

Location of

COB's

How to ID

COB's

Morale of COB's

Changes to the

Situation X

Signal

Marking of

Cleared Room

X X X X X

Lift and Shift

Of fires

X X X X X

Rules of

Engagement X X

SQUAD

LEADER

Enemy X

Strength/Size X X X

Location

Composition

Tactics

Morale

Equipment

Building X X X

Construction

Layout X X

Boobytraps (in

or around)
REFERENCE

ARI ARI ARI FM FM FM FM FM SH ARTEP ARTEP JE-1 JE-2 SA CE I SME

DUTY

POSITION

CIR

1728 1753 1770 7-8 7-10 17-92 90-10-1 7-85 21-76 7-8 7-10

Terrain X

Obstacles X X

Visibility

Cover X X

Concealment X X

Trafficability

Urbanization

Environmental

Condition

Location of

Hazards

Status of

Hazards

Troops

Location of

Teammates

X

Location of

Friendly

Forces

X

Availability of

Ammo

X

Availability of

Medical

X

Availability of

Supplies

X

Condition of

Soldiers

X

Availability of

Soldiers

X

Communication

Status

X
REFERENCE

ARI ARI ARI FM FM FM FM FM SH ARTEP ARTEP JE-1 JE-2 SA CE I SME

DUTY

POSITION

CIR

1728 1753 1770 7-8 7-10 17-92 90-10-1 7-85 21-76 7-8 7-10

Time

Until

Deployment

Of Attack

Arrival Time

of Other

Soldiers

X

Civilian

Number of

COB's

Location of

COB's

How to ID

COB's

Morale of COB's

Changes to the

Situation X

Loss of Leaders X

Signal

Marking of

Cleared Room

X X X X

Lift and Shift

Of fires

X X X X

Rules of

Engagement X X

PLATOON

LEADER

Enemy X X X X

How to Attack X X X

Strength/Size X X X X

Location X X X X

Composition X X X

Tactics X

Morale X

Equipment X
REFERENCE

ARI ARI ARI FM FM FM FM FM SH ARTEP ARTEP JE-1 JE-2 SA CE I SME

DUTY

POSITION

CIR

1728 1753 1770 7-8 7-10 17-92 90-10-1 7-85 21-76 7-8 7-10

Building X

Construction X X

Layout X X

Boobytraps (in

or around)

X X

Point of Entry X X

Flow of the

Clearing

X

Terrain X

Obstacles X

Visibility X

Cover X X X X X

Concealment X X X X X

Trafficability X

Urbanization

Environmental

Condition

X

Location of

Hazards

X X X

Status of

Hazards

X X

Relocation Point X X

Route X X

Troops

Location of

Teammates

X X

Location of

Friendly Forces X X

Availability of

Ammo

X X X

Availability of

Medical

X X
REFERENCE

ARI ARI ARI FM FM FM FM FM SH ARTEP ARTEP JE-1 JE-2 SA CE I SME

DUTY

POSITION

CIR

1728 1753 1770 7-8 7-10 17-92 90-10-1 7-85 21-76 7-8 7-10

Availability of

Supplies

XXX

Condition of

Soldiers

XXX

Availability of

Soldiers

X

Communication

Status

XXX

Time

Until

Deployment

XX

Of Attack

X

Civilian

Number of

COB's

X

Location of

COB's

X

How to ID

COB's

Morale of COB's

X

Changes to the

Situation

XX

Loss of Leaders

XX

Signal

Marking of

Cleared Room

XXXXX

Lift and Shift

Of fires

XXXXX

Rules of

Engagement

XXXX
Table B-2. Results of Literature Search for Defending a MOUT Objective CIRs

REFERENCE

ARI ARI ARI FM FM FM FM FM SH ARTEP ARTEP JE-1 JE-2 SA CE I SME

DUTY

POSITION

CIR

1728 1753 1770 7-8 7-10 17-92 90-10-1 7-85 21-76 7-8 7-10

RIFLEMAN Enemy X X

Strength/Size X X X

Location X X X

Composition

Tactics X

Morale

NBC

contamination

X X

Building

Construction X

Layout X

Boobytraps (in

or around)

X X X

Terrain X X

Obstacles X X X

Visibility

Cover

Concealment

Trafficability

Urbanization

Environmental

Condition

Location of

Hazards

Status of

Hazards

Troops X X

Location of

Teammates

X X
REFERENCE

ARI ARI ARI FM FM FM FM FM SH ARTEP ARTEP JE-1 JE-2 SA CE I SME

DUTY

POSITION

CIR

1728 1753 1770 7-8 7-10 17-92 90-10-1 7-85 21-76 7-8 7-10

Location of

Friendly Forces X X X

Sectors of Fire X X

Secondary

Position

X X X X

Route X X X X

Counterattack X X X X

Availability of

Ammo

X

Availability of

Medical

X

Availability of

Supplies

X X

Communication

Equipment

X X X

Time X X X

Until

Deployment

X

Of Attack X

Civilian X

Number of

COB's

Location of

COB's

How to ID

COB's

X

Morale of COB's

Changes to the

Situation

Information

from RECON

X X

Rules of

Engagement

X X
REFERENCE

ARI ARI ARI FM FM FM FM FM SH ARTEP ARTEP JE-1 JE-2 SA CE I SME

DUTY

POSITION

CIR

1728 1753 1770 7-8 7-10 17-92 90-10-1 7-85 21-76 7-8 7-10

TEAM LEADER Enemy X X

Strength/Size

Location X X

Composition

Tactics

Morale

NBC

contamination

X

Building

Construction

Layout

Boobytraps (in

or around)

X X

Terrain X X

Obstacles

Visibility

Cover

Concealment

Trafficability

Urbanization

Environmental

Condition

Location of

Hazards

Status of

Hazards

Troops X X

Location of

Teammates

X X

Location of

Friendly Forces
REFERENCE

ARI ARI ARI FM FM FM FM FM SH ARTEP ARTEP JE-1 JE-2 SA CE I SME

DUTY

POSITION

CIR

1728 1753 1770 7-8 7-10 17-92 90-10-1 7-85 21-76 7-8 7-10

Security X X

Availability of

Ammo

Secondary

Position

X X X X

Route X X X X

Counterattack X X X X

Sectors of Fire X X

Availability of

Medical

Availability of

Supplies

Communication

Equipment

X X

Time X X

Until

Deployment

Of Attack

Civilian

Number of

COB's

Location of

COB's

How to ID

COB's

Morale of COB's

Changes to the

Situation

Information

from RECON X X

Rules of

Engagement X X

Signals

Unit Signal X X X X
REFERENCE

ARI ARI ARI FM FM FM FM FM SH ARTEP ARTEP JE-1 JE-2 SA CE I SME

DUTY

POSITION

CIR

1728 1753 1770 7-8 7-10 17-92 90-10-1 7-85 21-76 7-8 7-10

Challenge and

Password

X X X X

Final protective

fire

X X X X

Running

Password

X X X X

Lift and Shift

Of fires

X X X X

SQUAD

LEADER

Enemy X X

Strength/Size

Location X X

Composition

Tactics

Morale

NBC

contamination

X

Building

Construction

Layout

Boobytraps (in

or around)

X X

Terrain X X

Obstacles

Visibility

Cover

Concealment

Trafficability

Urbanization

Environmental

Condition

Location of

Hazards

Status of

Hazards
REFERENCE

ARI ARI ARI FM FM FM FM FM SH ARTEP ARTEP JE-1 JE-2 SA CE I SME

DUTY

POSITION

CIR

1728 1753 1770 7-8 7-10 17-92 90-10-1 7-85 21-76 7-8 7-10

Troops X X

Location of

Teammates

X X

Location of

Friendly Forces

Security X X

Secondary

Position

X X X X

Route X X X X

Counterattack X X X X

Availability of

Ammo

X X

Sectors of Fire X X

Availability of

Medical

Availability of

Supplies

X X

Communication

Equipment

X X

Time

Until

Deployment

Of Attack

Civilian

Number of

COB's

Location of

COB's

How to ID

COB's

Morale of COB's

Changes to the

Situation
REFERENCE

ARI ARI ARI FM FM FM FM FM SH ARTEP ARTEP JE-1 JE-2 SA CE I SME

DUTY

POSITION

CIR

1728 1753 1770 7-8 7-10 17-92 90-10-1 7-85 21-76 7-8 7-10

Information

from RECON X X

Rules of

Engagement X X

Signals

Unit Signal X X X X

Challenge and

Password

X X X X

Final protective

fire

X X X X

Running

Password

X X X X

Lift and Shift

Of fires

X X X X

PLATOON

LEADER

Enemy X X

Strength/Size

Location X X

Composition X

Tactics X

Morale

NBC

contamination

X

Building

Construction

Layout

Boobytraps (in

or around)

X X

Terrain X X

Obstacles

Visibility

Cover

Concealment
REFERENCE

ARI ARI ARI FM FM FM FM FM SH ARTEP ARTEP JE-1 JE-2 SA CE I SME

DUTY

POSITION

CIR

1728 1753 1770 7-8 7-10 17-92 90-10-1 7-85 21-76 7-8 7-10

Trafficability

Urbanization

Environmental

Condition

Location of

Hazards

Status of

Hazards

Troops X X

Location of

Teammates

X X

Location of

Friendly Forces

Security X X

Sectors of Fire X X

Secondary

Position

X X X X

Route X X X X

Counterattack X X X X

Availability of

Ammo

X X X

Availability of

Medical

Availability of

Supplies

X X

Communication

Equipment

X X

Time

Until

Deployment

Of Attack

Civilian

Number of

COB's
REFERENCE

ARI ARI ARI FM FM FM FM FM SH ARTEP ARTEP JE-1 JE-2 SA CE I SME

DUTY

POSITION

CIR

1728 1753 1770 7-8 7-10 17-92 90-10-1 7-85 21-76 7-8 7-10

Location of

COB's

How to ID

COB's

Morale of COB's

Changes to the

Situation

Information

from RECON

XX

Rules of

Engagement

XX

Signals

Unit SignalXXXX

Challenge and

Password

XXXX

Final protective

fire

XXXX

Running

Password

XXXX

Lift and Shift

Of fires

XXXX
Table B-3. Results of Literature Search for Reconnoitering a MOUT Objective

REFERENCE

ARI ARI ARI FM FM FM FM FM SH ARTEP ARTEP JE-1 JE-2 SA CE I SME

DUTY

POSITION

CIR

1728 1753 1770 7-8 7-10 17-92 90-10-1 7-85 21-76 7-8 7-10

RIFLEMAN Enemy X

Strength/Size X

Location

(LP/Ops)

X X

Composition

Tactics X

Morale

Equipment

(NVGs, Sensors)

X

Building

Construction X

Layout X

Boobytraps (in

or around)

X

Terrain

Obstacles X

Layout Using

OCOKA

X

Visibility

Cover

Concealment

Trafficability

Urbanization

Environmental

Condition

Location of

Hazards

Status of

Hazards
REFERENCE

ARI ARI ARI FM FM FM FM FM SH ARTEP ARTEP JE-1 JE-2 SA CE I SME

DUTY

POSITION

CIR

1728 1753 1770 7-8 7-10 17-92 90-10-1 7-85 21-76 7-8 7-10

TroopsX

Location of

Teammates

X

Location of

Friendly Forces

Availability of

Ammo

Availability of

Medical

Availability of

Supplies

Time

Until

Deployment

X

Of Attack

CivilianX

Number of

COB's

X

Location of

COB's

X

How to ID

COB's

X

Morale of COB's

X

Changes to the

Situation

Rules of

Engagement

XX

SignalsX

Near and FarXXXX

Challenge and

Password

XXXX

Running

Password

XXXX
REFERENCE

ARI ARI ARI FM FM FM FM FM SH ARTEP ARTEP JE-1 JE-2 SA CE I SME

DUTY

POSITION

CIR

1728 1753 1770 7-8 7-10 17-92 90-10-1 7-85 21-76 7-8 7-10

TEAM LEADER Enemy X

Strength/Size

Location

(LP/Ops)

Composition

Tactics

Morale

Equipment

(NVGs, Sensors)

Building

Construction

Layout

Boobytraps (in

or around)

Terrain

Obstacles

Layout Using

OCOKA

X

Visibility

Cover

Concealment

Trafficability

Urbanization

Environmental

Condition

Location of

Hazards

Status of

Hazards
REFERENCE

ARI ARI ARI FM FM FM FM FM SH ARTEP ARTEP JE-1 JE-2 SA CE I SME

DUTY

POSITION

CIR

1728 1753 1770 7-8 7-10 17-92 90-10-1 7-85 21-76 7-8 7-10

Troops X

Location of

Teammates

Location of

Friendly Forces

Availability of

Ammo

Availability of

Medical

Availability of

Supplies

Time

Until

Deployment

Of Attack

Civilian

Number of

COB's

Location of

COB's

How to ID

COB's

Morale of COB's

Changes to the

Situation

Rules of

Engagement X X

Signals

Near and Far X X X X

Challenge and

Password

X X X X

Running

Password

X X X X
REFERENCE

ARI ARI ARI FM FM FM FM FM SH ARTEP ARTEP JE-1 JE-2 SA CE I SME

DUTY

POSITION

CIR

1728 1753 1770 7-8 7-10 17-92 90-10-1 7-85 21-76 7-8 7-10

SQUAD

LEADER

Enemy X

Strength/Size

Location

(LP/Ops)

Composition

Tactics

Morale

Equipment

(NVGs, Sensors)

Building

Construction

Layout

Boobytraps (in

or around)

Terrain

Obstacles

Layout Using

OCOKA

X

Visibility

Cover

Concealment

Trafficability

Urbanization

Environmental

Condition

Location of

Hazards

Status of

Hazards
REFERENCE

ARI ARI ARI FM FM FM FM FM SH ARTEP ARTEP JE-1 JE-2 SA CE I SME

DUTY

POSITION

CIR

1728 1753 1770 7-8 7-10 17-92 90-10-1 7-85 21-76 7-8 7-10

Troops X

Location of

Teammates

Location of

Friendly Forces

Availability of

Ammo

Availability of

Medical

Availability of

Supplies

Coordinating

Instruction

X

Timeline Update X

Time

Until

Deployment

Of Attack

Civilian

Number of

COB's

Location of

COB's

How to ID

COB's

Morale of COB's

Changes to the

Situation

Rule of

Engagement X X

Signals

Near and Far X X X X

Challenge and

Password

X X X X

Running

Password

X X X X
REFERENCE

ARI ARI ARI FM FM FM FM FM SH ARTEP ARTEP JE-1 JE-2 SA CE I SME

DUTY

POSITION

CIR

1728 1753 1770 7-8 7-10 17-92 90-10-1 7-85 21-76 7-8 7-10

PLATOON

LEADER

Enemy X X

Strength/Size

Location

(LP/Ops)

X X

Composition X

Tactics X

Morale

Equipment

(NVGs, Sensors)

Building

Construction

Layout

Boobytraps (in

or around)

Terrain X

Obstacles X

Layout Using

OCOKA

X

Visibility

Cover

Concealment

Trafficability

Urbanization X

Environmental

Condition

X

Location of

Hazards

Status of

Hazards
REFERENCE

ARI ARI ARI FM FM FM FM FM SH ARTEP ARTEP JE-1 JE-2 SA CE I SME

DUTY

POSITION

CIR

1728 1753 1770 7-8 7-10 17-92 90-10-1 7-85 21-76 7-8 7-10

Troops X

Location of

Teammates

Location of

Friendly Forces

Availability of

Ammo

Availability of

Medical

Availability of

Supplies

X

Coordinating

Instruction

X

Timeline Update X

Rehearsals X

Security X

Time

Until

Deployment

Of Attack

Civilian

Number of

COB's

Location of

COB's

How to ID

COB's

Morale of COB's

Changes to the

Situation

Rules of

Engagement X X
REFERENCE

ARI ARI ARI FM FM FM FM FM SH ARTEP ARTEP JE-1 JE-2 SA CE I SME

DUTY

POSITION

CIR

1728 1753 1770 7-8 7-10 17-92 90-10-1 7-85 21-76 7-8 7-10

Signals

Near and Far X X X X

Challenge and

Password

X X X X X

Running

Password

X X X X
65

APPENDIX C

SMART SENSOR WEB DEMOGRAPHIC

QUESTIONNAIRE RESULTS
66

INTENTIONALLY LEFT BLANK
67

SMART SENSOR WEB

DEMOGRAPHIC QUESTIONNAIRE RESULTS

ARMY

SAMPLE SIZE = 17

 RANK AGE DUTY POSITION

 FOR THIS EXPERIMENT

E-2 - 2 E-5 – 5 Mean = 24

E-3 - 1 2LT - 1 (Range 18 – 29 years) Platoon Leader - 2

E-4 - 7 1LT - 1 Squad Leader - 1

 Team Leader - 4

 Rifleman - 9

 SAW - 1

1. Handedness: 13Right 3 Left 1 NR

2. Height: Mean = 70 inches (Range 64 to 76)

3. Weight: Mean = 189 pounds (Range 121 to 254)

4. Vision:

a. Do you wear glasses when performing military duties?

 4 Yes 13No

b. Do you wear contact lenses when performing military duties?

 1 Yes 16No

c. Is your vision in each eye 20/20 or correctable to 20/20?

 12Yes 5 No

5. Education: Mean = 13 years

6. Current MOS Months (Mean) in Current MOS 

 11A - 1 43 months

 11B - 2

 11M – 14

7. Months (Mean) in current job = 25 months

8. Months (Mean) of experience in Infantry-related MOS = 39 months

9. Months (Mean) of military service = 47 months
68

10. Months (Mean) in these leadership positions:

a. Fire Team Leader = 5 months

b. Squad Leader = 1 month

11. Months (Mean) of military training/instruction received in light infantry

operations:

a. Classroom training at Infantry school = 2 months

b. Field exercises (i.e., NTC, JOTC, CRTC, JRTC, = 8 months

MOUT training)

12. Months (Mean) of military training/instruction received in the following

areas:

a. Land navigation (map reading, use of GPS data, = 6 months

 following planned route)

b. Route planning = 1 month

c. Communications = 5 months

13. Latest Physical Fitness (PFT) Score (Mean) = 258 (out of 300)

14. Latest Firing Qualification Test (FQT) Score (Mean) = 34 (out of 40)

Type of weapon: M4 - 2

(how many used) M16 - 13

 M203 - 1

NR - 1
69

15. Self rating of Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities (KSA) related to Infantry

duties:

 1 2 3 4 5

poor below average average above average outstanding

MEAN RESPONSE

Knowledge of Infantry tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP). 3.59

Knowledge of computers. 3.18

Knowledge of electronics. 2.71

Knowledge of mechanics and maintenance procedures for weapon systems and

equipment used. 3.53

Knowledge of map reading and orientation in field setting. 3.71

Knowledge of land navigation. 3.59

Knowledge of reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition procedures. 2.44

Knowledge relating to communications equipment and communications procedures. 2.88

Marksmanship skills. 4.24

Map reading skills. 3.59

Land navigation skills. 3.53

Computer skills (keyboards, mouse, track balls, navigating in and out of

menus, etc.). 3.35

Communication skills (ability to use communications equipment and face-to-face

communications to enhance mission accomplishment). 3.41

Leadership skills 3.88

16. a. Months (Mean) of military deployment for peacekeeping, peace

enforcement, stability operations of combat = 5 months

b. If so, where? Korea
70

NATIONAL GUARD

SAMPLE SIZE = 48

 RANK AGE DUTY POSITION

 FOR THIS EXPERIMENT

E-1 - 3 E-7 – 2 Mean = 31

E-2 - 4 E-9 - 1 (Range 17 – 53 years) Platoon Leader - 2

E-3 - 4 1LT - 1 Squad Leader - 7

E-4 - 16 2LT - 1 Team Leader - 9

E-5 - 7 CPT - 2 Rifleman - 20

E-6 – 7 SAW - 7

 NR - 3

1. Handedness: 40Right 7 Left 1 NR

2. Height: Mean = 70 inches (Range 61 to 78)

3. Weight: Mean = 189 pounds (Range 126 to 275)

4. Vision:

a. Do you wear glasses when performing military duties?

 9 Yes 38No 1 NR

b. Do you wear contact lenses when performing military duties?

 4 Yes 43No 1 NR

c. Is your vision in each eye 20/20 or correctable to 20/20?

 42Yes 6 No

5. Education: Mean = 13.6 years

6. Current MOS Months (Mean) in Current MOS 

 11A - 3 13B - 2 61 months

 11B - 3 31U - 1

 11M – 36 91B - 1

 NR - 2

7. Months (Mean) in current job = 33 months

8. Months (Mean) of experience in Infantry-related MOS = 95 months

9. Months (Mean) of military service = 115 months
71

10. Months (Mean) in these leadership positions:

a. Fire Team Leader = 13 months

b. Squad Leader = 18 months

11. Months (Mean) of military training/instruction received in light infantry

operations:

a. Classroom training at Infantry school = 7 months

b. Field exercises (i.e., NTC, JOTC, CRTC, JRTC, = 9 months

MOUT training)

12. Months (Mean) of military training/instruction received in the following

areas:

a. Land navigation (map reading, use of GPS data, = 22 months

 following planned route)

b. Route planning = 15 months

c. Communications = 23 months

13. Latest Physical Fitness (PFT) Score (Mean) = 239 (out of 300)

14. Latest Firing Qualification Test (FQT) Score (Mean) = 36 (out of 40)

Type of weapon: SAW - 2

(how many used) M16 - 38

 M9 - 3

NR - 5
72

15. Self rating of Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities (KSA) related to Infantry

duties:

 1 2 3 4 5

poor below average average above average outstanding

MEAN RESPONSE

Knowledge of Infantry tactics, techniques, and procedures (TTP). 3.15

Knowledge of computers. 3.09

Knowledge of electronics. 2.87

Knowledge of mechanics and maintenance procedures for weapon systems and

equipment used. 3.43

Knowledge of map reading and orientation in field setting. 3.45

Knowledge of land navigation. 3.28

Knowledge of reconnaissance, surveillance, and target acquisition procedures. 2.96

Knowledge relating to communications equipment and communications procedures. 3.02

Marksmanship skills. 3.77

Map reading skills. 3.34

Land navigation skills. 3.30

Computer skills (keyboards, mouse, track balls, navigating in and out of

menus, etc.). 3.34

Communication skills (ability to use communications equipment and face-to-face

communications to enhance mission accomplishment). 3.26

Leadership skills 3.43

16. a. Months (Mean) of military deployment for peacekeeping, peace

enforcement, stability operations of combat = 2 months

b. If so, where? Panama – 2 Saudi Arabia - 1

 Korea - 3 Bosnia - 2

 Kuwait – 3
73

NO. OF

COPIES ORGANIZATION

1 ADMINISTRATOR

DEFENSE TECHNICAL INFO CTR

ATTN DTIC OCA

8725 JOHN J KINGMAN RD STE 0944

FT BELVOIR VA 22060-6218

1 DIRECTOR

US ARMY RSCH LABORATORY

ATTN AMSRL CI AI R REC MGMT

2800 POWDER MILL RD

ADELPHI MD 20783-1197

1 DIRECTOR

US ARMY RSCH LABORATORY

ATTN AMSRL CI LL TECH LIB

2800 POWDER MILL RD

ADELPHI MD 20783-1197

1 DIRECTOR

US ARMY RSCH LABORATORY

ATTN AMSRL D D SMITH

2800 POWDER MILL RD

ADELPHI MD 20783-1197

1 DIR FOR PERS TECHNOLOGIES

DPY CHIEF OF STAFF PERS

300 ARMY PENTAGON 2C733

WASHINGTON DC 20310-0300

1 DIRECTOR

ARMY AUDIOLOGY & SPEECH CTR

WALTER REED ARMY MED CTR

WASHINGTON DC 20307-5001

1 OUSD(A)/DDDR&E(R&A)/E&LS

PENTAGON ROOM 3D129

WASHINGTON DC 20301-3080

1 CODE 1142PS

OFC OF NAVAL RSCH

800 N QUINCY STREET

ARLINGTON VA 22217-5000

1 WALTER REED INST OF RSCH

ATTN SGRD UWI C

COL REDMOND

WASHINGTON DC 20307-5100

1 CDR US ARMY RSCH INST

ATTN PERI ZT DR E M JOHNSON

5001 EISENHOWER AVENUE

ALEXANDRIA VA 22333-5600

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 INFORMATION EXCHANGE

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1 HEADQUARTERS USATRADOC

ATTN ATCD SP

FORT MONROE VA 23651

1 CDR USATRADOC

COMMAND SAFETY OFC

ATTN ATOS PESSAGNO/LYNE

FORT MONROE VA 23651-5000

1 DIRECTOR TDAD DCST

ATTN ATTG C

BLDG 161

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1 HQ USAMRDC

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1 CDR

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ATTN LIBRARY

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ATTN CSSC SE

FORT RUCKER AL 36362

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ARMY RSCH INST

 AVIATION R&D ACTIVITY

ATTN PERI IR

FORT RUCKER AL 36362-5354

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ATTN AFWAL/FIES/SURVIAC

WRIGHT PATTERSON AFB OH 45433

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ATTN STRNC YBA

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NATICK RD&E CTR

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NATICK MA 01760-5020
74

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NATICK RD&E CTR

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NATICK MA 01760-5007

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ATTN SFAE AV RAH

BLDG 5681 WOOD RD

REDSTONE ARSENAL AL 35898

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MEDICAL LIB BLDG 148

BOX 900 SUBMARINE BASE

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SUSTAINED OPERATIONS BR

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SERIALS UNIT

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COPIES ORGANIZATION

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409 WILSON M

UNIVERSITY OF MINNESOTA

MINNEAPOLIS MN 55455

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BBN SYSTEMS &TECH CORP

10 MOULTON STREET

CAMBRIDGE MA 02138

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BOEING-HELICOPTER CO

P30-18

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1040 WOODCOCK ROAD

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UNIV OF HEALTH SCIENCES

THE CHICAGO MEDICAL SCHOOL

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3333 GREEN BAY ROAD

NORTH CHICAGO IL 60064

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INST FOR ERGONOMICS RSCH

TEXAS TECH UNIVERSITY

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NASA/GODDARD SPACE

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DEPT OF COMPUTER & INFO

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FT MCPHERSON GA 30330-6000

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FORT LEWIS WA 98433-5000

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FORT HOOD TX 76544-5056

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ARLINGTON VA 22203-1714

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Redden, E.S. (ARL)

U.S. Army Research Laboratory

Human Research & Engineering Directorate 

Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005-5425

U.S. Army Research Laboratory

Human Research & Engineering Directorate 

Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD 21005-5425

 

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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

Virtual Environment Study of Mission-Based Critical Information Requirements

The Human Research and Engineering Directorate of the U.S. Army Research Laboratory conducted an experiment to determine

the critical information required by soldiers in four echelons (squad member, fire team leader, squad leader, and platoon leader).

This information is intended for use in the development of the design requirements for information systems such as the Smart

Sensor Web. The experiment was conducted in the Dismounted Battlespace Battle Lab’s Squad Synthetic Environment (SSE), a

virtual environment that allows the squad to participate in force-on-force exercises. A validation study of the SSE was conducted

before the start of the experiment to ensure that information gathered in the virtual environment would be comparable to that

gathered in a live experiment. The eight squads that participated in the experiment conducted infantry operations using scripted

vignettes that were prepared to include as many situations as possible that are typically encountered during infantry operations.

After participation in each vignette, soldiers rated the criticality of each of the situational awareness (SA) items on a questionnaire.

This questionnaire was developed after a literature search and a subject matter expert conference that were conducted to gather

potential SA critical information items.

critical information requirements virtual environment

CIRs