Court of Appeals of Indiana | Memorandum Decision 29A04-1704-AD-736 | August 29, 2017 Page 1 of 11

MEMORANDUM DECISION

Pursuant to Ind. Appellate Rule 65(D), 

this Memorandum Decision shall not be 

regarded as precedent or cited before any 

court except for the purpose of establishing 

the defense of res judicata, collateral 

estoppel, or the law of the case.

ATTORNEYS FOR APPELLANT

John S. Terry

Stephenie K. Gookins

Cate, Terry & Gookins LLC

Carmel, Indiana

ATTORNEY FOR APPELLEE

James C. McKinley

Martinsville, Indiana

I N T H E

COURT OF APPEALS OF INDIANA

R.B.,

Appellant-Respondent,

v.

D.C.,

Appellee-Petitioner.

August 29, 2017

Court of Appeals Case No.

29A04-1704-AD-736

Appeal from the Hamilton 

Superior Court

The Honorable Steven R. Nation, 

Judge

Trial Court Cause No.

29D01-1606-AD-767

Pyle, Judge.

Statement of the Case

[1] R.B. (“Biological Father”), who is the biological father of A.R.B. (“Child”), 

appeals the trial court’s order, which determined that, under INDIANA CODE § 
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31-19-9-8(a)(11)(A), Biological Father is unfit and that his consent to adopt 

Child was not required. In this appeal, Biological Father attempts to challenge 

the trial court’s determination that he is unfit. Because the trial court’s order

was neither a final judgment nor an appealable interlocutory order, Biological 

Father has forfeited his right to appeal. We decline to disregard this forfeiture 

or to issue an advisory opinion on this premature appeal, and we dismiss the

appeal.

[2] We dismiss.

Issue

Whether Biological Father has forfeited his right to this appeal 

because the trial court’s order determining that Biological Father is 

unfit was neither a final judgment nor an appealable interlocutory 

order. 

Facts

[3] Biological Father and Mother married in June 2009 and divorced in 2011. 

Child was born in December 2009. Biological Father has a history of criminal 

convictions, including the following: (1) a 2000 conviction for Class D felony 

residential entry; (2) a 2001 conviction for Class B felony burglary; (3) a 2005 

conviction for Class D felony theft; and (4) a 2007 conviction for Class D felony 

failure to return to lawful detention/escape. At the time Mother married 

Biological Father, she was unaware of his criminal convictions. During their 

two-year marriage, Biological Father physically and verbally abused Mother. 
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Biological Father physically abused Mother “[t]hree, four time a month” and 

“almost . . . every weekend.” (Tr. 11, 12). 

[4] On June 23, 2011, Biological Father went to a party, assaulted a woman, and 

engaged in three acts of criminal deviate conduct against her. The State 

charged Biological Father with three counts of Class B felony criminal deviate 

conduct and one count of Class D felony criminal confinement, and it alleged 

that he was an habitual offender. Subsequently, on the morning of his April 

2012 trial, Biological Father pled guilty to all charges and admitted to being an 

habitual offender. The trial court imposed an aggregate fifty (50) year sentence 

in the Indiana Department of Correction. Accordingly, Biological Father’s 

current projected release date is August 22, 2037. 

[5] Approximately one month after Biological Father had committed the June 2011 

offenses, Mother became aware of his crimes and confronted him about it. 

Biological Father “got angry and abusive with [her] again” and battered her in 

the presence of one of her children. (Tr. 19). The State charged Biological 

Father with Class D felony domestic battery, and he later pled guilty to that 

charge. The trial court sentenced him to two (2) years in the Indiana 

Department of Correction and entered a no-contact order for Mother. 

[6] In May 2016, Mother married D.C. (“Adoptive Father”). Thereafter, on June 

23, 2016, Adoptive Father filed a petition to adopt Child. Adoptive Father 

asserted that the consent of Biological Father was unnecessary under INDIANA 

CODE § 31-19-9-8(a)(11) because “clear and convincing evidence would 
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establish that [Biological Father] is unfit to be a parent and the best interest of 

the child to be adopted would be served if the court dispensed with his 

consent.” (App. Vol. 2 at 8).1 

[7] Subsequently, on July 29, 2016, Biological Father filed a motion to contest the 

adoption. The trial court held a hearing on Biological Father’s motion to 

contest in January 2017. The hearing focused only on the statutory element of 

whether Biological Father was unfit under INDIANA CODE § 31-19-9-

8(a)(11)(A). Adoptive Father’s attorney informed the trial court that he would 

address the best interest element under INDIANA CODE § 31-19-9-8(a)(11)(B) “at 

the final hearing[.]” (Tr. 35). The trial court agreed to let Adoptive Father 

address the best interest issue under subsection (B) of the statute “at a different 

time.” (Tr. 36). 

[8] Thereafter, the trial court entered its findings and conclusions. In its order, the 

trial court specifically stated that “[t]he sole issue before the Court at this 

juncture of the proceedings [wa]s whether the Petitioner [Adoptive Father] 

ha[d] established by clear and convincing evidence that [Biological Father] is 

 

1

INDIANA CODE § 31-19-9-8(a)(11) provides as follows: 

Consent to adoption, which may be required under section 1 of this chapter, is not required 

from any of the following:

* * * * *

(11) A parent if:

(A) a petitioner for adoption proves by clear and convincing evidence that the parent is unfit 

to be a parent; and

(B) the best interests of the child sought to be adopted would be served if the court dispensed 

with the parent’s consent.
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‘unfit to be a parent’ under Ind. Code [§] 31-19-9-8(a)(11).” (App. Vol. 2 at 43). 

The trial court concluded that Adoptive Father had met his burden of showing 

that Biological Father was unfit under INDIANA CODE § 31-19-9-8(a)(11)(A), 

and it also concluded that Biological Father’s consent to adoption was 

unnecessary. Specifically, the trial court concluded as follows:

37. Given [Biological Father’s] extensive history of deception, 

violence and abuse, including domestic violence, his likely 

inability to provide any meaningful care, support or guidance for 

the child for the next 17 years, his lack of any meaningful 

relationship with the child, and not merely because of his 

incarceration standing alone, [Biological Father] is an unfit 

parent under Indiana law pursuant to Indiana Code § 31-19-9-

8(a)(11), and his consent to the adoption in this case is 

unnecessary. 

IT IS THEREFORE ORDERED ADJUDGED AND 

DECREED that [Biological Father] is an unfit parent, and the 

adoption in this case may proceed without his consent.

(App. Vol. 2 at 45). Biological Father now appeals.2

Decision

[9] Biological Father challenges that the trial court’s determination, under INDIANA 

CODE § 31-19-9-8(a)(11), that he is unfit and that his consent to Child’s 

adoption is not required. 

 

2 Biological Father filed a motion to stay the adoption during his appeal, and the trial court denied his 

motion and appointed pauper appellate counsel.
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[10] We, however, decline to review Biological Father’s challenge at this juncture 

because the trial court’s order that he attempts to appeal was neither a final 

judgment nor an appealable interlocutory order. See In re Adoption of S.J., 967 

N.E.2d 1063, 1065-66 (Ind. Ct. App. 2012). 

[11] As set forth in Indiana Appellate Rule 2(H), a judgment is a “final judgment” if:

(1) it disposes of all claims as to all parties; [or]

(2) the trial court in writing expressly determines under 

Trial Rule 54(B) . . . that there is no just reason for delay 

and in writing expressly directs the entry of judgment . . . 

under Trial Rule 54(B) as to few than all the claims or 

parties . . . .

Ind. Appellate Rule 2(H). If an order is not a final judgment, then an appellant 

may appeal the order only if it is an appealable interlocutory order. See 

Adoption of S.J., 967 N.E.2d at 1066. “An interlocutory order is one made 

before a final hearing on the merits and requires something to be done or 

observed but does not determine the entire controversy.” Id. (internal quotation 

marks and citation omitted). “Non-final orders that are appealable right 

away—on an interlocutory basis—include those recited in Appellate Rule 14.” 

In re D.J. v. Ind. Dep’t of Child Servs., 68 N.E.3d 574, 578 (Ind. 2017). 

[12] In D.J., our supreme court discussed the procedural implications of an 

appellant who files a “premature” or untimely notice of appeal from a judgment 

that is not a final judgment. D.J., 68 N.E.3d at 578. The D.J. Court applied the 

rational from In re Adoption of O.R., 16 N.E.3d 965 (Ind. 2014), which applied to 
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an untimely notice of appeal that was “belated,” and held that a “reviewing 

court is not deprived of jurisdiction if the notice is untimely—meaning belated 

or premature.” Id. The Court discussed the distinction between “jurisdiction”

and “forfeiture” and explained that an appellant’s untimely notice of appeal 

results in the forfeiture of the appellant’s right to appeal, not the divestiture of 

an appellate court’s appellate jurisdiction. Id. at 579. The D.J. Court further 

explained that when an appellant has forfeited his right to appeal, our appellate 

courts retain “jurisdiction to disregard the forfeiture and resolve the merits” of 

the untimely appeal. Id. The Court, however, emphasized that “it is never 

error for an appellate court to dismiss an untimely appeal[.]” Id.3

[13] With this procedural framework in mind, we now turn to Biological Father’s 

attempt to appeal the trial court’s order that was neither a final judgment nor an 

appealable interlocutory order. We find Adoption of S.J. to be instructional. In 

that case, our Court sua sponte dismissed an appeal from a trial court’s order, 

which determined that the appellant-father’s consent to adoption was not 

required under INDIANA CODE § 31-19-9-8(a)(11), because the challenged order 

was neither a final judgment nor an appealable interlocutory order. 

 

3

Indeed, the D.J. Court found no error in our Court’s lower decision to dismiss D.J.’s appeal; it only 

disagreed with the stated reason being lack of jurisdiction instead of forfeiture of the right to appeal. D.J., 68 

N.E.3d at 576. Ultimately, however, the D.J. Court, after applying some of the considerations discussed in 

O.R., disregarded the appellants’ forfeiture and reviewed the merits of their appeal, which challenged the nonfinal CHINS determination and not the final dispositional order. The final dispositional order, however, had 

been entered after the appellants filed their notice of appeal and before the trial court clerk had issued the 

notice of completion of clerk’s record, which is the event upon which our appellate court acquired 

jurisdiction. See App. R. 8.
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Specifically, we held that an “order concluding that Father’s consent to the 

adoption was not required [wa]s not a final judgment within the meaning of 

Appellate Rule 2(H)(1) because it left the question of whether the adoption 

petition would be granted for future determination.” Id. See Ind. App. R. 

2(H)(1) (explaining that a “judgment is a final judgment if . . . it disposes of all 

claims as to all parties”). We also concluded that the order at issue was not a 

final judgment within the meaning of Appellate Rule 2(H)(2) because it did not 

contain the “magic language” required to meet the “bright line” rule under 

Indiana Trial Rule 54(B). See Adoption of S.J., 967 N.E.2d at 1065-66. See also

Ind. App. R. 2(H)(2) (explaining that a “judgment is a final judgment if . . . the 

trial court in writing expressly determines under Trial Rule 54(B) . . . that there 

is no just reason for delay and in writing expressly directs the entry of judgment

. . . under Trial Rule 54(B) as to few than all the claims or parties . . . .”). 

Finally, our Court explained in Adoption of S.J. that the order determining that 

appellant-father’s consent to adoption was not required was not an appealable 

interlocutory order because it was neither an appealable interlocutory order as 

of right under Appellate Rule 14(A) nor a discretionary interlocutory appealable 

order under Appellate Rule 14(B) because the trial court had not certified the 

order and our Court had not accepted interlocutory jurisdiction over the appeal. 
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See Adoption of S.J., 967 N.E.2d at 1066. Accordingly, we dismissed the 

appellant-father’s appeal.4 Id. 

[14] Here, as in Adoption of S.J., the trial court’s order at issue was not a final 

judgment under Appellate Rule 2(H) nor was not an appealable interlocutory 

order. The trial court’s order—which determined that Biological Father is unfit 

under INDIANA CODE § 31-19-9-8(a)(11)(A) and that his consent to adoption

was not required—was not a “final judgment” under Appellate Rule 2(H)(1) 

because it did not dispose of all claims as to all parties and left the question of 

whether the adoption petition would be granted for future determination.5 The 

trial court’s order was also not a “final judgment” under Appellate Rule 2(H)(2) 

because the trial court did not include the “magic language” required to meet 

the “bright line” rule under Indiana Trial Rule 54(B). See Adoption of S.J., 967 

 

4 We acknowledge that our Court phrased the reason for the dismissal of the appeal in Adoption of S.J. as a 

lack of appellate jurisdiction over the order at issue rather than phrasing it as the appellant-father’s forfeiture 

of the appeal due to an untimely or premature appeal. Adoption of S.J. was issued five years before the D.J.

Court’s recent explanation that the procedural result of an untimely or premature notice of appeal should be 

phrased in terms of a party’s forfeiture of the right to appeal instead of our appellate court’s lack of 

jurisdiction. Until our supreme court issued its opinion in D.J., “it was understood that the lack of a final 

appealable order impacted an appellate court’s ‘jurisdiction’ to entertain an appeal and that dismissal of the 

appeal was required in such situations.” Manley v. Zoeller, 77 N.E.3d 1227, 1230 (Ind. Ct. App. 2017). See 

Ramsey v. Moore, 959 N.E.2d 246, 253 (Ind. 2012) (determining that part of a trial court’s order was not a final 

appealable judgment under Appellate Rule 2(H) and dismissing the “appeal for lack of subject matter 

jurisdiction”). Therefore, while the reason for the dismissal in Adoption of S.J. would now be considered malphrased, we, nevertheless, find the analysis and reasoning of the case applicable.

5

Indeed, the ultimate determination of whether Biological Father’s consent to adoption was not required 

under INDIANA CODE § 31-19-9-8(a)(11) could not have been completely determined until the trial court 

reviewed subsection (B) of that statue and the corresponding issue of whether “the best interests of the child 

sought to be adopted would be served if the court dispensed with the parent’s consent.” See I.C. § 31-19-9-

8(a)(11) (requiring that both subsection (A), the determination of unfitness, “and” subsection (B), the 

determination of best interests, be met before a trial court may determine that a parent’s consent to adoption 

is not required). 
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N.E.2d at 1065-66. See also Ramsey v. Moore, 959 N.E.2d 246, 253 (Ind.

2012) (determining that part of a trial court’s order that did not contain the 

“magic language” of Trial Rule 54(B) was not a final appealable judgment 

under Appellate Rule 2(H)(2)). Additionally, the trial court’s order is not an 

appealable interlocutory as of right under Appellate Rule 14(A) because it does 

not fall within one of the categories of Rule 14(A) nor is it a discretionary 

interlocutory appealable order under Appellate Rule 14(B) because Biological 

Father neither requested the trial court to certify the interlocutory order nor 

sought permission from our Court to accept the interlocutory appeal. See

Adoption of S.J., 967 N.E.2d at 1066; see also App. R. 14. Because the trial 

court’s order is not a final appealable order or an appealable interlocutory 

order, Biological Father’s attempt to appeal the non-final order is untimely—in 

this case, premature—and results in the forfeiture of this appeal. See D.J., 68 

N.E.3d at 578-79. See also Adoption of S.J., 967 N.E.2d at 1065-66. We decline 

to disregard Biological Father’s forfeiture, especially here, where the trial court 

has not yet issued a final decree or decision of Adoptive Father’s petition to 

adopt Child. See Manley, 77 N.E.3d at 1231 (“We do not believe the D.J. 

opinion should be taken as an invitation to open the floodgates to premature 

appeals from non-final judgments.”). Moreover, the trial court has not yet 

reviewed the necessary second subsection of the statute—subsection (B) 

regarding whether the best interests of Child’s would be served if the trial court 

dispensed with Biological Father’s consent—in order for the trial court to 

determine under the statue that Biological Father’s consent to adoption was not 

necessary. See I.C. § 31-19-9-8(a)(11). We will not hazard a guess as to the trial 
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court’s future decision on subsection (B) or on its ultimate final determination 

on the adoption petition. Because there are remaining issues, including the lack 

of final judgment, any review on the merits of the trial court’s determination 

that Biological Father is unfit under subsection (A) of 31-19-9-8(a)(11) would 

result in advisory opinion, which we will not do. See Snyder v. King, 958 N.E.2d 

764, 786 (Ind. 2011) (explaining that a “cardinal principle of the judicial 

function is that courts should not issue advisory opinions but instead should 

decide cases only on the specific facts of the particular case and not on 

hypothetical situations”).6 Accordingly, we dismiss this appeal and remand for 

further proceedings. 

[15] Dismissed.

Riley, J., and Robb, J., concur. 

 

6

Indeed, the review of the unfit issue could be rendered moot if the trial court did not grant Adoptive 

Father’s petition to adopt Child.