U.S. Department of the Interior 

U.S. Geological Survey

EVALUATION OF GEOPHYSICAL LOGS, PHASE I, 

FOR CROSSLEY FARMS SUPERFUND SITE, 

BERKS COUNTY, PENNSYLVANIA

by Randall W. Conger

Open-File Report 98-62

prepared in cooperation with the

U.S. ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY

Lemoyne, Pennsylvania 

1998
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR 

BRUCE BABBITT, Secretary

U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY 

Thomas J. Casadevall, Acting Director

For additional information Copies of this report may be

write to: purchased from:

District Chief U.S. Geological Survey

U.S. Geological Survey Branch of Information Services

840 Market Street Box 25286, Building 810

Lemoyne, Pennsylvania 17043-1584 Denver, Colorado 80225-0286
CONTENTS

Page

Abstract........................................................................... 1

Introduction........................................................................ 2

Location and physiography of site................................................. 5

Borehole-geophysical logs........................................................ 5

Evaluation of borehole-geophysical logs ................................................. 7

BE-1562 (MW-8-R)............................................................. 8

BE-1563 (MW-7-R)............................................................ 10

BE-1564 (MW-7-DR)........................................................... 12

BE-1565 (MW-6-R)............................................................ 12

BE-1566(MW-4-R)............................................................ 12

BE-1567 (MW-5-R)............................................................ 15

BE-1568 (MW-2-DR)........................................................... 17

BE-1569 (MW-6-OB)........................................................... 17

BE-1570 (MW-l-OB)........................................................... 17

BE-1571 (MW-l-R)............................................................ 19

BE-1572 (MW-l.l-OB) ......................................................... 20

BE-1573 (MW-1.2-OB) ......................................................... 20

BE-1574 (MW-2-OB)........................................................... 20

BE-1575 (MW-2-R)............................................................ 20

BE-1576 (MW-2.1-OB) ......................................................... 20

BE-1577 (MW-3-OB)........................................................... 20

BE-1578 (MW-3-DOB) ......................................................... 21

BE-1579 (MW-4-OB)........................................................... 21

BE-1580 (MW-5-OB)........................................................... 21

BE-1581 (MW-5-DOB) ......................................................... 21

BE-1582 (MW-7-OB)........................................................... 21

BE-1583 (Wetzel) ............................................................. 22

BE-1584 (92-17) .............................................................. 24

Conclusions ....................................................................... 26

References cited. ................................................................... 26
ILLUSTRATIONS

Page

Figure 1. Map showing locations of boreholes logged at the Crossley Farms Super-fund Site,

Berks County, Pennsylvania.......................................... 3

2-11. Graphs showing borehole-geophysical logs for boreholes at the Crossley Farms 

Superfund Site, Berks County, Pennsylvania:

2. BE-1562 (MW-8-R), collected on April 24, 1997........................ 9

3. BE-1563 (MW-7-R), collected on April 25, 1997........................11

4. BE-1564 (MW-7-DR), collected on April 25, 1997 ..................... 13

5. BE-1565 (MW-6-R), collected on April 25, 1997....................... 14

6. BE-1566 (MW-4-R), collected on April 25, 1997....................... 14

7. BE-1567 (MW-5-R), collected on April 25, 1997....................... 16

8. BE-1568 (MW-2-DR), collected on May 2,1997....................... 18

9. BE-1571 (MW-l-R), collected on May 7,1997 ........................ 19

10. BE-1583 (Wetzel), collected on May 6, 1997 ......................... 23

11. BE-1584 (92-17), collected on May 8,1997 .......................... 25

TABLES

Table 1. Boreholes logged at Crossley Farms Superfund Site, Berks County, Pennsylvania ...... 4

2. Well depth, casing length, and depth to water for boreholes logged by the

U.S. Geological Survey at Crossley Farms Superfund Site, Berks County, 

Pennsylvania ......................................................... 7

3-8. Summary of heat-pulse-flowmeter measurements for boreholes at Crossley Farms 

Superfund Site, Berks County, Pennsylvania:

3. BE-1562 (MW-8-R)................................................... 8

4. BE-1563 (MW-7-R).................................................. 10

5. BE-1567 (MW-5-R).................................................. 15

6. BE-1568 (MW-2-DR) ................................................ 17

7. BE-1583 (Wetzel)................................................... 22

8. BE-1584 (92-17).................................................... 24
CONVERSION FACTORS, ABBREVIATED WATER-QUALITY UNITS,

AND VERTICAL DATUM

Length

inch (in.) 25.40 millimeter

foot (ft) 0.3048 meter

mile (mi) 1.609 kilometer

Volume 

gallon per minute (gal/min) 0.00006309 cubic meter per second

Abbreviated water-quality unit used in report:

(ig/L, micrograms per liter

Sea level: In this report, "sea level" refers to the National Geodetic Vertical Datum of 1929 a geodetic 

datum derived from a general adjustment of the first-order level nets of the United States and Canada, 

formerly called Sea Level Datum of 1929.
Evaluation of Geophysical Logs, Phase I,

for Crossley Farms Superfund Site,

Berks County, Pennsylvania

by Randall W. Conger

ABSTRACT

Twenty-one wells were drilled at Crossley Farms Superfund Site between December 15,1987, 

and May 1,1988, to define and monitor the horizontal and vertical distribution of ground-water 

contamination emanating from a suspected contaminant source area (Blackhead Hill). Eight well 

clusters were drilled on or near the Crossley Site and three well clusters were drilled at locations 

hydrologically down gradient from the site. Depths of wells range from 21 to 299 feet below land 

surface. These wells were installed in saprolite in shallow, intermediate, and deep water-producing 

zones of the fractured bedrock aquifer.

Borehole-geophysical and video logging were conducted between April 24,1997, and May 8, 

1997, to determine the water-producing zones, water-receiving zones, zones of vertical flow, borehole 

depth, and casing integrity in each well. This data and interpretation will be used to determine the 

location of the well intake for the existing open-hole wells, which will be retrofitted to isolate and 

monitor water-producing zones and prevent further cross-contamination within each open borehole, 

and identify wells that may need rehabilitation or replacement.

Caliper and video logs were used to locate fractures, inflections on fluid-temperature and fluidresistivity logs indicated possible fluid-bearing fractures, and flowmeter measurements verified 

these locations. Single-point-resistance and natural-gamma logs provided information on 

stratigraphy. After interpretation of geophysical logs, video logs, and driller's notes, all wells will be 

constructed so that water-level fluctuations can be monitored and discrete water samples collected 

from shallow, intermediate, and deep water-bearing zones in each well.

Geophysical logs were run on seven bedrock and two deep bedrock wells. Gamma logs were run 

on 10 bedrock wells. Twenty-two wells were inspected visually with the borehole video camera for 

casing integrity.
INTRODUCTION

The Crossley Farms Superfund Site is about 20 mi northeast of Reading, in the community of 

Huffs Church in Hereford Township, Berks County, Pa. (fig. 1). The Crossley Site boundaries are 

not delineated but are assumed to be the extent of the ground-water contamination plume 

previously documented near Blackhead Hill (Halliburton NUS, 1995).

At the Crossley Farms Superfund Site, illegal wastes were reported to be disposed of at the 

abandoned quartzite quarry and nearby areas on the top of Blackhead Hill during the mid-1960's to 

the mid-1970's (Halliburton NUS, 1995). In the early 1980's, nearby residents complained about the 

quality of their well water. In 1983, ground-water samples collected by the Pennsylvania 

Department of Environmental Resources and Roy F. Weston, Inc. indicated some residential wells 

were contaminated with trichloroethylene (TCE) and lesser concentrations of tetrachloroethene 

(PCE). Additional sampling identified TCE as the principal contaminant at concentrations as great 

as 22,857 ug/L in residential well water. Nearby affected residential wells are currently (1996) 

equipped with carbon filters at the point of use.

In 1987-88, a hydrogeologic assessment was conducted at the Crossley Farms Superfund Site by 

Roy F. Weston, Inc. and IT Corporation (Roy F. Weston/IT, 1988). They conducted soil gas surveys, 

drilled 21 monitor wells in proximity to the site, and concluded the source of the TCE was from the 

top of Blackhead Hill, probably near the abandoned quarry and borrow-pit area (Halliburton NUS, 

1995). To delineate the extent of ground-water contamination, a Focused Feasibility Study (FFS) 

and Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study (RI/FS) currently are being conducted by Brown and 

Root Environmental (B&R), formerly Halliburton NUS Inc., to better characterize the nature and 

extent of hazardous contamination and evaluate remedial options for the contaminated residential 

wells.

This report evaluates borehole-geophysical and video logs run by the U.S. Geological Survey 

(USGS) in 21 boreholes at Crossley Farms Superfund Site, 1 private well adjacent to the site, and 

1 well in downtown Bally (table 1, fig. 1). This report identifies one or more fluid-bearing zones in 

each borehole and describes problems with the integrity of the casing on the basis of geophysical and 

video-log data. Borehole video logs were run in all boreholes. Caliper, natural-gamma, single-pointresistance, fluid-resistivity, fluid-temperature, and borehole-flow (heat-pulse-flowmeter) logs were 

run in seven boreholes. Caliper, borehole video, natural-gamma, single-point-resistance, fluidresistivity, and fluid-temperature logs were run in one borehole. A natural-gamma log was run in 

three boreholes. A cross reference between USGS borehole-identification numbers and B&R 

borehole-identification numbers and a list of logs run in each borehole are shown in table 1.
75° 37'30" 75° 35' 00"

«rw i

40° 25'00" c

Base from US. Geological Survey East Greenville 1:24.0001980

.xi PENNSYLVANIA EXPLANATION

e BE-1584 BOREHOLE AND U.S. GEOLOGICAL 

SURVEY IDENTIFICATION NUMBER

SCALE 

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.6 1MILE

0 OJ2 0'.4 0.6 O.B 1 KILOMETER

LOCATION OF MAPPED AREA

Figure 1. Locations of boreholes logged at the Crossley Farms Superfund Site, Berks County, 

Pennsylvania.
Table 1. Boreholes logged at Crossley Farms Superfund Site, 

Berks County, Pennsylvania

[B, borehole-video log; C, caliper log; G, natural-gamma log; 

R, single-point-resistance log; F, fluid-resistivity log; 

T, fluid-temperature log; V, borehole-flow measurement]

U.S. Geological 

Survey boreholeidentification 

number

BE-1562

BE-1563

BE-1564

BE-1565

BE-1566

BE-1567

BE-1568

BE-1569

BE-1570

BE-1571

BE-1572

BE-1573

BE-1574

BE-1575

BE-1576

BE-1577

BE-1578

BE-1579

BE-1580

BE-1581

BE- 1582

BE-1583

BE-1584

Brown and Root 

Environmental Depth logged Geophysical logs 

identification (feet) run 

number

MW-8-R

MW-7-R

MW-7-DR

MW-6-R

MW-4-R

MW-5-R

MW-2-DR

MW-6-OB

MW-l-OB

MW-l-R

MW-l.l-OB

MW-1.2-OB

MW-2-OB

MW-2-R

MW-2.1-OB

MW-3-OB

MW-3-DOB

MW-4-OB

MW-5-OB

MW-5-DOB

MW-7-OB

Wetzel

92-17

121

94

122

94

233

299

302

37

56

162

41

44

26

50

60

23

69

21

33

100

58

278

435

B, C, G, R,

B, C, G, R,

B, C, G, R

B,G

B,G

B, C, G, R,

B, C, G, R,

B

B

B,G

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B

B, C, G, R,

B, C, G, R,

RT.V

RT,V

, RT

RT,V

RT, V

RT, V

RT,V
Location and Physiography of Site

The Crossley Farms Superfund Site is located in the Reading Prong Section of the New England 

Physiographic Province. The upland area of Blackhead Hill is underlain by Precambrian gneiss and 

Cambrian quartzite of the Hardystown Formation. The adjacent valley to the south and west is 

underlain mainly by Cambro-Ordovician dolomite of the Leithsville Formation. Bedrock is overlain 

by 30 to 120 ft of unconsolidated regolith (Roy F. Weston/IT, 1988).

Ground water moves through the pore spaces of the regolith and fractures in the bedrock. 

Within the Leithsville Formation, the fractures have been enlarged because of dissolution and 

weathering of the dolomite. Maps of the water table in the regolith indicate shallow ground water 

probably moves radially to the south and west from the summit of Blackhead Hill. Maps of the 

water table in the bedrock indicate a potential for ground-water movement from the quarry area to 

the south and west (Roy F. Weston/IT 1988). Within the Leithsville Formation, hydraulic gradients 

are much less steep than in the crystalline bedrock. Ground water apparently moves from 

Blackhead Hill toward the valley; however, specific flow paths of ground water are difficult to 

characterize because they can be affected greatly by the anisotropy of the fractured bedrock and 

heterogeneity of water-bearing zones.

Borehole-Geophysical Logs

Geophysical logs provide information on location of fractures and water-bearing and waterreceiving zones (caliper and video log), intervals of vertical borehole flow (fluid-resistivity and fluidtemperature logs), quantification of borehole flow (heat-pulse flowmeter logs), lithologic correlation 

(gamma and electric logs), and data on well construction (caliper and electric logs) where unknown.

Caliper logs provide a continuous record of average borehole diameter, which is related to 

fractures, lithology, and drilling technique. Caliper logs are used to identify fractures and possible 

water-producing openings and to correct other geophysical logs for changes in borehole diameter. 

Correlation of caliper logs with fluid-resistivity and fluid-temperature logs is used to identify 

fractures, water-producing zones, and water-receiving zones and to measure water velocity.

The natural-gamma or gamma log measures the natural-gamma radiation (photons) emitted 

from all rocks. The most common sources of gamma radiation are uranium-238, thorium-232, their 

daughter elements, and potassium-40. These radioactive elements are concentrated in clays by 

adsorption, precipitation, and ion exchange. Fine-grained sediments such as shale or siltstone 

usually emit more gamma radiation than sandstone, limestone, or dolomite. The gamma log can be 

run in or out of water or casing. However, casing does reduce the gamma response. The gamma log 

is used to correlate geologic units between wells (Keys, 1988).

The single-point-resistance log measures the electrical resistance of a formation between the 

probe in a water-filled borehole below casing and an electrical ground at land surface. Generally, 

electrical resistance increases with formation grain size and decreases with increasing borehole 

diameter, water-bearing fractures, and increasing dissolved-solids concentration of borehole fluid. 

The single-point-resistance log is used to correlate geology between wells and may help identify 

formation water-bearing zones. (Keys and MacCary, 1971).

Fluid resistivity is the inverse of fluid conductivity. The fluid-resistivity log measures the 

electrical resistivity of the water column in the well. The fluid-resistivity probe measures the 

resistivity of borehole water between electrodes in the probe. Fluid-resistivity logs reflect changes in 

the dissolved-solids concentration of the well water. Fluid-resistivity logs are used to identify waterproducing and water-receiving zones and to determine intervals of vertical borehole flow. Waterproducing and water-receiving zones are usually identified by distinct changes in resistivity. 

Intervals of vertical borehole flow are usually identified by a low-resistivity gradient between a 

water-producing and a water-receiving zone. Also, zones of salt-water intrusion and some types of 

contaminant plumes can be identified.
Fluid-temperature logs provide a continuous record of the vertical variation in temperature of 

the water in a borehole. Temperature logs are used to identify water-producing and water-receiving 

zones and to determine zones of vertical borehole flow. Intervals of vertical borehole flow are 

characterized by little or no temperature gradient (Williams and Conger, 1990).

The direction and rate of any movement of water in the borehole was determined by the use of a 

heat-pulse flowmeter. The heat-pulse flowmeter operates by heating a small sheet of water between 

two sensitive thermistors (heat sensors). A measurement of direction and rate is computed when a 

peak temperature is recorded by one of the thermistors. The range of flow measurement is about 

0.01-1.5 gal/min in a 2- to lO-in.-diameter borehole (Conger, 1996).

All flow measurements were conducted under ambient conditions. The flowmeter can measure 

flow only if pressure head differences exist between water-producing zones in the borehole.

Some heat-pulse-flowmeter measurements may be influenced by (1) an incomplete seal between 

the borehole and heat-pulse flowmeter and (2) contributions of water from storage within the 

borehole. If the seal between the borehole and flowmeter is not complete, some water can bypass the 

flowmeter, resulting in flow measurements that are less than the actual rate. When flowmeter 

measurements are conducted under pumping conditions, some measurements of flow rate may be 

affected if the water level in the borehole has not stabilized. When drawdown has not completely 

stabilized, a portion of the discharge water is contributed from storage within the borehole rather 

than from the aquifer. Although the heat-pulse flowmeter is a calibrated probe, the data are used 

primarily as a relative indicator to identify water-producing and water-receiving zones.

Borehole television logging was conducted by lowering a waterproof video camera down the 

borehole and recording the image on video tape. The depth indicated on the video log may not 

correspond exactly to the geophysical logs because of some minor slippage of the television cable.
EVALUATION OF BOREHOLE-GEOPHYSICAL LOGS

The locations of boreholes logged are shown on figure 1. The reference measuring point for all 

geophysical and video logs is land surface. Depth of wells, casing lengths, and water levels at the 

time of logging are given in feet below land surface (table 2).

Table 2. Well depth, casing length, and depth to water for boreholes logged by the U.S. Geological 

Survey at Crossley Farms Superfund Site, Berks County, Pennsylvania

[ft, feet]

U.S. Geological 

Survey boreholeidentification 

number

BE-1562

BE-1563

BE-1564

BE-1565

BE-1566

BE-1567

BE-1568

BE-1569

BE-1570

BE-1571

BE-1572

BE-1573

BE-1574 

BE-1575

BE-1576

BE-1577

BE-1578

BE-1579

BE-1580

BE-1581

BE-1582

BE-1583

BE-1584

Depth of well 

below land 

surface 

(ft)

121

94

122

94

232

299

302

37

56

162

41

44

26 

50

60

23

69

21

33

100

58

278

435

Length of casing 

and screen 

below land 

surface 

(ft)

76

58

108

94

228

196

56

37

56

undetermined1

41

44

26

undetermined1

60

23

69

21

33

100

58

256

54

Open (O) or 

screened (S) 

interval below 

land surface 

(ft)

76-121 (O)

58-94 (O)

108-122 (O)

collapsed

228-233 (O)

196-299 (O)

56-302 (O)

29-37 (S)

46-56 (S)

31-41 (S)

34-44 (S)

16-26 (S)

50-60 (S)

13-23 (S)

49-69 (S)

11-21 (S)

23-33 (S)

82-100 (S)

38-58 (S)

56-278 (O)

54-435 (O)

Depth to water 

below 

land surface 

(ft)

13.07

47.50

47.76

49.33

57.05

33.91

24.07

20.8

20.0

27.15

31.9

39.3

dry 

26.5

40.3

.5

30.2

1.7

24.1

55.1

49.2

31.98

3.64

Date 

water level 

measured

4/24/97

4/25/97

4/25/97

4/25/97

4/25/97

4/25/97

5/2/97

5/2/97

5/8/97

5/7/97

5/8/97

5/8/97

5/6/97 

5/6/97

5/8/97

5/6/97

5/6/97

5/6/97

5/8/97

5/8/97

5/6/97

5/6/97

5/8/97

1 Unable to determine visually; water cloudy.

2 Apparent casing depth.
BE-1562 (MW-8-R)

The caliper log shows the total depth of the borehole is 121 ft and it is cased with 6-in.-diameter 

casing (fig. 2). The static water level was 13.07 ft bis (below land surface). The single-pointresistance log shows steel casing to 76 ft bis. The caliper log shows major fractures at 98-102 and 

118-121 ft bis and several minor fractures throughout the open-hole interval. The fluid-resistivity 

log shows a change in slope at approximately 76 ft bis that correlates to a minor fracture shown on 

the caliper log. The video log shows the borehole water becomes slightly cloudy below casing, more 

cloudy at 91 ft bis, then visibility declines to zero near the bottom of the borehole. Under ambient 

conditions, the heat-pulse flowmeter measured upward borehole flow at 86, 96, and 108.5 ft bis 

(table 3). The geophysical logs and the heat-pulse-flowmeter data indicate water enters the borehole 

through the large fracture at 118-121 ft bis, moves upward, and exits the borehole through a small 

fracture near the bottom of casing at 76 ft bis. If the water produced at the fracture at 118-121 ft bis 

is contaminated, leaving this well as an open borehole may cross-contaminate the water-receiving 

zone. A screen and sand placed at 111-121 ft bis would include the water-producing fractures at 

118-121 ft bis.

Table 3. Summary of heat-pulse-flowmeter 

measurements for borehole BE-1562 (MW-8-R) 

at Crossley Farms Superfund Site, Berks County, 

Pennsylvania

[ft bis, feet below land surface; gal/min, gallons 

per minute]

Flow rate under ._. .. Depth ambient F'ow d.recfton

70 no flow

86 0.20 up

96 .24 up

108.5 .27 up
-n CD 

(ST 2 c ?r o

<Q O ^- 

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SURFACE LAND BELOW FEET IN DEPTH, 

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CDm

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O5

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CD 

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CO

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PS g 

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CD 

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33m O

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§ O
BE-1563 (MW-7-R)

The caliper log shows the total depth of the borehole is 94 ft and it is cased with 6.25-in.- 

diameter casing (fig. 3). The static water level was 47.50 ft bis. The single-point-resistance log shows 

steel casing to 58 ft bis. The caliper log shows a fracture at 93 ft bis and only minor fractures 

throughout the open-hole interval. The fluid-resistivity log shows a change in slope at 58-60 ft bis 

that correlates to minor fractures on the caliper log. The video log shows the borehole water becomes 

slightly cloudy near the bottom of casing. Under ambient conditions, the heat-pulse-flowmeter data 

indicated upward borehole flow at 50, 56, 66, 74, and 84 ft bis (table 4). The geophysical logs and the 

heat-pulse-flowmeter data indicate water enters the borehole through the fracture at 93 ft bis, 

moves upward, and exits the borehole through a break in casing above 50 ft bis. If the water 

produced by the fracture at 93 ft bis is contaminated, leaving this well as an unrepaired open 

borehole may cross-contaminate the shallow water-producing zones. Screen and sand placed at 

84-94 ft bis would include the water-producing zone at 93 ft bis.

Table 4. Summary of heat-pulse-flowmeter 

measurements for borehole BE-1563 (MW-7-R) 

at Crossley Farms Superfund Site, Berks County, 

Pennsylvania

[ft bis, feet below land surface; gal/min, gallons 

per minute]

Flow rate _. .. .. Flow direction

(galMn) condltons

50 0.15 up

56 .13 up

66 .13 up

74 .09 up

84 .11 up

10
(CALIPER)

HOLE DIAMETER,

IN INCHES

NATURAL GAMMA, SINGLE-POINT 

IN COUNTS PER SECOND RESISTANCE, IN OHMS

FLUID RESISTIVITY, 

IN OHM-METERS

FLUID TEMPERATURE. 

IN DEGREES CELSIUS

6 8 0 50 100 150 0 300 600 900 0 60 120 180 8 10

10 -

20 -

30

40

fc 50

UJ

60

70

80

90

100

0.15

 0.13t

 0.09^

Figure 3. Borehole-geophysical logs for borehole BE-1563 (MW-7-R), collected on April 25,1997, Crossley Farms Superf

Berks County, Pennsylvania.
BE-1564 (MW-7-DR)

The caliper log shows the total depth of the borehole is 122 ft and it is cased with 6.25-in.- 

diameter casing (fig. 4). The static water level was 47.76 ft bis. The single-point-resistance log shows 

steel casing extends to 108 ft bis. The caliper log shows a major fracture at 115 ft bis. The singlepoint-resistance log shows a spike at 115 ft bis that correlates to a fracture shown on the caliper log, 

which indicates a water-producing zone. The video log shows the borehole water becoming slightly 

cloudy in the open hole and a large horizontal fracture at 115 ft bis. A screen placed at 110-120 ft bis 

would include the apparent water-producing zone at 115 ft bis.

BE-1565 (MW-6-R)

Only the gamma and video logs were run in this borehole. The static water level was 

49.33 ft bis. The gamma log shows the total depth of the borehole is 94 ft bis (fig. 5). The borehole 

video log shows the casing is in good condition and extends to at least 94 ft bis. The borehole has 

completely collapsed below the casing; no open hole exists.

BE-1566 (MW-4-R)

The gamma and video logs were run in this borehole. The static water level was 57.05 ft bis. The 

gamma log shows the total depth of the borehole is 232 ft bis and it is cased with steel to 228 ft bis 

(fig. 6). The borehole-video log shows the casing is broken or cracked above a joint at 46 ft bis. The 

video log identified fractures at 228-230 ft bis and a large vertical fracture at 232 ft bis. If water is 

produced by fractures near the break in casing at 46 ft bis and is contaminated, leaving this well 

unrepaired may cross-contaminate water-receiving zones. A screen placed at 228-232 ft bis would 

include the current open-hole interval and restrict any vertical flow caused as a result of damaged 

casing.

12
(CALIPER) 

HOLE DIAMETER, 

IN INCHES

5678 

0 

10

20

30

UJ

0

&

DC 40

aQ

| 50

g

3 60

UJ

CO

UJ -7A

uj 70

u.

z

£ 80

UJ

Q

90

100

110

120 

ian

-

-

-

-

_

.

':

'

':

-

'-_

-

X ;

-

'.

_

-

' 

-

r

Jf~

NATURAL GAMMA, SINGLE-POINT 

IN COUNTS PER SECOND RESISTANCE, IN OHMS

FLUID RESISTIVITY, 

IN OHM-METERS

FLU ID TEMPERATUR

IN DEGREES CELSI

100 200 1,000 2,000 50 100 150 8 

Figure 4. Borehole-geophysical logs for borehole BE-1564 (MW-7-DR), collected on April 25,1997, Crossley Farms Supe

Berks County, Pennsylvania.
NATURAL GAMMA, 

IN COUNTS PER SECOND

NATURAL GAMMA, 

IN COUNTS PER SECOND

50 100 150 60 120 180

EXPLANATION 

STATIC WATER LEVEL

20

40

60

80

100

120

160

180

200 -

220

100 240

Figure 5. Borehole-geophysical log 

for borehole BE-1565 (MW-6-R), 

collected on April 25,1997, 

Crossley Farms Superfund Site, 

Berks County, Pennsylvania.

Figure 6. Borehole-geophysical log 

for borehole BE-1566 (MW-4-R), 

collected on April 25,1997, 

Crossley Farms Superfund Site, 

Berks County, Pennsylvania.

14
BE-1567 (MW-5-R)

The caliper log shows the total depth of the borehole is 299 ft and it is cased with 6-in.-diameter 

casing (fig. 7). The static water level was 33.91 ft bis. The single-point-resistance log shows steel 

casing to 196 ft bis. The caliper log shows fractures at 206 ft bis and only minor fractures 

throughout the open-hole interval. The caliper log shows the bottom 9 ft of the borehole is filled with 

soft sediment. The fluid-resistivity and fluid-temperature logs show a change in slope at 269 ft bis 

that correlates to a minor fracture on the caliper log and may indicate a water-producing zone. The 

video log shows the visibility of the borehole water becomes zero below 52 ft bis. Under ambient 

conditions, the heat-pulse-flowmeter measurements indicated upward borehole flow at 199 and 

220 ft bis and no flow at 241 and 258 ft bis (table 5). The geophysical logs and the heat-pulseflowmeter data indicate water enters the borehole through the fractures between 222 and 238 ft bis 

moves upward and exits the borehole through fractures at approximately 196 ft bis. If the water 

produced by the fractures at 222-238 ft bis is contaminated, leaving this well as an open borehole 

may create cross-contamination of the deeper water-producing zones. A screen placed at 200-210 or 

221-241 ft bis would include the water-receiving and water-producing zone at 204 or 222-238 ft bis, 

respectively.

Table 5. Summary of heat-pulse-flowmeter 

measurements for borehole BE-1567 (MW-5-R) 

at Crossley Farms Superfund Site, Berks County, 

Pennsylvania

[ft bis, feet below land surface; gal/min, gallons 

per minute]

Flow rate

(gal/mm)

190 no flow

199 0.10 up

220 .20 up

241 no flow .

258 no flow

15
(CALIPER)

HOLE DIAMETER,

IN INCHES

8

NATURAL GAMMA, SINGLE-POINT 

IN COUNTS PER SECOND RESISTANCE, IN OHMS

FLUID RESISTIVITY, 

IN OHM-METERS

FLUID TEMPERATURE, 

IN DEGREES CELSIUS

u 

20

40

60

80

100

120

160

180 

200

220

240 

260 

280 

snn

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

-

 NF _ .

 0.20 f1 NF 

f NF

250 0 2.500 5,000 0 500 1,000 8.5 9.0 9.5

Figure 7. Borehole-geophysical logs for borehole BE-1567 (MW-5-R), collected on April 25,1997, Crossley Farms Superfun

Berks County, Pennsylvania.
BE-1568 (MW-2-DR)

The caliper log shows the total depth of the borehole is 302 ft and it is cased with 6-in.-diameter 

casing (fig. 8). The static water level was 24.07 ft bis. The single-point-resistance log shows steel 

casing to 56 ft bis. The caliper log shows numerous minor fractures throughout the open-hole 

interval. The fluid-resistivity log shows a sudden change in slope at about 70 ft bis that correlates to 

a minor fracture on the caliper log and may be indicative of lateral borehole flow. Under ambient 

conditions, the heat-pulse-flowmeter measurements indicate minor upward borehole flow at 250, 

264, 282, and 294 ft bis and no flow at 80,128, and 216 ft bis (table 6). The geophysical logs and the 

heat-pulse-flowmeter data indicate water enters the borehole through the fractures at 286 and 

300 ft bis, moves upward, and exits the borehole through fractures between 220 and 245 ft bis. If the 

water produced by the fractures at 286 and 300 ft bis is contaminated, leaving this well as an open 

borehole may create cross-contamination of the deeper water-producing zones. A screen placed at 

220-245 ft bis or 250-300 ft bis would include the minor water-receiving and water-producing 

fractures, respectively, at these intervals.

Table 6. Summary of heat-pulse-flowmeter 

measurements for borehole BE-1568 (MW-2-DR) 

at Crossley Farms Superfund Site, Berks County, 

Pennsylvania

[ft bis, feet below land surface; gal/min, gallons 

per minute]

J; lowra'e t Flow direction Depth (ft bis) underambient under ambient

80

128

216

250

264

282

294

no flow

no flow

no flow

0.06

.05

.08

.05

up

up

up

up

BE-1589 (MW-6-OB)

Only the borehole-video log was run in this well. The log shows the total depth of the borehole is 

37 ft bis and it is screened from 29 to at least 37 ft bis. The static water level was 20.8 ft bis. The 

PVC casing is broken and misaligned at 3 ft bis and leaking below a joint at 19.5 ft bis. The video log 

shows silt on the bottom of the well.

BE-1570 (MW-l-OB)

Only the borehole-video log was run in this well. The log shows the total depth of the borehole is 

56 ft bis and it is screened with PVC from about 47 to 56 ft bis. The static water level was 20.0 ft bis. 

The video log shows dirty joints at 7.4,17.4, and 36.7-46.7 ft bis, indicating locations of possible 

seepage into the well. The video log shows an apparent high water-level mark (stain) at 13.7 ft bis, 

staining possibly from iron or bacteria at 48 ft bis, and silt on the bottom at 56 ft bis.

17
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BE-157KMW-1-R)

The gamma and borehole-video logs were run in this borehole. The gamma log shows the total 

depth of the borehole is 162 ft bis (fig. 9). The static water level was 27.15 ft bis. The video log could 

not define depth of casing because of poor visibility. The video log shows the water becomes cloudy 

below 60 ft bis, the borehole becomes visually out of plumb at 135 ft bis, and visibility becomes very 

low at 150 ft bis to bottom. This borehole is the most contaminated with volatile organic compounds 

(Halliburton, NUS, written commun., 1996).

NATURAL GAMMA, 

IN COUNTS PER SECOND

EXPLANATION 

Z STATIC WATER LEVEL

Figure 9. Borehole-geophysical log for 

borehole BE-1571 (MW-1-R), collected on 

May 7,1997, Crossley Farms Superfund 

Site, Berks County, Pennsylvania.

19
BE-1572 (MW-l.l-OB)

Only the borehole-video log was run in this well. The log shows the total depth of the well is 

41 ft bis and it is screened with PVC from 31 to 41 ft bis. The static water level was 31.9 ft bis. The 

video log shows light-colored staining at 11.7 and 25-27 ft bis, indicating possible seepage into the 

well. PVC casing threads are visible at the top of the PVC screen at 30.8 ft bis, indicating incomplete 

tightening of the casing joint.

BE-1573 (MW-1.2-OB)

Only the borehole-video log was run in this well. The log shows the total depth of the well is 

44 ft bis and it is screened from 34 to 44 ft bis. The static water level was 39.3 ft bis. The video log 

shows an apparent high water mark at 22.6 ft bis and light-colored staining at 32.7 and 36 ft bis, 

indicating locations of possible seepage into the well. Some type of debris and staining are located 

just below water level at 39.3 ft bis. PVC casing threads are visible at the top of the screen at 

34 ft bis, indicating incomplete tightening of the casing joint.

BE-1574 (MW-2-OB)

Only the borehole-video log was run in this borehole. The log shows the total depth of the well is 

26 ft bis and it is screened with PVC from 15.8 to 25.8 ft bis. The borehole-video log shows the well 

has dry, brown stains at 13.5,19.8, and 24.5 ft bis (may indicate previous water levels), an 

undefined semicircle on the PVC screen at 20.5 ft bis, and debris on well bottom.

BE-1575 (MW-2-R)

Only the borehole-video log was run in this well. The log shows the total depth of the borehole is 

50 ft bis. The static water level was 26.5 ft bis. The video log could not define the depth of steel 

casing because of poor visibility. The borehole-video log shows large openings and horizontal 

fractures at 35 and 42 ft bis. The borehole is partially constricted at 42 ft bis because of shifting of 

loose formation material.

BE-1576 (MW-2.1-OB)

Only the borehole-video log was run in this well. The log shows the total depth is 60 ft bis and it 

is screened with PVC casing from approximately 50 to 60 ft bis. The static water level was 

40.3 ft bis. The video log shows stains at 33.4, 39.2, and 45 ft bis that may indicate different static 

water levels. The screen is slightly stained and dirty.

BE-1577 (MW-3-OB)

Only the borehole-video log was run in this well. The log shows the total depth is 23 ft bis and it 

is screened with PVC casing from 13 to 23 ft bis. The static water level was 0.5 ft bis. An orange 

paint-can cap had to be removed from the well before logging. The video log shows a very dirty 

casing, debris at 15.5 ft bis, and sand and silt on the bottom of well.

20
BE-1578 (MW-3-DOB)

Only the borehole-video log was run in this well. The log shows the total depth is 69 ft bis and it 

is screened with PVC casing from 49.5 ft bis to the visible bottom. The static water level was 

30.2 ft bis. The borehole video log shows debris at 26 ft bis, possibly indicating a high water level. 

The casing is chipped at 29.7 ft bis, debris is seen at 67.1 ft bis, and sand and silt on the bottom 

appear to contain PVC shreds.

BE-1579 (MW-4-OB)

Only the borehole-video log was run in this well. The log shows the total depth is 21 ft bis and it 

is screened with PVC casing from 11 to 21 ft bis. The static water level was 1.7 ft bis. The boreholevideo log shows the well is clean with little debris or dirt and only slight sediment on the bottom.

BE-1580 (MW-5-OB)

Only the borehole-video log was run in this well. The log shows the total depth is 33 ft bis and it 

is screened with PVC casing from 23 to 33 ft bis. The static water level was 24.1 ft bis. The boreholevideo log shows organic material growing on joint threads at 4.9 ft bis, moisture and possible 

bacterial growth at the joint at 13 ft bis, and stain marks at 16.6, 19.8, and 20.9 ft bis that may 

indicate different static water levels. The PVC screen is stained and coated beginning at 26.2 ft bis 

to bottom.

BE-1581 (MW-5-DOB)

Only the borehole-video log was run in this well. The log shows the total depth is 100 ft bis and 

it is screened with PVC casing from approximately 80 to at least 100 ft bis. The static water level 

was 55.1 ft bis. The borehole video log shows white material that may be the bentonite used to seal 

the annulus between the borehole and the PVC casing coming from the joint at 52.5 ft bis. The video 

shows possible bacteria staining below 59 ft bis that increases with depth. The PVC screen is 

stained and partly coated or clogged for its entire length.

BE-1582 (MW-7-OB)

Only the borehole-video log was run in this well. The log shows the total depth is 58 ft bis and it 

is screened with PVC casing from 38 to 58 ft bis. The static water level was 49.2 ft bis. The boreholevideo log indicates possible seepage from the joint at 28 ft bis. Joint threads are visible at the top of 

the screen at 38 ft bis, indicating incomplete tightening. The video shows the casing is dirty and 

stained the entire length, especially below 28 ft bis. The screen is dirty and shows unknown deposits 

at 41.5 and 44 ft bis; some silt or sand is on the well bottom.

21
BE-1583 (Wetzel)

The caliper log shows the total depth of the borehole is 278 ft and it is cased with 6-in.-diameter 

casing (fig. 10). The single-point-resistance log shows steel casing to 56 ft bis. The static water level 

was 31.98 ft bis. The caliper log shows only minor fractures throughout the open-hole interval and a 

minor constriction at 269 ft bis. The caliper log shows the bottom 7 ft of the borehole is filled with 

soft sediment. Under ambient conditions, the heat-pulse-flowmeter measurements indicated upward 

borehole flow at 60, 80, 100,150, 200, 250, and 260 ft bis (table 7). The borehole video shows near 

zero visibility from water level to 82 ft bis, partial clearing near 82 ft bis, and poor visibility below 

150 ft bis. The geophysical logs and the heat-pulse-flowmeter data indicate water enters the 

borehole through the fractures below 260 ft bis, moves upward, and exits the borehole through 

fractures at 84 and 57 ft bis. If the water produced by the fractures below 260 ft bis is contaminated, 

leaving this well as an open borehole may create cross-contamination of the shallow aquifer. A 

screen placed at 250-270 ft bis would include the water-producing fractures below 260 ft bis.

Table 7. Summary of heat-pulse-flowmeter 

measurements for borehole BE-1583 (Wetzel) 

at Crossley Farms Superfund Site, Berks County, 

Pennsylvania

[ft bis, feet below land surface; gal/min, gallons 

per minute]

, . , (gal/mm)

u*~

conditions

50

60

80

100

150

200

250

260

no flow

0.06

.09

.26

.43

.32

.32

.33

up

up

up

up

up

up

up

22
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BE-1584 (92-17)

The caliper log shows the total depth of the borehole is 435 ft and it is cased with 6-in.-diameter 

casing to approximately 54 ft bis (fig. 11). The static water level was 3.64 ft bis. The caliper log 

shows major fractures at 54.5-59,162, and 276-278 ft bis and numerous minor fractures throughout 

the open-hole interval. The fluid-resistivity and fluid-temperature logs show changes in slope at 

approximately 60,110, and 320 ft bis. Under ambient conditions, the heat-pulse-flowmeter 

measurements indicated upward borehole flow at 64, 70, 80,124,150, 200, 264, 302, 350, and 

401 ft bis; downward flow at 88 and 100 ft bis, and no flow at 420 ft bis (table 8). The borehole video 

shows the water column is very cloudy with many suspended particles. Partial clearing does occur at 

66-68 ft bis. The geophysical logs and the heat-pulse-flowmeter data indicate water enters the 

borehole through the fractures below 400 ft bis, at 320, 276-278, and about 130 ft bis, moves 

upward, and exits the borehole through fractures at 102-117 ft bis. Also, water enters the borehole 

through fractures at 83 ft bis, moves upward and downward, and exits the borehole through 

fractures at 59 and 102-117 ft bis, respectively. If the water produced by the fractures below 

400 ft bis, at 320, at 276-278, and approximately 130 ft bis is contaminated, leaving this well as an 

open borehole may create cross-contamination of the intermediate or shallow aquifer.

Table 8. Summary of heat-pulse-flowmeter 

measurements for borehole BE-1584 (92-17) 

at Crossley Farms Superfund Site, Berks County, 

Pennsylvania

[ft bis, feet below land surface; gal/min, gallons 

per minute]

Depth (ft bis)

64

70

80

88

100

124

150

200

264

302

350

401

420

Flow rate 

under ambient 

conditions 

(gal/min)

0.23

.07

.07

.28

.68

.80

.43

.38

.49

.42

.06

.06

no flow

Flow direction 

under ambient 

conditions

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up

up

down

down

up

up

up

up

up

up

up

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CONCLUSIONS

This report identifies water-producing zones, water-receiving zones, and intervals of vertical 

borehole flow and determines the condition of existing well construction by the use of geophysical 

logs, heat-pulse-flowmeter data, and video logs. These data will help evaluate horizontal and 

vertical distribution of any contaminated ground water migrating from known contaminant sources 

and the integrity of existing wells.

Boreholes located off the Crossley Farms Superfund Site, BE-1562 (MW-8R), BE-1563 (MW-7R), 

BE-1567 (MW-5R), and BE-1583 (Wetzel), are located down gradient from the Crossley Farms 

Superfund Site near the base of Blackhead Ridge and show upward ambient borehole flow. In these 

boreholes, water is produced through fractures between 90-270 ft bis, moves upward, and exits the 

borehole through fractures between 55-200 ft bis, indicating that these boreholes are located in 

areas of ground-water discharge.

Borehole BE-1568 (MW-2DR) is deep and shows only minor upward flow near the bottom. 

BE-1571 (MW-1R), located on-site down gradient from the contaminant source, penetrates a 

fracture zone, is high yielding, and is the most contaminated borehole.

Flowmetered boreholes BE-1562, BE-1563, BE-1564, BE-1567, BE-1568, and BE-1583 all show 

minor vertical flow within the borehole. Generally, water is produced near the bottom of the 

borehole, regardless of depth, moves upward, and exits the borehole through fractures near the 

bottom of casing. The upper fluid-receiving fractures apparently depend on the depth of casing in 

each borehole. Heat-pulse-flowmeter data indicate all boreholes penetrate one to three waterbearing zones depending on well depth. Well yield apparently depends on chance interception of 

interconnected water-producing fractures.

The video logs were useful for casing inspection, especially for PVC-screened wells. Screen 

intervals were verified and potential construction problems were identified in several wells. The 

video logs show that most wells were cloudy with poor visibility that may be partially a result of 

logging activities. Visibility was so poor in wells BE-1571 and BE-1575 that depth of casing could 

not be determined. The video log shows that BE-1566 (MW4-R) has broken casing at 46 ft bis.

REFERENCES CITED

Conger, R.W., 1996, Borehole geophysical logging for water-resources investigations in Pennsylvania: 

U.S. Geological Survey Fact Sheet 218-95, 4 p.

Halliburton NUS, 1995, Draft Remedial Investigation/Feasibility Study Project Operations Plan, 

Crossley Farms Site, Berks County, Pennsylvania: EPA Contract No. 68-W8-0037.

Keys, W.S., 1988, Borehole geophysics applied to ground-water investigations: U.S. Geological 

Survey Open-File Report 87-539, 305 p.

Keys, W.S., and MacCary, L.M., 1971, Application of borehole geophysics to water-resources

investigations: U.S. Geological Survey Techniques of Water-Resources Investigations, book 2, 

chap. El, 124 p.

Roy F. Weston/IT, 1988, Regional Hydrogeologic Investigation, Town of Hereford Site, Berks County, 

Pennsylvania: EPA Contract No. 68-03-3482.

Williams, J.H., and Conger, R.W, 1990, Preliminary delineation of contaminated water-bearing 

fractures intersected by open-hole bedrock wells: Groundwater Monitoring Review, Fall 1990, 

p. 118-121.

26