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All material eppr?aring m this report IS m the public domain and may be

reproduced or copied without permrson; c!tatlon as to source, however, IS

appreciated.

Suggested citation

National Center for Health Statlstlcs Advance data from wtal and health

statistics, number 171–1 80. National Center for Health Statlst!cs Vital Health

Stat 16(f 8). f 995
Vital and

Health Statistics

Advance Data

From Vital and

Health Statistics:

Numbers 171-180

Series 16:

Compilations of Advance Data

From Vital and Health Statistics

Not 18

Data in this report from health and demographic surveys present statistics by age

and olher variables on office visits to cardiovascular disease specialists,

characteristics of persons dying from heart and cerebrovascular diseases, use of

vitamin and mineral supplements, firearm mortality among children and youth, and

AIDS knowledge and attitudes, Estimates are based on the civilian noninstitufionalized population of the United States, These reports were originally

published in 1989,

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

Public Health Service

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

National Center for Health Statistics

Hyattsvllle, Maryland

April 1995

DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 95-1877
National Center for Health Statistics

Jack R. Anderson, Acting Director

Jennifer H. Madans, Ph. D., Acting Depu@ Director

Jacob J. Feldman, Ph. D., Associate Director for Analysis,

Epidemiology, and Health Promotion

Gail F. Fisher, Ph.D., Associate Director for Planning and

Extramural Programs

Peter L. Hurley, Associate Director for Wtal and Health

Statistics Systems

Robert A. Israel, Associate Director for International

Statistics

Stephen E. Nieberding, Associate Director for

Management

Charles J. Rothwell, Associate Director for Data

Processing and Services

Momoe G. Sirken, Ph. D., Associate Director for Research

and Methodology
Office Wits to Cardiovascular Disease Specialists, 1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No. 171

Characteristics of Persons Dying of Diseases of Hew Preliminary Data From the 1986 National Mortality

Followback Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No. 172

Characteristics of Persons Dying From AIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No. 173

Use of Vitamin and Mineral Supplements in the United States: Current Users, Types of Products,

and Nutrients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No. 174

AIDS Knowledge andAttitudes for December 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No. 175

AIDS Knowledge and Attitudes forJanuaryMarch 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No. 176

Utilization of Controlled Drugs in Office-Based Ambulatory Care: NationalAmbulatory Medical Care

Survey, 1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No. 177

Firearm Mortality Among Children and Youth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No. 178

AIDS Knowledge and Attitudes forApril-June 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No. 179

Characteristics of Persons Dying From Cerebrovascular Diseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . No. 180

...

1[1
Number 171 ● June 23, 1989

Advance

Data

From Vital and Health Statistics of the National Center far Health Statistics

Office Visits to Cardiovascular Disease Specialists,

by Cheryl Nelson, M. S.P.H., Division of Health Care Statistics

In 1985 an estimated 10.6 million

patient visits were made to the offices

of physicians specializing in cardiovascular disease. This represented 1.7

percent of all ambulatory visits to all

physician specialties. Patients seeking

health care services from cardiovascular disease specialists were generally

older than patients seeking care from

physicians in other specialties. Patients

45 years of age and older represented

87 percent of the ambulatory visits.

Patients 65 years of age and older

accounted for an estimated 5 million

visits and had a visit rate of 186 visits

per 1,000 persons (table 1). The mean

age of patients visiting cardiovascular

disease specialists was 61.7 years

(table 2). In other physician specialties, the next highest mean patient age

was about 54 years for internal medieine, ophthalmology, and urological

surgery.

Table 2. Mean age of visiting patienta by

physician specialty United States, 1985

Mean age 0/

Pty@cian speclany Wsiiirrgpatient

AllsPsclsltias. . . . . . . . . . . 39.6

Carxlbvasculerdisease. . . . . 61.7

Ophthalmology . . . . . . . . . 54.4

Internalmedicine . . . . . . . . 54.3

Urologicalsurgery. . . . . . . . 54.1

General surgery . . . . . . . . . 48.5

Neurology . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.3

Dermatology. . . . . . . . . . . 41.0

General and family practiie. . 40.2

Orthopad!c surgery . . . . . . . 40.0

Psychiatry. . . . . . . . . . . . 39.1

olorhinol~ngology . . . . . . %.5

Obslelrks and gynecology . . 32.5

Pediatrkx . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9

All other spacialtles. . . . . . . 46.2

This report is based on data from

the 1985 National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey (NAMCS). NAMCS,

a year-long probability sample survey

of the Nation’s office-based physicians,

was conducted annually from 1973

Table 1. Number, percent distribution, and rate of office visits to cardiovascular disease

specialists, by age of patient: United States, 1985

Number of visits Percenf Vb# rate per

Age of patWrt h hzmlnd.s distr(bufiw l.tMO oarsons

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,617 1W.o 45

Under 25years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “257 2.4 3

25-44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,112 10.5 16

45-64 yeers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,232 39.9 ee

06yearsand over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,015 47.2 1s6

1985

through 1981 and again in 1985 by the

Division of Health Care Statistics of

the National Center for Health Statistics. General findings from the 1985

NAMCS have been published (l).

In the office-based setting, visits

by white patients outnumbered visits

by black patients and by patients of

other races in seeking health care services from cardiovascular disease

specialists (table 3).

Established patient-physician relationships accounted for 88 percent of

the visits, and the majority of those

visits (78 percent) were from patients

with old problems returning to the

physician’s office (table 4). In

1975-76. established patient-physician

relationships amounted for 75 percent

of the visits to cardiovascular disease

specialists (2).

‘McLemore T, DeLozier J. 1985 summa~:

National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey.

Advance data from vital and health statwicx

no 128. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center

for Health Statistics. 1988.

‘Koch H. Office visits to cardiovascular specialists, National Ambulatory Medical Care

Survey, United States, 1975-76. Advance data

from vital and health statistics; no 42. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 1988.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

Public Health Service

National Center for Health Statistics

Manning Feinleib, M. D., Dr. P. H., Director

Centers for Disease Control
2 Advance Data

TaDie 3. Number and percent distribution of office visits to cardiovascular disease

specialists, by sex and race of patienk United States, 1985

Number o/ wstxs

Sex errd race of pslient h thousands dktrfDufbn

AIIWW19PSWW...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,617 100.0

sex

Femrde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.642 45.6

Male, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,775 54.4

Race

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,116 95.3

Blac< andother. ..,..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 4.7

Table 4. Number and percent distribution ofoffice visits to cardiovascular disease

specialists, by referrai status andprior visit stetus: United Statesj 1985

Referral status NumberofWfs Penxwrt

andpr@rvrsrtsfaIus In lfrousands distributkwr

All slaluaea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,617 100.0

Refenalstatus

Referred byanolher physima.n. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i78 7.3

Nolrefemdb yanolherphysican . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,636 92.7

Pncrvtstlslatus

New petLent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,239 11.7

Esta.blshed palien! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,378 68.3

New problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,061 10.2

Olcl problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,297 78.1

New problemvisit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,320 21.9

Return visit. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8297 78.1

Tabie5. Number and percent distribution ofofice visits tocardiovascular tisease

specialists, by patient’s principal reason for visit moduie: United States, 1985

Principal reason for visfl Number of visfls %-cant

moduleendRVC code’ Ifrthouserrds distributkm

All prlnclpel reasonsforvisit modules . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.617 100.0

Symptom module . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..S001+999 4,430 41.7

Generelsymptoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..s001-S099 1,782 16.8

Symploms referable lotherespiredorysystem. . . . . . . . . . .S400-S499 627 5.9

Symploms referable tothemueculoskelelal system . . . . . . .S900-S999 666 6.3

Dlseasamodule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..DOO1-D999 1,904 ~7.9

Dseasesofthe crculatorysysfem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .D500-D599 1,s62 14.7

Dlagnost$c, screening, and preventive module. . . . . . . . . . .XICO-X599 2.314 21.8

Treatmentmodule . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..TIOO-TSW 1,346

All othermoduleszs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12.7

623 5.9

1~: means “reason forviail cless~catlom- Cdes em based on .Schnsider D, Appleton 1. McLmncueT. A mcwnforvisti

C1-h.allonfor @lalorycsre. Nationsl@nterfor HeeithSlsiistics. WslHerdthSmS2~8). 1979.

‘Imtideslnjurkmard adwweffds tide, t~mHtiule, dtidsttilve tiule, dblmktiu~Weetirim

9Eati ~ulemp-msfwerttim,~~s]ts.

Table 6. Number and percent distiibutim ofotice visits to cardiovascular disease

specialists, bythemost common principal reason for visit: United States, 1985

Most common principal reason Number of visits percent

for wsit end RVC code’ kr ttrouserrds dktributhm

Allpnncipal reasons forviaft modules. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,617 100.0

General medlcei examination . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..X1OO 1,s01 14.1

Cheslpam andrela!ed symptoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..@50 1,214 11.4

Ischemw heart dlseese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..D515 707 6.7

Hyperlenshn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..1 . . . . . . . . ..D51O 418 3.9

Other hearldIseese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..D202O “351 3.3

AbfiormaJ pulsations andpalpilatiorts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .S260 ●349 3.3

ShorlneS of breath . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..S415 %?62 %?.5

Blood pressure test . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..X320 %54 ●2.4

Vetiigo-dizzmes s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..S225 ●229 +2.2

All otherreasons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,331 50.2

lRVO mmre.’’rn-n for visd classifiulion.” Cdm srsi Won .%hrwider D, Appleton L Mcl#srom, T.A mason fortisil

clmafcdt!onfor arrblatoryc-are. NalloneJCemerfor HedWSlatmtics. WslHeeilhSst2~8). 197S.

Patient’s reason forvisitingthe

physician

A symptom was most often given

by patients as the major reason for

visiting cardiovascular disease specialists (table 5). The general symptom

most often recorded as a reason for

visit was chest pain (table 6).130wever, the most often recorded reason

for visit was a general medical examination, accounting for about 14

percent of all reasons for visit. Diseases of t:. e circulatory system, such as

isxhemic heart disease and hypertension, were also among the most

common reasons forvisitingttse cardiovascular disease specizdist.

Physician diagnoses

Cardiovascular disease physicians

ordered or provided some type of

diagnostic service for the majo:rity of

their patients’ visits. No diagnostic services were utilized in almost 14

percent of the patient visits (table 7).

Except for internal medicine and

obstetrics and gynecology, cardiovasculardisease specialists used the blood

pressure check as a diagnostic tool

more often than did physiciansin

other specialties. In 70 percent of the

visits, cardiovascular physicians

ordered or provided a blood pressure

check. The EKG was another principal

diagnostic tool used by cardiovascular

disease physicians; in 30 percent of the

patient visits, the physicians ordered or

provided an EKG. Internists utilized

the EKG in 11 percent of their patient

visits; they ranked seeond to cardiovascular disease physicians in EKG

utilization.

Sixty-three percent of all visits ~o

cardiovascular disease physicians

resulted in diagnoses of diseases of the

circulatory system (table 8). Other

forms of chronic ischemic heart disease, essential hypertension, cardiac

dysrhythmias, angina pectoris, and

heart failure represented 48 percent of

the most common principal diagnoses

made by cardiovascular disease specialists (table 9).
Advance Data 3

Table 7. Number and percent distribution of office visits to cardiovascular dlseaaa

specialists, by number and type of dIagnosUc services ordered or provldad:

United States, 1985

NumLw md type of

s- eagnast~ SWVk8S NumOer of Ws Rwlxwt

ordered or provided h urouSsno3 dktrbutkm

MdlSgnOSllC S3NkeS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,617 100.0

Numlw of specrtlad cilagnoslfc S131VW

None . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,452 13.7

1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,165 39.4

2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2406 227

3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,144 10.8

4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 476 4-5

!iormor a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 951 a9

Type of dlagnoslb service9

None . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blccdpressura checl( . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

EKG . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Bfa.dchemlstiy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hematology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I.M@ysie. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C41estx-my . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Otherlebtest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Braastexanr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Otherradblogy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,452 13.7

7,478 70.4

3,206 302

1.670 17.6

1,472 13.3

1,110 10.5

979 92

728 6.9

717 6.7

3.4

2,928 27.6

Table 8. Number and percent distribution of office visits to cardiovascular disease

specialists, by principal diagnoses: UnitedStates, l 985

Pn71c@t dLegnosisend Numtmrofvists Percent

ED-9-CM code’ hmousarrds dkt~hnr

AlldLsgno.ws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,617 Im.o

Endocrine,nufiitbnel, andmetebolkdiseesas andimmuntly

dkorders . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..24G279 ●315 3.0

Dtsaaeesoflheclrculatorysystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...390-459 6,7W 63.1

Dtsaasasoflheresplratorysystem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...460-519 5.1

Dlseaeasoflhedigesttiesystem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...520-579 %?66 %?.5

Dlseasesofthe musculosl(eletal system.endconnecftvetks.ua . ..710-739 547 5.1

Sympfonss, slgns,and lll-definad condilbns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .7E&799 al 6.4

Injuryarsdpolsonlng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..61M-999 ?237 %22

supplansenlaryclessfkatb n.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..VO1-V62 605

Ofhe# . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.7

721 6.8

Iwmlbldmtw c%wJ7cafimofLwUs# ,vmmvftia;hk.d McdnWbI(7CW.Cq.

?rEMn hfectkas d WSMC dlsaa (WI-136); MOPkSMJ (140-239); mwdd dborders (293-31S); disessesot llm mwa

systemudserw quo pZO-369):disesiae oftlmg.nlcwltury system(S60-&S~ diseas8s c4theskinamS9kul—

th8ue(660-703fidls.ss Ofttablcalsrdbbcd fom’iqa+Qwf2S&2SS): sompkstionad~mncy, chldtalh,andlha

w-m(~W; =w~~ -*- (7@-W;*~n o=Mbre&ghMg lnftup.dti@od (n3J+7wsnd

Mnk, mncadable, h Illeg!ble dhg-.

Table 9. Number and percent distribution of office visits to cardiovascular disease

speclallsts, by the most common principal dlagnosix United States, 1985

Most common prkrcipal dh?nasb Mimt9rofvkU.s Rwcwnt

srsd ICD-9-CM code h Unxmeno3 dkfiXxMc$r

Atldiagnoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,617 1C9.O

Otherformsof ctvonk Ischemic heart disaesa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...414 2232 21.o

Essential hypertensbn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...401 1209 121

Cftrdlecdysmythmhs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...427 624 6.0

Angimlpectorb . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...413 576 5.4

Heart feslure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...428 366 3.5

Symptoms involving respra.tory system end other chast symploms. . ..766 %20 3.0

Ofherdiseases oflheendwardlum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...424 “316

if14efined descriplbns andcomplkatbns c4heartdbaase . . . . . . ...429 %?14 2

Dbbetesmellitus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..264I ●I 62 ●1.5

Allotherdlagnoses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,501 424
4 Actvanoe Data

Table 10. Number and percent distribution of office visits to cardiovascular disease

specialists, by type of vkslt ●nd number of medlcatiorw prescribed or ordered:

United States, 1985

~ofvtsdarrd Number of VWS. PwcerrI

number of rnedkatbrls h moL6ande Oktrbutkvr

Allvtslts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,617 100.0

Nodrugvkft (Omadkations) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2032 19.1

Drug vteM. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,565 60.9

Number of medketbns

l................................. 1,543 14.5

2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,704 16.0

3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,641 15.5

4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,543 14.5

5ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,153 20.3

Table ll. Number and percent distribution ofthe most common drug mentionsln the

office-based practice of cardiovascular disease specialists, by therapeutic category

United Statesjl 985

Number of

drugmentbns Penwrt

Thenqw.dk COf~O?+ h ttrousands dktributkrn

Alldrugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,812 100.0

Crtrdbvascularrkugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,427 46.4

Cardlacdnsgs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,196 23.1

Vasodllaflngdrugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.699 13.8

Hypolensivedrugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.466 9.2

Eleclrolyllc, calork, andwaterbalenca agents. . . . 4,860 18.1

DlureUcs... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,448 12.9

Replacementsolutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,162 4.3

Central nenroussystemdmgs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,116 11.6

AnalgeslcsmdantlpyretCs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,769 6.7

NonsteroidaJarrtHrrflammatoryagents. . . . . . . 1,470 5.5

Wb~l~,WatNes,mdh~noI~ . . . . . . . . . 873 3.3

Banzodiezeplnes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ●7I 6 27

Horrnonesend synthetic substitutee . . . . . . . . . . . 1,273 4.8

Antldiabeticagents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *648

Geslrointestinaldrugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.4

997 3.7

Blood formation andcoaguiatbn agents . . . . . . . . So4 3.0

Anticoagulants. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ●697

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26

3,335 124

‘BasedontheAmerisan Hm@t.slFurrsIlmySaniiceClasslficafion SyslemDrugProducf l&ormskm File,TheArneriun Oruggist

BlueBookOataCerter. SanBrum,WK., 1SSS.

‘Incbdes antihistarrine dfugq erdiilnfec!iiagents; errtheoplassk agenlx wtonom”c dmgq srnltissive, espdaanls, end

Mucolytlc agents; eye, W, MSG. MCI throat (EENl) prepnmriow k-ad anesthstla se!wns, tctdds, srd xineq skin USI

rmxous membrane qmw smmth muscle relaxant+ vitamiq 041w srd undetermined.

Table 12. Number, percent, andtherapeutic use ofthe lOdrugs mostfrequently utiiized

in the office practice of cardiovascular disease specialists, by entry name: United States,

1985

Numberofmentbrs

Entryrremeofdrug’ irrtlrousends Percent Ttrerepeutkuse

All . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,612 100.0

Lanoxln (d!goxin) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,442 5.4 Cardbtonk

Lastx(turoeemlde) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,361 5.1 Dluretk

Indemf(proprarrolot) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,174 4.4 Cardbtonk

Dyazkle (frlamterene, fryctrochlorothtie) . . 966 Diuretk

Persantlne (dlpyridarnole). . . . . . . . . . . . . %67 E Vasodffator

tsordil (koeorblde) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %66 26 Vasodlkdor

Cbumadln (warfartn) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “6s3 2.5 Antkoagulant

DQoxln . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %74 25 Csrdbtonk

Ntfroglycerln . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %43 24 Vasodllator

Procardia (nlfedplne), . . . . . . . . . . . . . . “630 2.4 Cardiotonic

‘Tm!radeorgsmm rssrmusedbytlw physicimontiw pmewiptlonorolher rmdd mcotds.Trsde -dtugentries rum

●-mpanmd by pamrriiwslzed @rwic Ingredients.

Medication therapy

The 26milIion drugs prescribed

or providedby cardiovascular (disease

physicizmsaecount foralmost4percent ofall drugs reported byall

specialties. Drugs mentioned inv-isits

to general and faily practitioners and

intemistsaccount forthemajority (54

percent) ofall reported drugs(3).

Medication wasprescriied or]provided

by cardiovascular disease specialists in

almost 81 percent ofthevisits

(table 10); that was more oftemlthan in

anyother physician specialty. General

and family practitioners and internists,

respectively, prescribed or provided

drugs in 72 and 77 percent of tkeir

visits. Cardiovascular disease physiciansprescriied or provided two or

more medicationsin 66 percent of

their visits; general and family practitioners and internists prescribed or

provided twoormore medicationsin

only33 and 45 percent of their visits,

respectively. The average nurnberof

drugs prescnied or provided by cardiovaseukr physicians was 2.5 drugs

per visit. When drugs were prescribed

or ordered by cardiovascular disease

physicians, the average number of

drugs per drug visit was 3.1.

Forty-six percent of the drugs

reported by cardiovascular disease

physicians were classified as cardiovascular drugs-specifically, cardiac

drugs, vasodilating drugs, and bypotensive drugs (table 11). The cardiac drug

Lanoxin accounted for 5 percent of

the drugs reported. Digoxin, the principal generic ingredient of Lancmin,

was mentioned at least 2 percent of

the time (table 12). Digoxin, as a

generic ingredient, accounted for 7

percent of all drug ingredients

(table 13).

Counseling was the princip;d

mediation therapy utilized by

cardiovascular disease specizdis[s

(table 14).

non-

~~oc. H. ~ghligh~ of dNg @.liZation in office

prati”ce, National Ambulatory Medical Care

Survey, 1985. Advance dats from vitsl and

health statistics; no 134. Hyattsvilie, Maryland:

National Center for Heatth Statistics. 19s8.
Advance Data 5

Table 13. Number and percent of the 10 generic Ingredients most frequently utfllzed h

the office practfce of cardtovaacular disease specialists: United States, 1985

Numb6f ofmentbrrs

Generb krgfedkmts h ttrousands I%fcerlt

All’................................ 30,3W Ilxr.o

Digoxln . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1313 7.1

Nttrogtycarin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

I.eze 6.0

Hy@ocrlloromlazhie..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,74’6 5.8

Furosemlde . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,361 4.5

Pfupranoiol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,224 4.0

Polasslum replacamentsolutbns. . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.065 3.6

Trtamterene . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.005 3.3

Aspiri n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . WI 3.3

tsosorb~e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 971 3.2

Dlpyrkfamole . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85S 20

1- _ ~re gemdc Iwr~,Om Ikkt u usedInOK= P=rica ~ OW —ofdrugs ~ahufe-dn.q can

haw rdtlplo generic Ingrodlmrs.”

Table 14. Number and percent distribution of office visits to cardiovascular disease

apeciaiists, bytiemost common nonmedicatlon tierapy ordered orprovIdti.

United States, 1985

Numberofvisfls Pwcent

Nonmed&stbrt17erapy h tlrousarrds distn&uihnl’

Allnonmedlcationtherapias... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,617 100.0

None . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,597 81.0

Dkelcounsellng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601 6.2

Ofhercou eeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

J’

1,179 11.1

AJlolhe#’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 506 4.8

Table 15. Number andpercent distiibuUon ofoffice visits to cardiovascular disease

specialists, bydurationof visiti United States, 1985

Numln?r of wsrts Pelcent

Ducst&n h :housarrds disfnbuibn

Allduratlons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ominutasl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-5mlnufes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6-10mlnutes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11-15minutes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-30mlnutes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31-60mlnutes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

elmlnutesanctover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10,617

%

1,023

3,390

4,431

“165

100.0

3.7

%1

9.6

31.9

41.7

9.1

●1.8

‘F@pm.eris offka VMS lnWuh there W8Sm bto-fus canlact betwcan the psIktx ad ttu pt@cian.

Table 16. Number and percent distribution of office visits to cardiovascular disease

specialists, by disposition: United States, 1985

Numberofvisifs

Dlsposrtton

Percent

h ttrousantis dotnbutbn’

Aildlspostbns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,617 llN.o

NofoHowup plenned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533 5.0

Retumetspacifladtlme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,501 80.1

Retumtfnaeded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728 6.9

Telephonafollowupplanned. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 361 3.6

Referrediootfterphyslclan...... . . . . . . . . . . . ●328 3.1

Relumtoreferring physkii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.4

Mmlttohosptal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -z? %26

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ●52 W.5

Duration and disposition of visit

The mean duration of all visits to

cardiovascular disease spea”alists was

22 minutes. Seventy-three percentof

thosevisits hada duration ofbetween

lland30 minutes (table 15). However, when patient visits arestratifid

by the patient’s prior visit status, the

mean duration ofvisit was38 minutes

for newpatients and 20 minutes for

established patients.

Some type of’’retum” disposition

was given in 92 percent ofw-sitstoctidiovascukr disease specialists; eighty

percent ofvisitswere given thedisposition of “return at a specified time”

(tabIe 16).
6 Advance Data

Technical notes in office practice, but not in the spe- response rate for the 1985 NAMCS

cialties of anesthesiology, pathology, or was 70 percent: the remcmse rate for

Source of data and sample

design

The information presented in this

report is based on data collected by

means of the National Ambulatory

Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) from

March 1985 through February 1986.

The target universe of NAMCS

includes office visits made within the

coterminous United States by ambulatory patients to nonfederally employed

physicians who are principally engaged

radiology. Telephone c&tacts and

nonoffice visits are excluded.

A multistage probability sample

design is used in NAMCS, involving

samples of primary sampling units

(PSU’S), physician practices within

PSU’S, and patient visits within physician practices. For 1985 a sample of

5,032 non-Federal, office-based physicians was selected from master files

maintained by the American Medical

Association and the Anerican Osteopathic Association. The physician

.

cardiovascdar disease specialists was

51 percent. Sample physicians were

asked to complete patient records (see

text figure) for a systematic random

sample of office visits occurring during

a randomly assigned l-week reporting

period. Responding physicians

completed 71,594 patient records;

1,506 patient records were frolm

cardiovascular disease specialists.

Characteristics of the physician’s practice, such as primary specialty and type

of practice, were obtained during an

Fgure. 1985 F&bond Ambubtow Me&al Care SLWey patient record
Advance Data 7

induction interview. The National

Opinion Research Center, under

contract to NCHS, was responsible for

the survey’s data collection and processing operations.

Adjustments for nonresponse

Estimates from NAMCS data

were adjusted to account for sample

physicians who were in scope but did

not participate in the study. This

adjustment was calculated to minimize

the impact of response on final estimates by imputing to nonresponding

physicians the practice characteristics

of similar responding physicians. For

this purpose, physicians were judged

similax if they had the same specialty

designation and practiced in the same

Psu.

Sampling errors

The standard error is primarily a

measure of the sampling variability

that occurs by chance when only a

sample, rather than an entire universe,

is surveyed. The relative standard

error of an estimate is obtained by

dividing the standard error by the estimate itsel~ the result is then expressed

as a percent of the estimate. These

measurements are applied to office

visits in tables I and II; in tables 111

and IV they are applied to drug

mentions.

Rounding

In the tables, estimates of office

visits have been rounded to the

Table L Relative standard errors of

estimated numbers of oftice visits to

cardiovascular disease specialists:

National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey,

1985.

Estimakd number

of offce visfls t3ela!iw standard

h thousands error In pwcent

100*................

~*.. ..............

363 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

503 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,0tK1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5,C00 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Io,ooo. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30,000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

55.0

324

30.0

25.5

18.8

12.5

10.8

9.4

8.3

GzrnQJ@ of use of table An aggregate estlnmle cf 4,000,00J

visils Iws a relative slandard error of 11.5 pcert or a

srsndsid error of 4m,coo visiis (11.5 percanl C44,000,000).

Table Il. Approximate standard errors of percent of estimated numbers of otfIco visits to

cardiovascular dlseasa speclalhts: Natfonal Ambulatory Medlcai Care Survey, 1985

Estirrrafad psn%vrt

Estimated nummr of Ior 5or 10 or

Omevhashthousmds

200r 3JCW

WI e5 90 Sa 70 !N

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.8

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

. . . . . . . . . . 1.7

l?%: : : : : : : :: : : : : : . . . . . . . . . . 1.2

3,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0

5,000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.8

10,000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5

20,000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4

Wndard enur in pcantage points

8.4 11.6 15.4 17.6 19.3

e-a 9.4 126 14.4 15.7

5.3 7.3 9.7 11.2 122

3.7 5.2 6.9 7.9 6.6

26 3.6 4.9 5.6

22 3.0 4.0 4.6 R

1.7 23 3.1 3.5 3.8

1.6 2.2 25 2.7

:; 1.2 1.5 1.8 1.9

&smpb ofusu oftsbk An .81rnam of 3 PWWrS W on m aggregate estm’mte d I002WC0 VKXS i= a ~andti error of 0.85

percecl, or ● mlatiw stendwd emx 0428 parwrt (0.85 WWnl + 3 pawd).

Table Ill. Relative standard errors of

estimated numbers of drug mentions In the

office-based practice of cardiovascr.dar

disease specialists National Ambulatory

Medical Care Survey, 1985

Estimated number 0/

drug mentions Raiatlw standard

h lhousarrds 4wwhp3rcerrt

300+................

BOO*................ %

766. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30.0

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.5

1,000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.8

3,0C0. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17.8

5,000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.4

8,000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.9

Io,cco. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.3

30,000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.7

60,000. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.2

- Mu= drahk AnSggmgm!oesutio d 15,CW,COJ

diug rrmntkxshasa mlsllve stscdsd arfuc#lZ8puce*,0r

astsndsrd error of l, W,000dnig rnwdoru (126 PWWnl c1

15,CO0,WO).

nearest thousand. Consequently,

estimates will not always add to totals.

Rates and percents were calculated

from original unrounded figures and

do not necessarily agree with percents

cdculated from rounded data.

Definition of terms

An ambulatory patient is an individual seeking personal health services

and is not currently admitted to any

he.dth care institution.

A physician is a duly licensed doctor of medicine (M.D.) or doctor of

osteopathy @.O.) who is currently in

office-based practice, and who spends

some time caring for ambulatory

patients. Excluded from NAMCS are

physicians who are hospital-based;

who specialize in anesthesiology,

pathology, or radiology; who are federally employed; who treat only

institutionalized patients; who are

employed full-time by an institution;

and who spend no time seeing

patients.

AIYoffice is a place that physicians

identi~ as a location for their ambulatory practice; these customarily

include constdtation, examination, or

treatment spaces the patients associate

with the pa:ticular physician. ResponTable IV. Approximate standard arrors of percent of estimated numbers of drug mentions

by cardiovascular disease spedatists National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, 1985

Esfrnafad percent

EWnratad number of 5 or 10 or 200r 300r

Ottka tin hi thousam3s Ioree 95 00 8Q 70 50

Standard error h percentage points

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 7.5 10.4 13.9 15.9 17.3

i%:: :::::::::::::::::::::::

24 5.3 7.3 9.8 11.2 123

7.7 3.8 5.2 6.9 7.9 6.7

3,0C0 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.4 3.$ 4.2 5.7 6.5

5,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1 24 3.3 4.4 5.0 U

10,N . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.8 1.7 23 3.1 3.5 3.9

20,0CCL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5 1.2 1.6 2.2 2.5 2.7

. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4 1.0

%%: : : : : : : : : : : : . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.3 1.8 20 22

0.3 0.7 1.0 1.4 1.6 1.7

-b Of.Sa Gffsbk Ana’sth’1810d 2 pwwrl bsd on M aggrqn!a emnwe of 32,0XI,CIX7 diug me- cm IW..Sa smmiard

●nor d 0.55 cefcad, or ● midii $wndud aecx of 27.5 pwcani (0.53 F8rcm% + 2 F&cord).

*u.5. GOVERNMENT pqINTING Orf ICE:1999-2a l-291 :89g30
8 Advance Data

s]bility for patient care and professional services rendered in an office

resides with the individual physician

rather than with an institution.

A visit is a direct personal

exchange between an ambulatory

patient and a physician or a staff

member working under the physician’s

supervision, for the purpose of seeking

care and rendering personal health

services.

A drug mention is the physician’s

entry of a pharmaceutical agent —by

any route of administration—for

prevention, diagnosis, or treatment.

Generic as well as brand-name drugs

are included, as are nonprescription as

well as prescription drugs. Along with

all new drugs, the physician also

records continued medications if the

patient was specifically instructed during the visit to continue the

medication.

A drug visit is a visit in which

medication was prescrl%ed or prow”ded

by the physician.

Symbols

--- Data not available

. . . Category not applicable

Quantity zero

0.0 Quantity more than zero but less

than 0.05

z Quantity more than zero but less

than 500 where numbers are

rounded to thousands

● Figure does not meet standards of

reliability or precision

# Figure suppressed to comply with

confidentiality requirememts

Suggested citation

Nelson C. Office visits to eardiovasoular

disease speeiaiists, 1985. Advance data from

vital and health statistics; no 171. Hyattsviile,

Maryland: National Center for Health

statistics. 19s9.

Copyright information

This report may be repnntd without further

permission.
Number 173 ● August 24, 1989

Advance

Data

From Vital and Health Statistics of the National Center for Health Statistics

Characteristics of Persons Dying From AIDS

Preliminary Data From the 1986 National Mortality Followback Survey

by Gloria Kapantais, M.A., and Eve Powell-Griner, Ph.D., Office of Vital and Health Statistics Systems

Introduction

In the span of one decade,

acquired immune deficiency syndrome

(NDS) has beeome a pubIic health

probIem of global urgency. Since its

identification in 1981, both the absolute number and rate of deaths from

AIDS have increased steadily in the

United States. For example, between

1983 and 1986, the estimated number

of AIDS deaths based on death certificates received by the National Center

for Health Statistics (NCHS) through

the mortality vital registration system

grew from 1,141 to 10,900, and the

estimated AIDS death rate increased

from 0.5 to 4.5 per 100.000 population (1). AIDS is one manifestation of

infection from the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV). Estimates of

numbers of persons in the United

States who are infected with HIV

range from 1.0 to 1.5 million

persons (2).

This report presents data from the

1986 National Mortality Followback

Survey (NMFS) on selected characteristics of persons with mention of AIDS

(ICD-9 code 279.1) on the death

certificate. See the technical notes for

a discussion of the ICD-9 codes. The

analysis focuses on three broad subject

areas social and demographic characteristics, health care access and

utilization during the last year of life,

and measures of disability prior to

death.

The 1986 NMFS is a l-percent

stratified random national sample

representative of adults aged 25 years

or over who died in the United States

during 1986. The 1986 NMFS is the

fifth of the periodic followback.surveys

on decedents conducted by the

National Center for Health Statistics.

The four earlier surveys, all conducted

in the 1960’s, were less comprehensive

than the 1986 survey (3-9).

The purpose of the mortality

followback surveys is to collect information not typically available from

death certificates, thus enabling

analysts to explore in much greater

detail the characteristics of decedents

and the circumstances of their death.

Data collected during the 1986 NMFS

provide detailed information on a

nationally representative sample of

aduIt deaths and an opportunity to

examine many characteristics of the

decedents and their last year of life.

The 1986 NMFS ecmsists of data

for 18,733 decedents. Data on social,

demographic, economic, and behavioral and health related characteristics

of decedents were obtained from a

mailed questionnaire or personal

intemiew with the person identified as

the informant on the death certificate.

The overall response rate for the

survey was 89 percent.

The NMFS population included

284 decedents for whom HIV infection was reported on the death

certificate as either the underlying

cause of death or as a condition

contributing to death and 18.449 decedents for whom no HIV infection was

reported. Information from the NLIFS

questionnaire was available for 245 of

the HIV decedents and for 16,353 of

the other decedents. When weighted

to yield national estimates, these

deaths represent 9,276 AIDS deaths

and 1,977,593 other deaths. The

nonresponse rate for NMFS decedents

with HIV mentioned on the death

certificate was approximately twice as

high as that for decedents dying from

other causes. Further description of

the cause-of-death classification and

weighting procedure used in the 1986

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES National Center for Health Statistics

Public Health Service Manning Feinleib, M. D., Dr. P.H., Director

Centers for Disease Control
‘2 Advance Data

h>lFS can be found in the technical Sociodemographic and

notes. economic characteristics

Only substantive responses to the

questionnaire items were included in Table 1 presents information on

these tables—blank items, a reply of the age, sex, and race of persons dying

“don’t know” or “N/A,” and so forth from AIDS and from all other causes.

were not included. In addition, items Males accounted for 8,556 (92 perwere not imputed for nonresponse. cent) of the AIDS deaths, with 4,916

For these reasons, the total number of (53 percent) occurring among men

responses varies by questionnaire item 25-39 years of age and 2,781

and is reflected in the totals for the (29 percent) among men 40-54 years

tables in this report. Therefore, the of age. Females accounted for only

number of deaths in the tables vary 720 (8 percent) of the AIDS deaths.

because of the exclusion of “no Black persons accounted for 2,063

answer” and “multiple answer” deaths (~~ percent) of the AIDS deaths, and

from the totals shown. races other than black for 7,212 deaths

Table 1. Estimated number and percent distribution of decedents by age, according to

sex, race, and cause of death: United States, 1986

AIDS A// other causes

Es?/mated Percent Es/mnated Peroerrt

Age, sex, and race number Usfribufmn number dslributfon

Both sexes

All races:

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25-39 years . . . . . . . . . . .

4G54 years . . . . . . . . . . .

55 years and over. . . . . . .,

Black:

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.2%39 years........,..

#-54years . . . . . . . . . . .

55 years anti over. . . . .

All othec

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25-39 years . . . . . . . . . . .

40-54 years . . . . . . . . . . .

55 years and over. . . , . . . .

Male

All races:

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25-39 yeare . . . . . . . . . . .

4&54 years, . . . . . . . . . .

55 years and over. . . . . .

Black:

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25-39 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

40-54 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

55 years and over. . . . . . .

All other:

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25-39 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

40-54 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

55 years and over. . . . . . . .

Female

AlI races:

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25-39 yaara . . . . . . . . . . .

40-54 years . . . . . . . . . . .

55 years and over, . . . . .

Black:

Alleges, ..,..,...,,..

2S39 years,,.,,...,..

40-54 years....,,,,,,.

55 years and over.

All othe~

Alleges ..,..,..,..,,.

25-39 years . ., ...,..,.

40-54 years . . . . . . . . . . .

55 years and over. . .

9,276

5,260

2,824

*1,392

2,063

1,354

%s9

’120

7,212

3,906

2.235

*1 ,072

8,556

4,910

2,781

*865

1,746

1,200

●647

o

6,810

3,711

2,235

●865

“720

’349

● 43

●327

●317

*154

●43

’120

*402

●196

o

“207

100

57

30

●13

100

66

●29

●6

100

54

31

●15

100

57

33

●IO

100

69

●3I

o

100

54

33

w 3

●1W

’48

●6

’45

“103

●49

●I4

● 38

‘100

’49

0

●51

1,977,593

63,767

+47,878

1,745,926

225,s40

20,623

29,9e4

i 75,323

1,751,6s3

63,1&l

117,8s5

1,570,605

1.021,152

5a,798

92,455

869,93S

121,546

13,991

18,402

8e,164

899,644

44,807

74,053

780,765

956,401

24,9S9

55,423

675,969

104,392

6,632

11,592

86,169

652,009

18,357

43,832

789,820

100

4

7

88

100

9

13

78

100

4

7

Xl

100

6

9

86

100

12

15

73

100

5

6

87

100

3

6

92

100

6

11

63

100

2

5

93

NOTE: NUmIXWS my not add to totals because of rm.mdmg Oregon not included m the 1986 NMFS

(78 percent). There were approximately equal proportions of males

and females dying from all other

causes of death, and the largest

proportion of deaths were to those

55 years of age or more (table 1).

Black persons accounted for 11

percent of all other deaths, and

persons of races other than black

accounted for 89 percent. Because of

the small numbers of AIDS deaths in

the 1986 NMFS, the remaining tables

in this report present data with no sex,

age, or race breakdowns.

Table 2 shows selected clemographic characteristics of persons who

died from AIDS or other causes. Over

half (53 percent) of the AIDS decedents had some college education

compared with 19 percent of’ other

decedents. Fewer than one fourth

(24 percent) of the AIDS decedents

had less than a high school education

compared with 52 percent of other

decedents.

Even though most of the AIDS

decedents were in the younger age ‘

groups, a population that is usually

employed, only 34 percent of them

were employed at the time of their

death. In general, persons hawing

AIDS had stopped working for health

reasons.

For those who had been employed

previously, information was obtained

on their longest held occupation

(table 2). Unlike those dying from

other causes, more than half of the

persons who died from AfDS were in

managerial and professional specialty

occupations (39 percent) andl technical, sales, or administrative support

occupations (21 percent). Over half of

the AIDS decedents (59 percent) lived

alone or with a nonrelative during the

last year of life compared with onefourtb of other decedents (table 2),

Over one-third (35 percent) of AIDS

decedents lived with one relative or

more compared with 63 percent of

other decedents.

Although persons who died from

AIDS generally were in “white collar”

occupations, they were likely to have

had low levels of family income-28

percent had 1985 incomes below

$5,000 (table 3). About 36 percent of

the AIDS decedents were in the
Advance Data 3

Table 2. Estimated number and percent distribution of decedents by selected

demographic characteristics, according to cause of death: United States, 1986

AIDS All other causes

Est!mated Percent Est#nated Percent

.Wecied characteristics number distntxkm numtw distritxitton

Education

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,642 100 1,626,533 100

Less then high school. . . . . . . 2,061 24 953,462 52

H]ghechool . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,992 23 525,362 2S

1-3 years of college. . . . . . . . 1,770 20 194,231 11

4 yeare of college or more , . . 2,819 33 153,459 8

Longest held occupation

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,0S3 lm 1.662.707 100

Managerial or professional. . . . 3,164 39 =,6~ 16

Techntcal. sales, or

admmistratie support. . . . . . 1,703 21 391 ,85il 24

Service . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *1,019 ●13 234,177

Precxsion, craft, or repair . . . . .

14

*753 ●9 237,605 14

Operators or laborers. . . . . . . *1 ,032 *13 361,627 23

Farrrwrg, forestry, or fshing . . . %?03 *3 130,935 8

ArrmadForces . . . . . . . . . . . . ●21 o *3 258825 2

Lh4ng arrangement

Totat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,637 100 1,6e2,794 100

Lived ininstiiution . . . . . . . . . *495 ●6 253,166 13

Lived alone orwllhnonrelatiie . 5,104

Lffed WIfhlrelathJe. ..,....

59 456,114 24

●997 ●11

Lived w~h 2 relafttes or more. ,

753,040 40

2,042 24 430.474 23

NOTE: Numters rnsy not add to totalsbcause of rcundirg. Oregon nd kluded in tlw 19SS NMF8.

Table 3. Estimated number and percent distribution of decedents by family income and

assets, according to cause of death: United State% 1986

AIDS Ail othercauses

Estimatsft Percent Estimatsd Percent

Fam!ly income and assets number disfrrbuton number disfrrbutkm

Family income

Alllncomes . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,552 la) 1,554,653 lrl)

Lessthan$5,000. . . . . . . . . . 1,813 28 335,622 22

35.000-$ 10,999 . . . . . . . . . . . ●982 ’15 459,604 30

$11,000-$ 18,999 . . . . . . . . . . ●1,365 %21 330,066 21

$i90300r more .. . . . . . . . . 2,371 36 429,342 28

Assets at death

All assets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.019 100 1,616,727 100

None . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,053 38 316,648 m

$1-54,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,226 28 312.330 19

$5.000-$24,999 . . . . . . . . . . . “8~ ●11 261,922 16

$25.000 ormore . . . . . . . . . . ●1,852 *23 725,827 45

NOTE Numbers may mat add to totals because of rcurtdlrg. Oregon nof Included in the 19S6 NMFS.

highest income category of $19,000 or

more. In addition, the AIDS decedents tended to have few assets at

death. Thirty-eight percent of AIDS

decedents had no assets compared

with 20 percent of other decedents,

w-id 28 percent of AIDS decedents

had total assets of between $1 and

$5,000 compared with 19 percent of

other decedents. Assets included

home, cash, stocks, bonds, cars,

jewelry, business interests, and so

forth. Because only a minority of

AIDS decedents had lived with relatives in the year before their death,

family income reported in the 1986

NMFS in most cases reflected only the

income of the decedent. Often, the

AIDS decedents, who tended to be

young-,were unemployed at the time

of death. These factors may account,

in part, for their lower income and

assets.

Health care and costs

Selected measures of health care

utilization for decedents are shown in

table 4. Utilization of various health

care services in the last year of life

indicates that AIDS decedents tended

to be sick for a substantial part of the

year prior to death.

Persons who died from AIDS

made frequent visits to a physician

during the last year of life. Over onethird (37 percent ) had 25 physician

visits or more during the last year of

life compared with 18 percent of other

decedents. About 5 percent of the

persons dying from AIDS had no

physician visits during this time

compared with 13 percent of persons

dying from other causes. Larger

proportions of persons who died from

AIDS had one or more visits to a

psychiatrist or other mental health

professional during their last year of

life (19 percent) than did persons who

died from other causes (5 percent).

Of the estimated 9,276 AIDS

decedents in the NMFS, 8,010 were

reported to have been overnight

patients in a hospital in the last year of

life. AImost half (49 percent) of ihe

AIDS decedents who were overnight

patients spent 1 month or longer in a

hospital compared with 29 percent of

all other decedents. About 17 percent

of the AIDS decedents received home

hospice care during the last year of

life compared with 9 percent of other

decedents. During the 1986 NhlFS,

questions were also asked about residence in a nursing home during the

last year of life, but the number of

AIDS decedents residing in a nursing

home was too low to yield reliable

estimates.

The health care costs for almost

one-half (45 percent) of the AIDS

decedents and one-fourth of other

decedents were primarily paid by

private insurance or HMO’s (table 5).

(Another NCHS survey also reported

substantial use of private insurance for

payment of medical expenses among

persons with AIDS (10). Approximately 22 percent of the AIDS decedents, compared with 9 percent of

other decedents, 1:.d Medicaid as their
4 Advance Data

Table 4. Estimated number and percent distribution of decedents by selected health care

utilization measures, according to cause of death: United States, 1986

AIDS All other causes

Es?imalad Percent Estimated Percent

Hea/th care uWzatIon measures number drsfrhufwr number distrfbukm

Physman VLSKS

Total .,....... . . . . . . . 7,652 100 1,825,128 100

Novlsits.. . . . . . . . . . . . . ●357 ●5 239,911 13

l-9vlsrts, . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,705 35 760,123 42

13-24 visits, . . . . . . 1,731 23 502,195 28

25vlsfls or more . . . . . . . . . . 2,859 37 322.900 18

Mental health wfs

Total. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,229 100 1,s20,664 100

Novlslts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,671 81 1,828,544 95

Ivtsrt or more . . . . . . . . . . . 1,558 19 92,120 5

Nlghls m hosprlal

Total, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,010 100 1,401,600 100

l-14 nlgh!s . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,843 23 594,466 42

15-30 nights . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.284 29 406,921 29

31nlghts or more,.... . . . . 3,883 48 400,412 29

Home hospice care

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,483 100 1,905,032 100

Yes, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,414 17 169,508 9

No. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,069 63 1,735,524 91

h3TENumtws mymtadd tot@dskse ofrwti!~. Oregon tii~luded inl9e6NMFS.

Table5. Estimated number andpercent distribution ofdecedents byprimary source of

payment for health care, according to cause of death: United States, 1986

AIDS A/l ottrer causes

Est/mated Percent Esfmrated Percent

Primary peyment source number distribution number Uistrlbulkm

All sources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,744 100 1,595,957 100

Self ortamily, . . . . . . . . . . . ’523 ●7 210,153 13

Medicare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *914 *12 758,348 48

Medlcald . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,688 22 143,631 9

HMOorprrvate insurance . . . 3,450 45 345,269 22

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *1,170 ●15 13s,5s6 9

NOTE FWmbersmay net add to totalsbecauseof rwndmg.Oregonrmtikluded Inlb 1988 NMFS. HMO k healthmaintenance

0 rganizat Ion.

Table 6. Estimated number and percent distribution of decedents by own money spent for

health care, according to cause of death: United States, 1986

AIDS All other causes

—

Esf/mated Percent Est!matad Percent

Money spent for health care number dsfrlwlk?n number dtstrlbution

All amounts . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,983 100 1,606,817 100

Lessthan $200 . . . . . . . . . . . 2,718 39 436,249 27

$20C-$1,999, . . . . . . . . . . . 1,867 27 625,626 39

$2,0000 r more . . . . . . . . . . . 2,399 34 542,942 34

NOTE:Numbersmaynotadd to totalsbecauseof rounding.Oregoncotirwludedinthe 1986 NMFS.

primary paymen( source. Thirty-nine Disability measures

percen; ;f ~he AIDS decedents spent

less than $200 for their health care,

Selected health status characterisand almost two-thirds spent less than tics for decedents were also collected

$2,000 of personal money for such during the 19S6 NMFS; these characcare (table 6). teristics indicate that persons dying

from AIDS wrere likely to suffer from

certain disabilities. Table 7 shlows how

many persons who died from AIDS or

other causes were reported tct be

disoriented prior to death. Twenty-six

percent of the persons dying from

AIDS and 13 percent of those dying

from other causes were reported as

having trouble recognizing family or

friends during the last hours or days

before death. About 18 percent of

AIDS decedents and 11 percent of

other decedents were reported to have

had trouble remembering the current

year in the last hours or days before

death. Approximately 26 percent of

AIDS decedents and 15 percent of

other decedents had difficulty

understanding their whereabouts.

A large proportion of decedents

were also report ed to have reeeived

help from others or to have used

special equipment in daily activities,

such as bathing, eating, wa]king,

dressing, or using the toilet. There

were few differences in these

disabilities by cause of death. As table

8 shows, 60 percent of persons dying

from AIDS were reported as lhaving

received assistance in bathing, and 57

percent received help with using the

toilet. The least assistance received by

AIDS decedents was with eating—40

percent were reported to have

received such assistance.

Over half (52 percent) of the

AIDS decedents were reported

receiving help at home during the last

year of life with daily activities and 54

percent were reported receiving help

at home during the last year with

medical care, such as taking

medicines, giving pills or injections, or

changing bandages (table 9). Similar

proportions of persons dying from

other causes reported such help.

Among those who received help,

about 69 percent of the AIDS

decedents, compared with 91 percent

of other decedents, had a relaiive

provide the care. Thirty-eight :percent

of the AIDS decedents, compared

with 13 percent of the other

decedents, received help from a

neighbor or friend. About 38 percent

of AIDS decedents were helped by

visiting homemakers or visiting nurses,

as were 32 percent of persons dying

from other causes.
Advance Data !5

Table 7. Estimated number and percent distribution of decedents by frequency of disorientation during last year of life, according to

cause of death and type of disorientation: United States, 1986

Difrkutty raccgnrzI@7 0rr7iiutfy remembering

fam#y or fnerrds what year # was DnYiiulfy understanding whereabouts

Estimated Percent Estimated Percent Estimated Percent

Frequency of disorkmfafbrr number distribution number distribution number distribution

AIDS CkCE@nk

All frequencies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,440 100 8,448 100 8,592 100

Allormost of thetlme. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %248 ●3 %%5 ●3

Someoftfre time . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ●577 *7 “1,095 *13

Lasthours ordays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,161 26 1,490 18

Never orhardly ever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,453 65 5,578 66

●248

●1,646

2.210

4,488

●3

●19

26

52

All other decedents

All frequenckss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~,926,289 100 1,919,868 100 1,923,535 100

Allormost of thetlme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115,284 6 192,697 10 158,547 8

Someofthe tame . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206,473 11 221,n4 12 261,467 14

Lasthours ordays . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242,3S3 13 214,S02 11 287,592 15

Never orhardly ever . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,363,649 71 1,2eo,495 67 1,215.926 63

NOTG Numbers t-nay not add to rotsls because of rcwding. Oregon not hcludsd in the 19S6 NMFS

Table 8. Estimated number and percent of decedents, by assistance received with

activities of daily living andcause of death: United States, 1986

AIDS ..—- ,4/1other caus9s

Estimatad EM-rreted

ActtvNias of ddy Iivmg number Pertawrt numkw Percent

Bathing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,241 60 1,089.918 56

Eating. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,647 40 680,035 35

Walking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,118

Toilet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

47 e86,410 51

4,867 57 9s4,371 49

Dressing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,375 ea 959,818 50

NOT5: Oregon not ircluded m the 1SS6 NMF8.

Table 9. Estimated number and percent of decedents by type and source of heip received

athome and cause ofdeath: United States, 1986

AIDS All other causes

Type and source Estimated Estimated

DfhdD rec%r%?d number Percent number Percent

Type of help

Da!lyactiviiies . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,353 52 742345 46

Medxalcere . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,606 54 762.712 47

Source of help

Relative . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,251 69 785,470 91

NelghbororfrLends . . . . . . . . 1,797 3a 111,S98 13

VislWrgnurseorhomemaker . . 1,763 38 276,473 32

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ’496 ●11 102,053 12

NO= Oregon not iraiuded m the 1W4 NMFSL

Summary

The 19S6 NhfFS data indicate that

persons dying of AIDS tend to be

young, have a high educational attainment, and have hgh-status occupations. However, ahhough persons who

died from AIDS generally were in

“white collar” occupations, as a group

they were also likely to have had very

low levels of family income in 1985

and no assets at the time of death.

Employment status at time of death,

living arrangements, and age structure

of the AIDS deaths appear to be associated with the level of assets and

income for these decedents.

Despite their young age, persons

dying from AIDS were likely to suffer

certain disabilities and to be disoriented prior to !heir death. A large

number of AIDS decedents were

reported to have used special equipment in daily activities such as bathing,

eating, walking, dressing, and using the

toilet. Large proportions of AIDS

decedents were also reported to have

received help at home in taking medicines, receiving injections, or obtaining

other nursing care. These patterns

reflect the prolonged and severe debilitating nature of their illness.

Persons who died from AIDS

frequently used physicians’ senices

and spent substantial time in the

hospital during the last year of life. A

considerable proportion of AIDS

decedents were reported to have

consulted a psychiatrist or other

mental health professional during the

last year of life, and to have received

home hospice care. The primary

source of payment for most AIDS

decedents was private insurance or a

health maintenance organization.

However, Medicaid was the primag

source of payment for care among

more than one-fifth of the decedents.

References

Chevarky Fhf. Dawson DA. AIDS

knowledge and mortality differentials

by age, sex, and race. Paper preseme d

at the meeting of the Population Association of America, April, New Orleans. 19S8.

Centers for Disease Control. Quarteriy

report to the domestic policy council

on the prevalence and rate of spread

of HIV and AIDS—United States.

MhlWR 37(36):55 1-9. 1988.
6 Advance Data

3. National Center for Health Statistics.

Hospitalization in the last year of life.

h’ational Center for Health Statistics.

Vital Health Stat 22(1). 1965.

4. National Center for Health Statistics.

Episodes and duration of hospitalization in the last year of life: United

States, 1961. National Center for

Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat

22(2). 1966.

5. National Center for Health Statistics.

Socioeconomic characteristics of

deceased persons: United States,

1962-63. National Center for Health

Statistics. Vital Health Stat 22(9).

1969.

6. National Center for Health Statistics.

Health insurance coverage of adults

who died in 1964 or 1965: United

States. National Center for Health

Statistics. Vital Health Stat 22( 10).

1969.

Technical notes

Sources of data and sample

design

The NMFS sample was selected

from the Current Mortality Sample

(CMS). This is a systematic 10-percent

sample of death certificates received

each month in the 50 States, the

District of Columbia, and the

independent registration area of New

York City (11 ). Oregon was not

included in the 1986 NMFS because

of respondent consent requirements.

Thus, these data are representative of

deaths in the United States excluding

Oregon. Oregon accounts for 1.1

percent of all deaths in the United

States: there is little variation in the

percent by age among Oregon deaths.

Oversampling by race, age, and

selected causes of death was done to

permit the study of race differentials

in mortality and the characteristics of

persons who died at a younger age.

All CMS death certificates for

decedents with certain characteristics

were included in the 1986 NMFS.

These included all women in the CMS

25–54 years of age and all men 35-64

years of age who died from ischemic

heart disease, all deaths from asthma,

rare cancer deaths, and all deaths of

American Indians, AIeuts, or Eskimos.

In addition, deaths to persons under

7. National Center for Health Statistics.

Expenses for hospital and institutional

care during the last year of life for

adults who died in 1964 or 1965:

United States. National Center for

Health Statistics. Vitaf Health Stat

22(11). 1971.

8. Enstrom JE, Godley FH. Cancer

mortality among a representative

sample of nonsmokers in the United

States during 1966-68. J Natl Cancer

Institute 65(5). 1980.

9. Korbrin FE, Hendershot, GE. Do

family ties reduce mortality? Evidence

from the United States, 1966-68. J

Marriage Fam 39.1977.

10. Graves EJ, Moien M. Hospitalization

for AIDS, United States, 1984-85. Am

J Public Health 77(6):729-30. 1987.

11. National Center for Health Statistics.

Births, marriages, divorces, and deaths

55 years of age were oversampled 3.1

times, and deaths to black people were

oversampkd 2.9 times. Death

certificates in the CMS that were

eligible for the 1986 NMFS were

sequentially assigned to 1 of 18

sampling strata. The strata formation

was based on the decedent’s age, se~

race, and cause of death.

For the 1986 NMFS,

questionnaires were mailed by the

U.S. Bureau of the Census to the next

of kin or to the person listed on the

death certificate as providing the

personal information on the

decedent’s death certificate about 6

months after the death. A reminder

letter was mailed 10 days after the

first mailing, followed by a second

mailing 1 month after the first mailing.

Telephone or personal visits were

made by Census interviewers to

nonrespondents 1 month after the

second mailing.

Eighty-two percent of all the

respondents who completed the

NMFS questionnaire were close

relatives—either the spouses, parents,

siblings, or adult children—of the

decedents. However, approximately

22 percent of the respondents for

AIDS decedents were nonrelative,

compared with 6 percent for

non-AIDS decedents. The total

for January 1986. Monthly vital statistics report; vol 35 no 1. Hyattsville,

Maryland: Public Health Service. 1986.

12. National Center for Health Statistics.

Annual summary of births, marriages,

divorces, and deaths: United !Nates,

1987. Monthly vital statistics reporq

vol 36 no 13. Hyattsvil]e, Maryland:

National Center for Health Statistics.

1988.

13. McCarthy PJ. Replication: an

approach to the analysis of data from

complex surveys. National Center for

Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat

2(14). 1966.

14. McCarthy PJ. Pseudoreplication:

further evaluation and application of

the balanced half-sample technique.

National C’~nter for Health Statistics.

Vital Health Stat 2(31). 1969.

response rate was 89 percent, yielding

16,598 completed questionnaires.

For 1986, acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) and

human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

infection, when reported on the death

certificate, were assigned to the

category “deficiency of cell-mediated

immunity” (code 279.1), as wet-e other

diseases classifiable as deficiency of

cell-mediated immunity (12). Because

the rules for selecting the underlying

cause of death for 1986 give

preference to other categories (for

example, pneumocystosis), deaths with

HIV infection used in this study were

those for which deficiency of cellmediated immunity was classified as

either an underlying or a nonurlderlying cause of death.

Information on age, race. sex,

underlying and multiple cause-cJfdeath data for each decedent was

obtained from final data on the

Multiple Cause-of-Death Statistical

File compiled by NCHS. Records from

the 1986 multiple cause-of-death file

were matched to the data from the

NMFS informant questionnaire for

each decedent in the survey. The

overall match rate was 99.9 percent.

Comparisons of number of deaths

from the vital statistics registration

system and the 1986 NMFS estimates
Advance Data 7

suggest that the counts of deaths are

similar. For example, the NMFSweighted data for 1S0 deaths to males

25-5-I years of age yields S,12S estimated deaths with mention of code

279.1 on the certificate, compared

with 8,799 for the final vital statistics

system file. Although the final weights

applied to the NMFS adjust for differential sampling by race, sex, and age,

no adjustment was made for cause of

death. Hence, NNIFS estimates of

deaths by cause will not necessarily

equal counts obtained from the vital

statistics file.

Estimation procedures

Probability sampling allows the

NMFS data to be weighted to produce

national estimates for the United

States except for Oregon. It also

allows approximation of the sampling

error.

The NMFS sampling weights are

prepared by a poststratified ratio estimation procedure. The sampling

weight for each sample decedent is

based on a product of the following

three component weights.

(1) Probability of selection. The

basic weight for each sample decedent is the reciprocal of its

probability of sample selection.

(2) Adjustment for nonresponse.

In an attempt to reduce nonresponse bias, the NMFS sampling

weights are adjusted for nonresponse. This adjustment was

implemented within subsets of the

sampling strata and was the reciprocal of the response rate within

the subset. This adjustment

reduces nonresponse bias to the

extent that data for a nonrespondent is similar to data for

respondents in these adjustment

classes. No adjustment was made

for the exclusion of Oregon from

the survey.

(3) Poststratification by age, sex,

and race. Within 2S poststrata

defined by decedent age, sex. and

race (see table I), the IWdFS estimates were ratio adjusted to

counts for the number of deaths

reported to the National Vital

Registration System for the

Table L Parameters used to approximate the relative standard errors for estimates based

on the 1986 National Mortality Followback Survey, by domain of study

Parameters

Domain of study A B

All decedents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Decedents 25-34 yeareofage . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Decedents 35-54 years of age.... . . . . . . . . . .

Decedents 55-69 years of age . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Decedents 7W34yearsof age..... . . . . . . . . .

Decedents .95 years of age and over. . . . . . . . . . .

All black decedents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black decedents 25-34 years of age. . . . . . . . . .

Black decedents 35-54 years of age . . . . . . . . . .

Black decedents 55+9 years of age. . . . . . . . . . .

Black deCedenIS 7G84 years of age. . . . . . . . . . .

Black decedents 85 years of age and over. . . . . . .

Allolher decedents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other decedents 25-34 years of age. . . . . . . . . . .

other decedents 35-54 yeare of age. . . . . . . . . . .

Other decedents 55-69 years of age. . . . . . . . . . .

Other decedents 70-84 years of age. . . . . . . . . . .

other decedents 85 years of age and over. . . . . .

-.000725

-,000325

-.000219

-,000430

-,000250

-,002721

-.001278

-,000863

-,000688

-.001911

-.000106

-.0433948

-.000419

-.000411

-.000253

-.000484

173,472799

40,250787

57.187500

189.139047

200.749692

181.208646

57.315899

36.923295

48.883512

64.860422

5982C841

54.630073

184.663690

39.640859

62.02.1668

214.015461

211.433987

190.261795

United States excluding Oregon.

This adjustment makes the sample

more representative of the target

population by age, sex, and race.

Sampling errors and rounding

of percents

Because the statistics presented in

this report are based on a sample, they

may differ from figures that would

have been obtained if a complete

census of all death certificates for

decedents aged 25 years or over had

been taken, using the same questionnaire, instructions, and procedures.

The standard error of an estimate is

primarily a measure of the variability

that occurs by chance because only a

sample of the population, rather than

the total population, is surveyed. The

standard error also reflects part of the

measurement error, but it does not

measure any systematic biases in the

data. The chances are about 95 out of

100 that an estimate from the sample

differs from the value that would be

obtained from a complete census by

less than twice the standard error.

Preliminary estimates of standard

errors for the percents of the

estimated number of decedents are

presented in table L The parameters

shown in table I were estimated by a

balanced-repeated-replication procedure using 20 replicate half samples.

This method estimates the standard

errors for suwey estimates through

observation of variability of estimates

based on replicate half samples of the

total sample. A description of the

development and evaluation of the

replication technique for error

estimation has been published (13,14).

Standard error applications

Standard error-for agq-iqate

estimares-The approximate standard

error of an estimated number of

decedents with a particular

characteristic, x, is calculated by

RSE(X) = .& + (B/.Y)

and

SE(X) = X ● RSE(X)

where x.= estimated number of

decedents

A,B = parameters from

table I

RSE(.r) = relative standard error

ofx. and

SE(x) = standard error of x.

Rounding of numbers and

percents

Numbers and percents within the

tables and text were rounded to the

nearest whole number or tenth of a

percent. Therefore, the estimates may

not add to the totals. In addition. the

total estimated number of decedents
8 Advance Data

varies from one table to another

because of the exclusion of decedents

\vith “no answer” responses.

NOTE: Nine other Federal agencies signed

interagency ageements with NCHS to

co-sponsor the 1986 NMFS. These agencies are

the National Heart, Lunq and Blood Institute;

the National Institute of Child Health and

Human Development; the National Cancer

Institute; the National Institute of Aging the

National Institute of Mental Health: the Health

Care Financing Administration; the U.S.

Department of Veterans Affair$ the Indian

Health Service; and the Office of the Secretary

for Planning and Evaluation in the Department

of Health and Human Semites. Special thanks

go to Jeffrey Maurer, Richard Klein, and other

reviewers for their helpful comments on this

report, and to Charles Adam$ Tracy Lloyd, . . . . . .

0.0 z●#

Symbols

Data not available

Catego~ not applicable

Quantity zero

Quantity more than zero but less

than 0.05

Quantity more than zero but less

than 500 where numbers are

rounded to thousands

Estimates based on fewer than 30

sample deaths; figure does not

meet standards of reliability or

precision

Figure suppressed to comply with

confidentiality requirements

A~lene Siller, and George Wolf for pro=rgmming asistance.

Suggested citation

KapantaisG, Powell-GrinerE. Characteristics

of personsdying from AIDS: Prelimina~ data

from the 1986 National Mortality Followback

Survey. Advance data from vifal and health

statistics; no 173. Hyattsville, Maryland:

National Center for Health Statistics. 1989.

Copyright information

This report may be reprinted without ‘further

permission.
Number 174 ● July 18, 1989

Advance

Data

Frnm Vital and Health Statistics of the National Center for Health Statistics

Use ofVitaminand MineralSupplementsintheUnited

States:CurrentUsers,TypesofProducts,and Nutrients

by Abigail J. Moss, Division of Health Intetview Statistics, National Center for Health Statistics, and Alan S. Levy, PhD.,

Insun Kim, Dr. P.H., and Youngmee K. Park, PhD., Food and Drug Administration

Introduction

There is general agreement

among health professionals that a balanced diet provides most persons with

those nutrients essential for good

huzdth (1). Exceptions include individ-

~als with certain specified diseases and

those with special dietary needs, such

as infants and pregnant or lactating

women (2>). The use of vitamin and

mineral products to supplement the

diet, however, continues to be an

everyday practice for millions of

Americans.

The first National Health and

Nutrition Examination Survey conducted between 1971 and 1974

showed that about 23 percent of U.S.

adults took supplements daily (4).

More recently, estimates from the

National Telephone Interview Special

Dietary Foods Study conducted by the

U.S. Food and Drwg Administration’s

Division of Consumer Studies, Center

for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition, indicated that in 1980, excluding

pregnant and lactating females who

have special supplementation needs,

about 4 in 10 adults regularly used

one vitamin and mineral product or

more (5).

In 1986, the National Center for

Health Statistics (NCHS), in collaboration with the U.S. Food and Drug

Administration (FDA) and as part of

its National Health Interview Survey

(NHIS), collected information to produce measures of vitamin and mineral

supplement users and the composition

and quantities of specific nutrients

consumed.

Because the use and composition

of vitamin and mineral products fluctuate, one objective of the NCHS

study was to update the 1’380FDA

estimates and to make it possible to

identify trends. In addition, an attempt

was made to overcome several limitations of the earlier FDA survey. The

FDA survey, for example, did not

include young children; and the survey’s sample size placed some

constraints on the types of analyses

that could be undertaken, including

deriving nutrient intake level estimates

for certain small population domains.

NHIS’ larger and more representative

sample was expected to permit more

focused analyses on specific population subgroups than were previously

possible.

A second objective for the NCHS

survey was to provide relevant estimates that would address a priority

objective stated in the Public Health

Service (?HS) plans for attaining the

1990 Objectives for the Nation (6).

The specific objective addressed was

to develop nutrition status monitoring

systems that would have the ability to

detect nutritional problems in special

population groups. as well as to obtain

data for decisions about national

nutrition policies.

This report presents estimates

from the NCHS sumey of the percent

of adults and young children 2 to 6

years of age residing in the United

States who used nonprescription vitamin and mineral supplement products

in 1986. These estimates are shown by

age, race, and sex, and by age with

Hispanic origin, family income, poverty status, education, marital status,

geographic region. place of residence,

respondent-assessed health status, and

weight status. Percent estimates for

these variables are shown in tables 1

and 2.

The re~rt also presents estimates

of the percent of persons using types

of products and nutrients, and the

number of individual products taken.

Tables 3, 4, and 5 contain these estimates. Vitamin and mineral product

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH A’JP HUMAN SERVICES NationalCenter for Healm Statistics

Public Health Ser~ice Ma-mq Feinleib. ?.I.D., Cr. P.H., Director

Centers io: Disease Control
2 Advance Data

estimates are presented in table 6 by

the frequency with which they were

taken. In tables 7 and 8, the median,

90th, and 95th percentile levels of

intake are given for specific nutrients,

expressed as a percent of the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) or

as a percent of the midrange levels of

“Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily

Dietary Intakes” (IX4DDI) as applicable, and as established by the Food

and Nutrition Board (7). Most of the

estimates in tables 3 to 8 are shown by

age and sex as well. Tables 9 and 10

contain population estimates needed

to derive estimated frequencies for the

percent estimates presented in tables 1

to 6.

Description of data

The data presented in this report

are based on information obtained

from NCHS’ 1986 National Health

Interview Survey. For each family

interviewed during January and into

July of that year, one adult 18 years of

age or older and one child from 2 to 6

years of age were randomly selected to

receive the vitamin and mineral questionnaire. AH estimates shown are

based upon these sample person

umnts and, except for tables 7 and 8,

are weighted to produce national

estimates.

The questionnaire items used to

derive the estimates shown in this

report identified which sample persons

took any vitamin, mineral, or fluoride

products during the 2-week period

preceding the interview and the

number of different products taken.

Sample persons reporting any use

were then asked to get the vitamin and

mineral product containers so that the

name of the product, the manufacturer’s name, and the exact nutrient

components and units information

could be obtained directly from the

labels. Where no container was available, persons were asked to report the

name and manufacturer of the

product(s) taken.

Other questionnaire items

obtained information about the

frequency and length of time each

vitamin and mineral product was taken

and whether it was obtained through a

doctor’s prescription. Ln addition,

women of childbearing age were asked

whether they were pregnant or breastfeeding a baby during the preeeding 2

weeks.

A facsimile of these questionnaire

items is provided in Current Em-mates

From the National Health Interview

Surwy, 1986 (8).

The technical notes seetion of this

report contains a brief description of

sample size, response rates, terms

used, and data collection procedures

employed.

Results

Profile of vitamin and mineral

supplement users

For this report, a vitamin and

mineral supplement user is anyone

who took at least one nonprescription

vitamin, mineral, or fluoride product

during a 2-week reference period

before the interview. It should be

noted here, however, that pregnant

and lactating sample persons are

excluded from the estimates derived

for !“~isreport. Persons taking only

pre’ ription vitamin and mineral product: 409 sample persons, or 3 percent

of the total sample) are not classified

as supplement users beeause the

intended purpose of this report is to

provide estimates that deseribe the

self-prescribed supplement user popu

lation.

During 1986, more than one-third

of all U.S. adults (36 pereent’ took

nonpreseription vitamin and mineral

supplements (table 1). The percent of

adults under 25 years of age ‘who used

them was somewhat lower (28

percent) than for all other adults (38

percent). Women were more likely to

consume these products (41 percent)

than were men (31 percent). Differences in vitamin and mineral product

usage between adult men andl women

were found in all but the youngest age

groups (figure 1).

Young children were also major

consumers of vitamin and mineral

supplement products (43 peraent).

However; use was slightly lower

among school age children, frlom

about 47 percent among 3- and

4-year-olds to 40 percent among 5-

and 6-year-olds. A difference was also

found in the use of vitamin and

mineral products among white and

black young children. About 46

percent of white children and 30

percent of black children 2-6 :years of

age were reported to use vitamin and

mineraJ supplements (table 2).

I

50 r Female

~’

18-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 6574 75 and

over

Age in years

Figure 1. Percent of adults using vitamin and tineml Product% by age and

sex: United States, 1986
Advance Data 3

.

.

Female

White

Male

Black

White

Black

1644 4M 65 and 13-44 45AM 65 and 18-44454465 and 16-44 45+4 65 and

over over over over

Age in years

Igure 2. Pereent of adults using vitamin and minerat product% by age, race, and sex United State% 1986

Among adults, about two-fifths of

all white persons in the United States

used vitamin and mineral supplements

compared with about one-fifth of all

black adults. Differences in supplement usage between black and white

persons were found for both sexes and

among all age groups (fi@re 2).

Within the population of Hispanic origin, about 29 percent of adults used

nonprescription vitamin and mineral

products. The greatest difference

among racial groups was found among

the elderly. Of persons aged 65 years

and over, about 40 percent of white

persons and persons of Hispanic origin

and about 14 percent of black persons

took vitamin and mineral supplements.

Among elderly persons of all other

races, over 50 percent reported their

use.

As expected, family income and

educational level are directly related

to the use of vitamin and mineral

Products. Only about 28 percent of

adults with family incomes under

$7,000 compared with about 45 percent of persons with incomes at or

above $40,000 reported their use.

Differentials in usage by family

income leveI were most pronounced

for children. Specifically, only 23

percent of children aged 2 to 6 years

in families earning under $7,000 took

supplements compared with 50

percent of children in families earning

$40,000 or more. Similarly, with

increasing education, proportionately

more persons took vitamin and

mineral supplements. Among adults,

the estimates ranged from about 25

percent of those not completing high

school to 44 percent of those with 1

year of college or more. About 27

percent of young children were given

vitamin and mineraI supplement products in households where no related

adult was a high school graduate,

rmmpared with over 50 percent of children in households where at Ieast one

related adult had some college edueation.

Differences in the percent of

persons using vitamin and mineral

supplements were also found by

geographic area. Proportionately more

persons in the West used vitamin and

mineral products (45 percent) than in

other regions of the c&ntry. Similarly,

a higher proportion of persons living

in metropolitan statistical areas

(MSA’S) reported using vitamin and

mineral products than did those living

outside these areas (38 percent mmpared with 31 percent).

Of the health status measures

shown in this report, persons 18 years

of age or older in “good health,” that

is, those who were not overweight and

whose health was assessed as “good;’

‘%ery good; or “excellent,” were

more likely to use vitamin and mineral

supplements than less healthy persons.

For example, 38 percent of persons

whose assessed health was excellent or

very good reported taking supplements

compared with 31 percent of those in

fair or poor health. About the same

proportion of young children in fair or

~or health, however, took vitamin

and mineral supplements as did children whose health was rated as

excellent or very good (about 45

percent).
4 Advance Data

Types of products and nutrient$

taken

Tables 3 and 4 present data on

the kinds of products and nutrients

taken. The first type of product ck@-

fication shown in these and several

other tables in this report contains

nine dktinct vitamin and mineral

product categories according to a

scheme developed by Stewart (5). For

a description of the criteria for these

categories, see the technical notes.

The second type of product classification separates products into two

types, “broad-spectrum” and

“specialized” products, using the

scheme developed by Levy and

Schucker (9). In this classification,

broad-spectrum products are those

that contain at least three of the

following vitamins: A, B vitamins, C,

D, andE. In addition, they may also

contain one or more of the following

minerals: calcium, phosphorus, iodine,

iron, magnesium, copper, zinc, and

mangrmese. All remaining products

for this two-category classification are

defined as specialized products.

The percents shown in table 3 are

for all persons of specified ages in the

U.S. population (except those

excluded). Percents in table 4 are

based on those persons who used at

least one nonprescription vitamin and

mineral product. For example, as

shown in table 3, vitamin C was taken

by about one third of all U.S. adults.

Among adult vitamin and mineral

supplement user% however, 85 percent

took vitamin C (table 4). Both percent

estimates are included in this report

since each describes vitamin and

mineral users in a meaningful way.

The following results refer to estimates for the U.S. population as

shown in table 3. Single vitamins and

vitamin and mineral combination

products were the two most common

types of products taken by U.S.

women (each was taken by 17 percent

of adult women). Among men, the two

types of products consumed most

often were single vitamins and multivitamins (13 percent for each type).

About the same proportion of men

and women reported taking multivitamins (13 percent and 15 percent,

respectively).

Regardless of age, women were

more likely than men to take single

mineral products (10 percent

mmpared with 4 percent). The difference in the percent of women and

men taking single minerals was greatest for persons aged 45 to 64 years.

Within this age group, 15 percent of

women compared with 5 percent of

men took at least one single mineral

product, reflecting in part the greater

usage of calcium products among

older females.

Multivitamins were by far the

most common type of vitamin and

mineral product used by young children. In 1986, one-third of all U.S.

children 2 to 6 years of age were

taking multivitamins. However, unlike

adults, few young children were given

other types of vitamin and mineral

products. For example, only 6 percent

of children these ages took single vitamins.

In the second product classification, that is, broad-spectrum versus

specialized products, the percent of

women who took each type varied

according to age. Younger women

(under 45 years of age) were more

likely to take broad-spectrum products

(27 percent compared with the 22

percent who took specialized

products). In contrast, women 45 years

of age and over were more likely to

take specialized products. Among

those 45 to 64 years of age, 35 pereent

took specialized products and 26

percent took broad-spectrum products;

for those 65 years old and over, 30

percent took specialized and 24

percent took broad-spectrum products.

Men under 45 years of age also

were more likely to use broadspectrum products than specialized

products (21 percent compared with

15 percent). However, unlike older

women, the proportion of men 45

years or older who used each type of

product was about the same (20

percent for each).

Many more young children

consumed broad-spectrum products

(including multivitamin products) than

consumed specialized products (38

percent compared with 8 percent).

What specific nutrients were in

the products being consumed most

often by adults and children in this

country in 1986? More men and

women (about 31 percent of adults)

consumed vitamin C than any other

nutrient. Calcium and iron led the list

of minerals taken by women. About

one-fourth of all women took calcium;

the highest percent was among those

women 45 to 64 years of age (29

percent). The percent of women in the

United States who took iron :ranged

from about 21 to 25 percent, depending upon their age. Among men, iron

was taken more than any other

mineral (16 percent).

Because most children were given

multivitamins, percent estimates were

about the same for each of thle specitlc

vitamins listed except for pantothenic

acid and biotin, which are not included

in many multivitamins. The mineral

taken most by young children was iron

(about 18 percent).

Number of products taken and

frequency of use

Table 5 contains percent estimates

of vitamin and mineral supplement

users by the number of individual

products taken. For persons taking 1,

2, and 3 products or more, percents

are also shown according to the

type(s) of product(s) taken. The product type categories included in this

table are the same as those shown in

tables 3 and 4.

Among vitamin and mineral

supplement users, most adults (60

percent) reported taking only one

over-the-counter vitamin and :mineral

product (table 5). Similarly, among

young children taking vitamin and

mineral supplements, the vast majority, over 85 percent, used only one

product.

The percent of adults whc~used

two vitamin and mineral prodlucts or

more was higher for persons 45 years

of age or older (45 percent) than for

those under 45 years of age (about 36

percent). Also, proportionately more

women than men used more than one

vitamin and mineral product (45

percent compared with 34 percent).

About 5 percent of all adult users,

which represents 3.1 million persons,

reported using at least 5 vitam[in and

mineral products.
Advance Data 5

There were also differences in the

Ves of vitamin and mineral products

Ken by persons who used only one

product compared with persons who

used more than one product. Whereas

only 16 percent of adults who used

one product took a single vitamin

product, 86 percent of adults reporting

3 products or more reported taking a

single vitamin product. Similarly,

single mineral products were taken by

only 6 percent of aduks using one

product compared with 49 percent of

all adults taking 3 products or more.

Among adults taking only one product, two-thirds of them took a

broad-spectrum product.

About the same proportion of

adults took multivitamin products,

regardless of the total number of

products taken (between 38 and 41

percent). Similarly, about the same

proportion of young children given

one product used a muhivitamin as

did children given two products (80

percent). Over 90 percent of all young

children taking one product were

given a broad-spectrum product.

Table 6 differs from other tables

in this report in that the numbers and

percents refer to the estimated

number of vitamin amd mineral products reported, not the number of

persons taking them. These data are

shown by the frequency with which

individual types of vitamin and mineral

products were taken over a 2-week

period. The time intervals shown are

every day, from 2 to 6 days each week,

and once a week or less.

Over 70 percent of all vitamin and

mineral products used by adults and

young children during 1986 were

taken every day. The percent of products taken by adults on a daily basis

did not vary appreciably among the

different product categories.

About 75 percent of all multivitamins consumed by young children

were taken every day. The percent of

all other vitamin and mineral products

taken by children on a daily basis,

however, was somewhat lower (about

65 percent).

Intake levels of nutrients taken

Table 7 shows median, 90th, and

95th percentile average daily nutrient

intake levels (most often represented

as percents of the Recommended

Dietary Allowances (RDA’s)) for 12

vitamins and 7 minerals for men and

women by three age groups. The

RDA’s are “the levels of intake of

essential nutrients considered, in the

judgment of the Committee on

Dietary Allowances of the Food and

Nutrition Board on the basis of available scientific knowledge, to be

adequate to meet the known nutritional needs of practically all healthy

persons” in the United States (7). For

those nutrients for which no RDA

values are established because of lack

of information on which to base allowances, intakes are instead represented

as percents of the midrange leveIs of

Estimated Safe and Adequate Daily

Dietary Intakes (ESADDI) as established by the Food and Nutrition

Board. The nutrients reported as

percents of the midrange ESADDI

levels are pantothenic acid, biotin, and

copper.

Table 8 is similar in content to

table 7 except that the estimates are

for young children. The individual

nutrient estimates shown in both of

these tables are based only on those

persons taking the specific vitamin or

mineral listed. Furthermore, they do

not include persons who took any

prescribed vitamin and mineral product or whose average daily intake for

that nutrient is unknown. These exclusions may have had an effect on the

estimates shown.

The estimates shown in tables 7

and 8 were obtained by first ordering

numerically the RDA or ESADDI

(unweighed) values for all eligible

sample persons consuming a particular

nutrient. The three RDA or ESADDI

values (expressed in percents) that

corresponded to the 50th, 90t~ and

95th percentile positions in the listing

were then selected.

Even if two individuals are adjacent by the order of their nutrient

intake level, their intake levels still

could differ by a relatively large

amount. Such krge differences would

be more frequent at the extremes of

intake level. Thuq the intake values

shown in these two tables for the 90th

and the 95th percentiles in particular

are subject to considerable variability

because of sampling.

Standard errors for these estimates are not available at this time

because of the complexities involved in

generating the figures. Therefore, data

in tables 7 and 8 should be considered

“provisional” and caution should be

exercised in interpreting the findings.

Nevertheless, the estimates for many

of the nutrients are simiku to results

obtained from the 1980 FDA survey

(5).

The median average daily intake

for most of the vitamins listed in table

7 was between 100 and 200 percent of

the RDA for both men and women.

Among men, the vitamins with the

highest median values were vitamin C

(250 percent RDA) and vitamin B:,

(300 percent RDA). Stated another

way, the average amount of vitamin C

consumed each day by 50 percent of

all men reporting its use was no more

than 2 1/2 times the RDA. For

women, vitamin E and vitamin Blz had

the highest median intake values (250

percent RDA for each), followed by

thiamin (225 percent RDA) and riboflavin (217 percent RDA).

Data in table 7 show that some

segment of the vitamin and mineral

supplement user population took

certain vitamins far in excess of the

RDA. For 10 percent of adult male

and female users, average daiIy intake

for six vitamins-vitamins E, C, thiamin, riboflavin, vitamin B,, and vitamin

B12—wasgreater than 15 times the

RDA. Average daily intake of thiamin,

riboflavin, vitamin B,, and vitamin B:3

was in excess of 30 times the RDA for

5 percent of these men and women.

And 5 percent of women taking vitamin E ingested it at levels in excess of

35 times the RDA. Unfortunately,

reasons for taking the vitamins were

not determined for the NCHS suwey.

All of the median intake values

for the minerals Iisted were less than

200 percent of the RDA’s or

ESADDI’S for both sexes. Although

individual mineral intakes fell within a

relatively close range, iron had the

highest RDA value among 50,90, and

95 percent of maIe and female users;

it ranged from 1.8 to 5.4 times the

R.DA for men at these three
6 Advanca Data

percentiles and from 2.8 to 45 times

the RDA for women.

Among young children, the

median intake level for most of the

individual nutrients shown in table 8

also was between 100 and 200 percent

of the RDA or ESADDI. At the 50th

percentile, the highest intake level

(286 percent) was for pantothenic

acid. Five percent of children

consumed about 4 times the RDA or

ESADDI of vitamins A and E, folic

acid, and pantothenic acid, and about

75 times the RDA of vitamin C.

It is generally recognized that

most ~ericans meet their nutrient

needs from foods alone, and that the

use of supplements is therefore not

necessary (10,1 1). Although there are

no documented reports that daily

vitamin and mineral supplement use at

or below the RDA for a particular

nutrient is either beneficial or harmful

for the general population, the potentially adverse effects of large doses of

certain nutrients are well documented

(12).

The results presented are consistent with other studies showing that

supplements are commonly used by

the U.S. population and that intakes of

some nutrients by individuals are well

in excess of their RDA’s. However,

these data by themselves carmot be

used to evaluate the need for or the

safety of vitamin and mineral supplement use by the general population.

These data do not include estimates of

nutrient intakes from foods “and drinking water; hence, total nutrient intakes

cannot be estimated. Also, these data

are limited to intakes during the 2

weeks prior to intewiew. In additio~

the biochemical and clinical measures

needed to document adverse physiological effects associated with high

intakes of nutrients were not included

in the survey.

Nationally representative survey

data that quanti& nutrient intakes

from vitamin and mineriil supplements

are rare and have not been included in

past food consumption and nutritional

status surveys. Thus, the results from

the 1986 NHIS make an important

contribution in updating the knowledge of supplement use and in

improving the ability to monitor the

nutritional status of the U.S.

population.

Table 1. Percent of persons using vitamin and mineral products, by sex and age: United States, 1986

Both

Age saxes Female Male

Percent

Alladulls 18yeers And over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.4 41.3 31.2

1844yeara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.4 38.6

18-24 yeers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30.2

28.0 28.7

25-34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26.4

35.3 38.7

3S44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

32.0

38.4 45.5

45-64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31.1

39.8 46.2

46-54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

32.7

40.1 46.7

55-64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

33.0

45.7

65years endover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

32.4

2; 42.4

65-74 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

32.2

40.1 45,1

75-84 yeem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

33.7

35.4 39.6

85years anrJ over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

28.8

33.7 34.0 %33.0

AllctVldran 2-6years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.3 42.2

2years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

44.4

43.8 42.6

3-4years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

44.9

46.6 45.4

5-6years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

47.7

40.0 39.2 40.9

NOTE:See table 9 f+x pqwlatiofa
Advance Data 7

Table 2. Unadjusted and age-adjusted percent of persons using vitamin and mineral products, by age and selected characteristics:

United States, 1986

All adults 18 years of age and owr

All chtldren All adults

16-44 45+4 65 years

Characfarbtk

2-6 yearn 18 yeas of

Total yen years and OK% of age age and over

sex

Femate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Race

Write . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Raceandsex

mite

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black

Female, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Htepanicorigin

Allnon-Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

AllHisI)wIic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mex&nAmerkan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

PuertoRican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cuban. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

OfherHtspanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Family Income

Lessttmn$7,C00. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

s7,000-s14,9e9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$15,000-$24,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

E?5,000-s39,9e8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

S40,0000rmore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

NHIS Poverty Index

Salowpovertyllne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Abovepovertylkre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Educationz

Lesathan 12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12yeats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Marifatstatus

Nwerm- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

?Aerrhsd.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

‘.Vidowed,saparated, ordivorced. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Geographlcregbn

Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

,Midwest. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

west . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Placeofrasidenca

AllMSA’s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

G3ntralcily . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Outsidecentraicity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

NotMSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Reqxmdentaasased health status

Excellentorverygood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Good . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Frdror~r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Welghtstatus

Nofoverweight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

overweight. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Unadjustedgwcent Aga-adIustad percent’

41.3

31.2

36.5

21.5

32.0

43.7

329

23.8

18.7

36.9

28.7

23.5

28.0

21.9

40.0

27.0

32.5

34.8

36.8

44.8

24.2

38.7

25.5

36.0

44.5

34.3

36.1

40.1

35.5

36.8

31.9

44.9

37.9

36.3

39.1

31.4

36.2

34.3

31.3

36.6

28.9

36.6

30.2

36.2

227

31.1

40.5

32.1

25.9

18.9

35.0

26.7

22.8

‘1 6.0

●15.3

36.7

26.6

30.6

322

36.6

41.7

23.8

36.9

20.3

31.2

42.6

34.2

33.7

36.6

33.5

34.2

30.9

41.6

36.0

35.1

36.5

26.6

36.0

E

36.3

27.1

46.2

327

42.2

22.2

26.3

49.4

34.3

221

224

40.2

31.5

24.8

●528

%22.6

37.1

27.8

30.4

35.1

43.2

50.6

24.2

41.6

28.3

42.1

49.3

33.6

39.4

43.2

39.6

41.6

33.5

48.3

41.3

30.6

43.1

34.7

44.1

38.4

28.1

42.5

34.4

42.4

322

422

44.4

40.9

31.1

40.1

14.2

523

46.3

30.3

30.7

38.2

21.2

321

44.6

33.8

45.4

47.1

43.2

32.6

17.3

●9.7

30.5

30.0

23.5

18.4

36.1

40.6

%9.5

●3Q.9

●48.7

●56.9

44.1

37.6

36.9

=8

-26.6

45.2

36.6

30.4

24.6

28.9

20.7

40.6

30.2

37.0

43.1

426

44.3

22.8

38.6

44.2

51.2

50.3

26.9

31.9

34.5

36.9

43.7

25.7

40.3

27.3

46.2

24.0

36.4

30,7

45.3

47.3

26.9

40.1

51.0

23.7

36.3

44.8

37.4

37.8

39.0

36.8

34.3

39.0

.. .

.. .

.. .

35.0

36.0

33.3

51.7

39.2

46.6

40.9

47.2

35.1

36.6

31.8

U.7

39.6

36.6

42.2

34.6

44.7

40.1

47,7

36.7

37.7

36.3

38.7

31.0

39.7

39.7

33.8

46.1

36.2

44.2

36.6

33.0

30.4

41.8

26.5

38.8

27.6

..-

---

‘Ag~adjusted~ ~dl~~tti tolhagedifirikt~n ~th19~tti~K ciwlimnon!tiittiill~ po@IC+ldtFeUn+tcd Siales(aged18-24,25-34, ~,45-E4,55-64, 8S-74,7%64,

@SSyemacdover).

2Edwath~i~M&d iss~nfwp- tayeandageti owr,ardeducstion c4mspornible@M isdmwnforchildren 2-aYeam0fa9e.

N075:3eetable Ioforpepulation.
Table 3. Percent of persons, by sex, age, and type of product used, vitamins, and minarals: United States, 1986

Boltrsaxes Female Male

All Wufls All aduifs

Type of product, 18 yRWSOf

All /rdufls

18-44 45-64 65 years Children 18 years of l&44 4S64

vflamlns. arrdminerals age ami over

65 wars 18 years of

years years &rd over 2-8 years

18-44 45-64 85 pars

age and over years years and over age and over years years and over

Type of product

Slnglevilamhr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Viamln and mineral comblnatirm . . .

AllmultMlamlns. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mulltvltamln, mrrllirnlneral. . . . . . .

MulfNHamin plus iron . . . . . . . . .

Mullhmam!m.. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Olhervnamin combirraIbn. . . . . . . .

Strrgle mineral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

other mlneralcombirratbn . . . . . . .

Multlmhwal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Broad-spectrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

specialized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Vilamlns

VitamlrrC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Thiamln . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rlboflavln . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

VHamin B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

vnamln B~z. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

N!acln . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Vitamin E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

VtlamlnA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

VHamkrD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Folkacld . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Panlolhenkac!d . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blotin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Minerals

Iron. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Calckrm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Zirrc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Magnesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iodine. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Copper . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Manganese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Phosphorus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Polasslum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Chromium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SeIenlum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fluoride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15.0

13.3

13.8

8.7

1.8

3.6

4.3

6.9

1.2

●O.1

23.6

220

30.8

26.5

28.4

26.5

26.2

26.2

26.1

23.0

23.9

23.4

22.2

17.3

19.7

19.5

15.9

15.4

14.0

14.2

11.3

10.2

10.4

8.5

9.2

●O.1

12.9

12.0

14.4

9.2

1.6

3.7

4.1

4.5

0.7

●O.1

23.8

18.6

30.2

26.5

26.6

26.6

26.3

26.3

25.4

22.9

23.2

24.2

22.4

18.0

20.1

17.6

15.6

15.2

14.1

14.2

11.1

10.6

10.2

8.9

9.4

+7.7

15.0

13.6

8.1

1.8

3.7

4.9

10.4

1.7

23.7

27.5

32.2

27.2

27.0

27.2

26.7

26.9

27.5

23.5

25.2

23.1

223

16.7

19.3

223

16.2

15.3

13.5

13.6

11.2

9.9

10.2

7.8

8.7

●O.1

18.2

14.9

12.1

7.7

1.4

2.9

4.1

9.9

1.8

224

25.6

30.8

25.1

24.7

25.1

24.6

24.6

26.2

223

24.3

20.6

21.3

15.4

18.9

21.4

16.6

16.2

14.3

i4.4

12.2

IE

86

9.6

*0.3

5.6

4.9

32.4

5.7

7.9

18.8

1.2

2.4

37.6

6.2

40.7

38.0

36.0

37.5

37.8

37.9

36.9

36.0

38.2

37.0

8.9

7.5

17.7

7.5

8.7

7.9

7.6

6.6

4.5

6.2

1.5

2.1

*0.3

2.5

16.7

16.6

14.8

9.2

2.2

3.4

5.1

10.1

1.6

●O.1

26.2

26.9

33.6

29.5

2e.5

297

29.3

28.3

26.9

25.9

27.6

26.0

24.9

16.6

23.1

24.7

17.2

17.1

15.3

15.2

12.4

11.2

11.5

9.4

10.3

●O.1

Percant

13.9

15.2

15.7

10.0

2.5

3.2

4.7

6.9

1.2

●o.1

27.1

22.0

32.7

299

30.0

30.2

29.8

29.7

26.5

26.3

26.7

27.3

25.4

19.7

24.5

22.0

17.0

16.9

15.7

15.3

123

11.8

11.2

9.9

10.5

20.3

19.5

14.1

8.3

2.0

3.9

6.2

15.1

2.2

●O.1

26.1

34.9

35.7

30.4

30.3

30.5

2e.9

30.3

30.3

26.3

2e.5

25.8

25.3

78.5

220

29.1

17.2

17.1

14.3

14.7

12.4

10.3

11.6

9.1

10.2

●o.1

19.9

17.6

129

8.3

:

5.0

12.3

2.2

24.0

29.8

33.3

27.2

26.7

27.4

26.9

26.4

27.9

24.4

27.5

22.2

22.9

15.6

20.7

26.3

17.9

17.8

15.5

15.6

12.7

10.7

12.5

8.7

10.2

●0.4

13.2

9.5

12.9

6.1

1.0

3.8

3.4

3.6

0.7

20.7

16.9

27.8

23.2

23.0

23.1

22.8

22.9

23.1

19.8

19.9

20.6

19.3

15.6

16.0

14.0

14.5

13.5

12.6

13.1

10.1

9.2

9.3

7.6

8.1

11.9

8.9

13.2

a.5

0.6

4.1

3.5

2.2

●o.3

20.6

15.1

27.7

23.2

23.1

23.1

229

23.0

22.4

19.6

19.7

21.2

19.5

16.4

15.8

13.6

14.3

13.5

12.6

13.2

9.9

9.4

9.3

7.9

8.3

14.8

10.1

13.1

7.9

1.6

3.5

3.5

5.2

1.2

21.1

19.4

28.4

23.7

23.3

23.6

23.3

23.1

24.4

20.5

20.5

20.2

19.f

14.7

16.3

14.8

15.1

13.3

12.7

12.9

9.6

9.4

6.6

6.4

7.1

●O.1

15.6

11.0

11.0

7.0

●1.1

2.9

2.7

6.4

●1.1

20.1

2(-)~

27.2

221

21.9

21.6

21.8

22.0

23.9

19.4

19.6

18.9

19.1

15.1

16.4

14.4

14.6

13.9

12.6

+2.7

11.4

8.0

10.2

8.5

8.7
Table 4. Percent of vitamin ●nd mineral supplement uaars, by sex, age, ●nd type of product used, vitamins, and minerals: Uniled States, 1986

8olh saxes Female Mali?

All adults All OdU/iS

Ty/m c4prt?ducl,

All OdU/tS

18yearsof 18-44 45-64 65years ChMdretr 18ysaIsof 16-44 45-84 85 yews 18 pars d

Vkvr-ms, arm rnkrarak agaarrdowr years pSI-S md Ovar 28 years

16-44 45-64 65 W

age and over years years arrd Owr age and over ykws ~WS errd over

Type d pmducl

Skrglevltamln . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Vdamlrr and mlnaral aombinatbn . . .

Allmunnrkarnln s . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Muilivtlamkr or muitirninaral . . . . .

Multhrnirrpluskin . . . . . . . . .

MulttiHamln. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wrer vitamincornblnalbn. . . . . . . .

Skrglemharal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Olhermheral combtnawr. . . . . . .

Mulllnrharai . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Broad-spactrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Spaclalize d . . . . . . . . .. m......

Vnamhs

Vwrrrlrrc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Thlamtn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..o.

IMbc#lawn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

VhrninB.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

VbrrWrBe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Niaclrr . .?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Vikunln E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

VdarnhA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

VMrrhD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Folkacki . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Panlothenkacict. ,, . . . . . . . . . . .

Bbtsr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mherah

%Lrn: ::::::::::::::::::

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Magnashlrrr. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

bdkle . ...,... . . . . . . . . . . . .

Qwf.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..q.

Marwanese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Phosphorus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,

Polass!um. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,

Chromium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Selenium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,

Fluoride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41.2

36.4

36.0

23.8

4.4

In

19.1

3.2

*O.1

64.7

60.6

64.7

72.7

72.4

72.8

71.8

71.9

71.7

63.1

65.6

64.2

61.1

47.4

64.1

63,7

43.7

42.2

38.4

36.9

31.0

28.1

28.7

23.5

25.4

*0.2

37.4

35.0

42,0

26.6

4.5

10.7

11.9

13.2

2.1

●0.2

69.3

53.8

87.9

77.1

77.3

77.4

76.5

76.5

73.9

66.6

67.4

70.5

65.3

62.4

68.5

51.7

45.5

44.1

41.1

41.5

32.4

30.8

2%8

25.8

27.3

●O.1

44.4

37.8

34.2

20.4

4.5

9.3

12.3

26.1

4.3

+0.1

%.:

81.0

66.4

67.8

68.5

67.2

67.5

69.1

59.2

63.3

58.1

56.2

42,0

46.5

66.1

40.8

WL4

34.1

24.7

28.0

24.8

25.6

19.6

21.9

●0.2

47.7

3!3.0

31.7

20.3

3.7

7.7

10.7

25.9

4.6

56.7

67.6

60.5

65.7

64.7

65.7

64.9

64.4

68.7

58.5

63.5

64.5

55.8

40.3

49.5

!%0

43.4

42.3

37.4

37.7

31.9

25.1

30.3

22.6

25.1

+0.7

13.0

11.4

74.8

13.1

18.2

43.4

2.7

5.5

●o.1

66.8

18.6

S&o

87.6

87.7

66.4

87.1

87.5

85.2

67.7

w. 1

85.4

20.6

17.3

40.8

17.2

20.1

18.3

17.6

15.2

10.3

14.2

3.5

4.9

●0.6

5.7

40.4

40.6

35.7

22.3

5.3

8.1

12.5

24.4

3.9

●0.2

63.5

81.4

71.5

71,4

72.0

70.9

70.6

69.8

62.8

66.8

62.9

80.4

45.1

56.0

59.8

41.7

41.4

37.0

36.8

30.1

27.1

27.9

22.8

25.0

●0.2

35.9

30.3

40.7

26.6

6.5

a4

122

18.0

3.0

*0.4

70.2

57.0

64.6

77.5

77.6

7a I

77.2

77.0

73.9

66,1

69,2

70.6

65.9

51.0

53.5

57,1

44.2

43.8

40.6

39.7

31.9

30.6

20.0

25.5

27.1

44.0

42.2

30.6

17.9

4.2

8.4

13.4

32.7

4.7

●0.I

z

77.3

65.9

65.5

26.0

64.7

65.5

65.5

57.0

63.6

55.8

64.8

40.0

47.6

63.0

37.2

%

31.7

26.9

22.3

25.1

19.6

22.1

●0.2

46.9

41.6

30.4

19.6

3.8

1:

29.0

5.2

%.7

70.4

78.5

64.1

63,0

64.6

63.4

62.3

65.8

57.6

64.9

52.4

54.0

36.8

46.6

62,0

42.3

41.9

36.6

36.7

%

29,6

20.6

24.2

*1.O

42.3

30.5

41.3

26.1

3,1

12.1

10.8

11.4

2.1

66.4

64.2

69.4

74.3

73.9

74.0

73.2

73.4

74.2

63.6

63.8

66.2

62.1

50.7

51.5

45.0

46.6

43.3

40.5

41.9

32.4

28.5

29.7

24.3

25.9

●O.1

39.2

29.5

43.7

28.0

&

11.5

7.3

●1.O

●O.1

66.3

49.9

91.6

76.6

76.6

76.4

75.6

76.0

74.0

64.6

65.1

70.1

64.5

64.2

62.3

45.0

47.1

44.6

41.7

43.7

32.9

31.0

30.9

%

●0.2

45.1

30.9

39,9

24.3

5.0

10.7

10.7

15.9

3.8

64.6

59.2

86.9

72.3

71.3

72.2

71.1

70.6

74.7

62.7

62.6

61.8

56.3

45,1

49.9

45.2

46.0

40.8

36.9

39.3

29.8

26.7

26.3

19.5

21,6

●0.2

49.1

34.2

34.1

21.7

●3.4

9.0

6.5

20.0

●3.5

62.4

62.4

64.3

88.6

67.9

67.7

67.6

68.4

74.3

60.2

61.0

66.6

59.2

46.9

51.0

44.7

46.3

43.2

39.0

39.5

35,4

24,6

31,7

26.3

26.9
Table 5. Percent distribution and percents of persons using vitamin and mineral products by number taken and type of produc~ according to sex and age: United States,

1986

Eofh SeXSS Female Male

All adults All adults Ail aduils

Number taken and 18 years of 16-44 45-64 65 years Children 18 years of l&44 45-64 65 years

fype lfprwduct

18 years of

aga and over

18-44 45-64

yearn

65 years

years md over 2-6 years age and over years years and over age and over pars years and over

Percent dlslrbullon

Total products taken’ . . . . . . . . .

I product . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Zproducls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-4producls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5productsorm0re . . . . . . . . . . . .

1 product takenz

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Skrglevtlamln . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

VHamlnand mineral comblnatbn . . .

Allrnultidlamlm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Multivltamln, mulllmlnaral. . . . . . .

Multlvilamkrplusiron . . . . . . . .

MutltvHamin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

OlhervHamln comblnatbn. . . . . . .

SInglamkreral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Othermlneralcomblnalkwr . . . . . . .

Mulllmlneral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Bmed-spactrum. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

speckdized . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 products takenz

SInglavtlaml n . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Vllamlnan dmlnaralcomblnatbn . . .

Allmulllvtlamlns . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mullivtlamln, muillmkreral. . . . . . .

Mullivitaml npluslron . . . . . . . . .

Multtvitamln . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Otharvllamlr rcomblnation. . . . . . . .

Slnglemlneral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Othermtneralcombinalbn . . . . . . .

MWrntnersl.. . . . . . . . . . . . . ,.

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Onlybroed-spectrum. . . . . . . . . . .

Onlyspecialized . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Combh’ralbrr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3 or more products takanz

Singleviraml n . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Vllamln andmlnerel comblnatbn . . .

Allmulthdtamkrs . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mullttltamhr, mullimlnaral . . . . . . .

MuHtWamlnpluslron . . . . . . . . .

Mullivltamln . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Othervflamincomblnalbn. . . . . . . .

Slrrglemlneral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

othermlneralcomblnalion . . . . . . .

Mullirr’ ‘ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0

59.6

20,8

14.5

5.1

100.0

16.2

30.4

40.6

252

4.4

11.1

a.3

6.0

*0.3

100.0

67.7

32.3

56.5

39.4

3s. 1

22.8

5.3

10.0

13.3

24.6

4.3

100.0

8.6

35.5

55.9

86.1

52.3

38.1

25.9

4.2

7.9

27.8

49.1

10.7

●0.7

100.0

63.6

19.7

12.4

4.2

100.0

15.3

30.5

44.0

27.7

4.4

11.9

6.7

3.3

●0.2

IOQ.O

72.2

27.6

57.3

36.0

44.6

26.0

6.6

10.2

12.3

20.0

4.1

Ilxl.o

11.7

28.7

59.6

S8.8

49.7

43.1

29.1

4.0

10.0

32.8

40.5

7.2

*1.3

100.0

54.5

22.0

18.0

5.5

Icm.o

16.3

29.1

37.s

21.2

5.0

11.1

5.6

11.1

●0.4

I@).o

61.3

38.7

55.1

41.3

31.8

18.8

●3.9

9.1

16.2

26.1

●4. 1

100.0

5.1

40.5

54.3

64.1

65.1

35.6

23.5

4.8

7.2

23.5

55.7

13.3

●0.4

IMI.O

55.6

22.0

15.5

6.9

100.0

19.2

32.3

34.8

22.7

3.7

8.3

5.6

7.6

●O.4

100.0

62.1

37.9

5&9

40.1

29.7

14.9

●4.O

10.8

11.1

31.9

●5. 1

100.0

●5.6

46.4

48.0

67.9

53.6

30.3

22.2

●3.8

●4.2

23.2

57.7

14.6

100.0

65.9

11.9

●2.2

100.0

6.7

9.6

80.3

12.9

20.4

47.0

●2.6

●0.7

160.0

92.0

6.0

51.3

●17.9

79.7

21.5

●15.1

43.1

●2.5

33.4

●0.6

100.0

●15.7

*6.7

77.7

*70,9

●57.7

●49.7

*13.7

●4.O

●31.4

●8.6

●44.O

100.0 100.0

55.1 59.1

22.3 22.2

17.0 13.9

5.6 4.9

100.0 100.0

12.1 11.3

33.5 34.0

39.1 43.6

23.6 27.6

5.6 6.2

9.7 9.7

5.4 5.6

9.6 5.4

●0.3 W.3

100.0 100.0

67.1 74.0

32.9 26.0

Percent

49.9 4s. 1

44.0 44.0

35.3 40.1

21.9 25.0

6.0 9.0

7.3 6.0

14.4 14.0

28.0 26.0

5.3 4,8

Percent dts!rbulkm

100.0

7.2

36.9

55.9

63.8

54.7

34.9

23.4

4.4

7.1

28.2

53.4

11.2

+1.0

100.0

9.7

29.6

64).7

Percent

64.9

51.6

42.1

27.0

5.7

3?:

46.5

9.8

*1.9

100.0

49.6

22.2

22.7

5.4

100.0

11!4

31.6

33.9

16.5

6.1

11.2

5.0

17.6

●O.6

100.0

57.4

42.6

49.3

45.3

29.6

20.2

●1.9

●7.7

16.9

30.4

●4.7

100.0

●3.7

42.4

53.9

81.5

57.6

30.2

20.9

●3.6

●5.7

24.2

58.6

11.4

●0.5

100.0

52.7

229

16.3

6.1

100.0

15.6

34.8

S3.2

21.9

‘4.1

7.2

●5.4

10.6

●0.2

100.O

60.3

39.6

55.7

41.8

31.1

16.6

●4.5

*1O.O

●11.5

29.7

●7.6

100.0

●6.O

47.3

46.7

85.5

56.1

28.3

20.3

●3. 1

●4.9

27.2

58.6

13.9

100.0

66.1

185

11.1

4.2

Irm o

20.9

26.9

42.7

27.1

2.6

12.8

7.4

1.9

‘0.3

Iwo

8s.5

31.5

67.9

31.6

43.0

24.3

4.0

14.6

11.4

18.8

%?.6

100.0

11.0

33.2

55.8

91.0

47.2

44.7

31.1

●3.9

9.7

26.8

40.0

9.8

●0.2

100.0

69.2

16.7

10.6

3.4

100.0

19.6

2s.9

.+4.4

27.6

2.4

14.2

7.8

●1.1

●O.2

100.0

70.2

29.6

72.7

28.0

52.7

32.9

*2.5

17.2

9.6

10.1

+3.0

100.0

15.0

27.2

57.9

88.9

46.4

44,9

32.7

*1.O

11.2

34.0

35.5

●2.8

●0.4

100.O

62.1

21.6

10.6

5.7

100.0

22.2

26.1

.41.6

26.9

‘3.6

11.0

6.7

●3.2

90.2

100.0

86.0

33.9

64.4

34.9

35.1

16.6

●7. 1

+11.3

15.0

24.3

●3.2

100.0

●7.4

37.4

65.1

91,3

46.3

60.2

30.7

●8.2

+jj,~

21.6

48.0

18.6

IOQ.O

61.1

20.4

13.9

●4.7

100.0

24.3

26.4

37.1

24.0

●3.O

10.1

●6.6

●2.9

‘0.7

100.0

85.0

35.0

59.2

36.7

26.9

●11.5

●2.8

●12.4

●1O.4

36.6

100.0

●4.9

44.5

50.6

93.8

47.8

35.2

*27. 1

●5.6

●2.5

●13.3

55.6

●if -
Percent dtstft)utbn

I

Toll.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Icm.o 100!0 100.0 IC4).O Wxl.o lcn).o 100.0 100.0 W3.o 100.0 100.0 1(0.0 100.0

CWybroad.spactrum. . . . . . . . . . . ●0.7 ●0.8 ●0.9 *4.O

OnIj’spackdlzed . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

●0.9 ●1.O ●1,3

33.8 30.3

●0.3 ●0.5

35.7 36.8 *9. 1

COmblnalbn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65.5 66.9

36.1 31.3

63.4

36.7 41.3

61.2

29.0

W&l?

26.4

63.0

27.6

67.7 60.0

32.7

58.7 70.6 71.0 72.4 67.2

1=- ~Mn w ~m,d SUppfSmti uers WIh UdUKWll ~- ~ -s ‘en.

z~~m ~hk C4tmkmn M=

Table 6. Number of vitamin ●nd mineral products used by adults and children and percent distribution by frequency of use, ●ccording to type of product United States,

1986

VNarnlnand mkreral pttxAIcls wad by Vdamln and mfneral produck USSXI

adulls 18 years ofege and over by chUdren 2-8 years of age

Frequency 0/ uss Frequency of use

All 2-8 days

Type of prodtwt

All

prodlrds Total’ DaWy

2-8 days

a waek Weekly produc4s Tofal’ Da~ a wsak Weakly

Number In Number in

thousands Percent dlstribulbn thousands Percenl dtslribulbn

All vdamin and mineral produclsz . . . . . . . . . 111,433 100.0 70.8 24.0 5.2 9,166 lCS).O 71.2 26.0 ●2.6

Single vltamln . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,620 lm).o 71.3 22.2

VIIemln and mineral combinalbn ., . . . . . . . 24,100

6.5

100.0

1,054

71.0

100.0 65.1 %0.2 ●4.7

24.0

Allmunlvltamlns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,506

5.0 946

lea).o

100.0 64.6 ●33. 1

70.6

●2.3

26.1

Mulltvilamln, multknlneral. . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,746

3.4

100.0

5,917

70.4

lCQ,O 75.6 22.1 ●2.4

26.7

MullhWirninphrsl Ron. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

●2.6

2,710

1,043 100.0 65.1 ●31.2

ILM.O 71.3

●3.7

24.4

Mullivtlamln . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

●4.4

6.050 1OD.o

1,432 1000

70.5

61.2 ●17.7 ●1.1

25.3

C4harvkamln combinalbn . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

●4.2

1W.o 71.8

3.441 Iwo 76.4 21.1 *2.5

Iw

23.4

Slnglemkwral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

●4.6 ●213 ●IWO ●67.6 ●24 ,9

lWLO 70.1

*7.3

24.5

other mineral combinalbn . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,959

5.4 431 lCQ.O %6,8

lrnlo

●33.2

75.1 ●20.O

Multlrnlneral . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

●5.O ●7 ●1OO.O ●1OO.O

●W ●1OO.O ●65.6 %34.4

Braad-speclrum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,e3e 100,0 70.6

Speclaflzed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25.3 4.1 8,667

61,946 Im.o 71.3

100.0 74.5 23.2 *2.3

22.9 5.6 1,662 100.0 64.1 31.7 *4.2

!Excludesvkmln ●xf nimfsl prcducls wilh unhc+fn frequency d ua.

%wbdmwilamlrr d rrdmrdfscd.icfs d urhown fype.
Table 7. Percent of Recommended Dietary Allowances for adults 18 years of age and over, by selected percentile% age, sex, vitamins, and minerals: United States, 1986

Percentile

All adul(s 18 yems

of age and over 18-44 years

Sex, vtlamlrrs,

45-64 years 65 years and over

and minerals Madkrn 90fh 95th Madksn Wfh 95th Median 99th 95!h Median SWh 951h

Males

Viamlns

Vfiamln A . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Vrfamin D . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Viamin E . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Viiamkr C . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Folkacki . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Thiamln . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Riboflavin . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

N!aclrr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ViamlnB . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Vffamin B’’ . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Bblln’ . .’? . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pantothenkacld’ . , . ., , , . .

Minerals

Calcium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Phosphorus . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iodine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Magnesium . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Copper’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

zinc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Females

Vifamln5

VrfamkrA . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

VrfaminD. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

VltamlnE . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ViiamfnC . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Folkackt . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Thfamln . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rlbollavin . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Niacin. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Vfiamln Be . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Vifamin B . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Bbthr’ ..’!..........,.,

Pantothenkacld’ . . . . . . . . .

Mineral%

Celclum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Phosphorus . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iodine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Magnaslum . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Capper’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Zinc. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

150

200

2CQ

250

100

191

186

125

136

300

26

182

20

15

100

180

29

80

Icm

166

2V0

250

200

100

225

217

154

154

250

30

182

31

16

lCQ

150

33

80

100

300

251

2,666

1,667

100

2,500

1,875

625

1,788

1,800

88

809

78

33

k?

57

E

375

262

3,333

1,688

100

3,000

2,083

769

2,361

1,567

150

809

113

33

Ifxl

278

60

120

159

———

406

2,860

2,084

175

4,288

3,571

632

3,409

3,332

m

1,384

116

58

157

540

Ioir

12U

---

343

3,583

1,917

200

6,000

4,167

646

3,750

3.332

“200

1,428

150

58

143

450

133

Im

200

15a

200

200

236

Icm

161

183

111

12$

300

30

162

20

15

Ico

180

29

80

Irx)

168

200

250

167

100

225

217

154

150

229

30

182

20

1%

100

33

60

100

300

250

1,108

1,667

100

2,500

2,187

556

1,948

1,667

100

aoe

70

33

107

360

57

12U

m

375

Z?5

2,150

1,880

100

3,000

2,136

769

2,500

1,800

143

909

94

33

100

247

76

120

159

751

400

2,758

2.143

“XKr

4,081

3,572

556

3,409

3,332

200

1,364

100

56

200

640

88

160

309

563

325

3,458

l,e27

200

7,500

5,140

846

5,000

3.333

“ZcKr

1,564

125

58

143

345

125

120

2C0

Percent

150

ZcKr

200

333

100

238

213

159

136

300

23

182

20

16

100

180

29

60

100

188

200

250

200

100

225

217

154

Im

m

30

182

X3

16

100

180

33

80

100

300

250

2,667

1,667

100

3,125

2,187

625

1,894

2,500

88

909

es

31

lco

288

51

120

200

375

263

3,571

1,887

100

3,000

2,083

769

1,786

1,887

200

618

125

44

z

l(x)

120

190

---

400

2,667

2,188

175

4,761

3,571

833

3,409

3,334

Ice

1,364

125

58

150

400

97

120

333

375

357

4,166

1.833

“200

5,300

4,166

I,ooo

3,750

3,332

Z@)

1,429

156

63

150

500

133

120

200

150

200

200

m

100

250

243

lea

136

3JH

20

182

20

15

100

212

29

m

100

18s

200

250

275

100

249

217

154

150

300

30

162

31

16

100

270

33

60

100

ml

262

2,887

1,686

lW

2,361

1,071

“625

S@

833

62

520

95

25

100

299

57

120

167

375

m

3,454)

1,884

100

2,489

i8417

769

1,250

1,666

lml

546

125

21

100

2$)9

83

120

159

--—

325

2,868

2,000

100

6,250

2,214

625

3,409

5,0@3

200

SQ9

138

33

IWI

W)

101

120

m

---

400

5,033

1,667

113

5,cKKr

2,917

769

2,503

3,332

2im

1,169

150

36

114

476

133

120

226

‘Partolfwnkadd, copper,andblolln arerqmrledaeparcerris oflhsrddrange ESNJOlfaval,ae astabllshedbylhaFoodendNufrillcm%ard,owlngto lackofFfDWsforIhosarubferrte.

NDTE& IncbdasMm and mineralswithestablishedRLM(orESADGi)vabs.

The medlarrjSOIh,and 951hparcenfll~ are calcalakd formers of spschlcrulrienfscrriy.

EsdudedarafMrmrn whotookarryprescrlptlonvlWrrlnorrnlnaralprodM c+wbsaavaragadaily Itiakeforaepacific nufrkntwasunkm.
Advance Data 13

Table 8. Percent of Recommended Dietary Allowances for children 2-6 years of age, by

selected percentiles, vitamins, and minerals: United States, 1986

Rwcent//e

Vttamlns and minerals Median .wfIr 95fh

Vitamins PerCant

Viiamin A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

--- 375

Vilamin i ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

---

11X3 100 l(x)

VKamin E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~67 333 400

Vitamin C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 556 769

Folicac!d . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150 300 400

Thieml n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 214 250

Riboflavin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 213 23a

Niacin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122 182 222

Vftamin 13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Viamin Bs . . . .

167 222

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180

Bbtin’. j? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

257 300

53

Pantothenicackt’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

124 177

286 333 429

Minerals

Calcium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 20 3a

Phosphorus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 16 25

Iodine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 214 214

Iron . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 180 191

Magnesium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

C+3pper’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40 67

118 167 167

Zinc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 150 150

lptidh~=~, ~Pw,@HmIn ~emmdd~~~ ofttmmidrangeEsAoOl Iaval.aseslabliahed ~t~~~

Nutntla! Wad, owing to lack of ROW for those mdrients.

NOTESlncludesvitamim endmineratswith e6tablishedRCb4(or ESAOC4)valuee.

Thmedian,SOlh, sndS5thpmcmtilee .wecalculatedfw uweofspacitlcmtnents coly.

Excludedare~rsors whotmkqprescription vitamincfmimral pmducr orwkaeavemge dai~itXekeforaepsc!fit mtrieci

wes udumwn.

Table9. All persons and persons using vitamin andmlneral products, bysex and age:

United States, 1986

Persons using vtsmh

All persons and mineraiproducfs’

&th

Age

8oth

saxes Female Male sexe8 Fsnrale Male

Number In thousands

Alladults 18years and over. . . . 189,*7 87,783 81,804 61,749 36,283 25,488

18-44 deem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97,541 48,316 49,225 33,525 18,843 14,882

~&24years. . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,098 12,992 13,105 7,318 3,862 3,454

25-34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,486 19,070 20,416 13,924 7,381 6,542

35-44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,957 16,2543 15,704 12,286 7,400 4,886

45-64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,6W 23,371 21,289 17,763 10,798 6,S65

45-54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,587 11,661 10,927 9,054 5,446

56-64yeam . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,608

22,073 11,710 10,363 8,710 5,352 3,357

65yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . 27,386 16,096 11,290 10,461 6,821 3.639

65-74years . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,906 9,45a 7.449 6,779 4,268 2,512

7W34yeers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,652 5,343 3,309 3,065 2.114 952

85yeafsandover . . . . . . . . . 1,826 1,296 533 616 440 ’176

Allchildren 2-6years. . . . . . . . 18,162 8.910 9,252 7.873 3,761 4,112

2yean3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,578 1,762 1,616 1.566 751 815

3-tyears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,177 3,371 3,806 3,348

S-6years . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,532

7,407

1,814

3,777 3,630 2.S61 1,479 1,483

‘Excludespemx’a Wmusedcmiypmacdptiin Vifannnamlmmeral prokxxs.

NOTS Population fig.me exclude pregnant d tactatirq women Iw years of age.
Table 10. All persons and persons using vitamin and mineral products, by age and selectedcharacteristics: United States, 1986

All PSISORS Persons using Wamln ana mineral prodrmls’

AtIaduNs 18 Chlhiren Af{actut@ 18 CfrHdnwr

years of age iiwd 45-64 65 yv?ars 2’-6 years yeais of age t+44 45-64 8.5years 2-6ye.sm

Characlerisk and over years years and over of age and owr years years and over of age

Race

Whfie. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Race and sex

Whrle:

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black:

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hlspanlc orlgln

Allnon-Hkpank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Allt{ispanfc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

MexkanAmerkan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Puertofllcan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cuban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

OlherHkpank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Famllylncome

Lesslhan$7,000 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$7,000-$14,989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$1!5,000-$24,998 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$251H30+39,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$40,0000rm0re . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

NHIS Poverty fndex

wlow~ve~llna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

AOovepovertyllne . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

EducaNon2

Lessthan f2years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13yeaffiormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Martial slalus

Neverrnerrle-cl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Marred . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wktowed,sepmated,ordhorced . . . . . . . . .

r3eographlcragbn

Northeast . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Midwest . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Soulll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

West . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Place 0! resk3ence

AllMSA’s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cenlralctty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Oulskiecentralcily . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

NotMjfi, O. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

145,842

18,563

5, i62

75,034

70,606

10,211

%,372

159,092

to,49s

5,302

1,140

927

2,733

14,688

24,752

33,136

41,161

33,806

17,481

138,281

41,?W9

04,954

62,013

32,386

102,282

27,477

38,660

58;612

33,410

130,787

54,515

76,272

38,600

82,172

1t,821

3,549

40,207

41,e65

6,387

5,454

90,085

7,456

3,969

729

5$6

2,026

8,135

12,257

19,272

26,619

20,737

11,534

79,975

t5,785

36,599

42,764

29,227

59,034

9,0$9

19,633

23,837

34,428

$9,644

76,610

31,379

45,231

20,931

39,064

4,477

1,120

2Q357

18,707

2,476

1,696

42,379

2,282

1,028

343

292

ml

2,676

58176

6,250

10,674

11,151

3>208

37,602

t2,35i7

16,366

13,620

1,628

35,068

7,625

10,297

10.473

J5,104

8,787

34,319

13,772

20,546

10,341

24,807

2,288

493

14,471

10,136

1,386

920

26,626

75a

312

●6a

●119

207

4,077

7,318

5,615

3,467

1,918

2,738

20,714

13,459

7,867

6,556

1,531

15,176

10,833

6,731

6,596

9,080

4,979

t9,659

9,364

10,4W

7/

Number In IhousanrJs

14,805

2,711

846’

7,i74

7,830

1,364

1,327

16.148

2,0t4

1,207

●162

●64

436

1,928

2,674

3,681

‘4,847

3,200

3,362

13,464

2,860

6,572

8.865

. . .

. . .

. . .

3,226

4,492

6,624

3,820

14,061

5,538

8,522

4,101

66,026

3,999

1,654

32,600

23,296

2.432

1;568

58,732

3,017

1,250

319

203

1,084

4,137

8,034

11,524

15,985

15$138

4,227

53,564

to,5Xl

23,407

27,611

11,104

39,448

lt,o15

$3,004

15,033

16,719

14,993

49,561

19,770

28,611

12,168

29,744

2,679

1,102

18.293

13,451

1,648

i ,031

3i,534

1,891

804

●117

●79

785

2,161

3,746

6,207

9,810

6,656

2,747

29,496

3,212

12,05%

18,231

9,983

19,889

3,405

6,574

8,146

10,627

8,776

27,550

11,024

f6,526

5,976

)6,474

995

294

10.054

6,419

547

448

17,045

718

255

●181

●66

%86

744

1,575

2,899

4,6%?

5,637

778

15,731

3.247

7,740

6,752

547

13,819

3,381

4,077

4,379

5,065

4,242

14, f75

5,317

6,656

3,568

9,878

325

258

6.453

3,425

236

“09

70,$53

3C8

●92

●21

%6

●122

f ,232

2,711

2,419

i,476

849

704

8,358

4,t37

3,81 j

2,628

573

5,736

4,i49

2,353

2,508

3,027

2,573

7,868

3,422

4,427

2,605

6,854

821

196

3,260

3.594

422

ma

7,?16

758

445

“37

“17

197

439

$,031

1,631

2,482

1,888

919

6,487

72+

2,833

4,519

. . .

. . .

. . .

1,266

2,083

2,712

1,802

6,284

2,222

4,W

1;
f?eallhslalus

Excellenlor verygcnxi...............

105,661 71,405 23,966 10,310 14,305

Good......................... 42,039 20,234 12,436

Fakorpmr..................... 21,281

9,367

5,610

3,225

8,165 7,5C6 464

We!ght status

Nofoverwelght...................

128,136 77,491 30,449 20,195 --- 49,512 28,116 12,952 8,443

Gverwefghl......................

---

36,550 16,749 13,414 6,367 --- 11,512 5,0CKI 4,615 1,818 ---

40,402

14,438

6,656

25,741

5,937

1,742

10,573

4,778

2,379

4,066

3,721

2,536

6,447

1,166

214

NOTE Pcp.hbn f@as excfudepregmrl ad lacldlw wwmn 1S-44 yearsof age.
16 Advance Data

References

1.

2.

3.

4.

5

Vitamin, mineral and dietary supplements. Position paper on food and nutrition misinformation on selected

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Council on Scientific Affairs. Vitamin

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Statement on vitamin and mineral

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Callaway CW (Chair), McNutt KW,

Rivlin RS, Ross AC, Sandstead HH,

Simopoulos AP. J Nutr 117(10):1649.

1987.

Block G, Cox C, Madans J, Schreiber

GB, Licitra L, Melia N. Vitamin

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Schucker RE, Henderson DP. Vitamin

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10

U.S. Department of Health and

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nation. Washington: U.S. Government

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Food and Nutrition Board. Recommended Dietary Allowances, 9th rev.

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National Center for Health Statistics.

Vital Health Stat 10(164). 1987.

Levy AS, Schucker RE. Patterns of

nutrient intake among dietary supplement users attitudinal and behavioral

correlates. J Am Diet Assoc

87(6):754-60. 1987.

U.S. Department of Health and

Human Services. The Surgeon General’s report on nutrition and health:

summary and recommendations. Washington: Public Health Service. 1988.

Symbols

- - - Data not available

. . . Category not applicable

Quantity zero

0.0 Quantity more than zero but less

than 0.05

11.

12.

13.

14.

15

Recommendations concerning supplement usage: ADA statement. J AIO

Diet ASSOC87(10):1342+43. 1987.

Committee on Diet and Health, Food

and Nutrition Board: Commission on

Life Sciences. Diet and health: implications for reducing chronic disease

risk. Washington: National Academy

Press. 1989.

Health implications of obesity

National Institutes of Health consensus development conference statement.

Ann Intern Med 103 (6 Pt 2):1073-77.

1985.

Kovar MG, Poe GS. The National

Health Interview Survey design,

1983-84, and procedures, 1975-83.

National Center for Health Statistics.

Vital Health Stat 1(18). 1985.

Moss AJ, Parsons VL. Current estimates from the National Health

Intewiew Survey, United States, 1985.

National Center for Health Statistics.

Vital Health Stat 10(160). 1986.

● Figure does not meet standards of

reliability or precision
Advance Data 17

Technical notes

Source and description of data

This report contains data from the

1986 National Health Interview Survey

(NHIS). The NHIS is a continuing

cross-sectional nationwide survey of

the civilian noninstitutionalized population. Each week a probability sample

of households in the United States is

interviewed by personnel of the U.S.

Bureau of the Census. The interview

obtains information on the health and

other characteristics of each household

member living at the time of interview.

During 1986, NHIS interviews

were conducted in 23,838 households,

resulting in a sample of 62,052 persons. Intewiews were not obtained for

an additional 860 eligible households

primarily because of respondent

refusal or failure to find an eligible

respondent at home after repeated

attempts, producing a noninterview

rate of 3.5 percent of all total eligible

households.

The questions on the use of vitamin and mineral products were only

asked in the NHIS during the 6-month

period from January into July, 1986.

The sample consisted of one randomly

selected adult 18 years of age or older

and, if available, one randomly

selected child 2 through 6 years of

age, from each interviewed family.

With few exceptions, adults responded

to the vitamin and mineral questionnaire for themselves. However, any

adult family member knowledgeable

about the sample child was eligible to

respond about the child’s use of vitamin and mineral products. The proxy

respondent for sample children was

usuaIly the mother of the child.

Information about the use of vitamin and mineral products was not

obtained for 3.4 percent of this eligible

subsarnpIe, primarily because of the

self-response requirement among

adult sample persons. The final interviewed vitamin and mineral sample

contained 13,652 persons— 11,775

Mts and 1,877 children from 11,879

.~ouseholds. The overall response rate,

combining response rates for the

household questionnaire and vitamin

and mineral questionnaire, was 93.1

percent.

The estimates in this report are

actually based on responses for 13,435

sample persons. These data do not

include 217 women of childbearing

age who reported being pregnant or

breastfeeding at the time of the interview. They are excluded from the

analysis altogether since their use of

vitamin and mineral products was not

expected to reflect their usual vitamin

and mineral use practices given the

special nutrient requirements of pregnant and breastfeeding women.

Individuals taking only prescription

vitamin and mineral products are

included in the analysis but are not

classified as vitamin and mineral users.

Item nonresponse for the data

discussed in this report ranged from

0.1 percent for whether vitamins

and/or minerals were used in the past

2 weeks to 7.9 percent for manufacturer and brand name information

used to derive the specific nutrient

components of the vitamin and mineral products taken.

Verification of vitamin and

mineral products

Several edit checks were

performed during data processing for

every reported vitamin and mineral

product in order to improve the quality of the specific nutrient potency

data mllected in the 1986 NHIS. All

nutrient potency values reported for

each product were checked and corrected by comparison with such

references as the 1986 edition of the

Physicians’Desk Reference (PDR) for

prescription and nonprescription

drugs, company brochures, and independently obtained product labels;

through direct contact with companies;

and through comparison with nutrient

concentration data of other records for

the same product. Of the 8,700 individual products upon which the

estimates in this report are based,

about 84 percent had one or more of

these independent accuracy checks

made. For the remaining products, the

reference information just described

was not available, nor were other

products of the same brand name or

type reported. In many of these cases,

however, the vitamin and mineral

product nutrient data recorded by the

interviewers were checked and corrected by inserting nutrient data from

simihr products. The nutrient values,

as recorded on the questionnaire, were

used only when a similar product was

not identified.

Sampling errors

Because estimates shown in this

report are based on a sample of the

population rather than on the entire

population, they are subject to samplingerror. When an estimate or the

numerator or denominator of a percent is small, the sampling error may

be relatively high. In addition, the

complex sample design of the NHIS

has the effect of making the sampling

errors larger than they would be had a

simple random sample of equal size

been used.

Approximate standard errors for

the following estimated percents in

tables 1, 2, and 3 of this report maybe

calculated by using th: formula

SE@) = P ti.0000825 + 16,700/x

where p is the estimated percent and

x = pY/100 with Y = the population

denominator.

Table 1: all persons 18 years of

age and over, and any combination of the age groups 18-24,

25-34,35-44,45-54,55-64,

65–74, and 75 years and over.

Table 2: the estimated percents by

se~ race, sex and race, and for the

age groups 18 and over: 1844,

45-64, and 65 years of age and

over.

Table 3: all estimated percents in

this table.

Approximate standard errors for

all other percents presented in tables 1

and 2 not previously mentioned and

all estimated percents in tables 4 and

5 maybe calculated by using the formula

SE@) = ~16,700 (p) (100 -p)

Y
18 Advance Data

where p is the estimated percent and

y, the population denominator.

Approximate standard errors for

all estimated percents in table 6 may

be calculated by using the formula

SE@) = ti(37,000)p (100 -p)

Y

where p is the estimated percent and y

is the population denominator, which

in this case is the total number of

products shown in column 1.

The estimated parameters for

calculating the approximatee standard

errors for the percentile of RDA’s and

ESADDI’S in tables 7 and 8 of this

report are in the process of being

generated.

The population numbers for the

following age groups in table 9 have

been adjusted to official U.S. Bureau

of the Census figures and their standard errors are assumed to be 0.0:18

years of age and over, 18-24,25-34,

35-44,45-54, 55–64, 65-74, and 65

years and over.

Similarly, all population figures in

table 10 by sex, race, sex and race, and

for the age groups 18 years of age and

over, 1844, 45–64, and 65 years of

age and over have no sampling error.

The approximate SE’s for all remaining estimated numbers (x) in tables 9

and 10 can be computed by the

formula

SE(x) = d (.0000825) (X)Z+(16,700)(X)

The approximate standard error of

a difference belsveen percents is given

by the formula

SE (X,-X2)= ~ (SE (X,)2 + SE (X2)2

where x ~and x ~are the two percents

being compared, xl -X2 is the difference

between them, and SE(X,) and SE(X,)

are the standard errors of the two

percents. In this report, a difference

was considered statistically significant

at the 5-percent level if the difference

(xl -x,) was at least twice as large as

its standard error.

Age-adjusted rates

This report includes data that

have been adjusted by the direct

method to the age distribution of the

selected standard population., in this

case the 1980 civilian noninstitutionalized population of the United States.

Age adjustment by the direct method

is accomplished by multiplying the

age-specific rat e for each age group by

the population for the cm-responding

age group in the standard population.

The cross products of the multiplications are summed and divided by the

total of the standard population to

obtain the age-adjusted rate. Eight age

groups were used for the age adjustment in this report: 18-24, 25-34,

35-44,45-54,55-64, 65-74,74-84,

and 85 yeiws and over.

lDefinitionof terms

Nine product classifications—

Single vitamin: product contains

only one vitamin.

Multivitamin: product contains no

minerals and vitamins A, D, E, C,

B., B*,Be, Bla, folic acid, and

n;acin.

Other vitamin combination: product contains no minerals, is not a

multivitamin, and contains at least

two vitamins.

Single mineral: product contains

only one mineral.

Multimineral: product contains no

vitamins and the following minerals: calcium, phosphorus, iodine,

iron, and magnesium.

Other mineral combination: product contains no vitamins, is not a

muhimineral, and contains at

least two minerals.

Multivitamin and multimineral:

product contains vitamins ~ D, E,

C, folic acid, Bl, B9,B,, B},, niacin,

calcium, phosphorus, iodine, iron,

and magnesiu-m.

Multivitamin plus iron: product

a multivitamin as previously

defined except that it includes

iron.

Other vitamin mineral combiis

nation: product is not one of the

types of vitamin and mineral products listed above but contains at

least one vitamin and one mineral.

Weight status—The weight status

classification shown in this report for

adults is derived from the calculation

of body mass index (BMI) using the

formula of weightfieightz where

weight is in kilograms and height is in

meters. It is an approximate measure

of overweight given that body composition varies among persons of the

same height and weight (13).

Specifically, the BMI cutoff points

used to identi~ overweight persons

were determined by NCHS’ National

Health and Nutrition Examination

Survey II (hWANES II) and are as

follows: for males, BMI = 27.8 or

greater and for females, BMI = 27.3

or greater.

Respondent-assessed health

sratus—The categories related to

respondent-assessed health status

result from asking the respondent,

“Would you say ‘s health is

excellent, very good, good, fair, or

poor?” As such, it is based on al

respondent’s opinion and not directly

on any clinical evidence.

NHLSpovery index—Persons are

classified as being above or below the

poverty line by using the poverty index

as originated at the Social Security

Administration in 1964and revised by

Federal interagency committees in

1969 and 1980. The poverty index is

based solely on money income and

does not reflect the fact that many

low-income persons receive noncash

benefits such as food stamps, N[edicaid, and public housing, The index is

based on the Department of Agriculture’s 1961 economy food plan and

reflects the different onsumption

requirements of families according to

their size and composition. The

poverty thresholds are updated every

year to reflect changes in the

Consumer Price Index. Because NHIS

data on family income are collected by

income categories rather than by

specific amounts of money, the NHIS

estimates of persons living in poverty

will vary slightly from the Current

Population Survey estimates.

Race and ethnici~—Estimates for

the white and black populations are

based on respondents’ reported racial

identifications. The Hispanic classification is also based on the respondent’s

description.
Advance Data 19

More detailed discussions of the

sample design, estimating procedures,

procedures for estimating standard

errors, nonsampling errors, and definitions of other sociodemographic terms

used in this report have been

published in Vital and Health Statistics, Series 10, Nos. 160 and 164, and

in Series 1, No. 18 (8,14,15).

A public use data tle based on

the 1986 Vitamin Mineral Supplement

questionnaire was released in December 1988. Information regarding the

purchase of the public use tape can be

obtained by writing the Division of

Health Intemiew Statistics, National

Center for Health Statistics, 3700

East-West Highway, HyattsvilIe, MD

20782.

NOTE Publication of this report would not have

been possibk without the contributions of the

following persons. Within The National Center

for Health Statistic$ Sue Hsiungwasresponsible

for constructing and editing the vitamin mineral

data tapes from which these data arc derived.

George Gcrhold and Anthony Thomas developed the computer progmms that generated the

tables for this report. And Catherine Woteki

willingty critiqued several versions of the manuscript. Beth Yetky, with the Fwd and Drug

Administmtion, gave generously of her time

throughout the planning and preparation of this

report. To all of these perso~ the authors

express their thanks.
Number 175 ● Mav. 31, 1989

Advance

From Vital and Health Statistics of the National Center for Health Statistics

AIDS Knowledge and Attitudes for December 1988

Provisional Data From the National Health Interview Survey

Ann M. Hardy, Dr.P.H. and Deborah A. Dawson, Ph. D., Division of Health Interview Statistics

Introduction

The National Center for Health

Statistics (NCHS) has included a

special set of supplemental questions

on the adult population’s knowledge

and attitudes about acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) in the

National Health Intemiew Survey

(NHIS). The first AIDS KnowIedge

and Attitudes Suney was in the field

from August through December 19S7.

Provisional results of that survey were

published on a monthly basis in

Adt’ante Data From T“italand HeaIth

Stafisfics (Nos. 146, 14S, 150, 151, and

135). A publlc usc data tape containingthe information collected in 19S7

is available from NCHS. During the

first 4 months of 19SS, the NHIS

AIDS questionnaire was revised to

meet current program needs for

information about AIDS awareness.

The revised AIDS Knowledge and

Attitudes Sumey en[ered the field in

hfay 19SS. Prcmwionul findings for

May through N’ovember were published in Ad\wnce Data Frotn ~7tal and

Health Statistics, Nos. 160, 161, 163,

164, and 167. This report presents

provisional results for December 19SS.

The Advance Data reports

describing the NHIS AIDS data have

been restricted to simple descriptive

statistics to f~cili[ate their timely

release. Thus, these reports do not

attempt to explain or interpret

differences among population subgroups in AIDS knowledge or to

examine relationships among various

measures of knowledge, attitudes, and

perceived risk. The 19S7 and 19SS

NHIS AIDS data bases permit more

complex analyses than those presented

in this series of -+ldlzmceDa/a reports,

and such analyses are being undertaken by various groups in the Public

Health Service.

The AIDS questionnaires were

designed to estimate public knowledge

and attitudes about AIDS transmission and prevention of AIDS virus

infection. The data were needed as

input for the planning and development of AIDS educational campaigns

and for monitoring major educational

efforts, for example, the series of radio

and television public sewice

announcements entitled “America

Responds to AIDS” and the brochure

“Understanding AIDS,” both developed by the Centers for Disease

Control.

The 19S7 and 19SS AIDS

questionnaires were developed by the

National Center for Health Statistics

and interagency working groups

established by the Information,

Education and Risk Factor Reduction

Subcommittee of the Public Health

Semite Executive Task Force on

AIDS. The working groups included

representatives from the Ceniers for

Disease Control; the National

Institutes of Health; the Alcohol,

Drug Abuse and Mental Health

Administration; and the Health

Resources and Services

Administration.

The current AIDS ques[ionnoire

includes items on sources of AIDS

information; self-assessed levels of

AIDS knowledge; basic facts about the

AIDS virus and how it is transmitted;

blood donation experience: awareness

of and experience with the blood test

for the AIDS virus; perceived

effectiveness of selected preventive

measures; self-assessed chances of

getting the AIDS \’irus: personal

acquaintance with persons \vi[h .+IDS

or the AIDS virus; and willingness to

take part in a proposed nationdl

seroprevalence suncy. .4 gcncr~l risk

behavior question, similar [,1[h.1[

asked by the Rcd Cross of po[en[ial

blood donors, is included in the 19SS

AIDS questionnaire.

This report presents provisional

data for December 19SS for most

items included in the AIDS questionnaire. Table 1 displays percent

distributions of persons 1S years of

age and over by response categories

according to age, sex, race, and

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES National Center for Hea,lh S:aiistics

Public Health Service Manning Feinleib, M. D., Dr. P.H., Grector

Centers for Disease Ccntrol
.2 A5vance Data

educalion. In most cases, the actual

questions asked of the respondents are

reproduced verbatim in table 1 along

with the coded response categories. In

a few cases, questions or response

categories have been rephrased or

combined for clearer or more concise

presentation of results. Refusals and

other nonresponse categories are

excluded from the denominator in the

calculation of estimates, but responses

of “don’t know” are included.

Selected findings

The foHowing highlights describe

various aspects of changes in AIDS

Icno\vledge and attitudes as observed

in the May–December 1988 data from

the NI-HS AIDS survey. Any

differences cited in the text are

statistically significant at the 0.05 level

December 1988 reported having seen

AIDS public sewice announcements

on television in the past month. and 42

percent reported hearing announcements on the radio. These proportions

were slightly lower than the proportions who reported seeing or hearing

such announcements between May

and July 1988 (84-86 percent saw

announcements on television and

4S-49 percent heard announcements

on the radio). In December, as in

previous months in 19S8, the proportion of adults who had seen or heard

announcements was higher for those

with 12 or more years of school than

for those with less than 12 years.

In May, 25 percent of adults

reported having read brochures in the

month before interview; this proportion increased to 52 percent in June

and July, coincident with the national

percent had recently read brochures.

From May to July, the percent of

adults who reported ever reading

brochures or pamphlets about AIDS

increased from 43 to 68 percent. This

figure remained between 65 and 67

percent through December.

SeIfassessed knowledge –In

December 1988, 21 percent of adults

reported that they knew a lot about

AIDS, 44 percent reported solme

knowledge, 27 percent claimed to

knoiv a little, and 8 percent stated that

they knew nothing. The proportion of

adults in these various response

categories did not change from May

through December.

General knouiedge-For many of

the general AIDS knowledge questions, increases in the percent of

adults giving the correct definitive

responses were noted after May 1988.

(see table H for approximate standard mailout of the brochure As shown in Figure 1, the pro]~rtion

errors of estimates). “Understanding AIDS.” From August who thought it definitely true that

Sources of AIDS inform~ion – through December, this figure there is no cure for AIDS at present

Eighty percent of adults interviewed in declined so that by December only 28 increased from 81 percent in May to

There is no cure for

AIDS at present

Any person with the AIDS

virus can pass it on

tosomeone else during

sexual intercourse

A pre nant woman who has

t Ee AIDS virus can give

the AIDS virus to her baby

AIDS is an infectious

disease caused by

a virus

A person can be Infected

with the AIDS virus and

not have the disease AIDS

80

80

80

[ 49 ❑ May

.. . ... ..<.,..,. . ......

., , ,.,., ,., A-..,:,,:. ,;: ...:-Ly :,>,,:,,.*,,,:,,~,:?.:] 53 ~ July

❑ September

= December

o 20 40 60 80 100

Percent

SOURCE: National Center for Heaith Statistics, Division of Health Interview Statistics, Nationai Health

interview Survey.

l-,--------- . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. —.- .- -L -... .,-- --- J-.,—,.-,..*—. .—. rlgure I. rrovlslonal esuma Ies or percent 07 acrult S who think selected sta~emen~s auou[ AIUa are uelmlte;y True:

United States, May, Juiy, September, and December 1988
Advance Data 3

S5 percent in December. Similar

increases were noted in the proportion

who thought it definitely true that any

person with the AIDS virus can pass it

on to someone else during sexual

intercourse (from 77 to 82 percent),

thot a pregnant women who has the

AIDS virus can gjve the AIDS virus to

her baby (from 74 to 80 percent), that

AIDS is an infectious disease caused

by a virus (from 58 to 63 percent), and

that a person can be infected with the

AIDS virus and not have the disease

AIDS (from 49 to 56 percent). As in

the previous months in 1988, the

proportion responding correctly to the

various AIDS knowledge questions in

December increased with education

and was higher for those under 50

years of age than for older adults.

When the proportions with the correct

definitive resuonse were examined by

difference between the proportion of

black and white adults responding

correctly decreased. For other

questions, racial differentials were

completely eliminated. By December,

similar proportions of white adults and

black adults responded correctly to

more than half of the generai

knowledge questions including those

about the major modes of transmission of the AIDS virus (sexual,

parenteral, and perinatal).

Alisperceptions about transmission

of the AIDS t’irus-A series of

questions in the NHIS AIDS survey

addressed misperceptions about

transmission of the AIDS virus

through casual contact. It had been

previously noted that accurate

knowledge in this area had increased

from 19S7 to May 19S8. From May to

June and July 198S, additional

December 1988, the proportion

responding correctly to questions

about casual transmission was often

no different from that obsemed in

Slay 19SS. As shown in figure ?, the

percent of adults who thought it was

very unlikely or definitely not possible

to transmit AIDS by shaking hands

increased from 6S percent in May to

73 percent in July and dropped to 71

percent in September and to 69

percent in December. A similar

pattern was noted for most of the

other conjectured modes of transmission. In December, as in previous

months in 198S, the proportion of

adults responding correctly to questions about transmission increased

with education. However, the pattern

described above of an increase in the

proportion responding correctIy from

. May to June and July with a decline in

race, the increase in knowledge afte; increases in knowledge were noted. subsequent months was noted at all

May was more pronounced for bIack After JuIy 198S, however, the propor- levels of education.

adults than for white adults. For some tion with the correct responses began BIood donation and testing—h

questions, the magnitude of the to decrease somewhat, w that by December 1988, 41 percent of adults

May

Jufy

September

December

May

Juty

September

December

May

July

September

December

May

July

September

December

Shaking hands, touching, or kissing on the cheek someone who has the AIDS

:.:..+... ... ,.:,..,. *4I , - $.. - ..$. .

.-., .-. :--

. . -.,. . . . . . . . ’35 .“-- ‘:’j

Eating in a restaurant where the cook has the AIDS virus

~::::.Y’*’’Y’30 ::?* “~A.Y’.] ‘ ‘ J?5 1

“’w’”’”“‘“ “‘: 3!3-: -“ +“-.’~~:”-- i

*-:,. .,.,- 17’ ““’

..#*~:.

., “’’” -’:29.~:’.7 ‘:7- i :.. 17 “f

] Sharinct elates. forks. or alasses with someone who has the AIDS virus

❑ Very unlikely

D Definitely not

PYY24-”Y:5’”-:’. i - possible

o 20 40 60 80 100

Percent

SOURCE: National Center for Health Statistics, Division of Health tnterview Statistics, National Health

fnterview Survey.

Fgure z. I-Vowslonal estimates or percent of acfuIts considering it very unlikely or definitely not possible to transmit

the AIDS virus in selected ways: United States, May, July, September, and December 1988
4 Advance Data

stated that they had ever donated

blood. 15 percent had donated since

hlarch 1985 when routine screening of

donated blood for antibodies to HIV

began, and 7 percent had donated in

the year preceding interview. For all

blood donation questions, the percent

donating increased with education, and

men were more likely to have donated

than women.

Three-quarters of all adults had

hem-d of the AIDS blood test as of

December 19S8. Slightly fewer (67

percent) knew that blood donations

arc now routinely screened for AIDS

virus infection, and less than half (46

percent) thought that the present

blood supply was safe for transfusion.

These proportions were similar

throughout 1988.

Including all blood donors since

March 1985, a total of 19 percent of

adults in December had had their

blood tested for antibodies to the

AIDS virus, slightly higher than the 16

percent interviewed in May. This

increase in testing between May and

December was noted in four specific

population subgroups: the 1%29 years

age group (from 23 to 29 percent),

white adults (from 16 to 20 percent),

Suggested citation

Hardy AM, Dawson DA. AIDS knowledge and

attitudes for December 1988: Provisional data

from the National Health Interview Survey.

Advance data from vital and health statistics;

no. 175, Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center

for Health Statistics. 1989.

Copyright information

those with more than 12 years of

school (from 21 to 26 percent), and

men (from 20 to 24 percent). Of those

who were tested as of December, most

(72 percent) had their testing done as

part of a blood donation, 16 percent

were tested voluntarily, and 12 percent

took the test as part of another activity

requiring routine testing (such as a

physical examination for military

induction). These figures were similar

to those in earlier months in 1988.

In December, 6 percent of adults

reported plans to be tested in the 12

months following the NHIS interview;

this figure also remained stable

throughout 1988.

Prea’entive measures —As of

December 1988, 84 percent of adults

thought that condoms were very or

somewhat effective in preventing

transmission of the AIDS virus; 82

percent of adults thought that having a

monogamous relationship with an

individual who is not infectecl with the

AIDS virus was a very effective means

of prevention. These proportions did

not change from May through

December. As in previous months in

1988, over half of all adults in

December recognized that the

diaphragm, spermicides, and vasectomy are not effective in preventing

AIDS virus transmission. Most of the

remainder were uncertain about the

effectiveness of these particular

methods.

Risk of gertirrgthe AIDS virus—

Overall, 3 percent of adults in

December 1988 stated that they

belonged to one or more of the groups

with behaviors associated with

increased risk for squiring AIDS (such

as intravenous drug users and,

homosexually active men ). This

proportion remained stable throughout 1988.

In December, only 1 percent of

adults felt that they had a higlh chance

of having or getting the AIDS virus; 2

percent felt that their chance of

getting the AIDS virus was medium,

18 percent felt that they had a low

chance, 76 percent felt that they had

no chance of getting AIDS, and 3

percent could not assess their chances

of getting AIDS. The proportion in

December believing that they have no

chance of acquiring AIDS was slightly

higher than that reported in May (7 I

percent).

Symbols

— Quantity zero

o Quantity more than zero but less

than 0.05

This repori may be reprinted without further

permission,
Advance Data 5

Table 1. Provisional estimates of the percent of persons 18 years of age and over with selected AIDS knowledge and attitudes from the

1988 National Health Interview Survey, by selected characteristics: United States, December 1988

[Data are based on household interviews of tne .Whafl nomnstrfutionallzed Popula!on. The survey desgn. general qualkahons. and Information on the rel!abiify of

the esllmales are 9~en In t~hn@al notesl

Age Sex Race Educatum

18-29 30-49 50 years Less man More than

AIDS knowledge or atlitude To!al years years and over Male Female Whtte Black 12 years 12 years 72} ears

Percent dlslr!butsxll

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..l~

1.

la.

1b.

2.

3.

4.

5.

15.

16.

21.

22

In the past month, have youSeen any putYIc serwce announcements about AIDS on

televmon?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’tknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Heard any putXkJservke announcements about AIDS on

theradw?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’tknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Were any of those public serwce announcements called

“’Amerca Responds to AIDS”?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’tknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Neifher heard norsawany pubkservlcean nouncements.

In the past month, have you reed any brochures or pamphlets

about AIDS?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’t know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Have you ever read any brochures or pamphlets atxxrl AIDS?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’tknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Where dld you get the pamphlets or brochures?t’z

Cllnc, olherthanworkclinc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Docfor’sofftce (HMO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Drugstore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pubhchealthdepartment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Recetwdln madwdhoutasking. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

iWdCross/RedCrossblooddonatbn . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Otherblooddonation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

school . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Sent/phonedfor/requestedif.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Federel/Sfate/localgovemmerrf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Work, olherlhanclinrcornurse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Work, nureeorclinic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’tknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Have you evjr discussed AIDS Wkh any of your children

aged 10-17?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’tknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Have anyorall ofy~urchildrerragW 10-17 hadinsfrucfionat

schoolaboutAl DS?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’tknow, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

How much woukt you say you know about AIDS?

Alit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Some . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Alrttle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

None . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’l know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

To the best ofyourknowleckge, isthere adifferencefMwean

naving the AIDS vm.rsand h~virg the dtsease AIDS?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’tknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23s. AIDS can reduce the body’s naturaf protecfbn agaiflSt disease.

Definitelytrue, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Probablylrue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Probablyfals~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Deflnitelyfaise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’tknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

60

17

2

42

54

4

22

13

48

17

28

71

1

65

34

1

3

14

1

3

38

3

1

11

1

21

14

4

14

4

62

38

0

61

11

26

21

44

27

8

0

64

15

0

20

75

12

;

9

100

63

16

1

w

48

3

32

13

41

13

34

66

0

71

28

1

4

15

1

4

29

4

1

19

1

14

13

3

16

3

54

48

51

13

38

22

49

26

3

65

22

13

77

13

2

4

4

100

83

15

2

46

49

5

22

13

51

14

31

86

1

72

27

1

3

14

2

3

35

2

1

9

A

17

6

15

3

83

37

0

80

11

26

27

49

21

3

0

72

15

0

13

82

10

1

2

5

lm

76

21

3

31

64

5

14

12

52

22

20

76

2

54

45

2

2

13

1

1

44

3

0

4

1

27

10

3

11

4

80

40

66

6

26

14

35

34

17

0

56

11

0

33

64

15

2

3

16

81

17

2

46

S3

4

22

14

46

16

25

74

1

61

37

1

3

11

1

2

35

3

1

8

2;

16

3

17

5

41

59

54

13

33

21

43

26

8

0

64

16

0

20

76

13

1

2

6

lW

80

16

2

38

57

5

23

12

4s

17

30

68

1

69

3a

1

3

17

1

3

37

2

1

12

-J

12

5

12

3

78

22

0

65

9

25

21

46

26

8

0

65

15

0

20

73

12

2

4

9

Iw

61

16

2

41

54

4

21

13

50

16

27

72

1

65

33

1

3

14

:

37

3

1

10

2;

14

4

13

4

63

37

0

61

11

27

22

45

26

7

0

67

14

0

18

77

12

1

2

8

79

19

2

49

48

3

27

12

44

17

33

86

1

6s

32

0

6

17

2

3

33

1

8

0

21

16

5

19

4

62

38

%

9

35

17

41

28

13

0

53

20

27

62

14

4

7

14

ICI)

71

25

4

25

60

5

22

12

41

25

m

78

2

46

52

2

5

14

1

2

36

1

0

6

1

21

7

2

18

3

R3

47

60

:

10

32

34

23

0

43

17

0

s

50

20

2

5

22

100 100

82

16

2

43

54

4

25

13

48

15

27

72

i

88

33

1

3

16

1

2

38

3

1

8

d

12

3

14

4

57

43

60

11

29

18

47

31

4

0

82

18

0

19

75

13

2

3

7

84

14

2

45

xl

5

20

13

54

13

34

65

1

77

23

1

3

12

1

3

35

4

1

14

A

17

6

13

4

72

26

0

62

12

26

31

49

~8

2

0

79

12

0

9

88

7

1

1

3

* f~notas at erd of table.
6 Advance Data

Table 1. Provisions estimstes of the percent of persons 18 years of age and over with selected AIDS knowledge and attitudes from the

1988 National Health Intewiew Survey, by selected characteristics: United States, December 1988—Con.

[Data are based on household Interwaws of the cwllian nonmstduhonallzed populahon. The survey design, general quahfcatms, and reformation on the reliability of

the estlmales are given in tachmcal notes]

Age sex Race Education

18-29 3&49 50 years Less man

AIDS &now/edge or affdude

More than

Total years years and over Male Female Whale Black 12 years 12 years 12 years

23b. AIDS is especially common In older people.

Defrsiiely true . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I

Probably true. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Probably false.........,,,. . . 18

Defmifely false.........,,,.. . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Don’l know.....,.....,,,. . . . . . . ,,, .,.,.. 7

23c. AIDS can damage the brain,

Defmltely true ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Probably true . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Probably falsa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Definttelyfalse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Don’t know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

23d. AIDS usually Iaads to heafi d~asa.

Deflnifelytrue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Probablytrue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XI

Probablyfalse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Detmltelyfalsa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Don’t know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

23e. AlDS15anlnfeCtIOUs dlseasecausadby avlrus.

Defmitelytrue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Probablytrue. ..,,....,.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Probablyfalee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Defmltelyfalee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Don’tknow, .,,...,,,,.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

23f. Teenagers cannel get AIDS.

Defmltelylrue, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Probablylrue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Probablyfalsa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Defmlfelyfalse, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Don’tknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

23g.AIDSleadsio dealh.

Defmitelytrue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

Probablytrue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Probablyfalae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Defmlfelyfalse. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Don’t know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

23h. A person can Mlnfected wifhthe AIDS vmJsandnof have the

dtseese AIDS.

Defmttelylrue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Probablytrue, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Probablyfalse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Defmffelyfalse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Don’tknow. .,.......,.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

231. LoQklng ataperson lsenough totelltf heorshe has the

AIDS virus.

Defmltelylme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Probablytrue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Probablyfalea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Defmlfelyfalse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Don’t know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

23j Anyperson wifhthe AIDSv!rus canpass lfontosomeoneelsa

during sexual mtercouree.

Defmftelylrue, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Probablytme. ,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Probablyfalsa, , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

De!mftelyfalee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Dontkn,ow, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

23k.Apersonwho hestheAIDSvirus csnlookandfael healthy

and well.

Deflmtelytrue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Probablytrue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Probablyfalse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Defmtfelyfalsa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Don’t know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

231. Apregnanl woman whohastheAIDS vlruscangwe the AIDS

vlrusto her baby.

Defmtelytrue ..,,,....,,. . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Probablytrue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,,., 15

Probablyfals.e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Defmilelyfalse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Don’t know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

1

2

23

69

6

22

32

14

2:

6

20

24

17

30

69

19

3

4

5

1

0

3

e6

1

86

11

1

1

1

60

19

6

5

10

2

4

18

71

5

66

11

0

1

2

50

30

8

5

8

82

15

0

1

3

1

1

15

78

4

25

29

11

12

23

8

20

22

18

32

69

18

2

4

7

0

1

2

e6

1

87

10

1

1

1

63

20

3

4

10

2

5

14

74

6

63

14

1

0

2

53

28

7

4

8

83

14

0

0

2

1

2

17

68

12

26

30

6

5

33

9

20

16

10

45

52

21

3

5

19

2

:

87

6

83

11

1

:

46

22

4

4

25

2

5

20

55

18

79

13

1

0

7

34

31

10

7

19

75

16

0

0

9

1

1

19

72

7

26

29

10

9

25

8

19

22

17

33

64

21

2

3

10

1

0

3

e4

2

85

12

1

:

57

20

4

4

15

2

5

17

66

10

8~

14

1

0

4

48

29

7

4

12

77

17

0

0

6

PerCent dE.trlbutlonl

1

2

17

73

7

23

31

10

8

28

8

21

19

13

39

61

18

3

6

12

1

1

3

93

2

86

10

1

1

2

56

21

4

4

15

2

4

17

67

10

84

12

1

1

3

43

29

9

6

12

82

13

0

0

4

1

1

18

74

6

23

20

11

9

27

7

19

21

16

38

63

19

3

5

10

1

0

3

e4

2

85

12

1

:

59

20

4

4

13

2

4

17

69

9

82

14

1

0

3

47

29

6

5

11

79

15

0

0

4

1

3

17

68

12

38

27

5

5

26

15

24

14

13

35

62

19

1

4

14

1

i

89

4

91

5

2

2

47

20

6

4

22

4

9

19

55

13

85

9

1

4

42

25

10

8

16

63

13

0

4

2

3

16

62

17

24

29

5

5

36

11

21

13

7

48

49

22

2

5

22

2

1

5

84

7

65

6

0

:

39

20

5

5

31

3

6

20

47

25

81

11

0

0

7

28

28

11

9

24

72

16

0

1

11

1

2

20

73

5

25

31

10

8

26

9

20

19

15

38

61

20

3

5

10

1

0

3

95

1

88

10

0

1

1

57

21

4

4

13

2

5

18

67

8

84

12

1

1

3

44

31

9

6

11

81

16

0

0

3

0

1

17

78

4

24

29

14

12

21

6

20

25

20

29

73

17

2

4

5

0

0

2

97

0

83

13

1

1

1

66

20

4

3

7

1

3

14

78

3

82

15

1

1

2

58

26

6

3

6

63

14

0

0

2

Sea foo!wles a: erd of table.
Advance Data 7

Table 1. Provisional estimates of the percent of persons 18 years of age and over with selected AIDS knowledge and attitudes from the

1988 National Health Interview Survey, by selected characteristics: United States, December 1988—Con.

[Data are based on household Interviews of the ctwlmn nonmslttulionalized population. The SUIVSYdesgn, gefleraf CWalffitlOnS, and informafiin on the reliablltfy of

me asflmates are gwen m tectwwcal notes]

.Age sex Race Educstion

16-29 3049 50 years Less ttran

AIDS knowledge or affifude

More than

Total Years years and over Male Femate Write Black 12 veers 12 vaars 12 vears

23m.There Isa vaccine available to the public that protects a person

from getting the AIDS virus.

Definitely true . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Probably true . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Probably false . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Definitely false . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’l imow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23n. There is no cure for AIDS at present.

Definitely true. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Probablytrue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Probablyfalse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Defintfelyfalse. ,, ..,,..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’tknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24. Howlikely doyouthmlr it!sthat ap+monwdigetAIDSorthe

AIDSvirus infection from—

85

7

1

2

4

24a. Lb’ing near a hosprlal or home for AIDS patients?

Veryhkely. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Somewhatlikeiy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Somewhat unlikely, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Veryunhkely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Defmrtelynotpossible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

Don’tknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

24b. Working near someone wtih the AiDS virus?

Verylilsely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Somewhaf likely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

=mewhatu nllkely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Vetyunhkely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Definrtelynot possible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Don’tknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

24c. Eatmgma restaurant where thecook hasthe AiDS\lms?

Veryhkely. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

.%mewhat hkely. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Somewhatunhkely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Veryunhkely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2S

Deflnltely nolpossible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Don’t know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

24d. tossing–wdh exchange of safiva-a person who has the

AIDS virus?

Veryltkely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

somewhatlikely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Sornewha tunhkel y........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Veryunhkely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Definttelynotposslble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’tknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . l;

24e. Shaking hands, touching, or ktsslng on !he cheek someone

who has the AIDS virus?

Veryhkely. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Somewhatllkely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Somewhatunhkely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Veryunllkely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Defintelyno!posslble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32

Don’tlmow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

24f. Sharmgplates, forks, orglasseswith somaonewhohas!he

AIDS virus?

Verylikely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Somewhatllkely. ..,...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

somewhatunhkely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Veryunhkely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Defmtelynotposstble. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Don’tknow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

24g. Using publlc toilets?

Vetylikely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Somawhatlikely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Somewhatunllkely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Veryunlikely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

Definffelynotpossible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Don’tknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2

3

11

75

9

87

6

1

3

3

2

4

8

41

41

4

3

12

14

3s

31

3

7

20

17

28

21

7

22

28

16

17

;

1

7

14

35

39

3

6

19

17

28

23

7

5

13

12

34

26

8

;

8

82

7

88

7

1

2

2

1

4

6

39

45

5

2

10

73

40

30

5

5

f8

15

31

20

10

23

28

15

19

7

9

2

6

13

:;

5

8

20

16

30

18

10

4

11

13

35

L8

1

4

11

63

20

81

8

1

2

7

2

4

7

37

37

13

3

10

12

38

25

14

8

20

z

14

21

2?2

28

9

10

5

18

3

8

13

35

27

14

2

12

23

13

19

8

14

13

29

19

17

;

10

75

11

66

8

1

2

4

1

4

8

39

40

7

2

10

13

39

28

8

6

20

16

20

17

13

23

28

15

16

6

12

2

8

14

38

30

8

7

20

16

29

16

12

5

13

13

33

25

11

Percentdtstnbutlonl

1

3

10

72

13

85

7

;

4

1

4

7

39

42

8

3

11

12

37

29

7

7

18

14

28

20

13

26

28

11

15

8

11

2

6

13

37

34

7

9

20

14

25

20

12

7

12

12

32

26

11

1

2

10

75

11

86

7

1

2

4

1

3

7

39

43

6

2

11

12

38

30

7

6

19

15

!29

19

13

24

29

14

16

7

11

2

7

$

33

7

8

20

15

27

18

12

5

12

13

33

26

11

2

6

9

67

16

63

6

2

3

6

3

5

9

39

30

14

4

9

13

39

21

13

9

21

16

27

14

13

2S

26

10

16

5

15

3

10

15

37

25

9

12

20

12

27

14

16

12

14

10

31

22

11

3

4

10

56

27

77

9

1

2

10

3

6

9

37

26

m

5

12

13

33

20

18

10

19

13

19

:

29

25

9

10

2:

4

10

15

30

23

18

z

13

18

12

25

11

16

12

25

15

21

1

2

z

11

87

7

1

2

3

1

4

8

40

42

5

2

12

14

34

30

6

7

21

14

27

19

12

27

28

13

14

7

11

2

7

14

39

32

6

z

15

26

18

11

7

14

14

31

24

11

1

2

8

84

5

89

6

1

2

1

1

3

6

39

49

2

1

9

12

43

33

3

4

16

17

34

21

7

21

30

16

m

8

6

1

6

12

40

36

3

5

19

17

33

21

6

2

9

12

39

33

6

See fodrdes at end of table,
8 Mwnce mta

Tah[e 1. RovkkmaI e$tkMW$ of the percent of persona 18 years of age -d over with sekcfmd AfEIS knovdedga Uld m-fud-. frolsl fhe

1988 Natiorra[ Health tnterview Survey, by sakcted cfmraoleriatics: United Ss Dec6frrber 1986-COIL

I@taerefrasadon hwseh@d krferr&avsofrtlacMlan~

theesftmafes are gruen m tachnicar notes~

popthfion?fle SI.weyrkSigrk generaequariiiaod -SdommbnoIr iherew@ifyd

24i_tStwdrIQneedfes focdrrmme WUI Sornaonewfntnasrm

24L

241.

24k.

#m.svirus?

Vety[ibfy... ... . .. . . . . . .. . .. . ... .... . .. . . 34

Somewkatkkety.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Somewhat unllrcary. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Ve~unM~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

DefmEerynofpOssiMe -- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Dcm”tknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Bang coughed or Sneazed mfwaomeomwfmhasffra

AIDS WWUS?

Ve~[k* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

SoMevihetliketf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

somewtratunhfrefy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

varyunrkary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Deriiuefynofpoasbre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Ixm!trmow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

ArfendmgacrloOfwmtt80trirdvaorwstheAltJsvkus?

Verylmty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

SonraWMhfraty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

SOmawrmtuofkafy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t?

Veryunhkely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Defmde&fmfpossifXe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

DoMIuIow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Mosquifoesorother kiecfs?

Va-yfdrefy.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

~w-- ------------- ------------- *7

=~m-- ------------- ----------- 6

Veryuntifmty. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Deftnlfe[ynofpoasibfro -------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Dort’tknow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

25. NavmycrtteuErdonaferfKrrornl?

Yes- ---------------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

No. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *

Don%*. --.. .-- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

26a. Have you donafedb&xxJa&Eawsch1965?

Y= . . . - ---------------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Dorr’ffmow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

26b.Haveyoudonafad MoodrnfhapBst12 months?

27.

2&

a

Yes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

No- -... -... -- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Dormrrnmv.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

HaveyoueverhaarddaBloodfestttmtsandafecltheAKtS

Wus hlfacriorl?

Yes. . . . . . . . -- --------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

k . . . . --- -------------- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Doritknow-- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Tottrebestofyour fmowtadwLamMood dormfkxrsroufinafy

mstedoowforlhe Arnsvlrushfecrkm?

Yes . . . . ..-. .--- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

DotYtknow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

NauerhaerdoffasP . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Havayouever-WedcourrseWrgortradafalfrw!itcaheaith

profasslcrrmfafxrurfeNngrheAltYsvkus fast?

Was. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Don’timomr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1

Newrf_ieardofWst4... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

29%.Westfiediscussion— 15

wltttlSpnV6f8dOCfO@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

AtafemUy@annirrgcfinfc’?... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

0rIanAfDStroUnw7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

ACaprenatefc[mk?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

ManSTttorsesuaftyfmnsmCfarJdkaase cork? . . . . . . . 4

M=NDS~m~e[mg~l*mgske? . . . . . . . . . . ~a

Wihsorneoltterheeffttprof-tonef?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

l!i!tnsomeo(tiermunse [o~... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

30. Dunnfr Itraldwmssron.dirlyour aceivehform ionabouthcw

i? ta avcud getfmg or passing orI fhe AfDS virus?

Was. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

No. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Dorr’lknow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -

96

3

0

0

0

1

6

20

20

29

19

7

2

5

‘r%

39

40

4

It

19

10

24

18

18

s

65

2r

76

0

to

WI

o

6%

16

3

m

3

7

19

5

7?

X9

25

5

12

5

:

26

53

47

s

2

0

0

0

1

6

20

1s

x?

15

9

2

6

E

34

5

9

17

6

26

20

19

42

56

0

16

64

0

6

se

0

83

14

3

74

4

5

17

4

79

0

17

4?

1%

3

T

4

:

7

57

43

94

3

:

0

2

6

23

37

29

13

12

2

6

11

41

31

9

11

19

9

23

17

22

52

46

0

19

81

0

10

90

0

75

a

4

66

3

6

25

4

71

0

25

35

3

2

5

12

41

18

56

u

94

2

0

Q

o

2

B

20

%7

27

16

12

2

6

11

38

35

8

9

15

8

25

19

24

WI

69

0

1s

68

t

5

S4

f

76

20

5

66

4

5

24

3

73

a

24

46

9

‘1

12

2

6

49

19

47

53

9s

3

0

0

0

2

6

2r

1?

28

15

12

i

6

?1

40

34

?

9

16

9

25

19

22

43

56

0

16

83

0

6

9i

*

7?

19

4

69

3

5

23

3

?4

o

23

41

4

2

4

4

::

19

47

53

%?

3

1

1

0

3

10

19

15

29

13

*4

4

7

10

~

12

15

i9

6

23

11

26

29

?’!

6

24

0

A

o

67

m

4

56

3

6

33

4

-=

33

39

20

7

3

6

65

10

?5

25

66

4

0

0

0

7

10

23

14

*9

9

25

4

8

;

24

20

17

1s

6

15

11

34

27

73

0

6

93

0

3

m

o

53

39

B

44

2

?

47

2

53

0

47

32

22

6

7

3

4

43

39

43

57

—

9s

3

0

0

0

1

8

22

*B

25

T6

m

2

6

13

39

34

6

10

18

9

25

16

23

*

62

13

87

0

6

=

1

77

18

4

66

4

5

23

3

74

0

23

3s

3

‘1

6

8

10

46

3T

69

31

97

2

0

0

0

1

4

20

Ill

35

*6

6

‘1

5

9

44

36

4

6

‘f6

10

27

24

;7

5%

49

0

a

78

1

m

66

3

87

It

2

?6

4

5

13

4

63

0

13

48

2

4

*

m

43

‘r

42

53

Seefocrmteser enloftabk
Advance Data 9

Table 1-Pmvkhna t esthates of the percent of persons 1S years of age ●nd overwith seleciadAIDS knowiedga and atiiludes fromthe

1966 National Health Irtterviear Survey, by Sekded Charactd- united state!%mcembef Wff8-com

31. t4meyc41aver lJeerlacwsad byahe#lh~nc410

hauemail&ou iesikxmhKE- dactiOn?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

D(Nnlmcw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Neusrhaalacflssf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

32 Hmeycslauarbaeneuu&x!d by~or reummsnlxblhsw

thatnoc$dla5ctcrmaAK)swLEdactKf@

Yes- ---------------- . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

w. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Dal’cknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

NRwrflaaKcofle5t4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

33 HahwyoMhauyourbloOdlesledbralaAloswIlshfauim?

Yes’ . . . . . . . . . . . ..--.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Don7m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *

Nauarmlardofld. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

3kHrwlnlsvymhavayOuhaepblMId-tarmaAr)s

W4usln&cMsl?~

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Twka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . t

3-5has . . . . . . . . . . . ..-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

G-lzmnr!s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . i

Molemm112* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

05n711nms’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Mmmrheardofornauartoakbd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6i

35kHcurrmyMnR%hmapast12 molm’kstlawymmyar

blooelsstadformaAr16wNsk&@311&

Nonehmmepast12 ~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

mea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

SAuamany . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Dontml’nM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

F4mlsrhmmcforneuarlmkf+- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81

36. wltleks#/wm anyc4meiF?sls.kkslingmosay41ilad

betOramapaal12m4slarb-*

F%utofabkmd ~+? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

16

Partc4aamac41wJr”llcR&&ik&li&iiil&iizi&i&#: : 12

a DiuyouQE4ma~c4ynrk61/lmyofpurka#

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

DIXIIM- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

41. ttoycaanpacttohawmdkttima~—~

klmem12~

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

DoltI- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

rwarlle44’dofkd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

42 WBlttlamstba-’.’o

Rutc$abimd dolMMm?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

~=wm ----------------- --------- 43

Rwtc4someothfs~m#reqbaabimd~?.. 16

44a_lJkiyouhawabkmdatdussm atulywnaBalwaan

1977am 1W5?

Yea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

DOn7know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;

44b.ooyoumilkmapfesmtsuppfyc$biOcMjks#affw? - “ &

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

m. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Cmlar. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Dun’rknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

45. Hefamsanern@tl@s --~em~=

*-~q.-~i6—

45aUsinga~?

w~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SolmwwSdkliua- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :

Nc4a*#k!ctk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

mxftww aihii!i : :: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

hTIuKwlneUmL . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

i

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19

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19

29

54

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16

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4
10 Advance Data

Table 1. Provisional estimates of the percent of persons 18 years of age and over with selected AIDS knowledge and attitudea from the

1988 National Health Interview Survey, by selected characteristics: United States, December 1988–Con.

[Data are based on household mlerwaws of the cfvillan noninst!kmonahzed population. The survey design. general quahflcallons, and mformat)on on the rellab!lify of

the estimates ere grven m technfcal notes]

Age Sex Race Educatton

7S-29 3G.49 50 years

AIDS knowledge or affdude

Less //ran More than

To?a/ years years and over Male Female While Black 72 years 12 years 12 years

45b Using a condom?

Very effectwe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Somewhat eftectfve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Notalali eftecl!ve, ,.. ,, 5

Don’tknow howeffechve ., 8

Don’lknow method,.,,.. ,. .,, 3

45c. Using a sparmlcldal Ielly, foam, or cream?

Very effective,,,,,.,., . 1

Some/fhat effeclwe. . . . . . . . . . 14

Notatall effectwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...”... 56

Don’tknow howeflectwe, .,,.., . . . . . . . . 22

Don’l know method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

45d, Having a vasectomy?

Very effective. .,.....,...,.. 2

Somewhat effective, . . . . . . . . . . ,, :.:::::::””:: 2

Noiatali effective . ...,..... . . . . . . . . . . 70

Don’tknow howeffectlve . . . . . . . . . .,..,,,,. ,. 19

Don’l know method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

45e. Two people who do not have the AIDS virus havmo sex onlv

46.

47

49.

52.

53.

54.

55.

with each othefl

Veryeffecttve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

Somewhateffectlve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Not al all effective, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Don’tknowhoweffecttve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Don’tknowmelhod, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

What are your chances of having the AIDS vrus?

High . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,,, 2

Low, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,, 13

None. ,...,, 82

Don’t know,,,,:::::::::: :::::::::::::,::: 2

What are your chances of getf!ng the AIDS vrus?

High, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Med!um . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

LOW 18

None,:::::::::::::::: :::::::::::::::::: 76

Don’tlmow, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Hlghchanceofalready havingAIDSvirus. . . . . . . . . . 1

Do you say yo~{ chance of gefhng AIDS ts h!gh or medium

bacausa you—

Have had abloodtransfuslon?, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Have had sexual contact wkh someone who might have

thevlrus? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Someotherreason? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

Have you evar d~cussed AIDS wKh a frbnd or relatwa?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Don7 know. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

When was the last time you discussed AIDS wilh a frtend or

relat~a?

G3daysago . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

4-7daysago . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

8-14 daysago. .,,,....,,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

15-31 daysago, ,., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Morethan 31 daysago ...,,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Don’tknow. ..{2, ,....., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

NeverdScussed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Have you ever personally known anyone wtfh AIDS or the

AIDSvlrus?

Yes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Don’t know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Howlona haslbaen since vousawthts oafson?

WIfh;npast2weeks. ..,,,,.. . ..’..,..,......,., 1

2weeks-fessfhan lmontti. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

lmontfWlessthan 3months. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

3months-lessfhan6 months. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

6monthsormore. ..,..,.. . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Don’f know,.,....,,,,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Neverknewanyonewffh AlDS13. . . . . . . . . . 69

38

53

4

3

1

2

15

60

16

7

3

3

69

16

7

84

10

4

2

0

1

3

19

76

1

0

3

27

67

2

1

2

27

56

70

Xl

o

6

10

7

16

28

2

31

9

89

2

1

0

1

1

6

0

91

33

55

5

5

1

1

15

63

16

5

2

2

m

12

4

66

8

2

3

1

1

2

15

81

2

0

2

22

73

2

1

7

24

52

71

29

0

6

10

8

16

25

4

29

15

83

2

2

1

2

1

9

0

85

24

51

6

15

5

0

11

44

32

12

1

2

60

26

11

77

8

2

11

3

0

1

6

89

3

0

1

7

87

4

0

4

11

45

47

52

1

5

5

5

11

15

6

53

7

92

1

1

0

0

1

5

0

93

34

52

5

7

2

1

14

55

21

8

2

3

71

18

6

83

8

2

6

1

1

2

15

60

2

0

2

21

72

4

i

1

21

57

57

43

0

6

7

6

14

20

4

43

10

89

1

1

1

1

1

6

0

90

Percent d!strlbutlonl

29

54

6

9

3

1

13

56

22

8

2

2

66

19

9

82

9

2

5

2

1

2

11

65

2

0

2

15

60

2

1

8

25

46

67

33

0

7

9

6

15

24

3:

11

87

2

1

0

1

1

7

0

69

31

54

5

7

2

1

14

58

21

7

2

2

73

17

6

84

8

2

5

1

1

2

13

83

2

0

2

18

77

2

1

4

22

53

63

36

0

6

6

7

15

23

5

37

11

88

1

1

0

1

1

7

0

89

32

47

6

11

4

2

12

48

27

11

3

4

58

24

11

75

11

3

7

3

2

3

14

77

4

0

3

18

71

6

2

4

29

51

60

40

0

10

9

8

12

17

4

40

12

85

2

2

1

2

2

8

0

88

22

46

8

16

6

1

8

43

30

18

2

2

50

28

18

69

11

3

12

4

1

2

9

84

5

0

2

13

79

6

1

3

18

39

43

56

1

5

7

4

8

15

4

57

4

93

3

1

0

1

1

2

0

96

33

53

6

7

1

1

14

57

22

5

2

3

70

19

5

83

9

2

4

1

1

2

‘3

05

2

0

2

14

60

3

1

8

27

57

60

39

0

6

7

7

14

21

5

40

8

90

2

1

0

1

1

5

0

92

35

57

3

4

1

1

16

61

17

4

1

2

81

t2

3

69

6

2

3

1

0

2

48

79

1

0

2

26

71

1

0

21

56

76

24

0

8

10

7

17

26

2:

17

82

1

2

1

1

2

11

0

63

Seefooilotesat ecdoftable
Advance Data 11

Table 1. Provisional estimates of the percent of persons 18 years of age and over with selected AIDS knowledge and attitudes from the

1988 National Health Interview Survey, by selected characteristics: United States, December 1988-Con.

[Data are based on household mterwews of the CIVIIIMI nOnlnSlifUllOflalCZed populalmn. The survey design, general qualrflcatkms. and Information on the rehamlity of

lhe estimates are gwen m techrvcai notes]

Age sex Race EducaLwn

16-29 30-49 60 years Less than More Ihan

AIDS knowledge or amtude Total years years and over Male Female Wrrtfe Black 12 years 12 yearn 12 yea,rs

56.

57.

56.

59.

61.

62.

How well do you know this pereon?

Verywell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Fairly well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Not very well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Don’treally kn@/; pe&onally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Don’tknow hcw welt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -

Never knew anyone wfth AlDS13. . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Is any of these statements true for you?

a. Youhave hemqml!aan dhavere cervedcl ottlngfactor

concentra!essmce 1977.

b. You are a natrve of Hatl or Central or East Aftwa wI’10 has

entered the Unted States stnce 1977.

c. Youarea manwhohes had6exwith another man at some

fimeslnce 1977, even 1 time.

d. You have !aken Mega[ drugs by needle at any time wnce

1977.

e. Since 1977, youareor have baenlhe sexpertner of any

person who would answer yes to any of the items above

(57 a-d).

f. Youhave hadsexfor money ordrugs atanytime since

1977.

Yestoat least l statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Noto all statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97

Refused . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Don’fknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

The U.S. Public Health Service has eaid that AIDS is one of the

major health problems In the country but exactly how many

people t ar”cts IS not Known.The Surgeon General has

proposed !1M a study be conducted and blood eamples be

taken tohelpfmd cuthowwlde6pread theprobfemls, lfyou

were selected In this flational eemple of f360ple 10 have lheir

blood tested wrth assurances of privacy of test results, would

you have the test?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’t know . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;

Whywouldn’tyou take partlnthete&’2 “ “ “- ““ . ““ “ “ ““ “ “

Don’twantto knowrflhaveAIDS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Don’twant anycounselmgabcut AIDS. . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Feerl’llgetAIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Don’tliketo grveblood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Don’ttrust Government programs, . . . . . . . 6

Illsawasteofmoney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Don’tbel!eve AiDScan reallybecured anyway . . . . . .

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5:

Don’tknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

When Federal public health OffiClalS give Information about

AIDS, do you beheve what they say or are you doubtful about

the Information they grve?

Believe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

Doubtful. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Don’t know. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

When they [pubhchealth offmals] glveadvwe about howto “ ‘

help keep from getting AIDS, do you behave their adwce or are

you doubtful about ‘what they say?

SaIleve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

Doubtful . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Don’tknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

1

3

3

2

0

91

5

95

0

0

76

17

:

8

1

9

18

5

2

44

1

75

22

3

86

13

2

2

4

6

2

2

85

3

96

0

0

73

19

1

7

4

2

6

12

11

3

3

49

0

67

30

4

82

16

2

1

1

3

1

0

93

1

99

0

0

63

28

:

3

2

5

9

7

5

2

55

59

30

11

73

19

8

1

3

4

1

1

90

3

%

o

0

71

21

;

4

2

6

11

10

4

2

50

0

66

26

6

81

15

4

Percent distrlbuton’

1

3

4

2

1

69

2

97

0

0

70

21

1

7

5

2

6

12

6

3

2

52

0

66

27

6

76

17

5

1

3

4

1

1

89

2

97

0

0

71

21

:

4

2

5

12

6

4

2

54

0

66

28

6

60

16

4

2

5

3

3

0

86

7

93

0

72

19

1

8

7

3

9

14

15

1

1

41

63

26

8

76

20

5

1

1

2

1

96

3

97

0

0

62

27

1

9

3

3

8

9

6

3

2

45

55

32

12

69

22

9

1

3

2

2

0

92

3

97

0

0

72

20

1

6

6

2

6

15

9

3

2

46

1

67

28

5

33

15

3

2

4

7

2

2

63

3

97

0

0

4

1

5

11

a

4

2

m

o

72

25

3

83

14

3

lMuillplere.spanses rmaysumtomore than ICO.

‘Based on~rsomanswermg yesloquestlcm4 (irwludes yes to questzm3).

3B+on~~m amweri~yes ioquestlM 11, ”’Coycu have anycmldren aged 10thrcugh 17'?''C2wesIton 12wsso-Hcw n-u~doym have?''

‘Persons answenrg rm or aorrl know to queshon 27.

%a5ed on persons answering yes to questlrn 29a.

a!ncl~des ~rsonsanswerr~ yes foquesllon26ati rm or don? krmw:oques!mm 27ard 33.

78ased onyesamwe,s toc~eti!on ~.%efmtmtee.

%sans z,mwerj~ K, or ccm’1krmw Ioquellons 26+3,27, and 33,

%azd o“~rsOm *nswer,ng yestOquestlm 33; excludes persons mswenng yestoqueshOn 26a.

13~~edonW~onsa”swer!ng yesloqus3ti0n41

~~~sed on pemons e.nstie,mg high or rredurn to queslion 46.

‘Eased on persons am+vermg no or don’t know b quest!on 52.

13=~ed on ~=onsan~~e,,y w ordOn’t ktIOWIOqueStlOn%.

14-~sed on persons nota”$~rmg yestoqueslmn 58,

*U. S. GOUERNMEN1 PR:P, TING Gfr ICE:tgg 9-241.291 :32225
Advance Data 12

Technical notes

The National Health Interview

Survey (NHIS) is a continuous,

cross-sectional household ihterview

survey. Each week, a probability

sample of the civilian

noninstitutionalized population is

interviewed by personnel of the U.S.

Bureau of the Census to obtain

information on the health and other

characteristics of each member of the

household. Supplemental information

is collected for all or a sample of

household members. The 1988

National Health Interview Survey of

AIDS Knowledge and Attitudes was

asked of a single randomly chosen

adult 18 years of age or over in each

family. The estimates in this report are

based on completed interviews with

4,118 persons, or about 89 percent of

eligible respondents.

Table I contains the estimated

population size of each of the demographic subgroups included in table 1

to allow readers to derive provisional

estimates of the number of people in

the United States with a given

characteristic, for example, the

number of men who have had their

blood tested for the AIDS virus. The

population figures in table I are based

on 1987 data from the NHIS; they are

not official population estimates.

Table II shows approximate standard

errors of estimates presented in table

1. Both the estimates in table 1 and

the standard errors in table II are

provisional. They may differ slightly

from estimates made using the final

data file because they were calculated

using a simplified weighting procedure

that does not adjust for all the factors

used in weighting the final data file. A

final data file covering the entire data

collection period for 1988 will be

available later in 1989.

Table L Sample sizes for the 1988 National

Health Interview Survey of AIDS

Knowledge and Attitudes and estinnated

adult population 18 years of age and over,

by selected characteristics: United States,

December 1988

*~*tjmated

Sample popu/atkm

Characterrsfb size m lhouswds

Ail adults, . . . . . . . . . . 4,118 175,260

Age

18-29 years . . . . . . . . . . 1,023 47,500

30-49 years . . . . . . . . . 1,564 66,900

50 years and over . . . . 1,531 60,660

Sex

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,706 83,073

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,412 92,187

Race

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,361 148,154

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . 526 19,168

Educatbn

Less than 12 years . . . . . 965 40,061

12 yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,506 6a,055

More than 12 years. . . . . 1,627 65,333

Table IL Standard errors, expressed in percentage points, of estimated percents from the National Health Interview Survey of AIIDS

Knowledge and Attitudes, by selected characteristics United States, December 1988

Age sex Race EducWon

18-29 3C49

Estimated ~rcent

w years Less than More than

Total yearn years and over Male Female Wtvie Black 12 years 12 yearn 12 years

5or95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4 0.9 0.7 0,7 0.7 0.6 0.5

100r90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.6

1.2

1.2

0.9

1.0

0.7 0.7

1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 1.7 1.2 1.0 1.0

150r85 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.7 1.4 1.2 1.2 1.1 0,9 0.8

200r80 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.8

2.0

1.6

1.5

1.3

1,2

1.3

1.1

1.2 1.0 0.9

250r75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.9

2.2

1.7

1,7

1.4

1,3

1,4

1.3

1.3 1.1 1,0

300r70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0,9

2.4

1.8

1,8

1.5

1.4

1.5

1.4

1.4 1,2 1.0

350r65, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2.6

1.9

1.9

1.6

1.5

1.6

1.5

1.5 1.2 1.1 2.7 2.0 1,6 1.5

400r60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 2.0 1,6 1.6 1.5 1.3

450r 55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,1

1.0

2.7

2.0

2.0

16

1.6

1.6

1.6

1.6 1.3

50 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.1 2.8

1.0 2.0

2.1

1.6

1,6

1.6

1.6

1.6 1.3 1.1 2.8 2.1 1.7 1,6
Number 176 ● Auwst 15, 1989

Adva-nce

~

From Vital and Health Statistics of the National Center for Health Statistics

AIDSKnowledge and Attitudesfor January-March 1989

Provisional Data From the National Health Interview Survey

by Deborah A. Dawson, Ph.D., Division of Health Intetview Statistics

Introduction

The National Center for Health

Statistics (NCHS) has included a

special set of supplemental questions

on the adult population’s knowledge

and attitudes about acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (i%13X) in the

National Health Interview Survey

(NHIS). The first AIDS Knowledge

and Attitudes Survey was in the field

from August through December 1987.

Provisional results of that survey were

published on a monthly basis in

Advance Data From l-’7taiand Health

Statistics (Nos. 146, 148, 150, 151, and

153). A public use data tape containing the information collected in 1987

is available from NCHS.

During the first 4 months of 1988,

the NHIS AIDS questionnaire was

revised to meet current program needs

for information about AIDS awareness. The revised AIDS Knowledge

and Attitudes Survey entered the field

in May 1988. Provisional findings for

the remainder of 1988 were published

periodically (Advance Data From PM

and Health Statistics Nos. 160,161,

163, 164, 167, and 175); in addition,

two special reports focusing on

minori~ populations were published

from the 198S data (Advance Data

From Vital and Health Statistics Nos.

165 and 166). A public use data tape

of the 1988 AIDS Knowledge

and Attitudes Survey will be available

at the end of the year. The NHIS

AIDS questionnaire used in 1988 will

be continued throughout 1989.

Reports based on the 1989 data will

be issued on a quarterly basis. This

report presents provisional data for

the period January-March 1989.

The Advance Data reports

describing the NHIS AIDS data have

been restricted to simple descriptive

statistics to facilitate their timely

release. Thus, these reports do not

attempt to explain or interpret

differences among population subgroups or to examine relationships

among various measures of knowledge

and AIDS-related behavior (e.g.,

testing). The NHIS AIDS data bases

permit more complex analyses than

those presented in this series of

Advance Data reports, and such

analyses are being undertaken by

various groups in the Public Health

Service.

The AIDS questionnaires were

designed to estimate public knowledge

about AIDS virus (HIV) transmission

and its prevention. The data were

needed as input for the planning and

development of AIDS educational

campaigns and for monitoring major

educational efforts, for example, the

series of radio and television public

service announcements entitled

“American Responds to AIDS” and

the brochure “Understanding AID$”

both developed by the Centers for

Disease Control.

The NHIS AIDS questionnaires

were developed by the National

Center for Health Statistics and

interagency working groups established by the Information, Education

and Risk Factor Reduction Subcommittee of the Public Heahh Service

Executive Task Force on AIDS. The

working groups included representatives from the Centers for Disease

Control; the National Institutes of

Health; the Alcohol, Drug Abuse and

Mental Health Administration; and

the Health Resources and Services

Administration.

The current AIDS questionnaire

includes items on sources of AIDS

information; seIf-assessed levels of

AIDS knowledge; basic facts about the

AIDS virus (HIV) and how it is

transmitted; blood donation experience; awareness of and experience

with the blood test for HIV; personal

acquaintance with persons with AIDS

or HIV, and willingness to take part in

a proposed national seroprevalence

survey. A general risk behavior

question, similar to that asked by the

Red Cross of potential blood donors,

is included in the current AIDS

questionnaire.

This report presents provisional

data for January-March 1989 for most

Public Health Service Manning Feinleib, M.D., Dr. P.H., Director

Centers for Disease Control
2 Advance Data

items included in t]): AIDS qucstionntiire. Table 1 displays percent

distributions of persons 18 years of

age and over by response categories

according to age, sex, race. and

education. In most cases, the actual

questions asked of the respondents are

reproduced verbatim in table 1 along

with the coded response categories. In

a fcw cases, questions or response

categories have been rephrased or

combined for clearer or more concise

presentation of results. Refusals and

other nonresponse categories (generally comprising less than 1 percent of

total responses) are excluded from the

denominator in the calculation of

estimates, but responses of “don’t

knoiv’. are included.

The hTHIS AIDS questionnaire

uses the phrase “the AIDS virus”

rather than “HIV,” because it was felt

that the general population might not

be familiar with the more scientific

terminology at the time the survey

began. In this report, the two terms

will be usecJ synonymously.

Selected findings

The following highlights describe

various aspects of AIDS knowledge

and attitudes as obsewed in the

January-March 19S9 data from the

NHIS AIDS survey. Unless othem’ise

noted in the text, all measures

described remained stable over this

3-month period. Any differences cited

in the text are statistically significant at

the .05 level (see table II for provisional standard errors of estimates).

Sources of AIDS information —In

the first quarter of 1989, there were

no changes in the proportions of U.S.

adults who reported having seen or

heard public service announcements

(PSAS) about AIDS on television (80

percent) or on the radio (44 percent).

As was true in 1988, less than

one: fourth of those adults who had

seen such PSAS stated that the

announcements were part of the series

entitled “America Responds to

AIDS;” almost half did not remember.

There was a decline in the percentage

of adults who reported having read

any brochures or pamphlets about

AIDS in the month preceding

interview-24 percent in

J~nutig-Xlw-ch compared to 2S

percent in December. There was a

srntillcr decrease in the proportion of

adults who said they had ever read

brochures or pamphlets about AIDS,

from 65 percent in December to 63

percent in January-March.

Sociodemographic differentials in

exposure to media coverage of AIDS

generally remained the same in the

first quarter of 1989 as throughout

19S8. Reported exposure to AIDS

messages in print, on television, and

on the radio decreased with age and

increased with education. Black adults

and men were more likely than white

adults and women to have heard PSAS

on the radio. Black individuals were

more likely than white individuals to

have read brochures or pamphlets in

the month preceding interview but

equally likely ever to have done so.

Sixty-three percent of adults with

children age 10–17 years reported

having discussed AIDS v’ith these

children; 60 percent stated t~at their

children age 10–17 years had received

AIDS education in school. Sixty-one

percent of adults said they had

discussed AIDS with friends or

relatives. These percentages have

remained fairly stable for many

months.

Selj-assessed knowledge —During

the period January-March 1989, 24

percent of U.S. adults reported

knowing a lot about AIDS, up from 21

percent in December 1988. Fortythree percent reported some knowledge, 25 percent claimed to know a

little, and 8 percent said they knew

nothing about AIDS. Increases in

self-assessed knowledge were of

similar magnitude in all categories of

age, sex, race, and education.

General knowIedge-Despite the

rise in the level of self-assessed

knowledge, there was little or no

change in most objective measures of

general knowledge about AIDS and

HIV. The one improvement was in the

proportion of adults who thought it

definitely false that “looking at a

person is enough to tell if he or she

has the AIDS virus,” which increased

from 66 to 70 percent. The gains in

this aspect of knowledge were

particularly large among persons age

18-29 years (up from 71 to 78 percent

responding correctly), black adults

(from 55 to 64 percent), and persons

with less than 12 years of school (from

47 to 52 percent).

Awareness of the main modes of

HIV transmission remained at the

high levels pre~’iously observed.

Eighty-three percent of adults thought

it definitely true that “any person with

the AIDS virus can pass it on to

someone else during sexual intercourse,” and 80 percent said it was

definitely true that “a pregnant

woman who has the AIDS virus can

give the AIDS virus to her baby.” In

addition, 94 percent thought it very

likely that HIV could be transmitted

by sharing needles for drug use. As

was the case in 1988, the great

majority of adults realized that “there

is no cure for AIDS at present” (87

percent responding definitely true)

and that “AIDS leads to death” (85

percent). Three-quarters (75 percent)

thought it definitely false that ‘Lthere is

a vaccine available to the public that

protects a person from getting the

AIDS virus.”

Misperceptions about HIV transmission —The NHIS AIDS survey

includes a series of questions addressing misperceptions about HIV

transmission by means of various

forms of casual contact. Accurate

knowledge in this area, as expressed

by the proportion of adults who

thought it very unlikely or definitely

not possible to spread HIV through

casual contact, improved throughout

1987 and between May and July 1988.

After that, the proportions of adults

responding correctly to these questions

declined slightly, so that by December

1988, responses were similar to those

recorded in May of that year. In

January-March 1989, there were

improvements in several of these

measures (figure 1). The proportion of

adults who thought it very unlikely or

definitely not possible to becxxme

infected with HIV by “living near a

hospital or home for AIDS patients”

increased from 80 to 83 percent. With

respect to “working near someone

with the AIDS virus,” the increase was

from 67 to 71 percent. Other increases

were in the proportions of aduhs who

thought it very unlikely or definitely

not possible to get HIV by “shaking
Advmce Data 3

~ hl.Y1988 ~Jufy 1988 m December lW3f3 ~ Jan.ary-Marcn 1989

Living near a hospital or home for AIDS patients Sharing plates, forks. or glasses with

1

L

.. . . . . . . . . ... . .. .

‘1% . . . . . . . . . .. ”.,,.. . . . . . . . . ... . . . .

mi;’’”svi”s

Shaking hands, touching,or kissing on ‘fie Being coughed on or sneezed on by

cheek someone who has the AIDS virus someone who has the AIDS virus

,, .. . ...,, .,. ..,, ,,,,

Attending school with a child who

has the AIDS virus

.,’.V:.... ......\ .... .. . . . . . ... . . ...V.] 72

Eating in a restaurant where

the cook has the AIDS virus

......... ... .:,, ,, .,..

Working near someone with the AJDS virus Mosquitoes or other insects

,...,,,,.. . ................ .

=>=...~~ 67

0 20 40 60 60 100 0

Percent

20 40 60 80 100

Pement

SOURCE Nalional Center for Health Statistics, DMslon of Health Interview Statistics. National Health Interview Suwev.

.-. . . .. . .

tlgure I. t-mxmonal esumates 01 percenl of adIJlls who thought it very unlikely or definitely not possible to become

infected with HIV in selected ways United States, selected months, 1988 and 1989

hands, touching, or kissing on the

cheek someone who has the AIDS

virus” (up from 69 to 73 percent) and

by “attending school with a child who

has the AIDS virus” (from 72 to 76

percent). For the other conjectured

modes of transmission shown in figure

1, there were no changes in knowledge

during the period Janum-y-March

19s9.

Blood donation cmd testing—h

January-March 19S9, 40 percent of

adults reported ever having donated

blood. This includes 14 percent who

donated blood since Nlarch 19S5,

when routine screening for HIV

antibodies began, and 6 percent who

claimed to have donated blood in the

preceding year. Almost three-fourdls

of adults had heard of the blood test

for the AIDS virus (i.e., the test to

detect HIV antibodies), and two-thirds

thought blood donations are routinely

tested. Six percent of adults said that

they had received a blood transfusion

between 1977, when HIV is thought to

have entered the United States, and

1985, when routine screening began.

About half (48 percent) of all adults

thought the present supply of blood is

safe for transfusions. All of these

estimates are similar to those reported

in December 1988.

Likewise, there was no change in

the proportion of adults estimated to

have had their blood tested for HIV,

19 percent in January-March 19S9.

This figure is fairly evenly divided

between persons who reported having

been tested (10 percent) and those

who did not report testing but had

donated blood since automatic

screening of donations was initiated (9

percent). The proportion of adults

tested decreased sharply with age,

from 26 percent of those age 18-29

years to 9 percent of those 50 years of

age and over. Seventy-one percent of

the individuals who had been tested

for HIV reported being tested as a

part of blood donation and 2 percent

as part of a blood transfusion.

Seventeen percent voluntarily sought

testing, and 14 percent were tested as

part of some other activity that

requires a routine blood test.

Seven percent of adults reported

plans to have their blood tested in the

year following interview, about the

same as in December. This proportion

declined with age, from 11 percent of

persons age 18-29 years to 8 and 2

percent, respectively, of those age

30-49 years and 50 years and over.

Men were almost twice as likely as

women to report plans to be tested, 9

versus 5 percent. Of persons who

reported plans to be tested, 52 percent

said that the test would be sought

voluntarily as opposed to performed

routinely in connection with some

other activity. This is a significant

increase over December, when the

figure was 43 percent. The increase

was especially large for adults age

18-29 years, 60 percent in

January-hlarch compared to 43

percent in December.

Pre\’enti~”emeasures-There was

no change between December 19SS

and JanumyNfarch 19S9 in the
4 Adwanct? Dab

perceived effectivenessof various

methods of prewnting HIV transmk

sion. E@ty-three percentof adults

rated %WOpeople who do not have

the’AIDsvirus haling sexoldywith

each Otkl” as mry effecbq and 31

PFX=nt thOll@~ condom use tO be

very eHeetive_EFty-fonrpercent

consideredcondom me somewhat

efftie in preventingEIfV t -.ission dining sexualinkzonrse. More

thanhalf of all adultsstakd that

C&p& sprxmkid~ andvasectomy were not at all effective.

Risk Qfgem-rg HTV-bring

hnnq-ldarch 19S9, 2 pereentof

adultsreportedbelonging10 one or

more of thegmnps withImhaviors

assocktedwithkreased riskof AIDs

(e-~ hemopa hravenolls drng

use= and homosexrd men]. This

proportionhas not variedsincethe

questionwas introdneedm May 19SS.

Eighty-threepereentof US.

adnltsfelt therewas no chanceof

theiralreadybeing infizted withHIV,

ie= of “lumingthe AIDS vinm.”

Thirteenpercentassessedtheir

Chancesof hm’ingHIV as low, 2

pereenlas medinnqandless than1

pereenlas high.Scventy+Sghtpercent

of adultsfelt that theyhad no ehanee

of beeoming inf~ iea “of getting

the AIDS virus.” This proportionhas

* StCadiIysince 1987. The proportionswho statedthattheir chancesof

gettingHIV werelow,medimq and

highwere17,2 andksstllanl

perCe@ mspeetkly

One adult in ewery8 @ pereent)

refmrtedknowingsomeone whh AIDS

or HfV. This percentagehas donbkd

&we August 19S7. Adults age 3049

yearswere the most likely10 report

knowingsomeone with MIWHfV (16

percent],followed by persons 1$-29

Y- (11 percent) and those 50 years

of age and over (8 pereenl)-

slrggesterf Cftalion

QaYEXM’IDA AIDS knowfedge and

auilLdes %orJanuary+areh 1989 PmvisiDnaldata

fmrn the Wfional Heafth interviewsurvey.

AdmneeDatafrrurrldalamih eathstafafm

no.176- HYans@ie, Ma@arut Nalmnal - Center

for Heaflh Swisies. W3Bg.

Copyright inforrnafion

fiis rqm!l maybe reprintetiv.&hiDu? fw!her

permission.

Symbols

Quantity zero

o Quantity more than zero M less

than 05
Advance Data 5

Table 1. f%wisional estimatesof the percent of persons 18 years of age and overwith seiec!ed AIDS Icnowiedgeand attitudes ::om the

1969 Nafiond HeaitfI interview survey, by sekcted charac~ United ~ January-Xarch 1989

iC*=W~~d ~ Cfslecwillan ~plpUMULnleS1.mey-geneaq& ‘ “

-~==gmml~ nc4eS]

zaL.Un. mSmmlaMnonlne7 &z2.Gyt5

T-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..-. ..- . . . ..lm

1.

la

m.

z

3.

4

5.

15

l&

21.

22

klmepmstmolml, haveyw—

Stx?nalypmlic sarwim~-AIDsal

~7

Yak. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

m. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . --------------- la

Donlkncw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

mimypUMc SerMice~abalx#msal

me -?

Y- . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . u

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5Z

Doll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Mkz!Jeaydmo5epJMc se4’uim~-

~~~~

Y= . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

llall&sJw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

~heimiIIIxsavqPUI&stmiC%~ . 16

klmepastlntnm,haveywmxlmybmdluesarpanptwb

--

Yak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Doll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

HiweywewrmadrmybmdlweSorgEmpwcSmAms?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

?40 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

DallkrKM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

wle19uayJUg@mepnpnkxSor bmdlmBS?’~

Cmc.onmratmwmk-. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

IIOCWSOaice~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

mugflom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

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DolmIo-Kw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

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6 Advance Data

Table 1. Provisional estimates of the percent of persons 18 years of age and over with selected AIDS knowledge and attitudes from the

1989 National Health Interview Survey, by selected characteristics: United States, January-March 1989–Con.

[Data are based on household interviews of the Cfvlliannonlnstitufiinalized population. The survey design, generaf qUaiffiCatiina, and Information on the Iefiabflffy of

the eshmates are grven m technical notes]

Age sex Race Educat/on

l&29 3049 50 years

AIDS knowledge or attriude

Less than More than

Total years years and over Male Female White Black 12 years 12 pals 12 years

23b. AIDS rs especally common in older peopla.

Definitely true, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Probably true . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;

Probably false . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Definitely false . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74

Don’t know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

23c. AIDS candamagethebram.

Defmrtely true, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

Probably true. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Probablyfaise . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . II

Defmtelyfalse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Don’t know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

23d. AIDS usually leads 10 heart disease.

Defmltelytrue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Probablytrue. ,, ..,...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Probablyfalse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Defmrtelyfalse, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Don’t know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35

23e. AIDS Is an mfectlous disease ceusedby a virus.

23f.

23g.

23h,

231,

23J,

Defmflelytrue, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Probablytrue, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Probablyfalse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Defmtelyfalse, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Don’t know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Teenagem cannot get AIDS,

Defmtelytrue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Probablykue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Probablyfalse, , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Defmfelyfalse, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92

Don’t know. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

AIDS leads 10 death.

Defmtelytrue.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

Probablytrue, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Probablyfalse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Defmitelyfals e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’t”now . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ;

A person can be infected wilh the AIDS virus and not have the

dliease AIDS,

Defmrtelylrue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Probablytrue, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Probablyfalse, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Defmrtelyfatse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Don’t know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Lookmgat a person isenough toiellff heorshe has the

AIDS vrus.

Defmrtelytrue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Probablytrue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Probablyfalse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Defmitelyfalse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Don’t know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Any person wth the AIDS virus can pass if on to someone else

durma sexual intercourse.

tiefmmelytrue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Probablylrue. ..,,.,,.,.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Probablyfaise . .,...,.,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Defmitelyfalse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Don’lknow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

23k. A person who has the AIDS virus can look and feel healthy

and well.

Defmrtelytrue, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46

Probablytrue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Probablyfalse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Defmiletyfalse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Don’t know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

231. Apregnant woman whohasthe AIDS vnrscangivef heAIDS

virus to her baby.

Defmfelytrue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Probablytrue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Probablyfalse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Defmielyfalse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Don’t know, , . .,..,,... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

1

2

18

75

4

22

29

13

11

25

6

20

20

21

32

66

20

2

4

8

1

1

2

96

1

66

11

1

1

1

54

23

6

7

10

2

3

12

78

5

68

9

1

1

1

55

27

6

5

7

83

14

0

0

2

;

14

76

5

25

28

13

11

23

6

22

21

19

30

69

17

2

5

7

1

1

3

95

1

86

12

0

1

1

63

20

3

5

9

2

4

13

76

5

64

12

1

1

2

55

28

6

5

7

63

13

1

0

3

1

1

18

68

11

26

31

7

4

30

10

24

13

10

42

50

21

3

5

21

2

1

6

87

5

85

11

1

1

3

47

22

4

4

24

2

6

~?

57

18

79

14

1

1

6

35

30

10

7

19

75

16

0

0

6

1

2

17

74

7

26

30

11

9

24

8

23

19

18

32

64

16

2

5

11

1

1

3

93

2

84

12

1

1

1

55

21

4

6

13

3

5

14

70

9

82

13

1

1

3

51

27

7

5

10

79

15

0

1

5

Percent distribufloni

1

2

17

74

7

24

29

10

8

28

6

22

17

15

36

59

20

3

5

13

1

1

4

92

3

88

10

1

;

55

21

4

4

16

2

4

14

70

10

84

11

1

1

3

45

29

8

6

12

82

13

0

0

4

1

1

17

75

6

24

30

11

9

26

7

22

19

17

34

62

19

2

5

12

1

1

3

93

2

85

12

1

1

1

57

21

4

4

13

2

4

14

71

9

83

12

1

1

3

z

7

5

10

81

14

0

0

4

2

3

14

71

11

33

26

6

7

26

13

21

10

16

40

62

19

2

4

13

1

0

5

88

6

69

7

1

1

3

46

21

5

7

21

4

5

13

84

14

84

8

0

1

6

43

25

6

6

16

80

13

1

0

6

2

3

18

62

14

27

30

6

5

33

11

23

10

10

45

48

20

2

4

25

1

1

6

64

7

68

8

1

0

4

39

20

5

6

30

3

7

17

52

22

82

10

1

0

7

32

25

11

10

22

76

15

0

0

9

1

1

16

76

6

25

30

10

8

27

6

23

17

15

37

59

21

3

6

11

1

1

4

93

1

87

10

1

1

1

54

24

5

5

13

2

4

16

70

8

65

11

1

1

3

45

31

9

5

10

80

15

1

0

4

0

1

17

79

3

25

28

14

12

20

6

21

24

23

26

73

16

1

4

5

1

0

2

97

0

83

74

1

1

1

67

20

3

4

6

2

3

11

80

3

83

14

1

1

1

61

27

4

3

5

84

13

0

0

2

See footnotes at end oflable.
Advance Data 7

Table 1. Provisional estimates of the percent of persons 18 years of age and over with selected AIDS knowledge and attitudes from the

1989 National Health Interview Survey, by selected characteristics: United States, January-March 1989-Con.

[Data are based on household interviews of fhe CMIW7 noninsfiiutkmatized population. The survey design, general qualif!cefiina, and inforrnatton on the reliability of

the estimates are given m technical notes!

Age sax Race Educat!on

16-29 3r	 50 years Less than More Itran

AIDS knowleflae or alfflude Total years years and over MaIa Female WtrKe Black 12 Yssrs 12 Years 12 Years

23m.There is a vaccine available to the public that protects a person

from getting the AIDS virus.

Definitely tre e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Probably true . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Probably false . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Definitely false . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’tknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23n. There is no cure for AIDS at present.

Definitelytrue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Probablytfue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Probablyfalse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Definitelyfalse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’tknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2

2

9

75

12

87

6

1

2

4

24. Howlikely doyouthink tftsfhat aperson will get AlDSorlhe

AIDSvlruslnfecllon from—

24a, Living near a hospital or home for AIDS patients?

Verylikely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Somewhatlikely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Somewhatunhkely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Veryunlikely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Definifelynotpossible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Don’fknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

24b.Worklngneer someonewifhthe AIDSvinis?

Verylikely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

8omewhatfikely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

.%mewhat unlikely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Vetyunlikely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Definitelynotpossible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Don’tknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

24c. Eatrrgin arestaurant where lhecook iTasttteAIDSvirus?

Verylikely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Somewhatllkely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Somewhatunlikely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Veryunlikely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W

Defintfelynotpossible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Donlknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

24d. Kissing-with exchange of saltva-a person who has the

AIDS virus?

Verylikely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Somewhatlikely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

8omewhatunlikely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Veryunlikely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Definitelynolpossible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Don’fknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

24e. Shaking hands, touching, or kissing on the cheek someone

who has lhe AIDS virus?

Verylikely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

somewhatlikely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Somewhat unlikely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Veryunlikeiy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Defmitelynotpossible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Don’tknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

24f. Sharing plates, forks, orglasses with someone whohas the

AIDS virus?

Verylikely. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Somewhatlikely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Somewhatunllkely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Veryunlikely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Definitelynotpossible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Donlknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

24g. Using public tolfets?

Veryhkely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Somewhatlikely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Somewhatunlikely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Veryunlikely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Definitelynof possible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Donlknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2

2

10

77

9

66

5

:

3

1

4

6

40

44

4

2

9

12

40

34

3

6

17

17

30

22

7

21

30

14

la

9

8

2

6

11

36

40

3

8

16

14

31

23

7

6

11

13

34

29

7

1

2

4

7

89

6

:

2

1

2

6

3S

49

4

2

8

11

41

34

4

6

16

15

32

21

9

26

30

13

17

7

7

1

6

13

39

36

4

9

20

14

29

21

6

5

11

12

35

29

7

2

3

10

65

21

63

6

;

7

2

3

7

40

37

12

2

10

12

39

24

13

1:

12

27

14

Xl

31

29

9

11

4

16

3

7

13

39

26

13

:

13

27

12

17

8

15

11

32

19

16

1

2

9

77

10

86

7

1

2

4

2

4

7

41

42

6

2

10

11

41

30

6

7

19

15

31

16

11

26

31

13

15

6

9

2

8

13

40

32

6

‘J

14

34)

17

10

6

11

~2

36

26

9

2

2

9

73

14

87

6

:

4

1

2

6

36

46

7

2

9

11

39

31

7

7

17

15

29

20

13

27

29

11

15

7

12

2

6

12

36

35

7

9

20

12

28

19

11

6

13

12

32

26

11

1

2

9

77

11

66

6

;

3

1

3

6

40

45

5

2

9

11

41

31

6

7

18

15

31

19

11

26

31

12

16

6

10

2

6

13

40

34

6

2:

13

29

18

10

6

12

12

35

26

9

3

3

10

65

19

82

5

2

2

9

2

4

8

38

36

13

3

6

12

36

30

12

8

18

14

24

18

18

30

26

10

11

8

14

3

8

12

35

m

12

11

19

12

27

16

14

7

12

14

2.0

21

15

3

3

12

56

25

80

6

2

2

10

2

3

9

36

33

16

3

11

13

33

24

16

10

21

12

22

13

22

30

27

8

11

5

18

4

9

13

33

25

16

E

11

20

74

21

11

16

11

23

18

21

1

3

9

75

11

87

7

1

2

3

1

4

6

42

42

5

2

10

12

41

20

6

7

18

15

29

18

12

28

30

11

14

6

11

2

7

13

do

32

6

9

20

14

29

18

10

6

13

13

35

24

9

1

1

a

85

5

91

5

1

1

1

1

2

5

39

52

2

1

8

10

43

35

3

5

15

16

36

23

6

22

31

15

19

7

ii

1

5

12

41

40

2

7

19

15

33

22

5

3

9

12

39

32

5

.%efodmtesatend oftable.
8 Advance Data

Table 1. Provisional estimates of the percent of persons 18 years of age and over with selected AIDS knowledge and attitudes from the

1989 tUational Health Interview Survey, by selected characteristics: United States, January—March 1989—Con.

[Usia ar+ Lased on household m!erwews of the cr.l!an nonmstrtuhonallzed population. The survey CIeslgn,general quahflcahons, and reformation on the reliability of

the ex.~aws are gwen m lechmcal notas;

Age Sex Race Educat/on

16-29 3&49 50 years

AIDS knowledge or atflude

Less than More lnan

Total years years and over Male Female Whrfe Black 12 years 72 years 72 years

24h. Sharing needles for drug use wdh someone wno has the

AIDS virus?

Vetyllkely, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94

Somewhat likely,,. . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Somewhat unlikely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Veryunhkely. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..,, 0

Deflnllelynot posilble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Don’tknow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

241 Belgcoughedo rsneezedo nbysomeonev,hoh asthe

A;3S WUS?

Verylikely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Somewhat likely, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Somewhai unlikely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Ve~unllkely. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Defmtelynot possible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Don’t know...........,.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

24j. Atlendmg school wthachlld vvhohas the AIDS virus?

Very llkely. .,......,,.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Somewhat likely. ., ..,,.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Somewtlat unlikely....,,.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Very unhkely. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Defmfelynotposslble, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Don’l know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

24k. Mosqutoes orothermsects?

Veryllkely, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Somewha tllkely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Somewhat unlikely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Vewunlikely, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Defmiielynof possible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Don’tknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

25. Ha\evou ever:. I-,? ’..c!?lood?

Yes . . . . . . . . . 40

No..,....,.......::: :::::::::::::::::: 60

Don’t know. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

26a. Have youctonated blcmdsmce March 1985?

Yes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Don’t know. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

26b. Have youdonated blood inthe Wt 12monttrs?

27.

28.

Y&. . . . . . . . . . . . . ...”.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Don’tknow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Have you ever heard of a blood lest that can de!ect the AtDS

VirusInfection?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Don’tknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

To the best of your knowledge, are blood donations routinely

testednowforlhe AIDSvrushfecfiin?

YeS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Don’tknow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Neverheardoftest4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

2%. Have youever recefved counseling orhadatalk wtth a health

professional about taking Ihe AJDSvirus test?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89

Donlknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Never heardoftest4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

29b. Wee the d~cussion— i‘5

Wfihaprrvatedoctor? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53

At afamtly-plannmgclk?.. ,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

On an AIDShotline?, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

At aprenataichmc? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

At an STDorsexuatly transmitted d!sease clinic? . . 4

Atari AIDS/HIV counseling andtesimgsrfe? . . 10

Vv’lfhsome other health professional?. ., . . . . 38

Wfhsomeotnercounselor?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

30. Durlnglhat discussion, d(dyoureceive lnform?tion about hov/

toavo!d gettmgor passmgon ffle AlDSvlrus7=

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,,. . . 39

Don’!know . . . . . . . 1

96

2

0

0

1

1

5

~8

17

32

19

9

2

4

9

41

40

4

11

19

9

25

18

18

33

67

0

19

80

0

6

92

0

79

18

3

70

5

5

21

6

73

0

21

51

10

3

14

5

9

34

10

66

34

1

96

2

0

0

0

1

5

20

17

31

18

9

2

5

9

43

37

5

9

16

9

26

20

20

43

57

0

17

83

0

8

91

1

82

15

3

73

4

5

16

5

77

0

18

51

5

3

5

3

10

42

14

56

44

1

91

4

0

1

0

4

10

24

15

24

9

19

3

5

11

41

27

13

9

16

7

22

15

31

42

58

0

7

93

1

3

86

1

59

34

7

52

2

5

41

1

58

0

41

74

10

11

2

4

16

33

15

60

40

94

3

0

0

0

2

6

21

17

30

15

11

2

5

10

44

32

7

10

18

9

26

17

21

51

49

0

17

83

1

8

92

1

74

22

4

65

4

5

26

4

70

0

26

51

5

4

1

7

17

39

17

64

36

Percent d!stnbutlon1

94

3

0

1

0

2

7

21

16

28

15

13

2

5

9

40

36

8

9

15

6

23

19

26

30

70

0

12

88

0

5

94

0

73

22

5

65

3

5

27

4

69

0

27

54

9

4

15

1

5

37

9

57

42

1

95

3

0

0

0

2

6

21

17

29

15

12

2

5

10

43

34

6

9

16

8

26

18

23

41

58

0

15

85

0

7

92

1

75

21

4

88

4

5

25

4

71

0

25

54

6

5

9

4

10

38

13

57

42

1

91

4

0

1

0

4

10

20

14

24

15

17

4

6

8

36

32

14

14

19

8

19

16

24

32

68

0

9

91

0

9:

0

64

31

5

56

3

6

36

5

59

36

55

13

7

2

12

45

9

77

23

89

4

1

1

0

5

10

24

12

21

10

23

4

6

10

35

27

18

14

19

6

18

12

30

29

71

1

5

94

1

9;

1

53

41

6

45

2

6

47

2

60

0

47

58

12

3

14

1

2

30

6

56

44

95

2

0

0

0

1

7

21

17

28

15

12

2

5

11

43

34

6

10

18

9

23

16

24

37

63

0

13

87

0

9:

0

74

21

5

67

3

2

3

7~

o

26

55

9

6

11

3

14

39

17

63

37

97

2

0

0

0

1

5

18

19

34

18

6

i

4

9

45

35

3

6

14

9

29

22

‘f8

50

50

0

21

79

0

10

89

1

88

11

3

76

z

14

5

80

0

14

50

5

3

6

5

10

40

12

59

40

1
Advance Data —— 9

Table 1. Provisional estimates of the percent of persons 18 years of age and over with selected AIDS knowledge and attitudes from the

1989 National Health Interview Survey, by selected characteristics: United States, January-March 1989—Con.

[Oata are based on household interviews of the CiVillSfl noninstiiut!ax+lizad populafiin. The sumey design, ge!’ierel qualifkatiine. and information on the reliability of

the estimates are given m Iectmica notes]

.—

Age sex Race fducafrv

-.. . .—

16-29 3G49 50 years Less than More than

AIDS knowledge or attitude Total years years and over Male Femate write Black 12 yrnrs 12 Yeats’ 72 years

. ..—

31. Have you ever been advised by a health professional not to

have the blood test for the AIDS virus infection?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’tlmow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Never heard obtest’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

32. Have you ever been adwsed by friends or relatives not to have

the blood leSt for the AIDS virus infection?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Oon’t know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Never heard obtest’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

33. Haveyou hadyour blood tested forthe AIDSvimsinfectbn?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’tknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Neverheardoflest’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35a. How many times have you had your blood tested for the AIDS

virus InfectIon?’

Once . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Twice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-5tlmes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

e-12tlmes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Morelhan 12tlmes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’tknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Never heard ofornevertooktestg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35b. How many times m the past 12 months have you had your

blood tesled for the AIDS wrus infection?’

NonemttIe past12months, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Once . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Morelhan once . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’tknow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Never heard ofornevertooktests. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36. Wasthetest/were anyofthe lests, including those you had

before the past 12 monIhs–l

Parlofablood donation?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Partofabloodtransfuslon?a.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Voluntanlysought? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Parfofsome other activfly that requires ablood%mple? .

36. Didyouget theresults ofyourtest/anY of Yourtests?3

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’tknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41. Doyouexpect tohavea blood test forthe AlDSvlruslnfectlon

m the next 12 months?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’tknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Neverheardoftest’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

42. Will thetestba-i’lo

Partofablooddona!lon? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Voluntanlysought? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Part ofsomeolheractivrtythat requires abloodsample? . .

44a Did you have a blood transfusionat any time between

1977 and 1985?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’tknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

44b. Do you think the present supply of blood is safe for tranfuskms?

Yak . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Donlknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45. Here aresome methods paOpIeusa toprevent getting the AlDS

virus through sexual actwity. How effechve is45a. Using a diaphragm?

Veryetfective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Somewhateffectwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notatalleffeclwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Oon’tkno’w howeffactrve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don”tknow methocl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0

73

0

27

1

73

0

27

19

55

1

25

6

1

1

1

0

10

81

2

5

2

10

81

71

2

17

14

56

43

1

7

83

4

27

41

52

16

6

93

1

48

27

0

24

2

12

58

21

6

0

79

0

21

1

78

0

21

26

54

1

18

8

2

2

:

14

74

3

7

2

14

74

67

0

19

16

87

33

11

63

5

21

34

80

’20

3

97

1

52

29

0

19

2

14

62

17

6

1

82

0

18

1

81

0

18

23

m

1

16

7

1

1

1

0

11

78

3

6

3

11

77

72

2

18

14

51

47

1

8

70

4

18

49

45

13

6

93

1

52

27

0

21

2

10

68

15

4

0

59

0

41

0

59

41

9

m

2

40

2

0

1

0

0

5

92

1

2

:

92

74

4

13

10

45

53

2

2

55

2

41

33

53

16

8

m

2

42

27

0

31

3

13

44

31

9

0

74

0

26

1

73

0

26

22

53

1

24

6

1

1

1

0

12

78

3

5

2

11

78

71

2

14

17

52

47

1

9

61

4

26

43

49

17

6

93

1

53

25

0

22

2

13

58

20

7

Percent dstnbufiinl

o

72

0

27

1

72

0

27

16

57

1

26

5

1

1

0

0

8

84

2

4

:

84

70

2

20

10

62

36

0

5

64

4

27

38

57

14

6

93

1

44

29

0

26

2

11

59

22

6

0

74

0

25

1

74

0

25

19

%

2

23

6

1

1

:

11

81

2

5

2

10

81

73

2

15

14

55

45

1

6

65

3

25

46

46

17

6

93

1

51

26

0

23

2

12

60

21

5

0

84

0

36

1

83

38

15

50

1

35

7

1

0

0

7

85

2

6

;

85

58

3

29

16

71

27

2

9

49

6

38

20

79

11

5

93

1

38

35

0

28

4

12

47

26

10

0

53

0

47

0

52

0

47

9

44

1

48

4

1

0

0

4

91

1

3

1

4

91

55

2

27

18

72

27

2

6

43

4

47

23

76

10

7

91

2

35

33

32

3

11

40

33

13

0

74

0

26

0

74

0

26

17

57

2

24

5

1

1

0

0

10

83

2

4

i

1:1

70

1

17

14

%

44

1

6

65

4

26

39

58

16

5

93

T

48

28

0

23

2

12

59

21

5

1

85

0

14

1

85

0

14

26

60

2

13

8

1

2

1

0

14

74

4

6

3

1’!

74

74

2

14

13

53

46

1

8

74

4

14

51

38

19

6

93

1

57

23

0

20

1

12

70

14

3

%e footnotes at end of table.
10 Advance Data

Table 1. Provisional estimates of the percent of persons 18 years of age and over with selected AIDS knowledge and attitudes from the

1985 t~ational Health Interview Survey, by selected characteristics: United States, January-March 1989-Con.

[Data are based on household mterwews of the cr.vllan rmmnstrfulionallzed populahon. The survey design, general qualifications, and informahon on the rehabilrty of

the es:,mates are gwen m tectmcal notes]

Age Sex Race Ecfifcaf)on

18-.29 ~9 50 years Less than More than

AIDS knowledge or amiude Total years years arrcl over Male Female Whife Black 12 years 12 years 12 years

45b. Using a condom?

Veiy effectwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Somewhat effechve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Notatali effective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Don’tknow howeffectnfe ...,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Don’t know method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

45c. Using a spermlcldal jelly, foam, or cream?

Very effectwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Somewhat effectwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Notat all effective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56

Don’tknow howeffechve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Don’t knowmethod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

45d. Havma a vesectomW

V&veffecttve.” .. . . . . . ...< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

45e

46.

47.

49.

52.

53.

54.

55.

Sornewhateffective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Not atalleffeclive . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Dortfknow howeffectwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Don’t know method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Two people who do not have the AIDS virus having sex only

wtih each othet?

Veryeffectrve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Somewhateffectlve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Not atalleffective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Don’tknowhoweffecfiie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Don’t knowmethod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

What are your chances of having the AIDS vrus?

High . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Low . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

None . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83

Don’t know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

What areyourchances ofgeffmgtheAIDS virus?

High. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Low. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

None . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Donlknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

High chancaofefreadytsavingAIDSvm!s. . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Do you say your chance of getting AIDS is high or medium

because you-ll

Havehadabloodtransfusion?.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Have had sexual conIact w~h someone who might have

thevlrus? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Someotherreason? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59

Have you ever discussed AIDS w~h a frknd or relafiie?

Yes, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Don’fknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

When was the lest time you discussed AIDS wlh a friind or

relative?

0-3 daysago . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

4-7daysago . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

6-14 daysago . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

15-31 daysago . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Morethan31 daysago . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Don7 know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Neverdtscuesedlz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Have you ever personally known anyone wflh AIDS or the

AIDS VIIIJS?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

Don’t know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Howionghasrtbeen smceyousawfhie person?

Wlthmpast2weeks, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2weeks-lessthan lmonth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

lmonth-lessthan 3months, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

3months-lesslhan 6months. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

6monthsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Don’tknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Never knew anyonewithAlDS13. . . . . 89

37

54

5

3

1

3

14

63

15

5

3

4

71

15

7

85

8

3

3

1

0

3

18

77

1

1

3

24

70

2

0

1

28

55

69

31

0

8

8

7

15

27

4

31

11

89

1

1

1

1

1

7

0

69

34

55

5

4

1

2

14

63

17

4

2

2

63

10

3

86

6

2

3

1

0

2

15

81

2

0

2

19

76

2

0

6

18

86

71

29

0

8

9

7

15

27

2

16

83

1

1

1

1

1

10

0

84

22

52

5

16

4

1

13

42

34

10

1

2

61

26

10

n

9

2

9

3

0

1

6

90

2

0

:

B?

3

0

6

10

52

45

55

1

5

6

4

9

16

5

55

8

91

1

0

0

0

1

:

92

35

53

5

6

2

2

14

58

22

7

2

2

74

15

6

84

7

3

4

1

0

2

15

81

2

1

2

19

75

3

0

2

28

51

!%

41

0

7

7

6

12

22

4

42

11

88

1

1

1

1

1

7

0

89

Percent distribution

26

54

6

10

3

1

14

55

23

6

2

2

71

18

7

82

8

2

6

2

0

2

11

85

2

0

2

15

61

2

0

6

13

70

64

38

0

7

8

6

13

24

5

36

12

87

1

1

1

1

1

8

0

66

31

54

5

8

2

1

14

56

23

6

2

7:

16

6

85

7

2

5

1

0

2

13

64

1

0

2

17

79

2

0

2

23

61

62

38

0

6

8

6

13

24

3:

11

66

1

1

1

1

1

8

0

89

29

47

7

12

5

4

11

51

26

9

3

4

57

25

11

70

12

5

10

3

;

13

79

4

1

4

15

74

4

1

6

16

55

59

41

0

9

9

6

12

19

4

42

13

66

1

1

1

1

1

6

0

67

25

45

7

18

5

2

9

43

34

13

2

5:

29

14

71

10

4

11

4

1

2

6

85

5

1

:

83

5

1

12

24

44

41

58

0

5

6

4

8

14

4

59

5

94

1

0

0

0

1

3

0

95

29

56

6

7

2

2

13

57

23

6

2

2

74

16

6

84

7

2

5

1

0

2

E

1

0

2

15

80

2

0

2

17

64

80

39

0

;

6

13

23

4

40

10

69

1

1

1

0

1

7

0

90

38

56

4

3

1

1

~%

62

16

3

2

2

84

10

3

90

6

1

2

1

0

2

16

81

‘f

o

2

23

74

1

0

23

65

75

25

0

9

10

7

16

29

2;

17

81

1

1

1

2

1

12

0

83

See fodnotes at end of table
Advance Data 11

Table 1. Provisional estimates of the percent of persons 18 years of age and over with selected AIDS knowledge and attitudes from the

1989 National Health Interview Survey, by selected characteristics: United States, January—March 1989—Con.

[Data are based on household interviews of the Civltian nonlnstifufionalizecf population. The survey design, general qualifications, and information on the rehabdty of

me estimates are gwen in tecnmcal notes]

Age Sex Race Education

16-W 3049 50 years Less then More ihmr

AICS knowledge or attiude Total years years and over Male Female Whfie Black 12 years 12 years 12 years

56.

57.

58.

59.

61.

62.

How well do you kno’w thw person?

Verywell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Fairly well . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Notverywell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Don’treally know personally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Don’tknow howwell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Never knewanyone with A10S13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88

Is any of these statements true for you?

6. Youhave hemopfwllaandhaver eceiwdcl oltingfactor

concentrates since 1977.

b. You area native of Haiti or Central or East Afr!Ca who has

entered the United Slates since 1977.

c. Youarea manwhohas hadsexwtth ano!hermanef some

tlmesince 1977, evenl time.

d. You have taken illegal drugs by needle at any time Si!ICe

1977.

e. Since 1977, youareor have been thesexparfner of any

person who would answer yes to any of the ltemS abOVe

(57 a-d).

f. Youhave hadsexfor money ordmgsa tanytimesince

1977.

Yestoat lee311slatement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Notoall statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W

Refused . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Don’tknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

The U.S. Public Health SetVice has said that AIDS is one of the

major health problemsmthecounttyb utexectlyhowmeny

people t affects is not known. The Surgeon General hes

proposed that a study be conducted and blood samples be

taken to halp fmd out how wlda=spread the problem is. If you

were selected m this nahonalsampleof people to have their

blood tested ‘Mh assurances of privacy of test results, would

you have the test?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Don’tknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Why wouldn’t you take part In the test?14

Oon’twanttoknowiflh aveAIDS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Don’twant anycounseling abcutAIDS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Fearl’ligetAIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Oon’thketogiveb load . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Don’ttrust Government programs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Itisawasteofmoney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Don’tbelleve AIDS canreally be cured anyway . . . . . . . . 2

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Don’tknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

When Federal public health o~cials give Information about

AIDS, do you believe wttat they say or are you doubfful about

the Information they grve?

Believe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67

Doubtful . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Don’tknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

When they [public health officials] give advice about how to

help keep from getting AIDS, do you believe fheir advice or are

you doubtful about vfhat they say?

Believe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80

Doubtful . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Don’t know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

2

3

4

2

0

89

3

96

0

0

78

17

1

5

9

1

6

18

6

2

1

44

2

72

24

4

84

14

2

2

3

6

3

2

0

64

3

97

0

0

76

19

1

5

6

0

5

13

9

3

2

54

i

65

28

4

62

16

2

1

1

3

1

1

92

0

ge

o

63

29

1

6

2

1

5

10

4

4

1

60

2

60

31

9

75

18

7

1

2

4

2

1

0

89

3

97

0

0

73

21

1

5

4

1

6

11

9

4

1

55

1

67

28

5

81

15

3

Percent dstnbutioni

2

3

4

2

1

68

2

ee

o

0

71

22

1

6

4

1

5

14

4

3

2

54

2

66

26

6

79

16

5

1

3

4

2

1

0

89

2

98

0

0

73

21

1

5

4

1

5

13

6

4

2

55

1

67

27

5

81

15

4

1

3

5

2

2

87

3

97

0

72

21

1

6

6

0

5

13

6

2

1

53

3

62

31

7

76

19

5

1

1

2

1

0

0

95

2

9a

o

0

66

27

1

6

3

0

7

11

4

2

1

55

2

56

31

11

71

20

9

1

2

3

2

1

90

3

97

0

73

21

i

6

5

1

5

15

6

3

2

53

1

67

28

5

81

t7

3

2

4

7

3

2

83

2

98

0

0

75

19

1

4

6

1

4

12

9

5

1

57

1

72

25

3

85

12

2

1Mufliple resrmnsss may sum io more than 100.

2B=d on persom answering yes to questicri 4 (irxludesyes to queaion 3).

s%~onwmm _enngY=to qu=timll,..m ycuhaveanychildren aged10thrcagh17?” CU@W12WSS’’HCW ~do~~ve~

‘Persnsamwerimg rmordon’tkncw toquestion27.

5~a=d on pBOm SIISWCriRJ y- fo qu=tim ‘a

‘Inc!udes persons answering yes to question 26a ard no or don’! kca.’ to questions 27 W SS.

7E&d on yes ~wers to quewon 33. s- fOOtnO1e6.

‘Persons answering maor don’t know to questions 26a, 27, arxi 33.

%esed on persore anewermg yes 10 quest!m XX excludes persons answering yes to ques!ion X&

1O&d on ~e=onS amwenng yes 10 question 47.

1i Eased on psrsons answering high or medium to question 46.

12Sased on persons answenng m or donl krmw to question 52.

13@ed on ~mo”~ ~“swertng N or donl k-to qu~!ion’.

14~sed~n~mo~ r!otfU_IW/WCgyeS toquestion=.
12 Advance Data

Technicalnotes

TheNational Health Interview

Survey @HIS) is a continuo~

cross-sectional household interview

survey. Each week a probab~%ty

sample of the civilian noninstitutionaIized population is interviewed by

personnel of the LT.S.Bureau of the

Census to obtain information on the

health and other characteristics of each

member of the household. Information on speaal health topics is

collected for all or a sample of

household members. The 1989

National Health Inlerview Survey of

AIDS Knowledge and Attitudes is

asked of one randomly chosen adult

18 years of age or over in each family.

The estimates in this report are based

on compleled intemiews with 8735

perso% or about 89 percent of

eligiile respondents.

Table I contains tie estimated

population size of each of the demographic sobgroups inclnded in table 1

to zdlow readers to derive provisional

estimates of the number of people in

the Uniled Sates with a given

characteristic for example, the

number of men who have had their

blood tested for HIV. The population

figures in table I are based on 1987

data kern the NHIS; they are not

official population esdmates. Table II

shows approximate standard errors of

estimates presented in table 1. Both

the estimates in table 1 and the

standard errors in table II are

protilonal. They may differ slightly

from estimates made using tie final

data file because they were calculated

using a simpliikd weighting procedure

that does not adjust for all the fbctors

ased in weighting the final data file. A

iinal data file covering the entire data

coketion period for 1989 will be

available at the end of 1990.

Table f. Samplesizes for the 19S9 National

Heafih Interwiew Survey of AU2S

Knowledge and Attitudes and estimated

aduli population 18 years of age and ower,

by selected character~”= United Staies,

Janu~March ~989

Eszh?led

Samgve Jwpulawn

GlrsIadRlist/e size m$YwLlsan@

Aaadlms ----------- 8.735

*

16-29yOals . . . . . . . . . 2194

30-49yeas . .------- 3.446

5oyeaIsand Ower ----- 3.095

sex

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.751

FenEie ..... .....-. 4.964

Faxl

Wtaa -. . ..-. . . . . . . ?.2s3

WKk . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.166

bsslhan 12yeals. ..-. mm

12y!aals..... ....... 3,203

MOrerhan lzyeacs .. .. 3.412

175.260

47.503

66.900

Oo.em

Sw73

szm7

146.1!54

19.166

40,W

B6.C15S

6s.333

Table 31.Standard erro~ expressed in percentage points, of estimated percents from the M*”oMII Health Intewkae Survey of AIDS

Knowledge and Attitudes, by sekcted eharaderi- United SWe$ Januaq-March 19S9

m sex Raxl

13-29 a&a9 5oyasrs Lessrtbsm Mmaman

Esmnsr&rpmxax Tafa?yEws yeacsmdowr -~WE&xSr Izyeas 72yaats Izyews

5W9S. ... . .------------- --- 02 f16 0-5 05 05 a4 0.3 03 0.6 0-5 0-5

Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04 O-a 0.7 0.7 0.6 0-5 0-5 1.1 0-8 0-7 0.7

150r65 .. ... . ..-------- ..... 05 1.0 cm 011 on a7 05 13 to 0.6 m

Ba= ------------------ --- 0-6 1.1 03 0-9 O.a 0-7 (I6 1-s 1-1 0-9 0-9

=-75 .. ... . ... .. ...... .. .. 0-6 32 09 3.0 0-9 OB 0.7 1.6 12 1.0

300T70 .. .... .----------- ...

1.0

0.6 12 1.0 1-1 to 0s m? 1.7 13 1.0 1.0

350r6s .. . .. .. .. .... .. .....- 0.7 t3 1.0 1-1 1-0 0s Q7 13 c? 1.1 1.1

aim ------------------ .-. a7 la 1.1 1.1 la 6.9 0.7 1-3 1A 1.3 1.1

45m55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . R7 1-4 1-1 12 1.0 0-9 0.6 1-9 1-4 1.1 1.1

=-- .... . .. ..... .. . .. .. .. .. a? 1.4 1-1 12 1.1 6-9 0.6 1-9 1-4 1.1 1.1
Number 177 Q Auaust 29.1989

Data

From Vital and Health Statisticsof the NationalCenter for Health statistics

Utilization of Controlled Drugs in Office-Based Ambulatory

Care: Nationai Ambulatory Medical Care Survey, 1985

byHugo Koch, M.HA, Dwisiinof Ht?althCareStatisks andDeeA lQEUIP,ph.~-, U- of~ at ~

Introduction

An rnaeasingly inqmrtantissue in

curmnthealth careandsoeial policyis

the nse of mediations having

signiit potentialfor drug

dqxmbee orabuse and their

possiblediversioninto iIlieitehannek.

Under Federal law, the QmtroIkd

SnbstaneesAet of 1970,q%xial

w@@IY mnmk havebeen placed

on the manutketurq distri%utio%and

~g of thesedrugs. l%ch

controlleddrug is placed in one of five

seheduksj depending on itspotential

for *- its medical usefuln~ and

the degree of dependence it can

produce.

schedule L The drug has a high

potentialfor abuse and no current

acceptedmedical usefidnessfor

treatmentm the United States.

Examples are heroin and LSD.

Schedule I drugs are outside the

scope of this repmt

Schedule IL The drug has a

currentlyaccepted medieal use in

the United Stat- but its abuse may

lead to severe dependence. Included

are certainnarcotics(e.%

morphine), short-acting

barbiit~ and certainstimulan@

sud as the amphetaminesand

cocaine.Prescri@ons for these

drugs are nomdillable. Emer~

telephoneorders for limited

quantitiesof thesedregs are

*H4 bti tk p~ must

provide a writtew signed

prescriptionto the p- within

72 hours.

Seheduk IIL Thedmghasan

acceptedmediealuse m theUnited

Statesjbut its abuse my kad to

moderatedependence.Included are

opiates in fixed-ingredient

eombiiation with suchother

substancesas acetambphen or

aSpiriILand certainanorexiants

Preseri@ns maybe oral or written

andmaybe refilkd uptofivetimes

within 6 monthsafter the date of

issue,if authorizedby the

presaiber.

ScheduIe IV. The dmpjhas a

currentlyamepted mediealuse in

the United StatS but itsabuse may

kad to limiteddepende=

Included are tie benzdazepines

(minor tranquilizers),phenobarbiti

~G PrwwP~% ad

em-tab anore&nts- The same

p-tin rzemen= pertainas

with Schedule III drugs

ScheduleV. l%e drug has a

emmmtly~dm~~ti

the United StatS but its abuse my

lead to 5omedependence.The most

importantare fixed-ingredient

eombiins Comainingnonopioii

dregs and limitedquantitiesof

opioids.There are no limitations on

P~m or refill%other than

thosespecifiedby the prescriber.

I@ending upon Stateand local

reguktin~ some seheduk V

productsare availabk withouta

prescription.

This repxt deserii the

utikation of controlleddrugs

(Sehcdules4 m 131,V) in offkebased ambulatorycare. The report

relies on iindingsfium the ?Jational

Ambulato~ Medid Care Survey

(?WMCS), a sample surv:y-of nonFede@ offke-based phmaans

conductedin the coter&ous United

Statesover the 12-monthperiod

March 19S5throughFebruarv 1986-

The termurihafion is linked to

the preseriiing or providingof a

controlleddrug by a doctor of

medieineor osteopathyin the course

of an officevisk It does not embrace

ultimatepatientcompliancewith the

doctor’sinstmuion

U.S. DEPARTMENTOF HEALTHAND HUMAHSERVICES NationalCenterfor HealthSt#stics

P(JWCHealthServiee Manniig Feideib,M.D.,Dr.P-H.,Director

Centersfor Dkease Control
2 Advance Data

Because the estimates presented

in this re~rt are based on a sample

rather ‘than on the entire universe of

office visits or drug mentions, the data

are subject to sampling variability. The

technical notes at the end of the

report provide guidelines for judging

the precision of the estimates. They

also supply a brief description of the

sample design and survey methodology

and a copy of the chief data collection

instrument, the patient record

(figure 1).

General findings

From March 1985 through

February 1986, 636.4 million office

visits were made to physicians within

the NAMCS scope, resulting in an

estimated 693.4 million drug entries

(mentions). This report centers

attention on the estimated 47,192,000

office visits in which one or more

controlled drugs were ordered or

provided (controlled drug visits) and

on the 51,877,000 mentions of

controlled drugs that these visits

produced. The controlled druig

mentions were distributed among the

schedules as shown in table 1,,

NAMCS findings reveal that,

between 1980 and 1985, there, was a

decrease of roughly 11 percent in the

overall number of controlled drug

mentions. The smaller groups,

Schedules II and V, showed the

greatest decreases; mentions in each

fell off by about 30 percent. The use

of Schedule IV drugs registered a

modest decline (7 percent) over the

period, in large part the result of a

IB

AmwMm of bdNJmtldlw- AU inlc.mnatlnm w14ch w.wld emnnh ic!wt,ftmtmn of an Owlmmmt of H-w ma Hum saw=-

md!wdu.1, . cwctice. of m ast.b!mhmom null b. we con fnwnld, will h ..00 only by CMI.rS hw DIuase Control

LWSC+WtWVU9d m d tar ttw CUPS”. of ttm mwey d wIU nofbe dmcloctdwmlo.md RJblIC Hcdch Smwm

to other WISM or uwd *OVmy onm D.?MMD N.tlM.t Cont., 1- H..ith Stm!stk.

1. DATE OF VISIT PATIENT RECORD OMB No. 0920.0234

~ NATIONAL AMBULATORY MEDICAL CARE SURVEY

EXFWBS 8.31 -s9

WCS] 6105B

2,21P CODE 4mSEX 5.CO~:R OR &ErHNICITY 7. WIE7E,D::W;;(S) OF PAYMSNT 8 WAS PATENT

“REFERREOFOR

1 ~ VO+ITE I D SELF-PAy 4 D :$ ~%%

THIS VI!HT BY

1 1 a FEMME , ❑ ~ls=&lc 7 ❑ NO CHASGE ANOTHER

S. DATEOFMTH

2DL%ACS

2 ❑ f.wolmm , ❑ :-WERWL

PHYS3CIAN?

ASIAN fPACIFIC

3 ❑ ISLANDER

~no~

~ ‘uMu

2 ❑ g,m

Y] IIZ YES ZDNO

~f-J y%~&?A~Ey 3❑ hsEDlcAl* s ~ ~o~;yy’#~

9 PATlENT’S COMPLAINT, SYMPTOM(S), OR OTHER

“REASON(SI FOR THIS VISIT [Jn Fvtht’s own worokj

100 PHYSRXAN’S DIAGNOSES f q . Fll;~Y:~gm&

●. k+03TIMPORTANT i ~lNCIPAL OIAGNOSWTROSLEM ASSOCIATED WITH ITEM Ss.

lQ YES 2DN0

+

b. OTHER b. OWEN EWNIFICANT CURRENT 01AGt40SES

IL ~:bFOO,rHI cowmor4

lDYZS 2DN0

1

12 DIAGNOSTIC/SCREENINQ SERVICES

“ fChek oil ordersd orpmvid~

1 ❑ NONE 7 D i3LOO0 PRESSURE CI+ECK 13 ❑ ORAL GLUCOSE TOL.

2 D PAP TEST E ❑ URINALYSIS 14 ❑ CHOLESTEROL MEASURE

3 ❑ PELVIC EXAM 9 ❑ CHEST )$ RAY 15 ❑ WV SEROLOGY

4 ❑ IEREAS7 PALPATION 10 ❑ DIGITAL RECTAL EXAM 16 H OTHER S1000 TEST

S a MAMMOGRAM 11 ❑ PROCT63GMOIGOSCOPY 17 ❑ OTHER fSPIWJ,j

6 ❑ VISUAL ACU17Y 12 ❑ STOOL BLoOO EXAM

1 ❑ NONE

2 ~ WEIGHT REOUCTION

3 ❑ CHOLESTEROL REOUCTION

4 ❑ SMOKING CESSATION

5 ❑ HIV TRANSMISSION

6 ❑ eREAST SELF.EXAM

I 7u OTHER

15. MEUCA~NnERAW[Rmtiollnwormnrtnu&4,co/iom.&e&orpmvid&otths,,uit. f.lse,he~tnc

bmndruvrw orgetreric mrr mtemdm my Rxoroffi mafn-d nxrwd. hcbd immunbng anddfsensitaig agmu.]

IF NONE, CHECK HERE ❑ ● NEW h, FOR OX

MEOICA71DN7 IN mEM 10.~

V ES No Ves NO

1 ‘cl 2D 10 20

2, ‘D 2D ‘n 20

3 ‘n2n1r-J2D

4 ‘2 23 m 2@

6 ID2DIL3 25

I ❑ NONE

2 ❑ PBYCHOTHERAW

S ❑ CORRECTIVE LENSES

4 ❑ AMBULATORY SUFiGERY

5 ❑ F’H%’SI07HERAW

S ❑ OTHER ~v]

1 ❑ NO FOLLDW.UP PLANNEO

2 ❑ RETURN AT SPECIFIEO TIME

3 ❑ RETURN 1= NEEOED. P R N

TELEPHONE FOLLOW-UP

4 ❑ PLANNED

5 ❑ ‘EFERREo TO OTHER PHYSICIAN

6 ❑ ~EJ&T’l~:To FIEFERRING

7 ❑ AOMITTO HOSPITAL

ION THIS VISIT ] 17 ~ O&JR&Ol

that 17ppi-$f

Vlsrr

/Time

aci-uauy

spsnt with

physician]

---7-

8 ❑ OTHER /sP@t]

Figure 1. National Ambulatory Medical Care Survey Patient Record - US GVCRNMEI,T PRINTING C=F<:Z ,s6%236.1
Advance Data 3

decrease in the utilization of

diazepam. Schedule III drugs were the

only controlled drugs to hold their

own—indeed, they showed a modest

increase (5 percent) in utilization

during the period.

Table 2 offers a ranked listing of

the 20 controlled drugs most

frequently prescribed by the officebased practitioner. This group of 20

accounted for about hvo-thirds of all

controlled drug mentions. In table 3,

the 51.9 million controlled mentions

are classified by the therapeutic effect

that each was intended to produce. It

is noteworthy that narcotic analgesics

dominate the drugs prescribed in

schedules H and 111;they accounted

for an estimated 16.1 million

mentions, a substantial 31 percent of

all controlled drug mentions.

Another finding that merits

attention is the dominance of the

benzodiazepines (e.g., alprazolam,

diazepam,and lorazepam) among the

therapeutic family, anxiolytics,

sedatives, and hypnotics, at the

expense of other agents, chiefly

barbiturates, which have more

potential adverse effects, drug

interactions, lethality, and abuse or

dependence liability. With

1S.1 million mentions, the

benzodiazepines accounted for the

largest single proportion (35 percent)

of all controlled drug mentions.

Symptoms and diagnoses

associated with controlled

drug therapy

The findings in table 2 and 3

indicate an application of controlled

drugs in the management of pain,

anxiety, cough, insomnia, and diarrhea.

Table 4 shows the predominance of

pain symptoms, which elicited more

than one-half of the controlled drug

mentions on the list.

Tables 5 and 6 describe the

diagnostic correlates of controlled

drug therapy, table 5 by listing the 15

principal diagnoses most frequently

treated using controlled medications

and table 6 by showing the volume of

controlled drug mentions associated

with each of the major diagnostic

groups.

Table 1. Number and percent distribution of all drug mentions and of controlled drugs by

control achedulac United States, 1985

Num&w &

drug mentbrrs All drug Controlled

Control status k-rthousands mentions drugs

Percent distnbufbn

All drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Controlled drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.%hedule lldrugs . . . . . . . . . . . .

.%hedule llldrug s . . . . . . . . . .

8chedule lVdrugs . . . . . . . . . . .

Schedule Vdmgs . . . . . . . . . . .

Noncontrolled drugs. . . . . . . . . . .

Undetermined residual. . . . . . . . . .

693.355 100.0 ...

51,877 7.5 Im.o

4,070 0.6 7.8

12,621 1.6 24.3

26,069 4.1 54.2

7,097 1.0 13.7

594,665 65.6 . . .

46,613 6.7 . . .

Table 2. Number, percentj and therapeutic use of the 20 moat prescribed controlled

drugs, by frequency of mention and control schedule: United States, 1985

Number of

Controlled drugs most Control mentions k7

tiaquenttyprescribed Schedufa thousands %merrt Therapeutk Use

All controlled drug mentlcms . . . . . . . . .

Tylenol w~h codeine

(aoelemlnophen, codeine). . . . . . . 111

XanSx(elprarolam) . . . . . . . . . . . . Iv

Vallum(dlareparn) . . . . . . . . . . . . IV

Darvooel-N (propoxyphena,

acataminophen) . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iv

Attvan(lorerepem) . . . . . . . . . . . . Iv

Tranxene (clorazepate) . . . . . . . . . IV

Dalmane (flurazepam) . . . . . . . . . . IV

Halcforr (trferolem) . . . . . . . . . . . . IV

Librium (chbrdlarepoxkle) . . . . . . . IV

LomotU (dlpheno@ate, afroplne) . . . v

Rastorll (femazeparn) . . . . . . . . . . . Iv

Phenobarbital . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Iv

Phanergen expectorant wiih codeine

(promettmzine, codeine,

phenylephrine) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

Fbrinai (butatbital, caffeine,

Sspifln) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111

Tussi-Orgenidin (codeine, bdinetsd

glycerol) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

Perccwat-5 (oxycodone,

acetaminophen) . . . . . . . . . . . . . II

Feslin (phentafrnine) . . . . . . . . . . . iv

Percodan (oxycodone, ssplrin). . . . . II

Demerol (meperkline) . . . . . . . . . . u

Hycomine (hydrocodone,

phenylpmpanolamine) . . . . . . . . . Ill

51.677

5,061

4,071

3,672

3,610

2,306

1,696

t47a.

1,271

1,215

1,137

1,103

1,036

1,062

970

965

772

737

672

631

553

100.0

9.6

7.6

7.1

7.0

4.4

3.3

2.8

2.5

2.3

22

21

2.1

2.0

1.9

1.9

1.5

1.4

1.3

1.2

1.1

. ..

Pain relief

Anxiety relief

Anxiety relief

Pain relief

Anxbty relief

Anxiety relief

Insomnia relief

Insomnia relief

Anxiety relief

Antldlarrhea

Insomnia relbf

Antlconvuleent, Insomnia raliif

Cough rellef

Migraine reliet

Cough rellef

Pain relief

Appatrte suppressant

Pain rehef

Pain relkf

Cough relief

Table 3. Number and percent distribution of controilad drug mentions by therapeutic

category, ●ccording to ●pplicable control scheduie: United States, 1985

At/ Schedule Schedule s%hedule Schedule

Therqxwtk cat~oiy Merdklns II !11 Iv v

Number of mentbns In thousands . . . . . . . 51,677 4,070 12,621 28,089 7,097

Percent distnbulbn

Tolat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

AnxkolyUcs, sedalMes, and hyprrolks . . . . . 39.0 *4.4 ●1.4 70.7

Analgesics end antlpyretks. . . . . . . . . . . . S5.0 725 73.7 20.1 *3. 3

Antnussives, expactoranls, and mucolylii

agents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~4.4 20.5 66.4

Respiratory and cerebral stimulants . . . . . . 5.6 15.9 ●22 7.1

Gsslmlntestlnaf drugs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.9 *0.7 27.3

Antidepressants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.9 *1.7

Major tranqulllrers and antirnank2drugs . . . %15 7.2

Other categories and unknown . . . . . . . . . ‘0.7 *1.5 ●0.4 ●1.O

‘M onAmericanHqxlal Fwmuhy 2ar.’ka C1.sssirkalll System, Amerksn 3ccii of HospfialPhnfrracms, IRA Bellmsda,

MD, 19S5.
4 Advance Data

Table 4. Number and percent of the 20 symptoms most frequently ●ssociated with

comt?oMed drug mentions, by frequency of controlled drug mention: United States, 1985

Controlled drugmentbns

Symptoms most frequently associated wnh Number in

controlled cWg mentbns~ thousands Percent

Allcontrolleu drug mentions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,877 100.0

Cough . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,651 7.0

Headache . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,630

Upparbeck symptomsz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.1

2,512 4.8

AnxWyancin ervousnass.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,955 3.8

Deprasskm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,511

Lowbacksymptomsz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.9

1,450 2.8

Chest pam(not referable;obady system) . . . . . . . . . 1,370 2.6

Head cold, upparresplratory infectkm . . . . 1,215 2.3

Sorethorat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,033 2.0

Atmommal pam,cramps,spesms . . . . . . . . 1,026 2.0

Dlarrnea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 963

Necksymptomsz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.9

686 1.7

D!stumancesofsleep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 777 1.5

We!ghlgam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736

Legsymptomsz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.4

641

Kneesymptoms2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2

537

Shoulaersymptomsz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.2

632 1.2

Verflgo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 582 1.1

Tiredness, exhaustion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 515 1.0

Pain, sttenot referebletoaspeclfk badysyetem . . . . . . , *463 ●0.9

‘Based on”A %-n forV!sKCl-~*!on forMhlatq~re,S, Vhl*Hetih Sdlstics, 8snss2, No.7a, le79.

‘Chefty pain,ache, or soreness.

Table 5. Number and percent ofcontrolled drug mentions for the15 principal diagnoaes

most frequently associated with controlled drug mentions, by frequency of mention:

United States, l 985

Controileddiwamentiot&

Pnnctp?l d&gnoses mast frequent/y Number h

assockital wflh controlled drug mentbrs ICD-SWM’ ttlousamts percent

All pnnclpai diagnosea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,914 100.0

Neurotkchsordere. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300 3,387

Acute upper respiratory lnfactians . . . . . . . . . . . .

8.3

485 1,753

Obes~and otherhyperallmenlallon. . . . . . . . . . .

4.3

278 1,526 3.7

Bronchils, notspeclfled asacuteorchronb. . . . . . 490 1,467 3.6

Otherand unspeoifieddlsordefs ofback . . . . . . . . 724 1,278 3.1

Oftternoninfecfiius gas!roenteriii sandcollie . . . . . 556 1,256 3.1

Affectivepsychoses ..,,.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 1,117 2.7

Essential hyperiensbn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401 957 2.4

Sprains and strains of other end

unspecttied pens~fback . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847 941

Generelsymptoms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.3

760 821 2.0

Intetverlebrel discctrsorders. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 722 780 1.9

Migraine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 763 1.9

Acute bronchifls and bronchlolttb . . . . . . . , , . . . 466 724 1.8

Aculepna~glfis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 462 611 1.5

Special symptoms orsyndromes, not elsewhere

classified’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307 594 1.5

‘ International Classificationof Diseases,9thF&vision,ClimcalMcdficsrionpCD.9.CM).

‘lncbdasoniythcea d!ugmati!onsthstwarespecifmsllyintendedforaprirc+ml(fust-liste@diagnosls. Drugmantlons—ated

with ot~r-listed dlqmorutill~ fora~dbrmnaremt Ircludsd,

31ncUdas comlsiorts nctothemme spacified, mslasesrdfat!gue,dizdnass,sleap dMwbmcas,pyrexiaofunkm odgi~

Syncooe, Em.5collapse.

4Chmfly psychogenic pain.

Some points require clarification

or emphasis:

. The controlled drugs used inthe

treatment ofobesity were not the

Schedule II amphetamines, but

rather the Schedule IV stimulants

phentermine and diethylproprion.

● Seven diagnostic groups are seen

to be above average in the

proportion of their overall drug

utilization that resulted from the

use of accmtrolled drug. In rank

order, these are:

—Mental disorders.

—Injury and poisoning.

–Symptoms, signs, and ill-defined

conditions.

—Diseases of the musculoskeletal

system and connective tissue.

—Diseases of the digestive system.

—Neoplasms.

—Endocrine, nutritional, and

metabolic diseases and

immunity disorders.

Patient characteristics

Viewed as a proportion of all drug

therapy within a given age grcmp, the

utilization of controlled substances

increases with age until it reaches its

maximum proportion in the age group

25-44 years (table 7). It then begins a

decline among patients in the

remaining years of life.

Median patient age is seen to vary

according to the controlled sclhedule

utilized, as followx

Median patlanl

Schedule age in yam

All controlled mentiins . . . . . . . 45.2

8chedulelldrugs . . . . . . . . . . 44.o

SChadule llldmgs . . . . . . . . . . 39.6

8chedule lVdrugs . . . . . . . . . . 50.E

8chedule Vdrugs . . . . . . . . . . 31.o

In absolute numbers, conl,rolled

drug mentions for female patients

outnumbered those for males by a

substantial 15 million (table 7]. In

terms of relative utilization, however,

the l-percent difference that favored

all female patients was not statistically

significant.

Data on racial and ethnic patient

groups did not vary strongly emough

from the overall norms of controlled

drug therapy to warrant comment

(table 8).

Physician characteristics

Table 9 examines the utilization of

controlled drugs in terms of the

physicians who prescribe them,. The

following findings merit attention:

● Osteopathic physicians somewhat

exceeded doctors of medicine in

their proportionate prescribing of

controlled drugs. This is due in

part to their relatively greater

concern with musculoskeletal pain

and thus with the opiate analgesics

in Schedule III, but chiefly to their

more intensive prescribing of the

drugs in Schedule V.

● In terms of absolute numbers of

controlled drug mentions, it is

noteworthy that primary c;are

physicians accounted for about
Advance Data 5

two-thirds of the total 51.9

million, with general or family

physicians alone accounting for

43 percent.

. In relative terms, however—that

is, when the 13 most-visited

specialties are examined in terms

of their proportionate use of

controlled drug therapy—five

specialties were found to exceed

average utilization. In rank order

of intensity of use, these were:

1. Psychiatry

2. Orthopedic surgery

3. Neurology

4. General surgery

5. General or family practice

Between the 1980 and the 1985

NAMCS, three specialties

demonstrated the largest variations in

their proportionate use of the

controlled drugs. These were

psychiatry, with an increase from 24

percent in 1980 to 31 percent in 1985;

neurology, with an increase from 15

percent in 1980 to 20 percent in 1985;

and general surgery, with a decrease

from 16 percent in 1980 to 9 percent

in 1985.

Table 6. Number of ●il drug mentions and number and percent of controlled drug

me@ons, by major diagnostic group: United States, 1985

All drugs

ICD-$CM mentions /n

Major dfsgrrosk grvup code’ UrOusands

Allprlncipal dagnoses.. . . . . . . . .

Infecfbus and parr@flc diseases. . . .

Neoplesms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Endoorine, nutritional and metabolic

diseases,and Immunity dbordem. . .

Menial disorder% . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Dlseeses of netvous system and

sense organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

D!seases of circulatory system. . . . .

D!seasee of respiratory system. . . . .

Diseases of digestive system . . . . . .

Dlseeses of genttourinery system , . .

Diseeses of skin end subcutaneous

Issue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Diseases of muXuloskelefaJ

sy31em . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Symptoms, signs, and ill-defined

condlfbns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Injury andpolsoning . . . . . . . . . . .

Diegnosie other or unknovm . . . . . .

001-139

140-239

240-279

290-319

320-3a9

390-452

46&519

520-579

560+29

860-709

71%739

760-799

So&999

. . .

‘534,627

22,051

9,717

21,901

20,835

52,995

85,552

106,836

21,700

26,932

36,943

16,066

27,883

45,188

Contmlfed drug mentbns

Percent of

Number In all drug

thousands mentbi?s

240,914 7.7

1,048 4.7

986 10.2

1,9s7 8.9

7,301 35.0

2,435 4.6

2.228 2.6

7,2S5 6.9

2,574 11.9

953 3.5

623 1.6

5,050 13.0

2,353 14.6

4,149 14.9

1,M2 4.1

‘ Irbmstiwd Cleesiketion C4Cksse$, 91h RevIdon, CGnical Mcdiication (ICD.8.C?.4).

‘Incbdea or#y thoaa dmg mertii tlut wars speckdty intended fw ● w“tipd (fimt-list@ diagnosis. Drug msntiona assockted

tih Msr-listed dlqnoses or ulilii fw my other meson m W4 included.

Table 7. Number of ●ll drug mentions ●nd number ●nd percent of controlled drug

menffona, by patient age and aex United States, 1985

Other aspects of controlled

drug therapy

Are physicians more cautious in

prescribing a controlled drug for a

new patient than for a patient whom

they already know? The differences in

relative utilization presented in table

10 are not large enough to answer this

question conclusively.

Table 11 examines the extent to

which nondrug treatment techniques

were used concomitantly with

controlled drug therapy. In a clear

majority (68 percent) of visits

involving the utilization of a controlled

drug (controlled drug visits), no

nondrug therapy is seen to have been

ordered or provided. The most

frequent nonpharmacologic treatment

in concomitant use was psychotherapy;

its use in controlled drug visits was

three times as great as its use in all

visits.

COI?I1OII(Mdrug merrtbns

All drug Pement of

nwntbns h Number in aiI dnrg

A@Iandsax ftlousands thousands mentbns

AIIoffi cepatiemt s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693,355 51.877 7.5

Age

Under 15yssre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107,018 3,912 3.7

15-24 yeers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,266 3,S09 6.3

2%44years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 158,234 17,392 11.2

45+4years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171.234 14,758 6.6

65yeara andover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128,582 12,006 6.0

sex

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 428,653 33,588 7.9

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266,702 18,291 6.9

Sex-age groups

Female

Under 15yeers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,107 1,727 3.3

15-24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,255 2,593 6.4

25-44 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107,079 11,484 10.7

45-64 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103,173 9,666 9.4

65years andover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123,040 8,135 6.6

Mel%

Under 15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,911 2,165 4.1

15-24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,034 1,216 6.1

25-44 yeere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49,155 5,926 12.1

4S64years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86,C61 5,090 7.5

85years andover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,542 3.872 5.1
6 Advance Data

With its data on disposition

instructions at the end of the office

visit, table 12 supplies some final

insights into the nature of office-based

prescribing of controlled drugs.

Possibly reflecting a desire to maintain

closer-than-usual surveillance of a

group of drugs that have their own

unique hazards of use, the utilization

of some form of followup is seen to be

the rule, somewhat exceeding the

follow-up norms found in overall office

practice.

Table 8. Number of all drug mentions and number and percent of controlled drug

mentions, by patient race ●nd ethnicity United States, 1985

Controlled drug mentbns

Atl drug Percwrt of

mentions In Number In all drug

Race and ethnktly thousands thousands mentions

Allpatlents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693,355 51,677 7.5

Race

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 614,565 46,263 7.5

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,394 4,630

Other’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.8

12,376 1,065 8.8

EthnlcHy

Hlspemlc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,325 4,114 9.5

Non-Hspan!$ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650,030 47,764 7.3

‘ Aslm, PacificIakwder,AmancanIndm, or.Al=km mttie.

Table 9. Number of all drug mentions and number and percent of controlled drug

mentions, by prescriber characteristic: United States, 1985

Contro//ed drug mentions

All drug Percent of

mentkws in Number in sII dNg

Prescriber ctrarsctertstk thousands thousands menkvrs

Allprewlbws . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 693,355 51,677 7.5

Professbnei Idenlily

Doctor of Medicine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 650,3S3 47,666 7.3

Oocforofosteopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.002 4,191 9.7

aelecfed s

Geneml or family practice’

Internal medlclne’ . . . . .

Pedlamcs’.. . . . . . . . .

Orx.terrkx MCI gynecology’

Dermatology. . . . . . . . .

Cardiovascular dlse.ase . .

Ophthalmology. . . . . . .

General surgery . . . . . .

Psfchial w. . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2S3,119

126,219

68,856

33,s32

29,263

%,812

25,620

18,774

14.626

22,513

6,642

2,551

1,259

●106

1,077

●175

1,669

4.566

9.0

6.8

3.7

3.7

●0.3

4.0

‘0.6

9.0

30.8

Orihoped-b surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12060 3;&a 25.4

Ololaryngology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,761 565 5.3

Urologkals urgery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,737 ●33O ●4.9

Neurology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,664 93a 20.0

‘PrlfnlvyCal-eSpeclany.

Table 10. Number of all office visits ●nd number and percent of controlled drug visits, by

patient prior visits status: United States, 1985

Conitvlled drug vlstts’

All Oti Percent of

Vk#tskr Number In all offie

Prbr vistt status thousands thousands Vfstts

Allpafients . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636,366 47,193 7.4

Newpatient . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107,624 6,911 6.4

Oldpa!ienl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . S26,762 40,262 7.6

New problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144,634 11,490 7.9

Old problem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 364,128 28,792 7,5

‘Cemolled dmg ti~ti A vIM M vhich one cxmom comdled drugsv.e.spraacrlbed.
Advance Data 7

Table 11. Number and percent of ail visits and of controlled drug visits, by selected

nonmedication therapy: United States, 1985

All Controlled

Nonmedbetlorr therapy visit? drug VLSiiS’

Number lnthousancls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 636,3M 47,192

Percent

None . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.9 62.8

PhysloIFrerapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.2 S.8

Ambulator surgery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 4.0

Psychotherapy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 10.6

Diatcounsdlng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.5 8.2

Othercounsellng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3 11.0

‘Coclrolleddmg wstAvisitdwhich oneammecontrdled dwgswaspresaited

Table 12. Number and percent of all visits and of controlled drug visits, by ●eiected forms

of disposition: United States, 1985

AII Corrtm/led

Dlspostikm WMs dmg VMS1

Number ln thousands . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 638,388 47,182

Percent

No followup plarrned . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.8 5.5

Return atspectiadtime . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.5 62.7

Return if needed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.9 26.3

Telephone followup . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.0 4.6

Referred toanotherphysldan. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 3.0

Admit !ohospttaf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6 1.3

‘Comolled dug tisit A visil st which one= more mntrdled dwgs was prescribed.

Technical notes

Source of data and sample

design

The information presented in this

report is based on data collected by

means of the National Ambulatory

Medical Care Survey (NAMCS) from

Nlarch 19S5 through February 1986.

The target universe of the NAMCS

consists of office visits made by

arnbuJatory patients to non-Federal

p~ysicians who are principally engaged

in office practice within the

coterminous United States. The

specialties of anesthesiology,

pathology, and radiology are excluded

from the sumey scope, as are any

telephone contacts with patients or

nonoffice visits.

The NAMCS utilizes a multistage

probability sample design that involves

a sample of primary sampling units

and patient visits within physicians’

practices. Physician specialty was used

M a stratification variable. For 1985, a

sample of 5,032 non-Federal, officebased physicians was selected from

master files maintained by the

American Medical Association and the

American Osteopathic Association.

For the 4,104 physicians who proved

to be in scope, the response rate was

70 percent. Sampled physicians were

asked to complete patient records

(figure 1) for a systematic random

sample of office visits taking place

during a randomly assigned l-week

reporting period. Responding

physicians completed a total of 71,594

patient records; they recorded 71,182

drug mentions in item 14, medication

therapy, of which 5,692 were the

mentions of controlled drug that

provided a base for most of the

estimates in this report. Characteristics

of the physician’s practice, such as

primary specialty, were obtained

during an induction intexview.

Reliability of estimates

The standard error (SE) is

primarily a measure of sampling

variability that occurs by chance

because only a sample rather than the

entire universe of office visits or drug

mentions is surveyed. The chances are

about 68 in 100 that an estimate from

the sample would differ from a

complete census by less than the

standard error. The chances are about

95 in 100 that the difference would be

less than ~vice the standard error, and

about 99 in 100 that it would be less

than 2% times as large.

---

. . .

0.0

z

*

#

Symbols

Data not available

Category not applicable

Quantity zero

Quantity more than zero but less

than 0.05

Quantity more than zero but less

than 50U where numbers are

rounded to thousands

Figure does not meet standards of

reliability or precision

Figure suppressed to comply with

confidentiality

The relative standard error (RSE)

is that percentage of the estimate

represent ed by the standard error. In

this report, an asterisk (*) precedes

any estimate with more than a

30-percent relative standard error.

Relative standard errors for visit

numbers may be calculated using the

following formula, where x is the visit

number in thousands:

RSE (X) =

~0.001493373 + 28.258848.100

x

SE (x)= RSE(X) . X

For example, the RSE of the

estimated 47,192,000 controlled drug

visits (visits in which one or more

controlled drugs were utilized) equals

4.6 percent. The SE therefore equals

2,171,000 visits.

Relative standard errors for

numbers of drug mentions may be

calculated using the following formula,

where x is the number of drug

mentions in thousands:

RSE (X) =

tiO.001884167 + 46.903471.100

SE [x)= RSE(X) . x
8 Advance Data

For exampI~ the RSE of the

estimated 51,877,(KIOeontrolkd drug

mentions equaIs 5.3 percen~ The SE

therefore equak Z750,0(KI mentions.

Relative standard errors ~m

Pereent] for estimates of pereents may

be cakukted using the foIIowing

formulas, wkrep is the pereent of

interest and .x is the denominator of

the pereent in thansands.

L For pereents of visit numbRSE (p) =

V%25SS4S-(1 –p) -100

p “x

sE@7)=RsE(p)-p

For exampI~ psychotherapy was

utiIized in an estimated I(M pereent

of the 47,K$2JIO0eontrolkd drug

visits. The RSE of this MM percent

equak 7.1 percenL The SE therefore

equak 0.S percent.

IL For pereents of drug mentio~

RSE @) =

p -x

SE (p) = RSE (p) ‘P

For exampI~ controlkd drug mentions

accounted for an estimated 75 pereent

of alI the 693~55,000 drug mentions

in the 19S5 NANICS. The RSE of this

7S pereent eqmds 23 pereenL The SE

therefore equaIs 02 pereenL

Tests of significance and

rounding

Inthisrepo~ the determination

of statistical sigrdieanee is based on a

two-sided t-test with a eritieal vahxe of

1.96 (0.0.5 IeveI of ecmfidenee). Terms

rekting to difference, sueb as “greater

than- or “kss thq’” indicate that the

difference is statistically significant. In

the tabI~ estimates of office visits

and drug mentions have been rounded

to the nearest thousand. Consequently,

estimates wilI not ahvays add to totals.

Definitionsofterms

A WM is a direet personal

exehange between an ambulatory

patient seeking heahh care and a

physician or staff member working

under the physician who pmvicks that

care.

A dug memimisthe physieiarfs

entry of a pkrmaceutica.1 agent

prescribed or provided-by ~ route

of admhdrah ‘on—for prevenno~

diagnosis, or treatment. Generic

names as well as brand mimes are

inckde~ as are nonpr--ptioin as

weII as prescription drugs. AIong WM

zdl nm dru~ the physician ak

records any continued medieatian if

the p~”ent was speeikdy instructed

during the visit to continue

medication.

SuggesfedCifafion

Koch H. ~pfl M. UbT-rt of eantrolkd

drugs in ofka-based arrrbufatotycam:

NationalAnlbciatolyMedii cam Smey.

1985.Advanea datafrom vitaland hsaifh

. .

~ no 177. Hyaftsvii!em Maryfarti

National Csrtferfor HeaIihStatistics.1989.

CopyrQht Mormatfort

This reptxt maybe reprinkid without further

P rnlksiom
Number 178 * November 3, 1989

Advance

Datgx

From Vital arm Health Statistks of the National Center for Health Statistics

Firearm Mortality Among ChiIdren and Youth

byLoisA Fqert@ MA and Joel C. KIeinmarLPhD., DiviskInof A@ysis

Introducmon

In a recent eompariscmof U.S.

eMdhood mortaIityw+thmortaIityin

eightother industrbbied eountri~ it

was noted that the Urn-tedStates

rankedabout midwayfor natural

causesof deathbut highestor seeond

highestfor death rates from rnjurks

andvioknee (l). In particular,the

teenagehomicide rate was much

higherthaninanyofthe otber

Countnes. - In 1986 the totaIhomicide

rate for maks 15-19 years of age in

the United Stateswas 1.5d deathsper

100,OMlpopuktiom For white maks it

was 8.6 and for bIackmales 51.5 per

100,000— M times higherthantbe

nexthighestrate of 2.9 for maks in

Austrah In the United States the

homiciderate for femaks was Iower,

4.7, thanfor maks. However, the rate

for blaekfemaks, 121, was nearIy 4

times higherthanthe rate for white

femaI~ 33, and 8 times higherthan

the nexthighestrate of 1.4 for femaIes

in Canada (2).

In additionto havingthe highest

overaIIhomkide ratq the United

stateshasanUnusudyIarge

prOpOIdOIl of honricidesiittribtlkd k?

~ (3}. In this rqmrt we

examinethe contributionof firearms

tcbchiI@ood mortalityfrom hoe

suieid~ and unintentiomdrnjury.

Dab sources and definitions

MortaIitydata for tbe 50 States

and the Districtof Cohunbiaare

based orIdata horn deatheertiGeates

providedto NCHS by theStateswhere

tbe deathcertificatesare fikd (4).

Popdaticm data are from the Bureau

of the Census (4). Data for e@t other

countriesare based 011 tabdations

providedby the WorId HeaIth

Org@zation and from individual

cxmntryreports

F~ deaths for MW37 area

combinationof four cate@es of

deathsclassifiedunder tbe InternationalCxass&atm- no fDNmth Revision (4), as follmwz

(1) E965.t&E965.4-homicide deaths

that are caused by ikarxq

(2] E9551LE955.4-suicide deathsthat

are causedby firearms;(3) E922-

unintentionaldeathsor accidentsthat

are causedby firearms;and

(4) E9S5.&E9s5.4-deaths causedby

firearmsfor whichthe intentwas

unknown.For 196S-78 the Eighth

Revisionof the ICD was used to

ckssifj deaths_In the eighthrevision

thesecauseswere coded usingthree

digitsratherthanfour so that firearms

eoukinot be distinguishedfrom

exp- Howmwr,in 19S6

expkives amountedfor only 27 out of

31,701 deaths(aIIages) horn these

causes.

Whik fourthdigit Niith Revision

ICD codes are availableto identifythe

typeoffirearm thatwasuse&thevast

majorityof weapontypesare coded as

“other andmqeeilied”, makingit

impossibk to determinethe typeof

weaponresponsildefor the death

Based on reportsto the Federal

Bureauof Investigationan estimated

44 pereentof all “murders” were

attributableto hand-ginsand 74

perqentof aIl&arrn-reIated

“murders”were causedby

handguos(5).

Cause-ofdea[h rankingin this

reportdiffersfrom that used in other

publications(4). The major difference

is that “motor vehiclexxidents” are

disaggregate from %ceidents and

adverseeffects” in this report.

S--C{* #

. ...+ ~a,

J#

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HE4LTH AND HLJMANSERVICES

Public HeatthServim S*

: Centers for DKeasa Control

z NationalCenterfor Hea!thStatistics

%

%

>

Manning FeirJeb, M.D. Dr. PJ-f=Direetor

*4%-m
2 Advance Data

!M

40

2D

17.3”k

1-4 5-9 10-14 1s-19

Again yeafs

1

.,.:., :,: ,.:’:

:.:;

,,. ,

:.;,;

.:,::,

,:;’:”

.:::

:::.

::,.

.,.:

,., ,

Figure 1. Percent of all childhood deaths resulting from firearms: Uniied Ststeq 1987

Results

In 1987, 3,392 children aged 1–19

years died from firearm-related

injuries and violence. This represented

11 percent of childhood deaths. The

proportion rises rapidly with age from

1.0 percent at ages 14 years to 2.9

percent to 10.9 percent to 17.3 percent

among teenagers. The proportion

varies considerably by race and sex,

especially for the two older groups.

For black male teenagers 40.8 percent

of the deaths were associated with

firearms, compared with 16.2 percent

among, white males (figure 1).

Within each age group the

distribution of firearm deaths by

manner of death is different.

Homicide and unintentional deaths

each account for about half of the 203

firearm deaths among children 1–9

years of age. At 10-14 years of age

suicide, homicide, and unintentional

deaths each account for about 1/3 of

the 484 firearm deaths. Among

teenagers, homicide acu)unts for 48

percent of the deaths, suicide for

another 42 percent, and unintentional

deaths for 8 percent.

From the other perspective, the

proportion of homicide deaths that are

:firearm-related rises from 12 percent

at 1+ years of age to 39 percent at

ages 5-9 to 65 percent at ages 10-14

to 71 percent of the 1,838 homicide

deaths among teenagers 15–19 years.

Among black males 15–19 years of

age, 82 percent of homicide deaths are

associated with firearms. Similarly, 60

percent of suicide deaths among males

10-14 years of age and 15–19 years of

age result from firearms.

From 1968 to 1987, little overall

change occurred in total firearmrelated mortali~ in the United States

except among teenagers for whom the

death rat e rose from 10.1 per 100,QOO

in 1968 to 14.7 in 1987. Among the

youngest children (l-4 years of age)

there was a decrease in the overall

rate during this period (figure 2!).

Within each age group, andl

especially among those ages 5–:[9

years, firearm-related death rates are

much higher for males than for

females. The male/female ratio rises

from 2.5 for 5–9 years to 3.8 for those

10-14 years of age and to 5.9 for

teenagers 15-19 years of age. Because

of the concentration of firearm

mortality among teenage males, trends

in this group will be considered in

more detail (table 1).

Among white males 15-19 years

of age, motor vehicle injuries have

been the leading cause of death for

the past several decades, with death

rates 3 times higher than the next

leading cause, suicide (figure 3)1.

5

~ 5

a

!? I

10-14 years

~.-----

g2

----

------ -

--z. -.s. ------ ---- .-

----

~

%a

1

5-9 years

g 1 -/ -<”--= +..-” ..........

... ..

2

.... — , ,- ........”. ............4 .

.—

1-4years \, ~

0.5

.“\. -.

\

0.2 I

I I I 1 [ I I # I I I f I 1 I 1 I t I J

196B 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1980 1982 19s4 1986

Year

NOTE: Dealhs la 19E8-78 are baaed on the Eighth Revision of tha Intema!imal i%ssikdtion d Cisaases.

CadJw for 1979-S7 WE bud on tha Ninth Rewsm of the lrdemdtior’ul Classirkalim of Oiaeases.

Figure 2. Firearm death rotas for children 1-19 yeare of age United Sfa!eq 1968-67
Advance Data 3

Table 1. Firearm- and nonfirearm-related death rates associated with homicide, suicide and unintentional injury among teenagers

15-19 years according to race and sex: United States, 1968-1987

HomAXde Suiskie

Race, sex, and Unintentional

year Firearm Nonr7reann Firearm Nonr7rearm fireamrr

Total

1968 . . . . . . . . .

1969 . . . . . . . . .

1970 . . . . . . . . .

1971 . . . . . . . . .

1972 . . . . . . . . .

1973 . . . . . . . . .

1974 . . . . . . . . .

1975 . . . . . . . . .

1976 . . . . . . . . .

Len . . . . . . . . .

1978 . . . . . . . . .

1979 . . . . . . . . .

1980 . . . . . . . . .

1987 . . . . . . . . .

1982 . . . . . . . . .

1963 . . . . . . . . .

1984 . . . . . . . . .

1985 . . . . . . . . .

1966 . . . . . . . . .

1987 . . . . . . . . .

WWte male

1968 . . . . . . . . .

1969 . . . . . . . . .

1970 . . . . . . . . .

1971 . . . . . . . . .

1972 . . . . . . . . .

1973 . . . . . . . . .

1974 . . . . . . . . .

1976 . . . . . . . . .

1976 . . . . . . . . .

1977 . . . . . . . . .

1978 . . . . . . . . .

1979 . . . . . . . . .

1980 . . . . . . . . .

1981 . . . . . . . . .

1982 . . . . . . . . .

1963 . . . . . . . . .

1984 . . . . . . . . .

1985 . . . . . . . . .

1966 . . . . . . . . .

1987 . . . . . . . . .

Black male

1968 . . . . . . . . .

1969 . . . . . . . . .

1970 . . . . . . . . .

1971 . . . . . . . . .

1972 . . . . . . . . .

1973 . . . . . . . . .

1974 . . . . . . . . .

1975 . . . . . . . . .

1976 . . . . . . . . .

~9n . . . . . . . . .

1978 . . . . . . . . .

1979 . . . . . . . . .

1980, . . . . . . . .

1981 . . . . . . . . .

1962 . . . . . . . . .

le63 . . . . . . . . .

1964 . . . . . . . . .

1965 . . . . . . . . .

1966 . . . . . . . . .

1987 . . . . . . . . .

4.6

5.3

5.6

5.8

6.1

6.2

6.7

6.5

5.7

5.8

5.9

6.6

7.0

6.8

6.3

5.3

5.4

5.7

6.7

7.0

3.4

3.3

3.7

3.7

4.4

4.6

5.6

5.6

5.2

5.7

6.1

6.8

7.2

6.9

6.2

4.8

5.1

4.9

5.8

5.1

36.5

47.0

47.9

48.9

47.4

43.9

43.7

40.2

34.7

32.7

30.0

34.8

36.4

37.5

34.8

31.7

29.6

36.4

41.0

49.2

Dea!lw per 100,000 population 1S-19 yearn

2.2

2.4

2.4

2.6

2.7

2.8

29

29

27

3.1

2.9

3.6

3.6

3.3

3.5

3.2

2.9

2.9

3.3

2.9

1.6

1.5

1.5

1.8

1.9

22

2.1

2.3

2.2

2.5

2.5

3.7

3.7

3.1

2.9

28

24

2.4

29

22

15.2

16.6

17.3

16.1

12.0

11.2

13.5

11.1

11.2

10.3

6.9

120

10.4

10.7

123

11.0

9.6

10.0

10.4

10.8

2.7

2.9

2.8

3.3

3.7

3.8

4.3

4.5

4.2

5.5

4.9

5.3

5.4

5.5

5.5

5.4

5.3

6.0

6.2

6.1

4.8

4.9

4.9

5.7

6.4

6.8

7.3

7.8

7.1

9.9

8.9

9.7

9.8

9.8

10.2

9.9

9.7

11.0

11.7

11.1

23

3.0

2.5

2.7

4.9

3.6

3.3

4.3

4.5

3.0

3.0

3.6

3.4

3.2

3.2

3.8

3.4

5.3

4.6

6.3

2.3

27

3.1

3,2

3.1

3.1

2.8

3.0

3.0

3.3

2.9

3.1

3.1

3.2

3.2

3.3

3.7

3.9

4.0

4.2

3.4

4.0

4.5

4.6

4.6

4.5

4.4

5.1

4.6

5.2

4.6

4.6

5.2

5.1

5.3

5.2

6.1

6.3

6.5

6.6

1.4

1.4

2.2

2.3

3.2

21

1.6

1.8

2.5

3.0

26

3.1

2.2

2.3

3.0

2.8

2.5

2.9

2.4

26

2.7

2.6

21

2.4

2.5

24

2.3

2.0

1.7

1.8

1.5

1.7

1.8

1.5

1.4

1.4

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.2

%.2

4.1

3.4

3.8

3.7

3.9

3.7

3.5

29

3.4

26

3.0

3.1

26

24

x!

21

23

21

9.2

8.3

7.2

6.0

9.1

7.5

5.9

4.4

3.4

26

25

29

2.9

2.6

2.3

1.9

2.3

3.2

21

29

HomkMe Suicide

Race, sex, and Unintentional

year Firearm Nonfirearm Firearm Nonf7reamr firearm

White female

*968 . . . . . . . . .

1869 . . . . . . . . .

1970 . . . . . . . . .

1975 . . . . . . . . .

1976 . . . . . . . . .

Len . . . . . . . . .

19?8 . . . . . . . . .

1979 . . . . . . . . .

1920 . . . . . . . . .

1981 . . . . . . . . .

1982 . . . . . . . . .

1963 . . . . . . . . .

1964 . . . . . . . . .

1985 . . . . . . . . .

le66, . . . . . . . .

1987 . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemele

1968 . . . . . . . . .

1969 . . . . . . . . .

1970 . . . . . . . . .

1971 . . . . . . . . .

1972 . . . . . . . . .

1973 . . . . . . . . .

1974 . . . . . . . . .

1975 . . . . . . . . .

1976 . . . . . . . . .

1977 . . . . . . . . .

1976 . . . . . . . . .

1979 . . . . . . . . .

Iwo. . . . . . . . .

1981 . . . . . . . . .

1962 . . . . . . . . .

1963 . . . . . . . . .

le64 . . . . . . . . .

1985 . . . . . . . . .

1986 . . . . . . . . .

le67 . . . . . . . . .

0.9

0.8

1.2

1.1

1.2

1.4

1.6

1.6

1.3

1.3

1.6

1.7

1,7

1.6

1.4

1.4

1.5

1.2

1.5

1.2

5.8

8.6

6.9

8.2

8.0

9.0

::

6.7

6.1

6.1

6.9

6.2

5.8

5.3

4.8

5.2

4.9

6.6

7.2

Deaths per 100,0+)0 population 15-19 yeare

0.7

1.1

0.9

1.0

1.6

1.7

1,6

1.6

1.6

1.8

1.8

1.9

22

1.9

2.0

1.5

1.7

1.5

1.9

1.8

4.0

3.0

3.7

5.6

4.2

4.8

5.4

6.5

4.6

7.1

4.7

5.2

4.8

5.0

5.9

5.7

4.9

5.4

5.6

4.8

0.9

1.0

1.0

1.2

1.1

1.2

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.9

1.9

1.7

1.9

22

2.1

2.0

1.9

2.0

1.9

1.9

0.7

1.2

1.1

0.9

1.4

0.6

1.3

0.7

1.0

1.2

0.5

1.1

0.6

1.2

0.3

0.7

0.8

0.7

1.0

1.3

1.3

1.6

1.9

1.6

1.6

1.9

1.5

1.3

1.6

1.6

1.4

1.7

1.4

1.7

1.3

1.5

1.9

21

22

2.5

1.1

1.8

1.8

2.5

1.7

1.5

1.2

0.8

1.4

1.1

0.8

1.1

1.0

0.4

1.2

1.0

0.9

0.9

1.1

1.4

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.3

0.4

0.3

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.3

0.4

0.3

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.2

0.3

0.1

1.3

1.5

1.3

1.2

0.8

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.3

0.5

0.6

0.5

0.7

0.4

0.6

0.1

0.1

0.4

0.2

0.4

SOU~Nationnr Cer&rforHesnh .SMsttcs:Cetaccmputed bytheDwm.mc4 Ardysb

fmm data corcp!ledby the DNIsiccIof VdalSldIs!cs.

Suicide rates have been increasing decreased to the levels of the mid- Amongwhite male teenagers

since 1968, more than doubling during 1970’s.Itnowranks asthethird firearms have been responsible for

the fo110wing19 years. Mostofthe Ieadingcause ofdeath forthisage about G@65percentofa11 suicides

increase, however, occurred by1977. group. Death rates for malignant

Homicide mortality increased sharply

over the period 1968 through 1987.

neoplasms and drowning continue to Both the firearm and nonfirearmfrom 1968 to1980. Since then ithas decline. related suicide rates doubled betsveen
4 Advance Data

100

50

30

c

$’

20 3

E

g

~- 10

~,

E

3

2

1

*e ----

/---- -- . . . . . ---

/

-z- --/

- -/..

>. 0.’.=.: .. . . . . . . . .

--- ../”” ‘---- .. .....

-- —— >.< ._>::-.:..::. _.. /.. ... -----

.. . .... . ... ..

..

.. —\ \

...” - - -.. _..< - _

. . . .

. . . . . . . . . .

““\

..

‘%

b.. -””-..

\

— Motor velicls injuries

-.- _ -- Suicide

. . . . . . . . . Homiade

— -- Malignam neaplesms

----- Drowning

I I I I I [ I ! 1 1 I I I I 1 I f I I

I

1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1978 1960 1962 1964 1966

Sear

NOTE Deaths for 196S-78 arc based on Ihe Eghth Rtion of the Internelbnsl Classkation of Dkeeses.

D.eafhs for 1979-87 are based cm U_ieNmti RevKJon of UM International Cksificatmn or Dti-.

Figure 3. Trends in Ieacfing cauaee of death among white males 15-19 YMIIS of a~ lfntkct State%

1966-S7

100

50

30

20

10

5

3

2

1

-+-- Firearm suicide

----— Nonfireamn suicide

~ Fires. Imrnicide

— Norrfirearrn tsxnicida

.. -A... Unintentional firearm

I 1 1 1 1 t I ! I I t I I t 1 I I ! 1 1

1968 1970 1972 1974 1976 1976 19B0 1962 1984 1966

Year

I

NOTE Deaths for 196S-7S are based cm llw Eghth Retiwm o! the Intemalrxal Caassificakx o! c&ases.

Deams for 197s+87 are bsssd on the MUI Revwm o! the Inlemslmmal Classrbtmn cd DIseases

figure 4. Firearm- and nonfireamn+eleted death mtes for suicidq homiciie, and unintentiirad injury,

white males 1S19 years of age United Stst~ 1966-S7

1968 and 1987 (figure 4). Similarly,

firearms have been involved in nearly

70 percent of all homicides since 1968.

Trends in firearm and nonfirearm

homicide mortality have been parallel

since 1968. Both rat es increased

betweeen 1968 and 1980, then

declined. Unintentional firearm injury

death rates are now the lowest of the

firearm death rates for white male

teenagers. In the late 1960’s the rate

from this manner of death was similar

to those for firearm-related homicides

and suicides. The rate for unintentional firearm injuries has been halved

since 1968.

Among black males 15–19 years

of age, the leading cause of death

since 1968 has been homicide, followed by motor vehicle injuries (figure

5). From 1969 to 1978 the homicide

rate declined by 39 percent. Over the

next 6 years the rate increased 24 percent, then fell by nearly the same

amount. From 1984 through 1987 the

homicide rate increased by 53 percent

to 60.0 deaths per 100,000, the same

high level it had reached in the early

1970’s. Death rates for motor vehicle

injuries declined steadily from 1968

until 1983. From 19S3 through 1987

the rate increased 44 percent to 27.2,

still substantially lower than it was in

1968. Drowning mortality has

decreased almost continually. Suicide

is now the fourth leading cause of

death among black male teenagers,

bypassing mortality associated with

malignant neoplasms. Since 1968 the

suicide rate has more than doubled

from 3.8 in 1968 to 8.9 in 1987.

Firearms have been responsible

for 75–80 percent of all black male

teenage homicides since 1968.

Between 1984 and 1987 the firearmrelated homicide rate increased by 66

percent from 29.6 to 49.2 while the

nontirearm-related homicide rate increased by only 13 percent from 9.6 to

10.8 (figure 6). This recent increase in

firearm-related homicides acccunts for

95 percent of the increase in the total

homicide rate for the 1984–87 period

among black males 15–19 years of

age. Firearm and nonfirearm suicide

trends, on the other hand, have been

erratic and the death rates remain relatively low. It is noteworthy however,
Advance Data 5

100 r

SO ---

---

-.. ->

‘% 30 %%

...”””.. ~.--~

s

.. ---- .-% . .. . .. .. .

/“--

----- ..

\

~ 20 .--G ~--

---- . -. -“

2. -.

“. ...-%.

.. .

; ,0 -

. ..

. .. .. . . .. . . ..

. .

... . . . ..

0 \

. . . . . . .

“.s0.”

.“.””7

&

“.”...+;.O+%,;h<dL,>h<dL.> # \/-“

m

~ 5

1 \/ /-

//

a’ /

-i: /“-””-.”

v“.

3 — Homicide

-“--- Motor vahiieinjtsrias

. . . . . . . . . D_i~

2 ——. ~~*

—--- Malignant naoplssms

1

1 t t I I ! [ 1 i I t ! t 1 1 I I 7 1 4

1263 1970 1972 1974 1976 1976 1960 1262 1924 1936

Year

NOTS OeKItfM for 1968-78 ma based m the Eghth Reblsion of h lnternarh-ial Ckaificatkir of L%eesea.

OeaUIs Ior 1979+7 are based on the Nmfh RmamI 01 the Intamshnai ClasWkatkO of IMeaaes.

white males and 575 among black

males. In contrast, in Canada there

were 6 firearm-related homicides out

of a total of 21 and in Japan 2 of 21

homicides among males 15–19 years

of age were firearm-related. In 19S5

there were no firewm-related

homicides among teenage males in

England and Wales (out of 11 total

homicides) or in Sweden (out of 2)

while in the Federal Republic of

Germany 5 out of 16 homicides were

firearm-related as were 6 of 1S in

Australia. Only in France did the

proportion of homicides from firearms

approach the U.S. level but the

numbers were far lower (12 out of

18). (Data are from individual country

reports.) These data are based on

deaths from firearms. It is likely that

case-fatality rates have declined over

the past two decades due to

improvements in emergeney medical

treatment. Thus, the increase in

firearm-related mortality among

teenagers probably masks an even

larger increase in the incidence of

firearm-related injuries. Fgure 5. Trends In Ieacfmgoauses of death among black nsaks 1>19 years of age: Uniiad Sfnteq

1968-87

that during the 1980’s firearm-related

suicides have accounted for steadily

increasing proportions of all black

teenage male suicides—from 52 percent in 1982 to 71 percent in 1987.

Furthermore, between 1982 and 1987

the firearm-related suicide rate doubled. The death rate for unintentional

firearm injuries decreased from 9.2 to

2.9 from 1968 through 1987, w“th

most of the decline occurring between

1972 and 1978. Similar to white males,

the rate is the lowest of the firearmrelated death rates.

Conclusion

Clearly, firearms have played a

major role in U.S. childhood mortality.

In 1987 there were 3,392 firearmrelated deaths among children 1–19

years of age, 11 percent of all

childhood deaths. Comparisons with

eight other countries demonstrate that

the United States is unique with

respect to this problem. In 1986 there

were 1,043 firearm-related homicides

(out of a total of 1,432) among U.S.

males aged 15-19 years-447 among

- fl%i%a~h;ficide,’

----- Frearm wc,ce

lCO

[

------ Nonffrearm sulclde

. . . A... Unmlentfonal firearm

10

5

3

2

1

I ‘- .-

11 I f 1 1 I 1 ! 1 1 f 1 I I I I 1 ! I 1

J

1s66 1970 1972 i 974 1978 1978 1960 1982 1984 1986

Year

NOV5 DUtfUfrxlM8-78 uaWcmh E$ithRavisim of h Intarrmtional Classir%atm of Dtsaases.

Ocatha for 197S-67 m bawd on Itm Nulh RSVISIUI of ha ‘nfamatmnal Clsaatimrxm 01 Gw.sasea.

F@re 6. FramI+ and nonffraartn-relataddeath rate= for homicide, suicide, and unintentionalInjury,

blackrn#es 1S-19 years of agx United Stata1966-S7
6 Advance Data

The Public Health Service has References

targeted violence as a priority concern. 1.

Two of the 1990 Health Objectives for

the United States include lowering the

homicide rate among black males

15–24 years of age as well as the

suicide rate for all persons 15-24 2.

years of age. There is a separate

objective to reduce the number of 3.

handguns in private ownership (6).

Additionally, the American Medical 4. Association has recognized the need

to “treat this public health matter

[firearm injuries and deaths] with as

much urgency as any dread

disease” (7). The data presented in

this report underscore these concerns.

Fingerhut LA, Kteinman JC. Trends

and current status in childhood mortality, United States, 1900-85. Nationa]

Center for Health Statistics. Vital

Health Stat. 3(26). 1989

World Health Organization 1989.

Unpublished data.

Fingerhut LA, IUeinman JC. Mortality

among children and youth. Am J

Public Health 79(7):899-901. 1989.

National Center for Health Statistics.

Vital statistics of the United States,

1986, VOIII, mortality, part a.

Washington: Public Health Setyice.

1988.0

5.

6.

7.

U.S. Department of Justice. Crime in

the United States, 1987. Uniform

crime reports. Washington: IJ.S.

Government Printing Office. 1988.

U.S. Department of Health and

Human Services. Office of Disease

Prevention and Health Promotion. The

1990 health objectives for the Nation.

A midcourse review. Washington U.S.

Government Printing Office. 1986.

American Medical Association. .

Council on Scientific Affairs. Firearm

injuries and deaths. A critical public

health issue. Public Health Reports

104(2):111-120. 1989.
Number 179 ● November 1.1989

Advance

Data

From Vital and Health Statistics of the National Center for Health Statistics

AIDSKnowledge and Attitudes for April-June 1989

Provisional Data From the National Health Interview Survey

by Ann M. Hardy, Dr.P.H., Division of Health Interview Statistics

Introduction

The National Center for HeaIth

Statistics (NCHS) has included a

special set of supplemental questions

on the adult population’s knowledge

and attitudes about acquired +

immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)

in the National Health Interview

Survey (NHIS). The first AIDS

Knowledge and Attitudes Survey was

in the field from August through

December 1987. Provisional results of

that survey were published on a

monthly basis in Advance Data From

13tal and Health Statktics (Nos. 146,

148, 150, 151, and 153). A public use

data tape &ntaining the information

collected in 1987 is available from

NCHS.

During the first 4 months of 1988,

the NHIS AIDS questionnaire was

revised to meet changing program

needs and the new survey entered the

field in May 1988. Provisional findings

for 1988 were published periodically

(Advance Data From V?tal and Health

Statirdcs, NOS. 160, 161, 163, 164, 167,

and 175); in addition, two special

reports focusing on minority populations were published using the 1988

data” (Advance Data From Vital and

Health Statistics, Nos. 165 and 166). A

public use data tape of the 1988 AIDS

Knowledge and Attitudes Sumey will

be available at the end of this year.

The NHIS AIDS questionnaire used

in 1988 is being continued throughout

1989. Reports based on the 1989 data

will be issued on a quarterly bask,

Advance Data From VitaJ and Health

Statistics No. 176 summarized data

from the first quarter of 1989. This

report presents provisional data for

second quarter (April-June) of 1989.

The Advance Data reports

describing the NHIS AIDS data have

been restricted to simpIe descriptive

statistics to facilitate their timely

release. Thus, these reports do not

attempt to explain or interpret

differences among population

subgroups or to examine relationships

among various measures of knowledge

and ACDS-related behavior (e.g.,

testing). The NHLS AIDS data bases

permit more complex analyses than

those presented in this series of

Advance Data reports, and such

analyses are being undertaken by

various groups in the Public Health

Service.

The AIDS questionnaires were

designed to estimate public knowledge

about AIDS virus (HIV) transmission

and its prevention. These data are

needed to plan and develop AIDS

educational campaigns and to monitor

major educational efforts, for example,

the series of radio and television

public semice announcements entitled

“America Responds to AIDS” and the

brochure “Understanding AIDS,”

both developed by the Centers for

Disease Control.

The NHIS AIDS questionnaires

were deveIoped by the National

Center for Health Statistics and

interagency working groups established by the Information, Education

and Risk Factor Reduction Subcommittee of the Public Health Service

Becutive Task Force on AIDS. The

working groups included representatives from the Centers for Disease

Control; the National Institutes of

Health; the Alcohol, Drug Abuse and

Mental HeaIth Administration; and

the Health Resources and Services

Administration.

The current AIDS questionnaire

includes items on sources of .MDS

information; seIf-assessed levels of

AIDS knowledge; basic facts about the

AIDS virus (HIV) and how i[ is

transmitted; blood donation experience awareness of and experience

with the blood test for HIV: selfassessed chances of getting HIV;

personal acquaintance with ~trsons

with AIDS or HII’; and ~vill;ngncss to

take part in a proposed naticnal

seroprevalence sumey. A general risk

behavior question, similar to that

asked by the Red Cross of potential

blood donors, is also included.

This report presents provisional

data for April–June 1989 for most

SW.WCC*~, #

*6+ %

*

~

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

g Public Health Sewice

< Centers for Disease Control 2

5

>

National Center for Health Statistics

%

%dra

Manning Feinleib, M. D., Dr. P.H., Director
2 Advance Data

items included in the AIDS question

naire. Table 1 displays percent

distributions of persons 18 years of

age and over by response categories

according to age, sex, race, and

education. In most cases, the actual

questions asked of the respondents are

reproduced verbatim in table 1 along

w’ith the coded response categories. In

a few cases, questions or response

categories have been rephrased or

combined for clearer or more concise

presentation of results. Refusals and

odlcr nonresponse categories (genera!lv comprising less than 1 percent of

to~al responses) are excluded from the

denominator in the calculation of

estimates, but responses of “don’t

know” are included.

The ISHLS AIDS questionnaire

uses the phrase “the AIDS virus”

rather than “HIV,” because it was felt

that the general population might not

be familiar with the more scientific

terminology at the time the survey

began. In this report, the two terms

are used synonymously.

Selected findings

The following highlights describe

various aspects of AIDS knowledge

and attitudes as obsened in the

April-June 1989 data from the NHIS

AIDS sumey. Unless otherwise noted

in the text, all measures described

remained stable over this 3-month

period. Any differences cited in the

text are statistically si~gnificant at the

0.05 level (see table II for provisional

standard errors of estimates).

Sources of AIDS information —

Eighty percent of adults interviewed in

April-June 1989 reported having seen

AIDS public service announcements

on television in the past month, and 45

percent reported hearing announcements on the radio. These proportions

were similar to the proportions who

reported seeing or hearing such

announcements in the first quarter of

1989. As in previous months, the

proportion of adults who had seen or

heard announcements was higher for

those with 12 or more years of school

than for those with less than 12 years.

The proportion who reported having

read AIDS brochures or pamphlets in

the previous month (23 percent) and

the proportion who had ever read such

material (62 percent) remained

essentially unchanged between the first

quarter and second quarter of 1989.

Sixty-two percent of adults said

they had discussed AIDS with a friend

or re!ative in the past. For about

one-third of these persons, the

discussion had omurred more than

one month before interview. Sixty-two

percent of parents with children

bct~veen the ages of 10 and 17

reported having discussed AIDS with

them. All of these figures ha~e

remained stable for many months. The

percent of adults who reported that

their children aged 10-17 had received

instruction about AIDS in school

increased slightly from 60 percent in

the first quarter of 1989 to 64 percent

in the second quarter. This figure has

risen steadily from 35 percent in

August 1987 when the AIDS survey

began.

Selj-assessed knowledge—The

distribution of adults by level of selfassessed knowledge about AIDS did

not change between the first quarter

and second quarter of 1989 with 67

percent of the adult population

claiming to know at least something

about AIDS and the remaining

one-third saying they knew little or

nothing. The proportion who claimed

little or no knowledge increased with

decreasing years of school and was

over 50 percent for those with less

than a high school education. This

proportion was also higher for those

over 49 years of age than for those

who were younger (49 percent

compared with 24 percent) and higher

for black adults than white adults

(41 percent compared with

31 percent).

General knowledge–The responses to questions dealing with

general AIDS knowledge remained

essentirdly the same in the second

quarter of 1989 as in the first quarter.

A large proportion of adults

(75 percent or more) in all the

sociodemographic subgroups examined responded correctly to questions

about the three major modes of HIV

transmission (sexual, through contaminated needles, and from mother to

baby during pregnancy). Awareness

was particular high for transmission

by sharing needles for drug us%

90 percent or more in all subgroups

thought it very likely that AIDS could

be transmitted this way. The majority

of adults (85 percent) also recognized

that there is no cure at present for

AIDS and 93 percent knew that the

statement that teens cannot get AIDS

was definitely false. Awareness of.

these two facts was also high “

(79 percent or more with the cmrrect

response ) in all demographic subgroups.

For the other questions about

AIDS, there was more variability

among the demographic subgroups in

the proportion with the correct

response. In general, those who were

more educated and those who were

less than 50 years old were more likely

to give the correct definitive response.

As in the past, the two statements that

dealt with the pathophysiology of

AIDS had the lowest proportions with

the correct definitive response. Only

26 percent of adults definitely knew

that AIDS can damage the brain and

only 16 percent responded “definitely

false” to the statement that AIDS

usually leads to heart disease. These

two statements also had higher

proportions responding “don’t know”

than any other general knowledge

question (25 and 36 percent,

respectively).

Misperceptions about transmission

of the AIDS virus —A series of

questions in the NHIS AIDS survey

addressed misperceptions about HIV

transmission through casual contact.

In general, there were no changes

between the first and second cluarter

of 1989 in the proportion of adults

who thought it very unlikely or

definitely not possible to spread HIV

by casual contact. As indicated by

responses to these transmission

questions, kissing with the exchange of

saliva was the most likely to be viewed

as an actual mode of transmission.

Over half of U.S. adults (56 percent)

felt this was somewhat or very likely to

transmit AIDS. Misperceptions also

existed for other pot ential exposures

to saliva (such as being coughed or

sneezed on or sharing eating utentsi]s

with an HIV infected person) and for

transmission by mosquitoes or other

insects; 26-29 percent of persons
Advance Data 3

thou@ these methods were at least

somewhat likely to spread AIDS.

Fewer persons (11 percent or less) felt

that, other, more indirect contacts wi[h

infected individuals (such as in school

or at work) would be likely modes of

transmission. In general, black adults,

those 50 years and older, and those

with less than 12 years of school were

less likely to correctly assess the low

or nonexistent risk of transmission by

casual contact than white adults, those

less than 50 years, and those with at

least a high school education.

Blood donation and testing—As in

the first quarter of 1989, 40 percent of

adults interviewed in April–June 1989

reported ever having donated blood,

15 percent had donated since March

1985 when routine screening of

donated blood for antibodies to HIV

began, and 7 percent had donated in

the year preceding interview. Threefourths of adults were aware of the

AIDS blood test, 66 percent thought

that blood donations are routinely

screened, while less than half

(48 percent) felt that the present blood

supply was safe for transfusions. These

figures have remained stable for many

months.

Including all blood donors since

March 1985, 20 percent of adults in

April-June 1989 had had their blood

tested for antibodies to HIV. This

figure has risen slightly but steadily

from 16 percent in May 1988. When

the 3 months in the second quarter of

1989 were examined separately, an

increase was observed from 19 percent

tested for those interviewed in both

April and May 1989 to 22 percent

tested for those interviewed in June

1989. Within the demographic

subgroups, a slight increase in those

tested between the first and second

quarter of 19S9 occurred among black

adults (from 15 percent to 19 percent). While the proportion tested has

increased over the !mt year, there has

been no change in the distribution of

those tested by circumstance. In

April–June 19S9, the majorily of

persons tested (69 percent) had their

testing done as part of a blood

donation, 18 percent were tested

voluntarily, and 15 percent took the

test as part of another activity

requiring routine testing (such as a

physical examination for military

induction ).

In the second quarter of 1989, as

in the first quarter, 7 percent of adults

indicated that they plan to have the

HIV antibody test in the next year.

The proportion who planned testing

differed by sex and race. Men were

more likely than women to indicate

plans for testing (9 percent compared

with 5 percent) and black adults were

more likely than white adults to plan

testing (13 percent compared with 6

percent). The proportion of black

persons with future testing plans

increased from 9 percent in January—

March 1989.

Pret’entive measures–As in the

first quarter of 1989, a high proportion

(more than 80 percent) felt that

condoms and a monogamous relationship between two uninfected persons

were two methods that were at least

somewhat effective in preventing

transmission of the AIDS \’irus. E:en

within various demographic subgroups,

at least 72 percent of persons recognized the effectiveness of these

methods and few (5 percent or less)

were unfamiliar w-ith them. O\~er half

of all adults felt that the diaphra=gn,

spermicides, and vasectomy were not

effective in preventing AIDS virus

transmission. Most of the remainder

were uncertain about the effectiveness

of these particular methods.

Risk ofgetting the AIDS l’infs—

Overall, 2 percent of adults in April–

June 19S9 stated that they belonged to

one or more of the groups with

behaviors associated with increased

risk for aquirin~ AIDS (such as

intravenous drug users and homosexually active men). This figure is not

different from that reported in the

first quarter of 1’3S9.Less than

1 percent of adults felt that they had a

high chance of having or getting the

AIDS virus. Most felt their chances

were low or nonexistent for either

having or getting HIV infection

(96 percent and 95 percent,

respectively).

As in the first quarter of 1989, 12

percent of aduhs in the second quarter

reported knowing someone with AIDS

or HIV infection, including 5 percent

who said they knew this person very or

fairIy well. BIack adults were more

likely than white adults to know a

person with AIDS. This proportion

also increased with education and was

higher for those 3049 years than for

those who were either younger or

older.

-..

. . .

.

0.0

z

*

#

symt301s

Data not available

Catego~ not applicable

Quantity zero

Quantity more than zero but less

than 0.05

Quantity more than zero but less

than 500 where numbers are

rounded to thousands

Figure does not meet standard of

reliability or precision

Figure suppressed to comply with

confidentiality requirements
4 Advance Data

Table 1. Provisional estimates of the percent of persons 18 years of age and over with selected AIDS knowledge and attitudes from the

1988 National Health Interview Survey, by selected characteristics: United States, Apri14une 1989

[Data are based on household Interwews of the c~ilan noninstttutsxraliied populatkxr. The survey design, general quatiimlkms, and reformation on the relmbihty of

the estimates are gtven In technical notes]

Age sex Race Educattwn

16%29 30-$9 50 years Less than More than

AIDS knowledge or aftrtude Total years years and over Male Female White Black 12 vmrs 12 years 12 vears

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...100

1.

1a.

1b.

2.

3.

4.

5.

15.

16.

21.

22.

In the past month, have you–

Seen any public serwce announcements about AIDS on

televmm?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’t know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Heard any public aemoce announcements about AtDS on

the radm?

Yes, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’t know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Were any of those public servirM announcements cafled

‘“AmerW Responds to AIDS?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’t know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Netther heard norsawany public serwce announcements. .

In the past month, have you read any brochures or pamphlets

about AIDS?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’tknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Have you ever read any brochures or pamphlets about AIDS?

Yes, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’tknow. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Where did you get the pamphlets or brochures?l 2

Clinic, otherthan workciinic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Doctor’soffce (t-lMO) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DNgSIOre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Public health department . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Received in mallwithoutaskhg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

RedCross/RedCrossblooddonation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Otherblooddonatiin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

School . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Sent/phonedfor/requestedit..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Federal/State/iocalgovemment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Work, otherthan chnicornurse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Work, nurseorclinic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’t know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Have you ev$r diicussad AIDS wlh any of your children

aged 10-17?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’[know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Haveanyorallof y~urchildr~aged 10-17had lnstructiin S!

school about AIDS?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’tknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

How much would you say you know about AIDS?

A lit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Some . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Alrttle, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

None . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’f know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tothebestofyour krrowladge, isthere adifferencabefween

hawng the AIDS virus and having the diiese AIDS?

Yes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Oftrer. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Donlknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23a, AIDS can rauuce the body’s natural protechon against dwase.

Defmifelytrue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Probablytrue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Probablyfalse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Defmttelyfalse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’t know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

80

17

2

45

51

4

22

12

49

16

23

77

1

62

37

1

3

21

2

3

27

3

1

13

1

15

13

4

17

5

82

38

0

64

12

24

23

44

25

8

0

64

16

0

20

74

11

2

3

10

100

62

17

1

52

44

4

32

12

42

14

26

73

0

70

30

1

4

22

2

3

19

4

1

24

0

11

9

3

~8

3

51

48

1

53

19

26

23

50

24

3

0

63

23

0

14

n

11

2

3

7

82

17

2

49

47

4

23

12

50

15

26

73

1

70

29

1

2

23

2

3

28

4

1

11

1

16

17

6

16

4

84

36

0

64

12

24

29

48

20

3

0

72

16

0

12

81

10

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100

78

19

4

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61

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54

20

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84

1

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1

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37

1

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0

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84

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2

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17

80

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2

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0

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58

;

23

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0

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G

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66

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19

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0

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73

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80

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52

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78

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62

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63

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0

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7

0

86

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82

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30

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23

1

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61

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12

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lm

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B

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1

0

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1

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49

50

0

52

12

35

11

31

35

22

42

17

0

41

54

15

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24

100

82

16

2

45

51

4

23

12

50

15

21

76

1

61

36

1

2

23

2

3

28

3

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11

0

14

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4

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64

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0

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18

s

74

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!3)

46

4

21

14

52

14

28

72

1

74

25

1

2

20

1

2

26

3

1

15

1

17

16

6

16

5

67

32

0

66

13

21

35

47

16

2

0

80

12

;

87

8

1

2

2

.%efootrwtesa! endoftable.
Advance Data 5

Table 1. Provisional estimates of the percent of persons 18 yeara of age and over with selected AIDS knowledge and attitudes from the

1988 National Health Interview Survey, by selected characteristics: United Statea, April-June 1989–Con.

[Data are based on household interwews of the ctvil!arrnOflhMiiUt!OnaltZSd population. The survey design, genemJ quaftiitbrrs, and information on the reliability of

the estimalee are gkfen In technkal nolesl

Age sax Race Education

16-W 3049 54 yasrs Less than

AIDS knowledge or alfflude

More flrarr

Tofel years years arrd over Male Female W?Me Bfack 12 yams 12 years 12 years

23b. AIDS is especially common In older people.

Definitely tre e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Probabfytme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Prot)ablyfaEe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Definitely felse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

Don’t know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

23c. AIDS can damage the brain.

Definitely true . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Probably tnre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Xl

Pmbablyfalee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Definitely falsa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Donlknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

22d. AIDS usually leads to heart dkaasa.

Definitely tre e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Probably true . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Probabtyfatse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Defmifelyfalse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16

Don’fknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

23e.AIDSlssrrlnfectbus diseasecaueedby avlrus.

Detinltelytme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

Probsbiytrue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Probebtyfabe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Definitelyfalse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Dorr’fknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

23f. Teerragers cannot get AIDS.

Definilelytrue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Probeblytrue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :

Probablyfabe. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Defimderyfabe.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . w

Don7know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

23g.AiDSleadsto death.

Deflnttelytme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Probablytme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Probabryfatse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Definitetyfalsa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Donlknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

23h.Apersoncan belnfectedwithme AIDSvkusandnot have the

231

23].

23k.

disease AIDS.

Defirritetytrue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Pmbablytrue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Probablyfalse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Dafinftelyfelse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Dornlmow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Looking at a person ts enough to tell tf he or she has the

AIDS ViNS.

Definitelytrue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Pmbablytrue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Pmbablvfalse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Deflrr~e@false . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Donlknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Anypsrsonwim theAIDSvlruscan pass I

during sexual Intercourse.

Definttetytrue . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pmbablymre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pmbebiyfalse . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Deflnlfelyfalse . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Donlknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

ontoeomeone el*

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Apersonwhohas theAIDSvirussan Iookanctfeel heaffhy

ar”d well.

Deflniteiylrue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Probablylrue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pmbablyfalse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Definifelyfalsa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’fknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

231. Apregnant woman whohesthe AfDSvims cangtve the AIDS

virustoherbaby.

Defimfelylrue. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pmbablytme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Probablyfalse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DefmifelyfaJse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’fknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

49

27

7

5

11

81

14

0

0

5

1

1

18

75

5

22

31

13

10

24

7

20

21

20

32

67

19

2

5

7

1

0

2

95

1

84

12

1

2

1

56

19

5

6

12

3

4

13

73

6

65

11

1

1

2

53

28

7

;

64

13

0

1

3

1

1

14

79

5

27

30

11

:

11

21

20

19

29

70

16

2

4

7

1

:

96

1

66

11

0

1

1

64

19

4

5

9

3

3

13

76

6

64

12

1

1

2

56

27

6

4

7

63

13

0

1

3

1

2

16

70

11

2e

29

7

5

30

10

23

12

10

45

50

21

3

5

m

1

1

;

5

64

11

0

1

4

47

22

3

4

24

3

5

16

56

18

60

12

1

1

6

a

27

10

6

19

76

15

0

0

8

1

1

16

75

7

27

30

11

9

23

9

21

19

17

33

64

19

2

4

10

1

0

3

83

2

64

13

1

1

2

56

21

4

6

14

3

4

15

66

10

81

14

1

1

3

51

27

7

5

10

76

16

0

1

5

Pementdistibutiin’

1

i

16

75

7

26

28

70

6

27

10

21

16

15

36

61

18

3

5

13

1

0

3

84

2

66

10

0

1

2

57

19

4

5

16

2

4

13

70

70

85

10

1

1

4

47

27

8

6

<2

83

12

0

0

4

1

1

16

76

6

26

2e

11

2

9

21

19

16

36

63

19

2

5

11

1

0

2

84

2

65

12

1

:

58

20

4

4

14

2

4

14

71

9

63

12

1

i

3

60

27

7

5

11

61

14

0

0

4

2

2

13

74

9

33

32

6

6

23

~4

26

11

13

36

60

19

3

4

13

2

1

5

6s

4

w

7

0

1

2

51

20

4

6

18

4

6

14

63

13

82

13

1

1

4

43

27

7

9

14

82

12

0

1

5

1

2

15

67

14

27

29

5

6

32

13

20

9

9

46

50

20

3

4

23

1

;

67

7

87

6

0

1

4

40

19

4

6

31

4

6

16

51

23

79

12

1

1

7

33

24

10

9

23

75

16

0

0

9

1

1

15

77

6

26

31

10

2

10

23

15

14

38

61

21

2

5

11

1

0

2

95

2

68

9

0

1

1

56

21

4

5

14

2

4

15

69

9

65

11

1

1

3

46

28

6

6

11

81

14

0

0

4

1

1

17

76

4

26

29

14

PO

7

20

26

21

26

72

16

2

4

6

1

:

96

1

81

15

;

1

67

20

3

4

6

2

3

12

79

4

63

13

1

1

2

61

27

5

3

5

84

13

0

1

3

Swfootnorssatsnd oftable.
6 Advance Data

Table 1. Provisional estimates of the percent of persons 18 yeara of age and over with selected AIDS knowledge and attitudes from the

1988 National Health Interview Survey, by selected characteristics: United Statea, Apri14une 1989-Con.

[Data are based on household intewiews of Ihe civlllsn nonlnstitulionallzed population. The survey design, general qualifcaMms, and information on the reliability of

tne estimates are grven In technical notes]

Age Sex Race Educefjon

18-29 30-49 50 years L8sS lhan More than

AIDS knowledge or arm.fde Total years years and over Male Female WhHe Black 12 years 12 years 12 years

23m.There Is a vaccine available to the public mat protects a person

from getting me AIDS virus.

Def!mtel ytru e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Probably true . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Probably false . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Defmtelyfalsa.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’t know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

23n. There Is no cure for AIDS at present.

Defmitelylrue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ProbatXytrue, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Probablyfalse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Defmitelyfalse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’t know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

24, Howlikely doyoutf'rlnk ttlsthat aperson wlllgel AIDSor the

AIDSvruslnfeclion from—

2

2

9

75

12

85

7

1

2

4

24a Living near a hosptal or home for AIDS patients?

Veryllkely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Somewhat likely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

.%mewhat unlikely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Veryunhkely. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36

Defmttelynotpossible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44

Don’t know, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

24EI. Working near someone wth the AIDS WUS?

Veryllkely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Somewhat likely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Somewhatunlikely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Veryunlikely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

Defmttelynotpossible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31

Don’tknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

24c. Eatmgin arestaurantwherethe cook haethaAIDSvinm?

Verylikely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Somewhatllkely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Somewhatunllkely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Verjunllkely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Defmitelynotpoeslble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Donl know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

24d. KJssmg–wRh exchange of saltia-a pereon who has the

AIDS virus?

Very llkely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Somewhatlikely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Somewhat unhkeiy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Veryunhkely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Definitelynotpossible ...,.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Don’l know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

24e. Shaking hands, touching, or kissing on the cheek solmeone

who has the AIDS virus?

Verylikely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Somewhatlikely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Somewttatunlikely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Very unhkely. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

Dehnitelynotp+xslble . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Don’t know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

24f. Sharmgplates, forks, orglassas wKhsomeone whohaslhe

AIDS vtrus?

Very likely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Somewhal likely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20

Somewhatunlikely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

Very unlikely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

Definttelynot possible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Don’t know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

24g. Using public toilets?

Verylikeiy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Somewhat likely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Somewhat unlikely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Veryunhkely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Defmitelynotpoasible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Don’l know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

2

2

9

76

10

64

8

2

2

4

1

4

6

40

44

4

2

8

12

41

33

4

6

18

17

30

21

8

21

28

16

16

9

8

2

5

11

41

37

4

8

17

2

23

7

5

11

12

34

30

7

1

2

8

82

7

88

6

1

2

2

1

3

6

36

48

4

2

6

11

41

33

4

6

18

15

32

20

9

25

30

13

17

7

8

2

6

12

40

36

4

9

20

14

30

20

7

5

10

12

36

30

7

2

3

9

67

19

63

8

1

2

6

2

3

6

36

39

12

3

10

11

37

27

13

8

19

11

26

16

20

31

30

8

11

4

16

3

7

12

37

29

12

E

11

24

14

16

8

14

11

31

20

17

Percent cl!stributionl

2

2

9

76

11

85

8

1

2

4

2

4

6

41

42

7

3

8

12

41

30

7

6

19

18

29

18

12

25

31

14

15

6

9

2

7

12

41

32

7

9

20

14

29

16

10

5

11

12

35

27

9

1

2

8

74

13

86

6

1

2

4

2

3

6

36

46

7

2

9

11

38

32

7

6

17

13

29

20

14

27

29

11

15

7

11

2

6

11

38

36

7

2

13

27

19

12

7

12

12

32

26

12

i!

9

78

11

87

7

1

2

3

1

3

6

39

46

6

2

8

11

41

32

6

6

18

15

30

19

12

25

30

13

16

6

10

2

8

11

46

35

6

2:

14

29

19

11

5

11

12

35

27

10

4

4

8

64

19

79

8

1

3

8

3

5

11

35

35

10

4

10

13

35

29

9

11

16

13

26

17

15

31

29

10

11

7

13

5

9

12

36

29

9

13

22

13

23

18

11

10

13

11

28

23

15

3

4

9

60

25

80

6

1

2

9

3

5

7

35

35

16

4

10

10

32

27

16

11

19

;;

16

22

31

27

9

10

6

18

4

9

12

33

26

15

13

22

12

20

14

20

10

17

10

23

20

20

2

2

9

76

11

66

7

1

2

4

2

3

7

39

43

6

2

10

11

40

30

6

6

20

14

29

16

13

28

31

11

14

6

10

2

7

12

41

32

6

10

22

14

2.9

17

11

6

12

12

35

24

10

Y

1

8

84

6

88

7

1

2

2

1

2

5

39

51

2

1

7

11

43

34

2

4

16

17

34

21

7

21

30

16

19

7

6

1

5

10

41

40

2

7

17

15

33

22

6

3

8

12

38

33

5

.%efoobmtesatend ortabie.
Advance Data 7

Table 1. Provisional estimates of the percent of persons 18 years of age and over with selected AIDS knowledge and attitudes from the

1988 National Health Interview Survey, by selected characteristics: United States, April-June 1989—Con.

[Data are based on household Interdews of the cnfilien nonlnstitutionallzed papuletkm. The survey design, general quallflcatlone, and lnformatiin on the rellatmlily of

the estimates are given In Wchnical notesj

Age Sex Race Education

16-29 30-$9 50 years Less than More than

AIDS knowledge or .sffIfude Total psre yea= and over Male Female WIVte Black 72 yexs 12 years 12 years

24h. Sharing needles for drug use w~h someone who has the

24i.

24j.

24k.

25.

26a

26b

27.

28.

AIDS virus?

Veryllkely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95

Somewhat likely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

somewhat unlikely . . . . . . 0

Veryunlikely . . . . . . . . . .. ~...... :::::::::::: 0

Definitely notpossible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Don’t know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Being coughed or sneezed on by someone who has the

AIDS VirUS?

Verylikely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

.%mewhat llkely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

Somewhat unlikely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Veryunlikely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Definitely not possible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Donl know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

Atfendlng school with a child who has the AIDS virus?

Verylilrely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Somewhal likely . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Somewhat uniikely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Veryunllkely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Deflnlfely not possible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34

Don’tknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Mosquitoes or other insects?

Ve~lil(ely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Somawhat likely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Somawhatunilkely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Veryunlikely . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Defkrilelynotpossible . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18

Don’tknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Have you ever donated blood?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 641

Don’!know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Have you donated blood since March 1985?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65

Don’lknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Have you donated blood In the past 12 months?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Don’tknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Haveyoueverheard ofabioodtestthat candeteCttheAIDS

virusinfectiin?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Donlknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

To the best of your knowledge, are blood donations roullnely

tested now for the AIDS viru= hfection?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Don’tknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Neverheardoftest4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

29sL Have you ever recetied counseling or had a talk wflh a health

professionaiabouttaking theAIDSvlmstast?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

Don’lknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Neverheardoftes14 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25

29b. Wes the discussion-t’s

Wilhaprivatedoctori’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Atafamily-piannlngclinio?..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

OnanAIDShotline? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Ataprenalatclinic? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

AtanSTDorsexuallytransmktaddlsaesa clinlc? . . . . . . . 4

Atari AIDS/HiV counseling andtastingslfe? . . . . . . . . . . 11

wlfheome otherhealth profsssicmal?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41

WRheomeotharcounselor?. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

30. During that discussion, didyourecehle inform~tion about how

toavoldgetfingor passingontheAIDS virus?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42

Don’tknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

97

2

0

0

0

0

5

16

19

34

18

9

2

4

8

43

39

4

10

19

9

24

*7

20

33

67

0

22

7a

1

8

91

1

81

17

2

71

6

4

19

7:

0

19

42

13

0

6

4

9

43

9

62

36

1

36

2

0

1

0

1

6

18

18

32

17

8

2

5

10

44

36

4

9

16

9

26

20

20

42

56

0

17

63

0

8

91

0

63

14

3

76

3

4

17

6

77

0

17

55

a

3

4

4

13

42

13

67

42

2

91

4

0

0

0

4

10

23

13

23

11

19

z

9

40

29

13

10

15

6

23

16

31

43

57

0

7

93

0

3

97

0

61

33

7

52

3

6

39

1

59

0

36

73

2

5

31

10

39

59

3

95

2

0

0

0

2

7

20

18

30

15

11

2

5

9

45

32

7

10

17

9

26

17

22

51

49

0

:

1

8

91

1

76

20

4

67

3

5

24

7:

0

24

52

4

2

0

4

12

42

12

60

39

1

Percent distributbnl

95

3

0

0

0

2

7

19

16

28

15

13

2

5

9

40

36

8

9

16

7

23

16

26

30

70

0

12

66

0

5

95

0

74

22

4

65

4

5

26

4

69

0

26

52

14

2

6

4

9

40

11

54

44

2

95

2

0

0

0

2

7

19

17

31

15

12

2

4

9

43

35

7

8

16

6

25

19

24

41

56

0

15

64

0

7

93

0

76

20

4

66

3

5

24

4

72

0

24

52

9

1

3

3

10

40

9

51

46

2

92

4

0

0

0

3

10

20

15

26

14

14

5

7

9

37

32

10

16

19

9

20

13

22

34

66

0

;

o

4

96

0

66

29

4

56

5

6

34

7

59

0

34

51

10

3

6

8

14

46

21

64

15

0

90

4

0

0

0

5

11

21

13

20

13

22

4

7

9

35

29

17

14

19

6

19

12

30

29

71

0

7

93

0

3

97

0

55

36

7

46

3

7

45

3

52

0

45

59

10

6

1

5

29

9

48

51

2

96

2

0

0

0

1

7

20

17

30

14

12

2

5

10

44

32

7

10

16

6

23

16

25

37

62

0

13

66

0

6

94

0

76

21

3

67

4

5

24

4

72

0

24

46

14

1

4

4

11

36

11

59

40

1

97

2

0

0

0

1

4

18

19

36

17

6

1

4

9

45

39

3

6

15

:

23

16

4~

;

21

76

0

9

90

1

86

11

3

76

4

4

14

6

80

14

53

6

3

3

5

13

49

12

59

39

2

Saafodnolesatend oflabla.
8 Advance Data

Table 1. Provisional estimates of the percent of persons 18 years of age and over with selected AIDS knowledge and attitudes from the

1988 National Health Interview Survey, by selected characteristics: United States, Aprikfune 1989-Con.

[Data are based on household interviews of the Clvlhannonirsslifubonalized population. The survey design, general qualiflcallons, and Information on the rellebiltty of

the estimates are gtven m techmcal notes]

Age Sex Race Education

16-29 -9 50 years

AIDS knowledge or attitude

Less than More fhan

Total years years and over Male Female White Black 12 years 12 years 12 years

31. Have you ever been advsed by a health professional not to

have the blood test for the AIDS virus infection?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’tlmow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Never heard obtest’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

32, Have you ever been advlsecl bytriands orreiatnres notto have

the blood test for the AIDS virus InfectIon?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’l know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Neverheard obtest’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

33. Have you hadyour blood testadfor !he AIDSvirusinfacfmn?

YesE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Donl know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Neverheardoftest’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35a, Howmany tim$shave youhadyour blood tested forthe AIDS

virus infection?

Once . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Twice. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

S-5tlmes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6-12tlmes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Morethan 12times . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don7know6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Neverheard ofornevertookte#. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35b. How many times In the past 12 months have you had your

bloodtestedfor the AlDSvtruslnfecfion?7

Nonelnthepast 12monlhs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Once . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Morethan ric e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9

Don?know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Never heard ofornevertooktest*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36. WasthetestAvere anyofthe tests, including those you had

beforethepaetl 2months–’

Part of a blood donation?B

Parfofabloodtran fusion?b::: ::::::::::::::::: i

Voluntanlysought? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pariofsome otf_ieracfivily tha!requlres ablo@~ple?9. .

38. Didyougel theresults ofyourtasVany ofyourtests?*

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . ...<..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Donl know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41. Doyouexpect tohavea blood test forthe AlDSvimslnfec~mn

mthe next 12 months?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Donl know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Neverheardoftest’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

42, Wlllthetestbe—’”’o

Paflofablooddonatlon? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Voluntarilysought? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Par!of some other aclivity that requires abltisemple? . .

44a Did you have abioodtranfusion afanytimebefween

1977 and 1985?

Yes, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’l know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

44b. Do you think the present supply of blood is safe for trenfusiorss?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’t know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45. Here aresome methods people uStoprevent gettlngthe AlDS

wrusthrough sexual achwty. Howeffectiieis—

45a. Using a chaphragm?

Veryeffectrve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Somewhat effectwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notatalleffecttve. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Donlknowhoweffectrve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Dcn’timowmethod. .,...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0

74

0

25

0

74

0

25

20

55

2

23

6

2

1

0

0

10

80

3

5

2

.U

69

1

~6

15

56

41

0

7

64

4

25

40

52

16

5

94

1

48

27

0

25

2

12

57

21

7

0

80

0

19

1

80

0

19

29

53

1

17

10

2

2

1

0

15

71

4

8

2

15

71

68

1

17

18

62

38

0

:4

6

19

38

58

16

4

96

0

52

28

0

19

3

14

60

17

6

0

63

0

17

0

63

0

17

23

59

2

15

7

2

2

1

0

12

n

3

7

3

:

68

1

18

16

57

42

0

8

70

5

17

46

45

17

5

94

1

51

26

0

22

2

12

65

16

6

0

61

0

39

0

61

0

39

9

52

2

37

2

1

1

0

0

6

91

2

2

1

5

91

73

2

19

6

53

47

3

66

2

39

30

60

14

7

91

1

41

27

0

31

2

13

46

30

10

0

76

0

24

0

76

0

24

24

53

2

21

6

2

2

1

0

13

76

3

6

2

;

71

1

15

16

55

45

0

9

62

5

24

42

47

19

5

94

1

E

o

23

3

12

56

22

8

Percent distribution’

o

73

0

26

0

73

0

26

17

57

1

25

6

1

1

0

0

8

83

3

4

1

;

66

1

21

14

82

37

0

6:

3

26

36

60

11

5

94

1

44

31

0

26

2

13

56

21

7

0

76

0

24

0

76

0

24

20

56

2

22

6

1

1

1

0

11

60

3

5

2

10

80

72

1

16

14

55

45

0

6

67

3

24

49

44

15

5

94

1

50

26

0

24

2

12

59

21

6

0

66

0

34

0

66

34

19

46

1

32

7

2

1

0

8

82

2

7

1

6

81

51

2

29

23

81

39

13

47

7

34

15

73

20

6

93

1

38

35

0

27

4

13

48

24

11

0

55

0

45

0

55

0

45

11

44

1

43

4

1

1

0

5

88

1

4

0

5

89

56

2

21

21

74

25

1

5

46

5

45

%

11

7

92

1

34

33

0

32

3

11

41

30

15

0

75

0

24

0

75

0

24

16

56

2

22

5

2

1

1

0

E

3

4

2

9

82

69

2

19

15

55

45

1

7

65

3

24

40

52

17

5

94

1

47

27

0

26

2

13

57

22

6

1

85

0

14

0

85

0

14

27

59

2

12

8

2

2

1

0

E

4

7

2

14

73

72

1

~7

14

57

43

9

73

4

14

46

45

17

5

95

1

57

23

0

19

2

13

67

15

3

See footnotes at end of table,
Advance Data 9

Table 1. Provisional estimates of the percent of persons 18 years of age and over with selected AIDS knowledge and attitudes from the

1988 National Health Interview Survey, by selected characteristics: United States, April-June 1989—Con.

[Data are based on household interviews of the civilian noninstiiutionalff fmpulatii. The survey das!gn, general quaiifnations, and informatmn on the reliabdity of

the estimates are given m tecnmcal notes]

Age Sex Rata Educat/on

18-29 3049 50 years Less than More than

AIDS knowledge oraftitude Total yeats years and over Male Female Wfwfe Black 12 years 12 years 12 years

45b. Using a condom?

Veryeffecttve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33

somewhat effactiie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

Notatall effective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Don’tknow howeffadtve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Don’tlmow method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

450. Using a spermicidal jelly, foam, or cream?

Veryeffective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Somewhat effective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15

Notatall effecttie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55

Donlknow howeffectiie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22

Donl knowmethod . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

45d. Having a vesecfomy?

VeryeffeeWe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Somewhat effective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Notatall effective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72

Don’tknow howeffecttve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

Donlknow method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

45s. Two people who do not have the AtDS virushavinqsex Ontv

46.

47.

49.

52.

53.

54.

55.

w~h &ach other7

Veryeffective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

.%mewhat effective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Notatetl effective . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Don’tknow howeffecttve ...,.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

Don’fknow method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

What are your chances of having the AIDS virus?

High . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Low. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

None . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64

Donlknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Vvl_iatereyourclmnces ofgetthgtheAIDS virus?

High . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Medium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Low. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17

None . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Donllmow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

HlghchanceofalreadyhavlngAIDSvkus. . . . . . . . . . . . 0

Do you say your chance of getfhg AIDS ts high or medium

IMcauseyou-”

Havehadablmxltrensfuskm?.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Have had sexuai contact wfih someone who might have

thevirus? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

.%meolherreeson? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57

Have you ever discussed AIDS with a frfend or relaftfe?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37

Donlknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

When was the last time you dtscussed AIDS with a friend or

relatiie?

0-3daysago . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

4-7daysago . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

6-14daysago . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

15-31 daysago . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Morethan31 daysago . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Don’tknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

NeverdBcussed12 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38

Have you ever personally known anyone with AIDS or the

AIDSvinJs?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86

Don’tknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

How Ions has R been since vou sew ths rxxson?

Wlh~npast2weeks . . .. . . . . . . . .’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

2weeks-lessthan l month.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

lmonth-lessthan3months. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

3months-4essthan6months. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

6monthsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

Don’tknow . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0

NeverknewanyonewthAlDS13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66

39

51

4

4

1

2

17

61

17

4

3

7;

17

5

66

9

3

3

0

0

3

18

T

2

0

3

24

69

2

0

6

19

57

70

30

0

6

8

7

14

29

4

30

11

88

1

1

1

1

1

8

0

69

36

55

4

4

1

2

15

61

17

5

1

2

81

11

5

87

7

2

3

1

:

14

62

1

0

2

20

75

2

0

6

26

67

72

28

0

8

9

7

15

27

2:

16

82

2

1

1

1

1

12

0

64

25

51

6

14

4

1

13

45

31

10

1

2

63

24

9

7e

9

2

8

3

0

1

6

w

3

0

1

8

87

3

0

11

12

57

47

53

0

4

6

5

9

16

5

54

a

91

1

1

0

1

1

6

0

92

36

52

4

7

1

2

15

54

23

6

2

3

73

17

6

65

7

2

5

1

0

2

14

61

2

0

3

20

74

2

0

6

21

54

59

41

0

6

7

6

12

23

5

41

11

66

1

1

1

1

1

6

0

89

Percent distnbutiini

30

53

6

6

2

1

15

57

21

6

2

3

72

17

7

63

9

2

4

2

0

2

11

66

2

0

2

15

81

2

0

9

19

62

66

34

0

7

6

7

13

25

4

34

14

65

1

1

0

1

1

9

0

87

33

54

5

7

2

1

15

56

21

6

2

2

75

16

5

66

7

2

4

1

0

2

12

65

1

0

2

17

79

2

0

9

23

57

63

37

0

7

7

7

13

24

5

37

12

87

1

1

0

1

1

8

0

68

31

49

7

10

3

3

16

50

24

7

3

3

61

22

11

73

14

4

7

2

1

4

16

75

4

1

4

19

7t

5

1

15

56

64

36

0

9

11

7

12

20

4

36

16

8i

3

1

0

1

2

12

0

64

25

47

8

16

5

2

10

44

30

13

2

3

55

26

14

73

11

3

10

3

1

2

8

85

4

0

2

10

81

5

1

8

25

44

46

53

0

6

5

5

9

17

5

64

7

92

1

0

0

0

1

5

1

93

32

54

5

7

2

1

14

55

23

6

2

3

72

18

6

84

8

2

4

1

0

2

11

65

1

0

2

16

60

2

0

10

25

50

61

39

0

6

8

6

12

24

5

39

10

89

1

1

0

1

1

7

0

90

39

54

3

3

0

2

18

62

15

3

2

3

82

11

3

90

7

;

o

0

2

16

81

1

0

2

23

73

1

0

4

13

71

74

26

0

8

9

8

16

28

2:

18

81

1

1

1

1

1

13

0

82

.%ef-rmtesal erdortable.
10 Advance Data

Table 1. Provisional estimates of the percent of persons 18 years of age and over with selected AIDS knowledge and attitudes from the

1988 National Health InterviewSurvey, by selected characteristics: United States, April-June 1989-Con.

[Da:a are based on household mtervlewe of lhe Ctvllian noninsmsfionaltzed population. The survey design, general qualifications, and information on the rellablltly of

the estimates are grven m tectmlcal notes]

Age Sex Rece Educat/orr

16-29 30-$9 50 yearn Leas than More than

AIDS knowledge or attitude Total years years and over Male Female WhUe Black 12 years 72 years 12 years

56

57,

58.

59.

61.

62.

How well do you know ths person?

Verywell, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Falrlywell, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Not verywell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’treally imow personally . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’ttmow howwell, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Never knew anyone wrth AIDS1s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Is any of these statements true for you?

a. You have nemophllla andhave received clotting factor

concentrates since 1977.

b. You are a natwe of Hatl or Central or East Africa who has

entered the United Stales since 19i7.

c. You are a man whones hadsexwith another mark at some

time since 1977, even 1 !Ime,

d. You have taken illegal drugs by needle at any time shce

1977.

e. Since 1977, youareor have baenthe sexpartnerof any

person who would answer yes to any of the items above

(57 a-d).

f. Youhave hadsexfor money ordrugs atanytimeslnce

1977.

Yestoat leas! l statement . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nolo all statements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Refused . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’t know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

The U.S. Public Health Service has said that AIDS !s one of tha

major health problems inthecountrybut exactlyhowmany

people il affects la not known. The Surgeon General fms

proposed that a study be conducted and blood samples be

taken tohelpfmd outhowwktespraad theproblemie. If you

were selected m this nallonat sample of people to have their

blood tested with assurances of prkfacy of test results, would

you have the test?

Yes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’f know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whywouldn’lyou take partinthelest?14

Don’twantto knowtflhaveAIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’twant anycounseling about AIDS. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fearl’llgetAtDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’tliketogiveblood . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’ftrust Government programs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

It tsawesteofmoney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’tbelieve AIDS canreally be cured anyway . . . . . . . .

other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don’t know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

When Federal public health officials give information about

AIDS, do you beheve what they say or are you doubtful about

the information they gwe?

Belk?ve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Doubtful . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Don? know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

When they [public health offiitels] give adwceabeut howto

help keep from getting AIDS, do you believe their advice or are

you doubtful about what they say?

Salve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Doubtful . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Donl know . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2

3

5

2

1

66

2

96

0

0

73

20

1

6

4

1

6

12

6

3

2

63

2

67

28

6

60

16

4

2

2

4

2

1

69

3

97

0

78

16

:

6

0

T

18

6

2

1

43

1

75

22

3

86

12

2

2

4

6

3

1

64

2

97

0

0

75

18

1

6

5

1

6

14

8

2

2

51

1

67

2s

4

82

15

3

;

3

2

1

92

d

o

0

65

26

;

2

1

6

8

5

3

5;

3

60

31

9

75

19

7

1

2

:

1

69

3

97

0

0

75

18

;

4

1

7

11

9

3

2

51

2

67

28

5

81

16

3

Percent distribution’

2

3

5

2

1

87

2

98

0

0

70

22

;

3

1

6

13

5

2

d

2

67

27

6

60

15

5

2

2

:

1

66

9:

0

0

73

20

1

6

4

1

6

12

6

3

1

55

2

67

28

5

81

16

3

3

5

4

3

1

64

3

97

72

21

1

6

6

3

12

13

7

1

3

46

4

63

29

8

76

18

6

1 1 .2

1 2 4

2 3 7

1 2 3

0 1 1

93 90 82

67

24

1

8

4

1

8

10

4

2

2

48

3

59

31

10

73

20

1

6

4

1

7

13

7

3

5:

2

75

19

2

5

4

1

4

13

a

3

1

59

1

66 72

29 25

5 3

72 60 66

20 17 12

8 3 2

‘MuHtplerespcmses maysumtorrme thanlW.

‘Basedonpersom answenngyaato quastlco4 (includes yestoqueslion3).

3Ba=,onWMm amwetiWwtoqumlm ll,-~Ywh,sve a~atildrenaged 101hrough 17?”Cuestbn 12w=’”HowmsnY do~~ve~

4Persons aruwenng no or donl know to question 27.

‘fiased on persom arrswenmg yes 10 qU.SStlC#I2S&

‘Incluaes parsons answering ps to question 26a and no or donl kmw 10 questiorw 27 ad =.

‘Wsedonyesanswars t0question33.3ee footn3teS.

‘Persons answer!~ no or don? know to questmns 35a, 27, and 33.

‘Based on pe!scms ar!swerl~ yes to questim 33; excludes parsons arawering yes to question -

10AedonW~m answeriwgyestO qu=t,on4f.

II=~edonWMnS a~werl”gtighor hlumtoquestiOn 46.

‘2 Basea on pefsons answenng no or don’1 know to question 52.

I 3ksed on ~mm amwerlW RI or don? kna+v to question ~.

14=sed ~p ~Mm ~t amWriW yesto questionsa
11 Advance Data

Technical notes

The National Health Interview

Survey (NHIS) is a continuous, crosssectional househoId interview survey.

Each week, a probability sample of the

civilian noninstitutionalized population

is interviewed by personnel of the U.S.

Bureau of the Census to obtain

information on the health and other

characteristics of each member of the

household. Supplemental information

is collected for all or a sample of

household members. The 19S9

National Health Interview Sumey of

AIDS Knowledge and Attitudes was

asked of a single randomly chosen

adult 1S years of age or over in each

family. The estimates in this report are

based on completed interviews with

10,590 persons, or about 89 percent of

eligible respondents.

Table I contains the estimated

population size of each of the demob~aphic subgroups included in table 1

to allow readers to derive provisional

estimates of the number of people in

the United States with a given

characteristic, for example, the

number of men who have had their

blood tested for the AIDS virus. The

population figures in table I are based

on 19SS data from the NHIS; they are

not official population estimates.

Table II shows approximate standard

errors of estimates presented in

table 1. Both the estimates in table 1

and the standard errors in table II

are provisional. They may differ

slightly from estimates made using the

final data file because they were

calculated using a simplified weighting

procedure that does not adjust for

all the factors used in weighting the

final data file. A final data file

covering the entire data collection

period for 19S9 will be available at the

end of 19’90.

Table I. Sample sizes for the 1988 National

Health InterviewSurvey of Al DS

Knowledge and Attitudes and estimated

adult population 18 years of age and over,

by selected characteristics: United States,

Aprif-June, 1989

Estimated

Sample popu/aWr

Charactenstti .s/ze in ltrousands

Alladults . . . . . . . . . . . 10,5s0

Age

W-+lyears . . . . . . . . . 2,429

30-$9 years . . . . . . . . . 4,2U

50years and over . . . . . 3,873

sex

Male . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,480

Female . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.110

Flaca

WIMe . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,586

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,552

Education

Less lhan 12 years . . . . . 2,506

12years . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,913

More than 12 years. . . . . 4,094

177,321

46,957

68,986

61,377

84,13?

93.190

149,510

19,457

39,502

68,301

67,872

Table H. Standard errors, expressed in percentage points, of estimated percents from the National Health Interview Survey of AIDS

Knowledge and Attitudes, by selected characteristics: United States,April-June, 1989

——

Age sax Race Educe’ on

l&29 30-49 50 years Less than

Estlmafad percent Total

More than

years years and over MaLs Female Whrte Black 12 years 12 yea.~ 12 years

5or95 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.4 0.4 0.3 0.3 0.7 0.5

100r90 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4 0.8

0.4 0.4

0.6 0.6 0.6 0.5 0.4 0.9 0.7

150r65 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4 0.9

0.6

0.7

0.6

0.7 0.7 0.6 0.5 1.1 0.9

200r80 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5

0.7

1.0

0.7

0.8 0.8 0.7 0.6 0.5 1.3 1.0 0.8

250r75 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5 1.1

0.6

0.8 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 1.4 1.1

300r70 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.6

0.9

1.2

0,8

0.9 0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6 1.4 1.1

350r65 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.6

0.9

1.2 0.9 0.9

0.9

0.9 0.8 0.6 1.5 1.2

400r60 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.6

0.9

1.2 0.9

0.9

1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 1.5 1.2

-!50r55 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.6 1.2

1.0

0.9

0.9

1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 1.6 1.2

W. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.6

1.0

1.3

1.0

0.9 1.0 0.9 0.8 0.7 1.6 2.1 1.0 1.0
Number 180 . February. 8, 1990

Advance

Data

From Vital and Health Statistics of the National Center for Health Statistics

Characteristics of Persons Dying From

Cerebrovascular Diseases

Preliminary Data From the 1986 National Mortality FoHowback Survey

by Eve Powell-Griner, Ph. D., Office of Vital and Health Statistics Systems

Introduction

Cerebrovascular diseases have a

major impact on mortality and

morbidity in the United States, and

the identification of the characteristics

of persons dying from these chronic

diseases is of great interest. This

report uses preliminary data from the

1986 National Mortality FoIlowback

Survey (NMFS) to compare the

characteristics of adult decedents who

died from Cerebrovascular diseases

(ICD-9 nos. 43&13S) with those who

died from all other causes. ln this

report, the terms “cerebrovascular

diseases” and “stroke” are used

interchangeably for editorial

convenience.

Cerebrovascular diseases, the

third Ieading cause of death in the

United States, accounted for

7 percent of all deaths in 1986 (l).

Although stroke mortaIity declined

during the past several decades, it

remains a major contributor to years

of potential life lost each year. Stroke

resulted in an estimated 246,000 years

of potential life Iost before age 65 in

1986, representing 1.2 years lost per

1,000 persons under 65 years of

age (2).

In addition to causing many

deaths, stroke has a major impact on

morbidity. An estimated 11.9 persons

per 1,000 population reported having

cerebrovascukm disease in 1986.

Nearly 40 percent of persons with this

disease reported that it limited their

activities. Cerebrovascular disease

resulted in an average of 36 days of

restricted activity per person with the

condition (3).

Data from the 1986 NMFS

provide detailed information on the

lifes@e, care in the last year of life,

and antecedents of and circumstances

surrounding death for a nationally

representative sample of adults dying

from cerebrovascular diseases and

other causes in 1986.

The data

The 1986 NhfFS is a stratified

random sample consisting of 18,733

deaths in 1986 of U.S. residents 25

years of age and over. These deaths

constitute approximately 1 percent of

all resident deaths in the United

States. The next of kin or others

familiar with the decedent’s lifestyle

were asked to provide the following

information: use of medical and other

care facilities in the decedent’s last

year of life, sources of medicaI care

payment, impairments in daily

activities, medical conditions, health

practices and behaviors, social and

eeonomic characteristics, and the

identity of all health facilities in which

the decedent stayed overnight during

the last year of life.

The 1986 NMFS includes data on

1,121 persons who died from

cerebrovascular diseases and 17,612

who died from other causes. The

sampIe deaths represent an estimated

149,699 deaths from stroke and an

estimated 1,S37,168 dcatlxs from all

other causes. All estimates in this

report are national estimates for

deaths in 1986 of adults 25 years of

age and over. Brief descriptions of the

study and the analytic methods used

are in the technical no[es.

StRWCC$ # of *4+

-g

f U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

Public Health Sewice S*

: Centers for Disease Control

%- National Center for Health Statistics

%

%..

>

Manning Feinleib, M. D., Dr. P.H., Director

‘@Qvi?a
2 Advance Data

Social, demographic, and

economic characteristics

Age, sex, and race

Most people who died from stroke

were over the age of 75 (table 1).

Only 13 percent of stroke deaths were

to persons under 65 years of age,

while approximately 69 percent were

to persons aged 75 years and over.

This contrasts sharply with deaths

from all other causes: Approximately

27 percent of o[her deaths, or about

two times the proportion for cerebrovascular deaths, ~vcre to persons under

65 years of age. An estimated

4S percent of deaths due to other

causes involved persons 75 years of

age and over.

W’omen accounted for a larger

proportion of deaths from stroke than

men did: an estimated 89,996

(60 percent) for cerebrovascular

deaths and 867,124 (47 percent) for

deaths from other causes. The

differences in age distribution by cause

of death noted above apply to both

males and females, however.

More than SO percent of all

deaths were to persons of races other

than black. An estimated 16,694

(11.2 percent) of the cerebrovascular

deaths were to persons who were

black, in addition to 211,309 of the

deaths from other causes

(11.5 percent). Comparison of the age

distribution of deaths by cause of

death shows that the distributions for

decedents of races other than black

are similar to those for all persons

combined: that is, larger proportions

of cerebrovascular than of other

deaths imolved older persons. For

deaths of black persons, however, the

only sign ificant differences in age

distribution by cause of death were at

ages 25–5-$ years and at ages 85 and

over. Compared with all other causes

of death, a smaller proportion of

stroke deaths involved persons aged

25–54, while a larger proportion of

stroke deaths involved persons aged 85

and over.

Marital status

~eg~~d]css of ~~use of death,

more than90 pcrcen{ of adults dying

Marrkd widowed Oivorced Never

separated married

Marital status at time of death

Fvure 1. Peroent dmtribution of deaths frcun serekmovaacular dwearm and ~ other ssuaes& by marital

SUIIX United State% 19S6

in 1986 had been married at some

point in their life (figure 1). However,

there were differences in current

marital status by cause of death. The

largest proportion of persons who died

from stroke were widowed at the time

of death, but the largest proportion of

persons who died from other causes

were married (47 percent and

46 percent, respectively). A somewhat

smaller proportion of persons who

died from stroke than from other

causes had never been married, but

there was no significant difference by

cause of death in the proportion of

decedents who were divorced or

separated (table 2).

Regardless of cause of death,

female decedents were about three

times more likely to be widowed at the

time of death than were their male

counterparts, and they were only

about one-third as likely to be

currently married. For persons ~ng

from stroke, there were no sigmflcant

differences by sex in the proportion of

decedents who were divorced,

separated, or never married. The

proportion of men divorced, separated,

or never married at the time of death

was slightly larger than that for

women for persons dying from all

other causes.

Compared with women dying of

other causes, female decedents who

died of stroke were somewhat less

likely to be married at the time of

death, but there were no significant

differences in other marital status

categories for women. Compa:red with

men who died from other causes,

males who died of cerebrovascular

diseases were somewhat less likely to

have never been married.

Education

Most adults who died in 1986

were reported to have less than a high

school education (table 3). Thlere

were no significant differences in level

of education by cause of deathl—with

one exception: A slightly larger

proportion of persons dying from

stroke than of other causes had

completed 4 years or more of mllege.

There were no differences, in

educational attainment between men

and women dying of cerebrovascular

diseases. Of persons dying from other

causes, men were somewhat less likely

(62 percent) to have completed high

school than were women (54 percent).

Females who died from other causes

were slightly more likely to have

finished high school or to have

completed 1 to 3 years of college than

were men, but they were somewhat

less likely to have completed 4 years

or more of college.

Occupation

Information on longest-held

occupation was available for

approximately 93 percent of male and
Advance Data 3

Cerebrovaacuiar

40r diseases

35

30

1

All olher causes

❑ M=,=

❑ Female

.

f.:::

::.~

:.:.:,:.

::::::::

.:.:.:,:

Managerial or Tachnical or SerVkes Producth Operatw Farm Mili!aiy

professional Sales

Longest-held occupation

Fqure 2. Percent debd@o . n of dea(hs frcm cerebmvnscdsr dieaeses ●d d other auses by bngest-hekf OCUVS@Lsccordiig to sex

United State* 19S6

75 percent of female decedents. For

decedents reporting occupation, the

largest proportions had worked in

technical or sales and in operator

occupations (figure 2). Persons who

died of stroke were slightly less likely

to be in a precision production or

military occupation and were slightly

more likely to be in a farming, fishexy,

or forestry occupation. Regardless of

cause of death, women who had

worked in a paid occupation were

somewhat more likely to have been in

a technical and sales or in a service

occupation than were males. Women

were less likely than men to have been

in a precision production, operator,

farm, or armed forces occupation.

Living arrangements

Regardless of cause of death,

most adults dying in 19S6 had lived

with relatives during the 19S5 calendar

year. However, there were differences

by cause of death in living arrangements during 19S5 (figure 3).

Compared ~vith persons dying from

other causes. a somewhat larger

proportion of persons who died from

stroke had resided in an institution in

19S5. For females, a smaller proportion dying from stroke than from other

causes had lived with one or more

relatives. Regardless of cause of death,

females were at least twice as likely as

males to have resided in an institution

during 19S5. Females were much less

likely than their male counterparts to

have lived with relatives. There were

no significant differences by cause of

death in the living arrangements of

male decedents. Compared with

women dying from other causes, those

dying of stroke were nearly two times

as likely to have resided in an

institution during 1985. Female

decedents dying of stroke were

somewhat less likely than other female

decedents to have resided with

relatives during this same period.

Income and assets

Most decedents in the NMFS had

family incomes of less than $25,000 in

1985 (figure 4). There was no

significant difference by cause of death

in the distribution of decedents’

income. Regardless of cause of death,

larger proportions of female than of

male decedents had family incomes

under $5,000. There were no other

significant differences by sex in income

for decedents dying of stroke. For

decedents dying from other causes, a

larger proportion of males than of

females had 19S5 incomes of $9,W0

or more.

There were no differences by

cause of death in assets, but there

were differences by sex within each

cause group (figure 5). For persons

dying of stroke, a larger proportion of

male than of female decedents had

assets of’$25,000-$49,999 at death.

For those dying from other causes. a

larger proportion of male than of

female decedents had assets of $5,000

or more.

Health care use and source of

payment

Most adults \vho died in 19S6 hwl

seen a physician five times or more in

the year prior to death (table 4).

Persons dying from stroke !vere more

likely than were persons dying from

other causes to have no physician visits

or 1-4 visits. There were no

differences in the number of physician

visits between male and female

decedents who died from stroke. For

those dying from other causes, female

decedents were less likely thun male
4 Advance Data

80

70 [

60

50

40

20

20

10

0 L

‘r-l :::::::::::: ,:..++. j::;~;: Cerebrovasculsr

discAll other causes

U Female

Instiktbon Alone or with a nonrelative Relatwe Other

Living arrangement

Flgura 3. Percenl distrkwtion of desths km cerebrovasouisr dkaaes and al other causes by living arrrmgements in 1* aacordlng to sex:

united Stata 18s8

Less than W200 $5,00C-38,998

Cerebovascuiar

diseases

■ Male

❑ Female

❑ ~a]e

❑ Female

$9,0 W$24,989 $25.000 or more

1985 fsmity inmme

Fgure 4, Percent distritwkrr of deeths trom cerebrovaecular diseases end all other causes by 19SS family inoonw SccOr’diig to SSX: United state% 1986
Advance Data 5

Cerebrovasculsr

diseases

35

r

Nom $1-$4,999 $S,OCC-S24,999 $25,000-S49,9?9 $53,00+3 or more

Total value of assets at death

F@re 5. Percent distribution of deaths from cerebrovssoulsr &eases and M other causes by total v.due ofassets at dea~ accordingto sex:

United S- 1966

decedents to have had fewer than five

visits to a physician during the last

year of life.

Medicare was reported as the

primary source of payment for health

care in the last year of life for the

largest proportion of decedents,

regardless of the cause of death

(table 5). Self or family was reported

as the primary source of health care

payment for a somewhat larger

proportion of persons dying from

stroke than from other causes.

Coverage by a health maintenance

organization (HMO) or private

insurance was reported more often for

those dying from other causes than for

those dying of stroke, There were few

differences in primary source of

payment by crsuse of death within each

of the sex categories. Males who died

from stroke were somewhat more

likely than those dying from other

causes to have had Medicare as their

primary source of health care

payment, and they were less likely to

have had an HMO or private

insurance as their primary payment

source. Females who died from stroke

~vere somewhat less likely than were

other female decedents to have had an

HN1O or private insurance as their

primary source of health care

payment.

Most adults who died in 1986 had

spent less than $2!,000 of their own

money for health care in the last year

of life. but approximately one-fifth had

spent $5,000 or more (table 6). There

was little difference by cause of death

in the amount of the decedents’ owm

money spent for care. Persons dying

from stroke were somewhat more

likely than other decedents to have

spent $5,000 or more of their own

money for care. Regardless of cause of

death, female decedents were somewhat more likely than male decedents

to have spent $5,000 or more of their

own funds for health care.

Health status and risk

factors for cerebrovascular

diseases

Assistance in activities of daily

living or in home medical care was not

received by a majority of persons who

died in 1986 (table 7). Of those who

received help, larger numbers were

assisted by family ordy than by

unrelated persons or by a combination

of relatives and nonrelative. For both

sexes combined, there were no

significant differences by cause of

death in the proportion who received

help in daily activities or medical care.

There were few differences by sex in

the proportion of those dying from

stroke who received help, and there

were also few differences benvecn the

sexes in the relationship of the

caregiver(s) to the decedent. For

persons dying from other causes,

males were somewhat less likely than

females to receive help in daily

activities or home medical care.

In addition to cerehrovmcular

diseases, many of the decedtnts had

other serious heal[h problems

(figure 6). Compared with all other

causes of death, a larger proportion of

persons dying from smoke h.d high

blood pressure. Persons dying from

other causes were more likcj~:to have

had one or more heart attac~s.

asthma, or other lung comii[k,ns.

There was little diffcrenc: by wx

in the type of other health problems

for persons dying of strolic. However,

males dying from cerelxovamtlar

diseases were more than t~vice as

likely as females to have had other

lung conditions. There \vcr: no

significant differences in other he:d[h

conditions by sex for decedents \vho
6 Advance Data

70 r ❑ cerebrovaswlslrdi swiae,

High bled Heart Angina Oiabetea Cancer Asthma

pressure

other llJng

aaack @30ris meliiius mndiion

Selected health mndiiions

FigursI 6. Percent distribution of deaths from eerebrowscular d~eses ●nd M other cwseq by presence of seiaoted health condtins:

UnitedState% 19S6

were black, but decedents who were

not black showed the same pattern of

a higher proportion of males than of

females with other lung conditions.

For persons dying from other

causes, a larger proportion of females

than of males had high blood pressure,

diabetes, or cancer. Smaller proportions of male than of female decedents

had experienced one or more heart

attacks or had lung conditions other

than asthma. This pattern generally

applied to black decedents as well as

to those who were not black.

Cigarette smoking is another

known risk factor for cerebrovascular

diseases. Use of cigarettes and length

of time the decedent smoked are

shown in table 8. An estimated

827,6’99 (45 percent) of the deeedents

were reported never to have smoked

cigarettes. The majority of decedents

25 years of age and over who were

reported to have smoked cigarettes

had done so for 20 years or more. For

all decedents 25 years of age and over,

there were differences in smoking

status bet~veen those dying from

stroke and those dying from other

causes. Persons dying from stroke

\vere some\vhat less likely than those

dying from all other causes to have

smoked cigarettes. Of those who

smoked, slightly smtiller proportions of

decedents dying from stroke than from

all other causes had smoked for 20

years or more. When the decedent’s

age was held constant, there were no

significant differences in smoking

behavior by cause of death for those

aged 25–’74years. At age 75 and over

a somewhat smaller proportion of

persons dying from stroke than from

all other causes had smoked for 20

~~ears or more.

Summary

The 1,121 persons sampled in the

NMFS who died of cerebrovascular

diseases represent an estimated

149,699 such deaths, or approximately

7 percent of all persons 25 years of

age and over who died in the United

States during 1986. Persons who died

of stroke tended to be older than

those dying of all other causes, and

more of them were female. Partly

because of their age and-sex, adults

dying from stroke were more likely

than others to be widowed at the time

of death and to have resided in an

institution during the year prior to

death. A larger proportion of

decedents dying from stroke than from

all other causes were reported to have

hypertension, a known risk factor for

cerebrovascular disease.

More detailed information from

the 1986 NMFS and comparisons of

other major causes of dcalh will be

found in subsequent publications from

the National Center ~or Health

Statistics (NCHS).

References

1.

-i-.

.3.

4.

5.

6.

National Center for Health Statistics.

Advance report of final mortality statistics, 1986. Monthly vital statistics

reporq VOI37 no 6, Suppl. Hyattsville,

Maryland: Public Health Service. 1988.

National Center for Health Statistics.

Health, United States, 1988.

Hyattsville, Maryland: Public Health

Service. 1989.

Dawson DA, Adams PF. Current

estimates from the National Health

Interview Survey, United States, 1986.

National Center for Health Statistics.

Vital Health Stat 10(164). 1987’.

National Center for Heahh Statistics.

Births, marriages, divorces, and deaths

for JanuaV 1986. Monthly vital

statistics report; vol 35 no 1.

Hyattsville, Matyland National Center

for Health Statistics: Public Health

Service. 1986.

McCarthy, PJ. Pseudo replication:

further evaluation and application of

the balanced half-sample technique.

National Center for Health Stal istics.

Vital Health Stat 2(31). 1969.

Keppel KG, Heuser RL, Placek PJ, et

al. Methods and response characteristics, 1980 National Natality and Fetal

Mortality Surveys. National Center for

Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat

2(100). 19s6.
Advance Data 7

Table 1. Estimated number and percent distribution of deaths from cerebrovascular diseaaes and all other causes by age, according to

sex and race: United States, 1986

Cause of Ueattr, race, and age Both sexes Male Female Both sexes Male Female

Cerebrovascular diseases

All races:

25years ancl over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25-54 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5W4years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6E-74years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

76-84years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

85yeareandover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black:

25yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25-54years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

%-64years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

65-74years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

75-64years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

85yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Races other than black:

25yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25-54years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

55-64years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

65-74years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

75-84years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

85yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All other causes

All races

25yearsand over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2E-54years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

55-64yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

65-74yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

75-84years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

85yearserrdover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blaclc

25yearsand over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25-54yeacs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

55-64years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

65-74yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

75-84years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

65yearsand over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Races other than biaclc

25yearsand over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25-54years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5S64yeam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6S-74years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7E-84years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

85yearsancl over. ..,..... . . . . . . . . . . . .

Esttmated number Percent dlslrlbuhon

149,699

7,909

11,892

26,993

52,046

60,860

16,694

2,780

2,775

3,960

4,239

2,941

133,0Q5

5,129

9,118

23,033

47,806

47,920

59,703

3,953

6,344

14,644

21,248

13,614

7.812

1,659

1,558

1,717

1,802

*1,077

51,691

2.294

*4, 786

12,828

19,446

12,537

89,996

3,956

5,546

12.448

30,798

37,246

8,8S2

●1,121

‘1,217

2,243

2,437

1,864

81,?15

2,635

‘4,332

10,208

28,360

35,32

100.0

5.3

7.9

18.0

34.8

34.0

100.0

6.6

10.6

24.4

35.6

22.8

100,0

4.4

6.2

f3.8

34,2

41.4

100.0

16.7

16.6

23.7

25.4

17.6

100.0

21.2

19.9

22.0

23.1

‘13.8

100.0

*12.6

*13.7

25.3

27.4

21.0

100.0

3.9

6.9

17.3

35.9

36.0

100.0

4.4

●9.2

24.7

37.5

24.2

100.0

3.5

*5.3

12.6

35.0

43.6

1,837,168

231,839

264,358

463,032

516,568

371.371

211,309

49,780

38.368

51,113

46.504

25,544

1,825,880

182,060

225,990

401,919

470,064

345,827

970,C44

154,991

164,241

265,178

268,140

127,494

115,482

32,481

22,626

28,567

22,523

9,285

854,%3

122,510

141,615

236.612

235.617

118.209

667,124

76,848

1W,117

187,864

268,428

243,877

95,827

17,299

15,742

22,547

23,961

16,259

771,297

59,550

84,375

165,307

234,447

227,616

100.0

12.6

14.4

24.7

28.1

20.2

100.0

16.0

16.9

27.3

26.6

13.1

ICQ.O

6.9

11.5

21.7

29.8

28.1

100.0

23.6

182

24.2

22.0

12.1

100.0

26.1

19.6

24.7

19.5

6.0

100.0

14.3

16.6

27.7

276

138

100.0

18.1

16.4

23.5

25.0

17.0

100.0

7.7

10.9

21,4

30,4

29.5

100.0

11.2

139

24.7

26.9

213

NOTE Numbers and percems rrayn-at addlotctals because of rounding. Oregon notmci.sed !n:he lS96Nat, era! Moflali~Fol!c.% :a:x%-. ey,

Table 2. Estimated number and percent distribution ofdeaths from cerebrovascular diseases and all other causesby marital status,

according to sex: United States, 1986

Cause d death and marital status Both sexes Male Female 5oth SI?XL?S Male Female

Cerebrovascular diseases Estlmafad number Percent ,Iislr[but.on

All marttalstatuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 146,662 58.184 88,478 1000 100.0

62.6

22.2

9.7

5.5

100.0

Married . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Widowed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

DNorcedorseparated, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nevermarr@d. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

56.231 36,413

12,934

5,657

3.Y80

19.818

55,292

7,589

5,779

38.3

46.5

9.0

6.1

22.4

62.5

8.6

6.5

13;246

8,959

All other causes

All marilal statuses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,800,216 948,314

593,156

159,130

103,451

eo,575

853.%)2

241.761

475.193

76,509

60,439

100.0 100,0

62.7

16,8

10.9

9.6

100,0

28.3

55,6

9.0

7.1

Married ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

‘~~dowed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . .

Dworced orseparated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

tJevermarried . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

834,919

634.323

179,960

151,015

46.4

35.2

10.0

8.4

NOTE Nurnbersacd percents rnaymt add Iototals becauseof rounding. Oregon not mclbced m!he 19S6 Natmmal Mortal, tyFollc’.%za:K &-. ey.
8 Advance Data

Table 3, Estimated number and percent distribution of deaths from cerebrovascular diseases and all other causes by level of education,

according to sex United States, 1986

Cause of death and level of educatmn Both sews Male Female Both sexes Male Female

Cerebrovescular diseases Es!lmaled number Percent distribution

Alllevels of education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138,594

78,101

35,588

14,078

8,849

558075

34,237

11,704

4,891

4,243

81,519

43,684

23,682

9,187

4,608

100.0

51.7

29.0

10.7

8.7

100.0

53.0

26.4

10.4

10.2

100.0

50.2

31.8

11.1

7.0

Lesslhan high school . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-3yeam of college . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4yearsof college or more..... . . . . . . . . . . . .

All other causes

Alllevels ofeclucatlo n........ . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,696,582 9cX3,363 798,219 100.0 100.0 100.0

Lesslhan high school . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

High school . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-3years of college . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4yaarsof college ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

877,422

491,608

181,923

147,429

477,070

238,049

93,834

91,611

400,352

253,759

88,280

55,818

57.2

26.0

f 0.3

6.5

62.2

21.3

6.9

7.7

53.8

29.3

11.3

5.7

NOTE:Numbers and percents may not add to totalsbecau= of rounding.Oregonm Includedinthe 1998 NatmnalMortalOyFollowback2urvey.

Table4. Estimated number andpercent distribution ofdeatis from cerebrovascular diseasas andallother causes bynumberol doctor

visits, according to sex: United States, 1986

Cause of Uasth and numbar of doctor V!SIL9 Bofh sexes Male Femala Both sexes Male Female

Csrebrovaecular dtseases Estimated number Percent distribution

Alldcwtor vistts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 137,886 54,607 63,379 100.0 100.0 100.0

NovELs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,708 8,149 15,559 17.2 14.9 16.7

1-4 VISIE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,658 15,130 22,529 27.3 27.7 27.0

5-14vlstfs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,287 20,759 27,536 35.0 36.0 33.0

15vmlso rmora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,322 10,569 17,753 20.5 19.4 21.3

Allo!hercauses

Alldoctorvielts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,694,783 881,882 602,931 100.0 100.0 100.0

Novisns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216,580 108,556 10S,004 12.8 12.2

l-t wits.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13.5

393,433 235,782 157,651 23.2 26.4 19.6

5-14VISHS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 560,191 285,676 284,615 34.2 33.2

15vistts ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35.4

504,509 251,646 252,761 28.8 28.2 31.5

NOTE:Numbersard percentsmay notadd to totalsbecauseof rounding.Oregonnotincludedm the 19SSNationalMorraMyFollowbsckMvey.

Table 5. Estimated number and percent distribution of deaths from cerebrovascular diseases and all other causes by primary health

care psyment source, according to sex: United States, 1986

Cause of daath and

primaryhadhcare psymantsource Both sSXSS Male Female Bothsaxes Male Female

Cerebrovasc. Jar ctlseases Estimated number Percent distribution

100.0 100.0 100,0

16.3 14.6 17.3

51.1 55.6 48.1

10.6 *5. O 14.6

15.1 15.5 14.9

6.7 9.0 *5.2

All sourcesofpayment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 118,034 46,303 71,73f

Selforfamily . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,223 6,831 12,392

Medicare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,322 25,849 34,473

Medicaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.770 ●2,287 10,473

HMOor insurance...,,.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,855 7,168 10,687

Othersources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,884 4.158 ‘3,708

All other causes

All sourcesofpayment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,463,661 778,824 705,057 100.0 100.0 100.0

Selforfamlly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189,666 88,882 100,784 12.8 11.4 14.3

hledlcare, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 696,940 355,796 343,144 47.1 45.7 46.7

MedlcaKl, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132,549 50,598 81,951 8.9 6.5 11.6

Ht,400rmsurance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 330,884 169,274 141,590 22.3 24.3 20,1

O!nersources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131,862 94,274 37,588 8,9 12.1 5.3

N5TE NJm&?rsand percents may not add to totals because of rounding. Oregon ml included m me le8e Nat!onal Mortahty Foliowbeck Survey. HMO is Health Maintenance Organmation.
Advance Data 9

Table 6. Estimated number and percent distribution of deaths from cerebrovascular diseases and all other causes by own money spent

for health care, according to sex: United States, 1986

Cause of death end own money spent Born sexes Male Female Botfr sexes Mete Female

Cerebrovsscular diseases

Allamounts spent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Lessthan $500 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$500-$999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$1,000-$ 1,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$2,000-$4,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$5,0000rmore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All other causes

Allamounls spent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Lesslhan$500 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$500-$999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$1,000-$1,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$2,00W$4,999 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$5,0000rmore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Estlmatednumber Percent distribution

120,802 47,004 73,798 100.0 100.0 100.0

45,320

13,211

15,679

2U,269

26,323

1,492,997

606,035

201.554

184,860

236,897

259,851

19,320

5,953

6,346

7,679

7,704

781,893

336,813

11O,7C6

9%X6

120,983

112,093

280000

7,253

9,331

12,590

18,619

711,104

269,222

90,648

85,3Q

117,914

147,75a

37.5

10.9

13.0

16.8

21.8

100.0

40.7

13.5

12.4

16.0

17.4

41.1

12.7

13.5

16.3

16.4

100.0

43.3

14.2

12.7

15.5

14.3

35.2

9.8

12.6

17.1

25.2

100.0

37.9

12.6

12.0

16.6

20.8

NOTE Numbers and parcents may not add to totals kacawe of rwmdlng. Oragon IIC4 Mudad in the 1W6 Natluul Momdify Followback Swwy.
10 Advance Data

Table 7. Estimated number and percent distribution of deaths from cerebrovascular diseases and all other causes by assistance

received in dally living and medical care, according to age and sex: United States, 1986

Causs of daattr, age,

and assstance received

m da#y Wing and made.el care Both SaXSIS Male Female Both sexes Male Female

CerebrovaSwlar diseases

25 yeare and oven

AssWance mdailylWing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nohelprecehfed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Famllyhelped orrly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nonrelalwes helped only. . . . . . . . . . . . .

Farm)ly and nonrelatlves helped . . . . .

25-54 years,

AssSancemda!lylivmg .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No Wlprecewed. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fam!lyinelped only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nonrelatrves helped only. . . . . . . . . . .

Famuyana nonrelatwesilelped . . . . . . . . . .

55-74 years,

Aswtancemdailylivmg .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No help receded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Family helpedonly .,...... . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nonrelatwes helped only. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Famdyanct nonrelatwes helped . . . . . . . . .

75 years and ove~

Assistance mdailylMng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No help received . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Family helpedonly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nonrelatives helped only. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Famllyand nonrelatwestlelped . . . . . . . . . . .

25 years and oven

Assw.tance mmedCalcare. . . . . . . . . . . . . ,

Nahelprecewed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Famuyhe!ped only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nonrelatwes tielpedonly, . . . . . . . . . .

Famllyand nonrelatNes helped . . . . . . . .

25-54 yeare:

AssWancemmedicalsere. . . . . . . . . . ,. . .

No helprecewd.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Family helpedonly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nonrelatives helped only. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Famllyand nonrelatives helped . . . . . . . . . . . .

55-74 years:

Assistance mmedisalcare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No help recerved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Famllyhelped only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nonrelattves helped only. . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . .

Famllyan dnonrelahveshelped . . . . . . . . . . . .

75 years and oven

AssMancemmedicelcare. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nohelprecerved . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Famdyhelped only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nonrelatives helped only. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Famllyand nonrelatlves helped . . . . . . . . . . .

All other causes

25 years and over

Assistance mdallylivmg. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No help received. .,,,..... . . . . . . . . . . . .

Family helped only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nonrelatrues helped only. . . . . . . . . . . .

Famllyand nonrelatweshelpad . . . . . .

25-54 years’

Asslstancem dallyhvmg.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No help receded . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Family ttelped only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nonrelalwes helped only. . . . . . . . . . .

Family and nonrelatlves tlelped . .

55-74 years:

AssWancemdatlyllvmg .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No help received. .,,,..... . . . . . . . . .

Fare!!\, helpedonly. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nonrelatives helped only. . . . . . . . . . .

Famuyand nonrelatwes helped . . . . . .

Estimated number

107,682

59,267

24,281

*5,189

f8,945

7,445

6,550

“475

●61

’358

34,072

20,653

7,093

‘1,25$

5,058

66,166

32,064

16,713

*3,659

13,53a

107,784

59,267

24,912

●5,119

16,488

7,533

6,282

’734

*61

●455

34,170

20,401

7,221

*1 ,386

5#len

66,081

32,583

16,958

“3,670

12,650

1,511,461

821,932

345,366

60,296

283,845

218,613

157,984

30,364

4,822

25,443

652,329

366,143

152,315

16,144

115,726

47,741

27,357

ll,2e8

*1,512

7,574

3,629

3,155

“273

*o

woo

17,803

10,854

*3,677

●854

‘2,21 7

26,310

13,348

7,147

*658

5,157

48,265

26,801

12,580

‘1 ,643

7,441

3,717

3,179

%38

*O

●2m

10,237

10,467

4.336

’974

●2,438

26,312

12,934

7,905

●689

4,803

846.250

513,610

184,869

21,757

126,014

146,487

116,346

16.281

3.276

10,575

392,456

241,970

69.705

7,807

52,974

59,e41

31,910

12,983

●3,877

11,371

3,816

3,395

“201

●61

●158

18,270

9,799

3,216

’414

●2,841

39,&58

18,716

9,588

*3,202

8,373

59,49e

32,688

12,332

●3,476

11,CK25

3,816

3,103

●388

●61

’258

15,934

9,914

●2,883

’414

●2,722

39,749

19,649

9,053

“3,001

8,047

665,211

306,322

160,517

38,641

157,831

72,125

41,638

14.073

1,546

14,868

259,874

124,173

62,610

10,336

62,754

Percent distribution

100.0

55.0

22.5

*4.8

17.6

100.0

88.0

*6.4

●0.8

*4.8

100.0

80.6

20.8

*3. 7

14.8

100.0

48.5

25.3

*5.8

20.4

100.0

55.0

23.1

*4.8

17.1

100.0

83.4

*9.7

*0.8

*6.O

100.0

59.7

21.1

*4. 1

15.1

100.0

49.3

25,7

*5.6

19.5

100.0

54.4

22.9

4.0

18.8

100.0

72.3

13.9

2.2

11.6

100.0

56.1

23.3

2.8

17.7

100.0

57.3

23.7

*3.2

15.9

100.0

87.0

*7.5

●0.O

●5.5

100.0

61.0

*2 I .8

●4.8

*12.5

100.0

50.7

27.2

*2.5

19.6

100,0

55,1

26.1

*3.4

15.4

100.0

85.5

●9. 1

“0.0

*5. 4

100.0

57.5

23.8

*5.3

*13.4

100.0

49.2

30.0

*2.5

18.3

100.0

60.7

21.8

2.6

14.9

100.0

79.4

11.1

2.2

7.2

100.0

61.7

22.9

2.0

13,5

100.0

53.2

21.7

*6. 1

19.0

102,0

89.0

●5. 3

●1.6

●4.1

100.0

60.2

19.6

“25

●17.5

100,0

47.0

24.0

*8. O

21.0

100.0

54.9

20.7

*5 8

16.5

100.0

81.3

*1O.4

●1.6

●6.7

100.0

62,2

●18.1

●2.6

●17.1

100.0

49.4

22.8

*7.5

20.2

100.0

46,3

24.1

2::;

100,0

57.7

19.5

2.1

20,6

100,0

47.8

24.1

4.0

24.1
Advance Data 11

Table7. Estimated number and percent distribution ofdeaihs from cerebrovascular diseases andaliother causes by assistance

received in daily living and medical care, according to age and sex: United States, 1986-Con.

Cause of death, age,

and as..wtance recewad

in datiy hwng and madkxl care Both saxes Mate Female BotrI sexes Mate Female

All other causes-Con. Esllmated number Percent dlslributton

75 yeare and ovec

Aesislance mdailylMng. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640,519 307,307 333,212 Icxlo 100.0 100.0

No help received . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297,605 155.294 142,511

Family helped only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

46.5

162,708

50.5 42,8

76,674 83,834

Nonrelabves helped only. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25.4

37,333

25.7

10,674

25.2

26,659

Family and nonrelatiies helpad . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.8 3.5

142,674

8.0

62,465 80,209 223 20.3 24.1

25 years and oven

Assistance In medical care. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,509,129 844,877 884,251 100,0 100.0 100,0

No help received. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 796,561 475,397 321,184

FamliyhelpacI only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

526

370,087

56.3 483

215,744 154,343

Nonrelatfes helped only. . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . .

24.5

61.330

25.5

23,733

23.2

37,588

Family and nonrelative helpad . . . . . . . . . . . ,

4.1

281,151

2.8

130,003

5.7

151,148

25-54 years:

18.6 15.4 22.6

Assistance lnmedCal care . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218,187 146,046 72,139 100.0 100.0 ICQ.O

No help received . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152,974 11O,68U 42,284

Family helped only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

70. i

34,922

75.6

20,577

58.6

14,344

Nonrelatives helped only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16.0

5,194

14.1

3,528

19.9

1,887

Famllyand nonrelatives helped . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.4 2.4

25,098 11,254

23

13,844

55-74 yearx

11.5 7.7 19.2

Assistanc einmadhlcare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 652,648 393,075 259,573 lWJ.O 100,0 100.0

Nohelpracewd.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 352,044 222,574 129,470

Famllyhelped only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

53,9

166,680

56.6

107,SQ8

49.9

58,754

Nonrelatiies helped only. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25.5

19,(M5

27,5

8,597

22.6

10,406

Family andnonrelatiies helped . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.9 2.2

114,939 53,998

4,0

80,941

75 years and OWE

17.6 13.7 23.5

Assistance in medical care. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63a,295 305,758 332,539 100.0 100.0 100.0

Nohelp received . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291,544 142,134 149,410

Family helped only . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

45.7

168,505

46.5

87,281

44.9

81,245

Nonrelatives helped only. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26.4

37,131

28.5 24.4

11,610 25,521

Family andnonrelatives helped . . . . . . . . . . . .

5.8 3.8 7.7

141,115 64,752 76,364 221 21.2 23.0

NOTE Numberesnd percentsmay nat add to totalsbemuse of rcurxhng. Oregon mt included m the 19s6 Nst!cml Morlshty Followback Smey.
12 Advance Data

Table 8. Estimated number and percent distribution of deaths from cerebrovascular diseases and all other causes by smoking status,

according to age: United States, 1966

Age

C2rfJseof d=th 25 years 25-54 55-74 75 years 25 yaars 2s-54 5574 75 years

and srnoklng status and over w Years and over and over years years and over

Cerebroveemlsr diseases Estimated number Penxmt distribution

All smoking slatusas . . .

Naver smoked cigaretlee

Smoked O-4 yeare . . . .

Wnokad 5-9 years . . . .

Smoked 10-14 years. . .

Smoked 15-19 years. . .

. . . . . . . . 137,53a 7,267 34,936 95,334 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

. . . . . . . . 78,665 2,043 12,786 63,625 57.2

7,184

28.1 36.6

%42

,66.9

. . . . . . . . ●I ,746 4,796 5.2 ●8.8 +’5.0

%?,849

5.0

. . . . . . . . %zKl %S1 %V368 ●2. 1 ●3.8 ●1.4 *2.2

. . . . . . . . K2,326 “443 ●319 “1,565 +1.7 *6. 1 +0.9 ●1.6

. . . . . . . . W,8~ *539 *335 ●1.955 ●2.1 ●7.4 *1.O ●2. 1

Smoked 20 years or more. . . . . . . . 43,686 3,322 19,259 21,104 31.8 45.7 55.1 22.1

All other oauses

All smoking statuses . . . . . . . . . . . 1,694,713 213,52U 659,950 621,243 100.0 103.0 100.0 100.0

Never smoked clgaretlee . , . . . . . . 749,234 59,736 189,550 499,948 44.2

Smoked l-4years. . . . . . . . . . . . .

26.0

67,520

28.7 60.9

15,287 30,977 41,256 5.2 7.2

Smoked 5-9 yeare . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.7

28,520

5.0

10,538 10,709 7,212 1.7

Smoked 10-14 yeare . . . . . . . . . . .

5.0 1.6

57,960

0.9

21,457 20,165 16,359 3.4

Smoked 15-19 yeara . . . . . . . . . . .

10.0 3.1

43,765

2.0

19,657 15,148 8,781 2.6 9.3

Smoked 20 years or more. . . . . . . .

2.3 1.1

727,674 66,565 393,402 247,667 42.9 40.6 59.6 30.2

NOTE Numbersard percentsmay notadd to totalsbecauseof rmmding.Oregonml includedinthe 18S6 NetIcnalMortalityFollowbsckSJIVey.
Advance Data 13

Symbols

. . . Data not available

. . . Categofy not applicable

0.0

z

●

#

Quant”W zero

Quantity more than zero but less

than 0.0S

Quantity more than zero but less

than 500 where numbers are

rounded to thousands

Estimate based on fewer than 30

sample deaths and does not meet

standards of reliability or precision

Figure suppressed to comply with

confidentiality requirements
14 AdvanceData

Technical notes

Sources of data and sample

design

The NMFS sample was selected

from the Current Mortality Sample

(CMS). The CMS is a systematic

10-percent sample of death certificates

received each month in the vital

statistics offices of the 50 States, the

District of Columbia, and the

independent registration area of New

York City (4). Although part of the

CMS, Oregon was not included in the

1986 hWFS because of respondent

consent requirements. Thus, the

estimates in this report are representative of deaths in the United States

excluding Oregon. Oregon accounts

for about 1 percent of all deaths in

the United States.

Oversampling of death certificates

by race and age permitted the study of

race differentials in mortality and

yielded the characteristics of persons

who died at younger ages. Deaths for

persons under 55 years of age were

oversampled 3.1 times and deaths for

black persons were oversampled 2.9

times. In addition, approximately 2,500

deaths were selected with certainty to

permit special studies of certain causes

of death or populations. Deaths

selected with certainty from the CMS

included all women 25–54 years of age

and all men 35-64 years of age who

died from ischemic heart disease; all

deaths of American Indians, Aleuts,

and Eskimos; all deaths from asthma;

and all deaths from certain rare

cancers (nasopharynx, liver, male

breast, lip and oral, nasal, small

intestine, and other endocrine

cancers). Death certificates in the

CMS that were eligible for the 1986

NMFS were sequentially assigned to

one of 18 sampling strata. The strata

formation was based on the decedents’

age, sex, race, and cause of death.

The 1986 NMFS data were

obtained through questionnaires

mailed to the next of kin or other

person listed on the death certificate

as providing the personal information

on the decedent’s death certificate.

Questionnaires were mailed by the

U.S. Bureau of the Census about 6

months after death occurred. A

reminder letter was mailed 10 days

after the first mailing, followed by a

second mailing 1 month after the

initial mailing. Telephone or personal

visits were made by Census Bureau

interviewers to nonrespondents 1

month after the second mailing.

The overall response rate for the

survey was 89 percent, yielding 16,589

completed questionnaires. Eighty-two

percent of the respondents who

completed the NMFS questionnaire

were close relatives of the decedent —

spouses, parents, siblings, or adult

children—and another 12 percent

were more distant relatives. Only

6 percent of the respondents were

unrelated to the decedent.

Information for each decedent on

the underlying cause of death and all

other causes contributing to the death

was obtained from the Mortality Vital

Statistics Multiple Cause-of-Death

Statistical File compiled by NCHS.

Records from this multiple cause-ofdeath file were matched to the data

from the NMFS informant questionnaire for each decedent in the survey.

The overall match rate was

99.9 percent.

Estimation procedures

Statistics produced from the

NMFS are derived by a complex

estimating procedure. The estimating

procedure used to produce essentially

unbiased national estimates from the

NM17Shas three principal components: inflation by reciprocals of the

probabilities of sample selection,

adjustment for nonresponse, and a

ratio adjustment to fixed totals. The

ratio adjustment factors make NMFS

estimates of decedents in 18 age-racesex categories equal to the number of

resident deaths in 1986 for the United

States, excluding Oregon. Although

the final weights applied to the NMFS

adjust for differential sampling by

race, sex, and age, no adjustment was

made for cause of death. Hence,

NMFS counts of death by cause will

not necessarily equal counts obtained

from the vital statistics tile.

Sampling errors

Because the estimates for this

r6port are based on a sample, they

may differ from figures that would

have been obtained had a complete

census been taken using the sam6

schedules, instructions, and pro..

cedures. The standard error is

primarily a measure of the variability

that occurs by chance because only a

sample, rather than the entire population, is surveyed. The standard

error also reflects part of the measurement error, but it does not

measure any systematic biases in the

data. The chances are 95 in 100 that

an estimate from the sample differs by

less than twice the standard error

from the value that would be obtained

from a complete census.

The standard errors used in this

report were approximated using the

balanced-repeated-replication procedure. This method yields the overall

variability through obsemation of

variability among random subsarnples of the total sample. A

description of the development and

evaluation of the replication technique

for error estimation has been

published (5).

It would be impracticable to

present exact standard error estimates

for all statistics used in this report.

Thus, a generalized variance function

was produced for aggregated estimates

by fitting the data into 18 curves

corresponding to the strata using the

empirically determined relationship

between the size of an estimate X and

its relative variance (rel var X). This

relationship is exqxessed as

S*2

rel var X = —

x’

b

=a+T

where a and b are regression estimates

determined by an iterative procedure.

These regression estimates are

presented in table I.
Advance Data 15

Tablel. Parametera used toapproximate thereiative stindard errors for estimates based

on the 1988 Nationai Mortaiity Foilowback Survey, by domain of study

Patametem

Domain of study A B

All decedents. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -o.C00+388 173.472799

Deeedents25+34 years of age..... . . . . . . . -0.CG0725 40.250787

Decedents3&54yeamofage . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.0Q0306 67.187S30

DecedentsWyearsofage . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.IM0325 189.139347

Decedents70-34 yeersofage . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.0Q0219 200.74S692

Deeedents65 years of age and over . . . . . . . . -o.om430 181.Z$J6646

All black decedents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.0CP3250 67.315899

Decedents25+4 years of age . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.002721 36.S23295

Decedents35-54 years of age. . . . . . . . . . . . -0.001278 48.883512

Decedents5S-69years of age.... . . . . . . . . -0.CO0863 64.860422

Decedents70-S4years of age..... . . . . . . . -0.WJ0686 59.820841

Decedents85 years of age end over . . . . . . . . -0.001911 54.630073

Allolher dseedenls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -O.OOO1O6 184.663690

Deeedanfs25-34 yeers of age..... . . . . . . . -0.000948 39.640859

Decedents35-54 years of age..... . . . . . . . -0.000419 82024666

Decedents5549yeem of age.... . . . . . . . . -o.oilo411 214.015461

Decedents70-64 yeamofage . . . . . . . . . . . . -0.DO0253 211.433987

Deeedenfs85 years of age and over . . . . . . . . -0.000484 1s0.261795

In this report, the determination

of statistical inference is based on

testing differences between two

statistics. The standard error of a

difference behveen two statistics is

approximately the square root of the

sum of the squares of the standard

errors of the individual statistics. This

formulation of the standard error of

the difference of two statistics quite

accurately approw”mates the standard

error for the difference between two

uncorrelated statistics; however, it ordy

roughly approximates the standard

error in most other cases.

Although the exact number of

degrees of freedom in the NMFS

sampling variance is not known, the

number of degrees of freedom may be

approw.mated by the number of

pseudostrata used in the balancedrepeated-replication procedure (6).

Accordingly, hy@heses about

differences between estimates are

tested using 18 degrees of freedom for

the two-tailed t-tests. Terms relating to

differences such as “higher” and “less”

indicate that the differences are

statistically significant at the 0.05 leveL

Terms such as “similar” and “no

difference” mean that no statistically

significant difference exkts between

the estimates being compared. A lack

of comment on the difference between

any two estimates does not mean that

the difference was tested and found to

be not significant.

Rounding of numbers and

percents

Numbers and percents within the

tables and text were rounded to the

nearest whole number or tenth of a

percent. Therefore, the estimates may

not add to the totals. In addition, the

total estimated number of decedents

varies from one table to another

because of the exclusion of decedents

with “no answer” responses.

NOTE Nine other Federal agencies signed

interagency agreements with NCHS to

cospneor the 1986 NMFS. These agencies are

the Nationai Hea~ Lung, and Blood Institutq

the National Institute of ChiId Health and

Human Development; the National Cancer

Institute; the National Institute of Aging the

National Institute of Mental Health; the Heaith

Care Financing Administration; the U.S.

Department of Veterans Affaity the Indian

Health SeMcq and the Office of the .%reta~

for Planning and Evaluation in the Department

of Heaith and Human Services.

●U.S.GonfnrmntPrlnfingm 1!2%— 2&—es2EWJe
Vital and Health Statistics

series descriptions

SERIES 1.

SERIES 2.

SERIES 3.

SERIES 4,

SERIES 5.

SERIES 6.

SERIES 10.

SERIES 11.

SERIES 12.

SERIES 13.

Programs and Collection Procedures—These reports

describe the data collection programs of the National Center

for Health Statistics.They include descriptionsof the methods

used to collect and process the data, definitions, and other

material necessary for understanding the data.

Data Evaluation and Methods Research—These reports

are studies of new statistical methods and include analytical

techniques, objective evaluations of reliability of collected

data, and contributionsto statisticaltheo~. These studies also

include experimental tests of new survey methods and

comparisons of U.S. methodology with those of other

countries.

Analytical and EpidemioIogical Studies—These reports

present analytical or interpretive studies based on vital and

health statistics.These reports carry the analyses Ii.rrtherthan

the expository types of reports in the other series.

Documents and Committee Reports-These are final

reports of major committees concerned with vital and health

statistics and documents such as recommended model vital

registration laws and revised birth and death certificates.

International Vital and Health Statistics Reports-These

reports are analytical or descriptive reports that compare U.S.

vital and health statistics with those of other countries or

present other international data of relevance to the health

statistics system of the United States.

Cognition and Survey Measurement—These reports are

from the National Laboratory for Collaborative Research in

Cognition and Survey Measurement. They use methods of

cognitive science to design, evaluate, and test survey

instruments,

Data From the National Health Interview Survey-These

reports contain statistics on illness; unintentional injuries;

disabili~ use of hospital, medical, and other health services:

and a wide range of special current health topics covering

many aspects of health behaviors, health status, and health

care utilization. They are based on data collected in a

continuing national household interview survey.

Data From the National Health Examination Survey, the

National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, and

the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey—

Data from direct examination, testing, and measurement on

representative samples of the civilian noninstitutionalized

population provide the basis for (1) medically defined total

prevalence of specific diseases or conditions in the United

States and the distributionsof the population with respect to

physical, physiological,and psychological characteristics,and

(2) analyses of trends and relationships among various

measurements and between survey periods.

Data From the Institutionalized Population Surveys—

Discontinued in 1975. Reports from these surveys are

included in Series 13.

Data From the National Health Care Survey—These

reports contain statisticson health resources and the public’s

use of health care resources including ambulatory, hospital,

and long-term care sewices based on data collected directly

from health care providers and provider records.

SERIES 14. Data on Health Resources: Manpower and FaciIities—

Discontinued in 1990. Reports on the numbers, geographic

distribution, and characteristics of health resources are now

included in Series 13.

SERIES 15, Data From Special Surveys—These reports contain

statistics on health and health-related topics collected in

special surveys that are not part of the continuing data

systems of the National Center for Health Statistics.

SERIES 16. Compilations of Advance Data From Vital and Health

Statistics-Advance Data Reports provide early release of

information from the National Center for Health Statistics’

health and demographic surveys. They are compiled in the

order in which they are published, Some of these releases

may be followed by detailed reperk in Series 10-13.

SERIES 20. Data on Mortality-These reports contain statistics on

mortality that are not included in regular, annual, or monthly

reports. Special analyses by cause of death, age, other

demographic variables, and geographic and trend analyses

are included.

SERIES 21. Data on Natality, Marriage, and Divorce-These reports

contain statistics on natality, marriage, and divorce that are

not included in regular, annual, or monthly reports. Special

analyses by health and demographic variables and

geographic and trend analyses are included,

SERIES 22. Data From the National Mortality and Natslity Surveys—

Discontinued in 1975. Reports from these sample surveys,

based on vital records, are now published in Series 20 or 21.

SERIES 23. Data From the National Survey of Family Growth—

These reports contain statistics on factors that affect birth

rates, including contraception, infertility, cohabitation,

marriage, divorce, and remarriage; adoption; use of medical

care for family planning and infertili~ and related maternal

and infant health topics. These statistics are based on

national surveys of childbearing age.

SERIES 24. Compilations of Data on Natality, Mortality, Marriage,

Divorce, and Induced Terminations of Pregnancy—

These include advance reports of births, deaths, marriages,

and divorces based on final data from the National Vital

Statistics System that were published as supplements to the

Morrtirly Wa/ Statktics Report (MVSR). Tkse reports provide

highlights and summarias of detailed data subsequently

published in Vita/ Statistics of the United States. Other

supplements to the MVSR published here provide se!ected

findings based on final data from the National Vital Statistics

System and may be followed by detailed reports in Series 20

or21.

For answers to questions about this report or for a fist of reports published

in these series, contact:

Data Dissemination Branch

National Center for Health Statistics

Centsrs for Disease Control and Prevention

Public Health Service

6525 Belcrest Road, Room 1064

H@tsvi!k5, MD 20782

(301) 436-3500

E-mail: nchsquery@nchl Oa.em.cdc.gov

Internet: http://wwv#.cdc.gov/nchs,,ww/nchshome.htm
DEPARTMENT OF

HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

Public Health Service

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

National Center for Health Statistics

6525 Belcrest Rosa

Hyattsville, Maryland 20782

PRESORTED SPECIAL

FOURTH CLASS RATE

POSTAGE & FEES PAID

PHS/NCHS

PERMIT NO. G-281

OFFICIAL BUSINESS

PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE, $300

DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 95-1877, Series 16, No. 18

5-1113 (4/95)