[DO NOT PUBLISH]

IN THE UNITED STATES COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE ELEVENTH CIRCUIT

________________________

No. 18-14538

Non-Argument Calendar

________________________

D.C. Docket No. 3:16-cv-00806-BJD-PDB

SHURI NORRIS, 

TAIFA MCCRAY, 

 Plaintiffs - Appellees,

versus

MIKE WILLIAMS, 

in his official capacity as Sheriff of the Consolidated City of Jacksonville, Florida,

 Defendant, 

DETECTIVE N. D. PRESCOTT, 

individually, 

DETECTIVE P. CROSS, 

individually, 

DETECTIVE D. WILL, 

individually, 

DETECTIVE J. WEBER, 

individually, 

 Defendants - Appellants.

Case: 18-14538 Date Filed: 06/12/2019 Page: 1 of 6 
2

________________________

Appeal from the United States District Court

for the Middle District of Florida

________________________

(June 12, 2019) 

Before MARCUS, WILSON, and ROSENBAUM, Circuit Judges.

PER CURIAM: 

In September 2015, a team of officers from the Jacksonville Sheriff’s Office 

(JSO) performed a destructive search of Shuri Norris’ home pursuant to a valid 

warrant. The search reportedly resulted in more than $20,000 worth of damage. 

Norris and her son, Taifa McCray, sued four of the participating officers—

Detectives Paul Cross, Nelson Prescott, John Weber, and David Will (collectively, 

Defendants)—in their individual capacities, alleging Fourth Amendment 

violations.1

 Defendants moved for summary judgment, claiming that they were 

entitled to qualified immunity. The district court denied the motion. Defendants 

appealed. Because the district court failed to analyze each Defendant’s alleged 

actions individually when making the qualified immunity determination, we

reverse and remand. 

I. Factual and Procedural Background

 1 Norris and McCray also sued Detectives L.L. Coyle and W.H. Irvin in their individual capacity,

and Sheriff Mike Williams in his official capacity. Moreover, Norris and McCray brought state 

law trespass claims against the city and a 42 U.S.C. § 1983 claim against the city. None of these

individuals or claims are at issue in this appeal. 

Case: 18-14538 Date Filed: 06/12/2019 Page: 2 of 6 
3

On September 3, 2015, Detective Prescott applied for a warrant to search 

Norris and McCray’s home. According to the warrant application, the home was 

“being used by an unknown black male and other unknown person or persons for 

the purpose of violating the laws relating to drug abuse to wit: possessing and/or 

concealing controlled substance described as: powder cocaine . . . .” Prescott noted 

that there were several elevated risks associated with the potential search. 

Specifically, Prescott checked the following elevated risk factors on the Search 

Warrant Request Checklist: (1) firearms known to be readily accessibly are at the 

target location; (2) suspect has a history involving firearms and/or violent crimes;

and (3) a forced entry breach is planned. Given the risks, the Defendants 

determined (and noted on the warrant application) that a Special Weapons and 

Tactics (SWAT) team should be involved in the execution of the warrant. A judge 

signed the warrant the same day. 

On September 4, a team of approximately twenty JSO officers, including 

Defendants, executed the warrant. When the team arrived at the home, Norris was 

at work, but McCray was in the living room with friends. Using an intercom, an 

officer ordered all occupants of the home to exit the dwelling. According to 

McCray, before the occupants could comply, Defendants began breaking 

Case: 18-14538 Date Filed: 06/12/2019 Page: 3 of 6 
4

windows.

2

 Defendants then threw a distraction device known as a flash bang 

through the window, which caused McCray and the others to retreat into his room. 

Defendants and other JSO officers entered the house and ordered McCray 

and his friends to exit McCray’s bedroom.3

 They complied. With weapons drawn, 

Defendants then escorted McCray and his friends out of the house. The team of 

officers, allegedly including Defendants, continued searching the house. They 

eventually found a small bag of marijuana in McCray’s closet. 

When Norris returned home, she discovered that her house had been raided

and significant property had been destroyed. The property damage included 

several broken windows, three splintered doors leading into the home, a broken 

refrigerator door, a broken oven door, a smashed television, a shattered tablet 

computer, and a cracked toilet seat. Norris also reported missing items, including

Versace sunglasses and gold jewelry. 

Norris and McCray brought § 1983 actions against Defendants. Defendants 

moved for summary judgment. The district court determined that Defendants were 

not entitled to qualified immunity, and thus denied their motion for summary 

judgment. 

 2 Defendants broke the windows pursuant to a procedure referred to as a “break and rake.” An 

officer performs a “break and rake” by breaking a window and then using a rake to remove 

residual glass shards. An officer will employ this tactic so that another officer can get a visual of 

the inside of the home. 

3 Cross, Weber, and Will maintain that they never entered the house. Prescott admits to entering 

the house but maintains that he did not do so until after the search had been completed. 

Case: 18-14538 Date Filed: 06/12/2019 Page: 4 of 6 
5

II. Standard of Review

We review orders denying summary judgment based on qualified immunity 

de novo. Taylor v. Hughes, 920 F.3d 729 (11th Cir. 2019).

III. Discussion

The purpose of qualified immunity is to “allow government officials to carry 

out their discretionary duties without the fear of personal liability or harassing 

litigation.” Lee v. Ferraro, 284 F.3d 1188, 1194 (11th Cir. 2002). “Because 

qualified immunity is a defense not only from liability, but also from suit, it is 

‘important for a court to ascertain the validity of a qualified immunity defense as 

early in the lawsuit as possible.’” Id. (quoting GJR Invs., Inc. v. Cty. of Escambia, 

132 F.3d 1359, 1370 (11th Cir. 1998)). 

To be entitled to qualified immunity, the public official “must first prove 

that he was acting within the scope of his discretionary authority when the 

allegedly wrongful acts occurred.” Courson v. McMillian, 939 F.2d 1479, 1487 

(11th Cir. 1991) (quotation omitted). “Once the defendant establishes that he was 

acting within his discretionary authority, the burden shifts to the plaintiff to show 

that qualified immunity is not appropriate.” Ferraro, 284 F.3d at 1194. 

“Because § 1983 ‘requires proof of an affirmative causal connection 

between the official’s acts or omissions and the alleged constitutional deprivation,’ 

each defendant is entitled to an independent qualified-immunity claim, considering 

Case: 18-14538 Date Filed: 06/12/2019 Page: 5 of 6 
6

only the actions and omissions in which that particular defendant engaged.” 

Alcocer v. Mills, 906 F.3d 944, 951 (11th Cir. 2018) (quoting Zatler v. Wainwright, 

802 F.2d 397, 401 (11th Cir. 1986) (per curiam)). Courts therefore must carefully 

“evaluate a given defendant’s qualified-immunity claim, considering only the 

actions and omissions in which that particular defendant engaged.” Id. 

The district court here failed to individually analyze each Defendant’s 

alleged actions before denying qualified immunity. Instead, the court referred to 

Defendants collectively throughout its analysis and assumed that each Defendant 

participated in each alleged action. Moreover, the district court did not distinguish 

Defendants from the approximately twenty other officers at the scene. Because 

courts are required to perform an independent qualified immunity analysis for each 

defendant, id., we reverse the district court’s denial of summary judgment and 

remand for the district court to conduct an independent assessment of each 

Defendant’s actions to determine whether each Defendant is entitled to qualified 

immunity. 

REVERSED AND REMANDED.

Case: 18-14538 Date Filed: 06/12/2019 Page: 6 of 6