Behavioral Health

Barometer

Alabama, Volume 6

Indicators as measured through the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health 

and the National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services

AL
AL 

Acknowledgments

This report was prepared for the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA) under 

contract No. 283–17–3101 with SAMHSA, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (HHS). 

Public Domain Notice 

All material appearing in this report is in the public domain and may be reproduced or copied without permission 

from SAMHSA. Citation of the source is appreciated. However, this publication may not be reproduced or distributed 

for a fee without the specific, written authorization of the Office of Communications, SAMHSA, HHS. 

Electronic Access 

This publication may be downloaded at https://store.samhsa.gov. 

Recommended Citation 

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration. Behavioral Health Barometer: Alabama, Volume 6: 

Indicators as measured through the 2019 National Survey on Drug Use and Health and the National Survey of 

Substance Abuse Treatment Services. HHS Publication No. SMA–20–Baro–19–AL. Rockville, MD: Substance Abuse 

and Mental Health Services Administration, 2020.

Originating Office 

Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, 

5600 Fishers Lane, Rockville, MD 20857.

Nondiscrimination Notice 

SAMHSA complies with applicable federal civil rights laws and does not discriminate on the basis of race, color, 

national origin, age, disability, or sex. 

SAMHSA cumple con las leyes federales de derechos civiles aplicables y no discrimina por motivos de raza, color, 

nacionalidad, edad, discapacidad o sexo.

HHS Publication No. SMA–20–Baro–19–AL

Published 2020
iii

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Contents

Foreword...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................v

Introduction.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................vi

Youth Substance Use...........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1

Cigarette Use ..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................1

Marijuana Use........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................2

Alcohol Use................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................3

Illicit Drug Use.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................4

Initiation of Substance Use...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................5

Youth Mental Health and Service Use.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................6

Depression.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................6

Depression Care..................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................7

Young Adult Substance Use and Use Disorders........................................................................................................................................................................................8

Tobacco Use.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................8

Marijuana Use........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................9

Marijuana Use Disorder..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................10

Opioid Use Disorder....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................11

Illicit Drug Use Disorder........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................12

Binge Alcohol Use..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................13

Alcohol Use Disorder.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................14

Substance Use Disorder........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................15

Young Adult Mental Health....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................16

Serious Thoughts of Suicide.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................16

Serious Mental Illness..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................17

Substance Use, Misuse, and Use Disorders..................................................................................................................................................................................................18

Tobacco Use.........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................18

Marijuana Use....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................19

Marijuana Use Disorder..........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................20

Heroin Use..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................21

Misuse of Prescription Pain Relievers....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................22

Opioid Use Disorder....................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................23

Illicit Drug Use Disorder........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................24

Alcohol Use Disorder.................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................25

Substance Use Disorder........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................26
iv

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Contents

Substance Use Treatment ........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................27

Enrollment and Treatment Focus...............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................27

Opioids (Medication-Assisted Therapy [MAT])..........................................................................................................................................................................................................29

Adult Mental Health and Service Use.....................................................................................................................................................................................................................31

Serious Thoughts of Suicide.............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................31

Serious Mental Illness..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................32

Mental Health Service Use among Adults with Any Mental Illness..................................................................................................................................................33

Figure Notes...................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................34

Definitions .........................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................36

References and Sources..............................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................38
v

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Foreword

The Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA), an operating division within the U.S. 

Department of Health and Human Services (HHS), is charged with reducing the impact of substance abuse and 

mental illness on America’s communities. SAMHSA is pursuing this mission at a time of significant change. 

The Behavioral Health Barometer: Alabama, Volume 6: Indicators as measured through the 2019 National Survey on 

Drug Use and Health and the National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services is one of a series of national, 

regional, and state reports that provide a snapshot of behavioral health in the United States. The reports present a 

set of substance use and mental health indicators as measured through the National Survey on Drug Use and Health 

(NSDUH) and the National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services (N–SSATS), sponsored by SAMHSA.

This array of indicators provides a unique overview of the nation’s behavioral health at a point in time as well as a 

mechanism for tracking changes over time. Behavioral Health Barometers for the nation, 10 regions, and all 50 states 

and the District of Columbia are published as part of SAMHSA’s behavioral health quality improvement approach. Most 

importantly, the Behavioral Health Barometers provide critical information in support of SAMHSA’s mission of reducing 

the impact of substance abuse and mental illness on America’s communities. 

Elinore F. McCance-Katz, M.D., Ph.D.

Assistant Secretary for Mental Health and Substance Use 

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration 

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
vi

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Introduction

Purpose of This Report 

Behavioral Health Barometer: Alabama, Volume 6: Indicators as measured through the 2019 National Survey on 

Drug Use and Health and the National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services provides an annual update on 

a series of topics that focus on substance use and mental health (collectively referred to as behavioral health) in the 

United States. SAMHSA selected specific topics and indicators in this report to represent a cross-section of the key 

behavioral health indicators that are assessed in SAMHSA data collections, including NSDUH and N–SSATS. This report 

is intended to provide a concise, reader-friendly summary of key behavioral health measures for lay and professional 

audiences. 

Organization of This Report

This report is divided into sections based on content areas and age groups. It begins with sections on substance 

use, mental health, and mental health treatment among youth aged 12–17, followed by a section on substance use 

and mental health among young adults aged 18–25. Next are sections on substance use, misuse, use disorders, and 

treatment among youth and adults combined and on mental health and treatment among adults aged 18 or older. 

Figure titles are included above all graphics, including callouts for figure notes that are presented on pages 34–35. 

These figure notes include additional information about the measures, populations, and analyses presented in the 

graphics and text. Definitions of key measures and terms included in the report are presented on pages 36–37. 

Methodological Information

Statistical tests (t-tests) have been conducted for all statements appearing in the text of the report based on NSDUH 

data that compare estimates between years or population subgroups. These tests properly account for the variances 

of each estimate being tested, as well as any joint variability (covariance) due to sample design or among nonmutually exclusive groups (e.g., each state is a subgroup of its respective region, and each region is a subgroup 

of the total United States). Positive covariance reduces the overall variance of the test statistic and may produce 

statistically significant results, even when the confidence intervals of each estimate overlap. Unless explicitly stated 

that a difference is not statistically significant, all statements based on NSDUH data that describe differences are 

significant at the .05 level. Standard NSDUH suppression rules have been applied for all NSDUH estimates in this 

report. Pages 27–30 present N–SSATS data, and because N–SSATS provides counts of people enrolled at all treatment 

facilities (as opposed to providing estimates based on a sample of treatment facilities), conducting significance tests 

is not necessary. Tables that display all data points included in this report, including tests of statistical significance and 

standard errors, are available upon request. To request these tables or to ask any questions regarding how to use or 

interpret the data included in this report, please contact CBHSQRequest@samhsa.hhs.gov.
1

AL Youth Substance Use

Cigarette Use

Changes in Past-Month Cigarette Use among Youth Aged 12–17 in Alabama, 

Region 4, and the United States (Annual Averages, 2002–2004 and 2017–2019)1

4.8%

Among youth aged 12–17 in Alabama, the annual average percentage of cigarette use 

in the past month decreased between 2002–2004 and 2017–2019.

During 2017–2019, the annual average prevalence of past-month cigarette use in 

Alabama was 4.8% (or 18,000), similar to the regional average (3.6%) but higher 

than the national average (2.7%).

14.0%

13.6%

12.3%

4.8%

3.6%

2.7%

2002–2004 2017–2019

AL R4 U.S. AL R4 U.S.

0%

20%

15%

10%

5%

Error bars indicate 95% confidence interval of the estimate.

AL = Alabama; R4 = Region 4 (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee); U.S. = United States.

Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2002–2004 and 2017–2019.
2

AL 

Youth Substance Use

Marijuana Use

Changes in Past-Month Marijuana Use among Youth Aged 12–17 in Alabama, 

Region 4, and the United States (Annual Averages, 2002–2004 and 2017–2019)1

5.2%

Among youth aged 12–17 in Alabama, the annual average percentage of marijuana use 

in the past month did not significantly change between 2002–2004 and 2017–2019. 

During 2017–2019, the annual average prevalence of past-month marijuana use in 

Alabama was 5.2% (or 19,000), similar to both the regional average (6.2%) and the 

national average (6.8%).

5.7% 7.0% 7.9%

5.2% 6.2% 6.8%

2002–2004 2017–2019

AL R4 U.S. AL R4 U.S.

0%

20%

15%

10%

5%

Error bars indicate 95% confidence interval of the estimate.

AL = Alabama; R4 = Region 4 (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee); U.S. = United States.

Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2002–2004 and 2017–2019.
3

AL Youth Substance Use

Alcohol Use

Changes in Past-Month Alcohol Use among Youth Aged 12–17 in Alabama, 

Region 4, and the United States (Annual Averages, 2002–2004 and 2017–2019)1

8.4%

Among youth aged 12–17 in Alabama, the annual average percentage of alcohol use in 

the past month decreased between 2002–2004 and 2017–2019. 

During 2017–2019, the annual average prevalence of past-month alcohol use in 

Alabama was 8.4% (or 31,000), similar to both the regional average (9.2%) and the 

national average (9.4%).

15.6%

15.8% 17.6%

8.4% 9.2% 9.4%

2002–2004 2017–2019

AL R4 U.S. AL R4 U.S.

0%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

Error bars indicate 95% confidence interval of the estimate.

AL = Alabama; R4 = Region 4 (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee); U.S. = United States.

Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2002–2004 and 2017–2019.
4

AL 

Youth Substance Use

Illicit Drug Use

Changes in Past-Month Illicit Drug Use among Youth Aged 12–17 in Alabama, 

Region 4, and the United States (Annual Averages, 2015–2017 and 2017–2019)1

7.2%

Among youth aged 12–17 in Alabama, the annual average percentage of illicit drug use 

in the past month did not significantly change between 2015–2017 and 2017–2019. 

During 2017–2019, the annual average prevalence of past-month illicit drug use in 

Alabama was 7.2% (or 27,000), similar to both the regional average (7.5%) and the 

national average (8.2%).

7.2%

7.8% 8.2%

7.2%

7.5% 8.2%

2015–2017 2017–2019

AL R4 U.S. AL R4 U.S.

0%

20%

15%

10%

5%

Error bars indicate 95% confidence interval of the estimate.

AL = Alabama; R4 = Region 4 (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee); U.S. = United States.

Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015–2019.
5

AL Youth Substance Use

Initiation of Substance Use

Past-Year Initiation (First Lifetime Use) of Selected Substances among Youth 

Aged 12–17 in Alabama, Region 4, and the United States (Annual Average, 

2017–2019)1

Among youth aged 12–17 in Alabama, during 2017–2019, an annual average of 6.3% (or 23,000) used 

alcohol for the first time in their lives, lower than both the regional average (8.7%) and the national average 

(9.3%).

In Alabama, an annual average of 4.0% (or 15,000) used marijuana for the first time in their lives, similar 

to both the regional average (4.8%) and the national average (5.2%).

In Alabama, an annual average of 3.2% (or 12,000) used cigarettes for the first time in their lives, similar 

to both the regional average (2.7%) and the national average (2.3%).

6.3%

8.7% 9.3%

4.0% 4.8% 5.2% 3.2%

2.7%

2.3%

Alcohol Marijuana

AL R4 U.S.

Cigarettes

AL R4 U.S. AL R4 U.S.

0%

20%

15%

10%

5%

Error bars indicate 95% confidence interval of the estimate.

AL = Alabama; R4 = Region 4 (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee); U.S. = United States.

Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2017–2019.
6

Youth Mental Health AL 

and Service Use

Depression

Changes in Past-Year Major Depressive Episode (MDE) among Youth Aged 

12–17 in Alabama, Region 4, and the United States (Annual Averages, 

2004–2007 and 2016–2019)1,2

12.7%

Among youth aged 12–17 in Alabama, the annual average percentage with an MDE in 

the past year increased between 2004–2007 and 2016–2019.

During 2016–2019, the annual average prevalence of past-year MDE in Alabama was 

12.7% (or 46,000), similar to both the regional average (13.1%) and the national 

average (14.0%).

8.2%

8.5% 8.5%

12.7%

13.1% 14.0%

2004–2007 2016–2019

AL R4 U.S. AL R4 U.S.

0%

20%

15%

10%

5%

Error bars indicate 95% confidence interval of the estimate.

AL = Alabama; R4 = Region 4 (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee); U.S. = United States.

Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2004–2007 and 2016–2019.
7

Youth Mental Health AL

and Service Use

Depression Care

Past-Year Depression Care among Youth Aged 12–17 with Major Depressive 

Episode (MDE) in Alabama, Region 4, and the United States (Annual Average, 

2016–2019)1,3

36.7%

Among youth aged 12–17 in Alabama during 2016–2019 with an MDE in the past year, 

an annual average of 36.7% (or 16,000) received depression care in the past year, 

similar to both the regional average (40.2%) and the national average (41.8%).

36.7% 40.2% 41.8%

2016–2019

AL R4 U.S.

0%

100%

75%

50%

25%

Error bars indicate 95% confidence interval of the estimate.

AL = Alabama; R4 = Region 4 (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee); U.S. = United States.

Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2016–2019.
8

Young Adult Substance Use AL 

and Use Disorders

Tobacco Use

Changes in Past-Year Tobacco Use among Young Adults Aged 18–25 in Alabama, 

Region 4, and the United States (Annual Averages, 2002–2004 and 2017–2019)1

41.9%

Among young adults aged 18–25 in Alabama, the annual average percentage of 

tobacco use in the past year decreased between 2002–2004 and 2017–2019. 

During 2017–2019, the annual average prevalence of past-year tobacco use in Alabama 

was 41.9% (or 213,000), similar to the regional average (38.3%) but higher than 

the national average (37.2%).

53.6% 54.0% 54.3%

41.9%

38.3% 37.2%

2002–2004 2017–2019

AL R4 U.S. AL R4 U.S.

0%

100%

75%

50%

25%

Error bars indicate 95% confidence interval of the estimate.

AL = Alabama; R4 = Region 4 (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee); U.S. = United States.

Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2002–2004 and 2017–2019.
9

Young Adult Substance Use AL

and Use Disorders

Marijuana Use

Changes in Past-Year Marijuana Use among Young Adults Aged 18–25 in 

Alabama, Region 4, and the United States (Annual Averages, 2002–2004 and 

2017–2019)1

28.4%

Among young adults aged 18–25 in Alabama, the annual average percentage of 

marijuana use in the past year did not significantly change between 2002–2004 and 

2017–2019. 

During 2017–2019, the annual average prevalence of past-year marijuana use in 

Alabama was 28.4% (or 144,000), similar to the regional average (30.6%) but 

lower than the national average (35.0%).

24.7% 25.3% 28.7% 28.4% 30.6%

35.0%

2002–2004 2017–2019

AL R4 U.S. AL R4 U.S.

0%

100%

75%

50%

25%

Error bars indicate 95% confidence interval of the estimate.

AL = Alabama; R4 = Region 4 (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee); U.S. = United States.

Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2002–2004 and 2017–2019.
10

Young Adult Substance Use AL 

and Use Disorders

Marijuana Use Disorder

Changes in Past-Year Marijuana Use Disorder among Young Adults Aged 18–25 

in Alabama, Region 4, and the United States (Annual Averages, 2002–2004 and 

2017–2019)1

5.0%

Among young adults aged 18–25 in Alabama, the annual average percentage 

of marijuana use disorder in the past year did not significantly change between 

2002–2004 and 2017–2019. 

During 2017–2019, the annual average prevalence of past-year marijuana use disorder 

in Alabama was 5.0% (or 25,000), similar to both the regional average (4.6%) and 

the national average (5.6%).

4.7% 5.2% 6.0%

5.0%

4.6%

5.6%

2002–2004 2017–2019

AL R4 U.S. AL R4 U.S.

0%

20%

15%

10%

5%

Error bars indicate 95% confidence interval of the estimate.

AL = Alabama; R4 = Region 4 (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee); U.S. = United States.

Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2002–2004 and 2017–2019.
11

Young Adult Substance Use AL

and Use Disorders

Opioid Use Disorder

Changes in Past-Year Opioid Use Disorder among Young Adults Aged 18–25 in 

Alabama, Region 4, and the United States (Annual Averages, 2015–2017 and 

2017–2019)1

1.9%

Among young adults aged 18–25 in Alabama, the annual average percentage of opioid 

use disorder in the past year did not significantly change between 2015–2017 and 

2017–2019. 

During 2017–2019, the annual average prevalence of past-year opioid use disorder in 

Alabama was 1.9% (or 10,000), similar to both the regional average (1.3%) and the 

national average (1.0%).

2.9%

1.4%

1.3%

1.9%

1.3%

1.0%

2015–2017 2017–2019

AL R4 U.S. AL R4 U.S.

0%

5%

4%

3%

2%

1%

Error bars indicate 95% confidence interval of the estimate.

AL = Alabama; R4 = Region 4 (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee); U.S. = United States.

Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015–2019.
12

Young Adult Substance Use AL 

and Use Disorders

Illicit Drug Use Disorder

Changes in Past-Year Illicit Drug Use Disorder among Young Adults Aged 18–25 

in Alabama, Region 4, and the United States (Annual Averages, 2015–2017 and 

2017–2019)1

7.9%

Among young adults aged 18–25 in Alabama, the annual average percentage of illicit 

drug use disorder in the past year did not significantly change between 2015–2017 and 

2017–2019. 

During 2017–2019, the annual average prevalence of past-year illicit drug use disorder 

in Alabama was 7.9% (or 40,000), similar to both the regional average (6.6%) and 

the national average (7.5%).

8.1%

7.2% 7.2%

7.9%

6.6% 7.5%

2015–2017 2017–2019

AL R4 U.S. AL R4 U.S.

0%

20%

15%

10%

5%

Error bars indicate 95% confidence interval of the estimate.

AL = Alabama; R4 = Region 4 (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee); U.S. = United States.

Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015–2019.
13

Young Adult Substance Use AL

and Use Disorders

Binge Alcohol Use

Changes in Past-Month Binge Alcohol Use among Young Adults Aged 18–25 in 

Alabama, Region 4, and the United States (Annual Averages, 2015–2017 and 

2017–2019)1,4

26.3%

Among young adults aged 18–25 in Alabama, the annual average percentage of binge 

alcohol use in the past month did not significantly change between 2015–2017 and 

2017–2019. 

During 2017–2019, the annual average prevalence of past-month binge alcohol use in 

Alabama was 26.3% (or 134,000), lower than both the regional average (30.1%) 

and the national average (35.4%).

31.3% 33.4%

38.1%

26.3% 30.1%

35.4%

2015–2017 2017–2019

AL R4 U.S. AL R4 U.S.

0%

100%

75%

50%

25%

Error bars indicate 95% confidence interval of the estimate.

AL = Alabama; R4 = Region 4 (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee); U.S. = United States.

Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015–2019.
14

Young Adult Substance Use AL 

and Use Disorders

Alcohol Use Disorder

Changes in Past-Year Alcohol Use Disorder among Young Adults Aged 18–25 in 

Alabama, Region 4, and the United States (Annual Averages, 2002–2004 and 

2017–2019)1

7.5%

Among young adults aged 18–25 in Alabama, the annual average percentage of alcohol 

use disorder in the past year decreased between 2002–2004 and 2017–2019. 

During 2017–2019, the annual average prevalence of past-year alcohol use disorder in 

Alabama was 7.5% (or 38,000), similar to both the regional average (7.8%) and the 

national average (9.8%).

13.2% 15.0%

17.4%

7.5%

7.8%

9.8%

2002–2004 2017–2019

AL R4 U.S. AL R4 U.S.

0%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

Error bars indicate 95% confidence interval of the estimate.

AL = Alabama; R4 = Region 4 (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee); U.S. = United States.

Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2002–2004 and 2017–2019.
15

Young Adult Substance Use AL

and Use Disorders

Substance Use Disorder

Changes in Past-Year Substance Use Disorder among Young Adults Aged 18–25 

in Alabama, Region 4, and the United States (Annual Averages, 2015–2017 and 

2017–2019)1

12.3%

Among young adults aged 18–25 in Alabama, the annual average percentage 

of substance use disorder in the past year did not significantly change between 

2015–2017 and 2017–2019. 

During 2017–2019, the annual average prevalence of past-year substance use disorder 

in Alabama was 12.3% (or 63,000), similar to both the regional average (12.3%) 

and the national average (14.7%).

13.0%

13.5% 15.1% 12.3%

12.3%

14.7%

2015–2017 2017–2019

AL R4 U.S. AL R4 U.S.

0%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

Error bars indicate 95% confidence interval of the estimate.

AL = Alabama; R4 = Region 4 (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee); U.S. = United States.

Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015–2019.
16

AL 

Young Adult Mental Health

Serious Thoughts of Suicide

Changes in Past-Year Serious Thoughts of Suicide among Young Adults 

Aged 18–25 in Alabama, Region 4, and the United States (Annual Averages, 

2008–2010 and 2017–2019)1,5

11.8%

Among young adults aged 18–25 in Alabama, the annual average percentage with 

serious thoughts of suicide in the past year increased between 2008–2010 and 

2017–2019. 

During 2017–2019, the annual average prevalence of past-year serious thoughts of 

suicide in Alabama was 11.8% (or 60,000), similar to both the regional average 

(10.3%) and the national average (11.1%).

6.9%

5.5%

6.5%

11.8%

10.3% 11.1%

2008–2010 2017–2019

AL R4 U.S. AL R4 U.S.

0%

20%

15%

10%

5%

Error bars indicate 95% confidence interval of the estimate.

AL = Alabama; R4 = Region 4 (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee); U.S. = United States.

Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2008–2010 and 2017–2019.
17

AL Young Adult Mental Health

Serious Mental Illness

Changes in Past-Year Serious Mental Illness (SMI) among Young Adults 

Aged 18–25 in Alabama, Region 4, and the United States (Annual Averages, 

2008–2010 and 2017–2019)1,6

7.4%

Among young adults aged 18–25 in Alabama, the annual average percentage with SMI 

in the past year increased between 2008–2010 and 2017–2019. 

During 2017–2019, the annual average prevalence of past-year SMI in Alabama was 

7.4% (or 38,000), similar to both the regional average (6.9%) and the national 

average (7.9%).

3.8%

2.8% 3.7%

7.4%

6.9% 7.9%

2008–2010 2017–2019

AL R4 U.S. AL R4 U.S.

0%

20%

15%

10%

5%

Error bars indicate 95% confidence interval of the estimate.

AL = Alabama; R4 = Region 4 (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee); U.S. = United States.

Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2008–2010 and 2017–2019.
18

Substance Use, Misuse, AL 

and Use Disorders

Tobacco Use

Changes in Past-Year Tobacco Use among People Aged 12 or Older in Alabama, 

Region 4, and the United States (Annual Averages, 2002–2004 and 2017–2019)1

34.6%

Among people aged 12 or older in Alabama, the annual average percentage of tobacco 

use in the past year did not significantly change between 2002–2004 and 2017–2019. 

During 2017–2019, the annual average prevalence of past-year tobacco use in Alabama

was 34.6% (or 1.4 million), higher than both the regional average (29.0%) and the 

national average (26.8%).

38.1%

37.3% 35.2% 34.6%

29.0% 26.8%

2002–2004 2017–2019

AL R4 U.S. AL R4 U.S.

0%

100%

75%

50%

25%

Error bars indicate 95% confidence interval of the estimate.

AL = Alabama; R4 = Region 4 (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee); U.S. = United States.

Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2002–2004 and 2017–2019.
19

Substance Use, Misuse, AL

and Use Disorders

Marijuana Use

Changes in Past-Year Marijuana Use among People Aged 12 or Older in Alabama, 

Region 4, and the United States (Annual Averages, 2002–2004 and 2017–2019)1

13.7%

Among people aged 12 or older in Alabama, the annual average percentage of 

marijuana use in the past year increased between 2002–2004 and 2017–2019. 

During 2017–2019, the annual average prevalence of past-year marijuana use in 

Alabama was 13.7% (or 561,000), similar to the regional average (14.0%) but 

lower than the national average (16.2%).

8.7% 9.8% 10.7%

13.7% 14.0%

16.2%

2002–2004 2017–2019

AL R4 U.S. AL R4 U.S.

0%

50%

40%

30%

20%

10%

Error bars indicate 95% confidence interval of the estimate.

AL = Alabama; R4 = Region 4 (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee); U.S. = United States.

Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2002–2004 and 2017–2019.
20

Substance Use, Misuse, AL 

and Use Disorders

Marijuana Use Disorder

Changes in Past-Year Marijuana Use Disorder among People Aged 12 or Older 

in Alabama, Region 4, and the United States (Annual Averages, 2002–2004 and 

2017–2019)1

1.4%

Among people aged 12 or older in Alabama, the annual average percentage of 

marijuana use disorder in the past year did not significantly change between 

2002–2004 and 2017–2019. 

During 2017–2019, the annual average prevalence of past-year marijuana use disorder 

in Alabama was 1.4% (or 56,000), similar to both the regional average (1.3%) and 

the national average (1.6%).

1.6% 1.8% 1.8% 1.4%

1.3%

1.6%

2002–2004 2017–2019

AL R4 U.S. AL R4 U.S.

0%

5%

4%

3%

2%

1%

Error bars indicate 95% confidence interval of the estimate.

AL = Alabama; R4 = Region 4 (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee); U.S. = United States.

Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2002–2004 and 2017–2019.
21

Substance Use, Misuse, AL

and Use Disorders

Heroin Use

Changes in Past-Year Heroin Use among People Aged 12 or Older in Alabama, 

Region 4, and the United States (Annual Averages, 2002–2004 and 2017–2019)1

0.43%

Among people aged 12 or older in Alabama, the annual average percentage of heroin 

use in the past year did not significantly change between 2002–2004 and 2017–2019. 

During 2017–2019, the annual average prevalence of past-year heroin use in Alabama 

was 0.43% (or 18,000), similar to both the regional average (0.25%) and the 

national average (0.30%).

0.20%

0.14% 0.16%

0.43%

0.25% 0.30%

2002–2004 2017–2019

AL R4 U.S. AL R4 U.S.

0%

2%

1.5%

1%

0.5%

Error bars indicate 95% confidence interval of the estimate.

AL = Alabama; R4 = Region 4 (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee); U.S. = United States.

Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2002–2004 and 2017–2019.
22

Substance Use, Misuse, AL 

and Use Disorders

Misuse of Prescription Pain Relievers

Changes in Past-Year Misuse of Prescription Pain Relievers among People Aged 

12 or Older in Alabama, Region 4, and the United States (Annual Averages, 

2015–2017 and 2017–2019)1

5.1%

Among people aged 12 or older in Alabama, the annual average percentage of 

prescription pain reliever misuse in the past year did not significantly change between 

2015–2017 and 2017–2019. 

During 2017–2019, the annual average prevalence of past-year prescription pain 

reliever misuse in Alabama was 5.1% (or 209,000), higher than both the regional 

average (3.9%) and the national average (3.7%).

5.1%

4.3% 4.3%

5.1%

3.9% 3.7%

2015–2017 2017–2019

AL R4 U.S. AL R4 U.S.

0%

20%

15%

10%

5%

Error bars indicate 95% confidence interval of the estimate.

AL = Alabama; R4 = Region 4 (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee); U.S. = United States.

Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015–2019.
23

Substance Use, Misuse, AL

and Use Disorders

Opioid Use Disorder

Changes in Past-Year Opioid Use Disorder among People Aged 12 or Older in 

Alabama, Region 4, and the United States (Annual Averages, 2015–2017 and 

2017–2019)1

1.0%

Among people aged 12 or older in Alabama, the annual average percentage of opioid 

use disorder in the past year did not significantly change between 2015–2017 and 

2017–2019. 

During 2017–2019, the annual average prevalence of past-year opioid use disorder in 

Alabama was 1.0% (or 43,000), similar to both the regional average (0.8%) and the 

national average (0.7%).

1.2%

0.9% 0.8%

1.0%

0.8% 0.7%

2015–2017 2017–2019

AL R4 U.S. AL R4 U.S.

0%

5%

4%

3%

2%

1%

Error bars indicate 95% confidence interval of the estimate.

AL = Alabama; R4 = Region 4 (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee); U.S. = United States.

Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015–2019.
24

Substance Use, Misuse, AL 

and Use Disorders

Illicit Drug Use Disorder

Changes in Past-Year Illicit Drug Use Disorder among People Aged 12 or Older 

in Alabama, Region 4, and the United States (Annual Averages, 2015–2017 and 

2017–2019)1

3.2%

Among people aged 12 or older in Alabama, the annual average percentage of illicit 

drug use disorder in the past year did not significantly change between 2015–2017 and 

2017–2019. 

During 2017–2019, the annual average prevalence of past-year illicit drug use disorder 

in Alabama was 3.2% (or 132,000), similar to both the regional average (2.7%) and 

the national average (2.9%).

3.1%

2.7% 2.8%

3.2%

2.7% 2.9%

2015–2017 2017–2019

AL R4 U.S. AL R4 U.S.

0%

20%

15%

10%

5%

Error bars indicate 95% confidence interval of the estimate.

AL = Alabama; R4 = Region 4 (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee); U.S. = United States.

Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015–2019.
25

Substance Use, Misuse, AL

and Use Disorders

Alcohol Use Disorder

Changes in Past-Year Alcohol Use Disorder among People Aged 12 or Older in 

Alabama, Region 4, and the United States (Annual Averages, 2002–2004 and 

2017–2019)1

5.3%

Among people aged 12 or older in Alabama, the annual average percentage of alcohol 

use disorder in the past year did not significantly change between 2002–2004 and 

2017–2019. 

During 2017–2019, the annual average prevalence of past-year alcohol use disorder in 

Alabama was 5.3% (or 218,000), similar to both the regional average (4.5%) and 

the national average (5.3%).

5.3% 6.6%

7.6%

5.3%

4.5%

5.3%

2002–2004 2017–2019

AL R4 U.S. AL R4 U.S.

0%

20%

15%

10%

5%

Error bars indicate 95% confidence interval of the estimate.

AL = Alabama; R4 = Region 4 (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee); U.S. = United States.

Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2002–2004 and 2017–2019.
26

Substance Use, Misuse, AL 

and Use Disorders

Substance Use Disorder

Changes in Past-Year Substance Use Disorder among People Aged 12 or Older 

in Alabama, Region 4, and the United States (Annual Averages, 2015–2017 and 

2017–2019)1

7.6%

Among people aged 12 or older in Alabama, the annual average percentage of 

substance use disorder in the past year did not significantly change between 

2015–2017 and 2017–2019. 

During 2017–2019, the annual average prevalence of past-year substance use disorder 

in Alabama was 7.6% (or 310,000), similar to both the regional average (6.4%) and 

the national average (7.4%).

6.2% 6.6%

7.5%

7.6%

6.4%

7.4%

2015–2017 2017–2019

AL R4 U.S. AL R4 U.S.

0%

20%

15%

10%

5%

Error bars indicate 95% confidence interval of the estimate.

AL = Alabama; R4 = Region 4 (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee); U.S. = United States.

Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2015–2019.
27

AL Substance Use Treatment

Enrollment and Treatment Focus

Changes in the Number of People Enrolled in Substance Use Treatment in 

Alabama (Single-Day Counts, 2015–2017 and 2019)7,8

In a single-day count in March 2019, 14,578 people in Alabama were enrolled in substance use treatment—

an increase from 14,548 people in 2015.

14,548

11,498

13,771

NA

14,578

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

0

20,000

15,000

10,000

5,000

NA = Not Available.

Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services, 2015–2017 and 2019.
28

AL 

Substance Use Treatment

Enrollment and Treatment Focus

Substance Use Problems among People Enrolled in Substance Use Treatment in 

Alabama (Single-Day Count, 2019)7,8,9

Among people in Alabama enrolled in substance use treatment in a single-day count in March 2019, 63.6%

received treatment for a drug problem only, 9.7% received treatment for an alcohol problem only, and 

26.7% received treatment for both drug and alcohol problems.

Alcohol Problem 

Only

9.7%

Both Drug and

Alcohol Problems 

26.7%

Drug Problem 

Only

63.6%

Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services, 2019.
29

AL Substance Use Treatment

Opioids (Medication-Assisted Therapy [MAT])

Changes in the Number of People Enrolled in Opioid Treatment Programs in 

Alabama Receiving Methadone (Single-Day Counts, 2015–2017 and 2019)7,8,10

In a single-day count in March 2019, 7,093 people in Alabama were receiving methadone in opioid treatment 

programs as part of their substance use treatment—a decrease from 7,639 people in 2015.

7,639

6,132

7,441

NA

7,093

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

0

10,000

7,500

5,000

2,500

NA = Not Available.

Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services, 2015–2017 and 2019.
30

AL 

Substance Use Treatment

Opioids (Medication-Assisted Therapy [MAT])

Changes in the Number of People Enrolled in Substance Use Treatment in 

Alabama Receiving Buprenorphine (Single-Day Counts, 2015–2017 and 

2019)7,8,10,11

In a single-day count in March 2019, 1,274 people in Alabama were receiving buprenorphine as part of their 

substance use treatment—an increase from 787 people in 2015.

787

134

969

NA

1,274

2015 2016 2017 2018 2019

0

2,000

1,500

1,000

500

NA = Not Available.

Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services, 2015–2017 and 2019.
31

Adult Mental Health AL

and Service Use

Serious Thoughts of Suicide

Changes in Past-Year Serious Thoughts of Suicide among Adults Aged 18 

or Older in Alabama, Region 4, and the United States (Annual Averages, 

2008–2010 and 2017–2019)1,5

4.7%

Among adults aged 18 or older in Alabama, the annual average percentage with serious 

thoughts of suicide in the past year did not significantly change between 2008–2010 

and 2017–2019. 

During 2017–2019, the annual average prevalence of past-year serious thoughts of 

suicide in Alabama was 4.7% (or 173,000), similar to both the regional average 

(4.2%) and the national average (4.5%).

4.0%

3.3% 3.8%

4.7%

4.2% 4.5%

2008–2010 2017–2019

AL R4 U.S. AL R4 U.S.

0%

20%

15%

10%

5%

Error bars indicate 95% confidence interval of the estimate.

AL = Alabama; R4 = Region 4 (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee); U.S. = United States.

Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2008–2010 and 2017–2019.
32

Adult Mental Health AL 

and Service Use

Serious Mental Illness

Changes in Past-Year Serious Mental Illness (SMI) among Adults Aged 18 

or Older in Alabama, Region 4, and the United States (Annual Averages, 

2008–2010 and 2017–2019)1,6

6.2%

Among adults aged 18 or older in Alabama, the annual average percentage with SMI in 

the past year did not significantly change between 2008–2010 and 2017–2019. 

During 2017–2019, the annual average prevalence of past-year SMI in Alabama was 

6.2% (or 231,000), similar to both the regional average (4.7%) and the national 

average (4.8%).

5.0%

3.5% 3.8%

6.2%

4.7% 4.8%

2008–2010 2017–2019

AL R4 U.S. AL R4 U.S.

0%

20%

15%

10%

5%

Error bars indicate 95% confidence interval of the estimate.

AL = Alabama; R4 = Region 4 (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee); U.S. = United States.

Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2008–2010 and 2017–2019.
33

Adult Mental Health AL

and Service Use

Mental Health Service Use among Adults 

with Any Mental Illness

Changes in Past-Year Mental Health Service Use among Adults Aged 18 or Older 

with Any Mental Illness (AMI) in Alabama, Region 4, and the United States 

(Annual Averages, 2008–2010 and 2017–2019)1,6,12

41.0%

Among adults aged 18 or older in Alabama, the annual average percentage with AMI 

who received mental health services in the past year did not significantly change

between 2008–2010 and 2017–2019. 

During 2017–2019, the annual average prevalence of past-year mental health service 

use among those with AMI in Alabama was 41.0% (or 329,000), similar to both the 

regional average (42.0%) and the national average (43.6%).

39.6% 42.6%

41.2%

41.0%

42.0% 43.6%

2008–2010 2017–2019

AL R4 U.S. AL R4 U.S.

0%

100%

75%

50%

25%

Error bars indicate 95% confidence interval of the estimate.

AL = Alabama; R4 = Region 4 (Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, Mississippi, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Tennessee); U.S. = United States.

Source: SAMHSA, Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality, National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 2008–2010 and 2017–2019.
34

AL

Figure Notes

1 Estimates are annual averages based on combined 2017–2019 NSDUH data or NSDUH data for other combined 

years as indicated. 

2 Respondents with unknown past-year major depressive episode (MDE) data were excluded. 

3 Respondents with unknown past-year MDE or unknown treatment data were excluded. 

4 Consistent with federal definitions and other federal data collections, the NSDUH definition for binge alcohol use 

since 2015 differs for males and females. Thus, this indicator is based only on the 2015–2019 NSDUH data. Binge 

drinking for males is defined as drinking five or more drinks on the same occasion on at least 1 day in the past 

30 days, which is unchanged from the threshold prior to 2015. Since 2015, binge alcohol use for females has been 

defined as drinking four or more drinks on the same occasion on at least 1 day in the past 30 days. 

5 Estimates were based only on responses to suicidality items in the NSDUH Mental Health module. Respondents 

with unknown suicidality information were excluded. 

6 For further information, see The NSDUH Report: Revised Estimates of Mental Illness from the National Survey on 

Drug Use and Health, which is available on the SAMHSA website at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/

files/NSDUH148/NSDUH148/sr148-mental-illness-estimates.pdf.

7 Significance testing was not conducted on these data. Conducting statistical significance tests is not necessary 

because these are counts of people enrolled at all treatment facilities (rather than estimates from a sample of 

treatment facilities).

8 Single-day counts reflect the number of individuals who were enrolled in substance use treatment on the last 

business day in March: March 31, 2015; March 31, 2016; March 31, 2017; and March 29, 2019. Single-day counts 

of the number of individuals enrolled in substance use treatment were not included in the 2018 National Survey of 

Substance Abuse Treatment Services (N–SSATS).

9 Enrollees whose substances were unknown were excluded. 

10 These counts reflect only individuals who were receiving these specific medication-assisted therapies (MATs) as 

part of their opioid treatment in specialty substance abuse treatment programs; they do not include counts of 

individuals who were receiving other types of treatment (such as those who received MAT from private physicians) 

for their opioid addiction on the reference dates. 
35

AL

Figure Notes

11 Physicians who obtain specialized training per the Drug Addiction Treatment Act of 2000 (DATA 2000) may 

prescribe buprenorphine to treat opioid addiction. Some physicians are in private, office-based practices; others 

are affiliated with substance abuse treatment facilities or programs and may prescribe buprenorphine to clients at 

those facilities. Additionally, opioid treatment programs (OTPs) may also prescribe and/or dispense buprenorphine. 

The buprenorphine single-day counts include only those clients who received/were prescribed buprenorphine by 

physicians affiliated with substance abuse treatment facilities; they do not include clients from private practice 

physicians.

12 Respondents were not to include treatment for drug or alcohol use. Respondents with unknown service use 

information were excluded. Estimates were based only on responses to items in the NSDUH Adult Mental Health 

Service Utilization module. 
36

AL

Definitions

Alcohol use disorder and illicit drug use disorder are defined using diagnostic criteria specified within the 

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition (DSM-IV), which include such symptoms as 

withdrawal, tolerance, use in dangerous situations, trouble with the law, and interference with major obligations at 

work, school, or home during the past year. For details, see American Psychiatric Association (1994). 

Any mental illness (AMI) is defined in NSDUH as adults aged 18 or older who currently or at any time in the past 

year have had a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder (excluding developmental and substance use 

disorders) of sufficient duration to meet DSM-IV criteria. AMI estimates are based on a predictive model applied to 

NSDUH data and are not direct measures of diagnostic status. Adults estimated as having a diagnosable mental, 

behavioral, or emotional disorder in the past year, regardless of their level of functional impairment, were defined as 

having AMI. 

Depression care is defined as seeing or talking to a medical doctor or other professional or using prescription 

medication for depression in the past year.

Major depressive episode (MDE) is defined as in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fifth 

Edition (DSM-5), which specifies a period of at least 2 weeks in the past year when an individual experienced a 

depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in daily activities and had a majority of specified depression symptoms. 

For details, see American Psychiatric Association (2013).

Marijuana use disorder is defined using diagnostic criteria specified within the DSM-IV (APA, 1994), which 

include such symptoms as tolerance, use in dangerous situations, trouble with the law, and interference with major 

obligations at work, school, or home during the past year.

Mental health service use is defined in the National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) for adults aged 18 or 

older as receiving treatment or counseling for any problem with emotions, nerves, or mental health in the 12 months 

before the interview in any inpatient or outpatient setting, or the use of prescription medication for treatment of any 

mental or emotional condition that was not caused by the use of alcohol or drugs. 

Number of individuals enrolled in substance use treatment refers to the number of clients in treatment at 

alcohol and drug abuse facilities (public and private) throughout the 50 states, the District of Columbia, and other 

U.S. jurisdictions.

Opioid use disorder is defined as heroin use disorder or prescription pain reliever use disorder using diagnostic 

criteria specified within the DSM-IV (APA, 1994), which include such symptoms as withdrawal, tolerance, use in 

dangerous situations, trouble with the law, and interference with major obligations at work, school, or home during 

the past year.
37

AL

Definitions

Prescription pain relievers include the following subcategories of pain relievers (examples of specific pain relievers 

shown in parentheses): hydrocodone products (e.g., Vicodin®, Lortab®, Norco®, Zohydro® ER, generic hydrocodone); 

oxycodone products (e.g., OxyContin®, Percocet®, Percodan®, Roxicodone®, generic oxycodone); tramadol products

(e.g., Ultram®, Ultram® ER, Ultracet®, generic tramadol, generic extended-release tramadol); codeine products

(e.g., Tylenol® with codeine 3 or 4, generic codeine pills); morphine products (e.g., Avinza®, Kadian®, MS Contin®, 

generic morphine, generic extended-release morphine); fentanyl products (e.g., Duragesic®, Fentora®, generic 

fentanyl); buprenorphine products (e.g., Suboxone®, generic buprenorphine, generic buprenorphine plus naloxone); 

oxymorphone products (e.g., Opana®, Opana® ER, generic oxymorphone, generic extended-release oxymorphone); 

Demerol®; hydromorphone products (e.g., Dilaudid® or generic hydromorphone, Exalgo® or generic extended-release 

hydromorphone); methadone; or any other prescription pain reliever. 

Prescription pain reliever misuse is defined as prescription pain reliever use in any way not directed by a doctor, 

including use without a prescription of one’s own; use in greater amounts, more often, or longer than told; or use in 

any other way not directed by a doctor.

Serious mental illness (SMI) is defined in NSDUH as adults aged 18 or older who currently or at any time in the 

past year have had a diagnosable mental, behavioral, or emotional disorder (excluding developmental and substance 

use disorders) of sufficient duration to meet diagnostic criteria specified in the DSM-IV and has resulted in serious 

functional impairment, which substantially interferes with or limits one or more major life activities. SMI estimates are 

based on a predictive model applied to NSDUH data and are not direct measures of diagnostic status. The estimation 

of SMI covers any mental disorders that result in serious impairment in functioning such as major depression and 

bipolar disorders. However, NSDUH data cannot be used to estimate the prevalence of specific mental disorders in 

adults. Also, it should be noted that SAMHSA has recently updated the definition of SMI for use in mental health block 

grants to include mental disorders as specified in the DSM-IV (APA, 1994).

Substance use disorder is defined as dependence on or abuse of alcohol, illicit drugs (e.g., marijuana, cocaine, 

hallucinogens, heroin, or inhalants), or psychotherapeutics (e.g., prescription pain relievers, sedatives, tranquilizers, 

or stimulants) in the past 12 months based on assessments of individual diagnostic criteria from the DSM-IV (APA, 

1994), which include such symptoms as withdrawal, tolerance, use in dangerous situations, trouble with the law, and 

interference with major obligations at work, school, or home during the past year.
38

AL 

References and Sources

American Psychiatric Association (APA). (1994). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-IV) 

(4th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

American Psychiatric Association (APA). (2013). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders (DSM-5) 

(5th ed.). Arlington, VA: Author. 

The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) is an annual survey sponsored by the Substance Abuse 

and Mental Health Services Administration (SAMHSA). NSDUH is the primary source of information on the use of 

illicit drugs, alcohol, and tobacco in the U.S. civilian, noninstitutionalized population aged 12 years or older and 

includes mental health issues and mental health service utilization for adolescents aged 12–17 and adults aged 18 or 

older. Conducted by the federal government since 1971, NSDUH collects data by administering questionnaires to a 

representative sample of the population through face-to-face interviews at their place of residence. The data used in 

this report are based on information obtained from approximately 67,500 individuals aged 12 years or older per year 

in the United States. Additional information about NSDUH is available at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/data-wecollect/nsduh-national-survey-drug-use-and-health. 

The National Survey of Substance Abuse Treatment Services (N–SSATS) is an annual census designed to collect 

information from all public and private treatment facilities in the United States that provide substance abuse 

treatment. The objectives of N–SSATS are to collect multipurpose data that can be used to assist SAMHSA and state 

and local governments in assessing the nature and extent of services provided and in forecasting treatment resource 

requirements, to update SAMHSA’s Inventory of Behavioral Health Services, to analyze general treatment services 

trends, and to generate the Behavioral Health Treatment Services Locator (https://findtreatment.samhsa.gov/). Data 

presented in this report reflect all publicly available data in N–SSATS reports at the time of the writing of this report 

and may present data previously unavailable in prior barometer reports. Additional information about N–SSATS is 

available at https://www.samhsa.gov/data/all-reports.
HHS Publication No. SMA–20–Baro–19–AL 

Published 2020

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services 

Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration 

Center for Behavioral Health Statistics and Quality 

SAMHSA’s mission is to reduce the impact of substance abuse and mental illness on America’s communities.

1–877–SAMHSA–7 (1–877–726–4727) • 1–800–486–4889 (TDD) • www.samhsa.gov