U -U'J)

DEPARTMENT OP THE INTEBIOK

BULLETIN

UNITED STATES

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

ISTo. 3

 -- .. e-'* « -^

,-> ,' \

ON THE FOSSIL FAUNAS OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN ALONG THE

MERIDIAN OF 76° 30' FROM TOMPKISS COUNTTN. Y. 

r\ p TO BRADFORD COUNTY PA.

5 

B9

no-5

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1884
ADVERTISEMENT.

The publications of the United States Geological Survey are issued in accordance with the statute, 

approved March 3,1879, which declares that 

"The publications of the Geological Survey shall consist of the annual report of operations, geological and economic maps illustrating the resources and classifications of the lands, and reports upon 

general and economic geology and paleontology. The annual report of operations of the Geological 

Survey shall accompany the annual report of the Secretary of the Interior. All special memoirs and 

reports of said Survey shall be issued in uniform quarto aeries if deemed necessary by the Director, 

but otherwise in ordinary octavos. Three thousand copies of each shall be published for scientific 

exchanges and for sale at the price of publication; and all literary and cartographic materials received 

in exchange shall be the property of the United States and form a part of the library of the organization. And the money resulting from the sale of such publications shall he covered into the Treasury 

of the United States."

ANNUAL REPORTS.

Prom the above it will be seen that only the Annual Reports, which form parts of the reports of the 

Secretary of the Interior and are printed as executive documents, are available for gratuitous distribution. A number of these are furnished the Survey for its exchange list, but the bulk of them are 

supplied directly, through the document rooms of Congress, to members of the Senate and House. 

Except, therefore, in those cases in which an extra number is supplied to this Office by special resolution, application must be made to members of Congressflfor the Annual Reports, as for all other executive documents.

Of these Annuals there have been already published:

I. First Annual Report to the Hon. Carl Schurz, by Clarence King. Washington, 1880. 8°. 79 pp. 

1 map. A preliminary report describing plan of organization and publications.

n. Report of the Director of the United States Geological Survey for 1880-'81, by J. W. Powell. 

Washington, 1882. 8°. lv, 588 pp. 61 pi. 1 map.

III. Third Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, 1881-'82, by J. W. Powell. 

Washington, 1883. 8°. xviii, 564 pp.. 67 pi. and maps.

IV. Fourth Annual Report of the United States Geological Survey, 1882-'83, by J. W. Powell. 

Washington, 1884. 8°. xii, 473 pp. 85 pi. and maps. -

MONOGRAPHS.

The Monographs of the Survey are printed for the Survey alone, and can be distributed by it only 

through a fair exchange for books needed in its library, or through the sale of those copies over and 

above the number needed for such exchange. They are not for gratuitous distribution.

So far as already determined upon, the list of these Monographs is as follows:

I. The Precious Metals, by Clarence King. In preparation.

II. Tertiary History of the Grand Canon District, with atlas, by Capt. C. E. Dutton. Published. 

HI. Geology of the Comstock Lode and Washoe District, with atlas, by George F. Becker. Published.

IV. Comstock Mining and Miners, by Eliot Lord. In press.

V. Copper-bearing Rocks of Lake Superior, by Prof. R. D. Irving. In press.

VI. Older Mesozoic Flora of Virginia, by Prof. William M. Fontaine. In press.

VII. Silver-lead Deposits of Eureka, Nevada, by Joseph Story Curtis. In press.

VIII. Paleontology of Eureka District, Nevada, by Charles Doolittle Walcott. In press.

Geologyhnd Mining Industry of Leadville, with atlas, by S. F. Emmons. In preparation.

Geology of the Eureka Mining District, Nevada, with atlas, by Arnold Hague. In preparation.

Coal in the United States, by Prof. R. Pumpelly. In preparation.

Iron of the United States, by Prof. R. Pumpelly, In preparation.

Lesser Metals and General Mining Resources, by Prof. R. Pumpelly. In preparation.

Lake Bonneville, by G. K. Gilbert. In preparation.

Dinocerata. A monograph on an extinct order of Ungulates, by Prof. 0. C. Marsh. In press.

Sauropoda, by Prof. O. C. Marsh. In preparation.

Stegosauria, by Prof. 0. C. Marsh. In preparation.

Of tliosr* Monographs, Nos. II and III are now published, viz:

BnlJ. 2sTo. 3.
ADVERTISEMENT.

II. Tertiary History of the Grand Canon District, with atlas, by C. E. Button, Capt. U. S. A. 1882.

 4°. 264 pp. 42 pi. and atlas of 26 double sheets folio. Price $10.12.

HI. Geology of the Comstock Lode and "Washoe District, with atlas, by George F. Becker. 1882. 4°. 

422 pp. 7 pL and atlas of 21 sheets folio. Price $11.

Nos. IV, V, VI, VII, and VIII are in press and will appear in quick succession. The others, to 

"which numbers are not assigned, are in preparation.

BULLETINS. ;

The Bulletins of the Survey will contain such papers relating to the general purpose of its work as

 flo not come properly under the heads of ANNUAL REPORTS or MONOGRAPHS.

Each of these Bulletins will contain but one paper, and be complete in itself. They will, however, 

be numbered in a continuous series, and will in time be united into volumes of convenient size. To 

facilitate this, each Bulletin will have two paginations, one proper to itself and another which belongs 

to it as part of the volume.

Of this series of Bulletins, Nos. 1, 2, and 3 are already published, viz:

1. On Hyperatbene-Andesite and on Triclinic Pyroxene in Augitic Rocks, by Whitman Cross, with 

a Geological Sketch of Buffalo Peaks, Colorado, by S. F. Emmons. 1883. 8°. 40 pp. 2 pi. Price 10 

cents.

2. Gold and Silver Conversion Tables, giving the coining value of Troy ounces of fine metal, &c., by 

Albert "Williams, jr. 1883. 8°. ii, 8 pp. Price 5 cents.

3. On the Fossil Faunas of the Upper Devonian along the meridian of 76° 30', from Tompkins Co., If. 

T., to Bradford Co., Pa., by Henry S. Williams. 1884. 8°. 36 pp. Price 5 cents.

STATISTICAL PAPERS.

A fourth series of publications having special reference to the mineral resources of the United 

States is contemplated; of that series the first has been published, viz: Mineral Resources of the 

United States, by Albert Williams, jr. 1883. 8°. xvii, 813 pp. Price 50 cents.

Correspondence relating to the publications of the Survey, and all remittances, which must be by 

postal note or money order, should be addressed to the

DlBECTOB OF THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SUKVEY,

Washington, D. C. 

WASHINGTON, D. C., May 1, 1884.
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOE

BULLETIN

OF THE

UNITED STATES

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

No. 3

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

. 1S84
UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SUIiVEY 

J. W. POWELL DIRECTOR

THE FOSSIL FAUNAS

OF THE

UPPER DEVONIAN

ALONG THE MERIDIAN OF 76° 30' FROM TOMPKINS COUNTY, N, Y,, 

TO BRADFORD COUNTY, PA,

BY

HENRY S.

WASHINGTON 

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1884
o 

o

C O

c

* 

(p
ON THE FOSSIL FAUNAS OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN,

By HENRY S. WILLIAMS.

The precise order with which geological faunas have made their appearance and succeeded one another is little enough understood for any 

long period of time, but for no period of geological history is there greater 

perplexity in regard to this order, in proportion to the knowledge we 

have of the species themselves, than for that filling the interval between 

the Upper Silurian and the Coal Measures of the Carboniferous.

This perplexity exists, not only for the American series, but in Great 

Britain in Europe wherever large areas have been geologically surveyed there are problems in regard to the relations of these faunas still 

unsolved.

In America the sections of the Devonian and the Sub-Carboniferous 

deposits are alike in no two States. In one section the changes in 

stratigraphical conditions are accompanied by well-marked faunas; in 

another, the species making up the faunas appear under different combinations, and species characteristic of distinct zones in one series will 

be found mingled in a common fauna of another.

That there is some explanation of these differences, some clew to this 

apparent confusion, is certainly to be presumed.

As the questions involved concern the laws of range and distribution 

of organisms, and thus are based upon the effects of changed or changing conditions of environment upon the organisms, we naturally look 

to the zoology of living forms for suggestions.

We tind that in the present ocean the depth of water, the temperature, and the degree of saltness and the freedom from suspended impurities have all a marked influence upon the normal fauna of every 

part of the ocean.

Further, we find that on the two sides of the ocean on opposite coasts 

of a continent and even along a continuous coast-line, in two regions 

separated by a few degrees latitude, the faunas are characteristically 

different, and when these geographical areas are far separated, although 

under similar conditions otherwise, the faunas may contain scarcely a 

single species in common.

The revelations made by deep-sea dredging are also very suggestive. 

They have shown us that with all these differences in upper faunas, 

in the depths of the ocean species may range from one quarter of the

(55)
6 FOSSIL FAUNAS OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN. [BULL. 3.

globe to the opposite quarter with scarcely a varietal modification, and 

when the physical conditions have been continuous, geological ages are 

not too long for the perpetuation of species without important modification.

Again, the wonderful effects upon the distribution of faunas produced 

by ocean currents is brought forcibly to our attention by the reports of 

our Fish Commission. Their investigations reveal the existence of an 

abundant fauna within a hundred miles of the New England coast, entirely distinct from the fauna prevailing all along that part of the coast 

out to deep wa,ter; and further, as Professor Verrill informs me, this 

unique fauna, which, at the time of its first discovery was composed of 

a large number of species and a great abundance of individuals, has 

now apparently left the region altogether.

From this we learn that in a very small geographical area we might 

find the remains of two entirely distinct faunas, preserved in two strata 

of a continuous formation, lying the one immediately upon the other, 

conformably, yet geologically entirely contemporaneous.

In the light of such facts the study of fossil faunas becomes an extremely complex problem.

The aggregation of species into faunas, the blending of one fauna 

with another, the rarity or abundance of particular species, variation 

in form or size or modification of specific characters, the extinction of 

old and the initiation of new forms all these become the most delicate 

tests of change in the physical conditions, the record of which constitute 

the geological history of the earth.

For the correct solution of this problem the laws of geographical 

distribution form as important an element as geological sequence. The 

attempt to apply such principles to the study of the Devonian and 

Sub-Carboniferous deposits is no simple task, but the very fact that 

their faunas offer so great variation and difference in their combinations makes this series particularly attractive for the purpose.

In the eastern half of America are a dozen or so States in which 

more or less complete sections of the deposits, from the Niagara group 

to the Coal Measures, may be studied.

While our State surveys have been accurate and thorough for economical purposes, those engaged in the work have generally been satisfied with noting and describing the fossil species found in each 

geological formation, rarely are the complete faunas of any locality or 

stratum given in detail.

From our present literature it is difficult to ascertain anything beyond the general facts of the geographical distribution of fossil species ; and the study of geological range is complicated by the uncertainties as ta the precise equivalency of the deposits containing the 

fossils.

This study involves, therefore, not only an arduous review of the 

geological surveys of the several regions of the country, but requires

(56)
WILLIAMS.] THE NATURE OF THE PROBLEM. 7

also a special preparation of long sections covering the whole series of 

deposits under consideration, and at such geographical intervals as 

will allow of the certain determination of stratigraphical equivalency between them.

In making such sections, it is important to note the exact order of 

the faunas and the abundance, rarity, difference in relative size, and 

any modification of form of the species contained in the fauna, together with the particular lithological character of the rock.

It was with such ideas in mind that I examined in the summer of 

1882 a meridional section extending from Cayuga Lake southward to 

the first appearance of coal at the Barclay mine, in Southern Bradford County, Pennsylvania. This section, added to the well-known section exposed along the shores of Cayuga Lake, gives us a continuous 

series from the base of the Devonian to the coal lying above the first 

conglomerate of this meridian. I gave particular attention to the 

faunas marking the passage from the second Devonian Black Shale 

{the Genesee shale) through the " Portage," " Ithaca," and Chemung 

groups.

The precise thickness of the whole series must remain a matter of 

calculation. The numerous local sections were measured and may be 

put together, but the element of dip is not uniform, and can be reached 

only approximately.

The details of the stratigraphical characters constantly change, so 

that the sections of two ravines, within a few miles of each other, are 

quite different. Still, the general character of the rock masses and the 

prominent composition of the faunas are easily followed from one exposure^to the next throughout the whole area examined.

They/equence of the faunas, which was particularly sought, was satisfactorily determined. I do not believe that the complete fauna of any 

particular zone has been given; but in the lists which follow, all the 

characteristic species are undoubtedly included, and all the species 

thus far discovered in condition admitting of identification are also recorded.

It must be remembered that a great majority of the fossils of these 

Upper Devonian shales are in the condition of impressions, often very 

perfect, but many of them fragmentary. The section here examined 

lies between the third and fourth districts of the original State survey 

(see Vanuxem's Geol. of K Y., 3d Dist., 1842, p. 170), and both Professor Hall, who reported on the fourth district, and Mr. Yanuxem, who 

reported on the third, regarded it as a typical section, though in no report are we able to find a satisfactory description of it.

The present condition of the rocks presents a series of gentle undulations, with a general slight dip to the south (see Proc. Am. Ass. Adv. 

Sc.,Vol. XXXI., Pt. 2, p. 412) j a continuation northward of the condition 

of things described in Report G, Second Geol. Surv. of Penn., p. 9, &c.

' (57)
8 FOSSIL FAUNAS OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN. [BULL. 3.

The average dip as estimated for this section is something over 25 

feet per mile.

North of Ithaca, at Burdick's Glen, 4 miles from the southeast corner 

of Cayuga Lake, the Genesee shale appears capped by the sandstones 

and shales of the Portage group. At that point the top of the Genesee 

shale is about 60 feet above the lake level, or (376+60) approximately 

440 feet above the sea level.

The fauna of this Black Shale contains, as was suggested by Professor 

Hall in his early study of these formations, several species of the fauna 

appearing in the Marcellus Black Shales which overlie the Corniferous 

limestone.

A comparative study of these and other faunas led me to infer that 

the Genesee fauna was merely a recurrence of the Marcellus fauna, a 

few species dropping out and a few being added, and that the same 

fauna did not become extinct with the incursion of sands and shales of 

the Portage group, but with some modifications continued to appear 

under favorable conditions after the Portage faunas were initiated. (See 

Eecurrence of Faunas, Proc. Am. Ass. Adv. Sc., Vol. XXX, p. 186.) 

Evidence is also found of the-recurrence of a partial Hamilton fauna 

just before the incursion of the fauna of the "Ithaca group" of Vanuxem.

These facts made it plain that over any particular area the faunas 

shifted back and forth with the advance of geological time. Hence I 

was led to the simple conception of a fauna as continuing on intact so 

long as the favorable conditions for its life continued, as shifting its 

habitat with the elevation or depression of the land with the advance or 

retrocession of the coast line. In such shifting and change of condition, 

one species after another may drop out and become extinct; others may 

suffer varietal modification, and, what is still more important, the sudden appearance of new forms may take place in the midst of the normal 

fauna forms new to the locality only, or entirely new, so far as our knowledge of the fossils can tell us. Merely from the initiation of the new 

forms in the fauna we can gain no clew of its origin, but the study of its 

relations to allied forms of other faunas may enable us to decide whether 

it is a modification of some older form, or the forerunner of a new type, 

marking a later geological stage.

Thus our attention is called to the study of the typical forms of organisms with their variations to associate their variable elements with 

locality or geological horizon, and thus to accumulate the elements for 

an historical account of organisms.

As we enter this field of investigation we soon find that specific 

names in palaeontology have often been given under the influence of the 

belief in the old canon that each geological formation had its distinct 

set of organisms. Hence, when the boundary between two such divisions of the rocks is once established, the tendency has been strong to 

give separate specific names to representatives of the two formations,

(58)
WIIXUMB.J THE BLACK-SHALE FAUNA. &

and to define as specific the differences, which often prove to be little 

more than individual variations. It is therefore necessary to guard 

against deception caused by specific names.

In tracing the species of a single section backwards or forwards, we 

find at each stage a particular facies to the fauna, which suggests its 

nearest relation, and for this purpose varietal characters are especially 

valuable. For instance, in the Ithaca group the Spirifera mesocostalis, of 

the type "prolata" of Vanuxem or _D, acuminata of Hall, is characteristic of the lower stage, while the higher, and particularly the Western 

New York variety, is Hall's typical Sp. mesocostalis. In the higher bed& 

the two occur together, but the latter prevail ; in the lower beds we 

never see the later variety. The varietal modification of the species. 

then becomes a mark of the horizon. Many such cases might be mentioned, and the mere record of the species is not sufficient the specimens should be examined in every case.

We have in the present section several clearly defined faunas of 

which I propose to give some account in this paper.

At the base of the Upper Devonian is the second appearance of the 

Devonian Black Shale. The limestone which underlies it is the Tully 

limestone. West of the Cincinnati axis there appears to be only a single 

mass of this Black Shale, and even in Ohio the separation of the Black 

Shales is not entire except in the eastern part, and there no limestone 

bed intervenes.

That these Black Shales were in some way associated with an elevation of the sea-bottom seems conclusive, from the relation they bear tolimestone deposits below, and from the nature of the fauna and flora. 

contained. Thus the Utica slates follow the Trenton limestone, theMarcellus the Corniferous limestone, the Genesee the Tully limestone,. 

or where the Tully was wanting, the Hamilton itself is more or less calcareous.

The shales are mostly barren of marine fossils, and only rarely aredistinct pieces of plant stems seen.

Lepidodendra and Rhodea are occasionally found.

The fauna is usually found near the top, and all the species are delicate and mostly minute or small.

The species detected in this locality are as follows :

FAUNA OF No. 34 I)., GENESEE SHALE.

Discina lodensis.

truncata. 

Lingula spatulata.

concentrica. 

Styliola fissurella. 

Tentaculites gracilistriatiis. 

Orthoceras subulatum. 

Leiorhynclms quadricostatus. 

(59)
10 FOSSIL FAUNAS OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN. IBULL. 3.

Lunulacardium fragile. 

Cardiola speciosa. Amboccelia umbonata. 

Chonetes lepida. 

Goniatites (a fragment). 

Rhodea pinnata (stems). 

Phthonia lirata.

The more abundant species are: 

Discina lodensis. 

Styliola fissurella. 

Chonetes lepida.

The variety of D. lodensis, called by Hall D. truncata, is quite common. Comparison of numerous specimens leads me to believe that this 

is but a varietal modification of D. lodensis.

The rest of the species are rare.

Immediately above the Genesee shale are two thick sandstone layers 

separated by a few inches of shale, the whole about 4 feet thick.

In these sands and shales there are great numbers of pyrite nodules 

from the size of a pea, or smaller, to an inch and over in length. No 

fossils were observed in these first beds.

Following the sandstone are the sandy shales, characteristic of the 

Portage group.

Above the sandstone there occur some masses Of black fissile shale 

resembling the Genesee shale, but neither so dark nor so soft. The silica predominates and the fauna is sparse, and, so far as observed, never 

bears the Discina or Lingula of the beds below.

Some lighter-colored, greenish, soft shales appear above, and in them

 occurs the first distinct Portage fauna.

The first species seen are Cardiidse the large forms, originally de- 

.scribedas Pinnopsis ornatum and P. acutirostra and on passing upward 

we soon meet Cardiola speciosa, Goniatites, Hyolithes, and Goleolus, and 

after passing fifty or a hundred feet of blue-gray, sandy shales, with 

.some light olive argillaceous shale, and an occasional dark streak, the 

Nuculas and Lunulacardium fragile appear.

The passage is gradual from the lower to the upper of these subfaurias, and there is no distinct stratigraphical division of the series until 

we pass the brachiopod fauna, which is unique in holding Spirifera Icems 

in abundance. This fauna occurs about 200 feet above the base of 

the Portage formation in this meridian. About 50 feet below it, or say 

150 feet above the Geuesee shale, is a sparse but very interesting 

fauna, characterized by the abundance of a large Cladochonus (McCoy), 

.a genus closely allied to Aulopora, of an undescribed species, which I 

have figured and described in MSS.

This is the first fauna which is distinct from the general Portage fauna

 with which it is interstratified. The fauna is that of Station No. 48 of my

(60)
WILLIAMS.] THE CLADOCHONUS FAUNA. 11

records, and occurs in a dark, blue-gray shale, weathering brown, less 

arenaceous than the ordinary Portage shales, and outcropping along 

the side of Cayuga Lake Eailroad, a little north of McKinney's Station.

FAUNA OF No. 48.

Cladochonus (McCoy), sp. x/ - ^ ^

Spirifera subumbona, Hall.

Chonetes lepida.

Leiorhynchus mesocostalis.

Grammysia subarcuata.

Cardiola speciosa.

Goniatites complanatus ?

°!Leda curta.

Palceoneilo filosa*!

Nucula Randalli (or "? new).

Nuculites oblongatus.

Strophodonta mucronata. 

Goleolus acioulum.

Orthoceras = a small form (= ? 0. bebryx).

Arm of a small crinoid.

Stem of Rhodea.

A small Lamellibranch (= ? Macrodon). J

» . y/ / 3 6/ 

This fauna (of Station Iso. 48), coming as it does entirely below the

Spirifera Icevis fauna, is remarkable as holding several species which 

are generally regarded as characteristic Chemung species.

The Strophodonta mucronata is particularly to be noted, but the entire 

fades of the fauna reminds us of the Ithaca group rather than anything 

below. The Spirifera subumbona, Hall, is well preserved, and exhibits 

the convex dorsal valve and the surface-markings of that species. 

That this is identical with the forms occurring in the higher Chemung 

faunas and called Ambocoslia umbonata var. gregaria of Hall, I have no 

doubt. It is also possible that the British and European Spirifera urii, 

Fleming, is specifically identical. This form is a characteristic of the 

Upper Devonian faunas, where it is generally associated with our representatives of " Spirifera disjuncta and Orthis interlineataf the species 

mentioned by Murchison as its common associates in the Barnstaple, 

Marwood, and Pilton series of North Devon. Its surface-markings, 

which are quite like those of Spirifera Icevis (occurring just above it 

and but once elsewhere in the series for this meridian) lead us to associate it with the early representatives of the Carboniferous faunas.

Cladochonus is also, so far as recorded, a Carboniferous form. (See 

Murchison's Siluria, 2d ed., p. 299 ; Davidson's Brachiopoda, Pt. VI, 

p. 41; Hall, Geol. K Y., 4th Di^t, pp. 234,261.)

The species collected from statioi?48, are all small and delicate, and 

some of them are mere fragments.

(01)
12 FOSSIL FAUNAS OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN. [BULL. 3.

The Cladochonus and the Spirifers are the most abundant, and show 

the result of favorable conditions for growth.

The species, both below and above this stratum, are rare and generally fragile, and consist of pelagic forms, such as Pteropods and Cephalopods with a characteristic fauna of Lamellibranchiates, but scarcely a 

trace of BracMopods. t / o r A' 

. 1-^he next distinct fauna Aye recognize is that of Stations No. 1 and No* 

I; two points on opposite sides of the valley in which Ithaca is situated.

Station No. 1 is at the foot of Fall Creek on the east side, and No. 4 

is at the southwest corner of Cayuga Lake. A few other exposures of 

the same horizon have been examined, but these two are characteristic.

The prominent species of this fauna are 

Spirifera Icevis, Hall, and Palceoneilo filosa, Con.

Lunulacardiumfragile is generally present but not abundant, and Taxocrinus Ithacensis is represented quite abundantly by fragments of the 

stem and by an occasional perfect head.

The other species named are representative of the fauna but are less 

frequently obtained.

In this list, as in others which follow, some species are recorded from 

fragmentary specimens from which only the generic characters can be 

determined with satisfaction.

FAUNA OF STATION No. I, B AND D.*

Spirifera lewis. *LSJS & ft £ A,

Palceoneilo filoaa.

Lumilacardium fragile.

Chonetes lepida.

Taxocrinus Ithacensis.

Goniatites complanatus var. perlatus.

sinuoftus.

discoideus.

Porcellia Nais. 

Orthoceras pecator. 

anguis.

Coleoprion sp. 

Cardiola speciosa. 

Styliola fissurella. 

Hyolithes aclis. 

Amculopecten sp. 

Cyrtina Hamiltonensis. 

Grammysia subarcuata. 

Modiomorpha subalata. 

? Aulopora or Cladochonus, fragments. 

Palceoneilo constricta.

* The species recorded in these lists are arranged in the order of their relative 

abundance at each station, the more common being placed first.

(62)
WILLIAMS.] THE SPIRIFERA L^VIS FAUNA. 13

Cardiola transversaf 

Leda perstriata. 

Pleurotomaria sp. 

Discina sp. 

Leiorhynchus mesocostalis. 

Crania sp. 

"Lycopodites" Vanuxemi. 

Leperditia. 

Rhodea stems. 

Fish bones, fragments. 

Stictopora Meelci.

Some other species are recorded from the " Portage " at Ithaca, and 

may belong to this fauna, but the list here given includes only species 

known to belong to this particular horizon.

As far as known this fauna does not occur west of Seneca Lake, and, 

taken as a whole, it is characteristic of the eastern extension of the 

Portage group. I would call particular attention to the absence of 

Prcecarditim (Cardium1^.) vetusta and Cardiomorpha ( u Ungulina") sulorbicularis. I have not observed either of these species in any part of the 

present meridional section, although they are frequently met with in 

the Portage formation a little farther west.

Three of the species will be remembered as common in the higher 

Chernung faunas ( Gyrtina Hamiltonensis, Grammysia subarcuata, and 

Modiomorpha subalata), but they occur also below in the Hamilton group, 

or are represented by a closely allied form, as Grammysia arcuata.

Spirifera lewis is a specially interesting form. It appears to be quite 

limited both in range and distribution. A closely allied form, Sp. maia, 

occurs in the lower Devonian of Ohio and Ontario, and a similar form 

appears in the Devonian of the far West. It is closely allied, if not 

identical, with Spirifera glabra of the British Carboniferous, and appears to link that species M'ith the Devonian Sp. curvata. (See Davidson, Supl. Brit. Dev. Brachiopoda, p. 32.)

Tracing the faunas upward, after passing the Spirifera Icevis stage, the 

shales gradually loose their coarse bedded character, the laminse become finer and more fissile, and about 30 feet higher up the rocks 

assume a decided fissile character are composed of a dark, nearly 

black, shale, weathering reddish-brown from iron stain, and occasionally 

carry lenticular beds of very tough, siliceous sandstone. These sandstone masses I have described elsewhere as channel-fillings. (See Am. 

Joiir. Sc., Vol. XXI, p. 318.)

The dark, fissile, argillaceous shales are generally about 20 feet 

thick; no fossils appear at their base, but toward the top are often 

found great numbers of Lingulas and a few other delicate species.

The famous Lycopodites beds of Professor Hall lie in these shales, 

where great numbers of L. Vanuxemi in very perfect condition occur, 

with stems of Rhodea and other plants, and large fish-bones.

(63)
14 FOSSIL FAUNAS OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN. TBULL. 3.

Numerous exposures of this stage are seen in the ravines about 

Ithaca. My Station No. 6 gives a good exhibition of the fauna. In 

the following list the species named are from Station No. 6 and equivalent strata within a radius of a mile or so about it:

FAUNA OF STATION No. 6. // tf £, #.

Lingula complanata.

Ptilophyton (Lycopodites) Vanuxemi.

Leiorhynchus mesocostalis and vars.

Lunulacardium fragile.

Cardiola speciosa (rare).

Lingula punctata.

spatulata var.

ligea.

Poteriocrinus, stems. 

Productellttj a minute species. 

Styliola fissurella. 

Rhodea stems. 

? Spirorbis.

Rhachiopteris punctata. 

? Psilophyton. 

Productella truncata. 

Palceoneilo filosa. 

brevis.

Leptodesma sp. 

Goniatites complanatus. 

Microdon gregaria. 

Orthoceras pecator. 

Loxonema sp. 

Rhynchonella eximia (young). 

Pleurotomaria capillaria. 

Phthonia lirata.

In this fauna Lingula complanata and Lunulacardium fragile are the 

characteristic species, and are generally abundant.

The Ptilophyton Dawson=.Lycopodites is abundant in some localities, 

and the Leiorhynchus is also very abundant in some layers, but does not 

appear in all the exposures. The other species are rare; some of them 

are known only by fragments.

The Leiorhynchus is very variable, and is a thin, fragile shell in these 

shales, and often distorted.

Specimens occur which present more or less fully the distinctive 

characters of L. limitaris, of L. quadricostata, or of L. mesocostalis.

A comparative study of the specimens from various stages of the 

Devonian has led me to regard all the species of Leiorhynchns, of the 

New York Devonian at least, as varieties of a common form, whose plasticity has not permanently ceased at any of the horizons in which it

(64)
WILLIAMS.] ITHACA SHALE, AND RECURRENT HAMILTON FAUNAS. 15

occurs. The different varieties appear to be closely related to the natureof the rock containing them; but, while the majority of individuals in 

any particular stratum are of one variety, in most every case some individuals present the characteristics of the other varieties.

Lingula complanata is of the type of the Ohio species, L. membranacea 

and L. manni; and the Brazilian species, L. stauntoniana, Rathbone, 

1874, is indistinguishable from some specimens of L. complanata, and 

also occurs in a dark fissile shale.

This form is entirely distinct from the L, ligea and L. ligea var. of 

Hall, in so far as description and illustration go, but it appears to have 

been included among the typical specimens now in the American Museum.

A couple of specimens, agreeing entirely with the figures and descriptions of thei. ligea H,in the New York reports, have been found in these 

beds associated with the others; Jtmt the thin, almost perfectly flat character of L. complanata is characteristic of it, as seen in many hundred 

specimens. The theory that the latter is but a crushed L. ligea is contradicted by the observation that the flattening of an oval convex formr 

like L. ligea would increase the width near the center where the shell 

is most convex, while near the front the width would be little changed, 

so the sides would be even.more carved, instead of being nearly straight 

as in the form called L. complanata.

As we pass above this soft shale, which is generally terminated by a 

6 to 8 inch stratum of sandstone, the fauna changes.

A layer of concretions, like cobble-stones, occurs a few feet above the 

sandstone; this is followed by a thin stratum of arenaceous shale, with 

an abundance of Lingula punctata. o

A few feet higher occurs my fauna No. 14 N a remarkable recurrent 

Hamilton fauna, traces of which have been seen in several localities.

The species identified are as follows:

FAUNA OF STATION No. 14 N

Spirifera fimbriata.

angusta.

Pleurotomaria capillaria. 

Amboccelia umbonata. 

Loxonema delphicola. 

Leiorliynclius mesocostalis. 

Rliynehonella contracta. 

Orthoceras sp. 

Avicula subdecussata. 

Microdon temiistriata 9* 

Modiomor[jha complanata. 

Palceoneilo sp. 

Lingula punctata. 

L. sp.

(65)
16 FOSSIL FAUNAS OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN. [BULL. 3.

The shales above Station No. 14 N become coarse and blocky, and so 

continue for hundreds of feet, interrupted by occasional thin beds of 

soft argillaceous shale and layers of hard sand.

. The fauna characteristic of the " Ithaca group," of the early New 

York reports, begins to appear at this point, with Leiorrhynchus the 

first genus to be abundantly represented.

The form L. mesocostalis is more common in the soft shales, but in the 

more arenaceous beds the convex forms L. globuliformis and L. Kelloggi 

appear; but here, as in lower stages, the presence or absence of lateral 

plications, the number of folds on the sinus, or its prominence, and the 

general form of the shell are characters which vary in almost every 

handful of specimens, and lead us to believe that the representatives 

of the genus Leiorhynchus, found in the Devonian of New York at least, 

offer no better claim to specific distinction than do the various forms 

of Atrypa reticularis, although the variations of form and the relative 

prevalence of certain variations are valuable and, we believe, sensitive 

indicators of changed conditions of the environment.

There is a general rule which prevails among the forms called Leiorhynchus. In the early stages of the Devonian the Marcellus shale or 

below the majority of specimens are plicated over the sinus and way 

to the lateral margin of the shell, giving us typical L. limitaris, but even, 

in the Marcellus, individuals, especially as they increase in size, drop 

the lateral plications. The prevailing type for the Hamilton is that 

called L. multicosta, in which the lateral plications are generally faint 

and fewer, while the central plications are strong and more raised than 

in the lower forms. In the Genesee, L. quadricostata is the common 

form, with t^- lateral folds nearly obliterated.

In the early Ohemung, L. mesocostalis, globuliformis, and forms like L. 

Kelloggi prevail, while the small L. sinuatus is more common toward the 

top, all of them, typically, having smooth lateral slopes and a few plications along the center, forming a more or less distinct fold and sinus.

But we notice that a few specimens may be found in Cheinung shales, 

plicated quite to the margin, as in the early type. Thus in interpreting 

the fauna of 14 N., the presence of the Cheinung type of Leiorhynchus, 

although in the midst of a nearly pure Hamilton fauna, shows that, in 

time, we have passed the Hamilton stage, though Hamilton species are 

not yet extinct, and that we have a recurrent fauna, and not the normal 

Hamilton fauna. Thus the fossils independently confirm the facts which 

the stratigraphy testifies.

Passing this transition stage in which an occasional fossil appears 

a Palceoneilo, a Leiorhynchus, or some other species of wide range the 

fauna of the Ithaca group gradually makes its appearance. Between 

150 and 200 feet above the Lingula complanata stage the Ithaca fauna 

appears in full force, and 50 feet higher has exhibited the full complement of its species.

The first species, which is thoroughly characteristic of the fauna, is

(66)
WILLIAMS.] THE BASE OF THE ITHACA GROUP. 17

Spirifera mesocostalis of the eastern variety. This is the form figured 

in Pal. K Y., Vol. IY, Plate 40, Figs. 1, 2, and 3. At the first appearance of this species, it is associated with Leiorliynchus mesocostalis, Palceoneilo filosa, and Ghonetes of the C. scitula type, and traces of Microdon 

and of Modiomorpha.

This fauna may be seen at the base of the old inclined plane, my Station No. 27 A and B. ^ t/o~? 

A little higher Rhynchonella eximia appears, then Orthis impressaa>u($ 

Stropliodonta mucronata, and these half dozen species, earliest to appear 

in the region, are characteristic and among the most abundant species 

of the fauna of this Ithaca group, viz, Spirifera mesocostalis (1st var.)r 

Palceoneilo filosa, Orthis impressa, Strophodonta mucronata^ Leiorhynchus 

mesocostalis, and Rhynchonella eximia.

Leiorliynclius is peculiar in being very abundant where it appears^ 

but when it is abundant there are generally very few other species in*

the same stratum.

Having passed this first stage of the introduction of the fauna, we 

reach a sandstone bed, calcareous in some localities, forming a firestone bed, which is a consolidated mass of broken fossils.

The characteristic species of this layer are Spirifera mesostrialis and 

Cryptonella eudora.

In several places about Ithaca this stratum is worked for quarry 

stone. The old McCormick quarry of the early reports, the present 

University quarry, and several others, are at this horizon.

The University quarry, Station''No. 5, is characteristic.

FAUNA OF STATIONS No. 5, ETC.

Spirifera mesostrialis. 

Cryptonella eudora. 

Spirifera mesocostalis 1st var. 

Oomphoceras tumidum. 

Cyrtina Hamiltonensis. 

Orthoceras bebryx var. Cayuga. 

Poteriocrinus Cornellianus. 

Pleurotomaria capillaria. 

Productella speciosa. 

Euomplialus Hecale 9 

Grammysia elliptica. 

Rhynchonella eximia. 

Atrypa reticularis. 

Ptilophyton (Lycopodites] Vanuxemi. 

Khodea (stems). 

Fragments of wood. 

Stictopora MeeJci. 

Microdon bellistriata.

gregaria. 

Bull. 3 2 (67)
18 FOSSIL FAUNAS OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN. [BULL. 3.

Platyceras carinatum. 

Modiomorplia concentrica *? 

Belleroplion sp.

Stropliodonta perplana var. nervosa. 

Rliynchonella Stepliani. 

Zaphrentis simplex "? 

Stromatopora sp.

To this fauna probably belongs Streptorliynclms, a single specimen of 

 which I have seen from u Ithaca," but do not know the precise locality.

Below this zone, perhaps 50 feet, is found in a single locality, Station No. 37, a small but very abundant fauna of Crinoids, Bryozoa, and

Rhynchonella.

FAUNA OF STATION No. 37. /I K- 5 S S (( 0 f Q,

Bliynclionella eximia.

Poteriocrinus gregarius.

Stictopora Meelci.

Spirifera mesocostalis.

Cyrtina Hamiltonensis.

Productella, a small species.

Aviculopecten cancellatus.

Plates of a large Arthroacantha.

Two or three Bryozoa, undetermined.

A small Lycopodites.

The first three species constitute the mass of the fauna ; the others 

are rare.

The lithological characters are interesting. In the midst of sandy

shales containing the Brachiopods is included a stratum of but an inch

or so in thickness of fine, soft, mud shale, almost black, and containing

the Crinoids and the small Lycopodites.

The Crinoids are minute, but occur in great numbers and exhibit considerable variation. (See Proc. Acad. Nat. So. Phil. 1882, p. 22.) 

Passing above Station No. 5 the typical Ithaca group fauna prevails

for some hundred feet or more, then gradually lessens in the number of

its species and individuals, and the last species to appear is the Spiri~

fera mesocostalis and OrtMs impressa.

The fauna is found in several of the ravines about Ithaca ; the best

exposures are in Fall Creek and the upper part of Cascadilla Creek, and

along the cutting on South Hill called the " inclined plane" in the old

State reports.

FAUNA OF STATIONS No. (lO^T^CJ.^^ //07/4

The " Ithaca fauna" proper: (^ _ _ ^s o s tt 

Spirifera mesocostalis 1st var. 

Stropliodonta mucronata.

perplana var. nervosa. 

Cyrtina Hamiltonensis.

(68)
WILLIAMS.] FAUNA OF THE ITHACA GROUP. 19

Productella speciosa.

Atrypa reticularis.

Microdon bellistriatus.

Leiorhynchus mesocostalis.

Orthis impressa.

Chonetes setigera.

Chonetes scitula.

Crania sp.

Productella speciosa, small var.

Lingula spatulata var.

Lunulacardium fragile.

Cytlierodon quadrangularis.

PalcBoneilo filosa.

Leda n. s.

Pterinopecten suborbicularis.

sp.

Leptodesma (several species).

Actinopteria Boydii.

Modiomorpha complanata'.

Grammysia subarciiata.

Nucula sp. -

Aulopora sp.

Orthoceras Bebryx. 

fulgidum.

Bellerophon leda.

Pleurotomaria capillaria.

Tentaculites spiculus.

Stictopora Meeki.

Callopora, Hall, sp.

Platyceras sp.

Discina neglecta"!

(roniatites uniangularis^.

Ortlioceras pecator.

Arthroacantha Ithacensis.

Productus dissimilis (abundant in a single locality).

Rhynclionella pugnus var. (frequent in localities).

? Strophodonta demissa.

This Ithaca fauna contains a few other species, but I have given the 

main list in approximately the order of their abundance. The species 

in the early part of the list are frequently seen, and some of them are 

abundant in localities; those recorded lower down in the list are rare, 

or seen, it may be, abundantly in single strata or localities'. A few, not 

given in the list, are not certainly of this horizon, and are on this account omitted.

It will be noticed that a few of the species of the general Portage 

fauna are here included, as Palwoneilo filosa, Lunulacardium fragile, and

(69)
20 FOSSIL FAUNAS OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN. [BOLL. 3.

n few G-oniatites and Orthoceratites, which occur here in imperfect condition, but Cardiola speciosa, a characteristic Portage form, has not 

been detected in the midst of the Ithaca fauna. .. ,<g

However, a little farther south, at Station No. 68, Newfield, as the 

Ithaca fauna ceases, the typical Portage fauna reappears.

One hundred to one hundred and fifty feet above the termination of 

the Ithaca fauna, in dark, fine, argillaceous shales, appear the following

species:

Cardiola speciosa.

Lumdacardium fragile.

Lingula complanata.

Belleroplion mara.

A small PalcBoneilo.

Eliodea, stems.

Strophodonta mucronata. , ^

This is the fauna of No. 68 A and B. ~~~~~

This I take to be the mark of the final withdrawal of the Ithaca 

fauna from this geographical area, and the return of the general Portage fauna.

What is also remarkable of this fauna in this region is its withdrawal in the reverse order in which it came in.

After the Brachiopod fauna is pretty well gone, there appears a soft, 

almost black, argillaceous shale bearing Discinas, and above this, and 

almost alone, occurs Spirifera Icevis, which, it will be remembered, appeared in abundance entirely below the Ithaca fauna, and was in the 

zone preceding that in which the Lingula complanata fauna occurred.

This Ithaca fauna does not appear far west of Ithaca, but a few of 

its species the Oladochonus subfauna almost entire appear 20 miles 

west in ravines running into Seneca Lake.

It will be noticed that Strophodonta mucronata also appeared in Station No. 48, the earliest forerunner of the Ithaca fauna.

The study of the order of the faunas alone in this meridian furnishes 

strong evidence for the opinion that what I have called the Ithaca 

fauna, which was characteristic of the " Ithaca group" of the early 

State geologists, is geographically a temporary fauna, preceded arid followed by the conditions and fauna generally regarded as belonging to 

the Portage group. This subject will be further discussed when the 

sections in other parts of the State shall be brought under consideration.

In this meridian several hundred feet of deposits follow, in which 

almost no fossils occur. Its general character is that of coarse arenaceous shales with thin seams of sandstone, tending, in the upper part, 

to flaggy and uneven, wave-marked strata. Interstratified with these 

are thin streaks of greenish argillaceous shales, in which are seed, 

raicly, the species of the Portage fauna.

This condition of things prevails, at this meridional section, until

'(70)
WILLIAMS.] A PORTAGE FAUNA ABOVE THE ITHACA FAUNA. 21

about 1,300 feet above the top of the Genesee shale, where the first 

of the typical Chernung faunas appear.

The first species of this fauna, that IhjgP detected, are on the high, 

hill south of Ithaca, in Danby (Station jfo? 58), about 1,500feet above 

the sea, and estimated to be stratigraphically 1,300 feet or more above 

the Genesee shale.

A lithological difference is clearly seen in the change from darkv 

tough, wave-marked, arenaceous shales with interstratified greenish 

argillaceous shales, to soft, coarse-bedded, blocky shales, weathering 

brown and rapidly disintegrating into rich yellow soil. The first species met with were from Station Iso. 58: - //o 7 

^ Productella laclirymosa. - '

Amboccelia umbonata var. gregaria. 

^ Orthis impressa (second variety, wide and large). 

^ Atrypa reticulans.

And a few other imperfect fossils.

Both east and west of this locality, in Caroline and in Newfield, are 

hills rising to 1,800 or 1,900 feet, and the upper part of these hills, 

though mainly covered by a deep coating of soil, exhibit outcrops and 

loose slabs and blocks, still angular (thus evidently not transported), in 

which the Ohemung fauna appears.

Still farther south the same rocks and fauna are found, in place, at a 

lower level.

Numerous sections have been made along this meridian, containing 

the Chemung fauna. It is an abundant fauna, and it appears to have 

been subdivided into a few local subfaunas. Still it is difficult to speak 

positively here, on account of the rapid change in the detailed stratigraphical conditions. Sometimes it is difficult to trace some particular 

fossiliferous stratum even across a wide gorge of a few hundred feet. 

However, I have been able to determine the order of the subfaunas 

of the Chemung group as follows:

As before mentioned, traces of the fauna occur before it appears in 

full force, and as in the case of the Ithaca fauna, the forerunners of the 

Chemung fauna are characteristic species and also species of wide geological range- There are such species as Productella lachrymosa, Amboccelia umbonata var. gregaria, and the wide form of Orthis impressa.1

After these species had appeared, and far above the last traces of the 

Ithaca fauna, a stage of fine, fissile, argillaceous shales, in some exposures 

nearly black in color, appeared at the base of the series of strata bearing 

the main Chemung fauna. Tjiis dark shale is well represented at Van 

Ettenville, my Station NorTJ2~A. It appears/also at the bottom of the 

cliff at lower Chemung Narrows, Station JS^eHrr:A. In the midst of the

1 In giving the names of species in this paper I have intentionally chosen those 

names by which the forms are more commonly designated in collections of New York 

fossils; points of nomenclature and comparison of local varieties with each other, 

and their identification with species of wider or distant geographical areas, may appropriately be left for special consideration.

(71)
22 FOSSIL FAUNAS OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN. [BULL. 3.

shale are generally found flattened concretions of brown hematite, often 

inclosing a few species which are more abundant in the beds higher up. 

This is, so far as I know, the lowest Devonian horizon for definite agglomerations of the hematite ore.

The shales themselves carry a Lingula fauna, very similar to that in 

the dark shale at the base of the Ithaca group, but mingled with other 

species. These latter species appear to belong normally to the fauna of 

the common Cheuiung shales with which the Lingula-bearing shales are 

interstratified. 

The following species occur in the fauna of Station No. 62 A and B:

Lingula complanata. / f 61- 

4 - punqfata. ~~"~ 

Spirifera mesocostalis (2d var.). 

mesostrialis (2d var.). 

Amboccelia umbonata var. gregaria. 

Cyrtina Hamiltonensis. 

Orthis impressa (2d var.). 

Atrypa reticularis. 

Leptodesma sp. 

CJwnetes scitula.

Crinoid stems (H= Taxocrinus).

A variety of Lingula spatulata occurs in similar shales of Station 

No. 67. J^C£.

The following species appear in a similar shale at about the same 

horizon, and I believe them to belong to the same subfauna: 

Productella speciosa (small var.) 

Rliodea stems. 

Palceoneilo filosa. 

Schizodus sp. 

Euomphalus Hecalel

This subfauna and the containing shales gradually pass up into 

coarser, brown, arenaceous shales and the normal Chemung fauna.

The most northern exposure, at which the typical Chemung fauna was 

found in abundance, was high up in the hills in the northeastern part of 

Chemung County, near Park Station of the Utica, Ithaca and Elmira 

Railroad, between 1,400 and 1,500 feet above the sea. It is my Station 

No. 72, with the following fauna: 

(' 7 ^ Orthis Tioga.

carinata.

Stropliodonta cayuta. 

Productella lachrymosa. 

Spirifera disjuncta.

Atrypa reticularis, vars. spinosa and liystrix. 

Spirifera mesostrialis (2d var.). 

Amboccelia umbonata var. gregaria. 

(72)
WIMJAMS.J FAUNA OF THE CHEMUNG GROUP PROPER. 23

Spirifera mesocostalis (2d var.). 

Streptorhynchus Ghemungensis. 

Pterinea Chemungensis (Con.).

The above are the more common species at this locality, and in every 

locality in this region where the Chemung fauna appears in full force. 

With the above are associated a long list of other species, met with more 

rarely in any particular locality and less universally, but in several cases 

locally abundant.

The cliffs along the narrows, above and below Ohemung village, contain the typical Chemung fauna.

I have added some species to those already quoted from this locality 

by the State geologists and others. , ^ .. 6 ^ ,^_

TYPICAL CHEMUNG FAUNA (STATIONS NOS. 65, 66, AND 67).

Orthis Tioga.

Streptorhynchus Chemungensis. 

Aviculopecten pecteniformis Hall.

(= Pterinea Chemungensis (Con.) ) H. S. W. 

Strophodonta Cayuta. 

demissa. 

Productella lachrymosa var. lima.

costatula.

Spirifera disjuncta. 

Amboccelia umbonata var. gregaria. 

Atrypa reticularis. 

Rhynchonella contracta. 

Leiorhynchus sinuatus.

mesocostalis. 

Cryptonella eudora. 

Pteronites spinigerus Con. 

Pterinea protexta Con. 

Avicula multilineata Con. 

Cypricardites (Goniophora) Ghemungensis. 

Schizodus (Nuculites) Chemungensis (Con.). 

G-rammysia sularcuata H. & Whit.

The rarer associates of this fauna are: 

Chonetes setigera.

Illinoisensis 1 

Pleurotomaria capillaria. 

Jfluomphalus sp. 

Callonema sp. 

Rhynchonella sappho.

Orthis michelini L'Ev. (if distinct from 0. Vanuxemi). 

Glyptodesma sp. 

Bellerophon mcera.

(73)
24 FOSSIL FAUNAS OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN. [BULL. 3.

Platyceras sp.

Cyclonema, sp.

Orthis leonensis.

Knorria, a fragment.

Cladochonus sp.

Orthis carinata (abundant).

Strophodonta perplana var. nervosa.

Taxocrinus Ithacensis.

Gomplioceras, a fragment.

" Fucoides graphical

Spirifera fimbriata (a single specimen in Station No. 60).

Spirifera mesocostalis (2d var.).

Atrypa aspera.

Orthis impressa (wide var.).

Rhynchonella orbicularis.

Discina grandis.

Mytilarca Chemungensis.

A little farther east the following species occur in the same general

association:

V Tropidoleptus carinatus. y

Microdon bellistriatus. 

I Crinoid stems.

'.,.. -'- v \ Spirifera mesostrialis (3d var.). 

Phacops rana.

Dalmanites calliteles ? (a trace). 

Cyrtina Hamiltonensis. 

Palceoneilo lisulcata. 

Loxonema styliola. 

\ Productella speciosa.

Two zones in the formation, in the midst of the general fauna and a

 calcareo-arenaceous rock (Nos. 67 E and H), carry the following additional species: ''fi

Zaphrentis, sp.

Heliopliyllum, near H. Salli.

Stomatopora, sp.

Stictopora, sp.

Tentaculites spiculus ?

Crinoid stems and some other Bryozoa not described.

These corals, occurring as they do mainly in the condition of casts,

are of little satisfaction except as marking the presence of the genera.

Prof. James Hall early recognized the " Cyathophylloid " corals in

the Chemung fauna, but, so far as I know, the species are not described,

 nor are any species recorded from the Chemung group of New York. 

{Geology N. Y., Part 4, p. 255.)

A study of this typical Chemung fauna, as exhibited a few miles

(74)
WILLIAMS.] CORALLINE ZONE. 25

each side the Chemung-Tioga County line, reveals the following general 

laws as to its conditions, characteristic species, and relations to other 

faunas.

The fauna prevails through about 250 feet of strata. The general 

character of these rocks is a series of alternating shales and sands, 

the argillaceous ingredients generally prevailing over the arenaceous, 

strongly ferrous, expressed rarely in the presence of ironstone concretionary nodules, but commonly recognized only by the universal ironstain these rocks show upon weathering, and the rich, brownish-yellow 

color of the soil produced by their disintegration.

Near the beginning of the fauna, the shales tend to assume a fissile 

character, associated with the presence of the Lingula sub fauna before 

mentioned.

As the fauna has reached its maximum development, a calcareo-arenaceous deposit appears carrying a rich coral and bryozoal subfauna, 

which reappears again toward the close of its prevalence in this area, 

each time marked by the continuance, for longer than usual, of undisturbed conditions favorable to the deposit of thick, solid sandstone 

strata. These sandstones must have been relatively local, as-they vary 

both in thickness and in the character of the deposit, when followed 

along for even a few hundred feet of continuous exposure.

The Chemung fauna is recognized for a thickness of full 300 feet of 

strata, and the coral sandstone occurs three times in the series at Lower 

Chemung Narrows, and was recognized twice at the Upper Narrows. 

Since this sandstone is calcareous, and is marked by the presence of Cyathophylloid corals and Bryozoa, associated with the Chemung Brachiopod fauna, it becomes an important stratum in the comparison of separate sections.

In the several localities measured, the first and third coral sandstones 

are separated by about 250 feet of strata.

The second sandstone is in Station No. 67, about 15 feet above the 

first. , #££

These sands vary considerably in tfilckness, and when a cliff of a 

few hundred yards is exposed, the corals may be abundant at one end 

of the cliff and no trace of them at the other, the sandstone seam itself 

also breaking up into alternating thin layers of shale and sandstone, 

and losing in great measure the calcareous character. For these reasons I have given average measurements.

There appear to have been two stages in the series in which this 

coral subfauna was locally abundant, and they were probably confined 

to limited areas in the form of shallow basins. They were separated by 

an average of 225 feet of shales, the majority of which was comparatively 

barren, but with the second incoming of the coral sandstone the principal Chemung Brachiopods returned, though not so abundantly as at 

first.

In some localities these sandstones are thick-bedded and form consid-

(75)
26 FOSSIL FAUNAS OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN. [DULL. 3.

erable quarries of fair building stone. As far as determined, the highest sandstone was the more fully developed and contains the thicker 

bedded sandstone. Though it is possible that in some area the first 

two sands may have been continuous, forming 15 or 20 feet of sandstone.

Above the horizon of this upper sandstone no good exposures of the 

strata were found on this meridian until passing the State line and 

reaching Ulster, Bradford County, Pennsylvania. . . ~*

In the cuttings made through the rocks by Cash Creek, expos«KrS*of 

Upper Chemung strata were examined. Here at my Station No. 81 a 

sparse fauna was obtained in a thin, seinicaleareous, coarse sandstone 

containing considerable amount of large fragments of fossil wood and 

fish bones, with occasionally small pebbles. In Bradford County, Pennsylvania, the folds of the rock masses have become quite marked, as 

was reported by Mr. Sherwood in the Pennsylvania report, second survey, Report G.

The exposure at Cash Creek is at about the same altitude as that at 

Chemung Narrows, but is situated near the axis of the Blossburg 

Mountain Synclinal of Sherwood's Eeport G, p. 44.

The relation of the strata to those exposed at Chemung Narrows is 

a matter of calculation, and though they are certainly higher, stratigraphically, than the latter I feel no confidence in exact figures given 

to express the relative position.

Examination of the series farther west in the same county leads me 

to believe that the Ulster beds are situated within 300 feet above the 

upper coral sandstone of Chemung County, New York, and that there 

is no abundant Chemuug fauna between. Further investigations may 

disprove this opinion, but I think it is very doubtful if the few traces 

of Chemung species found further south are any higher in the series 

than these Ulster beds.

The fauna of Station No. 81 C is as follows: _, 

Kpirifera mesocosialis, J / ° ' 

Amboccelia umbonata var. gregaria. 

Strophodonta Cayuta.

perplanal var. nervosat 

Streptorhynclms GJiemungensis. 

. Chonetes sp. 

Spirifera, like sp. Carteri, but having some features similar to

Syringothyris, and too imperfect to determine with certainty.. 

Crinoid stem, £ inch in diameter, and resembling those of SubCarboniferous species. 

A small Rliynclionella. 

Fragments of fish-bones. 

Fragments of wood. 

A few small pebbles were also seen.

This is plainly an Upper Chemung fauna. It exhibits also traces of

(76)
WILLIAMS.] THE DECLINE OP THE CHEMUNG FAUNA. 27

nearness to the conglomerate and the conditions characterizing the 

Catskill group.

In regard to the position in the series to which the fossiliferous beds 

in Franklin Township should be referred, I am in doubt. (See 2d Geol. 

Surv. Penn., G-, p. 37.) The relation which the beds may bear to the 

red " Catskill" rocks above does not help the matter, since it is pretty 

well proven that these red rocks began to intrude themselves into the 

marine deposits at quite different stages in the series of different localities.

Up to the decline of the typical Ohernung fauna my investigations 

along this meridian gave me reasonable satisfaction ; but with the approach and intrusion of the coarse reds and grays the faunas were 

much confused and broken up. It is probable that except for local 

areas the majority of the fauna was destroyed.

In order to a clear understanding of the final history of these marine 

Devonian faunas, it will be necessary to study them in some area where 

these red beds (which, like the old reds of Great Britain, were probably deposited in fresh or brackish water) do not interrupt the continuity.

The elevation of land, which was evidently taking place over this 

a.rea at this time, produced in some cases shore conditions where conglomerates were deposited, and in others great land-locked basins, from 

which, with the total or partial exclusion of salt water, the marine 

fauna rapidly perished.

Wherever the shores, produced by the elevation, were mere extensions 

of mainland with rocky exposure, we may suppose that beds of conglomerate might result; but where the land was produced by bringing 

the bottoms at a distance from land up to the surface, we may suppose 

that the nature of the deposits would nob be greatly changed, except in 

so far as the shutting off the direct action of the sea would affect them 

chemically.

So long as the.Chemung fauna found congenial conditions of life outside, it is reasonable to infer that its species might occasionally be intruded into these basins and thus appear interstratified with red rocks. 

That there was such lifting of the marine bottom to the surface, in regions where the red rocks precede conglomerate or coal, is shown by the 

irregular bedding and channeling of the beds, with very little change 

in textural qualities of the deposits which preceded the red " Catskill n 

deposits. Where the Chemuug conditions follow up to the conglomerates, as in Western New York, this irregular bedding does not occur till 

the shore conditions of the conglomerate were actually present.

The present section alone does not give us the data for determining 

the order of the faunas in this upper part of the Devonian series.

I hope at some future time to be able to clear up this point by applying to it the results of study upon other sections.

After leaving the last fauna at Ulster, I estimate that there are ap-

(77)
28 FOSSIL FAUNAS OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN. [BULL. 3.

proximately 1,000 feet of coarse reds and grays and conglomerates before 

reaching the Barclay coal, which lies some 2,000 feet above the sea. 

(2038. 2d Geol. Surv. Penn., G., p. 13.)

The "Ithaca group" was regarded by Mr. Vanuxem, the geologist of 

the third district, in 1842, as one of the primary subdivisions of the 

Erie division. (See Geol. K Y., 3d Diet., p. 174.)

In 1841 Professor Hall expressed the opinion that the separation of 

this from the typical Chemuug group was not supported by comparison 

of the fossils; and in 1843, in the report of the fourth district, he discarded the Ithaca group, regarding it as identical with the Chemung 

group, as represented along the Chemung Eiver. (See Geol. JST. Y., 

4th Dist., p. 250.) The reason given was "the impossibility of identifying them as distinct by any characteristic fossils." This opinion has 

prevailed ever since.

Although the faunas are very similar, there can be no doubt that along 

the present meridian they represent two distinct geological stages. That 

they blended in some measure further east maybe possible, in the same 

way that it is probable that on going westward the Marcellus and Genesee stages blended.

Although I do not doubt that the Ithaca fauna is an early stage of 

the Ohemung fauna, I am persuaded that the two may be readily distinguished by their fossils.

That the typical Chemung fauna is thus distinct from that of the 

Ithaca group and characteristic of a later stage, is shown, palaeontologically, by the following considerations:

The genera Spirifera, Orthis, Strophodonta, and Productella are common 

to both faunas, and are represented by numerous individuals at almost 

any fossiliferous exposures of either group. But for each genus the 

species are different. Spirifera is represented in the Ithaca group by 

8p. mesocostalis var. acuminata and the first variety of Sp. wesostrialis.

The Chemung group is characterized by Sp. disjuncta, Sp. mesocostalis 

2d var., a large, coarsely plicated, broad form, and Sp. mesostrialis 2d 

var., the wide mucronate form, neither of which is seen in the Ithaca 

group.

OrtliiSj in the Ithaca group, is 0. impressa of the narrow variety, rarely 

wider than long.

In the Chemung group 0. impressa is the 2d var. 5 wide form, with 

broad sinus; also there are 0 tioga and 0. carinata, neither of which is 

known in the Ithaca group. *

The Strophodontas of the Ithaca group are Str. mucronata, and the 

closely allied variety of Str. perplana var. nervosa.

In the Chemung group Str. cayuta is the prevailing form, and a coarser, 

more irregular form of Str. perplana var. nervosa.

Str. demissa is reported from both groups, but is extremely rare in 

either.

Productella is represented in the Ithaca group by P. speciosa, and a

(78)
WILLIAMS.] COMPARISON OF THE ITHACA AND CHEMUNG FAUNAS 2$

small form I have identified as. P. speciosa, small variety. In the Chemung it is P. lachrymosa and P. costatula.

Besides these genera, Streptorhynchus is common in the Cheinung 

group, and it is extremely rare, if it appear at,all, in the Ithaca group.

Amboccdia umbonata var. gregaria is abundant in some stages of the 

Chemung group, but is rarely ever seen at Ithaca. The latter two forms 

are seen below the Ithaca group, hence their absence there is evidence 

of modified fauna, rather than extinction.

These differences in the prevailing varietal, or specific characters of 

common genera, which (as genera) aie known to be common for a considerable range below and above the stages under consideration, I take 

to be more reliable evidence of actual difference in horizon than would 

be any number of distinct species of different genera in the two faunas.

SUMMARY.

The following is a summary of the order and general relative position 

of the faunas from the Genesee slate to the Barclay coal, which my 

present knowledge leads me to believe is true for the meridian passing 

through Ithaca, N. Y., runDing southward.

1st. Genesee slate fauna.

« 2d. Portage group fauna, distributed through approximately 1,300 

feet of strata, but interrupted by the intrusion of the Ithaca fauna and 

several sub-faunas.

3d. Chemuug fauna, occupying at least 1,200 feet of strata, with perhaps two sub-faunas, and driven out or destroyed by the presence of 

the conditions marked by the deposit of red and gray Catskill rocks.

Within the limits, assigned to the Portage group in the western part 

of Kew York State, I believe should be included for this meridian all 

those deposits lying between the Genesee shale and the lowest yellowbrown shale and sandstones which carry the true Chemung group fauna.

This series, as a whole, may be described as Arenaceous, dark-colored 

shales with the Cardiola speciosa fauna, toward the top running into 

wave-marked, tough, arenaceous deposits, almost totally barren, so far 

as known.

The passage, between this series and the true Chemung, is stratigraphically indistinct, but in a general way it may be recognized by the 

clearer separation of the argillaceous from the arenaceous deposits after 

passing the line, and the appearance of lighter-colored sandstones in 

the midst of softer argillaceous shales, in which iron nodules and iron 

stains become more conspicuous than below.

The shales of the Portage below are thinner and of more greenish 

tint, and its sandstones are darker in color and thin, tough, and wavemarked or flaggy. Palceontologically, however, the transition is more 

marked.

The upper part of the Portage appears to be utterly barren except

(79)
30 FOSSIL FAUNAS OF THE UPPER DEVONIAN. [BULL. 3.

in an occasional thin stratum of green shale, a Cardiola speciosa, or a 

small Palceoneilo. or Leda may appear.

As soon, however, as we reach the true Chemung rocks we meet large 

Productella lachrymosa, Ambocwlias, and Spirifers of the Chemung types. 

Within the limits of the Portage group, as so denned, we find in this 

area several secondary faun as intruding, but with limited geographical 

distribution, some of which we are able to trace toward, if not to, their 

origin.

The first of these is the Cladochonus fauna of Station No. 48, an 

outlier and forerunner of the Ithaca fauna, and entering this area from 

the east and .traced as far west as Seneca Lake.

The second is the Spirifera Icevis fauna, also coming in from the east, 

and not known west of Cayuga Lake Valley.

The third is the Llnyula fauna of the Ithaca shale, which I think may 

be connected with the general black shale fauna, and if so, it was intruded from the west.

Fourth, is the thin recurrent Hamilton fauna, which may have been 

some little colony that had escaped destruction, or remained after the 

general retreat of the Hamilton fauna.

It is not improbable that evidence will be found proving conclusively 

that, after the general prevalence of the Portage group and its fauna, 

the Hamilton conditions and more or less of its fauna may have continued to live in some region east and north of this area.

Fifth, was the general Ithaca fauna, with a single coral, sub-fauna, 

in its midst found in the one heavy bedded sandstone of that group. 

This sandstone is semi-calcareous where the coral occurs, and in places 

it is a mass of comminuted, broken shells. In this sub-fauna, also occurs the Terebratuloid fossil Cryptonella Eudora.

The Ithaca fauna was substantially a Brachiopod fauna, with the 

characteristic forms Spirifera mesocostalis, Ortliis impressa, Strophodontd 

mucronata, and Ci/rtina Hamiltonensis, and others.

This fauna is the regular successor of the Hamilton fauna, and is intermediate between it and that of the Chemung group. It appears to 

have come in from the east. It prevailed during the deposition of two 

to three hundred feet of arenaceous shales; the coral sandstone fauna 

came.in before its maximum development. At the close of its occupation of this area a dark, fissile shale with a Discina fauna came in. This* 

I believe to be another outlier of the Geuesee shale conditions, whose 

center at this time must have been toward the western part of the State.

A few feet above this dark shale the representatives of the Spirifera laivis fauna reappeared, among them a well-developed specimen of 

Spirifera Iwvis. Above this point the rocks are relatively barren except 

for the occasional presence of a small specimen of Productella or Spirifera, or traces of the Portage fauna, until the incoming of the Chemung 

fauna, three or four hundred feet higher up.

The Chemung fauna came in gradually, and before it was thoroughly

(80)
WILLIAMS.] SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS. 31

introduced, there appeared a dark, fissile shale very similar to that underlying the Ithaca fauna. This dark shale carried a Lingula fauna, 

the principal species of which were the same as those in the Ithaca dark 

shale, but the associated forms are of the upper Chemung types, showing 

it to be a recurrence at a later stage, and not identical with the IthacaLingula fauna, as the stratigraphical evidence also clearly indicates.

Not long after.the Chenmug fauna had fully occupied the area, a 

massive, often calcareous sandstone was deposited, containing an interesting coral sub-fauna. Again, some 250 feet higher up in the series, 

and near the close of the dominance of the Chemung species, the coral 

subfauna reappears under like conditions.

Above this zone Chemung species are rare, but are the only marine 

forms to appear at all till after the deposit of the red sands and conglomerates.

Toward the close of the Chemung period there were disturbances over 

this area which made it impossible, with the present knowledge of the 

series, to define the passage of the Chemung fauna into anything higher 

up. %

Even after traces of the red "Catskill" rocks were deposited, some 

of the Chemung species remained. The reds, purples, and grays, and 

the \vhite conglomerates, although some thousand feet in thickness, and 

carrying some fish bones and scales, and fragments of plants, show 

very little, if any, trace of marine life.

This series is terminated by the marshy land depositions of the 

Barclay coal mine.

I am under obligations to the Director of the United States Geological Survey for the insertion of this report in this place. The material 

was collected, and the work done on it privately in connection with my 

duties in Cornell University. The nature of the investigations having 

come to the notice of the Director, I was placed in position to continue 

them under the auspices of the Survey. This article is therefore included here as the first of a series of articles upon the comparative 

paleontology of the Devonian and Carboniferous faunas.

Although I am responsible for the opinions here advanced, I owe 

much to the suggestions and inspiration received from others. Especially valuable have been the numerous papers in which have been discussed the problems connected with the Devonian and Old Eed Sand, 

stone deposits of Great Britain and Europe. I may mention especially 

those of Messrs. Etheridge, Edward Hull, and T. M. Hall; also the 

papers of M. Jules Gosselet upon similar series in North France, and 

the interesting works of Joachim Barraude in other fields.

The writings of Professor Hall have been of great value, and the suggestions appearing all along in his works have often been in mind during these investigations.

ITHACA, K Y., December, 1883.

(81)

INDEX.

Page.

Academy of Natural Sciences, Philadelphia, proceedings of.................... 18

American Association for the Advancement of Science, proceedings of........ 7, 8

 Journal of Science. ..................... 13

Barclay coal mine (Pennsylvania)........ 7

Black shales ............................. 7,8,9

 , Devonian .......................... 7-9

 , Genesee............................ 9

 , Marcellus............. ............ 8

Blossburg Mountain synclinal............ 26

Bradford County (Pennsylvania)......... 26,27

..................... .18,25

. ............ 26

Bryozoa..............................

Building-stone ..................-.- ' 

Burdick's Glen, near Ithaca..........

Carboniferous faunas ................

Cardiola speciosa fauna..............

Caroline, N. Y........................

Cascadilla Creek (Ithaca) ............

Cash Creek (Pennsylvania)..........

Catskill rocks............................ 27,28,31

Cayuga Lake............................. 7

 Valley.............................. 30

Cephalopods ............................. 12

Channel-fillings.......................... 13

Characteristic species.................... 6

Chemung group .......................... 7,29,31

 fauna, first appearance of........... 21

 , decline of....... ................. 27

 -, transition to CatskiU ............ 30,31

 , Upper...... .................... 26,27

 , Brachiopods ..................... 25

 , Lingula.......................... 31

 Narrows...............................21, 22, 23

 and Ithaca faunas compared........... 28,29

Cincinnati axis........................... 9

Cladochonus fauna.......................11, 20,30

Coal mine,.Barclay (Pennsylvania) ......27,28,31

Comparison of Ithaca and Chemung faunas 28,29 

Conglomerate............................ 27,31

Coralline zone............................24, 25,31

Coral sandstone.......................... 25,26

 subfauna, Ithaca...................... ................. 30

Cornell University, relation of these investigations to......................... 31

Corniferous limestone.................... 8

Crinoids.................................. 18

Crinoid zone........................ i..... 18

Cryptonella zone......................... 25, 26

Cyathophylloid corals.................... 25

Dauby, N.Y............................. 21

Davidson's Brachiopoda, referred to...... 11,13

Deep-sea dredging, suggestions from..... 5,6

Devonian, upper shales................... 7

 , fossils of........ 1..................... 7

 , British................................ 11,13

 , Black shales .......................... 7,8,9

Bul. 3 3 (83)

Devonian, comparative paleontology of . . 

Dip of rocks..............................

Discina fauna ............................

Etheridge, Robert, works of, consulted. . . 

Facies of faunas ..........................

Tall Creek (Ithaca) ......................

Faunas, comparative study of ...........

 , problems concerning. .................

 , recent, on New England coast ........

 , recurrence of .........................

 .shifting of ............................

 , lists of, by stations :

 , Chemung group, No. 58, base of, 

Danby, N.Y.....r:..TT.. ........

_ _ _, 62A. Lingula shales, VanettenPnge.

31

7,8

30

31

9

12

5. 8

5

6

8

8

21

21,22

 ,67 A. Lingula shales, Chemung c 

"Narrows, N.Y. .................. 21

 , 65, 66, 67. Typical locality, Chemnng Narrows, N. T .......... 23, 25

 , (ffE^ H. Coralline zone, Chemung

Narrows, N. Y ................ 24, 25

 ,72. Park station ................ 22

 ,81 G. Ulster (Pa.) beds, Upper

Chemung group ............... 28

 , Genesee shale, 34 D. Burdick's Kavine ................................ 9

 , Ithaca group15._ Cryptonella zone. ... 17

 ^6. Lingula shale, Ithaca ........ 14

 ,10^ Spirifera mesonostalis zone,

Ithaca. ........................ 18

 ' l^ffj Recurrent Hamilton zone,

Ithaca......................... 15

 i 27 A, B. Base of Ithaca group,

*~ Ithaca. ........................ 16

 , 27. Inclined plane, Ithaca. ...... 17

 , yjj. Crinoid zone, Ithaca ........ 18

 , 48. Cladochonus zone, Ithaca. .. 11

 , Portage group, IB, D, and 4. Spirifera

Ifflvis zone, Ithaca ............. 12

 ,^08- A^B. Second zone of -Portage

group ......................... 20

Fish Commission, U. S., reports of ....... 6

Fossils, condition of, in the Devonian 

rocks .................................. 7

 , lists of, mentioned in this report : 

Actinopteria Boydi Hall ................ 10

Amboccelia umbonata (Conrad) .........10,15,30

v&T.gregaria Hall.... 11,21,22,23,26,29

(See Spiri/em subumbona.): 11 

Arthroacantha Williams ............... 18

Ithacemsis Williams .... 19

Atrypa aspera Schlotheim.............. 24

hystrix Hall.................... 22

reticularis Linnarus..........19,21,22,23

var. spinoea Hall............... 22

Aulopora, Goldfusa ....................10,12, 19

33
34 INDEX. [BULL. 3.

Page.

Fossils, lists of, mentioned in this report: 

Avicula multilineata Conrad............ 23

protexta, Conrad3 (See Pterinea) 23 

spinigera, Conrad. (See Pteronites) ........................ 23

Aviculopecten sp ....................... 12

cancellatus Hall......... 18

pecteniformis Hall....... 23

subdecussata Hall ....... 15

Bellerophon sp ......................... 18

iedaHall ................. 19

Mcera Hall................ 20,23

Bryozoa ................................ 18,24

Callopora sp............................ 19

Gallonema sp........................... 23

Cardiola speciosa Hall............10,11,12,20,30

transversa Hall................ 12

Cardiomorpha suborbicularis H......... 13

Choneteg lepida Hall....................10,11,12

Illinoisensisl. ................. 23

scitula Hall................... 19, 22

setigera Hall.................. 19,23

sp ............................ 26

Cladochonus McCoy ................... 12,24

n. sp...................... 11

Goleolus sp............................. 11

aciculum Hall ................. II

Coleoprion sp.......................... 12

Crania sp .............................. 13,19

Crinoid stems.......................11,18, 24,26

Cryptonella Eudora Hall...............17,23,30

Cyclonema sp.......................... 24

Cypricardites (Goniophora) Chemungensis Vanuxem......................... 23

Gyrtina JJamilionensis Hall.. .12,17,18, 22, 24, 30 

Cytherodon. (See Schizodus) ........... 19

Dalmanites calliteles Green5............ 24

IHstina T.amarck ...................... 20, 30

grandis Vanuxem............. 24

Lodensis (Vanuxem) .......... 9,10

negleetalBMl.................. 13,19

' truncata Hall................. 9,10

Eodon Hall (Miller, 1877). (See Microdon Conrad.)

2Huomphalu8 ap.........................

Eecale Hall...............

Fish-bones.............................

Fucoides graphica Hall.................

Glyptodesma sp.........................

Gomphoceras, fragment ................

tumidum Hall...........

Goniatites complanatus Hall............ 11,

var. perlatusH..........

discoideus Hall ..............

uniangularis Conrad.........

Grammysia arcuata (Conrad) ..........

elliptica Hall...............

subarcuata Hall...... 11,12,13,

Heliophyllum Halli Edwards & Haime . 

Hyolithes sp............................

aclis Hall ....................

Enorria, fragment of...................

Leda curia Meek.......................

perstriata Hall....................

sp................................

Leiorhynchus Hall......................14,

23

17,22

13,26

24

23

24

11

12,14

12

12

19

13

17

19,23

24

10

12

24

11

13

19,30

16,17

.

Fossils, lists of, mentioned in this report: 

Leiorhynchus globuliformig (Vanuxeui). 16 

limitaris (Vanuxem)..... 14,16

mesoeostalis Hall....11,13, 14, 15,

17, 19, 23 

multicosta Hall .......... 16

quadricostatus (Vanuxem) 9,14 

sinuatus Hall............ 16,2Z

Leperditia Koualt...................... 13

Lepidodendron Scernberg .. ........... 9

Leptodesma Hall. (See Avicula) .......14,19,22

Lingula Bragniere..................... 10,13,15

complanata Williams ......14,15, 20,,22

concentrica Hall............... 9

ligea Hall.............."....... 14,15

var. Hall................ 15

Manni Hall .................. 15

membranacea Winchell........ 15

punctata Hall..............14,1.5,16,22

spatulata Vanuxem........... 9

var .....................14,19,22

Stauntoniana Eathbonc ...... 15

Loxonema delphicola Hall.............. 15

styliola Hall................. ' 24

sp..-........................ 14

Lunulacardium aculirostrum Hall. (See

Pinnopsiit) .......... 10

fragile Hall..... 10,12,14,19, 20

ornatum Hall.......... 10

Lycopodites Brogniart. (See Ptilophyton 

Dawson and Plumalina Hall). .13,14,18 

Macrodon Lycett....................... 11

Microdon Conrad. (See Eodon Hall;

Miller, 1877.) 

bellistriata Conrad...........17,19, 24

gregaria Hall................ 14,17

tenuistriata Hall ............ 15

Modiomorpha complanata Hall......... 15,19

concentrica (Conrad)...... 18

subalata (Conrad) ........ 12,13

Mytilarca Chemungensis (Courad) ...... 24

Nucula Randdli Hall.................. n

sp.............................. 10,19

Nuculites oblongatus Conrad............ 11

Orthis Dahuan ......................... 28

carinata Hall.................... 22,24,28

impressa Hall....... 17,19, 21,22,24,28,30

interlineata Sowerby............. 11

Leonensis Hall.................. 24

Michelini L'Eveille .......... 23

TiogaRa.ll ......................22,23,26

Yonuxemi Hall ................ 23

Orthoceras anguis Hall... ............. 12

Bebryx Hall................. 11,19

var. Cayuga Hall...... 17

pecator Hall................. 12,14,19

siibulatum Hall ............. 9

sp........................... 15

Paleoneilo bisulcata Hall............... 24

brevis Hall.................. 14

constricta (Conrad).......... 12

filosa (Conrad)........ 11,12,14,19,22

sp........................l5,16,20,30

Phacops rana Green ................... 24

Phthonia lirata Hall.................... 10,14
WILLIAMS. 1

Fossils, lists of, mentioned in this report: 

Pinnopsis. (See Lunulaeardium) ......

Platyceras carinatum Hall..............

sp........................... 19,

Pleurotomaria capillaria Conrad .14,15,17,19, 

sp.......................

. Plumalina Hall. (See Ptilophyton Dawson)..................................13,14,

Porcellia Nais (Hall) ...................

Poteriocrinus Gornellianus "Williams....

(Decadocrinus) gregarius 

"Williams...............

stems ....................

Prcecardium vetusta Hall...............

Productella costatula Hall .............. 23,

lachrymosa (Conrad) .......21,22,

var. lima (Conrad)... 

spedosa Hall............17,19,24,

small variety......... 19,22,

truncata Hall ..............

8p........ ...............14,18,28,

Productus dissimilis ........ ............

Pterinea Ohemungensis (Conrad) ....... 22,

protexta (Conrad). (See Avicula) ........................

Pterinopecten suborbicularis Hall.......

sp.........

Pteronites spinigerus (Conrad). (See 

Avicula) .................

Psilophyton Dawson....................

Ptilophyton Dawson. (See Lyeopoditcs

and Plumalina) .........13,14,

(Lycopodites) Vanuxemi 

Dawson.................13,14,

Rachiopteris punctata Dawson..........

Rhodea pinnata Dawson................

stems..................9,11,13,14,20,

Rhynchonella contracta Hall............ 15,

eximia Hall.............. 14,

orbicularis Hall ..........

pugnus Martin, var.......

Sappho Hall..............

Stephani Hall............

sp .......................

Schizodus Chemungensis (Conrad) ......

quadrangularis Hall. (SeeCfytherodon) .................. 19,

Spirifera Sowerby.....................l2,28,

angusta Hall.................

Carteri Hall.................

curvata Schlotheim ..........

disjuncta Sowerby........11,22,23,

fimbriata (Conrad)........... 15,

glabra Martin ...............

Ice-ois Hall ................11,12,13,

Maia (Billings)..............

mesocostalis Hall. 9,17,18,22,23,24,26, 

var. prolata (Vanuxem). 

var. acuminata Hall ... 9, 

mesostrialig Hall..........17,22,24,

subumbona Hall.............

"Urn Fleming................

Spirorbis Lamarck .....................

Stietopora Meeki (Nicholsou) ........13,17,18,

sp...........................

Page.

Fossils, list.3 of, mentioned in this report: 

Stomatopora Bronn..................... 24

Streptorhynchus Chepnungensis (Conrad)............ 18,23,26,29

Stromatopora Goldfuss .................. 18

Strophodonta Hall...................... 28

Cayuta Hall...........22,23,26,28

demissa (Conrad)......... 19,23,28

Strophodontamucronata (Conrad). .11,18,20,28,30

perplaria var. nervosa, Hall. 18,24,

26,18

StyliolafissurellaHall .................. 12,14

Syringothyris "Winchell................. 26

Taxocrinus Ithacensis Williams......... 12,24

stems ...................... 22

Tentaculites gracilistriatus Hall......... 9

spieulus Hall................ 19,24

Tropidoleptus carinatus (Conrad)........

Ungulina suborbicularis Hall. (See Oardiomorpha) ...........................

Zaphrmtis simplex (Hall)...............

sp..........................

Franklin Township (Pennsylvania), horizon of..................................

 , comparison, with Marcellus shale.. 

Geology of New York....................

 , Hall's report on fourth district ....

 , Vanuxem's report on third district. 

Gosselet, M. Jnles, papers consulted..... 

Green shales at base of Portage group ... 

Hall, Prof. James, geological reports of..

 , valuable suggestions from works of .. 

Hall, T. M., works consulted ............

Hamilton group .........................

 fauna, recurrent.......................

Hematite concretions and ore ............

 lowest in Devonian rocks...........

Hull, Edw., works consulted.............

Initiation of new forms ..................

Iron nodules and stains ..................

Ithaca, N.Y..............................

 group.................................. 9,

 fauna...............................

 , a temporary fauna...............

 , first appearance of ..............

 , withdrawal of...................

 in the midst of Portage group ......

 inclined plane .........................

 and Chemung faunas compared........

Lamellibranchiates.......................

Leiorhyuchus, comparative study of.....

 , plasticity and variation of characters.

 , a delicate test of horizon..............

 , abundance of .........................

Lingula, comparison of several species...

 fauna of Chemuug group .............. 21,

 Ithaca group .....................

 shales .................................14,

Lycopodites beds (Ithaca, N. T ).........

Marcellus black shale ....................

 comparison with Genessee shale.......

Marino Devonian faunas .................

McCormick quarry (Ithaca)..............

McKinney's Station, Cayuga Lake R. R.. 

Murchison's Siluria, quoted ..............

24

13

18

24

28

27

'28

28

28

28

31

10

28

8,31

31

7,9

15,30

22

22

31

8

29

8,29

16,28

30

20

16

20

20

18

28

12

14

14

14,16

17

15

22,31

30,31

21,22

13

8

28

27

17

11

11

(85)
INDEX. [BULL. 3.

Page. 

Names, specific, use and abuse of........ 8,9,21

Newfield (N. Y.) ......................... 21

New York, Devonian of.................. 8,16

 , ErieDivision.............A........ 28

 , reports of State survey........7, ] 1,15,17,24,28

North Devon series ...................... 11

Ocean, as affecting faunas................ 5

Ocean currents, as aifectingdistribution.. .5 

Ohio, black shales of..................... 9

 , Spirifera Maia in ................ 13

Ontario, Spirifera Maia in................. 33

Old Ked Sandstone, study of ............. 31

Organisms, range and distribution of..... 5

 . historical sequence of................. 6

 , typical forms of....................... 8

Paleontology, comparative, of Devonian.. 31 

Park Station (TJ. I. and E. R. R.), N. Y.... 22

Pebbles, in Upper Chemung.............. 26

Pennsylvania, 2d Geol. Survey, Reports 

of ....................................7,26,27,28

Plasticity of varietal characters.......... 8,14,16

Portage group and fauna... .7,8,11,13,19,20,29, 30

 pyrite nodules in.......................

 secondary faunas of............... ....

 second appearance of..................

Pteropods.........'.......................

Pyrite nodules ...........................

Sections, special preparation of...........

Section, meridional, of 76° 30'. (New York 

and Pennsylvania)......................

Page. 

Seneca Lake....................... J'...... 30

Sherwood, Mr. A., Report G, 2d Pennsylvania Survey ........................ 26

Species, varietal modifications of......... 9

 as mark of changed horizon ........... 9

Specific names, use of.................... 8,21

 , deception caused by................ 9

Spirifera laevis fauna..................... 9,12,30

 , second appearance of............ 20,30

 mesocostalis zone...................... 18

 , variations of .................... 9,17,28

State surveys, reports of faunas unsatisfactory ................................. 6

Stratigrapliical characters of rocks....... 5

 , irregular bedding and channeling..... 27

Subcarboniferous ........................ 26

Summary of the order of faunas.......... 29-31

Trenton limestone........................ 9

Tally limestone .......................... 9

United States Geological Surrey, Director of, obligations to ................... 31

University, Cornell, relations to ......... 31

 quarry (Ithaca)........................ 17

Uticaslate............................... 9

Van Ettenville, N. Y .................... 21

Vantixem, Mr., geological report of...... 28

Verrill, Professor, information from ..... 6

Wood, fragments of...................... 17,26

Zoology, recent, as bearing upon study of 

fossil faunas ........................... 5,6

(86)