DEPARTMENT OF THE INTEBIOB

BULLETIN

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

No. 1O

ON THE CAMBEIAN FAUNAS OF NOETH AMERICA

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1884

A. U V B3 R TI 8 K Ml E N.T. 

(Bulletin No. 10.)

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Of the Annual Reports there have been already published:

I. First Annual Report to the Hon. Carl Schurz, by Clarence King. 1880. 8°. 79pp. Imap. A. 

preliminary report describing plan of organization and publications.

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So far as already determined upon, the list of the Monographs is as follows:

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II. Tertiary History of the Grand Canon District, with atlas, by Capt. C. E. Dutton. Published. 

HI. Geolopy of the Comstock Lode and "Washoe District, with atlas, by George F. Decker. Published. ' '

IV. Comstock Mining and Miners, by Eliot Lord. Published.

V. Copper-bearing Rocks of Lake Superior, by Prof. R. D. Irving. Published. 

"Vt. Older Mesozoic Flora of Virginia, by Prof. "Wm. M. Fontaine. Published. 

VII. Silver-lead Deposits of Eureka, Nevada, by Joseph S. Curtis. Published. 

VHI. Paleontology of the Eureka District, Nevada, by Charles D. Walcott. In press. 

IX. Brachiopoda and Lamellibranchiata of the Green Marls and Clays of New Jersey, by R. P. 

"Whitfleld.
ADVERTISEMENT.

Geology and Mining Industry of Leadville, with atlas, by S. F. Emmons. In preparation.

Geology of the Eureka Mining District, Nevada, with atlas, by Arnold Hague. In preparation.

Lake Bonnevilleoby G. K. Gilbert. In preparation.

Dinocerata. A Monograph on an extinct order of Ungulates, by Prof. 0. G. Marsh. In preparation.

Sauropoda, by Prof. 0. C.-Marsh. In preparation.

Stegosauria, by.Prof. 0. C. Marsb. In preparation.

Of these Monographs, Nqs. II, m, IV, V, VI, and VH are now published, viz:

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VL Contributions to the Knowledge of the Older Mesozoio Flora of Virginia, by Wm. M. Fontaino1883. 4°. xi, 144pp. 541. 54 pi. Price $ .

VIL Silver-lead Deposits of Eureka, Nevada, by Joseph S. Curias. 1884. 4°. xiii, 200 pp. 15 pi,. 

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DIRECTOR OF THE UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY,

Washington, >D. <7. 

WASHINGTON, D. C., August 31,1884.
DEPAKTMEKT OF THE INTEK.IOK

BULLETIN

OF THE

UNITED STATES

GEOLOGICAL SURYEY

No. 1O

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 

1884
UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL STJKVEY

J. W. POWELL DIEECTOR

O 1ST

THE CAMBRIAN FAUNAS

OF

NORTH AMERICA

PRELIMINARY STUDIES

BY

CHARLES DOOLITTLE WALGOTT

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1884 '
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR, 

UNITED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY,

Washington D. (7., July 1,1884.

SIR: Herewith I have the honor to transmit the first of my preliminary studies on the Cambrian Faunas of North America.'

The faunas studied are under discussion at the present time, and an 

early publication is desirable. 

Very respectfully,

CHARLES D. WALCOTT. 

Hon. J. W. POWELL,

Director U. 8. Geological Survey.

(285) 5

CONTENTS.

I. Letter of transmittal................................................... 5

II. Review of the fauna of the Saint John formation, contained in the Hartt

collection........................................................... 9

III. Fauna of the Braintree argillites..........................I............ 43

IV. On a new genus and species of Phyllopoda from the Middle Cambrian.... 50

ILLUSTRATIONS.

PLATE I. Fossils of the Saint John Formation ............................ 56

II. Fossils of the Saint John Formation ........,................... 58

III. Fossils of the Saint John Formation ............................ 60

IV. Fossils of the Saint John Formation ............................ 62

V. Fossils of the Saint John Formation ............................ 64

VI. Fossils of the Saint John Formation ............................ 66

VII. Fossils of the Braintree Argillites .............................. 68

VIII. Fossils of the Braintree Argillifces .............................. 70

IX. Fossils of the Braintree Argillites .............................. 72

X. New Phylloid crustacean....................................... 74

(287) 7

ON THE CAMBRIAN FAUNAS OF NORTH AMERICA.

PRELIMINARY STUDIES.

By CHABLES D. WALCOTT.

REVIEW OF THE FAUNA OF THE SAINT JOHN FORMATION 

CONTAINED IN THE HARTT COLLECTION AT CORNELL 

UNIVERSITY. 1

During the summer of 1877 the writer visited Saint John, K B., 

and taking advantage of information kindly given by Mr. G. F. Mat1 The term "Saint John Group" was first proposed in 1865 (Observations on tho 

Geology of Southern New Brunswick, Fredericton, N. B., pp. 26-32) by Messrs. L. W. 

Bailey, G. F. Matthew, and C. F. Hartt. Subsequently, Mr. J. W. Dawson (Acad. Geol., 

2nd ed., p. 638, 1868) proposed to substitute the name Acadian for the same formation. He says: "This formation has as yet been known as the Saint John Group; but 

I think this name unsuitable, both on account of the number of places known as Saint 

John, and on account of the variety of formations occurring near Saint John, in 

New Brunswick, and would therefore propose for the' group now under consideration, 

characterized by Paradoxides, Conocephalites. &c., and the oldest known member of 

the Palaeozoic of America, the name Acadian Group, by which I hope it will be known 

to geologists in whatever part of America it may be recognized."

The geographic area bearing the name of Acadia is defined by Mr. Dawson (Ibid., 

p. 5) as 'f distinguished from all the neighboring parts of America by the enormous 

and remarkable development within it of rocks of the Carboniferous and Triassic systems." This certainly renders the name inapplicable as a substitute for a well-defined 

local name previously given to the formation under consideration.

Saint John, N. B., is quite as well known as Trenton, New York, from which the 

well-known Trenton limestone is named. We would not give as a reason for changing that name that other towns in the United States bear the name of Trenton.

Mr. Matthew, in speaking of the Saint John formation, says (Trans. Roy. Soc. 

Canada, vol. i, p. 87, 1882): "From these reporls and from the map it will be seen 

that the strata of the Saint John Group fill a number of narrow, trough-like basins 

lying between the Bay of Fundy and the central Carboniferous area of New Brunswick. Of these basins, that on which the city of Saint John is situated is the most 

important, and it is here, also that the life of the period can be studied to the best 

advantage. The Saint John basin lies diagonally across the ridges of Huronian rock 

that are found in the eastern part of Saint John County; and touches the ridge of 

Laureutian rocks that divides this county from Kings."

I cannot but think that if we pay attention to the law of priority, justice to the 

original discoverers of this group requires that the name of Saint John formation 

should be used as expressing the division of the Lower Cambrian, so well developed 

at Saint John.

The name Saint John or Acadian cannot well be applied to the Newfoundland or 

Braintree Paradoxides beds. The three localities present local differences and characters which, while permitting their being united under the general term Lower Cambrian, render it necessary to use a local name for the formation in each of the widelyseparated localities.

(289) 9
10 . CAMBRIAN FAUNA OF NORTH AMERICA. [BULL. 10.

thew, obtained a large collection of fossils from the typical localities 

at Saint John, BatclifFs Millstream, and Portland, from which Mr. 

0. F. Hartt procured the collection described by him in the second 

edition of Dawson's Acadian Geology. Subsequently when working1 

over the material, it was with great difficulty that more than the common species could be identified from the descriptions, and few figures 

given in the Acadian Geology. The writer at that time formed the 

plan of illustrating the original typical Hartt collection and also the 

entire fauna, as far as possible. His own collection afterward went to 

the Museum of Comparative Zoology at Cambridge, Mass., and it was 

not until the latter part of 1883 that the trustees of Corn ell University 

came in possession of the Hartt collection. Through the co-operation of 

Mr. H. S. Williams, paleontologist of the university, the loan of the collection was obtained for the purpose of illustrating the type specimens 

and such other material as would add to our knowledge of the fauna. 

In writing to Mr. L. W. Bailey, of Fredericton, N. B., and Mr. G. F. 

Matthew, to secure their co-operation, the writer learned for the first 

time that Mr. Matthew was engaged on a monograph of the fauna of 

the Saint John formation. The plan of illustrating the entire fauna 

was at once changed so as to include only the Hartt collection, and Mr. 

Matthew was requested to propose specific names for the new species 

with the exception of one form with which the writer wished to connect 

the names of Mr. Hartt and Mr. Matthew, the two gentlemen who first 

gave to the scientific world a definite knowledge of this early Cambrian 

group. Mr. Matthew kindly accepted this proposal, and the writer 

proceeded with the work, using only the material contained in the Hartt 

collection.

Mr. Matthew's valuable paper on the genus Paradoxides of the Saint 

John Group, has already appeared (Trans, Roy. Soc. Canada, vol. i,

1882), and from it we learn that he recognizes three well-defined species 

and six varieties: Paradoxides lamellatus, Hartt: P. lamellatus, var. 

Loricatus, Matthew; P. Acadicus, Matthew ; P. Eteminicus, Matthew; 

P. Meminicus, vpars. suricoides, breviatus, Quacoensis, Malicitus and pontificalis.

In the Hartt collection we find as the types of P. lamellatus a portion 

of the head of two specimens. The species appears to "be of rare occurrence. Mr. Matthew illustrates but a fragment of the head of a specimen which he considers as indicating a variety of P. lamellatus.

Two other species occur in'the collection that were not named by Mr. 

Hartt. P. Acadicus, Matt., is represented by the larger portion of an 

entire individual, and P. Eteminicus, Matt., by numerous fragments of 

the head. The P. Micmac, figured by Mr. Dawson (Acad. Geol. 2d ed., 

p. 657), is .not represented in the collection, and Mr. Matthew writes me 

that the original specimens were destroyed in the great Saint John fire 

of 1877, and that he is unable to identify the species. The figure is a 

restoration, and no description accompanies it; on this account it ap-

(290)
WALCOTT.] FAUNA OF THE SAINT JOHN FORMATION. 11

pears best to drop the name from the list of species composing the Saint 

John fauna, as an undefined and undetermined species.

In reviewing the fauna as shown in the Hartt collection, we find 

the Echinodermata represented by single detached plates of one species, 

Eocystites primcevus, Bill. A somewhat similar form occurs in the Menevian group of Wales, under the name of Protocystites Menevensis, 

Hicks.

Among the Brachiopods, Lingula? Dawsoni, Matt., Acrothele Matthewi, Hartt, Obolella transversa, Hartt., Obolella, sp., Ortliis Billingsi, 

Hartt, and Orthis, sp. ?, show how rich and varied this class must have 

been at the time of the deposition of the Saint John formation.

The new type representing the Gasteropoda, Harttia Matthewi, is of 

special interest owing to its being the oldest representative of the class

known 6u the North American continent, and the section of the family 

which it approaches most nearly is doubtfully known, if at all, below 

the Tertiary system. The species Palceacmea? Acadica, is as yet doubtfully referred to the gasteropoda.

Of the Pteropoda there are three species, Hyolithes Acadica, Hartt, 

H. Danianus, Matt., and H. Micmac, Matt. The former is not unlike H. 

primordialis, Hall (Sixteenth Ann. Eep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 

p. 135*). of the Potsdam sandstone of Wisconsin, and the second approaches H. cinctus, Barr. (Syst. Sil. Boheme, vol. iii, p. 78), of the 

Cambrian 2 of Bohemia.

The class Pcecilopoda, order Trilobita, is the dominant type in the 

Saint John fauna, as it is in all the known Cambrian faunas, and is represented by Agnostus Acadwus, Hartt; Microdiscus Dawsoni, Hartt, M. 

punctatus, Hartt; Paradoxides lamellatus, Hartt, P. Acadicus, Matt., P. 

Eteminicus, Matt.; and varieties suricoides, breviatus, Malicitus, pontiftcalis and Quacoensis; Conocoryphe Mattheici, Hartt, C. elegans, Hartt, C. 

Walcottij Matt., G. (Salteria) Baileyi, Hartt; Ptychoparia Robbi, Hartt, 

P. Ouangondiana, Hartt, and variety Aurora; P. quadrata, Hartt, P. 

Orestes, Hartt, and variety Thersites, and P. tener, Hartt.

Mr. Hartt, described, in addition to these, Conocephalites gemini-spinosus 

= Gonocorypne Matthewi; Conocephalites formosus = Ptychoparia Kobbi; 

Conocephalites Aurora = Ptychoparia Ouangondiana, variety Aurora; 

Conocephalites Halli = Ptychoparia Orestes; Conocephalites Thersites = 

Ptychoparia Orestes, variety Thersites; Conocephalites neglectus = Ptychoparia tener. It is with great reluctance that I reduce the above-named 

species to varieties and synonyms of other species, and it was not until 

after many comparisons and a study of all the material in the collection 

that it was done. Good figures are given of the types of each of Mr. 

Hartt's species, and the student has before him the original descriptions, 

so that he can judge for himself and not entirely rely upon the writer 

to form his opinion of the value of the species.

2 The Cambrian system, as referred to in this paper, is that series of strata characterized by the first fauna of Barraude.

(291)
12 CAMBRIAN FAUNA OF NORTH AMERICA. ' [BULL.]a

In review we find 14 genera, 26 species, and 6 varieties, distributed 

as follows : Echinodermata, 1 genus, 1 species ; Brachiopoda, 5 genera, 

.7 species; Gasteropoda, 1 genus, 1 species; Pteropoda, 1 genus, 3 

species; Trilobita, 6 genera, 14 species, 6 varieties.

That Mr. Matthew's researches will increase this number of species 

there is little doubt, and it is not improbable that some of the species 

of Mr. Hartt which are placed in this p°aper as synonyms of some others 

may yet prove to .be distinct.

Mr. Matthew states (Trans. Eoy. Soc. Canada, vol. i, p. 89) that 

among the collections made by the Canadian Geological Survey in New 

Brunswick, Mr. Billings recognized fragments of the genera Elliptocephalus and Salterella, and the remains of two species of Hyolithes. 

" Besides these, there are the supposed plant remains, Palseophycus, 

Eophyton, etc., of the higher divisions of the Saint John Group."

While studying the species, the question of their correct generic reference came up, and a number of species of three different genera were 

found to be arranged under the genus Conocephalites, a genus that, 

with the greatest respect for the opinion of its author and his work, 1 

cannot see the way clear to accept. The reasons for this will be found 

under remarks on the genus Ptychoparia. The new subgenus Salteria 

may be of doubtful subgeneric value, but with the characters of C. (Salteria) vemilosa, Salter, before us, a subgeneric group, appears to be indicated.

The fauna of the Saint John Group has been most happily compared 

by authors with that of the Paradoxides fauna of Bohemia, Wales, and 

Sweden. The resemblance to that of the Menevian of Wales is very 

striking, and the relationship so close that we are in doubt if there are

not more identical species than Microdiscus punctatus in the two

faunas. 

The more closely related species are :

SAINT JOHN. MENEVIAN.

Obolella transversa...... .... ...... Obolella sagittalis.

Agnostus Acadicus................. Agnostus Cambrensis.

Microdiscus punctatus.............. Microdiscus punctatus.

Couocoryphe Matthewi.............Conocoryplie Solvensis.

Conocoryphe elegans ............... Conocoryplie bufo.

C. (Salteria) Baileyi................C. (Salteria) veuulosa.

Ptyclioparia Robbi .. .............. Ptychoparia applanata.

A comparison with the Swedish Paradoxides fauna gives:

SAINT JOHN. SWEDISH. 

Obolella trausversa................. Obolella sagittalis.

Agnostus Acadicus.- ... ............Aguostus brevifrons.

Conocoryplie Mattbewi.............. Conocoryphe exsnlans.

Couocoryphe elegans................ Conocoryphe Dalmani.

PtychopariaEobbi..................Ptychoparia cristata.

(292)
WALOOTX.] FAUNA OF THE SAINT JOHN FORMATION. 13

With the Bohemian Paradoxides fauna:

SAINT JOHN. BOHEMIAN.

Agnostus Acadicus................... Agnostus integer.

Hyolithes Dauiarms ................. Hyolithes ciuctus.

Conocoryphe Matthew!............... Conouoryphe coronatus.

Conocoryphe elegaus................. Couocoryphe Sulzeri.

Ptychoparia Robbi................... Ptychoparia Emmrichi.

Mr. Matthew calls attention to the close interrelationship of the species of the Saint John Paradoxides and to the fact that they belong to 

a group characterized by a continuous eye-lobe, a feature developed in 

Paradoxides rugulosus, Corda (Syst. Sil. BohSme., vol. i, p. 374), of Bohemia. In the genus Anopolenus (Quar. Jour. Geol. Soc., vol. xxi, 

p. 177) the eye-lobes are continuous, but of a different character from 

the Saint John Paradoxides. Olenellus asaphoides (Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. 

xiii, p. 265) shows a continuous eye-lobe in some of the younger stages 

of development, a character not retained in the adult individual.

In comparing the Saint John fauna of Saint John with that of other 

localities of the Saint John fauna in North America, the first to be noted 

is that of Manuel's Brock, near Conception Bay, Newfoundland, as described by Mr. J. F. Whiteaves (Amer. Jour. Sci., 3d ser.,. vol. xvi, p. 

224, 1878). >

Mr. Whiteaves identifies of the Saint John fauna: Agnostus Acadicus, 

Microdiscus Dawsoni, Microdiscus punctatus, Paradoxides^ sp. ?, (7. (Salterm} Baileyi, Ptychoparia tener, Ptychoparia Orestes ?.

On the authority of Mr. Alex. Murray, the shales containing this fauna 

are considered by Mr. Whiteaves as lower than the strata from which 

Mr. Billings obtained a strongly-marked Cambrian fauna that he refers 

to the Menevian Group (Can. Nat., 2d ser., vol. vi, p. 470,1872).

From this horizon Mr. Billings described Obolella? miser, Straparollina remota, Hyolithes excellens, Paradoxides tenellus, Paradoxides decorus, P. (Anopolenus) vcnustus, Agraulos affinis, A. socialis, A. strenuus, 

Ptychoparia (Solenopleura) communis.

Mr. Billings also describes Stenotheca pauper and Scenella reticulata, 

from Conception Bay, the stratigraphic horizon being a little above the 

Manuel's Brook shales containing the Saint John fauna. To these we 

have to add the large Paradoxides Bennetti, Salter (Quart. Journ. Geol. 

Soc., vol. xv, p. 552, 1859), and Bathyurus=Solenopleura gregaria, Billings (Pal. Foss., vol. i, p. 363, 1865), from the Paradoxides slates of 

Saint Mary's Bay, Newfoundland, which gives a total of fourteen described species from Paradoxides beds above the Saint John fauna.

From the sections given by Mr. Murray (Geol. Surv. Newfoundland, 

p. 157,1881), we learn that the shales carrying the Saint John fauna 

are the lowest fossiliferous strata in Newfoundland, and that the Paradoxides beds above carry a fauna unlike the Saint John fauna. This 

proves the latter faun a to be the oldest known on the American continent, arid when compared to the older Cambrian faunas of Wales, to

(293)
14 CAMBRIAN FAUNA OF NORTH AMERICA. [BULL.IO.

be low down in the Menevian if not representative of that of portions of 

the Harlech and Longmynd groups.

Near Saint John, N. B., there is a commingling of representative 

species that are distributed in the St. David's section of Wales, from 

the Harlech to the Upper Menevian, a fact that tells us plainly that we 

need not look for a close similarity in the succession of individual 

species in sections of the same relative geologic position when widely 

separated. The physical conditions of environment and the geographic 

distribution of species tend to variation in the assemblage of forms at 

localities but slightly separated, and still more when widely distant from 

each other.

In the Braintree argillites there are four species, Hyolithes Shaleri, 

Walcbtt (this bulletin), Paradoxides Harlani, Green (Amer. Journ. Sci., 

vol. xxv, p. 336,1834), Ptychoparia Kogersi, Walcott (this bulletin), and 

Agraulos quadrangularis, Whitfleld (Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist., vol. i, 

p. 147,1884).

Hyolithes Shaleri is closely allied to Hyolithes excellens, Billings (Pal. 

Foss., vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 70,1874).

The Paradoxides Harlani is of the type of Paradoxides Bennetti, of 

Newfoundland, as found above the Saint John fauna, and corresponds 

to the Bohemian group of the genus typified by P. spinosus, Boeck, and 

the Menevian P. Hicksii, Salter. Agraulos quadrangularis, Whitfield, is 

a type present in the Paradoxides horizon in Newfoundland, as A. socialis, A. strenuus, and A. affinis, Billings (Pal. Foss., vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 71), 

in the Menevian of Wales, as A. longicephalus, Hicks (Quar. Jour.Geol. 

Soc., vol. xxviii, p. 176), in Bohemia, as A. ceticephalus, Barrande (Syst. 

Sil. Boh£me., vol. i, p. 405). Ptychoparia Rogersi is more of the type of 

Ptychoparia Emmrichi^ Barrande, of Bohemia.

Up to the present time no other localities of the Paradoxides fauna 

have been discovered in North America.

The "relations of the Saint John fauna to the remaining portion of the 

Paradoxides fauna in Newfoundland we have mentioned, but as yet no 

section has shown the connection of the Paradoxides fauna with that of 

the next superior or Georgian fauna. As I am engaged on a review of 

the latter fauna, 'the discussion will be omitted here to appear in a 

paper on that portion of the Cambrian fauna. .

Genus EOCYSTITES, Billings. 

EOCYSTITES PROUEVUS, Billings.

Plate i, fig. 2. 

EocysliteaprimceviM, Billings, 1868, Acadian Geology, Dawson, 2d ed., p. 643.

No description accompanies the illustration of the single plate of this 

form, and, in fact, little can be said of jt from the material in the collection,

(294)
WALCOTT.] FAUNA OF THE SAINT JOHN FORMATION. 15

The plates are polygonal in outline, variable in size and form, elevated 

at the center, and ornamented by 9,10, or 11 principal ridges radiating 

from the center with smaller ridges coming in between the larger ones, 

usually showing a pentagonal arrangement. The plates vary from 3 to 

5 millimeters in diameter. It is quite probable that a new generic form 

is indicated, but in its relations to other genera nothing can be determined. Protocystites Menevensis, Hicks, evidently belongs to a similar type, if not to the same genus.

Formation and locality. Cambrian. Saint John formation, Batcliff's 

Millstream, N. B.

Genus LINGULA, Bruguiere. 

LINGULA f DAWSONI, Matthew.

Plate v, fig. 8. 

Lingula?Daivsoni, Matthew, 1884. MSS.

Shell small, broadly subelliptical, subattenuate towards the beak;

margins gradually expanding and curving from the beak to the center,

where the shell has its greatest width, and thence narrowing towards

the front, which is broadly rounded. General surface depressed con-

. vex, becoming more convex towards the beak.

Surface marked by fine undulating concentric lines crossed by radiating lines that are seen only by the aid of a strong magnifying glass.

In form this species approacheslAngulella ferruginea, Salter (See Man. 

Brit. Foss. Brach., Davidson, vol. iii, p. 336), of the Menevian formation of Wales quite closely, but with only a specimen of the ventral (?) 

valve to compare with it, it is difficult to satisfactorily determine its 

specific relations.

Formation and locality. Cambrian. Saint John formation, Saint 

John, IS. B.

The following notice of a larger shell than Acrothele Matthewi appears 

on page 644 of the Acadian Geology as a new species of Lingula:

"Lingula, n. sp., Hartt, differs from the above (A. Matthewi) in being 

almost straight in front, broadly rounded at the sides, and narrowed 

towards and pointed at the umbo. It was also larger, thicker, and 

more convex." .. .

The original specimen I have failed to find in the collections, and no 

form corresponding to it has been observed.

Genus ACBOTHELE, Linnarsson. 

ACROTHELE MATTHEWI, Hartt, sp.

Plate i, figs. 4, 4a.

Lingula Matthewi, Hartt, 1868, Acadian Geology, Dawson, 2d ed., p. 644, fig. 221.

Description. " Dorsal valve, circular in outline or very slightly wider 

than long, extremely flat, the convexity being scarcely noticeable j shell

(295)
16 CAMBRIAN FAUNA OP NORTH AMERICA.- [BULL.IO.

very thin; on each side a segment, such as would be cut off by a chord 

running from the umbo to the extremity of the transverse diameter, is 

slightly turned up on the margin.

"Inside, a strong mesial ridge, rounded and of moderate width, runs 

from the umbo to a point a little beyond the middle of the shell; at the 

umbb this ridge bears a small uailhead-like process or swelling, and 

there are two minute and extremely short secondary ridges, originating 

from the head of the primary, and extending obliquely backwards. Inner surface marked with numerous indistinct and irregular concentric 

strise; outer surface not visible."

A study of the type specimen of this species, which is a cast of the 

interior of the dorsal valve, leads to its reference to the genus Acrothele, 

as it .presents characters shown in a typical form of Acrothele,, A. subsidua, White (Expl. and Surv. West 100th Merid., vol. iv, pt. 1, p. 34), 

from the Cambrian of Utah. On the list left by Professor Hartt, reference is made to specimen No. 342 as Obolus (Distinct) nitidus, sp. nov. 

This specimen presents the characters of a ventral valve of Acrothele, 

and is of the form that the ventral valve of A. Matthewi would probably have, and although not associated with it at Saint John, I have 

little hesitancy in referring to it as the ventral valve of A. Matthewi. It 

is illustrated on plate i, fig. 4#.

Formation and locality. Cambrian. Saint John formation, Saint 

John and Batcliff's Millstream, K. B,

Genus OBOLELLA, Billings. 

OBOLELLA TRANSVERSA, Hartt.

Plate i, figs. 5, 5a. 

Obolella transversa, Hartt, 1868, Acadian Geology, DawSOn, 2d ed., p. 644.)

UA very small, transversely oval species, from Coldbrook, Saint John."

The above is all the description by the author of the species and no 

figure is given, but, with the typical material used by him before me, 

there is little difficulty in recognizing the species.

It is closely allied to Obolella sagittalis, Salter, and Mr. Davidsou's 

description of that species (Geol. Mag., vol. v, pi 309, 1868) reads as 

though it were drawn from the Saint John specimens. Figures are 

given of the interiors of the two valves.

Obolella f miner, Billings (Pal. Fos. vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 69, 1874), is a 

closely allied species from the Saint John formation horizon. No figures accompany the description.

Formation and locality. Cambrian. Saint John formation, Coldbrook, Saint John, N. B.

OBOLELLA, sp. undt.

What appears to be a second species occurs with the preceding. The 

form is more elongate, the surface is concentrically striated with fine

(296)
WALCOTT.] FAUNA OF THE SAINT JOHN FORMATION. 17

lines, and the interior appears to be less strongly marked by the muscular scars.

Genus OETHIS, Dalman. 

ORTHIS BILLINGSI, Hartt.

Plate i, figs. 1, Ib-d. 

Orthis Sillingai, Hartt, 1868, Acadian Geology, Dawson, 2d ed., p. 644, fig; 223.

Description. "Shell subquadrate to semicircular, broader than long; 

greatest width at the hinge-line; moderately convex; greatest thickness 

at about the middle; depressed in front. Hinge-line straight. Dorsal 

valve semicircular or subquadrate; depressed, with a shallow sinus 

running from the umbo to the front. Umbo not elevated above the 

hinge-area, which is very narrow, and marked by fine, parallel longitudinal stri£e. Hinge-plate bearing two slight incurved internal processes. 

Ventral valve more arched than the dorsal, with a narrow, flat margin 

produced in the plane of the valve. Hinge-area triangular, concave, 

and marked with fine parallel lines. Umbo elevated above hinge-line 

about one-fourth of length of shell. Foramen triangular and of moderate 

size. Surface ornamented by about thirty prominent rounded, radiating plica3, increasing in width towards the margin, becoming less elevated and slightly curved toward the ears, crossed by a number of distinctly marked, concentric, squamose lines of growth, and numerous 

fine concentric stria3. The radiating plicae increase by bifurcation, 

which takes place at about one-third the distance from the umbo to the 

margin."

The figure accompanying the above description is that of a rather 

transverse ventral valve, on which the radiating costse are unusually 

strong. They also bifurcate in a manner observed in but one other 

specimen in the collection. At first sight this shell will be separated 

as a distinct species from the variety, having sharp, somewhat distant 

ribs radiating from the beak, with finer ribs appearing between them on 

the cast, but other specimens occur where the two surface characters 

are shown on the same shell, and give the impression that we have a 

single variable species, the two extremes of which are shown in our 

figures 1, Id, of plate i. The crowding together of the increased number of ribs on the costate variety gives the bifurcating character to the 

ribs or cost®.

The ventral valve of 0. Billingsi is little elevated, in this respect being unlike other Cambrian species, and there does not appear to be 

any nearly-related species of Orthis in strata of Cambrian age. Orthis 

Hicksi, Salter (see Davidson's Mon. Brit. f Foss. Brach., vol. iii, p. 

230), is the prevailing form in the Menevian of Wales, and in some of

(297) 

Bull. 10 2
18 CAMBKIAN FAUNA OF NORTH AMERICA. [BULL. 10.

its phases resembles 0. Billingsi. Among the Swedish forms the latter 

in ay be compared with 0. exporecta, Linnarsson'(Bihang till K. Svenska 

Yet. Akad. Handlingar. Band. 3, N":o. 12, p. 12, 1876).

Formation and locality. Cambrian. Saint John formation, Itatcliff's 

Millstream and Saint John, HT. B.

ORTHIS, sp.!

Plate i, fig. la.

Associated with the preceding at Saint John,'there is a small single 

dorsal (?) valve of a species of Orthis that appears to be distinct from 

0. Billingsi. A moderately well-defined median sinus is shown and 

the surface, as preserved in the cast, was somewhat finely ribbed. 

Professor Hartt refers to a new species of Orthis as not being sufficiently well represented to warrant its description, but gives another 

specimen, fig. Ic, plate i, as the form. This I consider as a variety of 

0. Billingsi, and the shell under consideration may only have the same 

position when a larger series comes to be studied.

Genus HAETTIA, n. gen.

This generic name is proposed for a unique little shell found in association with fragments of trilobites of the genera Paradoxides and 

Ptychoparia.'

Description. A small, oval, patelliform shell, having a low, broad 

ridge originating on the posterior (?) side of the interior that supports 

a subcordate shield-like expansion which extends out over the anterior (?) 

portion of the interior when we look down into the shell. The broad 

base of the ridge and the general character of the shield-like extension 

are well shown in the figure on plate i, fig. 3.

The character of the apex is unknown, as the only representation of 

the genus and species is in the form of a cast, showing the interior of 

the central portion and, around the margins, the cast of the apparently 

smooth outer surface.

The interior ridge and shield-like expansion is of a peculiar character, 

and unlike that of auy described recent or fossil form known to me. It 

is so well marked that there is little hesitancy in -proposing a new 

genus for its reception. The genus may be included in the Calyptrseidse nearest the genus Crepidula, if we compare the shield-like expansion with the shelf or shelly partition of Crepidula. However close 

or distant its relations to the latter, it certainly appears to be the representative of the Calyptrseidse type in the Cambrian, and adds another 

form, showing the differentiation of the invertebrate fauna in the oldest fauna'yet known on the American continent.

The generic name is in honor of Mr. C. F. Hartt. With it I wish to

(298)
WALCOTT.] FAUNA OF THE SAINT JOHN FORMATION. 19

associate that of Mr. G. F. Matthew, the discoverer of the Cambrian 

age of the Saint John formation.

HAETTIA MATTHEWI, n. sp.

Plate i, fig. 3.

The characters of this species have already been given under the 

description of the genus.

The base of the shell, as shown in the specimen, measures 2.5mm by 

3.5 '". It was probably a little larger, as tyie true margin is not to a 

certainty clearly shown.

There is no reference or record number attached to the specimen, 

and nothing is said of it in Mr. Hartt's notes as published by Mr. 

Dawson. A scratched outline around the specimen shows that it had

been noticed, but whether by one of the collectors of the specimens or 

by Mr. Hartt is unknown.

Formation and locality. Cambrian. Saint John formation. The 

character of the slate and the embedded fossils is similar to that of 

the material from Eatcliff's Millstream, and it was associated in the 

collection with specimens from that locality.

Genus PAL^ACMEA, H. & W. 

PAL^EACMEA f ACADICA, Hartt.

Plate i, fig. 6. 

Discina Acadica, Hartt, 1868, Acadian Geology, Dawson, 2d ed., pi 644, Fig. 222..

Description. " Shell elliptical in outline; sides more or less straight. 

Conical, but very depressed. Apex apparently central. Surface 

marked with a number of deep, concentric, irregular, sharp furrows, 

not always continuous, and often breaking up into smaller grooves, 

and all these seem at times to be impressed with lighter lines running 

nearly parallel with them. Of the large furrows from nine to ten can 

usually be counted. The whole surface of the shell is marked with a 

great number of delicate raised lines radiating from the summit to the 

circumference, and just visible to the naked eye."

An examination of several specimens of this species, including the 

types, leads me to think with Mr. E. P. Whitfield (Bull. Amer. Mus. 

Fat. Hist., vol. i, p. 141, 1884), that it is not a true Disciua, but probably a univalve shell, allied to Palseacmea or Stenotheca. The material in the collection is very poor and fragmentary; so much so that 

the generic reference is to be considered as merely provisional.

Formation and locality. Cambrian. Saint John formation, Ratcliff's 

Millstream, K. B.

(299)
20 CAMBRIAN FAUNA OF NOETH AMERICA. [BULL, 10.

Genus HYOL1THES, Eichwald.

 

HYOLITHES ACADICA, Hartt.

Plate ii, fig. 5.

Theca Aoadica, Hartt. Label on specimen.

Form an elongate triangular pyramid, tapering gradually and uniformly to an acute extremity. Transverse section subtriangular, about 

twice as wide as high; the lateral angles acute from compression in the 

specimens in the collection. Ventral face slightly arched; anterior 

margin extending forward* in a semicircular subspatulate extension. 

Dorsal surface rather strongly convex. Aperture unknown, but undoubtedly oblique, judging from the character of the extension of the 

ventral side.

Operculum unknown.

Surface of shell marked by concentric lines of growth, parallel to the 

margin of the aperture, and exceedingly fine longitudinal striae visible 

only by the aid of a strong magnifier.

In general form this species approaches very closely to Hyolithes 

Americanus, Billings (Can. Nat. n. ser., vol. vi, p. 215, 1872), but 

equally so to the Devonian H. aclis. Hall (Pal. IS". T., vol. v, pt. 2, p. 

197,) except in the more rounded dorsal side.

Owing to the imperfect condition of preservation of the species illustrated from the Menevian group of Wales, it is difficult to make comparisons with them. Professor Hartt's specific name is retained, as the 

probabilities are that the form is different from the American Potsdam 

and Georgian species, although allied to H. primordialis, Hall (Sixteenth Ann. Eep. State Cab. Nat. Hist., p. 135,* 1863), and also the 

Menevian forms of the genus in Wales.

Formation and locality. Cambrian. Saint John formation, BatclifFs. 

Millstream, N. B.

HYOLITHES DANIANUS, Matthews.

Plate ii, figs. 7, 7o, 6.

* 

Hyolithes Danianus', Matthews, 1884, MSS.

Form that of an extremely elongate rounded subtriangular pyramid 

that, in some examples, curves a little to one side as it becomes gradually attenuate towards the apex. Transverse section semielliptical; 

moderately convex on the ventral side and still more so on the dorsal. 

Ventral face flattened and almost concave along the center, rounding 

up on each side to the somewhat rounder lateral angles. Dorsal face 

not very strongly convex transversely. Form of aperture unknown.

Associated opercuhim broad oval, or subcircular in general form. 

The side corresponding to the ventral side of the shell curves regularly, but is not as convex as the opposite side. The umbo is' situated

(300)
WALCOTT.] FAUNA OF THE SAINT JOHN FORMATION. 21

about four-fifths the distance from the dorsal margin, and extends 

laterally as a low, rounded ridge towards the rounded angles formed 

by the union of the ventral and dorsal sides of the operculum j just in 

front of these ridges a slight depression exists, also a depressed area 

back of the umbo, or towards the dorsal margin; the inner side shows 

a sharp ridge corresponding to the umboual ridges on the outside, and 

also a sharp, short, elevated ridge between the ventral margin and the 

position of the umbo on the outer surface. The general body of the 

shell of the operculum appears to have been quite thin.

Surface of the shell marked by transverse, concentric undulations of 

growth that arch slightly forward on the ventral side. Outer surface 

of the operculum marked by fine concentric striae and very fine, somewhat obscure, radiating striae; inner surface with fine, slightly irregular, radiating lines or striae.

There is considerable range of variation in the form of the shells of 

this species. In some the flattening of the ventral side is lost, and 

only a convex surface is shown, and the dorsal surface has a narrow 

longitudinal line on each side of the center. The curvature of the shell 

also varies considerably. A number of specimens of the operculum are 

associated with the shells, but none were observed attached before the 

mouth of the shell.

One unusually curved shell having a nearly round section, was labeled Orthoceras ? n. sp., by Professor Hartt, as traces of what appear to be septa are shown. The distances between the septa-like partitions are unequal, and in other specimens this is seen to be owing to 

the filling of cracks across the tube.

This species recalls Hyolithes cinctus, Barrande (Syst. Sil. Boh6me., 

vol. iii, plate ix, figs. 8-12), and the form of the associated operculum is 

also similar.

Formation and locality. Cambrian. Saint John formation, Eatcliff's 

Millstream, N. B.

HYOLITHES MICMAC, Matthew.

Plate ii, fig. 6.

Hyolithes Micmac, Matthew, 1884, MSS.

Form that of an extremely elongate, rounded, subtriangular pyramid 

that becomes gradually attenuate towards the apex. The true transverse section is not preserved, owing to the crushing down of the shell, 

and appears to have been semielliptical or rounded subtriangular.

Form of aperture and operculum unknown.

Surface of the shell smooth externally; the interior is marked by fine, 

raised, longitudinal lines.

In form this species is not unlike Hyolithes Danianus, but the smooth 

outer surface and striated inner surface distinguishes it from that and 

also any other described species known to me.

.(301)
22 CAMBRIAN FAUNA OF NORTH AMERICA. IBULL.IO.

Dimensions: Length of specimen* 20mm, width at aperture 4mm. 

Formation and locality. Cambrian. Saint John formation, associated with Microdiscus punctatus at Batcliff's Millstream, N. B.

Genus AGNOSTUS, Brongniart. 

AGNOSTUS ACADICUS, Hartt

Plate ii, figs. 2, 2fl-c.

Agnostus Acadicus, Hartt, 1868, Acadian Geology, Dawson, 2d ed., p. 655. 

Agnostus similis, Hartt, 1868, Acadian Geology, Dawson, 2d ed., p. 656.

Description. u Head minute, transversely-elliptical, or subcircular; 

breadth and length about equal, convex but very depressed, outlines in 

front and on the sides slightly straightened. A narrow, flattened, and 

but very slightly elevated border goes round the front and lateral 

margins. This is separated from rest of shield by a narrow, shallow, 

flat space, or groove, which, on going posteriorly along the lateral margins, loses gradually in width toward the posterior angles of shield, 

which a.re rounded. Glabella a little less than two-thirds the length of 

shield, long elliptical, depressed convex, but more elevated than other 

parts of the shield, about twice as long as broad, bounded anteriorly 

and laterally by a sharp, rather deep groove concentric to the outer 

one above described. A well-marked transverse furrow, arching backwards, separates the anterior third of the glabella as a subcircular lobe. 

Posterior part of glabella rounded, but impressed on each side by a little lobe situated in the angle between the cheek-lobe and the glabella. 

These little lobes are about one-quarter the size of the anterior glabellar 

lobe. Cheeks of the same width throughout, and uniting in front of 

the glabella, being bounded by the two concentric grooves above mentioned. Posteriorly they are rounded; in width they are rather greater 

than the glabella. They are convex, more elevated along their inner 

margin, but -sloping outward roundly and evenly. Glabella with its 

lobes project considerably beyond posterior margin. Surface smooth. 

Pygidium of this species (?) of about the same outline as cephalic shield. 

The posterior and lateral margins have a slight, raised border, separated 

from lateral lobes by a shallow but well-marked groove running parallel to the margin. This groove widens at the point where it bends to 

go forward along the sides in such a way as to encroach on and thin out 

the marginal fold, and, just before reaching the anterior margin, it narrows itself from the inner side so as to cause the lateral lobes to widen 

somewhat anteriorly. These are narrow, flattened, about half as wide 

as the middle lobe, narrowing to a point just behind the middle lobe, 

where they do not unite. The medial lobe is about five-sixths of length 

of pygidium, shield-shaped, flattened, convex, more elevated than the 

lateral lobe. Its anterior border is slightly concave in the middle. 

The lateral angles are rounded, and the lobe is contracted a little an-

(302)
WALCOTT.I FAUNA OF THE SAINT JOHN FORMATION. 23

teriorly. It is bounded by two deep and well-marked furrows, which 

join one another in the middle of the marginal furrow, forming a pointed 

arch. Medial lobe projecting farther forwards than the lateral ones. 

A little spine is situated on its mesial line about one-fourth its length 

from front. Surface smooth."

After a careful study of all the .specimens in the collection, fifteen in 

number, I am unable to make out sufficient differences between the form 

described as A. Acadicus and that given as A. similis, to establish two 

species. There is a certain range of variation in the specimens as 

pointed out by Mr. Hartt, but that is so variable and owes its origin so 

largely to the condition of preservation of the various specimens that 

it is not evident that two species are typified.

Agnostus Acadicus is a type of the genus that occurs in the Menevian 

of Wales, as A. Cambrensis^ Hicks (Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., vol. xxvii, 

p. 400, 1871); in Norway, as A. Irevifrons, Angelin (Pal. Scan., p. 6, 

1852) 5 in Bohemia as A. integer, Beyr. (Sil. Syst. Boh£me., vol. i, p. 900, 

1852); and in the American Potsdam horizon as A. Neon, Hall & Whitfield (Geol. Expl. 40th Par., vol. iv, p. 229, 1877). Agnostus interstrictus, White (Expl. and Surv., West 100th Merid., vol. iv, p. 38), from 

the Cambrian of Utah, is an almost identical species, differing principally in the postero-lateral angles of the pygidium.

Formation and locality. Cambrian, Saint John formation, Saint John. 

N.B.

Genus MICRODISCUS, Emmons. 

MICEODISCUS DAWSONI, Hartt.

Plate ii, figs. 3, 3a. 

Microdiscus Dawsoni, Hartt, 1868. Acadian Geology, Dawson, 2d ed., p. 654.

Description. "Cephalic shield semi-lunar, with thickened border 

crossed by numerous grooves running perpendicularly to the circumference. "Glabella convex, narrow, rounded in front, conical and pointed 

behind, projecting beyond posterior border, without furrows or occipital 

groove. Cheeks convex, no eyes, and no traces of sutures. Posterior 

angles of shield with backward projecting spines. Pygidium subtriangular, with curved outlines, rounded in front and behind; middle lobe 

distinctly marked, and divided into six segments; lateral lobe also divided, furnished with a narrow border."

This is a beautiful little trilobite that is quite distinct from described 

species of the genus.

There are but three specimens in the collection, and none show the 

head and pygidium united.

Formation and locality. Cambrian. Saint John formation, Ratcliff's 

Millstream, N. B.

(303)
24 CAMBRIAN FAUNA OF NORTH AMERICA. [BULL.IO.

MIORODISOTJS PTTNCTATUS, Salter.

Plate ii, figs. 1, 1 a-c.

Microdiscus punctatua, Salter, 1864, Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xx, p. 237, plate 

xiii, tig. 11. ' .

Microdiscus punclatus, Whiteaves, 1878, Amer. Journ. Sci., 3d ser., vol. xvi, p. 225.

Microdiscus pulchellus, Hartt. Name proposed (No. 14) on list of fossils sent to Mr. 

J. W. Dawson.

Head semi-elliptical in outline, rather strongly convex, and bordered 

on the front and sides by a depressed furrow and raised rim, the furrow 

containing numerous short furrows perpendicular to the margin, as in 

M. Dawsoni, but not as strongly marked. The posterior border is strong 

back of the cheeks, and has the furrow continuing from the sides; a 

very narrow rim extends back of the glabella; eyes and facial suture 

entirely absent.

Glabella elongate conical, extending backward in a strong spine as 

long as the glabella in medium-sized specimens and nearly as broad at the 

base. In some examples the spine is shorter and smaller. The glabella 

rises above the level of the cheeks and is about three-fifths the length of 

the head, bordered by strong dorsal furrows that are connected in front 

by a straight furrow with the depressed groove within the anterior marginal border, perceptibly marked by two pairs of oblique glabellar furrows in some examples. Cheeks convex, prominent, strongly defined 

by the dorsal and marginal furrows.

Thorax unknown.

The pygidium, associated with the head of this species in great numbers, has the same general outline as the head. The narrow marginal 

rim is well defined all around, widest at the sides; anterior marginal 

furrow very distinct; median lobe elongate-conical, extending back 

.nearly to the marginal groove; nine anchylosed segments are indicated 

by eight rather strong transverse furrows; lateral lobes strongly convex, 

no furrow appearing back of the anterior marginal groove.

Surface finely punctate, the punctae being rather large as compared 

with the depth.

Dimensions of a rather broad head: Length, exclusive of spine, 

3.5 mm ; breadth, 5 mm ; occipital spine, 3 mm ; pygidium, length, 3.75 mm, 

breadth, 5 mm.

This is an abundant and well-marked species. Mr. Hartt evidently 

intended to describe it, as the name is given in his list, and selected 

specimens were mounted on blocks, one of which bears the name 

Eodiscus pulchellus, Hartt, n. g., n. sp. There is considerable variation 

in the relative proportion of the length and breadth of the head, also 

of the pygidium in different specimens, owing to an original variation, 

and also distortion from compression in the shales.

Mr. Whiteaves states that this species was first detected in the

(304)
WALCOTT.] FAUNA OF THE SAINT JOHN FORMATION. 25

Primordial slates of Saint John, IS". B., by the late Mr. E. Billings. It 

has since been observed in rocks of the same age on the Kennebecasis 

Eiver, N". B., where it was collected by Mr. G. F. Matthew.

The pygidium is very similar to that of Microdiscus speciosus, Ford 

(Amer. Jour. Sci., vol. vi, p. 137, 1873).

In comparing with the figures of M. punctatus given by Mr. Salter, it 

is observed that the nuchal spine of M. punctatus is longer and more 

slender, and the surface of the cephalic shield and pygidium are punctate, whereas, in the Saint John's specimens, the surface is smooth. In 

event of the two forms proving distinct on a comparison of specimens, 

I propose that Mr. Hartt's name, M. pulchellus, be given to the American 

species.

Formation and localities. Cambrian. Saint John formation, Katcliff's 

Millstream, N. B., and ManueFs Brook, near Conception Bay, Newfoundland.

Genus PARADOXIDES, Brongniart,

PARADOXIDES LAMELLATUS, Hartt.

Plate iii, figs. 2, 2a.

Paradoxides lamellatus, Hartt, 1868, Acadian Geology, Dawson, 2d ed., p. 656. 

Paradoxides lamellatm, var. loricatus, Matthew, 1882, Trails. Roy. Soc. Canada, p. 105. 

plate ix, fig. 19.

Description. "This is a small species distinguished from several 

others found with it by the presence of a number of sharp perpendicular laminae on the anterior lobe of the glabella." 

, The types of this species consist of the casts of portions of two heads, 

both of which are illustrated on plate iii. It is, as stated by Mi\ Hartt, 

distinguished from the associated species by the sharp perpendicular 

laminaB or ridges in front of the glabella.

Mr. Matthew has indicated a variety as P. lamellatus^ var. loricatus. 

The elevated ridges on the front of glabella are variable in the two type 

specimens, and I should not consider the variation cited by Mr. Matthew 

as of sufficient importance to establish a varietal name, especially as he 

suggests the idea that the transverse ridges or interrupted elevated lines 

owe their origin to the condensation of the frontal area by transfer to 

the glabella; this would necessarily induce a great variation in the form 

and arrangement of the elevated lines in relation to each other, although 

they might retain their general relation to the frontal margin.

Formation and locality. Cambrian. Saint John formation, Portland, 

a little northward of Saint John, 1ST. B.

PARADOXIDES ACADICUS, Matthew.

Plate iii, fig. 3, 3a.

 Paradoxides Acadicus, Matthew, 1882, Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, p. 103, Plate ix, figs. 

16-18.

Mr. Hartt recognized several species of paradoxides and indicated 

them in his list, but did not name or designate the specimens) owing to

(305)
26 CAMBRIAN FAUNA OF NORTH AMERICA. (BULL. 10.

his not having time to \vork out the details (Acadian Geol., 2d ed., p. 

657,1868). One of these Mr. Matthew, in his valuable paper on the 

Paradoxides, has named P. Acadicus, describing it as follows:

"The anterior margin is regularly rounded and strongly arched backward. The marginal fold is moderately convex and about twice as 

wide at the extremity as in front of the glabella. The flat area is very 

small, and at the suture about as wide as the marginal fold.

"The glabella is about an eighth longer than wide. It expands regularly from the base to a point somewhat in advance of the fourth furrow, whence it is regularly rounded to the front.

" The glabellar furrows are all heavily cut. The first two cross the 

axis of the glabella; of these the first is arched decidedly backward, 

and is somewhat more heavily impressed in the outer than in the middle 

third. The second furrow strongly indents the glabella parallel to the 

transverse axis; it is more lightly impressed in the middle quarter 

than elsewhere. The two ante'rior furrows are in pairs. The third 

fails to cross the glabella by less than a third of the glabella's width; 

it begins within the margin of the glabella and is directed forward at 

an angle of about fifteen degrees. The fourth furrow begins on the 

edge of the glabella, and scarcely extends one-quarter of the way 

across it.

" The occipital ring is more than twice as long as wide; it is regularly 

convex and moderately arched vertically; a little behind the middle of 

the ring is a short tuberculous spine. In some of the largest heads the 

middle half of the ring is raised into a broad, rather flat, lobe which 

bears the spine. The occipital furrow is more strongly impressed in 

the outer quarter than in the middle.

"The posterior margin is moderately arched backward; the fold is 

regularly convex and moderately arched vertically, The furrow is 

scarcely as wide as the fold, and is rounded in the bottom.

" The fixed cheek is subtrapezoidal in form, is convex, and has an elevation at the posterior inner angle; it is strongly depressed in front, 

and the bounding furrows are distinct. The ocular lobe makes an open 

parabolic curve, and is prominently raised all round, but especially at 

the extremities. The curve of the posterior third of the ocular lobe in 

this species is more open than in that of the preceding species or its 

varieties.

" Sculpture. Parallel raised lines appear only on the front half of the 

marginal fold, where there are about five. Elsewhere the surface of the 

test is covered with closely-set granulations visible to the naked eye.

"This neat little species is easily distinguished from all the preceding 

by its granulated surface, and by the absence of raised lines on the 

front of the glabella."

In the Hartt collection there is a specimen that adds materially to 

our knowledge of the species and the group of species to which it belongs, as fourteen segments of the thorax, the pygidium, and a portion

.(306)
WALCOTT.] FAUNA OF THE SAINT JOHN FORMATION. 27

of the head are preserved. The head parts appear to be identical with 

the typical form described by Mr. Matthew, and are ornamented by the 

granulated surface, characteristic of the species. The thorax is very 

broad in proportion to its length, even though the fourteen segments 

preserved are not considered as entirely forming it. The allied Bohemian type, Paradoxides rugulosus, Corda (Syst. Silur. de Bohfime., p. 

347, plates ix and xiii), has but sixteen segments and the specimen 

under consideration shows no traces of more than fourteen j the anterior segments, however, are crowded down somewhat, and the head 

pushed to one side, which leaves the question of the actual number of 

segments unsettled. The median lobe is crushed together, but still 

shows that it had a width of 7mm or 8mm at the twelfth segment, the 

pleura! lobe on each side of the same segment extending out 12mm from 

the median lobe and terminating in slightly curved mucronate points 

of the same length on all the segments; posteriorly the median and 

lateral lobes contract, the pleural portion of the last four segments expanding and bending back so as to close down to the side of the 

pygidium; the pleural grooves are well marked and extend out about 

half way on the pleural lobe. The pygidium is the type of .that of 

P. rugulosus, (loc. tit.), and corresponds to figure 19 of plate x of Mr. 

Matthew's paper more closely than any other.

Formation and locality. The locality is not given with the specimen, 

but Mr. Matthew cites the species from Portland, N. B., and the lithologic characters of the shale correspond to specimens from that locality.

PARADOXIDES ETEMINICUS, Matthew.

Plate iii, figs. 1, la-g.

Paradoxides Eteminicus, Matthew, 1883, Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, vol. i; p. 92, plate 

x, figs. 7-12.

.Mr. Matthew gives a very elaborate description of this fine species 

and divides it into- P. Eteminicus and four varieties, viz: Suricoides, breviatus, Quacoensis, Malicitus, and pontificalis, the differences separating 

each appearing in the glabella, fixed cheeks, and the anterior lateral 

limbs. From our experience with the varying forms of Olenellus from 

Nevada, we should scarcely consider these, on the evidence given, as 

more than varieties of one species, as Mr. Matthew has done. A number of specimens of this species occur in the collection. One head (sp.?) 

indicates a trilobite 18cm. or 20cm. in length when entire, the portion of 

the head remaining being 6cm. long.

For the purpose of illustrating the species of the Saint John fauna, 

known to me at present, several figures of P. Eteminicus are copied from 

Mr. Matthew's paper.

Formation and localities. Cambrian. Saint John formation, Portland 

and BatcIilFs Millstream, N. B.

(307)
28 CAMBRIAN FAUNA OF NORTH AMERICA. [BULL. 10.

Genus COFOCOEYPHE, Oorda.3 

CONOCORYPHE (Subgenus?) MATTHEWI.

Plate iv, figs. 1, la, 7>.

Conocepllalites Matthftvi, Hartt, 1868, Acadian Geology, Dawson, 2d ed., p. 646. 

ConocepUalites gemini-spinosus, Hartt, 1868, Acadian Geology, Da-wson, 2d ed., p. 653.

Description. " Head semi-circular to semi-elliptical, more than twice 

as wide as long; front and lateral margins forming a regular curve; 

posterior margin nearly straight; posterior angles of shield flattened 

and rounded without spines; margin with a strong, round, rather narrow 

fold, which becomes narrower and lower towards the posterior angle of 

shield, where it disappears. This is separated from the cheek-lobes by 

a very deep, moderately-broad groove. This groove is arched forward 

in front by a large, semi-globose swelling, situated just in advance of 

the glabella, encroaching upon the marginal fold, causing it to be the 

thickest on each side of this prominence.

"The posterior margin is also folded, but the plait is more or less inclined backwards. The fold is narrow near the occipital ring, but grows 

more prominent and gains in width towards the posterior angle, but, 

like the anterior fold, it disappears at that point. Its course is not 

straight: at about half the distance of the outer angle it bends slightly 

backwards and downwards and then forwards slightly to disappear on 

the flattened or rounded angle of the shield. This fold is separated 

from the cheek-lobes by a groove shallower and broader than the marginal one, which it resembles, by expanding gradually into the flattened 

space of the outer angler This groove follows a course parallel to the 

fold which it accompanies. Length from occipital furrow, about half 

that of head.

" Glabella subconical, longer than wide, strongly rounded in front, and 

about half as wide anteriorly as posteriorly; length about that of whole 

shield, strongly con vex, but less elevated than the check-lobes, bounded 

laterally and anteriorly by deep grooves, the anterior being not so deep 

as the posterior. The sides of the glabella are impressed and divided 

into lobes by three pairs of deep lateral glabellar furrows. Those of 

the posterior pair are the longer and more deeply impressed. These 

furrows begin abruptly at a point somewhat in advance of the middle 

of the longer diameter of the glabella, and directed backwards at an 

angle of about 45° to the antero-posterior diameter of the shield, disappear abruptly without gaining the medial line, usually extending a 

little more than the third of the distance across the glabella. Those of 

the median pair begin also on the bounding groove very abruptly, 

only a little in advance of the posterior pair, but they are usually not 

so oblique, and extend on each side not more than a quarter of the distance across the glabella. The distance between the outer extremity of

3 See note on this genus under remarks on the genus Ptychoparia.

(308)
WALCOTT.] FAUNA OP THE SAINT JOHN FORMATION. 29

the median and anterior furrows is somewhat less than between those 

of the median and posterior, and these but slightly impress the sides of 

the glabella, and occasionally are scarcely visible. The anterior lobe is 

about as wide as the one which follows it.

" The occipital furrow is deeply cut in the outer third of its length and 

strongly directed forwards; in the middle third it is not so deep and is 

quite strongly arched forwards. The occipital ring is narrow, strongly 

convex, and vertically arched, the sides being more or less narrowed, 

turned downwards and forwards, being projected obliquely more or less 

across the posterior marginal cheek-groove towards the inner posterior 

angle of cheek-lobe. The ring projects backwards beyond the margin, 

but not beyond the posterior lateral angle of shield. The middle part 

is produced into a very short conical tubercle-like spine, directed slightly 

° backwards. The cheek-lobes are strongly gibbous, aud very regularly 

arched, the convexity being stronger anteriorly. A narrow, distinct, 

wavy ocular ridge begins on the cheek-lobe, just opposite the anterior 

part of glabella, and, thinning gradually out and arching, at first slightly 

forwards, curves round and is directed towards the outer angle of cheeklobe, but it usually vanishes before reaching that point. From its anterior outer side it throws off a very numerous set of fine, bifurcating, 

raised lines of ridges. These lines are directed outward from the primary 

line at a rather acute angle, and appear to bifurcate several times. 

This ocular ridge is thickened at its commencement, but is not so 

strongly marked at that point as in C. Baileyi. It is also more arched 

forward than in the latter species. The whole outer surface of the shield 

is covered by innumerable, close-set, raised points or granulations, just 

visible to the naked eye, but very distinct under the lens, 'appearing in 

the impression of the shield as minute punctures. These appear to be 

more distinct on the convex portions of the shield. The raised margins, 

cheek-lobes, glabella, occipital ring, as well as the lobe just in advance 

of the glabella, bear sparsely-sown, minute, short spines, which give to 

the surface a distinct granular appearance. These are always wanting 

in the furrows and on the cheek-lobes, are more crowded on the outer 

halves of the cheek-lobes. They are true spines, but usually appear as 

granulations on the casts.

u In very young specimens, a line in diameter, the shield is semicircu-. 

lar, the cheek-lobes are extremely gibbous, aud very much more convex 

than the glabella, and the preglabellar lo.be is very conspicuous."

The above description gives all the characters of the adult head of 

this species as shown in the specimens contained in the Hartt collection. 

A number of small heads show embryonic features, but as Mr. Hartt 

did not describe these and Mr. Matthew is at work on the species and 

its stages of development, we will await the appearance of his paper.

Mr. Linnarsson unites Conocoryphe coronatus, Barr. (Syst. Sil. de 

Boh6me., vol. i, p. 424, plate xiii, figs. 20-26), C. exsulans, Linnarsson 

(Sv. Geol. Unders. Afh., Ser. C., E":o. 35, p. 17, 1879), C. solvensis,

(309)
30 CAMBRIAN FAUNA OF NORTH AMERICA. [BULI.IO.

Hicks (Quar. Jour. Geol. Soc., vol. xxvii, p. 400, plate xvi, fig. 8,1871) 

and G. Matthewi, Hartt, as a natural group chiefly characterized by 

the boss or elevation in front of the glabella. He speaks of C. (Elyx) 

laticeps, Ang. (Pal. Scan., t. 5, figs. 2-3, 1854), as the nearest allied 

from among Swedish species, and there appears to be good reason for 

placing it very close to, if not in the C. coronatus group.

Mr. Corda proposed the generic°name Ctenocephalus (Prodrom. Mon. 

bohni. Trilobiten, p. 142) for this type of theConocephalidae, and in many 

respects it is a convenient subgeneric term.

I know of no American species from the Potsdam or Georgian horizons that will fall within the group, although a species from the 

Georgian horizon, in Central Nevada, Ptychoparia Linnarssoni, Walcott 

(Pal. Eureka Dist., in press), has a boss in front of the glabella much 

the same as that in G. coronatus. The presence of large, free cheeks, 

well marked eyes, and facial sutures, places the species in the second 

division of the Conocephalidse under the genus Ptychoporia, or a subgenus of the latter.

Mr. Hartt describes a second species of this group under the name 

Conoceplialltes gemmini-spinosus, as follows: " Eesembles C. Matthewi, 

but with wider and less elevated marginal folds; cheelj-lobes much 

more gibbous and semi-ovoid, &c., sparsely sown with minute spines, 

grouped two and two. Eare, at Saint John." This species does not appear on the list of numbered specimens, and I fail to find any specimens 

that differ from the typical forms of G. Matthewi sufficiently to warrant a 

separate specific name. Under the circumstances it appears best to 

place the name as a synouym of G. Matthewi, on the grounds of imperfect description, no illustration, no labeled type specimen, or a form in 

the collection that can be recognized as the one referred to by the 

author, Specimen No. 91 is referred to 'as C. Matthewi var, ?. This is

a well-marked variety in its surface characters, as the scattered tubercles of G. Matthewi are crowded together and give the glabella, cheeks, 

frontal lobe, and margins a granulated appearance quite unlike G. 

Matthewi. The ocular-like ridges are also lost in the crowding together 

of the tubercles; fig. 1 b., pi. iv.

Formation and localities. Cambrian. Saint John formation, RatclifPs 

Millstream, Saint John and Portland, N. B. The variety (= granulata) 

is labeled Cold Brook (= Portland, on authority of Mr. Matthew).

CONOOORYPHE WALOOTTi, Matthew. .

In a letter received from Mr. G. F. Matthew May 22, 1884, written 

since the preparation of this paper, he states that he has found a 

species of Conocoryphe.in the Saint John formation, characterized by 

transverse bars on the glabella, a granulated but not tuberculated surface, and other features separating it from the other species of the 

genus. For this species he proposed the name Conocoryphe Walcotti in

(310)
WALCOTT.] FAUNA OF THE SAINT JOHN FORMATION. 31

a paper "On the ConocoryphidsB of the Saint John group, with remarks 

on Paradoxides," read before the Royal Society of Canada, May, 1884.

Subgenus SALTEKIA, n. subgen.

Dr. Henry Hicks, in his description of Erinnys venulosa, refers the 

species to Salter (Brit. Assoc. Rep., 1865), where we find the name 

used and the relations of the genus to Harpides pointed out, and the 

fact stated that it has a great number of free segments and no facial 

sutures and probably no eyes. The description of Erinnys venulosa 

(Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., vol. xxviii, p. 177), is of the type species, and 

gives that of the genus as far as known.

Description. " Ovate in form, being widest in front, and surface depressed. The largest specimens indicate a fossil at least 3£ inches long.

" Head semicircular, margined all round, but with no posterior spines 

wider than the body. Glabella small, occupying only about two-thirds 

of the length and about one-fifth of the width of the head; pyramidal 

in shape, slightly raised, and indented by three pairs of furrows, the 

hinder ones reaching backwards nearly to the neck-lobe, and marking 

off triangular lobes on each side.

"There are.up distinctly-marked eyes or facial sutures, but a tolerably strongly-raised ridge strikes off on each side from opposite the upper 

glabellar lobes towards the posterior angles, reaching nearly two-thirds 

of the distance across. From these ridges lines strike off in each direction, especially forwards, dividing and subdividing in their course and 

giving a veined character to the whole surface.

" Thorax composed of 24 rings; axis narrow, convex, and tapering 

towards the tail; pleura3 compressed, grooved, and, including the spines, 

more than twice as long as the rings of the axis; spines bent backwards 

from the fulcrum, at which part the surface becomes suddenly raised 

into a sharp, transverse ridge.

" The tail is semicircular, and has a tolerably strong axis, composed 

of four segments. The lateral lobes are marked by four moderately 

well-defined ribs."

This is certainly a very remarkable form, and is, as stated by Mr. 

Salter, related to Harpides; still it'does not appear to be congeneric 

with it.

The first generic use of the name Erinnys of which we have record, 

was by Mr. Schrank (Faun. Boica, vol. ii. p»\ 1, p. 152, 1801), for a 

genus of Lepidoptera. Mr. Schrank spelled the name " Erynnis." 

Mr. Agassiz suggested in his Nomericlator Zoologicus, 1846, that it be 

changed to Eriunys. The name was again used by Mr. J. Thompson 

(Arch. Ent., vol. i, 1857) for a genus of Coleoptera. In 1865 Mr. Salter 

proposed it for the genus under consideration, and in 1867 it was again 

proposed for a genus of Coleoptera by Mr. Oustalet (Scudder Index 

Univer., p. 115). As Mr. Salter's name was anticipated, it becomes

(311).
32 CAMBRIAN FAUNA OF NORTH AMERICA. [BULL.IO.

necessary to replace it, and the name Salteria is proposed in honor of 

the distinguished paleontologist. The generic description, as far as 

known, is essentially that of Salteria venulosa. With it we may place 

8. Baileyi, as it is an almost identical species, as far as can be determined from the head and pygidium.

CONOCOKYPHE (SALTEBIA) BAILEYI, Hartt.

Plate iv, figs. 3, 3a; pi. v, figs. 7, 7a. 

Conocephalitea Baileyi, Hartt, 1868, Acadian Geology, Dawson, 2d ed.,p. 645.

Description. "Head transversely semi-elliptical, half as long as wide; 

anterior margin in front more or less straight; posterior margin quite 

straight; posterior angles of cheeks slightly rounded and unfurnished 

with spines; facial suture never visible; anterior margin of shield with 

a narrow, very elevated border, which is widest and most elevated in 

front, and grows narrower and lower posteriorly, becoming obsolete, or 

nearly so, at the posterior angle of the shield. This border is separated 

from the other part of the shield by a deep, rather wide furrow, which 

is deepest in front, but grows shallower as the anterior border loses in 

height going posteriorly. General form of shield convex, but much 

depressed; glabella more depressed than the cheek, subtriangular, depressed convex, broadly rounded in front, and separated from the cheeks 

and front by a deep, well-marked furrow; width at base equal to length, 

which last is about seven-tenths that of shield; very much narrowed in 

front. Lateral bounding furrows inclined to one another at such an 

angle as would cause them to meet if produced to the middle of the 

front margin of head. Occipital furrow deep and well marked, slightly 

arched forward in middle, and curving downward and forward, growing

narrower at the extremities, and less deeply cut than the bounding

furrow of the glabella. N"o lateral glabellar furrows, or very slightly 

marked, ever seen on casts. Occipital ring more elevated and rather 

wider in the center; bent forward at the sides; narrow, with a very 

low, spine-like tubercle in the center. Posterior furrow moderately 

deep and wide. Sides of shield bent slightly downward. Posterior 

angles flattened. Cheeks subtriangular, bounded by the straight dorsal furrow, the straight groove which separates them from the glabella 

and the curved marginal furrow. They are more convex or gibbous 

than the glabella, sloping gently toward the marginal furrow, but 

steeply to the other bounding grooves. In the cast they are marked on 

the edge of the bounding groove of the glabella at the points where the 

straight sides of the latter begin to curve around the front by two small, 

low, but well-marked ocular prominences, from each of which extends 

a slight ocular ridge, with a more or less outward curve toward the 

^posterior angle of the shield, but usually loosing itself at about half the, 

distance in a system of delicate ramifications, which may often be traced 

to the posterior angles of the cheek lobes. Like ramifications are thrown

(312)
WALCOTT.] FAUNA OF THE SAINT JOHN FOEMATION. 33

off for the whole length of the ridge from its anterior side, and these 

occupy the surface of the cheek lobes in front of the line. The surface 

of the cast sometimes appears granular, but the mould is always smooth, 

and the outer surface of the shield was unfurnished with tubercular or 

granular ornamentation. The posterior border on each side of glabella 

is \7 ery elevated in the middle, and loses height thence each way. 

Cephalic shield sometimes an inch and a half in width."

On one specimen referred to this species the left postero-lateral angle 

of the head shows a short, slender, rounded spine, a feature not mentioned in the original description, and a short facial suture cuts off a 

slender strip of the postero-lateral side of the cheek, carrying the spine 

with it.

The resemblance between the head of this species and that of C. 

(Salteria) vcnulosa is very striking, the greatest difference appearing in 

the presence of a suf/ure line and postero-lateral spine. I suspect, however, that, as in the case with C. (8.) Baileyi, the free cheek and spine 

are broken away in C. (S.) venulosa, and have not been observed, owing 

to that. One specimen of C. (S.) Baileyi preserves twelve segments of 

the thorax and the pygidium. The latter is of the type of that of C. (8.) 

venulosa, but the thoracic segments vary considerably at the genal angle of the pleural lobes and in the rounded instead of falcate terminations of the pleurae. The true number of segments in the thorax is 

unknown.

Formation cmd locality. Cambrian. Saint John formation. Batcliff's Millstream, N. B.

CONOCORYPHE ELEGANS, Hartt.

Plate iv, figs. 2, 2a, &. 

Conocephalites elegans, Hartt, 1868, Acadian Geology, Dawson, 2d ed., p. 650.

Description. "Head or cephalic shield semi-circular or semi-elliptical, 

more than twice as broad as long, nearly straight behind; anterior border with a very strong fold, separated from the rest of the head by a 

deep groove. This fold is widest and most elevated just in front of the 

glabella, where it is sometimes the tenth of an inch in width. At this 

point the groove bends abruptly and angularly, and arches forward on 

each side so as to encroach on the marginal fold and cause it to disappear at about half the distance between the middle point in front and 

the posterior angles of shield. The posterior marginal folds are very 

thin, most elevated in the middle, and sloping each way towards the 

occipital ring and posterior angles of shield. The axis of the outward 

half is more and more inclined backward from the perpendicular towards 

the posterior angles, which are rounded, more or less flattened, and with 

out backward projecting spines. The grooves separating the posterior 

fold from the cheeks are very deep, and are slightly directed forward. 

Length of glabella about sixth-tenths of antero-posterior diameter of

(313) . 

Bull. 10 3
34 CAMBRIAN FAUNA OF NOETH AMERICA. [BULL. 10.

shield, a little wider at base than long, and less than half as wide anteriorly; triangular, with anterior part rather broadly rounded, highly 

inflated, and bounded by deep grooves, which in front join in with the 

anterior marginal groove. There are three pairs of glabellar furrows. 

Those of the posterior pair impress deeply the sides of the glabella, are 

strongly curved backwards, and scarcely reach a third of the distance 

across each side. The second and third pairs only just impress in like 

manner the sides of the glabella. Those of the second pair are curved 

backward, and extend about a quarter of the distance across the glabella. 

Those of the third pair are very short, and appear to be parallel with 

the transverse diameter, but they are'not always distinct.

Occipital furrow deep, slightly arched forward in the middle, and with 

the ends turned in the same direction ; occipital ring of moderate width; 

the middle is produced into a spine often more than a quarter of an inch 

in length. This spine is more or less strongly directed backwards. The 

cheek-lobes are very gibbous, more so than the glabella. Their posterior border is so strongly impressed by the posterior furrow that it 

arches slightly over it. The surface .of the convex part of the shield is 

ornamented by very fine, close-set granulations, distinctly visible to the 

naked eye, and by a set of delicate little tubercles more sparsely sown.?'

This distinct and finely ornamented species may be compared with 

Conocoryphe bufo, Hicks (Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xxv, p. 52,1869). 

In the form of the head, frontal margin, and glabella, the character of 

the granulose surface and absence of facial sutures and eyes, as far as 

known, they are very much alike. We know of the presence of the postero-lateral spines of the head in G. elegans, but not the occipital spine 

in G. bufo which is present in C. elegans. Conocoryplie Dalmani, Angelin 

(Pal. Scan., p. 63, pi. xxxiii, fig. 16,1854), belongs to the same group 

of species and is very closely related to them. Linnarsson speaks of G. 

tenuicincta, Linn., G. emarginata, Linn., G. Dalmani, and G. bufo as 

forming a natural group (Sv. Geol. Unders. Af h., Se. 0. JST: o. 35, p. 20, 

1879), and with these we add G. elegans, as it is a similar.type and nearly 

identical with C. bufo and G. Dalmani.

Formation and locality. Cambrian. Saint John formation, Eatcliff's 

Millstream, H". B.

Genus PTYCHOPARIA, Corda.

Ptychoparia Corda, 1847, Prodrom. Mon. bohm. Trilobiten, p. 141, Abh. den K. Bohm.

Gesells. den Wissenschaffcen. 

= Conocephalus Zenker, 1833 (in parte); Solenopleura, Angelin, 1851 (in parte);

Crepicephalus, Owen, 1852 (in parte); Conocephalites, Barrande, 1852 (in

parte).

In looking up the history of the generic names Conocephalus, Conocoryphe, Ptychoparia, and Conocephalites, we find that Conocephalus 

was first proposed by Mr. Zenker in 1833, with G. Sulzeri as the type, 

a trilobite without eyes and having a peculiar direction to the facial 

sutures of the head.

' (314)
WALCOTT.] FAUNA OF THE SAINT JOHN FORMATION. 35

In 1839 Mr. Eminrich described, as a distinct species from C. Stdzeri, 

Conoceplialus striatus, referring it to the same genus, although it has 

well-developed eyes and a direction of the facial sutures unlike that of 

G. Sulzeri..

Mr. Corda, in 1847, observed that G. Sulzeri and C. striatus represented 

two generic groups, and as the name Couocephalus had been preoccupied for a genus of insects in 1812, he proposed two generic names for 

the two types, Conocoryphe being given to C. Sulzeri and Ptychoparia 

to G. striatus. This division appears to me to be one demanded by the 

characters of the two types, and I fully indorse the opinion of the late 

Mr. F. B. Meek (Sixth Ann. Eep. U. S. Geol. Surv. Terr. 1872, p. 487), 

that Mr. Corda's names should be adopted and the subsequent name, 

Conocephalites, proposed by Mr. Barrande in 1852, treated as a synonym, Mr. Corda used the same type species in proposing the genus

Conocoryphe, and there does not appear to be sufficient reason for 

refusing to adopt the name. Of the value of the genus Ptychoparia 

paleontologists may differ, but if we unite before our minds the characters of Ptychoparia striata and P. JEmmrichi, the types referred to by 

Mr. Corda, and then bring together the group represented by Conocoryphe 

Sulzeri, C. coronatus, C. exsulans, Linnarsson, 0. solvensis, Hicks, and 

C. Matthewi, Hartt, in the same manner, we will observe differences that, 

to me, appear to be of undoubted generic value. This division may be 

carried still further if we adopt Mr. Corda's third division of Conocephalus, Ctenocephalus, as a subgenus of Conocoryphe, and place 

C. coronatus, C. Matthewi, G. exsulans, and allied species under it.- 

From Mr. G. F. Matthew's study of G. Matthewi I am very much 

inclined to adopt Ctenocephalus in that manner.

Mr. Meek (loc. cit.) thinks that in adopting this view the generic 

name Ptychoparia will necessarily be applied to nearly all the species 

of the Conocephalidse described from American rocks. With some considerable exception this is true, and especially so of the group placed 

under the generic name of Crepicephalus, by Messrs. Hall and Whitfield (Geol. Expl. Fortieth Par., vol. iv, p. 209, 1877). They revived 

the genus which was proposed by Mr. Owen (Geol. Surv. Iowa, Wis., 

and Minn., p. 576), making G. Haguei the first species.

For the purpose of placing before all the means of comparing the 

types of the two genera, they are figured side by side on plate v. 

Ptychoparia striatus, the type of the genus, has two more segments 

in the thorax than P. Haguei, but that is not a character of generic 

value of itself. Of Mr. Owen's type of the genus Crepicephalus, G. 

lowensis, only the head is known, although the pygidium usually 

associated with the head is peculiar and might give rise to a subgeneric 

group, but not as defined by Mr. Owen or Messrs. Hall and Whitfield.

Ptychoparia Emmrichi, Barr. (Syst. Silur de BohSme. ], p. 428, plate ii, 

Figs. 2-0), tho second species arranged under the genus by Mr. Corda, 

differs in having the central portion of the head between the sutures in

(315)
36 CAMBRIAN FAUNA OF NORTH AMERICA. IBULL.IO.

front of the eyes narrower than in P. striata, a feature quite prominent in 

the species from the Potsdam group in Wisconsin, etc. The pygidiuin is 

also more like that of P. Kaguei, and the pleura have less angular extremities. If the student will compare fig. 4, plate ii (Syst. Silur. de Boh§me, vol. i, 1852), P. JUmmrichi, with fig. 7 of plate xiii of the same 

work, I think that he will scarcely wish to place the two species in two 

subgeneric groups. If not, there appears to be no other way but to place 

Crepicephalus as a syuouym of Ptychoparia for all species except P. 

(Crepicephalus} lowemis, where it may be used as a subgenus on account 

of the peculiar pygidium. The genus Loganellus Devine (Geol. Canada, 

Pal. Foss., vol. i, p. 200), is of the same type as Ptychoparia Emmrichij 

and is considered by Messrs. Hall and Wbitfield as identical with Creciphalus = Ptychoparia Haguei. Solenopleura Angelin (Pal. Scan., p. 

26) and Liostracus Angelin each approach this group. Liostracus represeuts the forms with the glabella devoid of furrows and the presence 

of ocular ridges on the fixed cheeks, and is a convenient subgeneric 

group. Solenopleura appears to be of the same character as many of 

the species placed under the genus Bathyurus by Mr. Billings, and I 

think can be used for such forms as Bathyurus gregarius, Billings (Pal. 

Foss., vol. i, p. 363), and nearly all the species referred to the genus 

Bathyurus from the Cambrian. The figure of the type species of Solenogleura is copied on plate vi, fig, 3.

Among the species from the Saint John formation Ptycoparia Robbi 

approaches most nearly to the typical forms of the genus Ptychoparia.

PTYCHOPARIA EOBBI, Hartt.

Plate vi, figs. 1, la.

ConocephaUtes RobU, Hartt, 1868, Acadian Geology, Dawson, 2d ed., p. 648.

Conocephalitcs formosus, Hartt,-1808, Acadian Geology, Dawson, 2decL, p. 654.

Description. " Head without movable cheeks, of moderate size, depressed convex, slightly arched in front, where the width is considerably less than behind; length about equal to breadth in front.

"Glabella ovate conical, sides straight, and dorsal furrows so inclined 

as to meet if produced in middle part of anterior margin; very convex; 

more elevated in the middle; posterior furrows reaching about one-third 

of the way across the glabella, directed strongly backwards, and reaching nearly to the base of the glabella; middle furrows less distinctly 

marked, short, not so oblique as first; anterior very short, appearing 

only as little pits or depressions on the sides of the glabella.

*' Occipital ring narrow, convex, widest in the middle, narrowing towards the sides, which are turned forward, giving to it a crescent 

shape. Occipital furrow deep and well developed, widest in the middle, 

where it slightly impresses the base of the glabella; narrow and slightly 

bent forward at the ends. The ring bears a little, short, conical, tubercle-like spine in the middle, directed slightly backwards.

(316)
WALCOTT.I FAUNA OF THE SAINT JOHN FOEMATION. 37

" Fixed cheeks, frontal limb one-third to one-fourth of whole length of 

head, with a narrow, high, convex border, inside of which is a moderately deep furrow; cheek-lobes depressed, convex, meeting in front, 

rising abruptly from the deep dorsal furrow, on the borders of which 

they reach their greatest elevation, which, however, is not equal to 

that of glabella, and sloping thence roundly towards the sides and 

front. The posterior limb bears a deep, wide, furrow, which widens 

somewhat near extremity. The marginal fold is very narrow and of 

little prominence, and widens a little in the outer half. The posterior 

margin bends slightly backwards at extremity of limb, which is rounded."

On comparing the type specimens of P. Robbi and P. formosus, 

and also a number of specimens of P. Robbi, I am unable to obtain 

good specific differences between them. The range of variation is slight

and the two extremes are intimately united by specimens possessing the 

characters of each in a more or less fully developed condition. P./orinosus appears to have been founded on compressed specimens of P. 

Robbi.

The representative type of P. Robbi occurs in the Mehevian of Wales 

as the very closely related species Ptychoparia (=Conocoryphe) applanatcij Salter (Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc., vol. xxv, p. 53, pi. xxv, figs. 1, 

2, 4, 5). In Ptychoparia (=8olenopleura) cristata, Linuarsson (Afdrag 

ur Geol. Foreningens, i Stockholm Forhandl. 1877, F:o. 40, Band, iii, 

N:o. 12, p. 370), from the Paradoxides beds of Sweden, we find an allied 

species, and Mr. Linnarsson compares it with P. Emmrichi, the nearest 

representative of the type in Bohemia.

Formation and locality. Cambrian. Saint John formation, EatcliflPs 

Millstream, N. B.

PTYCHOPARIA OCTANGONDIANA, Hartt.

Plate v, figs. 4, 4a-/.

Conoccphalites ouangondianus, Hartt, 1868, Acadian Geology, Dawson, 2d ed., p. 651. 

Description, " Head without movable cheeks; strongly convex in 

outline, somewhat subangular in front; much narrower in front than 

behind, where width is'greater than the length ; width in front nearly 

equal to length; anterior margin wide, with a strong fold, whose axis 

is strongly inclined forwards, so that it presents a short, steep, convex 

slope forward, and a long, concave slope in the inner side, being much 

less elevated than glabella or fixed cheeks. Glabella long, ovate-conical, nearly twice as wide posteriorly as in front; very convex, slightly 

subangular at the middle; si$es straight, inclined to one another so 

as to meet in the middle of front margin if produced; rounded in front; 

casts sometimes showing three pairs of short, raised, transverse lines 

on the sides of the glabella, occupying the position of the ordinary 

glabellar furrows; of these the two posterior are directed obliquely 

backwards. In some specimens there seems to be a fourth pair in ad-

(317)
38 CAMBRIAN FAUNA OF NORTH AMERICA. [BULL. 10.

vance of the other, represented by little tubercle-like processes situated 

on the side of the glabella in front, just where the sides curve to the 

front. Glabella very much more convex than fixed cheek. Occipital 

ring strongly arched upward, and separated from glabella by a wellmarked groove; middle of posterior margin produced backwards in a 

short conical spine. Fixed cheeks highest along dorsal furrow, towards 

which they pressed abrupt round slopes, while their general surface 

slopes gently and quite evenly towards front of sutures. The dorsal 

furrows are confluent in front with the flat margin, so that the cheeklobes do not meet in front. They are highest along the straight dorsal 

furrows, but where they bend to go round the anterior extremity of 

glabella, the cheek-lobes narrowing and curving towards each other, 

gradually sink away and disappear in the front flattened space. The 

ocular lobes are very well developed, forming subsemicircular lappetlike lobes, curved strongly upwards, and situated about opposite the 

center of the head. An ocular ridge, low and rounded,'but very prominent, runs from anterior margin of ocular lobes, with a curve almost 

parallel with front margin of shield, but slightly divergent from it to 

the dorsal furrow, which it gains at a point considerably back of front 

of glabella, and where the straight part of the dorsal furrow bends to 

go round the front. Posterior limb short and broadly rounded. Postmarginal furrows less deep than dorsal 5 wider; marginal fold narrow 

and moderately prominent j shield strongly arched transversely ; surface smooth."

This species is more fully represented by the central portion of the 

head than any other in the collection. The range of variation appears 

to have been small originally, but the distortion by lateral and vertical compression gives it a variety of forms. Three of these are illustrated.

A small head that appears to be uncompressed looks very much like 

that of P. (Solenopleura) cristata, Linnarsson. (See description of P. 

Robbi.') Mr. Hartt speaks of this species as rather uncommon at Eatcliff's Mill stream, but on examining all the duplicate material we find 

upwards of forty specimens. From the character of many of the specimens it appears quite probable that some of this material was not before him when he wrote the notes on the species.

Formation and locality. Cambrian. Saint John formation, Batcliff's 

Millstream, IS". B. ' j*

PTYCHOPARIA OUANGONDIANA, ^ var. AURORA, Hartt. >

Plato v, fig. 5. 

Conoceplialites aurora, Hartt, 1868, Acadian Geology, Dawson, 2d ed., p. 653.

Description. " Resembles ,C. ouangondianum, but differs in wider 

head, more depressed ; anterior margin more broadly rounded, and 

border more strongly reflexed and elevated."

(318) -
WALCOTT.I FAUNA OF THE SAINT JOHN FORMATION. 39

To me the distinctive character between this species and P. ouangondiana is in the form of the glabella. Compression and distortion may 

give the depressed broader form and reflexed rim, but not entirely the 

subquadrate glabella, that appears to be a feature of original varietal 

importance/ With a large series of specimens of this form showing its 

variations, the tendency will be to deprive it even of a varietal name 

and unite it directly with P. Ouangondiana.

Formation and locality. With the preceding species at Ratcliff s Millstream, N. B.

PTYCHOPARIA QUADRATA, Hartt.

Plate v, fig. 1. 

Conocephalites quadrala, Hartt, 1868, Acadian Geology, Dawson, 2d ed., p. 654.

Description. "Head minute, transversely oblong, twice as long, 

slightly curved in front, straight behind, very flat; a narrow elevated 

fold, convex in front, concave behind, and somewhat inclined backward, 

goes round the margin."

There appears to be but one specimen representing this species in the 

collection. The strongly-marked subquadrate glabella distinguishes it 

at once from the associated species except P. ouangondianus, var. aurora, from which it is scarcely separated by the character of the frontal 

rim and the stronger ocular ridges. The entire length of the head is 

but two millimeters.

. Formation and locality. Cambrian. Saint John formation. Portland, 

a little northward of Saint John, N. B.

PTYCHOPARIA ORESTES, Hartt.

Plate v, fig. 3, 3a.

Conocephalites orestes, Hartt, 1868, Acadian Geology, Dawson, 2d ed., p. 649. 

Conocephalites Halli, Hartt, 1868, Acadian Geology, Dawson, 2d ed.,p. 654.

Description. " The head-shield of this species without movable cheeks 

is of medium size, length about equal to breadth in front, or to twothirds width behind; margin arched moderately in front, with a rather 

wide, low border fold, widest in front, narrowing toward the sides, separated from the rest of the head by a shallow groove. Glabella long, 

ovate, conical, or cylindrico-conical, extremely convex, wider behind 

than in front, where it is rounded. The sides are straight, and so inclined to one another as to meet, if produced, at a* distance in advance 

of margin in front about equal to the distance of that line from glabella. 

The glabella is flattened on the sides and never regularly couvext 

There are three pairs of furrows, which lightly impress the sides of the 

glabella, and pf which traces are not always distinctly preserved, and 

they are apt to be seen best in slightly distorted specimens. Dorsal 

furrow narrow, deep, and sharply cut; occipital ring widest iuthe middle, narrowed from behind at the sides, separated from glabella by a

(319)
40 CAMBRIAN FAUNA OF NORTH AMERICA. [BULL.IO.

distinct furrow. Bears in the middle a minute tubercular spine pointing upwards Fixed cheeks strongly convex, but much less so than the 

glabella, meeting in front with abrupt slopes toward dorsal and posterior marginal furrows, but with gentle rounded slopes toward sides and 

anterior groove. Ocular ridges, marked as lightly raised lines, originating at the dorsal furrow some distance behind the front of the glabella, and rising obliquely upwards and backwards to ocular lobes 

which are small and semi-lunar, folded considerably upwards, and are 

situated just opposite middle of head; width between ocular lobes 

about equal to the width in front. Behind the eye the suture describes 

a long open sigmoid curve, which is continued inward somewhat so as 

to give the limb a rounded outline, and make the cheek here about onethird wider than at the eye. Posterior margin of cheeks with a slight 

fold, more prominent in the middle; outer half of this margin is arched 

backwards. Whole head arched slightly forward vertically."

The relations of this species are with both P. Robbi and P. Ouangondiana. From the former, the character of the frontal rim and the 

more elongate glabella serves to separate it, and from the latter the 

rounded rim-like frontal border instead of the broader flattened margin. The relations of P. Orestes and P. Ouangondiana are very close.

Specimen No. 59 is recorded in M. Hartt's list as Conocephalites Halli, 

and that name is scratched on the slate beside the specimen. The 

figure in the Acadian Geology (Fig. 227) was certainly not drawn from 

this specimen, but the description appears to have been.

Description. " Well separated from -all others by its very convex, 

narrow, and long glabella, ovate, or cylindro-conical, as well as by its 

strongly-rounded sub-angular outline in front, and by its peculiar anterior marginal fold."

I have studied the type specimens and also the representations of 

P. Orestes and Mr. Hartt's C. Halli in the collection, and it appears to 

be impossible to find characters that are persistent in a series of individuals to separate them as distinct species.

Formation and locality. Cambrian. Saint John formation, Ratcliff's 

Millstream, N. B. The type of Mr. Hartt's C. Halli is from the same 

locality.

PTYCHOPARIA ORESTES, var. THERSITES, Hartt.

Plate v, fig. 2. 

Concephaliles Thersites, Hartt, 1868, Acadian Geology, Dawson, 2d ed., p. 653.

Description. "Differs from the last (Conocephalites Aurora) and 

also from C. Ouangondianum in the front margin being broad and flat, 

and bordered by a low, narrow, flattened fold or ridge, &c. Glabella 

in the cast has three pairs of very short raised lines on the sides."

This species appears to have been founded on a single somewhat 

distorted head, exclusive of the free cheeks. Its relations to P. Ores-

(320)
WALCOTT,]. FAUNA OF THE SAINT JOHN FORMATION 41

tes are very close, and I had placed it with C. Halli under P. Orestes 

in a preliminary study of the species. The material is so fragmentary 

and poorly preserved that it is difficult to satisfactorily determine the 

limits of many of the species.

Formation^ and locality. Cambrian. Saint John formation, Ratcliff's 

Millstream, N. B.

PTYCHOPARIA TENEE, Hartt.

Plate v, figs. 6, 6a, &.

Conoceplialites tener, Hartt,-1868, Acadian Geology, Dawsou, 2d ed., p. 652. 

Conoceplialites neglecius, Hartt, 1868, Acadian Geology, Dawson,- 2d eel., p. 654.

Description. " Minute, glabella ovate-conical, truncate at base, rounded 

in front, where it is about half as wide as at occipital furrow, slightly

contracted behind, length about equal to width at occipital furrow, 

strongly depressed convex, more elevated at base than at front, and 

higher also than fixed cheeks; aspect varies with state of preservation 

of specimens, arcuate, rounded, convex, or concave; the middle seems 

to be inclined to project back slightly over the occipital furrow, slopes 

abruptly to occipital furrow, which is moderately deep, wide, and narrowed, and slightly inclined forward at the ends, where it terminates 

abruptly; bounding groove deeper than other grooves in head; occipital 

ring projecting backward bodily beyond higher margin, with the axis 

of its fold inclined more or less backward, and produced in the middle 

into a short conical backward inclined spine; anterior limb regularly 

arched, as if the outlines of the complete head were semicircular..

" Fixed cheeks, anterior border broad, flat concave, rising more or less 

abruptly to a sharp, thin, marginal fold; width between anterior extremities of cheek sutures equal to or about twice width of glabella at 

base. Cheek-lobes but slightly convex, and much more depressed than 

the glabella. Ocular ridges very distinct, thin, sharp, elevated ridges, 

that begin about inner edge of cheek-lobes, just behind rounded front 

of glabella, run outward and backward at an angle of 60° to 65° to the 

antero-posterior diameter. They are at first straight, but soon begin to 

bend backward more and more abruptly, forming a fragment of a spiral, 

their extremities being slightly directed inwards. The width between 

the ocular lobes is about equal to twice the length of the glabella. The 

ocular ridges are inclined outwards and forwards. Another ridge of 

the same appearance begins a very short distance behind the origin of 

the former, and on the very margin of the cheek-lobes, and, diverging 

from the margin nearly opposite to the base of the glabella, bends Off 

abruptly along the posterior margin of the cheek-lobe, describing a 

curve, whose convexity is directed backwards. This ridge terminates 

considerably outside of the ocular lobe, at a point distant from the 

glabella about equal to half the width of the latter at its base. This 

ridge is usually found inclined in the opposite direction to the former,

(321)
42 CAMBRIAN FAUNA OP NORTH AMERICA. fButt.10.

viz, inward and backward. Posterior margin of fixed cheeks moderately and regularly S curved, the inner halves curving forwards, the outer 

halves backwards, with a marginal fold most elevated in the middle, 

but much less so than the ridges of the cheek-lobe or the anterior fold. 

This fold becomes double at about the middle, by the appearance of a 

groove running along its summit, and it appears to run out before reaching the lateral suture. The width between the posterior extremities of 

cheek-sutures is considerably greater than between the anterior extremities or between the ocular lobes. Grlabella without furrows."

This is a very striking and peculiar species, owing to the development of the sharp ocular ridges and the ridges between them and the 

glabella. 

Associated with P. tener is a form described by Mr. Hartt as 0. neglectus :

Description. " Glabella regularly semi-elliptical; length, exclusive of 

occipital ring, about two-thirds of the width at base, moderately convex. 

Highest at middle of base and sloping with a regular curve toward the 

front. Traces of two pairs of glabellar furrows on the sides. Occipital 

furrow deep and concave. Occipital ring with straight parallel margins, narrow, with a short conical spine directed upward."

The type specimen, No. 341, of Mr. Hartt's list, shows the same ocular 

ridges as in P. tener and also the same ridges on the inner side of the 

palpebral lobes. The specimen has been compressed so as to shorten 

and widen the glabella, and give it the characters mentioned by Mr. 

Hartt. On the evidence of the material in the collection, it does not 

appear to represent a distinct species from P. tener.

Formation and locality. Cambrian. Saint John formation, Portland, 

a little northward of Saint John, N. B.

(322)
PATINA OF THE BRAINTREE ABGILLITES.

Wishing to examine typical specimens of Paradoxides Harlani, the 

writer visited Boston, and through the kindness of Mr. Alpheus Hyatt, 

curator in charge of the collections of the Boston Society of Natural 

History, he not only obtained access to the .collection from the Braintree argillites, but the loan of such specimens as were wished for study 

and illustration. Mr. Alexander Agassiz also gave permission to use 

material in the collections of the Museum of Comparative Zoology, and 

Mr, N, S. Shaler placed his private collection at the writer's disposal. 

It is owing to these favorable conditions that I am able to present at 

this time illustrations and descriptions of the fauna of the Braintree argillites.

The first notice of the presen ce of fossils in the patches of argillite 

associated with the Quincy granite in the north end of the town of Braintree, Mass., was by the late Mr. William B. Eogers, who called the attention of the members of the Boston Society of Natural History to it 

when exhibiting specimens of a large trilobite found at Hayward's 

quarry (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. vi, p. 27, 1856). Subsequently Mr. Eogers traced the history of tbe trilobite described by Mr. 

Jacob Green as Paradoxides Harlani, in 1834, and showed quite conclusively that it came from Hayward's quarry and was identical with the 

species found there. Mr, Henry D. Eogers published the best figure of 

the species yet given, with remarks on its discovery, &c. (Geol. Surv. 

Penn., vol. ii, p. 816, 1858).

Numerous collectors obtained specimens of Paradoxides Harlani^ but 

it is not until 1861 that we find any notice of other species. Mr. Albert 

Ordway then states that he had found a fragment of a trilobite similar 

to that described in the Paradoxides beds of Newfoundland, in association with Paradoxides Bennetti, and which he referred to the genus Ellipsocephalus. He also mentions the discovery of " a distinct fucoidal 

impression which shows three branches, each about 4 inches long, but 

not sufficiently well marked to afford any evidence with regard to its 

nature" (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. viii, p. 6,1862). The small 

trilobite is probably the same as that subsequently described by Mr. E. 

P. Whitfield as Arionellus = Agraulos quadrangularis (Bull. Amer. Mus. 

Nat. Hist., vol. i, p. 147, 1884). Mr. Ordway also published a figure of 

the head of Paradoxides Harlani, when comparing that species with 

Paradoxides spinosus, Boeck, which Mr. Barrande considered as identical 

with P. Harlani (Bull. Geol. Soc. France, vol. xvii, pp. 545-548, 1860).

In the year 1863 a restored figure of Paradoxides Harlani^ by Mr. F.

(323) 43
44 CAMBRIAN FAUNA OF NORTH AMEEICA. [BULL.IO.

B. Meek, was published in Dana's Manual of Geology and repeated in 

each subsequent edition of the Manual. This very well represents the 

general characters of the species.

The publication of the second described species by Mr. Whitfleld 

gives a stronger interest to the fauna, which is now increased by the 

addition of another species of trilobite, Ptychoparia Rogersi, and a species of Pteropod, Hyolitlies Shaleri.

In seeking'for a fauna in the Cambrian system of North America to 

compare with that of the Braintree argillites; we are at once directed to 

the Paradoxides beds of Newfoundland by the almost perfect identity 

of the leading type of each locality, Paradoxides Harlani and P. Bennetti. 

T think it has yet to be decided that the two are distinct species. Hyolithes excellens, Billings (Pal. Foss., vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 70, 1874), is very 

closely related to H. Shaleri, more so than to any other American species, and Ayraulos socialis, Billings (loo. cit., p. 71), is of the same type 

as A. quadrangularis, Whitfield, as shown by figure 1 of plate vii. 

Ptychoparia Rogersi does not appear to be represented in the Newfoundland Paradoxides beds, unless it be by Ptychoparia (Solenopleura) communis, Billings (loc. cit., p. 72).

Mr. Barraude has shown the strong resemblance between Paradoxides 

'spinosus, of the Bohemian Basin, and P. Harlani ; and the Paradoxides 

beds of Sweden, Bohemia, Wales, Newfoundland, and Braintree have 

frequently been correlated in a general manner by authors.

Genus HYOLITHES, Eichwald. 

HYOLITHES SHALERI, n. sp.

Plate vii, figs. 4 4a-c.

Form an elongate triangular pyramid, slightly arching towards the 

dorsal side and expanding regularly from the apex towards the aperture. Trausverse section midway of the length, semielliptical, with a 

width twice as great as the height; the lateral angles acute. Ventral 

face gently convex transversely, curving slightly longitudinally. Dorsal face strongly convex, and showing a slight tendency to become 

angular at the center, a little concave longitudinally. From the direction of the surface lines the aperture appears to have* been oblique. 

Operculum unknown. Surface marked by lines of growth that on the 

dorsal side are nearly transverse, and on the ventral side arched forward ; traces of fine longitudinal lines are shown in the matrix of the 

ventral side.

Dimensions. Length, about 90mm ; breadth of aperture, 23mra ; height 

of aperture, about 14mm. The apex is broken away, and the aperture a 

little crushed by compression.

. The most nearly related American species is Hyolithes excellens, Billings (Pal. Foss., vol. ii, pt. 1, p. 70, fig. 39,1874), from Smith's Sound,

(324)
WALCOTT.J FAUNA OF THE BEATNTEEE AEGILLITES. 45

Trinity Bay, New Foundland, Mr. Billings's description and figures lead 

me to think that the two species are closely allied, but still distinct, 

species.

The specific name is given in honor of the discoverer of the specimen 

illustrated, Mr. N. S. Shaler, Paleontologist of Harvard University.

Formation and locality. Lower Cambrian. Braintree argillites, Hayward's Quarry, South Braintree, Mass.

Genus PAEADOXIDES, Brongniart. 

PARADOXIDES HAKLANI, Green.

Plate vii, fig. 3; plate viii, figs. 1, lo-e; plate ix, fig. 1.

Paradoxidffi Harlani, Green, 1834, Amer. Journ. Sci., vol. xxv, p. 336.

Eogere, Wm. B., 1856. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. vi, pp. 27-29, pp.

40-44; ibid., Stodder, p. 369. Eogere, Wm. B., also in Amer. Jour. Sci., 2d

ser., vol. xxii, p. 296. Eogers, H. D., 1858. Geol. Penn., vol. ii, p. 816.

fig. 590. 

Ordway, 1861. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. viii, pp. 1-5; ibid., Jackson,

p. 58. 

Dana, 1863. Manual of Geology, p. 189, fig. 245. This figure appears in each

subsequent edition of the Manual. " 

Compare Paradoxides spinosus, Boeck.

Mr. Green's original description is as follows:

Description. "The contour of the buckler in this species cannot be 

satisfactorily determined from our present specimen; the anterior and 

posterior parts of it are well defined, but the cheeks on each side are 

either mutilated or obscured. The front is very much elevated above 

the surface of the cheeks. It rises a little before the anterior edge of 

the buckler, is rounded in front, and gradually tapers towards the middle lobe of the abdomen, with which it forms a regular continuation. 

On its posterior surface there are three transverse furrows; the upper 

one crosses it a little obliquely, and there is on each side above a considerable protuberance. The cheeks were, no doubt, in the form of 

spherical triangles, but whether the outer angles terminated in acute 

prolongations cannot, from our specimen, be determined. The organs of 

vision appear to be entirely wanting. There are two shallow depressions on each side of the cheeks, commencing near the protuberances on 

the' front, and running towards the lateral edges of the buckler. The 

posterior border of the buckler, where it joins the lobes of the abdomen, 

is marked by a transverse groove, nearly continuous with the lower 

transverse furrow on the front; this groove at its commencement appears to bifurcate outwards. The abdomen and tail cannot be distinguished from each other. There are seventeen distinct articulations in 

both. The middle lobe is very convex, and is separated from the lateral 

ones by a deep channel; it gradually tapers to an obtuse tip. In our 

specimen there is a small part of the tail of another trilobite deposited 

in this place, which at first sight appears to be a dislocated fragment

(325)
46 CAMBRIAN FAUNA OF NORTH AMRRICA. [BULL. 10.

of our animal. The lateral lobes are flattened; the costal arches are 

very distinct near their insertion, and for about half their length, but 

towards their free extremities they are a good deal obliterated. There 

appears to have been a delicate membranaceous prolongation for a considerable distance beyond the solid portion of each rib. This organization is very apparent on the costal arches of the tail. There is a deep 

groove running obliquely over the upper surface of each rib. Length of 

the fossil about 9 inches; breadth, about 4 inches."

Mr. Green did not know the true locality of the specimen sent to him 

by Mr. Harlan, and it was not until twenty-two years after that Mr. W. 

B. Eogers announced the discovery of specimens of the same species at 

South Braintree, near Boston, Mass., identifying the locality of the specimen used by Mr. Green in his original description. The description is 

unaccompanied by figures, but fortunately Mr. Green made numerous 

casts of the type, one of which is now before me. It is the narrow form 

of the species, measuring 22cm in length by about 14cm in width across 

the back of the head, and 12cm across the widest portion of the thorax. 

The palpebral lobes and movable cheeks a.re broken away, also the posterior segment of the thorax and the pygidium is displaced. Mr. Green 

describes the species as haviug 17 thoracic segments; but in a very fine 

specimen now in the collection of the Boston Society of Natural History, 

18 segments are shown between the head and pygidium; and Mr. Henry 

D. Eogers gives a very perfect figure with 18 thoracic segments.

Mr. Ordway, in making a comparison between that species and the 

Bohemian P. spinosus (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. viii, p. 3), gives 

an outline figure of the head of P. Harlani, which is evidently a restored 

figure made up from fragments.

At the request of Mr. J. D. Dana, Mr. F. B. Meek drew a figure of P.

Harlani for the Manual of Geology, from more or less fragmentary specimens in Mr. Dana's collection. This is one of the best, but not the best 

(see Eogers's figure), representations of the species yet published; but 

in the presence of 19 segments in the thorax, and the short extension of 

the posterior pleurae and other details, it varies from specimens before 

us. There is considerable variation in the species in the relative length 

and breadth of individuals. In a form similar to the type, the length is 

21cm, and the greatest breadth of the thorax 10cm. In two broad specimens the length is 25cm and 35cm ; the breadth of the thorax 16cm and 

20cm ., respectively. This variation is also shown in the pygidium, as may 

be seen by comparing figs. 16, c, d of plate viii. In the head the greatest variation is seen in the contour of the frontal margin and the gradual development of the frontal limb and rim. On the small specimens 

the frontal limb is very short and more or less rounded. With the increase in size, the space between the glabella and -the marginal rim increases in width', and the latter broadens and flattens out. Our information respecting the postero-lateral spines of the head is limited. On the 

narrow form, fig. 1, plate ix, they extend back to a point opposite the

(326)
WALCOTT.] FAUNA OF THE BRAINTREE ARGILLITES. 47

fourteenth thoracic segment; and the movable cheek, fig. 3, plate vii, 

shows a long, well-developed spine. There is a limited range of variation ,in the extension of the pleurae of the thoracic segments, but the 

material for study is too limited to say what value may be placed upon 

it. In reviewing all the variations, I do not think that more than one 

species is indicated. A narrow and broad variety might be designated 

if thought desirable.

Of American species of the genus Paradoxides, P. Bennetti, Salter 

(Quart. Journ. Geol. Soc., vol. xv, p. 552, fig. 1,1859), from Newfoundland, is the most nearly related. The figure accompanying Mr. Baiter's 

description appears to have been taken from a distorted specimen, as 

the two specimens now before me, although imperfect, show a form very 

similar to that of P. Harlani.

Mr. Ordway has described the differences between P. Harlani, Green,

and P. spinosus, Boeck (Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. viii, pp. 1-5, 

1861), and from my own observations and comparisons I cannot but 

agree with Mr. Ordway that the two species are represented. Mr. Barrande considered P. spinosus and P. Harlani as one species (Bull. Geol. 

Soc. France, vol. xvii, pp. 545-547,1860). Mr. Barrande had the cast of 

the imperfect specimen described by Mr. Green to compare with specimens of P. spinosus, and photographs of three specimens sent to him by 

Mr. W. B. Rogers. The two species are, however, very closely related. 

Formation and locality. Lower Cambrian. Braintree argillites. Hayward's quarry, South Braintree, Mass.

Genus PTYOHOPAEIA, Corda. 

PTYOHOPARIA EOGEKSI, n. sp.

Plate vii, fig. 2.

This species is known only by the central portions of the head, and 

two specimens showing portions of the thorax.

Glabella cylindro-conical, rounding rather abruptly in front, posterior 

pair of glabgllar furrows very faintly shown in one specimen; dorsal 

furrow strongly defined; occipital furrow rounded, well marked and extending out across the fixed cheeks; occipital ring rather narrow, rising 

at the center and extending backwards in a short, strong spine; fixed 

cheeks of medium width, moderately convex, and sloping forward to 

unite with the frontal limb; ocular ridges shown only on one specimen; 

starting a little back of the anterior end of the glabella, they extend 

obliquely backward to the small palpebral lobe; frontal limb rather 

narrow; it curves downward for a short distance in front of the glabella 

and then up to the frontal rim. The facial sutures cut the anterior 

margin so as to leave a narrow frontal limb, and then extend obliquely 

outward and backward to the palpebral lobe; back of this they extend 

obliquely outward to the posterior margin of the head.

(327)
48 CAMBRIAN FAUNA OF NOETH AMERICA.. IBULL.IO.

* Thorax formed of well marked, strongly trilobed, narrow segments; 

the axial lobe about one-third of the entire width anteriorly, and tapering rather rapidly backward; pleural grooves very narrow. Number 

of segments in the thorax unknown.

The condition of the preservation of the surface renders its character 

uncertain. It is apparently roughened or granulose.

Owing to the lateral compression of the specimen illustrated, the form 

of the glabella is too elongate. In hopes of getting better specimens 

the further illustration of the species is deferred.

The specific name is given in honor of Mr. W. B. Eogers, the distinguished geologist, who took so strong an interest in the discovery of 

the Braintree paradoxides beds in 1856.

Formation and locality. Lower Cambrian. Braintree argillites. 

Hayward's quarry, South Braintree, Mass.

Genus AGEAULOS, Oorda. 

AGRATJLOS QUADRANGTJLARIS? Whitfield.

Plate vii, fig. 1.

Arionellus quadmngularis, Whitfield, 1S84. Bull. Amer. Nat. Hist., p. 147, plate xiv, 

fig. 8.

Description. " Known only by the glabella and fixed cheeks, which 

are of small size, and as united are subquadrangular in form and 

depressed convex. Glabella quadrangular a little narrower in front 

than at the occipital line, squarely truncate in front and destitute of 

any appearance of glabellar furrows. Dorsal furrows bounding the 

glabella, deeply marked. Fixed cheeks about half as wide as the glabella, moderately convex in the middle. Frontal limb about as wide 

as the fixed cheeks, convex on the surface and strongly arched on the

front border; no marginal rim exists. Palpebral lobes, one of which 

is visible, minute, and but slightly raised above the general surface of 

the fixed cheek adjacent. Occipital ring narrow. General surface 

smooth. This species is so entirely distinct in its quadrangular glabella that there is no possibility of confounding it with any other American species of the genus."

We have two specimens of this species showing the central portions 

of the head and fixed cheeks. The glabella is more elongate and less 

quadrangular than in the type specimen which appears to be longitudinally compressed, and also without, the occipital ring and the posterolateral portions of the fixed cheeks. Eestoring these parts in outline 

ou the figure given by Mr. Whitfield, leads to the conclusion that we 

have but one species represented by specimens, varying considerably 

owing to their condition of preservation. The largest head is from the 

collection of Mr. N. S. Shaler, and measures 18mm in length. A smaller 

head in the collection of the Boston Society of Natural History is 9mm 

in length, and shows a small spine on the center of the occipital ring.

(328)
WALCOTT.] FAUNA OF THE BRAINTREE ARGILLITES. 49

The first notice of this species is by Mr. Albert Ordway (Proc. Boston 

Soc. Nat. Hist., vol. viii, p. 6, 1861), where he refers it to the genus 

Ellipsocephalus, but does not propose a specific name. Mr. J. Marcou 

had a specimen in his collection for many years, but it does not appear 

to have been noticed until studied by Mr. Whitfield.

Formation and locality. Lower Cambrian. Braintree argillites, associated with Paradoxides Harlani at Hay ward's quarry, South Braintree, 

Mass.

(329)

Bull. 10 4
ON A NEW GENUS AND SPECIES OF PHYLLOPODA FROM 

THE MIDDLE CAMBRIAN.

Genus PEOTOCAEIS, n. gen.

Carapace without evidence of a dorsal suture, rounded on the dorsal 

line, and bent downward on the sides; without any rostrum. Body 

many-jointed 31 segments extending out from beneath the carapace; 

the last segment broader than the preceding, and terminating in two 

spines. Type Protocaris Marslii.

In comparing Protocaris (P. Marslii} with Hymenocaris (H. vermicauda) (Salter, 1852. Eep. Brit. Assoc., pt. 2, Notices and Abstracts, p. 

58; Mem. Geol. Surv. Gt. Brit., vol. iii, p. 293, plate ii,figs. 1-4; plate 

v., fig. 25,1866) we find that in the simple, bent or folded eyeless shield 

or carapace they are closely related, but in the structure of the body 

they differ materially. Hymenocaris has, in one instance, 9 strong segments shown in its more elongate body, the terminal one ending in three 

pairs of spines; usually 6 or 7 segments are seen, 8 or 9 are less frequent (Brit. Assoc. Eep. 1883, p. 219). Protocaris has 30 narrow segments, a large terminal segment or telson with two rather strong caudal 

or terminal spines.

PKOTOOAEIS MAESHI, n. sp.

Plate x, fig. 1.

The specimen on which the genus and species is founded is compressed between the laminae of the slate so that the entire outline of 

the carapace is shown and the body is widened out. As flattened the 

carapace is rounded, quadrangular in outline, with a more or less distinctly defined marginal rim all around. The general surface appears 

to have been smooth. No evidence of eyes.

The body projecting beyond the carapace is about two-thirds as long 

as the carapace, narrows posteriorly, and is made up of numerous narrow segments, each about one-third of a millimeter in breadth; the last 

segment or telson, which is 2.5mm long, supports two caudal spines 7 

or 8mm in length; 30 segments appear between the posterior edge of 

the carapace and the telson; the segments appear to have been 

smooth and without a spinose or crenulated posterior margin; the telson and caudal spines also appear to have been smooth and without 

ornamentation.

(330) 50
WALCOTT.) NEW GENUS AND SPECIliS OF PHYLLOPODA, 51

Dimensions. Total length, 42mm ; length of carapace, 21mm ; width, 

26mm ; length of body, 15mm, exclusive of caudal spines 5 width of body, 

where it passes beneath the carapace, 10mm ; at telson, 4mm.

The specific name is given in honor of Prof. O. 0. Marsh.

Formation and locality. Middle Cambrian. Georgian formation. 

Parker's farm, town of Georgia, Yt.

(331)

INDEX.

[Figures in heavy-faced type indicate the page on which the description is given.l

Page. 

Conocephalites quadrata................. 39

Eobbi.................... 36

tener..................... 41

Thersites................. 40

Aurora=Ptychoparia Ouangondiana,var. Aurora 11 

formosus = Ptychoparia 

Kobbi.................. 11

gemini-spinosus=Gonocoryphe Matthew!........ 11

Halli=Ptychoparia Orestes ..................... 11

neglectus = Ptychoparia 

tener................... 11

Thersites = Ptychoparia 

Orestes, var. Thersites.. 

Conocephalnsstriatus....................

Sulzeri ....................

Conocoryphe.......................1... .

bufo........................

coronatus ............... 13,29,30,35

Dahnani.................... 12,34

elegans ............. 11,12,13, 33,34

emarginata................. 34

exsulans ...................12,29,35

Haguei..................... 35

Matthewi........ 11,12,13,38,30,35

Solvensis...................l2,29,35

Sulzeri..................... 13,35

tenuicincta................. 34

"Walcotti ................... 11.3O

(Elyx.) laticeps ............ 30

(Salteria) Baileyi.. .11,12,13,32,33 

(Salteria) venulosa......... 12,33

Acadian Group, Note on.................. 9

Acrothele................................ 15

Matthewi.....................11,15,16

Agassiz, Alexander....................... 43

Agnoatus ................................ 22

Acadicus...................11,12,13,22

brevifrons.-.J.................. 12,23

Cainbrensis..................... 12

integer ......................... 13,23

iDterstrictna.................... 23

'Neon........................... 23

similis.......................... 22,23

Agraulos................................. 48

affinis........................... 13,14

ceticephalus.................... 14

longicephalus................... 14

quadrangularis................14,44,48

socialis .........................13,14,44

strenuns........................ 13,14

Anopolenus ..............................

Arionellus quadrangularis ...............

= Agraulos quadrangularis... 

Barrande, Mr .........:...................

Bathyurus gregarius .....................

= Solenopleura gregarius. ....

Billings, E.. .............................. 13,25

Bohemian Basin.......................... 44

Paradoxides fauna ............. 13

Boston Society of Natural History. ....... 43

Braintree argillites ....................... 14, 43

Cambrian faunas of North. America ....... 9

Cambrian, Middle, new genus and species

of Phyllopoda from .......... 49

system, Note .................. 11

Carboniferous system .................... 9

Cold Brook=Portland............. ...... 30

Conception Bay, Species from ............ 13

Conocephalites ........................... 12

Aurora................... 38

Baileyi................... 29,32

elegans................... 33

formosns ................. 36

gemini-spinosus .:........ 28, 30

Matthewi................ 28,30

neglectus................. 41,42

Orestes................... 39

Ouangondianum.......... 40

Ouangondianus........... 37,38

(Subgenus?) Matthewi..... 28

Crepicophalus lowensis.................. 35

= Ptychoparia Haguei.... 36

Cteiiocephalus ........................... 35

Dawson, J.W., Note...................... 9

Discina Acadica.......................... 19

Elliptocephalus ........ ............... 12

Eocystites....... ...................... v 14

primaevus..................... 11,14

Eodiscus pulchellus. ...................... 24

Eophyton................................ 12

Erinnys venulosa ......................... 31

Fauna, Bohemian Paradoxides ........... 12,13

Braintree argillites. .............. 43

Cambrian of North America...... 9

(333) 53
54 INDEX.

Fauna, Manuol'sBrook .................. 13

Menevian, of Wales .............. 12

North America/Cambrian........ 9

Swedish Paradoxides ............ 12

Saint John........................ 9,12,13°

Green, Jacob............................. 43

Group, Menevian, of Wales............... 11

Saint John......................... 9

snbgenerio, indication of .......... 12

Hartt,C.F............................... 10,18

collection ......................... 9

Harttia .................................. 18

Matthewi........................ 11,19

Huronian rock........................... 9

Hyatt, Alpheus .......................... 43

Hymenocaris....................'......... 50

vennicauda................ 50

Hyolithes ....... ........................12,20,44

Acadica....................... 11,20

aclis........................... 20

Ameiicanus ................... 20

cinctus....................... .11,13,21

Danianus .................11,13,20, 21

excellens ......................13,14,44

Micmac ........................ 11,21

primordialis................... 11,20

Shaleri ........................ 14,44

Lingnla.................................. 15

?Dawsoni......................... 11,15

ferruginea....................... 15

Matthewi........................ 15

Liostracus ............................... 36

Manuel's Brook, fauna of................ 13

Matthew, G.F ........................... 9,19

Menevian group of Wales................11,12,13

Microcliscus.............................. 23

Dawsoni................ 11,13,23,24

pulcheUus ...................21,24,25

punctatus ........... 11,12, L3,24, 25

speciosns.................... 25

Middle Cambrian, new genus and species 

of Phyllopoda from .................... 5O

Murray, Alexander....................... 13

Museum of C omparative Zoology......... 43

New genus and species of Phyllopoda.... 5O

North America, Cambrian faunas of...... 9

Obolella.................................. 16

? miser........................... 13

sagittalis ....................'.... 12,16

transversa .....................11,12,16

sp............................... 11

sp. undt......................... 16

Obolus (Discina) nitida .................. 16

Olenellus asaphoides..................... 13

Orthia........'............................ 17

Billingsi .........................11,17,18

exporecta.......................... 18

Hick8i.........J................... 17

sp ................................. 11,18

Ordway, Mr..........'.................... 43

Palajacmea............................... 19

fAcadica.................... 11,19

Palseophycus ............................ 12

Paradoxides.............................. 25,45

Pago. 

Paradoxides Acadicus ... .............. 10,11,25

Bennetti...............13,14,43,44,47

decorns...................... 13

Eteminicus................. 10,11, 27

Eteminicus, var. breviatus...10,11,27 

Eteminicus, var. Malicitus.. .10,11,27 

Eteminicus, var. pontificalls . 10,11,27 

Eteminicus, var. Quacoensis. 10,11 

Eteminicns, var. suricoides . .10,11,27 

fauna........................ 12

fauna, Bohemian ............ 13

fauna, Menevian............. 12

fauna, Swedish.............. 12

Harlani........... 14,43,44,45, 46,47

Hicksi....................... 14

lamellatus..................10,11,25

lamellatus, var. Loricatus.... 10,25

Micmac ..................... 10

rngulosus ................... 13,27

slates of Saint Mary's Bay, 

Newfoundland............. 13

sp........................... 13

.spinosus............... 43,44,45,46,47

tenellus ..................... 13

(Anopolenus) venustus....... 13

Phyllopoda, new genus and species of.... 5O

Protocaris,n.gen......................... 5O

Marshi, n. sp ................. 5O

Protocystites Menevensis ................ 11,15

Ptychoparia..........................-.12, 34, 47

applanata................... ' 12

cristata ..................... 12

Emmrichi................13,14,35,37

formosus.................... 37

/: Haguei.............'......... 35,36

Linnarssoni................. 30

Orestes.............. 11,13, 39, 40, 41

Orestes, var. Thersites ...... 11,4O

Onangondiana..........11, 3V, 39,40

Ouangondiana, var. Aurora.. 11,38 

Onangondianus, var. Aurora. 39 

quadrata .................... 11,39

Bobbi ............11,12,13, 36, 37,40

Kogersi.................... 14,44,47

stiiata....................... 35,36

tener ...................11,13,41,42

= Conocephalns............. 34

(= Conocoryphe) applauata. 37 

(Crepicephalus) lowensis.... 36

' (Solenoplenra) communis.... 13,44

( Solenopleura) cristata.... 37,38

Kogers, William B........................ 43

Saint David's section of Wales........... 14

Saint John fauna.........................12,13,14

formation, Application of the 

name of..................... 9

group, Note as to the use of the 

term of............... .. 9

group, Plant remains of the

higher divisionsof.......... 12

Saint Mary's Bay, Paradoxides elates of.. 13 

Salterella................................. 12

Salteria .................................. 12,31

Baileyi.......................... 32

(334)
INDEX. 55

Page. 

Salteria venulosa......................... 12,32

Scenellareticulata ......................

Staler, N. S.........-.......>...........

Solenopleura............................

Stenotheca..............................

pauper......................

Straparolina remota.....................

Swedish Paradoxides fauna..............

System, Cambrian, Note as to ...........

Page.

System, Carboniferous ................... 9

Triassic......................... 9

Theca Acadica............................ 20

Triassic system.......................... 9

"Wales, Menevian fauna of................ 12

Williams, H.S............................. 10

WhiteaVes, J.F.......................... 13

Whitfield,K.P........................... 19,43

(335)
PLATE I.

Page.

Fig. 1. ORTHISBILLTNGSI..-.-..-.... .................. ...................... 17

1. Cast of a ventral ? valve having fasciculate or bifurcate costse, enlarged to two diameters.

la. A small ventral valve doubtfully referred to this species, en- 

' larged to three diameters.

1&. Cast of a ventral valve with sharp radiating costae, enlarged to 

two diameters.

Ic. Exterior surface of a dorsal ? valve marked by simple costse 

crossed by fine concentric undulating striae, enlarged to three diameters.

Id. Interior cast of ventral ? valve, enlarged to two diameters.

Fig. 2. EOCYSTITES PKIM^EVUS .............................................. 14

2. Enlargement to four diameters of a single plate.

Fig. 3. HAKTIA MATTHEWI .................................................. 19

3. Interior of shell, enlarged to twelve diameters.

Fig. 4. ACROTHELE MATTHEWI ................ ...... .... ...... .... __. ...... 15

4. Dorsal valve, enlarged to two diameters.

4a. Supposed ventral valve, enlarged to four diameters.

Fig. 5. OBOLELLA TRANSVERSA ..--...-...-..-.....................'.......... . 16

5. Interior of ventral valve, enlarged to eight diameters. \ 

5a. Cast of the interior of the dorsal valve, enlarged to six diameters.

Fig. 6. PAL2EACMEA ? ACADICA................ .............................. 19

6. View of the type specimen of Distina Acadica, Hartt, enlarged to 

two diameters.

(336) 

56
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY ISULLKTIX NO. 10 PL. I

SB..I

16

J

I5HACIIIOPODA AXD GASTEROPODA.
PLATE II.

Page. 

Fig. 1. MICRODISCUSPUNCTATUS....... .................................... 24

1. la, 6. Head shields showing variations, enlarged to four diameters. 

Ic. Pygidium, enlarged to three diameters.

Fig. 2. AGNOSTUS ACADICUS ............................................... 22

2a. Head shield, enlarged to three diameters.

2. 26, c. Pygidise, enlarged to three diameters.

Fig 3. MicRODiscusDAWSONi............................................. 23

3. Head shield, enlarged to three diameters. 

3a. Pygidium, enlarged to three diameters.

Fig. 4. HYOLITHES .........................................................

4. Interior cast of operculum, enlarged to four diameters. 

4«. Exterior of operculum, enlarged to four diameters.

Fig. 5. HYOLITHES ACADICA....... ........................................ 20

5. Ventral face, natural size.

Fig. 6. HYOLITHES MICMAC ................................................ 21

6. Enlargement to two diameters of the type specimen.

Fig. 7. HYOLITHES DANIANUS...............................'.............. 20

7. Dorsal view of a portion of the shell, enlarged to two diameters. 

la. Ventral side, enlarged to two diameters.

7b. Side view to show the curvature of the shell, enlarged to two 

diameters.

(338) 

58
i!i:u,KTi\ xo. 10 ri.. ii

'...I

16

PCECILOPODA AXI) PTEUOPODA.
PLATE III.

Fig. 1. PARADOXIDES ETEMINICUS .....:.... .............................. 27

1. Variety suricoides (after Matthew).

la. A small pygidium (after Matthew).

16. Medium sized head, flattened (after Matthew).

Ic. Variety treviatus (after Matthew).

Id. Variety pontificalia (after Matthew).

le. Head of a young individual in the Hartt collection shortened

by compression, enlarged to four diameters. 

If. Head of a young individual showing wide frontal rim, enlarged

to two diameters (after Matthew). 

Ig. Head showing narrower frontal rim than fig. I/, enlarged to

two diameters (after Matthew).

\ Fig. 2. PARADOXIDES LAMMELLATUS....................................... 25

2. 2a. The two type specimens of the species. 2a is enlarged to two 

diameters.

Fig. 3. PARADOXIDES ACADICUS.... ....................................... 25

3. A distorted specimen showing the pygidium and portions of the

thorax and head, enlarged to two diameters. 

3a. Head; natural size.

(340) 

60
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN N(5. 10 PL. Ill

PtECILOPOPA.
PLATE IV.

Fig. 1. CONOCORYPHE MATTHEWI............................ .......... 28

1. Head compressed longitudinally.

la. Head compressed a little laterally, but nearly in its normal form.

1&. Finely granulose variety, enlarged to two diameters.

Fig. 2. CONOCORYPHE ELEGANS. .......................................... 33

2, 2Z>. Heads, natural size.

2o. Side of head, with genal spine attached, enlarged to two diameters. This may belong to C. Matthewi.

Fig. 3. CONOCORYPHE (SALTERIA) BAILEYI............................ 32

3. Large head, enlarged to two diameters. 

3a. Side of head, with genal spine attached. 

See plate v, figs 7, 7a.

<342)
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 10 PL. IV

3«

PCKCILOPODA.
PLATE V.

Fig. 1. PTYCHOPARIA QUADRATA .......... ................... ..._ 39

1. Type specimen, enlarged to two diameters.

Fig. 2. PTYCHOPARIA ORESTES var. THERSITES ........ ............__ 40

2. Type of Conocephalites Thersites, Hartt, enlarged to two diameters.

Fig. 3. PTYCHOPARIA ORESTES.. ............................ ............ 39

3. Type of Conocephalites Halli, Hartt. 

3a. Type of C. Orestes.

Fig. 4. PTYCHOPARIA OUANGONDIANA..................................... 37

4. A specimen with the frontal furrow nearly obsolete, enlarged 

to three diameters.

4«. Free cheek associated with the head of this species.

46. Distorted specimen referred 1 o this species as a variety by Mr. 

Hartt.

4c. A young head preserving its natural convexity and outline, enlarged to three diameters.

4d, 4/. Two examples showing variation in form, enlarged to two 

diameters.

4e. Type of the species a little distorted by lateral compression, enlarged to two diameters.

Fig. 5. PTYCHOPARIA OUANGONDIANA var. AURORA ....................... 38

5. Type of Conocephalites Aurora, Hartt, enlarged to two diameters.

Fig. 6. PTYCHOPARIA TENER...... ........................................ 41

6. 6&. Types of the species, enlarged to two diameters.

6a. Type of Conocephalites neglectus, Hartt, enlarged to two diameters.

Fig. 7. CONOCORYPHE (SALTERIA) BAILEYI................................ 32

7. Pygidium.

7a. Portion of the thorax, enlarged to two diameters.

See plate iv, figs. 3, 3a.

Fig. 8. LINGULA f D A WSONI.........................._....._........ 15

8. Ventral valve, enlarged to four diameters.

(344) 

64
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SUKVKY BULLETIN NO. 10 PL. V

4a

4b

66

PtECII.OPOD.V.
PLATE VI.

Page. 

Fig. 1. PTYCHOPARIAROBBI............................................... 3$

1. Type of the species, enlarged to two diameters. 

la. Type of Conocephalites formosus Hartt, enlarged to two diameters.

Fig. 2. PTYCHOPARIA (CREPICEPHALTJS) IOWENSIS ......................... 36-

2. Head exclusive of the free cheeks. 

2a. Pygidium.

Fig. 3. SOLENOPLEURA HOLEMATOPA ...................................... 36-

. -3. Type of the genus (after Angel in).

Fig. 4. PTYCHOPARIA STRIATUS..............................

4. Type of the genus. Figure taken from Barrande.

Fig 5. LlOSTRACUS ACULEATUS ............................................

5. Type of the genus (after Angelin).

Fig. 6. PTYCHOPARIA HAGUEI ............................................. 36.

6. Typical form of the genus Crephicephalus of Hall and Whitfield.

Jig.7. PTYGHOPARIAEMMRICHI...........................................

7. Second type of the genus Ptychoparia, Corda. Figure copied 

from Barraiide.

(346) 

66
U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 10 PL. VI

PCECILOPODA.
PLATE VII.

Page. 

Fig. 1. AGKAULOS QUADRANGULARIS ....................................... 4&

. I. Head exclusive of the free cheeks. Natural size. Collection of 

Prof. N. S. Shaler.

Fig. 2. PTYCHOPARIA ROGEESI ......................................... 47

2. View of type specimen. Natural size. Collection of Prof. N. S. 

Shaler.

Fig. 3. PARADOXIDES HARLANI............................................ 45

3. Large free cheek flattened by compression. Collection of Boston 

Society Natural History.

Fig. 4. HYOLITHES SHALERI.... ........................................... 44

4. 4o, 46. Dorsal, ventral, and lateral, views. Natural size. 

4c. Transverse section. Collection of Prof. N. S. Shaler.

(348)'
BULLETIN NO. 10 1'L. VII

PTEROPODA AXD PCKCILOPODA.
PLATE VIII.

Page. 

Fig. 1. PARADOXIDES HARLANI ........................................... 45

1, la. Two medium-sized heads, showing variations in the frontal

border. Natural size. Collection of Museum Comparative

Zoology, Cambridge.

16, lCi Broad and elongate form of the pygidium. 

Id. View of the four posterior thoracic segments and pygidium; the

latter is crowded up beneath the segments. Collection of

Prof. N. 8. Shaler. 

le. Large hypostoma attached to the frontal doublure of the head.

Collection of Prof. N. S. Shaler.

(350) 

70
U. S. GEOLOGICAL HUKVKY BULLETIN NO. 10 PL. VIII

PLECILOPODA.
PLATE IX.

Page. 

Fig. 1. PARADOXIDES HARLANI............. ............................... 45

1. A large individual preserving the body and parts of the head. 

The light colored portions are restored and the pygidium, 

which is pushed a little out of position, replaced. The specimen is from the collection of the Boston Society of Natural 

History.

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72
U. B. GEOLOGIC A I, SURVEY HULLF.TIN NO. 10 1'U IX

PtKCILOPODA.
PLATE X.

Page. 

Fig. 1. PROTOCARIS MARSHI .............................................. 50

1. View of the type specimen as it. occurs flattened out on the shale. 

The body rings are more obscured in the anterior portion of 

the body than as represented in the figure. Enlarged to two 

diameters.

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U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY BULLETIN NO. 10 TL. X

PHYLLOPOPA.