Vital and

Health Statistics

Series 24:

Compilations of Data on Natality,

Mortality, Marriage, Divorce, and

Induced Terminations of Pregnancy

No. 8

These supplements to the Month/y V/ta/Stat/stbs Report present data on

maternal and infant health data from the birth certificate, mortality by

occupation, firearm mortality, trends in pregnancies, and induced

terminations of pregnancy. These reports were originally published in

1989-95s

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

Public Health Service

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

National Center for Health Statistics

Hyattsville, Maryland

October 1996

DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 96-1958
.

Copyright information

All material appearing in this report is in the pubhc domam and may be

reproduced or copied without permws!on; citation as to source, however, IS

appreciated.

Suggested citation

National Center for Health Statistics. Supplements to the monthly vital statistics

report. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 24(8). 1996
National Center for Health Statistics

Edward J. Sondi~ Ph.D., Director

Jack R. Anderson, Deputy Director

Jacob J. Feldman, Ph.D., Associate Director for AnaZysis,

Epidemiology, and Health Promotion

Gail F. Fisher, Ph.D., Associate Director for Planning and

Extramural Programs

Jack R. Anderson, Acting Associate Director for

International Statistics

Stephen E. Nieberding, Associate Director for Management

Charles J. Rothwell, Associate Director for DataProcessing

and Services

Kenneth W. Harris, Acting Associate Director for Research

and Methodology

Division of VW Statistics

Mary Anne Freedman, Director

James A. Weed, Ph.D., Deputy Director

Robert Bilgrad, Special Assistant to the Director

Robert J. Armstrong, Actuarial Adviser

Harry M. Rosenberg, Ph.D., Chiej Mortality Statistics Branch

Robert L. Heuser, Chiej Natali~, Marriage, and Divorce

Statistics Branch

George A. Gay, Chiej Registration Methods Branch

William D. Mosher, Ph.D., Chiej Family Growth Survey Branch

James A. Weed, Ph.D., Acting Chiej$ Followback Survey Branch

Ronald Chamblee, Chie$ Technical Services Branch

Robert J. krxstrong, Acting Chiej Statistical Resources Branch

Nicholas F. Pace, Acting Chie$ Systems and Programming Branch
Advance report of maternal and infant health data from the birth certificate, 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Advance report of maternal and infant health data from the birth certi6cate, 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Advance report of new data from the 1989 birth certificate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mortality by occupation, industry, and cause of deatk 12 reporting States, 1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Firearm mortality among children, you~ and young adults 1-34 years of age, trends and current

status: United States, 1979-88 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Trends in pregnancies and pregnancy rates: Estimates for the United States, 1980-92 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Trends in pregnancies and pregnancy rates, United States, 1980-88 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Induced terminations of pregnancy: Reporting States, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Induced terminations of pregnancy: Reporting States, 1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Induced terminations of pregnancy: Reporting States, 1985 and 1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Vol. 42, No. 11, Sllpp

vol. 42, No. 2, Sllpp

vol. @, No. 12, SUpp

Vol. 42, No. 4, Sllpp

Vol. 39, No. 11, fhlpp

vol. 43, No. 11, Sllpp

vol. 41, No. 6, Sllpp

vol. 39, No. 12, Sllpp

vol. 38, No. 9, %qJll

vol. 37, No. 12, Sllpp

...

Ill
Vol. 42, No. 11, Supplement ● May 11, 1994

Monthly Vital

Statistics Report

Final Data From the CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION/National Center for Health Statlst[cs

Advance Report of Maternal and Infant Health Data

from

Contents

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Medical risk factors . . . . . . . . . 2

Tobacco use . . . . . . . . . . . . ...2

Alcohol use . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...4

Maternal weight gain . . . . . . . . 5

Obstetric procedures . . . . . . . . 6

Complications of labor

and/or delivery . . . . . . . . . ...7

Method of delivery . . . . . . . . . . 7

Abnormal conditions of

newborn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...9

Congenital anomalies . . . . . . 10

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

List of tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

Technical notes. . . . . . . . . . . . 30

Introduction

Since the 1989 data year, information has been available on a wide variety

of important maternal and infant health

factors affecting birth outcome. These

include medical and life-style risk factors

of pregnancy and birth, obstetric

the Birth Certificate, 1991

procedures performed, complications of

labor andfor delivery, method of delivery,

and abnormal conditions and congenital

anomalies of the newborn. This major

enhancement of medical and health data

available on an annual basis for mothers

and babies greatly expands the scope of

information on pre~ancy outcome in the

United States (1,2). This is the third

report focusing on these new data.

Similar information for 1989 and 1990

has been pfesented in earlier reports

(3,4). Demographic information for 1991

births, as well as 1991 data on topics such

as prenatal care, low birthweight, and

preterm births, were presented in a recent

report (5).

The data available for 1989-91

reflect a significant departure from prior

years in birth certificate content and

format. Checkboxes are used extensively

to obtain detailed medical and health data

requested. Uniform reporting and a specific focus on the requested data are

facilitated by the new format.

.4s of 1991, all States and the District

of Columbia had implemented the new

birth certificate. Although most States

adopted the revision in its entirety, there

are some exceptions. Some States did not

include every item in their revisions:

Tobacco and alcohol use, weight gain,

and congenital anomalies were not

reported or were not in the requested

format by some States. In addition, for

checkbox items reported by all States,

some States did not include each

checkbox for a particular item. As a consequence, the total number of births in

the areas reporting each factor or condition and the number of births for which

the information is not stated will vary to

reflect the differing number of States

reporting the specific factor or condition.

These variations are indicated in the

tables.

Over the 3-year period, 1989-91,

there have been improvements in the

completeness of reporting of the new

items, as physicians, midwives, medical

records personnel, and others become

familiar with the birth certificate form.

The proportion of records with missing

information did not exceed 5 percent for

Acknowledgments

This report was prepared in the Division of V]tal Statistics. Stephanie J. Ventura, Selma M. Taffel, and T. J. Mathews of the Natality, Marriage, and Divorce

Statistics Branch wrote the report. Donna Wright prepared statistical tables and Thomas Dunn provided content review. Mrmju Shsrma provided computer

programming support. The Registration Methods Branch and the Technical Services Branch provided consultation to State vitrd statistics officesregarding

collection of birth certificate data on which this report is based. This report was edited by Arlett Brown and typeset by Jacqueline M. Davis of the

Publications Branch, Division of Data Services.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

Public Health Service

Centers

National

for Disease

Center for

Control

Health

and

Statistics

Prevention CDC

cRrrERsFoR~coNmoL

AmPnavRmw
2~ Monthly vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 11(S) ● May 11, 1994 ~

any item, except maternal weight gain

(13 percent).

Rates for medical and health information reported in the checkboxes for

medical risk factors, obstetric procedures,

complications of labor and/or delivery,

and abnormal conditions of the newborn

are expressed as the number of births

with the specific factor per 1,000 total

live births in the specified group. Rates

for congenital anomalies are expressed

per 100,000 total live births in the specified group. Brief medical definitions for

each of the factors as well as definitions

of the rates by method of delivery are

presented in the “Technical notes.”

All data are shown by race of

mother. For ease and clarity of writing,

the terms “mothers” and “women” are

used interchangeably for “births” or

“infants,” for example, “births to black

mothers” or “black infants.” Although

data are shown by race and Hispanic

origin of the mother in the tables, this

does not imply that differences shown are

racial or genetic per se. Differences

between white and black women or

between Hispanic and non-Hispanic

women, for example, are often due to the

lower income and educational levels of

minority women, their limited access to

health care and health insurance, the

neighborhoods in which they live, and

other factors.

In addition to the tables included in

this report, the analysis that follows

draws on more detailed tabulations not

shown in the report, These additional

tabulations are available on request from

the Division of Vital Statistics, by writing

to the address on the back of this report.

Medical risk factors

Women for whom certain medical

risk factors are present during pregnancy

face an increased risk of poor birth outcome. In particular, the incidence of low

birthweight (less than 2,500 grams or 5 lb

8 OZ) may be elevated and some birth

defects may be more likely (6). Low

birthweight in turn is closely linked with

infant morbidity and mortality (7) and

developmental delays in childhood.

Obstetric and delivery procedures can be

affected when certain medical risk factors

are present (6,8). For example, diabetes,

hypertension, and genital herpes are associated with elevated cesarean delivery

rates. Pregnant women with diabetes

and/or anemia may also require other

specific prenatal care interventions, Information on the presence or absence of

medical risk factors was not reported for

4 percent of U.S. births in 1991, about

the same level as in 1990.

In 1991 as in 1989 and 1990, the

most frequently reported risk factors were

anemia, diabetes, and pregnancyassociated hypertension, with rates of

18.8 to 27.3 per 1,000 live births

(table 1). The 1991 rates for anemia and

diabetes were 3 and 10 percent higher,

respectively, than the 1990 rates. Rates

for cardiac disease, acute or chronic lung

disease, herpes, and hydramnios/oligohydramnios were higher in 1991 than in

1990, while rates for eclampsia, incompetent cervix, previous infant of 4,000

grams (8 lb 14 OZ) or more, previous

preterm or small-for-gestational-age

(SGA) infant, and uterine bleeding

declined. The rates for other factors were

essentially unchanged.

Teenage mothers have substantially

elevated rates for anemia (27.9 per 1,000)

and pregnancy-associated hypertension

(32.4), a pattern that has been observed

previously (3,4). The rates for anemia

generally dropped with increasing

maternal age, to a low of 14,4 for

mothers ages 30-34 years, and then rose

thereafter to 16.2 for mothers in their

forties. This U-shaped pattern of occurrence was also observed for hydramnios/oligohydramnios, pregnancyassociated hypertension% eclampsia, and

acute or chronic lung disease.

Rates for other medical risk factors

increased fairly steadily as age of mother

advanced. The most notable of these is

diabetes, with rates increasing from 7.9

for teen mothers to 65.8 for mothers in

their forties. Other factors with this pattern of occurrence are cardiac disease,

genital herpes, chronic hypertension,

incompetent cervix, previous infant of

4,000 grams or more, previous preterm or

SGA infant, and uterine bleeding.

The patterns of rates for most risk

factors by age for white and black women

were fairly similar, but substantial racial

disparities were noted in the rates of

occurrence for certain factors. For

example, rates for black women for three

factors—anemia, chronic hypertension,

and eclampsia—were 52-116 percent

greater than comparable rates for white

women. In contrast, the rates for previous

infant of 4,000 grams or more were much

higher for white women. Although the

overall rates for pregnancy-associated

hypertension were similar for white and

black women, the rates for older black

women were considerably higher than for

older white women.

Mothers with certain seleeted

medical risk factors face a sharply

elevated risk (17-30 percent) of giving

birth to a low-birthweight infant. These

factors include hydramnios/oligohydramnios, chronic and pregnancyassociated hypertension, eclampsia,

incompetent cervix, previous preterm or

SGA infant, and uterine bleeding. Diabetes, in contrast, is linked with an

increased risk of macrosomia or unusually high birthweight. For exa]mple, of

babies born to diabetic mothers in 1991,

16.9 percent weighed 4,000 grams or

more compared with 10.6 pereent of all

births. Similarly, mothers who hlave previously had a heavier-than-average baby

are at greater risk of repeating that pattern. Most of the same risk factors associated with high levels of low birthweight

are also associated with greater risk of

preterm delivery (prior to 37 completed

weeks of gestation). These include

hydramnios/oligohydramnios, chronic

hypertension, eclampsia, incompetent

cervix, previous preterm or SGJ4 infant,

and uterine bleeding, with preterm rates

of 20 percent or more compared with

11 percent of all births.

Tobacco use during pregnancy

It has been long acknowledged that

cigarette smoking during pregnancy is

strongly associated with reduced infant

birthweight, premature delivery, and

intrauterine growth retardation (9–11).

Low birthweight in turn is among the

major predictors of infant mortality and

infant and childhood morbidity. Maternal

smoking has been associated in numerous

studies with elevated rates of sudden

infant death syndrome (SIDS) even after’

controlling for other risk factors (12-14).

SIDS itself is closely linked with low

birthweight.

Tobacco adversely affects pregnancy

outcome through several mechanisms.

One of the most important of these is that
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 11(S) ● May 11, 1994 ~3

carbon monoxide from tobacco smoke is

carried into the fetal blood supply and

deprives the growing infant of oxygen

(11,15).

In 1991, 46 States and the District of

Columbia (accounting for 76 percent of

births in the United States) reported

tobacco use on the birth certificate. Data

were not provided at all, or were not in

the necessary format by California,

Indiana, New York, and South Dakota.

Information was reported for all but

4 percent of the reeords in the reporting

States.

Smoking during pregnancy was

reported by 17.8 percent of women

giving birth in 1991, a decline from

18.4 percent reported in 1990 and

19.5 percent reported in 1989 (table 2 for

1991 data) (3,4). These levels are comparable to those reported in the 1988

National Maternal and Infant Health

Survey (16).

White mothers were more likely to

smoke than black mothers, a pattern

reported in 1989 and 1990 as well. In

1991, 18.8 percent of white mothers were

smokers compared with 14.6 percent of

black mothers, both lower than the 1990

levels (19.4 percent of white mothers and

15.9 percent of black mothers). Smoking

is generally uncommon among Asian

women, with rates of 2--8 percent

reported for Chinese, Japanese, Filipino,

and other Asian mothers. Only Hawaiian

women have a relatively high smoking

rate, 19.4 percent. The smoking rate for

American Indian mothers is also high,

22.6 percent (17) (tabular data not

shown). Caution should be exercised in

interpreting the data on smoking for

Asian mothers (except Hawaiians).

Maternal tobacco use was not reported on

the birth certificates of California and

New York, which together aeeounted for

43-66 percent of the births in each Asian

subgroup (except Hawaiian). However,

the data are believed to be generally

reliable because other studies have also

found that the smoking rates for Asian

mothers are low (18).

Tobacco use during pregnancy

declined for mothers in most age groups

in 1991. The patterns by age however

were unchanged. Mothers aged 18-19

and 20-24 years had the highest smoking

rates, 21.5 percent and 21.2 percent,

respectively. Mothers under 15 (7.6 percent) and 40 years of age and older

(11.9 percent) had the lowest smoking

rates.

Of mothers who smoked, a majority

(61 percent) smoked half a pack daily or

less (10 cigarettes or fewer) and 21 percent smoked 5 cigarettes or fewer per

day. However, one-third of mothers were

reported as heavy smokers, that is, 16-20

cigarettes or more per day.

The number of cigarettes smoked

increased as age of mother advanced. Of

teens who smoked, 7 in 10 smoked half a

pack of cigarettes or less per day, and just

3 percent smoked more than a pack daily.

Conversely, 54-57 percent of women in

their thirties smoked less than half a pack

of cigarettes per day and 7–10 percent

smoked more than a pack per day.

Not only were white mothers more

likely than black mothers to smoke

during pregnancy, those who smoked

were heavier smokers. Among white

mothers, 57 percent smoked half a pack

or less and 6 percent smoked more than a

pack daily. In contrast, among black

smokers, 77 percent smoked half a pack

or less and just 3 percent smoked more

than a pack.

The patterns of smoking by age

differ considerably for white and black

mothers. Smoking levels for white

mothers were highest for women in age

groups 15–24 years. The rate for older

white teens was especially high, 27 percent, but even among white teens 15–17

years, nearly one-fourth were reported as

smokers in 1991. Conversely, smoking

rates among black mothers increased

steadily with age, from 2 percent of teens

under 15 years to 22 percent of women

aged 30-34, and then declined.

Hispanic mothers have been shown

repeatedly to have very low smoking

rates (17-21). Data from the 1991 birth

certificate confirm this, although as noted

above for Asian women, the data on

tobacco use by Hispanic mothers are

affected by the lack of data for New York

and California, both States with large

Hispanic populations. In 1991, 6 percent

of Hispanic mothers as a group were

smokers compared with 21 percent of

white non-Hispanic and 15 percent of

black non-Hispanic mothers. Among the

Hispanic subgroups, Mexican and Central

and South Anerican mothers had the

lowest smoking rates, 5 and 3 percent,

respectively, followed by 613 percent of

Cuban, Puerto Rican, and “other” and

unknown Hispanic mothers (table 3), Not

only do Hispanic women have generally

low smoking rates, the rates are even

lower for foreign-born than for U.S,-born

Hispanic women (22).

Smoking rates by maternal age

varied little for mothers with low overall

smoking rates. Thus, 4-6 percent of

Mexican mothers, 24 percent of Central

and South American mothers, and

6-7 percent of Cuban mothers were

smokers. The rates by age were more

varied for Puerto Rican (9-14 perwnt)

and other and unknown Hispanic women

(7-12 percent).

Smoking rates by maternal age

varied more substantially by race for nonHispanic mothers. The rates for all black

women and black non-Hispanic women

were essentially the same at each age

group because very few black women are

Hispanic.

In contrast, the smoking rates for all

white women were somewhat lower than

the rates for white non-Hispanic women

at each age. This reflects the substantial

proportion of white births that are to

Hispanic mothers (19 percent) whose

smoking rates are very low. Among white

non-Hispanic mothers, the proportion

who smoked ranged from 12 percent for

mothers in their forties to 32 percent for

mothers aged 18-19 years, the highest

age-specific smoking rate for any racial

or ethnic group.

Smoking rates vary in a distinctive

pattern by maternal education (table 4).

The highest rates are consistently

observed for mothers with 9–11 years of

formal schooling, 32 percent in 1991.

High school graduates and women with a

grade school education had similar

smoking rates, 18-21 percent. The lowest

rate was for college graduates, 4 percent.

Among women with the highest smoking

rates, those with 9-11 years of schooling,

the proportion who smoked is higher than

40 percent for women aged 25–34 years

(tabular data not shown).

The disparity in smoking rates by

edueation is observed for white and black

mothers. White mothers are much more

likely than black mothers in each
4 Monthly Vital Statistics Report 0 Vol. 42, No. 11(S) 0 May 11, 1994 

education category (except college graduates) to have smoked. Among mothers 

with 9-11 years of school, for whom the 

racial differential is largest, white 

mothers were 86 percent more likely than 

black mothers to have smoked. White and 

black mothers with at least 1 year of 

college had very similar smoking rates. 

Mothers with the lowest smoking 

rates also smoked the fewest cigarettes. 

Thus, nearly three-quarters of college 

graduates smoked half a pack of cigarettes or less compared with 59 percent of 

mothers with 9-11 years of schooling. 

Conversely, women with 9-11 years of 

schooling were much more likely than 

college graduates to smoke more than 

half a pack a day (41 percent compared 

with 28 percent). 

Maternal smoking has been linked in 

many studies to a sharply elevated rate of 

low birthweight (10,ll). Birth certificate 

data available now for 3 years have corroborated this finding. In 1991, 11.4 percent of births to smokers compared with 

6.4 percent of births to nonsmokers were 

of low birthweight (less than 2,500 grams 

or 5 lb 8 oz) (table 5). These levels have 

been essentially the same since 1989. 

When the rates are examined by maternal 

age, it is apparent that the disparity 

worsens for each older age group. Even 

among teen mothers, whose risk of 

bearing a low-birthweight infant is relatively high, the low-birthweight rate was 

10-21 percent higher for smokers than 

for nonsmokers. For women in their early 

twenties, the differential was 52 percent. 

At older ages, births to mothers who 

smoked were at more than double the risk 

of low birthweight. 

These patterns were observed for 

both white and black infants. For white 

births, the proportions low birthweight by 

smoking status were 9.6 percent for 

smokers and 5.0 percent for nonsmokers. 

The proportions were much higher for 

black births (21.8 percent for smokers 

compared with 12.1 percent for nonsmokers), but the disparity by smoking 

status was still evident. The severely 

adverse impact of smoking on lowbirthweight levels was observed for white 

and black mothers in each age group and 

worsened with advancing maternal age. 

The number of cigarettes smoked 

daily can exacerbate the effect of 

smoking on birthweight (lOJ7). The 

percent low birthweight for even the 

lightest smokers (five cigarettes or fewer) 

was substantially higher than the percent 

for nonsmokers (10.6 percent compared 

with 6.4 percent). However, the effect of 

smoking is worsened when the mother is 

a heavy smoker. In 1991 the proportion 

low birthweight increased to 16.9 percent 

for births to mothers smoking more than 

two packs of cigarettes daily (tabular data 

not shown). The proportion for white 

births rose from 8.0 percent for the 

lightest smokers to 14.5 percent for the 

heaviest smokers. For black births the 

increase was from 19.0 percent for the 

lightest smokers to 32.7 percent for the 

heaviest smokers. There is clearly no 

low-smoking level that is advantageous 

for infant birthweight. 

The overall impact of maternal 

smoking on low birthweight in the United 

States can be estimated by assuming that 

no pregnant women smoked during pregnancy and that the low-birthweight rate 

for nonsmokers by age and race applied 

to all women. In 1991 low birthweight 

would have been about 13 percent lower 

than the actual levels if no pregnant 

women smoked; the incidence of low 

birthweight would have been about 

6.2 percent rather than 7.1 percent. 

Alcohol use during pregnancy 

Alcohol use during pregnancy is also 

a risk factor for poor pregnancy outcome. 

Studies have shown that heavy alcohol 

use causes a variety of adverse effects. 

The most severe of these is fetal alcohol 

syndrome, which is characterized by 

growth retardation; facial malformations; 

and dysfunctions of the central nervous 

system, including mental retardation and 

behavioral disorders (23). Alcohol consumption has also been shown to affect 

infant birthweight independently of 

tobacco use and other maternal and infant 

characteristics (17,24). 

Alcohol use was reported on the 

birth certificates of 47 States and the 

District of Columbia in 1991. This information was not available for California, 

New York, and South Dakota. The items 

on the birth certificate asked if the mother 

used alcohol during pregnancy and, if so, 

the average number of drinks per week; 

this information was not provided on 

4percent of the birth certificates in the 

reporting area. 

Reported alcohol use declined for 

mothers in all racial and Hispanic-origin 

groups from 1990 to 1991. In 1991, 

2.9 percent of births were to mothers who 

reported alcohol use (table 6). Black 

mothers were slightly more likely than 

white mothers to report alcohol use, 

3.4 percent compared with 2.7 percent. 

Asian mothers generally reported low 

rates of alcohol use, ranging from 

0.9 percent (Filipino and other 

Asian/Pacific Islander women) to 3.0 percent (Hawaiian mothers). The highest 

reported rate was for American Indian 

women, 7.3 percent (tabular data not 

shown). 

Hispanic mothers also have low 

reported rates of alcohol use, 1.4 percent 

overall. Central and South American 

mothers and Cuban mothers had the 

lowest reported rates of alcohol use, 

0.8-0.9 percent, and Puerto Rican 

mothers, the highest, 2.6 percent 

(table 7). Because data on alcohol use 

were not reported for California and New 

York, where 40-66 percent of mothers in 

Asian and Hispanic subgroups reside 

(except Hawaiians and Cubans), the rates 

for alcohol use for these groups should be 

interpreted cautiously. 

Alcohol use during pregnancy is 

clearly substantially underreported. Other 

studies that utilized personal interviews 

and written questionnaires found levels of 

alcohol use during pregnancy of 20 percent or more (25,26). It is believed that 

the underreporting results partly from the 

wording of the question on the birth 

certificate. The focus is on the number of 

drinks per week, which probably discourages the reporting of alcohol use by 

women who have perhaps one or two 

drinks per month. Another factor causing 

underreporting is probably the possible 

stigma associated with drinking, especially during pregnancy. 

The proportion of mothers for whom 

alcohol use is reported increased steadily 

with advancing maternal age, from 

0.9 percent of teens under 15 to about 

4 percent of mothers aged 35 and older. 

The pattern is similar for white women; 

for black women, reported alcohol use 

increased to a peak of 5.6-5.7 percent for 
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 11(S) ● May 11, 1994 ~5

women aged 30-39 years, and then

declined thereafter.

Among women who drank during

pregnancy, 62 percent reported one drink

per week or less, 16 percent reported two

drinks, 10 percent reported three to four

drinks, and 12 percent reported five

drinks or more, Black women were not

only more likely than white women to

report alcohol use, they also had more

drinks per week. For example, 41 percent

of black mothers reported three drinks or

more weekly compared with 17 percent

of white mothers.

The relationship of alcohol use with

mother’s educational attainment is not

consistent. The highest reported drinking

rate is for mothers with 9-11 years of

schooling, 3.5 percent, but mothers who

are college graduates had only a slightly

lower rate of 3.1 percent (tabular data not

shown).

Other data from 1991 birth certificates show that maternal alcohol use,

even though underreported, has a detrimental effect on pregnancy outcome. The

proportion low birthweight for babies

born to drinkers was 12.1 percent compared with 7.1 percent of births to nondrinkers. The detrimental effect of

drinking is increased with heavier

drinking. The percent low birthweight

increased from 8.6 percent for births to

women having one drink per week or less

to 23.2 percent for births to women

having five drinks or more. Furthermore,

studies have shown that when tobacco

use is combined with alcohol use, there is

an additional adverse impact on infant

birthweight (17).

Maternal weight gain

Maternal weight gain during pregnancy is strongly related to infant birthweight (27,28), length of gestation (29),

and fetal growth (30), which in turn are

important determinants of infant morbidity and mortality. Since 1989 information on maternal weight gain has been

available from certificates of live birth. In

1991 the District of Columbia and all

States except California (representing

85 percent of all births) included this item

on their birth certificate. For these

reporting areas, information on weight

gain was missing from 13 percent of the

birth certificates.

In 1990 the Institute of Medicine

(IOM) of the National Academy of Sciences issued guidelines for maternal

weight gain, which were substantially

higher than those previously recommended by the medical community. The

new guidelines were geared to the

mother’s weight and height and recommended that a mother of average size

gain 25-35 pounds for optimum pregnancy outcome (31). In 1991, 35.1 percent, or about one in three mothers,

gained 26-35 pounds (table 8), a slightly

reduced percent than in 1990 and 1989

(35.6 percent). Concomitantly, mothers

were more likely in 1991 than in 1990 to

gain at least 36 pounds (28.8 percent

compared with 28.4 percent), or to gain

less than 21 pounds (20.7 percent compared with 20.3 percent). A shift in

weight gain from 26-35 pounds to higher

gains and an increase in weight gains of

less than 21 pounds is evident for all

periods of gestation. Because of this compensating shift in the weight gain distribution, the median weight gain in 1991

was the same as in 1990, 30.4 pounds.

In 1991, as in previous years, a far

higher proportion of black than white

mothers gained less than 21 pounds

(30.9 percent compared with 18.3 percent). This low a weight gain is associated with a greatly increased likelihood

of a Iow-birthweight outcome (less than

2,500 grams, or 5 lb 8 OZ). Consistent

with these lower weight gains, black

mothers were less likely than white

mothers to gain at least 36 pounds

(25.1 percent compared with 29.8 percent). The median weight gain of black

mothers was about 2?4 pounds less than

that of white mothers (28.0 pounds versus

30.6 pounds).

One of the reasons for the lower

weight gains of black mothers is that

period of gestation is substantially shorter

for black infants, and weight gain is

reduced for shortened gestational periods.

But in addition, as indicated in table 8,

regardless of period of gestation, black

mothers have a lower median weight gain

than white mothers and are far more

likely to gain less than 21 pounds. For

gestations of 40 weeks and longer, more

than one in four black mothers had this

minimum weight gain compared with one

in six white mothers. A recent study

found that medical advice about weight

gain differed substantially for white and

black mothers, with black mothers significantly more likely to report advice

below the then-current medical community recommendations (32).

There are also substantial differentials in weight gain among other racial,

national origin, and Hispanic-origin

groups. About one in four American

Indian, Japanese, and “Other” Asian and

Pacific Islander mothers (a group which

includes Cambodian, Asian Indian, and

Vietnamese mothers) compared with one

in five Chinese, Filipino, and Hawaiian

mothers gained less than 21 pounds.

Among Hispanic-origin groups, Mexican,

Puerto Rican, and Central and South

American mothers were more likely to

have a minimal weight gain (22–27 percent) than Cuban mothers (17 percent)

(tabular data not shown). However, when

interpreting data on weight gain for

Hispanic-origin and Asian mothers, it

should be kept in mind that California,

where 41 percent of Hispanic mothers

and 40 percent of Asian mothers resided

in 1991, does not request weight gain on

birth certificates.

Weight gain also differs substantially

by maternal age. Mothers in the youngest

and oldest years of childbearing are at

highest risk of a low weight gain, and

women in their mid- to late twenties and

early thirties are at lowest rislG23 percent

of teenage mothers and 26 percent of

women 4049 years of age gained less

than 21 pounds compared with 19 percent

of women in their mid-twenties to early

thirties.

ArI additional factor strongly

affecting weight gain is the mother’s educational attainment, with weight gain

increasing noticeably with additional

years of schooling. Twice the proportion

of mothers with less than 12 years of

schooling (28 percent) gained less than

21 pounds than mothers with 16 years of

education or more (14 percent).

As noted earlier, weight gain has a

profound effect on birthweight. In 1991

the percent low birthweight declined

steadily with increased weight gain, from

15.6 percent for weight gains of less than

16 pounds to 4.0 percent for weight gains

of 41-45 pounds, and then increased

slightly to 4.4 percent for weight gains of

46 pounds or more (table 9). A very

similar pattern is evident for gestations of
6~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 11(S) ● May 11, 1994 ~

under 37 weeks, 37–39 weeks, and 40

weeks and over for both white and black

mothers. However, for each weight-gain

category, black babies are more likely

than white babies to have a low birthweight, and the racial differential

increases markedly as period of gestation

lengthens (table 9). Because of this racial

differential, which was noted in previous

studies (27,33), the IOM recommended

that black women should strive for

weight gains toward the upper end of the

ranges recommended for white women

with similar prepregnancy weight for

height (31). A recent study found that the

infants of black women showed a consistent increase in birthweight as weight

gain met or exceeded the 1990 IOM

guidelines for their weight and height,

supporting the IOM suggestion that black

women gain at the upper end of the

recommended range (30).

With added weight gain, the decline

in low birthweight is as substantial for

black as for white babies. For example,

for white births low birthweight declined

from 12,6 percent for weight gains of less

than 16 pounds to 3.8 percent for weight

gains of 41 pounds or more, or a

70-percent decline; for black births the

comparable decline with increased

weight gain was from 23.3 percent to

6.5 percent, a decline of 72 percent.

A similar pattern of a reduced incidence in low birthweight with increased

maternal weight gain is evident for all

Hispanic-origin groups (table 10). In

1991 information on maternal weight

gain for Hispanic-origin births was available from the District of Columbia and

from all States except New Hampshire

and California (85 percent of all births in

the United States).

Low birthweight was three to four

times as prevalent for Hispanic mothers

who gained less than 16 pounds as for

those who gained 46 pounds or more

(table 10). For all Hispanic-origin groups

combined the decline in low birthweight

was from 12.1 percent for gains of less

than 16 pounds to 4 percent for gains of

at least 41 pounds. The decline in low

birthweight with added weight gain was

especially striking for Puerto Rican

births. Overall, the percent low

birthweight for Puerto Rican babies was

9.5, or 40 percent higher than the average

for all Hispanic births (6.8 percent).

When the weight gain of Puerto Rican

mothers reached 41 pounds or greater,

low birthweight dropped to 5.1 percent,

or just 24 percent higher than the average

for Hispanic-origin mothers (4.1 percent).

Obstetric procedures

In 1991 information on obstetric procedures was not reported for 3 percent of

the births. The rates for these procedures

can be examined by maternal and infant

characteristics and measurements of birth

outcome.

The most prevalent procedure

reported in 1991 was electronic fetal

monitoring (EFM), which was developed

to detect early signs of fetal distress

during labor and has been associated with

lowered perinatal mortality and increased

surgicaI intervention (34). EFM was used

for 76 percent of all live births in 1991

(table 11) compared with 73 percent in

1990 and 68 percent in 1989. Data from

two surveys conducted by the National

Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) demonstrate that EFM usage rose substantially during the 1980’s, from 45 percent

in 1980 to 62 percent in 1988 (35). In

1991 the difference in EFM usage

between Iow-birthweight births (less than

2,500 grams or 5 lb 8 OZ)and births of

2,500 grams or more was only 1 percent

(tabular data not shown). The rates by

age of mother range from 72 to 76 percent for this procedure, with the highest

level (76 percent) for the youngest age

group (less than 20 years of age). All age

groups experienced increases of 3 to

4 percent in EFM compared with 1990;

EFM also showed an increase between

1989 and 1990. Increases in EFM were

observed for both white and black

mothers for all ages.

In 1991, 24 percent of all live births

did not receive EFM, and according to

the American College of Obstetricians

and Gynecologists, “Currently available

data support the conclusion that, within

specified intervals, intermittent auscultation (listening to sounds within the body

with or without a stethoscope) is equivalent to continuous electronic fetal monitoring in detecting fetal compromise”

{(36). Thus, these births did not

necessarily run an additional risk of

undetected fetal compromise.

Ultrasound usage can improve the

dating of gestational age (37) and is

helpful in confirming conditions such as

unclear vaginal bleeding (38), According

to data from the birth certificate, 56 percent of mothers who had live Ibirths in

1991 received ultrasound compared with

52 percent in 1990 and 48 percent in

1989. Results from the 1988 National

Maternal and Infant Health Survey show

ultrasound usage at 63 percent (1.6).This

suggests that there may be underreporting

of ultrasound on the birth certificate.

Increases from 1990 by age ranged from

5 to 8 percent. For mothers in all age

groups at least 54 percent had ultrasound.

The variation in the receipt of ultrasound

by age for white mothers was small

(56-58 percent). For black motlhers the

levels were slightly lower than for white

mothers and also showed a small range

by age (51–52 percent).

The overall rates of stimulation of

labor and induction of labor in 19191were

121 and 105 per 1,000 live births:,respectively. Mothers 25–29 years of age had

the highest rate of ‘stimulation (of labor

(124 per 1,000) and mothers 40+$9 years

of age had the lowest rate (.117 per

1,000). Induction of labor rates had a

slightly larger range by age, from 90 for

the youngest mothers to 114 for the

oldest mothers. For both black and white

mothers, rates for induction of labor were

lowest for the youngest mothers and

highest for the oldest mothers, with rates

by age up to 36 percent lower for black

mothers as compared with white mothers.

The rates of both of these procedures

increased from 1990 for both black and

white mothers in all age groups.

Both of these procedures were more

likely to occur for births where infant

birthweight was higher. The, range in

rates between infants weighing less than

2,500 grams (low birthweight) and those

over 4,000 grams (macrosomia) for

stimulation of labor was from 81,to 130

per 1,000 live births and for induction,

from 84 to 148. These differences by

birthweight were most pronounced for

mothers whose weight gain during pregnancy was more than 36 pounds for

stimulation and for mothers gaining less

than 20 pounds for induction (tabular

data not shown).
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 11(S) ● May 11, 1994 ~7

Amniocentesis, an invasive prenatal

diagnostic procedure performed between

the 15th and 16th week of gestation to

detect genetic disorders, was reported for

32 of every 1,000 live births in 1991, a

decrease of 6 percent from 1990. The rate

of amniocentesis for the oldest age group

(4049 years of age) was 16 times the

rate for the youngest mothers (188 compared with 12 per 1,000). Similar differences by age were observed for white

mothers. For black mothers the difference

between the oldest and youngest age

groups was twelvefold (106 compared

with 9 per 1,000). White mothers were

nearly twice as likely as black mothers to

have had amniocentesis (34 compared

with 18 per 1,000). The percent difference between the rates for white and

black mothers was smallest for mothers

20-29 years of age and largest for

mothers 35-39 years of age.

Tocolysis, which is used to avoid

preterm births, was the least prevalent of

procedures identified on the birth certificate and for the second consecutive year

showed no change from the previous year

(16 per 1,000 live births). White mothers

were more likely than black mothers to

have received tocolysis, a reversal from

1990. This was caused by an increase in

the rate for white mothers (5 percent) and

a decline for black mothers (18 percent).

By age, the highest rates in 1991 were for

black and white mothers under 20 years

of age (16 and 19 per 1,000).

Rates for the six selected procedures

vary by the education of mother, birthweight and gestational age of the infant,

and month prenatal care began (tabular

data not shown). All of these procedures

had higher rates for mothers with 13

years of education or more compared

with mothers who had less schooling.

The rates for amniocentesis showed the

greatest percent difference between

mothers with 13 years of education or

more and mothers with less education (47

and 20 per 1,000 live births). The same

pattern is observed for black and white

mothers. Mothers giving birth to lowbirthweight infants or preterm (less than

37 completed weeks of gestation) infants

were much more likely than normal birthweight and term births to have had

amniocentesis (1.8 and 1.7 times) or

tocolysis (5.9 and 5.3 times). However,

these mothers were less likely to have

had labor induced or stimulated. The

rates for all six of these procedures were

higher for mothers who began prenatal

care in the first trimester of pregnancy

compared with mothers who began prenatal care later.

Complications of labor ancf/or

delivery

In 1991 information on complications of labor and/or delivery was not

reported on less than 4 percent of the

birth certificates. Six complications were

reported at a rate greater than or equal to

30 per 1,000 live birthx Meconium,

moderate/heavy (61 per 1,000), fetal distress (43 per 1,000), breech/malpresentation (38 per 1,000), cephalopelvic disproportion (35 per 1,000), premature rupture of membrane (33 per

1,000), and dysfunctional labor (30 per

1,000). The least common complications

were anesthetic complications and seizures during labor, which occurred less

than once per 1,000 live births (table 12).

Febrile, precipitous labor, and other

excessive bleeding were the only complications in 1991 with increases in rates at

least 2 percent over the previous year.

There were little or no changes in the

rates for fetal distress dysfunctional

labo~ breech/malpresentation; seizures

during labor and meconium, modcrate/heavy. The remaining seven complications had lower rates in 1991. For

white mothers the increases and

decreases showed the same pattern as for

all races except fetal distress (no change)

and seizures during labor (decrease). For

black mothers 11 complications had

lower rates in 1991; febrile, other excessive bleeding, precipitous labor, and fetal

distress were higher than in 1990.

Distinctions by age of mother were

observed in the rates of three of the six

most prevalent complications. Meconium

and fetal distress had the highest rates for

the youngest (under 20 years of age) and

oldest (40-49 years of age) mothers and

the lowest rates for mothers 25-34 years

of age. Breech/malpresentation had the

highest rates for the oldest mothers and

the lowest rates for the youngest mothers.

Although not a frequent complication,

placenta previa had the greatest percent

difference beNveen older and younger

mothers (8 and 1 per 1,000 live births).

Of the six most prevalent complications, four occurred most often to

mothers with 13 years of education or

more and two, meconium and fetal distress, occurred most often to mothers

with less than 12 years of education

(tabular data not shown). The same pattern is observed for white mothers. For

black mothers meconium and premature

rupture were the only complications of

the six most prevalent with the highest

rates for mothers with less than 12 years

of education. And, in direct contrast to

white mothers, the highest rates for fetal

distress occurred to mothers with the

most education.

Only four complications (meconium,

prolonged labor, dysfunctional labor, and

cephalopelvic disproportion) had lower

rates for Iow-birthweight infants (less

than 2,500 grams) than for infants

weighing 2,500 grams or more. Of these

four, prolonged labor, dysfunctional

labor, and particularly cephalopelvic disproportion had higher rates for mothers

who gained more weight during pregnancy in spite of the weight of the infant

(tabular data not shown). Of the

remaining 11 complications, which had

higher complication rates for lowbirthweight infants, four (premature rupture of membrane, abruptio placenta,

placenta previa, and seizures during

labor) had rates at least four times those

of infants weighing 2,500 grams or more.

These same four complications with considerable differences by birthweight also

had large differences (three to eight

times) in rates for those born preterm

(less then 37 completed weeks of gestation) when compared with term births.

Method of delivery

Information on method of delivery

has been available from live birth certificates since 1989. In 1991 only 2.6 percent of all certificates lacked this

information. Although data on method of

delivery are only recently available from

birth certificates, national and regional

information has been available since

1965 from the National Hospital Discharge Survey (NHDS), conducted annually by NCHS. From this source, it has
8~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 11(S) ● May 11, 1994 -

been determined that the national

cesarean rate rose fairly steadily in the

last few decades, from 4.5 percent in

1965 until the 1986-91 period, when it

reached a plateau of approximately

24 percent (39).

In 1991, 905,077 births, or 22.6 percent of the 4,110,907 live births in the

United States, were delivered by eesarean

(table 13), almost no change from the

1990 cesarean rate of 22.7 percent, or the

1989 rate of 22.8 percent. More than onethird (37 percent) of all eesarean births

were repeat cesareans and slightly less

than two-thirds (63 pereent) were first

cesareans (table 13). The 1991 primary

eesarean rate (first eesareans per 100 live

births to women who had no previous

cesarean) derived from live birth certificates was 15.9, again nearly unchanged

from the 1990 rate of 16.0 or the 1989

rate of 16.1.

Among the national objectives for

health promotion and disease prevention

for the year 2000 are reductions of the

overall cesarean rate to no more than 15,

and of the primary cesarean rate to no

more than 12 (40). In 1991, 18 States had

an overall cesarean rate of 20 or less, but

no State had a cesarean rate as low as 15;

only 6 States had a primary cesarean rate

of 12 or less (tabular data not shown in

this report).

Both overall and primary cesarean

rates increase substantially with

advancing maternal age. Rates are particularly high for women 35 years and

older (table 13). In 1991 the total

eesarean rate increased from 16.4 percent

for teenagers to 29.0 percent for women

in their late thirties and to 32.1 percent

for wornen in their forties; the primary

cesarean rate rose from 14.6 percent for

women under 20 years of age to 18.9 percent for women in their late thirties and

to 22.9 percent for women in their forties.

Advanced maternal age appears to be one

of the most critical risk factors determining whether a woman has a cesarean

delivery. Older mothers are more likely to

deliver by cesarean regardless of race,

Hispanic origin, parity, marital status,

educational attainment (41), pregnancy

complications (42), or physician’s practice organization (43). A recent study

postulated that the increased risk of

cesarean delivery for older women was

due to altered uterine contractions,

decreased pelvic compliance, and diminished maternal expulsive efforts (44).

Vaginal birth after a previous

cesarean delivery (VBAC) is not as

common in the United States as in other

developed countries (45). However,

information from the NHDS indicates

that the VBAC rate in the United States

has risen sharply in the last few decades

and was 12 times as high in 1991 as in

the 1970’s (39). The 1991 VBAC rate as

reported on live birth certificates was

21.3 percent (table 13), up from 19.9 percent in 1990 and 18.9 pereent in 1989.

Thus, in 1991 of the women who had a

previous cesarean, 21.3 percent delivered

vaginally and 78.7 percent had a repeat

cesarean. Older mothers are less likely to

have a VBAC than younger mothers; the

VBAC rate declined from 25.1 percent

for mothers under 20 years of age to

15.8 percent for mothers in their forties.

A number of medical studies have

validated the safety of VBAC Perinatal

death rates are similar for VBAC and

repeat cesarean deliveries (46,47), and

women having a VBAC delivery have

lower morbidity than those having a

repeat cesarean (47).

The year 2000 objective pertaining

to VBAC is for the rate to rise to 35 (40).

In 1991 only five States reported VBAC

rates of 35 or higher. However, even if

this goal is met, the year 2000 goal for a

decline in the total cesarean rate to 15

will not be reached without a substantial

reduction in the primary rate as well (39).

There are no major differences in the

overall, primary, and VBAC rates

between white and black mothers. White

mothers were slightly more likely to be

delivered by cesarean than black mothers

(22.9 percent compared with 21.9 percent), and the white primary cesarean rate

was also only slightly higher than the

black rate (16.1 percent compared with

15.5 percent). The VBAC rate was nearly

identical for white and black mothers

(21.1 percent and 21.2 percent, respectively). However, there are very substantial differences among other racial and

Hispanic-origin groups in cesarean rates,

even when differences in the age distribution of mothers are taken into account

(41). In 1991 Filipino mothers had the

highest cesarean delivery rate (25,1) and

American Indian mothers the lowest

(18.2), Cuban mothers had the highest

cesarean rate of any Hispanic-origin

group (33.4), with rates for other Hispanic groups ranging from 21.1 for

Mexican mothers to 22.6 for “Other” and

unknown Hispanic origin.

Since 1989 certificates of live birth

have included questions on a number of

medical risk factors of pregnancy, complications of labor and/or delivery, and

obstetric procedures. In 1991 information

on rates of cesarean delivery for these

items was available for all States and the

District of Columbia. Medical definitions

for the conditions and proeednres analyzed in this report can be founld in the

“Technical notes.”

Cesarean rates for many of the

medical risk factors of pregnancy for

which information is available from birth

certificates are well above average

(table 14). In 1991 cesarean rates were

over 40 for chronic hypertension (41 percent), hydramnios/oligohy dramnios (43

percent), genital herpes (44 percent), and

eclampsia (52 pereent).

Even higher cesarean rates are evident for a number of complications of

labor and delivery, with rates of 50 or

more for anesthetic complications

(54 percent), abruptio placenta (58 percent), cord prolapse (61 percent), fetal

distress (61 percent), dysfunctional labor

(67 percent), placenta previa (83 lpercent),

breech and other malpresentation (85 percent), and cephalopelvic disproportion

(98 percent)(table 14).

Dystocia, a diagnosis referring to

such conditions as failure to progress,

dysfunctional labor, prolonged labor, and

cephalopelvic disproportion wars, after

repeat cesarean delivery, the largest contributor to both the recent rise in lcesarean

deliveries (48) and to the 1991 overall

cesarean rate (49). Of all cesareans performed in 1991, 35 percent were associated with a previous cesarean, 30 percent

with dystocia, 12 percent with breech

presentation, 9 percent with fetal distress,

and 14 percent with all other specified

complications. Recognizing the importance of dystocia as an indication for the

rising rate of cesarean delivery, the

American College of Obstetricians and

Gynecologists has called for a reassessment of the management of dystocia and
Monthly Vftal Statiatica Report ● Vol. 42, No. 11(S) ● May 11, 1984 ~9

the use of a more definitive diagnosis for

this condition (50).

Of the five obstetric procedures

shown in table 14, only tocolysis and

ultrasound had higher than average associated cesarean rates (32 percent for tocolysis and 25 percent for ultrasound).

The 1991 cesarean rates for the

selected medical risk factors, complications, and obstetric procedures shown in

this report are very similar to rates in

1990 and 1989, generally within 1 percentage point. For all years, rates are

generally quite similar for white and

black mothers (41).

Information on the day of the week

that births occurred first became available

in 1980. Since that time there has been a

growing deficit of births on weekends,

concomitant with an increase in births on

Tuesdays through Fridays. The increasing

concentration of births on weekdays is

associated with both the increase in the

number of cesarean deliveries through the

mid-1980’s and an increase in the induction of labor for vaginal births. In 1991,

10.7 percent of vaginal births were

induced and 9.1 percent were induced in

1989, an 18-percent increase. Induction

of vaginal births is much less likely on

weekends than on most weekdayq

5.5 percent of vaginal births were

induced on Sundays and 8.1 percent were

induced on Saturdays compared with 12

to 13 percent of the births on Tuesdays

through Fridays (tabular data not shown).

An index of occurrence is used to

assess differences in the daily number of

births. The index relates the average

number of births for each day of the week

to the average daily number of births for

the year. In 1991 the index for all births

occurring on Sundays was 78.2. This

means that there were approximately

22 percent fewer births on Sundays than

the average for all days of the week

combined. There was also a large deficit

of births (15 percent) on Saturdays. The

highest indices were for Tuesdays (111.3)

and Fridays (108.6).

Even larger weekend deficits are

apparent for cesarean deliveries, particularly repeat cesareans which are often

scheduled. For repeat cesareans the

Sunday deficit was 61 percent and the

Saturday deficit was 54 percenc for primary cesareans the Sunday deficit was

31 percent and the Saturday deficit was

20 percent. A very similar pattern in the

daily occurrence of births is evident for

white and black births (table 15).

Information from the NHDS indicates that, concomitant with the rise in

cesarean delivery, there was a sharp

decline in the use of forceps in the 1980’s

(51), and that by 1991 this use was still

declining (49). Since 1989 information

on forceps deliveries has been available

from live birth certificates. In that year

forceps were used for 5.5 percent of all

births by 1991 this method of delivery

declined to 4.6 percent. White mothers

are more likely to have a forceps delivery

than black mothers (4.9 percent compared with 3.0 percent). For both races

the use of forceps increases with added

birthweight and is five times as frequent

for birthweights of 3,500 grams or more

(7 lb 12 oz or more) as for birthweights

of less than 1,500 grams (3 lb 4 OZ),

5.0 percent of births compared with

1.0 percent (tabular data not shown).

Unlike the declining trend in forceps

deliveries, there has been a steady

increase in the use of vacuum extraction

since 1980, according to information

from the NHDS (49,51). Data from live

birth certificates confirm the increase into

the early 1990’s. In 1989, 3.5 percent of

live births were by vacuum extractio% in

1990, 3.9 percen~ and in 1991, 4.4 percent. In 1991, as in previous years, this

mode of delivery was more frequent for

white than for black births (4.7 percent

compared with 2.6 percent). As noted for

forceps delivery, the rate of vacuum

extraction increases sharply with added

birthweight and is 12 times as high for

birthweights of 3,500 grams or more as

for birthweights of less than 1,500 grams

(4.8 percent compared with 0.4 percent).

Abnormal conditions of the

newborn

Information on abnormal conditions

of the newborn was not provided for 4 to

5 percent of the births.

The abnormal conditions with the

highest rates per 1,000 live births were

assisted ventilation less than 30 minutes

(14 per 1,000), assisted ventilation 30

minutes or longer (8 per 1,000), and

hyaline membrane disease/respiratory

distress syndrome (RDS) (6 per 1,000).

A comparison of different data

sources for 1989-91 suggests substantial

underreporting on the birth certificate for

birth injuries and fetal alcohol syndrome

(PAS). From over 11.4 million live births

in these 3 years, there were only 1,652

reported cases of FM, a rate of 0.14

cases per 1,000 live births. The Centers

for Disease Control and Prevention’s

Birth Defects Monitoring Program estimated rates for FAS to be more than

twice that derived from the birth certiti

cate for this same 3-yesr period. FX can

be diflicult to recognize because of the

subtlety of facial stigmata, the difficulty

in detecting some types of central nervous system deficits, and because some

of these infants are of normal birthweight

(52). The identification of fetal alcohol

syndrome can often occur after the birth

certificate has been fled. Some physicians who suspect fetal alcohol syndrome

do not make the diagnosis (53) because

of the stigma associated with it. The

related annual costs for FM are estimated to be 250 million dollars, of which

nearly 60 percent is attributed to mental

retardation (54).

The rates for abnormal conditions in

1991, as in 1989 and 1990, were higher

for black births than for white births for

all conditions except assisted ventilation

less than 30 minutes and birth injuries.

The highest rates by age for anemia,

hyaline membrane disease/RDS, assisted

ventilation less than 30 minutes and 30

minutes or longer were observed for the

youngest mothers (under 20 years of

age).

Meconium aspiration syndrome

(MAS), which is associated with

increased neonatal morbidity and mortality (55), had the highest rates for the

oldest mothers (40-49 years of age)

(table 16). Of the 11,051 reported cases

of meconium aspiration syndrome,

60 percent also reported meconium

moderatefieavy under complications of

labor and./or delivery (tabular data not

shown). There is some debate about

whether the pathology of MAS is more

closely related to perinatal asphyxia than

to meconium itself (56,57).

Only two abnormal conditio- birth

injury and meconium aspiration syndrome-were less frequent among lowbirthweight infants (less than VMI grams)

compared with inhnts weighing tiOO
lo~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 11(S) ● May 11, 1994 -

grams or more. There were very large

differences between low-birthweight

infants and those of higher weight in the

rates of hyaline membrane disease/RDS

(55 and 2 per 1,000 live births) and

assisted ventilation 30 minutes or longer

(62 and 3 per 1,000 live births). Although

less pronounced, the rates of the same

two conditions that had the largest differences by birthweight also had the largest

differences between preterm births (less

than 37 completed weeks gestation) and

term births (37 completed weeks gestation or more) (tabular data not shown).

Congenital anomalies

Congenital anomalies are a major

cause of neonatal mortality and morbidity

and of shortened life expectancy (58,59).

Before 1989 information on congenital

anomalies of the newborn was reported

on birth certificates in the form of an

open-ended question. Because of the

inadequacies of collecting data in this

format, a checkbox item for reporting

congenital anomalies was included in the

1989 revised U.S. Standard Certificate of

Live Birth to encourage more complete

and uniform reporting, In 1991, 48 States

and the District of Columbia, representing 92 percent of births in the United

States, reported this item; information

was not available for births in New

Mexico and New York. The item was not

completed for only 5 percent of the birth

certificates in the reporting area.

Data presented in this report do not

reflect the entire incidence of congenital

anomalies. Completeness of repotiing

depends to a great extent on how readily

an anomaly is recognized within the short

period after the birth and before the filing

of the birth certificate. Other reasons for

incomplete reporting include the desire to

confirm a diagnosis before entry on an

official record, the entry of only the most

severe anomaly when a child is born with

multiple defects, and the use of indefinite

terminology.

Small yearly changes in anomaly

rates should be interpreted with caution.

For any one year the number of births

with a specific anomaly maybe relatively

small. Additionally, reporting practices in

some areas can vary tlom year to year.

Because of the low frequency of

occurrence of many of the anomalies

included on birth certificates, congenital

anomaly rates in this report are calculated

per 100,000 live births.

For many anomalies maternal age is

an important predictive characteristic. As

indicated in table 17, rates decline

sharply with advancing age for anencephalus, spina bifidatmeningocele, microcephalus, rectal atresia/stenosis, and

omphalocele/gastroschisis. By contrast,

rates increase substantially with age for

heart malformations, “other” circulatory/

respiratory anomalies, “other” gastrointestinal anomalies, malformed genitalia, cleft lip/palate, and particularly for

Down’s syndrome and “other” chromosomal anomalies. In 1991 the rate for

Down’s syndrome was 13 times as high

for mothers aged 40-49 (375 per

100,000) as for mothers under 20 years of

age (30 per 100,000); for “other” chromosomal anomalies the rate was three

times as high for the oldest compared

with the youngest mothers (129 compared with 46).

Congenital anomaly rates are generally higher for white than for black

mothers. Rates for white births are at

least double those for black births for

tracheo-esophageal fistukdesophageal

atresia, cleft lip/palate, and Down’s syndrome and at least 50 percent higher for

white births for 6 of the remaining 18

anomalies identified on birth certificates

(table 17). Only one class of snomalies-polydactyly/syndactyIy/adactyly—

had a substantially higher frequency of

occurrence among black than among

white births, In 1991 these anomalies

were reported for 229 of every 100,000

black births compared with 60 per

100,000 white births.

Sex of the child is also strongly

associated with the incidence of some

anomalies (tabular data not shown in this

report). For example, rates for certain

urogenital anomalies were far higher for

male than for female births. For malformed genitalia, the rate in 1991 was

138 per 100,000 male births compared

with 16 per 100,000 female births.

Eighty-five percent of the births with

urogenital anomalies were male and only

15 percent were female.

Weight at birth and gestational age

are also associated with the incidence of

many congenital anomalies. Rates are

generally highest for babies weighing less

than 1,500 grams (3 lb 4 OZ), (decline

rapidly with added birthweight to

3,500-3,999 grams (7 lb 12 oz to.8 lbs 13

OZ),and then increase slightly for birthweights of 4,000 grams (8 lb 14 OZ)or

more. A decline in the incidence for

higher birthweights is particularly noticeable for all central nervous system (CNS)

anomalies (aneneephalus, spina

bifida/meningocele, microcephalus, and

other CNS anomalies).

According to information from birth

certificates, anencephrdus and spina

bifida/meningocele (two of a class of

neural tube defects or NTD ‘s) occur relatively infrequently in the United States

(18 per 100,000 births for anencephalus

and 25 per 100,000 births for spins

bifida/meningocele in 1991), but the

actual incidence of N’TD’s is probably

higher. Other sources estimate that about

2,500 infants are born with spina bifida or

anencephaly each year, or about 60 per

100,000 births (60) compared with 43

per 100,000 from birth certificate data.

Although the underlying causes of NTD’s

are for the most part unknown (61.), several studies indicate that folic acid

supplementation can reduce the number

of NTD’s by 50 percent (60). The U.S.

Food and Drug Administration recently

proposed that bread and grain products be

fortified with folic acid to help wo]menof

childbearing age ingest sufficient folic

acid to prevent NTD’s (62).

Consistent with the highest occurrence of congenital anomalies for very

low-birthweight babies (less than :3lbs 4

OZ),babies born prematurely (less than 37

completed weeks of gestation) have much

higher rates of all the anomalies specified

on birth certificates than babies with

longer gestational periods (tabulnr data

not shown in this report).

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828-10.1993.

36. American College of Obstetricians and

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37. Campbell S, Warsof SL, Little D, Cooper

DJ. Routine ultrasound scanning for the

prediction of gestational age. Obstetrics

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38. Bucher HC, Schmidt JG. Does routine

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1993.

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Services. Healthy People 2000. National

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41. Taffel SM. Cessrean delivery in the

United States, 1990. National Center for

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42. Edge V, Laros RK Jr. Pregnancy outcome

in nulliparous women aged 35 or older.
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Amer J Obstet Gynecol 168(6) Part

1:1881–5. 1993.

43. McCloskey L, Petitti D, Hobel CJ. Variations in the use of cxxarean delivery for

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44. Adashek JA, Peaceman AM, et ai. Factors

contributing to the increased cesarean

birth rate in older parturient women.

Amer J Obstet Gynecol 169(4):936=40.

1993.

45. Notzon FC. International differences in

the use of obstetric interventions. JAMA

263(24)3286-91. 1990.

46. Flarnm BL, Newman L& Thomas SJ; et

al. Vaginal birth after cesarerm delivery:

Results of a 5-year multicenter collaborative study. Obstet Gynecol 76(5) Part

1:75041990.

47. Rosen MG, Dickinson JC, Westhoff CL.

Vaginal birth after cesarean: A metaanalysis of morbidity and mortality.

Obstet Gynecol 77(3):465-70. 1991.

48. Taffel SM, Placek PJ, Liss T. Trends in

the United States cesarean section rate

and reasons for the 1980-85 rise. AJPH

77(8):955-9. 1987.

49. National Center for Health Statistics.

1991 National Hospital Discharge Survey.

Unpublished tabulation.

50. American College of Obstetricians and

Gynecologists: ACOG Committee Statement. Dystocia: Etiology, diagnosis, and

management guidelines. Washington, DC.

1983.

51. Kozak L.J. Surgical and nonsurgical procedures associated with hospital delivery

in the United States: 1980-87. Birth

16(4):20%13. 1989.

52. Centers for Disease Control. Fetal alcohol

syndrome, United States, 197%92.

MMWR 42(17):339-41. 1993.

53. Morse BA, Idelson R~ Sachs WH, et al.

Pediatricians’ perspectives on fetal

alcohol syndrome. Journal of Substance

Abuse 4(2):187–95. 1992.

54. Abel EL, Sokol RJ. A revised estimate of

the economic impact of fetal alcohol syndrome. Recent Dev Aicohol 9:117–25.

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55. Hemandez C, Little BB, Daz JS, et al.

Prediction of the severity of meconium

aspiration syndrome. Am J Obstet

Gynecol 169:61–70. 1993.

56. Katz ~ Bowes WA Jr. Meconium aspiration syndrome Reflections on a murky

subject. Am J Obstet Gynecol

166171–83. 1992.

57. Wiswell TE. Meconium aspiration syndrome made murkier [letter]. Am J Obstet

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58. Powell-Griner E, Woolbright M. Trends

in infant deaths from congenital

anomalies: Results from England and

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States. Int J Epidemiol 19(2):391-8.

1990.

59. Ling EW, Sosuan LC, Hall JC. Congenital anomalies: An increasingly important cause of mortality and workload in a

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60. Centers for Disease Control. Recommendations for the use of foiic acid toreduce

the number of cases of spina bifida and

other neural tube defects. MMWR

41/RR-14. 1992.

61. American College of Obstetricians and

Gynecologists Committee on Obstetrics.

ACOG Committee Opinion No. 120.

Folic acid for the prevention of recurrent

neural tube defects. Washington, DC.

1993.

62. Food and Drug Administration. Food

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require addition of folic acid. Docket No.

91N-1OOS. 1993.

63. Brockert JE, Stockbauer JW, Senner JW,

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Association for Vital Records and Health

Statistics, June 25-27, Traverse City,

Michigan. 1990.
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 11(S) ● May 11,1994

~13

List of tables

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

1

I

1

1

1

1

Jive births with selected

nedical risk factors and rates

~orselected medical risk fac-

:ors, by age and race of

nothe~ United States, 1991 . .

Number of live births by

$moking status of mother, percent smokers, and percent distribution by average number of

cigarettes smoked by mothers

per day, according to age and

race of mothec Total of 46

reporting States and the District of Columbiaj 1991 . . . . .

Number of live births by

smoking status of mother and

percent smokers, by age and

Hispanic origin of mother and

by race of mother for mothers

of non-I-Iispanic origin Total

of 45 reporting States and the

District of Columbia, 1991 . . .

Number of live births, percent

of mothers who smoked cigarettes during pregnancy, and

percent distribution of average

number of cigarettes smoked

by mothers per day, according

to educational attainment and

race of mothec Total of 45

reporting States and the District of Columbia, 1991 . . . . . .

Percent low birthweight by

smoking status, age, and race

of mother: Total of 46

reporting States and the District of Columbia, 1991 . . . . . .

14

15

16

17

17

6. Number of live births by

drinking status of mother, per7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

1

1

1

znt dritiers, and percent distribution of average number of

Mks per week, according to

ige and race of mothec Total

~f 47 reporting States and the

District of Columbia, 1991 . . .

Number of live births by

drinking status of mother and

percent drinkers, by Hispanic

origin of mother and by race of

mother for mothers of nonHispanic origirx Total of 46

reporting States and the District of Columbia, 1991 . . . . . .

Number of live births and percent distribution by weight

gain during pregnancy and

median weight gain, according

to period of gestation and race

of mothec Total of 49

reporting States and the District of Columbia, 1991 . . . . . .

Percent low birthweight by

weight gain during pregnancy,

period of gestation, and race of

mothe~ Total of 49 reporting

States and the District of

Columbia, 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . .

Percent low birthweight by

weight gain during pregnancy,

Hispanic origin of mother, and

by race of mother for mothers

of non-Hispanic origin. Total

of 48 reporting States and the

District of Columbia, 1991 . . .

Live births with selected

obstetric procedures and rates

12.

18

13.

14.

19

15.

19

16.

20

17.

20

f

(

I

1

1

~or selected obstetric procedures, by age and race of

nothec United States, 1991 . . 21

Live births with selected complications of labor and/or

ielivery and rates for selected

complications, by age and race

Dfmothe~ United States, 1991. 22

Live births by method of

delivery and rates of cesarean

delivery and vaginal birth after

previous cesarean, by age and

race of mothe~ United States,

1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23

Rates of cesarean delivery and

vaginal birth after previous

cesarean, by selected medical

risk factors, complications of

labor andlor delivery, and

obstetric procedures: United

States, 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24

Live births by day of week and

index of occurrence by method

of delivery, day of occurrence,

and race of mothec United

States, 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X

~lve births with selected

abnormal conditions of newborn and rates for selected

abnormal conditions by age

and race of mothec United

States, 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

Live births with selected congenital anomalies and rates for

selected congenital anomalies,

by age and race of mothex

Totrd of 48 reporting States and

the District of Columbia,

1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Symbols

— Quantity zero

* Figure does not meet standards of

reliabil”~ or precision (see

Technical notes)
14~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 11(S) ● May 11, 1994 -

Tabla 1. Live births with selected medical risk factors and ratea for selected medical risk factors, by age and race of mother:

United States, 1991

[Rates are number of live births with specified medical risk factor per 1,000 live births in specified group]

Age of mother

Medical

risk

Ail factor All Under 20 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-49 Not

Medical risk factor end race of mother births 1 repotied ages years years years years years years statad

All races 2 Number Rate lNumber

Anemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cardiac disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Acute or chronic lung disease . . . . . . . . .

Diabetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Genital herpee3,4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hydramnios/Oligoh dramnioss. . . . . . . . . .

Hemoglobinopathy !. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hypertension, chronic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hypertension, pregnancy-associated . . . . . .

Eclampsia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Incompetent cervixs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Previous infant 4,000+ gramss. . . . . . . . .

Previous praferm or small-forgestational-age infant3. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Renal disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rhsensitizetion 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Uterine bleeding 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whie

Anemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cardiac disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Acute orchronic lung diseaae . . . . . . . . . .

Diabetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Genital herpes3,4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hydramnios/Oligoh dramnios3. . . . . . . . . .

Hemoglobinopathy i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hypertension, chronic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hypertension, pregnancy-essociatad . . . . . .

Eclampsia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

lncompetentcewix3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Previoue infarrt 4,000+grama3. . . . . . . . .

Previous praterm or small-forgestational-age infant3. . . . . . . . . . . . .

Renaldisease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rhsensifization5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Uterinebleeding4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black

Anemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cardiacdisease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Acuteorchronic lung disease . . . . . . . . .

Oiabetea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Genital herpes3,4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hydramnios/Oligoh dramnioss. . . . . . . . . .

Hemoglobinopathy x . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hypertension, chronic . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hypertension, pregnancy-associated . . . . . .

Eclampsia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

lncompetentcervix3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Previous infant4,000+ grams3. . . . . . . .

Previous preterm or small-forgeststional-age infant3. . . . . . . . . . . . .

Renal disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rhsensitization5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Uterine bleeding4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,110,907

4,110,907

4,110,307

4,110,907

3,634,317

3,952,083

3,952,063

4,110,907

4,110,907

4,110,907

3,952,063

3,952,063

3,952,063

4,110,907

4,073,068

3,793,161

3,241,273

3,241,273

3,241,273

3,241,273

2,835,494

3,102,783

3,102,763

3,241,273

3,241,273

3,241,273

3,102,763

3,102,783

3,102,763

3,241,273

3,207,599

2,973,984

682,602

682,602

682,602

682,602

622,615

665,705

665,705

682,802

682,602

682,602

665,705

665,705

665,705

662,602

679,440

639,512

73,970

14,421

14,465

92,345

28,356

25,531

1,945

25,703

107,692

14,063

9,055

36,430

44,245

8,705

23,568

29,303

47,796

11,977

10,695

73,752

23,023

19,320

711

17,966

86,603

10,287

6,953

34,462

33,288

7,017

21,173

24,049

21,713

2,030

3,273

12,776

4,564

5,065

1,104

6,882

17,468

3,251

1,829

2,508

9,078

1,379

1,961

4,162

16.8

3.7

3.7

23.4

8.0

6.7

:::

27.3

3.6

2.4

10.1

11.7

2.2

6.0

7.9

15.4

3.9

3.4

23.7

8.3

6.5

0.2

5.6

27.9

3.3

2.3

11.6

11.2

2.3

6.9

8.3

33.3

3.1

5.0

19.6

7.6

8.0

1.7

10.6

26.8

5.0

H

14.3

2.1

3.0

6.7

27.9

2.3

4.4

7.9

u

0.7

2.7

32.4

5.6

1.1

1.6

5.9

3.0

4.6

6.0

22.5

2.3

3.9

8.9

4.5

6.5

0.2

3?2

5.1

1.2

1.8

5.2

3.3

5.5

6.3

38.2

2.6

5.6

5.5

8.0

7.5

::;

30.8

6.7

1.0

1.0

7.4

2.4

2.6

5.7

22.5

2.8

3.5

14.9

H

0.5

4.0

27.6

3.7

1.7

6.4

11.3

2.6

5.6

7.0

18.3

2.8

3.2

15.6

6.5

6.6

0.2

3.7

28.9

3.6

1.6

7.2

10.5

2.7

6.4

7.3

36.5

2.8

4.8

11.9

6.8

7.4

1.8

5.6

23.7

E

3.1

14.5

2.1

3.1

6.3

15.7

3.7

3.2

23.3

:;

0.4

5.9

25.5

3.0

2.4

10.9

11.7

1.9

6.3

6.1

13.2

3.9

3.1

23.1

8.0

6.1

0.2

5.2

26.2

2.8

2.2

12.1

11.1

1.9

7.1

8.4

29.5

3.1

4.3

23.0

7.4

7.8

1.6

10.6

24.3

4.2

3.7

4.7

16.3

2.1

3.1

6.9

14.4

4.6

3.7

32.1

9.6

6.6

0.5

6.7

25.1

2.9

3.3

15.1

13.7

1.8

6.7

9.2

12.4

4.9

3.5

31.0

10.7

6.4

0.3

7.4

25.2

2.8

3.1

16.6

13.1

1.6

7.5

9.4

27.2

3.9

5.4

S5.8

6.1

8.6

1.8

19.4

27.7

4.5

4.8

6.7

19.3

1.9

3.5

8.3

15.1

5.5

4.5

46.9

11.3

7.7

0<5

14.3

29.5

3.6

4.2

18.6

d5.9

2.0

6.8

9.7

13.2

5.7

4.5

44.3

12.8

7.3

0.3

11.8

29.7

3.3

4.2

20.5

15.6

2.0

1:::

27.4

5.1

5.6

55.6

4.7

10.5

1.5

35.5

32.8

6.2

5.6

9.2

18.7

1.9

2.9

8.7

16.2

6.3

4.8

65.8

11.0

10.1

0.6

26.7

35.6

4.3

4.0

22.6

17.5

1.6

6.3

10.5

13.7

6.5

4.5

62.1

12.5

9.5

*

21.9

34.5

4.0

4.1

25.4

17.3

1.8

7.2

10.9

29.8

5.7

7.0

81.0

1::

*

67.1

47.5

E

11.2

19.2

*

3.4

8.9

“lea,710

“168,710

“168,710

168,710

95,935

161,657

161,657

1I68,71O

168,710

16s,710

161,657

161,657

161,657

168,710

169,849

103,002

132,805

132,805

132,805

132,805

71,197

127, f 53

127,153

132,805

i 32,805

132,605

127,153

127,153

127,153

132,805

133,645

76,663

30,624

30,624

30,624

30,624

21,053

29,363

29,363

30,624

30,624

30,624

29,363

29,363

29,363

30,624

30,707

22,314

lTotsl number of births to residents of areas reporting specfied medical risk factor.

‘Includes races other than white and black. -

3New York CW@ut not New York State) reoorts this risk faster.

fiexss dces ~ot’report this risk factor.

Smnsasdomnot reportthlsriskfaotor.
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 11(S) ● May 11, 1994 ~15

Table 2. Number of live births by smoking status of mother, percent smokers, and percent distribution by average number of cigarettes

smoked by mothers per day, according to age and race of mothe~ Total of 46 reporting Stetes and the District of Columbia, 1991

Age of mother

1s19 years

Srrrokhg status, smokhg measum, All Under 15-17 18-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-49

and race of motfrer ages 15 years Totsi years years years years years years years

All races 1

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nonsmoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notstatad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nonsmoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notstatwl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nonsmoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Srnokerl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

While . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All races 1

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-5cigarettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6-10cigarettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11-15cigarettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-20cigarettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21-30cigarettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31-40cigarettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41 cigarettesormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l+cigarethe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6-10cigarattes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11-15cigarattee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-20cigarettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21+Oclgarattes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31+Ocigarattes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41 cigarettesormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-5cigarettea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8-10cigarsttes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11-15cigar6ttes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-20cigar6ttes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21-30 cigarettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31-40cigarattes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41 cigarette50rmore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,111,544

531,663

2,461,074

118,787

2,439,406

441,529

1,805,945

91,932

663,205

79,143

462,165

21,897

17.8

18.8

14.6

100.0

20.7

39.8

2::

4.0

1.5

0.2

100.0

18.0

3%2

25

4.4

1.6

0.2

100.0

33.8

43.0

lU

1.9

1.0

0.2

9,720

705

8,619

396

3,718

557

2,982

179

5,739

119

5,411

7.6

15.7

2.2

100.0

36.7

42.6

●

16.2

●

*

*

100.0

30.3

47.3

17.:

*

*

●

100.0

63.2

25.5

●

●

●

●

●

408,564

77,669

316,911

14,784

267,183

67,471

1s8,974

9,738

130,715

8,431

117,724

4,580

19.7

26.2

6.7

1W.o

26.2

43.0

5.0

22.4

2.4

0.8

0.2

100.0

23.3

43.6

2Z

c%

0.2

100.0

46.4

39.2

1:;

0.9

0.6

*

148,200

23,641

119,070

5,469

S8,860

20,354

65,147

3,379

55,100

2,593

50,57a

1,929

16.6

23.6

4.8

100.0

30.1

43.5

4.4

19.2

2.0

0.7

0.2

100.0

27.0

44.6

&

k;

0.2

100.0

51.6

35.7

1.9

9.1

●

●

●

Number

261,364 837,451

54,228 170,870

197,841 636,607

9,295 29,974

178,303 626,692

47,117 143,914

124,827 461,149

6,359 21,926

75,615 184,569

5,638 23,434

67,146 154,145

2,631 6,960

Percent

21.5 21.2

27.4 23.6

8.0 13.2

Percent distribution

100.0

24.5

42.8

5.3

23.6

2.6

0.6

0.2

100.0

21.7

43.1

5.7

25.6

::

0.2

100.0

44.0

40.8

1?:

1.0

0.6

*

100.0

20.8

40.9

6.2

27.1

3.5

1.2

0.2

100.0

17.6

40.5

24

3.9

1.3

0.2

100.0

37.4

43.3

lZ

1.5

0.7

0.2

921,662

152,176

734,924)

34,756

758,240

124,703

fM5,622

27,915

130,674

24,636

100,658

5,360

17.2

17.1

19.6

100.0

19.5

39.1

7.0

28.5

4.2

1.5

0.2

100.0

16.9

%.0

2.:

4.7

1.7

0.2

100.0

31.6

44.1

1%

1.9

1.1

0.2

658,395

95,536

535,8S5

26,972

554,765

77,396

455,041

22,326

78,026

16,346

58,331

3,349

15.1

14.5

21.9

100.0

16.7

37.9

7.0

29.1

5.0

2.1

0.3

100.0

16.5

36.6

7.7

31.1

::

0.3

100,0

26.4

43.4

3.9

20.4

2.4

1.3

0.2

238,127

30,366

197,436

10,321

198,938

24,204

166,159

6,573

26,569

5,434

21,951

1,204

13.3

12.7

19.6

100.0

16.0

36.2

6.2

30.t

6.0

3.1

0.4

100.0

16.0

34.5

3::

6.9

3.5

0.4

100.0

25.9

42.9

2X

2.5

1.7

*

36,425

4,157

30,6s4

1,564

29,572

3,264

25,018

1,270

4,693

743

3,745

205

11.9

11.6

16.6

100.0

17.7

34.6

6.2

30.6

6.7

3.4

0.6

100.0

15.5

33.6

6.5

32.4

7.3

3.9

0.6

100.0

26.2

38.6

2:;

4.4

*

*

1 lmludesraces ahrtimtib~bla~.

NOTE Excludssdsta for CaItbnla, Indiana, New York, andSauttrDakota,whichdidnorrsquksrepxtingoftckwm use duringpregnancy
16~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 11(S) ● May 11, 1994 ~

Table 3. Number of live births by smoking status of mother and percent smokers, by age and Hispanic origin of mother and by race of

mother for mothers of non-Hispanic origin: Total of 45 reporting States and the District of Columbia, 1991

Age of mother

15-19 yeara

Smoking status and All Under 1s-17 18–19 20-24 25-29 3&iM 35-39 40-49

origin of moffrer ages 15 years Total yeara years yeara years years yeara years

All origins 1

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nonsmoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notatated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hispanic

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nonsmoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mexican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nonsmoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notatated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Puerto Rican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nonsmoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cuban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nonsmoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Central andSouthAmencan . . . . . . . . . . .

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nonsmoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notstatad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other and unknown l-liapanic. , . . . . . . . . .

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nonsmoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notetated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Non-Hispanic

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nonsmoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nonsmoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nonsmoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Smokers

Alloriginsl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mexican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Puerto Rican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cuban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Centraland South . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other and unknown Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . .

Non-Hispanic2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,095,203

528,313

2,448,132

118,75a

309,448

18,516

273,779

17,153

191,101

8,572

170,477

12,052

35,487

4,395

28,921

2,151

9,530

579

8,829

122

33,698

302

31,547

1,249

39,652

4,068

34,005

1,579

2,761,368

505,108

2,158,824

97,436

2,105,800

416,710

1,616,972

72,218

553,509

76,017

454,637

20,S55

17.7

6.3

4.8

13.2

6.2

2.8

10.7

19.0

20.5

14.6

9,712

703

8,613

396

1,417

1,2:

91

947

34

851

62

197

12

172

13

8

1

7

70

1

66

3

195

10

172

13

8,225

641

7,227

287

2,298

497

1,719

62

5,683

116

5,367

200

7.5

4.4

3.8

*

*

*

*

8.1

22.4

2.1

408,408

77,457

316,167

14,764

56,193

3,430

49,434

3,329

36,.555

1,613

32,647

2,295

7,953

694

6,475

584

669

43

642

4

2,988

60

2,796

120

7,998

800

6,872

326

349,027

73,236

264,862

10,922

209,473

63,110

140,173

6,190

128,948

8,285

116,353

4,310

19.7

6.5

4.7

12.1

6.3

2.8

10.4

21.7

31.0

6.6

147,86$

23,521

118,855

5,489

22,277

1,285

19,666

1,324

14,430

687

12,878

915

3,384

312

2,777

245

242

12

230

1,027

9:

46

3,244

288

2,827

118

124,418

21,974

98,488

3,956

66,244

18,767

45,476

1,961

54,384

2,536

50,009

1,819

16.5

6.1

4.7

10.1

2.;

9.6

16.2

29.2

4.6

Numbar

260,543

53,936

197,312

9,295

33,916

2,145

22,766

22,125

976

19,769

1,380

4,619

582

3,696

339

447

31

412

4

1,971

55

1,842

74

4,754

501

4,045

208

224,609

51,262

166,376

6,971

i 43,228

44,323

94,697

4,209

74,564

5,749

66,344

2,491

833,958

169,765

684,203

29,970

98,668

6,170

87,966

5,510

64,111

2,830

57,385

3,886

12,322

1,623

9,932

767

1,794

112

1,663

19

a,723

185

8,247

221

12,711

1,420

10,754

537

727,6S4

161,972

542,465

23,417

522,327

135,573

370,918

152836

181,719

23,095

152,003

6,621

Percent

21.5 21.1

6.7 6.6

4.7 4.7

13.6 14.0

7.0 6.3

2.9 2.2

11.0 11.7

23.6 23.0

31.9 26.8

8.0 13.2

916,352

151,143

730,463

34,747

82,660

4,781

73,545

4,554

49,461

2,176

44,100

3,205

8,756

1,112

7,154

420

3,603

204

3,358

41

10,814

274

10,108

431

10,226

1,015

8,824

387

826,535

145,095

652,339

29,101

667,436

118,125

526,693

22,878

128,226

24,290

98,6S8

5,068

17.1

6.1

4.7

13.5

5.7

2.6

10.3

16.2

18.3

19.7

653,9S3

94,917

532,061

26,8S5

48,140

2,886

42,669

2,652

27,712

1,339

24,560

1,813

4,501

5s3

3,726

212

2,456

162

2,255

39

7,510

25a

6,976

278

5,861

579

5,172

210

600,437

91,282

485,726

23,427

488,696

73,417

407,188

19,081

76,377

16,163

57,098

3,126

15.1

6.4

5.2

13.1

6.7

3.5

10.1

15.8

15.3

22.1

236,605

30,177

126,115

10,313

17,804

1,002

15,664

938

10,317

477

9,191

649

1,468

170

1,236

77

862

56

794

16

3,003

20

2,807

106

2,139

215

1,836

es

216,757

28,954

178,842

8,9S1

178,724

22,915

148,487

7,3Z2

27,957

5,343

21,476

1,136

13.3

5.9

4.9

12.1

:7

10.5

13.9

13.4

19.9

36,204

4,131

30,430

1,563

3,346

176

2,991

179

1,978

103

1,743

132

24a

21

219

8

116

7

110

1

580

5X

20

422

26

375

18

32,533

3,928

27,291

1,314

25,866

3,073

21,794

1,019

4,59S

735

3,672

192

11.9

5.6

5.6

8.8

*

*

7.2

12.6

12.4

16.7

1Includes origin not ststed.

21ncludesraces other then whne and black.

NOTE Excludes data for California, Indiana, New Hampshire, NW York, and South Dakota, which did not require raporting of efiher Hispanic odgin of mother or tobacco uss during pregnancy.
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 11(S) ● May 11, 1994 ~17

Table 4. Number of live births, percent of mothers who smoked cigarettes during pregnancy, and percent distribution of average number

of cigarettes smoked by mothers per day, according to educational attainment and race of mothen Total of 45 reporting States and the

District of Columbia, 1991

Years of school completed by motfrer

Smoking measure and 0-8 9–11 12 13=15 16 yOSIS Not

race of motimr Total years years years years or more stated

All births

1,156,115

886,101

235,811

Allracesl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

138,435

110,811

19,902

522,705

353,621

152,742

622,388 550,s02

487,932

39,009

41,368

28,248

10,050

3,031,833

2,388,798

5WJ,122

PerCant

20.6

22.6

14.2

Smokerl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whal e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17.7

18.8

14.6

18.3

20.2

12.0

31.9

37.4

20.1

124

128

11.0

4.2

4.2

5.2

16.2

16.3

19.5

All races 1 Percent dMribM”on

Iwo

59.9

34.7

5.4

Smoker . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10cigarettes orless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11-20 cigarettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21cigarettes or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0

60.4

33.8

5.8

100.0

54.7

36.4

9.0

100.0

59.0

34.6

6.4

100.0

63.4

31.6

5.0

100.0

72.4

24.0

3.6

100.0

80.5

33.6

5.9

Whfie

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10cigarettes orless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11-20 cigarettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21cigarettas ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0

57.1

36.6

0.3

100.0

52.3

38.2

9.5

100.0

54.6

38.2

7.1

100.0

56.6

37.4

5.9

100.0

60.7

33.9

5.4

100.0

71.7

24.6

3.7

100.0

55.5

37.5

7.0

Black

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0

76.8

20.1

3.1

100.0

72.7

221

5.2

1W.o

76.1

20.3

3.7

100.0 100.0

77.7

19.8

2.7

100.0

78.5

19.7

1.8

100.0

71.9

24.6

3.5

10cigsrettes orless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11-20 cigarettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21cigsrettes ormora . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

77.6

19.7

2.6

Ilmlties races ottwr- we ~ blNOTE Exciudesdeta forCalifcmii, Indiana,NewYork,8oothOakots,ti Washingtm,whichdid notrequirereportingof eittmrtobeccou% duringp~ or aducatkmalattsinmemtof mcifwr.

Table 5. Percent low bh’thweight by smoking status, age, and race of mothe~ ToW of 46 rapoftfng States and the Diatn%t of Columbia,

19!31

[Low birthweight is defined as weight of less than 2,500 grams (5 lb 8 OZ)]

Age of mother

15-19 years

Smoking statue and Ail Under 15-17 18-19 2Q+4 25-29 3W4 35-3.9 4049

race of mother ages 15 years Total years years years years years years years

Allracesl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3 14.3 9.7 10.6

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4 15.5 10,8 11.6

Nonsmoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 14.1 9.3 10.4

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.9 16.5 11.2 12.3

9.2

10.5

8.7

10.6

7.5

10.2

6.7

9.4

6.4

11.3

5.3

7.8

6.6 7.7 8.7

12.8 15.1 ‘17.1

5.5 6.5 7.4

8.2 9.3 10.6

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9 11.7 7.9 8.7

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6 14.1 10.2 11.2

Nonsmoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 11.3 7.0 7.9

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 *

9.3 10.5

7.4

9.8

E

6.0

8.9

5.0

7.4

5.2

9.2

4.3

6.2

5.4 6.5 7.3

10.0 12.5 14.7

4.6 5.6 6.3

6.8 7.7 9.4

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.6 16.2 13.6 13.8 13.4

17.5

12.9

15.5

12.7

18.9

11.7

15.7

13.4

22.3

11.0

16.5

15.1 18.0 17.0

25.9 27.2 27.5

11.9 12.9 14.8

18.3 20.7 19.3

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.6 22.7 16.9 15.6

Nonsmoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.1 15.6 13.3 13.7

Not Stated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.6 22.2 15.5 15.6

1[ncludss racss othw thanwhiie and bhdr.

NOTE Excludesdatafor California,Indians,NewYork,endSwth Oakota,whii dd notrequirsrsporthgoftobaccouseduringpregnancy.
18~ Monthly Vital Statlstlcs Report ● Vol. 42, No. 11(S) ● May 11, 1994 ~

Table 6. Number of live births by drinking status of mother, percent drinkers, and percent distribution by everage numbers of drinks per

week, according to age and race of mother: Total of 47 reporting 8tates and the District of Columbia, 1991

Age of mother

15–19 years

Drinking status, drinking measure, All Under 15-17 18-19 20-24 25-29 30-34

and race of mothar ages 15 years Total

35-39 40-48

years years years years years years years

All races 1

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,197,251

Drinker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6s,411

Nondrinker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,g7g,gBI

Notetated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128,85Q

White

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,514,797

Drinker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,368

Nondrinker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,348,377

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100;032

Black

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Drinker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nondrinker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notstatad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Drinker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All races 1

Drinker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idrinkorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2drinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-4drinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5drinksormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White

Drinker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idrinkorlees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2drinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C3-4drink s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5drinksormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black

Drinker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ldrinkorlees . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...,,,.

2drinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-ldrinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5drinksormore. ,,, ...,.... ,,,..,,

572,715

18,842

530,395

23,478

2.9

2.7

3.4

100.0

61.8

15.7

10.3

12.2

100.0

68.4

14.5

8.6

8.5

100.0

36.5

20.6

16.2

24.6

9,934

82

9,419

433

3,827

47

3,560

200

5,844

26

5,592

226

0.9

1.3

0.5

100.0

51.1

*

*

*

100.0

●

*

●

*

100.0

●

*

*

*

421,712

6,542

398,968

16,187

276,715

4,804

261,280

10,821

133,260

1,486

126,959

4,635

1.6

1.7

1.2

100.0

62.8

13.5

11.2

12.5

100.0

66.6

12.3

1?:

100.0

52.4

17.3

15.0

15.3

152,285

2,050

144,276

5,869

91,882

8$%

3,723

56,200

53,%

2,047

1.4

1.6

0.8

Number

2S8,417

4,492

254,707

10,216

164,853

3,166

174,589

7,038

77,0s0

1,037

73,255

2,788

662,959

19,274

810,923

32,762

649,078

13,340

611,582

24,156

187,836

5,034

175,340

7,462

Percent

1.7 2.3

1.8 2.1

1.4 2.8

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0 100.0

61.3 68.5 59.5

14.7 12.9 15.5

10.6 11.5 11.3

13.3 12.1 13.7

100.0 100.0 100.0

64.7 67.5 66.3

12.8 12.1 13.4

10.3

12.2 Iu 1::

100.0 100.0 100.0

52.6 52.3 42.6

21.5 15.8 21.3

10.9 16.6 14.8

15.0 15.5 21.4

847,656

27,006

683,339

37,511

761,941

19,895

731 ,eol

30,145

132,S66

6,230

120,655

5,801

3.0

2.6

4.9

100.0

61.5

15.8

10.2

12.6

100.0

S9,5

14.1

8.1

6.3

100.0

36.4

21,7

16,6

26.1

674,423

24,257

621,011

28,155

669,463

19,337

526,009

24,117

79,139

4,295

71,209

3,635

3.6

3.5

5.7

100.0

63.7

15.6

9.6

11.2

100.0

70.0

14.9

8.0

7.2

100.0

34.6

19.2

16.8

28.3

243,253

9,769

222,350

11,114

203,578

16:=

9,231

28,985

1,561

26,124

1,300

4.2

4.1

5.6

100.0

61.5

17.2

10.2

11.1

100.0

66.7

16.7

8.8

7.8

100.0

33.6

20.4

17.3

26.8

37,114

1,461

33,956

1,697

30,195

1,201

27,632

1,362

4,745

210

4,316

219

4.1

4.2

4.6

100.0

59.6

17.7

1::

100.0

63.8

17.8

1;

100.0

34.9

19.2

15.8

30.1

1Includes races other than tike end black.

NOTE Excludes data for Cdlfornla, Nsw York, and S%uthDakota, tiich did not require rerxstlng of alcolwl uae during pregnancy.
Table 7, Number of live births by drinking status of mother and percent drinkers, by Hispanic origin of mother and by race of mother for

mothers of non-Hispanic origin: Total of 46 reporting States and the District of Columbia, 1991

Origin of mother

Hispanic Non-Hispanic

Central Other and

A/l Puerto and South unknown

Drinking status of mother origins 1 Toial Mexican Rican Cuban American Hispanic Tota\2 White Black

Number

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,180,910 311,238 192,465 35,639 9,539 33,745 39,651 2,645,097 2,179,428 562,962

Drinker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87,764 4,020 1,918 665 34 274 691 82,719 61,199 18,49~

Nondrinker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,864,327 236,152 176,652 32,564 9,323 32,168 37,224 2,667,466 2,040,301 522,404

Not Stated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126,819 19,117 13,687 2,250 132 1,302 1,736 104,912 77,928 22,067

Percent

Drinker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.9 1.4 1.1 2.6 0.9 0.8 23 3.0 2.9 3.4

Ilncludesoriginnotstated.

%cludes rews otherthenwhitendb~.

NOTE Excludesdatefor California,New Hempshlre,NewYork,and 8oufh Oakofe,whii didnotraqtirs reportingof eithw ekchol use duringpregnancyor Hispanicoriginof mother.

Table 8. Number of live births and percent distribution by weight gain during pregnancy and median weight gain, according to period of

gestation and race of mothen Total of 49 reporting States and the District of Columbia, 1991

Weight gain during pragrrsrmy

Period of gestition 1

Median

Leas than 1640 21-25 2S30 31-35 36-40 4145 46 pc+mds

b?%

weight

and race of mother Total 16 pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds or more gain

All racee 2 Number Percent distribution Pounds

All gestational periods3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,500,630 100.0

Under 37waeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 362,305 100.0

37-39 weeke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,464,283 100.0

40weeks and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,634,033 100.0

White

All geetational periodss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,740,621 100.0

Under 37weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243,631 100.0

37-39 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,139,757 100.0

40weeke andover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,338,545 100.0

Black

Allgeefationai periodss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634,933 100.0

Under 37weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120,241 100.0

37-39 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267,346 100.0

40weeke andover . ; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241,666 100.0

9.6 11.1

17.6 15.5

9.3 11.4

8.1 9.6

8.1 10.2

14.3 14.2

8.0 10.6

7.1 9.2

16.1 14.7

24.9 18.0

14.9 14.6

13.3 13.3

15.4

16.2

16.1

14.6

15.3

16.6

16.1

14.5

15.3

15.4

15.6

14.7

20.4 14.7

17.9 11.1

21.0 14.9

20.3 15.4

20.9 15.6

18.9 12.4

21.6 15.7

20.7 16.1

17.7 11.0

15.6 8.4

18.4 11.4

18.0 11.8

12.6 6.3 9.9 30.4

9.4 4.5 7.8 26.4

12.3 6.0 9.0 30.3

13.6 7.0 11.1 30.8

13.2 6.6 10.0 30.6

10.2 5.1 8.4 23.0

12.8 6.3 9.0 30.5

14.0 7.3 11.1 30.9

10.4 5.0 9.7 28.0

7.7 3.5 6.6 24.4

10.6 5.0 9.3 28.2

11.6 5.8 11.6 30.2

1ExprE2sedin completedweeke.

Zlnc]wes rams otherthm whiteandbkk.

‘Includesbirthswhhperiodof gestationno+etstad.

NOTE Excludesdatefc+California,whichdidnotrequirereportingofweightgaindurfngpmgnmcy
20 ~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 11(S) ● May 11, 1994 ~

Table 9. Percent low birthweigM by weight gain during pregnancy, period of gestation, and race of mothec Total of 49 reporting States

and the District of Columbia, 19S1

[Low birthweight is defined as weight of less than 2,500 grams (5 lb 8 OZ)]

Weight gain during pregnancy

Period of gestation 1 Las than 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 4145 46 pounds Not

and race of mother Total 16 pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds or more stated

All gestational periods 2

Allraces3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3 15.6

Whtie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.9 12.6

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.6 23.3

10.8 7.2

9.1 6.2

16.6 12.3

5.4

4.6

10.0

4.4 4.3 4.0

3.9 3.7 3.6

6.1 7.7 6.7

4.4 11.0

4.0 8.5

6.3 16.4

Under 37 weeks

Allraces3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.0 57.5

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.3 56.9

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46.4 59.3

47.5 38.1

47.5 36.5

48.9 41.2

34.5

33.7

37.3

31.7 31.3 31.3

31.3 31.0 31.3

34.1 32.7 31.5

31.5 49.9

32.9 47.2

28.5 54.8

37-39 weeks

Allraces3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.6 6.0

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,9

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.8 1::

6.4 4.7

5.5 4.2

9.7 7.5

3.8

3.3

6.4

3.2 3.2 3.1

2.9 2.8 2.8

5.4 5.4 4.6

3.4 6.1

3.1 4.6

4.7 9.8

40 weeks and over

Allraces3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 3.5

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.3 2.7

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.7 6.5

2.7 1.8

2.1 1.5

5.0 3.8

1.1 1.0 0.9

0.9 0.6 0.7

2.3 2.3 1.9

0.9 2.4

0.8 1.6

1.6 4.7

lExpraeaadincompletedwaeka.

Zlncludesblrlhswithperiodof gaatstht notststed.

31nc[udesr3ce3 other than white and black.

NOTE Excludesdata for California,tilch didnotrequirereportinget weightgainduringpregnancy

Table 10. Percent low ~irthwelght by wqlght gain during pregnancy, Hispanic origin of mother, and by race of mother for mothers of

non-Hispanic origin: Total of 4S reporting Statea and the District of Columbia, 1SS1

[Low birthwaight is defined aa weight of leas than 2,500 grams (5 lb 8 OZ)]

Weight gain during pragnarrqv

Le= than 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 4145 46 pounds Not

Origin of mothar Total 16 pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds or more atatad

All originei . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,4 15.7 10.6 7.2 5.4 4.4 4.3 4.0

3.9

4.4

4.3

11.0

6.7

7.7

12.7

9.3

7.5

9.9

11.6

8.3

18.6

Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 12.1 8.2 6.2 5.1 4.5 4.3

Mexican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 10.5

PuertoRican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.6 17.3

Cuban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.5 14.4

Central andSouthAmericsn. . . . . . . . . . 6.0 11.1

Otherand unknownl-fiepanic . . . . . . . . . 7.6 13.7

4.2

5.4

3.7

3.7

4.4

3.5

5.1

4.1

3.1

4.9

4.0

3.8

5.1

3.6

3.6

5.3

4.4

7.1 5.5 4.7 4.0

12.0 a.1 6.7 6.4

6.2 6.0 4.2 3.4

7.2 6.2 4.4 4.0

10.4 7.2 5.9 4.8

Non-l-liapanic z . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4 16.1 11.1 7.3 5.5 4.4 4.3

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.8 12.7

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.7 23.4

6.2 4.6 3.6

16 12.4 10.0 8.2

3.6

7.8

3.6

6.7

4.0

6.3

1Includesoriginnotstated.

zln~ludearaws otherthanwhtieand black,

NOTE Excludesdata forCaiiiorniaand New Hampshire,whichdidnotrequirereportingof ekherweightgainduringpregnancyor Hispanicoriginof mother.
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 11(S) ● May 11, 1994 ~ 21

Table 11. Live births with selected obstetric procedures and rates for selected obstetric procedures, by age and race of mother:

United States, 1991

[Rates are number of live births with apacifiad procedure per 1,000 live births in spactied group]

Age of mother

Obstetric

Obstetdc procedure All procedure All Under 20-24 25-29 3(L34 35-39 4049 Not

and race of mother births 1 reported ages 20 years yeara years years years yeara stated

All racesz Number Rate Number

Amniocentesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Electronic fetal monitoring. . . . . . . . . . . . .

Induction of labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Stimulation oflaber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tocolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ultreeounds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White

Amniocentesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Electronic fetal monitoring. . . . . . . . . . . . .

Induction of labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Stimulation of labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tooolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ultraaound3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black

Amniocentesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Electronicfetal monitoring. . . . . . . . . . . . .

Inductionoflabor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Stimulationoflabor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tocolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ultreaound3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,110,907

4,110,W7

4,110,807

4,110,907

4,110,907

3,916,676

3,241,273

3,241,273

3,241,273

3,241,273

3,241,273

3,095,821

682,602

662,602

662,602

662,602

662,602

639,357

125,879

3,020,2M

418,346

463,025

64,121

2,135,642

107,455

2,402,250

356,571

393,030

51,666

1,730,040

11,730

4s0,605

46,026

69,440

10,038

317,591

31.5

755.2

104.6

120.8

16.0

561.0

34.1

761.3

113.0

124.6

16.4

574.4

17.7

742.1

72.6

105.0

15.2

513.6

11.5

762.1

Se.s

118.6

18.2

544.0

12.5

766.7

98.6

123.8

19.3

560.2

9.2

753.2

67.9

107.6

15.9

508.5

13.9

758.1

100.9

119.1

16.6

556.6

14.4

764.3

110.2

123.6

17.1

570.7

12.0

744.9

70.1

103.7

15.3

513.1

17.1

756.9

109.5

123.5

15.2

567.0

17.5

765.7

117.0

126.7

15.6

579.8

14.7

736.6

74.4

i 06.3

14.6

512.9

30.2

751.2

10s.7

121.6

15.3

556.7

31.8

757.4

115.3

124.9

15.6

577.9

19.6

733.9

76.8

1C&5

15.1

521.3

152.5

738.8

110.7

117.6

15.8

566.1

162.9

742.1

116.7

120.3

16.1

577.4

61.3

72s.9

65.5

101.6

14.9

520.2

166.3

722.4

114.4

116.6

14.8

552.8

204.3

729.6

121.7

121.0

15.5

565.4

106.0

720.3

94.1

97.7

12.8

517.2

111,556

111,556

111,556

111,556

111,556

109,264

85,632

65,632

85,632

85,632

85,632

64,135

21,522

21,522

21,522

21,522

21,522

21,026

lTotelnumberofbirths toreeidentsofareas repWtin9SpWiI%fob**Pr@adu re.

‘Includes racesotherthenwhiteandblack.

Wirmis doesnotreportthisprocedure.
22 ~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 11(S) ● May 11, 1994 ~

Table 12. Live births with seleoted complications of labor and/or delivery and rates for seleoted compllcatlons, by age and race of

mother: United States, 1991

[Rates are number of live births with specified complication per 1,000 Iiie births in spaoified group]

Age of mother

Complication and All Compliostion All Under 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-/3 Not

race of mother birtfra1 repodad agea 20 years yeara yaare years yeara years etated

All races 2 Number Rate Number

-—

Febrile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Msconium, moderate/heavy. . . . . . . . . . . .

Premature rupture of membrane. . . . . . . . .

Abruptio placenta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Placenta previa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other excessive bleeding . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Seizures during labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Precipitous labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,.. .

Prolonged labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Dyefunotional labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Breech/Malpresentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cephalopelvic disproportions.4. . . ., . . . . .

Cord prolapse 5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Anesthetic complioation4 . . . . . . . , . . . . .

Fetal diatress4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White

Febrile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Meconium, moderete/heavy. . . . . . . . . . . .

Premature rupture ofmambrane. . . . . . . .

Abruptio placanta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Placenta previa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other excessive bleeding. . . . . . . . , , . . .

Seizures during labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Precipitous labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Prolonged labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Dysfunctional labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Breech/Malpresentation . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cephalopelvic disproportion3,4. . . . . . . . . .

Cord prolapse5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Anesthetic complicetion4 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fetal distreaa4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black

Febrile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Meconium, moderate/heavy. . . . . , , ., , . .

Premature rupture of membrane. . ., . . . . .

Abruptio placenta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Placenta previa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other excessive bleeding. . . . . . . , . . . . .

Seizures during labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Precipitous labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Prolonged labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Dysfunctional labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Breech/Malpresentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cephalopelvic disproportion3.4. . . . . . . . . .

Cordprolapses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Anesthetic complication4 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fetaldistress4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,110,807

4,110,907

4;11 0,907

4,110,807

4;11 0,907

4,110,907

4,110,907

4,110,807

4,”110,807

4,110,907

4,110,807

3,634,3f7

4,042,798

3,793,16”1

3,793,16”1

3,241,273

3,241,273

3,241,273

3,241,273

3,241,273

3,241,273

3,241,273

3,241,273

3,241,273

3,241,273

3,241,273

2,835,494

3,182,762

2,973,984

2,973,984

6S2,602

682,602

682,602

682,602

6s2,602

662,602

682,602

682,602

682,602

652,602

682,602

622,615

680,08”1

639,512

639,512

51,468

240,861

128,068

23,810

13,864

21,343

1,503

74,036

41,003

116,8S3

150,937

124,785

10,618

1,550

158,608

38,209

175,479

98,403

18,288

10,822

16.529

1;062

55,760

33,440

95,953

125,420

102,222

8,355

1,241

118,222

10,481

55,193

25,164

4,625

2,217

3,041

356

14,166

5,211

16,391

19,171

16,480

1,862

241

33,965

13.0

60,8

32.6

8.0

3.5

5.4

0.4

18.7

10.3

29.5

36.1

35.2

2.7

0.4

42.9

12.2

56.2

31.5

5.9

3.5

5.3

0.3

17.8

10.7

30.7

40.1

36.9

2.7

0.4

40.7

16.0

84.1

38.3

U

4.6

0.5

21.6

7.9

25.0

28.2

27.3

2.8

0.4

54.9

16.4

66.3

32.4

5.9

::

0.6

14.5

11.5

28.8

30.2

34.1

2.4

0.3

49.5

15.0

59.9

30.6

5.9

E

1:;

12.4

31.1

33.9

36.7

2.3

0.4

47.9

19.5

61.7

36.3

6.1

1.4

3.8

1.0

17.8

6.7

24.3

22.0

29.2

2.4

0.4

54.5

13.4

61.2

30.7

5.7

2.2

5.0

0.4

16.0

10.6

29.1

32.9

34.5

2.6

0.4

43.5

12.6

56.1

29.7

5.5

2.1

5.0

0.4

16.3

11.3

30.9

35.0

37.2

2.6

0.4

42.1

15.8

61.0

34.5

6.6

2.4

4.3

0.5

22.8

6.0

23.7

25.5

25.7

2.5

0.3

50.6

12.8

5S.8

32.2

5.7

3.4

5.2

1::;

10.2

30.5

39.1

37.3

2.7

0.4

40.6

12.3

54.6

31.1

K

5.1

0.3

17.9

10.5

31.4

40.6

3S.8

2.7

0.4

36.7

14.6

86.1

39.6

H

4.6

0.4

22.9

7.5

26.3

31.3

28.3

3.0

0.4

54.4

11.5

56.7

33.6

6.3

4.9

5.7

2Z

9.5

28.7

43.3

34.4

2.9

0.5

39.9

11.0

55.0

32.5

6.0

4.7

5.5

0.2

20.3

9.6

29.3

44.2

35.1

2.9

0.5

37.4

14.2

88.3

44.7

8.4

5.9

E

22.0

7.3

25.7

36.5

27.2

3.5

0.4

59.8

11.2

02.1

36.5

7.3

::

2:;

9.9

29.8

46.0

34.2

3.2

0.6

44.9

10.8

5s.9

36.0

7.1

6.9

6.4

0.3

21 .s

10.0

30.5

49.2

34.9

3.2

0.6

42.3

12.1

90.4

44.2

9.5

7.8

6.2

*

22.5

2?:

43.4

25.3

3.7

*

66.3

11.2

68.9

39.8

6.2

8.3

8.3

0.4

21.9

10.6

32.4

53.6

33.9

3.8

0.6

55.7

10.3

65.6

36.9

8.3

8.0

6.0

*

21.6

11.2

34.1

54.1

34.4

3.8

0.7

53.7

14.0

95.0

49.5

8.7

7.5

7.7

*

21.2

8.2

26.0

52.8

24.5

3.8

*

75.3

148,049

148,049

146,046

146,049

146,048

146,048

146,049

148,049

148,049

148,049

148,049

91,806

148,570

96,496

96,498

116,816

116,816

116,816

116,816

116,816

116,816

116,816

116,816

116,816

116,816

116,816

68,877

117,082

72,685

72,6S5

26,202

26,202

26,202

26,202

26,202

26,202

26,202

26,202

26,202

26,202

26,202

19,152

26,229

19,935

19,935

ITMSI number of births to residents of areas reoortinrrSOecifiadCOmO~CatkJn

‘Includes races other than whieand black. -

‘New York Cttv ibut not New York State) raoorts this complication.

4Texasdoes ;o/report this complication’. “

5Figures for this complicationdo not includeArizon& see Technical notes.
Monthly vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 11(S) ● May 11, 1994 ~ 23

Table 13. Lhre births by method of delivery and rates of ceaarean delivery and vaginal birth after previous ceaarean, by age and race of

mothec United States, 1991

Birthsby metfrod of deliwiy Cesarean delivery rate

Rate of

Vaginal Caaaraan vaoinal

birtk after

All After pravious Not

Age and raoa of mother

previous

birtfrs Total casarean Total Primary Repeat statad Totafl Primary2 ca-waan 3

Allraces4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under 20years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20-24 yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25-23 yeara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34 yaars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35-38 yaare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4048yaars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whtie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,110,807

631,591

1,069,682

1,219,965

664,662

330,883

53,604

3,241,273

3,100,891

432,546

850,344

912,659

640,596

228,064

35,662

2,434,800

Under 20yeara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 357,546

20-24 yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 831,233

25-28 yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...1.000,136

30-34 yeara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 736,816

35-39 yeaE. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 272,511

4&49yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,027

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 862,602

Under20yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157,375

20-24years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218,916

25-29yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 163,052

30-34yeers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88,637

35-39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,362

40-49yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,256

289,666

646,432

746,682

534,121

166,836

28,654

519,047

126,270

170,764

120,550

70,146

25,302

3,383

90,630

4,015

19,756

29,694

26,275

9,707

1,243

72,664

2,169

14,181

24,290

22,526

6,347

1,051

14,213

1,730

4,656

4,207

2,466

822

112

905,077

64,966

211,872

276,526

221,320

83,543

16,660

723,066

57,912

163,850

2%?7,977

163,401

76,503

13,345

145,563

25,101

42,275

36,164

26,619

11,136

2,086

569,195

72,866

144,346

168,653

121,617

51,164

10,227

462,534

50,736

113,595

139,192

99,635

41,388

6,018

20,539

26,633

22,356

15,251

6,519

1,345

335,662

11,978

67,526

107,673

88,703

42,379

6,623

270,554

7,176

50,355

66,765

63,e06

35,105

5,327

52,336

4,562

15,642

15,786

11,566

4,617

753

104,939

14,079

27,476

30,780

22,846

6,366

1,272

63,265

9,771

20,851

25,269

19,234

7,072

1,028

17,972

4,004

5,669

4,346

2,670

924

167

22.6 15.9

16.4 14.6

19.9 14.8

23.3 16.1

16.5

& 18.9

32.1 22.9

22.9 16.1

16.7 15.0

20.2 15.2

23.4 16.2

25.6 16.3

28.8 18.6

31.8 22.5

21.9 15.5

16.4 14.0

19.8 13.8

24.0 16.1

27.7 78.4

30.6 21.0

34.4 25.7

21.3

25.1

22.6

21.6

20.9

18.6

15.8

21.1

23.2

22.0

21.5

21.2

19.2

16.5

21.2

27.5

23.7

21.0

17.7

15.1

12.9

lPercentefalllikfe bkthsthatarebymaersen delivwy.

2Numberofptimery assreareipwlott liieMthstowomen Wohevenethad apreviousoeaarean.

3Number~vefJA birtheafterprwlws ceeareandeliveryper lCOIWebbthetowomen WithapraVkUSCSSSUSsUl deIivew

41ncludes races other then ‘wMe and blaoic
24 ~ Monthly Vital Statistics Repotio Vol.42, No. ll(S)o Mayll, l9W ~

Table 14. Rates of cesarean delivery and vaginal birth after previous cesarean, by selected medical risk factors, complications of labor

and/or delivery, and obstetric procedures: United Ststes, 1991

All births Ceswaan delivery rate Rate of

with spem”fiad

Medical risk factofi complication,

vaginal birth

condition anoYor after prew”ous

and obstetric procedure procedure Total 1 Primary2 cessrean ’3

Medical risk factors

Anemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cardiac diseassr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Acute or chronic lung disease . . . . . . . . . .

Diabetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Genitel herpes4,5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hydramnios/Oligohydramnios4. . . . . . . . . .

Hemoglobinopathy 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hypertension, chronic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Eclampsia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

incompetent cervix4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Renal disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rhsensifizetion6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Uterine bleeding5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Compticstions of labor

and/or delive~

Febrile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Premature rupture of membrane. . . . . . . . .

Abruptio placenta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Placentaprevia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Otherexcessive bleading. . . . . . . . . . . . .

Seizuresdunng labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Precipitous labor (lessthan3hours) . . . . . .

Prolonged labor (more than 20houre) . . . . .

Dysfunctional labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Braech/Malpresentation . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cephalopelvic dispropotiion7,6. . . . . . . . . .

0ordprolapse6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Anaethetic complicstionss. . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fetaldistrssss . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

73,970

14,421

14,465

92,345

28,358

25,531

1,s45

25,703

14,083

9,055

8,705

23,568

29,303

51,488

129,088

23,810

13,884

21,343

1,503

74,036

41,003

116,883

150,937

124,785

10,618

1,550

158,808

24.7

27.0

27.4

38.8

44.0

43.1

26.9

41.1

51.7

30.3

27.2

24.0

33.2

35.1

28.7

57.8

82.5

34.0

49.3

1.8

39.6

66.5

85.2

97.8

60.9

53.8

81.4

17.4

19.9

19.6

27.0

38.3

37.8

20.0

32.1

47.5

22.4

20.3

17.0

28.1

32.9

25.2

53.7

78.5

26.4

46.7

1.3

38.2

84.7

83.8

97.8

58.7

44.3

58.4

22.8

23.0

22.7

15.3

23.3

18.3

23.3

14.5

11.1

21.9

25.2

24.1

21.3

39.9

31.6

15.7

3.4

21.6

22.8

S3.o

40.1

16.4

4.7

1.0

17.5

12.6

18.2

Obstetric procedures

Electronicfetal monitoring. . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,020,280 21.7 16.0 26.1

Inductionoflaber . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 418,346 21.3 19.6 51.6

Stimulationoflabor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483,025 17.0 15.6 80.1

Tocolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84,121 31.5 25.6

Ultrasoundio . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22.2

2, 135,S42 25.3 17.9 21.0

1p@rMt ~ au Iiwe bhth~ by C’SSSlS8.11ds~vsry.

2Number of primsry cssersana par 100 live births to women who have n03had a Pre~OUS cs~resn.

sNumber of vagin~ Mrths after previous c&areen delivety per 100 live births to women * a PreviousceSSmSn.

4New York C~ (but not New York State) reports this risk factor.

%exas does not repon this risk fscter.

‘Kansas does not repmt this risk factor.

7Nsw York CW @ut not New York .%+ reports this eemplieation.

%exss dc%s not report this oomplicstion.

efigures for fhia complication do not include MZOW see Technic@ notes.

1ollfiwis does not reps+’tthis Promdwa
Errata

This replaces table 15

Table 15. Live births by day of week and index of occurrence by method of delivery, day of occurrence, and race of mother:

United States, 1991

Index of occurrence 1

Methodof de/iv8ry

Dayof week and

raoe of mother

Cesarearr

Aft

birifrs Totai2 Vaginal Total Primary Repeat

Allraces3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Sunday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Monday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tuesday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wednesday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Thursday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Friday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Saturday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Sunday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Monday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tueeday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wednesday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Thursday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Friday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Saturday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Sunday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Monday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tuesday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wednesday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Thureday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Friday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Saturday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,110,807

466,706

601,244

651,952

626,733

628,S56

635.614

3,241,273

359,720

476,320

518,801

497,220

498,314

504,768

366,130

83981

97,628

104,616

101,854

102,163

102,787

89,573

100.0

79.7

102.7

10s.2

107.0

107.3

108.6

85.3

100.0

77.9

103.2

110.2

107.7

107.9

109.3

63.6

100.0

36.4

100.4

105.5

104.7

105.1

105.7

92.1

100.0

85.9

101.2

106.8

105.2

105.3

104.9

90.6

100.0

84.4

101.6

107.8

105.9

105.9

105.3

69.i

100.0

91.5

99.5

103.0

102.9

103.3

103.3

96.4

100.0

5a.7

108.0

117.5

113.2

114.0

120.8

67.5

100.0

56.6

108.8

118.4

113.6

114.6

122.4

65.3

100.0

66.2

104.1

114.3

111.9

111.0

113.3

77.0

100.0

70.2

93.6

113.7

111.1

110.8

113.9

80.4

100.0

68.7

100.0

114.6

111.4

111.2

114.9

78.7

100.0

77.1

98.2

110.1

109.8

108.2

109.1

87.3

100.0

39.3

122.1

123.8

116.8

119.4

132.5

45.7

100.0

36.3

123.7

124.6

117.1

120.3

134.9

42.7

100.0

52.5

714.4

121.8

115.6

115.9

120.7

58.8
26 ~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 11(S) ● May 11, 1994 ~

Table 16. Live births with selected abnormal conditions of newborn and rates for selected abnormal conditions by age and race of

mothen United States, 1991

[Rates are number of live births with specified abnormal condition per 1,000 live births in specified group]

Age of mother

Abnormal

Abnormal condition All condition ,4// Under 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 4049 Not

and race of mother births 1 repotied ages 20 yeare yeare years years yeara years stated

All races 2

Anemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Birth injury 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fetal alcohol syndrome 4,5. . . . . . . . . . .

Hyaline membrane disease/RDS . . . . . .

Meconium aspiration syndrome5. . . . . . .

Assisted ventilation less than 30 minutese.

Assisted ventilation 30 minutes or Iongers.

Seizures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White

Anemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Birth inju~s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fetal alcohol syndrome4,5. . . . . . . . . .

Hyaline membrane disease/RDS . . . . . .

Meconium aspiration syndrome 5. . . . . . .

Assisted ventilation less than 30 minutese.

Assisted ventilation 30 minutes or Iongers.

Seizures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black

Anemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Birth injury s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fetal alcohol syndrome4,5. . . . . . . . . . .

Hyaline membrane diseaee/RDS . . . . . .

Meconium aspiration syndrome5. . . . . .

Assisted ventilation less than 30 minutese.

Assisted ventilation 30 mirwries or Iongere.

Seizures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Number Rate Number

.

,.

.

.

.

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

4,110,907

3,680,939

3,879,992

4,110,907

3,952,Q63

3,810,274

3,818,274

4,110,907

3,241,273

2,876,019

3,040,519

3,241,273

3,102,783

3,024,566

3,024,566

3,241,273

682,602

629,490

656,481

662,602

665,705

620,440

620,440

682,602

4,866

7,192

517

23,916

11,051

51,113

27,143

3,108

3,515

6,233

316

16,902

8,113

40,946

20,544

2,312

1,165

677

152

4,448

2,395

8,060

5,651

691

1.2

2.0

0.1

6.1

2.9

14.1

7.5

0.8

1.1

2.2

0.1

6.1

1:;

7.2

0.7

1.8

1.1

0.2

6.8

3.8

13.6

9.6

1.1

1.5

1.9

0.1

7.7

3.1

15.4

9.2

0.8

1.3

2.2

0.1

7.9

lZ

9.2

0.8

1.9

1.2

*

7.5

3.3

13.7

9.5

1.0

1.3

2.1

0.1

6.3

12:

7.4

0.8

1.2

2.4

0.1

6.4

1;:

7.0

0.7

1.9

1.1

0.1

8.6

lx

9.1

1.1

1.2

2.1

0.2

5.7

2.9

13.6

6.9

0.8

;::

0.1

5.7

1$:

6.6

0.8

1.8

1.1

0.3

6.2

3.9

13.5

9.2

1.0

1<1

2.0

;:

2.9

13.4

7.0

0.8

1.1

2.1

0.1

5.4

2,7

13.4

6.6

0.7

1.5

1.1

0.4

6.9

4.3

14.6

10.6

1.0

1.1

2.0

0.1

6.1

3.2

14.0

8.2

0.6

1.1

2.1

0.1

6.2

2.9

14.2

8.0

0.7

1.5

1.4

*

7.2

1:;

11.3

1.3

1.2

1.7

*

6.4

4.0

14.9

U

1.1

1.9

*

6.3

lti

8.6

0.9

*

*

*

8.9

In

14.4

*

194,998

135,215

191,282

194,998

190,119

186,679

188,679

194,996

155,965

104,798

153,023

155,985

151,920

151,811

151,811

155,965

32,026

24,782

31,308

32,028

31,278

29,875

29,875

32,026

‘Total number of births to residents of araas repfxting specified oontiion,

‘Includes rscee other than WfMeand black.

‘Maeeachusette, Nebreske,and Texas donotreport this condition.

‘%ssonsin does not report this contitiion.

5New York CW (but not NewYork State) reports this candtion.

6 NeWyork &ste snd New York C@ do not report thiS COndtiOn.
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 11(S) ● May 11, 19S4 ~ 27

Table 17. Liva births with selaoted congenital anomalias and rates for selected congenital anomalies, by age and race of mother: Total of

48 reporting States and the Dlstriot of Columbia, 1991

[Rates are number of live births with specified congen”kalanomaly per 100,000 live births in specified group]

Age of rrrofher

Corrgerrikd

Congenital anomaly All anomaly All Under 20-24 25-22 31334 3$89 40-49 Not

and race of mother births 1 reported ages 20 yeaffi years years years years years stated

All races2 Number Rate Number

Anencephalus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Spina bifida/Meningocele . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hydrocephalus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Microcephalus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other central nervous system anomalies. . . .

Heart malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other circulato@respiratory anomalies. . . . .

Rectal atresiektenosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tracheo-esophageal fistule/Esophageal

atresia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Omphalocele/Gastroschisis. . . . . . . . . . . .

Other gastrointestinal anomalies. . . . . . . . .

Malformed genitalia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Renal agenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other urogenital anomalies. . . . . . . . . . . .

CIeftlip/palate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

PoIydactyly/Syndactyly/Adactyly. . . . . . . . .

Clubfoot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Diaphragmatic hernia... . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other musculoskeletaliintegumental

anomalies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Down’ssyndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Otherchromosomal anomalies. . . . . . . . . .

Whie

Anencephalus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SpinabifidalMeningccele . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hydrocephalus. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Microcephalus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other central nervous system anomalies. . . .

Heartmalformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other circulatory/respiratory anomalies. . . . .

Rectal atresiaktenosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tracheo-esophageal fistuls/Esophageal

atresia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Omphalocele/Gastroschisis.... . . . . . . . .

Other gastrointestinal anomalies. . . . . . . . .

Malformedgenitalia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Renal agenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Otherurogenitalanomalies . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cleftiip/palate..< . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Poiydactyly/Syndaciyly/Adactyly. . . . . . . . .

Clubfoot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Diaphragmatic hernia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other musculoskeletaliintegumental

anomalies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Down’ssyndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Otherchromosomal anomalies.. . . . . . . . .

See footnotes at end of table.

3,790,474

3,7s0,474

3,790,474

3,780,474

3,780,474

3,780,474

3,790,474

3,790,474

3,790,474

3,790,474

3,790,474

3,790,474

3,790,474

3,790,474

3,790,474

3,7eo,474

3,790,474

3,790,474

3,790,474

3,790,474

3,780,474

3,001,528

3,001,528

3,001,528

3,001,528

3,001,528

3,001,528

3,001,528

3,001,528

3,001,528

3,001,528

3,001,528

3,001,528

3,001,528

3,001,528

3,001,528

3,001,528

3,001,528

3,001,528

3,001,528

3,001,528

3,001,528

665

801

973

311

859

4,533

4,765

380

561

872

1,078

2,814

334

4,243

3,140

3,123

2,084

427

7,078

1,788

1,734

565

775

813

240

878

3,648

3,661

297

490

687

865

2,387

273

3,703

2,717

1,712

1,633

361

5,742

1,576

1,347

_i8.4

25.0

27.0

&

125.6

132.0

10.0

15.5

24.2

29.9

78.0

9.3

117.6

87.0

66.5

57.7

11.8

196.1

49.5

4s.0

19.8

27.1

28.5

8.4

23.7

127.7

135.2

10.4

17.2

24.1

80.3

63.6

9.6

129.6

95.1

59.9

64.2

12.6

201.0

55.2

47.2

21.8

31.4

33.1

11.3

23.7

117.1

138.9

11.1

16.1

40.9

31.2

76.1

9.6

108.3

86.7

117.3

61.2

12.6

199.7

26.8

45.9

26.1

37.7

38.0

11.2

24.3

118.3

153.1

12.4

18.4

48.9

32.1

82.8

10.0

122.9

104.9

70.6

72.2

12.4

207.9

35.2

43.9

16.9

26.3

27.5

9.6

23.8

122.9

12S.9

9.3

14.1

31.4

31.1

75.6

9.8

111.2

88.1

94.4

56.1

11.4

189.3

30.7

46.2

21.0

29.9

29.4

10.4

24.6

123.4

135.1

10.1

16.1

32.1

32.3

82.7

10.6

122.0

97.2

61.9

64.8

12.4

193.1

33.9

47.1

18.7

22.1

25.1

2E

118.1

127.4

10.2

14.4

17.2

27.1

75.2

8.2

123.9

87.0

79.4

57.0

11.8

192.0

37.0

41.3

19.3

24.0

26.9

7.2

21.2

117.8

129.1

10.6

15.6

16.2

26.5

80.0

8.3

135.4

93.5

57.0

63.8

12.7

198.2

40.0,

40.2

16.8

23.2

22.5

6.4

24.9

130.8

128.6

10.3

17.3

14.7

30.0

64.7

11.1

122.6

84.3

70.8

58.6

13.0

200.7

56.8

45.4

18.0

23.3

23.3

5.5

24.1

1%.5

128.9

10.3

18.5

13.3

30.5

91.2

11.3

135.3

87.9

55.2

61.2

14.1

203.5

62.6

44.9

14.8

22.9

32.1

8.1

27.2

148.1

142.1

8.5

18.3

21.2

30.3

79.0

*

119.9

91.7

75.1

57.8

9.5

214.0

122.7

70.5

15.3

24.3

31.1

*

25.6

154.7

142.3

8.9

21.3

20.9

32.0

78.4

*

130.0

94.2

59.2

61.8

9.8

219.5

120.8

70.3

*

●

☛

☛

☛

221.2

192.7

*

*

*

50.4

94.2

●

102.9

124.8

98.4

50.4

*

208.1

374.5

129.2

*

*

*

*

*

245.6

168.3

*

*

●

*

95.5

*

108.4

139.2

84.6

57.3

*

210.2

414.9

136.5

181,570

181,570

181,570

181,570

181,570

181,570

181,570

181,570

181,570

181,570

181,570

181,570

181,570

181,570

181,570

181,570

181,570

181,570

181,570

181,570

181,570

145,359

145,359

f 45,359

145,359

145,359

145,359

145,359

145,359

145,359

145,359

145,359

145,359

145,359

145,359

145,359

145,359

145,359

145,359

145,359

145,359

145,359
28 ~ Monthly Vital Statistics Repoft ● Vol. 42, No. 11(S) ● May 11, 1994 ~

Table 17. Live births with selected congenital anomalies and rates for selected congenital anomalies, by age and race of mother: Total of

48 reporting States and the District of Columbia, 1991-Con.

[Rates are number of live births with specified congenital anomaly per 100,000 live births in spacified group]

Age of mother

Congenital

Congenital anomaly All anomaly All Under 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-49

and race of mother

Not

births 1 reported ages 20 years years years years years years stated

Black Number Rate Number

Anencephalus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Spina bifida/Meningocele . . . . . . . .

Hydrocephalus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Microcephalus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other central nervous system anomalies. . . .

Heart malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other circulatory/respiratory anomalies. . . . .

Reofal atresialstenosis. . . . . . . . . . . . .

Yracheo-esophageal fistula/Esophageal

atresia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Omphalocele/Gaetroschisis. . . . . . . . . . . .

Other gastrointestinal anomalies. . . . . . . . .

Malformed genitalia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Renal agenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other urogenital anomalies . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cleff lip/palate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Polydacfyly/Syndactyly/Adactyly . . . . . .

Club foo t . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Diaphragmatic hernia. . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other musculoskeletalfintegumental. . . . . . .

Down’ssyndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other chromosomsl anomalies. . . . . . . . . .

619,865

619,865

619,865

619,865

619,665

619,865

619,865

619,865

619,865

619,865

619,865

619,865

619,865

619,865

619,865

619,865

619,865

619,865

619,865

619,865

619,865

73

107

135

55

138

726

667

46

51

158

178

333

46

412

244

1,350

205

48

992

151

231

12.4

16.1

22.9

9.3

23.4

123.0

113.0

7.8

8.6

26.8

30.2

56.4

6.1

69.8

41.3

228.7

34.7

8.1

168.1

25.6

39.1

*

18.4

23.4

*

19.9

117.8

104.3

*

*

23.4

29.1

63.1

*

75.9

44.0

227.7

38.3

*

168.1

18.4

36.2

12.0

14.5

21.8

*

20.3

121.6

105.0

*

*

30.1

28.6

49.9

*

69.1

37.9

230.7

35.9

*

166.9

21.8

36.9

15.2

15.9

18.1

*

27.5

125.7

111.3

*

*

25.3

34.0

47.7

*

67.2

37.6

237.7

28.9

*

162.5

20.2

36.8

*

28.9

*

*

31.4

123.0

135.1

*

*

26.5

32.6

55.5

*

59.1

49.4

213.5

35.0

*

178.5

24.1

39.8

* *

* *

* *

* *

* *

144.3 *

131.1 *

* *

* *

* *

* *

108.2 *

* *

85.2 *

* *

219.7 *

* *

* *

170.5 *

82.0 *

* *

29,594

‘29,594

29,594

29,594

29,594

29,594

29,594

29,594

29,594

28,594

29,594

28,594

29,594

29,594

29,594

29,594

29,594

29,594

29,594

29,594

29,594

lTotalnumberof births to residents of areas reporting specifiedcongenitalanomaiy.

21ncludesracesotherthanwhie end black.

NOT& Excludesdatafor New Mexico and New York, whic+I did not require reporting of congen”bl anomalies.
Monthly Vftal Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 11(S) ● May 11,1994 ~ 29

Technical notes

Source of data

Data shown in this report are based

on 100 percent of the birth certificates in

all States and the District of Columbia.

The data are provided to the National

Center for Health Statistics through the

Vital Statistics Cooperative Program.

Information in this report on selected

maternal and infant health characteristics

was derived from items on the 1989

revision of the U.S. Standard Certificate

of Live Birth, shown in figure 1.

Race of mother

Birth data are tabulated by the race

of the mother as reported directly on the

birth certificate. If race of mother was not

stated, it was imputed as that of the

father, if known. If neither race was

stated, race of mother was imputed as the

race of the mother on the preceding

record with known race.

Definitions of medical terms

The following definitions are adapted

and abbreviated from a set of definitions

compiled by a committee of Federal and

State health statistics officials for the

Association for Vhal Records and Health

Statistics (63).

Medical risk factors for this

pregnancy

Arzenzia-Hemoglobin level of less

than 10.0 g/dL during pregnancy, or a

hematocrit of less than 30 percent during

pregnancy.

Cardiac d&a.se-Disease of the heart.

Acute or chronic lung disease—Disease of the lungs during pregnancy.

Diabetes—Metabolic disorder characterized by excessive discharge of urine

and persistent thirst; includes juvenile

onset, adult onset, and gestational diabetes during pregnancy.

Genital herpes—Infection of the skin

of the genital area by herpes simplex

virus.

HydramnioslOligohydramnios—Any

noticeable excess (hydramnios) or lack

(oligohydramnios) of amniotic fluid.

Hemoglobinopathy-A blood disorder caused by alteration in the genetically determined molecular structure of

hemoglobin (for example, sickle cell

anemia).

Hypertension chronic—Blood pressure persistently greater than 140/90,

diagnosed prior to onset of pregnancy or

before the 20th week of gestation.

HFrtenswq p~gmmqwssociate&

An increase in blood pressure of at least 30

mm Hg systolic or 15 mm Hg diastolic on

two measurementstaken 6 hours apart after

the 20th week of gestation.

Eclampsia— The occurrence of convulsions and/or coma unrelated to other

cerebral conditions in women with signs

and symptoms of preeckunpsia.

38s. MEDICAL RISK FACTORS FOR THIS PREGNANCY

(Check all that SPPIV)

Anemia (Hct. <30/Hgb. <10).... . . . . . . . . . ...01 ❑

Cardiac diwase., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...020

Acute orchronic lun-a disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...030

Diabete s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...040

Genital herpes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...050

Hydramnios/Oliiohydramnios . . . . . . . . . . . . . .06 ❑

Hamoglobinopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...070

Hypertension. chronic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...080

Hypwtension, pregnancy. associated . . . . . . . . . . . . 09 D

Eckmpsia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..1OCI

Incompatcmt ceruix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..ll D

PreviOus infant 40QO+ grams . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...120

Previous prmerm or small-fm.gesta:imal. age

infant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..130

Renal disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140

Rh sensitization . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...150

Utarlne bleeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 ❑

None . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . . ...000

Other 17 ❑

(SDecifid

38b, OTHER RISK FACTORS FOR THIS PREGNANCY

(Complete all items)

Tobacco use during pregnancy. . . . . . . . . . . Yes R NO ❑

Average number cigarettes par day _

Alcohol use during pregnancy. . . . . . . . . . . . Yes ❑ No ❑

Average number drinks per weak _

Weight gained during pregnancy tbs.

39. 0BST5TRIC PROCEDURES

lCheck ●ll that WP@V)

Amniocentesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 01 ❑

Ekctronlc fatdmonitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...020

Induction of labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03 0

Stimulat”mn .af labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...040

Tocolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05 ❑

Ultrasound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...060

None . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...000

other 07 0

(Swcifvl

40. COMPLICATIONS OF LABOR ANOkOR DELIVERY

(Check d that 8PPIYI

Femtie ( >1 WI *F. or 38 ‘C.] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...0113

Mwonium, moderatw’heavy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...0213

Prernatum rupture of nwmbmno ( >12 hours) . . . . . 03 D

Abruptio pkcenta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . ...040

Pkcenta pfavia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...05 ❑

Other excessive bleeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..D6D

Seizures during labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07 •1

Precipitous labor 1<3 hours) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08 a

Prokmgcd labor I >20 ham] . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 09 0

Oysfunctiond fad . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . ...100

Bre@Malpr.santation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...110

Cophbptik dlspr~nti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...120

C.ardwokps e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...130

Anestfmtic compliimions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...140

Fotal distress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 n

Nom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ., . . . . ..DDo

Other 18 0

&Wcifvl

47. M5THOD OF DELlVERY {Cknck M that WPIVI

Vaginal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...01 0

Vaginal birth ●ftef previous C-secticm. . . . . . . . . ...02 ❑

PrimwvC-secdOn. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...030

Repeat C-sactimt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...040

Forceps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...050

Vacuum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..LWO

42. ASNORMAL CONDITIONS OF THE NEWSORN

(Check #f that appfy)

Arnmia(Hm. C39/Hgb. <13) . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...010

Sirth injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,......,,.020

Fatdalc*ol svndmme . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...030

Hydin*nwmbrane diseawhlDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...040

Meconium aspiration syndrmna . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...050

Assisted ventihtkm<30min . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...060

Acskted ventilation z30 min . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..o7o

Seizures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...080

None . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...000

Oth.r 0s0

fSp.cify)

43. CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF CHILO

fcheck d th4t *)

Amncq)halus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...01 ❑

SpinabifiitMeningo.ml. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..ozo

Hythcephaim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03 0

Miiophaluc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...040

Otfwr central I-IOWW; sysmm ●onwlii

tSPulW) 05 0

Hawtnulforrnaticms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...060

Other circulatoryfieapiratwy ●nomalies

fSWciti) 07 ❑

R4cul ●msidstmwk . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..0s0

Tracheo-esc.pfmgeal fistuld Esoph~al ●trcsia . ..09 0

OmplmlOcdi/Gastm*isii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...100

Odwr gntrOint*atinal mmwlin

f3PdfVJ 11 0

Malfonnod ~lia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...120

Renal sgermsis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...130

other urog.nitd mwmdios

Ispectfv) 14 0

chftl##@st* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...160

Palydactyty~yndwtyly/Adactyly . . . . . . . . . . . ..16 0

Club fcmt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...170

Dii@Wmatk hamia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...180

Other mu=uloskeletstintegumn~l anomaliix

fSp=itW 19 0

OOwn’ssyndrcmo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...200

Other chr-omd ●omaff$oecifvl 21 ❑

Ncm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...000

Dttwr 22 n

fspecifyl

Figure 1. New maternal and infant health items from the 1989 revision of the U.S. Standard Certificate of Live Birth
30 ~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 11(S) ● May 11, 1994 ~

Incompetent cervix--Characterized

by painless dilation of the cervix in the

second trimester or early in the third

trimester of pregnancy, with premature

expulsion of membranes through the

cervix and ballooning of the membranes

into the vagina, followed by rupture of

the membranes and subsequent expulsion

of the fetus.

Previous infant 4,000+ grams-The

birthweight of a previous live-born child

was over 4,000 grams (8 pounds 14

ounces).

Previous preterm or small-forgestational-age infant—Previous birth of

an infant prior to term (before 37 completed weeks of gestation), or of an infant

weighing less than the 10th percentile for

gestational age using a standard weightfor-age chart.

Renal disease-Kidney disease.

Rh Sensitization—The process or

state of becoming sensitized to the Rh

factor as when an Rh-negative woman is

pregnant with an Rh-positive fetus.

Uterine bleeding—Any clinically

significant bleeding during the pregnancy,

taking into consideration the stage of

pregnancy; any second or third trimester

bleeding of the uterus prior to the onset

of labor.

Obstetric procedures

Amniocentesis--Surgical transabdominal perforation of the uterus to

obtain amniotic fluid to be used in the

detection of genetic disorders, fetal

abnormalities, and fetal lung maturity.

Electronic fetal monitoring—Monitoring with external devices applied to

the maternal abdomen or with internal

devices with an electrode attached to the

fetal scalp and a catheter through the

cervix into the uterus, to detect and

record fetal heart tones and uterine contractions.

Induction of labor—The initiation of

uterine contractions before the spontaneous onset of labor by medical and/or

surgical means for the purpose of

delivery.

Stimulation of labor—Augmentation

of previously established labor by use of

oxytocin.

Tocolysis—Use of medications to

inhibit preterrn uterine contractions to

extend the length of pregnancy and,

therefore, avoid a preterm birth.

Ultrasound—Vkmalization of the

fetus and the placenta by means of sound

waves.

Complications of labor and/or

delivery

Febrile—A fever greater than 100

degrees For 38 C occurring during labor

andlor delivery.

Meconium, moderatelheavy-lt4econium consists of undigested debris from

swallowed amniotic fluid, various products of secretion, and excretion and shedding by the gastrointestinal tract

moderate to heavy amounts of meconium

in the amniotic fluid noted during labor

andfor delivery.

Premature rupture of membranes

(more than 12 hours)—Rupture of the

membranes at any time during pregnancy

and more than 12 hours before the onset

of labor.

Abruptio placenta—Premature separation of a normally implanted placenta

from the uterus.

Placenta previa—Implantation of the

placenta over or near the internal opening

of the cervix.

Other excessive bleeding—The loss

of a significant amount of blood from

conditions other than abruptio placenta or

placenta previa.

Seizures during labor—Maternal seizures occurring during labor from any

cause.

Precipitous labor (less than 3

hours)—Extremely rapid labor and

delivery lasting less than 3 hours.

Prolonged labor (more than 20

hours)—Abnorrnally slow progress of

labor lasting more than 20 hours.

Dysfkctional labor—Failure to

progress in a normal pattern of labor.

Breech/iWa@esentation-At birth, the

presentationof the fetal buttocksrather than

the head, or other malpresentation.

Cephalopelvic disproportion—The

relationship of the size, presentation, and

position of the fetal head to the maternal

pelvis, which prevents dilation of the

cervix andlor descent of the fetal head.

Cordprolapse—Premature expulsion

of the umbilical cord in labor before the

fetus is delivered.

Anesthetic complications—Any

complication during labor andlor delivery

brought on by an anesthetic agent or

agents.

Fetal distress-Signs indicating fetal

hypoxia (deficiency in amount of oxygen

reaching fetal tissues).

Abnormal conditions of the

newborn

Anemia—Hemoglobin level of less

than 13.0 g/dL, or a hematocrkt of less

than 39 percent.

Birth inju~Impairment of the

infant’s body function or structure due to

adverse influences that occurred at birth.

Fetal alcohol syndrome–-A syndrome of altered prenatal growth and

development occurring in infants born of

women who consumed excessive

amounts of alcohol during pregnancy.

Hyaline membrane diseaselRDS-A

disorder primarily of prematurity, manifested clinically by respiratory distress

and pathologically by pulmonary hyaline

membranes and incomplete expamsion of

the lungs at birth.

Meconium aspiration syndrome—

Aspiration of meconium by the fetus or

newborn, affecting the lower respiratory

system.

Assisted ventilation (less than 30

minutes)—A mechanical method of

assisting respiration for newborns with

respiratory failure.

Assisted ventilation (30 minutes or

more)—Newbom placed on assisted ventilation for 30 minutes or longer.

Seizures- A seizure of any etiology.

Congenital anomalies of child

Anencephalus—Absence of the cerebral hemispheres.

Spina

bifida/Meningocele-Developmental

anomaly characterized by defective closure of the bony encasement of the spinal

cord, through which the cord and

meninges may or may not protrude.

Hydrocephalus—Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the

ventricles of the brain with consequent

enlargement of the cranium.

Mkrocephalus-A significantly small

head.

Other central nervous system anomalies-Other specified anomalies of the

brain, spinal cord, and nervous system.

Heart miz~ormations-Congemitsl anomalies of the heart.
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 11(S) ● May 11, 1994 ~ 31

Other circulatorylre.spirato~ anomalies-other specified anomalies of the

circulatory and respiratory systems.

Rectal atresia/stenosis-Congenital

absenee, closure, or narrowing of the

rectum.

Tracheo-esophageal j2stulalEsophageal atresia-An abnormal passage

between the trachea and the esophagus;

esophageal atresia is the congenital

absence or closure of the esophagus.

OmphalocelelGastroschisis-An

omphalocele is a protrusion of variable

amounts of abdominal viscera from a

midline defect at the base of the umbilicus. In gastroschisis, the abdominal viscera protrude through an abdominal wall

defeet, usually on the right side of the

umbilical cord insertion.

Other gastrointestinal anomalies—

Other specified congenital anomalies of

the gastrointestinal system.

Malformed genita2ia-Congenital

anomalies of the reproductive organs.

Renal agenesis-one or both kidneys are completely absent.

Other urogenital anomalies-Other

specified congenital anomalies of the

organs concerned in the production and

excretion of urine, together with organs

of reproduction.

Clefi liplpulate-(left lip is a fissure

or elongated opening of the li~ cleft

palate is a fissure in the roof of the

mouth. These are failures of embryonic

development.

Polydac@y/Syndactyly/A&ctylyPolydactyly is the presence of more than

five digits on hands and/or fee~ syndactyly is having fused or webbed fingers

and/or toes; adactyly is the absenee of

fingers andior toes.

Club Jbot—Deformities of the foot,

which is twisted out of shape or position.

Diaphragmatic hernia—Herniation

of the abdominal eontents through the

diaphragm into the thoracic cavity usually resulting in respiratory distress.

Other musculoskeletal/integumental

anomalies-Other specified congenital

anomalies of the muscles, skeleton, or

skin.

Down’s syndrome-The most common chromosomal defect with most cases

resulting from an extra chromosome (trisomy 21).

Other chromosomal anomalim—AU

other chromosomal aberrations.

Method of delivery

Several rates are computed for

method of delivery. The overall cesarean

section rate or total cesarean rate is computed as the percent of all births that were

delivered by cesarean section. The prima~ cesarean rate is a measure that

relates the number of women having a

primary cesarean delivery to all women

giving birth who have never had a

cesarean delivery. The denominator for

this rate includes all births less those with

method of delivery classified as repeat

cesarean, vaginal birth ajler previous

cesarean, or method not stated. The rate

for vaginal birth after previous cesarean

(WAC) delivery is computed by relating

all WAC deliveries to the sum of VBAC

and repeat cessrean deliveries, that is, to

women with a previous cesarean section.

Computation of percents,

percent distributions, and

medians

Births with unknown medical and

life-style risk factors of pregnancy and

birth, obstetric procedures, abnormal conditions and ecmgenital anomalies of

infant, and method of delivery were subtracted from the figures for total births

that were used as denominators before

percents, pereent distributions, and

medians were computed. Computations

of median weight gain were based on

ungrouped data. An asterisk is shown in

place of any derived statistic based on

fewer than 20 births in the numerator or

denominator.

Random variation

Although the birth data in this report

are not subject to sampling error, they

may be tiected by random variation in

the number of births involved. Many of

the checkbox items on the birth certificate

refer to extremely rare events. When the

number of events is small, perhaps less

than 100, and the probability of such an

event is small, considerable caution must

be observed in interpreting the data.

●U.S.GWUi-nmnt PrmhlgOmca 1QB4— Sol-awsotm
32 ~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 11(S) ● May 11, 1994 ~

Suggested citation Copyright information National Center for Health Statistics

National Center for Health Statistics. Advance All material appearing in this report is in the Director

report of maternal and infant health data from public domain and may be reproduced or Manning Feinleib, M.D., Dr. P.H.

birth certificate, 1991. Monthly vital statistics copied without permission; citation as to

repo~ VOI42 no 11, suppl. Hyattsville, source, however, is appreciated. Deputy Director

Maryland: Public Health Service. 1994. Jack R. Anderson
Vol. 42, No. 2, Supplement ● July 8, 1993

Monthly Vital

Statistics Report

Final Data From the CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION/National Center for Health Stakstcs

Advance Report of Maternal and Infant Health Data

From the Birth Certificate, 1990

Contents

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Medical risk factors . . . . . . . . 2

Tobacco use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

Alcohol use, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Maternal weight gain . . . . . . . 5

Obstetric procedures . . . . . . 6

Complications of labor

and/or delivery . . . . . . . . . . 6

Method of delivery, . . . . . . . . 7

Abnormal conditions of

newborn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

Congenital anomalies . . . . . . 8

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

List of tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

Technical notes . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Introduction

Beginning with the 1989 data year,

life-style risk factors of pregnancy and

birth, obstetric procedures performed,

method of delive~, abnormal conditions and congenital anomalies of the

newborn, expanded information on

birth attendant and place of delivery,

and questions on the Hispanic origin

of the parents. This major enhancement of medical and health data available on an annual basis for mothers

and babies greatly expands the scope

of information on pregnancy outcome

in the United States (1,2).

The ni:~.~information was first presented in an earlier report (3). This is

the second report focusing on the new

data. Expanded information on 1990

births by attendant and place of

delivery as well as Hispanic origin of

the parents was also presented in an

earlier report (4).

The data availabIe for 1989 and

subsequent years reflect a significant

requested. Uniform reporting and a

clear focus on the requested data are

facilitated by this new format.

As of 1990, all States (except Oklahoma) and the District of Columbia

had implemented the new birth certificate. Oklahoma revised its certificate

as of 1991. Although most States

adopted the revision in its entirety,

there are some exceptions. Some States

did not include every item in their

revisions: Items such as tobacco and

alcohol use are not reported by every

State. In addition, some States

reporting a given item did not hclude

every checkbox for that item. As a

consequence, the total number of births

in the areas reporting each factor or

condition and the number of births for

which the information is not stated will

vary to reffect the differing number of

States reporting the specific factor or

condition. These variations are indiinformation has been available on a departure from prior years in birth cated in the tables.

large number of important maternal certificate content and format. Check- Now that the new medical and

and infant health factors affecting birth boxes are used extensively to obtain health data have been available for 2

outcome. These include medical and the detailed medical and health data years, some improvements have been

Acknowledgments

This report was prepared in the Division of Vital Statistics. Stephanie J. Ventura, Selma M. Taffcl, and T. J. Mathews of the Natality, Marriage, and

Divorce Statistics Branch wrote the report. Donna Wright prepared statistical tables and Thomas Dunn provided corrtcnt review. Manju Sharma

provided computer programming support. The Registration Methods Branch and the Technical Scwiccs Branch provided consultation to State vital

statistics offices regarding collection of the birth certificate data on which this report is based. This report was edited by ArIett Brown and typeset

by Zung T. N. Le of the Publications Branch, Division of Data Sesvices.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

Public Health Service

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention cr- .

National Center for Health Statistics CEN _-.WERS

-lxFOR DISEASE CONTROL

AND PREVENTION
2~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 2(S) ● July 8, 1993 -

observed in the reporting completeness, and additional improvements are

anticipated in future years as physicians, midwives, medical records personnel, and others become familiar with

the birth certificate form, For all of

these items except maternal weight

gain, the percent of records with information not reported did not exceed

4 percent in 1990, about the same as in

1989 for States that provided data for

the entire year (3). The number of

births for which the information was

not reported is shown in the tables for

all items except weight gain.

Except for congenital anomalies,

rates for medical and health information reported in the five checkbox items

are expressed as the number of births

with the specific factor per 1,000 total

live births in the specified group; rates

for congenital anomalies are expressed

per 100,000 total live births in the

specified group. Brief medical definitions for each of the factors as well as

definitions of the rates by method of

deIivery are presented in the “Technical notes.”

All data are shown by race of

mother, Fo, ease in writing, the terms

“mothers” and “women” are used interchangeably for “births” or “infants,”

for example, “births to black mothers”

or “black infants.” Although data are

shown by age and race in the tables

and figures, this does not imply that

differences shown are racial or genetic

per se. Differences between white

women and women of other races are

often due to the lower income and

educational levels of minority women,

their limited access to health care and

health insurance, the neighborhoods in

which they live, and other factors.

Medical risk factors

The presence of certain medical

risk factors during pregnancy is often

indicative of the potential for adverse

pregnancy outcome, in particular low

birthweight (weight of less than 2,500

grams or 5 lb 8 OZ), and some birth

defects (5). Low birthweight and birth

defects in turn are among the leading

causes of infant death (6) and are also

implicated in infant and childhood morbidity. Information on the presence of

certain medical risk factors such as

diabetes and anemia can be used to

identify pregnant women who may

require special prenatal care interventions (5,7). The presence or absence of

medical risk factors was not reported

for 3 percent of births in the reporting

area comprised of 49 States and the

District of Columbia. Oklahoma did

not report this information.

The most frequently reported risk

factor in 1990 as in 1989 was pregnancyassociated hypertension, with a rate of

27.2 cases per 1,000 total live births

(table 1). High rates were also reported

for diabetes and anemia, 21.3 and 18.2,

respectively.

Young mothers under 20 years of

age were at substantially elevated risk

of anemia (27.7) and pregnancyassociated hypertension (32.1). The

rates for pregnancy-associated hypertension generally declined with

advancing maternal age, through ages

25-34 years (rates of 25.2-25.3) and

then increased to 37.1 for mothers aged

40-49 years. A similar pattern of occurrence by maternal age was observed

for anemia, acute or chronic lung disease, hydramnios/oligohy dramnios, and

eclampsia.

Rates for other medical risk factors increased steadily as age of mother

advanced. For example, the rate for

diabetes increased from 7.4 for mothers

under 20 to 61.9 for mothers aged

40-49 years. Other risk factors with

this pattern of occurrence by age

include cardiac disease, chronic hypertension, incompetent cervix, previous

infant of 4,000 grams (8 Ib 14 OZ) or

more, previous preterm or small-for-

.gestational age (SGA) infant, Rh sensitization, and uterine bleeding. The

rate for genital herpes also increased

with age, but peaked at ages 35–39

years.

White and black mothers had relatively similar rates for many of the

medical risk factors, and the patterns

of the rates by age were comparable in

many cases. Some important variations

were noted, however, The overall prevalence of anemia for black mothers

was more than twice that for white

mothers, 34.7 compared with 14.6. The

racial disparity in the rates persisted in

all age groups and was greatest at ages

where the rates were relatively low,

25–29 and 30–34 years.

Chronic hypertension was also

reported substantially more often for

black than for white mothers, 10,8 compared with 5.7 overall. Rates for black

mothers under age 30 were 1.5-2!times

those for white mothers, but at ages 30

and older, the rates for black mothers

were three times those for white

mothers. Black mothers also were more

likely to have eclampsia and to have

had a previous preterm or SGA infant.

White mothers had a higher overall

rate of diabetes than did black mlothers

(21.5 compared with 17.7), but there

was a substantial difference in the pattern by age: White mothers under 25

years of age were more likely to have

diabetes than comparable black

mothers, but at ages 30 and over, the

pattern was reversed, with black

mothers having substantially higher

rates than white mothers.

White mothers were nearly three

times as likely to have had a previous

infant weighing 4,000 grams or more.

This is not unexpected because white

babies are generally twice as likely as

black babies to weigh 4,000 grams or

more (12,2 percent compared with

5.2 percent in 1990) (4).

Overall rates for genital herpes

were similar for white and black

women, but there was a distinctive

difference in the patterns by age. Rates

for white women rose steadily with

age, reaching a peak at ages 35–39,

while rates for black women were

highest for mothers under age :25, and

declined steadily thereafter.

Many of the medical risk factors

are associated with a sharply eIevated

risk of low birthweight, 15–29 percent.

These include hydramnios, chronic and

pregnancy-associated hypertension,

eclampsia, incompetent cervix, previous SGA infant, and uterine blleeding.

(Tabular data are not includedl in this

report.) By contrast, diabetes is,associated with higher-than-average birthweight. In 1990, 17 percent of babies

born to diabetic mothers weighed 4,000

grams or more compared with 11 percent of all births. Mothers who have

previously given birth to an infant

weighing 4,000 grams or more are at
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 2(S) ● July 8, 1993 ~3

43percent risk of another heavier-thanaverage baby.

The likelihood of a preterm birth

(gestation of less than 37 completed

weeks) was 20 percent or greater for

mothers with hydramnios, eclampsia,

incompetent cervix, previous SGA

infant, and uterine bleeding compared

with 11 percent for all births.

Tobacco use during pregnancy

Cigarette smoking during pregnancy has long been associated with

reduced infant birthweight (8,9), intrauterine growth retardation, and preterm birth. Low birthweight in turn is

one of the major predictors of infant

mortality and infant and childhood

morbidity. Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) in particular is highly

associated with low birthweight (10–

12). Additionally, maternal smoking

during pregnancy has been shown in

many studies to be associated with a

sharply elevated risk of SIDS even

after other risk factors such as low

birthweight have been taken into

account (10,11). Finally, past studies

have estimated that the number of

infant deaths could be reduced by

10 percent if pregnant women did not

smoke (11,13). The mechanisms

through which tobacco use adversely

affects pregnancy outcome have been

reviewed elsewhere (8,14).

The birth certificates of 45 States

and the District of Columbia reported

tobacco use during pregnancy in 1990.

The information was not available for

California, Indiana, New York, Oldahoma, and South Dakota. The mother’s smoking status was not reported

on 4 percent of the birth certificates in

the reporting States (tabIe 2),

Smoking during pregnancy was

reported by 18.4 percent of women

giving birth in 1990 compared with

19,5 percent in 1989. These levels are

comparable to those reported in the

1988 National Maternal and Infant

Health Survey (NMIHS) (15). As in

1989, white mothers in 1990 were more

likely to smoke than were black

mothers, 19.4 percent compared with

15.9 percent, The smoking rate was

highest for mothers aged 18-19 years

(22,5 percent) and lowest for teenage

mothers under 15 years (7.5 percent)

and for mothers in their forties

(12.3 percent).

The same variation in smoking by

age was observed for white mothers,

but for black mothers, smoking was

most prevalent at ages 25-34 years,

with rates of 21.1–22.5 percent compared with 9 percent or less for teenage

mothers.

Among all mothers who smoked, a

majority (59 percent) smoked no more

than half a pack of cigarettes (10 or

fewer) per day. One in five smoked five

cigarettes or less daily. However, more

than a third smoked 16 cigarettes or

more per day, Younger mothers tended

to smoke fewer cigarettes; of teenage

mothers who smoked, two-thirds

smoked haIf a pack or less per day.

The average number of cigarettes

smoked increased steadily with

advancing maternal age.

White mothers were not only more

likely than black mothers to smoke

during pregnancy, but those who were

smokers smoked much more. Thirtyseven percent of white women compared with 21 percent of black women

smoked 16 cigarettes or more per day.

Conversely, 33 percent of black mothers

compared with 17 percent of white

mothers smoked five cigarettes or fewer

per day.

Several studies have indicated that

Hispanic women are much less likely

to smoke than non-Hispanic women

(16-18). Birth registration data corroborate these findings (table 3). OveralI,

7 percent of Hispanic mothers were

reported to have smoked during pregnancy compared with 21 percent of

white non-Hispanic and 16 percent of

black non-Hispanic mothers. Mexican,

Cuban, and Central and South American women were particularly unlikely

to smoke, 3-6 percent compared with

Puerto Rican mothers, 14 percent.

The highest smoking rates for Hispanic women overalI were for mothers

aged 18-34 years, 7 percent. There was

very little variation by age in the percent of smokers for Mexican, Cuban,

and Central and South American

mothers. Among Puerto Rican mothers,

the percent of smokers varied more,

7-14 percent. By contrast, the proportion of smokers among non-Hispanic

women varied substantiality according

to mother’s age. Among white nonHispanic mothers, the proportion

ranged from 13 percent (mothers 35

and older) to 33 percent (mothers aged

18–19 years). Among black nonHispanic mothers, the proportion

ranged from 2 percent (teenagers under

15 years) to 23 percent (women aged

30–34).

Maternal smoking is relatively rare

among Asian women. The proportions

in 1990 were 2 percent for Chinese

mothers, 4-5 percent for Filipino and

other Asian and Pacific Islander

mothers, and 8 percent for Japanese

mothers. (Tabular data are not presented in this report.)

Among mothers giving birth in

1990, one-third with 9–11 years of education were reported to have smoked

during pregnancy, seven times the rate

reported for college graduates, 5 percent (table 4). Women with a grade

school education or less (O-8 years)

and women who were high schooI graduates were about equally likely to

smoke, 19 and 21 percent, respectively,

The relationship of maternal smoking

and educational attainment is similar

for white and black mothers. However,

white mothers with 12 years or fewer

of schooling were 47–80 percent more

likely than their black counterparts to

smoke. For women with 1 year or more

of college, however, the proportions of

smokers were similar for white and

black mothers.

Among mothers who smoked, those

who had completed the fewest years of

formal education smoked the most. In

1990, 48 percent of mothers with a

grade school education or less smoked

at least half a pack of cigarettes per

day compared with 29 percent of

mothers who were coIIege graduates.

The relationship between the number

of cigarettes smoked and educational

attainment was similar for white and

black mothers. In each educational

attainment category, white mothers

smoked more cigarettes than black

mothers, but the racial disparity narrowed as educational attainment

advanced.

Maternal smoking has a severe

adverse impact on infant birthweight,

Babies born to mothers who smoke are
4~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 2(S) ● July 8, 1993 -

at substantially elevated risk of low

birthweight (11.3 percent) compared

with babies born to nonsmokers

(6.1 percent) (table 5). Although the

risk of low birthweight tends to decline

with advancing maternal age, the disparity in low birthweight by maternal

smoking status actually increases with

increasing maternal age. For example,

among mothers 18–19 years, 11 percent of births to smokers compared

with 9 percent of births to nonsmokers

weighed less than 2,500 grams (5 lb 8

OZ).hong mothers aged 25 years and

older, however, the incidence of low

birthweight was more than twice as

high for births to smokers, 11–16 percent compared with 5–7 percent. The

relationship of maternal smoking and

low birthweight can be viewed in

another way: Although mothers who

smoke account for 18 percent of all

births, they account for 28 percent of

all low-birthweight births.

White and black infants alike were

adversely affected if their mothers

smoked during pregnancy. Among

white mothers, 9.4 percent of smokers

compared with 4.8 percent of nonsmokers gave birth to a low-birthweight infant. The proportions for

births to black mothers were 21.2 percent for smokers and 11.7 percent for

nonsmokers. The differential by

smoking status was substantial for white

and black mothers in all age groups

and tended to increase as age of mother

advanced. Regardless of age and

smoking status, however, black babies

were at considerably elevated risk of

low birthweight compared with white

babies,

Another aspect of maternal

smoking that affects the levels of low

birthweight is the number of cigarettes

smoked daily during pregnancy (9).

Although the differential in low birthweight is greatest when smokers as a

group and nonsmokers are compared,

heavier smoking tends to elevate the

low-birthweight levels even further. In

1990 the incidence of low birthweight

increased from 10 percent for births to

mothers who smoked five cigarettes or

fewer to 14 percent for births to

mothers who smoked 1 1/2-2 packs

daily. For white mothers with comparable smoking levels, the increase was

from 8 to 12 percent, and for black

mothers, the increase was from 18 to

32 percent. Babies born to the heaviest

smokers among white and black women

alike were at two to three times the

risk of low birthweight as were babies

barn to nonsmokers.

Alcohol use during pregnancy

The use of alcohol during pregnancy is another risk factor for birth

outcome. Numerous studies have indicated that heavy maternal drinking can

lead to a series of adverse effects, The

most notable of these is fetal alcohol

syndrome, which is characterized by

growth retardation, facial malformations, and dysfunctions of the central

nervous system, including mental retardation and behavioral disorders (19).

Additionally, infant birthweight can be

compromised by alcohol use, regardless of whether the mother also

smoked, or of other characteristics (20).

In 1990, 46 States and the District

of Columbia reported alcohol use on

the birth certificates. The States not

providing this information were California, New York, Oklahoma, and

South Dakota. The item on the birth

certificate asked if the mother used

alcohol during pregnancy and if so, the

average number of drinks per week.

Four percent of the birth certificates in

the reporting areas did not report this

information.

In 1990, 3.3 percent of the births

were to mothers who reported alcohol

use (table 6). Black mothers were

slightly more likely than white mothers

to have used alcohol, 3.7 percent compared with 3.2 percent. Only 1.6 percent of all Hispanic mothers reported

alcohol use, with the proportion ranging

from 0.9 percent for Cuban mothers

to 2,9 percent for Puerto Rican mothers

(table 7). These percents are all slightly

lower than the figures reported in

1989 (3).

Alcohol use during pregnancy

appears to be substantially underreported. Evidence from other studies

based on personal interviews and

written questionnaires suggests alcohol

use of perhaps 20 percent or more

during pregnancy (21,22). It may be

that the birth certificate question,

focusing as it does on the number of

drinks per week, tends to discourage

reporting of alcohol use by women

who have perhaps one or two dlrinks

per month.

Alcohol use is directly associated

with maternal age. The rate of use by

mothers aged 30 years and older was

twice that reported by teenage mothers.

Although white teens were more likely

than black teens to report alcohol use,

the racial differential reversed at ages

20-39 years.

Black women were not only more

likely than white women to report

alcohol use, they reported a substantially larger number of drinks per week.

For example, 40 percent of black

women who drank during pregnancy

compared with 17 percent of white

women reported three drinks per week

or more. Conversely, 68 percent of

white women compared with 39 percent of black women reported one drink

per week or less. This differential in

number of drinks per week was

observed in all age groups.

There is no clear pattern in alcohol

use according to the mother’s education. The range in the percents is very

small (data not shown separately).

Among women with 9-11 years of

schooling, 4.0 percent reported alcohol

use compared with 2.3 percent of those

with a grammar school education or

less. Some of this disparity by educational attainment may reflect the low

rates of alcohol use by Hispanic women

whose educational attainment is often

more limited,

Although alcohol use is substantially underreported on the birth certificate, even the limited use that is

reported is associated with a severe

detrimental impact on infant birthweight, Additionally, the effect is stggravated by heavier drinking. The percent

low birthweight was 11.4 percent for

drinkers compared with 6.9 percent for

nondrinkers. Among births to mc)thers

who drank, the Iow-birthweight proportion nearly tripled as the number of

drinks increased, from 8.1 percent of

births to mothers having one drink or

less to 23.3 percent of births to mc)thers

having five drinks or more. This relationship was observed for mothers in

all age and racial groups, However, the
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Voi. 42, No. 2(S) ● July 8, 1993 ~5

impact of alcohol use on low-birthweight rates was particularity severe for

black babies. For example, nearly onethird of births to black women in their

thirties who used alcohol were of low

birthweight compared with 13-14 percent of nondrinkers of the same age.

(Tabular data are not shown in this

report.) The proportions of low birthweight for babies born to white women

in their thirties were 7-8 percent for

drinkers and 5–6 percent for nondrinkers.

Maternal weight gain

There is a large body of evidence

indicating that weight gain during pregnancy is an important determinant of

both fetal growth and birthweight (23).

From 1974 to 1989, the medical community recommended a weight gain of

22-27 pounds for a full-term pregnancy (24,25). In 1990 the National

Academy of Sciences recommended

that weight gain be geared to the mother’s weight and height, and that for an

optimum pregnancy outcome, an

average size mother should gain 25-35

pounds during a normal pregnaney

(23).

An item on weight gain during

pregnancy was included on the 1989

US. Standard Certificate of Live Birth.

In 1990, 48 States and the District of

Columbia reported this information;

California and Oklahoma birth certificates lacked the item. Information on

weight gain was not reported for 13 percent of the birth certificates in the

reporting area, Before 1989 national

information on maternal weight gain

was available from the 1980 National

Natality Survey and the 1988 National

Maternal and Infant Health Survey,

conducted by the National Center for

Health Statistics(NCHS),Information

from these surveys indicated that there

are large disparities in maternal weight

gain by the mother’s age, marital status,

and educational attainment, Teenage

mothers, mothers in the oldest years of

childbearing, unmarried mothers, and

mothers with less than a high school

education were most likely to have an

inadequate weight gain; and black

mothers gained far less than white

mothers, even when differences in gestational age and socioeconomic status

were considered (26,27). Information

from live birth certificates on weight

gain confirms these findings. (Data on

weight gain by age, marital status, and

educational attainment are shown elsewhere (28).) Additionally, in 1988, a

significantly higher proportion of black

than white mothers reported advice

that did not meet the then current

standard for maternal weight gain (29).

Data from birth certificates indicate that weight gain was virtuaIly the

same for mothers giving birth in 1990

as in 1989. In 1990 the median weight

gain was 30.4 pounds; in 1989 it was

30.3 pounds. In 1990, one of five

mothers (20 percent) gained Iess than

21 pounds and 28 percent gained at

least 36 pounds. As would be expected,

as gestational period Iengthens, median

weight gain increases, and the likelihood of a weight gain of less than 21

pounds lessens (table 8).

B1ackmothers have a lower median

weight gain than white mothers (28.1

pounds compared with 30.6 pounds)

and are far more likely to gain less

than 21 pounds (30 percent compared

with 18 percent). This racial disparity

is seen for all periods of gestation. For

example, for gestations of 40 weeks

and over, the median weight gain for

black mothers was 30.2 pounds, about

one-haif pound less than that of white

mothers (30.9 pounds), and 26 percent

of black mothers compared with 16 percent of white mothers gained less than

21 pounds. In addition, the lower

overall weight gain of black mothers

reflects the fact that they are more

likely to deliver prematurely (before 37

completed weeks of gestation). In 1990,

18.8 percent of black births were premature, more than double the proportion of white births born prematurely

(8,9percent) (4).

Low birthweight (less than 2,500

grams or 5 lbs 8 OZ)is associated with a

greatly eIevated risk of infant morbidity and mortality. Regardless of

period of gestation, low birthweight

declines substantially as weight gain

increases (table 9). For all gestational

ages combined low birthweight declined

from 15.8 percent for weight gains of

less than 16 pounds to 4.0-4,2 percent

for gains of 31 pounds or more. For

premature births the comparable

decline in low birthweight with added

weight gain was from 58.0 percent to

approximately 31 percent; for gestations of 40 weeks or longer the decline

in low birthweight was from 3.5 percent to 1 percent.

The risk of a Iow-birthweight outcome was consistently higher for black

than for white births regardless of

maternal weight gain, and this racial

disparity increased as gestational period

lengthened (table 9). However, the

decline in low birthweight with added

weight gain was still notable for black

as well as for white births. For example,

for gestational ages of 40 completed

weeks and over the risk of low birthweight for black births declined from

6.2 percent for gains of less than 16

pounds to about 2 percent for gains of

31 pounds or more. The comparable

decline in low birthweight for white

births was from 2.7 percent to about

1 percent.

The weight gain of mothers of Hispanic origin was reported by 47 States

and the District of Columbia in 1990.

New Hampshire did not require the

reporting of Hispanic origin, and as

indicated earIier, California and Oklahoma did not require the reporting of

maternal weight gain.

As noted for white and black births,

increases in maternal weight gain for

Hispanic mothers are associated with

very substantial declines in the risk of

a Iow-birthweight outcome (table 10).

For all Hispanic origins combined the

overall decline in low birthweight was

from 12.0 percent for weight gains of

less than 16 pounds to approximately

4 percent for gains of at least 31

pounds.

Although a sharp decline in low

birthweight with added weight gain is

evident for all Hispanic groups, for

weight gains of iess than 31 pounds,

Mexican and Central and South American mothers are generaliy less Iikeiy

to give birth to a iow-birthweight infant

than Puerto Rican, Cuban, or other

Hispanic mothers. This probably

reflects differences in tobacco use and

in prepregnaney weight, both important determinants of infant birthweight. A smaller proportion of

Mexican and Central and South Amer-
6~

‘

Monthly Vital Statistics Report. Vol. 42, No. 2(S) . July 8, 1993 ~

ican mothers reported smoking during

pregnancy (table 3), and Mexican

women in the childbearing ages are

disproportionately overweight (30).

Obstetric procedures

The US. Standard Certificate of

Live Birth includes six checkboxes for

obstetric procedures. Data for 1990

were reported by 49 States and the

District of Columbia, an increase of 2

States from the previous year. Data

were not available for Oklahoma.

Information was not reported for

2–3 percent of the births in the

reporting area. The rates for these

procedures can be examined by

maternal and infant characteristics and

measurements of birth outcome.

The most prevalent procedure

reported in 1990 was electronic fetal

monitoring (EFM), done for 73 percent of all live births (table 11) compared with 68 percent in 1989. At least

70 percent of mothers in all age groups

received this procedure, with the

highest level (74 percent) for the

youngest age group (less than 20 years

of age). All age groups experienced

increases in EFM compared with 1989,

ranging from 5 percent for mothers less

than 20 years of age to 9 percent for

those 40-49 years of age, This pattern

of increases in EFM was observed for

both white and black mothers, although

the increases for black mothers were

less pronounced.

Of the mothers who had live births

in 1990, 52 percent received ultrasound

compared with 48 percent in 1989.

Increases from 1989 by age ranged

from 6 to 10 percent. For mothers in

all age groups, at least 50 percent had

ultrasound, with mothers 35–39 years

of age having the highest level (54 percent). The variation in the receipt of

ultrasound by age for white mothers

was small (52–55 percent). For black

mothers the levels were slightly lower

than for white mothers and also showed

a small range by age (47–51 percent).

In 1990 the overall rates of stimulation of labor and induction of labor

were 114 and 95 per 1,000 live births,

respectively. Mothers 25–29 years of

age had the highest rate of stimulation

of labor (117 per thousand) and

mothers under 20 years had the lowest

rate (110 per thousand). As observed

for all races, both black and white

mothers 25–29 years of age had the

highest rates (103 and 120, respectively). Induction of labor rates had a

slightly larger range by age, from 82 for

the youngest mothers to 105 for the

oldest mothers. This same pattern is

seen for both black and white mothers.

The rates of both of these procedures

increased from 1989 for all but one age

group, 40-49 years of age.

Amniocentesis, a procedure performed between the 15th and 16th

week of gestation to detect genetic

disorders, was reported for 33 of every

1,000 live births in 1990, an increase of

3 percent over 1989. The rate of amniocentesis for the oldest age group (40-49

years of age) was 14 times the rate for

the youngest mothers (194 compared

with 14 per 1,000 live births). Similar

differences by age were observed for

white mothers. For black mothers the

difference between the oldest and

youngest age groups was tenfold (108

compared with 11 per 1,000 live births).

White mothers were nearly twice as

likely as black mothers to have had

amniocentesis (36 compared with 19

per 1,000 live births). The difference

between the rates for white and black

mothers wassmallest for mothers 25-29

years of age (20 compared to 16 per

1,000 live births) and largest for those

40-49 years of age (209 compared to

108 per 1,000 live births).

Tocolysis was the least prevalent

of these procedures and showed no

change from the previous year (16 per

1,000 live births). Black mothers were

more likely than white mothers to have

received tocolysis (19 compared with

16 per 1,000 live births). This represents an increase in the difference

between white and black mothers over

1989, caused by an increase in the rate

for black mothers and a decline for

white mothers. By age, the highest

rates in 1990 were for black and white

mothers under 20 years of age (20 and

19 per 1,000 live births).

Rates for these procedures vary by

the education of mother and birthweight and gestation of the infant (data

not shown here). All but one of these

procedures, tocolysis, had higher rates

for mothers with 13 years of education

or more compared with mothers who

had less schooling. The same pattern is

observed for black and white mothers

except for ultrasound, For this :procedure, white mothers with 13 years of

education or more had a slightly lower

rate than mothers with 12 years of

education. Mothers giving birth to lowbirthweight infants (less than 2,500

grams) or preterm infants (less than 37

completed weeks of gestation) were

much more likely to have had amniocentesis or tocolysis. However, these

mothers were less likely to have had

labor induced or stimulated.

Complications of labor and/or

delivery

In 1990, 49 States and the District

of Columbia collected data on various

specified complications of labor iand/or

delivery, Data are not obtainable from

Oklahoma. Less than 3 percent of the

birth certificates from the reporting

area failed to provide information on

complications.

Six complications were reported at

a rate greater than or equal to :30per

1,000 live births: Meconium, moclerate/

heavy (60 per 1,000), fetal distress (43

per 1,000), breech/malpresentation (38

per 1,000), cephalopelvic disproportion (37 per 1,000), premature rupture

of membrane (33 per 1,000), and dysfunctional labor (30 per 1,000), The

least common complicationswere anesthetic complication and seizures (during

labor, which occurred less than~ once

per 1,000 live births (table 12).

Febrile and cord prolapse were

the only complications with higher rates

in 1990 than in 1989. There were no

changes in the rates for placenta previa,

dysfunctional labor, and anesthetic

complications. The remaining 10 complications had lower rates in 1990. For

white mothers the increases and

decreases were the same as for all

races, For black mothers 14 conlplications had lower rates in 1990; only cord

prolapse was higher than in 198!9.

Distinctions by age of mother were

observed in the rates of three of the six

most prevalent complications. Meconium and fetal distress had the highest

rates for the youngest (under 20 years
Monthly Vital Statistics Report. Vol. 42, No. 2(S) . July 8, 1993 ~7

of age) and oldest (4049 years of age)

mothers and the lowest rates for

mothers in the middle years (25–34

years of age). Breech/malpresentation

had the highest rates for the oldest

mothers and the lowest rates for the

youngest mothers. Although not a frequent complication, placenta previa had

the greatest contrast between older

and younger mothers (10 and 1 per

1,000 live births, respectively).

Of the six most prevalent complications, four occurred more often to

mothers with 13 years of education or

more and two, meconium and fetal

distress, occurred most often to

mothers with less than 12 years of

education (data not shown here). The

same pattern is observed for white

mothers. For black mothers there was

no trend by educational attainment for

premature rupture of membrane and,

in direct contrast to white mothers, the

highest rates for fetal distress occurred

to mothers with the most education.

Only four complications (meconium, prolonged labor, dysfunctional

labor, and cephalopelvic disproportion) had lower rates for low-birthweight infants (less than 2,500 grams)

as compared with infants weighing

2,500 grams or more. Of the remaining

11 complications, which had higher

complication rates for Iow-birthweight

infants, 4 (premature rupture of membrane, abruptio placenta, placenta

previa, and breech/malpresentation)

had rates at least four times those of

infants weighing 2,500 grams or more.

These same four complications with

considerable differences by birthweight also had large differences (three

to seven times) in rates for those born

preterm (less than 37 completed weeks

of gestation) when compared with term

births.

Method of delivery

An itern on method of delivery was

included in the 1989 revised U.S. Standard Certificate of Live Birth to expand

information available from periodic surveys. Since 1965, national and regional

trends in cesarean delive~ have been

available from the National Hospital

Discharge Survey (NHDS), conducted

annually by NCHS. From this source,

it was determined that the rate of

cesarean delivery (number of cesarean

deliveries per 100 total deliveries)

increased steadily from 1965 to 1986

(from 4.5 to 24.1 percent) and then

reached a plateau at about the 1986

level (31,32). However, no data for

States or smaller geographic areas and

only limited information on maternal

characteristics are available from this

survey. Additionally, because maternal

and infant records are sampled independently, cesarean rates for infant

characteristics cannot be determined.

In 1990, 49 States and the District

of Columbia included an item on

method of delivery on their birth certificates. The item was not included on

the birth certificate of Oklahoma. Only

2.1 percent of the births in the

reporting area lacked information on

method of delivery. The overall

cesarean rate derived from live birth

certificates (percent of all live births by

cesarean delivery) in 1990 was 22.7

(table 13), almost identical to the 1989

rate of 22.8. The primary rate for 1990

(first cesareans per 100 live births to

women who had no previous cesarean)

derived from live birth certificates was

16.0, also almost identical to the 1989

rate of 16.1. The national objectives

for health promotion and disease prevention for the year 2000 that pertain

to cesarean delivery are to reduce the

overall cesarean delivery rate to no

more than 15 and the primary rate to

no more than 12 (33). A recent study

indicates that the U.S. cesarean rate is

the third highest among 21 reporting

countries, exceeded only by Brazil and

Puerto Rico (34).

The rate of vaginal birth after a

previous cesarean delivery (VBAC) has

risen steadily in the last few decades.

However, the U.S. rate is still much

lower than rates in many European

countries (34). In 1990, of women who

had a previous cesarean, 19.9 percent

delivered vaginally. The comparable

rate from the 1990 NHDS was 20.4 percent (32). In 1982 (35), 1985 (36), and

1988 (37) the Anerican College of

Obstetricians and Gynecologists issued

increasingly liberalized guidelines for

VBAC to reduce the overall cesarean

rate. The year 2000 objective is to

increase the national VBAC rate to

35 percent (33).

The overall cesarean rate rises rapidly with advancing age and is twice as

high for women in their forties as for

teenage mothers (32.3 compared with

16.6) (table 13). The prima~ rate also

increases with age, from 14.7 for teenagers to 23.5 for women in their forties. These increases are partly

explained by the higher educational

attainment of older mothers; cesarean

rates are higher for mothers with 12

years or more of schooling than for

mothers with lower educational attainment. For example, for mothers 30-39

years of age with 12 years or more of

schooling, the cesarean rates were 26

to 30 compared with 22 to 25 for

mothers with less than 12 years of

education (table not shown).

The rate of vaginal birth after a

previous cesarean delivery declines with

added age. Of the teenagers who had a

previous cesarean delivery, one in four

delivered vaginally in 1990 compared

with one in five mothers in their twenties and early thirties and less than one

in six mothers aged 40-49 (table 13).

The overall cesarean rate for white

women was less than 1 percentage point

higher than for black women (23.0

compared with 22.1 percent). However, for mothers 25 years and older,

black women were more likely to have

a cesarean delivery than white women.

Similarly, although the primary

cesarean rate for white mothers was

slightly higher than for black mothers

(16.1 compared with 15.7), the rate for

black women was substantially higher

for ages 30 years and older. The overall

VBAC rates were also similar for white

and black women (19.7 compared with

20.3), but white women aged 30 years

and older were more likely to have a

VBAC delivery (table 13).

The risk of a cesarean delivery was

substantially higher than average in

the presence of certain medical risk

factors related to pregnancy (table 14),

The cesarean rate was more than 40

for the following indications: eclampsia

(52.3), genital herpes (46.0), hydramnios/oligohydramnios (45,6), and

chronic hypertension (41.4). Likewise,

there was a greatly elevated risk of a

cesarean delivery (rate of 40 or more)
8~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 2(S) ● July 8, 1993 ~

for 10 of the 14 complications of labor

or delivery identified on the birth certificate. The rate was particularly high

for cephalopelvic disproportion (97.7),

breech/malpresentation (84.5), placenta previa (82.3), dysfunctional labor

(65.2), and fetal distress (62.6). Medical risks and complications with higher

than average overall cesarean rates

were also associated with elevated primary rates and reduced rates of VBAC

(table 14).

Tocolysis and ultrasound performed during pregnancy were associated with higher than average cesarean

rates (31.1 and 26.3, respectively),

although cesarean rates for induction

of labor (21.9) and electronic fetal monitoring (21,7) were slightly lower than

the average rate of 22,7 (table 14).

For a number of years, there has

been a growing deficit in the number

of births on weekends and holidays,

regardless of mode of delivery. This

has been attributed to the rise in

cesarean deliveries, particularly repeat

cesareans, which are often scheduled,

and to an increase in the induction of

labor for vaginal births. The index of

occurrence can be used to measure the

magnitude of the weekend deficit, It

relates the average number of births

on a given day of the week to the

average daily number of births for the

year. The index for all births occurring

on Sunday is 78,9, meaning that there

are 21 percent fewer births on Sunday

than the daily average (table 15). Similarly, the index for Saturday is 86.1, or

14 percent fewer births than the daily

average.

The weekend deficits for births by

cesarean delivery, particularly repeat

cesareans, are especially large. There

were 30 percent fewer primary and

61 percent fewer repeat cesareans on

Sundays than the daily averages, and

18 percent fewer primary and 55 percent fewer repeat cesareans on Saturdays than the daily averages.

For vaginal births, the indexes for

Sunday and Saturday were 84.9 and

91.4, respectively. The weekend deficit

of vaginal births reflects the less frequent induction of labor on these days.

In 1990,9.6 percent of all vaginal births

were induced, but only 4.8 percent of

those occurring on Sundays and 7.5 percent of those occurring on Saturdays

were induced.

Information from the NHDS shows

that concomitant with the rise in

cesarean deliveries during the early

and mid-1980’s, there was a large

decline in forceps deliveries and an

increase in vacuum extraction deliveries (38). Information on the rates of

forceps and vacuum extraction deliveries determined from 1989 and 1990

live birth certificates indicates that

these diverse trends have continued,

but that both of these methods of

delivery are used relatively infrequently. In 1990, 5.1 percent of births

were delivered by forceps (compared

with 5,5 percent in 1989) and 3.9 percent were by vacuum extraction (compared with 3.5 percent in 1989), In

1990 both of these procedures were

more frequently performed for white

than for black births (5,5 percent compared with 3.4 percent for forceps, and

4,2 percent compared with 2.3 percent

for vacuum deliveries) (table not

shown).

Abnormal conditions of the

newborn

There were eight abnormal conditions of the newborn listed on the U.S.

Standard Certificate of Live Birth in

1990. Data on these conditions were

collected by 49 States and the District

of Columbia. Data were not available

for Oklahoma. The percent of birth

certificates from the reporting area that

failed to provide any information on

abnormal conditions was between 3

and 4 percent.

The abnormal conditions with the

highest rates per 1,000 live births were

assisted ventilation less than 30 minutes (13 per 1,000), assisted ventilation

30 minutes or longer (7 per 1,000), and

hyaline membrane disease/respiratory

distress syndrome (RDS) (6 per 1,000).

Data from 1989 suggested substantial underreporting on the birth certificate for birth injuries and fetal alcohol

syndrome. This situation did not change

in 1990. The identification of fetal

alcohol syndrome can often occur after

the birth certificate has been completed. Some physicians that suspect

fetal alcohol syndrome do not make

the diagnosis (39).

The rates for abnormal conditions

in 1990, as in 1989, were higher for

black births than for white births for

all conditions except assisted ventilation less than 30 minutes and birth

injuries. The highest rates by age for

anemia and hyaline membrane disease/RDS were observed for the

youngest mothers (under 20 years of

age). Assisted ventilation 30 minutes

or longer, meconium aspiration, and

assisted ventilation less than 30 jminutes had the highest rates for both, the

oldest (40-49 years of age) and

youngest (under 20 years of age)

mothers (table 16).

All but one abnormal condition,

birth injury, was more frequent among

low-birthweight infants (less than 2,500

grams) compared with infants weighing

2,500 grams or more. There were very

large differences between low-birthweight infants and those of higher

weight in the rates of hyaline membrane disease/RDS (56 and 2 per 1,000

live births, respectively) and assisted

ventilation 30 minutes or longer (62

and 3 per 1,000 live births, respectively). A1though less pronounced, the

rates of the same two conditions that

had the largest differences by birthweight also had the largest differences

between preterm births (less than 37

completed weeks gestation) and term

births (37 completed weeks gestation

or more) (data not shown here).

Congenital anomalies

Congenital anomalies are responsible for a substantial number of fetal

and infant deaths. They are also important contributors to childhood morbidity and to shortened life expectancy

(40).

Because of the importance of

national, uniformly coI1ected data on

congenital defects, the 1989 revised

U.S. Standard Certificate of Live Birth

included a checkbox item for reporting

congenital anomalies of the newborn.

In 1990, 47 States and the District of

Columbia reported this item; information was not available for births in New

Mexico, New York, and Oklahoma.

The item was not completed for 4 per-
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 2(S) ● July 8, 1993 ~9

cent of the birth certificates in the

reporting area.

Year-to-year changes in the occurrence of specific congenital anomaIies

should be interpreted with caution.

Variations in malformation incidence

can be caused by differences in

reporting practices and to random fluctuations due to small numbers of

events, as well as to actual changes in

the frequeney of occurrence.

For many of the anomalies, rates

are lower for black than for white

births (table 17). PoIydactyly/Syndactyly/Adactyly is a notable exception. In

1990, the rate for this group of anomalies was 223.8 for black babies, 3 1/2

times the rate for white births (64.7).

As shown in table 17, the risk of

the occurrence of an anomaly is often

strongly associated with a mother’s age.

There was a decline in risk for mothers

30 years and older compared with

teenage mothers and mothers in their

early twenties for anencephalus, hydrocephalus, “other central nervous system

anomalies,” omphalocele, “other gastrointestinal anomalies,” and clubfoot.

However, the risk of Down’s syndrome

and other chromosomal anomalies rose

rapidly with increased maternal age.

For mothers 40 years and eider, the

rate was 421.2 for Down’s syndrome,

11 times as high as the rate for mothers

under 20 years of age (36.7); for other

chromosomal anomalies, the rate was

127.1 for older mothers, 3 times the

rate of 37.8 for teenage mothers.

The incidence of some anomalies

also differed markedly by the sex of the

child (data not shown in this report).

The rate for urogenital anomalies was

far higher for male than for female

babies: for malformed genitalia the rate

was 141.8 for male births compared

with 16.8 for female births; for renal

agenesis, 12,2 for male births compared with 5.8 for female births; and

for other urogenital anomalies, 222.4

for male births and 38.4 for female

births. Urogenital anomalies accounted

for 1 of 4 anomalies for male births,

but for only 1 of 10 anomalies for

female births.

Weight at birth is also highly associated with the occurrence of congenital malformations (detailed data not

shown). For all anomalies included in

this report, rates were far higher for

babies of low birthweight (under 2,500

grams or 5 lb 8 OZ)than for babies with

more adequate birthweight, and were

particularly high for infants with very

low birthweights (less than 1,500 grams

or 3 lb 4 OZ). Rates of anencephalus,

microcephalus, rectal atresia/stenosis,

tracheo-esophageal fistula/esophageal

atresia, omphalocele/gastroschisis, and

renal agenesis were 8 to 29 times as

high for babies of low birthweight than

for babies weighing 3,500 grams or

more (7 lb 12 OZ).

Babies born prematurely (before

37 completed weeks of gestation) are

very likely to have a low or very low

birthweight. There is a greatIy elevated

risk for all the congenital anomalies

included in this report for babies born

prematurely, consistent with their

reduced birthweight.

References

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1992.

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1992.

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5. Becerra JE, Khoury MJ, Cordero JF,

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health consequences of smoking 25

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14. Floyd RL, Zahniser SC, Gunter EP,

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15. National Center for Health Statistics.

Unpublished data from 1988 National

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1991.

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CL, Trowbridge FL. Racial/ethnic differences in smoking, other risk factors,

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Vital Health Stat 10(163). 1988.

18. Felice ME, Shragg MA, James M, Hollingsworth DR. Clinical observations of

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U.S. Department of Health and Human

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20. Graves C, Malin H, Placek P, et al. The

effect of maternal alcohol and cigarette
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use on infant birthweight. Alcohol

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21. Pamuk ER, Mosher WD. Health aspects

of pregnancy and childbirth, United

States, 1982. National Center for Health

Statistics. Vital Health Stat 23(16). 1988.

22. Serdula M, Williamson DF, Kendrick

JS, et al. Trends in alcohol consumption by pregnant women, 1985–88.

JAMA 265(7):876-79. 1991.

23. Institute of Medicine. Subcommittee on

Nutritional Status and Weight Gain

During Pregnancy. Nutrition during

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Press. 1990.

24. American College of Obstetricians and

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ACOG. 1974.

25. American College of Obstetricians and

Gynecologists: Standards for ObstetricGynecologic Services. 7th ed. Washington, D.C.: ACOG. 1989.

26. Taffel SM. Maternal weight gain and

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States, 1980. National Centerfor Health

Statistics. Vital Health Stat 21(44).1986.

27. National Center for Health Statistics.

1988 National Maternal and Infant

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28. National Center for Health Statistics.

Vital Statistics of the United States,

1990, VO1I, natality (in preparation).

29. Taffel SM, Keppel KG, Jones GK. Medical advice on maternal weight gain and

actual weight gain: Results from the

1988 National Maternal and Infant

Health Survey. In: Keen CL, Bendich

A, Willhite CC, eds. Proceedings of the

Conference on Maternal Nutrition and

Pregnancy Outcome. Annals of the New

York Academy of Sciences. 1993.

30. Najjar MF, Kuczmarski RJ. 1989.

Anthropometric data and prevalence of

overweight for Hispanics: 1982-84.

National Center for Health Statistics.

Vital Health Stat 11(239). 1989

31. Taffel SM, Placek PJ, Moien MS, Kosary

CL. 1989 U.S. cesarean section rate

steadies: VBAC rate rises to nearly one

in five. Birth 18(2):73-77. 1991.

32. Taffel SM, Placek PJ, Kosary CL. U.S.

cesarean section rates 1990: An update.

Birth 19(1:)21-2. 1992.

33. U.S. Department of Health and Human

Services. Healthy People 2000. National

health promotion and disease prevention objectives. Washington: Public

Health Service. 1990.

34. Notzon FC. International differences in

the use of obstetric interventions, JAMA

263(24:)3286-91. 1990.

35. American College of Obstetricians and

Gynecologists. Guidelines for vaginal

delivery after a cesarean childbirth.

Committee on Obstetrics: Maternal and

Fetal Medicine. Washington, DC. 1982.

36. American College of Obstetricians and

Gynecologists. New guidelines to reduce

repeat cesareans. Statement by Dr.

Luella Klein for VBAC news conference. Washington, DC. 1985.

37. American College of Obstetricians and

Gynecologists Committee on Obstetrics. ACOG Committee Opinion N0,64.

Guidelines for vaginal delivery after a

previous cesarean birth. Washington,

DC. 1988.

38. Kozak LJ. Surgical and nonsurgical procedures associated with hospital delivery

in the United States: 1980-87. Birth

16(4):209-13. 1989.

39. Morse BA, Idelson RK, Sachs WH,

Weiner L, Kaplan LC. Pediatricians’

perspectives on fetal alcohol syndrome.

Journal of Substance Abuse 4(2):187-

195.1992.

40. Powell-Griner E, Woolbright A. Trends

in infant deaths from congenital anomalies: Results from England and Wales,

Scotland, Sweden and the United States.

Int J Epidemiol 19(2):391-398. 1990,

41. Brockert JE, Stockbauer JW, Stmner

JW, et al. Recommended standard medical definitions for the U.S. Standard

Certificate of Live Birth, 1989 revision.

Paper presented at the annual meeting

of the Association for Vhal Records

and Health Statisticsj June 25-27, Travers City, Michigan. 1990,
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 2(S) ● July 8, 1993 ~11

List of tables

1. Live births with selected medical

risk factors and rates for selected

medical risk factors by age and race

of mother: Total of 49 reporting

States and the District of Columbia,

1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. Number of live births by smoking

status of mother, percent smokers,

and percent distribution by average

number of cigarettes smoked by

mothers per day, according to age

and race of mothe~ Total of 45

reporting States and the District of

Columbia, 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3. Number of live births by smoking

status and percent smok&s, by ag;

and Hispanic origin of mother and

by race of mother for mothers of

non-Hispanic origin: Total of 44

reporting States and the District of

Columbia, 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4. Number of Iive births, percent of

mothers who smoked ‘cigarettes

during pregnancy and percent distribution of average number of cigarettes smoked by mothers per day,

according to educational attainment and race of mother: Total of

44 reporting States and the District

of Columbia, 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5. percent IOW birthweight by smoking

status, age, and race of mother

Total of 45 reporting States and the

District of Columbia, 1990 . . . . . . .

12

13

14

16

17

6. Number of live births by drinking

status of mother, percent drinkers,

and percent distribution of average

number of drinks per week,

according to age and race of mother:

TotaI of 46 reporting States and the

District of Columbia, 1990 . . . . . . .

7. Number of live births by drinking

status of mother and percent

drinkers, by Hispanic origin of

mother and by race of mother for

mothers of non-Hispanic origin:

Total of 45 reporting States and the

District of Columbiaj 1990 . . . . . . .

S. Number of live births and percent

distribution by weight gain during

pregnancy and median weight gain,

according to period of gestation and

race of mothe~ Total of 48 reporting

States and the District of Columbia,

1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9. Percent low birthweight by weight

gain during pregnancy, by period of

gestation, and race of mothec Total

of 48 reporting States and the District of Columbia, 1990. . . . . . . . . .

10. Percent low birthweight by weight

gain during pregnancy and Hispanic origin of mother, and by race

of mother for mothers of nonHispanic origin: Total of 47

reporting States and the District of

Columbia, 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11. Live births with selected obstetric

procedures and rates for selected

obstetric procedures, by age and

race of mothe~ Total of 49 reporting

States and the District of Columbia,

1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12. Live births with selected complications of labor andlor delivery and

rates for selected complications by

age and race of mother: Total of 49

18 reporting States and the District of

Columbia, 1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13. Live births by method of delivery,

and rates of cesarean delivery and

vaginal birth after previous cesarean

delivery, by age and race of mother:

Total of 49 reporting States and the

District of Columbia, 1990 . . . . . . .

19 14. Rates of cesarean delivery and vaginal birth after previous cesarean

delivery, by selected medical risk

factors, complications of labor

andlor delivery, and obstetric procedures: Total of 49 reporting States

and the District of Columbia, 1990

19 15. Live births by day of week and

index of occurrence by method of

deIivery, day of week, and race of

mothen Total of 49 reporting States

and the District of Columbia, 1990

20 16. ~lve births with selected abno~al

conditions of the newborn and rates

for selected abnormal conditions of

the newborn, by age and race of

mother: Total of 49 reporting States

and the District of Columbia, 1990

17. Live births with selected congenital

20 anomalies and rates for selected

congenital anomalies, by age and

race of mothec Total of 47 reporting

States and the District of Columbia,

1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21

22

23

24

25

26

27
12~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 2(S) ● July 8, 1993 —

Table 1. Live births with selected medical risk factors and rates for selected medical risk factors, by age and race of mothen Total of 49

reporting States and the District of Columbia, 1990

[Rates are number of live births with specified medical risk factor per 1,000 live births in specified group]

Medics/ Age of mother

Medics/ risk r2cfor and All risk factor All Under 20-24 25-29 3044 35-39 40-49 Not

race of mother births 1 reported ages 20 years years years years years years stated

All races2

Anemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cardiac disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Acute or chronic lung disease. . . . . . . . . .

Diabetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Genital herpess,4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hydramnios/0figohydramnlos3 . . . . . . . . . . .

Hemoglobinopath~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hypertension, chronic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hypertension, pregnancy-associated . . . . . . .

Eclampsia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

incompetent cervi#, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

PrevlOus infant 4000+ gremss ., . . . . . . . . .

Pr:;:;; preterm or small-for-gestational-age

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Renal diseaae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rheensitization5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

lJterine bleeding4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White

Anemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cardiac diseaae, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Acute orchronlc lung dfsease, . . . . . . . . .

Diabetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Genital herpes3,4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hydramnios/01igohydramnios3 . . . . . . . . . .

Hemoglobinopath~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hypertension, chronic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hypertension, pregnancy-easociated . . . . . . .

Eclampsia ..,.,......,.,.. . . . . . . . .

lncompetentcervix3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Previous infant4000+grams3 . . . . . . . . . . .

Prs#:; preterm or small-for-geetational-age

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,..,,. .

Renaldisease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rhsensitization5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Uterinebleeding4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black

Anemia. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cardlacdisease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Acute orchronic lung disease. . . . . . . . .

Diabetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Genital herpes3,4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hydramnios/Ofigohydramnios3 . . . . . . . . . .

Hemoglobinopath~. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hypertension, chronic.. . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hypertension, pregnancy-associated . . . . .

Eclampsla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

lncompetentcervix3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Previous infant4000+grams3 . . . . . . . . . .

Previous preterm or small-for-geatatfonal-age

infant. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Renal disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rhsensitization5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Uterine bleeding4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Number Rate Number

4,110,563

4,110,563

4,110,563

4,110,563

3,631,762

3,946,185

3,948,185

4,110,563

4,110,563

4,110,563

3,948,185

3,948,185

3,948,165

4,110,563

4,071,543

3,794,140

3,252,473

3,252,473

3,252,473

3,252,473

2,843,657

3,110,009

3,110,009

3,252,473

3,252,473

3,252,473

3,110,009

3,110,009

3,110,009

3,252,473

3,217,724

2,986,321

679,236

679,236

679,236

679,236

619,329

662,688

662,666

679,236

679,236

679,236

662,668

662,686

662,686

679,236

675,894

635,877

72,563

13,457

12,102

64,615

27,539

22,633

1,584

25,961

108,351

15,797

13,083

40,014

45,810

8,790

24,044

30,645

46,132

11,029

9,024

67,690

22,266

17,262

640

18,057

67,016

11,364

10,586

35,933

34,224

7,106

21,673

25,335

22,705

2,023

2,669

11,585

4,605

4,383

797

7,070

17,911

3,888

2,045

2,743

9,671

1,378

2,030

4,227

18.2

3.4

3.0

21.3

7.8

5.9

0.4

6.5

27.2

4.0

3.4

10.5

12.0

2.2

6.1

8.3

14.6

3.5

2.9

21.5

8,0

5.7

0.2

5.7

27.6

3.6

3.5

11,9

11,4

2.3

7.0

6,7

34.7

3.1

4.1

17.7

7.7

6.9

1.2

10.8

27.4

5.9

3.2

4.3

15.2

2.1

3.1

6.9

27.7

2.3

3.5

7.4

5.5

6.1

0.5

2.6

32.1

6.4

2.2

1.7

5.9

3.1

4.7

6.2

21.8

2.3

3.1

8.3

4.4

6.1

0.2

2.3

33.1

5.6

2.6

2.0

5.1

3.5

5.8

6.4

40.2

2.3

4.3

5.2

8.2

6.0

1.2

3.5

30.2

8.4

1.3

1.0

7.6

2.3

2.7

5.9

21.6

2.6

2.9

13.7

6.6

5.7

0.5

4.2

27.5

4.1

2.8

6.6

11.6

2.5

5.7

7.3

17.2

2.6

2.7

14.3

6.1

5.5

0.2

3.6

28.7

3.9

2.9

7.5

10.6

2.6

6.6

7.6

37.9

2.7

3.9.

10.8

6.8

6.6

1.4

5.6

24.3

5.2

2.5

3.2

15,3

2.2

3.1

6.4

15.5

3.4

2.8

20.9

7.7

5.5

0.4

5.8

25.3

3.2

3.4

lt.2

12.1

2.0

6.4

8.3

12.7

3.5

2.6

20.7

8.0

5.3

0.2

5.1

25.9

3.0

3.3

12.3

11,3

2.0

7.2

8.6

31.6

3.4

3.8

20.7

7.2

6.9

1.2

10.8

24.6

4.8

4.2

5.6

17.6

2.1

3.3

7.0

13.6

4.2

3.1

29.4

9.5

6.1

0.4

6.6

25.2

3.3

4.4

15.8

13.9

1.8

6.6

9.8

11.8

4.3

3,0

26.5

10.4

5.8

0.2

7.3

25.0

3.1

4.3

17.3

13.2

1.9

7.4

10,1

27.1

3.6

4.1

32.6

6.3

7.8

1.1

20.2

29.3

5.3

5.6

7.7

20.2

1.6

3.4

8.2

14.5

5.0

3.6

43.0

10.8

7.0

0.4

15.1

30.1

4.0

5.1

19.1

18.6

1.8

6.8

10.5

12.5

5.1

3.5

40.8

12.2

6.8

0.2

12.2

29.6

3.7

5.3

21.1

16.1

1.8

7,5

10.8

28.3

5.4

4.9

49.9

5.0

6.8

1.0

38.5

38.3

6.2

4.5

9.1

20.7

2.1

3.6

9.4

15.8

6.0

4.0

61,9

8.4

9.4

*

26.2

37.1

5.6

5.7

22.6

18.9

1.7

7.2

11.2

13.7

6.1

4.0

59.0

9.4

8.8

*

21.5

36.1

5.0

6.1

25.6

16.3

1.5

6.0

11.6

27.7

7.2

5.4

77.1

4.6

13,7

*

66.7

49.4

10.8

5.0

9.6

21.6

*

5.4

8.6

130,063

130,863

130,863

130,863

89,720

124,644

124,844

130,863

130,863

130,863

124,844

124,844

124,844

130,863

131,786

95,752

101,039

101,039

101,039

101,039

6?,239

96,143

96,143

10’I,O39

101,039

101,039

96,143

96,143

96,143

101,039

101,887

72,146

25,775

25,775

25,775

25,775

19,262

24,735

24,735

25,775

25,775

25,775

24,735

24,735

24,735

25,775

25,659

20,302

lTOtal“umbsr Ofbirths to residents of areas reporting specified medical risk factor.

‘Includes races other than white and black.

3New York City (but not New York Stale) C3p0rtS Ihk risk faCtOr.

4Texasdoes not report thfa risk factor.

‘Kenaesdoesnot reportthls riskfacto r.

N07F Excludes data for Oklehoms, which did not require reporiing of msdical risk factors.
Monthly Vital Statistics Report. Vol. 42, No. 2(S) . July 8, 1993 ~13

Table 2. Number of live births by smoking status of mother, percent smokers, and percent distribution by average number of cigarettes

smoked by mothers per day, according to age and race of mothe~ Total of 45 reporting States and the District of Columbia, 1990

Age of mother

15-19 years

Smoking status, smoking measure, All Under 75-17 18-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-49

and race of mother ages 15 years Total years years years yeara years years years

All racesl

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nonsmoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Smoker, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nonsmoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nonsmoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All racesl

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-5cigarettes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6–10cigarettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11-15cigarettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-20 cigarettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21-30cigarettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31-40cigarettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41 cigarettesormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-5cigarettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6-10 cigarettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11-15cigarettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-20cigarettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21-30cigarettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31-40cigarettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41 cigarettes ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-5cigarettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6-10 cigarettes. .,....... . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11-15 cigarettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-20cigarettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21-30cigarettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31-40cigarettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41 cigarettesormore. .,... . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,103,146

551,060

2,437,764

114,262

2,443,622

455,940

1,699,596

86,264

557,392

65,002

450,942

21,446

16.4

19.4

15.9

100.0

19.9

39.2

6.6

26.2

4.3

1.6

0.3

100.0

17.2

36.4

7.2

30.4

4.8

1.7

0.3

100.0

32.7

43.4

34

174

1,9

1,1

0,2

9,316

673

6,309

334

3,535

540

2,645

150

5,567

114

5,266

167

7.5

16.0

2.1

100.0

36.7

42.2

3.5

14.5

*

●

●

100.0

31.2

45.3

●

17.0

*

●

*

100.0

62.0

27,0

●

*

.

*

*

404,409

61,125

309,073

14,211

264,695

69,911

185,457

9,327

129,517

9,419

115,632

4,466

20.6

27.4

7.5

100.0

24.5

42.9

5.4

23.5

2.6

0.8

0.2

100.0

21.4

43.4

5.6

25.5

2.9

0.6

0.2

100.0

44.5

40.2

2.5

10,9

1.0

0.7

*

142,161

24,121

112,970

5,090

64,647

20,743

60,749

3,155

53,964

2,760

49,415

1,769

17.6

25.5

5.3

100.0

26.1

43.1

4.9

20.9

2,1

0.6

0.2

100.0

24.8

44.0

5.4

22.6

2.3

0.7

0.2

100.0

49.2

37.5

1.9

9.9

0.9

*

*

Number

262,228 624,541

57,004 175,392

196,103 619,916

9,121 29,233

180,046 620,227

49,166 146,105

124,708 452,733

6,172 21,369

75,533 180,432

6,639 26,066

66,217 147,454

2,677 6,912

Percent

22.5 22.1

28.3 24.4

9.1 15.0

Percent distribution

100.0

23.0

42.9

5.6

24.6

2.8

0.9

0.2

100.0

20.0

43.2

6.0

26.6

3.1

0.9

0.2

100.0

42.5

41.3

2.8

11.3

1.1

0.7

*

100.0

20.1

40.4

6.4

26.0

3.6

1.2

0.2

100.0

17.0

39.8

7.1

30.5

4.0

1.3

0.2

100.0

35.9

43.4

2.9

15.3

1.4

0.9

0.2

954,363

165,336

754,631

34,396

768,908

135,591

625,839

27,478

133,563

27,020

101,042

5,521

16.0

17.6

21.1

100.0

18.7

38,5

7.1

29.1

4.6

1.7

0.3

100.0

16.2

37.2

7.8

31,6

5.2

1.6

0.3

100.0

30.1

45.3

3.6

17.8

1.9

1.2

0.2

651,077

95,769

530,214

25,074

550,146

77,487

451,907

20,752

76,977

16,639

57,194

3,144

15.3

14.6

22.5

100.0

18.4

36.6

7.0

29.6

5.5

2.4

0.3

100.0

16.2

35.2

7.7

31,6

6.2

2.6

0.4

100.0

27,4

42.7

4.2

21.6

2.6

1.3

0.2

225,704

26,603

187,364

9,537

i 68,729

23,123

157,664

7,942

27,060

5,062

20,904

1,074

13.3

12.8

19.6

100,0

18.1

34.5

6,6

30.7

6.4

3.2

0!5

100.0

16.1

32.9

7.1

32.5

7.3

3.5

0.5

100.0

26.2

41.2

4.4

23.3

2.7

1.6

0.4

33,736

3,962

28,277

1,497

27,562

3,183

23,153

1,246

4,256

662

3,430

164

12.3

12.1

16.2

100.0

17.5

32.2

6.2

31.8

7.0

4.2

1.0

100.0

15.3

30.1

6.7

34.0

6.1

4.6

1.1

100.0

25.9

41.9

4.5

21,7

*

*

*

! ln~l~dtj$ ~~~.$ ~,h~, ,h~n ~h,te ~“rj black.

NOTE Excludes data for California, Indiana, New York, Oklahoma, and South Dakota,which dld not require reporting of tobacco use during pregnancy.
14~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 2(S) ● July 8, 1993 -

Table 3. Number of live births by smoking status of mother and percent smokers, by age and Hispanic origin of mother and by race of

mother for mothers of non-Hispanic origin: Total of 44 reporting States and the District of Columbia, 1990

Age of mother

15–1 9 yeara

Smoking status and All Under 15-17 18–19 20-24 2S29 30-34

origin of mother

35-39 40-49

ages 15 years Total years years years years years years yeara

All originsl

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nonsmoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hispanic

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nonsmoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mexican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nonsmoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Puerto Rican,........,,. . . . . . . . . . . . .

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nonsmoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cuban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Smoker. ,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nonsmoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Central andSouthAmerican. . . . . . . . . .

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nonsmoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Otherand unknown Hispanic. . . . . . . . .

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nonsmoker .,........,,,. . . . . . . . . . .

Notsiated . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Non-Hispanic

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nonsmoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nonsmoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nonsmoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,085,577

547,433

2,423,903

114,241

294,372

18,742

259,529

18,101

180,257

8,891

160,251

11,115

34,128

4,325

27,571

2,232

9,758

618

9,002

138

32,026

933

29,939

1,154

38,203

3,975

32,766

1,462

2,764,496

523,694

2,148,873

93,931

2,122,358

430,418

1,622,363

69,557

547,245

83,803

443,171

20,271

9,308

671

8,303

334

1,354

56

1,212

86

863

30

782

51

224

12

196

16

15

1

14

58

56

2

194

13

164

17

7,890

611

7,044

235

2,198

467

1,648

63

5,504

108

5,236

160

403,151

80,840

306,303

14,208

3,352

45,719

3,021

33,800

1,565

29,944

2,091

7,676

877

6,249

550

755

49

697

9

2,790

75

2,631

84

7,271

786

6,198

267

347,519

76,468

260,387

10,644

210,817

65,572

139,153

6,092

127,597

9,255

114,135

4,207

141,833

23,993

112,751

5,069

20,029

1,202

17,612

1,215

12,883

591

11,432

840

3,128

304

2,586

238

247

15

229

3

891

20

844

27

2,900

272

2,521

107

120,531

22,551

94,321

3,859

64,158

19,286

43,045

1,847

53,219

2,727

48,802

1,690

261,318

56,647

195,552

9,119

32,063

2,150

28,107

1,806

20,737

974

16,512

1,251

4,546

573

3,663

312

508

34

466

6

1,899

55

1,767

57

4,371

514

3,677

180

226,988

53,937

166,066

6,965

146,659

46,306

96,108

4,245

74,378

6,528

65,333

2,517

820,762

174,265

617,272

29,225

93,445

6,122

82,134

5,189

59,297

2,891

52,840

3,566

11,821

1,563

9,460

796

1,915

129

1,762

24

8,533

229

7,992

312

11,879

1,310

“489

720,375

166,451

530,918

23,006

521,150

137,773

367,716

15,861

177,412

25,692

145,176

6,544

948,126

184,170

749,568

34,388

81,152

5,171

71,642

4,339

48,218

2,454

42,745

3,019

8,497

1,139

6,830

528

3,813

232

3,532

49

10,410

288

9,744

378

10,214

1,058

8,791

365

859,082

157,581

672,630

26,871

698,363

126,375

547,624

22,364

130,850

26,653

98,972

5.225

646,459

95,139

526,264

25,056

46,292

2,928

40,967

2,397

28,758

1,417

23,685

1,656

4,243

564

3,424

255

2,280

141

2,102

37

6,975

234

6,490

251

8,038

572

5,266

198

594,396

91,403

461,338

21,655

496,426

73,405

405,426

17,593

75,277

18,426

55,890

2,961

224,227

28,608

186,0s5

9,534

16,766

954

14,842

870

9,677

452

8,622

603

1,384

149

1,150

65

842

58

767

17

2,706

86

2,515

103

2,177

207

1,868

62

205,324

27,424

169,614

6,286

169,440

21,636

140,610

6,792

26,465

5,015

20,436

1,014

33,544

3,940

28,108

1,496

3,271

159

2,913

199

1,844

82

1,633

129

303

21

262

20

136

8

128

2

554

19

511

24

432

3:

24

29,912

3,736

24,944

1,232

23,964

2,968

20,004

992

4,140

654

3,326
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 2(S) ● July 8, 1993 ~15

Table 3. Number of live births by smoking status of mother and percent smokers, by age and Hispanic origin of mother and by race of

mother for mothers of non-Hispanic origin: Total of 44 reporting Statas and the District of Columbia, 1990-Con.

Age of mother

15-19 years

Smoking status and All Under 15-17 16-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-49

origin of mother ages 15 years Total years years years years years years years

Smokers

Alloriginsl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.4 7.5 20.7 17.5

Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7 4.4 6.8 6.4

Mexican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.3 3.7 5.0 4.9

Puerto Rican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.6 ●

12.3 10.5

Cuban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.4 * 6.6 *

Central and South American. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 * 2.8 2.3

Otherand unknown Hispanic. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.8 *

11.3 9.7

Non-Hispanic2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.6 8.0 22.7 19.3

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,0 22.6 32.0 30.9

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.9 2.0 7.5 5.3

Percent

22.5 22.0

7.1 6.9

5.0 5.2

13.5 14.2

6.8 6.6

3.0 2.8

12.3 11.5

24.5 23.9

32.5 27.3

9.1 15.0

16.0 15.3 13.3 12.3

6.7 6.7 6.0 5.2

5.4 5.6 5.0 4.8

14.3 14.1 11.5 7.4

6.2 8.3 7.0 ●

2.9 3.5 3.4 *

10.7 9.8 9.9 7.1

19.0 16.0 13.9 13.0

19.0 15.3 13.4 12.9

21.2 22.7 19.7 16.4

1Includes origin not statad.

zlncl”de~ races other than white and black.

NOTE Excludes data for California, Indiana, New Hampahire, New York, Oklahom% and South Dakota, which did not require reporting of either Hispanic origin of mother or tobacco use during

pregnancy.

.
16~ Monthly Vital Statistics Repotio Vol.42, No.2(S)o July8, l993 ~

Table 4. Number of live births, percent of mothers who smoked cigarettes during pregnancy and percent distribution of average number

of cigarettes smoked by mothers per day, according to educational attainment and race of mother: Total of 44 reporting States and the

District of Columbia, 1990

Yeara of school completed by mother

Smoking measure and o-6 e-l 1 12 13-15 16 years Not

race of mother Total years years yeara years or more stated

All births

1,172,144

904,320

235,766

All racesi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,023,895

2,373,156

554,464

134,771

107,413

19,761

513,526

349,282

149.604

617,975

500,125

101,301

541,781 43,696

460,535 31,461

38,723 9,329

Percent

21.2

23.0

15.6

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All racesl

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10cigarettesorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11-20cigarettes, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Zlclgarettesormore . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10cigarettesor less . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11-20cigarettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21 cigarettesormore . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10cigarettesoriess . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11-20cigarettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21 cigarettesormore, . . . . . . . . .,,.

18.4

19.3

15.9

19.2

21.3

12.7

33.3

38.8

21.5

12.7

13.0

12.1

4.5 16.8

4.5 17.0

5.9 19.0

Percent distribution

100.0

56.5

35.6

5.9

100.0 100.0

70.6 59.1

25.1 34.6

4.1 6.3

100.0

59.0

34.8

&2

100.0

52.5

38.0

9.5

100.0

57.3

35.8

6.9

100.0

62.5

32.2

5.3

100.0

55,4

37.7

&9

100.0

49.9

39.9

10.2

100.0 100.0

52.8 55.1

39.5 38.4

7.7 6.5

100.0

59.5

34.6

5.6

100.0 100.0

69.6 55.1

25.9 37.5

4.3 7.4

100.0 100.0

74.9 77.0

21.3 20.3

3.8 2.7

100.0

77.3

20.2

2.5

100.0 100.0

76.7 69.6

16.4 27.1

2.9 3.3

100.0

7&o

20.6

3.2

100.0

71.4

23.6

4.9

1l“~l”de$ ~sce~other than ~~te a“d black.

NOTE Excludes data for California, Indiana, Naw York, Oklahoma, South Dakota, and Washington, which did not require reporllng of either tobacco use during pregnancy or educational

attainment of mother,
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 2(S) ● July 8, 1993 ~17

Table 5. Percent low birthweight by smoking status, age, and race of mother: Total of 45 reporting States and the District of

Columbia, 1990

[Low birthwelght is defined as weight of less than 2,500 grams (5 lb 8 OZ)]

Age of mother

15-19 vears

Smoking status and All Under 15-17 18-19 20-24 25-B 30-34 35-39

race of mother

40-49

ages 15years Total yeare yeara years years years years years

Allracesl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 13,7 9.7 10.6 9.1 7.3 6.3 6.4 7.5 6.5

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.3 1S.8 11.2 11.7 10.9 10.2 10.9 12.5 15.0

Nonsmoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16.2

6.1 13.4 9.2 10.3 6.5 6.4 5.1 5.2

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6.2

9.3

7.3

17.3 12.1 13.8 11.2 9.6 8.2 8.5 9.6 10.5

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.8 10.6 7.6 6.6 7.4 5.9 5.1 5.3 6.3 7.5

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %4 15.4 70.3 11.0 10.0 8.7 8.9 10.0 12.4

Nonsmoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14.4

4.6 9.5 6.7 7.6 6.3 4.9 4.2 4.4 5.4

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5

6.5

15.1 9.6 11.3 9.1 7.7 6.5 7.2 8.3 6.8

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.3 15.7 13.7 14.0 13.4 12.4 13.1 14.4 15.3 15.6

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.2 19.5 18.1 17.2 16.5 18.8 21.5 24.1 27.1 25.9

Nonsmoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.7 15.5 13.2 13.7 12.8 11.1 10.6 11.4 12.3

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13.2

16.7 19.8 17.0 18.4 16.1 15.4 16.8 17.5 18,3 24.5

1Includes races other than white and black.

NOTE Excludes data for California, Indiana, New York, Oklahoma, and South Dakota,which did not require rsportlng of tobacco use during pregnancy.
18~ Monthly Wal Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 2(S) ● July 8, 1993 ~

Table 6. Number of live births by drinking status of mother, percent drinkers, and psrcent distribution by average numbers of drinks per

week, according to age and race of mothec Totai of 46 reporting States and the Distict of Coiumbia, 1990

Age of mother

15–19 vears

Drinking status, drink/ng measure, All Under 15-17 18–19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-49

and rata of mother ages 15 yeara Total yaars yeara years years years years years

All racesl

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Drinker, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nondrinker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Drinker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nondrinker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Drinker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nondrinker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Drinker’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All racesl

Drinker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idrink orless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Zdrinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-4drinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5drinksormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White

Drinker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idrinkor less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2 drinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3--4dfinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,,, . . . . .

5drinksormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black

Drinker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

ldrinkorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2drinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-4drinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5dfinksormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,189,360

101,329

2,959,930

128,101

2,519,599

7’8,050

2,341,350

100,199

566,865

20,321

523,617

22,927

3.3

3.2

3.7

100.0

61.9

16.4

10.4

11.3

100.0

68.0

15.3

8.7

6.1

100.0

39.0

21.1

16.9

23.1

9,524

ao

9,067

377

3,638

45

3,414

179

5,671

26

5,465

180

0.9

1.3

0.5

100.0

65.9

*

*

*

100.0

*

*

*

●

100.0

*

●

*

*

416,744

7,391

393,279

16,074

274,431

5,346

258,234

10,851

132,027

1,651

125,606

4,766

1.6

2.0

1.3

100.0

62.0

15.4

10.3

12.3

100.0

65.7

13,8

9.1

11.4

100.0

50.5

20.4

14,6

14.4

146,311

2,129

136,436

5,746

87,673

1,554

82,445

3,674

55,061

444

52,702

1,915

1.5

1.9

0.6

100,0

63.6

15.6

9.6

11.0

100.0

65.3

14.2

9.4

11.1

100.0

59.8

16.9

10.7

10.7

Number

270,433

5,262

254,843

10,326

186,756

3,792

175,789

7,177

76,966

1,207

72,906

2,653

649,698

22,295

794,681

32,922

642,160

15,729

601,949

24,502

163,632

5,731

170,504

7,397

Parcant

2.0 2.7

2.1 2.5

1.6 3.3

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

61,4 60.1

15.3 16.1

10.5 11.2

12.6 12.6

100.0 100.0

65,9 67.4

13.6 14.2

9.0 8.9

11.5 9.5

100.0 100.0

47.2 41.3

21.0 21.3

16.1 17.3

15.6 20.2

961,555

32,966

910,083

38,504

613,669

25,234

757,366

31,069

135,700

6,893

122,903

5,904

3.5

3.2

5.3

100.0

62.4

16.1

10.1

11,4

100.0

69.6

14.7

8.1

7.5

100.0

36.6

21.3

17.2

24.7

666,713

27,081

611,621

26,011

564,411

22,048

518,985

23,378

78,098

4,439

70,314

3,345

4,2

4.1

5.9

100.0

63.0

16.8

9.9

10.2

100.0

68,4

15.9

8.7

7.0

100.0

35,8

21.5

16,5

26.3

230,50C)

10,079

209.665

10;556

193,06EI

6,434

175,801

8,83?1

27,425

1,40?1

24,66S1

1,15$1

4.6

4.6

5.31

1Oo.cl

61.6

17.4

lf),~

10.6

1Oo.cl

65.5

17.1

9.4

M

1Oo.cl

37.9

19.3

17,1

25.7

34,426

1,435

31,334

1,657

26,202

1,214

25,601

1,387

4,312

178

3,960

174

4.4

4.5

4.3

100.0

56.4

17.1

10.6

14.0

100.0

60.7

17.4

9.4

12.4

100.0

41.2

16.0

17.6

25.2

llncludes races other than white and black.

NOTE Excludes data for California, New York, Oklahoma, and South Oakota,which did not require reporling of alcohol use during pregnancy.
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 2(S) ● July 8, 1993 ~19

Table 7. Number of live births by drinking status of mother and percent drinkers, by Hiapanlc origin of mother and by race of mother for

mothers of non-Hispanic origin: Total of 45 reporting States and the District of Columbla, 1990

Origin of mother

Hispanic Non-Hispanfc

Central Other and

Drinking status of All Puerto and South unknown

mother origins% Total Mexican Rican Cuban American Hispanic Tots12 White Black

Total . . . . . . . . . . 3,171,791 296,228 181,612 34,376 9,771 32,061 38,386 2,648,555 2,196,291 556,631

Drinker, . . . . . . . . 100,304 4,561 2,288 943 82 335 935 94,482 71,711 19,963

Nondrinker. ., . . . . 2,943,435 272,713 165,782 31,064 9,546 30,553 35,746 2,650,199 2,046,666 515,173

Notstatad . . . . . . . 128,052 16,954 13,564 2,349 147 1,193 1,707 103,894 77,912 21,495

Percent

Drinker . . . . . . . . . 3.3 1.6 1.3 2.9 0.9 1.1 2.5 3.4 3.4 3.7

1Includes origin not stated.

21ncludes reces other then white and black.

NOTE Excludes dale for California, New Harnpshwe,New York, OkWtcsna, and 3outts Dakota, which did no! require reporl[ng of either akohol use during pregnancy or Hispanic orlgln of

mother.

Table S. Number of live births and percent distribution by weight gain during pregnancy and median weight gain, accordhrg to period of

gestation and race of mother: Total of 48 reporting States and the District of Columbia, 1990

Weight gain during pregnanoy

Period of geskdion and Ail

Median

Leas than 16-20 21-25 2L%I0 31-35 36-40 41-45 46 pOUlldS

race of motherl births Total

wight

16pounds pwnds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds or more gain

All racesz

All gestational periodsa. . . . . . . .

Under 37weeks . . . . . . . . . . . .

37-39 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40weeks and over . . . . . . . . .

White

All gestations perlods3. . . . . . . .

Under 37weeks . . . . . . . . . . . .

37-39 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40weeks And over . . . . . . . . . .

Black

All gestational perloda3, . . . . . . .

Under 37weeke . . . . . . . . . . . .

37-39 weaks . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40weeka And over . . . . . . . . . .

Number Percent diatributlon

3,497,935

374,531

1,434,635

1,889,964

2,749,497

243,182

1,116,183

1,374,935

830,249

118,926

263,126

243,316

100,0 9.2 11.2 15,7 20.6 14.8 12.5 6.2 9.7

100.0 17.2 15.6 16.5 18.2 11.1 9.3 4.5 7.6

100.0 8.9 11.5 16.5 21.4 14.9 12,1 5.9 8,6

100.0 7.7 9.9 14.9 20.8 15.5 13.5 6.8 10.9

100.0 7.8 10.3 15.7 21.4 75.6 13,0 6.5 9.8

100.0 14.0 14,5 16.9 19.2 12.3 10.0 5.0 8.1

100.0 7.7 10.7 16.6 22.0 15.7 12.6 6.1 8.8

100.0 6.8 9.3 14.9 21.2 16.2 13.8 7.0 10.9

100.0 15.5 14.8 15.3 16.0 11.0 10.5 5.0 9.6

100.0 24.4 18.0 15.4 15.9 8.4 7.8 3.4 6.6

100.0 14.4 14.9 15.8 16.7 11.3 10.6 5.0 9.3

100.0 12.6 13.3 14.8 18.3 11.9 11.6 5.6 11.7

30.4

26.3

30.3

30.7

30.6

27.9

30.4

30.9

28.1

24.7

28.3

30.2

1Expressed in completed weeks.

%cludes races other than whlre and black.

%c[udes births with period 01geStSdlOn not stated.

NOTE! Escludes data for Califormaand Oklahoma, wh!ch did not raquire reporting of weight gain during pregnancy.
20 ~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 2(S) ● July 8, 1993 ~_

Table 9. Percent low birthweight by weight gain during pregnancy, by period of gestation, and race of mothe~ Total of 48 reporting

States and the District of Columbia, 1990

[Low birthwelght is defined as weight of less than 2,500 grams (5 lb 8 OZ)]

Weight gain during pregnancy

Period of gestat~on and Less than 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 3640 41-45 46 pounds Not

race ot mother 1 Total 16 pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds or more stated

All gestational periodsz

Allraces3 .,, . . . . . . . . . . .

White . .,, . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under 37 weeks

Allraces3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

37–39 weeks

All races3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40 weeks and over

All races3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7.2

5.8

13.3

15.8

12,8

23.4

10.5 7.0 5.3

8.9 8.0 4.5

16,3 12.2 9.8

4,2 4.1

3.7 3.5

7.8 7.4

4.0

3,6

6.5

4.2

3.8

6.3

10.9

8.4

17.8

41.6

40,0

45.5

58.0

58.0

58.9

46,8 39.0 34.2

46.9 38.7 33.8

47.7 4U.6 35.9

31.1 30.2

30.9 30.0

32.4 31,1

30.7

31.2

30.5

30.6

30.9

30.2

49.1

46.6

53.2

4.6

3.9

7.7

8.2

8.7

11.9

6.5 4.8 3.8

5.5 4.1 3.3

9.6 7,9 6.5

3.2 3.2

2.9 2.8

5.3 5.2

3.1

2.8

4.6

3.4

3.2

4.4

6.0

4.8

9.3

1.6

1.3

3.6

3.5

2.7

6.2

2.6 1.8 1.3

2.0 1.5 1.1

5.0 3.6 2.9

1.1 1.0

0.9 0.8

2.4 2.2

0.9

0.8

1.8

0.9

0.8

1.6

2.4

1.8

4.6

lExpressed incomplete weeks,

‘Includes births wth period of gestatton not stated.

%cludesra cesotherth enwhiteand black.

NOTE: Excludes data for California and Oklahoma, wMchdid notrequire reponing ofweight gain during pregnancy.

Table 10. Percent low birthweight by weight gain during pregnancy and Hispanic origin of mother, and by race of mother for mothers of

non-Hispanic origin: Total of47reportlng States andthe District of Columbia, 1990

[Low Ltirthweight is defined as weight of less than 2,500 grams (5 lb 8 OZ)]

We;ght gain during pregnancy

Less than 16-20 21-25 26-30 31-35 36-40 41-45 46 pounds

Orig/n of mother Total

Not

16 pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds or more stated

Alloriginst . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 15.8 10.5 7.1 5.3 4.2 4.1 4.0 4.2 10.9

Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. 6.7 12.0 8.3 6.2 4.9 4.1 4.0 3.8 3.6 8.5

Mexican. . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.0 10.5 7.4 5.6 4.4 3.8 3.6 3.7 3.4 7.3

Puerto Rican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1 16.3 11.5 8.0 6.3 5.3 4.7 3.6 5.1

Cuban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.6

12.1

13.4 10.2 5.9 4.7 4.1 3.1 * 3.2 8.7

Central and South American . . . . . 6.0 11.3 7.3 6.1 4.6 3.7 3.9 3.6 3.9 7.1

Other and unknown Hispanic . . . 7.4 14.0 9.1 7.1 5.6 4.5 4.3 4.8 3.4 10.6

Non-HispanicZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 16.2 10.8 7.1 5.3 4.2 4,1 4.0 4,2 11.4

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.7 12.9 9.0 6.0 4.5 3.7 3.5 3.5 3.8 8.2

Black. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.4 23.5 16.4 12.3 9.8 7.9 7.4 6.5 6.3 17.9

1Includes origin not stated.

21ncludes races other than wnite and black.

NOTE: Excludes data for California, New Hampshve, and Oklahoma, whrch did not require repofling of either weight gain during pregnancy or Hispanic origin of mother,
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 2(S) ● July 8, 1993 ~21

Table 11. Live births with selected obstetric procedures and rates for selected obstetric procedures, by age and race of mothefi Total of

49 reporting States and the District of Columbia, 199o

[Rates are number of live births with specified procedure per 1,000 live births in specified group]

Obstetric procedure and

race of mother

Obstetric

Age of mother

All procedure All Under 20 20-24 25=29 30-34 35-39 40-49 Not

births 1 reported ages yeara years years years years years stated

All racesz

Amniocentesis . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Electronic fetal monitoring . . . . . .

Induction of labor . . . . . . . . . . .

Stimulation of labor , . . . . . . . . .

Tomlyais . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ultrasound. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White

Amniocentesis . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Electronic fefafmonitotfng. . . . . .

Induction of labor . . . . . . . . . . .

Stimulation of labor . . . . . . . . . .

Tocolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Uftrasound3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,

Black

Amniocentesis . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Electronicfetal monitoring. . . . . .

Induotionoflabor . . . . . . . . . . .

Stimulation oflabOr . . . . . . . . . .

Tocolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Uitrasound3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Numoer

4,110,563

4,110,563

4,110,563

4,110,563

4,110,563

3,914,773

3,252,473

3,252,473

3,252,473

3,252,473

3,252,473

3,105,232

679,236

679,236

679,236

679,236

679,236

635,916

133,866

2,933,662

361,975

456,556

63,973

2,0m,944

114,750

2,342,253

326,364

371,4s0

49,597

1,627,757

12,569

475,688

44,114

66,707

12,212

295,727

Rate Number

33.4 13.8 16.5 19.3

732.2 741.1 735.7 735.9

95.3 81 .S 92.1 88.7

113.9 109.9 112.7 116.9

16.0 19.3 16.7 14.9

524.7 506.2 517.6 531.0

36.2 15.0 17.5 19.9

738.0 746.9 741.2 742.4

102,8 90.6 I oo.a 106.4

117.0 114.1 116.1 119.5

15.6 19.1 16.4 14.6

537.5 523.6 531.2 542.4

19.1 11.2 13.0 16.0

722.3 733.3 724.6 717.7

67.0 62.3 63.6 6s.9

101.3 ?01.0 101.2 103.3

18.5 20.0 18.8 17.9

480.3 467.3 474.6 465.8

33.1

726.0

96.9

114.5

14.6

530.7

34.7

732.7

104.5

117.0

14.6

541.0

22.4

712.6

73.1

99.7

17.3

492.9

156.3

711.6

100.6

111.9

15.8

537.6

167.6

717.4

105.9

114.8

15.5

547.7

81.8

710.1

79.5

29.6

17.5

506.8

193,9

702.4

104.7

112.0

15.0

526.7

208.7

708.9

110.4

115.4

14.9

538.7

106.3

712.5

88.6

94.2

17.2

505.4

103,783

103,783

103,783

103.783

*03.783

104,499

78,737

78,737

78,737

78,737

76,737

77,127

20,789

20,789

20,789

20,789

20,789

20,206

1Totalnumberof births to residents of areas reporting specified obstetric procedure.

‘Includes races other than while and black.

Slllinois does not reporl thi9 pKX.5dUre.

NOTE Excludes datafor Oklahoma,which did not require reporting of obstatdc procedures.
22 ~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report oVoi.42, No.2(S)o July 8,l993 ~

Table 12. Live birthe with selected complications of labor and/or dellvery and rates for seiected complications by age and race of

motherv Total of 49 reporting States and the District of Columbia, 1990

[Rates are number of live births with specified complication per 1,000 live blrtha In specified group]

Age of mother

Corrrp/ication and race All Complication All Under 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39

of mother births 1

40-49 Not

reported ages 20 years yeara years yeara years years stated

All racesz

Febrile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Meconlum, moderate/heavy ., ., .,

Premature rupture of membrane , , , .

At.wuptioplacenta . . . . . . . . , , . .

Placenta previa, , . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other excessive bleadlng ., ., , . . .

Seizures during labor. . . . . . . . . . .

Precipitous labor,,,,....,,,,..

Prolonged labor.,.....,,,,,..

Dysfunctional labor , , ., . . . ., . . .

Breech/Malpresentation. ., . , , , , , .

Cephalopclvic disproporfion34 , , . . .

Cord prolapse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Anesthetic complication. ., , ., , . .

Fetal dietreea4 .,..........,..

White

Febrile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mecmnium,moderate/heavy , . . . . . .

Premature rupture of membrane . . . .

Abruptio placenta . . . . . , . . . . . . .

Placenta prevla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other excessive bleeding . . . . . . . .

Seizures during labor. . . . . . . . . . .

Precipitous labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Prolonged labor . ., . . . . . . . . . . .

Dysfunctional labor . . . ., . . . . . .

Breech/MalpreseWafion, . . . . . . . .

Cephalopelvlc dlaproportion3,4 , . . . ,

Cord prolapse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Anesthetic complicatlon~ , . . . . . . . .

Fetal distress4 .,.,,,.,...,,,,

Black

Febrile, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Meconlum, moderate/heavy. . . . ., .

Premature rupture of membrane . , . ,

Abruptio plaoenta . . . . . , , , .

Placenta previa. .,,,...,.,,. ,.

Other exceaslve bleeding , , , , ., , ,

Seizures during labor . . . . . . ., . . .

Preclpltous labor .,, . . . . . . . . . . .

Prolonged labor,,,.......,,,.

Dysfunctional labor , . . . . . , , , . . .

Breech/Malpresentation. . . . . . . . .

Cephalopelvic disproportion3,4 , , . . .

Cord prolapse, , . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Anee.thetlccompllcation4. ., , , . . .

Feteldistress4, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Number Rate

4,110,563

4,110,563

4,110,563

4,110,563

4,110,563

4,110,563

4,110,563

4,110,563

4,110,563

4,110,583

4,110,563

3,631,762

4,110,583

3,794,140

3,794,140

3,252,473

3,252,473

3,252,473

3,252,473

3,252,473

3.252,473

3,252,473

3,252,473

3,252,473

3,252,473

3,252,473

2,843,857

3,252,473

2,966,321

2,966,321

679,236

679,236

679,236

679,236

679,236

679,236

679,236

679,236

679,236

679,236

679,236

619,329

679,236

635,877

635,e77

47,689

241,006

133,176

24,892

14,348

21,266

1,705

72,311

42,642

117,937

152,603

132,047

12,148

2,067

158,680

35,376

175,218

101,170

18,979

11,115

16,679

1,232

.54,555

34,773

97,026

127,111

108,093

9,569

1,671

118,893

10,195

56,633

26,595

4,966

2,416

2,943

402

14,046

5,600

16,494

19,502

16,007

2,163

326

33,733

12.0

60.4

33.4

6.2

3.6

5,3

0.4

18.1

10!7

29.6

36.3

37,2

3<0

0.6

42,8

11.2

55.5

32.0

6.0

3.5

5.3

0.4

17.3

11.0

30.7

40,3

38.9

3.0

0.6

40.7

15.5

86.3

40,5

7.6

3.7

4.5

0.6

21.4

8.5

25.1

29.7

29.9

3.3

0.5

54.6

15.7

66.3

33.8

6.1

1.3

4.9

0,8

14.1

12.2

29.0

30.1

36.4

2.8

0.4

49,2

14.1

59.1

32.1

6.0

1.3

5.1

0.7

12.5

13.1

31.4

33.5

36.7

2.7

0.5

46.0

19.4

83.3

37.7

6.5

1.5

3.8

1.0

17.3

9.8

24.3

22.4

32.6

3.0

0.4

53.1

12,7

62,0

31.7

6.0

2.3

5.1

0.5

17.4

11.2

29.5

32.9

37.1

3.0

0.5

44.1

12.0

56.4

30.2

5.7

2.2

5.1

0.4

15.6

11.7

31.0

35.1

39.9

2.9

0.5

42.7

15.3

64.5

37.6

7.2

2.7

4.2

0.6

22,6

8.5

24.5

25.2

2a.2

3.1

0.5

51,0

11.4

56.1

32.4

6.0

3.5

5.1

0.3

16.0

10.5

30.0

39.2

39.0

3.0

0.6

40.2

10.9

53.7

31.0

5.7

3.4

5.0

0,3

17,1

10.7

30.9

40.6

40,4

2.9

0,6

38.1

13.6

67.7

41,4

7,8

4,1

4.5

0.5

22.8

8.3

25,9

32.2

30.8

3.3

0.6

54.4

10.4

57.7

34.6

6.4

5.1

5.6

0.3

20.2

9.6

26<9

43.7

35.8

3.2

0.6

39.9

9.8

54.1

33.3

6.1

4.9

5.4

0.3

19.8

9.8

29.4

44,6

36.5

3.2

3?6

13.8

88.9

46,6

8.6

6.5

5.3

0.4

22.7

7.5

25.9

39.1

29.0

3.8

0.7

56.9

10.5

61.4

38.0

7.7

7,1

6.6

0!3

21.4

10.2

30.2

49.0

36.1

3.4

0.6

45.0

10.0

57.7

37.2

7.3

6.7

6.4

0.3

21.3

10.6

31.2

49.7

37.2

3.3

0.8

42.3

13.1

95.4

48.3

10.6

8.4

6,3

*

22.1

7.3

25.5

47,1

26.4

4,0

0.8

66.3

10.4

65.4

40.7

9.3

10.0

8.1

0.6

22.1

11.6

34.0

55.0

36.7

4.3

0.9

56.1

9.9

61.6

40.6

9.0

9.5

7.8

0,6

22.0

11.7

34,5

55.0

36.4

4.4

0.8

54.6

12.8

94,4

48.5

12.6

10.1

5.8

4

21.0

6.6

31.6

56,6

32.4

4,9

*

74.1

Number

121,736

121,736

121,736

121,736

121,736

121,736

121,736

121,736

121,736

121,736

121,736

85,631

121,736

90,077

90,077

94,662

94,682

94,862

94,ee2

94,882

94,662

94,862

94,862

94,882

94,862

94,882

65,047

94,882

68,642

68,642

22,955

22,955

22,955

22,955

22,955

22,955

22,955

22,955

22,955

22,955

22,955

17,496

22,955

18,250

16,250

lTotalnumberOfbitihstOresidentsofareosreponingsPoclfiedcamPIicaum.

al”~l”de~rac~~Otherthan~Mtea“d black.

3NeW ‘y,Yk Cty (but no! Now York State) reports th!s Complication.

4Texasdoesnotreportthtecomplicatim,

NOTEExcludesdataforOklahoma,whichdid not require reporllng of complications of labor andlor dalivery,
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 2(S) ● July 8, 1993 ~ 23

Table 13. Live births by method of delivery, and rates of cesarean delivery and vaginal birthafter previous cesarean delivery, by age and

race of mothe~ Total of 49 reporting States and the District of Columbia, 1990

Births by method of delivery

Vaginal Cesarean Cesarean delVary rate Rate of

vaginal

After

Age and race All

bkth after

previous Not

of mother births Total Total

previous

cesarean Primary Repeat stated ToW1 Pnmary2 Repeat3 cesarean4

Allracess . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under 20years . . . . . . . . . . .

20-24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29 years . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35-39 years . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40-49 years . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under 20years . . . . . . . . . . .

20-24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29 years . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35-39 years . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40-49 years . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under 20years . . . . . . . . . . .

20-24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29 years . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35-39 years . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4049years . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,110,563

525,779

1,078,851

1,263,051

877,693

315,107

49,682

3,252,473

354,021

826,121

1,040,031

732,360

259,740

40,200

679,236

156,666

215,477

187,098

98,828

35,404

5,763

3,111,421

429,660

642,833

948,891

638,511

216,652

33,074

2,453,857

266,876

643,641

760,480

533,369

160,667

26,804

516,581

127,664

167,691

123,786

69,946

23,859

3,615

84,299

4,091

18,497

28,223

24,091

8,329

1,068

67,191

2,255

13,239

23,084

20,672

7,036

903

13,496

1,742

4,598

4,019

2,260

776

101

914,096

85,253

214,145

288,066

221,176

89,889

15,785

732,713

58,095

166,231

238,583

183,867

73,399

12,538

146,472

25,369

42,669

39,184

26,572

10,758

2,020

575,066

73,283

145,856

175,350

121,404

49,388

9,810

458,656

50,957

115,213

145,220

99,755

39,754

7,757

93,476

20,775

26,751

22,974

15,172

6,472

1,332

339,030

11,970

86,289

112,716

99,774

40,328

5,955

274,057

7,138

51,018

93,383

84,112

33,645

4,781

52,996

4,594

15,818

16,210

11,400

4,288

686

65,046

10,886

22,073

26,094

18,204

8,768

1,04s

85,903

7,050

16,249

20,968

15,124

5,654

“ 858

16,183

3,613

5,217

4,128

2,310

787

128

22.7 16.0 37.1 19.9

16,6 14.7 14.0 25.5

20.3 15.0 31.9 21.3

23.3 16.0 39.1 20.0

25.7 16.5 45.1 19.4

29.1 19.0 45.0 17.1

32.3 23.5 37.8 15.2

23.0 16.1 37.4 19.7

18.7 15.1 12.3 24,0

20.5 15.5 30.7 20.6

23.4 16.1 39.1 19,8

25.6 16.3 45.7 19.7

28.9 18.6 45.8 17,3

31.9 23.0 38.1 15.9

22.1 15.7 36.2 20,3

16.6 14.2 18.1 27.5

20.2 14.1 37.2 22.5

24.0 16.1 41.4 19,9

27.5 18.3 42.9 16.5

31.1 21.9 39.8 15.3

35.8 27.5 34.1 12.0

1percentOfall live births that are by ceaareen delivety.

2Number of prhneryCesareana per 100 live births to women who have rIOt had a previous CBSarearI.

qpercent of all cesareans that are repeat cesareans.

4Number of vaginal births after pravious cesarean delivery per 1w live births to women with a previous cesarean deliiery.

Slncludes racea other than white and blaCk.

NOTE Escludes date for Oklahoma, which did not require reporting of method of delivery,
24 ~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 2(S) . July 8, 1993 ~

Table 14. Rates of cesarean delivery and vaginal birth after previous cesarean delivery, by selected medical risk factors, complications

of labor and/or delivery, and obstetric procedures: Total of 49 reporting States and the District of Columbia, 1990

tvfedkal risk factor, complication,

and obstetric procedure

A// births

Cesarean delivery rste

%rte of

with specified vaginal birth

condition and/or after previous

procedure Totali Primary2 Repeat3 cesarean4

Medical risk factors

Anemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cardiac disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Acute orchronic lung disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Diabetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Genital herpes5$ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hydramnlos/01igohydramnios5 . . . . . . . . .

Hemoglobinopathy5 .,....... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hypertension, chronic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Eclampsia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Incompetentcervixs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Renal disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rhsensitizafion7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Uterine bleeding6 .,...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Complications of labor

and/or delivery

Febrile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Premature rupture ofmembrane. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Abruptioplacenta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Placentaprevia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Otherexcessive bleeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Seizuresduring labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Precipitous labor (lessthan3hours) . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Prolonged labor (morethan20hours) . . . . . . . . . .

Dysfunctional labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Breech/Malpreaentafion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cephalopelvic disproportion8,9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cord prolapse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Anestheticcomplicationag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fetaldistreasg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Obstetric procedures

Electronicfetal monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Induction oflabor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Stimulationoflabor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Toco[ysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ultraaound10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

72,563

13,457

12,102

84,615

27,539

22,633

1,584

25,961

15,797

13,083

8,790

24,044

30,645

47,689

133,176

24,892

14,348

21,268

1,705

72,311

42,642

117,937

152,603

132,047

12,148

2,087

158,680

2,933,662

361,975

456,556

63,973

2,000,944

25.8

26.7

29.6

37.2

46.0

45.6

26.6

41.4

52.3

29.9

28.3

24.4

33.6

38.4

29.3

57.7

62.3

26.3

47.0

1.5

40.4

65.2

64.5

97.7

59.5

51.8

62.6

21.7

21.9

17.9

31.1

26.3

18.5

19,8

22,1

27.4

40,6

40.2

19.6

32.2

48.7

22.5

21.0

17.1

26.5

34.4

25.9

53.8

78.2

21.6

44.8

1.1

39.3

63.4

83.0

97.5

56.9

44.2

60.6

16.2

20.5

16.5

25.2

18.7

37.3

35.0

35.8

38.9

24.7

22.5

35.8

35.2

15.6

34.9

35.3

38.5

31.8

13.0

18.5

16.8

25,3

32.8

11<4

24.8

8.4

11.4

13.4

14.4

12.5

30,1

11.9

32.4

11.3

12.2

26.0

37.9

21.6

:?3.0

20.6

14.4

22.8

15.4

26.5

12.8

12.6

22.3

20.0

22.3

17.4

39.4

30.1

15.6

2.7

24.6

24.2

87.0

41.7

16.9

4.7

1.1

13.0

14.4

1,5,6

25.3

50.7

56.5

20.6

19.2

‘Percent of all live birIhs that are by cesarean deiive~,

2Number of primary cesareans per 100 five births to women who have nOt had a preViOUS CeSareOn.

3Percent of all cesareans that are repeat cesareans.

4Number of vaginal births after previous cesarean delivety per 100 live bmth$ to women with a previous cesarean dalivery.

5New york city (but not New York State) reporta this risk fa@Or.

6TemS does not report this risk faCtOr.

7~nsa~ does not reporl this risk faster.

eNewyork Cky(butn otNewYorkState) reports this complication.

*exas does not report this complication.

to Iltinojs does not report this procedure.

NOTE:Excludes data for Oklahoma, which did not require reporting of method of defive~, medical risk faorors,complications of labor andlor delivery, and obstetric procedures.
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 2(S) ● July 8, 1993 ~ 25

Table 15. Live births by day of week and index of occurrence by method of delivery, day of week, and race of mother: Total of 49

reporting States and the District of Columbia, 1990

index of occurrence

Method of deliveiy

Day of week and race

Cesarean

All

of mother births Tota12 Vaginal Total Primary Repeat

Allraces3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,110,583 100.0 100.0 100.0

58.6

108.3

116.8

114.2

114.3

120.6

88.2

100.0 100.0

Sunday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Monday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tuesday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wednesday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Thursday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Friday, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Saturday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

470,912

60S,619

836,929

628,024

628,440

636,324

504,315

78.9

103.6

108.6

107.2

107.3

108.7

8S.1

84.9

102.2

106.2

105.2

105.2

105.1

91.4

38.9

122.4

123.2

119.4

121.5

130.7

45.1

70.2

100.0

112,7

111.2

110.1

114.6

81.8

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,252,473 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Sunday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Monday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tuesday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wednesday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Thursday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Friday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Saturday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

364,414

482,147

507,260

499,983

500,285

507,160

391,204

77.2

104.1

109.5

107.9

108.0

109.6

84.4

83.4

102.4

107.1

105.9

i 05.8

105.7

90.0

56.4

109.4

117.6

114.6

115.2

121.7

66.0

68.7

100.6

113.6

111.7

110.8

115.1

60.2

35.8

124.1

124.2

119.6

122.5

132.7

42.3

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679,236 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Sunday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Monday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tuesday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wednesday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Thursday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Friday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Saturday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

84,412

98,306

101,685

101,328

101,434

102,236

89,633

85.6

101.6

105.3

104.7

104.6

105.7

92.6

In

103.2

102.5

103.1

102.6

97.1

67.6

103.9

112.6

112.4

110.9

116.0

77.1

76.3

97.7

109.1

109.1

107.5

112.7

88.1

52.4

115.0

116.9

118.3

116.8

121.9

57.7

1IMW. IS the ratio of the average number Of birthsby a specified method of delivery on a given day of the week to the average daily number of births by a SPaCdied metlmd Of dellve~ for the

year,muftipffedbylW.

zl~l”de~ methd of delivery nO: smted.

3fncludesraces otherthanwhte and black,

NOTE Escludes data for Oklahoms, which did not require repdng of method of delivery.
26 ~ Monthly Vital Statistics Repoti@ Vol. 42, No.2(S)o July 8,l993 ~

Table 16. Live births with selected abnormal conditions of the newborn and rates for selected abnormal conditions of the newborn, by

age and race of mother: Total of 49 reporting States and the Diatrlct of Columbia, 1990

[Rates are number of live births with specified abnormal condition per 1,000 live births in specified group]

Abnormal

Age of mother

Abnormal condition All condition All Under 20-24 25-29 30-34 3549 4M9 Not

and race of mother births 1 reported ages 20 years years years years years years stated

All racesz

Anemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Bitihinju@ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fetal alcohol syndrome4#5 . . . . .

Hyaline membrane disease/RDS . . .

Meconium aspiration syndrome5 . .

Assisted ventilation less than 30 mine. . . .

Assisted ventilation 30 min or longe@. . . .

Seizures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,, ,,.

White

Anemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Birth injury3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fetal alcohol syndrome4,5 . . . . . . . .

Hyaline membrane disease/RDS. . . . . . .

Meconium aspiration syndrome5. . . . . .

Assisted ventilation less than 30min6. . . .

Assisted ventilation 30minorlonger6. . . .

Seizures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black

Anemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Biflhlnju~3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fetal alcohol syndrome4,5 . . . . . . . .

Hyalinemembranedisease/RDS. . . . . . . .

Meconium aspiration syndromes. . . . .

Assisted ventilation less than 30min6. . . .

Aasisted ventilation 30minorlonger6. . .

Seizures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,110,563

3,677,106

3,875,290

4,110,563

3,948,185

3,812,987

3,812,987

4,110,563

3,252,473

2,883,983

3,046,697

3,252,473

3,110,009

3,031,747

3,031,747

3,252,473

679,236

625,485

655,514

679,236

662,668

615,921

615,921

679,236

6,926

7,077

524

23,680

11,406

46,943

26,341

3,462

4,919

6,143

292

16,626

8,344

37,749

19,953

2,514

1,779

633

173

4,462

2,568

7,199

5,549

613

1.7

2.0

0.1

6.0

3.0

12.8

7.2

0.9

1.6

2.2

0.1

5.9

2.8

12.9

6.8

0.8

2.7

1.0

0.3

6.9

4.0

12.2

9.4

1.2

2.3

1.9

0.1

7.7

3.3

13.5

9.1

1.0

2.0

2.2

*

7.9

2.9

14.0

8.9

0.9

3.2

1.0

0.2

7.6

4,1

11.8

9.7

1.2

1.9

1.9

0.1

6.3

3.1

12.9

7.4

0.9

1.7

2,2

0.1

6.3

2.9

13,1

7.0

0.8

2,9

1.0

0.1

6.5

3.9

12.1

9.1

1.1

1.5

2.1

0.1

5.5

2,6

12,5

6.4

0.6

1.4

2.2

0.1

5.6

2.6

12.6

6.2

0.8

2.3

1.2

0.3

6.4

3.8

12.2

8.8

1.4

1.5

2.1

0,2

5.3

2,9

12.6

6.6

0.8

1.4

2.2

0.1

6.2

2.8

12.7

6.3

0.8

2.4

1.0

0.4

7,1

3.9

12.6

9.7

1.3

1.5

1.9

0.2

5.7

3.3

12.7

7.5

0.8

1,4

2.1

0.1

5.7

3.0

12.8

7.1

0.6

2.2

0.9

0.6

7.2

5.4

12.8

11.3

1.2

1.5

1.8

*

5,5

3.7

14!1

6.6

1.0

1.4

1.8

*

5,4

3.4

14.3

8.3

1.0

*

*

*

5.8

5.4

14.1

11.7

*

147,864.

115,592

144,105

147,664

142,841

140,924

140,924

147,664

116,628

90,320

113,697

116,628

112,473

112,033

112,033

116,628

26,664

21,597

25,903

26,664

25,883

24,364

24,364

26,664

1Total number of births to residents or areas reporting epecified condition.

2[ncludes racss other than white and black.

3Ma3sachusetls snd Tsxas do not report ths condition.

4W!sconsin does not repon this condition.

5 New York City (but not New York Stete) reports this condition.

6New York State and New York City do not report this condition.

NOTE: Excludes data for Oklahoma, which did not require reporting of obnormal condltmns of the newborn.
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 2(S) ● July 8, 1993 ~ 27

Table 17. Live births with seleoted congenital anomalies and rates for seiected congenital anomalies, by age and race of mothe~ Total of

47 reporting States and the District of Columbia, 1990

[Ratee are number of live births with specified congenital anomaly per 100,000 live births in specified group]

Congenita/

Age of mother

Congenital anomaly and All anomaly All Under 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-49

race of mother birfhsl

Not

reported ages 20 years yeara years years years years stated

All racesz

Anencephalus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Splna bifld~Meningocele. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hydrocephalus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mlcrocephalus ...,.....,..,.. . . . . .

Other central nervoue system anomalies . . . .

Heart malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other circulatory/respkatoty anomaliea . . . . .

Rectal atresiefstenosis , , . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tracheo-esophageal flstuls/Esophageal

atresia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Omphalocele/Gastroschlsie . . . . . . . . . .

Other gastrointestinal anomalies . . . . . . . . .

Malformed genitalia . . . . . . . . . . . . ,,, ,.

Renal agenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other urogenital anomalies . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cleft lip/palate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Polydactyly/Syndactyly/Adactyly . . . . . . . . .

Club foo~, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Diaphragmatic hernia3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . , .

Other musculoskeletal/integumental

anomalies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Down’s syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other chromosomal anomalies . . . . . . . . . .

White

Anencephalus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Splnabifld~Menlngocele, , . . . , , , . . . . . .

Hydrocephalus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Microcephalus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other central nervous system anomalies. . . .

Heart malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other circulatoty/respiratory anomalies . . . . .

Racfalatresiafstenosls . . . . . . . . . . . . . , ,

Tracheo-esophageal fistule/Esophageal

atresia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Omphalocele/GastroschLsls . . . . . . . . , .,

Other geatrointestinal anomalies , . . , . . . . .

Malformed genitalia .,,.,,,....,.. . . .

Renal ageneels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other urogenital anomalies , , . . . . . . . . . .

Cleft llp/palate, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Polydactyly/Syndactyly/Adactyly . . . . . . . . .

Clubfoot, ,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Diaphragmatichernia3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other musculoskeletalfintegumental

anomalies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Down’ssyndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Otherchromosomal anomalies. , ., , , , . . .

Number

3,785,585

3,785,585

3,785,585

3,785,585

3,785,585

3,785,585

3,785,585

3,785,585

3,785,585

3v785,5a5

3,785,585

3,785,585

3,7858585

3,785,585

3,785,585

3,785,585

3,785,585

3,785,585

3,785,585

3,785,585

3,785,585

3,009,144

3,009,144

3,009,144

3,009,144

3,009,144

3,009,144

3,009,144

3,009,144

3,009,144

3,009,144

3,009,144

3,009,144

3,009,144

3,009,144

3,009,144

3,009,144

3,009,144

3,009,144

3,009,144

3,009,144

3,009,144

634

938

1,090

354

942

4,676

4,995

388

574

874

1,334

2,936

328

4,818

3,190

3,2eo

2,616

621

7,672

1,977

1,604

505

600

858

272

760

3,768

4,068

331

495

694

1,083

2,526

282

4,230

2,789

1,869

2,269

537

6,122

1,656

1,309

Rate

17.5

25.8

30.0

9.7

25.9

128.8

137,6

10.7

15.8

24.1

36.7

80.9

9.0

132.7

87.8

90.3

72.0

17.1

211.3

54.4

44.2

17.5

27.7

29.7

9.4

26.3

130,4

140.8

11.5

17.1

24.0

37.5

87.4

9.8

146,4

96.5

64.7

78.5

18.6

211.9

57.3

45.3

20.5

24.0

37.8

14.6

26.3

119.8

142.6

12.4

18.3

46.6

41.5

79.5

9.5

131.4

83.7

121.9

79.9

20.5

210.7

36,7

37.8

21.2

27.4

35.6

12.8

26.4

121.7

151,0

15.0

20.0

53.3

45.2

88.9

11.2

153.2

103.6

74.9

95.1

25.3

203.7

36.8

39.3

20.4

26.5

32.1

9.7

28.3

124.3

136.0

9.6

14.9

29.9

39.7

82.0

9.9

132.3

90.0

97.7

75.2

14.8

200,4

37.7

42.0

20.8

30.6

32.9

9.7

29.3

T23.8

141.7

10.6

16.9

30.6

41.3

90.7

11,0

145.4

103,4

86,7

84.2

16.1

201.5

40,6

43.4

16.3

25.6

27.0

8.2

25.6

129.5

135.3

11.9

12.7

17.3

34.6

80.9

8.6

127.9

84.1

83.8

70.5

18.1

208.0

39.9

39.5

16.1

27.7

27.7

7.7

24.9

131.2

136.6

12.3

13.2

17.1

34.3

85.2

9.0

141.5

89.6

83.6

74.9

19.3

208.3

41.4

40.3

15.4

25.4

26.7

6.9

22.6

131.7

131.6

9.6

17.9

14.9

35.1

79.6

8.8

142.8

68.5

77.9

65.6

15.6

222.9

83.0

46.2

15.0

25.9

25.9

9.4

24.5

133,2

132.4

9.8

19.6

14.3

35,7

85.6

9.2

155.2

93.8

61.4

69.6

17.0

226.7

66.1

46.9

11.0

21.0

29.1

10,3

22.5

136.6

152.1

9.6

18.0

16,6

30.2

76.2

7.7

126.1

100.5

68.5

73.3

19.9

229.0

123.3

63.7

11.5

22.2

28.4

10.7

22.7

140,4

157.7

10.2

19.5

15.5

30.6

61.3

*

136.8

100.4

56.0

77.7

19.1

227.9

126.1

63.5

*

*

*

*

*

209.4

188.2

*

*

*

*

120.0

*

129,4

89.4

105.9

61.2

●

225.9

421.2

127.1

*

*

*

*

*

217.6

185.7

*

*

*

*

136,3

*

136.3

98.6

75.4

72.5

*

229.2

423.5

127.6

Number

154,333

154,333

154,333

154,333

154,333

154,333

154,333

154,333

154,333

154,333

154,333

154,333

154,333

154,333

154,333

154,333

154,333

154,333

154,333

154,333

154,333

120,168

120,168

120,166

120,168

120,168

120,16a

120,168

120,168

120,168

120,168

120,168

120,166

120,168

120,168

120,168

120,168

120,168

120,168

120,166

120,166

120,168

See footnotesat end oftable.
28~ Monthly Vital Statistics Repoti* Vol. 42, No.2(S)@July8, l993 ~

Table 17. Lhrebirths with selected congenital anomalies and rates for selected congenital anomalies, by age and race of mothe~ Total of

47 reporting States and the District of Columbia, 1990-Con.

[Rates are number of live births with specified congenital anomaly per 100,000 live births in specified group]

Congenital

Age of mother

Congenital anomaly and All anomaly All Under 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-49 Not

race of mother births 1 reporfed ages 20 years years years years yeara years stated

Black

Anencephalus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Splna blfide/Meningocele. . . . . . . . . . . .

Hydrocephaius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mlcrocephalus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other central nervous system anomalies . . .

Heart malformatlona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other circulatory/respirato~ anomalies . .

Rectal atresia/stenosis . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tracheo-esophageal fistule/Esophageal

atresia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Omphalocele/Gastroschisis . . . . . . . . . . .

Other gastrointestinal anomalies . . . . . . . . .

Malformed genitalia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Renal agenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other urogenital anomalies . . . . . . . . .

Clettllp/palate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Polydactyly/Syndactyly/Adactyly . . . . . . . .

Club foo~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Diaphragmatic hernia3 . . . . . . . . . . .

Other musculoskelefal/integumental

anomalies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Down’ssyndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Otherchromosomal anomalies . . . . . . . . .

Number

615,384

615,384

615,384

615,384

615,384

615,384

81S,384

615,384

615,384

815,384

615,384

615,384

615,384

615,384

615,384

615,384

615,384

615,384

615,384

615,384

61.5,384

101

120

189

64

144

725

708

40

62

154

212

334

37

446

246

1,313

279

64

1,195

248

238

Rate

17.2

20.5

32.2

10.9

24.5

123.6

120.7

6.6

10.6

26.3

36.1

56.9

6.3

76.4

41.9

223.8

47.6

10.9

203.7

42.3

40.6

17.2

17.2

42.2

17.2

26.4

112.9

123.7

●

*

30.7

35.0

62.9

*

82.2

37.2

233.6

46.5

●

222.3

37.2

35.7

17.0

23.3

29.7

*

23.3

126.3

114.0

*

●

29.2

36.6

55.1

●

83.2

36.0

222.1

44.5

*

191.4

29.2

36.2

16.9

18.3

21.6

*

31.0

126.1

123.3

●

*

21.8

38.0

60.6

*

57.1

44.4

225.4

50.0

●

197.9

31.0

39.4

*

24.2

35.2

*

*

122.4

120.0

*

*

*

35.2

48.5

*

61.2

41.2

217.0

50.9

*

201.2

47.3

41.2

*

*

*

*

*

120.6

127.5

*

*

*

*

●

●

82.7

96.5

172.3

*

●

224.0

120.6

*

*

*

*

*

●

☛

●

☛

☛

☛

●

☛

☛

☛

☛

☛

☛

☛

☛

501.7

*

Number

26,782

28,782

28,762

28,782

28,782

28,782

28,782

28,782

28,782

28,782

28,782

28,782

28,782

28,782

28,782

28,782

28,782

28,782

28,782

28,782

28,782

lTotal number of births to residents of areas reporting specified congenital anomaly.

Zlncludes races other than white and black.

3F@es $ho~n for the “umber of congenital anomalies reported and rateS are in erw see Technical Notes.

NOTE Excludes date for New Mexico, New York, and Oklahoma, which did not require reporllng of congenital anomalies.
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 2(S) ● July 8, 1993 ~29

Technical notes

Source of data

Data shown in this report are based

on 100 percent of the birth certificates

in all States and the District of

Columbia. The data are provided to

the National Center for Health Statistics through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program. Information in this

report on selected maternal and infant

health characteristics was derived from

items on the 1989 revision of the U.S.

Standard Certificate of Live Birth,

shown in figure 1.

Race of mother

Birth data are tabulated by the

race of the mother as reported directly

on the birth certificate. If race of

mother was not stated, it was imputed

as that of the father, if known. If

neither race was stated, race of mother

was imputed as the race of the mother

on the preceding record with known

race.

Definitions of medical terms

The following definitions are

adapted and abbreviated from a set of

definitions compiled by a committee of

Federal and State health statistics

officials for the Association for VitaI

Records and Health Statistics (41).

Medical risk factors for this

pregnancy

Anemia – Hemoglobin level of less

than 10.0 g/dL during pregnancy, or a

hematocrit of less than 30 percent

during pregnancy.

Cardiac disease-Disease of the

heart.

Acute or chronic lung disease –

Disease of the lungs during pregnancy.

Diabetes –Metabolic disorder characterized by excessive discharge of

urine and persistent thirst; includes

juvenile onset, aduIt onset, and gestational diabetes during pregnancy.

Genital he~es – Infection of the

skin of the genital area by herpes simplex virus.

Hydramnios/Oligohy dramnios -

Any noticeable excess (hydramnios) or

lack (oligohydramnios) of amniotic

fluid.

Hemoglobinopathy –A blood disorder caused by alteration in the genetically determined molecular structure

of hemoglobin (for example, sickle cell

anemia).

Hypertension, chronic – Blood pressure persistently greater than 140/90,

diagnosed prior to onset of pregnancy

or before the 20th week of gestation.

Hypertension,pregnancy-associated –

An increase in blood pressure of at

least 30 mm hg systolic or 15 mm hg

diastolic on two measurements taken 6

hours apart after the 20th week of

gestation.

Eckzmpsia –The occurrence of convdsions and/or coma unrelated to other

cerebral conditions in women with signs

and symptoms of preeclampsia.

Incompetent cervix– Characterized

by painless dilation of the cervix in the

second trimester or early in the third

trimester of pregnancy, with premature expulsion of membranes through

the cervix and ballooning of the membranes into the vagina, followed by

rupture of the membranes and subsequent expulsion of the fetus.

Previous infant 4,000 + grams –

The birthweight of a previous live-born

child was over 4,000 grams (8 Ibs 14

Oz).

Previous preterm or small-forgestational-age infant – Previous birth of

an infant prior to term (before 37

completed weeks of gestation) or of an

infant weighing less than the 10th percentile for gestational age using a standard weight for age chart.

Renal disease – Kidney disease.

Rh Sensitization –The process or

state of becoming sensitized to the Rh

factor as when an Rh-negative woman

is pregnant with an Rh-positive fetus.

Uterine bleeding–lvny clinically significant bleeding during the pregnancy

taking into consideration the stage of

pregnancy; any second or third trimester bleeding of the uterus prior to

the onset of labor.

Obstetric procedures

Amniocentesis – Surgical transabdominal perforation of the uterus to

obtain amniotic fluid to be used in the

detection of genetic disorders, fetal

abnormalities, and fetal Iung maturity.

Electronic fetal monitoring –

Monitoring with external devices

applied to the maternal abdomen or

with internal devices with an electrode

attached to the fetal scalp and a catheter through the cervix into the uterus,

to detect and record fetal heart tones

and uterine contractions.

Induction of labor–The initiation

of uterine contractions before the spontaneous onset of labor by medical

and/or surgical means for the purpose

of delivery.

Stimulation of labor– Augmentation of previously established labor by

use of oxytocin.

Tocolysis – Use of medications to

inhibit preterm uterine contractions to

extend the length of pregnancy and,

therefore, avoid a preterm birth.

Ultrasound–Visualization of the

fetus and the placenta by means of

sound waves.

Complications of labor and/or

delivery

Febrile-A fever greater than 100

degrees F. or 38 C. occurring during

labor and/or delivery.

Meconium, moderate/heavy—

Meconium consists of undigested debris

from swaI1owed amniotic fluid, various

products of secretion, excretion and

shedding by the gastrointestinal tract;

moderate to heavy amounts of meconium in the amniotic ffuid noted during

labor and/or delivery.

Premature rupture of membranes

(more than 12 hours) – Rupture of the

membranes at any time during pregnancy and more than 12 hours before

the onset of labor.

Abruptio placenta – Premature separation of a normally implanted placenta from the uterus.

Placenta previa – Implantation of

the placenta over or near the internal

opening of the cervix.

Other excessive bleeding–The 10SS

of a significant amount of blood from

conditions other than abruptio placenta or placenta previa.

Seizures during labor– Maternal seizures occurring during labor from any

cause.
30 ~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 2(S) ● July 8, 1993 ~

380. MEDICAL RISK FACTORS FOR THIS PREGNANCY

{Check all thnt applvl

Anemia (Hct. <30/Hgb. elOl . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...01 ❑

Cardiac disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...020

Acute orchronic lung disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...030

Diabetes, , . ., .,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...,, ,. . ...040

Genital herpes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,, .,.,. 05 0

Hydramnio.s/Oligohy dramnios 06 0

Hemoglobinopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,, 07 0

Hypertension, chronic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...080

Hypertension. pregnancy-associated . . . . 09 D

Eclampsia, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..1OD

Incompetent cervix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...110

PreviOus infant 4000+ grams . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 •l

Previous preterm or sma!l-for.gestationitl-age

Infant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...130

Renal disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .140

Rhsensltlzatlon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...150

Uterine bleeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...160

None . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...000

Other 17 •1

ISpacity)

38b. OTHER RISK FACTORS FOR THIS PREGNANCY

(Completm all itemsi

Tobacco use duting pregnancy. . . . . . . . . . . Yes D No ❑

Average number clgar6tte8 per day _

Alcohol use during pregnancy. . . . . . . . . . . . Yes Cl No ❑

Average number drinks per weak _

Weight gained during pregnancy Ibs.

38. OBSTETRIC PROCEDURES

(Check ● that 8PP!V)

Amnlocenteais . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...010

Electronic fetal monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..O2 Cl

Induction of labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...030

Stimulatlcm of labor .........................040

TocolYsls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05 ❑

Ultrasound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...060

None . . . . . . . ...! . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 000

Other 07 ❑

(Sw”fv)

40. COMPLICATIONS OF LABOR ANO/OR DELIVERY

(Check all that apply)

Fec.nie (>lOO°F. or380C.), .,. . . . . . . . . . . . ...01 ❑

Meconium, moderateiheavy. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..02 ❑

Premature rupture of membrane [ >12 hours) . . . . 03 n

Abruptio p!acenta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,.. .,. ,,, ,04u4u

Placenta previa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...050

Other excesswe bleeding . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..06n

Seizures during labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..0707o

Precipitou61abor {<3hoursl ,,, . . . . . . . . . . . . ..O8O

Prolonged labor l>20hoursl, . . ... . . . . . . . . . ..o9o

Dysfunctional labor.....,.,,,, ... . . . . . . . . . ..1OO

BreechlMaipresentation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...110

Cephalopelvic disproportion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 ❑

Cord prolepse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...130

Anesthetic complications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..14r3

Fetal distress . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...150

None . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..oon

Other 16 ❑

(Specifvl

41. METHOO OF OELIVERY (Check d /hut applv)

Vaginal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...01 n

Vaginal birth after previous C-section. . . . . . . . . . . . 02 ❑

Primary C-section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 03 n

Repeat C-section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...040

Forceps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. O5CI

Vacuum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...060

42. ABNORMAL CONDITIONS OF THE NEWBORN

(Check at! that apply)

Artemia (Hct. <39/Hgb. < 13).,.... . . . . . . . ...01 ❑

Birth injury ......<........................020

Fatrd alcohol syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...030

Hyaline membrane disnasa/RDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...04 0

Meconium aspiration syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 05 0

Assisted ventilation <30 min..... . . . . . . . . . . ..06n

Assisted ventilatlon>30 min . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...07 0

Seizures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...08 O

None . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ........ocn

Other 09 n

@8cify)

4S. CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF CHILO

(Check atl that apply)

Anencephalu8 . ..! .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...01 ❑

Spins bifida/Moningocele ....................020

Hydrocephalus . . . ........................030

Mlcrocephalus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..o4o

Other central n.afvous system ●nomalies

(Specify] _05 IJ

Heattmalform#tion$ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...060

Other clrculatory@plratory anomalies

(Specify) _07 ❑

Recta! atresi~stanosls ..,.,.,,.,.,,, . . . . . . ..o80

Tracheo-esophageal fistula/ Esophageal atresia . ..08 ❑

Omphalocele/ Gd9troschisi8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...100

Other gastrointestinal anomalles

(Specifv) —11 n

Malformed genitalia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...12 ❑

Renal agenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...13 ❑

Other urogenital anomalies

{Specify] —14 o

Cleft llp/palate . . . . ..c . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..lsn

PolydactylyfiyndacWly/Adactyly . . . . . . . . . . . ., 1E ❑

Club foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...170

Diaphragmatic herni@. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..18n

Other Musculoskelatalfintegurnental anomalies

(specify) _18 o

Oown%syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...20 0

Other chromosomal enomalies

(Specify) _21 o

None . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..’COIY

Other _22 0

(Spilclfvl

Figure 1. New maternal and Infant health Items from the 1989 revision of the U.S. Standard Certificate of Live Birth

Precipitous labor (less than 3

hours) –Extremely rapid labor and

delivery lasting less than 3 hours.

Prolonged labor (more than 20

hours) –Abnormally slow progress of

labor lasting more than 20 hours.

Dysfunctional labor– Failure to

progress in a normal pattern of labor.

Breech/Malpresentation –At birth,

the presentation of the fetal buttocks

rather than the head, or other malpresentation.

Cephalopelvic disproportion – The

relationship of the size, presentation

and position of the fetal head to the

maternal pelvis, which prevents dilation of the cervix andlor descent of the

fetal head.

Cord prolapse – Premature expulsion of the umbilical cord in labor

before the fetus is delivered.

Anesthetic complications – Any complication during labor and/or delivery

brought on by an anesthetic agent or

agents.

Fetal dktress – Signs indicating fetal

hypoxia (deficiency in amount of oxygen

reaching fetal tissues).

Abnormal conditions of the

newborn

Anemia – Hemoglobin level of less

than 13.0 g/dL or a hematocrit of less

than 39 percent.

Birth injwy – Impairment of the

infant’s body function or structure due

to adverse influences that occurred at

birth.

Fetal alcohol syndrome –A syndrome of altered prenatal growth and

development occurring in infants born

of women who consumed excessive

amounts of alcohol during pregnancy.

Hyaline membrane diseaseIRDS-A

disorder primarily of prematurity, manifested clinically by respiratory distress

and pathologically by pulmonary hyaline membranes and incomplete expansion of the lungs at birth.

Meconium aspiration syndrome –

Aspiration of meconium by the fetus

or newborn, affecting the lower respiratory system.

Assisted ventilation (less than 30

minutes) –A mechanical method of

assisting respiration for newborns with

respiratory failure.

Assisted ventilation (30 minutes or

more) – Newborn placed on assisted

ventilation for 30 minutes or Ianger.

Seirures-A seizure of any etiology.

Congenital anomalies of chilld

Anencephahts –Absence of the

cerebral hemispheres.

Spina bifidalmeningocele -- Developmental anomaly characterized by

defective closure of the bony encasement of the spinal cord, through which

the cord and meninges mayor ;maynot

protrude.

Hydrocephalus – Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the
Monthly Vitai Statistics Report ● Voi. 42, No. 2(S) c Juiy 8, 1993 ~31

ventricles of the brain with consequent

enlargement of the cranium.

Microcephalus – A significantly

small head.

Other central nervous system

anomalies —Other specified anomalies

of the brain, spinal cord, and nervous

system.

Heart malformations – Congenital

anomalies of the heart.

Other circulatory lrespiratory

anomalies —Other specified anomalies

of the circulatory and respiratory

systems.

Rectal atresialstenosis – Congenital

absence, closure, or narrowing of the

rectum.

Tracheo-esophageal fistulalEsophageal atresia –An abnormal passage

between the trachea and the esophagus; esophageal atresia is the congenital absence or closure of the

esophagus.

OmphalocelelGastrosch isis – An

omphalocele is a protrusion of variable

amounts of abdominal viscera from a

midline defect at the base of the umbilicus. In gastroschisis, the abdominal

viscera protrude through an abdominal

wall defect, usually on the right side of

the umbilical cord insertion.

Other gastrointestinal anomalies –

Other specified congenital anomalies

of the gastrointestinal system.

Malformed genitalia – Congenital

anomalies of the reproductive organs.

Renal agenesis– One or both kidneys are completely absent,

Other urogenital anomalies - Other

specified congenital anomalies of the

organs concerned in the production

and excretion of urine, together with

organs of reproduction.

Cleftliplpalate– Cleft lip is a fissure

or elongated opening of the lip; cleft

palate is a fissure in the roof of the

mouth. These are failures of embryonic development.

Polydactyly/Syndac@y/Adactyly –

Polydactyly is the presence of more

than five digits on either hands and/or

feet; syndactyly is having fused or

webbed fingers andlor toes; adactyly is

the absence of fingers and/or toes.

Table A. Corrected numbers and rates for club foot, dlaphragmatic hernia, and other

musculoskeietal/integumental anomalies, 1990

All racea White Black

Number Number Number

reported Rafel reported Ratei reported Ratei

Club foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,277 62.7 1,986 68.7 231 39,4

Dlaphragmatlc hernia . . . . . . 514 14.2 427 14.8 65 11.1

Other musculoskeletal/

Integumental anomalies . . . 8,118 223.6 6,515 225.5 1,242 211.7

1Rate per 100,000 total Ne bltths

Club foot – Deformities of the foot,

which is twisted out of shape or

position.

Diaphragmatic hernia- Herniation

of the abdominal contents through the

diaphragm into the thoracic cavity usually resulting in respiratory distress.

Other musculoskeletal fintegumental

anomalies —Other specified congenital

anomalies of the muscles, skeleton, or

skin.

Down’s syndrome –The most common chromosomal defect with most

cases resulting from an extra chromosome (trisomy 21).

Other chromosomal anomalies –

All other chromosomal aberrations.

Method of delivery

Several rates are computed for

method of delivery. The overall

cesarean section rate or total cesarean

rate is computed as the percent of all

births that were delivered by cesarean

section. The pn”mary cesarean rate is a

measure that relates the number of

women having a primary cesarean

delivery to all women giving birth who

have never had a cesarean delivery.

The denominator for this rate includes

all births less those with method of

delivery classified as repeat cesarean,

vaginal birth after previous cesarean, or

method not stated. The re~at cesarean

rate is the percent of all cesarean deliveries that were to women having their

second (or subsequent) cesarean delivery.

The rate for vaginal birth ajler prevwus

cesawan (VBAC) delivery is computed

by relating all VBAC deliveries to the

sum of VBAC and repeat cesarean deliveries, that is, to women with a previous

eesarean section.

Congenital anomalies

Because of a processing error for

births occurring in Texas, the number

of club foot, diaphragmatic hernia, and

other musculoskeletal/integumental

anomalies shown in table 17 are incorrect. The correct numbers and

for these anomalies for all ages

bined are shown in table A.

Computation of percent,

percent distributions, and

medians

rates

comBirths with unknown medical and

life-style risk factors of pregnancy and

birth, obstetric procedures, abnormal

conditions and congenital anomalies of

infant, and method of delive~ were

subtracted from the figures for total

births that were used as denominators

before percents, percent distributions,

and medians were computed, Computations of median weight gain were

based on ungrouped data. An asterisk

is shown in place of any derived statistic based on fewer than 20 births in

the numerator or denominator.

Random variation

Although the birth data in this

report are not subject to sampling error,

they may be affected by random variation in the number of births involved,

Many of the checkbox items refer to

extremely rare events. When the

number of events is small, perhaps less

than 100, and the probability of such

an event is small, considerable caution

must be observed in interpreting the

data.
32 ~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 2(S) ● July 8, 1993 ~

Suggested citation Copyright information National Center for Health Statistics

National Center for Health Statistics. Advance All material appearing in this report is in the Director

report of maternal and infant health data public domain and may be reproduced or Manning Feinleib, M. D., Dr. F).H.

from the birth certificate, 1990. Monthly vital copied without permission; citation as to

statistics report; VOI42 no 2, SUPPI. Hyattsville, source, however, is appreciated, Acting Deputy Director

Maryland; Public Health Service, 1993 Jack R. Anderson
Vol. 40, No. 12, Supplement. April 15, 1992

Monthly Vital

StatisticsReport

Final Data From the National Center for Health Statistics

Advance Report of New Data

From the 1989 Birth Certificate

Contents

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Medical risk factors . . . . . . . . . 2

Tobacco use............,.. 2

Alcohol use . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Maternal weight gain . . . . . . . . 5

Obstetric procedures . . . . . . 5

Complications of labor and/or

delivery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6

Method of delivery . . . . . . . . . . 6

Abnormal conditions of

newborn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Congenital anomalies . . . . . . . 8

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

List of tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

Technical notes . . . . . . . . . . . . 29

Introduction

The 1989 revision of the U.S. Standard Certificate of Live Birth includes

a number of new items on medical and

life-style risk factors of pregnancy and

birth, obstetric procedures performed,

method of delivery, abnormal conditions and congenital anomalies of the

infant, expanded information on birth

attendant and place of delivery, and

questions on the Hispanic origin of the

parents. This major enhancement of

medical and health data avaiiable for

mothers and babies greatly expands

the scope of information on pregnancy

outcome in the United States (l).

New information relating to the

attendant at birth, place of delivery,

and the Hispanic origin of the mother

was published in an earlier report (2).

This report includes summary and analytic tabulations of the other new items

mentioned.

The 1989 revision represents a significant departure from previous versions of the birth certificate in content

and in format. The most noteworthy

change in format is the use of checkboxes to obtain the detailed medical

and health information about the

mother and child. Previous versions

included a number of open-ended questions on these topics that were poorly

completed and difficult to compile.

Checkboxes are believed to encourage

better reporting of the specific factors,

conditions, and procedures listed.

Although some States revised their

certificates in 1988, the new certificates were implemented effective with

the 1989 data year, Since much of this

information is being reported for the

first time, reporting completeness may

not be at the same high level as for

items on previous revisions of the certificates. An indication of reporting

completeness is given in the text and in

each table, showing the number of

births for which the requested information was not stated. Another factor

contributing to the incidence of incomplete reporting is that the revised certificates for four States were not

implemented until March or April 1989.

The District of Columbia and Rhode

IsIand revised their certificates as of

March 1, and Texas and Virginia, as of

ApriI 1. As a consequence, data on the

new topics are not available for births

occurring in the first few months of

1989 in those States.

Acknowledgments

This report was prepared in the Division of Vital Statistics. Stephanie J. Ventura wrote the report under the supervision of Robert L. Heuser, Chief

of the Natality, Marriage, and Divorce Statistics Branch. Joyce Arbertha provided statistical tables and Thomas Dunn provided content review.

Virginia Brainard provided computer programming support. The Registration Methods Branch and the Technical Services Branch provided

consultation to State vital statistics offices regarding collection of the birth certificate data on which this report is based. This report was edited by

Arlett Brown and typeset by Zung T.N. Le of the Publications Branch, Division of Data Services.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

Public Health Service

Centers for Disease Control

National Center for Health Statistics

Manning Feinleib, M.D., Dr. P.H., Director CENTERS CDC FOR DISEASE CONTROL
2~ Monthly Vital !Yatlstlcs Report ● VOL 40, No. 12(S) ● April 15, 1992 ~

Except for maternal weight gain,

the percent of records not reporting

any given item did not exceed 8 percent in 1989. The four States implementing revised certificates in March

or April 1989 accounted for about half

the records with missing information.

That is, for those States with revised

certificates in effect the entire data

year, the proportion of records with

missing information was 4 percent or

less in most cases.

There are five specific items that

provide detailed medics! and health

information on the mother and child in

the form of checkbox entries – medical

risk factors for this pregnancy, obstetric

procedures, complications of labor

and/or delivery, abnormal conditions

of the newborn, and congenital anomalies of the child. In 1989, 47 States

and the District of Columbia reported

the first four items; and as indicated in

the tables, 45 States and the District of

Columbia reported congenital anomalies. However, some States reporting a

given item did not include every

checkbox in their list for that item. As

a consequence, the total number of

births in the areas reporting each factor

or condition and the number of births

for which the information is not stated

will vary to reflect the differing number

of States reporting the specific factor

or condition.

The format is identical for each

table presenting data for these five

specific terns, The total number of

births occurring in the areas reporting

the specific factor is shown, followed

by the number of births with the specified factor or condition; then rates of

occurrence of each factor are shown by

age of mother. Except for congenital

anomalies, rates are expressed as the

number of births with the specified

factor per 1,000 total live births in the

specified group; rates for congenital

anomalies are expressed per 100,000

total live births. The last column shows

the number of births for which the

information was not reported. Brief

medical definitions for each of the factors are presented in the “Technical

notes. ”

The items are discussed in this report

in the order in which they are presented

on the birth certificate (figure. 1). All

data are shown by race of mother. For

ease in writing, the terms “mothers” and

“women” are used interchangeably for

“births” or “infants,” for example, “births

to black mothers” or “black infants,”

Medical risk factors

Analysis of certain medical risk

factors can help account for poor pregnancy outcome, in particular, low birth

weight (weight of less than 2,500 grams

or 5 lb 8 OZ). AIso, the presence of

certain conditions can influence

obstetric and delivery procedures; for

example, hypertension and anemia are

known to be related to an elevated

cesarean delivery rate (3). Data on 16

selected medical risk factors reported

for births occurring in 47 States and

the District of Columbia in 1989 are

shown in table 1, Data were not available for Louisiana, Nebraska, and

Ok!ahoma. The presence or absence

of medical risk factors was not reported

for about 6 percent of births in the

reporting areas.

Anemia, diabetes, and pregnancyassociated hypertension were [he most

frequently reported medical risk factors, with rates ranging from 19,1 to

28.2 per 1,000 live births. Anemia rates

were highest for mothers under 25

years of age, and pregnancy-associated

hypertension rates were highest for

teenagers and for mothers in their forties. Rates for pregnancy-associated

hypertension were lowest for women

aged 25–34 years. Acute or chronic

lung disease, hydramnios, hemoglobinopathy, eclampsia, and renal disease

were other factors with similar patterns of occurrence by age.

The incidence of diabetes was

directly associated with age of mother,

with rates rising sharply from the

youngest to the oldest mothers, from

7.4 to 64.5 per 1,000. Cardiac disease,

chronic hypertension, incompetent

cervix, previous infant weighing 4,000

grams (8 lb 14 OZ) or more, previous

small-for-gestational age (SGA) infant,

and uterine bleeding had a pattern of

occurrence by age of mother that was

similar to that of diabetes.

The rates of occurrence of many

risk factors were relatively similar for

white and for black mothers, but there

were some important variations,

Anemia was reported at more than

twice the rate for black mothers as for

white mothers (36.3 compared with

15.4), and the rate of chronic hypertension was nearly twice as high for black

women as for white women (12.0 compared with 6,5), Acute or chronic lung

disease, hemoglobinopathy, ecIampsia,

and previous SGA infant were also

reported more frequently for black

women than for white women. In contrast, white mothers were much more

likely than were black mothers to have

had a previous infant weighing 4,000

grams or more (13.1 compared with

4.8) and to have had Rh sensitization

and uterine bleeding. Although anemia

rates varied in a U-shaped pattern for

white mothers, they declined with age

for black mothers.

Several of the medical risk factors

are associated with a sharply elevated

risk of low birth weight (20 percent or

more), including hydramnios, eclampsia,

incompetent cervix, previous SGA

infant, and uterine bleeding, (Data are

not shown in this report,) Rates of

preterm birth (gestation of less than

37 completed weeks) are also vely high

for mothers with anemia, pregnancyassociated hypertension, and previous

SGA infant, Diabetes, in contrast, is

often associated with a higher-thanaverage birth weight. In 1989, 18 percent

of infants born to diabetic mothers

weighed 4,000 grams or more compared with 11 percent of all infants

born in that year,

Tobacco use during pregnancy

Tobacco use during pregnancy has

long been associated with an elevated

risk of a low-birth-weight outcome

(4,5), intrauterine growth retarclation,

and preterm birth. Low birth weight is

one of the major predictors of infant

morbidity and infant and childhood

mortality. One recent study focusing

on low-income women found that

infants born to mothers who srnoked

during pregnancy were 74 percent

more likely to be of low birth weight

than were infants born to mothers who

did not smoke (6). An earlier study

estimated that fetal and infant deaths

could be reduced by 10 percent if preg-
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 40, No. 12(S) ● April 15, 1992 ~3

38a. MEDICAL RISK FACTORS FOR THIS PREGNANCY 40. COMPLICATIONS OF LABOR ANO/OR DELIVERY

(Check all that apply)

43. CONGENITAL ANOMALIES OF CHILD

{Check all that apply) (Check all that aPP&]

Anemia (Hct. <30/Hgb. <101..... . . . . . . . . ...01 ❑ Feorlte (>lOO°F. or380C.) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...01 ❑ Anencephnlus

Cardiac disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...020

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...01 ❑

Meconium, moderatelheavy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02 0 Spinabifida/Menlngocde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...02 ❑

Acute orchronic lung disease ...,. . . . . . . . . . ...030 PremtutO ruPture of membrane [ >12 hours] . . ...03 ~ Hvdrocephalus

Oiabetos . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...040 Abruptlo placenta, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..o4cI

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...030

MiCrocepha!us

Ganital herpes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...050 Placenta previa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...050

............................04 ❑

Other central nmvous system anomalies

HvdramnioB/Ollgohydramnios . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...06 O Other excesshwblending. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..O6O (Specify)

Hemoglobinopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...070

05 0

Hvpartension, chronic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...080

Seizures durino labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .........o7o

Precipitous labor [<3 hours) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...080 Heart malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...080

Hypertension, pregnancy-associated . . . . . . . . . . 09 0 Prolonged Inbor I >20 hours] 09 ❑ Other circulatory f,espiratory anomalies

Eclampsia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...100

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Dysfunctional labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..1OO [Specify]

Incompetent cewlx, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...110

07 0

8reech/Malpresentadon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...11 0

PreviOus infant 4000+ gramc . . . ,, . . . . . . . . . ...120 Cephalopelvic disproportion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 0

Rectal atresia/stenosis . . . . . . . . .,, . . . . . . . . . ..oE O

Previous preterm or small-for-gestational-age Cord prolapse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...130 Tracheo-esophageal fistulal Esophageal atresia . ..09 ❑

infant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,, . . . . . . . . . . . . ...1 3fl Anesthetic complications, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...140 Omphalocelti Gastroschisls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...100

Renal disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...140 Fetal distress . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,. I5o Other gastrointestinal anomalies

Rhsensitlzation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . ...150 None . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . ..Mo

Uterine bleeding

(Specify) 11 0

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 0 Other 16 ❑

None . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...000

Other

(Specify]

17 ❑

Malformed genitalia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..lz O

{Specify)

Renal agenesi$ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..I3 ❑

41, METHOO OF OELIVERY (Check #// rhat app/v/ Other urogenital anomalies

38b. OTHER RISK FACTORS FOR THIS PREGNANCY

(Spec;fy)

Vaginal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...01 ❑

14 0

(Complete all items) Vaginal birth after previous C-section. . . . . . ...02 ❑

Primary C-section . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...030

Cleft litipalate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,.. .,. ... ..I5 O

Tobacco use during pregnancy ., . . . . . . Yes O No O

Repeat C-snctmn . . . .

PolydactylyfSy”dacty lyfAdactyly 16 0

Average number cigarettes per day _

04 ❑

.............

.. ......... .....

Forceps . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...........o5o Club foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . . . ...170

Alcohol use during pregnancy. . . . . . . . Yes O No ❑

Average number drinks per week _

Vacuum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 060

Diaphragmatic lwrnia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...18 ❑

Weight gained during pregnancy Ibs,

O1her muscu!oskeletaltintegumentd anomalies

42. ABNORMAL CONDITIONS OF THE NEWBORN {Specifvl 19 ❑

(Check 811that apply)

39. OBSTETRIC PROCEDURES Oown’ssyndroma . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . ...200

(Check all that apply) Anemla(Hct. C39/Hgb. e13) . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...01 0 Other chromosomal anomalies

8inh injury . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 02 0 (Spedy)

Amniocentesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...010

27 0

Fetal alcohol syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..o3O

Electronic fetal monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..O2O Hyaline membrane disease/ROS . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...04 ❑ None . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,, . . . . . ...000

induction of labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...030 Meconium aspiration syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...05 ❑ Other

Stimulation of labor.

22 0

.......................<040 Assisted ventilmion<30 min ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . 08 0

(Specify}

Tocolyais . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...050 Assisted ventilation >30 min . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 07 0

Ultrasound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...060 Seizures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 06 ❑

None . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. COO None . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...000

Other 07 0 Other 09 0

(Sp6cifv) (Specify]

nant women did not smoke (7), Other

studies have indicated that 21-39 percent

of all low weight births occur as a

consequence of maternai smoking (4).

The mechanisms through which tobacco

usage adversely affects pregnancy outcome have been described elsewhere

(4,8),

Tobacco use during pregnancy was

reported on the birth certificates of 43

States and the District of Columbia in

1989. This information was not available for California, Indiana, Louisiana,

Nebraska, New York, Oklahoma, and

South Dakota. Eight percent of the

births in the reporting States lacked

information on the mother’s smoking

status (table 2).

According to data from the birth

certificates, 20 percent of mothers

giving birth in 1989 were reported to

have smoked during pregnancy, the

same level as reported in the 1988

National Maternal and Infant Health

Survey (9). White mothers were slightly

more likely to smoke than were black

mothers, 20 percent compared with

17 percent. Overall, the smoking rate

was highest for mothers aged 18–19

years (24 percent) and lowest for young

teenagers under 15years (8 percent) and

for mothers in their forties (13 percent).

This pattern by age is generally

observed for white mothers, but for

black mothers, smoking is most prevalent for mothers aged 25–34 years

(23 percent). Among mothers who

smoked, nearly three in five were

reported to have smoked less than half

a pack of cigarettes (10 or fewer) per

day; about one in five smoked five

cigarettes or less per day. More than a

third, however, smoked 16 cigarettes

or more per day.

The number of cigarettes smoked

generally increases as maternal age

advances. Of mothers aged 15–17 years

who smoked, 25 percent smoked 16

cigarettes or more daily compared with

45 percent of mothers aged 40 years

and over.

Figure 1. New maternal and infant health items from the 1989 revision of the U.S. Standard Certificate of Live Birth

Black mothers were not only less

likely to smoke than were white

mothers, but those who were smokers

smoked much less. On the average,

75 percent of black women compared

with 54 percent of white women

smoked 10 cigarettes or fewer per day.

Conversely, 38 percent of white

mothers compared with 21 percent of

black mothers smoked 16 cigarettes or

more per day. The relationships

between age and tobacco use were

similar for white and for black mothers.

Previous studies have indicated a

much lower level of smoking among

Hispanic women than among nonHispanic women (6,10,11). Data from

the 1989 birth file for 42 reporting

States and the District of Columbia

confirm these findings (table 3). On

the average, 8 percent of Hispanic

mothers smoked during pregnancy compared with 22 percent of white nonHispanic mothers and 17 percent of

black non-Hispanic mothers. Tobacco
4~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report. Vol. 40, No. 12(S) . April 15, 1992 ~_

use is especially low for Mexican

(6 percent), Cuban (7 percent), and

Central and South American mothers

(4 percent), while 15 percent of Puerto

Rican mothers were reported to have

smoked during pregnancy.

There is a distinctive pattern in

tobacco use according to the mother’s

educational attainment (table 4).

Women with 9–11 years of schooling

were most likely to be smokers (35 percent), The proportion of smokers

declined thereafter with advancing educational attainment; college graduates

were least likely to smoke (5 percent).

Women with a grade school education

or less and women who are high school

graduates were about equally likely to

smoke, 21–22 percent. These relationships between tobacco use and educational attainment were observed for

white and for black mothers. A racial

differential was observed only for

women with a high school education or

less, For women with some college or

who were college graduates, there was

little difference in tobacco use between

white and black mothers.

The number of cigarettes smoked

was greatest on the average for women

with 8 years or less of schooling:

48 percent smoked at least 11 cigarettes a day compared with 30 percent

who were college graduates. These relationships were observed for white and

for black mothers, but within each educational attainment group, black

mothers smoked less than white

mothers.

Maternal smoking has been linked

with an elevated risk of a low-birthweight outcome. Data from the 1989

birth file confirm that babies born to

mothers who smoke during pregnancy

are much more likely to be underweight, 11,4 percent compared with

6.0 percent (table 5). The differential

by smoking status tends to increase as

maternal age advances. For example,

among teenage mothers, the proportions of low-birth-weight infants were

11.0 percent for smokers and 9.0 percent for nonsmokers. For mothers aged

30 years and older, the disparity in low

birth weight was more than double, a

range of 12.6-15.7 percent for smokers

compared with 5.2–7.4 percent for

nonsmokers.

When the data are examined by

race, it is evident that smoking is an

important factor in low-birth-weight

levels for infants born to white and to

black mothers. Among white mothers,

9.5 percent of smokers compared with

4.7 percent of nonsmokers had a 10wbirth-weight baby. Among black

mothers, the incidence of a low-birthweight outcome was 21.6 percent for

smokers compared with 11.7 percent

for nonsmokers. The impact of smoking

on low-birth-weight levels was considerable for white and for black mothers

in all age groups.

Previous studies have shown that

the chance of a low-birth-weight outcome increases steadily as the level of

smoking increases (5). In 1989 white

women who smoked 11/2–2 packs of

cigarettes per day were 47 percent

more likely than white women who

smoked half a pack of cigarettes or less

and 172 percent more likely than white

women who did not smoke to have a

low-birth-weight infant. Similarly

among black mothers, those smoking

1V!2-2 packs per day were 51 percent

more likely than those smoking half a

pack or less per day and 160 percent

more likely than nonsmokers to have a

low-birth-weight baby.

Alcohol use during pregnancy

Alcohol use during pregnancy is

also a risk factor for poor birth outcome. Studies have shown that heavy

alcohol use causes a series of adverse

ef’iects. Fetal alcohol syndrome in particular is characterized by growth retardation, facial malformations, and

dysfunctions of the central nervous

system, including mental retardation

(12). Alcohol consumption has also

been shown to affect birth weight independently of tobacco use and other

maternal and infant characteristics (13).

Alcohol use was reported on the

birth certificates of 44 States and the

District of Columbia in 1989. This information was not available for California, Louisiana, Nebraska, New York,

Oklahoma, and South Dakota. The specific questions on alcohol use asked if

the mother used alcohol during pregnancy and the average number of drinks

per week. This information was not

reported for 8 percent of the births in

the reporting areas.

Four percent of mothers giving

birth in 1989 reported alcohol use

during pregnancy (table 6). The proportions were the same for white and

for black mothers, Hispanic mothers

were only about half as likely to report

alcohol use during pregnancy, 2 percent overall, according to data from 43

reporting States and the District of

Columbia. The proportions ranged

from 1 percent for Cuban mothers to

3 percent for Puerto Rican mothers

(table 7).

There is likely a substantial underreporting of alcohol use, considering

the proportion of births for which

alcohol use was not stated an,d the

possible stigma associated with

drinking, especially during pregnancy.

In addition, other recent studies based

on personal interviews and written

questionnaires suggest levels of alcoho[

use during pregnancy of 20 percent or

more (14, 15). It may be that women

who consumed less than one drink per

week or only one or two drinks per

month considered themselves nondrinkers. One recent study showed a

declining level of alcohol use alluring

pregnancy between 1985 and 1988,

from 32 percent to 20 percent, but no

decline in the number of drinks consumed (15),

The proportion of mothers reported

on the birth certificate to have consumed

alcohol during pregnancy increased

steadily with age, from 1 percent of

mothers under 15 years of age to 6 percent of mothers aged 35–39 years, and

fell slightly to 5 percent for mothers aged

40 years and over (table 6). Although

white teenagers and white women in their

forties were more likely than their black

counterparts to drink, among mothers

aged 20-34 years the reverse was true.

Among mothers who drank during

pregnancy, 61 percent reported consuming one drink or less per week;

18 percent, two drinks; and 21 percent reported consuming three chinks

or more per week. Although there was

no difference in the proportion of

drinkers between white women and

black women, there were considerable

differences in the number of drinks

consumed per week. Sixty-five percent
Monthly Vital Statistics Report. Vol. 40, No. 12(S) ● April 15, 1992 ~5

of white mothers compared with

42 percent of black mothers had one

drink or less per week. Conversely,

black mothers who drank were twice as

likely as white mothers to have consumed three or more drinks per week,

37 percent compared with 18 percent.

In all age groups, black mothers who

drank consumed more drinks per week

than did white mothers who drank.

Other data from the 1989 birth

certificate file show that maternal

alcohol use, although it is underreported, has a detrimental effect on

pregnancy outcome. The effect of

alcohoI use on low birth weight is highly

dependent on the amount of alcohol

consumed. (Detailed data not included

in this report. ) Of the mothers

reporting three drinks or more per

week, 15–20 percent of births were of

low birth weight compared with

8–12 percent of births to mothers

reporting u.p to two drinks per week

and 7 percent of births to mothers

who did not drink. Similar patterns

were observed for births to white and

to black mothers, but at every level of

drinking, births to black mothers were

at double to triple the risk of a lowbirth-weight outcome.

Maternal weight gain

According to guidelines in effect

in 1989, a weight gain during pregnancy of 22-27 pounds was recommended (16). (Guidelines issued in

1990 by the National Academy of Sciences, Institute of Medicine, advise an

optimum weight gain of 25-35 pounds

for a normal-weight woman (17).)

These guidelines are recommended to

produce the best pregnancy outcome,

particularly in terms of infant birth

weight. National data on the distribution of births by maternal weight gain

and on the relationship of weight gain

to pregnancy outcome were published

for the first time in the mid-1980’s

(18,19). Those data were derived from

the 1980 National Natality Survey and

from the 1980 National Fetal Mortality

Survey, both sample surveys. The data

in this report are derived from an

item on the 1989 birth certificates

asking the mother’s weight gain

during pregnancy. Forty-six States

and the District of Columbia reported

this information; it was not available

for California, Louisiana, Nebraska,

and Oklahoma. Maternal weight gain

was not stated on 17 percent of the

birth certificates in the reporting areas.

It is evident that the weight gain

for many pregnant women is less than

adequate. In 1989, 18 percent of

women whose pregnancies lasted at

least 40 weeks gained less than 21

pounds. Black mothers with pregnancies of 40 weeks or more were 59 percent more likeIy than comparable white

mothers to gain less than 21 pounds

(27 percent compared with 17 percent) and 86 percent more likely to

gain less than 16 pounds (13 percent

compared with 7 percent) (table 8).

Regardless of length of pregnancy,

black women were more likely than

white women to gain less than 21 pounds,

with the racial disparity increasing as

period of gestation lengthened.

Weight gain of less than 21 pounds

was also much more common among

teenage mothers, mothers in their forties, unmarried mothers, or mothers

with less than a high school education.

(Data not shown in this report.) However, large racial differences persist,

even after age, marital status, or educational attainment is taken into account.

Data on weight gain for Hispanic

women from 45 States and the District

of Columbia (although not presented

in detail in this report) show that

23 percent with pregnancies of 40

weeks or more gained less than 21

pounds. Mexican mothers were most

likely to be in the low-weight-gain group

(25 percent), followed by Puerto Rican

and Central and South American

mothers (22 percent each), and Cuban

mothers (15 percent).

The median weight gain for

mothers giving birth in 1989 was 30.3

pounds; for white mothers it was 30.5

pounds, and for black mothers it was

27,8 pounds (table 8). Mothers whose

pregnancies ended in preterm birth

(less than 37 weeks gestation) had a

median weight gain of 25.9 pounds.

The median weight gain for women

with pregnancies lasting 37–39 weeks

was 30.2 pounds, and for women with

pregnancies of 40 weeks and over it

was 30.6 pounds. There were disparities in median weight gain among white,

black, and Hispanic women, but the

gap narrowed as period of gestation

lengthened. For mothers whose pregnancies lasted at least 40 weeks, the median

weight gains were 30.7 pounds for white

women, 30.1 pounds for black women,

and 30.2 pounds for Hispanic women,

Maternal weight gain has its most

visible impact on pregnancy outcome

in the infant’s birth weight. Babies

born to mothers who gain 31 pounds

or more are at considerably reduced

risk of low birth weight compared with

babies born to mothers gaining less than

21 pounds, 3.9-4.1 percent compared

with 10.4-15.7 percent (table 9). The

advantage conferred by additional

maternal weight gain is observed for

white and for black mothers and

remains even after the gestational

period is taken into account. White

infants born after pregnancies of 40

weeks or more to mothers who gained

31 pounds or more had a low-birthweight rate of just 1 percent, and comparable black infants had a low-birthweight rate of 2 percent.

The incidence of low birth weight

for babies born to Hispanic mothers

(12.3 percent) who gained less than 16

pounds was lower than that for babies

born to white non-Hispanic mothers

(12,7 percent) or to black non-Hispanic

mothers (24.0 percent) (table 10). L.owbirth-weight levels were relatively low

for births to Mexican and Central and

South American mothers in this weightgain category, 10.7-10.8 percent.

Apparently, Hispanic women whose

weight gain is minimal are at lower risk

of a low-birth-weight outcome. Other

studies have shown that smaller weight

gains are appropriate for optimum birth

outcome if the mother is overweight

(17); Mexican women are disproportionately ovenveight (20). Also, Hispanic women are less likely to smoke

during pregnancy, another factor associated with low-birth-weight outcomes

(4,5,6).

Obstetric procedures

Obstetric technology has become

increasingly sophisticated in recent

years as more and more women

undergo amniocentesis, ultrasound, and
6 ~’ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Voi. 40, No. 12(S) ● April 15, 1992 ~

other obstetric procedures. Data on six

specific obstetric procedures were

reported on the birth certificates of 47

States and the District of Columbia in

1989. Data were not available for Louisiana, Nebraska, and Oklahoma. These

data can be used to identify the groups

of women for whom these procedures

are most likely and the relationships of

the procedures to various maternal and

infant characteristics and to birth outcome. This information was not

reported for 5–6 percent of the births

in the reporting areas in 1989.

Electronic fetal monitoring was

reported more frequently than any

other procedure —for more than twothirds of the births in 1989 (table 11).

Ultrasound was also used extensively–

for nearly half of the births. Labor was

induced for 90 of every 1,000 iive births,

and stimulation of labor was used for

109 per 1,000 live births. Amniocentesis was reported at a rate of 32 per

1,000 live births, Electronic fetal monitoring was widely used for births to

mothers in all age groups. The greatest

use was for births to teenagers, 703 per

1,000. The rates of use of this technology declined somewhat as maternal

age advanced, to 642 per 1,000 for

mothers in their forties.

The use of ultrasound varied

directly with age, increasing from 458

per 1,000 births for teenagers to 497

per 1,000 for mothers aged 35 years

and over. Induction of labor also generally varied directly with age.

The most distinctive relationship

of obstetric procedure and maternal

age was observed for amniocentesis, a

prenatal diagnostic test for genetic disorders. Aithough the rate for teenagers was only 12 per 1,000 births, it

rose to 32 per 1,000 for mothers aged

30–34, to 162 per 1,000 for mothers

aged 35–39 years, and to 200 per 1,000

births for mothers in their forties,

Amniocentesis is especially recommended for older women whose pregnancies are at an elevated risk for

certain genetic disorders.

White women were more likely

than black women to undergo amniocentesis (35 compared with 20 per

1,000), induction of labor (97 compared with 67), and stimulation of labor

(111 compared with 101). The rates for

other procedures were similar for white

and for black women. The racial differential in the use of amniocentesis is

observed primarily for mothers aged

30 years and over, with white mothers

55 to 89 percent more likely to have

this procedure.

There are distinctive patterns of

use of the selected medical procedures

according to other maternal and infant

characteristics. The rates for all the

procedures were higher for mothers

beginning prenatal care in the first

trimester. Mothers with some college

had higher rates for amniocentesis, for

induction and stimulation of labor, and

for ultrasound. Mothers with low-birthweight infants were much more likely

than mothers with normal-weight

infants to have undergone amniocentesis, tocolysis, and ultrasound. Similarly, rates for amniocentesis and

tocolysis were higher for mothers with

preterm births than they were for

mothers with pregnancies of longer gestation. Rates for stimulation and induction of labor were higher for term and

postterm births,

Complications of labor and/or

delivery

Assessment of complications of

labor and/or delivery can help account

for poor birth outcome as well as the

use of certain obstetric and delivery

procedures. For example, maternal

complications of pregnancy and complications associated with the placenta

and umbilical cord are among the 10

leading causes of infant death (21). In

addition, abnormal labor, breech/

malpresentation, cephalopelvic disproportion, and fetal distress are all

associated with very high rates of

cesarean delivery (3); these relationships are discussed later in the text.

Data on 15 specific complications

of labor and/or delivery for births occurring in 47 States and the District of

Columbia in 1989 are shown in

table 12. Data are not avaiIabIe for

Louisiana, Nebraska, and Oklahoma.

Information on complications was not

provided on 4-6 percent of the birth

certificates in the reporting areas,

Meconium, moderate/heavy, was

reported at a rate of 63 per 1,000 live

births, more frequently than arry other

complication. Other complications

reported relatively often were dysfunctional labor (30 per 1,000), premature

rupture of membrane (36 per 1,000),

breech/malpresentation (39 per 1,000),

cephalopelvic disproportion (40 per

1,000), and fetal distress (46 per 1,000).

Rates for meconium and fetal distress tended to be highest for teenage

mothers and for mothers in their forties. Rates for dysfunctional labor and

breech/malpresentation generally rose

with age.

Rates of occurrence of the various

complications differed for white and

for black mothers. Black mothers had

substantially higher rates for meconium, premature rupture of membrane, and fetal distress; white mothers

had higher rates for dysfunctional labor,

breech/malpresentation, and cephalopelvic disproportion,

Many of the reported complications occurred with much greater frequency among mothers with low-birthweight infants and pretertn infants than

among mothers with normal weight

births and births of longer gestation.

(Detailed data are not shown in this

report,) These included premature rupture of membrane, abruptio placenta,

placenta previa, other excessive

bleeding, seizures during labor, precipitous labor, breech/malpresentation,

cord prolapse, and fetal distress.

Method of delivery

Using information from the

National Hospital Discharge Survey

(NHDS), a sample survey (3), trends

in cesarean section —a surgical procedure performed in nearly one in every

four deliveries in the United States –

have been tracked for more than 20

years. Beginning with the 1989 data

year, information from the birth certificate can be used to monitor trends in

method of delivery and to compare

demographic, socioeconomic, and

health characteristics of the mother

and chiid.

Data on method of delivery were

reported on the birth certificates of 45

States and the District of Columbia in

1989. Information was not available

for Louisiana, Maryland, Nebraska,
Monthly Vital Statistics Report. Vol. 40, No. 12(S) ● April 15, 1992 ~7

Nevada, and Oklahoma. Five percent

of the birth records in the reporting

areas did not indicate the method of

delivery. The following discussion does

not include information on forceps and

vacuum procedures that are included

in the method of delive~ question on

the birth certificates, Information on

those procedures will be presented in a

forthcoming annual report (22).

According to birth certificate data,

22.8 percent of births were by

C-section in 1989 (table 13). This rate

is comparable to that derived from the

1989 NHDS, 23.8 percent (3).

The rate for primary C-sections

was 16,1 per 100 births to women who

have not had a previous cesarean

delivery. Data from the 1989 NHDS

show a similar rate (17.1 percent). The

proportion of all cesarean deliveries

that were repeat, that is, for mothers

who have had a previous C-section,

was 36.9 percent in 1989. The comparable NHDS-based rate was 35.6.

The rate for vaginal birth after

previous cesarean delive~ (VBAC) was

18.9 per 100 births to women with a

previous cesarean delivery. The comparable rate from the NHDS was

18.5 percent.

Cesarean deIivery rates increased

directly with advancing maternal age.

The rates in 1989 rose from 16.9 percent for women under 20 years of age

to 31.9 percent for women in their

forties. This pattern is identical to that

found in the NHDS (3).

Rates for primary C-section also

rose directly with age of mother, from

15.0 percent (mothers under 20 years

of age) to 23.2 percent (for mothers in

their forties). Rates for repeat cesarean

ranged from 32.2 to 44.9 for mothers

aged 20 years and over. The rate for

teenage mothers was quite low,

14.1 percent. VBAC rates were highest

for teenage mothers, 24.0 percent, but

declined to 14.0 percent for mothers

in their forties.

C-section rates by race of mother

were remarkably similar, 23.2 percent

for white women and 22.0 percent for

black women. Rates for primary and

repeat C-sections and VBAC were also

very similar for white and for black

women, and the patterns by age for

each were comparable as well.

Cesarean (including total, prima~,

and repeat) and VBAC rates for women

with selected medical risk factors, complications of labor and/or delivery, and

obstetric procedures are shown in

table 14. Certain medical risk factors are

associated with elevated overall C-section

rates (35-52 percent) and primary

C-section rates (2748 percent), including

diabetes, genital herpes, hydramnios/

oligohydramnios, chronic hypertension,

eclampsia, and uterine bleeding. VBAC

rates for women with many of these risk

factors were low.

C-section rates for mothers with

most complications of Iabor and/or

delivery are very high (table 14). This

would be expected, particularly as these

complications impact immediately on

the delivery process. Rates exceeding

50 percent were reported for women

with abruptio placenta, placenta previa,

dysfunctional labor, breech/malpresentation, cephalopelvic disproportion, cord

prolapse, anesthetic complications, and

fetaI distress.

There was no particular pattern

for C-section rates associated with

women undergoing various obstetric

procedures, except that the rate for

women undergoing tocolysis was elevated, 30.5 percent. Tocolysis is used

to inhibit preterm uterine contractions

to extend the length of the pregnancy.

Throughout the 1980’s, birth data

in the United States have shown a

distinctive pattern in the occurrence of

births by day of week. Deliveries are

increasingly concentrated on Tuesdays

through Fridays, with correspondingly

fewer on Saturdays, Sundays, and major

holidays. In accounting for this

weekend deficit, most attention has

focused on the high level of C-section

deliveries and the continued high proportion of them that are repeat cesarcans. The index of occurrence can be

used to examine the daily pattern of

occurrence of births by method of

delivery. This index is defined as the

ratio of the average number of births

occurring on a given day of the week to

the average daily number of births for

the year multiplied by 100.

There is a weekend deficit regardless of method of delivery, but it is

substantially greater for C-sections,

especially repeat C-sections, than for

vaginal deliveries (table 15). Tuesday

is the most popular birth day for vaginal deliveries, with an index of occurrence of 106,3 compared with an index

of 87.3 for Sunday births, a disparity of

22 percent, Since some vaginal deliveries are induced (9 percent in 1989) a

weekend deficit for vaginal births is

not unexpected.

C-sections, both primary and

repeat, are more Iikely to occur on

Fridays. The difference between Friday

and Sunday births for C-sections was

50 percent. For primary C-sections the

differential was 36 percent, and for

repeat C-sections it was 70 percent.

Cesarean delivew rates tend to be

highest for very small babies (under

2,500 grams or 5 lb 8 OZ)and for babies

weighing 4,000 grams or more. Rates

are also elevated for preterm deliveries

(Iess than 37 weeks of gestation).

(Detailed data are not included in this

report.)

Abnormal conditions of

the newborn

Information on tibnormal conditions of the newborn is another measure of the extent to which babies

experience medical problems beginning at birth. Some of these conditions

are associated with very high rates of

infant morbidity, and hyaline menlbrane disease/respiratory clistmss syndrome (RDSJ in particuku is associated

with high inffint mortality rates. Data

on S specific abnormal conditions \verc

reported on the birth certificates of 47

States and the District of Columbia in

1989. These data were not a~’ailable

for Louisiana, Nebraska, and Oklahoma. Four to 7 percent of the birth

certificates in the reporting areas lacked

any information on the prcscncc or

absence of abnormal conditions.

The condition reported Jvith greatest

frequency was assisted vcntilution of

less than 30 minutes, \vith a rate of 11

per 1,000 live births (table 16). Ilyaline

membrane disease/RDS iind assisted

ventilation of 30 minutes or longer,

both indicative that the infant’s survival chances are seriously compromised, were reported at rates of 6 and

7 per 1,000, respectively.
8~ Monthly Vitai Statistics Report ● Voi. 40, No. 12(S) ● Aprii 15, 1992 ~

Birth injuries and fetal alcohol syndrome are believed to be substantially

underreported on the birth certificate.

The rate of reporting for birth injuries

was 2 per 1,000, the same level as

measured from birth certificate data

for 1973–74, the last time national rates

were compiled (23). The rate for fetal

alcohol syndrome was 0.2 per 1,000

births, Underreporting is no doubt substantial for this condition, because of

both the stigma involved and the possible delay in recognizing the condition

in the limited time before the birth

certificate is filed (12).

Rates for most of the conditions

were higher for births to teenagers and

to mothers in their forties. Rates for

birth injury were higher for white births

than for black births, while rates for

anemia, hyaline membrane disease/

RDS, meconium aspiration syndrome,

assisted ventilation of 30 minutes or

longer, and seizures were higher for

black births than for white births.

Babies reported to have anemia,

fetal alcohol syndrome, hyaline membrane disease/RDS, or assisted ventilation of 30 minutes or longer had very

high rates of low birth weight,

24-65 percent. Low-birth-weight levels

for black infants with these conditions

were even higher, 32–81 percent. The

risk of preterm delivery was also substantial for infants with these conditions. Rates for birth injury, hyaline

membrane disease/RDS, and assisted

ventilation of less than 30 minutes and

of 30 minutes or longer were higher for

male babies than for female babies.

Congenital anomalies of child

Information on 21 selected congenital anomalies or groups of anomalies

was reported on the birth certificates

of 45 States and the District of

Columbia in 1989, Data were not available for Louisiana, Nebraska, New

Mexico, New York, and Oklahoma,

The certificates for 7 percent of the

births in the reporting areas did not

indicate the presence or absence of

any anomalies,

It has long been recognized that

the birth certificate is not the best

source of data, on many congenital

anomalies. Except for the most visible

and most severe anomalies, they are

incompletely reported on the birth

record. Because birth registration must

be carried out within a very short

interval after the birth, the reporting

of specific anomalies often depends

heavily on how easily they are recognized, Hopefuily, reporting completeness will improve with the change from

an open-ended to a checkbox format

listing primarily anomalies that are

likely to be recognized before the birth

certificate is filed.

Rates of occurrence of the selected

anomalies are computed per 100,000

total live births and are shown in

tabIe 17, Anomalies occurring in 1 percent or more of all births (a rate of 100

per 100,000 or more) included heart

malformations, other circulatory/

respiratory anomalies, other urogenital

anomalies, cleft lip/palate, polydactyly/

syndactyly/adactyly, and other musculoskeletal anomalies.

For several of the anomalies, there

are distinctive patterns of occurrence

by maternal age. Rates declined with

age for hydrocephalus, omphalocele,

and polydactyly/syndacty ly/adactyly.

Rates generally rose with age for heart

malformations, other circulatory anomalies, Down’s syndrome, and other

chromosomal anomalies. The age differentials for Down’s syndrome and

other chromosomai anomalies were

particularly striking with births to

mothers in their forties at 4 to 10 times

the risk as births to mothers in their

teens. These relationships between

rates of occurrence and maternal age

were very similar to those found in an

earIier report on congenital anomalies

from birth certificate data (23).

For most anomalies with a racial disparity in rates of occurrence, the rates for

births to white mothers were substantially higher than the rates for births to

black mothers. These anomalies

included spina bifida, heart malformations, other circulatory malformations,

tracheo-esophageal fistula/esophageal

atresia, malformed genitalia, other urogenital anomalies, cleft lip/palate, club

foot, and Down’s syndrome. The one

anomaly with a much greater rate of

occurrence among black infants was

polydactyly/syndactyly/adactyly, These

relationships are also very similar to

those observed in the previous report

on congenital anomalies (23).

Other data for 1989 births (not

included in this report) show that male

babies generally have a considerably

higher incidence of congenital anomalies than female babies. This differential arises mainly from higher rates

for congenital anomalies of the urogenital system. Male babies also had

higher rates than female babies for

other circulatory anomalies, polydactyly/syndactyly/adactyIy, and club foot.

Infants with congenital anomaIies

are very likely to be underweight. Lowbirth-weight levels of 18-44 percent

were measured for infants with anomalies of the central nervous system,

heart, and gastrointestinal system.

References

1. Taffel SM, Ventura SJ, Gay GA.

Revised U.S. certificate of birth:

New opportunities for research on

birth outcome, Birth 16(4):188-93.

1989.

2. National Center for Health Statistics. Advance report of final natality

statistics, 1989. Monthly vital statistics report; vol 40 no 8, suppl,

Hyattsville, Maryland: Public Health

Service. 1991,

3. Taffel SM, Placek PJ, Moien M,

Kosary CL, 1989 U.S. cesarean

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rises to nearly one in five. Birth

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4. Centers for Disease Control. Office

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the health consequences of smoking:

25 years of progress. A report of the

Surgeon General. Washington: U.S.

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843-55.1985,

6. Fichtner RR, Sullivan KM,

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7. Kleinman JC, Pierre MB, Madans

JH, et al. The effects of maternal

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274-82.1988.

8, Floyd RL, Zahniser SC, Gunter EP,

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13, Graves C, Malin H, Placek P, et al.

The effect of maternal alcohol and

cigarette use on infant birthweight.

Paper presented at the National

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14, Pamuk ER, Mosher WD. Health

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professional standards. Standards

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7th ed. Washington: The &nerican

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During Pregnancy. Nutrition during

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21. National Center for Health Statistics. Advance report of final mortality statistics, 1989. Monthly vital

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2. Hyattsville, Maryland: Public

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22. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital statistics of the United

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23. Taffel S. Congenital anomalies and

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24. Brockert JE, Stockbauer JW, Senner

JW, et al. Recommended standard

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for Vital Records and Health Statistics. 1990.
lo~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● VOL 40, No, 12(S) ● April 15, 1992 ~

List of tables

1. Live births with selected medical

risk Fdctors and rates for selected

medical risk Factors, by age and

race of mother: Total of 47 reporting

States and the District of Columbia,

1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2. Number of live births by smoking

status of mother, percent smokers,

and percent distribution by average

number of cigarettes smoked by

mothers per day, according to age

and race of mother: Total of 43

reporting States and the District of

Columbia, 1989, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3. Number of live births by smoking

status of mother and percent

smokers, by age and Hispanic origin

of mother and by race of mother for

mothers of non-Hispanic origin:

Total of 42 reporting States and the

District of Columbia, 1989 . . . . . . .

4. Number of live births, percent of

mothers who smoked cigarettes

during pregnancy, and percent distribution by average number of cigarettes smoked by mothers per day,

according to educational attainment and race of mother: Total of

42 reporting States and the District

of Columbia, 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5. Percent low birth weight by smoking

status, age, and race of mother:

Total of 43 reporting States and the

District of Columbia, 1989 . . . . . . .

6. Number of live births by drinking

status of mother, percent drinkers,

11

12

13

15

16

and percent distribution by average

number of drinks per week,

according to age and race of mother:

Total of 44 reporting States and the

District of Columbia, 1989 . . . . . . ,

7. Number of live births by drinking

status of mother and percent

drinkers, by Hispanic origin of

mother and by race of mother for

mothers of non-Hispanic origin:

Total of 43 reporting States and the

District of Columbia, 1989 . . . . . . .

8. Number of live births and percent

distribution by weight gain during

pregnancy and median weight gain,

according to period of gestation and

race of mother: Total of 46 reporting

States and the District of Columbia,

1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9. Percent low birth weight by weight

gain during pregnancy, period of

gestation, and race of mother: Total

of 46 reporting States and the District of Columbia, 1989. . . . . . . . . .

10. Percent low birth weight by

weight gain during pregnancy and

Hispanic origin of mother and by

race of mother for mothers of

non-Hispanic origin: Total of 45

reporting States and the District

of Columbia, 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . .

11. Live births with selected obstetric

procedures and rates for selected

obstetric procedures, by age and

race of mother: Total of 47 reporting

States and the District of Columbia,

1989, , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12. Live births with selected complications of labor andlor deIivery and

rates for selected complications, by

age and race of mother: Total of 47

17 reporting States and the District of

Columbia, 1989. ., . .,, ,,, ,, . . . .

13, Live births by method of delivery,

and rates of cesarean delivery and

vaginal birth after previous cesarean

delivery, by age and race of mother:

Total of 45 reporting States and the

District of Columbia, 1989. , . . . .,

18 14. Rates of cesarean delivery and

vaginal birth after previous

cesarean delivery, by selected

medical risk factors, complications of labor and/or delivery,

and obstetric procedures: Total

of 45 reporting States and the

18 District of Columbia, 1989, , , . .

15. Live births by day of week and

index of occurrence by method

of delivery, day of week, and race

of mother: Total of 45 reporting

States and the District of Columbia,

19 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16. Live births with selected

abnormal conditions of the newborn and rates for selected

abnormal conditions of the newborn, by age and race of mother:

Total of 47 reporting States and the

20 District of Columbia, 1989 . . . . . . .

17. Live births with selected congenital!,

anomalies and rates for selected

congenital anomalies, by age and

race of mothec Total of 45 reporting

States and the District of Columbia,

21 1989 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

22

23

24

25

26

27

Symbols

--- Data not available

. . . Category not applicable

Quantity zero

0.0 Quantity more than zero but less

than 0.05

* Figure does not meet standard of

reliability or precision (estimate is

based on fewer than 20 births in

numerator or denominator)
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 40, No. 12(S) ● April 15, 1992 ~11

Table 1. Live births with selected medical risk factors and rates for selected medical risk factors, by age and race of mothec Total of 47

reporting States and the District of Columbia, 1989

[Rates are number of live births with specified medical risk factor per 1,000 live births in specified group]

Medical

Age of mother

risk factor All Under 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-49

Medical risk factor and race of mother

Not

A// births’ reported ages 20 years years years years years years statad

All racesz

Anemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cardiac disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Acute orchronic lung disease. ..,. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Oiabetes . .

‘“3,i ””””””””’”’”’’”””” “’”””””’ Genitalherpes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hydremnios/Oligoh dramnios3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

!

Hemogloblnopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hypertension, chronic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hypertension, pregnancy-associated . . . . . . . . . . . .

Eclampsia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

lncompetentcervix3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Previous infant4000+grams3. . . . . . ., . . , . . . . . .

Previous preterm orsmall-for-gestational-ageinfant3. . . .

Renaldisease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rhsensitizations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Uterinebleeding4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White

Anemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cardiacdisease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Acute orchronic lung disease. . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . .

Diabetes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Genitalherpes3’4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hydramnios/Oligoh dramnios3

Hemoglobinopath ?.......:::::::::::::::::

Hypertension, chronic, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hypertension, pregnancy-associated . . . . . . . . , . . . .

Eclampsia, ., . .,, ,,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

lncompetentcewix3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Previous infant4000+grams3, . . . . . . . . . ., , , ., , ,

Previous preterm orsmall-for-gestational-ageinfant3. . .

Renal disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rhsensitization5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Uterinebleedlng4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black

Anemia. ,,, , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cardiacdisease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Acute orchrorrlc lungdiseaee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , .,

Diabetes, ,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Genital herpes3’4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hydramnlos/Oligoh dramnlos3 , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1

Hemoglobinopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hypertension, chronic, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hypertension, pregnancy-associated ., , . . . . . .

Eclampsia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Incompetentcervlxs .,, ,,,,... . . . . . . . . . .

Previous infant4000+grams3. . , . . . . . . . . . . ,

Previous preterm or small-for-gestational-age lnfant3

Renal disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rhsensltization5 ...,,..,.. . . . . . . . . . . . .

Uterinebleeding4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . .

. . .

,,,

,,,

,,.

.,,

. . .

. . .

,,.

3,896,605

3,696,605

3,696,605

3,896,605

3,430,329

3,737,993

3,737,993

3,896,605

3,896,605

3,896,605

3,737,993

3,737,993

3,737,993

3,896,605

3,857,868

3,568,941

3,090,834

3,090,834

3,090,634

3,090,834

2,693,792

2,951,908

2,951,908

3,090,834

3,090,834

3,090,834

2,951,908

2,951,908

2,951,908

3,090,834

3,056,337

2,832,718

636,865

636,865

636,665

636,865

577,460

620,429

620,429

636,865

636,865

636,865

620,429

620,429

620,429

636,865

633,622

593,896

69,840

12,992

10,976

77,185

26,688

20,013

1,723

26,606

105,530

16,050

9,156

40,296

50,631

9,921

21,776

31,349

44,624

10,699

8,227

61,681

22,161

i 5,533

680

18,826

84,742

11,609

6,979

36,225

38,106

8,040

19,646

25,833

21,452

1,688

2,406

10,626

3,840

3,650

920

7,083

17,329

3,870

1,902

2,753

10,315

1,487

1,635

4,355

19.1

3.6

3.0

21.1

8.1

5.7

0.5

7.3

28.2

4.4

2.6

11.5

14.4

2.7

6.0

9.1

15.4

3.7

2.0

21.2

8.5

5.6

0.2

6.5

29.2

4.0

2.5

13.1

13.7

2.8

6.6

9.5

36.3

3.2

4.1

16.3

7.0

6.3

1.6

12.0

29.3

6.6

3.3

4.8

17.9

2.5

3.1

7.7

30.3

2.3

3.5

7.4

5.3

5.6

0.6

3.1

35.4

7.3

1.2

2.1

6.2

4.1

4.6

6.7

24.4

2.3

3.3

6.3

4.5

5.5

0.2

2.8

36.3”

6.4

1.1

2.5

7.2

4.5

5.7

7.2

42.2

2.4

4.2

5.2

7.0

5.8

1.6

4.2

33.9

9,1

1.4

1.3

10.2

3.0

3.0

5.9

22.9

2.9

2.9

13.6

6.8

5.6

0.5

4.7

29.4

4.6

1.8

7.4

14.1

3.2

5.8

8.1

18.3

2.9

2.7

14.1

6.6

5.5

0.2

4.3

30.6

4.4

1.7

8.4

13.2

3.3

6.7

8.4

39.7

3.0

3.9

11.2

7.6

5.8

1,6

7.0

25.7

5.7

2.4

3.4

17.8

2.8

2.9

7,3

Rate

15.8

3.5

2.7

20.6

8.1

5.4

0.4

6.4

26,4

3.6

2.6

12.5

14.7

2,3

6.2

9.2

13,0

3.6

2,6

20.3

8.5

5.3

0,2

5.7

26,8

3.4

2.4

13.7

13.7

2.4

6.9

9.4

32.2

3.3

3.8

21.1

6,9

6,5

1.5

11,2

26,4

5,3

4,4

6,3

21,4

2,1

3,5

8.7

14.2

4.5

3.0

29.4

10.2

5.6

0.4

9.6

26.4

3.4

3.7

17.0

16.2

2.1

6.4

10.4

12.1

4.6

2.9

28.2

11.2

5.5

0.3

8.4

26.4

3.2

3.6

18.7

15.5

2.1

7.2

10.7

29.8

4.1

4.4

34.3

6,2

7.3

1.7

21.9

29.9

5.8

5.5

8.o

22.2

2.1

3.1

8.9

14.5

5.4

3.4

43.3

11.5

7.1

0.5

17.4

31.2

4.4

4.7

20.9

19.2

2.1

6.5

11.8

12.5

5.5

3.3

40.6

12.9

6.9

0.3

14.3

30.5

4.2

4.6

23.0

18.7

2.1

7.4

12.0

28.1

4.6

5.2

56.1

5.3

8.1

1,3

44.7

40.4

7.4

6.3

11.4

23,8

1.9

3.1

10.5

16.2

6.0

4.3

64.5

9,3

9.7

0.6

30.5

41.2

6.3

3.9

25.4

21.9

2.6

7,1

11,6

14.3

6.0

4,5

61.2

10.8

9.8

*

23.9

40.1

5.5

4.0

28.4

21.6

2.6

8.0

11.7

26.8

7.1

5.4

78.7

4,9

11,8

*

81,2

52.5

12.0

*

14.0

27.5

*

4,6

9,5

Number

237,304

237,304

237,304

237,304

129,961

232,043

232,043

237,304

237,304

237,304

232,043

232,043

232,043

237,304

238,112

135,240

184,242

164,242

‘184,242

184,242

95,000

179,978

179,978

184,242

164,242

184,242

179,978

179,976

179,978

184,242

184,958

99,280

46,261

46,261

46,261

46,261

30,547

45,366

4S,366

46,261

46,261

46,261

45,368

45,366

45,366

48,261

46,356

31,443

‘Total number of bklhstoresidentsof areas reporting specified medical risk factor.

‘Includes races other than white and blsck.

3New York Cty(but not New York State) reports thia risk factor.

tiexas does not report this risk factor.

‘Kansas doas not report this nsk factor,

NOTE:Excludes data for Louisiana, Nebraaka, and Oklahoma, which did not require reporting of medical risk fsctors,
12~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 40, No. 12(S) . April 15, 1992 ~

Table 2. Number of live births by smoking status of mother, percent smokers, and percent distribution by,average number of cigarettes

smoked by mothers per day, according to age and race of mother: Totai of 43 reporting States and the District of Columbia, 1989

Age of mother

15-19 years

Smoking status, smoking measure, and Under 15-17 18–19 20–24 25–29 30-34 35-39 40-48

race of mother A// ages 15 years Total years yeare years yeacs years years years

All races’

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nonsmoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Not stated, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,

White

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,..

Smoker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nonsmoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nonsmoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,.

Not stated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Smoker’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All races’

Smoker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l–5 cigarettes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6-10cigarettea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11-15clgarettes, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-20 cigarettes ., .,..,.... . . . . .

21-30cigarettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31-40cigarettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41 cigarettea ormore . . . . . . . . . . .

White

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-5 cigarettes. ,, . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6–10 cigarettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11-15 cigarettes, . . . . . . . . . . . ...,

16-20 clgaretfes ...,,.... . . . .

21-30cigarettes . . . . . . . . . . . .,,,

31-40 cigarettes . . . . . . . . . . .

41 cigarettes ormore. .,...,, . . . . .

Black

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l-5 cigarettes, . .,, ,,,,... ,,.,,,

6-10cigarettas . . . . . . . . . . . . ,.,,.

11-15 cigarettes .,, . . . . . . . ,,.,,,

16-20 cigarettes . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21-30cigarettes ., . . . . . . . . . ,...

31–40ctgarettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

41 cigarettes ormore. .,.., ,, . . . . .

2,940,609

52S,040

2,181,514

231,055

2,327,837

437,234

1,710,437

180,186

516,139

80,994

392,009

43,136

19,5

20.4

17.1

100.0

19.2

36.7

6.8

28.8

4.4

1.8

0.3

100.0

18.6

37.8

7.4

31.0

5.0

1.9

0.3

100,0

31.6

43.5

3.9

17.9

1.7

1.2

0.3

8,778

614

7,353

811

3,232

456

2,386

390

5,372

137

4,824

411

7.7

16,0

2.8

100.0

34.0

42,5

5.2

16,1

●

*

*

100.0

29.2

43,8

6.4

18.3

●

*

●

100.0

48.7

38.7

*

*

*

*

.

381,104

77,694

272,901

30,509

250,064

66,429

163,167

20,468

121,215

9,602

102,184

9,449

22.2

28.9

8.6

100,0

23.8

42.4

5.7

24.5

2.6

1.0

0.2

100.0

20,8

42,6

6.1

26,5

2,9

1,0

0.2

100.0

427

41.1

2.7

11,8

0.9

0.7

*

137,136

23,908

101,655

11,373

61,779

20,354

54,224

7,201

51,827

2,974

44,907

3,946

19,0

27.3

6,2

100.0

26.6

43.1

5.2

21.7

2.2

0,8

0.2

100.0

23.5

43.8

5.6

23.6

2.4

0.9

0.2

100.0

47,0

38,9

2,5

10.1

0.8

*

●

Number

243,968 791,366

53,786 171,222

171,046 557,863

19,136 62,261

168,265 800,634

46,075 142,091

1oa,943 411,991

13,267 46,552

69,388 167,805

6,628 25,989

57,257 127,747

5,503 14,069

Percent

23.9 23.5

29.7 25.6

10.4 16.9

Parcent distribution

100.0

22,5

42.1

5.9

25.7

2.8

1.0

0.2

100.0

i 9.5

42.1

6,3

27.8

3.1

1.1

0.2

100.0

40.8

42.1

2.7

12.5

0.9

0.7

*

100.0

19,4

39.8

6.7

28.6

3.9

1.3

0.2

100.0

16.4

39.0

7.4

31.3

4.4

1.4

0.2

100.0

34.6

44.1

3.4

15,4

1.3

09

0.3

920,536

161,580

687,781

71,175

765,076

132,787

574,510

57,779

125,256

26,109

86,235

10,912

19,0

18.8

22,8

100.0

16,0

37.8

7,3

30.0

4.8

1.9

0.3

100.0

15.7

36.4

7,9

32.3

5.4

2.0

0.3

100,0

26.7

44.7

4.3

18.9

1.8

1.3

0.3

604,632

87,750

469,599

47,283

512,704

71,694

401,734

39,276

69,260

14,445

48,787

6,028

15.7

15.1

22.8

100.0

17.5

36.5

7.~

30.2

5.8

2.6

0.4

100.0

15.5

35.1

7.7

31.9

6.6

2,8

0.4

100.0

26.2

42.7

4.5

22.6

2.1

:::

204,020

25,519

162,035

16,466

171,437

20,743

137,069

13,625

23,492

4,180

17,337

1,975

13.6

13.1

19.4

100.0

16.9

35.0

6.6

30.7

6.7

3.6

0.6

100.0

15.1

33.7

7,0

32.0

7,7

4.0

0.6

100.0

24,2

41.5

4.6

24.9

2.6

1.8

*

30,173

3,861

23,982

2,530

24,690

3,034

19,580

2,076

3,739

532

2,915

292

13.2

13,4

15.4

100.0

15.7

33.0

5.9

31.9

7.7

5.1

0.7

100,0

14,0

31,3

6.3

33.3

8.6

5.7

0.6

100,0

23.8

42.8

●

24.2

*

*

*

‘Includes races other (ban white and black

NOTE: Excludes dalafor Cahforn[a, Indiana, Loutslana, Nebraska, New York, Oklahoma, and Soutn Dakola, whlchd!d notrequfre repofllng OftobaccOuse during pregnancy.
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 40, No. 12(S) ● April 15, 1992 ~13

Table 3. Number of Hve births by smoking status of mother and percent smokers, by age and Hispanic origin of mother and by race of

mother for mothers of non-Hlspartic origin: Total of 42 repotting States and the District of Columbia, 1989

Age of mother

15-19 veara

Under 15-17 18-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39

Smoking status and origin of mother All ages

40-49

15 years Total yeara years years years years years years

All origins’

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nonsmoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hispanic

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nonsmoker, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notatated, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mexican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nonsmoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notstatad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

PuertoRican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nonsmoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cuban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Smoker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nonsmoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notstated, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Central and South American. . . . . . . . .

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nonsmoker, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other and unknown Hispanic. . . . . .

Smoker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nonsmoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notstated, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Non-Hispanic

Total*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nonsmoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Smoker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,,.

Nonsmoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notstated, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nonsmoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,922,800

524,095

2,167,715

230,990

268,014

18,216

209,260

40,538

159,130

8,107

120,551

30,472

32,100

4,255

25,072

2,773

9,378

632

8,505

241

26,997

897

23,814

2,266

40,409

4,325

31,318

4,766

2,595,151

499,811

1,936,212

159,128

2,008,890

411,160

1,460,747

116,983

497,009

79,459

361,793

35,757

8,772

614

7,347

811

1,230

59

944

227

786

29

587

170

210

13

170

27

8

8

41

37

4

185

17

142

26

7,376

545

6,335

496

1,991

392

1,461

136

5,231

133

4,747

351

379,779

77,777

272,101

30,501

47,207

3,270

36,410

7,527

29,363

1,390

22,193

5,780

7,363

925

5,794

644

665

57

598

10

2,223

63

1,967

193

7,593

635

5,856

900

325,253

72,906

232,117

19,230

199,195

61,997

126,306

10,692

117,311

9,373

100,070

7,866

136,761

23,763

101,627

11,371

18,594

1,160

14,347

3,067

11,551

486

8,716

2,349

3,050

340

2,434

276

261

18

241

2

734

17

655

62

2,998

299

2,301

398

115,543

22,296

86,307

6,940

62,196

18,663

39,656

3,477

50,206

2,896

44,029

3,281

Number

243,018

53,414

170,474

19,130

28,613

2,110

22,063

4,440

17.812

904

13,477

3,431

4,313

585

3,360

368

404

39

357

8

1,489

46

1,312

131

4,595

536

3,557

502

209,710

50,610

146,610

12,290

136,999

43,134

86,450

7,415

67,105

6,477

56,041

4,587

767,164

169,922

554,977

62,265

85,731

6,106

66,504

13,121

52,490

2,691

39,845

9,954

11,405

1,607

8,766

1,032

2,110

162

1,911

37

7,258

210

6,423

625

12,468

1,436

9,559

1,473

685,816

161,767

483,188

40,841

503,260

133,353

342,071

27,836

161,663

25,489

124,532

11,662

914,114

160,301

682,654

71,159

74,209

4,972

58,266

10,971

42,703

2,201

32,374

8,128

7,868

1,060

6,147

661

3,635

230

3,299

106

6,876

283

7,814

779

11,127

1,198

8,632

1,297

821,459

153,535

617,538

50,366

673, f 66

125,379

508,455

39,334

120,270

25,646

85,606

9,018

600,312

87,104

465,940

47,268

41,423

2,738

32,690

5,995

23,496

1,288

17,768

4,440

3,793

467

3,007

299

2,061

132

1,890

59

5,826

239

5,108

479

6,227

592

4,917

718

546,176

83,482

428,087

34,607

456,504

67,760

362,765

27,959

66,383

14,182

47,222

4,979

202,673

25,344

160,871

16,458

15,264

904

12,102

2,258

8,635

422

6,539

1,674

1,232

146

989

97

753

44

683

26

2,300

89

2,039

172

2,344

203

1,852

289

182,804

24,144

146,607

11,653

151,713

19,460

122,767

9,486

22,541

4,111

16,793

1,637

29,986

3,633

23,625

2,528

2,950

167

2,344

439

1,657

86

1,245

326

229

17

199

13

126

7

116

3

473

13

426

34

465

44

358

63

26,267

3,412

21,140

1,715

21,059

2,799

16,922

1,338

3,590

525

2,623

242

See footnotes at end at table.
14~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Voi. 40, No. 12(S) ● Aprii 15, 1992 ~

Tabie 3. Number of live births by smoking status of mother and percent smokers, by age and Hispsnic origin of mother and by race of

mother for mothers of tron-Hispanic origin: Totai of 42 reporting States and the District of Coiumbia, 1989-Con.

Age of mother

15–19 years

Under

●

15–17 18-19 20-24

Smoking status and origin of mother

25-29 30-34 35-39 40-49

A// ages 15 years Total years years years years years years years

Smokers Percent

All origins’.,,.......,.,., ,,, ,, 19.5 7,7 22.1 19.0 23.9 23.4 19.0 15.7 13.6 13.2

Hispanic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.0 5,9 8.2 7.5 8.7 8.4 7.9 7.7 7.0 6.7

Mexican, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. 6.3 4.7 5.9 5.3 6.3 6.3 6.4

Puerto Rican . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,., .

6.6

14.5 ●

6.1 6,5

13.6 12,3 14.8 15.5 14.7

Cuban, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13.9 12.9 *

6.9 *8,7 * 9.8 7.6 6.5

Central and South American. . . . . .

6.5 6.1 *

3.6 ●

3.1 ●3.4 3.2 3.5

Other and unknown Hispanic . . . .

4.5 4.2 ●

12.1 *

12,5 11.5 13.1 13.1 12.2 10.7 9.9 10.9

Non-Hispanic* ..,....,,.,., 20,5 7.9 23.8 20.5 25.6 25.1 19.9 16.3 14.1 13.9

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,7 21,2 32.9 32.1 33.3 28.0 19.8 15.7 13.7 14.2

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., 17.2 2,7 6.6 6.2 10.4 17.0 23.1 23.1 19.7 15.7

‘Includes origin not stated.

‘Includes races other than whire and black,

NOTE:Excludes data for California, Indiana, Louisiana, Nebraaka, New Hampshire, New York, Oklahoma, and South Dakota, whch did not require reporting of either HLsparm origin of mother or

tobacco use during pregnancy.
Monthly Vital Statistics Report. Vol. 40, No. 12(S) . April 15, 1992 ~15

Table 4. Number of live births, percent of mothers who smoked clgarettea during pregnancy, and percent distribution by average number

of cigarettes smoked by mothers per day, according to educational attainment and race of mothec Total of 42 raportlng States and the

Dlstrlct of Columbia, 1989

Years of school completed by mother

o-6 S-17 12 13-15 16 years Not

Smoking measure and race of mother Total years years years years or more stated

All races’.,,,.,...,,,,,,,,. . . . . . .

White, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black, ,,, , ., . . . . . . . ...,,.... . . .

Smoker’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All races’

Smoker, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10cigaretfes or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11-20 cigarettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21cigareftea or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wh~e

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10cigarettes or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11-20 cigarettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... ,..

21cigarettes or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10clgarettes orless . . . . . . . ..d. . . . . . .

11-20 cigarettes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21clgarettes ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2,8e5,249

2,621,296

513,230

19,4

20.3

17.1

100.0

57.8

35.6

6.6

100.0

54.3

38.5

7.2

100.0

75.1

21.8

3.1

117,472

91,270

19,09s

20.6

23.5

12.6

100.0

52.0

36.0

10.0

100.0

49.2

40.0

10.8

100.0

71.3

24.3

4.3

469,418

321,263

134,192

35.0

40.6

22.7

All births

1,099,292

856,077

213,590

Percent

22.2

23.7

17.0

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

55.5 57.6

37.1 36.2

7.2 6.3

100.0 100.0

51.0 54.1

40.8 39.1

8.2 6.9

100.0 100.0

74,0 76.0

22.2 21.4

3.9 2.6

567,021

460,723

91,164

13.6

13.8

13.4

100.0

61.4

33.0

5.6

100.0

58.6

35.2

6.2

100.0

76.0

21.5

2.5

494,172 117,874

438,906 93,035

34,664 20,322

5.0 16.0

5.0 18.2

6.8 21.2

100.0 100.0

69.8 58.7

25.7 34.6

4,5 6.5

100.0 100.0

68.7 54.5

26.4 36.0

4.8 7.5

100.0 100.0

78.3 70.3

19.8 26.1

1.9 3.6

‘Includes races other than white and black.

NOTE Excludes data for Cefifornia, Indiana, Louislane, Nebraska, New York, Oklahome, South Dakota, snd Washington, wh!ch d[d not require reporhng of eiher tobacco use dur(ng pregnancy

or educational ertainment of mother.
16~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report. Voi. 40, No. 12(S) . Aprii 15, 1992

Tabie 5. Percent iow birth weight by smoking status, age, and race of mother: Totai of 43 reporting States and the District of Coiumbla,

1989

[Low birth weight is defined as weight of less than 2,500 grams (5 lb 8 OZ)]

Age of mother

15-19 years

All Under 15-77 18–19 20-24 25-29 30-34

Smoking status and race of mother

35-39 40-49

ages 15 years Total years years yeara years years years years

All races’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.2 14.0 9.5 10.5 9.0 7.4 6.3 6.5 7.2 8.6

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.4 15.6 11.0 11,6 10.7 10.6 11,1 12.6 14.3 15.7

Nonsmoker, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.0 13.6 9.0 10.1 6.3 6.3 5.0 5.2 6,0

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,.,.

7.4

8.3 14.5 11.0 11.7 10.6 8.2 7.3 7.7 8.4 9.7

White, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.8 10.6 7.7 8.4 7.4 5.9 5.1 5.4 6.1 7.6

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.5 14,0 10.1 10.8 9.7 8.9 9.0 10.2 11.6 14.0

Nonsmoker ...,.......,,.. . . . . 4,7 9.6 6.6 7.4 6.2 4.7 4.2 4.4 5.2 6.5

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.7 11.1 6.9 9.3 6.7 6.4 5.9 6.5 7.2 9.0

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.5 16.1 13.4 13.8 13.1 12.9 13,5 14,4 14.8 15.1

Smoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.6 21.9 17.7 17.0 18.0 19,8 22.4 24.3 27.1 25.6

Nonsmoker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11.7 15.8 12.8 13.4 12.3 11.4 10,7 11,4 11.7 13.2

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.1 17.8 15.6 16.1 15.2 14.2 15.0 15.8 16.7 15,1

‘Includes races other than white and black.

NOTE Excludes data for California, Indiana, Lou!siana,Nebraska, New York, Oklahoma, and 8outh Oakota,which did not require repotting of tobacoo use during pregnancy.
Monthly Vital Statistics Report. Vol. 40, No. 12(S). April 15, 1992 ~17

Table 6. Number of live births by drinking status of mother, percent drinkers, and percent distribution by average number of drinks per

week, according to age and race of mothec Totai of 44 reporting States and the District of Columbia, 1989

Age of mother

15-19 years

Drinking status, drinking measure, All Under 15-17 18-19 20-24 25–29 30-34 35-39 40-49

and race of mother ages 15 years Total yeara years yaars years years years years

All races’

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Drinker.................:.

Nondrinker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Drinker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nondrinker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Drinker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nondrinker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Drinker’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whit e . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All reces’

Drinker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idrinkor less . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2drlnks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-4drinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5drinks ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White

Drinker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idrlnkorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2drinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-4drinks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5drinksor more. . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black

Drinker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idrinkorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2drinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2-4drinks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5drinksormore . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,024,078

114,923

2,660,675

248,280

2,401,537

91,293

2,115,254

194,990

525,129

20,400

459,798

44.931

4.1

4.1

4.2

100.0

61.0

17.7

10.5

10.8

100.0

65.2

17.1

9.4

8.3

100.0

42.3

20.8

15.7

21.3

8,900

98

8,038

854

3,340

56

2,858

426

5,475

32

5,024

419

1.2

1.9

0.6

100,0

57.4

●

*

*

100.0

*

*

*

*

100.0

*

*

*

*

392,911

8,057

352,098

32,756

259,463

5,966

231,169

22,308

123,574

1,699

112,102

9,773

2.2

2.5

1.5

100.0

61.4

16.4

10.6

11.6

100.0

64.8

15.4

10.0

9.7

100.0

50.8

20.2

12.1

15.4

141,096

2,345

128,613

12,136

84,728

1,697

75,227

7,804

52,827

503

48,251

4,073

1.8

2.2

1,0

100.0

61.4

16.2

11.3

11.1

100.0

63.6

14.8

11.0

10.3

100.0

54.3

21.5

12.6

11.6

Number

251,815

5,712

225,485

20,618

174,735

4,269

155,962

14,504

70,747

1,196

63,851

5,700

816,274

25,724

723,541

67,009

622,341

18,633

553,137

50,571

170,842

6,215

149,995

14.632

Percent

2.5 3.4

2.7 3.3

1.8 4.0

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

61.4 59.5

16.5 17.6

10.2 10.8

11.9 12.2

100.0 100.0

65.2 64.8

15.7 16.5

9.6 9.4

9.5 9.3

100.0 100.0

49.3 45.3

19.7 20.7

11.9 14.2

19.1 19.8

946,679

38,263

832,130

76,486

789,130

30,406

696,312

62,412

127,258

6,869

108,985

11,404

4.4

4.2

5.9

100.0

61.8

17.3

10.3

10.6

100.0

66!6

16.7

6.7

7.9

100.0

39.9

20.6

17.6

21.9

619,716

30,276

538,655

50,785

526,473

25,495

458,656

42,320

70,386

4,120

59,912

6,354

5.3

5.3

6.4

100.0

61.6

18.3

10.2

9.9

100.0

65.2

17.9

9.4

7.5

100.0

39.2

22.1

15,4

23.3

206,511

10,979

179,862

17,670

175,538

9,436

151,396

14,706

23,806

1,294

20,464

2,048

5.8

5.9

5.9

100.0

60.7

16.2

11.0

10.2

100.0

63.2

18.0

10.3

8.4

100,0

40.4

20.2

17.0

22.4

30,797

1,526

26,551

2,720

25,252

1,301

21,704

2,247

3,788

171

3,316

301

5.4

5.7

4.9

100.0

54.6

19.5

12.6

13.1

100.0

56,8

19.6

12.3

11.3

100.0

40.9

18.2

●

26.4

‘Includes races other than white and black.

NOTE Excludas data for California, Leuislana, Nebraska. New York, Oklahoma, and South Dakota, which did not require reporting of alcohol use during pregnancy.
18~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 40, No. 12(S) ● April 15, 1992 ~~

Table 7. Number of live births by drinking status of mother and percent drinkers, by Hispanic origkr of mother and by race of mother for

mothers of non-Hispanic origin: Total of 43 reporting States and the District of Columbia, 1989

Orig/n of mother

Hisparr/c Noi%H/spani(5

Central and Other and

All Puerto South unknown

Drinking status of mother origins’ Total Mex!can Rican Cuban American Hispanic Tofa/2 Whita Black

——

Number

Total, , ., ., . .,, . . . . . . . . . . 3,006,269 269,604 160,315 32,290 9,386 27,064 40,549 2,676,669 2,080,815 505,936

Drinker, , .,,,,...,.,,,,,, 113,765 4,617 2,276 956 95 360 1,130 107,256

Nondrinker, ,,, . . . . . . . . . . .

64,296 19,914

2,644,395 221,711 125,902 26,414 9,043 24,377 33,975 2,396,533 1,867,942

Not stated.,,,,,.....,,,,.,

446,654

248,109 43,076 32,137 2,920 246 2,327 5,444 172,900 128,577 37,368

Percent

Drinker, . ...,..,,..,,,,,. 4,1 2.1 1,8 3.3 1.0 1.5 3.2 4.3 4.3 4,2

‘Includes orlgln not staled,

21ncludes races other than white and black,

NOTE: Excludes data for Cahfomra, Louisiana, Nebr@.ska, New Hampshire, New York, Oklahoma, and South Dakota, whlchdld not require repoting ofeither alcohol useduring pregnancy or

Hispanic ongm of mother,

Table8. Number of live bitihsand percent distribution byweight gsinduring pregnancy andmedlan weight gain, according topleriodof

gestation and race of mothec Total of 46 reporting States and the District of Columbla, 1989

Weight gain during pregnancy

Median

Period of gestation and Less than 16–20 21-25 26-30 37-35 36-40 41-45 46 pounds

race of mother .4// births Total

we!ght

16 pounds pounds pounds pounds Dounds Dounds Dounds or more aain

All races’

All gestational periodsz , .

Under 37 weeks,.,,,,.,..

37–39 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . .

40 weeks and over ,,

White

All gestational periods.

Under 37 weeks, . . . . . . . . .

37-39 weeks, , . . . . . . . . . .

40weaks and over ,. .,.,,,

Black

All gestational periodsz

Under 37 weeks . . . . . . . . . .

37-39 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . .

40 weeks and over ,,, ..,..

Number

3,326,613

351,275

1,336,184

1,614,352

Percent distribution

16,1 20.9 14.7

Pounds

100.0 9.4 11.6 12.2 6.0 9.1 30,3

100.0 17.6

100.0 9.2

100.0 7.9

16.2

12,0

10.3

16.7 18.0 10.9

17.0 21.5 14.7

15.3 21,0 15.5

9.0 4.3

11.9 5.6

13.1 6,6

7.1

8.2

10,3

25.9

30.2

30.6

2,628,466

228,554

1,044,245

1,335,840

100.0 8.0 10.8 16.2 21.4 16.5 12.7 6.2 9!1 30.5

100,0 14,5

100,0 7,9

100,0 7.0

15.3

11.2

9.7

17.3 18.9 12!1

17.1 22.1 15.5

15.3 21.4 16.1

9.8 4.7

12.3 5.8

13.5 6.6

7.5

8.1

10.2

27.2

30.3

30.7

588,459

111,023

242,313

229,110

100.0 15.9 15,0 15.4 18.1 11.1 10.1 4.9 9.4 27.6

100.0 25.4

100.0 14,6

100.0 13.0

18.4

15.0

13,5

15.1 15.6 8.4

16.2 18.8 11,4

14.8 18.5 12.0

7.3 3.3

10.3 4.6

11.3 5.7

6.5

8.6

11.3

24.1

28.0

30.1

‘Includes races other than white and black,

‘Includes births with period of gestation not stated.

NOTE: Excludes data for Califorma, Lou!siana, Nebrsska, and Oklahoma, which dld not require reporting of weight gain during pregnancy.
Monthly Vital Statistics Report. Vol. 40, No. 12(S) ● April 15, 1992 ~19

Table 9. Percent low birth weight by weight gain during pregnancy, by period of gestation, and race of mothe~ Total of 46 reporting

States and the District of Columbia, 1989

[Low birth weight is defined as weight of less than 2,500 grams (5 lb 802)]

Weight gain during pragnancy

Per;od of gestation Less than 16-20 21-25 28-30 31-35 36-40 4 1–45 46 pounds Not

and race of mother Totaf 16 pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds or more stated

All gestational periods’

Allraces2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under 37 weeks

Allracesz. , . . . . . . . . . . . .

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

37-39 weeks

Allracesz . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40 weeks and over

Allracesz, . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. .

. .

. .

.,

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

. .

.

,.

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

,..

. . .

7.2 f5.7

5.8 12.6

13.5 23.8

41.4 57.5

39.9 57.0

45.3 59.0

4.7 8.4

4.0 7.1

7.9 11.9

1.7 3.6

1.3 2.8

3.8 &8

10.4 6.8 5.1 4.1 4.0 3,9

8.8 5.8 4.4 3.6 3.5 3.4

18.6 11.9 9.5 7.8 7.2 6.7

48.5 38.4 33.5 30.7 30.3 30.5

46.4 3e.o 33.2 30.8 30.5 30.6

48.0 40.0 35.2 31.9 30.6 31.2

6.5 4.6 3.8 3,3 3.1 3.2

5.6 4.1 3.3 2.9 2.8 2.9

9.6 7.8 6.4 5.6 5.0 4.8

2.8 1.8 1,3 1,1 1.0 0.9

2,2 1.5 1.1 0.9 0.9 0.8

5.4 3.7 3.0 2.4 2.3 2.0

4.1

3.7

6,3

30.1

31.0

28.6

3.4

3.1

4.8

1.0

0.9

1.7

10.2

7.9

17.1

47.0

44.8

50.6

5.6

4.6

9.3

2.3

1.7

4.6

‘Includes births with period of gestation not staled.

‘Includes races other than white and black.

NOTE: Excludes date for California, Louisiana, Nebraska, and Oklahoma, wfichdid ntirequire re~ting ofweight gain during pregnan~.
20 ~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 40, No. 12(S) ● April 15, 1992 ~

Table 10. Percent low birth weight by weight gain during pregnancy, and Hispanic origin of mother and by race of mother for mlothers of

non-Hispanic origin: Total of 45 reporting States and the District of Coiumbla, 1989

[Low bitth weight is defined as weight of less than 2,500 grams (5 lb 8 OZ)]

Weight gain during pregnancy

Less than 16–20 21-25 26-30 3 1–35 36-40 4 1–45 46 pounds

Orighr of mother Total

Not

16 pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds or more stated

Alloriglns’ . . . . . . . .

Hispanic ..,,......,,,.,

Mexican . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Puerto Rican........,..

Cuban . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Central and South American .

Other and unknown Hispanic.

Non-Hispanic* . . . . . . . . . . .

White. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . 7.2 15.7

. . . . . 6.8 123

. . . . 6.0 10,8

. . . . . 9.6 17.4

. . . . . 5.8 15.0

. . . . . 5.9 10.7

. . . . . 7.2 13.0

. . . . . . 7.2 16.1

. . . . . . 5.7 12.7

13.6 24.0

10.4 6.8 5.1

6.3 6,1 4.8

7.2 5,5 4.4

10.9 7,9 6.5

7.7 5.3 5.2

8.5 5.4 4,0

9.2 6.6 5.0

10.6 6,9 5,1

8.9 5.8 4.3

16.7 12,0 9.6

4.1 4.0 3.9

4,1 3.8 4.1

3.6 3.4 3.9

5.5 5.5 4.6

4.0 2.5 3.6

3.8 3.9 3.5

4.4 3.7 4.4

4.2 4.0 3.8

3.6 3.5 3.4

7.s 7.2 6.7

4.1

4.0

3.7

4,9

3.9

3.9

4.1

4.2

3.7

6.3

10.2

S.2

6.9

12,6

9.6

6,9

9.5

10.9

8.0

17.5

‘Includes or!gin not stated.

‘Includes races other than white and black.

NOTE Excludes data for California, Louia!ana, Nebraaka, New Hampah!re, and Oklahoma, which dtd not raquire reporting of ether weigM gain during pregnancy or Hispanic origin of mother.
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 40, No. 12(S) ● April 15, 1992 ~ 21

Table 11. Live births with selected obstetric procedures and rates for selected obstetric procedures, by age and race of mothefi Total of

47reporting States andthe District of Columbia, 1989

[Rates are number of live births with specified procedure per 1,000 live births in specified group]

Obstetric

Age of mother

All procedure All Under 20-24 2.5-29 30-34 35=39

Obstetric procedure and race of mother

40-49 Not

births’ reporied ages 20 years years years years years years stated

All racesz

Amniocentesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Electronic fetal monitoring. . . . . . . . . .

Induction of labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Stimulation of labor . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tocolyais . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,,..,

Ultrasound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,.,

White

Amniocentesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Electronicfetal monitoring.. . . . . . . . ,

Induction oflabor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wimulationoflavor . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tocolysis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ultrasound. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black

Amniocentesis, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Eleotronicfetal monitoring. . . . . . . . . .

Induction oflabor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Stimulationoflabor . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tocolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ultrasound . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,896,605

3,896,605

3,896,605

3,896,605

3,896,605

3,706,297

3,090,834

3,090,634

3,090,834

3,090,834

3,090,834

2,949,182

636,865

636,865

636,665

636,865

636,665

593,447

118,671

2,521,640

333,071

402,107

59,018

1,669,223

101,919

2,019,588

283,532

326,300

46,483

1,363,344

11,759

405,170

39,652

59,777

10,519

242,287

32.3

684.4

90.4

109.1

16.0

477.2

34.6

689.7

96.8

111.4

15.9

4%8.9

19.8

662.4

66.8

100.7

17.7

438.8

12.4

702.8

77.5

105.3

18.8

458.3

13.0

708.0

65.8

107.9

18.9

472.3

11.1

698.7

60.8

100.8

18.8

428.4

15.4

690.7

87.7

107.6

16.9

470.4

15.8

695.4

95.2

110.0

16.6

482.6

14.1

686.3

63.2

100.7

18.4

432.9

Rate

17.8

686.4

93.9

111.6

15.0

481.0

18.2

693.1

99.5

113.6

14.8

491.7

16.3

673.3

69.0

101.6

17.2

440.4

32.4

674.4

93.2

110.2

14.9

483.6

34.2

660.6

97.7

112.0

15.0

493.4

22.0

669.0

73.0

99.6

15.6

450.1

162.3

657.3

97.1

i 07.9

15.8

497.5

173.9

663.3

101.6

110.4

15.8

506.5

91.8

666.6

64.0

98.5

17.6

478.7

200.2

641.7

108.2

108.5

14.9

498.7

214.9

648.2

113.4

111.0

15.2

507.3

125.5

665.2

99.6

101.9

15.4

463.3

Number

212,395

212,395

212,395

212,395

212,395

208,632

162,682

162,682

162,682

162,682

162,682

160,774

43,109

43,109

43,109

43,109

43,109

41,347

‘Total number of births to residents of areas reporting specified obstetric procedure,

21ncludes races other then white and blsck.

31111noisdoes not repofl this procedure,

NOTE Excludes data for Louis fana, Nebraska, and Oklahoma, which did not require reporling of obstetric precedurea.
22 ~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 40, No. 12(S) . April 15, 1992 ~_

Table 12. Live births with selected complications of labor and/or delivery and rates for selected complications, by age and race c)f

mother: Total of 47 reporting States and the District of Columbia, 1989

[Rates are number of live births with specified complication per 1,000 live births in specified group]

Age of mother

All Complication All Under 20-24 25=29 30-34 35–39 40-49

Comp//cation and race of mother

Not

birthsl reported ages 20 years years years years years years stated

All races2

Febrile, .,,......,,..,..

Mecomum, moderate/heavy3

Premature rupture of membrane .

Abruptio placenta . . . . . . . . . . . .

Placenta previa. . . . . . . . .

Other excessive bleeding . . .

Seizures during labor. .

Precipitous labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Prolonged labor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Dysfunctional labor

Breech/Malpresentation. .

Cephalopelvic dieproportion4’5

Cord prolapses . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,.

Anesthetic complication . . .

Fetal distress3’5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,,, .

White

Febrile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,.

Meconium, moderate/heavy3 .

Premature rupture of membrane .

Abruptfo placenta..,.......,,,. .

Placenta previa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,

Other excessive bleeding . . ,

Seizures during labor. . . . . . . . .

Precipitous labor . . . . . . . . . . . .

Prolonged labor . . . . . . . . . . . . ,,.

Dysfunctional labor . . . . . . . . . .

Breech/Malpreaentation. . . . . . . . .

Cephalopelvic disproportion4’5 . . . . . .

Cord prolapse6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Anesthetic complication5. .

Fetal distress3’5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black

Febrile, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Meconium, moderate/heavy3 . . . , .

Premature rupture of membrane . . . .

Abruptio placenta . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Placenta previa. . .,, . . . . . . . .

Other excessive bleeding

Seizures during labor. . . . . . .

Precipitous labor..,.......,,,. . .

Prolonged labor.,,....,..,,,.

Dyafuncfional labor . .

Breech/Malpresentation. . . . . . . . .

Cephalopelvic disproportion4’5 . . . . .

Cord prolapse6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Anesthetic complication5. . . . . . .

Fetal distress3’5, , . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,896,805

3,876,999

3,896,605

3,896,605

3,896,605

3,896,605

3,896,605

3,896,605

3,898,605

3,896,605

3,896,605

3,430,329

3,794,500

3,588,941

3,569,336

3,090,834

3,074,062

3,090,834

3,090,834

3,090,834

3,090,834

3,090,834

3,090,834

3,090,634

3,090,834

3,090,834

2,693,792

3,021,191

2,832,718

2,815,946

636<865

635,036

636,665

636,865

636,865

636,865

636,865

838,865

636,865

636,865

636,865

577,460

806,924

593,896

592,087

Number

40,991

230,155

131,165

24,418

13,340

22,268

1,899

69,591

43,916

108,640

143,043

130,528

9,558

2,159

156,848

29,608

168,536

100,262

18,865

10,330

17,473

1,370

52,589

36,019

89,266

19,389

06,890

7,461

1,766

18,894

9,451

52;707

25,865

4,624

2,274

3,061

437

13,338

5,592

15,118

17,969

17,617

1,754

314

31,738

11.2

63.1

35.8

6.7

3.6

6.1

0.5

19.0

12.0

29.6

39.0

39.5

2.7

0.6

45.6

10.2

58.2

34.4

6.5

3.5

6.0

0.5

18.1

12.4

30.7

41.0

41.1

2.6

0.6

43.7

16,0

89.3

43,7

7.8

3,6

5.2

0.7

22,5

9.5

25.6

30.4

32.2

3.1

0.6

56,6

15.2

70.5

36.5

6.6

1.4

5.8

1.0

14.9

13.5

29.0

31.4

39.5

2.4

0.5

52.3

13.3

63.2

34.7

6.6

1.4

6.0

0.9

12.9

14.4

30.9

35.0

41.4

2.4

0.6

52.0

19.4

87.9

40.8

6.7

1.6

4.4

1.1

18.7

10.9

26.0

23.5

36.2

2.6

0.4

54.2

11.9

64.4

34.3

6.4

2.3

5.9

0.6

18.1

12.6

29.2

34.1

39.8

2.5

0.6

46.8

10.9

59.0

32.5

6.2

2.3

5.9

0.6

16.4

13.3

30.5

36.3

42.3

2.4

0.6

45.4

16.2

86.6

41.7

7.3

2.7

4.6

0.6

23.6

9.5

24.8

26.5

30.9

3.0

0.5

52.9

Rate

10.5

60.3

34.9

6.4

3.6

5.9

0.4

19.1

11.7

30.0

39.8

40.9

2.7

0.6

43.2

9.7

56.0

33.7

6.1

3.4

5.8

0.4

16.1

12.0

30.8

41.2

42.4

2.6

0.6

41.3

14.6

90.5

44.3

6.4

4.7

5.5

0.7

24.2

8.4

26.6

32.6

31.7

3.1

0.6

57.3

9.6

60.5

36.6

6.9

5.1

6.2

0.3

21.1

11.0

29.2

44.3

3s.1

2.9

0.7

42.1

9.0

56.9

35.3

6.8

4.9

6.0

0.3

20.6

11.2

29.7

45.4

38.8

2.8

0.7

39,8

13.8

92.0

48.9

6.6

6.7

6.5

0.5

23.9

9.0

26.6

39.5

30.0

3.7

0.7

60.3

9.4

63.8

40,4

7.8

7.3

7.2

0.4

22.5

11.3

31.5

49.1

38.2

3.3

0.8

48.3

9.1

60.2

39.9

7.6

6.9

6.9

0.4

22.6

11.6

32.2

49.7

38.7

3.1

0.8

45.7

11.7

96.9

50.7

10.3

8.4

7.0

*

22.2

9.1

28.5

46.2

29.9

4.4

*

71.9

6.6

71.1

44.2

10.5

9.2

8.6

0.6

21.8

12.0

34.4

56.0

37.3

3.8

0.8

62.3

8.1

68.2

43.6

10.2

8.6

8.6

0.6

21.6

12.4

35.3

57.0

36.8

3.7

0.8

59.7

12.5

99.5

56.4

11.2

10.6

5.6

*

18.5

7.5

32.3

54.5

32.4

5.4

*

81.7

231,990

230,514

231,990

231,990

231,990

231,990

231,990

231,990

231,990

231,990

231,990

128,827

233,633

132,673

131,382

180,032

178,844

180,032

180,032

180,032

180,032

180,032

180,032

180,032

180,032

180,032

94,085

161,405

97,344

96,141

45,259

45,016

45,259

45,259

45,259

45,259

45,259

45,259

45,269

45,259

45,259

30,370

45,517

31,077

30,836

‘Total numbar of birlhs to residents of areaa reporting specified complication.

21ncludasracas other than white and black.

3Nevadadoes notreport this complication.

4NewYork City (but not New York Stats) reporls this complication,

5Texasdoes not report this complication.

6North Carolina does not report this complication.

NOTE:Excludes data for Louisiana, Nebraaka,and Oklahoma, which did not require reporling of complicatlona of labor andlor delivery.
Monthly Vital Statistics Report. Vol. 40, No. 12(S) . April 15, 1992 ~ 23

Table 13, Live births by method of dellvery, and rates of cesarean delivery and vaginal birth after previous cesa~ean delivery, by age and

race of mothen Total of45 reporting States and the District of Columbia, 1989

B/rths by method of de/ivery

Vagjnal Cesarean Cesarean delivery rate Rate of

vaginal

After

All

birth after

previous Not prevjous

Age and race of mother bktha Total cesarean Total Primary Repeat stated Tots? Prima@ Repea? ce.sarean4

Allracas5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under 20yeara. . . . . . . . . . . . .

20-24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29 yaars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3S39yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4H9years, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under20years . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2C-24years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34yeara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35-39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40-49years . . . . . . .. c......

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under20years . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20-24years . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29years. , . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35-39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40-49yeara. . . . . . . . . . . . . ,.

3,798,734

484,420

1,009,739

1,187,826

795,041

278,117

43,591

3,022,537

326,975

779,397

984,147

666,304

230,502

35,212

611,147

143,251

195,335

151,603

86,147

29,855

4,956

2,793,463

362,328

762,217

667,694

563,775

169,120

26,329

2,212,843

256,961

585,932

717,483

472,528

156,979

22,940

452,921

113,263

147,519

109,427

59,786

19,809

3,117

71,019

3,451

15,993

24,192

19,796

6,778

609

56,851

1,851

11,457

19,952

17,037

5,673

681

11,104

1,493

3,943

3,301

1,752

545

70

826,955

77,801

198,722

265,121

195,305

76,714

13,292

667,114

53,035

155,649

221,033

163,557

63,209

10,631

127,907

23,066

37,942

34,553

22,040

6,692

1,612

521,873

66,844

134,697

161,362

107,529

43,108

8,313

418,177

46,370

107,097

134,323

88,876

34,932

6,577

82,695

19,005

23,699

20,553

12,786

5,377

1,075

305,062

10,957

64,025

103,739

87,776

33,606

4,979

248,937

6,665

48,552

86,710

74,679

28,277

4,054

45,212

4,063

14,043

14,000

9,254

3,315

537

178,316

24,291

48,800

55,011

35,961

12,283

1,970

142,580

16,959

37,616

45,631

30,219

10,314

1,641

30,319

6,920

9,674

7,623

4,321

1,354

227

22.8 16.1 36.9 18.9

16.9 15,0 14.1 24.0

20.7 15.3 32.2 20.0

23.4 16.1 39.1 16.9

25.7 16.5 44.9 18.4

28.9 19.1 43.8 16,8

31.9 23.2 37.5 14.0

23.2 16.2 37.3 18.6

17.1 15.4 12.6 21.7

21.0 15.7 31.2 19.1

23.6 16.1 39.2 18.7

25.7 16.3 45.7 16.6

28.7 18.8 44,7 17.2

31.7 22.8 38.1 14,4

22.0 15.6 35.3 19.7

16,9 14.5 17.6 26.9

20.5 14.3 37.0 21,9

24.0 16.2 40.5 19.1

26.9 16.1 42.0 15.9

30.5 21.6 36.7 14.1

34.1 26.1 33.3 11.5

‘ Psrcemt of all We births by ceeerean delivery.

2Number of prim.aiy ceeereans per 100 live blflhs to women who have not had a previous cesarean.

‘Percent of all cesareans that are rapeat cas;reans.

‘Number of vaginal births after previous cesaresn delivery per 100 live bklhs to women with a prewous cesarean dehvery,

51ncludea races other than white and black.

NOTE: Excludes data for Leulsians, Maryland, Nebraska, Nevada, and Oklahoma, which did not require reporlmg of method of dalivery,
24 ~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 40, No. 12(S) ● April 15, 1992

Table 14. Rates of cesarean delivery and vaginal birth after previous cesarean delivery, by selected medical risk factors, complications

of labor and/or delivery, and obstetric procedures: Total of 45 reporting States and the District of Columbia, 1989

Medical risk factor, complication,

and obstetric procedure

A// births with

Cesarean delivery rate

Rate of

specified vaginal birth

condition and/or affer previous

procedure Tots? Prima/ Repea? cesarean4

Medical risk factors

Anemia, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cardiac disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Acute or chronic lung disease. . . .

Diabetes, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Genital herpes5’s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hydramnios/Oligoh dramnios5 . . . . .

1’ Hemoglobinopathy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hypertension, chronic. . . . .

Eclampsia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

lncompetentcervix5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Renaldisease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rh sensitization’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Uterine bleeding6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Complicationsof laborand/ordelivery

Febrile . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Premature ruptureofmembrane

Abruptio placenta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Placenta prevla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other excessive bleeding .

Seizures during labor, ,....,.

Precipitous labor (less than 3 hours) . . . . . . .

Prolonged labor (morethan20 hours) . . . . .

Dysfunctional labor ..,...... . . . . . . .

Breech/Malpresentation.

Cephalopelvic disproportfona’g . . . . . . .

Cord prolapse’” . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Anestheticcomplicafionsg . . . . . . . . .

Fetaldistressg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Obstetric procedures

Electronicfetal monitoring.

Induction oflabor, . . . . . . . . . . .

Stimulation oflabor, . . . . . . . .

Tocolysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ultrasound ’’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

67,514

12,710

10,826

75,609

26,033

19,542

1,640

26,204

15,726

8,843

9,744

21,361

30,546

39,799

128,153

23,888

12,981

21,651

1,722

68,081

42,695

106,844

140,309

127,284

9,259

1,991

154,135

2,463,276

325,291

392,684

57,739

1,636,821

25.9

26.2

29.1

37.8

46.9

46.8

28.6

41,5

52.1

31.7

29,0

24.6

34.7

36.4

29.7

56,5

82.2

25.5

48,3

1.7

42.3

63.8

83.9

97.7

68.0

56.5

62.9

21.4

22.4

18.6

30.5

27.2

18.4

19.2

21.1

28.1

41.6

41.8

21.1

32,6

46.4

24.1

22,1

17.2

27,1

34.3

26.3

52.6

78.4

19.2

44.7

1.3

41.4

62.1

62.6

97.5

66.2

47.7

61.1

16.3

21.1

17.4

24.6

18.2

37.6

35.4

37.4

38.2

24,3

21.0

35.8

33.6

15.6

34.4

32.7

36.3

32.7

13.3

17.7

18.3

24.6

32.9

15.4

24.5

7.3

11.0

12.8

13.4

10.6

33.2

10.6

30.7

10.0

10.9

27.9

36.1

19.2

22.0

19.8

13.1

22.7

15.2

22.0

12.8

11,9

20.8

18.9

19.9

17.2

38.6

28.5

16.2

3.3

25.7

14.2

64.9

40.3

t 6.4

5.1

0.9

10.8

10.2

18.8

25.8

50.4

56.3

22.0

18.1

‘Percent of all Ihve births by cesarean deltvery,

2Number of primary cesareans par 100 hve births 10 women who have not had a previous cesarean.

3Percent of all cesareans that are repeat cesareans.

4Number of vaginal birlhsafier prevmus cesarean delivery per1001we births to women wilhaprevioua cesereandelve~.

5New York City (but not New York State) reports this nskf actor,

6 Texas does notreport thiansk factor.

‘Kansas does not report th!s nsk factor.

6New York Clty(but not New York State) reports th!s complication,

‘Texas does not report ihts compffcation,

!ONodh Carofi”a dOes not repotithis cOmPficatlOn

tIllllnols dOes “Ot reportths procedure.

NOTE: Excludes data for Louisiana, Maryland, Nebraska, Nevada, and Oklahoma, whlchd!d not require repoding ofelther method ofdelive~, medical risk factors, compltcaflons of fabor and/or

dellvew or obstetric procedures,
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 40, No. 12(S) . April 15, 1992 ~25

Table 15. Live births by day of week and index of occurrence by method of delivery, day of week, and race of mothec Total of 45

reporting States and the District of Columbia, 1989

Index of occurrence’

Method of delivery

All

Cesarean

Day of week and race of mother births Tots? Vaginal Total Primary Repeat

Allraces3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,798,734 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Sunday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 447,898 81.2 87.3 60.7 73.1 39.5

Monday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 550,925 101.8 100,5 106.0 97.9 120.0

Tuesday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 588,409 108.7 106.3 116.5 111.6 124.9

Wednesday, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 581,230 107.4 105.2 114.6 111.0 120.8

Thursday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 578,959 107.0 104.6 114.0 110.5 120.0

Friday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 584,747 108.0 104.4 120.3 113,7 131.4

Saturday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 466,566 86.2 91.8 66.6 82.6 44.5

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Sunday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Monday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tuesday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wednesday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Thursday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Friday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Saturday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,022,537

348,984

439,835

471,843

465,566

463,203

364,157

100.0

79.5

102.1

109.6

108.1

107.6

108.9

84.6

100.0

66.0

100.7

106.9

105.9

105.4

105.1

90.3

100.0

58.4

106.8

117,7

115.3

114.4

121.6

66.6

100.0

71.5

98.1

112.7

111.6

110,9

114.5

81.3

100.0

36.5

121.4

126.1

121.7

120.2

133.5

41.9

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 611,147 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Sunday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78,082 68.0 93.0 70.8 79.6 54.8

Monday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87,284 100.2 99.4 102.6 96.7 113.6

Tuesday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91,682 105.3 103.8 111,0 107.1 118.3

Wednesday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91,117 104.7 102.6 111.7 108.9 116.7

Thursday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90,976 104.5 102.0 112.8 109.1 119.5

Friday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91,098 104.6 101.8 114.2 110.5 120.9

Saturday . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,908 92.9 97.6 77.4 88.5 57.2

‘Index Is the ratio of the average number of births by a specified method of cfehvery cm a given day of the week to the average daily number of births by a specified method of de fivery for the

~ear, multiplied by 100.

Includes method of de fivery not stated.

31nc[udes races other than white and black.

NOTE:Excludes data for Louisiana, Maryland, Nebraska, Nevada, and Oklahoma, which did not require reporting of method of delivery.
26 ~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 40, No. 12(S) . April 15, 1992 ~

Table 16. Live births with selected abnormal conditions of the newborn and rates for selected abnormal conditions of the newborn, by

age and race of mother: Total of 47 reporting States and the District of Columbla, 1989

[Rates are number of live births with specified abnormal condition per 1,000 live births in specified group]

Abnormal Age of mother

All condition All Under 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-49 Not

Abnorma/ condition and race of mother blrihsi reported ages 20 years years years years years years stated

All races2

Anemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,, .,.,.,

BlRhinjuy3 .,,,.,...,,,,,,,, ,,, ,,.

Fetal alcohol syndrome4’5 . . .

Hyaline membrane disease/RDS . . . .

Meconium aspiration syndromes . . . . . .

Assisted ventilation less than 30 minutesfi .

Assisted ventilation 30 minutes or longerK

Seizures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,,, ,.,

White

Anemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

BlRhlnju~3, . ., . .,, ,. ...,.,, ,, . . .

Fetal alcohol ayndromeq’s . . . . . .

Hyaline membrane disease/RDS . . . . . . .

Meconium aspiration syndrome5 . . . . . .

Assisted ventilation less than 30 minuteae . .

Assisted ventilation 30 minutes or longer6 . .

Seizures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black

Anemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Birth injury3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fetal alcohol syndrome4’5 . .

Hyaline membrane disease/RDS . .

Meconium aspiration syndrome5

Assisted ventilation lesathan30mlnutes6

Assisted ventilation 30minutesorlonger6

Seizures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,896,605

3,497,418

3,865,991

3,896,605

3,737,993

3,805,156

3,605,156

3,896,605

3,090,634

2,753,029

2,8S9,255

3,090,834

2,951,908

2,875,053

2,875,053

3,090,834

636,865

565,540

613,505

636,665

620,429

573,608

573,608

636,865

7,139

6,578

611

21,417

11,149

38,298

23,141

3,888

5,177

5,726

351

17,177

8,403

30,740

17,480

2,852

1,717

583

199

3,738

2,352

6,019

4,917

895

2,0

2,0

0,2

5.9

3,2

11.4

6.9

1.1

1.8

2.2

0.1

5.9

3.1

11.5

6.5

1.0

2.9

1.1

0.4

6.4

4.1

11.4

9.3

1.5

2.5 2,1

2.0 2.0

0.1 0.2

7,6 6.3

3,5 3.2

12.3 11.3

9,0 7.1

1,2 1,0

2,3 1.9

2.4 2.3

0,1 0.1

8.0 6.3

3.2 3.0

12,5 11.5

8.8 6.7

1,1 0.9

3.2 3.1

1.1 0.9

0.2 0.3

6.9 6.4

4.0 3.9

11.9 10.8

9.5 9,0

1.3 1.4

Rate

1.8

2.0

0.2

5.5

3.0

11.3

6.3

1.0

1,7

2.2

0.1

5.5

2.9

11.4

6.0

0.9

2.6

1.0

0.4

6.1

4.0

11.5

9.1

1.7

1.7

1.9

0.2

5.1

3.1

10.9

6.3

1.1

1.7

2.0

0.1

5.2

3.0

10.9

6.0

1.0

2.6

1.2

0.5

5.9

4.4

11.6

9.9

1.7

1.8

1.9

0.2

5.5

3.6

11,8

6.8

1.2

1,7

1.9

0.2

5.5

3.5

11.6

6.5

i .1

2.6

1.5

*

6.2

5.3

12.3

10.1

1.8

1,6

2.1

*

5.8

4.3

13.1

8.7

1,2

1.6

2.3

*

6.1

3.9

13.2

8.2

1.1

*

*

*

5,9

8,2

16.4

10.9

*

Number

256,288

156,921

253,905

256,288

252,667

252,290

252,290

256,288

200,0<11

117,673

198,327

200,031

197,1”12

197,6’16

197,8”16

200,0”11

46,947

34,277

48,308

48,947

48,292

47,174

47,174

48,947

lTotalnumber afblrths toresidents Ofareaareportmg spectiedconditlon.

21nc[udesraces other than white and black.

3Massachusetts and Texas do not report this condition.

4Wisconsin doss not report this condition,

5New York City (but not New York State) reports this condition

6New York State .and New York Cltydonot repotitiIis condition.

NOTE: Excludes data for Louisiana, Nebraska, and Oklahoma, whtch dld not require reporling of abnormal conditions of the newborn.
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 40, No. 12(S) ● April 15, 1992 27

Table 17. Live births with selected congenital anomalies and rates for selected congenital anomalies, by age and race of mother: Total of

45 reporting States and the District of Columbia, 1989

[Rates are number of live births with specified congenital anomaly per 100,000 live births in specified group]

Congenital

Age of mother

All anomaly All Under 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39

Congenital anomaly and race of mother

40-49 Not

birthsi reported ages 20 years years years years years years stated

All racesz

Anencephalus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Spina bifida/Meningocele. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hydrocephalus, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mlcrocephalus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other central nervous system anomalies , ., . . , . . .

Heart malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other circulatory/respiratory anomalies . . , . . . . . . .

Rectal atresialstenosls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tracheo-esophageal fistula/Esophage atresia . . . . . .

Omphalocele/Gastroschisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other gastrointestinal anomalies . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Malformed genitalia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Renal agenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other urogenital anomalies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cleft llp/palate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Polydactyly/Syndactyly/Adactyly . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Club foot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Dlaphragmatic hernia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other musculoskeletal/integumentalanomalies. , . . .

Down’s syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other chromosomal anomalies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White

Anencephalus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Spinabifida/Meningocele. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hydrccephalus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Microcephakrs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other central nervous eystem anomalies. . . . . . . . .

Heart malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other circulatory/respkatory anomalies , , , . . . . . . .

Rectal atresiakitenosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Tracheo-esophageal fistulsdEsophageal atresia. . . . .

Omphalocele/Gastroschisis . . . , . . . , . . . . . . . . .

Other gastrointestinal anomalies . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Malformed genitalia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Renal agenesis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other urogenital anomalies . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . .

Cleft lip/palate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Polydactyly/Syndacty ly/Adactyly . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Clubfoot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Dlaphragmatichernia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other musculoskeletal/integumentalanomalies. . . . .

Down’ssyndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Otherchromosomal anomalies. . , . . . . . . . . . . . .

Number

3,577,803

3,577,803

3,577,803

3,577,803

3,577,803

3,577,803

3,577,803

S,577,803

3,577,803

3,577,803

3,577,803

3,577,803

3,577,803

3,577,803

3,577,803

3,577,803

3,577,803

3,577,803

3,577,803

3,577,803

3,577,803

2,852,565

2,852,565

2,852,565

2,852,565

2,852,565

2,852,565

2,852,565

2,852,565

2,852,565

2,652,565

2,852,565

2,852,565

2,852,565

2,852,565

2,852,565

2,852,565

2,652,565

2,852,585

2,852,565

2,852,565

2,852,565

670

1,014

1,026

402

1,087

4,621

5,292

458

488

946

1,458

2,965

407

5,072

3,460

3,562

2,332

499

8,477

1,945

1,875

537

868

845

309

886

3,807

4,448

369

424

740

1,130

2,506

327

4,430

3,022

1,994

2,038

417

6,904

1,666

1,511

20.2

30.5

30.6

12.1

S2.7

139.0

159.2

13.8

14.7

28.5

43.9

89.2

12.2

152.6

104.1

107.2

70.2

15.0

255.0

56.5

56.4

20.2

32.7

31.8

11.6

33.4

143.4

167.5

13.9

16.0

27,9

42.6

94.4

12.3

166.8

113.8

75.1

76.8

15.7

260.0

63.5

56,9

21.6

S1.2

40.5

12.8

36.5

133.4

156.7

18.1

11.6

53.9

49.5

93.2

13.0

149.5

106.9

146.8

74.4

16.7

262.0

42.3

48.8

22.4

36.8

44.8

13.1

36.2

140.5

180.1

19.6

15,2

56.1

49.2

101.2

14.5

172.5

127.7

86.1

87.1

18.6

273.1

49,9

52.3

22.4

32.6

32.1

11.2

35.2

132.9

160.5

13.3

14.7

34.2

42.9

90.9

12.2

148.9

106.7

123.0

73.2

15.3

250.3

38.4

50.0

23.1

35.6

34.6

10.1

37.0

138.1

172.3

14.0

14.8

35.3

43.2

97.8

13.0

166.2

120.3

82.7

80.0

16.3

256.0

42.1

50.2

Rate

20.0

30.5

30.0

13,2

30.8

135.2

156.9

11.6

14.5

22.5

43.6

67.3

12.5

158.8

103.1

93.3

70.2

13.1

246.9

48.6

52.9

19.3

32.2

31.2

11.6

31.3

137.9

162.7

12.1

15.5

22.3

41.1

90.6

12.1

171.0

110.8

72.5

75.9

13,9

250.8

51.1

53.9

17.4

28.9

24.6

10,2

29.5

140.9

155.2

13.7

15.7

18.2

39.0

85.1

11.6

151.5

97.1

87.8

64.0

16,3

255.8

66.2

55.5

18.8

29.7

24.9

10.7

28,5

143.1

156.7

12.6

17.4

17.4

36.8

69.8

10.9

162.3

103.6

65.1

69.9

16.1

25Z.2

70.9

53.7

16.4

25.5

24.7

13.0

31.4

169.2

175.9

17.2

16.0

18.0

51.5

94.6

10.9

147.6

105.9

89.2

69,9

14.7

290,6

125.2

90.0

16.1

26,6

25.1

15.1

33.7

177.4

182.4

17.6

20.1

16.6

51.8

101,0

11.1

155,3

115.1

69.6

76.4

15.6

302.0

129.1

89.4

*

*

*

*

*

229,2

191.0

*

*

*

*

95.5

*

152.8

106.4

106.4

62.8

*

270.1

442.0

196.4

*

*

*

*

●

231.7

164.7

*

●

*

●

104.1

*

171.3

104.1

97.4

*

*

268.6

470.1

191.4

253,639

253,639

253,639

253,639

253,639

253,639

253,639

253,639

253,639

253,639

253,839

253,639

253,639

253,639

253,639

253,639

253,639

253,639

253,639

253,639

197,415

197,415

197,415

197,415

197,415

197,415

197,415

197,415

197,415

197,415

197,415

197,415

197,416

197,415

197,415

197,415

197,415

197,415

197,415

197,415

197,415

Ss.efootnotesat end of table.
28 ~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report @Vol. 40, No. 12(S) ● April 15, 1992 ~

Table 17. Live births with selected congenital anomalies and rates for selected congenital anomalies, by age and race of mothec Total of

45 reporting States and the District of Columbia, 1989-Con.

[Rates are number of live births with specified congenital anomaly per 100,000 live births in specified group]

Congenital Age of mother

All anoma/y All Under 20–24 25-29 30-34

Congenifa/ anoma/y and race of mother btrthsl

35-39 40–49 Not

reported ages 20 years years years years years years stated

Black

Anencephalus. ..,,,.....,,.. . . . . . . .

Spins bifidtiMeningocele. . , .

Hydrocephalus . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . .,,,,.,..

Microcephalus . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other central nervous system anomalies . . . .

Heart malformations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other circulatory/respiratory anomalies . . . . . .

Rectal atresia/stenosis ..,,.... . ...,,,.,,..

Tracheo-esophageal fistuls/Esophageal atresia .

Omphalocele/Gastroschisis . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other gastrointestinal anomaliea . . . . . . . . . . .

Malformed genitalia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Renal agenesis, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other urogenital anomalies . . . . . . . . . .

Cleft iip/palate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Polydactyly/Syndacty ly/Adactyly . . . . .

Club foot. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Diaphragmatic hernia .,....... ,, . . . . . .

Other musculoskeletalflntegumentalanomalies.

Down’s syndrome . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Other chromosomal anomalies . . . . . . . .

Number

573,082 104

573,082 117

573,082 151

573,082 80

573,082 153

573,082 630

573,062 629

573,062 69

573,082 47

573,062 175

573,062 267

573,082 377

573,082 66

573,062 490

573,082 239

573,082 1,469

573,082 242

573,082 66

573,082 1,193

573,062 199

573,082 295

19.8

22.3

28,8

15.2

29.1

120.0

119.6

13.1

9.0

33.3

50.9

71.8

12.6

93.3

45,5

279.8

46,1

12,6

227,3

37.9

56.2

22.1

20.5

33.1

*

31.5

112.6

97,7

*

*

45.7

45.7

75.6

*

99.3

48.8

300.9

47.3

*

226.9

26.8

41.7

18.9

20.6

23.6

14.7

28.3

112.0

114.4

*

14.7

31.8

43.6

70.2

*

87.3

49.5

294.2

50.1

●

227.0

24.8

52.5

Rate

24,1

23.3

29.5

26.4

28.7

123.5

124.3

*

*

29.5

61.4

77.7

*

94.0

39.6

243.2

45.8

*

219.1

36.5

52.8

*

29.4

26.0

*

33.5

130.0

152.3

*

*

*

57.3

61.5

*

95.0

48,9

260.9

33.6

*

246.0

37.7

79.7

●

☛

☛

●

☛

152.6

136.1

*

●

*

*

*

*

99.0

*

272.2

●

*

214.5

127.9

*

*

*

*

*

●

☛

☛

☛

☛

☛

☛

☛

☛

☛

☛

☛

☛

☛

☛

☛

☛

Number

48,145

48,145

48,145

48,145

48,145

48,145

48,145

48,145

48,145

48,145

48, t45

48,145

48,145

48,145

48,145

48,145

48,145

48,145

46,145

46,145

48,145

lTOtalnumber of Mthstore sidentsof areasreportlng speciied congenita! anomaly.

21ncludes races other than white and black.

NOTE Excludes data for Lou!slana, Nebraska,New Mexwo, New York, and Oklahoma, which did not require reporling of congenital anomaltas.
Monthly Vital Statistics Report. Vol. 40, No. 12(S) ● April 15, 1992 ~ 29

Technical notes

Source of data

Data shown in this report are based

on 100 percent of the birth certificates

in all States and the District of

Columbia. The data are provided to

the National Center for Health Statistics through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program. Information in this

report on selected maternal and infant

health characteristics was derived from

items on the 1989 revision of the U.S.

Standard Certificate of Live Birth

(figure 1).

Race of mother

Birth data are tabulated by the

race of the mother as reported directly

on the birth certificate. If race of

mother was not stated, it was imputed

as that of the father, if known. If

neither race was stated, race of mother

was imputed as the race of the mother

on the preceding record with known

race.

Definitions of medical terms

The following definitions are

adapted and abbreviated from a set of

definitions compiled by a committee of

Federal and State health statistics

officials for the Association for Vital

Records and Health Statistics (24).

Medical risk factors for this

pregnancy

Anemia, - Hemoglobin level of less

than 10.0 g/dL during pregnancy, or a

hematocrit of less than 30 percent

during pregnancy.

Cardiac disease. – Disease of the

heart.

Acute or chronic lung disease. –

Disease of the lungs during pregnancy.

Diabeles, –Metabolic disorder

characterized by excessive discharge of

urine and persistent thirst; includes

juvenile onset, adult onset, and gestational diabetes during pregnancy.

Genital heqoes.– Infection of the

skin of the genital area by herpes simplex virus.

HydramnioslOligohydramnios. –

Any noticeable excess (hydramnios) or

lack (oligohydramnios) of amniotic

fluid.

Hemoglobinopathy. –A blood disorder caused by alteration in the genetically determined molecular structure

of hemoglobin (for example, sickle ceil

anemia).

Hypertension, chronic. – Blood pressure persistently greater than 140/90,

diagnosed prior to onset of pregnaney

or before the 20th week of gestation.

H~ertenst’o%pregnancy-associated –

An increase in blood pressure of at least

30 mm hg systolic or 15 mm hg diastolic

on two measurements taken 6 hours apart

after the 20th week of gestation.

Eclampsia. – The occurrence of

convulsions and/or coma unrelated to

other cerebral conditions in women

with signs and symptoms of preeclampsia,

Incompetent cervix. – Characterized

by painless dilation of the cervix in the

second trimester or early in the third

trimester of pregnancy, with premature expulsion of membranes through

the cemix and ballooning of the membranes into the vagina, followed by

rupture of the membranes and subsequent expulsion of the fetus.

Previous infont 4,000 + grams. –The

birth weight of a previous live-born child

was over 4,000 grams (8 lbs 14 OZ).

Previous preterm or small-forgestational-age infant. – Previous birth

of an infant prior to term (before 37

completed weeks of gestation), or of

an infant weighing less than the 10th

percentile for gestational age, using a

standard weight for age chart.

Renal disease. –Kidney disease.

Rh sensitization. –The process or

state of becoming sensitized to the Rh

factor as when an Rh-negative woman

is pregnant with an Rh-positive fetus.

Uterine bleeding –Any clinically significant bleeding during the pregnancy,

taking into consideration the stage of

pregnancy; any second or third trimester bleeding of the uterus prior to

the onset of labor.

Obstetric procedures

Amniocentesis. –Surgical transabdominal perforation of the uterus to

obtain amniotic fluid to be used in the

detection of genetic disorders, fetal

abnormalities, and fetal lung maturity.

Electronic fetal monitoring. –

Monitoring with external devices

applied to the maternal abdomen or

with internal devices with an electrode

attached to the fetaI scalp and a catheter through the cervix into the uterus,

to detect and record fetal heart tones

and uterine contractions.

Induction of labor. –The initiation

of uterine contractions before the spontaneous onset of labor by medical

and/or surgical means for the purpose

of delivery.

Stimuhion of labor.–Augmentation

of previously established labor by use of

oxytoein.

Toco@is. – Use of medications to

inhibit preterm uterine contractions to

extend the length of pregnancy and,

therefore, avoid a preterm birth.

Ultrasound. – Visualization of the

fetus and the placenta by means of

sound waves.

Complications of labor and/or

delivery

Febrile. –A fever greater than 100

degrees F. or 38 C. occurring during

labor and/or delive~.

Meconium, moderatelheavy. —

Meconium consists of undigested debris

from swallowed amniotic fluid, various

products of secretion, and excretion

and shedding by the gastrointestinal

tract; moderate to heavy amounts of

meconium in the amniotic fluid noted

during labor and/or delivery.

Premature mpture of membranes

(more than 12 hours). –Rupture of the

membranes at any time during pregnancy and more than 12 hours before

the onset of labor.

Abruptioplacenta. – Premature separation of a normally-implanted placenta from the uterus.

Placenta previa. – Implantation of

the placenta over or near the internal

opening of the cervix.

Other excessive bleeding. – The 10SS

of a significant amount of blood from

conditions other than abruptio placenta or placenta previa.

Seizures during labor. – Maternal

seizures occurring during labor from

any cause.
30 ~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report e Vol. 40, No. 12(S) . April 15, 1992 ~

Precipitous labor (less than 3

hours). – Extremely rapid labor and

delivery lasting less than 3 hours.

Prolonged labor (more than 20

hours). –Abnormally slow progress of

labor lasting more than 20 hours.

Dysfunctional labor. – Fai lure to

progress in a normal pattern of labor.

Breech/Ma@resentation.– At birth, the

presentation of the fetal buttocks rather

than the head, or other malpresentation.

Cephalopelvic disproportion. –The

relationship of the size, presentation,

and position of the fetal head to the

maternal pelvis, which prevents dilation of the cervix and/or descent of the

fetal head.

Cord prolapse. – Premature expulsion of the umbilical cord in labor

before the fetus is delivered.

Anesthetic complications. – Any

complication during labor and/or

delivery brought on by an anesthetic

agent or agents.

Fetal distress. – Signs indicating

fetal hypoxia (deficiency in amount of

oxygen reaching fetal tissues).

Abnormal conditions of the

newborn

Anemia. – Hemoglobin level of less

than 13.0 g/dL, or a hematocrit of less

than 39 percent.

Birth injwy. –Impairment of the

infant’s body function or structure due

to adverse influences that occurred at

birth.

Fetal alcohol syndrome. – A syndrome of altered prenatal growth and

development occurring in infants born

of women who consumed excessive

amounts of alcohol during pregnancy.

Hyaline membrane diseaselRDS. –A

disorder primarily of prematurity, manifested clinically by respiratory distress

and pathologically by pulmonary hyaIine membranes and incomplete expansion of the lungs at birth.

Meconium aspiration syndrome. –

Aspiration of meconium by the fetus

or newborn, affecting the lower respiratory system.

Assisted ventilation (less than .30

minutes). – A mechanical method of

assisting respiration for newborns with

respiratory failure.

Assisted ventilation (30 minutes or

more). – Newborn placed on assisted

ventilation for 30 minutes or longer.

Seizures. –A seizure of any etiology,

Congenital anomalies of child

Anencepha/us. – Absence of the

cerebral hemispheres.

Spina bifidalMeningocele. –Developmental anomaly characterized by defective closure of the bony encasement of

the spinal cord, through which the cord

and meninges may or may not protrude.

Hydrocephalus. – Excessive accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within

the ventricles of the brain with consequent enlargement of the cranium.

Microcephalus.–A significantly small

head,

Other central nervous system

anomalies. —Other specified anomalies

of the brain, spinal cord, and nervous

system.

Heart ma~ormalions. – Congenital

anomalies of the heart.

Other circulatory lrespiratory

anomalies. —Other specified anomalies of the circulatory and respiratory systems.

Rectal atresialstenosis. – Congenital

absence, closure, or narrowing of the

rectum.

Tracheo-esophageal j?stulalEsophageal atresia. – An abnormal passage

between the trachea and the esophagus;

esophageal atresia is the congenital

absence or closure of the esophagus.

OmphalocelelGas troschisis. – An

omphalocele is a protrusion of variable

amounts of abdominal viscera from a

midline defect at the base of the umbilicus. In gastroschisis, the abdominal

viscera protrude through an abdominal

wall defect, usually on the right side of

the umbilical cord insertion.

Other gastrointestinal anomalies. –

Other specified congenital anomalies

of the gastrointestinal system.

Malformed genitalia. – Congenital

anomalies of the reproductive organs.

Renal agenesis. – One or both kidneys are completely absent.

Other urogenital anomalies. – Other

specified congenital anomalies of the

organs concerned in the production and

excretion of urine, together with organs

of reproduction,

Cleft Iiplpalate. – Cleft lip is a

fissure or elongated opening of the lip;

cleft palate is a fissure in the roof of

the mouth. These are failures of embryonic development.

Polydac@y/Syndacty/y, Adac@y. –

Polydactyly is the presence of more

than five digits on either hands and/or

feet; syndactyly is having fused or

webbed fingers and/or toes; adactyly is

the absence of fingers andfor toes.

Club foot. –Deformities of the foot,

which is twisted out of shape or

position.

Diaphragmatic hernia. – Herniation

of the abdominal contents through the

diaphragm into the thoracic cavity, usually resulting in respirato~ dislress.

Other musculoskeletallintegurnental

anomalies. —Other specified congenital anomalies of the muscles, skeleton,

or skin.

Down’s syndrome. –The mclst common chromosomal defect with most

cases resulting from an extra chromosome (trisomy 21).

Other chromosomal anomalies. –All

other chromosomal aberrations.

Method of delivery

Several rates are computed for

method of delivery, The overall

cesarean section rate or total cesarean

rate is computed as the percent of all

births that were delivered by cesarean

section. The primaiy cesarean rate is a

measure that relates the number of

women having a primary cesarean

delivery to all women giving birth who

have never had a cesarean clelivery.

The denominator for this rate includes

all births, less those with method of

delivery classified as repeat cesarean,

vaginal birth after previous cesarean,

or method not stated. The repeat

cesarean rate is the percent of all

cesarean deliveries that were to women

having their second (or subsequent)

cesarean delivery, The rate for vaginal

birth after previous cesarean (VBAC)

delivery is computed by relating all

VBAC deliveries to the sum of VBAC

and repeat cesarean deliveries, that is,

to women with a previous cesarean

section.
Monthly Vital Statistics Report. Vol. 40, No. 12(S) . April 15, 1992 ~31

Computation of percent,

percent distributions, and

medians

Births with unknown medical and

life-style risk factors of pregnancy and

birth, obstetric procedures, abnormal

conditions find congenital anomalies of

infant, and method of delivery were

subtracted from the figures for total

births that were used as denominators

before percents, percent distributions,

and medians were computed. Computations of median weight gain were

based on ungrouped data. An asterisk

is shown in place of any derived statistic based on fewer than 20 births in

the numerator or denominator.

Random variation

Although the birth data in this

report are not subject to sampling error,

they may be affected by random variation in the number of births involved.

Many of the checkbox items refer to

extremely rare events. When the

number of events is small, perhaps less

than 100, and the probability of such

an event is small, considerable caution

must be observed in interpreting the

data.

“U.S. Government Printing CXfirn 1992 — 312-0W40024
32 ~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report o Vol. 40, No. 12(S) . April 15, 1992

This report presents summary tabulations on new data from the 1989 birth

certificate. More detailed tabulations for 1989 will be published in ViIal

Statistics of the United States, Volume 1– Natality. Prior to the publication of

that volume, the National Center for Health Statistics will respond to

requests for unpublished data whenever posssible.

Suggested citation

National Center for Health Statistics. Advance report Copyright information

of new data from the 1989 birth certificate. Monthly

vital statistics report; vol 40 no 12, suppl. This report may be reprinted without further

Hyattsville, Maryland: Public Health Service. 1992. permission.
Vol. 42, No. 4, Supplement. September 30, 1993

Monthly Vital

Statistics Re~ort *

.. .

Final Data From the CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL AND PREVENTION/National Center for Health Statistics

Mortality by Occupation, Industry, and Cause of Death:

12 Reporting States, 1984

by Harry M. Rosenberg, Ph.D, National Center for Health Statistics;

Carol Burnett, M.S., National Institute for Occu~ational Safetv and Health: Jeff Maurer, M.S.,

National Center for Health Statistics; and Robert Spirtas, Dr~ P,H.,

Contents

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Methods, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Datasources. .,, ,., . . . . . 2

Analytical measures.. ,... 2

Results,, , . ., .,, . . . . . . . . . . 3

Mortality by occupation. . . 3

Mortality by industry . . . . . 4

Discussion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

List of detailed tables . . . . . . 11

Technical notes . . . . . . . . . . . 62

NOTE Although Dr. Suirtas was with the

National Cancer-Institute it the time this report

was written, he is currently with the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development.

Introduction

This report presents statistics on

mortality by occupation and indust~

from information reported on death

certificates. The report illustrates how

this multi-State data base can be used

to identify possibIe associations

between occupational factors and

health outcomes, as measured by mortality. The report is a collaborative

effort of the National Center for Health

Statistics (NCHS), the National Institute for Occupational Safety and

Health (NIOSH), the National Cancer

Institute (NCI), and the State vital

statistics offices. The U.S. Bureau of

the Census provided assistance in

developing and evaluating the coding

procedures for occupation and industry

from the death certificate (l).

Previous studies on occupational

mortality using information from the

death certificate have been carried out

for the United States as a whole and

National Cancer Institute”

for selected States. Such studies are

often carried out around the time of a

national census, which can provide the

detailed population needed to produce

population-based measures of risk

(2-6). Accordingly, early studies of U.S.

occupational mortality were made in

connection with the census of population. The first U.S. study was made for

1890, and studies were reported for

each census through 1930. The most

recent national study of U.S. occupational mortality was carried out using

data for 1950 (2-6). One report (3) also

summarized information from the previous studies of 1890, 1900, and 1930.

The 1950 report was limited to

white males and males of other races,

shown separately, for ages 20-64 years.

Apart from the reports carried out by

NCHS and its predecessor agencies,

NIOSH has published numerous State

reports of occupational mortality, for

example, Washington (7), California

Acknowledgments

The authors express gratitude to Todd M. Frazier and John P, Sestito of the Division of Surveillance, Hazard Evaluations, and Field Studies

(DSHEFS), National Institute for Occupational Health; Gilbert W. Beebe and Aaron E. Blair of the Division of Cancer Etiology, Epidemiology and

Biostatistics Program, National Cancer Institute, for their review and comments on this report. Robert Dubrow and Stephen Spaeth (DSHEFS)

provided the methodology and programming of the statistical procedures. Thomas Dunn, Richard Klein, and Vanetta Harnngton of the Division of

Vital Statistics provided content review. This report was edited by Arlett R. Brown and typeset by Zung T.N. Le of the Publications Branch, Division

of Data Sewices.

swlcr*,o #

&●*

+

-g

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

5

Public Health Service

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention $

%.> National Center for Health Statistics CK

CENTSRS FOR DISEASE CONTROL

AND PREVENTION
2~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report. Vol. 42, No. 4(S) c September 30, 1993 ~

(8), and Rhode Island (9). As part of

its surveillance programs, NIOSH also

has supported the development of

State-based occupational mortality surveillance systems. Reports from New

York (10), Pennsylvania (11), South

Carolina (12), Kentucky (13), and Utah

(14) are illustrative of these initiatives.

Recently, California published a report

that included data for 1979-81 (15). A

study on socioeconomic differentials in

mortality using 1960 census and vital

statistics data included selected information on occupational mortality for

white males aged 25–74 years and all

other males aged 25–64 years (16). In

addition, decennial reports of occupational mortality have been produced

regularly for England and Wales (17).

Methods

Data sources

This report is based on information for all 269,797 deaths occurring in

a 12-State reporting area in 1984 to

residents of that area that were 20

years of age and over. The 12 reporting

States are Colorado, Georgia, Kansas,

Kentucky, Maine, Missouri, Nebraska,

Nevada, New Hampshire, Rhode

Island, South Carolina, and Wisconsin.

Mortality is shown separately for males

and females. Occupation and industry

mortality data for 1985-91 are available on public-use data tapes (see

Technical notes).

Data are based on information

reported on death certificates submitted to the State vital registration

offices in the 12 reporting States, in

accordance with the laws and statutes

of the respective States. These data

were provided to NCHS on magnetic

tape from the States from copies of the

original certificates of death.

Occupation and industry of the

decedent are the “usual occupation”

and “kind of business or industty”

reported on the certificate,. based on

information provided by informants to

the funeral director who has legal

responsibility for completing this information and filing the death certificate

with the State vital registration office.

The handbook Guidelines for Repotiing

Occupation and Industry on Death Certificates serves as an aid to funeral

directors in obtaining information and

filling out the occupation and industry

items on the death certificate (18).

Occupation and industry on the

death certificates were classified

according to U.S. Bureau of the Census

publications (19,20), using a special

adaptation of coding procedures developed with the U.S. Bureau of the

Census for occupation and industry

information reported on the death certificate (21) (see Technical notes).

Although the reported occupations and

industries were coded and classified

according to the most detailed category (three-digit category) of the U.S.

Bureau of the Census classification,

they are presented in this report

according to a list of 46 selected occupations and a list of 42 selected industries developed by the collaborating

agencies.

Causes of death are coded and

classified according to the Manual of

the International Statistical Classij%

cation of Diseases, Injun”es,and Causes

of Death (22) and are presented in this

report according to a special list of 52

selected causes of death developed by

the collaborating agencies for analyzing occupational mortality (see Technical notes). Cause-of-death titles and

category numbers shown in the figures

and detailed tables may be abbreviated

(see Technical notes for complete titles

and category numbers). The list

includes 13 of the 15 leading causes of

death in the United States, along with

a number of causes of special interest

in relation to occupational exposures,

particularly malignant neoplasms of

selected sites. The other two leading

causes of death —Congenital anomalies and Certain conditions originating

in the perinatal period —are deleted

from the list.

Analytical measures

Data are presented using percent

distributions and proportionate mortality ratios (PMR’s). These ratios,

which are expressed in relation to an

index of 100, show the proportion of

deaths for a particular occupation or

industry category for a specific cause

of death in relation to all occupations

or industries combined (represented

by a PMR of 100) for that specific

cause of death. The PMR’s in this

report have been standardized for age

and race. For method of computation

see Technical notes.

The PMR compares the observed

number of deaths for an occupation

(or industry) and a cause of death with

the number expected had the distribution of deaths by cause and by 5-year

age groups for males and females for

all occupations (industries) prevailed

in that occupation (or industry). A

PMR of 100 indicates that the proportion of deaths from a particular cause

of death and an occupaticm (or

industry) is exactly the same as that of

the general population for all c~ccupations or industries combined. A PMR

less than 100 indicates a lower proportion than the general population for all

occupations (or industries), and a PMR

greater than 100 indicates a higher

proportion than the general population. A PMR greater than 100 is usually interpreted as representing a

greater relative risk of death. Thus, the

PMR is 200 for males whose occupation was Painters, construction and

maintenance (OC No, 579) and who

died of Malignant neoplasms of lip,

oral cavity, and pharynx (ICD-!9 Nos.

140–149) (table 1), This means that for

males of this occupational group, the

proportion of deaths from this cause

was twice that expected on the basis of

males in all occupational groups combined for this cause of death.

Because PMRs, like other measures, are affected by random variation

(especially for small numbers of deaths),

they have been tested for statistical significance (23) at two levels, indicated in the

tables by the letter “A” representing the

5-percent level of statistical significance

(p < 0,05)and the letter “B” representing the l-percent level of significance ‘

(p < 0,01).Whether a PMR is statistically significant at the “A” or “B’” level

is a reflection of the size of the PMR

and of the number of events involved.

Thus, a PMR close to 100 may be

significant if the number of events

observed is large, although, in contrast, a

PMR departing substantially from 100

may not be statistically significant if the

number of deaths involved is smalll.
~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 4(S) ● September 30, 1993 ~ 3

Table A. Number of deaths and percent distribution by ’major occupations, according to sex Total of 12 reporting States, 1984

[Data include only deaths to residents of the 12-State reporting area occurring in the area. For a listing of reporting States, see Technical notes]

Male Female

Percent

Occupation

Percent

Number distributiorrl Number distributiorrl

All occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140,715 100.0 129,082 100.0

Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations . . . . . . . . . 12,279 8.7 3,687 2.9

Professional specialty occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,194 5.8 9,153 7.1

Technicians and related support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,191 0.6 1,250 1.0

Sales occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,869 8.4 5,001 3.9

Administrative support occupations, including clerical. . . . . . . . . . 5,223 3.7 9,046 7.0

Service occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,535 6.a 12,091 9.4

Farming, foreetry, fishing occupation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,788 16.2 951 0.7

Precision production, craft, and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . 29,108 20.7 1,735 1.3

Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,925 7.8 6,878 5.3

Transportation and material moving occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,437 6.7 169 0.1

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers and laborers. . . . . . . . . . . 11,474 a.2 1,886 1.3

Milky. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,500 1.8 73 0.1

Homemaker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235 0.2 74,124 57.4

Occupation notreported . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,967 4.2 3,256 2.6

1Due to rounding, percents may not add to total.

Caution should be exercised in

accepting statistically significant PMRs

as meaning that the true PMR is not

equal to 100, because approximately

12,000 PMR’s in tables 14 were statistically tested, about 600 would be

expected to be statistically significant

at least at the 0.05 level, just due to

chance (24).

Caution should also be exercised

in using and interpreting PMRs for

females; these may reflect the large

proportion (57.4 percent) of female

decedents for whom a single category

“Homemaker” was reported as their

usual occupation. The effect of such

large categories on using and interpreting PMRs has been noted in previous research (25-27).

Results

Mortality by occupation

In 1984 a total of 140,715 deaths

occurred to males and 129,082 occurred

to females in the reporting States.

Numbers and percents of deaths by

major occupation and sex are shown in

table A. The occupational group “Precision production, craft, and repair

occupations” comprised the largest

group of deaths in the reporting area

for males and accounted for about one

of every five deaths (20.7 percent). This

was followed closely by Farming, forestry, and fishing occupations, with

16.2 percent of the occupational deaths

reported; the percent in each of the

other occupational categories was less

than 10 percent.

The Homemakers occupational

group was by far the largest group for

females and accounted for almost 6 of

every 10 female deaths. The next largest

group was Service occupations and

accounted for almost 1 of every 10

female deaths in the area (9.4 percent).

Tables 1 and 2 present numbers of

deaths by occupation for all causes of

death combined and PMR’s by occupation for the list of 52 selected causes of

death by sex. The following discussion

focuses not on all statistically significant PMRs over 100 but only on those

of 150 or more. These are occupations

or industries in which the observed

number of deaths for a specified cause

of death exceed the expected number

by at least 50 percent, a level chosen

arbitrarily to represent a meaningful

elevated relative risk.

In 1984 a total of 35 occupations

for males and 29 occupations for

females had PMRs whose values were

150 or more and were statistically significant (called significantly elevated)

at either the 5-percent or l-percent

level. For males 20 of the 35 occupations had significantly elevated PMR’s

for 1 of the selected causes of death; 8

of the occupations had significantly elevated associations for 2 causes of death;

and 7 occupations had significantly elevated associations for 3 causes of death

or more. For females 17 of the 29

occupations had significantly elevated

PMRs for 1 of the selected causes of

death; 7 for 2 causes of death; and 5

had si@ficantly elevated associations

for 3 causes of death or more. These

statistics are based on PMRs of 150 or

more for the most detailed occupationcause-of-death combinations that were

statistically significant.

Proportionate mortality ratios can

be used to identi& specific causes of

death associated with groups of occupations or industries. An example of

an association reported between an

occupation and causes of death for

males is as follows: A total of 1,819

males employed in Extractive occupations (OC Nos. 613-617) resided and

died in the 12 reporting States in 1984.

Of these, statistically significantly elevated PMR’s (150 or more) were associated with the following causes of death

Number Level of

of Sfatisticel

obsermd Sfgrwi.

tiUSe Of death dastis PMR cance

Chronic obstructive

pulmonary diseases

and allied mndtions. . . . 4SQ-496 143 155 0.01

Pneunwconiasea and

pneumo@hy due to

inha!atlwrof ofher

dust . . . . . .500-S35 62 3,759 0.01

AccIdante mainly

d industrial

we.. . . E646,E661–

682,E91e-E919,

E921,E923-E926 37 456 0.01

Figure 1 shows the 10 highest

PMR’s (based on 10 or more deaths)

that were statistically significant for
4~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 4(S) ● September 30, 1993 ~

Occupation and cause of death

Number of

observed Proportionate mortality ratio (PMR)

deatha 100 200 300 400 500

I I I I

Extractive occupations; 62

Pneumoconiosas and pneumopathy

Extractive occupations: 37

Accident mainly industrial

Forestry, fishing, and hunting occupations: , ~

Accident mainly industrial

Teachers , ~

Maligfiant melanoma of skin

Farm and other agricultural occupations:

Accident mainly industrial 128

Other administrative support occupations: ,,

Cancer of gallbladder

Management related occupations 30

Cancer of brain, nervous system

Electricians, appr’entices, and electrical power installara and repairars: 21

Accident mainly industrial

Health diagnosis and treatment occupations 18

Other malignant Iymphoma

MilitaV: 16

Ulcer of stomach and duodenum

NOTE:Ten highest PMR’s basadon 10 or more obsewsd cfsaths. Forcompleta cause-of-daathtitles and catsgory numbar.%saa Technicalnotes.

Figure 1. Ten highest statistically significant proportionate mortality ratios (PMR’s) for occupations and causes of death and observed

n~mber of deatha for males 20 years of age and-ovec Total of 12 reporting” States, 1984

combinations of occupations and causes

of death for males. Figure 2 shows comparable information for females.

For males the highest PMR is for

mortality from Pneumoconioses and

pneumopathy (for inclusions in this

cause-of-death catego~, see Technical

notes and ICD-9) in the Extractive

occupations. For these occupations the

ratio of the observed to expected deaths

from this cause was almost 40 (PMR of

3,759), that is, about 40 times as many

men died in this occupational group

than would have been expected had

men in these occupations experienced

the same proportion of deaths from

these lung diseases as men in all occupations combined, In 1984a total of 62

deaths occurred in the 12-State

reporting area to men residing in that

area from this occupation and causeof-death combination.

The next highest PMR for males

was also for the same group—

Extractive occupations; in this case,

the cause of death is Accidents mainly

of industrial type with a PMR of 456,

indicating that almost five times as

many deaths occurred in this occupational group from such accidents as

expected, based on the proportion of

deaths for these accidents for males in

all occupations combined. In 1984 a

total of 37 men died from this occupation and cause-of-death combination.

The other combinations of occupations and causes of death ranked among

the highest 10 PMR’s (with the PMR)

for males are Forestry, fishing and

hunting occupations, with deaths from

Accidents mainly of industrial type

(PMR equals 361); Teachers, Malignant melanoma of skin (PMR, 254);

Farm and other agricultural occupations, Accidents mainly of industrial

type (PMR, 248); Other administrative

support occupations, Malignant neoplasms of gallbladder and extra hepatic

bile ducts (PMR, 248); Management

related occupations, Malignant neoplasms of brain and other unspecified

parts of nervous system (PMR, 237);

Electricians, apprentices, and electrical power installers and repairers,

Accidents mainly of industrial type

(PMR, 236); Health diagnosis and

treatment occupations, Malignant lymphoma other than Hodgkin’s disease

(PMR, 216); Military, Ulcer of stomach

and duodenum (PMR, 212). All of

these PMRs are statistically significant

at the l-percent level, except for males

employed in Other administrative support occupations dying of Malignant

neoplasms of gallbladder and extra

hepatic bile ducts, for whom the PMR

is significant at the 5-percent level.

Figure 2 shows the combinations

of causes of death ‘and occupational

groups for females with the 10 highest

ranking PMR’s. Extractive occupations

were the two highest PMR’s for males;

and Machine operators, assorted materials, were the two highest PMR,’s for

females. Women in these occupations

had high-ranking, statistically significant PMR’s for two causes of death –

Malignant neoplasm of body of uterus
~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 4(S) ● September 30, 1993 ~ 5

Number of

Occupation and cause of death observed Proportionate mortality ratio (PMR)

deaths 100 200 300 400 500

NOIETen highest PMR’$ based on 10 or more observed deatha. For complete cause-of-death titles and category numbam, see Technical notes.

Figure 2. Ten highest statistically significant proportionate mortality ratios (PMR’s) for occupations and causes of death and observed

deaths. For femaIes the industry group

number of deaths for females 20 years of age and ove~ Total of 12 reporting States, 1984

(PMR, 242) and Malignant neoplasms

of brain and other and unspecified

parts of nervous system (PMR, 213).

In 1984 the combination Machine operators, assorted materials and Malignant neoplasms of body of uterus

accounted for 11 deaths, and the same

occupation and Malignant neoplasms

of brain and other and unspecified

parts of nervous system accounted for

16 deaths for female residents of the

reporting area occurring in the

reporting area. The other combinations of occupations and causes of

death with the 10 highest ranking

PMRs (with the PMR) are Professional specialty occupations, Hodgkin’s

disease (PMR, 203); Mail and message

distributing occupations, Accidents and

adverse effects (PMR, 200); Protective

service occupations, Accidents and

adverse effects (PMR, 199); Precision

production occupations, Malignant neoplasm of body of uterus (PMR, 198);

Precision food production occupations, Malignant neoplasms of trachea,

bronchus, and lung (PMR, 197); Health

service occupations, Malignant melanoma of skin (PMR, 188); Precision

production, craft, and repair occupations, Multiple myeloma and immunoproliferative neoplasms (PMR, 183);

and Food preparation and service occupations, Malignant neoplasms of lip,

oral cavity, and pharynx. The PMRs

were significant at the l-percent level

for 4 of these 10 combinations of occupations and causes of death and at the

5-percent level for 6 others.

Mortality by industry

For males the industry group

accounting for the largest number of

deaths was Manufacturing more than

one out of five male decedents

(22.8 percent) were employed in this

industry (table B). This was folIowed

by Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries,

15.6 percent; and Construction,

11.5 percent. Other industry categories

each had 10 percent or less of the male

accounting for the largest number of

deaths was assigned to Industry not

reported; almost all of these were

homemakers, whose industry was classified as not reported (table B). The

next largest industry group for females

was Professional and related services,

which acecmnted for 11.9 percent of

female deaths in the reporting areas in

1984. No other single industry group

accounted for as much as 10 percent of

female deaths.

Numbers of deaths by industry for

all causes of death combined and

PMR’s by industry for the list of 52

selected causes of death by sex are

shown in tables 3 and 4. In 1984 there

were 31 groups of industries in which

males had at least 1 cause of death

with a statistically significant PMR of

over 150; for females there were 32

such industries. Among these industries for males were 15 in which only 1

cause of death was so associated; 10

industries with 2 causes; and 6 indus-
6~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 4(S) ● September 30, 1993 ~

Table B. Number of deaths and percent distribution by major industries, according to sex Total of 12 reporting States, 1984

[Data include only deaths to residents of the 12-State reporting area occurring in the area, For a Ikting of reporting States, see Technical notes]

Male Female

Percent

Industry Number

Percent

dktrfbutior$ Number distributior$

Allinduatnes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Agriculture,forestry, and fisheries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Mining. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Construction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Transportation,communications, andother public utilties . . . . . . . . .

Wholesaletrade. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Retailtrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Finance, insurance,andrealeetate. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Businessandrepsirservices.,.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Personalsewicea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Enterfainmentand recreation services . . . . .

Professionaland reletedservices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Publicadministration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,,

Miliiy ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Industrynotreported, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

140,715

21,935

2,554

16,202

32,014

14,696

4,557

12,655

3,704

4,801

3,026

1,097

8,594

6,060

2,696

5,922

100.0

15.6

1.8

11.5

22.8

10.4

3.2

9.1

2.6

3.4

2.2

0.8

6.1

4.3

1.9

4.2

129,082

1,110

47

317

10,547

2,085

713

8,781

2,053

647

7,i15

413

15,387

2,197

93

77,377

100.0

0.9

0.0

0.2

8.2

1.6

0.6

6.8

1.6

0.7

5.5

0.3

11.9

1.7

0.1

59.9

1Due to rounding, percents may not add to total.

tries in which 3 or more causes had

significantly elevated PMR’s. Among

these industries for females were 17

with lcause ofdeath, llwith2 causes,

and4 with 3 or more causes of death

with significantly elevated PMR’s.

These statistics are based onPMR’s of

150 or more for the most detailed

industry-cause-of-death combinations

that were statistically significant.

These data canbe used to identify

specificcausesof death associated with

groups of industries. Following is an

example of associations reported

between industry and cause of death

for females: A total of 2,605 females

who resided and died in the 12-State

reporting area in 1984 were reported

as having their usual work in the Eating

and drinking places (retail) industry

(IC No. 641). For these women statistically significant PMR’s of 150 or more

occurred for the following causes of

death:

Level of

Number of statistical

observed sigrrificCause of death deaths PMR ante

Malignant neoplasms of

lip, oral cavity, and

pharynx . . . . . . .140-149 16 198 0,01

Malignant neoplasm of

esophagus. . . . . . .150 11 185 0,05

Malignant neoplasm of

cervix uteri. . . . . . . 180 25 151 0,05

Homicide and legal

intervention E960–E978 41 152 0.01

Figure3 shows the 10 highest

PMR’s (basedon 10or more deaths)

that are statistically significant for combinations of industry and cause of death

for males. Figure 4 shows comparable

information for females. For males the

combinations of cause of death and

industry with the highest PMRs are

similar to those for occupation; for the

occupations the two highest PMRs are

Extractive occupations; for the industries the two highest PMRs are Mining

industries. The causes of death associated with the Mining industries are the

same as that for the Extractive occupations, that is, Pneumoconioses and

pneumopathy due to inhalation of other

dust (with a PMR of 2,857) and Accidents mainly of industrial type (with a

PMR of 419). Other combinations of

industries and causes of death with

high statistically significant PMR’s for

males are Stone, clay, glass, and concrete products (manufacturing), Malignant neoplasm of rectum, rectosigmoid

junction, and anus (PMR, 270);

Lumber and other wood products, and

furniture (manufacturing), Accidents

mainly of industrial type (PMR, 262);

Educational services, Malignant melanoma of skin (PMR, 247); Agriculture,

forestry, and fisheries, Accidents mainly

of industrial type (PMR, 246); Durable

goods (manufacturing), Malignant neoplasm of pleura (PMR, 234); Electrical

machinery, equipment, and supplies,

Hypertension with or without renal disease (PMR, 232); Private households,

Atherosclerosis (PMR, 230); and Legal,

engineering, and other services, Hypertensive heart disease (PMR, 222).

A number of the industly and

cause-of-death combinations parallel

those of occupations and cause-ofdeath combinations. PMR’s for 7 of

the 10 combinations are significant at

the l-percent level; the remaining 3

combinations are significant at the

5-percent level.

Figure 4 shows the 10 highest

PMR’s for combinations of industries

and causes of death for females. The

highest PMR (PMR, 286) is for women

whose usual work was in the Transportation industries, and the cause of death

is Malignant neoplasms of brain and

other and unspecified parts of nervous

system. A total of 15 deaths occurred

in the 12-State reporting area to women

residing in that reporting area in 1984

for this combination of cause of death

and industry. For the combinations of

industry and cause of death, the other

highest ranking PMRs are Construction, Chronic obstructive pulmonary

diseases (PMR, 227); Fabricated metal

industries (manufacturing), Malignant

neoplasms of trachea, bronchus, and

lung (PMR, 204); Eating and drinking

places (retail), Malignant neoplasms of

lip, oral cavity, and pharynx (PMR,

198); Durable goods (manufacturing),

Malignant neoplasm of body of uterus

(PMR, 197); Food, bakery, and dairy

stores (retail), Homicide and legal

intervention (PMR, 196); Construction, All other malignant neoplasms,

including neoplasms of lymphatic and
~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report. Vol. 42, No. 4(S) ● September 30, 1993 ~ 7

Number of

Industry and cause of death observed Proportionate mortality ratio (PMR)

daaths 100 200 300 400 500

I I I I I

Mining: 65

Pneumoconioses and pneumopathy 2,857

Mining:

Accident mainly industrial 52

Stone, clay, glass, and concrete products (manufacturing):

Cancer of rectum 10

Lumber and other wood products, and furniture (manufacturing): 38

Accident mainly industrial D262

Educational services 26

Malignant melanoma of skin

m

247

Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries:

Accident mainly industrial

131 246

Durable goods (manufacturing): ,,

E-

,,::,.:,:;;,:,Y, ..+,,,,:,.,>,,: J,

$:$j~~~~;~ 234

n

:+J$W: ,+ +

Cancer of pleura ~,.jyfi.,.,,,...,.:,: :.:,:,:y

~;,+&j’, P <.05

Electrical machinery, equipment, and suPPlies (manufacturing): 10 ““”’““’‘“””“””:y

Hypertension wI/wo renal disease

~~~%$; 232 p <.01 ,,.,.,,,.,,.,,.,, .,,:::: :

Private households: ,,

.:.:.:..?$..:<:~:p: ~$~~,$~~,

Atherosclerosis ~f~~j$~~. 230 ,,.,,,,,, ,,,

Legal, engineering, and other services: 18

Hypertensive heart disease

222

NOTE: Ten highest PMR’s based on 10 or more observed deaths. For complete cause-of-death titles and category numbers, see Technical notes.

Figure 3. Ten highest statistically significant proportionate mortality ratios (PMR’s) for industries and causes of death and observed

number of deaths for males 20 years of age and over: Total of 12 reporting States, 1984

hematopoietic tissues (PMR, 194); Professional and related services,

Hodgkin’s disease (PMR, 187); Railroads, Malignant neoplasm of colon

(186); Transportation, communications, and other public utilities, Malignant neoplasms of rectum, rectosigmoid

junction, and anus (PMR, 185); Eating

and drinking places (retail), Malignant

neoplasm of esophagus (PMR, 185);

and Legal, engineering, and other services, Malignant lymphoma other than

Hodgkin’s disease (PMR, 185). PMR’s

for 8 of the 12 combinations for

indust~ and cause of death for women

are significant at the l-percent level,

and the other 4 combinations are significant at the 5-percent level.

Discussion

Using information for a 12-State

reporting area in 1984, this report illustrates the use of occupation and

industry information on the death certificate for identifying possible associations between occupational exposures

and subsequent health outcomes. As

measured by the proportionate mortality ratio (PMR), the report identifies a number of occupations and

industries characterized by elevated

mortality for specified causes of death.

Occupation and indust~ information from the death certificate can serve

as a readily available tool for monitoring occupational mortali~ on an

ongoing basis. It has the advantage of

being useful for many occupations and

industries. These data draw on the

strengths of the vital statistics system,

which include uniformity of information, large number of events, and geographic identifiers. The data, as

demonstrated in this report, can be

used for descriptive analyses; the results

can be used to generate hypotheses

about mortality risks associated with

different occupations and industries.

The interpretation of associations

between causes of death and occupation and industry of decedents, based

on information from death certificates,

must be tempered by a number of

considerations noted in other reports.

These considerations include:

The selection by health status of

persons entering certain occupations and industries; thus, some

occupations (firemen) and industries (the military) may require a

certain level of fitness to enter.

Conversely, unhealthy persons may

be relegated to certain other occupations (28).

The selection of persons entering

occupations and industries by

other characteristics such as their

ethnicity; for example, proprietorship of convenience stores by

immigrants or participation in

high-risk construction activities by

American Indians may result in

associations that are confounded

by the characteristics of the

ethnic group.
8 ‘ ~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 4(S) . September 30, 1993 ~g

Number of

Industry and cause of death observed Proportionate mortality ratio (PMR)

deaths 100 200 300 400 500

f I I I

Transportation:

Cancer of brain, nervous system

15 286

Construction:

Chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases 21

Fabricated metal industries (manufacturing):

Cancer of trachea, bronchus and lung 28

Eating and drinking places (retail):

Cancer of oral cavity 18

Durable goods (manufacturing):

Cancer of body of uterus

24

Food, bakery, and dairy stores (retail): 12

Homicide and legal intervention

Construction:

All othar cancers

16 p < .C15

Professional and related services

Hodgkin’s disease

20 p <.01

Railroads: 12

Cancer of colon

Transportation, communications, and other public utilities: 16

Cancer of rectum

Eating and drinking places (retail): 11

Cancer of esophagus

Legal, engineering, and othar services:

Other malignant Iymphoma

10

NOTE: Ten highast PMR’s based on 10 or more observed daaths. For complete causa-of-death titles and categqw numbers, see Technical notes.

Figure 4. Ten highest statistically significant proportionate mortality ratios (PMR’s) for Industries and cauaes of death and obaervecl

number of deaths for females 20 years of age and oven Total of 12 reporting States, 1984

●

●

Associations between occupations

and causes of death may reflect the

socioeconomic status (for example,

income, educational attainment,

etc. ) of the decedents which,

through lifestyle as reflected in confounding factors such as smoking

or alcohol consumption, may be

more closely associated with mortality than with the occupations

themselves.

This study does not include actual

exposures or measures of exposure

such as duration and intensity.

Thus, to establish more definitive

associations between occupation,

industry, and cause of death

requires special in-depth studies,

both prospective and retrospective,

that can followup the leads suggested by reports such as this.

Other limitations and considerations of this approach include the

accuracy and completeness of reporting

and the nature of the PMR as an index

of the relative occupational risk.

Accuracy of reporting

Results in this report may also

depend on the accuracy of reporting

occupation and industry on the death

certificate. This information is provided by the funeral director, based on

the statements of an informant who

may not have had specific or accurate

knowledge of the decedent’s work history. A number of studies have been

made on the accuracy of the information reported on the death certificate

by comparing this information with

other sources. They indicate a level of

agreement in the range of 50 to 80 percent (15,29). Reporting the last rather

than the usual occupation and industry,

the “upgrading” of the occupation,, and

vague and imprecise entries are among

the problems noted in the studies. It

has also been noted that for ~many

people who have different jobs

throughout their working life, it may

be difficult to designate any single occupation as “usual.” This can be particularity true of women who may have

been housewives and who may have

held a variety of other jobs throughout

their lives,

NCHS is promoting better

reporting of occupation and industry

on the death certificate through a hlandbook (18) that has been distributed

widely to State vital registration ofllces

and others.
Monthly vital Statistics Report. Vol. 42, No. 4(S) . September 30, 1993 ~ 9

Reporting completeness

Reporting completeness by occupation and industry is shown in tables

5 and 6 for the 12 individual reporting

States in 1984 and for the entire

reporting area. For occupation 98 percent of the resident deaths occurring

in the reporting area to persons 20

years of age and over had useable

occupation codes (that is, occupations

other than retired and unknown).

About 68 percent were coded to specified occupation codes other than

homemaker, military, volunteer, student, unemployed or never worked.

The category “Homemaker” accounted

for 28 percent of all deaths occurring

in the area, and the remaining useable

occupation codes accounted for about

2 percent of the deaths. For about

2 percent of the deaths the occupation

code was not useful (that is, retired or

unknown).

Reporting completeness as

reflected in these codes varied by State.

Thus, retired or occupation unknown

ranged from 0.3 percent to 8.1 percent

(tabIe 5). Reporting completeness for

usual industry was similar to that for

usual occupation (table 6).

PMR as a measure of

relative risk

PMR’s are known to have limitations as indicators of relative mortality risk. They are used in this

report because needed population

data for calculating populationbased measures such as the standardized mortality ratio (SMR) are not

readily available. However, PMR’s

have been widely used as an approximation of SMR’S (30).

The PMR as an index of occupational risk is subject to a number of

limitations, some of which were alluded

to earlier. Because it does not make

use of the population “at risk,” it

cannot be interpreted as a death rate

(31,32). Rather, it indicates whether a

higher or lower proportion of deaths

than expected was reported for a particular cause of death.

If the risk of death for all causes

for an occupation (or industry) is low,

the PMR’s by cause of death overstate

the mortality risks. Conversely, if the

overall risk is high, the PMR’s wiII

understate the risks (32). In addition,

the vaIue of the PMR maybe affected

by abnormal mortaIi~ in one or more

major causes (33). The proportion of

deaths from a cause of death may be

low because mortality from another

major cause of death is disproportionately high and vice versa. Moreover,

summary PMR’s may mask differences

found in specific age groups (34). A

PMR can also be affected by the distribution of unknown occupation or

unknown industry if this is not distributed relatively proportionately. However, the percent of unknown occupation

and indust~ in this report is very low and

is not likely to affect the PMR’s,

In computing PMRs it is feasible

and sometimes more useful to delete

selected occupations or causes of death

from analysis. For example, for the

analysis of female occupation mortality, it may be more desirable to use

as the basis of comparison the female

population excluding women who

reported “Homemaker” as their usual

occupation. Because this subgroup

accounts for such a substantial share

(57.4 percent) of all female decedents,

some may find it more useful to calcuIate PMR’s on the basis of the mortality experience of only those women

who reported their usual employment

as outside the home. For this study aIl

occupations and causes of death are

included.

PMR’s can be more useful if the

size of the affected population is

taken into account. Thus, a smalIer

PMR (near 150) in relation to a

small occupational group has a small

quantitative impact in terms of the

observed number dying in excess of

the expected number. The same

PMR with a large occupational group

represents a much larger numerical

impact, Thus, some combination of

the PMR, along with numbers of

deaths on which the measure is

based, may be more analytically

useful than the PMR alone, Recognition of this is reflected in the use

of the 10 highest PMRs that were

statistically significant and were

based on at least 10 observed deaths

in figures 1–4.

References

1. Rosenberg HM, Bumham D, Spirtas R,

Valdisera V. Occupation and industry

information from the death certificate:

asse&ment of the completeness of

reporting. In DeIBene L, Scheuren F,

eds. Statistical uses of administrative

records with emphasis on mortality and

disability research. Washington:

National Center for Health Statistics.

83-7.1979.

2. Kaplan DL, Parkhurst E, Whelpton PK.

Comparability of reports on occupation

from vital records and the 1950 census,

Vital statistics –speciaI reports; VOI53

no 1. Washington: National Center for

Health Statistics. 1961.

3. Guralnick L. Mortality by occupation

and industry among men 20 to 64 years

of age: United States, 1950. Vital

statistics – special reports; vol 53 no 2,

Washington: National Center for Health

Statistics. 1962.

4, Guralnick L. Mortality by occupation

and cause of death among men 20 to 64

years of age: United States, 1950. Vital

statistics – special reports; vol 53 no 30

Washington National Center for Health

Statistics. 1963.

5. Guralnick L, Mortali~ by industry and

cause of death among men 20 to 64

years of age: United States, 1950. Vital

statistics – special reports; vol 53 no 4.

Washington: National Center for Health

Statistics. 1963.

6. Guralnick L. Mortality by occupation

. level and cause of death among men 20

to 64 years of age: United States, 1950.

Vital statistics–special reports; vol 53

no 5. Washington: National Center for

Health Statistics. 1963,

7. Milham S, Jr. Occupational mortali~ in

Washington State, 1950-79. Olympia,

Washington: National Institute for

Occupational Safety and Health. 1983.

8. Peterson GR, Milham S. Occupational

mortality in the State of California,

1959-1961. Cincinnati, Ohio: National

Institute for Occupational Safety and

Health, 1980.

9. Gute DM. The association of occupation and industry with mortality in

Rhode Island, 1968-1972: Technical

report no 23. Providence, Rhode Island.

1981.

10. MacCubbin PA, Herzfeld PM, Therriault GD. Mortality in New York State,

1980-82: A report by occupation and

indushy. Monograph no 21. Albany,

New York: New York State Department of Health. 1986.
lo~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report * Vol. 42, No. 4(S) . September 30, 1993 ~

11. Pennsylvania Department of Health.

Report on the Mortality experience of

Pennsylvania workers, 1983. Harrisburg, Pennsylvania: State Health Data

Center. 1985.

12. Mace ML. Proportional mortality ratios

for the leading causes of death within

industry groups (South Carolina Resident Data, 1983). Columbia, South

Carolina: South Carolina Department

of Health and Environmental Control.

Undated.

13. Ford WL. An analysis of industrial and

occupational mortality among white

males in Kentucky, 1983–1985. Frankfort, Kentucky Kentucky Department

for Health Services. 1987.

14. Brockert JE, Levy MI, Kan SH. Utah’s

Occupational Health Surveillance

System, 1980-1982. Technical report no

0029. Salt Lake City, Utah: Utah

Department of Health. 1985.

15. Riedmiller K, Doebbert G, Lashuay N,

et al. California occupational mortality,

1979-81. Sacramento, California: California Department of Health Services.

1987.

16. Kitagawa EM, Hauser PM. Differential

mortality in the United States: A study

in socioeconomic epidemiology. American Public Health Association, vital

and health statistics monographs. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. 1973.

17. Office of Population Censuses and Surveys, Governmental Statistical Service.

Occupational mortality: Decennial supplement, England and Wales, 1970-72.

London, England: Her Majesty’s Stationery Office, 1978.

18. National Center for Health Statistics.

Guidelines for reporting occupation and

industry on death certificates. Hyattsville, Maryland: Public Health Service.

1983.

19. Bureau of the Census. Alphabetical

index of industries and occupations.

Washington: U.S. Department of Commerce. 1982.

20. Bureau of the Census. Classified index

of industries and occupations. Washington: U.S. Department of Commerce.

1982.

21. National Center for Health Statistics.

Industry and occupation coding for

death certificates, 1984, NCHS instruction manual; part 19. Hyattsville, Maryland: Public Health Service. 1984.

22. World Health Organization. Manual of

the International Statistical Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and Causes

of Death, based on the recommendations of the Ninth Revision Conference,

1975. Geneva: World Health Organization. 1977.

23. Chiang CL. Standard error of the ageadjusted death rate. Vital statistics —

special reports: VOI47 no 9. Washington:

Public Health Service. 1961.

24. Miller RG. Simultaneous statistical

inference. New York: McGraw-Hill

Book Company. 1966.

25. Milham S, Jr. Methods in occupational

mortality study. J Occup Med

17(9):581-85. 1975.

26. Monson R. Analysis of relative survival

and proportional mortality. Computers

and biomedical research; vol 7, 325-32.

1974.

27. Symons M, Taulbee J. Statistical evaluation of the risk of cancer mortality

among industrial populations. In: Cornell R, ed. Statistical methods for cancer

studies. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.;

ch. 2, 25-90. 1984.

28. McMichael AJ. Standardized mortality

ratios and the “healthy worker effect”:

Scratching beneath the surface. J Occup

Med 18(3): 165-68.1976.

29. Schade WJ, Swanson GM. Comparison

of death certificate occupation and

industry data with lifetime occupational

histories obtained by interview Variations in the accuracy of death certificate

entries. Am J Ind Med 14(2):121-36.

1988.

30. Waxweiler RJ, Haring MK, Leffingwell

SS, Halperin WI% Quantification of differences between proportionate mortality ratios and standardized mortality

ratios. In: Peto R, Schneiderman M,

eds. Banbury report 9; quantification of

occupation cancer. New York: Cold

Spring Harbor Laboratory. 379-89.1981.

31. Kupper LL, McMichael AJ, Symons

MJ, Most BM. On the utility of proportionate mortality analysis. J Chron Dis

31:15-22.1978.

32. Decoufle P, Thomas TL, Pickle LW.

Comparison of the proportional? mortality ratio and standardized mortality

ratio risk measures. Am J Epiderniol

111(3):263-69. 1980.

33. McDowell M. Adjusting proportional

mortality ratios for the influence of

extraneous causes of death. Stat Med

2:467-75.1983.

34. Zeighami EA, Morris MD. The measurement and interpretation of proportionate mortality. Am J Epic[emiol

117(1):90-7. 1983.

35. National Center for Health Statistics.

Vital statistics, instructions for classifying the underlying cause of death.

NCHS instruction manual; part 2a.

Rockville, Maryland: Public Health Service. Published annually.

36. Mantel N, Haenszel W. Statistical

aspects of the analysis of data from

retrospective studies of disease. J Natl

Cancer Inst 22719-49.1959.

37. Bailar JC III, Ederer F. Significance

factors for the ratio of a poisson variable to its expectation. Biometrics: The

Biometric Society 20(3):639-43. 1964,

38. Gittelsohn A, Royston PN. Annotated

bibliography of cause-of-death validation studies, 1958-80. National Center

for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat

2(89). 1982.

39. National Center for Health Statistics.

Catalog of public-use data tapes from

the National Center for Health Statistics. Hyattsville, Maryland: Public

Health Service. 1988.
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 4(S) ● September 30, 1993 ~11

List of detailed tables (PMR’s) for 46 selected occupations

by 52 selected causes of death for

proportionate mortalibj ratios (PMR’s)

for 42 selected industries by 52 selected

1. Deaths from 46 selected occu- females, 20 years of age and over: causes of death for femaIes 20 years of

pations and 52 selected causes of Total of 12 reporting States, 1984 . . . 24 age and over: Total of 12 reporting

death, and proportionate mortali~ 3. Deaths from 42 selected indus- States, 1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

ratios (PMRs) for 46 selected occu- tries and 52 selected causes of death, 5. Deaths and percent distribution by

pations by 52 selected causes of and proportionate mortality ratios selected occupations: Total of 12

death for males 20 years of age and (PMRs) for 42 selected industries reporting States and each State,

oven Total of 12 reporting States, by 52 selected causes of death for 1984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60

1984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 males 20 years of age and ove~ Total 6. Deaths and percent distribution by

2. Deaths from 46 selected occupa- of 12 reporting States, 1984. . . . . . . . 36 selected industries: Total of 12

tions and 52 selected causes of death, 4. Deaths from 42 selected industries reporting States and each State,

and proportionate mortality ratios and 52 selected causes of death, and 1984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61

Symbols

--- Data not available

. . . Category not applicable

Quantity zero

0.0 Quantity more than zero but less

than 0.05

A Proportionate mortality ratio (PMR)

is statistically significantly different

from 100 at the 0.05 level

B Proportionate mortality ratio (PMR)

is statistically significantly different

from 100 at the 0.01 level

z Quantity more than zero but less

than 500 where numbers are

rounded to thousands
Table 1. Deaths for 46 selected occupations and from 52 selected causes of death, and proportionate mortality ratios for 46 selected occupations by 52 selected causea of death -

for males 20 years of age and over: Total of 12 reporting States, 1964

[Data include only deaths to residents of a 12-State reporting area occurring in the area. Numbers after causes of death are category numbers of the Ninth r7ewkion /rrtenrafiona/ Classification of Disaasas, 1975, and

numbers after occupations are category numbers of the C/asstied hrdex of hrdustries and r%cupat;ons, 1982.For complete cause-of-death titles and categoy numbers, see Technical notes. Proportionate mortafity

ratios (PMR’s) are age-race adjusted, see Technical notes. For a Usting of reporting States, sea Technical notes]

Number Tuberculosis Ail Cancer of Cancer of Cancer of Cancer Cancer of

of (01G018, Septicemia cancars

Cancer of

oral cavity esophagus

Occupation

stomach of colon rectum .Iivar

deaths 137) (038) (140-.208) (140-149) (150) (151) (153) (154) (155)

All occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations . . . . . ..003-037

Executive and administrative occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 003-019

Management related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 023-037

Profeaaional specially occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 04>199

Architects, engineers, andscientiats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 043-083

Health diagnosis andtreatment occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . 084-106

Teachers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...113-163

Other professional specially occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164-199

Technicians andrelatedaupport. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...203-235

Sales occupations . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...243-285

Administrative eupport occupations, including clerical. . . . . . . . 303-389

Secretaries, stenographers, andtypists . . . . . . . . . . . . ...313-815

Records processing occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...325-344

Mail and message distributing occupations. . . . . . . . . . ...354-357

Other administrative eupport occupations . . . . . . ..303-309.316-323,

345-353,359-389

Sew”ceoccupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...403-469

Private household occupafiins. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403-407

Protective service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...413-427

Food preparation and service occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43S-444

Heafthaervice occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...445-447

Cleaning and building service occupation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446-455

Personal service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...456-489

Farming, forestry, fishing occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...472-499

Farm and other agricufturel occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . ...473-469

Forestry, fishing, and hunting occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494-499

Precision production, craft and rapair occupations. . . . . . . ...503-699

Mechanice and repairera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...503-549

Vehicle and mobila equipment mechanics and repairers . ..505-517

Other mechanics and repairers . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...503. 518–549

Construction trades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..55S-599

Carpenters and apprentices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...567-569

Electricians, apprentices, and electrical power installers and

repairers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...575-577

Painters, construction and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579

Other construction trades. . . . . . . . . . . ...553-566. 573,583-599

Extractive occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...613-817

Precision production occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633-699

Supervisors, production ocxwpations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633

Precision metal and woodworking occupations . . . . . . . . . 634-659

Precision textile, apparel, and furnishings machine

workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...666-874

Precision food product’mn occupations . . . . . . . . . . . ...686-688

~.$,e: preU,_,U, e:..: , ~luu”~uo,, “(,bu PclLIUl 1=. . . . . . . . -.. .- . . ..d. .-A. . -+... .--.: ---- 676-6$34, 688-699

140,715

12,279

9,875

2,404

8,194

2,674

1,232

1,475

2,813

1,191

11,869

5,223

97

530

1,267

3,329

9,535

112

2,512

1,467

255

4,177

1,012

22,766

21,778

1,010

29,106

6,625

3,462

3,163

11,548

1,532

1,434

4,566

1,819

9,116

2,472

3,770

467

1,026

. ..”. I ,.YJI

Number of deaths

123 864 32,089 770 843 i ,044 3,026 583 426

Proportionate mortality ratios

89

97

57

94

52

81

171

94

46

—

74

67

—

117

96

—

106

109

82

A141

153

211

64

A163

94

91

B 467

142

233

85

—

107

(’)

(1)

95

85

85

63

111

103

155

105

103

151

106

77

—

127

75

72

106

86

119

115

113

85

A 176

93

98

29

93

100

108

97

101

105

49

129

105

116

74

58

60

190

62

51

B 108

B 109

103

B 105

Bill

110

103

99

107

102

104

A 142

92

102

105

99

102

98

96

108

100

97

B 89

B 66

103

B 105

104

108

101

B 105

102

107

107

B 107

94

B 107

B112

B 106

96

94

i 06

96

91

119

95

104

49

96

104

88

103

121

(’)

B 346

69

107

107

438

125

90

104

94

B63

B64

51

112

118

118

12?

120

103

87

B 200

120

67

105

109

91

85

145

.

llU

113

107

140

102

136

32

127

84

59

101

(Y

74

89

80

107

100

80

A167

111

A%’

B 75

138

107

101

127

71

120

A 148

48

151

112

108

95

84

107

39

144

65

A122

116

146

120

109

153

137

108

46

104

86

55

157

69

104

133

51

141

105

116

A 82

B 80

112

96

92

101

81

89

74

83

105

96

87

110

120

104

114

91

120

B124

B 125

119

B124

104

121

A144

B 134

A 141

107

B 130

145

103

B 151

A125

90

47

67

89

59

95

95

B 84

B 85

75

97

98

95

102

93

82

101

86

103

B 50

110

A126

106

105

77

114

101

107

78

97

95

59

66

134

166

86

83

47

75

94

117

(t)

84

137

318

114

133

A 81

80

83

111

76

77

75

A 130

131

126

159

121

81

120

150

113

105

75

122

102

86

170

B 152

A175

57

132

A 180

139

111

88

68

76

98

A 138

(1)

168

146

220

127

64

A 75

A 76

59

A77

103

93

114

69

61

89

113

55

96

66

A 26

72

71

95

99
Machine operators, sssemblere, and inspectors

........... 708-7w

Machine operators and tendsra, except precision......... 703-779

Metal, plastic, and woodworking machine operators...... 703-733

P[inting machine operators...................... 734-737

Textile, apparel, and furnishing machine operators....... 736-749

Machine operators, assorted materials............... 753-779

Fabricators, assemblers, and hand working occupations..... 783-795

Production inspectors, testera, samplers, and weighers..... 796-799

TranspWation and material moving occupations........... 803-659

Motor vehicle operators...................... ...808-614

Other transportation occupations................... 823-659

Handlsrs, equipment cleaners, helpers, and Iaborere........ 863-689

Construction taborere........................... ...869

Laborera, except construction..................... ...689

Other handlers, cleaners, and laborers....... ...863-867.873-688

Military...................................... ..9r)5

Homemaker................................... ..9I4

Occupation notreportsd.................... ...913.915-999

10,925 73

8,146 81

1,301 80

726

2,211 149

3,808 56

2,135 59

644

—

9,437 46

6,215 51

3,222 36

11,474 116

3,003 166

6,663 90

1,808 126

2,500 195

235

5,957 114

107

108

96

122

129

96

116

54

96

101

86

108

95

118w

91

65

A141

101

98

99

91

B 89

105

BI12

96

100

97

104 A 96

99

B 93

103

BI09

96

B 85

114

115

128

104

115

112

146

109

110

107

98

77

108

98

98

252

97

66

63

78

152

51

91

100

74

96

97

92

A 121 A 144

113

111

90

305

93

100

99

116

97

71

110

94

125

91

87

98

111

110

102

142

B 173

60

80

99

100

74

92

102

109

101

64

A 87 B 75

109 B 62

62

85

71

117

145

100

106

116

114

133

102

121

92

37

A133

A139

121

106

A177

87

63

45

68

99

90

23

95

131

89

166

77

71

89

A 130

137

125

138

156

(’)

86
Iamel. ueatnstor 46selected occupations and from 52selected causes ofdeath, andpropotionate motili~ratios for46selected occupations by52selected causes of death

for males 20 years of age and oven Total of 12 reporting States,”l 984–Con.

[Data include only deaths toresidents ofa12-State repoting areaoccuning inthearea. Numbers afiercauses ofdeath arecatego~ numbers of the Ninth Revision /nternationa/ C/assiti~fion of Diseases, 1975, and

numbere after occupations arecategory numbers of the Classified hrdexof/rrdustriesa ndOccupations, 1982. Forcomplete cause-of-death tillesand catego~numbers, see Techniml notes. Proportionate morfality

ratios (PMR’s) areage-race adjusted, see Technical notes. For a listing ofreporting States, see Technical notes]

Cancer of

Cancer trachea, Cancer of kfa/ignant Cancer of Cancer 0/

of gall- Cancer of Cancer of bronchus, Cancer of Cancer of connective rne/anorna female

bladder pancreas larynx lung

cervix

Occupation

pleura bone

(156) (157)

tissue

(161)

of skin breast

(162) (163)

uteri

(170) (171) (172) (174) (180)

Alloccupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations . . . . . ..00>037

Executive and administrative occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 00WJt9

Management related occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . 023-037

Professional specialty occupationa. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 043-199

Architects, engineers, and scientists . . . . . . . . . 043-083

Health diagnosis andtrealment occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . 084-106

Teachers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...113-163

Other professional specialty occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164-199

Technicians and related support. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 203-235

Saleaoccupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..243–285

Administrative support occupations, including clerical. . . . . . . 303-389

Secretaries, stenographers, and typists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313-315

Records processing occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...325-344

Mail and message distributing occupations . . . . . . . . . . 354-357

Other administrative support occupations . . . . . ...303-309. 316-S23,

345-353,358-389

Service occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...403-469

Private household occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403-407

f%OteCtiVe service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413-427

Food preparation and service occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433-444

Health aervice occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..44w7

Cleaning and building service occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448-455

Personal service occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...456-469

Farming, forestry, fishing occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...473-499

Farm and other agricultural occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . ...473-469

Forestry, fishing, and hunting occupations . . . . . . . . . . ...484-488

Precision production, craft and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . . 50s-699

Mechanics andrepairers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...503-549

Vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics and repairers . . .505-517

Other mechanics and repairers . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...503. 518-549

Construction trades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...553-599

Carpenters and apprentices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567–569

Electricians, apprentices, and electrical power installers and

repairers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...575-577

Painters, construction and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579

Other construction tradee. . . . . . . . . . . ...553-568. 573, 583-599

Extractive occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...613-617

Precision production occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 883-699

Supervisors, production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633

Precision metal and woodworking occupations . . . . . . . . . 634-659

Precision textile, apparel, and furnishings machine

workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...666-674

Precision food production occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686-688

Other precision production occupations. . . . . ...675-684. 669-699

183

94

110

30

100

27

178

258

54

65

86

I 5a

A 248

120

149

(Y

99

156

108

112

103

114

110

117

134

113

A 291

55

121

40

72

59

38

75

214

1,443

A121

B125

102

B 132

108

B176

118

A143

84

113

A 131

(1)

169

103

A 136

88

96

74

112

193

82

93

97

96

122

96

80

80

100

101

117

76

69

105

65

101

104

85

103

i14

131

377

108

119

62

B 41

67

64

25

A14

153

80

76

—

27

107

A141

(’)

139

A219

268

116

81

B63

B 61

108

A123

129

A163

91

A139

158

99

156

132

110

102

72

110

87

183

81

11,314

95

99

B 81

B 76

90

86

B 66

B 69

104

97

A 90

135

A 64

65

95

99

101

96

94

74

105

89

B 62

B 80

120

B113

Bill

B117

105

B117

AI13

110

A120

B 122

AI19

B11O

106

B126

76

88

96

Number of deaths

35 62

Proportionste mortality ratios

58

(Y

139

260

Q;

80

72

(J

—

—

—

A19

A 20

143

—

A 276

195

(1)

—

A 448

119

(’)

187

—

—

81

51

209

231

189

(’)

323

234

Q)

207

141

A 1,009

72

67

(’;

—

104

45

A 36

(’)

78

—

130

57

406

(j

Q)

54

129

176

B180

B173

210

118

60

214

106

141

143

63

157

—

—

143

188

97

154

130

76

102

103

80

B 62

A 33

20

48

66

61

47

102

65

45

84

—

89

(1)

86

190

424

B152

B154

143

B177

132

191

B 254

A 174

102

B158

(Y

140

86

56

112

(1)

107

71

270

114

111

B 61

B 60

75

90

85

80

90

85

58

141

168

59

54

110

112

105

194

101

. . .

.. .

.

.

. . .

. ..

. .

.

. . .

.,.

. ..

. ..

.. .

. ..

. ..

. ..

. . .

,..

. . .

. ..

. ..

. ..

. . .

. . .

. . .

. ..

.. .

. . .

. . .

. ..

. ..

. . .

. .

. ..

.. .

. . .

. . .

...

. ..

..

. ..

.. .

. ..

...

.

.

...

. ..

. ..

.

...

...

. ..

. ..

. .

...

...

. ..

. ..

. ..

.. .

. ..

. ..

. ..

.. .

.. .

,..

.. .

.. .

...

. ..

. ..

.. .

...

. ..

.. .

.. .

. . .
Machine operators, aaaernblara, and inspectors

........... 703-798

Machine operators and tenders, except precision......... 703-779

Matal, plastic, and woodworking machine operators...... 703-733

Printing machine opratora................... ...734-737

Textile, apparel, and furnishing machine operators.... ...736-749

Machine oparatora, assorted materials............... 753-779

Fabricators, assemblers, and hand working occupations..... 783-785

Production inspectors, testers, samplers, and weighers..... 796-798

Transportation and material moving occupations........... 802-659

Motor vehicle operators...................... ...803-614

Other transportation occupatiirrs................... 823-659

Handlers, equipment claaners, helpers, and laborers........ 863-689

Constructiorr laborara........................... ...869

Laborera, except instruction..................... ...869

Other handlers, cleaners, and laborers....... ...863-867.873-866

Miliiry..................................... ...905

Homemaker................................... ..9I4

Occupation notreported.................... ...913.915-999

91

104

60

200

70

119

71

90

87

94

122

89

141

103

58

88

A 77

64

66

A 57

94

128

99

90

83

105

92

79

90

117

A63

223 A 72

114

96

131

259

66

72

169

162

105

93

131

119

69

119

A 199

117

59

Bill A 109

116 A 74

100

BI17 B 121

110

BI15 B 113

B117

104

111

103

94

103

103 B 87

108

98—

209

(1)—

125

64

240

185

358

155 (li—238

63

64

344

57

99

47

142

118

121

303

93

142

114

89

119

118

60

2Z4

117

137

74

77

44

61

118

75

119

87

73

125

179

A18

62

112

145

71

71

70

B4B

44

B 34

109

95—

75 . . . . .. . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . . .
Table 1. Deaths for 46 selected occupations and frOm 52 selected causes of death, and proportionate mortality ratios for 46 selected occupations by 52 selected causes of death

for males 20 years of age and over: Total of 12 reporting States, 1984 –Con.

[Data include only deaths to residenta of a 12-State reporting area occurring in the area. Numbars after causes of death are category numbers of the Ninth Revision hrfemafional C/assificetiorr of Diseases, 1975, and

numbers after occupations are category numbers of the Classified Index of Industries and Occupations, 1982. For complete cause-of-death titlas and category numbers, see Technical notes. Proportionate mortality

ratios (PMR’s) are age-race adjusted, see Technical notes. For a listing of reporting States, see Technical notes]

Multiple

Cancer of

Cancer

Cancer of myeloma,

kidney, brain, Other

of body Cancer of Cancer of

immunoCancar of Cancer of un”nary nervous Hodgkin’s malignant

of uterus ovary

proliferative

prostate testis b.krdder organs system disease Iymphoma

(182) (183) (185) (186)

neoplasms

(188) (189) (191-192) (201) (200, 202) (203)

All occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Executwe, administrative, and managerial occupations . . . . . . 003-037

Executive and administrative occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 003-019

Management related occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 023-037

Professional specialty occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 043-199

Architects, engineers, and scientists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 043-083

Health diagnosis and treatment mcupatiins . . . . . . . . . . . . 084-106

Teachers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...113-163

Other professional specialty occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164-199

Technicians and ralated support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203-235

Sales occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..243–285

Administrative support occupations, including clerical. . . . . . . . 303-389

Secretaries, stenographers, and typists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313-315

Records processing occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325-344

Mail and message distributing occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354-357

Other administrative support occupations . . . . . ...303-309. 316-323,

345-353, 358-389

Service occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...403-469

Private household occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403-407

Protective service occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...413-427

Food preparation and service occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433-444

Health service occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...445-447

Cleaning and building service occupation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446-455

Personal sewice occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456-469

Farming, forestry, fishing occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473-499

Farm and other agricultural occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473-489

Forestry, fishing, and hunting occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494-499

Precision production, craft and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . . 50S-699

Mechanics andrepaireffi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...503-549

Vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics and repairers . . . 505-517

Other mechanics and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . ...503.51 8–549

Construction trades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..55S-599

Carpenters and apprentices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567-569

Electricians, apprentices, and electrical power installers and

repairers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...575-577

Painters, construction and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579

Other construction tradaa. . . . . . . . . . . ...553-566. 573, 563-599

Extractive occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...613-617

Precision production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633-699

Supervisors, production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633

Precision metal and woodworking occupations . . . . . . . . . 634-659

Precision textile, apparel, and furnishings machine

workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...666-674

Precision food production occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686-688

Other precision production occupations. . . . . ...675-684. 689-699

. . .

. ..

. .

. .

. ..

. . .

. . .

. .

. . .

. . .

. .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. ..

.

. . .

. ..

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. ..

. ..

. . .

. . .

. ..

. ..

. ..

. ..

. ..

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

3,453

B115

BI17

108

B 128

B141

128

115

12?2

120

A 69

A 122

73

111

B 148

115

91

109

91

86

151

88

94

103

103

108

101

99

98

100

99

98

130

93

93

94

107

A131

100

86

103

95

47

A 247

A 266

(’)

201

(1)

—

A666

(Y

179

71

—

—

—

98

—

—

52

58

57

36

62

—

66

140

309

—

43

84

Number of deaths

803 767 714

Proportionate mortatii ratios

110

114

86

119

A152

145

119

74

107

95

z

93

78

100

111

76

163

246

120

87

88

87

114

105

114

128

99

8a

94

93

117

73

72

125

149

100

A 259

66

145

B129

A 131

122

A 133

A 159

119

130

113

101

A124

(?

141

42

84

78

101

A 27

155

67

117

A 80

A 81

60

102

87

71

104

101

89

80

103

118

154

105

109

90

111

167

B 132

108

B 237

B 148

B 167

100

163

119

145

117

134

61

61

B 162

78

—

93

40

77

81

80

104

104

108

91

110

104

116

A 75

81

125

36

6s

A33

107

A163

67

150

126

86

153

145

150

128

125

179

170

64

91

133

93

154

(1)

91

169

93

—

149

42

118

124

134

76

131

108

160

B 29

23

—

53

35

50

103

125

80

534

—

82

929

111

117

89

B 157

B163

9216

B188

106

124

115

117

(’)

85

143

110

(?

102

78

64

75

97

113

112

133

92

105

128

60

67

120

101

A 31

71

49

98

109

100

66

46

117

511

96

111

46

A 135

122

185

130

129

96

122

A 47

54

42

49

116

106

$

133

134

92

95

28

98

62

87

77

102

135

129

59

78

110

102

67

103

236

53

120
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors

........ ...703-799...... 94 216 78

Machine operators and tenders, except precision......... 708-77g......

110 79 107 86 101

96 238 73

Metal, plastic, and woodworking machine operators

...... 703-733......

107 80 105 78 95

93 (’) 125

Printing machine operators................... ...734737......

A178 100 204

B 12 100

118

Textile, apparei, and furnishing machine operators....... 738-74g......

97 64 121

(i A:

38

A 74

Machine operators, assorted materials............... 753-77g......

101 57 99 84 61

106 297 73

Fabricato~, assemblers, and hand working occupations..... 783-795......

89 89 92 89 123

91 203 61

Production inspectors, testers, samplers, and weighers..... 796-799...

152 78 141 99 115

Transportation and material moving occupations........... 603-359... :::

69 192 85 136 127

A 86 30 120

Motor vehicle operators...................... ...803-614......

107 85 53 91

A 69

85 117

Other transportation occupations................ ...623-659......

117 70 63 90 86

88 (; 126

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and iaborers........ 663-689......

88 117 29 92

A 33

A 86 97 80

Construction iaborers........................... ...869......

B 65 78 67A 72 105

91 179 64

Laborers, except construction..................... ...889......

A 46 63 66

A 44 107

A 85 83

Other handlers, cieaners, and laborers....... ...863-667. 873-886......

A 62 89 38

A 67

66 (?

90

94

Military...................................... ..9o5......

110 88 165 142 158

B143 96 116

Homemaker.................................. ...814......

127 86 169 103 133

A- 149

Occupation notreported.................... ...913.915-999......

B 70 63 114 70 77 117

B 49 102
Table 1. Deaths for 46 selected occupations and frOm 52 selected causes of death, and proportionate mortality ratios for 46 selected occupations by 52 selected causes of death

formales20 years of ageandovec Total of 12 reporting States, 1984-Con.

[Data includs only deaths to residents of a 12-Stats reporting area occurring in the area. Numbers after cauaes of death are category numbers of the Ninth Revision International Classification of Diseases, 1975, and

numbers after occupations arecategory numbers of the Classified krdexofkrdustriesar rdoccupafions, 1982. Forcomplete cause-of-death titles andcategoy numbera, see Techniml notes. Proportionate mortality

mtios(PMR'a) areage-race adjusted, see Technical notes. Foralisting ofreporting States, see Technical notes]

Diseases All other

All ofher of hearf Hypertensive Hypertensive lschamic Acute ischemic

cancers Diabetes Aplastic (390-398, heari heart, renal heart mywardial heart

Leukemia (152 . . . mellitus anemia 402, disease

Occupation

disease disease irrfarcfiOn disease

(204-208) 193–199) (250) (284) 404-429) (402) (404) (41@414J (410) (411-414]

Alloccupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations . . . . . . . 003-037

Executive and administrative occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 003-019

Management related occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 023-037

Professional specialty occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 043-199

Architects, engineers, andscientists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 043-083

Health diagnosis andtreatment occupations . . . . . . . . . . . 084-106

Teachers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..-. lt*l~

Other professional specialty occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164-199

Technicians and related suppoti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203-235

Sales occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...243-285

Administrative support cccupafions, including clerical. . . . . . . . 303-389

Secretaries, stenographers, and typists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313-315

Records proce=ing occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325-344

Mail and message distributing occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . .354-357

Other administrative support oc=rpations. . . . . ...303-309.316-323.

345-353,359-389

Service occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..40~69

Private household occupatkms . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...403-407

Protective service occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...413-427

Food preparation and service occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 483-444

Heaithservice occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..44W7

Cleaning and building service occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446455

Peraonal aervice occupations . . . . . . . . ...-..........456-469

Farming, foresby, fishing ooxpations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...473-499

Farm and other agricultural occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47M89

Forestry, fishing, and hunting occupations . . . . . . . . . . ...494-499

Precision production, craft and repair occupations. . . . . . . ...503-699

Mechanics and repairera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...503-549

Vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics and repairera . . . 505-517

Other mechanics and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . ...503. 518–549

Construction trades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...553-599

Carpenters and apprentices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567-569

Electricians, apprentices, end electrical power installers and

repairers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...575-577

Painters, construction and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579

Other construction trades. . . . . . . . . . . ...553--566. 573,583-599

Extractive occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...613-617

Precision production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633-699

Supervisors, production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633

Precieion metal and woodworking cwcupatiina . . . . . . ...634-659

Precision textile, apparel, and timishings machine

workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...666-674

Precision food production occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686-666

Other precision production occupations. . . . . ...675-664.688-699

1,179

B 125

A 121

140

100

112

86

111

86

104

114

118

67

115

131

100

97

65

lee

108

85

A114

A116

50

93

68

78

99

90

60

97

91

96

129

94

109

67

50

93

104

2,843

96

98

89

95

107

98

73

95

85

98

110

B 390

106

106

104

106

93

97

111

115

103

136

94

93

110

A 109

114

111

116

107

67

119

111

119

89

110

112

109

148

97

107

1,930

96

105

69

104

86

116

122

106

86

112

107

—

101

81

121

B 122

—

B 181

A 146

127

87

117

93

92

114

95

99

86

112

87

80

136

111

B 69

104

100

99

96

91

105

105

63

69

45

265

107

(’i

235

A 180

66

—

(’;

66

122

179

—

57

433

100

104

75

103

198

57

—

263

—

50

—

94

89

—

(’)

(’)

(f)

Number of deaths

53,414 1,065

Proportionate mortality ratios

101

101

101

t 02

100

95

101

B107

101

A 103

103

106

101

106

102

99

110

101

95

96

96

99

B 103

B 103

97

B 96

A 97

B 94

100

B 95

A 95

96

94

A 96

A 93

102

A106

101

103

104

96

111

106

133

A132

B173

103

112

119

94

99

;

147

52

92

104

107

125

112

100

101

B 81

B 80

99

93

68

92

85

A 79

74

64

74

62

104

113

109

102

164

85

152

165

120

110

161

66

39

—

1211

143

68

122

(’)

(1)

E&

115

A 47

79

—

31

128

118

123

104

171

149

196

73

68

142

67

41

49

110

121

176

75

—

39,510

B 104

AI04

104

101

99

94

104

104

105

B 104

AI04

104

103

A108

103

99

116

104

92

W

SE

97

B 108

B 104

101

B 97

86

A 94

99

B 94

B 93

96

95

B 92

B 90

A104

B 109

99

106

107

104

23,959

99

99

99

97

96

69

105

97

103

102

101

67

95

A114

96

so

122

107

B 61

96

A 92

94

B114

B115

104

B 96

96

95

98

B 93

96

96

A 86

B 90

102

100

105

96

103

99

98

15,551

Bill

Bill

Alll

A 107

105

102

102

B114

111

A106

BIIO

127

113

101

BI13

103

112

9a

110

81

107

101

B90

B 89

86

98

97

93

100

96

B 89

103

109

96

B 73

B 109

BI16

100

110

A120

113
Machine operators, assemblers, andinspeaors

........... 703-799

Machirre operators andtendera, except precision......... 7’03-779

Metal, p!aatic, andwoodwodrlng machine operators...... 703–733

Printing machine operators...................... 734-737

Textile, appwel, and furnishing machine operators....... 738-749

Machine operators, assorted materials............... 753-779

Fabricators, assemblers, and hand working occupations..... 783-795

Production inspectors, testers, samplers, and weighers..... 796-799

Transportation and material moving occupations........... 803-859

Molorvehicle operators....................... .. 803+314

Other transportation occupations................... 823-859

Handlem, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers........ 883-889

Construction laborers............................ ..8N

Laborera, except construction...................... ..88g

Other handlers, cleaners, and laborers....... ...863-887. 873-888

Military...................................... ..9o5

Homemaker................................... ..9I4

Occupation notreported.................... ...913.915-999

91

85

46

96

103

85

98

149 A 78 A 69

89

A 75

75

A 70

99

112

106

80

92

90

84

68

101

87

96

96w

91

88

105

A127

89

127

A127

134

92

98

104

141

143

105

85

75

102

93

95

90

97

76

103

113

79

95

115

41

55

200—

151

157

141

148

255

35

422—

42

99

99

97

101

98

100

95

107

99

99

98

98

A 94

99

99

95

96

99

A122

A128

154

125

97

A136

98

124

117

125

101

98

77

100

125

88

53

90

132

146

266

255

36

156

105

120

170

28

56

52

62

40

117

629

70

99

99

101

103

96

99

97

AI14

98

98

98

B 95 B 89

98

93

94

88

B 94

97

97

97

99

94

99

92

101

99

98

102 B 94 B 89

96

95

94

80

A 93

104

102

107

109

99

100

104

B 134

96

99

A 90

97

91

101

91

94

98

96
Table 1. Deaths for 46 selected occupations and frOm 52 selected causes of death. and DroDortionate mortafitv ratios for 46 selected occupations bv 52 selected causes of death ~

for males 20 years of age and ove~ ~otsl of 12 reporting States, 1984-Con. - “ -

[Data include onfy deaftrs to residentsof a 12-State reportingarea occurring in tha area. Numbers after causes of death are category numbers of the Ninth Revision International C/ass/ficetion of Diseases, 1975, and

numbers after txcupations are category numbers of the Classified krdex of hrdustries and Occupations, 1982. For complete cause-ofdeath titles and category numbers, see Technical notes. Proportionate mortality

ratios (PMR’s) are age-race adjusted, see Technical notes. For a listing of reporting States, see Technical notes]

All other Chronic Ulcer of

diseases Hypertension Cerebro- Pneurrronia obstructive Pneumo- sfomach Chronic liver Nephritis

of heart wifh or without vascular Afhero- and

(380-398,

pulmonary conioses and and disease and and

renal disease diseases

Occupation

sclerosis influenza diseases pneumopathy duodenum cirrhosis nephrosis

415--429) (401,403) (430438) (440) (480-487) (490-496) (500-505) (531-533) (571) (580-589)

All occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations . . . . . . . 003-037

ExecuWe and administrative occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 003-019

Management related occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 023-037

Pmfeeeional specially occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 043--199

Archnacts, engineers, and scientists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 043-083

Health diagnosis and traatment occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . 084-106

Teachers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...113-163

Other professional speciatty occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164-199

Technicians and related support. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203-235

Sales occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...243-285

Adminietratiie support occupations, including clerical. . . . . . . . 30%389

Secretaries, stenographers, and typists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313-315

Records processing occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325-344

Mail and message distributing occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354-357

Other administrative support occupations. . . . . . . .303=309,316-323,

345-353, 359-389

Service mxupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..40~69

Private household occupatkms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403-407

Pmteotive service occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..4l3-427

Food preparation and service occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433-444

Health sewicecccupstions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...445-447

Cleaning and building eervice occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448-455

Peracnal service cccupationa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...456-469

Farming foresby, fishing occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473499

Farm and other agricultural occupation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473--489

Forestry, fishing, and hunting occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494-499

Precision production, craft and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . . 503-699

Mechanice endrepairare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..503–549

Vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics and repairers . . . 505-517

Other mechanics and repabeffi. . . . . . . . . . . . . ...503.516-549

Construction trades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...663-599

Carpenters and apprentices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567-569

Electricians, apprentices, and electrical power installers and

repairers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..57~577

Painters, construction and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579

Other construction trades. . . . . . . . . . . ...553-566. 573, 583-599

Errtractke occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...-...613-617

Precision prcduti.on oocupatione. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633-699

Supervisors, production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633

Precision metal end woodworking occupations . . . . . . . . . 634-859

Precision textile, apparel, and furnishings machine

workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...-......666-674

p:=~s;en ~ ~@J@& -1 l.+...

,, —”~.. ----- . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

~~-g

Other precision production occupations. . . . . ...675-684. 689-699

12,674

B 91

B 91

91

103

100

98

91

A114

87

100

99

99

90

i 01

99

99

111

93

99

111

101

103

103

A 104

87

99

99

93

105

102

103

88

93

108

102

96

93

107

90

~~

B 77

497

103

106

90

116

107

48

99

A162

121

91

84

56

22

116

114

72

125

194

122

147

105

105

119

94

89

116

59

112

B 183

106

103

57

67

78

74

57

107

‘f8A

44

9,108

99

100

94

99

106

100

92

97

98

98

92

57

119

A 77

95

101

103

107

84

108

103

100

Bill

B112

99

97

108

99

AI17

98

101

100

100

95

84

A 91

89

92

80

~~

103

1,346

91

91

92

106

112

74

135

103

26

90

108

84

84

90

121

103

B 538

76

141

57

102

96

AIIO

109

134

94

105

105

105

92

92

71

99

95

85

93

90

82

112

~~~

90

Number of deaths

4,023 6,603

Proportionate mortalii ratios

95

91

114

91

66

i 08

95

84

A 53

B 84

91

60

107

93

88

A 86

90

85

98

A16

84

109

101

101

96

98

97

101

93

94

86

96

108

95

101

102

86

101

99

j Qa

129

B 84

B 79

102

B 67

B 71

059

B 52

B 73

77

B 85

90

21

61

89

94

102

91

A133

135

105

82

B 91

B 91

99

B 108

104

108

100

BI15

B 123

102

B 134

107

B 155

93

A 81

94

119

IQ!

95

121

64

57

91

B-

(‘;

A 28

—

A 26

—

(Y

B 42

B44

—

B 304

36

70

—

92

28

302

—

106

B 3,759

48

45

58

81

470

107

107

107

116

68

ii5

120

A170

115

71

113

594

54

135

99

106

(’)

96

144

(’)

98

90

A 80

81

59

114

112

90

135

120

118

101

107

134

61

115

63

124

171

jj~

128

1,896

95

91

112

98

94

73

118

100

76

97

98

96

59

114

109

149

103

137

94

104

98

B 81

B 79

100

103

112

A132

89

111

121

119

136

94

70

89

66

89

61

~~

108

1,381

88

90

61

91

76

65

114

102

136

A 82

98

186

75

78

106

118

A142

131

79

105

129

A11O

110

127

96

100

117

83

89

71

60

82

117

114

88

103

105

55

~i~

77
Machine operators, aaaarrrblera,and inspectors . . . . . . . . . . . 703-799

Machine operators and tenders, except pracisbn . . . . . . . . . 703-779

Matal, plastic, and woodworking machine operatore . . . . . . 703-733

Printing machine operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...734-737

Textile, apparel, and furnishing machine operators. . . . . . . 786-7w

Machine operators, assorted materials. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 753-77g

Fabricators, asaarnblera, and hand working occupations. . . . . 783-795

Production inspectors, testera, samplers, and weighers . . . . . 796-799

Transportation and material moving ~cupations. . . . . . . . . . . 803-659

Motor vah!cteoperators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..803-B14

Other trarre@ationoccupalions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823+59

Handlers, equipment ciaarrers, helpers, and laborers . . . . . ...863-689

Construction laborera. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...869

Laborera, excaptconstructiin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...869

Other handlers, cleaners, and iaborera. . . . . . . ...863-667.873-388

Miliiry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...905

Homemaker. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...914

occupation notn3ported . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...913.915-999

A 94

96

A 78

90

107

97

69

87

9&3

98

98

A 106

111

102

111

100

115

BI15

97

86

127

210

74

R

94

110

129

72

102

110

94

119

(!

69

105

107

100

121

B 124

97

96

95

A 90

A 89

92

95

93

96

65

B 75

102

97

95

101

116

71

68

111

73

75

104

117

85

96

86

95

112

73

104

116

106

110

117

B 162

107

96

100

78

110

112

107

B118

107

B 123

113

109

62

B 148

Bill

109

120

90

A120

104

A122

104

B 129

B 132

B 124

B 123

B 130

B 120

A123

99

87

B 125

74

85

184

50

90

(‘i

64

60

71

45

57

75

(‘i

117

81

69

47

121

107

66

46

94

129

124

140

76

78

FB212

(1)

99

111

111

130

136

108

102

113

104

91

66

101

110

A 136

94

115

B162

221

84

96

96

81

29

138

91

72

139

67

86

85

92

84

102

64

92

115

B 159

.—M
Table .—-.. 1. Deaths for 46 selected occupations and from 52 selected causes of death. and fwo~ortionate mortalitv ratios for 46 selected occupations bv 52 selected causes of death “’

for males 20 years of age and ovefi ~otal of 12 reporting States, 1984-Con. “ o “

[Data include only deaths to residents of a 12-State reporting area occurring in the area. Numbers after causes of death are category numbers of the Ninth Revision /nfernafiorra/ Classification of Diseases, 1975, and

numbers after occupations are category numbers of the Classified Index of Industries and Occupations, 1982. For complete cause-of-death titles and category numbers, sea Technical notes. Proportionate mortality

ratios (PMR’s) are age-race adjusted, eee Technical notes. For a Ming of reporting States, see Technical notes]

Accidents and Accidents mainly Other Homicide

adverse Motor vehicle of industrial type accidents and /ega/ All other

effects

Occupation

accidents (E848 . . . (E800-E807 Suicide intervention causes

(E800-E949) (E810-E825) E923-E926) E927-E949) (E950-E959) (E960-E978) (Re.wdual)

All occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations . . . . . . . . . . . 003+37

Executive and administrative occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 003-019

Management related occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 023-037

Professional specialty occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 043-199

Architects, engineers, and scientists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .043-083

Health diagnosis and treatment occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . .084-106

Teachers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...113-163

Other professional speciafty occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164-199

Technicians and related support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...203-235

Sales occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..2a–285

Administrative support occupation, including clerical . . . . . . .303-369

Secretaries, stenographers, and typists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..31>315

Records processing occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..325-344

Mail and messaae distributing occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .354-357

Other administr%fe support ;ccupationa . . . . . . . . . . . 303–309, 316-323,

345-353,358-389

Service occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..40M69

Private household occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...403407

Protective service occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 41=27

Foad preparation and service occupation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...433-444

Health sewice occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...445-447

Cleaning and building service occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...446-455

Personal service occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..45~69

Farming, forestry, fishing occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...473-499

Farm and other agricultural occupation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .473-489

Forestry, fishfng, and hunting occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...494-499

Precision production, craft and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . ...503-699

Mechanica and repairers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..503--5~

Vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics and repairers . . . . . . ...505-517

Other mechanice and repairers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..503, 51 B-549

Construction trades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...553-599

Carpenters andapprentfces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...567-569

Electricians, apprentice, and electrical power installers and

repairers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..575–577

Painters, instruction and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .579

Other construction trades. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553-566,573, 583–599

Hactiveoccupatlons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...-.............613--617

Precision production occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...633-699

Supervisors, production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...633

Precisian metef and woodworking occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . ...634-659

Precision textile, apparel, and tirniehings machine

workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 666-874

Precision food production occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68G686

r-w-.. - A .. . . . . . ..4sq . ~...-n w. c7cx!a&l ma~~~ “,1 )-! pre”!sltx, ~,u””.- 10!! “W””pat!orls. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . “ . . ., .,-”

7,321

B 88

92

B 68

B 66

64

104

81

89

107

94

B 80

66

90

83

B 79

93

96

87

91

73

101

89

B128

B125

B155

B106

98

95

101

B116

111

113

108

B124

B141

A 89

B 73

102

114

77

g~

3,567

90

t 00

B 47

90

111

101

77

A 76

98

107

64

95

105

94

A 78

95

141

102

90

60

100

91

6116

A113

B 142

103

99

100

98

Allo

112

97

93

AI18

98

96

A 65

113

115

90

95

Number of deaths

657 3,077

Proportionate mortality ratios

B 58

A 61

45

B 54

A 36

67

91

A 45

75

B 62

B 37

49

A 40

B 47

—

A 35

617

84

24

B 258

B 248

B 361

B139

109

111

106

B144

115

B 236

83

6153

B 456

89

105

98

74

26

?30

91

91

92

93

A 67

114

62

112

130

A 86

86

50

91

80

89

100

65

62

110

105

106

99

B118

BI17

129

103

94

86

104

BI18

109

102

A133

B126

124

A 84

73

92

120

73

73

3,216

97

96

98

101

94

B156

90

93

B135

107

97

112

96

97

Bt18

109

116

116

167

116

119

106

108

88

100

109

118

98

102

111

100

110

93

84

91

75

86

100

95

~3~

1,408

A 74

80

44

B 64

B 37

63

63

84

84

A 126

B 63

34

56

69

105

103

100

122

60

98

117

89

87

97

95

93

112

A 62

102

130

84

85

97

126

78

A 45

87

163

118

~fj

14,842

99

97

107

AI07

104

114

BI19

100

89

t 02

107

126

122

AI18

100

101

80

95

102

108

103

104

98

99

A 78

B 93

95

96

93

B 92

98

91

B 76

93

B 76

97

97

93

95

115

95
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors

.............. ...703-799 101 106 84

Machine operators andtenders, except precision.............. .703–779 97 104

A 65

Metal, plastic, andwoodworldng machine operators......... ...703-733 90 90 61

Printing machine operatora,........................ ...734-737 85 94 35

Textile, apparel, and furnishing machine operators............ .738–749 104 119 70

Machine operatore, assorted materials.................. ...753-779 99 104 68

Fabricators, assemblera, andhand worlrfng occupaffons.......... .783–795 111 111 142

Production inspectors, testers, samplers, and weighers.......... .796–799 96 107 66

Transportation andmaterial moving occupations.............. ...803-859 AIIO

B 140 109

Motor vehicle operators............................ ...803-814 AI09 !3 155 72

Other transportation occupations...................... ...823-859 110 106

B 197

Handlera, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers............ ..863489 105 101 109

Construction iaborers.................................... 869 0119 110 A147

Laborera, except construction........................... ...889 102 98 111

Other handlers, cleaners, and laborers............. ...863-867.873-888 89 96

A 34

Military............................................ ..9o5 95 99 012

Homemaker........................................ ...914 82 69

Occupationnotrepotied.......................... ...913. 915-999

B 73B 64B 38

lpropo~onate mti~~rafo nd~putA since obsewddeaWs equaledl andexpecfed deaths were fessWanl.O.

A-Propmiionate morfaky ratio Is slgnifbanfJydtiererrt from 100 al the 0.05 level of sigrdficmce (sac Technical notes).

ERqotiimate momti&mtb lsaignfimnt~ dflerenttim lNatlhe O.Ol fevefofsignkmrce(se eTechnissfnotes).

98

96

96

86

95

99

103

89

B 74 B 64

96

109

B 126

106

92

111

112

99

98

A 84

97 86

97 96

94 116

92 82

99 82

104 86

94 36

89 110

A 83 107 i 03 117 A 90 B 127

82B 131

87

B 135

115 98

95

B 62

60 84

95 113

95

98

97

93

98

99

B83

99

96

99

90

100

95

101

100

105

A 142 B 136
Table 2. Deaths for 46 selected occupations and from 52 selectad causes of death, and proportionate mortality ratios for 46 selected occupations by 52 selected causes of death

for females 20 years of age and ove~ Total of 12 reporting States, 1984

[Data include only deaths to residents of a 12-State reporting area occurring in the area. Numbers after causes of death are category numbers of the Ninth Revision Inferrudiorral C/assificatiorr of Diseases, 1975, and

numbers after occupations are category numbers of the Classified hrdex of Industries and Occupafiorts, 1982. For complete cause-of-death titles and categoiy numbers, aee Technical notes. Proportionate mortality

ratios (PMR’s) are age-race adjusted, see Technical notes. For a listing of repoding States, see Technical notes]

Number Tuberculosis All Cancer of Cancer of

of

Cancer of Cancer Cancer of

(010-018, Septicemia oral cavity

Cancer of

Occupation

cancers esophagus

deaths

stomach

137) (038)

of culon rectum liver

(140-208} (140-149) (150) (151) (153) (154) (155)

All occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129,082

Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations . . . . . . . 003–037

Executive and administrative occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 003+1 9

Management related occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 023-037

Professional specialty occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 043-t 99

Arch~ects, engineers, and scientists . , , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 043-083

Health diagnosis and treatment occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . 084-106

Teachers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..113–IB3

Other professional specially occupations . . . . . . . 184-199

Technicians and related support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203-235

Sales occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...243-265

Administrative suppott occupation, including clerical . . . . . . . . 303-389

Secretaries, stenographers, and typists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318-815

Records processing occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325-344

Mail and message distributing occupation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 354–357

Other administrative suppoti occupations . . . . . ...303-309.318-323.

345-353,359-369

&?fViCf30CCUpatiOfN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...403-469

Private household occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403-407

Protective service occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...413-427

Food preparation and service occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433-444

Health service occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...445-447

Cleaning and building service occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44w55

Personal service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45&..469

Farming, foresty, fshing occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47Hgg

Farm and other agricultural occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . ...473-489

Forestry, fishing, and hunting occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49w99

Precision production, craft and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . . 503-699

Mechanica and repairera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...503-549

Vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics and repairers . . . 505-517

Ofher mechanics and repairera . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...503. 518-549

Construction frades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...558--599

Carpenters and apprentices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567-569

Electricians, apprentices, and electrical power installers and

repairera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...575-577

Paintera, construction and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579

other construction trades. . . . . . . . . . . ...553-566. 573,583-599

Extractiie occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...613-617

Precision production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633+99

Supervisora, production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633

Precision metal and woodworking occupations . . . . . . . . . 634-659

Precision textile, apparel, and fumishinge machine

workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...66&674

Precision food production occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 666-666

Other precision production occupations. . . . . ...675-664.668-699

3,687

2,874

813

9,153

85

2,167

5,482

1,419

1,250

5,001

9,046

3,416

1,902

179

3,549

12,091

4,317

114

3,205

1,814

1,212

1,429

951

946

5

1,735

108

15

93

77

18

11

22

26

15

1,535

236

173

772

153

199

100 1,096 27,667

40

51

—

79

132

z

—

147

83

226

—

—

99

106

69

59

190

65

70

70

161

(’)

(’i

—

91

—

(’)

—

104

87

171

B 62

(’)

65

A 64

45

150

96

82

A 57

109

137

68

112

116

(’)

117

133

90

73

62

63

—

115

242

260

—

—

—

113

172

79

121

151

—

B 121

B 121

B 122

B118

129

105

B 120

B 123

105

Bill

0117

BI19

B116

117

0117

A 97

B 91

103

96

93

106

Alll

97

97

B113

105

56

112

127

134

118

146

105

92

BI13

113

A128

109

113

106

Number of deaths

374 272 717 3,433 517 350

Proportionate mortality ratios

94

115

32

(?

65

66

117

72

79

110

A156

(Y

72

111

70

A 628

B 180

75

25

107

95

96

92

A 660

B 2,595

63

56

251

146

103

290

89

86

77

136

109

91

120

69

107

164

110

63

155

101

124

115

114

114

137

793

(1)

(1)

(1)

(1)

—

—

—

(?

69

134

124

167

96

A 41

126

78

70

103

93

94

(?

101

106

91

122

80

135

141

116

116

63

—

71

71

279

51

B129

B145

76

B119

138

101

0126

114

91

112

B120

6128

108

128

118

A 90

86

192

69

62

92

98

76

76

104

123

(1)

108

149

(’)

(1:

(’)

101

128

129

100

96

50

124

137

80

113

108

125

66

75

107

124

144

141

102

105

103

95

76

166

134

157

158

110

—

—

—

—

—

126

278

343

71

—

152

152

151

124

(’)

63

140

152

105

62

86

85

86

92

63

107

101

52

56

46

119

120

—

62

—

71

(‘j

57

(‘;
Machineoperators,aaaambters,and inspectors

........... 7a3-79g

Machineoperatorsand tendem,except precision......... 703+’KI

Metal, plastic,andwoodworkingmachineoperators...... 703-733

Printingmachineoparatora................... ...734-737

Textile,apparel,end furnishingmachineoparatom....... 738-749

Machineoperatcms,assxted materials............... 753-779

Fabricators,assemblers,and handworkingoccupations..... 783-795

Productioninspectors,testara,samplers,and weighera..... 796-799

Transportationand materialmovingoccupations........... 803-85g

Motorvshcleoperatora...................... ...803-314

Othertransportationoccupations................... 823-6sg

Handlers,equipmentcleaners,helpers,and laborers........ 863-689

Construckmiaborera........................... ...869

Laborera,exceptconstnsction..................... ...869

Other handlers,cleaners,and laborers....... ...863-367. 873-.688

Military..................................... ...905

Homemaker................................... ..9I4

Occupationnotreported.................... ...913.915-999

6,678

5,742

139

105

4,401

1,097

577

559

169

122

47

1,666‘

29

1,216

423

73

74,124

3,256

144

150

169

(’)

(’;

68

89

101

126

101

97

(1;

103

78

160

93 z

(?

72

120

(1)

103

108

101 116

100

91 (?

A 135

97 101

109 72

106 129

107

A 292

116

118

—

112

—

99 69

105

98 71

102 66

122

A 904

B 94 100 B 75 104

102

107

(1)

111

76

74

80

147

163

(1)

93

88

120

115

353

Q)

104

121

A 257

30

(?

A 30

40

100

88

90 87 116

95 81 136

73

128 427 -’

97A 4a 135

86 181 169

70 186 52

65 39

66 413

60

A 546

83

96 83 59

335

96 77 80

83

~

106

111

—

3

A 97 94

s

104<

60 82 76

<
Table 2. Deaths for 46 selected occupations and from 52 selected causes of death, and proportionate mortafity ratios for 46 selected occupations by 52 selected causes of death &

for females 20 years of age and over: Total of 12 reporting States, 1984-Con.

[Data include only deaths to residents of a 12-State reporting area occurring in the area. Numbers after causes of death are category numbers of the Ninth Revkiorr hrterrrafiorral Classification of Diseases, 1975, and

numbers after occupations are category numbers of the C/assfied /ndex of brdusfrfes and Occupations, 1982. For complete ceusa-ofdeath titles and category numbers, see Technical notes. Proportionate mortality

ratios (PMR’s) are age-race adjusted, see Technical notes. For a listing of reporting States, see Technical notee] I

Carrcerof

Cancer of backs,

gall- Cancer of

Cancer of Malignant

cancer of bronchus.

Cancer of

Cancer of

Cancer of

Cancer of connective melsnoma female

bladder Iaryrrx

cervix

pancreas lung plaura bone tissue

(156) (157)

of skin breast

(161)

uteri

(l&z) (163) (170) (171) (172) (174) (180) I

II

All occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations . . . . . . . OOW137

Executive and administrative occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 003419

Management related occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 023-037

Professional specialty occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 043-189

Architects, engineers, and scientists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 043-063

Health diagnosis and treatment occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . 08+106

Teachers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...113-163

Other professional specialty occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164-189

Technicians and related support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20%235

Sales occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...243-285

Administrative support occupations, including clerical. . . . . ...303-389

Secretaries, stenographers, and typists . . . . . . . . . . . . ...313-315

Records proceeding occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32S344

Mail and message distrib~”ng occupations. . . . . . . . . . ...354-357

Other administrative support ommpations . . . . . ...303-309. 316-323,

345-353, 35!+389

Sewiceoccupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...403-488

Private household occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ~7

Protective service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413-427

Food preparation and service occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433—444

Hea[thservice occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...445447

Cleaning and building sem”ce occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446-455

Personal service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456-46?2

Farming, forastry, fishing occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473-499

Farm and other agricultural occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473-U39

Forestry, fishing, and hunting occupation . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494-489

Precision production, craft and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . . 503-699

Mechanice andrepairew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...503-549

Vehicle and mobile equipmant mechanics and repairers . ..505-517

Other mechanice and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . ...503.516-549

Construction tradea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...553-599

Carpenters and apprentices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567-569

Electricians, apprentices, and electrical power installers and

repairers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...575-577

Painters, construction and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579

Other construction trades. . . . . . . . . . . ...553-566. 573, 5tw599

Extractive occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..61W517

Precision production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633-698

Supervisors, production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633

Precision metal and woodworking occupatiirrs . . . . . . ...634-659

Precision textile, apparel, and furnishings machine

workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...666-674

Precision food production occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686-6SS

Other precision production occupation. . . . . ...675-684. 6S%688

367

96

92

119

B 46

—

31

52

49

201

118

65

75

R

66

107

121

99

19

227

122

89

89

116

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

134

(’)

1~;

(’)

—

1,532

116

117

121

B 127

(1)

A 137

122

132

131

100

97

94

91

85

103

102

89

70

93

105

100

137

93

93

110

137

—

159

(1)

(1;

—

—

109

A 286

81

74

107

37

88

98

(?

88

117

69

97

96

53

A 171

210

191

133

95

64

89

53

16s

162

(’)

(1)

—

4,466

B 142

B 135

B 162

A 88

A 242

100

B69

113

119

B 128

BI17

B 122

104

29

B 123

Alll

80

73

108

113

B 141

B 135

eo

90

—

A128

99

—

113

106

(1)

(’i

(’)

364

A 129

100

145

11+3

A 197

132

Number of deaths

13 56

Proportionate mortalii retbs

—

—

—

—

60

—

(Ii

—

—

(’i——

(’:

(’i

————

———

105

101

283

(’)

79

140

105

(’;

196

61

96

175

(’)

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

200

62

62

59

144—

182

110

206

112

122

100

94

93

—

114

106

82

—

143

73

72

179

—

—

104

(1)

.

(’)

—

—

—

—

—

81

—

ll\

!1

(’i

301

124

143

70

113

114

145

26

48

123

101

134

(~;

71

105

83

66

A186

38

169

70

71

91

—

—

—

105

—

5,110

B128

B127

A 131

B 153

119

116

B 170

B 164

90

112

B 130

B 136

B 136

110

B 124

B 84

69

104

B 76

86

80

86

103

104

A122

143

160

153

(’)

286

94

120

A152

114

?09

100

122

606

79

61

74

B 58

A 43

70

54

97

96

93

91

92

99

100

69

100

114

140

146

67

63

84

—

130

—

—

(‘;

—

(’T

—

—

137

122

167

4!?

(’)

317
Machine operatore, assemblers, and inspectors

........... 703-7w

Machine operators and tenders, except precision......... 703-779

Metal, plastic, and woodworking machine operators...... 703–733

Printing machine operators...................... 734-737

Textile, apparel, and furnishing machine operators....... 738-749

Machine operators, assorted materials............... 753-779

Fabncatora, assemblers, and hand working occupations..... 783-795

Pmducfion inspectors, testers, samplers, and weighers..... 798-799

Transportation and material moving occupations........... 803-659

Motor vehicle operatora...................... ...803-814

other transportation occupations................... 823-359

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers..... ...863-689

Construction laborera,.......................... ...869

Laborera, except construction..................... ...889

other handlers, cleaners, and laborers....... ...883-867. 873-888

Military......................

................ ..9o5

Homemaker.................................. ...914

Occupation notreported.................... ...913.913-999

91

98—

83

162—

108—

186

142

316—

105

138

103

104

104

143

105

97

89

105

241

261

(1)

106—

88

165

(1)

A 95

84

69

(t

59

95

66

94

97

207

103

99

143

171

94

104

134

106

A 168

169

164

118

(’)

121

109

243 B 90 B 74

(’;

(1;

(1)

(‘~

146

60

74—

102

239

123

130

(’)

(1)

125

86

(t

——

144

158

(1)

96

A 34

61

62

77

29

101

(’;

(1)

60

28

151

104

50

94

A 134

A 88

A 138

64 (’)

115 A 84 134

99 188

102 126

A 139 103

114 186

93 145

193 (1) A 77 145 A 72 147

96 150

86 (’)

B91 104 B 62 71
Table 2. Deaths for46selected occuDstions and from 52selected causes ofdeath, and DroDoRionate motialiW ratios for46eelected occupations by52selected causes ofdeatb ‘-

for femalea 20 years of age and eye;: Total of 12 reporting States, 1984-Con. “ “

..

[Data include oniy deaths to residents of a 12-State reporting area occurring in the area. Numbers after causes of death are category numbers of the Ninth Revision hrfemetiona/ Classification of Diseases, 1975, and

numbers after occupations are category numbers of the Classified Index of Industries and Occupations, 1982.For complete cause-of-death titles and category numbers, see Technical notes. Proportionate mortality

ratios (PMR’s) are age-race adjusted, see Technical notes. For a listing of reporting States, see Technical notes]

Multipla

Cancer of

Cancer of Cancer of myeloma,

kidney, brain, Other immurrobody of Cancer of Cancer of Cancer of Cancer of urinary nervous

uterus

Hodgkin’s malignsnt proliferative

ovary prostate testis bladder

Occupation

organs system

(182)

disease Iymphoma neoplssms

(183) (185) (186) (188) (189) (191-192) (201) (200, 202) (203)

All occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Esacutive, administrative, and managerial occupations . . . . . . 003-037

Executive and administrative occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 003-019

Management related occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 023-037

Professional specially occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 043-199

Archtecis, engineers, and scientists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 043-083

Heafth diagnosis and treatment occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . 084-106

Teachers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...113-163

Other professional specially occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164-199

Ttintiansand related suppoti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..2O>235

%lesoccupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...243-285

Administrative support occupations, including clerical. . . . . ...303-389

Secretaries, stenographers, and typists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313-315

Records processing occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...325-344

Mail and message distributing occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . 354-357

Other administrative support occupations. . . . . ...303-309.316-323.

345-353,359-389

Sarviceoccupetions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..40~69

Private household occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 408-407

Protactiva service occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...413-427

Fcd preparation and service occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433+44

Heaffhservice occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...445-447

Cfeaning and building service occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446-455

Peraonal service occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...456-469

Faming,foreetry, f~fring occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47~99

Farm and other agricultural occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473-489

Foraeby, fishing, and hunting occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494-499

Precision production, craft and repair occupations. . . . . . . ...503-699

Machan!! and repairera . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...503-549

Vehicle and mobile equipment mechanies and repairera . ..505-517

Other mechanics and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . ...503.518-549

Construction tradea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...553-599

Carpentera and apprentices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567–569

Electricians, apprentices, and electrical power installers and

rapairem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...575-577

Painters, construction and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579

Other construction trades. . . . . . . . . . . ...553-566. 573,583-599

Extractiveoccupation s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..61M17

Precision production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...638-699

Supervisors, production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633

Precision metal and woodworking occupations . . . . . . . . . 634-659

Precision textile, apparel, and furnishings machine

workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..-. -.66~74

Precision food production occupations . . . . . . . . . . . ...686-688

Other precision production occupation. . . . . ...675-664. 689-699

458

142

130

182

116

86

107

206

131

123

123

113

135

483

111

97

106

111

92

57

87

51

51

A190

(1)

(1;

—

A198

(1;

B 343

Q)

(’)

1,569

123

A 135

86

B 146

A137

B 155

142

92

120

A119

104

123

B 349

121

97

96

112

97

88

102

107

90

91

112

58

66

96

—

(’)

—

119

71

A 263

85

103

113

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

.,.

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . ..

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. ..

. ..

. ..

...

. ..

. .

.

. ..

. ..

. ..

. ..

. ..

. ..

. ..

..

. . .

.. .

. ..

. ..

. ..

. ..

. ..

. ..

...

. ..

. . .

. ..

. ..

. ..

. ..

. ..

. ..

. . .

...

.. .

. ..

. ..

. ..

. ..

...

.. .

.. .

Number of deaths

426 475

Proportionate mortality ratios

123

125

114

86

B 1,357

42

82

109

77

95

111

71

/?

A157

116

96

594

126

120

154

86

98

98

87

—

99

119

(’)

(’)

57

A 42

105

104

92

126

57

60

105

96

99

95

97

90

71

120

88

44

105

238

240

68

—

101

92

168

(’)

633

101

97

115

116

—

133

124

76

A 170

128

B139

131

152

B 504

125

65

64

221

79

51

152

114

142

144

74

—

—

86

140

113

130

79

36

48

B 203

194

191

279

179

82

158

135

70

227

54

144

39

(‘;

—

—

175

—

—

—

207

(’)

(1)

—

924

A t41

137

152

116

129

114

113

153

91

104

95

141

75

93

97

(?

103

96

129

116

115

116

106

122

48

61

146

270

522

107

107

107

B 150

141

B 162

126

133

109

120

121

72

276

136

85

93

A 48

71

85

172

46

46

A183

(1)

(Ii

(’)

Q)

176

180

A463

111

(1)

(1)
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors

........ ...703-768

Machine operators and tenders, except precision...... ...703-779

Metal, plastic, and wcoctworking machine operatore... ...703-733

Printing machine operators..................... .734-737

Textile, apparel, and furnishing machine operators....... 736-749

Machine operators, assorted materials............... 753-779

Fabricator, assemblers, and hand working occupations.. ...783-795

production inspectors, testers, sempiere, and weighers..... 796-798

Transportation and material moving occupations........... 803-659

Motor vehicle operators...................... ...803-614

Other transportation occupations................ ...823-659

Handlers, equipment cleaners, halpere, and laborers........ 883-689

@nstruction laborer%.......................... ...869

Laborers, excsptconstruction..................... ...889

Other handlers, cleaners, and laborers....... ...863-867. 873-688

Military..................................... ...905

Homemaker................................... ..9I4

Occupation notreported.................... ...913.915-989

130

110

328

70

A 242

79

B 366

131

(’)

118

117

(1)

B 83

145

86

100

84

62

115

57

79

79

95

121

104

100

121

95

B 90

78 . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . .

.m. .

..

...

...

...

...

...

... . .. ... . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. . .. ... . .. .. . . .. . .. . . . . .. . .. . .. .. .

107

98

93

140

211

102

55—

50

72

97

145

111

111

110

138

72

149

(1)

(1)

172

178

162

103

50

A 132

A134

116

B 213

92

166

64

81

105

120

72

B 89 B 43

65

53——

74

(‘i

90

122

83

85

220

88

75

154

101—

76

74 ~

72

91

94

(:j

78

152

39

35

52—

95

72
.. ---- . . . . . .. . .. .. . ... .. . . .. . .

Table 2. Deaths fOr 46 aeIeCtett Occupations ana Trom S4 selected causes or seam, ana propanlonale martanty raI[os ior qb seiecIed occupations by 52 selected causes of death

for females 20 years of age and ove~ Total of 12 reparting States, 1984-Con.

[Data include only deaths to residents of a 12-State reporting area occurring in the area. Numbers after causes of death are category numbers of the Ninth Revision Merrmfiorrel Classification of Diseases, 1975, and

numbers after occupations are category numbers of the Classified hrcfex of Industries and Ckwpafiorrs, 1982. For complete cause-of-death titles and category numbers, see Technical notes. Proportionate mortalii

ratios (PMR’s) are age-race adjusted, see Technical notes. For a Iiating of reporting States, see Technical notes]

Diseases A// other

All other of heart Hypertensive Hypertensive Ischemlc Acute ischemic

cancers Diebetes Aplastic (390-398, heart heart, renal heart myocardial haarf

Leukemia (152 . . . mellitus anemia 402, disease

Occupation

disease disease infarction disease

(204-208) 193-199) (250) (284) 404429) (402) (404) (410-414) (410) (41 1-414)

All occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations . . . . . . . 003-037

Executive and administrative occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 003-019

Management related occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 023-037

Professional specialty occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 043-199

Architects, engineers, and scientists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 043-083

Health diagnosis and treatment occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . 084-106

Teachers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...113-163

Other professional specialty occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164-199

Technicians and related support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203–235

Sales occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...243-285

Administrative support occupations, including clerical. . . . . . . . 303-389

Secretaries, stenographers, and typiste . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313-315

Records processing occupatlone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325-344

Mail and meesaae distributinfr ocamations. . . . . . . . . . . . . 354-357

Other administ;tive support ~ccupations . . . . . ...303-309.316-323.

345-353. 358=389

Service occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...-403-469

Private household occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403-407

Protective service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413-427

Food preparation and service occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433444

Heaith service occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...-..445-447

Cleaning and building service occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446-455

Personal service occupation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45f3+39

Farming, forestry, fishing occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47W99

Farm and other agricultural occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473-489

Forestry, fishing, and hunting occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494-499

Precision production, craft and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . . 503-699

Mechsnica and repairers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..50~9

Vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics and repairers . . . 505-517

Other mechanics and repairera. . . . . . . . . . . . . ...503.518-549

Construction trades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...553-599

Carpenters and apprentice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 667-569

Eleotric!ans, apprentices, and electrical power inetallera and

repairers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...-.-...575-577

Painters, construction and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579

othar construction trades. . . . . . . . . . . ...553-506 573, 583-599

Extractive occupatione . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..- . . ..61~17

Precision production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633+99

Supervisors, production ocoupefions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633

Precieion metal and woodworking occupations . . . . . . . . . 634-859

Precision textile, apparel, and furnishings machine

workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...666-674

Pracieion food production occupation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686-688

Other precision production occupations. . . . . ...675-684. 688-699

1,018

92

88

105

A 128

114

B141

111

99

106

119

115

135

135

114

94

A 60

180

96

123

107

106

83

83

98

283

(’)

(’)

—

—

97

44

59

113

163

104

3,161

97

91

119

98

233

87

96

111

107

106

B122

118

A134

45

A123

96

108

31

93

78

100

113

115

116

—

103

166

192

54

(1;

(’)

99

104

77

107

131

70

2,941

B 68

A 72

A 54

B 78

53

76

A 81

70

90

B 67

858

B 47

B 61

49

B 67

94

96

72

95

121

A 64

82

109

109

95

112

—

130

60

(‘T

97

143

24

106

135

43

100

215

137

A 503

139

181

136

~:;

146

70

37

67

107

96

81

41

73

235

185

—

74

—

(?

Number of deaths

49,887 1,572

Proportionate mortality ratios

B 91

B 93

B 82

B 94

81

97

B 93

95

98

97

B 93

B 82

95

90

B 93

102

AI04

111

102

105

104

887

99

99

52

95

89

136

61

80

116

100

66

60

138

96

96

98

94

85

105

95

83

141

(Y

120

77

64

100

93

113

102

105

93

128

A112

112

273

A131

109

98

72

86

86

139

174

201

(1)

—

(1;

139

127

116

126

159

221

253

105

129

—

73

—

27

105

—

51

126

77

21

106

—

118

88

93

56

143

79

81

236

236

64

—

—

—

—

71

—

57

(‘i

33,609

A 94

96

A 65

B 93

90

98

891

93

99

97

B 94

B 90

95

105

96

102

101

128

102

107

106

A 90

95

96

94

84

194

A 64

64

101

71

38

59

51

97

99

106

96

84

98

17,236

93

97

A 81

B 86

54

91

B 88

A 85

103

99

B 69

B 84

96

114

886

102

AI08

143

100

106

92

91

97

98

91

60

172

A 39

70

148

62

88

50

95

83

88

107

A46

101

16,373

95

96

89

98

137

105

95

101

95

94

99

97

94

94

105

101

93

108

104

109

B 123

69

93

93

—

97

118

223

97

57

52

84

85

30

52

99

120

134

86

125

93
Machine operatore, assemblers, end irrapedors . . . . . . . . . . . 703-78g 97 113 98 92 103 105

Machine operatore and tenders, except precisiin. . . ...-..703-779 100

60 Alo4 A106 102

115 Itm 109 103 106

Metal, plastic, and woodworking machine operatore . . . ...703-733

93 104 105 103

76 29 B 132 66

Printing machine operatore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...734-737

A 136 A146 126

(’i 244 121 64 189

Textile, apparel, and furnishing machine operefom. . . . . . . 7?8-749

— — 98 108

66

86

112 101 140 AI04 115

Machine operetom, assorted matenata. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75!3-779

116 105 106 103

157 121 100 98 79

Fabricators, assemblers, end hand working occupefiis. . ...763-795 106

97 94 101

102 99 107 126 113 108 118

Production inspectors, testers, samplers, and weighers . . ...796-799 59 102 66 94 34

Transportation and material moving occupations . . . . . . . . ...603-659

— — 103 A121 79

115 123 103 94 116

Motor vehicle operators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..8cc3-614

91 95 85

163 142 - 64

Other transportation occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...623-659

91 97 83

(l- 112 378

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers . . . . . ...663-668 122

— 90 92 89

111 91 96 117

Construction leborers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...669 -

— 107 98 93 104

334 e-l

Laborere, except construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..w

— 84 70 97

141 106 106 95 116

Other handlere, cleaners, and laborers. . . . . . . ...863-667. 673-666

47 95 90 101

113 49 106 127

Military . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...905

327 107 104

(T

111

55 123 A 64 276

Homemaker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...914

56 B12 116

96 A 97 B113 97 B 102 97

Occupation notreported . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...913.915-999

105 B 102 BI03 101

74 B 70 121 67 101 96 113 94 95 93

.
Table 2. Deaths for 46 selected occupations and from 52 selected causes of death, and proportionate mortality ratios for 46 selected occupations by 52 selected causes of death

for females 20 years of age and oven Total of 12 reporting States, 1984-Con.

[Data include only deaths to residents of a 12-State reporting area occurring in tha area. Numbers after csuaea of death are category numbers of the Ninth Revision Memafiorral C/aseificafiors of Diseases, 1975, and

numbers after occupations are category numbers of the Classified hrdex of hrcfustries and rlwupations, 1982. For complete cause-of-death titles and category numbam, see Tachnical notes. Proportionate mortality

ratios (PMR’s) are age-race adjusted, sae Technical notes. For a listing of reporting States, sea Technical notea]

Ail other Hypertension Chronic

diseases with or CerebroUlcer of

Pneumonia obstructive Pneumoof heart

stomach Chronic /iver Nephritis

without renal vascular Atharo- and pu/monaiy coniosea and and

(390-398, disease

disease and

diseases sclarosis influenza

Occupation

diseaaes

4 15-429)

pneumopathy duodenum andcirrhosis nephrosis

(401,403) (430-438) (440) (480-487) (490-498) (500-505) (531-533) (571) (580-589)

Alloccupationa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations . . . . . . 003-037

Executive and administrative occupafiona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 003-019

Management related occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 023-037

Professional specialty occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 043-199

Archiects, engineera, and acientiafs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 043-083

Health diagnosis and treatment cmxrpatiorrs . . . . . . . . . . 084-106

Teachers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...113-163

Other professional specially cxxupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164-199

Technicians and related support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203-235

SSlesoccupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...243-285

Administrative support occupations, including clerical. . . . . . . . 303-389

Secretaries, stenographers, and typists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313-315

Records processing occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325-344

Mail and message distributing occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . 354-357

Other administrative support occupations . . . . . ...303-309. 318-323,

345-353, 359-389

Service occupationa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...403469

Private household occupatiina. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403-407

Protactiie aervice occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...413-427

Food preparation and sewice occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 433-444

Health senriceoccupetions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...445447

Cleaning and building sarvice occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 448-455

Pereonal aervice occupafiona . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...458-489

Farming, foreshy, fishing occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473-499

Farm and other agricufturel oscupetions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473-489

Forestry, fiafring, and hunting oaaupationa . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494+38

Precision production, craft and repsir occupations. . . . . . . . . . 503-699

Mechanice andrapairere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...503-549

Vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics end repairers . . . 505-517

Other mechanics and repairers. . . . . . . . . . . . . ...503.51 8-549

Construction trades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...553-599

Carpenters and apprentices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 567-569

Elactriciens, apprentice, end electrical pwer installers and

repairers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...575-577

Painters, construction and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579

Other construction trades. . . . . . . . . . . ...553-5543. 573, 583-599

Exfractive occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...613-617

Precision production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633-699

Supervisors, production occupation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633

Precision metal and woodworking occupst”mrrs . . . . . . . . . 634-659

Precision textile, apparel, and furnishings machine

workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..66S-674

Precision food production occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686-888

Other precision production occupation. . . . . ...675-684. 688-699

14,453

B 82

B 85

B 72

98

54

96

97

105

96

96

B 91

97

95

A 57

B 85

101

BIIO

55

99

98

101

A63

106

106

Q)

93

94

110

114

163

188

142

35

A 359

89

93

77

86

95

107

613

52

65

88

115

92

32

132

120

112

98

(?

141

102

101

(’)

98

70

120

132

89

89

52

—

—

58

214

—

52

—

13,639

A 90

A 87

96

99

61

106

99

92

88

96

96

A 89

93

90

105

99

99

62

98

104

100

101

103

102

360

102

92

67

97

109

60

200

—

184

125

102

93

68

105

141

85

2,231

89

90

86

91

80

90

115

110

96

104

96

107

104

111

104

104

—

101

105

73

140

111

111

91

270

(;

431

88

106

168

Number of deaths

4,085 3,466

Proportionate mortality ratios

A 81

A 76

101

104

52

98

107

98

106

A 80

103

109

102

37

100

97

83

152

103

94

106

85

96

ee

107

232

(1)

229

/?

(11

—

102

107

145

98

66

129

92

98

73

91

171

A 128

B 74

87

A 137

111

99

103

106

41

96

103

83

65

112

105

134

99

121

122

93

86

—

101

228

438

286

87

106

49

86

69

116

6

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

(’;

—

—

—

—

—

464

76

68

109

128

117

B 165

A46

131

85

75

87

—

98

95

96

—

88

53

115

148

113

113

32

—

-

—

—

36

68

1,159

98

112

61

A 79

85

100

71

64

83

90

90

110

108

A 67

99

98

53

114

75

82

128

108

107

106

227

Q)

168

102

30

73

179

141

72

1,480

98

100

89

B 74

(’)

99

B 66

66

90

60

87

81

101

155

82

102

107

104

102

81

103

123

123

95

179

208

—

95

117

110

226
Machine operators; assemb~ and inapedma

........... 708-7w

Machine operatora and tenders, except precision......... 703-779

Metal, plastic, and Wodwoddng machine operatore

... ...703-733

Printing machine operators................... ...734-737

Textile, apparel, snd furnishing machine operators....... 736-74g

Machine operators, assorted materiab............... 753-779

Fabricators, assemblers, and hand working occupations..... 783-795

Production inspectors, testem, samplers, and weighera..... 796-799

Transportation and material moving cxmrpations........... 803-659

Motor vehicle operatora...................... ...803-614

Other transportation occupatiirrs................... 823-659

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpem, and laborers........ 863-.689

Construction laborers........................... ...869

Leborera, except construct”orr..................... ...889

Other hsndlers, cleaners, and laborers....... ...883-667. 873-888

Military...................................... ..9o5

Homemaker................................... ..9I4

Occupation notreported.................... ...913.915-999

99

101

127 A 38

102

99

92

79

97

82

131

94

33

93

105

60

B 102

0117

120

133

(’)

459

131

106—

85

(’)

(’)

64

67

56

101

94

95

95

63

A 40

96

97

B 64

A 128

101

115

73

100

72

104

89

90

B 102

96

111

114

69

150

104

A 172

71

107

66

(1;

98

101

101

99

A 133

A64 A 85

31

72

A83

101

85

79

155

199

83

102

(1)

110

76

101

B149

100

100

201

174

91

114

126

74

65

58

82

110

118

92

96

100

67

B 934

B 1,191 B 1,685———

65

88

69

421

63

55

105——

129

101

213—

101

156

96

Ioa

53

170

110

71

83

74

114

140

82

60

146

189

B 108

92

117

123

94

B 140

69

119

52

78—

69

113

280

103

121
Table 2. Deaths for 46 selected occupations and from 52 selected causes of death, and proportionate mortality ratios for 46 selected occupations by 52 selected causes of death

for females 20 years of age and oven Total of 12 reporting States, 1984–Con.

[Data include only deaths to residents of a 12-State reporting area occuning in the area. Numbers after causes of death are category numbers of the Ninth Revision hrternatiortal Classification of Diseases, 1975, and

numbers after occupations are category numbers of the Classified /ndex of /ndusfries and Occupatiorrs, 1982. For complete cause-of-death titles and category numbers, see Technical notes. Proportionate mortalily

ratios (PMR’s) are age-race adjusted, see Technical notes. For a listing of reporting States, see Technical notes]

Accidents

Accidents Motor mainly of Olher Homicide

and adverse vehicle industrial fype accidents and legal WI other

effects

Occupation

accidents (E846 . . . (E6C0-E607. . . Suicide intervention

(E800-E949) (E810-E825)

causes

E923-E926) E927-E949) (E950-E959) (ESiXLE978) (Residual)

All occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Executive, administrative, and managerial occupations . . . . ...063-037

Executive and administrative occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 008-019

Management related occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 023-fJ37

Professional specialty occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 043-199

Archiecfs, engineers, and scientists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 043.-0s3

Health diagnosis and treatmant acupations . . . . . . . . . . . . 084-106

Teachers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..113-1S3

Other professional specialty occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164-199

Technicians and related support . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 203-285

Sales Occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..24S-285

Administrative support occupations, including clerical. . . . . . . . 303-389

Secretaries, stenographers, and typists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313.-!315

Records processing occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...325-344

Mail and message distributing occupations . . . . . . . . . . ...354-357

Other administrative support occupations . . . . . ...303-309.318-323.

345-353,359-389

Service occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...403469

Private household occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403-407

Protective service occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...413-427

Food preparation and sewice occupations . . . . . . . . . . ...433-444

Heaithse~”ce occupations, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...445-447

Cleaning and building service occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 446-455

Parsonal service occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . 455.469

Fanning, forest~, fishing occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..473-499

Farm end other agricultural occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 473489

Foreslry, fishing, and hunting occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . 494-499

Precision production, craft and repair occupations. . . . . . . . . . 503-699

Mechanica and repairers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...503-549

Vehicle and mobile equipment mechanics and repairers . . . 505-517

Other mechanica and repairem . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...503. 51s-549

Construction trades . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...553-599

Carpenters and apprentices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587–569

Electricians, apprentices, and electrical power installers and

repakere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...575-577

Painters, instruction and maintenance. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 579

Other construction trades. . . . . . . . . . . ...553-566. 573, 583-599

Extracfive occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...613-617

Precision production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633-699

Supervisors, production occupations. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833

Precision metal and woodworking occupations . . . . . . . . . 834-659

Precision textile, apparel, and furnishings machine

workers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...668-674

Precision food production occupations . . . . . . . . . . . ...686-668

Ofher precision production occupations. . . . . ...675-684. 669-699

3,442

A120

A124

108

B 120

109

105

B 133

107

117

107

103

111

100

A 206

92

106

99

B 199

111

113

91

95

g?

93

117

31

34

140

167

(1)

173

122

116

135

128

117

108

1,469

A 130

B 139

106

B127

95

98

B148

128

A 136

A125

110

115

91

B 359

104

112

88

A 279

106

124

126

104

139

139

114

—

(?

(11

126

86

104

183

214

91

34

(T

127

(’)

(?

—

217

37

—

69

73

—

164

(‘i

—

(’i

—

(’;

(’)

—

Number of deathe

1,839 865

Propcmtionatemortalii ratios

111

111

113

115

91

114

A125

83

95

88

96

10s

110

68

79

100

106

89

116

101

61

81

71

71

117

60

67

137

(’)

(1;

—

122

150

182

111

42

129

83

89

67

B 137

B 330

119

124

A 152

133

94

111

109

100

173

115

100

96

50

92

110

56

142

118

119

—

104

188

—

196

249

(1)

(1;

Q)

81

59

141

46

—

130

515

140

145

129

107

173

126

116

47

87

125

95

100

109

247

79

B 129

116

88

A 145

114

128

138

121

121

142

274

278

(’)

(1)

—

—

—

127

227

74

170

—

133

15,306

103

w

A 121

97

47

92

100

98

86

99

95

99

92

110

92

98

103

86

94

92

86

110

101

100

356

89

80

119

74

53

77

77

65

112

91

80

81

97

71

104
Machine operators, assemblers, and inspectors . . . . . . . . . . . 703-7gg

Machine operators andterrders, except precision. . . . . . . . . 703-77g

Metal, plastic, andwoodworking machine operators. . . . . . 703-733

Printing machine operators. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 734-737

Textile, apparel, and furnishing machine operators. . . . ...738-749

Machine operators, assorted materials. . . . . . . . . . . . ...753-779

Fabricators, assemblere, andhand working occupations. . . . . 783-795

Production inspectors, testers, samplers, and weighers . . . . . 796-7w

Transportation andmaterial moving occupations. . . . . . . . . . . 803-359

Motorvehicleoperators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...803-814

Otherlransportation occupations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 823-859

Handlers, equipment cleaners, helpers, and laborers . . . . . . . . 863-889

Construction laborers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...869

Laborers, except construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 889

Other handlers, cleaners, and laborers. . . . . . . . . .863–867,873-888

Military . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..9o5

Homemaker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .9I4

Occupafionnotreported . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...913.915-999

98

104

66

110

100

87

55

132

133

125

B 132

237

124

134

A175

B 93

B 84

117

A123

44

A133

117

116

62

121

114

147

B148

231

130

A 175

157

B 81

B 71

107

131

(1)

91

B 2,580

(’)

(1)

371

Q)

(1)

81

159

62

89

45

94

83

54

51

102

137

—

109

(’)

117

67

223

99

110

B68

B 61

58

21a

A 55

63

97

72

116

61

299

120

125

126

71

96

92

114

131

(’i

117

A 170

51

123

117

(’)

151

456

106

231

159

B 78

A 76

96

A 93

74

91

94

90

98

122

A60

58

67

101

132

111

A 68

84

100

B 138

lProWflimale moflaK~ra~m notcmput& since obsewed dealhsqualedl andexpacrad deaths were fess than l.O.

A-Proporlionale mortaliiy ratio is significantly different from 100 at the 0.05 level of aignificancq see TecJrnical notes.

E~opoflionata motih~ratio issignifimnt~ different from lMatthe O.Ol level ofsgnifiincq see Tachn”kdnofes.

cd

0
Table 3. Deaths for42selected industries and from 52selected causes ofdeath, and DroDotiionate moRaliW ratios for42selected industries bv52selected cauaeaofdeati for ‘-

males 20 yesrs of age and ove~ Total of 12 reporting States, 1904

. . . . .

[Data include only deaths to residents of a 12-State reporting area occurring in the area. Numbers after causes of death are category numbers of the Ninth Revision L%errwfiorral C/ossification of Diseases, 1975, and

numbers after industries are category numbers of the Classified Index of hufustries and Occupations, 1982. For complete cause-of-death tiles and category numbers, see Technical notes. Proportionate mortelii ratios

(PMR’s) are age-race adjusted, see Technical notes. For a listing of reporting States, see Technical notes]

Number Tuberculosis Afl Cancer of Cancer of Cancer of Cancer Cancer of

of (010-018,

Cancer oi

Sepficerrria cancers oral csvify

Industry

esophagus stomach of colon rectum

deaths 13q

liver

(038) (140-208) (140-149) (150) (151) (153) (154) (155)

All industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 010-031

Mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...040-050

Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .060

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...100-392

Nondursblegoods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...100-222

Foodandkindredproducts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...100-130

TexWemill andfinished products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132–152

Paperandalliedproducts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...160-162

Printing, publishing, andallied products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171–172

Chemicals andallied products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 160-192

Petroleum andcoalproducts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200-201

Rubber, plastics, end leather products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210-222

Durable goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...230-392

Lumber andotherwood products, and furniture. . . . . . . . . 230-242

Stone, clay, gless, andwncrete products . . . . . . . . . . . . 250-262

Primary metal industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..27G260

Fabricated metal industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2fM-301

Machinery, except electrical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...310-332

Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies . . . . . . . . . 340-350

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...351-370

Miscellaneous manufecfuring industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371–392

Transportation, mmmuni@ions,a ndotherp ublicutilities . . . . . 400-472

Transporfstion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...400-432

Railroads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...400

Trucking andwarehousing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...410-411

Other tmnsportetion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401+02,412-432

Communications. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...440442

Utilities andsanik~sewices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..46M72

Wholesale trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...500-571

Retail trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...580-691

Food, bakery, and dairy stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601-611

Autodealers andsupplystores . . . . . . . . . .’ . . . . . . . . . . 612-620

Eating anddrinking places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...641

Other reteiltrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .580-600, 621-640,642+91

Fkrance, insurance, and red estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700-712

Business andrepair sewices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..72l-76O

Automotive services and repair.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750-751

Other business and repair services. . . . . . . . . . . .721–742,752–760

Pereonel services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..761–791

Private households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...761

Beauty and barber shops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...772-780

Other pereonal services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .762–771,781–791

Entertainment and recreation services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600-802

140,715

21,935

2,554

16,202

32,014

14,039

3,900

4,333

1,524

1,438

1,143

248

1,453

17,975

2,842

923

2,030

1,745

3,223

1,430

3,673

2,109

14,696

11,200

4,300

3,305

3,595

863

2,613

4,557

12,855

2,403

1,786

2,042

6,624

3,704

4,801

2,409

2,392

3,028

554

616

1,858

1,097

Number of deaths

123 664 32,089 770 843 t,044 3,026 563

Proportionate mortality ratios

104

220

A149

72

98

26

155

318

88

A 52

64

—

124

67

61

68

70

101

36

62

—

79

54

97

160

144

112

57

103

150

198

101

87

293

—

96

111

100

93

99

121

108

67

61

71

119

87

83

51

143

91

A 50

106

67

126

101

94

80

97

112

84

135

99

117

92

B 200

69

113

83

74

81

67

131

A196

171

86

92

B 89

95

A 103

B 103

101

102

B S2

106

104

107

110

A11O

B 105

99

102

101

103

Bill

107

Bllt

103

B 104

102

A 107

100

96

107

Bill

A106

102

100

102

100

103

104

103

103

102

97

A 82

92

103

102

B63

63

115

96

103

93

108

106

92

170

80

96

82

72

102

101

80

97

107

119

A121

106

122

96

106

121

B169

107

113

la

A171

103

97

111

131

93

117

106

33

145

148

A 79

96

B 130

95

90

127

70

66

152

50

64

99

78

45

80

A 163

110

82

100

120

104

102

110

94

101

40

129

85

116

72

104

B181

112

63

108

121

94

85

91

90

82

105

A 85

78

98

B118

177

121

87

B 1S4

117

130

108

116

AI19

1to

79

130

139

119

114

106

149

91

63

A63

B46

A 139

158

103

95

94

96

93

89

96

109

90

84

95

77

16

114

89

62

B 86

B 57

B 86

BIIO

BI19

B 135

93

A 143

106

128

A195

121

104

91

95

101

113

94

132

102

115

101

98

108

79

102

B165

95

116

106

A 72

105

116

A119

117

96

102

89

89

67

84

97

74

82

67

A127

108

105

96

80

78

A 201

190

84

111

76

B 270

86

41

111

49

145

149

115

113

102

141

99

107

123

69

83

74

54

76

96

105

73

62

63

116

176

126

97

93

426

77

95

103

91

85

62

66

126

71

78

142

95

105

32

150

113

124

68

66

31

107

103

89

128

96

150

106

80

119

117

74

151

122

101

107

93

i 22

111

139

55

117

A 236
Professional and related services.

.................... 812-392

Heairhsewices............................ ..812-B40

Educational servicas......................... ..842-66o

%cialservices............................ ...861-661

Legal, engineenng, andolherservices.......... ...841.682--692

Publicadministration.......................... ..900-g32

Miliiiy..................................... ...942

Industrynotreported......................... ...951-990

8,594

2,161

3,464

1,875

1,284

6,060

2,666

5,922

115

50

93

242

(’)

56

134

160

102

63

97

126

113

86

99

A 136

101

106

102 A 89

103

100

Alo7

B65

84

111

66

44

133

97

96

110

86

93

95

77

58

113

94

98

110B 122

121 95

96

B 129

145

A 138

77 127

97 87

El&l 113

86 94

117

148

93

78

166

108

50

87

103

73

62

172

186

112

156

96
I ame & ueams Ior w seleclea maustrles ana worn 52 selected causes of death, and proportionate mortality ratios for 42 selected industries by 52 selected causes of death for

males 20 years of age and over: Total of 12 reporting States, 1984-Con.

[Data include only deaths to residents of a 12-State reporting area occurring in the area. Numbere after causes of death are category numbers of the Ninth Revision International Classification of Diseases, 1975, and

numbers after industries are category numbers of the Classified Index of hfusfrias and Occupations, 1982. For complete cause-of-death titles and category numbers, see Technical notes. Proportionate mortality ratios

(PMR’s) are age-race adjustad, see Technical notes. For a fisting of reporting States, see Technical notes]

Cancer of

Cancer fracfrea, Cancer of , Malignant Cancer of Cancer of

of ga/l- Cancer of Cancer of bronchus, Cancer of Cancer of connective melanoma female

bladder

cervix

pancreaa larynx

Industry

lung pleura

(156)

bone tissue

(157) (161)

of skin breast

(162) (163)

uteri

(170) (171) (172) (174) (180)

Allinduatries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 010-031

Mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...040-050

Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...060

Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..1 OO-392

Nondurable goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..100–222

Food and kindred products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...100-130

Textile mill and finished products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132-152

Paper andalfied products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...160-162

Printing, publishing, and allied products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171-172

Chemicals and allied products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180-192

Petroleum and coal products , . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . 200-201

Rubber, plastics, and leather products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21o-222

Durable goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...230-392

Lumber and other wood products, and furniture. . . . . . . . . 23C-242

Stone, clay, glass, and concrete products . . . . . . . . . . . . 250-262

Primary metal industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 270-260

Fabricated metal industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281-S01

Machinery, except electrical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310-332

Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies . . . . . . . . . 34O-35O

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351-370

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371–392

Transportation, communications, and other pubfic utifities . . . . . 400-472

Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...400-432

Railroads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...400

Trucking andwarehousing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..41MII

Other transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...401-402.412-432

Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...440-442

Utilities andsanita~ sewices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..%~72

Wholesale trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...500-571

Retail trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...580-691

Food, bakery, and dairy stores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601-611

Auto daalera andaupplystores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612-620

Eating and drinking places .,...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...641

Other retail trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .580-600, 621-640,642-691

Finance, insurance, and real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700-712

Business and repair services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...721-760

Automotive services and repair. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750–751

Other businesa and repair services. . . . . . . . . . . .721–742,752–760

pWSOIIalSW Vices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..761–791

Private households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..m

Beauty and barber shops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...772-780

Giber personai services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762–771, 781–791

183

111

86

88

92

91

118

105

102

68

—

102

93

88

85

114

66

68

52

99

143

139

128

105

207

84

—

A 238

82

77

95

84

40

79

161

96

97

98

163

363

(’)

128

1,443

96

88

91

98

107

114

76

122

113

A159

112

113

92

107

100

105

85

101

90

91

A 50

112

109

124

106

95

119

125

117

112

122

101

106

112

130

81

73

89

92

109

103

84

377

B 61

92

118

105

96

111

63

118

52

115

(;/

111

49

37

A189

121

B218

73

64

102

105

94

121

116

47

164

130

119

125

120

60

172

131

103

133

164

103

85

121

69

76

11,314

B 81

113

BI14

B107

101

94

100

94

95

103

118

B130

BI12

A115

A124

104

110

BI15

106

BI15

102

104

105

AI13

B114

A 87

84

107

106

100

111

103

88

99

90

A11O

111

110

101

80

90

111

Number of deaths

35 82

Proportionate mortality ratios

A19

178

B180

110

273

Q)

A 234

(’;

405

220

B 579

—

107

106

198

(11

(1;

250

—

—

A 35

170

90

137

84

119

(?

(’)

A177

70

345

(’)

G

131

B 532

48

65

181

102

155

287

A 491

70

176

102

31

B 49

103

84

66

39

107

172

195

(’)

.

116

112

253

84

88

122

95

127

106

135

129

149

123

116

322

92

A17

78

103

81

97

61

178

111

28

191

111

173

424

A 65

61

69

95

87

67

59

105

183

104

96

100

41

36

88

51

113

138

A187

68

63

72

86

61

92

117

113

130

122

88

141

59

A 148

A168

82

A 33

130

(?

129

79

. ..

.. .

. ..

.

.. .

. . .

. ..

. ..

. ..

. ..

..

. ..

. ..

.. .

. ..

. .

.. .

. ..

. ..

. ..

.. .

. ..

. ..

. ..

. ..

. . .

. . .

. . .

. ..

.. .

. ..

. . .

. . .

. ..

. ..

. ..
Entertainment andrecreation sewices.

................. 800.-Eoz

professional and related services............,,....... 812-692

Health seivicas........................... ...812-840

Educational services......................... ..842-8rxI

Social Services............................ ...861-881

Legal, engineering, andotherseivffies............ .841, 882–8g2

Publicadministralion............................ 9oo_932

Military..................................... ...942

Industrynotreported.......................... ..95I–99o

142

89

71

134

46

57

111

76

153

A 122

128

121

140

91

90

A 65 A 69

34

66

65

89

68

122

130

59

106 B 79

80

B 82 B 58 A 79

98

100 B 88

349

47 216

203

(1; 279 — Q)

(1)

122

(Y 86

177 82

125

B 189

1

179

190

107

297

134

89

87

105......

B196......

A176......

B247...

...

135...

...

169......

114...

...

106...

...

A55...

...
Table 3. Deaths for 42 selected industries and from 52 selected causes of death, and proportionate mortality ratios for 42 selected industries by 52 selected causes of death for

males20 years ofageandove~ Total of 12 reporting States, 1964-Con.

[Data include onpdeaths toresidenk ofa12-Sate repotting areaoccuming inthearea. Numbers afier Muses ofdeath arecatego~ numbeffi oftie Ninfh Retislon /nternationa/ C/asti~tion of Diseases, 1975, and

numbera after industries arecetegory numbere of the Classified /rrdexoflndustries ano’ Occupations, 1982. Forcomplete cause-ofdeath tifles and catego~ numbera, see Technical notes. Proportionate mortality ratios

(PMFI’s) are age-race adjusted, see Tedmicel notes. For a listing of reporting States, see Technical notes]

Muiliple

Cancer

Cancer of Cancer of myeloma,

kidney, brain, Other immunoof body Cancer of Cancer of Cancer of Cancer of urinary nerwus Hodgkin ‘a malignant

of uterus ovary prostafe testis bladder

proliferative

Industry (182)

organs system

(183)

disease Iymphoma

(185)

neoplasms

(186) (188) (189) (191-192) (201) (200, 202) (203)

All industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Agriculture, forestry, andfisheries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 010-031

Mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...040-050

Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .060

Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100-392

Nondurablegoods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...100-222

Foodandkindred products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...100-130

Textile mill and finished produces. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132–152

Paperandallied products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...160-162

Printing, publishing, and allied products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171–172

Chemicals andalliadprcducts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180-192

Petroleum andcoalproducts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200-201

Rubber, plastice, and leather products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210-222

Durablegoods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...230-392

Lumber andother wood products, and furniture. . . . . . . . . 230-242

Stone, clay, glass, and concrete products . . . . . . . . . . . . 250-262

Primarymetal industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..27C!-280

Fabricated metalindustrfes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281-301

Machinery, except electrical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310-332

Electrical machinery, equipment, andsuppliaa . . . . . . . . . 34O-35O

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351-370

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries. . . . . . . . . . . . .. 371-392

Transportation, communications, andother public utilities , . . . . 400-472

Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...400-432

Railroads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..4oo

Trucking andwarehousing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...410-411

Othertransportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...401-402.412-432

Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...440-442

Utilitiesandsanitaryservices.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...460-472

Wholesaletrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500-571

Retailtrede . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...580-691

Food, bakery, anddairystores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601-611

Autodealersand supply stores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612-620

Eatingand drintring places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...641

Otherreteiltrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...580-600.621-640. 642-691

Finance, insurance, andrealestate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700-712

Business andrepairsewicea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721–760

Automotive servicesand repair... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750-751

Other business and repair services. . . . . . . . . . ..721 -742. 752–760

Personal services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..761–791

Priiate households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...761

Beauty and barber shops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..772–780

Othe:persona! services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .762–771, 781-791

3,453

103

88

101

100

99

90

87

A139

105

107

75

109

100

98

85

89

105

98

101

110

104

101

102

100

79

A121

97

98

103

92

92

92

101

89

109

111

108

114

87

68

69

100

47

56

124

134

163

(’)

96

488

(’)

(’)

116

(‘i

(1)

(’)

198

188

—

51

35

—

(IT

(’)

65

100

(’)

(1)

82

91

156

155

157

—

—

Number of deaths

803 767 714

Proportionate mortality ratioa

A 85

79

A 79

105

89

104

82

100

81

64

128

79

117

105

138

102

80

111

117

137

144

113

103

108

104

96

167

138

133

102

91

81

134

103

101

101

121

82

90

40

134

86

A 79

A 166

99

98

95

127

71

125

73

119

73

50

101

102

39

81

98

92

139

124

91

102

104

84

A 143

87

115

88

101

102

95

117

112

98

129

117

67

A167

97

40

32

132

106

88

86

98

103

95

107

86

108

61

336

126

94

74

101

49

121

85

156

90

101

102

85

130

B43

95

77

B182

114

114

131

136

73

114

94

108

98

118

52

—

116

45

153

131

34

B 33

120

124

132

197

65

71

—

—

145

118

93

94

100

105

145

149

123

116

95

74

35

45

141

85

181

139

94

163

87

66

85

192

86

114

58

65

99

929

112

A 52

B 75

92

95

78

98

85

143

64

180

i 02

90

87

49

83

65

115

115

88

89

115

112

104

113

120

96

133

108

106

121

88

89

112

131

87

131

A 42

88

75

79

94

511

98

123

100

104

94

89

105

139

58

45

116

111

67

56

102

92

A169

.95

120

131

87

88

83

116

65

95

81

138

112

133

108

142

96

120

A 52

70

35

87

85

Q2

86
Entertainment and recreation services.

................. 800-802

Professional andralatedeerv”~..................... 812-892

Health sewices........................... ...812-840

Educational services......................... ..842–860

SMalsewices............................ ...881-881

Legal, engineering, andotherservices............. 841,882+92

Public adminieketion......................... ...900-932

Ml~tarY..................................... ...942

Industrynotreported.......................... ..9sI-wo . . . .. . .. . . .. .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

76

111

116

106

109

122

112

B 139 B 56

(’)

164

(’)

356—

142

88

60

120

112

149

136

51

67

106

100

121

118

113

100

122

68

164

106

129 A 61

50

A 131

105

133

144

153

126

86

71

244

89

158

30

66

128

50

156

122

81

B 146 B 173

139

105

A 165

115

111 B 47

52

105

124

105

125

44

98

124

77
Table 3. Deaths for42selected industries and from 52selected csusesof death, andpropotionate motialiW ratios for42seIected industries bv52selected causes ofdesth for ‘

males 20 years of age and oven Total of 12 reporting States, 1984-Con.

.

[Data Include only deaths to residents of a 12-State reporting area occurring in the area. Numbers after causes of death are category numbers of the Ninth Revision /nternafimra/ Classification of Diseases, 1975, and

numbers after industries are cetego~ numbers of the C/assitied Index of krdustries and Occupations, 1982. For complete cause-of-death tiiles and category numbers, see Technical notes. Proportionate mortality ratios

(PMR’s) are age-race adjusted, see Technical notes. For a listing of reporhng States, aee Technical notes]

Diseases A// other

A// other of heart Hypertensive Hypertensive

cancers

Ischemic Acute ischemic

Diabetes Ap/ast/c (390-398, heart heart, rena/ heart

Leukemia (152 . . .

myocardial heart

mellitus anemia 402,

Irrdustiy

disease disease disease infarction disease

(204-208) 193–199) (250) (284) 404-429) (402) (404) (4 fo-414) (410) (411-414)

All industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . O1O-O3I

Mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...040-050

Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .060

Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...100-392

Nondurablegooda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..100–222

Foodand kindred products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...100-130

Textile mill and finished products. . . . . . . . 132–152

Paperand allied products . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..160–162

Printing, publishing, and allied products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171–172

Chemicala and allied products . . . . . . . . . . . 180-192

Petroleum and coal products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200-201

Rubber, plastics, and leather products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210-222

Durable goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...230-392

Lumber andother wood products, and furniture. . . . . 230-242

Stone, clay, glass, and concrete products . . . . . . . . . . . . 250-262

Primary metal industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...270-280

Fabricated metal industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281-301

Machinery, except electrical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310-332

Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies . . . . . . . . 340-350

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351–370

Mwcellaneous manufacturing industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371–392

Transportation, communications, andother public util%ies . . . . . 400-472

Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...400-432

Railroads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...400

Tructing andwarehousirlg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..41 Wll

Other transportation.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...401-402.412-432

Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 440+42

Lftiiities andsanitery services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...460-472

Wholesale trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...500-571

Retail trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...580-691

Food, bakery, anddairy atores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601-611

Auto dealers and supply stores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612-620

Eating anddrinldng places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...641

Other retail trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .580-600, 621-640,642-691

Finance, insurance, andreai estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700-712

Business and repair services . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..721–760

Automotive services and repair.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750–751

Other business andrepair servicea. . . . . . . . . . . .721–742,752-760

Personal aewices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..761–791

Private households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..76I

Beaulyand barber shops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..772–780

Other personal services. . . . . . . . . . . . ..762–771,781–791

1,179

A114

128

85

96

92

95

80

92

114

104

95

89

99

79

52

108

101

108

145

121

A 50

99

95

122

B 32

124

170

93

121

100

79

105

64

117

105

92

68

117

111

75

96

124

2,843

92

98

107

97

96

114

88

69

99

106

98

86

97

94

112

90

76

115

79

98

103

103

102

103

113

92

87

113

97

99

88

110

95

101

101

102

113

91

118

135

154

101

1,930

92

97

B 75

103

101

108

93

116

104

61

88

124

i 05

87

60

111

A140

121

88

105

106

A116

AI17

B137

94

115

A157

97

87

A114

122

132

B165

91

110

107

75

A139

100

A 33

47

A140

63

103

100

63

93

55

101

(Ii

292

38

(‘i

(Y

122

139

141

225

64

67

193

136

177

(1)

(’)

130

59

148

195

(’)

75

(’;

Number of deaths

53,414 1,065

Proportionate mortality ratios

B 103

A 94

B 96

100

100

100

A104

102

96

96

95

A 94

100

96

100

97

104

102

103

101

98

99

100

99

97

103

101

95

102

101

101

101

101

101

102

A 96

B 93

98

96

97

t 03

A 94

B 81

93

A 61

107

113

86

97

138

83

B166

114

B 184

103

96

60

137

124

106

139

71

109

105

103

107

103

97

86

117

93

117

118

66

126

127

124

94

73

114

92

94

64

99

185

123

36

63

84

80

63

76

124

129

82

—

60

88

53

163

79

156

85

137

—

107

101

73

137

120

165

84

79

35

116

—

109

142

176

264

88

66

225

40

39,510

BI04

A 94

B 94

101

101

103

103

103

95

98

92

98

101

A 94

98

96

105

A105

102

104

100

99

100

98

98

102

103

96

103

102

100

104

101

101

102

96

94

99

95

96

100

93

23,959

B115

103

B 94

A 98

98

B 90

A108

109

A 87

94

100

91

98

101

103

94

96

98

91

100

96

98

99

97

96

104

102

93

102

100

106

100

92

100

94

95

95

95

97

107

101

93

15,551

B 89

B 80

B 94

B 107

B 106

B123

96

94

106

107

79

109

B 107

B 83

90

104

B120

BI17

B 12t

Alll

107

101

100

100

102

100”

106

103

103

104

93

112

A114

104

B114

99

93

105

92

80

98

92
Entertainment andrecreation services.

................. 800-802

Professional and related services..................... 812-892

Health sewices............................ ..812–840

Educational services........................ ...842-860

Socialsewices............................ ...861-881

Legal, engineering, andothersenfices.......... ...841.882-892

Public administration......................... ...900-932

Military..................................... ...942

Indushynotreported......................... ...951-990

140

110

116

117

88

107

92

108 A 67

95

94

96

94

80

103

95

124

116

99 407 98

99 104

B 103

85 99

108 66 103

123 401 BI15

66 98

115 76A 103

78 95

103 131 97

A 1=

116

100

147

B 222

103

99

92

256

133

40

95

A 281

153

93

106

99

94A 86

A104 101

101 96

AI06 105

B113 110

93

B 84

104 99 A 93 92 B 91 B 92

106

BI1O

108

108

AI17

107

BI12

95

B 69
Table 3. Deaths for 42 selected industries and from 52 selected causes of death, and proportionate mortaliw ratios for 42 selected industries by 52 selected causes of death for ~

males 20 years of age and over: Total of 12 reporting States, 1984-Con.

[Data include only deaths to residents of a 12-State reporting area occurring in the area. Numbers after causes of death ara category numbars of the MM Rev;s/on /nfernafiona/ C/assificetiorrof Diseases, 1975, and

numbers after industries are category numbers of the Classified Index of /ndustries and Occupsfions, 1982. For complete cause-of-death titlas and category numbers, sea Technical notes. Proportionate mortality ratios

(PMR’s) are age-rata adjusted, see Technical notes. For a listing of reporting States, see Technical notes]

A// other Hypertension Chronic

diseases

Ulcer of

with or Cerebro- Prreurnonia obstructive Pneumo- storrrach Chronic Iivw Nephritis

of heart without rena/ vascu/ar Athero- and pulmonary corrioses and and disease and

(390-398, disease diseases sclerosis

Industry

influenza diseases

4 15-429) (401, 403)

pnaumopathy duodenum snd cirrhosis nephrosis

(430438) (440) (480-487) (490496) (500-505) (531-533) (571) (580-589)

All industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 010-031

Mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...040-050

Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...060

Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...100-392

Nondurableg odds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..100–222

Foodand tdndred products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..100-t30

Textile mill and finishad products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132-152

Paparand allied products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..160–162

Printing, publkhing,an dal liedproducts. . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 171–172

Chemicals andalliedpnxtucts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180-192

Petroleum andcoel products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...200-201

Rubber, plastics, and laathar products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210-222

Durable goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...230-392

Lumber andothar wood products, and furniture. . . . . . . . . 230-242

Stone, clay, glass, and cmncrete products . . . . . . . . . . . . 250-262

Primary metetindustrias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...270-280

Fabricated metal indusfdes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281-301

Machinery, excaptelactrical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 311X332

Elaotrfcal machinery, equipment, and supplies . . . . . . . . . 340-350

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...351-370

Miscalleneous manufacturing industnes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371–392

Transportation, communications, andother public utilities . . . . . 400472

Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...400-432

Railroads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..40o

Trucking errdwarehouslng . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...410-411

Other transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .401+02.412+32

Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...440-442

Utilities endsanitery sewices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...460-472

Wholesale trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...500-571

Retail frade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...560-891

Food, bakery, and dairy stores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601-611

AutodeaJara andsupplyefores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...612-620

Eating anddrinklng placea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...641

Other retail frada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .580-600,621-640,642-691

Finance, insurenca, andrealaafate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...700-712

8ueinass andrepeireawicae . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..721–780

Automotive servlcesand re~”r . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750-751

Other buainess andrepair services.. . . . . . . . ...721-742.752-760

Peraonal sawicee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..781–791

Pdvatehouaeholds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...781

Beauty and barber shops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...772-760

Otharpersonal services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .762-771, 7tIl-791

12,674

AI04

95

102

B 96

96

92

106

94

101

89

106

B 74

96

103

109

92

100

90

103

92

90

98

101

104

93

103

95

89

99

9a

101

94

103

97

102

92

89

95

102

100

112

99

497

102

60

109

103

117

105

109

116

169

149

228

61

92

88

144

52

106

96

A 232

49

88

107

105

115

150

54

36

137

105

98

122

53

88

103

71

91

129

52

80

129

85

56

9,108

BI12

A 83

99

102

AI07

92

B 120

97

100

106

A14S

AI19

99

110

94

105

91

95

99

90

104

B 89

B a7

B63

102

B 80

104

96

95

97

100

100

94

96

94

96

100

92

97

95

92

100

1,346

107

107

86

103

96

105

89

106

65

85

119

93

109

A147

72

94

103

95

129

78

A150

94

93

85

83

111

98

96

116

89

113

62

85

86

89

96

119

74

A 146

A 230

94

145

Number of deaths

4,023 6,603 121

Proportionate mortalily ratios

100

107

100

98

101

99

106

115

98

74

162

89

95

98

74

104

62

97

103

83

112

102

108

104

111

107

90

86

A 81

96

100

92

97

96

64

103

107

99

116

A 154

133

102

B 91 B 43

B 141 B 2,857

BI19 A 45

99 A 65

99 A 32

99 56

110 52

99

98

90

B 15 —

89

99 91

105 43

117 B 643

112 169

80 67

68 35

101 86

97 63

106

107 B 24

B 7?3 A 31

105 50

B 131

107 32

89 —

84

95 50

A 92 A 27

85 94

95 67

102

92 AA 84 31

B119

A 123

116

Ioct 40

79

70 (G

115 —

470

A 79

116

106

92

91

76

123

119

101

63

20

93

106

67

89

70

122

44

92

101

109

116

142

9s

89

to5

80

85

73

61

52

80

80

141

113

79

146

153

241

92

150

1,896

B 77

66

A112

103

100

94

83

90

143

120

140

113

105

77

72

104

99

122

124

115

101

86

A 83

79

92

77

111

100

91

102

71

77

131

110

109

118

124

112

92

55

116

96

1,361

109

104

100

101

105

A135

96

114

59

96

81

92

98

104

91

113

110

90

76

84

111

87

87

82

90

93

80

87

76

A 78

134

56

91

B 58

69

97

116

78

lt2

66

172
Entertainmentandmoraationservices.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800-802

Pmfesaionalandrelated serv"m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..8l2-892

Healthservkes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...812-840

Educationalaervices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...842-860

SOcialservices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..861–881

Legal,engineering,andothersetvices. . . . . . . . . . ...841.882-692

Publicadministration. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...800-932

Military. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...942

Industrynotreported . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..9s1–990

111

99

93

92

A116

i 05

102

102

BI14

221

112

105

94

120

170

71

75

82

96

100

93

104

99

101

101

A 79

94

lr?3 83

104 69

87 107

113 65

93 80

122 64

61 94

68 108

109 B159

102

B76

69

B60

B 57

83

91

99

B 121

A 27

33

70

113

124

148

111

141

103

106

91

104

B 208

120

A 151

96

95

105

A 50

121

99

B 163

84

B 199

86

73

88

102

76

104

106

B 153

“gl

GCD

C4)
..

.

Table 3. Deaths for 42 selected industries and from 52 selected causes of death, and proportionate mortality ratios for 42 selected industries by 52 selected causes of death for

males 20 years of age and over: Total of 12 reporting States, 1984-Con.

[Data include only deatha to residents of a 12-State reporting area occurring in the area. Numbers after causes of death are category numbers of the Ninth Revision /nferrrationa/ C/assificatiorr of Diseases, 1975, and

numbers after industries are cstegory numbers of the C/assir5edIndex of kidusfries and Occupations, 1982. For complate causa-of-death tiles and category numbers, see Technical notes. Proportionate mortality ratios

(PMR’s) are age-race adjusted, see Technical notes. For a listing of raporting States, see Technical notes]

Accidents and Motor Acc;dents mainfy Other Homicide

adverse veh[c[e of industria/ type accidents and legal All other

effects accidents

Industry

(E846 . . . (E800-E807 . Suicide intervention causes

(E800-E949) (E810-E825) E923-E926) E927-E949) (E950-E959) (E980-E978) (Residual)

All industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...010-031

Mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...040-050

Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...060

Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...100-392

Nondurablegoods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .100-222

Foodandkindred products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...100-130

Textile mill and finishadproducts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .132–152

Paperandalliedproducts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...160-162

Printing, publishing, and allied products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .171–172

Chemicalsandallied products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...180-192

Petroleum andcoalproducts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...200-201

Rubber, plastica, and leather products . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...210-222

Durablegoods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..230-392

Lumber and otherwood products, andfurniture. . . . . . . . . . . . ...230-242

Stone, clay, glass, and concrete products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...250-262

Primarymetal industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..270-280

Fabricated metalindustries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..281–301

Machinery, exceptelectrical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..310–332

Electrical machinery, equipment, andsuppfies . . . . . . . . . . . . ...340-350

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...351-870

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .371-392

Transportation, communications, andother public utilities . . . . . . . . ...400-472

Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .400432

Railroads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...400

Truckingandwarehousing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..410=%11

Othertransportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...401-402.412-432

Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .440-442

Utilitiesandsan”tiryservices.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .480-472

Wholesaletrada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...500-571

Retailtrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...580-891

Food, bakery, anddairystores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..601-611

Autodealersandsupplystores.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .612-620

Eatinganddrinkingplaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...641

Otherretailtrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 580-800,621-640,642-891

Finance, insurance,andrealestate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..700-712

Businessandrepairsarvices... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...721-760

Automotiveservicesandrepair... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .750-751

Other business and repair services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...721-742.752-760

Personalservices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Piwatehouseholds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Beautyandbarbershops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Otherpersonalservices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..762–771

761–791

. . . 761

772-780

781-791

7,321

B 127

B 144

B116

102

99

101

93

95

69

B 130

127

93

104

B 137

111

98

99

88

106

93

98

96

97

90

102

97

91

94

106

B 89

88

90

94

B 86

95

A 90

95

A 65

87

105

A 53

89

3,587

BI17

113

B 109

B 110

A113

A125

101

107

112

124

191

98

A 108

B 130

116

109

94

94

104

113

98

110

A115

A 66

B 141

109

87

100

100

99

100

98

100

98

80

97

103

91

A 76

104

58

A 70

Numberofdeaths

657 3,077

Proportionate mortality ratios

B 246

B 419

B143

92

B 67

91

A 53

77

35

102

35

108

B 262

175

73

94

A 47

126

A 47

72

88

A 66

94

A 45

78

101

A165

111

B 40

45

A 39

B 14

B 50

94

87

99

75

53

118

46

BI18

119

B116

96

92

A 78

92

87

76

A143

94

101

98

119

90

92

107

91

103

82

104

B 84

A 67

105

B 68

89

93

A 72

112

A 67

81

91

105

A 80

110

A 80

83

78

106

103

58

120

3,216

102

98

96

A 93

95

86

98

71

92

103

122

125

93

100

104

94

84

94

93

83

97

106

111

A128

102

110

87

94

105

98

97

104

94

98

117

111

105

117

A129

128

117

A132

1,408

90

98

AI15

B 79

B 74

86

81

76

51

60

85

42

B 82

97

120

123

68

B 44

57

A 60

92

110

113

102

108

125

66

117

111

112

98

112

122

109

99

A127

B 142

112

124

A152

81

115

14,842

99

B 80

B 93

B 94

97

100

94

A 85

A116

91

81

99

B 92

90

100

96

100

A 88

B 74

97

90

99

98

96

94

103

97

106

A 90

AI08

108

101

93

BIIO

98

101

100

102

107

116

A124

98
Ente~nment andrecreation sewices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .goo-60z

Pmfessionalsndrelatedsetvices.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..812-692

Healthsetvices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..812-840

Educationalsetvices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...842-660

Sosislservices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..861–881

LegaI, engineering, andoIherserAoes. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...841.882-692

Publicadminfstration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...900-932

Emery. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...942

Industtynotreported . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..951-990

A 81

93

90

95

100

89

B 80

93

B 73

80

96

81

101

115

91

95

100

B 64

56

B 49

A 38

58

86

A 16

B 37

Bll

B 36

69

100

110

96

90

104

B 75

105

97

124

102

B 143

84

B 45

128

93

99

99

A;

A 61

A66

108

94

63

B 59

AI16

94

105

107

103

101

111

104

108

B 143

lPmptionale momhWra~m notcmpufM since obsewed deaths equaledl andexpaclad deslhswere less lhanl.O.

A-P~orf”kmele modafii ratio is sfgnif~lly ddferenl from 100 at the 0.05 Isvel C4sigrrkicancq see Technical rrcles.

&Pmpodionale mortefify retioksignifzenlfy different from 100allhe O.Ol level ofsignifiance; see Techn”~lnotes.

●

●

4

m

w

co
Table 4. Deaths for42selected industries and from 52selected causes ofdeath, andpropotiionate moflali~ratios for42selected industries by52selected causes ofdeath for &

females 20 years of age and oven Total of 12 reporting States, 1984

[Data include onlydeaths toresiden@ ofa12-State repotting areaoccurting inthearea. Numbers aRer Musaaof death arecategoW numbers of the Ninfh Revision /nternstiona/ C/essifi~tion of Diseases, J975, and

numbemafier industries arewtego~numbaffi of the Classified /ndexof /ndustries and Occupations, 1982. Forcomplete cause-ofdeath tklesand @tego~numbem, aee Technical notes. Proportionate mortalii ratios

(PMR’s) are age-race adjusted, see Technical notes. For a listing of reporting States, see Technical notes] I

Number Tuberculosis .4 Center of Cancer of Cancer of Cancer Cancer of Cancer of

of (011~)18, Septicemia

Industry

cancers oral cavify esophagus stomach of colon rectum liver

deaths (038) (140-208) (140-149) (150) (151) (153) (154) (155)

All industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., I

Agriculture, forestry, andfisherfes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 010-031

Mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 040+50

Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...060

Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..tOr3-392

Nondurablegoods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..100–222

Foodandkindred products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. Ioo-130

Textile mill and finished products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132–152

Paperandaliied products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..160–162

Printing, publishing, andalliedprodurXs. . . . . . . . . . . . 171–172

Chemicals and allied products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180-192

Petroleum andcoal products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200–201

Rubber, plastice, and leather products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210–222

Durablegoods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...230-392

Lumber endotherwood products, and furniture. . . . . . . . . 230-242

Stone, clay, glasa, andmncreteproducts . . . . . . . . . . . . 250-262

Primary metal industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...270-280

Fabricated metal industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XN--3OI

Machinery, except electrical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310-332

Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies . . . . . . . . . 340-350

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351-370

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371-392

Transportation, communications, andottrer public utilities . . . . . 400-472

Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...400-432

Railroad s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...400

Trucking andwarehousing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...410-411

Other transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...401-402.412-432

Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...440-442

Utilities andaan”tiry services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...460-472

Wholesale trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...500-571

Retail trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..58r3-89t

Food, bakery, anddaity stores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601-611

A@odealers andaupply stor~ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..6l2+2O

Eating anddrinking places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...641

Other retail frade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .580-600, 821-640,642-691

Finance, insurance, and real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700-712

Busineas andrepair sewices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..72l-76O

Automotive sarvicaaand repair. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750-751

Other businaas and repair services. . . . . . . . . . . .721–742,752–760

Personal sewices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...761-791

Private households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...761

Beauty and barber shops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..772–780

Other personal services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .762–771,781–791

Entertainment and recreation services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800-802

129,082

1,110

47

317

i 0,547

7,681

1,154

4,354

266

608

205

17

1,077

2,866

202

84

135

290

334

551

375

895

2,085

912

249

148

515

927

246

713

8,781

1,097

165

2,605

4,914

2,053

847

53

794

7,115

4,334

773

2,006

413

Number of deaths

100 1,096 27,667 374 272 717 3,433 517 350

Proportionate mortalii ratios

65

(‘;

127

138

184

(’)

(‘i

95

(Ii

(‘~

137

(’)

(l;

(1)

—

94

—

47

149

72

—

97

106

97

71

44

94

105

A 180

93

141

67

64

—

67

61

63

—

93

42

126

71

44

62

94

90

119

A14

108

114

90

72

87

76

101

117

120

—

128

113

114

76

121

153

98

120

116

B 108

104

103

96

112

B 131

120

76

104

B118

101

109

102

B 124

115

B 121

B 129

6116

Bill

AI13

122

108

111

108

112

AI15

A 104

106

102

94

BI1O

B 121

102

A 153

99

98

B 92

A113

96

110

157

277

90

91

78

114

98

(‘;

27

(Y

78

170

66

86

141

142

(’)

Q)

122

145

(’)

80

124

E

B 198

97

98

88

—

73

85

70

36

133

259

135

(1;

117

96

72

107

171

89

171

(1)

(’)

(’i

302

234

(’)

97

74

53

93

119

—

144

114

181

—

A185

61

148

155

—

165

93

77

51

151

317

118

114

108

101

144

99

66

59

247

66

124

(1;

—

118

155

208

45

133

106

177

74

227

211

61

196

102

82

—

111

105

86

41

44

90

86

149

74

169

79

127

94

98

84

93

39

127

166

(’)

114

86

86

41

124

94

41

112

115

70

124

125

A186

119

97

116

146

128

103

100

21

84

116

A133

114

121

90

89

109

84

115

158

92

99

122

59

82

186

(’)

186

75

—

(‘~

146

112

57

73

A165

186

210

302

143

181

186

157

93

168

257

71

81

146

168

(’)

150

97

116

56

77

102

103

88

114

103

(’)

55

31

139

(1)

219

94

156

164

140

69

39

—

—

66

118

—

45

89

(?

99

94

127

37

—

40

99

116

40

90

—
Professional andrelata-d services.

.................... 812-892

Heaithservices............................ ..8j2_640

Educafiona[servioes......................... ..842_3&3

Sooialservicas............................ ...861491

Legel, engineering, andotherswkes.......... ...841.662-892

Publicadmin!stration.......................... .. W6-932

Mitiiry..................................... ...942

Industrynotreported.......................... ..g51+g0

15,367

6,183

7,376

1,189

639

2,197

93

77,377

110 67

121 101

90

A 71

215 122 — 66

59 104 — (1)

98 103

6114

103

B121 B 121 B 129

B118

117 B 93

75

64

60

107

A 275

161

718

99

102 103 B113 A124 98

120 79 98 119 57

78 122B 124 128 130

148 146

A 135 122 148

85 57 97 145 101

96 85

A 128 111

A 174

—— 85—

—

93 99B 96

A 92 102
Table 4. Deaths for 42 selected industries and from 52 selected causes of death, and proportionate mortality ratios for 42 selected industries by 52 selected causes of death for

females 20 years of age and ove~ Total of 12 reporting States, 19B4-Con.

[Data include only deaths to residents of a 12-State reporting area occurring in the ares. Numbers after causes of death are categoty numbers of the AVrrthRevision International Classification of Diseases, 1975, and

numbers after industries are category numbers of the Classified hrdex of Industries end Ocsupefiorrs, 1982. For complete cause-ofdeath titles and category numbers, aee Technical notes. Proportionate mortality ratios

(PMR’s) are age-race adjusted, see Technical notes. For a fisting of reporting States, see Technical notes]

Cancer of

Civrser of fracfraa,

gslf- Cancer of

Cancer of Ma/ignant Camcer of Center of

Cancer of bmncfrus, Carrcsr of Cancer of arrrnecfive melanoma female

bladder ~s larynx lung

Cem”x

hrdustry

pleura bone

(156)

tissue

(157) (161)

of skin breast

(162)

uferi

(163) (170) (171) (172) (1 74) (180)

Ninchtries.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 010-031

Mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...040-650

Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .060

Manufacturing. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...100-392

Nondurablegoods. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...100-222

Fmdandkindredpmducts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...100-136

Textile mill and finished products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132-152

Paperandalliedproducfa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...160-162

Printing, publishing, andelliadproducts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171–172

Chemicalsandallied producta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...180-192

Petroleumandcoalpmducts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...200-201

Rubber, plastics, and leatherproducfs . . . . . . . . . . . ...210-222

Ourablegoods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..230-3s2

Lumberand otherwood products, endfum.iture. . . . . . . . . 230-242

Stone, clay, glaaa, andmncreteprcducta . . . . . . . . . . . . 250-262

Primarymetalindustries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..270-2S0

Fabricatedmetalinduefries..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...281-301

Machinery,exceptelactricsl..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...310-332

Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplii . . . . . . ...340-350

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 351+70

Miscellaneousmanufacfuringi nduefdes. . . . . . . . . . . ...371-392

Transportation, mmmunicafions, andother pubfiiutiliies . . . . . 400-472

Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..zMNH32

Railroad s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...466

Trucking endwarehousing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...41&411

Other transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...401-402.412432

Communicstiins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..440+f42

Utilities andsanitary services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...460-472

Wholesale trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...500-571

Retail trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,.............580-691

Food, bakery, anddairyatores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...601-611

Atiodealers andsupply Aores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..6l2+O

Eating anddrinking places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...641

Other retail frade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .580-600, 621-640,642-691

Finance, insurance, andrealeatate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700-712

Business andrepairservicsa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..721–780

Autorhotive services and repair... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...750-751

Other business andrepairsarvicea. . . . . . . . . ...721-742.752-760

Personal sewices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...761-791

Pnvatehouseholds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...761

Beauty and barber shops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...772-760

Other personal servicea. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...762-771.781-791

Entertainment andrecrestion cervices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600-802

387

74

—

105

127

119

105

15s

—

201

(t

—

99

—

74

116

197

(1)

144

72

—

45

95

151

—

6a

100

49

172

(’)

137

119

141

128

75

1,532

(?

104

106

103

75

90

143

15s

A 255

—

114

112

75

56

132

115

155

137

94

93

83

70

104

100

101

65

55

92

102

47

97

88

A 149

A 163

B615

133

110

102

B181

100

136

68

(’)

(’i

78

32

30

—

(’;

—

177

(’)

(’;

(1)

308

(’;

(’)

337

44

(Ii

87

—

59

264

—

284

130

65

274

191

—

4,466

95

150

141

BI17

104

A129

91

93

136

114

108

B146

147

113

114

B204

146

B 161

131

A132

91

92

89

94

92

87

99

91

B 123

120

132

B 129

B 120

115

113

239

104

110

94

B 145

121

113

Number of deaths

13 56

proportionate mortafii rstiis

(G

(?(1)—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

(’i

—

———

—————

75

110

(’)

98

—

(‘i

—

—

—

202

(’)

(‘i

(’)

41

53

43

174

324

—

351

(’i

200

—

(‘;

127

131

w

139

(’)

98

—

182

118

(1)

(’;

(1)

—

162

—

105

114

61

100

212

75

115

102

(1)

105

120

122

—

93

83

127

j Q~

(’)

301

56

83

68

63

33

73

111

(’)

—

6a

61

435

—

—

46

—

6a

102

153

(1)

194

79

—

257

96

121

74

112

115

101

109

148

82

258

j gfi

140

5,110

106

197

113

105

100

104

91

132

A 142

A156

88

A116

106

119

120

110

111

76

134

B 139

101

76

51

44

95

125

110

127

101

113

137

B 75

112

B 133

86

127

63

91

89

84

g?

111

606

75

93

B141

A136

148

123

137

130

267

142

A 152

159

274

111

274

174

251

85

82

74

347

30

72

145

150

110

102

—

A151

67

85

(?

68

75

79

80

~

32
Pmfes”bral and related services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812-892

Health sewices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...812-840

Eduaationalservices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...842-860

Swklsewices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...861-681

Legal, engineering, andother services . . . . . . . . . . ...841.882-692

Pubficadministmtion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 900-932

Miliiry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...942

Industrynotreported . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...951-990

84

72

91

119

53

(?

106

AI14

101

B 127

83

169

103

190

B 94

85 104

106 B119

64 063

116

(’i 126

96 B 138

196

102 B 89

137 115

(T 174 118

— 104 92

(’) 47

A 370

73

—

136 109 94

110 B 131

97 101

132 B 156

62 B 159

128 131

32 A123

121

100 B 90

84

94

75

60

100

(?

102

m

-?2

o

a

-s

rD

(D

GJ

(n
Table 4. Deaths for 42 selected industries and from 52 selected causes of death, and proportionate mortality ratios for 42 selected industries by 52 selected causes of desth for

females 20 years of age and ove~ Total of 12 reporting States, 1964-Con.

[Date rnclude only deeths to residents of a 12-State reporting area occurring in the area. Numbers after causes of death are category numbers of the Ninth Revision International C/ass/fiWion of Diseases, 1975, and

numbers after industries are category numbers of the Classified Index of hrdustries and Occupations, 1982. For complete cause-ofdeath titles and category numbers, see Technical notes. Proportionate mortality ratios

(PMR’s) are age-race adjusted, see Technical notes. For a listing of reporting States, see Technical notes]

Multiple

Cancer of

Cancer of

Cancer of myeloma,

kidney,

body of

brain, Other immunoCancer of Cancar of Cancer of Cancer of urinaiy nervous Hodgkin’s malignant proliferative

Utems ovary

Industry

prostate testis bladder organs system disease Iymphoma “neoplasms

(182) (183) (185) (188) (188) (189) (191-192) (201) (200, 202) (203) II

Atlinduatries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Agriculture, forest~, and fisheries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 010-031

Miming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...040-050

Corrabuction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...060

Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...100-392

Nondurable goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...100-222

Fcmdand kindred products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...100-130

Tevtilemil landfinishe dproducts. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132-152

Paper sndallied producta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...160-162

Printing, publishing, and allied products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171–1 72

Chemicals andaltied products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..l8O-l92

Petroleum andcoal producta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...200-201

Rubber, plastii, and leather products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210-222

Dursbtegoods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...230-392

Lumbar and othar wood products, and furniture. . . . . . . . . 230-242

Stone, clay, glase, end concrete products . . . . . . . . . . . . 250-262

Primary metal industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...270-260

Fabricated meteflndustries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...281-301

Machinery, except electrical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..31N32

Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies . . . . . . . . . 340-350

Trsnaportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...351-370

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371–392

Transportation, communications, and other public utiliies . . . . . 400-472

Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...400-432

Railroeda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...400

Trucking sndwarehousing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...410-411

Other transportation. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401+02,412-432

Communicafiins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...440-442

Utilities endsanitary services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...460-472

Wholasatetrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...500-571

Retail trsde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...580-691

Food, bakery, anddairystores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...601-611

Autodealem and supply stores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612-620

Eating anddrinking places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...641

Other retail trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .580-600, 621-640,642+91

Finance, insurance, and realestate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700-712

Busineaaand repair seIvices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 721-760

Automotive services and repair. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750–751

OfIrerbusinee sandrepairservices. . . . . . . . . ...721-742.752-760

Peraarralaem”cea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..761–791

Private households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...761

Beauty and barber chops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...772-780

Otinerperaorrai servicea . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .76%77~,781-791

Entertainment andrecreation services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800-802

456

45

87

B 136

114

87

96

A 377

87

165

B 197

(1;

353

249

286

240

A 360

55

113

97

251

—

56

131

(1)

184

126

144

A 589

96

122

92

96

102

109

106

87

~27

1,569

(?

A107

115

96

111

99

A166

112

125

90

63

137

49

126

121

58

78

101

124

116

80

77

144

142

85

126

106

110

70

93

118

110

84

329

66

95

91

91

1ix

46

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. ..

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. ..

. . .

. ..

. ..

. ..

. . .

.. .

.. .

. ..

. . .

. . .

. ..

. . .

. ..

. ..

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

. . .

.. .

. . .

.. .

.. .

.. .

.. .

.. .

.. .

.. .

.. .

.. .

.. .

.. .

.. .

. ..

. ..

Number of deaths

426 475

Proportionate mortality ratios

112

(’)

206

105

96

130

95

98

—

106

129

—

(’1

(1)

—

224

80

175

116

174

235

450

64

96

126

93

82

97

96

91

157

166

93

96

77

93

159

195

116

100

84

106

36

166

A156

Q)

A 376

A 334

142

169

73

66

114

(11

149

65

96

97

98

107

61

110

57

116

—

124

69

71

90

55

178

633

167

167

122

115

104

A 145

116

79

63

47

136

(:

(1)

95

76

153

146

170

B 203

B 286

A 429

159

B 294

119

195

41

113

72

284

73

A140

126

162

174

66

72

117

~ ~i

96

79

(‘;

52

38

—

69

(?

(’;

128

262

(’)

(‘;

45

41

62

162

—

91

143

79

924

110

37

96

93

67

63

269

176

56

76

110

56

117

67

153

180

103

125

118

122

153

104

110

197

62

95

110

107

89

117

131

141

90

73

94

i iz

210

522

61

109

101

77

117

115

—

103

127

(1)

Q)

(’)

74

66

111

113

172

131

163

(’)

(’)

192

109

96

226

66

127

A 26

113

102

140

149

97

93

191

68

166
~=-tiand related services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...812-392

Hflatthaervicee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...812-840

Educrhnalservices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...842-Boo

8rxialservbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...861-881

ISgal,englneering,and OthWSfdCf)S.. . .. . . . . .. ..841.882-Egz

flkdiiadmirristratkm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...900-932

h!iiii . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...942

Musbynotreported.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..951–990

124 B 131

108 106

129 B160

209 120

90 140

119

z 78

B 85 B 90

.. . .. . 103

. . . . . . 119

. . . . . . 98

. . . . . . 78

. . . . . . 49

. . . . . . 136

. . . .. .

.. . .. . 97

104 110 B 187 A119

103 96 146 112

119 131 206 119

65 106 235 112

38 88 313 A165

71 147 128

;

101 B 86 96 97

A124

90

B 159

181

36

99

94

Ul

cd
Table 4. Deaths for 42 selected industries and frOm 52 selected causes of death, and Drof30rtionate mortalitv ratios for 42 selected industries bv 52 selected causes of death for ‘-

femalss 20 years of age and oven Total of 12 reporting States, 1984– Con. “ “

[Data includeonly deaths to residents of a 12-State reporting area occurring in the area. Numbers after causes of death are category numbers of the Ninth Revisiorr hrfemafiorral C/assificatiorr of Diseases, 1975, and

numbers after industries are cetegory numbers of the Classified Index of Industries and Occupations, 1982.For complete cause-of-death titles and category numbers, see Technical notes. Proportionate mortality ratios

(PMR’s)are age-race adjusted, see Technical notes. For a listing of reporting States, see Technical notes]

Diseases A// other

All other of hearl Hypertensive Hypertensive lschemic Acute ischemic

cancers Diabetes Aplastic (390-398, heart heart, rena/ heart myocardial heart

Leukemia (152 . . . mellitus anemia 402, disease

Industry

disease disease infarction dfsease

(204-208) 193–199) (250) (284) 404-429) (402) (404) (41&414) (410) (411414)

All industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Agriculture, forest~, and fisheries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 010431

Mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...040-050

Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...080

Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...100-392

Nondurable goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..100–222

Food and kindred products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. IOO--13O

Textile mill and finished products. . . . . . . . . 132–152

Paper and allied products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..160–162

Printing, publishing, and allied products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171–172

Chemicals andallied products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180-192

Petroleum and coal products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200-201

Rubber, plastics, and leather products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210-222

Durable gooda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...230-392

Lumber and other wood products, and furniture. . . . . . . . . 230-242

Stone, clay, glass, and concrete products . . . . . . . . . . . . 250-262

Primary metal industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...270-280

Fabricated metal industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281-301

Machinery, except electdcd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310-332

Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies . . . . . . . . . 340-350

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351-370

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371–392

Transportation, communications, and other public utilities . . . . . 400472

Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...400-432

Railroad s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...400

Trucking andwarehousing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...410411

Other transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4ol+02, 412-432

Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...440-442

Uti~iies andsanibwsewices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..46M72

Wholesale trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...500-571

Retail trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...580-691

Food, bakery, anddairyatores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601-611

Autodealers andaupplystores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612-620

Eating anddrinking places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...-......641

Other retail trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...580-600. 621-640, 642-691

Finance, insurance, and real estate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700-712

Business andrepair sewices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..721–760

Automotive services and repair. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750-751

Other business and repair services . . . . . . . . . . . . 721–742, 752–760

Peramal services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..761–791

Priiate households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...761

Beauty and barber shops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...772-780

Other personal services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762–771, 761–791

Entertainment and recreation services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 800-602

1,018

83

98

108

103

123

94

84

130

51

117

121

53

37

A 245

91

143

155

96

79

168

69

46

51

A314

107

104

71

182

100

111

144

;

69

B 65

B 52

145

A 51

53

3,161

118

257

B 194

A112

112

98

117

A 180

132

(?

91

111

53

A 293

80

75

65

104

139

125

119

136

124

193

123

105

109

110

96

93

44

B 69

114

121

67

70

67

105

112

102

93

117

2,941

106

87

A 88

90

116

96

81

59

62

64

83

138

206

151

44

65

53

44

104

B 48

B 29

A–

52

65

54

62

B 78

72

132

91

B 70

B 54

97

—

103

A 87

95

76

A 72

95

100

72

(’?

112

45

(11

(?

(1)

—

—

113

(’)

48

150

128

131

122

(1)

132

Number of deaths

49,887 1,572

101

112

B 78

99

100

95

102

91

98

85

81

102

97

89

92

113

97

106

94

95

96

99

94

99

94

92

103

100

91

99

A108

100

102

A 96

B 91

93

68

95

100

A104

B 79

100

A 85

97

35

99

97

122

97

69

135

91

55

103

132

196

136

160

77

52

96

102

114

223

83

96

79

A14

118

144

71

129

107

93

161

(’)

159

111

108

53

A 138

65

253

213

62

81

50

64

(‘i

119

—

56

62

(‘;

64

195

99

176

50

109

134

(?

98

85

—

167

33,609

99

101

B 69

102

102

99

A 105

94

91

85

71

101

102

91

76

115

104

A121

97

93

103

101

99

93

108

101

102

101

98

100

106

107

102

97

94

A 86

55

88

98

101

B 82

96

A 82

17,236

101

108

B 59

101

101

97

106

92

83

87

136

100

100

101

47

116

69

109

93

91

111

105

107

84

132

112

104

103

99

99

AI15

114

96

97

91

B 72

81

B 71

101

107

A 77

97

87

16,373

97

95

81

i 03

i 03

103

104

95

101

83

103

104

77

116

114

125

A 137

102

96

92

96

91

102

75

88

100

96

96

100

96

96

109

97

97

103

21

108

94

93

89

96

77
Professional andrelated eervicea

.................. ...812-892

fieakhsam”ces........................... ...812+

Educatlonalsenkas......................... ..s42s

Socialsenrices............................. ..861S1

Legal, engineering, andothersenricee............ .841,882~z

Publlcadminietratfon.......................... ..wO-W

Military..................................... ...842

Industrynotrepoited.......................... ..951-wcr

A121 103

115 96

A 132 105

112 86

84

B 180

143 108

(’) 43

A95

B 95

A 88

101

BOO

88

58

A 72

98

BI12

135

B 95

149 99

122

B 92

Q) 96

(1) 95

121

B 91

(’) 83

95B 102

100 60

B 95

117 82 100

88 95B 92

83 92

102 91

124 181

A 92

(1) 70

97 104B 102

B 92

97

B 89

86

89

B 86 A 36 B 102

98

102

95

99

95

99

111

101
females 20 years of age and over: Total of 12 reporting States, 1984-Con.

[Data include only deaths to residents of a 12-State reporting area occurring in the area. Numbers after causes of death are category numbers of the Ninth Revision hrtemational C/assificatiorr of Diseases, 1975, and

numbers after industries are category numbers of the Classified /ndexof/rrdustries arrd Occupatiorrs, 1982. Forcomplete cause-of-death titles and category numbers, see Technical notes. Proportionate mortality ratios

(PM%) are age-race adjusted, see Technical notes. For a listing of reporting States, see Technical notes]

All other Hypertension Chronic

diseases

Ulcer of

with or Cerebm- Pneumonia obstructive Pneumo- stomach Chronic liver Nephritis

of heart without renal vascular Athero- and pulmonary conioses and and disease and

(390-398, dkease diseases sclerosis influenza diseases

industry 415-429)

pneumopathy duodanum and cirrhosis naphrosis

(410,403) (430-438) (440) (480-487) (490-486) (500-505) (531-533) (571) (580-589)

All industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Agriculture, forestry, andfisheries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 010-031

Mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...040-050

Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...060

Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...100-392

Nondurable goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..100–222

Foodandkindred products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...100-130

Textile mllland finished products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132-152

Paperandallied products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..160–162

Printing, publishing, andalliedproducte. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171–172

Chemicals andalfiedproducte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180-192

Petroleum andcoalproducts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200-201

Rubber, plastice, and leather products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210-222

Durablegoods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...230-392

Lumberand otherwood products,and furniture . . . . . . . . . 230-242

Stone, clay, glass, and mncreteproducts . . . . . . . . . . . . 250-262

Primarymetatindustries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...270-280

Fabricated metal industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281-301

Machinery, exceptelectrical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...310-332

Electrical machinery, equipment, and supplies . . . . . . . . . 340-350

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351-70

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371-392

Transportation, communications, andother pubfictilities . . . . . 400-472

Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...400-482

Railroads . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...400

Trucfdngandwarehousing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...410-411

Othertransportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...401402.412-432

Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...440-442

Utifitieaandsanitaryservices.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...4-72

Wholesalatrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...500-571

Retailtrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..58O-69I

Food, bakery, anddairystores. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601-611

Autodealers andsupplystores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612-620

Eatinganddrinklng places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 841

Otherretailtrade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...580-600.821-640.642-691

Finance, insurance, andrealestate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700-712

Businessandrepairservices... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..721–760

Automotiveservices and repair.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750-751

Other business and repair services. . . . . . . . . ...721-742.752-760

Personal sewices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...761-791

Private households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...761

Beauty and barber shops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...772-780

Other personal servicee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .762–771,781-791

Entertainment and recreation services. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 600-602

14,453

102

148

105

A 94

96

A 83

96

68

109

83

114

109

A 87

82

140

101

75

A 64

91

105

82

94

A 61

101

74

A 72

105

104

82

96

106

86

99

A 92

A 65

102

62

104

104

BIIO

A 75

100

96

613

93

65

t16

129

146

127

174

123

133

79

174

327

49

55

123

99

177

128

197

211

99

(’?

89

110

61

170

(1)

150

97

98

112

90

113

13,639

96

90

90

98

102

Al:

63

85

87

166

91

88

114

74

62

86

78

98

80

91

96

90

79

124

88

101

96

100

97

95

112

93

100

B 80

87

140

84

98

98

104

97

92

2,231

119

77

101

103

113

107

114

58

;

99

96

(?

59

121

28

65

49

153

94

134

122

134

141

59

90

139

99

86

117

86

105

98

69

73

104

103

Number of deaths

4,085 3,486 6

Proportionate mortality ratios

98

146

63

A 86

A 87

91

A 63

128

88

64

97

81

14e

52

57

70

115

53

78

79

97

74

126

30

63

132

44

85

91

99

107

103

A 84

92

A152

88

A 156

93

94

98

89

1~?

116

161

B 227

93

89

109

B 73

131

89

171

(’)

106

103

156

73

92

106

86

109

104

95

103

135

80

178

147

76

94

116

108

107

56

A128

100

98

118

67

122

102

A 78

126

126

86

A 570

B 869

—

B 1,579

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

—

464

92

96

A 64

A 62

129

69

(‘;

—

73

(’;

—

55

78

133

67

(?

—

59

231

—

115

(?

72

A 147

86

—

—

121

95

116

171

75

1,159

102

76

94

103

117

101

63

74

94

126

75

39

76

81

64

81

96

81

87

107

131

45

123

68

73

116

96

89

45

123

82

104

122

(1)

122

108

102

140

104

90

1,480

116

33

99

109

98

120

72

98

147

90

70

46

136

62

58

53

86

100

101

133

108

94

120

99

85

53

129

107

78

78

56

60

105

107

102

99

114
Professional sndrelatedsewic%s.

.................... 812-892

Health setvises............................ ..812–840

Educatkmalservices......................... ..842–860

Social aewices............................ ...861-881

Legaf, engineering, andother services. .,....... ...841.882-692

Public administration......................... ...900-932

Military..................................... ...942

Industrynotreported,........................ ...951-990

96

97

A 94

107

104 A 86

111

B102

86 100

94 99

84 102

90 88

97

95 92

89

100

B 102

93 102

92 100

92 104

111 92

94 117

119 97

43

101

A 102

93

A114 B 76

86

69

112

113

100

113

— 82

A145

74

92

?)

62 102

B 74

84

A7i A 46

51

122

167

AI07

A 82

68

A 79

76

64

108

215

Alo5
Table 4. Deaths for 42 selected industries and from 52 selected causes of death, and proportionate mortality ratios for 42 selected industries bv 52 selected causes of death for ‘-

females 20 yesrs of age and over: Total of 12 reporting States, 1984–Con. -

[Data include only deaths to residents of a 12-State reporting area occurring in the area. Numbers after causes of death are category numbers of the Ninth Revision /nternationa/ C/assh5cationof Diseases, 1975, and

numbers after industries are category numbers of the Classified Index of hrdustrles arrd Occupations, 1982. For complete cause-of-death titles and category numbers, see Technical notes. Proportionate mortsiii ratios

(PMR’s) are age-race adjusted, see Technical notes. For a listing of reporting States, see Technical notes]

Accidents Motor Accidents mainly Other Homicide

and adverse vehicle of industrial type accidents and /ega/ Afl other

effects accidents (E846 . . . (E800-E807 . . . Suicide intervention

industry

causes

(E600-E949) (E81O-E825) E923-E926) E927-E949) (E950-E959) (E960-E978) (Residual)

All industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Agriculture, forestry, and fisheries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 010-031

Mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...040-050

Construction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...060

Manufacturing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...100-392

Nondurable goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...100-222

Food and kindred products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..100–130

Textile mill and finished products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132–152

Paper andalliad products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..l6O-l62

Printing, pubtisfring, and allied products. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171–172

Chemicale and allied products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180-192

Petroleum and coal products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200-201

Rubber, plastics, and leather products . . . . . . . . . . 210-222

Durable goods . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...230-392

Lumbar and other wood products, and furniture. . . . . . . . . 230-242

Stone, clay, glass, and concrete products . . . . . . . . . . . . 250-262

Primary metal industries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...270-260

Fabricated metal industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281-301

Machinery, except electrical . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310-332

Electrical machinery, equipment, and suppltes . . . . . . . . . 340-350

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 351-370

Miscellaneous manufacturing industries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371–392

Transportation, communications, and other pubtic utilities . . . . . 400-472

Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...400-432

Railroad s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...400

Tructdng andwarehousing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..410=III

Other transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401-402, 412432

Communications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...440-442

Utilities andsanifary sewices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...460-472

Wholesale trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...500-571

Retail trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...580-891

Food, bakery, and dairy stores.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601-611

Autodealers and supply stores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 612-620

Eating anddrinldng places . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...--.641

Other retail trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56D-600, 621-640,642-691

Finance, insurance, and realestate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 700-712

Business and repair services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..721–760

Automotive services and repair. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750-751

Other business and repair services. . . . . . . . . ...721-742. 752–760

Personal services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..761–791

Private households . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...761

Beauty and barber shops . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..772–780

Other personal services . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 762–771, 761–791

Enta@~inrn.en._..- t and rmm=atinn ~.. ~_.._.. sarvices. __. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 800-802

3,442

95

223

A144

107

105

117

99

123

66

157

269

104

112

125

32

127

131

111

116

104

109

103

122

126

144

112

70

147

99

A112

85

104

111

A120

A122

B 135

121

A136

108

96

117

121

75

Numbar of deaths

1,469 34 1,939 865

Proportionate mortality ratios

116

220

136

B121

A 123

134

110

179

91

186

522

150

117

171

62

—

154

131

131

123

87

130

B163

233

196

A170

55

167

96

Bllt?

130

176

106

A 126

B 139

134

140

133

A124

94

129

B 150

x4

(’)

(’)

(’)

67

:

—

(‘i—

—

—

(‘i

(1;

——

(‘i—157

(‘;

236

290

(’)

(’i

81

(’i

(’)

~:;

144

95

90

99

91

78

86

149

73

106

56

—

213

106

65

99

70

138

76

66

88

71

56

84

100

105

103

A 41

118

113

99

134

68

137

97

99

98

93

66

172

(’)

101

A 82

B 63

A 39

A 57

46

87

156

(’)

66

112

78

271

—

67

151

101

149

95

B161

A179

A 480

106

171

156

114

120

106

143

163

100

96

84

131

88

135

103

96

118

99

A 1R4

515

124

166

115

120

A178

115

96

165

—

36

106

68

A 503

B 934

—

42

98

51

65

133

173

—

217

172

74

140

26

B141

A196

163

B152

104

105

115

337

97

A131

116

96

A158

i 87

15,306

98

35

100

A 95

98

94

99

103

83

91

50

103

B 66

101

108

90

63

77

83

86

67

93

94

85

91

96

98

76

95

97

A 80

77

99

100

104

93

46

97

105

104

A121

99

119
Professional andmlatedservices. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812-692

Health setvice s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...812-640

Educat[onalservices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...842-660

Socislsetvices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...881-681

Legal, engineering, andotherservkes. . . . . . . . . . ...841.882-692

Publioadminfstration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...900-932

Military . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...942

Industrynotmpotted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..951–990

Alo9

103

B120

111

77

106

140

B 92

A115

112

A 126

130

71

118

136

B 78

46

52

54

(’i

86

104

94

117

95

86

94

149

100

104

96

121

56

138

95

69

96

104

113

109

61

64

66

176

B 78

B 95

94

95

97

87

93

77

B 102

lpmjmde m~~ Mb”~ SOMpM~ since observed deaths equaled 1 and expected deaths were bss than 1.0.

A+’epertienate mertslii ratfe is s“gnilkantly diierent fmrn 100 at ihe 0.05 Iavelof signficarrce(seeTechn”Mlnotes).

B-Pmper6eiralemortalityratii issign~int~ differentfmnr100 al the0.01 level ef signikance (see Technicalnotes).

f.rr

w
60 ~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 4(S) ● September 30, 1993 ~

Table 5. Deaths and percent distribution by selected occupations: Total of 12 reporting Ststes and each State, 1984

[Data include only deaths to rasidents of a 12-State reporting araa occurring In the area. For a listing of reporting States, see Technical notes]

U.S. Bureau Special death certificate occupation categories

of the Cansus

All occupation

State of residence

Unemployed,

occupations categories Military Homemaker Volunteer Student never worked Retirad Unknown

Number

74,359 12

5,803 1

11,004

6,739 5

6,510 1

2,607 1

13,287 3

4,605

1,441

1,507

2,137

5,260 1

11,459

Percent distribution!

27.6 0.0

30.5 0.0

25.5

31.6 0.0

27.7 0.0

25.1 0.0

28.5 0.0

33.4 —

23.8

21.5

24.2

21.6 0.0

29.8

\

3,311

149

643

193

693

122

587

88

32

56

64

375

289

All reporting States . . . . . . ,

Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New Hampshire . . . . . . . . .

Rhode laland . . . . . . . . . . .

South Carolina . . . . . . . . .

‘Wsccmsin . . . . . . . . . . . . .

269,797

19,001

43,207

21,345

30,742

10,393

46,573

13,785

6,097

7,000

8,624

24,317

38,513

163,652

11,985

30,493

13,862

16,777

7,414

31,704

6,905

4,363

5,252

6,337

16,100

26,460

2,573

319

609

156

214

92

292

90

116

68

54

455

108

434

78

84

44

57

13

96

39

4

16

8

51

2

1,716

27

95

194

1,286

5

81

1

16

8

1

3,680

639

279

152

1,202

139

521

57

141

05

196

75

194

1.4

3.4

0.6

0.7

3.9

1.3

1.1

0.4

2.3

1.2

2.2

0.3

0.5

All reporting States . . . . . . .

Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New Hampshire . . . . . . . . .

Rhoda Island . . . . . . . . . . .

South Carolina. . . . . . . . . .

Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

68.1

63.1

70.6

64.9

61.1

71.3

68.1

64.6

71.6

75.0

71.8

74.4

68.7

1.0

1.7

1.4

0.7

0.7

0.9

0.6

0.7

1.9

1.0

0.6

1.9

0.3

0.2

0.4

0.2

0.2

0.2

0.1

0.2

0.3

0.1

0.2

0.1

0.2

0.0

1.2

0.8

1.5

0.9

2.3

1.2

1.3

0.6

0.5

0.8

1.0

1.5

0.8

0.6

0.1

0.2

0.9

4.2

0.0

0.2

0.0

0.2

0.1

0.0

1Due to rounding, psrcenta may not add to total,

Table 6. Deaths and percent distribution by selected industries Total of 12 reporting States and each State, 1984

[Data includa only deaths to realdenta of a 12-State rapoftlng area occurring in the area. For a listing of reporting States, see Technioal notes]

Special death certificate industry oategoriea

U.S. Bureau Never worked,

All of the Cansus unemployed, homeState of res/dence industries industry categorlas Military making, atudent, etc. Refired Unknown

All reporting States . . . . . . .

Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

New Hampshire . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rhode island . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

South Carolina . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wieconain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

269,797

19,001

43,207

21,345

30,742

10,393

46,573

13,785

6,097

7,000

8,824

24,317

38,513

163,709

12,152

30,576

14,087

19,016

7,341

31,494

8,866

4,262

5,267

6,325

18,109

26,194

2,769 77,737

318 5,842

648 11,662

166 6,901

267 9,223

95 2,738

340 13,908

92 4,729

121 1,472

65 1,578

55 2,230

456 5,684

166 11,750

Percent dlatrlbutionl

1.0 28.8

1.7 30.7

1.5 27.0

0.8 32.3

0.9 30.0

0.9 26.3

0.7 29.9

0.7 34.3

2,0 24.1

0.9 22.5

0.6 25,3

1.9 23.4

0.4 30.5

763

5

1

28

870

2

51

4

2

4,799

884

300

163

1,566

217

780

76

242

86

212

68

403

Allreportlng States . . . . . . . . .

Colorado. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Georgia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nevada, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

NewHampshire . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rhode island . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SouthCarollna . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wisconsin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

88.1

64.0

70.8

66.0

61.9

70.6

67.8

64.5

69.9

75.2

71.7

74.5

68.0

0.3

0.0

0.0

0.1

2.2

0.0

0.1

0.1

0.0

1.8

3.6

0.7

0.8

5.1

2.1

1.7

0.6

4.0

1.2

2.4

0.3

1.0

1Due to rounding, psrcente may not add fO tOtal.
~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report. Vol. 42, No. 4(S) ● September 30, 1993 ~61

Technical notes

Nature and sources of data

Data shown in this report are based

on information for deaths occurring in

12 reporting States in 1984, and this

information was coded by the States

from original death certificates filed in

State vital registration offices. The 12

reporting States are Colorado, Georgia,

Kansas, Kentucky, Maine, Missouri,

Nebraska, Nevada, New Hampshire,

Rhode Island, South Carolina, and

Wisconsin. Except for the occupation

and industry information, coded information from individual certificates was

provided to the National Center for

Health Statistics (NCHS) through the

Vital Statistics Cooperative Program

(VSCP). Of the 12 States reporting

coded occupation and industry information in 1984, all but Georgia participated in the VSCP program; for these

States part or all of the mortality data

for 1984 was provided on computer

tape to NCHS. Mortali~ data in this

report refer to all deaths to residents

of the 12-State reporting area occurring in that area.

Occupation and industry items

on death certificate

The information in this report is

based on occupation and industry

entries on the death certificate, in

response to the questions in item 14a

of the Standard Certificate of Death,

“Usual Occupation (Give kind of work

done during most of the working life,

even if retired)” and item 14b, “Kind

I

of Business or Industry.” Illustrative

occupation, industry, and medical

entries on a death certificate of a

63-year-old female are shown in figure I. The Standard Certificate of

Death is issued by the Public Health

Service as a means of attaining uniformity in the content of vital statistics

information collected by the States.

Although the certificates in each State

may differ somewhat from the Standard to the extent required by the

needs of the State or by special provisions of the State vital statistics law,

the certificates of most States conform

closely in content and arrangement to

the Standard.

Cause-of-death classification

The mortality statistics in this

report were compiled in accordance

with the World Health Organization

(WHO) regulations, which specify that

member nations classi~ causes of death

by the current Manual of the Intemationai StatMical Classification of Direases, Injuries, and Causes of Death

(22). Causes of death for 1984 were

classified according to the Ninth Revision International Classification of D&

eases (ICD-9). Besides specifyhg the

classification, the WHO regulations

outline the form of the medical certification and the procedures to be used

in coding cause of death. Cause-ofdeath data presented in this publication were coded by procedures outlined

in issues of Part 2a of the NCHS

Instruction Manual (35).

Cause-of-death lists

For analysis of occupation and

industry mortality data a special causeof-death list was developed jointly by

NCHS, NIOSH, and NCI. The list of

52 causes (table 1) includes 13 of the

15 leading causes of death in the

United States for 1984, along with a

number of causes of special interest in

relation to occupational exposures, particularly malignant neoplasms of

selected sites. Congenital anomalies

and Certain conditions originating in

the perinatal period are the 2 of the 15

leading causes not included among the

52 causes of death because they occur

primarily among infants.

Classification of occupation

and industry

Occupation and industry information from the death certificate is classified according to the U.S. Bureau of

the Census publication, Classified Index

of Industries and Occupations (20). The

information is coded using a special

adaptation of the occupation and

indust~ coding instructions used by

the U.S. Bureau of the Census for

information reported on censuses and

surveys. The instructions, used by

NCHS and the reporting States, are in

the NCHS Instruction Manual, Induwy

and Occupation Coding for Death Certificates (21).

Proportionate mortality ratios

and significance testing

The computer program for computing proportionate mortality ratios

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62 ~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 42, No. 4(S) ● September 30, 1993-

Table 1.List of 52 selected causes of death

Number Cause of death

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

46

49

50

51

52

Tuberculosis, including late effects.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. OICI–018.137

Septicemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...038

Malignant neoplasms, includlngneoplasms oflymphatic and hematopoietic tissues . . . . . . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . .140–208

Malignantneoplasmsoflip, oral cavity, and pharynx, .,,.... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . ..140I14gI4g

Malignantneoplaamofesophagus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..I5o

Malignantneoplasm ofatomach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...151

Malignantneoplasmofcolon.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...153

Malignantneoplasmsofrectum, rectosigmoidjunction, andanus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...154

Mafignantneoplasmsofliverand intrahepaticbileducta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..I55

Malignantneoplaemsofgallbledderand extrahepatic blleducts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156

Malignantneoplasmofpancreas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..I57

Malignantneoplasmoflatynx.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...161

Malignantneoplasmsoftrachea, bronchus, andlung, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...162

Malignantneoplaamofpleura. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...183

Malignantneoplasmsofbone and articularcartilage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Ii’o

Malignantneopfasmsofconnective and othersofttissue . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..I7I

Malignantmelanomaofskin, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., .,,......172

Malignantneoplasmoffemalebreast. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..I74

Malignantneoplaemofcervixutefi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..lEo

Maiignantneoplasm ofbodyof uterus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., .,........182

Malignsntneoplasms ofovaryand otheruterineadnexa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,.......183

Malignantneoplasm ofprostate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., . . . . . . . ..I85

Malignantneoplasm oftestis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..I86

Malignantneoplasm ofbladder. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...186

Malignantneoplasmsofkidney and otherand unspecified urinary organs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . , . . . . . . . ...189

Malignant neoplasms ofbrainand other and unspecified partaofnervous eystem, . . . . . . . ,. . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,., , . . ...191-192

Hodgkin’s disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...201

MafignantlymphomaotherthanHodgkin’s disease. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,., , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..2oo.2o2

Multiple myelomaand immunoproliferative neoplasm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...203

Leukemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...204-208

All other malignant neoplaems, including neoplasms of lymphatic and

hematopoietictissues . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152,158-160,16&l 65,173,175,179,1 81,184,187,190,1 93-l99

Diabetesmellitus. ..,,..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ...250

Aplasticanemia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...284

DLseasesofheart. ..,...... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 390-398,402,404-429

Hypertensive heartdisease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , ..,,...402

Hypertensive heartand renaldiseese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...,...404

Ischemicheartdisease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..41o-4I4

Acute myocardialinfarction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,,..,,...410

All otherischemic heartdisease, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..411+414

All otherdieeases ofheart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .390-396,415-429

Hypertensionwith orwithoutrenal disease . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...401.403

Carebrovasculardiseases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,,,,..,,430-438

Atherosclerosis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .,.,....,,...440

Pneumoniaand influenza . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...480-487

Chronicobstructivepulmonarydiseases and alfied conditions. ..,..,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,490496

Pneumoconlosesand pneumopathy duetoinhalation ofotherdust. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..500–505

Ulcerofstomach andduodenum. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...531-533

Chronic liverdisease andcirrhosis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. ...571

Nephritis, nephroticeyndrome, and nephrosis, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...580-589

Accidents and adverseeffects. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..EEIOO–E949

Motorvehicleaccidents . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..E81O-E825

Accidente mainlyofindustrialtype . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E846,E881-E682,E916-E91 9,E921 ,ES23–E926

Dtheraccidentaand adverseeffects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E800-E807,E626–E845, E847-E880,E683-E91 6,E920, E922,E927-E949

Suicide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..E950-E959

Homicideand legal intervention. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..E960-E978

All othercauses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..Reeidual
~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report. Vol. 42, No, 4(S). September 30, 1993 ~ 63

(PMR’s) and statistical tests was developed by NIOSH. The PMR does not

make use of a population at risk and,

therefore, is not equivalent to a death

rate. The PMR for an occupation

(industV) indicates whether the proportion of deaths attributed to a particular cause of death is higher (greater

than 100) or lower (less than 100) than

the corresponding proportion for all

occupations (industries) combined. In

this report PMR’s are age-raceadjusted for males and females.

PMR’s for males and females are

computed using the following typical

table for a specific age-race group:

Cause of death

Occupation Cause Other All

(Industry) x causes causes

Occupation Y. , , . . . A, B, N,,

Other occupations . . . C, D, N2,

All occupations. , . . . Ml, M2, T,

where:

i=

Ai =

E(Ai) =

E(Ai) =

PMR =

ith age-race group (5-year age

groups 20-24,25-29, etc. for

the white and black

populations)

observed number of deaths for

a specific occupation (industxy)

and cause-of-death combination

for the i’h age-race group

expected number of deaths for

a specific occupation (industry)

and cause-of-death combination

for the i’h age-race group

MliNli

Ti

XAi

—0 100

XE(Ai)

To test the hypothesis of independence between the occupation (industry) and the cause of death (that is, to

test the hypothesis that the PMR =

100), the following Mantel-Haenszel

(M-H) chi-square test with one-degree

of freedom (36) is used when the

expected number of deaths was five or

more:

For this study this formula excludes

the correction for continuity. A PMR

is significantly different from 100 at the

0.05 level or 0.01 level if the computed

M-H chi-square is greater than or equal

to 3.84 or 6.63, respectively. In the

tables the 0.05 level is indicated by an

“A” and the 0.01 level, by a “B”.

When the expected number of

deaths is less than five, the statistical

test used is the ratio of an observed

value of a Poisson variable to its expectation (37).

Caution should be exercised in

accepting statistically significant PMR’s

as being truly significant. Since approximately 12,000 PMR’s in tables 1-4

were statistically tested, about 600

would be expected to be statistically

significant at least at the 0,05 leveI, just

due to chance (24).

Quality of cause of death

The use of a standard classification list, essential for the presentation and analysis of cause-of-death

data, does not assure strict comparability of tabulated figures. A high

degree of comparability could only be

attained if all records of cause of death

were reported with equal accuracy and

completeness. The medical certification of cause of death can be made

only by a qualified person, usually a

physician, a medical examiner, or a

coroner. Therefore, the reliability and

accuracy of cause-of-death statistics are,

to a large extent, governed by the ability

of the certifier to make the proper

diagnosis and by the care with which

this information is recorded on the

death certificate.

A number of studies have been

undertaken on the quality of medical

certification on the death certificate. In

general, these have been for relatively

small samples and for limited geographic areas. A bibliography (38) covering 128 references over a period of

23 years indicates that no definitive

conclusions have been reached about

the quality of medical

the death certificate.

certification on

Occupation and industry lists

The list of 46 selected occupations

and the list of 42 selected industries

were developed by NIOSH, NCHS,

and NCI, based on the U.S. Bureau of

the Census’ tabulation list presented in

the Classified Index of Industries and

Occupations (20). The occupation categories shown in the list of 46 selected

occupations are similar to the U.S.

Bureau of the Census’ major groups,

some of which were subdivided on the

basis of similarity of occupations. Military and Homemaker were added to

the occupation categories. The industry

categories shown in the list of 42

selected industries are identical with

the U.S. Bureau of the Census’ major

groups, some of which were also subdivided on the basis of similarity of

industries. The category “Military” was

added to the industry categories.

Public-use data tapes

Beginning with data for 1985, mortality public-use data tapes include

information on the occupation and

industry of the decedent, along with

other coded demographic and medical

information. The detailed contents of

the mortality data tapes and other

public-use data tapes from NCHS are

described in the NCHS publication Catalog of Public UseData Tapesfrom the

National CenterforHealth StatMics(39),

although the occupation and indust~

items were inadvertently left out of the

list of contents. Mortality public-use

data tapes for 1985-91 may be purchased from:

National Technical Information

Service

5285 Port Royal Road

Springfield, Virginia 22161

(703) 487+650

M1iMfiNliNx

z

T; (Ti - 1)
64 ~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report. Vol. 42, No. 4(S) . September 30, 1993-

Suggested citation Copyright information National Center for Health Statistls

RosenbergHM, Burnett C, Maurer J, Spirtaa All material appearing in this report is in the Director

R. Mortality by occupation, industry, and public domain and may be reproduced or Manning Feinleib, M.D., Dr. P.H.

cause of death: 12 reporting States, 1984.

Monthly vital statistics report; VOI42 no 4,

copied without permission; citation as to Deputy Director

SUPPI. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center

source, however, is appreciated. Jack R. Anderson

for Health Statistics. 1993 “U.S.Govmmenl PMng Oltkw 199S— S4Z-S5WOOOS
vol. 39, No. 11, Supplement ● March 14, 1991

Monthly Vital

Statistics Report

Final Data From the National Center for Health Stat@lcs

Firearm Mortality Among Children, Youth, and Young Adults

1-34 Years of Age, Trends and Current Status:

United States, 1979-88

by Lois A. Fingerhut, M.A., Joel C. Kleinman, Ph.D., Elizabeth Godfrey, M.S., and Harry Rosenberg, Ph.D.

Contents

Introduction and

background . . . . . . . . . . . . I

Results . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2

Current status . . . .. . . . . . 2

Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Summary ..o . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

References, ,,, . . . .. . . . . . 5

Table, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7

Table 2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...11

Technical notes . . . . . . . . . .15

I

Introduction and background

A previous report of the National

Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)

emphasized the level of firearm mortality among children and youth (l).

The report showed that in 1987,

11 percent of deaths among children

and youth aged 1-19 years resulted

from firearm use. In addition, in a

recent paper (2) the homicide rate for

young males 15–24years of age in the

United States was compared with rates

in 21 industrialized countries. Not only

was the U.S. homicide rate 4 to 70

times the homicide rates in other

countries, but three-fourths of these

homicides in the United States were

committed with firearms, compared

with less than one-fourth in the other

countries.

Furthermore, the need to reduce

the level of violent deaths among teenagers (15-19 year olds) and young

adults in the United States is the focus

of several of the Year 2000 Objectives

for the Nation (3), Specifically,reductions are targeted for: the homicide

rate for all persons, with special targets set for children 3 years of age and

under, for black males and females

ages 15-34 years and for Hispanic

males ages 15-34 years; the suicide

rate for all persons, with special targets set for young persons 15-19 years

of age, and for males 20-34 years of

age; and the weapon-related violent

death rate for all persons.

Although the previous firearm

mortality report was limited to children ages 1-19 years, this report

extends the age groups to those 20-34

years of age in order to include those

ages where the risk of homicide, and,

in particular, of firearm-related homicide, is greatest (figure 1). In 1988,

77 percent of homicides among teenagers 15-19 years of age were associated with firearm use (88 percent

among black males); at 20-24 years of

age, 70 percent of homicides resulted

from firearm use (81 percent among

black males); at 25-29 years of age,

68 percent were firearm related

(75 percent among black males); and

at 30-34 years of age, 64 percent

(70 percent among black males) were

caused by firearm use.

Suicide rates follow an age pattern

different from homicide rates death

rates are fairly constant at ages 20-64

years, and peak for the older population age groups (figure 2). The agespecific proportions of suicides

resulting from firearm use are lower

than the proportions of homicides,

aver.1.ging53-61 percent of suicides at

10-14 years of age through 30-34 years

of age.

The purpose of this report is to

update and expand the previous report

on firearm mortality (l), focusing on

firearm deaths associated with homicide, suicide, and unintentional injury

(used synonymously with the term

“accident” as defined in the International Classification of Diseases)

among children, youth, and young

adults ages 1-34 years.

The analysis of firearm mortality

for persons 15-34 years of age concentrates on males although the analysis

for persons 1-14 years of age is for

each sex, The emphasis on males at

the older ages is because firearm death

# smwct*.h

*4* %

-#

U.S. DEPARTMENTOF HEALTHAND HUMANSERVICES

:*

;

Public Health Service

Centers for Disease Control

‘%.>

Manning

National

Feinleib,

Center

M.

for

D.,

Health

Dr. P.

Statistics

H., Director

cm
2~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● VOL 39, No. 11 ● March 14, 1991 ~

30

r

— All homicides

,= 25

.-0

x t

----- Firearm

------ Nonfirearm

0

n

0

0

0.

0 15 -

0

&

; 10 -

r

~

n

5 -

Age in years

Figure 1. Death rates due to homicide, by age and firearm status: United States, 1988

15

10

5

I

— All suicides

-4-- Firearm

------ Nonfirearm

A

I

/#.

J..”

Age in years

Figure 2. Death ratesdue to suicide,by age and firearm status United States, 1988

rates for black and white males in

each age group substantially exceed

the respective rates for black and

white females, Particularly high mortality sex ratios in firearm mortality are

evident at 15-19 years of age through

30-34 years of age, For white persons,

male firearm death rates are 5-7 times

rates for females and for black persons, male firearm death rates are 6-9

times rates for females.

Results

To gain perspective on the magnitude of firearm mortality among this

country’s youth, it is instructive to

compare trends in firearm mortality

among teenage males with those in

mortality associated with natural

causes of death, that is, with diseases

rather than with injuries or violence

(figure 3). For black males 15-19

years of age, the firearm death rate in

1979 was 1.5 times the death rate from

natural causes. A decade earlier, th

two rates were nearly identicaj.

Between 1979 and 1988, the natural

causes death rate was relatively stable.

The trend in firearm mortality

among black males 15–19 years of age,

however, has been quite different.

From 1980 to 1984, the firearm death

rate declined 21 percent to 35.8

firearm deaths per 100,000 population.

In 1984, the firearm death rate was 1.4

times the natural causes death rate.

From 1984 to 1988, the firearm death

rate for black males more than doubled at an annual rate of 18.6 percent

to’79.5 per 100,000. Thus, by 1988, the

firearm death rate for black teenage

males was 2.8 times the rate for natural causes of death.

For white males 15–19 years of

age, the natural causes death rate in

1979 was 11 percent higher than the

firearm death rate. A decade earlier,

the natural causes death rate was 2.6

times the firearm death rate. During

the 1980’s, the natural causes deatl

rate for white teenage males varie.

little, from 19-22 deaths per 100,000

population. Firearm mortality has

shown somewhat more variation, and,

in 1988, the firearm death rate

exceeded the natural causes death rate

for the first time (by 11 percent).

Current status

In 1988, 17,249 firearm deaths

occurred among persons 1–34 years of

age. This represented 15 percent of all

deaths at those ages, Nearly 4,000

firearm deaths were among children

1-19 years of age, accounting for

12 percent of all deaths in that age

group. Of those firearm deaths, about

3,200 were ammg teenagers 15–19

years of age, accounting for 20 percent of all teenage deaths. ,4t ages

20-24 years, 21 percent of all deaths

resulted from firearm use; 18 percent

of all deaths at ages 25-29 Yeiirs, and

12 percent of all deaths at ages 30-34

years resulted from firearm use,

Variation by race and sex withi,

age groups is large, especially for teenagers ages 15-19 years (figure 4)0

Among black teenage males,

48 percent of the deaths were firearmrelated, compared with 18 percent
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 39, No. 11 ● March 14, 1991 ~3

100

1~

~ Firearm, black males

— Natural causes, black males

80

----- Firearm, white males c

.-o

60 ---- Natural causes, white males jj

a

Q

o

n

0 40

0

0

0-

0

L t

101 I I I I I I I I I I

1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 19s8

Year

Fiaure 3. Death rates due to firearms and natural causes, for white and black males

a~ed 15-19 years United States, 1979-88

50

40

I

E

(u

E 30

2

20

10

0

~ White males

~ Black males

~ White females

~ Black females

1-4 6-9 10-14 16-19 20-24 25-29 30-34

Age in years

Figure 4. Percent of all deaths due to firearms by age, race, and sex: United States, 1988

among white teenage males. Among

black females, 17 percent of deaths

resulted from firearm use, compared

with 8 percent among white females.

Among white males 20–24 years of age

through 25-29 years of age, 17-19 percent of deaths were caused by firearm

use, compared with 30-42 percent

among black males, Among females,

firearm deaths accounted for

6-17 percent of all deaths at 10-14

years of age through 30-34 years of

age, with percentages among black

females exceeding those for white

females except at ages 30-34 years.

The risk of firearm death rises

until the young adult years and then

declines. In 1988, the firearm death

rate increased from less than 1 per

100,000 population at ages 1-4 years

and 5-9 years, to 3.1 at ages 10-14

years, to 17.7 at ages 15–19 years,

peaking at 23.9 at ages 20-24 years and

declining to 21.6 and 18.3 at ages

25-29 years and 30-34 years, respectively (figure 5 and table 1).

The manner of firearm deaths

varies by age. Among the youngest

children, those 1-9 years of age,

homicide accounted for 56 percent

and unintentional firearm injuries for

43 percent of the firearm deaths in

1988. At ages 10–14 years, homicide

and unintentional firearm injuries

each accounted for about 35 percent,

suicide for 24 percent, and intent

unknown for 6 percent of the firearm

deaths. (At all other ages, intent

unknown accounted for only

1-2 percent of the firearm deaths.) At

15–19 years of age through 30-34 years

of age, homicides accounted for

51-56 percent of firearm deaths

(82-87 percent among black males),

and suicides accounted for 38-45 percent of firearm deaths (58-60 percent

among white males).

The overall age patterns in firearm

mortality among white and black males

are similar. However, within each age

group the risk of firearm death is

strongly associated with race. Firearm

mortality race ratios (black compared

with white) average 2-3:1 for males

ages 1–14 years and for females

through ages 30-34 years, although for

males 15-19 years of age through

30-34 years of age, race ratios are

closer to 4:1.

For children 1–9 years of age,

firearm homicide rates for black males

were four times the rates for white

males; race ratios were smaller for

females 1-9 years of age (2-3:1). Unintentional firearm injury death rates

were twice as high for black males ages

14 years and 5–9 years as for white

males. Death rates were lower and differences were smaller for femzdes

1-9 years of age.

At ages 10-14 years, black males

were more than five times as likely as

white males to have been firearm

homicide victims (4.5 compared with

0.8 deaths per 100,000 population);

white males were more apt to have

died from firearm suicides, 1,2 comDared with 0.7 deaths Der 100.000
4~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 39, No. 11 ● March 14, 1991 ~

35

30

25

20

15

10

[

~ All firearms

-+-- Firearm homicide

-. G,- Firearm suicide

....o .... Firearm unintentional

5

0

1-4 5-9 10-14 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34

Age in years

Figure 5. Firearm death rates bv manner of death and age, for persons 1-34 years

United States. 1988

population. Although the firearm

homicide rates were much lower for

females ages 10–14 years, race differences in firearm homicides were about

as high for females as for males. Race

differences in unintentional firearm

mortality were smaller than for homicide; the rate for black males 10-14

years of age was 1.2 times that for

white males, 2.1 compared with 1,8

firearm deaths per 100,000. Although

the unintentional firearm death rates

were considerably lower for females

10–14 years of age, race differences

were larger than among males, 2:1.

For black males 15-19 years of

age, the firearm homicide rate was

more than 11 times the rate for white

males, 67.9 compared with 6.0 per

100,000 population. In contrast, the

firearm suicide rate was nearly twice as

high for white male as for black male

teenagers, 12.7 compared with 6.8 per

100,000 population.

At 20-24 years of age through

30–34 years of age, black male firearm

homicide rates were 8-10 times those

for white males. Race differences

(white compared with black) in

firearm suicide rates at these ages

were considerably smaller, less than

2:1.

Trends (tables 1 and 2)

Consistent with earlier patterns

(l), there was virtually no change from

1987 to 1988 in the overall firearm

death rate for young children 1-4 or

5-9 years of age. For children ages

10-14 years, however, 1988 was the

second consecutive year of a small

increase in the firearm death rate, with

the rate rising to its highest level, 3.1

firearm deaths per 100,000. In this age

group, the greatest change occurred

for black females for whom the firearm

death rate more than doubled from 1.4

to 3.6 firearm deaths per 100,000,

From 1979 to 1984, the firearm

death rate for teenagers 15-19 years of

age decreased 11 percent to 12.4 per

100,000. After 1984, however, the

death rate increased 43 percent, rising

20 percent in 1988 to 17.7 deaths per

100,000, the highest level to date,

These recent increases were concentrated among black males, for whom

both the firearm death rate and the

firearm homicide rate more than doubled. The most recent increase, from

1987 to 1988, has been the largest

single year increase in the firearm

death rate for black male teenagers –

35 percent (figure 6). Although the risk

of firearm suicide is relatively low

(compared with homicide) among

black males, the rate doubled fror

1984 to 1988.

For white male teenagers, the

firearm death rate increased by

22 percent from 1984 to 1988, by

18 percent for firearm homicides, and

by 31 percent for firearm suicicles.

From 1979 to 1985, the firearm

death rate for persons 20-24 years of

age decreased 17 percent. During the

next 3 years, the rate increased

16 percent to 23.9 per 100,000 in 1988.

For black males 20-24 years of age, the

firearm death rate decreased 33 percent from 1980 to 1984, followed by a

59 percent increase between 1984 and

1988 to 119.2 firearm deaths per

100,000 population, the highest level

since 1979 (although still lower than

during the early 1970’s). Nearly 9 in 10

firearm deaths among these black

males were associated with horn icicles.

Although relatively few firearm deaths

were suicides, the death rate frolm this

cause increased 46 percent from 1984

to 1988 to 12.3 deaths per 100,00f

population (similar to the level il.

1979).

For white males ages 20–24 years,

the firearm death rate decreased from

a high of 35.3 per 100,000 in 1980 to a

low of 28.7 in 1983 and remained relatively unchanged at about 30 per

100,000 through 1988. The firearm

homicide rate for this group was also

relatively unchanged from 1983 to

1988; in 1988, the rate was 26 percent

lower than the rate in 1980. The

firearm suicide rate remained practically unchanged from 1979 to 1988 at

about 17 per 100,000.

For white females ages 20-24

years, the firearm death rate

decreased by 32 percent from 1979 to

1988. For black females, the firearm

death rate decreased from 17.4 in 1979

to 10.3 in 1985, but then increased

35 percent to 13,9 per 100,000 in 1988.

From 1979 to 1988 at ages 25-29

years and 30-34 years, firearm mortality decreased by 12-14 percerk. For

these black males, firearm death rate

decreased by about 35-40 percem

from 1980 to 1985, paralleling the

decline noted for black males 20–24

years of age, Since then, the rate for

those aged 25–29 years has fluctuated
Monthly Vital Statistics Report. Vol. 39, No. 11. March 14, 1991 ~5

Black males

White males

0 *--Q---+. -. ..o..*@@

‘o---o---o1 I I I I I I 1 I I

1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988

Year

Figure 6. Firearm death rates by age, for white and black males aged 15-34years

United States, 197S-88

widely, between 87 and

!00,000, but has remained

1982 level. At ages 30-34

103 per

below the

years, the

rate has remaine~ relativel~ stable in

recent years. For this group, the

firearm death rate in 1988 was 18 percent lower than in 1982.

Similar to the younger age groups

for black males, firearm homicide rates

for those 25-29 years of age and

30-34 years of age declined during the

first half of the 1980’s. However,

unlike the rates for those 20-24 years

of age, firearm homicide rates

decreased between 1986 and 1987. In

1988, the rate for black males 25-29

years of age increased 22 percent to

89.5 per 100,000 (similar to the rate in

1982). For those 30-34 years of age,

the 1988 rate was 10 percent higher

than the year before (and similar to

the rate in 1983).

From 1979 to 1988, firearm death

rates for white males ages 25–29 years

have been similar to or somewhat

lower than rates for those 20-24 years

of age (figure 6). Similarly, for white

males ages 30-34 years, the trend in

the firearm death rate was similar to

that for the two younger age groups;

however, the death rates were usually

10-15 percent lower than for those

ages 25-29 years. In 1988, the firearm

death rates for white males 25-29

years of age and 30-34 years of age

were 17-18 percent lower than in

1980.

Firearm suicide rates for white

males 25-29 years of age and 30-34

years of age generally remained at

about 15–16 and 14-15 per 100,000,

respectively, from 1979-88. However,

firearm homicide rates have decreased

in both of these age groups by 30 and

35 percent, respectively, from 1980 to

1988.

The recent increases noted in

firearm homicide mortality, especially

among males 15-19 and 20-24 years of

age, are not evident in nonfirearm

homicide mortali~. For males 15-19

years of age, the nonfirearm homicide

rate averaged 10-11 per 100,000 for

bIack teenagers and 2 per 100,000 for

white teenagers during the period

1984-88. Also during this time, at ages

20-24 years, the rate for white males

remained at 5 per 100,000 and for

black males, at 21-25 per 100,000.

Nonfirearm suicide rates increased for white teenagers during the

decade, paralleling the increase associated with firearms. For white male

teenagers 15–19 years of age, the nonfirearm suicide rate increased 33 percent from 5.2 per 100,000 in 1983 to

6.9 per 100,000 in 1988. However, the

firearm rate was about twice the nonfirearm rate.

For white female teenagers, the

nonfirearm suicide rate in 1988 (2.5

per 100,000), although similar to the

rate in 1987, was about twice what it

was in 1982. For this group, the

firearm suicide rate varied little

between 1979 and 1988, ranging from

1.7 in 1979 to 2.3 in 1988.

Summary

Firearm mortali~ among children

1–14 years of age has, with one exception, been relatively stable during the

past decade. For black females 10-14

years of age, the firearm death rate

more than doubled between 1987 and

1988. This increase accounted for

about 30 percent of the increase in the

death rate for all causes for this group

of children. Among persons 25–34

years of age, firearm mortali~

decreased during the decade.

Among young persons 15-24 years

of age, firearm mortality has increased

substantially since 1984. In particular,

the homicide rate associated with firearms for black males ages 15-19 years

more than doubled by 1988. Further,

for young black males ages 20-24

years, the firearm homicide rate in

1988 was 1.6 times what it was in 1984.

Thus, in 1988, firearms accounted

for 20 percent of all deaths among

young persons 15–24 years of age.

Among black males ages 15-24 years,

44 percent of all deaths resulted from

firearms. In 1988, there were 2.7 million black males ages 15-24 years in

the United States; 2,700, or 1 out of

every 1,000,. died as a result of an incident invoIving a firearm.

References

1. Fingerhut LA and IUeinman JC.

Firearm mortali~ among children and

youth. Advance data from vital and

health statistics; no 178. Hyattsville,

Maryland: National Center for Health

Statistics. 1989.

2. Fingerhut LA and IUeinman JC.

International and interstate comparisons of homicide among young males.

JAMA 263(24):3292-5, 1990.
6~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 39, No. 11 ● March 14, 1991 ~

3, U.S. Department of Health and Classification of Diseases, Injuries, and 5. National Center for Health Statistics.

Human Services. Healthy People 2000 Causes of Death, based on the recom- Advance report of final mortality sta

National Health Promotion and Dis- mendations of the Ninth Revision tistics, 1988. Monthly vital statistic

ease Prevention Objectives. Wash- Conference, 1975. Geneva: World report; vol 39 no 7 supp. Hyattsville,

ington: Public Health Service. 1990. Health Organization. 1977. Maryland: Public Health Service. 1990.

4. World Health Organization. Manual

of the International Statistical

Symbols

--- Data not available

,,. Category not applicable

Quantity zero

0.0 Quantity more than zero but less

than 0,05

z Quantity more than zero but less

than 500 where numbers are

rounded to thousands

* Figure does not meet standard of

reliability or precision
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 39, No. 11 ● March 14, 1991 ~ 7

Table 1. Death rates due to firearm and nonflremns by manner’ of death (homicide, suicide, and unintentional Injury), by age, race,

\nd sex for persons 1-34 years of age: United States, 1979-88

&iee Technical Notes for cause of death codes.]

Age, race, and sex 7979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988

1-4years of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White malee . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White females . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black females . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5–9 years of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitefemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10-14 years of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackmales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitefemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-19 years of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackmales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitefemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20–24 years of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackmales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitefemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31ackfemales . . . . . . . . . . . . ,..

25–29 years of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,,

Blackmales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitefemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34 years of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackmales . . . . . . . . . . . . ..,,

Whitefemales, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1-4 years of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackmales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitefemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5–9 years ot age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,

Whitemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackmales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitefemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10-14 years of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White males . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .

Black males, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitefemales . . . . . . . . . . . . ,,,

Blackfemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-19 years of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,

White males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackmales, , .,, . . . . . . . . . . .

Whltefemales . . . . . . . . . . . . ,.,

Blackfamales, ,, ...,...., ,,.

See footnote at end of table.

0.8

0.7

2.5

0.4

1.4

0.9

1.1

1.9

0.5

1.3

2.4

3.7

4.5

0.9

1.6

14.0

20.0

42.5

3.9

6.6

24.6

32.8

103.3

6.6

17.4

24.5

30.6

126,8

6.3

17.3

21.2

27.0

I I s.a

5.5

16.2

0.3

0.2

0.6

0.3

i .0

0.4

0.4

0.9

0.2

0.8

0.6

0.7

2.4

0.2

1.0

6.6

3$

1.7

6.9

0.7

0.7

2.1

0.5

0.9

0.6

1.0

1.6

0.4

0.7

z

4.7

1.0

1.5

14.5

20.7

45.5

4.1

7.5

26.1

35.3

111.3

6.1

17.4

25.9

33.1

133.4

6.0

19,2

21.9

28.2

117.4

6,0

17.3

0.4

0.4

1.1

0.2

0.7

0.3

0.3

0.9

0.2

0.3

0.8

0.7

3.2

0.5

1.0

7.0

7.2

36.4

1,7

6.2

0.7

0.7

2.3

0.5

1.1

0.6

0.9

1.9

0.5

0.6

E

6.0

1.0

2.0

14.3

20.1

44.1

4.2

7.6

24.8

33.3

98.6

6.6

16.7

25.2

32.3

122.6

1::

21.7

28.1

111.4

6.1

15.0

0,4

0.3

0.6

0.3

0.6

0,3

0.3

1.0

0.2

0.3

0,s

0.6

3.4

0,4

1,5

6.6

3%

1.6

5.6

Firearm deaths per 100,000 population

0.7

0.8

2.1

0.4

0.5

0.9

1.1

E

0.8

2.2

3.3

3.5

1.1

0.9

13.5

19.4

40.6

3.8

6.4

22.4

30.9

63.2

6.4

11.6

23.1

30.4

105.2

6.6

13.4

20.6

26.9

102.5

5.7

13.6

0.5

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.9

0.5

0.7

2.1

3.3

3.9

0.7

1.1

12.4

17.7

37.9

3.6

5.9

20.8

28.7

79.4

5.6

12.4

21.0

28.5

66.7

6.2

12.3

19.1

26.5

82.3

5.4

12.2

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.8

0.8

0.9

1.3

0.4

0.9

2.7

4.3

3.7

1.1

1.8

12.4

17.8

35.8

3.6

6.2

20.8

29.1

74.8

6.1

11.1

20.3

28.0

64.6

5.1

13.2

18.0

24.8

75.2

5.5

10.5

0.7

0.6

2.2

0.5

0.9

0.7

0.9

0.8

0.4

1.2

2.7

4.5

4.7

1.0

0.7

13.3

16.5

45.4

3.5

6.0

20.6

29.3

75.7

5.3

10.3

20.2

27.8

78.6

5.8

13.1

17.6

23.5

76.3

5.5

12.2

Firearm homicides par 100,000 population

0.4

0.3

0.9

0.3

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.8

0.3

0.4

0.7

0.6

z

0.6

6.3

3E

1.4

5.3

0.2

0.3

0.4

0.1

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.5

0.3

0.5

0.6

0.6

2.6

0.3

0.6

5.3

4.6

31.7

1.4

4.6

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.3

0.6

0.3

0.2

0.9

0.3

0.7

0.8

0.9

2.1

0.4

1.4

5.4

5.1

29.6

1.5

5.2

0.4

0.3

1.1

0.2

0.7

0.3

0.4

0.5

0.2

0.9

0.8

0.9

3.0

0.4

0.6

5.7

3?4

1.2

4.9

0.6

0.5

1,6

0.4

0.9

0.6

0.7

1.2

0.3

1.3

2.7

4.3

4.8

1.0

1.6

14.5

20.2

46.5

3.7

7,8

23.0

31.0

95.4

5.7

12.0

21.0

27.0

97.1

5.6

14.5

19.0

25.8

82.3

5.3

12.7

0.4

0.2

1.4

0.2

0.6

0.3

0.3

0.6

0.1

0.8

0.9

1.0

3.3

0.4

0.9

6.7

5.6

41.0

1.5

6.6

0.5

0.5

1.5

0.3

0.7

0.7

0.9

1.6

0.4

0.6

2.9

4.2

6.8

1.1

1.4

14.7

18.9

56.9

3.3

9.0

22.6

29.2

103.9

5.2

13.9

20.2

26.4

87.2

5.6

14.6

17.7

23.6

75.7

5.3

13.0

0.3

0.2

0.6

0.2

0.7

0.3

0.4

0.7

0.2

0.4

1.0

0.8

5.1

0.4

1.1

7.0

5.1

49,2

1.2

7,2

0.6

0.6

1.6

0.3

0.9

0.7

0.7

1.9

0.4

0.9

3.1

4.2

7.6

1.1

3.6

17.7

21.7

79.5

3.6

6.4

23.9

29.8

119.2

4.5

13.9

21.6

27.1

103.2

5.6

16.0

16.3

23.5

84.3

5.2

12.8

0.3

0.3

1.1

0.2

0.6

0.4

0.3

;:

0.7

1.1

0.8

4.5

0.4

2.5

9.0

6.0

67.9

1.3

7.1
8~ Monthly Vital StatkitIcs Report ● Vol. 39, No. 17 ● March 14, 1991 ~

Table 1. Death rates due to firearms and nonfirearms by manner of death (hormcide, aulcide, arm wdntentional injury), by age, law,

and sex for persons 1-34 years of age: United States, 1979-S8 - Con.

[See Technical Notes for cause of death codes.]

Age, race, and sex 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1988 1987 1988

20-24 years of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White males, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black malea .,, . . . . . . . . . . . .

White females . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black femalea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29 years of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitefemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34 years of age

Total, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White maces, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackmales, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitefemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10-14 years of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White males, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackmalea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whltefemalea . . . . . . . . . . . . ,..

Blackfemales . . . . . . . . . . . ,...

15-19 years of age

Total, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whltemales, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackmalea .,, . ...,,,... .,,

Whltefemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales . . . . . . . . . . . .,,.

20-24 years age

Total, , . ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whltemales, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackmsles, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wtrltefemalea, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Bleckfemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29 years of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whltemsles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackmalea ..,.......,,. . . .

Whitefemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34 years of age

Total . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,

Whitemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,,

Blackmalea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitefemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Bfackfemales .,..,....,,. . . .

1-4years of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whltefemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales . . . . . . . . . . . ,,,,

5–9 years of age

Total ...,...,,........,.. .

Whlta males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackmales .,,......,,. . . . .

Whltefemales, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10-14 years of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White malea . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackmales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitefemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

See footnote at end of table,

12,8

12,6

86.3

2.6

13.6

13.6

12.7

107.9

2,6

13.6

11.8

11.5

100.2

2.1

13.2

0.5

0.6

0.1

0.4

5.3

9.7

3.6

1,7

1.1

9!9

16.9

12.5

3.3

2.7

9.4

15.8

14.3

3.3

2.6

6.2

13.7

13.6

3.1

2.2

0.4

0.4

:::

0.3

0.5

0.7

1!0

0.3

0.5

1,2

2.3

1,6

:::

14,0

13.8

95.3

2.6

15.2

14.9

14.f

115,2

2.5

17.2

f2.3

12.6

99.3

2.2

14,3

0.4

0.7

0.2

0.2

0.1

5,4

9.8

3.4

1.9

0.6

10.0

18.0

11.4

3.0

1.4

9.2

16,1

13.1

3.1

1.4

8.2

13.6

13.2

3.4

2,2

0.3

0.3

0.9

0.3

0.2

0.5

0.6

1.0

0.2

0.3

1.1

1.9

1.3

0.3

0.3

13!0

12.7

84.6

2.6

14.0

13.8

13.0

106,4

2.8

12.9

11.9

11.7

96.0

2.4

11.7

0.5

0.6

0.1

0.4

5.5

::

2.2

1.2

9,8

17.4

10.1

3.4

1.6

9.6

16,7

12.6

4.0

1.6

8.5

14.6

11.6

3.2

2.4

0.4

0.4

1.3

0.2

0.5

0.4

0.5

0.9

0.2

0.4

1.0

1.7

2,2

0.2

0.4

Firearm homicides per 100,000 population – Con.

11.3 10.1 9.9 9.8

11.1 9.8 9.6 9.7

71.6 66.6 63.4 62.5

2.7 2,0 2.5 2.2

9.6 9.9 9.1 8.8

12.3 10.6 10.2 10.2

11.8 10.6 10.1 i 0.0

69.9 72.4 69.6 66.6

2.7 2.5 2.5

11.3 9.9 1?: 11.2

11.2 9.5 6.7 8.8

10.9 9.7 6.7 8.3

88.9 66.2 61.7 63.2

2,2 2.1 2.0 2.4

11.6 10.5 8.7 10.0

Firearm aulcldes per 100,000 population

0.6

1.0

0.7

0.3

0.2

5.5

10.2

3.2

2.1

0.3

9.4

17.0

8.4

3.2

1.4

9.4

16.4

11.5

3.5

1.5

8.1

13.9

9.9

3.2

1.7

0.6

I&

0.3

0.3

5.4

9.9

3.6

2.0

0.7

9.0

16,1

9.4

3.1

1.6

9.1

16.0

9.5

3.5

1.5

6.4

15.1

11.5

2.9

1.0

0,7

1.1

0.2

0.4

0.2

5.3

9.7

3.4

1.9

0.6

9.2

17.0

8.4

3.0

1.5

9.0

15.8

12.5

2.8

1.8

8.3

14.7

10.3

3.1

1.6

0.8

1.5

0.4

0.4

17::

5.3

2,0

0.7

9.4

17.1

10.7

2.7

1.4

6,6

15.9

H

1.4

7.8

13.7

10.5

2.8

1.5

Unintentional firearm deaths per 100,000 population

0.3 0.3 0.2 0.3

0.4 0,3 0.3 0.3

1.0 0.5 0.6 1.0

0.1 0,2 0.1 0.2

0.2 0.2 0.2

0.5 0.3 0.4 0.3

0.8 0.4 0.7 0.5

0.9 0.4 0.5 0.3

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2

0.3 0.2 0.2 0.3

0.9 0.9 1.1 1.0

1.6 1.6 2.1 2.0

0.4 0.9 1.1 1.2

0.3 0.2 0.2 0.2

0.2 0.2 0,2 0.1

12.1

10.9

62.9

2.5

10.6

11.4

10.2

82.8

1H

9.6

9.4

69.7

2.1

10.1

0.9

1,5

0.8

0.4

0.2

6.2

11.7

4.6

1.9

1.0

9.5

17,7

10.0

2.9

1.0

8.5

15.0

11.5

2.9

1.5

6.4

14.9

10.6

2.9

1.8

0.2

0.2

0.5

0.1

0.4

0.3

0.4

0,6

0.1

0.5

0.9

1.7

0.6

0.2

0.4

12.4

10.1

90.6

2.3

12,1

10.6

9.7

73.5

2.5

12,4

6.7

8.0

62.6

2.3

10.7

0.9

k:

0.4

0.1

1:;

6.3

1.9

1.3

9.1

16.6

10.2

2.5

1.1

6.6

15.2

11.8

2.8

1.8

8.1

14.3

10.8

2.9

1.7

0,2

0.3

0.7

0. i

0.1

0.4

0.5

0.8

0.2

0.1

0.9

1.6

1.1

0.2

0.2

13.3

10.2

103.6

2.3

11.9

11.9

9.9

89.5

2.6

14.2

9.3

8.2

69.1

2.1

10.6

0,8

1.2

0.7

0.4

0.4

6.9

12,7

6.8

2,3

0.9

9.1

17.2

12.3

2.0

1.5

6,8

15.9

10.7

2.6

1.5

6.2

14,0

13.6

2.8

1.5

0.3

0.3

0.7

0.1

0.3

0.3

0.4

0.6

0.1

0.1

1.1

1.8

2.1

0,3

0.6
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 39, No. 11 ● March 14, 1991 ~9

Table 1. Death rates due to firearms and nonfkearms by manner of death (homicide, suicide, and unintentional Injury), by age, race,

Id sex for persons 1-34 years of age: United States, 1979-B8-Con.

~See Technical Notes for cause of death codes.]

Age, race, and sex 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988

15-19 years of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White females . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black females.....,....,,.. .

20-24 years of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White msles, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black males, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitefemales, . c . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemalea, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29 yeara of age

Total, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackmales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitefemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34 years of age

Total, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitemales, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackmales, ,, . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whltefemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1-4years of aga

Total, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whltemales .,, . ...,..... . . .

llackmales .,.,..,,..,.. . . .

Vhitefemale s . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales ...,.,,..,,. . . .

5-9 years of age

Total .,........,.,,,.,.. . .

Whitemales, , ..,....,,,. . . .

Blackmales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitefemales . . . . . . . . . . . . ,,.

Blackfamales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10-14 yeara of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackmales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitefemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-19 yeara of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White males, . . . . . . . ..d... . .

Blackmales .,....,,..,,. . . .

Whitefemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales ...,...,.,,. . . .

20-24 years of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,..

White males, ,, . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black males,.,,......,., .,,

Whitefemales, . . . . . . . . . . . ,,.

Blackfemales, . . . . . . . . . . .,,.

25-29 years of age

Total, , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackmales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitefemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales, ., ..,,.... . . . .

30-34 years of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31ack males........,.,., . . .

Whitefemales, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.7

3.0

2.9

0.3

0.5

1.5

2.4

3.2

0.4

0.7

1.1

1.7

3.4

0.2

0.7

0.9

1.2

4.1

0.2

0.6

2.2

1,5

5.7

i .4

6.7

0.6

0.4

1.4

0.5

1.4

0.6

0.4

1.6

0.6

1.0

3.6

1;::

1.9

5.2

5.9

5.8

24.6

2.4

11.2

5.9

4.8

38.1

1.9

11.0

4.9

3:

1.4

9.2

1.8

3.1

2.9

0.4

0.7

1.5

2.6

3.6

0.3

0.7

1.2

;:;

0.3

0.4

1.0

1.5

3.9

0.2

0.7

2.1

1.6

6.1

1.3

5.7

0.6

0.4

1.0

0,6

1.7

0.6

0.4

0.7

0.7

1.4

3.6

IN

2,2

4.8

6.6

6.2

29.6

2.8

10.8

6.2

5.8

34.5

2.2

10.9

5.6

5.3

40.1

1.7

8.7

1.5

2.6

2.6

0.3

0.4

1.5

2.6

2.1

0.4

0.8

1.1

1.6

2.5

0.2

0.6

0.9

1.2

2.4

0.3

0.4

2.2

1.3

6.1

1.5

5.1

0.6

0.4

1.9

0.4

1.5

0.7

0.4

1.9

0.7

1.1

3.3

3.1

10.7

1.9

5.0

5.9

5.8

26.0

2.4

9.0

6.0

5.6

35.6

1.8

10.6

5.3

4.8

34.9

1.5

11,1

Unintentional firearm deaths per 100,000 population - Con.

1.4 1.4 1.4 1.3

2.4 2.6 2.5 2.1

2.3 1.9 2.3 3.2

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.2

0.6 0.1 0.1 0.4

1.3 1.3 1.2 1.1

2.1 2.2 1.9 2.0

2.0 2.6 2.6 2.0

0.3 0.3 0.3 0.2

0.4 0.3 0.3 0.1

1.1 0.9 0.9 0.6

1.3 1.5 1.4

;:: 3.5 2.0 1.8

0.3 0.2 0.1 0.2

0.4 0.6 0.4 0.3

0.9 0.8 0.7 0.6

1.4 1.2 1.1 1.2

2.7 2.3 2.6 1.9

0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2

0.3 0.7 0.1 0.6

Nonfirearm homicides per 100,000 population

2,3

1,6

7.7

1.4

5.9

0.7

0.4

2.1

0.5

1.6

0.6

0.3

1.4

0.6

1,4

3.5

1:::

2.0

5.9

6.0

5.6

26.2

2.6

9.7

6.0

3:::

2.2

10.9

5.0

4.3

35.4

1.4

8.1

2.1

1.4

8.9

1.1

5,7

0.5

0.4

1,6

0.4

0.9

0.6

0.5

1.4

0.5

0.8

3.2

1:::

1.5

5.7

5.7

5.3

25.6

2.3

10.6

5.8

5.2

30.1

2!2

10.4

4.8

4.2

33.1

1.4

6.9

2.0

1.5

4.7

1.3

6.2

0.6

0.3

1.6

0.4

2.3

0.7

0.4

1.8

0,8

1.7

2.9

2.4

9.6

1.7

4.9

5.3

4.7

21.1

2.7

10,2

5.7

5.0

30.0

2.2

10.9

4.7

4.3

30.5

1.5

7.7

2:

1.5

5.4

1.4

5.6

0.6

0.3

1.8

0.5

1.4

0.6

0.5

1.1

0.5

1.1

2.9

1%

1.5

5.4

5.3

4.9

23.7

2.1

9.1

5.4

4.8

27.4

2.1

9.7

5.1

4.6

31.5

1.7

8.5

1.3

2.3

2.1

0.3

0.2

1.0

1.7

2.0

0.2

0.3

0.7

1.2

2.0

0.2

0.1

0.6

1.1

1.4

0.1

0.4

2.3

1.7

8.0

1.1

6.2

0.5

0.2

1.3

0.3

1,8

0.6

0.2

1.3

0.6

1.1

3.3

2.9

10.4

1.9

5.6

5.6

5.1

24.8

2.7

9.5

6.0

5.0

31.2

2.4

11.4

5.3

4.7

31.5

1.6

9.3

1.2

2.1

2.9

0.1

0.4

1.1

1.6

2.8

0.2

0.4

0.7

1.2

1.1

0.2

0,3

0,6

0.9

1.9

0.2

0.4

2.0

1,6

4.0

1.3

6.5

0.5

0.3

1.3

0.4

1.2

0.6

0.2

1.7

0.5

1.3

2.9

2,2

10.8

1.8

4.8

5.4

4.7

22,0

2.4

11.2

5.7

4.5

30,7

2,5

11.2

5.1

4.3

30.5

1.9

10.4

1.5

2.6

3.4

0.2

0.4

1.0

1.6

2.5

0.1

0.4

0.6

0.9

2.0

0.2

0.1

0.6

1.0

1.1

0.1

0.4

2.3

1.9

6.4

1.4

5.6

0.6

0.5

1.6

0.5

1.2

0.6

0.4

1.2

0.4

1.9

2.7

2.0

9.5

1.7

4.4

5.6

4.6

24.6

2.4

11,4

5.6

4.2

29,3

2.2

13.7

5.2

4.1

29.1

2.0

12.0

See footnote at end of table.
lo~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 39, No. 11 ● March 14, 1991 ~

Table 1. Death rates due to firearma and nonfirearms by manner of death (homicide, suicide, and unintentional injury), by age, race,

and sex for persons 1-34 years of age: United States, 1979-88-Con.

[See Technical Notes for cause of death codes,]

Age, race, and sex 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988

1O–14 years of age

Total, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White males .,, . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black males .,, . . . . . . . . . . . .

White females, . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black females, . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,

15–19 years of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackmales . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitefemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales . . . . . . . . . . . .

20–24 years of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White males . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackmales, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitefemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales . . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29 years of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,.

White males . . . . . . . . . . . . .,,,

Blackmales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitefemales . . . . . . . . . . . .,,.

Blackfemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34 years of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black males . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitefemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.4 0.3

0,6 0.6

0.1 0.3

0.2 0.1

0.2

3.1 3.1

4.6 5.2

3.1 2,2

1.7 1,4

1.1 1.0

6,5 6.2

9.9 9.7

9.9 8.8

3.2 2.9

1.9 1.7

7.8 7.3

11.7 11.4

11.4 6.4

4.1 3.8

2,8 2.1

7,0 7.2

9,3 9.9

10,2 8.9

5.0 4.7

3.3 2.8

0.4

0.7

0.1

0.2

0.2

3.2

5.1

2.3

1.7

0.4

5.8

9.5

7.1

2,5

1,4

7,3

10,9

10.2

4.1

2.5

7.0

10.1

8.8

4.2

2.6

Nonfirearm suicides per 100,000 population

0.5

0.7

0,8

0,2

3.2

5.3

3.0

1.3

1.2

5.7

9.5

7.7

2.2

1.5

7.3

11.1

10.1

3.8

1.9

7,3

10,6

8,8

4.5

2.4

0.5

0.7

0.6

0.2

0.8

3.3

5.2

2.8

1.5

1.0

5.7

9,3

7.3

2.4

1.6

6.9

10.7

9.2

3.6

1.4

7.1

10.6

8.1

4.4

1.8

0.6

1.0

0.8

0.2

0.2

3.7

6.1

2.5

1.9

0.9

6.4

10.5

8.3

2.5

1,6

6.7

10.6

6.9

3.3

1.7

7.0

10.4

9.7

4.1

1.9

0.8

1.1

0.8

0.5

0.4

3.9

6.3

2.9

2.1

0.9

6.2

10.2

7.8

2.5

1.1

6.6

10.5

9.8

3.1

1.3

7.0

10.6

9.2

3.9

1.7

0.7

0.9

0.8

0.4

0.2

4.0

6.5

2.4

2,2

1.1

6.3

10.8

6.0

2.4

i .4

7.0

11.4

9.9

2.9

1.8

7.4

11.5

10.5

3.8

2.6

0.6 0.7

0.9 0.9

1.1 0.6

0.3 0.4

0.2 0.5

4.2 4.4

6.6 6.9”

2.6 2.9

2.5 2.5

1.4 1.3

6.2 5.8

10.7 9.7

7.0 7.5

2.2 2.4

1.3 1.4

6.7 6.6

10.6 10.5

9.7 9.4

2.9 2.9

2.0 2.2

7.3 7.2

11.0 10.9

10.0 10.6

4.7 3.7

2.5 2.5

NOTE Total includes races not shown separately.
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 39, No. 11 ● March 14, 1991 ~11

Table 2. Deaths due to firearms and nonfirearms by manner of death (homicide, suicide, and unintentional injury), by age, race, and sex

‘r persons 1-34 years of age : United States, 1979-88

.See Technical Notes for cause of death codes.]

Age, race, and sex 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1988 1987 1988

1-4 years of age

Total . ., .,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black males, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White females . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black females . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5-9 years of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White females . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black females . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10-14 years of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black males, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White females . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-19 years of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White males .,, . . . . . . . . . . ,..

Blackmales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitefemales, , . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20-24 years of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitemalea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackmales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Vhlfefemales, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iackfemales, . . . . . . . . . . . . ,,

25-29 years of age

Total, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackmales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitefemales, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-84 years of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackmales .,, . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitefemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1-4years of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,

Whitemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitefemalee .,, . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales . . . . . . . . . . . . ,.,

5–9 years of age

Total, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackmales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whi!efemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10-14 years of age

Total, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

B[ackmales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitefemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-19 years of age

Total, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

~hitemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iackmales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitefemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

See footnoteat end of table,

97

37

24

21

13

157

78

24

34

16

447

291

61

67

21

2,997

1,824

636

341

129

5,238

2,970

1,330

586

245

4,666

2,534

1,335

514

208

3,601

1,988

990

407

158

42

13

6

13

9

67

28

11

15

10

119

57

33

13

14

1,416

620

520

150

104

90

36

20

24

9

131

70

23

25

9

435

275

64

71

20

3,077

1,866

682

356

113

5,561

3,212

1,457

549

249

5,062

2,771

1,456

499

239

3,836

2,131

1,026

453

177

46

19

11

9

7

49

22

11

12

4

148

55

43

34

13

1,467

650

575

149

94

99

37

23

25

11

123

60

23

29

9

438

251

60

75

28

2,913

1,735

653

349

112

5,386

3,086

1,352

598

246

5,053

2,773

1,399

604

204

4.065

2;260

1,072

495

167

48

17

6

16

6

55

22

12

16

4

150

49

46

33

20

1,394

595

555

134

86

99

44

22

24

5

142

76

21

34

10

402

251

47

83

12

2,674

1,624

596

304

93

4,881

2,848

1,174

576

173

4,779

2,665

1,265

571

180

3,840

2,147

1,025

452

157

55

19

10

18

5

58

23

10

20

5

126

45

32

36

8

1,245

521

508

115

77

All firearm deaths

72

34

9

21

8

106

52

11

32

9

379

250

54

53

15

2,392

1,426

546

281

84

4,475

2,605

1,082

504

183

4,422

2,550

1,069

553

171

3,653

2,156

847

438

146

88

45

9

25

8

124

61

17

27

11

469

311

50

74

24

2,334

1,401

505

265

87

4,431

2,614

1,023

538

164

4,364

2,566

1,079

459

168

3,536

2,085

810

455

130

Firearm homicides

34

16

4

8

6

60

25

6

20

6

109

46

35

18

6

1,026

384

456

105

66

53

26

3

18

6

55

14

11

17

9

144

64

29

26

19

1,022

400

418

114

73

96

35

24

26

9

120

61

11

28

16

470

319

63

70

9

2,475

1,434

632

263

83

4,328

2,583

1.036

“458

151

4,394

2,572

1,022

530

190

3,569

2,030

855

472

157

53

19

12

13

7

56

25

1:

12

141

63

40

26

8

1,064

3S2

506

86

66

82

27

20

21

10

110

52

16

20

17

453

297

63

64

21

2,693

1,570

679

279

106

4,704

2,644

1,295

479

175

4,619

2,522

1,287

513

213

3,945

2,282

957

457

169

51

13

15

14

6

52

21

8

10

10

152

z

29

12

1,250

447

575

109

91

77

29

77

19

6

126

64

22

28

8

464

269

90

72

?8

2,705

1,446

826

243

125

4,515

2,403

1,386

425

199

4,444

2,461

1,163

513

215

3,773

2,143

920

476

179

41

12

9

12

7

55

26

10

12

5

173

55

67

28

14

1,297

392

692

87

100

91

37

20

20

10

124

53

27

25

12

523

286

104

72

46

3,226

1,634

1,116

273

116

4,579

2,367

1,556

351

194

4,725

2,500

1,365

504

238

3,961

2,174

1,059

472

t82

50

17

12

12

7

;:

16

20

10

182

58

60

25

32

1,641

453

955

97

96
12 ~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 39, No. 11 ● March 14, 1991 ~_

Table 2. Deaths due to firearms and nonfirearms by manner of death (homicide, suicide, and unintentional Injury), by age, race, and sex

for persons 1-34 years of age: United States, 1979-88-Con.

[See Technical Notes for cause of death codes,]

Age, race, and sex 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988

20–24 years of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White males.....,.......,,.

Black males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White females...,,.......,..

Black females . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25–29 years of age

Total .,,.......,.......,..

White males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackmales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitefemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales . . . . . . . . . . . . ,,.

30-34 years of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackmales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitefemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Firearm homicides – Con.

2,162 2,122

886 863

907 867

162 226

146 135

2,236 2,167

945 926

693 868

216 185

136 157

1,626 1,709

794 731

702 665

169 169

125 106

Firearm suicides

2,710

1,139

1,111

234

192

2,565

1,041

1,136

213

164

1,994

645

2,993

1,253

1,247

234

216

2,900

1,176

1,257

204

214

2,164

955

670

165

146

76

57

3

16

2

1,134

880

51

165

9

2,122

1,642

2,619

1,176

1,160

240

206

2,766

1,115

1,212

235

2,456

1,020

1,010

241

143

2,544

1,041

1,081

234

152

2,099

872

869

177

134

113

76

9

24

2

1,094

654

1:

5

2,045

1,567

118

286

21

1,940

1,448

138

301

20

1,512

1,111

99

2,053

852

2,466

931

1,126

207

154

2,502

2,451

836

1,209

166

i 73

2,327

2,556

809

1,352

180

166

2,607

916

1,201

655

169

129

2,218

924 954 900

667 1,097

225

167

1,999

828

811

160

134

141

102

10

23

3

1,151

911

1:

14

1,946

1,506

136

244

14

1,880

1,403

153

265

22

1,747

1,320

123

249

24

31

14

5

7

4

57

30

1:

7

143

115

8

12

5

980

230 227

163

1,666

724

763

206

148

151

114

6

27

1

1,129

“232

166 162

1,776

713

709

203

129

211

2,023

763

668

190

154

125

64

9

23

5

1,261

954

95

163

13

1,754

1,370

160

154

21

1,916

1,470

144

239

23

1,766

1,296

i 71

256

21

41

20

6

8

3

51

32

11

4

2

185

123

28

22

8

2,223

942

924

197

131

91

59

2

26

1,120

646

47

160

16

2,127

1,610

138

305

26

1,970

1,434

144

336

23

1,602

1,173

112

635

153

129

64

50

2

31

1,136

663

54

151

16

2,060

1O–14 years of age

Total, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackmales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitefemales, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15–19 years of age

Total, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,

White males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackmales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitefemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20–24 years of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitefemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales . ...,..... . . . . .

25–29 years of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitefemales, . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales . . . . . . . . . . . . ,..

30-34 years of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White males....,.....,,. . . .

Black males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitefemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

103

74

4

18

4

1,046

796

54

156

10

1,935

1,463

126

275

27

1,911

1,433

117

309

21

1,612

1,228

118

232

12

115

61

3

28

2

997

765

48

145

11

1,970

1,526

115

264

22

1,926

1,453

160

255

25

1,639

1,234

111

139

103

6

26

—

1,117

850

1:

9

1,964

1,511

146

234

20

1,916

1,468

127

270

21

1,591

1,166

118

241

19

41

15

11

13

2

56

33

1:

4

177

145

16

12

1

850

1;

18

1,793

1,386

136

206

16

1,900

1,417

157

253

26

1,729

1,296

131

254

23

36

17

8

7

1

66

35

11

16

2

144

111

15

12

3

1;525

161

297

38

149

270

20

,799

,348

143

254

17

,436

,027

116

257

22

42

16

9

14

2

77

44

12

13

4

194

150

16

20

4

,789

,299

151

273

31

,392

,009

113

229

21

53

23

16

6

3

87

47

13

19

8

228

178

22

19

6

259 256 254

27

49

20

13

9

5

64

35

11

12

5

163

132

30

14

5

20 20

Unintentional firearm deaths

37 34

17 19

5 6

13 7

2 2

1-4 years of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

43

25

11

6

Black males

White females

Black females

5–9

Total, . . . . .

White males .

Black males .

White females

Black females

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . .

ears of age

. . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . .

. . . . . . . . . ,.

,...., ,, . . . . . .

61

51

11

14

4

45 66

26 45

1: 1:

2 2

1O–14 years of age

Total, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black males,.......,.. . . . . .

Whitefemalea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

See footnote at end of table.

154

123

5

22

2

156 167

124 150

12 15

17 17

3 3
Monthly Vital statistics Report ● Vol. 39, No. 11 ● March 14, 1991 ~ 13

,Table 2. Deaths due to firearms and nonfh’earms by manner of death (homicide, suicide, and unintentional injury), by age, race, and sex

‘or persons 1-34 years of agw United States, 1979-88-Con.

[See Technical Notes for cause of death codes.]

Age, race, and sex 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988

15-19 years of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White females . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black females . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20-24 years of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White females . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black females . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29 years of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black malas, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White females . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34 years of age

Total, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackmales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitefemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14 years of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackmales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nhitefemales, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5-9 years of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White males,.........,.. . . .

Blackmales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitefemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10-14 years of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackmales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitefemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,

Blackfemales . . : ..,....,. . . .

15-19 years of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,,

White males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackmales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitefemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20–24 yeare of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackmales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitefemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29 years of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,.

White males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackmales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitefemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34 yeare of age

Total ., .,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitemales, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

31ackmales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Whitefemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

See footnoteat end of table.

354

270

43

25

7

314

216

41

36

10

207

141

36

16

9

151

90

34

16

6

272

80

54

71

63

98

30

?8

32

17

110

32

22

43

13

775

337

179

167

78

1.255

“526

319

217

157

1,130

398

401

159

132

836

336

281

101

90

373

280

44

35

10

329

235

47

26

10

241

162

4s

23

5

174

113

34

15

7

273

87

59

66

54

104

26

13

38

21

114

33

10

50

19

768

336

156

188

72

1,401

561

367

255

155

1,217

482

376

184

136

986

400

351

128

69

306

226

36

25

6

324

237

29

34

12

217

159

29

16

10

162

100

23

26

4

293

73

82

82

51

101

28

23

28

18

134

33

25

55

15

677

269

159

158

74

1,262

535

357

217

133

1,200

482

405

155

136

990

364

336

123

124

Unintentional firearm deaths - Con.

271

203

34

12

9

272

195

28

31

6

223

152

30

20

6

163

115

27

13

3

322

69

62

77

62

106

26

26

32

19

111

23

19

46

18

692

245

179

163

85

1,300

517

369

235

145

1,240

467

415

190

146

930

344

354

113

93

261 265

206 199

28 33

14 20

2 2

283 250

200 168

35 36

27 27

4 5

194 185

120 136

43 26

17 13

9 5

153 144

94 91

24 28

23 24

8 1

Nonfirearm homicides

286

81

73

61

59

84

27

20

23

11

104

37

:

11

614

227

159

117

82

1,233

480

348

210

160

1,217

463

371

191

145

922

346

341

111

106

288

89

51

75

65

100

21

20

28

29

130

26

25

54

23

542

187

136

128

69

1,133

424

289

236

150

1,227

460

383

197

155

931

360

326

122

98

241

166

45

17

5

238

175

27

21

2

184

131

23

16

4

155

101

21

21

8

295

92

56

80

59

109

24

24

31

18

109

38

:

14

536

185

139

113

74

1,117

431

325

167

134

1,167

448

356

188

141

1,029

“393

353

146

110

238

176

30

25

3

205

146

27

17

4

165

115

26

15

2

134

98

16

13

5

337

102

87

65

66

62

17

18

20

24

93

17

17

42

14

612

223

146

140

77

1,194

433

337

228

136

1,311

467

414

220

167

1,092

415

366

155

124

220

160

41

11

5

213

148

37

16

5

160

111

15

22

5

131

85

23

14

5

293

95

44

76

70

86

21

18

27

16

93

16

22

35

17

541

171

152

131

66

1,065

387

293

192

160

1,255

418

409

228

165

1,0S6

387

370

170

144

266

194

48

11

5

200

146

32

8

5

142

87

27

19

2

122

88

14

10

6

331

114

72

78

61

108

36

22

32

16

98

28

16

28

24

494

153

134

121

61

1,076

369

321

191

160

1,227

386

393

203

204

1,135

381

365

176

171
14 ~ Monthly Vftal Statistics Report ● Vol. 39, No. 11 ● March 14, 1991 ~

Table 2. Deaths due to firearms and nonfirearms by manner of death (homicide, suicide, and unintentional injury), by age, race, and sex

for persons 1-34 years of age: United States, 1979-38-Con.

[See Technical Notes for cause of death codes.]

Age, race, and sex 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988

Nonflrearm suicides

1O–14 years of age

Total .,,......,,.......,..

White males....,,......,,..

Black males.,..,,,.....,,. .

White females,.,,,.,.....,,.

Black females . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15–19 years of age

Total .,,,,.....,.......,..

White males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Black<males . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White females...,,,.....,,..

Black females . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20-24 years of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White males....,..,....,.. .

Black males...,,,.....,,.. .

White females . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales . ., . . . . . . . . ,.,.

25–29 years of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White males.,,,.....,.. . . . .

Blackmales .,,.,....,.. . . . .

Whitefemales, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Blackfemales, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34 years of age

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White males . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,.

Blackmales, . . . . . . . . . . . .,,.

Whitefemales . . . . . . . . . . . . ,,,

Blackfemales, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

67

44

2

14

3

652

422

46

146

16

1,378

61

49

4

8

72

51

2

15

2

85

57

11

12

92 110

55 71

8 11

14 17

11 3

136

77

11

35

5

109 99

64 59

10 15

23 16

2 3

112

62

8

26

7

663

472

33

118

15

650

442

34

139

6

636

443

44

106

17

631 695

423 475

40 35

116 143

15 13

732

489

40

154

12

745 773

503 502

34 36

164 186

15 19

798

519

41

163

18

1,320

867

113

256

25

1,264

877

97

232

21

1,250

873

108

199

23

1,233 1,364

848 947

99 113

214 224

26 23

1,306

903

107

218

16

1,278 1,229

921 879

81 93

204 176

21 18

1,116

775

96

190

19

“697

128

261

27

1,482

961

120

1,429 1,465

939

116

345

32

1,504

978

122

333

25

1,454 1,452

955 976

113 113

319 295

20 24

1,446

968

127

279

19

1,549 1,472

1,068 1,002

131 129

288 268

26 29

1,437

968

126

263

32

955

92

319

26

332

34

1,194

682

85

372

32

1,256

752

78

355

1,306

815

85

338

29

1,360

845

68

1,361 1,373

867 874

104

3: 340

21 24

1,421

913

103

334

22

1,535 1,554

1,016 995

122 122

330 385

34 35

1,567

1,012

133

338

31

359

29 26

NOTE:Totalincludesraces not shown separately,
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 39, No. 11 ● March 14, 1991 ~ 15

Technical notes

Nature and sources of data

Data shown in this report are

based on information from all death

certificates filed in the 50 States and

the District of Columbia.

Mortality statistics are based on

information coded by the National

Center for Health Statistics (NCHS)

from copies of the original death certificates received from the State registration offices, and on State-coded

data provided to NCHS through the

Vital Statistics Cooperative Program.

Data for the United States refer to

events occurring within the United

States.

Cause-of-death classification

The mortality statistics presented

in this report were compiled in accordance with the World Health Organization regulations, which speci~ that

member nations classify causes of

death by the current Manual ofthe

International Statktical Class&cation of

Diseases, Injuries, and Causes of Death

(4). In this report, causes of death for

1979-88 were classified according to

the Ninth Revision of the ICD

(ICD-9).

Homicides are classified according

to ICD–9 Nos. E960–E969 (Homicide

and injury purposely inflicted by other

persons) and Nos. E970-E978 (Legal

intervention). Homicides caused by

firearms are classified under ICD9,

Nos. E965.0-E965.4, Assault by firearms. Suicides are classified according

to ICD–9 Nos. E950-E959. Suicides

caused by firearms are classified under

ICD–9 Nos. E955.O-E955.4. Unintentional firearm deaths are classified

under ICD-9, No. E922 (Accident

caused by firearm missile). When it is

undetermined whether injury deaths

by firearms were accidentally or

purposely inflicted the deaths are

classified under ICD-9, Nos. E985.0-

E985.4.

Population bases for

computing rates

The U.S. Bureau of the Census

provided the populations used for

computing rates shown in this report,

which represent the population

residing in the United States. The estimates are based on census counts,

modified by race for 1980 and later

years to be consistent with the U.S.

Office of Management and Budget

categories and historic categories for

mortality data. Rates for 1984-88 are

not strictly comparable with those of

previous years because of new estimation procedures for net migration and

net undocumented immigration. Population estimates are described in

greater detail in the Technical

Appendix of the Monthly Vital Statistics Report Advance Report of Final

Mortality Statistics, 1988 (5).

Random variation

Although the mortality data in this

report (except data for 1972) are not

subject to sampling error, they may be

affected by random variation in the

number of deaths involved. When the

number of events is small (perhaps less

than 100) and the probability of such

an event is small, considerable caution

must be observed in interpreting the

data. Such infrequent events may be

assumed to follow a Poisson probability distribution. For this distribution, a simple approximation may be

used to estimate the confidence

interval, as follows:

If iV is the number of registered

deaths in the population and R is the

corresponding rate, the chances are 19

in 20 (approximate 95-percent confidence interval) that

1. N-2@and N+ 2fl

cover the “true” number of events.

cover the “true” rate.

If the rate RI corresponding to N1

events is compared with the rate R2

corresponding to N2 events, the difference between the two rates may be

regarded as statistically significant if it

exceeds

2m

Additional information on random

variation may be found in the Technical Appendix of Vital Statistics of the

United Srates, 1987 Volume II, Mortality, Part A.

Rates of change

Annual rates of change are represented by the slope of a least squares

regression line through the logarithm

of the annual rates.
16~ Monthly Vitai Statistics Report ● Vol. 39, No. 11 ● March 14, 1991 -

Suggested citation

Fingerhut LA, Kleinman JC, Godfrey E, and

Rosenberg H. Firearm mortality among children,

youth, and young aduits 1-34 years of age,

trends and current status: United States,

Copyright information

1979-88. Monthly vital statistics report; VOI39 This report may be reprinted without further

no 11, suppl, Hyattsville, Maryland: National permission,

Center for Health Statistics, 1991,
Vol, 43, No. 11(S) ● May 25, 1995

Monthly

StatisticsVital

Renort *. –

Final Data From the CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROLAND PREVENTION/National Center for Health Statistics

Trends in Pregnancies and Pregnancy Rates: Estimates for

the United States, 1980-92

by Stephanie J. Ventura, AM; Selma M. Taffel; William D. Mosher, Ph.D., Divisionof VW Statistics;Jacqueline B.

Wilson, MPH, Divisionof Health Interview Statistics;and Stanley Henshaw, Ph.D., Alan Guttmacher Institute

Contents

Highlights. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...2

Sourcesand methods. . . . . . . . 2

Trends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...3

Rates in 1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . ...4

Outcomesin 1991-92 . . . . . . . . 6

Factorsassociated with

pregnancy rates. . . . . . . . . . . . 6

References . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . 9

List of detailed tables . . . . . . . 11

Technicalnotes. . . . . . . . . . . . . 21

Highlights

An estimated 6,484,000 pregnancies

ended in 1992, 3 percent less than the

number estimated in 1990 (6,668,000),

when U.S. pregnancies were at the

highest level since national estimates

were fist prepared in 1976. The number

of pregnancies increased steadily from

the mid-1970’s to the early 1980’s, and

then stabilized through 1987. Between

1987 and 1990, the number of pregnancies rose 8 percen4 and then declined

through 1992.

The pregnancy rate in 1992 was

109.9 pregnancies per 1,000 women aged

15-44 years, 3 percent lower than the

1990 pealL 113.8. Except for 1990, the

pregnancy rate has ranged ffom 107 to

111 since 1980. Between 1980 and 1993

the number of women of reproductive

age, defined as 15-44 years of age,

increased 12 percen~ while the number of

pregnancies rose 10 percent. Thus, during

this period, the changes in the number of

pregnancies and the population at risk

were roughly parallel.

Between 1980 and 1992j the rate for

live births (also called the fertility rate)

increased very slightly-by 1 percent—

from 68.4 live births per 1,000 women

aged 15-44 years in 1980 to 68.9 in

1992. The abortion rate declined 12 percent during this period, from 29.4 to 25.9.

This decline reflects mainly the changes

in age distribution of women in the childAcknowledgments

bearing ages. The proportion of the childbearing population aged 18-29 years, the

ages at which abortion rates are highest,

declined from 47 to 39 percent. The fetal

loss rate rose 7 percent from 14.1 to

15.1. This increase also reflects the

shifting age distribution of women of

reproductive age, to ages at which fetal

losses are relatively more likely.

As indicated, the pregnancy rate is

the SW, of three components, the live

birth rate, the induced abortion rate, and

the fetal loss rate. Although the net

chmg; in the pregnancy rate from 1980

to 1992 was very small, the rate declined

by 5 percent from 1980 to 1986, and then

rose by 7 percent from 1986 to 1990

before t%dlingby 3 percent in 1992. Rates

for the three components also declined

from 1980 to 1986, with the largest

decline measured for the abortion rate

(7 percent). Between 1986 and 1990, the

birth rate increased 8 percent and the fetal

loss rate rose 11 percent, but the abortion

rate did not change. Recently, between

1990 and 1992, the birth and fetal loss

Thisreportwasprepsrsdin theDivisionofWal Statistics.Tbcauthorsgratefrdlyac~owlcdgetbesssistancxofRobertL.Heu.wr,CMefoftheNatslity,

Marriage,andDlvorwStatisticsBrsrrc~andLindaS.PetersonoftheFamilyOrowthSOIVeyBranch,whoreviewedthemanuscriptandprovidedhelpful

cmnrncnts.ThisreportwaseditedbyDemariusV.MillerandtypesetbyAnnetteF.Faecmircof thePublicationsBrarr~ Divisionof DataSsrviccs.

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

PublicHealth Service

Centers

National

for Disease

Center

Control

for Health

and

Statistics

Prevention c~

—“%%%%%%%
2~ Monthly Vital Statlstlcs Report ● Vol, 43, No, 11(S) o May 25, 1995 ~

rates declined by 3 and 2 percent respectively, while the abortion rate fell

5 percent.

Pregnancy rates for Hispanic and

black non-Hispanic women in 1991 were

substantially higher than rates for white

non-Hispanic women, 82 percent higher

for Hispanic women and 90 percent

higher for black non-Hispanic women.

This disparity is observed among all age

groups. The overall pregnancy rates for

Hispanic and black non-Hispanic women

were similar. However, rates by pregnancy outcome differed considerably. The

birth rate for Hispanic women was much

higher than the birth rate for black nonHispanic women although the induced

abortion rate was much higher for black

non-Hispanic women.

Overall, about two-thirds of pregnancies among Hispanic and white nonHispanic women ended in live births in

1991, compared with just half of pregnancies among black non-Hispanic

women. The section “Factors associated

with pregnancy rates” cites information

on sexual activity and contraceptive use

that helps to explain these findings.

Introduction

Detailed national data on the number

of live births and live birth rates, based

on information derived horn live birth

certificates, are published annually by the

National Center for Health Statistics

(NCHS). There has been continued and

growing interest in the total number of

pregnancies and pregnancy rates in the

United Statea. These data are not as

readily available, however, because it is

more diftkult to assemble timely data on

the remaining two types of pregnancy

outcome, induced abortions and fetal

losses.

This is the fourth in a series of

reports that estimate the number of pregnancies and pregnancy rates by outcome,

age, and race of the woman for the

United States. The first of these studies

covered the period 197&81 (l), the

second covered the period 1976--85 (2),

and the third covered the period 1980-88

(3). Although data on pregnancies and

pregnancy rates for 1976-92 are included

in this report, information for 1976-79 is

included principally for historical reference. The focus of this report is on

changes in the overall number of pregnancies and pregnancy rates and their

components from 1980 to 1992, and on

variations by age, race, and Hispanic

origin for 1991, the most recent year for

which detailed information on induced

abortion is available. Estimates of pregnancy rates (exclusive of fetal losses) and

birth and abortion rates for teenagers by

State in 1980 and 1990 have been published (4).

Sources and methods

The estimates of pregnancies in this

report are the sum of the three outcomes,

live birth, induced abortio~ and fetal

km.%

o The live birth data are not estimates.

They are counts of alI live births tabulated from the birth registration

system, published annually by NCHS

(5-8). More than 99 percent of births

occurring in this country are registered (5).

@ Estimates of the numbers and rates of

induced abortions are derived from

published and unpublished reports by

the Centera for Disease Control and

Prevention (CDC) and the Alan Guttmacher Institute (AGI) (9-12). The

AGI estimates the national number of

abortions from surveys it conducts of

all known abortion providera (10).

The AGI national estimates are distributed by age and race according to

estimates prepared by CDC’S

National Center for Chronic Disease

Prevention and Health Promotion

(NCCDPHP), based on reports from

most State health departments

(11,12). In 1991, for example, information on the age of abortion patients

was available from 41 States, the District of Columbia, and New York City

(12). States with no data or incomplete data, however, included California, Florida, and Illinois, which

means that the characteristics of a

large proportion of abortion patients

are not known. Several other States

have data that are known to be incomplete. The estimates shown here

attempt to correct for these deficiencies in the abortion data. Detailed

information on these estimates and the

limitations of the data are provided in

the Twhnical notes.

. Estimates of fetal loss rates am based

on sample survey data from the 1982

and 1988 National Surveys of Family

Growth (NSFG), conducted by NCHS

(13,14). National samples of ‘women

aged 1544 years were asked to report

the dates and outcomes of each of

their pregnancies, including spontaneous fetal losses from recognized

pregnancies. Estimates of fetal loss

rates for individual years are based on

averages for the 5 years before the

1982 and 1988 surveys. (See Technieal notes.) T’he rate of fetal loss is

highest in the early weeks of gestation. Most fetal losses reported here

therefore are miscarriages relatively

few are stillbirths occurring late in

pregnancy. Because some women are

not aware of their early fetal losses,

the estimates in this report are estimates of fetal losses from recognized

pregnancies. For women uncler the

age of 15 years and for women aged

35 years and older, estimates of fetal

loss are based on small numbers of

sample cases and should, therefore, be

interpreted with caution.

Data shown by age of woman refer

to the age at outcome. Some studies of

abortion have used age at conception (9).

Beginning in 1990, NCCDPHP has

been obtaining information on the race

and Hispanic origin of abortion platients

from the State health departments. Therefore, pregnancies for 1990 and 19191are

shown for white non-Hispanic women,

black non-Hispanic women, and Hispanic

women separately. Prior to 1990, information on induced abortion was available

only for white women and womemlof all

other races combined. Trend data, therefore, are limited to the white and “All

other” categories.

In 1991 the proportion of “All

other” births that were to black women

was 78 percent, compared with 84 percent in 1980. This reflects the growing

proportions of American Indian “and

Aian or Pacific Islander births in the

United States (8). Although comparable

trend data are not available for induced

abortions, the proportion of “Au other”

abortions that were to black women in

1991 was 88 percent.

In this report, the racial designation

of all pregnancy outcomes is that of the
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 43, No. 11(S). May 25, 1995 ~3

woman. Previous reports had tabulated

live births according to the race of the

child. In keeping with reeent NCHS

changes in tabulation of birth data by

race, birth data for all years included in

this report have been retabulated by race

of mother (8,15).

Data are shown by age and race in

the tables and figures. Race ditTerentials

primarily reflect dillerences in income,

educational levels, and aeeess to health

care and health insurance. These are substantially lower for black and Hispanic

women than for white women (16-19).

(See Technical notes.) Other studies have

shown that groups with low levels of

income and edueation have higher birth

rates than groups with higher levels of

education and income (20,21). Statistics

on abortion are not collected by education, income, occupation, or other socioeconomic indicators. Thus, pregnancy

rates by these measures of socioeconomic

status cannot be computed.

Trends

There were an estimated 6,484,000

pregnancies that ended in 1992, the third

highest number since national estimates

were first prepared in 1976 (tables 1 and

2). The 1992 total was 3 percent lower

than the peak number reported in 1990

(6,668,000), but still 30 pereent higher

than the number in 1976. Except for

declines in 1983 and 1986, the number of

pregnancies rose amually between 1976

and 1990.

Although the number of pregnancies

was much higher in 1992 than in 1976,

most of the increase is due to the 21 percent rise in the number of women in the

childbearing ageq the pregnancy rate

rose much less, by 7 pereent (table 1)

(22,23). Much of the population increase

is attributable to the baby-boom generation. Women who were born in the peak

birth years 1946-64 were aged 28-46

years in 1992. Because the number of

births declined sharply beginning in the

early 1970’s, the number of teenagers and

women currently in their early twenties is

considerably smaller than the number

from the baby-boom generation. Thus,

the total population in the childbearing

ages is projected to stabilize over the next

several years with relatively fewer

women in the age group 15-24 years, a

100-

8

Live birth

&

n

g

c

E /—~— Induced abortion

~- —-

S

g

.

Y Fetal loss

5

n w -—- ~. —” ~--

10 m ■

1976 1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992

Year

Figura 1. Eatimatad rataa of ha birth, induead ●bortion, and fatal Ioaw Unitad States,

factor that will likely exert a downward

pressure on the number of pregnancies

during the next several years (24).

The overall pregnancy rate in 1992

was 109.9 pregnancies per 1,000 women

aged 1544 yeara, 2 pereent lower than

the rate in 1980 (111.9). Although the net

change in the pregnancy rate between

1980 and 1992 was very small, the rate

deelined by 5 percent from 1980 to 1986,

and then rose 7 pereent by 1990 before

falling by 3 percent to 1992 (table 1 and

figure 1). AU components of pregnancy

rates, i.e., live births, induced abortions,

and fetal losses, declined from 1980 to

1986, but the decline was greatest for the

abortion rate (7 percent). The birth rate

fell 4 pereent and the fetal loss rate

declined 1 pereent.

Between 1986 and 1990, when the

pregnancy rate rose 7 percen~ the birth

rate increased 8 pereent and the fetal loss

rate rose 11 pereen~ the induced abortion

rate did not change. In the most reeent

perio~ from 1990 to 1992, when the

pregnancy rate declined 3 percent, all

three components declined as well, with

the birth and fetal loss rates dropping 3

and 2 percent, respectively, and the abortion rate falling 5 pmxmt.

Age

Pregnancy rates were higher in 1991

than in 1980 for all age groups. For

women in age groups 15-29 years, rates

for 1991 were 2-5 pereent higher than in

1980 (table 3). However, the increases

were not continuous. Rates generally

declined in each year for all age groups

ffom 1980 to 1986. Between 1986 and

1990, however, rates increased for all

groups, but most rapidly for women in

their twenties (the ages at which pregnancy rates are highest) and women aged

30 years and older. Rates for women in

their thirties were the only ones to rise

almost continuously from 1980 to 1990.

Pregnancy rates for almost all age groups

in 1991 were lower than in 1990.

The changes in birth rates were very

similar to those for the pregnancy rates,

exeept that the overall increases in birth

rates between 1986 and 1991 were considerably greater than for pregnancy rates

for teenagers and for women in their late

thirties and older. Much of the increase

for women in their thirties is associated

with the ongoing tendency for these

women to make up for previously postponed childbearing (6,7,15,25).

Changes in induced abortion rates by

age were very different from those in live

birth rates. Rates for teenagers aged

15-19 years and women in their forties

were lower in 1991 than in 1980. For

teenagers, rates changed little from 1980

to 1987, increased in 1988, and then fell

between 1988 and 1991 by 10-20 percent. For women in their forties, the rate
4~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 43, No, 11(S) ● May 25, 1995 ~

declined through 1986, and then

increased to 1990 before declining again

in 1991+

Abortion rates for women in age

groups 20-39 years were higher in 1991

than in 1980. Rates for women aged

20-29 years also changed little during the

period 1980-87; ratea then rose between

1987 and 1990 but changed little in 1991.

The abortion rates for women in their

thirties rose almost continuously

throughout the 1980’s, more rapidly in

the latter part of the decade, but then

dropped in 1991.

The changes in the age distribution

of women in the childbearing years is an

important factor in the overall deeline in

the abortion rate during the 1980’s. The

proportion of all women aged 1544

yeara who were in age groups 18-29

years, the ages at which abortion rates are

highest, declined horn 47 to 39 percent

between 1980 and 1991 (22). Although

the proportion of women aged 30-44

years increased from 42 to 52 pereent and

abortion rates for these women increased

during this period, their rates are much

lower, so they aeeount for relatively few

abortions, about 1 in 5 in 1991.

Race

Pregnancy rates declined by 1 pereent for white women and by 5 pereent

for women of all other races between

1980 and 1991. Rates for both groups

declined from 1980 to 1986, by 4 to

8 percent and then increased by 6 and

5 percent, respectively, to 1990 before

falling in 1991 (table 3). The trends in

live birth rates by race were similar to

those for pregnancy rates, except the

increases since 1986 were greater for live

births. The abortion rate for white women

in 1991 was 17 percent lower than the

rate in 1980, and the rate for all other

women was 6 percent lower.

Marital status

Pregnancy rates by marital status and

race have been estimated for 1980 (26),

1990, and 1991, and are shown in table 4.

Pregnancy rates, birth rates, and abortion

rates for married women declined

between 1980 and 1991, with the declines

for pregnancy and birth rates slightly

greater for all other married women than

for white married women. In contrast, the

pregnancy and birth rates for unmarried

women both increased, by 14 percent for

the pregnancy rate and by 54 percent for

the birth rate. The abortion rate declined.

The increase in the birth rate for unmarried women was largely concentrated

among white unmarried women, for

whom the rate increased 91 percent (from

18.1 to 34.6). The relative decline in the

abortion rate was more than twice as

great for white as for all other unmarried

women.

Rates In 1991

Age

The pregnaney rate for women aged

20-24 years has consistently been higher

than for any other age group (table 3). In

1991 the rate was 193 pregnancies per

1,000 women aged 2%24 yeara. To put

this another way, 19.3 percent of all

women aged 20-24 yeara had a pregnancy ending in 1991. The rates for

women aged 18-19 and 25-29 yeara

were nearly as high 171 per 1,000 for

women aged 18-19 years (or 17.1 percent) and 174 per 1,000 women aged

25-29 yeara (equivalent to 17.4 percent).

The rate for women aged 30-34 years

was 118. Rates for other agea are eonaiderably lower, ranging from 11 per 1,000

for women in their forties to 75 for young

teens aged 15-17 yeara.

The patterns of rates by age differ for

live births and induce.d abortions, with

induced abortion rates having a younger

age pattern than live birth rates. The birth

rates were highest for women aged 2&24

and 25-29 years (116 and 118 per 1,000,

respectively), while induced abortion

rates were highest for women aged 18-19

and 20-24 yeara (56 and 57, respectively).

Race and Hispanic origin

Data for Hispanic and white and

black non-Hispanic women were available for the first time for 1990, and are

shown separately for 1990 and 1991.

However, the text focuses on variations

in 1991. There are substantial differences

in pregnancy rates and pregnancy outrmmes among the three groups (tables 5

and 6 and figures 2 and 3). The overall

pregnancy rates for Hispanic and black

non-Hispanic women in 1991 were relatively similar, 167 and 175 per 1,000,

respectively, both substantially higher

than the rate for white non-Hispanic

women, 92 (table 5).

Although the pregnancy ratea for

black non-Hispanic and Hispanic women

were similar, there were sharp differences

between the two groups in the rates by

pregnancy outcome (table 5 and figure 2).

The birth rate for Hispanic women (108

per 1,000) was 23 percent higher than the

rate for black non+lispatic women (88

per 1,000). In contrast, the abortion rate

for black non-Hispanic women (66 per

1,000) was nearly twice the rate for Hispanic women (36 per 1,000). In other

wordy black non-Hispanic and Hispanic

women were about equally likely to

become pregnant in 1991, but differed

considerably in how their pregnancies

were resolved, whether they ended as live

births or induced abortions. Birth and

abortion rates for white non-Hispanic

women (61 and 18, respectively) were

substantially lower than rates for either

black non-Hispanic or Hispanic women.

The pregnancy rates for blaclc nonHispanic and Hispanic women were

highest for women aged 20-24 yeara

(table 5 and figure 3). The rate for black

non-Hispanic women was 337 per 1,000

and the rate for Hispanic women was

286. In other words, one-third of black

non-Hispanic women aged 20-24 yeara

and more than one-quarter of Hispanic

women of this age group had a pregnancy

that ended in 1991. The highest rate for

white non-Hispanic women was reported

for ages 25-29 years, 155 per 1,000,

followed closely by the rate for women

aged 20-24 years, 151.

Pregnancy rates for women under 30

years of age were highest for black nonHispanic women, while rates for women

aged 30 years and older were highest for

Hispanic women. The differential by race

and Hispanic origin was greatest for teenagers under 15 and 15-17 yeara of age

and declined with advancing age up to

agea 30-34 years, and then increased for

older ages.

Teen birth and abortion rates were

highest for black non-Hispanic women.

For women aged 20 years and older, birth

rates were highest for Hispanic women,

and abortion rates were highest fc~rblack

non-Hispanic women.
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 43, No. 11(S) ● May 25, 1995 ~5

-u

a)

3’

r-

= All ~ Live birth ~ Induced abortion ~ Fetal loss

150

100

50

0

White Black Hispanic

non-Hispanic non- Hispanic

Figure2. Estimatedratesof pregnancy,livebirth,Inducedabortion,andfetallossby raes

and Hlspanlcoriginof woman:UnitedStates,1991

0

8.

?-

—— White ● =”s-.I Black ----- H[spanic

non-Hispanic non- Hispanic

350 r.

L

300 ●“

.**

““. “””A*”.

250 .*” ,“ ● :.*

● e

\

.

200 *.*

●

I

1%19

m I 1 m *

20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40-44

Age in years

Figure3. Estimatedpragnaneyratesby age,race,and HIspanlcorIglnof womamUnited

states,1991

Marital status for married women was double that for

unmarried women (90 wmpared with 45

The pregnancy rate for married per 1,000). In contrast, the abortion rate

women was 118 per 1,000 in 1991, for unmarried women was about six

15 percent higher than the rate for unmar- times as high as for married women (48

ried women, 103 (table 4). The birth rate compared with 8). The patterns of the

rates for white women were similar to

those for women of all races, but the

differential by marital status was greater.

For example, the birth rate for married

white women was 91 per 1,000, 2.6 times

the rate for unmarried white women, 35.

Pregnancy rates for all other women

differed considerably from those for

white women (table 4). The rate for

unmarried women of all other races was

more than a third greater than the rate for

married women, 174 per 1,000, compared

with 128. In sharp contrast to the pattern

for white women, the birth rate for married women of all other rams was only

9 percent higher than the rate for unmarried women. The abortion rate for unmarried all other women (76 per 1,000) was

nearly four times that for married women

(21 per 1,000).

The birth rate for married women of

all other races was slightly lower than for

white women (86 and 91 per 1,000,

respectively). However, the induced abortion rate for married all other women (21

per 1,000) was three times that for married white women (7 per 1,000).

The overall pregnancy rate for

unmarried women of all other races (174

pr 1,000) was more than double that of

unmarried white women (81 per 1,000).

This differential is reflected in sharply

highei rates for both live binths and

induced abortions among all other

women.

Lifetime fertility

The total fertility rate (TFR), is the

average number of lifetime births that

women would have if the age-specific

birth rates in a given year continued

through their reproductive years. The

TFR has been published routinely by

NCHS to suggest the implications of current age-specific birth rates for wmpleted

family size (5-8,15). By extension, a total

abortion rate and a total fetal loss rate an

also be calculated. Summing these rates

would yield a total pregnancy rate, or the

number of lifetime pregnancies per

woman. (Method of computation is

deseribed in Technical notes.) The figures

shown represent the average number of

lifetime pregnancies, live births, and
6~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol, 43, No, 11(S) ● May 25, 1995 -

induced abortions per woman implied by

the 1991 age-specific rates for each

group:

Prag- Live glo;-

nancias births

Total. . . . . . . . . . . . 3.3 2.1 0.8

No&~:panic

2.8 0.6

Black.::::::::: 5.1 M 1.9

Hispanic . . . . . . . . . 4.7 3.0 1.0

On the average, given these assumptions, black non-Hispanic women would

have slightly more than 5.0 pregnancies

during their lifetimes, somewhat more

than Hispanic women, 4.7; both groups

would have substantially more pregnancies than white non-Hispanic women,

2.8. The dtierential in lifetime births is

considerably smaller, and the number is

highest for Hispanic women at 3.0 births

per woman, compared with 2.6 for black

non-Hispanic women and 1.8 births for

white non-Hispanic women. The differential in lifetime abortions is Isrgec black

non-Hispanic women would have 1.9

abortions each, compared with 1.0 for

Hispanic women and 0.6 for white nonHispanic women.

Outcomes in 1991-92

Pregnancies in 1992 were slightly

more likely to end as live births (63 pereent) compared with 1980 (61 percent).

There was a concurrent decline in the

proportion ending in induced abortion,

from 26 to 24 percent. These changes

refleet the small increase in the birth rate

(horn 68 to 69 per 1,000), which

oeeurred concurrently with the decline in

the abortion rate (from 29 to 26) (table 1).

Age

Consistent with the wide variations

in birth and abortion rates by age, there

are substantial dillerences in the distribution of pregnancy outcomes by age (figure 4). More than two-thirds of

pregnancies among women aged 25–34

years ended as live births in 1991, the

highest proportion of any age group.

About half of the pregnancies among

teenagers ended in live births. The proportions of pregnancies ending in induced

abortion were highest for women under

25 years of age and aged 40 years and

over (29-45 percent), and lowest for

women aged 25-39 years (16-20 per70-

60 -

50 “

40 “

4

““-b

Induced abortion

30 -

20 “

0’

Fetal loss

Under 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40 and

15 over

Age in years

Figura 4. Percent of pragnanciaa ending as a live birth, Induead abortion, or fetal Iloss, by

age of woman: Unltad St@as, 1991

cat). Generally, the proportions of pregnancies ending in fetal loss increased

with advancing age. Among women in

their thirties, pregnancies were equally

likely to end in induced abortion or fetal

loss.

Race and Hispanicorigin

As noted earlier, the substantial disparities in pregnancy rates and rates for

each pregnancy outcome are refleeted in

the very diflerent pregnancy outcomes for

white non-Hispanic and Hispanic women

compared with black non-Hispanic

women. Overall, about two-thirds of

pregnancies among white non-Hispanic

women and Hispanic women ended as a

live birth, one-fifth in induced abortion,

and 14 percent in fetal loss (table 6). In

contrast, about half of the pregnancies to

black non-Hispanic women ended as live

births, with 38 percent ending in induced

abortio~ and 12 pereent ending in fetal

loss (table 6).

Among pregnancies to women aged

20 years and older, the proportions

ending in live birth were similar for Hispanic and white non-Hispanic women at

each age, and similar to the pattern for all

ages combined. The proportion ending in

induced abortion was highest for black

non-Hispsnic women in each age group.

There was little difference in fetal loss

proportions by race and origin.

Among pregnancies to teenagers

15–19 years of age, there were considerable variations in the distributions of

pregnancy outcomes by race ancl origin.

The proportion ending in live birth was

highest for Hispanic teenagers (57-61

percent), followed by black non-Hispanic

teenagers (55 pereent), and white nonHispanic teenagers (46-54 percent). The

proportions of pregnancies ending in

induced abortion were similar for white

non-Hispanic and black non-Hispanic

teenagera (33-39 pereent), but were

much lower for Hispanic teenagers

(20-24 percent).

Factors associated with

pregnancy rates

Information on trends in contraceptive use, the effectiveness of contraceptive use, patterns of marriage and

divorce, sexual activity, and unwanted

childbearing tlom the National Survey of

Family Growth (NSFG), conducted by

NCHS, em be used to help explain the

trends and differences described in this

report.

Data from NSFG have been used to

calculate contraceptive failure rates,

which show the probability of having an

unintended pregnancy within Ithe first

year of use of a given contraceptive

method (27). In this analysis, al contraceptive “failure” may result from the
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 43, No. 11(S) ● May 25, 1995 ~7

failure of the method despite correct and

consistent use, or more often, from incorrect or inconsistent use. For example,

inconsistent use occurs if a woman forgets to take her oral contraceptive pills

for 1 or more days, or if a condom or

diaphragm was used at some but not all

acts of intercourse. A previous report

from the 1990 NSFG showed that,

whether condoms are being used for contraception or for disease prevention,

fewer than half of condom users use

condoms at every act of intercourse in a

given month (28).

NSFG data show that for women

15+4 years of age, the failure rate for the

pill is 8 percent, and for the condom,

15 percent (27). Although a switch away

from the pill to the condom would tend to

reduee sexuaiiy transmitted diseases

(STD), it would also tend to increase the

pregnancy rate, According to the same

analysis, the contraceptive failure rate for

all contraceptive methods combined for

teenagers in 12 months of use was

26 percent, compared with 18 pereent at

ages 20-24 years, 13 percent at ages

25-29 years, and 10 percent at ages 30

years and over.

Trends

NSFG data show three principal

trends in contraceptive use behveen 1982

and 1990: intrauterine deviee (IUD) use

decreased when the IUD was withdrawn

from the U.S. market by its principal

distributors; use of female sterilization

increased among women aged 25 years

and oveq and there was an increase in

condom use among young and unmarried

people from 1982 to 1990, in response to

the eoneem about STD, incIuding human

immunodeficiency virus (HIV) (29).

The overall trend in pregnancy rates

was driven primarily by trends in pregnancy for women under 30 yearn of age

because, in 1991, women under 30 years

of age accounted for about 70 pereent of

all pregnancies and live births in the

United States. In general there were slight

decreases in pregnancy rates for ages

under 30 years from 1980 until the mid1980’s. But each of the rates increased

between 1986 and 1991, to levels slightly

higher than in 1980 (table 3). For

example, the rate for teenagers aged

15–19 years was 110.0 in 1980, 104.7 in

1986, and 115.0 in 1991; the rate for

women aged 20-24 years was 183.5 in

1980, 178.2 in 1986, and 192.6 in 1991.

A recent report showed changes in

contraceptive use that shed light on the

recent increases in pregnancy rates

among young women (29). NSFG surveys were done in 1982, 1988, and 1990.

These surveys show that between 1988

and 1990, the proportion of women

15-24 years of age who:

. had ever had intercourse increased

from 70 to 74 pereen$

. had intercourse in the last month

while not using any contraceptive

method and not intending pregnancy

increased from 4 to 12 percent;

● were using oral contraceptive pills

dropped from 30 to 24 percent; and

● were using the condom increased

horn 10 to 14 percent.

An increase in the proportion who

ever had intercourse, an increase in the

proportion who were currently having

intercourse and not using any method of

birth control, and a shift from oral contraceptive use to condom use would tend to

increase the pregnancy rates among

young women. That appears to be what

happened in the late 1980’s.

Increases in the pregnancy rates for

women 30-34 and 35-39 years of age

throughout the 1980’s are reflected primarily in increasing birth rates at these

ages (table 3). For example, the birth rate

per 1,000 women aged 30-34 years was

61.9 in 1980 and 79.5 in 1991. These

changes in birth rates to women in their

thirties appear to be due to the continuation of a trend toward making up for

previously delayed childbearing (25). The

pereent of women reaching age 35 yeara

who were still childless increased from

15 pereent in 1980 to 21 percent in 1991

(30,31). The increases in birth rates at

ages 35-39 years are of interest beeause

women aged 35 years and over are

exposed to elevated risks of infertility

(32), pregnancy loss (33), and cesarean

delivery (34). Their use of infertility serviees and other expensive medical are

may also be of public interest (35).

Despite a sharp relative increase in birth

rates at ages 35-39 yeara, births to

women aged 35 years and over still

accounted for only 9 percent of ail births

in 1991, up from 5 percent in 1980.

Race and Hispanic origin

The differences in pregnancy rates

between non-Hispanic white women and

other women (table 5) are substantial.

Overall, the pregnancy rate in 1991 was

92 per 1,000 non-Hispanic white women,

compared with 167 per 1,000 Hispanic

women and 175 per 1,000 non-Hispanic

black women. These differences may be

related to the following factors: Despite

some convergence in the last two

decades, non-Hispanic black women are

still substantially more likely to begin

intercourse before age 18 than Hispanic

or non-Hispanic white women (36, 37);

both Hispanic and black women are less

likely to use a contraceptive method at

their first intercourse than non-Hispanic

white women (29, 38); and during contraceptive use, Hispanic women and nonHispanic black women have higher rates

of contraceptive failure than nonHispanic white women (27). It is known

that births to never-married women are

much more likely to be unwanted than

births to ever-married women. This was

true for white and black women in both

1982 and 1988 (39). Black women spend

fewer of their reproductive years as part

of a married couple than white women

(40), which may help to explain the

higher rates of abortion and unwanted

births among black women than among

white women. There are several demographic reasona why black women spend

fewer of their reproductive years in marriage than white women:

●

●

●

On average, black women marry at

later ages than white women. The

average (mean) age at first marriage in

1988 was 26.0 years for black women

and 23.9 yeara for white women (41).

Black women are also less likely to

have ever been married than white

women. In 1988, 47 pereent of black

women and 67 pereent of white

women 1544 years of age had ever

been married (42).

Among those who do marry, the marriages of black women were more

likely to end in separation, divorce, or

death. For example, 39 percent of

black women’s marriages had dissolved within 10 years compared with

28 pereent of white women’s marriages (42).
8~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Voi. 43, No, 11(S) ● May 25, 1995 ~

. Among those divorced, black women

were much less likely than white

women to remany (40,42).

There are substantial differences by

race and Hispanic origin in unwanted

pregnancies and births. A pregnancy is

defined as “unwanted” in the NSFG if,

for example, a woman already had one

child, and wanted no more, but became

pregnant with her second; or if a woman

had hvo children and did not want to

have any more, but then became pregnant

with her third child (43). Similarly, if a

childless woman wants to remain childless permanently but becomes pregnant,

then her first pregnancy would be

unwanted. Whether a pregnancy is

unwanted is defined at the time the pregnancy was conceived, and is designed to

determine the number of pregnancies that

would occur if contraceptive use was

completely efkctive and each pregnancy

was planned. Births that were unwanted

at conception do not necessarily become

unwanted children. Mothers who report a

pregnancy as unwanted at the time of

conception nonetheless may cherish the

child born as a result of that pregnancy.

In 1983-88, 14.2 percent of births to

Hispanic women, 29.8 pereent of births

to non-Hispanic black women, and

8.5 percent of births to non-Hispanic

white women were unwanted. If it is

assumed that these percents unwanted

still applied in 1991, a 1991 wanted total

fertility rate (TFR), expressed as wanted

births per woman, can be computed by

multiplying the TFR for 1991 by the

proportion of births that were wanted as

follows:

1991 Pement Wsntsd

7fR wanted 7FR

Total. . . . . . . . . . . . 2.1 87.6 1.6

NH While . . . . . . . .

NH Black . . . . . . . . . ~~

91.5 1.6

70.2

Hispanic . . . . . . . . . 3.0 65.8 ;:

Among non-Hispanic women, black

women want about the same number of

births as white women (1.8 compared

with 1.6), but have substantially more

births than white women (2.6 compared

with 1.8 per woman). Thus, most of the

diilerenee in birth rates between nonHispanic black and white women is due

to unwanted births. By eontras~ the difference between Hispanic and nonHispanic white women is primarily due

to a difference in wanted births: Hispanic

women want and have substantially more

births than non-Hispanic white women.

These data show striking ditlerences

in marital patterns, contraceptive use,

contraceptive effectiveness, unwanted

births, and abortion rates among women

of different racial and ethnic backgrounds. These differences reflect the

relationships of race and ethnicity with

education, occupation, access to health

care (19,44), income (17,18), and the

neighborhoods in which these groups live

(45-48). These factors, in turn, affect

many of the behaviors described above. It

is beyond the scope of this report to

discuss these issues in further detail, but

they are clearly important to an understanding of the pregnancy and health

patterns of minority women, and deserve

further study-particularly the relationship of economic opportunities for both

men and women to marriage and pregnancy patterns (38,4548).

Teenage pregnancy

The rate of teenage pregnancy can be

broken into two parts: the rate of sexual

activity, and the rate of pregnancy per

1,000 sexually experienced women.

Thus, the teenage pregnancy rate can be

calculated two waysx per 1,000 teenage

womew and per 1,000 se.xuully experienced teenage women.

The table below shows that the rate

of teenage pregnancy stayed about the

same in the 1980-88 period, despite a

sharp increase in the proportion having

intercourse. The pregnancy rate per 1,000

sexually experienced teenage women

dropped from 235 to 207, a 12-pereent

decrease. The pregnancy rate increased

between 1988 and 1991 for all teenagers

and for sexually experienced teenagera.

Rates of pregnancy per 1,000 women

15-19 years of age have been estimated

for 1991 for Hispanic, non-Hispanic

black and non-Hispanic white women.

Data on the percent who had ever had

intercourse (sexual experience) for 1988

were used because the pereent sexually

experienced was virtually identical for

white teenagers in 1988 and 1990, but the

sample size in 1990, particularly fcmHispanic teenagers, was not large enough to

produce reliable estimates. (See Technical notes for an explanation.)

The pregnancy rates per 1,0001sexually experienced teenaged wom~en in

1991 are, then, estimates, but their pattern

is striking. The rates for Hispanic and

non-Hispanic black teenagers (379 and

357 pregnancies per 1,000 sexually experienced wome~ respectively) are substantially higher than the rate for nonHispanic white teenagers (161 per :1,000).

Compared with non-Hispanic white

teenagera, the differences in the overall

teenage pregnancy rates (rates per 1,000

women aged 15-19 years) are associated

with the higher rates of sexual experience

(36,37) and less effective contraceptive

use (29,36,38) among black teenagers.

Among Hispanic teenagers, less effective

contraceptive use (29,36,38) is the principalfactor. Further studies of the factors

tieeting teenage sexual activity and contraceptive use would be helpful in understanding how these patterns can be

changed.

Aa data on abortion are reported to

CDC separately for black and Hispanic

women over a period of years, it will be

possible to determine with more certainty

what the trends and levels in pregnancy

rates are among black and Hispanic teenagers, and thus to state whether efforts to

reduce teenage pregnancy are having

their intended effect on Hispanic, nonHispanic white, and non-Hispanic black

teenagers.

fYeg- Pregnancy nsnoy

rate mte

per Perc9nt per

I,m who ever 1,000

women had sexually

15-19 inter- experyeam cours# ienced

Al\~g

46.9 235

1968:::::::::: M: 52.9 207

1891 . . . . . . . . . . 115.0 54.9 209

N~~-~panic wh~

. . . . . . . . . . 64.7 52.7 161

Ny&H~panic black

. . . . . . . . . . 216.7 60.7 357

i+;~ic

. . . . . . . . . . 160.2 47.5 379

~ 19SOpregnsncyrateauaa 19S2N3FGdataonaexual

- becauasno NSFG waa donsin 19S0. Rat&rfor 19S1

forallracea carnbhsdar sbsaedCalWONSFGti~~

1SS1ratsaby rata andwiglnm bassdon 1966 NSFG data

cmsexualaxivity.Sea %xusl expedence”InTechnicalnotes

h axplsnat?m
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 43, No. 11(S) ● May 25, 1W5 ~

Future research

National statistics of high quality on

pregnancy are essential to adequately

monitor U.S. fertility patterns. Increasing

the completeness of abortion statistics

reported to CDC, particularly by those

States that do not currently report abortions at all or do not report the race, age,

or Hispanic origin of the woman would

be useful. Information on the educational

attainment of women who have had abortions would be very helpful in interpreting differences among groups. In

additio~ further research to shed light on

the corrections between unwanted pregnancy and such characteristics as economic opportunities and access to f%unily

planning serviees and other health care is

needed. Future Cycles of NSFG as well

as the birth registration data can be useful

in performing some of that researeh.

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1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

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1991.
Monthly Vital Statistics Reports Vol. 43, No. 11(S) ● May 25, 1995 ~ 11

List of detailed tables

1. IMmated number of pregnancies

and pregoancy rae by outcome

of pregnancy, and number of

Womem unitedstate%1976-92. . 12

2. Estimated number of pregnanaes

by outcome of pregmmcy, age,

and race of WOMSIX Urdted States,

1976and 1980-91 . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

3. Estimated pregnamq rates by

OUtCOMC Of p~gOMICy and ~

and race of Womalc unitedstate%

1976and 1980-91 . . . . . . . ----- 15

4. Estimated pregnarq, live birth

and. ,induad abortion rates by

Inark81 status ad race united

sta@ 1980, 19X), d 1991 .. . . . 17

5. E8timskd number & pregnanaai

snd pR~Cy rates by OUtCOUE

of pmgnsncy by age, ram, arid

Hispanic origin of Womau: united

Sbtm, lWmdlW1 . . . . . . . . . 18

6. Estimated perant distribution of

pwp-ies by outcome of

pregnancy, acoording to age, race,

and Hispanic origin of Womam

United States, 1990 and 1991 .-.. 20

symbols

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QuardityZWO
—.. . —.. . . . . a

Ta5Wr 1.EstImatad number of pregrrancles end pregnancy ratee, by outcome of pregnancy, and number of women: United States, 1978-92

——

Allpregnancies All pragnancka

live Induoad Fetal

Yeer

L&e Induced

Total brittra

Fetal

abortions losses 1

Women aged

Total births abortions losses J 1544 yaara

Number in

Number in thousads Rate per 1,000 woman aged 15-44 yearsz thousands

1692 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,4S4 4,065 i ,528 690

1991 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,563 4,111

109.9

i ,557

25.9 15.1

E:

59,020

1880 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,666 4,156

111.1

1,608

26.3

902

t 5.2 59,079

1969 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,480 4,041

113.6

1,557

70.9 27.4

673

15.4

111.0

5S,619

1966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,341 3,910

68.2

1,591

26.6 15.0 56,367

1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,168

109.1

3,609 1,658

67.3 27.4

815

14.5 56,120

1966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,12S 3,757

106.8

1,574

65.8

786

26.9

106.7

14.1 57,901

1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,144 3,761 1,568

65.4 27.4

106.3

13.9 57,430

19s4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,019 3,669 1,577

66.3 26.0 14.0 56,716

1963 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,977

107.4

3,639 1,575

26.1

% 106.0

13.8

2;

56,031

1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,024 3,681 1,574

28.5

768

13.6

110.1

55,359

1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,956 3,628 1,577

67.3 28.8

751

14.1

110.5

54,700

1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,912 3,612

67.3

1,554 746

29.3 13.9

111.9

53,926

1979 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,714 3,494

86.4

1,488

29.4

722

14.1

109.9

52,633

1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,433 3,333 1,410

67.2 28.8

106.7

13.9 52,016

1977 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,331 3,327 1,317 667

27.7

107.0

13.5

%

50,921

1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,002 3,168 1,179

26.4 13.6

102.7 65.0

49,814

24.2 13.4 46,721

lSponfsneousfetalIossesfromreoognizsdpragnsncissofallgeststlonslpkds asfspwtedbywomsn inthe1962and19S3 NafionsfSwveyof FsmilyGrowthwiduotsdbytheNational(%wr forHesith3tstistics.Thersteofpregnancy lossdepends

onthedegreetovhii loss$atvstyssrty gasfathmarsdetectsd

2Ratsacarnputwlbyrefatingthsnamkr ofsvstlatowomsn ofsllsgestowcsnsn agedlwyeara.

NOIEOuetorounding, figufsamaynotadd tototsls.
Tablo 2 Eshatad number of prafpuncloa by outcome of pragnancy, aga, and rata of womam United Statoa, 1976 and 1960-91

Ageofwoman

15-19JtW?3 Rai?9

Ufwr 15-17 18-19 2G24 25-28 Z&3-4 4oJwrs Ail

Pn3gmuloyoUtCOmeandyaaf TM 15 years Tti m w yem? w m m and Obw W7Me other

“illpmgm Numlw inthousands

1331 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

%:::::::::::::::::::::::::

1867 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1866 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1W5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

lW. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1W3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1862. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

lW 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wm. . . . . .. m. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,814

1,818

1,777

1,776

1,764

1,628

i ,691

1#w

1,913

1,970

1,945

1*858

1,844

1,080

1,084

1,078

I,C67

1,078

1,102

1,141

1,142

1,163

l@8

1,212

1,226

l,cez

533

532

520

518

531

546

551

548

1,310

1,315

1,249

1,185

1,136

1,031

1,045

333

847

919

543

482

101

38

88

79

ii

80

53

57

56

54

54

56

54

50

46

41

36

31

28

23

27

26

25

24

26

23

28

26

24

23

21

21

20

21

21

21

21

21

4,901

5,013

4,861

4,770

4,888

4,663

4,733

4,657

4,823

4,682

4,613

4,585

3,871

3,241

3,280

3,132

3,102

3,044

3,019

3,038

2,967

2,846

2935

2,346

:83(J

,

362

1,039

1,(MM

1,026

1,017

1,046

1,076

1,067

1,064

1,085

I,lcm

1,084

1,862

1,655

1,619

1,571

;%

1,411

1,362

1,350

1,341

1,345

1,328

1,131

870

648

307

768

737

723

z

6,583

6,688

6,430

6,341

6,163

6,i23

6,144

6,019

6,977

6,024

5,858

5,912

5,002

4,111

4,156

4,041

3,910

3,6(W

3,757

3,761

3*W

3,632

3,661

3*629

3,612

3,168

1,557

I’m

lM

1s01

1350

1,574

1$560

1,577

1s75

1*574

1,677

1,554

1,173

28

z

27

26

23

30

30

28

27

23

z

12

12

11

11

10

10

%

10

10

10

10

12

12

1$

13

14

14

16

17

17

16

15

15

K

883 1,783

1,676

1,346

1,320

1,763

1,765

1,764

1,718

1,692

1,695

1,683

1,826

1,331

t,zzo

1,277

1,263

l&3

1216

lgoo

1,201

1,168

1,148

1,152

1,128

1,108

972

346

3W

345

347

337

1,002

1,301

857

361

375

336

335

385

588

571

578

538

424

373

319

378

332

405

424

446

166

163

181

177

m

169

16a

167

173

161

187

::

116

lfm

139

158

1,(MJ

1,056

1,103

1,146

1,073

653

676

693

887

644

602

685

866

842

604

781

721

m

866

258

214

331

318

Uvabhltw

1831 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

la m. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1!X13 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

lml ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1267 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1266 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12M . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

We. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1283 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Imp, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

lWM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . .

la m. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,,..

1276 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

520 331

325

w

2W

522

507

476 270

243

m

214

W3

180

16a

146

141

116

107

lm

m

m

33

32

67

82

76

73

70

67

57

46$!

467

470

486

514

527

303

317

340

354

&

234

221

224

238

245

625

605

681

550

662

676

674

574

5m

552

m

314

361

371

lnducuJ ~

1291 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1990 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1260 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

We. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

:=. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1W5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1964 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1883 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1982...................0. . . . .

WI ... ..,.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1880 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1976, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

213

216

203

137

1%?

166

161

175

172

166

187

581

w

528

513

491

m

3W 161

36e

3W

411

419

165

188

161

166

168

333

335

332

326

326

316

304

221

491

473

4m

460

384

433 176

183

153

257

261

210

555

445

383

543 153

110
Table 2, Eatlmatad nUmbW of Wa9n8ncIes by OUtCOmOof pregnancy, age, and race of woman: lhdted States, 1976 and 1980-91 -CrMl.

Age of woman

K-wyaala Raw

Under 1s-17 16-19 20-24 25-20 W34S5 -33 40 years All

Fkeghenq outcome and year Total 15yaara Total yaa?a yaare w yaera m yeare and ow White other

Fakd Ioaaeat Number In thoueands

1881 .a. .,da . . . . .. A*4. AA. *.. .# w 3 128 73 191 231 21!3 111 18 678 218

lW. ..4. .4. J’4 . . .. ’ *.4...... 3 128 E 73 192 24t 2ia KM f7 6#4 217

1868 . . . 4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 873 3 123 65 88 180 238 203 15 209

1988 . . 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640 3 117 83 188 233 194 E 14 R 199

1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 815 3 113 : 81 190 184 83 12 827 187

1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 113 51 62 184 226 i74 77 819 180

19W . . .. I d. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 785 3 li4 61 201 226 188 II 820 175

19M 4 ., . ., . . . +. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 t14 51 E 201 220 159 :: 0

1983 . 46 . +. +. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783 119

603 i 70

53 88 205 216 1s1 61 9 597 167

1982 . . 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 788 ; 125 55 213 217 i4ti M 9 602 187

1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 751 3 142 61 :: 178 218 148 53 9 193

1980 . . . .. 0. . . . .. <4........ . . . 746 149 65 84 i 60 214 140 51

:

0 h? 192

1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1s2 70 62 160 186 100 42 9 492 183

‘8puhwxwW lmaafromrMw@zedpmwmdaaefdlgaatahd padodsaaieinnted bYwonwnhthe1962and 192aNationa13urveyof FaMllyQPMIoonducM byth@hlienalCWtarfotHeekh 8tetiaUoe.Therete offetallossd8wndsMthe

dqtraetdWlohloeaeaatvwyEadygehlkmae+m~.

N071EOuetorounding,llgweemaynotaddtototda.
Tbblo3. E8unutuJprognancy ratosbyoulamloof pNfJmcyand agomldramofwomm Unttuistatoqlmandlwo-el

blwl,omwOmm’l hmtcifbd!3wPl

~~

Ill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12W . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1886 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1387 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wm. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..m. . . .

1385 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1384 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :..

1383 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1382 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1381 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

W80.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Livebirlim

1631 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1690 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1383 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1388 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1*. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

RR::::::::::::::::::::: :::

1683 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1382 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1681 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1380 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1978 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Illdlnxd abcdkm

1331 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...0 . . .

We. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . .

;= : : : : : : :: : : : : : :........ . . .

1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1386 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1685 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1884 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

w:::::::::::::::::::: ::::

1381 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1680 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

111.1

113.8

111.0

103.1

108.8

lm7

106.3

107.4

lm.o

110.1

110.5

111.9

102.7

:;

83.2

87.3

85.8

65.4

m.3

85.5

85.7

87.3

87.3

ea.4

85.0

:.:

a3.8

27.4

28.9

27.4

26.0

%

28.8

29.3

23.4

24.2

32

3.3

3.4

3.4

3.6

3.6

3.6

3.6

3.3

3.1

3.1

3.2

32

:::

1.4

1.3

1.3

1.3

12

1.2

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.2

1.4

1.5

H

1.8

2.0

2.0

2.0

;::

1.7

1.7

1.6

115.0

115.0

1132

103.4

104.6

104.7

lla9

105.8

107.2

107.8

1062

110.0

101.4

62.1

53.9

57.3

53.0

EO.6

50.2

51,0

50.6

51.4

62.4

&

37.6

40.3

42.0

43.5

41.8

42.3

43.5

42.9

43.2

42.7

42.9

42.7

34.3

74.6

76.5

75.4

74.0

2:

71.1

70.4

722

72.1

72.6

732

a.4

E

38.4

33.6

31.7

W.5

31.0

31.0

31.6

32.3

32.0

32.5

34.1

24.3

26.5

28.0

30.2

23.6

23.9

30.6

23.9

30.7

30.0

30.1

30.1

24.2

171.0

185.6

161.8

158.7

154.6

157.1

158.3

154.4

153.5

155.7

153.6

182.2

148.9

34.4

88.6

84.2

79.9

78.5

73.6

%

77.4

79.4

80.0

62.1

80.5

55.9

57.9

80.0

62.0

59.6

60.6

62.0

60.6

53.9

56.7

80.6

80.6

43.3

1%?.6

133.6

167.6

183.2

178.9

178.2

178.4

n7.2

177.6

182.4

lmo

183.5

188.1

115.7

116.5

113.6

1102

107.9

107.4

108.3

108.8

107.8

111.6

112.2

115.1

170.3

56.6

56.7

53.6

53.6

52.0

51.8

62.0

51.6

50.9

51.1

51.4

51.6

33.6

1742

178.8

171.9

187.9

163.6

161.6

183.0

tm2

lm.o

163.4

164.3

185.7

150.6

116.2

120.2

117.6

114.4

111.6

10.6

111.0

108.7

1W5

111.0

111.5

112.9

lLM.2

33.7

33.9

%

31.0

31.1

31.1

31.0

31.0

31.5

31.3

31.0

24.1

117.6

119.9

114.7

1112

107.7

105.0

103.7

101.1

38.4

97.3

::

82.2

73.5

W.6

77.4

74.8

72.1

70.1

83.1

67.0

64.9

84.1

61.4

61.9

63.6

19.1

19.7

18.6

18.4

16.2

16.0

17.9

17.9

17.8

17.8

17.7

17.2

15.0

53.1

53.1

50.1

47.6

45.1

42.4

41.8

40.1

33.0

37.6

E

35.3

F?

23.9

28.1

=.3

24.4

24.0

22.9

22.0

21.2

a).o

19.8

19.0

10.4

10.6

10.1

10.0

9.9

9.7

9.7

9.6

::

9.5

9.4

9.3

10.6

10.7

10.2

9.6

9.0

8.5

6.4

6.3

6.6

8.8

8.6

9.1

9.9

t:

5.3

5.0

4.6

4.2

4.1

4.0

4.0

4.1

4.0

4.1

4.5

3.0

3.2

3.0

3.0

2.9

2.8

2.9

2.9

;:

3.4

3.5

3.7

101.2

104.0

101.1

W.2

97.5

97.9

33.9

-.3

20.6

101.7

101.3

102.4

32.8

z:

68.4

64.5

83.3

63.1

64.1

83.2

63.4

64.8

84.8

&5.6

62.2

20.3

21.6

20.9

21.3

21.2

21.8

22.7

23.2

la;

24.3

24.4

18.8

155.7

158.7

167.6

156.3

152.0

iW.6

150.9

143.4

151.9

154.9

153.9

184.4

161.6

81.5

83.2

82.7

m).3

77.9

76.8

77.3

77.0

77.9

ML3

81.1

83.7

82.0

53.8

54.6

54.7

66.2

66.1

55.1

54.9

53.8

65.2

55.3

55.8

57.0

56.3
Table 3. Eatlmatad pragnancy rataa by outcome of pragnancy and age and rata of womam Unitad 6tateaj 1976 and 1960-91-Con.

~atea par 1,000 women in apwifiadgroup]

Ageofwonlan

15-19 yaam Rata

Undw 15-17 18-19 2W24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40 yeare All

Pragnanoyoutoomaand yaar TW1 15yeara2 Tots/ Y-r’s m w m yeara m end over3 write othar

Fatal Io2aas4

1391 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.2 0.4 15.4 11.5 20.7 2Q.3 223

1880 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.4 0.4

19.1

14.8

10.7 1.9

11.5

14.0

19.0

20.4

20.4

1833 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.0 0.4

22.7 19.4

14.0

10.6 1.9

11.1

14.2

17.7 20.1

20.8

22.2

1833 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.5 0.4

16.7

13.0

10.1 1.6

10.2

13.8

16.8 19.4

20.4

21.5

1837 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.1 0.4

18.1

12.4 9.6

9.4 1.7 13.4

16.5 19.0

19.8

21.0

1836 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.$ 0.4

f7.4

123

8.8 13.0

16.7

19.1

19.0

E

:::

1835 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.0 0.4

16.9

124

8.2 12.9

16.7 19.1 M’

127

1334 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.8 0.4

16.7 6.1

123

1.4

9.5 16.2

13.1

18.9

18.7

20.5 16.2

1333 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.6 0.3 12.5

7.7

9.7

1.4 12.9

16.2 19.0

18.6

20.4

1332 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.1 0.3

15.7

12.7

1.4 12.8

16.7 19.7

16.8

fi

1331 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.9 0.4

15.5

14.1 1:;

1.4 13.1

19.0 16.5

19.3

E:

1830 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.1 0.4

15.7

14.3

7.2 1.4

10.6 19.5

12.2

16,9 21.6

23.0

15.8

1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 0.4 14.4

1.5

11.1 19.1

12.4

16.2 20.5

23.7

13.6 E 1.6 11.8 23.3
Table 4. Estimat6d pragnancy, Ilve birth, and inducad abortion rat6s by marital status and racw United Stataa, 1930, lW, and 1091

[Ratespar 1,000 women aged 1(%4-4years in spaoiM group]

AnraMs L’nlita Ail other

Maritalstatusarrd maaaurs 198U 13W 1881 Kxm 18W 1-1 1980 19%3 1s91

Married

Allpragnanci@l . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126.9 121.9 117.6 124.4 120.7

Livebirth . : . . . . . . . . . . 97.0

116.1

3W

145.3 128.7 127.6

lndwxtabortkm. . . . . . . . ..-. ”~~. _~~~~~ ~.’.

68.9 97.5

10.5

84.1 90.6

8.8 8.4

33.5 6?.4 65.6

a.6 7.1 6.6 24.7 20.4 20.6

Unmarried

Allpragnanciesl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . !K).8 1(L3.6 128.3 66.9 61.0

Uvebitth . . . . . . . . . . . . 28.4 43.8

60.9 179.7 177.4 174.3

l-*tin . . . . . . . . ..-.” jJj VjJ~~~~.

45.2 18.1

54.4

32.9

49.8

34.6 75.2

47.8

78.7 76.6

47.4 41.3 39.1 82.7 77.7 75.8

‘l@* WwJ—@=wdk-Qrnfetdloss,lmrshfJwlaspaw&y
.

Table 5. Eatlmated number of pregnancies and pnsgnancy ratee, by outcome of pregnancy by age, raoe, and Hispanic origin of woman: United States, 1990 and 1991

Age

15-19 years

Pragnanoy outct3me Under 16-17 18-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-38

and raoe and Hispanic origin

40 yaars

Total 1 15years2 Total years years years ysats years yaars ad over3

Ncn-Hispsnic

Whiie

Nlh= . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

lnduusd e&A4:: ::::::::::::: :

FeWloasaa4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wdc

AM&w&i=. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

lnduoad at%cM:: ::::::::::::::

Fetdioasea+ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hispanics

All fm@wdas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

IAabiruls . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Induoadabcrucns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fetsllossa34, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ncn-Hlspsnic

white

All pragnsncias . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

IAebktha... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Inducadabcrticns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fat.silos3as4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8isck

Nlpregnarlcies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Livebirths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

hlducedabcrtions. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fatallcssas4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hispanics

Ali pregnancies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Livebirths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Inducedabcrtions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fatdlckssas4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1381

Numberinthcusands

318 1,007

171 637

103 264

43 107

3,864

2,635

774

8

3

4

1

483

164

172

:

32

114

63

40

12

71

41

;:

51.3

28.6

18.1

9.5

157.5

66.7

54.9

15.8

123.9

70.6

24.7

28.5

1,145

634

334

640

366 63

36

16

11

235

163 ?06

75 148 lti

1,344 14

6

7

1

272 156 439

66 216

61 176

10 45

320 202 61

37

23

15

15

6

?

3

143

101

22

160

119

41

260

170

:

154.7

112.7

22.0

20.0

232.3

116.3

!%

224.3

152.8

44.4

27.1

83

67

37

507

865

623

134

5

2

1

1

177

106

40

32

105 306

64 133

26 73

16 33

Rateparl,OWwmsn

130.8 151.4

70.5 35.7

42.6 33.6

17.7 16.0

297.9 337.2

153.1 166.1

115.7 126.4

19.1 34.7

149

100

26

22

64

39

13

12

91.8

61.0

17.9

12.9

:;

0.7

0.2

64.7

43.4

28.4

13.0

t07.6

77.9

12.9

16.6

47.3

30.2

:;

174.8

67.6

65.9

21.3

11.0

4.9

5.1

0.9

216.7

118.9

80.5

17.2

142.7

69.3

47.1

26.3

63.9

28.9

23.0

12.1

14.4

5.7

6.2

2.4

167.4

108.1

38.2

23.2

4.8

2.4

1::

160.2

106.7

40.4

33.1

281.3 265.6

166.5 136.3

63.0 66.1

33.8 31.2

74.6

44.9

15.5

14.4

19.8

11.1

5.2

3.6

143.9

86.1

27.1

20.7
Tabls & Ratlmatad numbar ot prsananolaaN@ pragnanoyM byoutoomaofpragnanoybyago,raw,md Hlspanh mlgln of woman: Wad SWaa, 1990 andMnWCork

*

16-79 Mafa

Numbw%kwamk

261 1m

Iao Ma

128 877

46 loa

104 422

M :VJ

66

lQ 4a

1227

MO

172

166

327

1L16

119

42

w

167

46

SO

wfte

lg.;

aO:4

224.9

llo.a

6a.4

@oee

222.4

16s.8

4s,6

27.1

aa7

646

111

122

362

227

60

n

8

3

s

1

622

2M

laa

77

m

160

lal

g

a2

Ila

62

:

66

w

14

1s

63.s

26.s

21.0

Q*4

166.0

64.9

67.7

1s.s

116!7

am

64a

26.6

m

201 78

26

22

15

1,046

674

607

164

14

6

;

oil

e4

97

lU

96

27

21

110.0

79.2

1s.7

17.1

lU.9

70.2

47,6

29.4

lg;

27:2

21,2

106

‘u

lgl 2E4

w

84 67

16 M

RBhlNrl,OmwOml

130.2 1645.7

We 97.9

46.6 4ta

ma 16.4

2234 M2.8

157.6 166.8

117.4 169.1

16.5 a4.6

81

26

12

12

167

26

66

60

47.4

20.9

7.9

9.6

::

2.4

1.5

96.6

66.6

IR6

164

E

o.a

0.6

67.6

42.6

aat

12.7

64.0

aa,a

22.6

11.9

14.5

6.a

6.4

R.4

11.4

6.0

6.4

0.6

216.s

116.2

M.6

ma

17T.@

m.o

67.0

R)l.o

76.2

4a.2

16.4

14.s

20.9

11.4

6.2

&7

lm.7

10Z:

a.o

170.3

1~

81:0

244!1 274.6

147.6 WA

66.8 W.4

67.0 M.a
Table 6. Estimated percent distribution of pregnancies by outcome of pregnancy, according to age, race, and Hlspanlc origin of womsn: United States, 1990 and 1991

Age

15-19 years

Pregnsncy outcome U* 15-17 16-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40 Varxtrscs snd Hispsnic origin Totsl 15 psrs T&l w m w m m w S ovsr

Norwispanic 1981

White:

Allpregnsncies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Livabirths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Indlrcsd ebcrwle. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fatellosses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Wck

All~cies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Lbstwrs..... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Induced aborlkms. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fetal lwses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

-’

AU&m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

lrldlHt S&&::::::::::::::: :

Fatelloseea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0

56.5

19.5

14.0

1W.o

%

14.3

lo4r.o

51.2

33.5

15.3

100,0

46.1

36,3

la.6

lm.o

55.1

34.9

10.1

100.0

57.0

20.0

23.0

l(m.o

43.4

33.1

17.5

100.0

63.7

36.6

9.6

100.0

56.4

20.8

22.6

100.0

53.9

32.5

13.5

1W.o

54.7

38.e

6.4

100.0

SO.7

24.1

15.2

lW.O

51.4

36.7

12.9

lW.O

53.7

40.0

S.3

1(no

60.5

24.4

15.2

100.0

SE

10.6

100.0

48.2

40.5

10.3

1W.o

72.9

14.2

12.9

100.0

50.1

37.1

126

100.0

72.4

12.0

15.6

100.0

33a

15.6

20.5

100.0

56.3

25.5

16.1

100.0

50.1

37.7

12.2

100.0

45.0

48.7

a.z

100.0

54.9

37.2

6.0

100.0

46.6

33.0

16.4

100.0

46.2

38.0

16.9

1W.o

40.0

43.3

16.7

100.0

64.6

21.6

13.6

100.0

60.5

29.1

20.4

lmo

59.2

22.4

la.4

lmo

65.2

23.8

10.9

1390

100.0

62a

ai.e

10.5

lm.o

ea.1

19.6

121

lmo

6S.6

16.6

14.4

100.0

%

19.3

100.0

S6.o

2S.0

16.0

NorFtrii

we

Nhg!y&s.......... . . . . . . . .

lndumdslMlkl&::::::: :::::::::

Fetallusses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

alecic

Ailpr’egnsnoiee. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Uvebirths . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..c. . . . .

Induoedsborhls. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fetslloeses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0

x

13.8

100.0

H

13.1

100.0

48.7

36.9

14.5

100.0

72.6

14.6

12.9

lW.O

50.6

36.6

12.9

Km).o

72.0

12.4

16.5

W9.o

83.1

le.6

20.3

100.0

z.:

17.7

100.0

50.1

37.7

12.2

1W.o

U.3

47.5

S.1

lrm.o

%

7.8

100.0

48.6

40.0

10.4

100.0

43.s

32.9

1s.4

100.0

z

1s.7

lm.o

38.6

43.8

16.5

Iiiipenic1

All pregnancies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Livebirthe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Inducedebortione. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fetelloeees . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

lp~oftiispgnkcfiginrngybeofmy-.

NOTESssedonunrwnded frequenoios.

100.0

64.9

21.2

f3.3

lW.O

63.4

25.0

21.6

100.0 100.0

66.9

23.1

11.0

100.0

63.7

19.2

12.2

100.0

67.0

18.6

14.5

100.0

60.1

20.5

19.4

lCKI.O

58.3

25.6

Ia.i

53.9

23.0

18.2
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 43, No, 11(S). May 25, 1995 ~ 21

Technicsl notes

Souroes of date

Live births-Beginning in 1985, all

live birth data are based on 100 pereent

of the births registered in the United

State% for 1976-84, birth data are based

on 100 pereent of the births in selected

States and on a 50-pereent sample of

births in all other States (5-8).

Induced aboti”ons-Abortion data

shown in this report are national estimates compiled by the Alan Guttmacher

Institute (AGI) from their surveys of all

known abortion providers, which are distributed by age and race according to

estimates prepared by the National Center

for Chronic Disease Prevention and

Health Promotion of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). The

CDC ~reent distributions have been

adjusted to remove the influenee of yearto-year changes in the States that report

to CDC (9). The numbers of abortions

published by CDC, which are obtained

from State health agencies, tend to be

lower than the numbers published by

AGI, which are obtained by direet surveys of abortion providers (49). For

example, the total number of abortions

reported by CDC was about 14 pereent

lower in 1988 and about 11 pereent lower

in 1992 than reported by AGI (10,11).

It appears that the dMerential

between the total counts reported by AGI

and CDC has deelined in recent yeara.

Based on an analysis of changes in the

data sets, it appears that the trend in the

CDC data has been affected by better

reporting in most of the States. In addition, because abortion services are

increasingly concentrated among specialized abortion clinics and there are fewer

total providers, the data may be more

complete.

Estimates of the number of abortions

performed in the United States in 1989

and 1990 were made by interpolation

between AGI’s 1988 and 1991 totals,

beeause AGI did not conduct surveys in

1989-90. The method of interpolation

took into account trends in the number of

abortions reported by CDC for 1989 and

1990 (10,50,51). The CDC totals that

were used excluded States with inconsistent reporting in comparison with AGI’s

State totals for the years 1985, 1987, and

1988. For each of these years for each

State, the percentage difference between

the CDC totrd and the AGI total was

calculated. If the difference varied by

more than 10 percentage points, the State

was omitted. Sixteen States were omitted

from the ealeulationa on the basis of this

criterion, In additio~ California was

omitted because the CDC numbem are

estimates rather than actual counts. Kentucky and Maine were included in spite

of inecmsistent past reporting because

they had made major improvements in

their reporting systems, making their data

relatively reliable.

For the 4 years, 1988-91, the consistent States in the CDC data and AGI data

were each summed and compared. From

these total% U.S. estimates for 1989 were

calculated in two way= the ratio of the

CDC total for 1989 to that for 1988 was

multiplied by the AGI 1988 tot~ and the

ratio of the CDC total for 1989 to that for

1991 was multiplied by the AGI 1991

totrd. The final estimate for 1989 is the

weighted average of these two estimat+

the weights being two-thirds of the fit

estimate and one-third for the second.

The estimate for 1990 was similar but the

weighta were reversed, with the estimate

based on 1988 weighted one-third, and

that baaed on 1991 weighted hvo-thirds.

National estimates of induced abortions by marital status and race for 1980

have been published (26). Bstimates for

1990 are baaed on abortion data for 34

States and New York City, and for 1991,

based on abortion data for 36 Stat- the

District of Columbia, and New York City

(12$0), adjusted to U.S. totals compiled

by the Alan Guttmacher Institute.

Fetal loss~hformation on fetal

losses is based on the 1982 and 1988

National Survey of Family Growth

(NSFG). In this report, the proportion of

pregnancies (excluding induced abortions) ending in fetal loss in the 5 years

preeeding the two surveys are used. To

increase the reliability of the estimates by

age and race, the proportions of pregnancies ending in fetal loss for both survey

years were averaged and used for

1982-88. Although the number of fetal

losses by age were reported in the 1990

NSFG Telephone Reintewiew, the numbers were too small to make reliable

estimates of fetal loss rates by age and

race. Therefore, the average of the 1982

and 1988 proportions were also used for

1989-92. Fetrd losses for years prior to

1982 were based on the 1982 NSFG.

NSFG &ta on fetal losses, rather

than registration da@ have been used in

this report because registration data are

generally limited to losses occurring at

gestations of 20 weeks or more, whereas

NSFG data include all gestations. When

NSFG data and registration data on late

fetal deatha are compared, the numbers

are generally similar in both data sets.

Population denominators

The numbers of women by age, race,

and Hispanic origin used to compute

rates are revised estimates which are consistent with 1990 census levels. These

revised populations have been published

in the U.S. Bureau of the Census reports

(22,23). Populations by marital status are

those prepared by the Division of Vital

Statistics to produce birth rates by marital

StStUS (52.)

Race and Hispanic origin

SoIUCesof data-Birth data by Hispanic origin are based on information

reported on the birth certificates of 48

States and the District of Columbia in

1990 and 49 States and the District of

Columbia in 1991. Hispanic origin was

not reported by New Hampshire and

Oklahoma in 1990 and not reported by

New Hampshire in 1991. In eahxdating

rates, it is assumed that there were no

Hispanic birtha in New Hampshire in

1990 and 1991. Rates for 1990 by Hispanic origin in this report include an

estimate for Hispanic births to Oklahoma

reaidenta, which assumes proportionately

the same level of Hispanic births by age

in 1990 as were reported in 1991, when

this information beeame available.

Births for white non-Hispanic

women in 1991 include all white births in

New Hampshire, and births for black

non-Hispanic women include all black

births in New Hampshire. In computing

rates, births for white and black nonHispanic women also include all white

and black births with origin not stated in

the total reporting area (1 percent).

The estimates of the number of abortions for Hispanic women in 1990 and

1991 were based on the proportions

reported by CDC, with the denominator
z?~ Monthly Vital Stati#[cs Report ● Vol. 43, No. 1I(S) ● May 25, 1995 ~_

adjusted to excIude abortions with race

aud Hispanic origin not reported (12,50).

The resulting proportion Hispanic,

lZl percent in 1990 and 13.5 pereent in

1991, was then applied to the total

number of abortions as estimatedby AGI

for each year. This procedure assumes

thatthe 22 States reporting abortion data

by Hispanic origin are representative of

the. U.S. population- Support for this

assumption may be found in the birth

dam which show that among the 22

States reporting Hispanic abortion dam

the pmportiorr of Iive births to Hispanic

mothers in 1990, 14.7 percen~ was identical to the proportion of births to Hispanic womerr in alI the 48 States and the

District of Columbia that reported HispSIliC O@iIt (6~0).

Fetal Ioss estimates for Hispanic

women are based orI data reported far

white women in the 1982 and 1988

NSFG.

Interpretation of data by race and

Hispanic origin-Data are shown by age

and race in the tabIes and figures for

several reasons. FirsL NCHS is frequently asked to provide data separately

for important subgroups of the popuiatio% inchding race and Hispanic origin.

Seeond, race is also associated with a

number of indicators of soeiai and ecommic status. Direct measures of pregMIICy and abortion rates by

sacioeconom-c status(e.g., education and

income) would be very helpiid, but they

are not avaiIabIe for a sufilcient number

of States. The foiimving data show the

pereent of persons living in houaehcdds

with rncomes below the poverty Icvei

(16}

lWte Black Ft@mic

1973 . . . . . . . . . . . 31.4 21.9

i9a9 . . . . . . . . . . . 1;: Sor 2s.2

Thus, during the time period covered by

this repo~ black and Hispa-c persons

had higher rates of poverty than white

persons (16). Similarly, unemployment

rates for black persons were higher, bath

cmraII and at each Ievei of educatiorq

than fir white persons (17). The median

income of white f%uniliesm WW was

shout $36,000, compmd with $20,200

for bIack fianiEes-and ~,400 fir Hispanic &ulEes(D,lXJ. IiIsiio~black and

EEspardc women have much Iower

average incomes and are much more

likely to live in poverty than white

women. In addition, bIack persons under

age 65 years are less likely to have

private health insurance, much more

likely to rely on Medicaid for health

insurance, and more likely to have no

coverage at all, than white persons. This

was true in 1980, 1984, and 1989 (19).

Thus, differences among white, bIaciq

and Hispanic women in pregnancy e~-

rience are most likely due to the lower

ir6wme and educational IeveIs of

minority wome% their limited access to

health care and health inauranee, the

cmrmmities in which they live, and

other tiwtors (4548). Direct measures of

soeioezanomic status such as edueatio%

income, or occupation should be incorporated into the analysis, but national abortion and birth data are not avaiiaide by

any of these indicators (edueation of parents was avaiiabIe from birth cmlificates

far mo~ but nat W States) (6ZO).

Educationalattainment

Birth data by educational attainment

of the mother has been available for 47

States and the District of Columbia m

most of the study years. Data were mt

avaiiabIe for CaMorn& Texas, and

Washington in 1980-8Z for California

Texas, New York State (exclusive of New

York City), and Washington in 1.98X and

for New York State (exclusive of New

York City) and Wmhington in 1989-91.

Bwause population statistics for these

changing reporting areas have not been

available each year, it has only been

pessibIe to compute birth rates by educational attainmentfor 1980 and 1985 (20).

Beginning with the 1992 data year, ail

States are reporting mother’s educational

attainmenton the birth C-ertifleate-It will

therefore be possiiie tu cmmpute birth

rates by educational attainmentannualIy.

Abortion statistics by educational

attainmenthave been compiIed for only a

few States (53), representing approximately one quarter of U.S. abortions.

Therefore, national estimatesof abortions

by educational attainment of tie waman

czmnotbe computed.

t%grmncias,live birkhs,and

aimfions parwoman

The estimates of the number of iifetirnepregnancies, live birtha,and induced

abortians per woman shown in this report

were computed by summing the 1991

age+peeiiic rates far each outeamc, each

multiplied by 5, and dividing the result

by 1,000. The figure for live births per

womm therefore, is equivalent ta the

total fertility rate @FR), a hypathetieai

measure, which indicates how many

births a woman would have if she experienced throughouther childbearing yeara

the set af age-specific birth rates

observed in a given eidendar year (5-8).

Thus, the 1991 total pregnancy rate

(TPR) is the number of pregnancies a

woman would have if the 1991 pregnaney rates continuem the total abortion

rate (’EAR) is the number of abortiana a

woman would have if the 1991 abortian

rates cantirmed. The TPR is the sum of

the ‘IF& the w and the TFLR (total

fAaI 10ss rate). The TFLR is nat ishown

separately.

UnwantedprOgnancy

In the NSFG, a pregnancy is lciaasified as unwanted if a woman answered

“no” to the foiiowing question:

“At the time you became pregnant

with (BABY’s NAME), did yau yourself

actutiy want to have a(nother) baby at

some time?” For example, if she already

had two chiidrq and did nat want any

more, but became pregnantwith her third

baby, the pregnancy ending in her third

birth would be reported and cktasified as

‘%nwanted.” Additional details are pravided in other reporta (39, 43).

Contmoptive feiiure

In theNSFG, a contraceptive “failure” is a pregnancy that the wornsn did

not intend to have atthe time she became

pregnan~ which aceurred in a molnth in

which she or her partner was using a

contraceptive method. A ‘%iiare’r may

beafhihneo fthemethadi tsdfisuchasa

condom breaking or a spemrdcide not

workin~ or, more cmnmo’idy, a fiiiure to

use the method at each aet of intermmrse

(such as usfig a condom or diapbra~ at

some but not every act of iittereaurse,or

not takihg an oral cantraeeptfie each day

it shotdd be taken), or incorreet use. TMs

measureaf cantramptive effeeti-veneas,or

“efiicaey, “ is tied %se-effectiveness”

in the literature(27).
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 43, No, 11(S) ● May 25, 1995 ~ 23

Sexual experience

In this report, a woman is referred to

as “sexually experienced” if she reports

that she has ever had sexual intercourse.

Data on sexual experience can be tabulated and reported any of several ways

1.

2.

3.

Sometimes only premarital sexual

intercourse is counted (37), but in this

report, any sexual intercourse is

counted, whether it was premarital or

not.

Sometimes only never-married

women are studie~ this report uses all

women. “

Data may be tabulated as sexual intercourse by “exact age x,” such as

intercourse before the 15th birthday,

before the 16th birthday, etc. Figures

like this were published in a previous

report (37).

This report shows any sexual intercourse, among all wome~ by the date of

interview, from the 1982, 1988, and 1990

NSFG surveys. This is an appropriate

measure for calculating pregnancy rates.

The other measures may be appropriate

for more specialized analyses.

The 1980, 1988, and 1991 pregnancy

rates for sexually experienced teenagers

were estimates, derived in the following

way The 1980 pregnancy rates used

1982 NSFG data on sexual activity

because no NSFG was done in 1980.

Ratea for 1991 for all races combined use

1990 NSFG data. The 1991 rates by race

and origin used 1988 data on sexual

activity because 1990 sample size and

response rates for Hispanic and black

teenage women were too low to compute

reliable rates. For example, there were

only 58 Hispanic teenagers in the 1990

sample, compared with 122 in 1988. In

1990 there were 211 black teenagers in

the sample, compared with 375 in 1988.

To summarize, the sampling errors were

judged too large, the response rates too

low, and the potential for nonresponse

bias were too large in the 1990 sample

for Hispanic and black teenagers, to calculate reliable pregnancy rates for sexually experienced Hispanic and black

teenagers. Therefore, 1988 data were

used. If 1990 data had been used, however, the estimated pregnancy rates for

1991 per 1,000 sexually experienced

teenagem would be as follows:

Ratas bawd Ratas based

Onlswdata Onwwdata

Non-liiapanio whte . . 161 ;:

Non-Hispanic black . . 357

Hispanic . . . . . . . . . 379 465

The results for non-Hispanic white teenagers would be virtually identical. For

non-Hispanic black teenagers, however,

the rate would be somewhat lower using

1990 data (311 compared with 357), but

still much higher than the white rate. For

Hispanic teenagers, the rate would be

higher still (465 compared with 379), but

would have an unacceptably large sampling error. Additionally, the rates for

both Hispanic and black teenagers would

have large potentials for uncorrectable

response bias. Thus, the rates shown in

the text use the more reliable 1988 data to

calculate the pregnancy rates for sexually

experienced teenagers.
24 ~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 43, No. 11(S) ● May 25, 1995 ~

Suggcetcd citation

Ventura SJ, Taffel SM, Mosher WD, et. al.

Trends in pregnancies and pregnancy ratew

Estimates for the United States, 1980-92.

Monthly vital atatletios repo~ VOI43 no 11,

supp. Hyattaville, Maryland: National Center

for Health Statistioa. 1995.

.—

NeUonal Center for Health Statletics

Acting Direotor

Jack R. Anderson

Acting Deputy Direotor

Jennifer H. Madans, Ph.D.

Copyright Information Associate Director for

All material appearing in this report is in the Vital and Heatth Statistics Systems

pubiic domain and maybe reproduced or Peter L. Huriey

copied without permission; citation as to

eource, however, is appreciated. Division of Vital Stetietice

Acting Director

Mary Anne Freedman
Vol. 41, No. 6, Supplement ● November 16, 1992

Monthly Vital

Statistics Report

Final Data From the CENTERS FOR DISEASE CONTROL/National Center for Health StatWlcs

Trends in Pregnancies and Pregnancy Rates,

Unit@ StiiWs, 1980-88

by Stephanie J. Ventura, A.M.; Selma M. Ta

~a

.,“w D. Mosher, Ph.D., Divisionof Vital Statistics;

and Stanley Hensha~, Ph.D., uttmacher Institute

Contents

lntroducti~n. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1

Sources and methods. ,, . . . . 1

Trends,,..., . . . . . . . . . . . ...2

Rates in 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . ...3

Outcomes ln 1988..,...,,., 3

Discussiono,, . . . . . . . . . . . ...4

References . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...5

Llstoftables,, . . . . . . . . . . ...6

Introduction

Detailed national data on the

number of live births and live birth

rates, based on information derived

from live birth certificates, are published annually by the National Center

for Health Statistics (NCHS). Although

there is a growing interest in the total

number of pregnancies and pregnancy

rates in the United States, these data

are not as readily available because of

the difficultyin assembling timely data

for the remaining two types of

pregnancy outcome, abortions and fetal

losses.

This is the third in a series of

reports that estimates the number of

pregnancies and pregnancy rates by

age and race of woman based on the

latest available information. The first

of these studies covered the period

1976-81 (l), and the second, 1976-

85 (2). Although data on pregnancies

and pregnaney rates for 1976-88 are

shown in this report, information for

the period 1976-79 is included mainly

for historical reference. The focus of

the present analysis is on changes in

the overalI number and rate of pregnancies and its eomponenta during the

1980’s,and on differences for the year

1988 by mother’s age and race. The

most recent year covered is 1988

because comparable data on induced

abortion are not available for 1989.

Sources and methods ●

Estimates of the number of pregnancies and pregnancy rates in this

article are the composite of the three

outcomes of pregnancy-live birth,

induced abortion, and fetal loss.

. The source of data for live births is

the statistics of registered births

published annually by NCHS (3).

. Data on induced abortions for

1976-88 are derived from published reports by the Alan Guttmacher Institute (AGI) (4). The AGI

estimates the national number of

abortions from surveys it conducts

of all known abortion providers.

However, the number of induced

abortions by mother’s age and race

is not available from these surveys.

The AGI calculates these numbers

by applying information on the

characteristics of women having

abortions to its national estimates.

The data on characteristics of

patients having abortions are collected by the National Center for

Chronic Disease Prevention and

Health Promotion from most State

health departments (for example,

40 States, the District of Columbia,

and New York City reported

patients’ ages in 1988) (5).

Information for the fetal loss component is based on the 1982 and

the 1988National Surveyof Family

Growth (NSFG) conducted by

NCHS (6,7). National samples of

women 15-44 years of age were

asked to report the dates and outcomes of each of their pregnancies, including spontaneous fetal

losses from recognized pregnancies, In this report, the proportion

of pregnancies ending in fetal loss

in the 5 years preceding the surveys are used. To increase the

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMANSERVICES

Public Health Service

Centers for Disease Control

National Center for Health Statistics

CENTERS CDC FOR DISEASE CONTROL
z~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 41, No. 6, Supplement ● November 16, 1992 ~

reliability of the estimates by age and

race, the proportions of pregnancies

ending in fetal loss for both survey

years were averaged and used for

1982-88. Fetal losses for years before

1982 were based on the 1982 NSFG.

The rate of fetal loss is highest in

the early weeks of gestation, and most

fetal losses occur in the first few months

(8). Registration data on fetal deaths

are generally limited to gestations of

20 weeks or more, so most fetal losses

are not included. NSFG data, on the

other hand, include all gestations.

Therefore, the NSFG data are used to

obtain a more complete count of fetal

losses of recognized pregnancies. When

NSFG and registration data on late

fetal deaths are compared, the numbers are generally similar in both data

sets.

As in previous years, pregnancy

estimates by race are shown for white

women and women of all other races

combined because of the lack of separate information on induced abortion

for black women. The proportion of

live births of “all other races” that

were black was 85.7 percent in 1976

and decreased to 77.8 percent in 1988,

reflecting a growing proportion of

Native American and Asian and Pacific

Islander births. The corresponding proportions for induced abortions are

unknown.

To match previously published

reports on live births, the racial designation for live births is that of the child

rather than of the woman; however, in

this report the term woman rather than

child is used. For approximately 97 percent of births occurring during this

period, the race of the woman and the

child is the same.

Data shown by age of woman refer

to the age at outcome rather than age

at conception, as has been done in

other ttudies of abortion rates (4).

The denominators of the rates presented here (numbers of women by

age and race) were obtained from published reports of the U.S. Bureau of

the Census (9,10).

Data are shown by age and race in

the tables and figures. This does not

imply that differences shown are racial

or genetic per se. Differences between

white women and women of other races

are often due to the lower income and

educational levels of minority women,

their limited access to health care and

health insurance, the neighborhoods in

which they live, and other factors, The

causes of these differences merit further investigation in future research.

Although educational attainment

in particular is a very reliable measure

of socioeconomic status, especially in

interpreting fertility differentials, such

data are only available for live births

and fetal losses. Moreover, birth rates

by educational attainment cannot be

computed for each year because the

population denominators needed for

the rates are not available for most

years. The numerators needed to compute the abortion rates – the numbers

of abortions by educational attainment

of the patient – were only available for

11 States and New York City in 1988

(5). These deficiencies mean that it is

not possible to compute national abortion rates by educational attainment.

A similar lack of data also prevents the

computation of pregnancy rates by

income, occupation, or other socioeconomic indicators.

Trends

There were an estimated 6,341,000

pregnancies in 1988, the highest

number reported since national estimates were first prepared in 1976

(tables 1,2). The total number of pregnancies in 1988 was 7 percent higher

than in 1980 (5,913,000) and 27 percent higher than in 1976, Pregnancy

rates reported in 1988, however, were

very similar to rates reported in 1980.

The number of pregnancies increased

because the number of women in the

childbearing ages continued to grow

during the 1980’s (table 1), Much of

the 10-percent increase in the number

of women aged 15-44 can be attributed to the baby-boom generation;

these women were born in 1946-64

and were aged 16-34 years in 1980 and

24-42 years in 1988.

The overall pregnancy rate in 1988

was 109.0 pregnancies per 1,000 women

aged 15-44 years compared with 111,9

in 1980. During the early 1980’s,

however, the rate declined by 5 percent, falling to 106.6 in 1986 lbefore

increasing to 109,0 in 1988 (table 1).

All components of pregnancy rates (live

births, induced abortions, and fetal

losses) changed in a similar pattern,

Between 1976 and 1980, pregnaney

rates had risen 9 percent, with most of

the rise associated with the 21-percent

increase in the induced abortion rate.

Birth and fetal loss rates each rose by

5 percent between 1976 and 1980,

Age –Until the mid-1980’s, pregnaney rates generally fell in each age

group for women 15–29 years of age,

and then increased through 1988. Rates

rose for each age group for women

30-39 years during the 1980’s (table 3).

The rate for women aged 35-39 years

increased sharply—by 30 percent

between 1980 and 1988.

The patterns of change differed

considerably by age for birth rates and

abortion rates. The live birth rates for

teenagers declined slightly during the

early 1980’s and rose back to their

1980 levels by 1988. Most of the

1986-88 increase was for younger teens,

aged 15–17: their birth rate rose

10 percent from 1986 to 1988. The rise

in teen birth rates continued in 1989 by

an additional 6 to 8 percent (11).

The only age group showing sustained increases in birth rates

throughout the 1980’s has been for

women in their thirties. Birth rates

rose by 19 percent for women aged

30–34 years and by 41 percent for

women aged 35–39 years between~ 1980

and 1988 (table 3). Much of this

increase is associated with the ongoing

tendency for childless women in their

thirties to begin making up for their

previously postponed childbearing (12).

Induced abortion rates for women

aged 18-19, 20-24, and 30-39 years

increased about 5 percent from 1980

to 1988; the rate for women in their

late twenties also increased, but the

change was small – only 2.5 percent.

The small increase in the abortion rates

in most age groups in the 1980’s may

be linked to the trend toward postponed marriage in the 1980’s (13),

because unmarried women have

substantially higher abortion rates than

married women (4),
~ Monthly Viii Statktics Report o VOL41, No. 6, Supplement o November 16, 1!392 ~ 3

Despite the smaII increases in the

abortion rates for most age groups, the

overall abortion rate was aImost 7 percent Iower in 1988 than in 1980 (27.4

compared with 29.3). This decrease is

due IargeIy to the changing age distribution of women within the childbearing ages during the 1980’s; the

proportion of women aged 30-44 years

increased by almost 20 percent from

1980 to 1988, with a comparable decline

measured in the proportion of teenagers and women in their earIy twenties. Abortion rates are much Iower for

women 30 years and oIder than for

younger women (tabIe 3).

Race-The rate of induced abortions for white women feII 13 percent

between 1980 and 1988 (tabIe 3). In

contrast, the induced abortion rate for

aII other women changed very IittIe

aver the entire perio~ the rate in 1988

was nearly identieal to the rate in 1980.

The live birth rate for white women

changed little during the 1980’s, but

the rate for alI other women decIined

6 percent between 1980 and 1986 and

then rose by 5 percent horn 1986 to

1988 (table 3).

Rates in 1988

Thc pregnancy rate for women

aged 2&24 years has been consistently

higher than the rate for any other age

group (table 3). The rate in 1988 was

185 pregnancies per 1,000 women aged

20-24 years. In other words, 18.5 percent or nearly one of every five women

aged 20-24 years had a pregnancy that

ended in 1988. The rates for women

aged 18-19 and 25-29 years were nearly

as high as the rates for women aged

20-24 years and were simik 162 and

167, respectively. The pregnancy rate

for women aged 30-34 years was 110

per thousand, meaning that about

11 percent had a pregnancy ending in

1988. Pregnancy rates at ages beIow 18

and at 35 years of age and over were

substantially Iower, ranging from 3 to

74 per 1,000 (tabIe 3).

WhiIe Iive birth rates were highest

for women in their twenties (112-113

per 1,000 in 1988), induced abortion

rates were highest for women aged

18-19 years (64 per 1,000) and 20-24

years (54 per 1,000). The rate fir fktaI

losses was highest for women aged

25-29 years (22 per 1,000 in 1988),

with rates m 1988 for women aged

18–24 and 30-34 years ranging from 17

to 20.

Racial differences-For each age

group, Iive birth, induced abortion, and

fetaI Ioss rates were higher for aII other

women than for white women (tabIe 4).

The major source of the raeiaI disparity in pregnancy rates for women 20

years of age and aver is in the rates for

induced abortion (tabk 4 and figure 1). For women under 20 years of

agq rates for Iive births and induced

abortions were substantially higher for

aII ot.herwomen than for white womem

The induced abortion rates for ti ather

women were two to five times the rates

for white wo”men in the same age

groups.

Outcomes in 1988

The distribution of pregnancies by

outcome of pregnancy was very stabk

25 pereent in induced abortions, and

13 percent in fetaI Iosses (table 5).

Age–In 1988, about tvm-thirds of

pregnancies to women aged 25-34

ended in live births, 17–19 percent

ended in irrdueed abarticms, and

13-16 percent ended in fetaI Iosses.

Among pregnancies to women aged

20-24 and 3S39, abaut 60 percent

ended in live births (table 5 and

figure 2).

About hzdf (52 percent) of pregnancies to women in their forties ended

in Iive births, with 31 percent ending

in induced abortions. Pregnamies to

teenagers were Ieast IikeIy to end with

Iive births, 39 pereent for teenagers

under 15years and 48 percent fir teenagers aged 15-19. Half af pregnancies

ta teens under age 15 and 40 percent

of pregnancies to women lS19 years

of age ended m induced abortions.

The propart.ion af pregnamies ending

in fet.d Iasses ranged between 10 and

13 pereent for women under 30 years

of age and from 16 to 20 percent for

in the 1980’s. In 1988, 62 percent of oIder women.

pregnancies ended in live births,

tm

2a

a

Fksdwssm

■ whnsmulaer

N

LiwItifme M- aorb?e mlmees

Figure 1. Estimated rsles of We births, induced *rtIans, d fsIaI 10ssss, ty mc=

UnitedStaCss,1988
4~ Monthly vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 41, No. 6, Supplement ● November 16, 1992-

100 -

m

Uva bti

SfJ

1

I

40)

MJced Skoruom

20

P@ilbeses

o~ , , * m ,

1.5-19 ZO-24 2s-23 W-24

than 15

2s39 40U’

more

Age ill years

Figure 2. Percent of pregnancies ending as live births, induced abortions, or fetal losses,

by age of woman: United States, 1988

Race–As shown in table 5 the distribution of pregnancy outcomes differs

substantially by race of the woman.

Pregnancies to white women were generally less likely to end in induced

abortions than those to women of other

races (22 percent compared with

34 percent).

Anong pregnancies to teenagers,

the proportions ending in induced abortions were nearly identical for white

and all other women. But the abortion

rate (table 4) for teenagers of all other

races was at least double the rate for

white teenagers, because more teens

of all other races became pregnant.

For women 20 years of age and over,

the proportion of pregnancies to all

other women ending in induced abortion was substantially higher than for

white women in each age group

(table 5),

Discussion

Trends – Between 1980 and 1988,

very little change occurred in pregnancy rates in the age groups 15 to 29

years. These rates dipped slightly

between 1980 and 1986 and increased

back to their 1980 levels by 1988.

Trends in pregnancy for women under

30 years of age are important, because

in 1988 these women accounted for

73 percent of all pregnancies and

71 percent of all live births in the

United States.

The trend towards delayed childbearing that began in the 1970’s continued in the 1980’s, as reflected in

rates for women aged 30 and older.

Between 1980 and 1988, birth rates

increased 19 percent at ages 30-34 and

41 percent at ages 35–39, because more

women were still childless at those

ages. For example, among women

reaching age 35 by the end of 1988,

21 percent had not had any children

compared with 15 percent of women

aged 35 in 1980, according to vital

statistics data (14,15), Births at age 35

and over accounted for less than 5 percent of all births in 1980, but this had

risen to 8 percent by 1988. Compared

with younger women, women aged 35

and over are exposed to elevated risks

of infertility, pregnancy loss, and

cesarean delivery (16–1 8); however,

these risks did not deter increasing

numbers of women from bearing children at those ages in the 1980’s.

Throughout the 1980’s, American

women relied primarily on the more

effective methods of contraception.

Contraceptive use at the younger ages

was dominated by the pill and the

condom and at the older ages, by

female and male sterilization (19),

However, the l-year contraceptive

failure rate in 1984-87 (the percent

with an unintended pregnancy tiuring

the first year of use) was

14 percent –26 percent for teenagers,

18 percent for women 20-24 years,

13 percent for women 25-29 years, and

10 percent for women 30 and over

(20). In addition, about 7 percent of

all women aged 15-44 were exposed to

the risk of pregnancy and were not

using a method in 1982 and

1988 – about 4 million women at any

given time for both years (19).

Race –The differences in pregnancy rates between white and all other

races (table 4) are substantial Overall,

the rate is 97 for white women and 167

for all others, a difference of about 70

per 1,000 women per year. This mfiects

a number of factors.

First, despite some convergence in

recent years, black women are still

more likely to begin intercourse at

younger ages than are white women

(21,22). Second, although 70 percent

of white women used a contraceptive

method at first intercourse in 1983-88,

only 58 percent of black women, used

a method (23). Third, black women are

about twice as likely to be having intercourse and not using a method as white

women (19). Fourth, even during contraceptive use, black women have a

contraceptive failure rate that is onethird higher than that for white women

(20). These factors, as well as the fact

that the proportion of births that are

unwanted is more than twice as high

among black women ‘as among white

women (24), may help to explain the

higher live birth, abortion, and fetal

loss rates of “all other” women. These

differences in contraceptive use and

efficacy, in turn, may be related lto the

lower education and income levels of

minority women, their limited access

to health care and health insurance,

the neighborhoods in which they live,

and other factors.

Teenagepregnancy –The number of

teenage pregnancies declined about

14 percent between 1980 and 1988

(table 2) as the number of teenagers
~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 41, No. 6, Supplement ● November 16, 1992 ~

began to shrink. Women who were

teenagers in the late 1980’s were born

during the early 1970’s, after the baby

boom and during a period when birth

rates dropped to historic low levels.

However, the rate of teenage pregnancies was about 11 percent (110 per

1,000) in 1980 and 1988 (table 3),

despite a sharp increase in sexual

activity among white teenagers. A

recent study ,showed the proportion of

white teenagers 15–19 years who had

premarital intercourse rose from

41 percent in 1980 to 51 percent in

1988 (21). (Ninety-five percent of teenaged women have never been married.) Among black teenage women

15–19 years, the proportions who had

premarital intercourse were 58 percent in 1980 and 59 percent in

1988 – no significant change. Because

most teenaged women have never been

married, the pregnancy rate for sexually experienced women aged 15–19

years in 1980 and 1988 can be estimated by dividing the pregnancy rate

by the proportion who have ever had

premarital intercourse:

Percent of Estimated

women pK.&legpr7&y

aged

Pregnancy 15-19 1,000

rate sexual/y

per 1,000 w{~~er experienced

women women

aged preey”:el aged

Race and 1s-19 15-19

year years intercourse years

All races:

1980. . . 110.0 42.0 262

1988 . . . 110.8 51.5 215

White:

1980 . . . 95.8 41.4 231

1988 . . . 93.4 50.6 185

All other:

1980 . . . 181.3 58.1 312

1988. . . 184.3 58.8 313

The overall pregnancy rate for

white teenagers fell just 2 percent (2.4

per 1,000), but the pregnancy rate per

1,000 sexuaIIy experienced white teens

fell 20 percent –from 231 to 185. In

other words, sexually experienced white

teens were less likely to become pregnant in 1988 than in 1980, but a higher

proportion of teens were sexually experienced, so the overaIl pregnaney rate

staved about the same.

The decline in the pregnaney rate

among sexually experienced white teenagers may be related to their sharp

increase in condom use at first intercourse in the 1980’s: the proportion

using a condom at first intercourse

increased from 28 percent in 1980-82

to 45 percent in 1983–88 (23). This

increase in condom use at first intercourse may in turn be related to human

immunodeficiency virus infection education efforts. It is not a resuIt of

increased use of family planning services, because the rate of use of family

planning services by white teenagers in

the 1980’s was unchanged (25).

In contrast, the proportion of black

teens who had had premarital intercourse remained at about 58 percent

in 1980 and 1988. Their use of condoms at first premarital intercourse

did not change significantly: about

30 percent in 1980-82 and 1983-88

(23), As a result, the pregnaney rate

for aII other women remained fairIy

constant in the 1980’s.

There was very little difference in

the pregnancy rates among teenagers

of all other races in 1988 compared

with 1980, either overall or among the

sexually experienced. However, in 1988,

the pregnancy rate for sexually experienced teenagers of all other races was

313 per 1,000, or about 1 in 3. This was

about 70 percent higher than the rate

for sexually experienced white teenagers, which was about 1 in 5.

References

1.

2.

3.

4.

Ventura SJ, Taffel S, Mosher WD.

Estimates of pregnancies and pregnancy rates for the United States,

1976-81. Public Health Rep

100(1):31–34.1985.

Ventura SJ, Taffel SM, Mosher

WD. Estimates of pregnancies and

pregnancy rates for the United

States, 1976-85. Am J Public Health

78(5):506-11. 1988.

National Center for Health Statistics. Vital statistics of the United

States, VOII, natality. Washington

Public Health Service. Annual

issues, 1976-88.

Henshaw SK, Van Vort J, eds.

Abortion factbook, 1992 edition:

Readings, trends, and State and

local data to 1988.The Alan Guttmacher Institute. 1992.

5.

6.

7.

8.

9.

10!

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

16.

Koonin LM, Kochanek KD, Smith

JC, Ramick M. Abortion surveillance, United States, 1988.Centers

for Disease Control. CDC SuweilIance Summaries, July 1991,

MMWR 1991;40(N0. SS-2): 1542.

Judkins DR, Mosher WD, Botman

S. National Survey of Family

Growth: Design, estimation, and

inference. National Center for

Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat

2(109). 1991.

Pratt WF, Mosher WD, Bachrach

CA, Horn MC. Understanding U.S.

fertili~ Findings from the National

Sumey of Family Growth, Qcle III.

Popd Bull 39(5). 1984.

Leridon H. (Helzner JF, transl).

Intrauterine mortality. In: Human

fertility:The basic components. Chicago: UniversiV of Chicago Press.

1977.

US. Bureau of the Census, Estimates of the population of the

United States, by age, sex, and race.

Current population report$ series

P-25, nos 917, 929, 949, 965, 985,

1000, 1022.Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. 1982-87.

U.S. Bureau of the Census. United

States population estimates, by age,

sex, race, and Hispanic origin: 1980

to 1988.Current population reports;

series P-25, no 1045. Washingtorx

U.S. Government Printing Office.

1990.

National Center for Health Statistics.Advance report of final natality

statistics, 1989.Monthly vital statistics report; VO140 no 8, suppl.

Hyattsville,Maryland:PublicHealth

Service. 1991.

Ventura SJ. Trends and variations

in first births to older women,

1970-86.National Center for Health

Statistics. Vital Health Stat 21(47).

1989.

U.S. Bureau of the Census. Marital

status and living arrangements:

March 1989. Current population

reports; series P-20, no 445. Washington: U.S. Government Printing

Office. 1990.

National Center for Health Statistics. Vhal statistics of the United

States, 1980, vol I, natality. Washington: Public Health Service. 1984.

National Center for Health Statistics. Vital statistics of the United

States, 1988, VOII, natality. Washington:Public Health Service. 1990.

Mosher WD, Pratt WF. Fecundity

and infertility in the United States,
6~ Month[y V&d StatisticsReport ● VOL 41, No. 6, Supplement *November 16,1992 ~_

17.

18,

19.

20.

2L

1965-88. Advance data from vitaI

andheaithstatistics;no 19Z Hyattsvilk, Ma@and NationaICenterfor

HeaIthStatistks. 1990.

Mosher WD, PrattWF. Fecundity,

infertility,and reproductive heahh

in the United States,E%2. IWtionaI

Center for Health Statistics.VitaI

Heakh Stat 23(14). 1987.

TaffeI Sl@ Placek PJ, Kosary CL.

U.S. cesarean section rates 19%

An update.Birth 19(1):21–22.1.992.

Mosher WD. Contraceptive practice in theUnited Stat= 19tK-1988.

FarnPIam Perapect22(5):19&205-

1990.

Jones EF, Forrest JD. Con@ceptive faiiure rates based on the S988

NSl?G. E%m PIann Perspect

24(1):12-19. 1.992.

Centers fix Disease ControL Premarital sexurd experience among

adokscent women: United Stateq

22.

23.

24.

25.

1970-88. Morbidity and Mortrdity

WeekIy Report 39329-32. J99L

Forrest ID, Sk@ S. The sexual

andreproductivebehaviorof Americanwomeq 1982-1988.FamP1ann

Perapect22(5)206-214. 1990.

Mosher WD, McNalIy .IW. Cimtraceptive use attirstprernm%rdintercourse: United States, 1965-1988.

FmnPlannPerspect 23(3):108-116.

199L

WWiams LB, Pratt WF. Wanted

and unwanted chihibearing in the

United States 1973+18. Advance

datahem vitaland healthstak,

no 189. Hyattsviile, Maryland:

NationaI Center for Health Statistics. 1990.

Mosher WD. Uke of fimdiy pkmning services m the United Statesz

W8Z and 1988.Advance data ffom

vital and heahh statisti~ no 184-

Hyattsv@ Maryk+n& National

Cknter for Hmdth Sta* 1990.

List af Tables

L

2-

3.

4.

5.

Estimatednumberofpreguancies and

pregnancyrates by outcome of pregnancy, andnmnberof womem United

States,1976-88 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 7

Estimatedmnnber of pregnanciesby

outcome of pregnancy,age of woman,

and race: Unhed States, 1976 and

1980-88 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 8

Estimated pregnancy rates by outcome of pregnancy, age of woman,

and race: United States, 1976 and

L980-88 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . 9

Estimatednmnberof pregnanciesand

pregnaneyrates by outcome of pegnancy, age of wornaq and race:

United States,19S8 . . . . . . . . . .. . ..lO

Estimated percent distribution of

~cies ~ Outcome of pregv, =rtig ta age of WODMU

end race: United States, 1988......11
~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 41, No. 6, Supplement ● November 16, 1992 ~7

Table 1. Estimated number of pregnancies and pregnancy ratea by outcome of pregnancy and number of womem United States, 1978-88

Allpmgnsncles AII pregnancies

Live induced Fetal .uW hrduoed Fetal Women aged

Year Total births abortions losses f Total bkttrs abottbna losses 7 15-44 yeara

Number In thousanda Rate per 1,000 women aged 1544 years2 Number In thousands

1988

1987

1986

1985

19s4

1983

1962

1981

1980

1979

1978

1977

1976

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8,341

6,183

6,129

6,144

6,016

5,975

6,024

5,956

6,913

6.714

5;433

5,331

5,002

3,910

3,s09

3,767

3,761

3,s69

3,639

3,s81

3,629

3,612

3.484

3;333

3,327

3,168

1,691

1,559

1,574

1,589

1,577

1,575

1,574

1,577

1,554

1,4S6

1;410

1,317

1,179

640

615

796

795

771

761

769

751

747

722

690

667

8S5

109.0

106.7

106.6

106.2

107.3

108.0

110.2

110.7

111.9

109.9

106.7

107.0

102.7

67.2

85.7

85.4

56.2

66.4

SS.8

67.3

67.4

88.4

67.2

85.5

8S.8

S5.o

27.3

26.9

27.4

28.0

28.1

28.5

28.6

29.3

29.4

26.6

27.7

26.4

24.2

14.4

14.1

13.9

14.0

13.6

13.8

14.0

14.0

14.1

13.9

13.5

13.8

13.4

58,192

57,964

57,483

56,764

56,061

55,340

54,652

53,842

52,633

52,018

50,921

49,614

46,721

iswmmu~ w -s ~m reqnIZd prsgrmncies d SII geatetiod periods se re~ed by men in the 1S82cd 1SS4NatisI SWVSYSofFamW Gti COnCJU~~ W tieNation~

Canter ix Health StsWcs. The rateofpregnenoylossdepanda on the degree to vhkh bases at vary early geateWrM are detected.

2Rstes mputad by relathg the number of events to vmnen of all ages to women eged 1544 yesrs.

NOTE Due to rounding, figures may not add to totele.

Symbols

--- Data not available

. . . Category not applicable

Quantity zero

0.0 Quantity more than zero but less

than 0.05

* Figure does not meet standard of

reliabilityor precision (estimate is

based on fewer than 20 births in

numerator or denominator)
8~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 41, No. 6, Supplement ● November 16, 1992 ~_

Table 2. Estimated number of pregnancies by outcome of pregnancy, age of woman, and race: United States, 1976 and 1980-68

Age of woman

15-19 yeare Race

Pregnancy outcome Under 15–17 18–19 20-24 25=29 30-34 35-39 40 years Ail

and year Total 15 years Total years years yeais years years years and over White other

All pregnancies

1988. ,, . . . . . . . . . . .

1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1983, . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Live births

1988. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1987, . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1964 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1963 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Induced abortions

1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1967. ,,, ., . . . . . . . .

1986. , .,, ,. . . . . . . .

1985. ., ., . . . . . . . . .

1984. . .,, ,, ...,...

1963, .,,....,,,,,,

1982, ,, ..,.,,,,,..

1961, . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1960 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fetal Iosaesl

1968, . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1988. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1965. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1963 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1962 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1960. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1976. , .,,.....,,,,

6,341

6,183

6,129

6,144

6,019

5,978

6,024

5,958

5,913

5,002

3,910

3,609

3,757

3,761

3,669

3,639

3,661

3,629

3,612

3,168

1,591

1,559

1,574

1,589

1,577

1,575

1,574

1,577

1,554

1,179

S40

815

798

795

773

764

769

751

747

855

27

26

29

30

30

29

x

29

32

11

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

10

12

14

14

16

17

17

16

15

15

15

16

;

3

3

3

3

3

3

3

4

98a

957

964

981

963

1,023

1,058

1,103

1,146

1,073

476

462

462

467

470

46!?

514

527

552

559

393

362

389

399

399

411

419

433

445

363

717

113

113

114

114

122

125

142

149

151

389

386

385

385

376

394

405

425

446

. . .

177

173

169

168

167

173

161

167

198

215

156

161

165

166

161

166

166

176

162

153

54

53

51

51

51

55

65

61

65

. . .

600

571

579

596

605

628

653

676

699

. . .

302

290

293

300

30s

317

333

340

354

343

234

221

224

234

236

245

250

257

261

210

63

61

62

63

~

70

61

84

. . .

Number In thousands

1,774

1,764

1,628

1,691

1,694

1,911

1,970

1,945

1,956

1,644

1,067

1,076

1,102

1,141

1,142

1,160

1,206

1,212

1,226

1,092

520

518

537

548

551

548

552

555

549

392

187

190

194

201

201

202

213

176

180

160

1,821

1,763

1,765

1,764

1,718

1,692

1,695

1,662

1,626

1,380

1,239

1,216

1,200

1,201

1,166

1,146

1,152

1,128

1,108

972

347

337

339

336

332

328

326

316

304

221

234

229

226

226

220

216

217

218

214

186

1,195

1,136

1,081

1,045

993

946

919

897

844

602

604

761

721

696

658

625

605

561

550

392

197

192

186

181

176

172

168

167

153

110

194

164

174

168

159

150

146

746

140

100

456

424

399

373

343

319

296

269

258

214

270

248

230

214

196

180

166

146

141

116

96

%

87

82

78

73

70

67

57

91

!;

72

66

61

56

53

51

42

79

71

::

56

57

56

54

54

56

41

36

81

29

&

::

24

26

24

23

21

21

20

21

21

21

21

21

;;

I

9

9

:

9

9

4,698

4,625

4,623

4,673

4,603

4,576

4,630

4,564

4,534

3,837

3,046

2,992

2,970

2,991

2,924

2,904

2,942

2,909

2,699

2,566

1,026

1,017

1,045

1,076

1,087

1,064

1,095

1,106

1,094

765

626

615

607

606

593

567

592

548

542

485

1,643

1,556

1,506

1,471

1,416

1,402

1,394

1,394

1,378

1,165

863

817

786

769

746

735

736

721

714

600

565

542

529

513

491

491

479

470

$:

214

200

191

169

180

177

177

204

205

170

lspontanmu~ fetal ~SWS ~om rs~gnized pregnancies of aII geatational periods ae reported by women in the 19S2 and 1988 National surveysof FamWGrowthmndua:d by the NatiOlld

Center for Health Statistics. The rate of pregnency loss depends on the degree to which losses at very early gestations are detected,

NOTE: Due to rounding, figures may not add to totals.
~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 41, No. 6, Supplement ● November 16, 1992 ~ 9

Table 3. Estimated pregnancy rates by outcome of pregnancy, age of woman, and race United States, 7976 and 1980-88

Age of woman

1S19 years Race

Pregnancy autoome Under 15-17 18-19 2K7-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40 years M

and year Tofell 15 years 2 Tofal years yeara yaara years yeara yaara and over 3 White offrer

Allpregnancies

1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1984 . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .

19s3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Uve births

198S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1866 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1884 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1663 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1862 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1961 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Induced aborfions

1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1986 . . . . . . . . . . ...<..

1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Fetal losses4

1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1962 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1981 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1980 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1976 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

109.0

106.7

108.6

108.2

107.4

108.0

110.2

110.7

111.9

102.7

67.2

65.7

65.4

66.2

65.4

65.8

67.3

67.4

68.4

65.0

27.3

26.9

27.4

28.0

28.1

28.5

28.8

29.3

29.4

24.2

14.4

14.1

13.9

14.0

13.6

13.8

14.1

14.0

14.1

13.4

E

3.6

3.6

3.5

3.3

3.1

3.1

H

1.3

1.3

1.3

1.2

1.2

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.1

1.2

;::

H

2.0

1.9

1.7

1.7

1.7

1.6

0.3

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.4

0.3

0.3

N

0.4

110.6

105.6

105.6

107.7

106.5

108.2

108.a

110.3

110.0

101.4

53.6

51.1

50.6

51.3

n

52.9

52.7

53.0

52a

44.0

42.2

42.6

43,8

43.2

43.5

43.1

&

34.3

13.2

12.5

12.4

12.5

12.4

12.9

12.9

14,2

14.3

14.3

74.3

71.1

70.0

71.2

70.6

73.0

72.3

72.7

73.2

. . .

33.8

31.8

30.6

31.1

31.1

32.0

32.4

32.1

32.5

34.1

30.3

29.7

30.0

30.7

30.0

30.8

30.1

30.1

30.1

24.2

10.3

9.7

9.3

9.5

1::

9.9

10.5

10.6

..-

162.4

158.0

159.9

160.7

158.2

154.9

156.3

183.1

162.2

---

81.7

%

80.a

78.3

78.1

80.7

81.7

82.1

80.5

83.5

61.0

61.9

83.0

61.5

%$

61.9

60.6

49.3

17.2

16.6

17.0

17.0

16.4

16.5

16.9

19.4

19.5

.-.

Rate per 1,000 women

165.3

1S0.6

179.5

160.4

178.0

178.4

181.9

179.5

183.8

166.1

111.5

106.9

10s.2

106.9

107.3

108.3

111.3

111.8

115.1

110.3

54.2

52.5

52.2

52.3

51.6

51.2

50.9

51.2

51.6

39.6

19.6

19.2

19.1

19.2

16.9

18.9

19.6

16.4

16.9

16.2

166.7

182.5

150.7

162.3

159.6

160.3

183.4

185.0

1%

113.4

110.8

109.2

110.5

10s.3

106.7

111.0

112.0

112.9

108.2

31.8

30.8

30.9

30.9

30.9

31.1

31.5

31.4

31.0

24.1

21.5

20.9

20.a

20.6

20.4

20.5

20.9

21.6

21.8

20.5

10s.7

108.4

103.9

102.7

100.3

98.0

97.6

S4.6

95.0

82.3

73.7

71.3

69.3

86.5

66.5

64.6

64.2

61.4

61.9

53.6

16.1

17.9

17.9

17.8

17.6

17.8

17.8

17.7

17.2

15.0

17.8

17.2

16.7

16.5

16.1

15.6

15.5

15.7

15.8

13.7

47.2

44a

42.2

41.6

40.0

39.1

37.5

36.7

36.4

35.3

27.9

26.2

24.3

23.9

22.6

22.1

21.1

20.0

19.8

19.0

::

:;

9.5

9.6

9.2

9.5

9.4

9.3

9.4

::

6.0

z

7.1

7.2

7.2

6.9

9.6

9.0

6.5

E

8.5

8.6

::

9.9

5.0

4.6

4.3

4.1

z

4.1

4.0

4.1

4.5

;:

2.8

2.9

2.9

::

3.4

3.5

3.7

1.7

:::

1.4

1.4

H

1.4

1.5

1.6

97.2

S5.8

88.3

86.4

97.9

98.4

100.6

100.3

101.3

92.0

68.0

82.0

61.9

63.0

62.2

62.4

63.9

63.9

84.7

61.5

21.2

21.1

21.6

22.6

23.1

23.3

23,8

24.3

24.4

18.8

13.0

12.7

12.7

12.8

12.6

12.6

12.9

12.0

12.1

11.6

166.5

161.0

159.0

159.1

156.7

158.7

161.3

167.1

171.2

186.4

a7.5

84.4

63.0

83.2

82.5

63.2

85.5

86.4

86.6

85.6

57.3

58.0

55.9

55.5

54.3

55.5

55.4

56.3

57.2

56.3

21.7

20.6

20.2

20.4

19.9

20.0

20.4

24.4

25.4

24.3

1R~@$ ~omputw by relating the numlmr of events to women of all a90e tO -en a9ed 15_’f4 Years.

2f+ate~ ~omp”ted by ralatfng the number of events to wcmen under 15 yaws to men wad 1O-14 wars.

3Ra\escomputedby relating the number of aventa to women aged 40 years and over to women agad 40-f4 Yews.

4Sp0ntsneous fetal fesses from remgnized pregnancies of all gestational periods es reportad by women in the 1982 and 1988 National Survays of Fsml~ Growth wnductsd by the National

Center for Health Statistics. The rate of pregnancy loss depends on tha degrea to which fesses at vary eariy gestations ara datectsd.
lo~ Monthly Vitai Statistics Report ● Vol. 41, No. 6, Supplement ● November 16, 1992-

Tabie 4, Estimatad number of pregnancies and pregnancy rates by outcome of pregnancy, age of woman, and race: United States, 1988

Age of woman

Pregnancy outcome Under 15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40 yeara

and race Total 1 15 years 2 years years years years yeara and overs

White Number inthousands

All pregnancies. . . . . . 4,698 11 673 1,270 1,406 927

Live births . . . . . . . . . . . 3,046 4 315

350 59

605 1,011 661

Induced abortions . . . . . . 1,026 6

218

264

32

332 219

Fetal losses4 . . . . . . . . . . 626 2

125 63

94 133 177 141 69 ;:

All other

All pregnancies. . . . . . . . 1,643 16 315 504 415 268

Llvebirthe .,......,.. 863 7

106

163 263 229 142

Induced abortions . . . . 565 a

52

129 187 129

Fetal losses4, . . . . . . . . . 214

72

1

33

23 54 5a 53 21

20

9

7

4

White Rate per 1,000 women

All pregnancies. . . . . . . . 97.2 1.6 93.4 161.7 155,3 102.2

Live births,.......,.. 63.0 0.6

43.2

43.7

6.4

102.5 111.6 72.9

Inducad abortiona . . . 21.2 0.9

26.9

36.6

4,6

42.3 24.1

Fetal losses4, . . . . . . . . . 13.0

13.6

0.2

7.6

13.1

2.4

16,9 19.5 15.5 8.5 1.5

All other

All pregnancies. , , . . . . . . . 166.5 9.7 184.3 292,3 221.9 146.5

Llvebltihs . . . . . . . . . . . 87.6 4.0

66,1

95.3

16.6

152.3 122.3 77.6

Induced abortiona . . . . . . 57.3 4.9

33.4 7.3

75.5 106.5 68.8

Fetal losaes4 . . . . . . . . . . 21.7 0.7

39.6 21.0

13.6 31.5 30,8 29.1 I 3.a :::

1Ratescomputed by relatkrgthe number of events to women of all sgas to women aged 1s-44 years,

2Ratescomputad by relating the number of events to women under 15 years to women aged 10-14 Year.%

3Ratascomputed by relating the numbar of evants to woman aged 40 years and over to women aged 4M4 Yesre.

4spontaneou~ fetal los~e~from rem9njzed pregna”oie~ of all ges~tional periods aa repO~ed by women In tha 1982 and 19s8 National Suweya of FamilyGrowth condusted by the National

Center for Health Statlatica,The rate of pregnancy Iosa depends on the degree to which losses at very early geatallona are detected,

NOTE: Due to rounding, figures may not edd to totals,
~ MonthlyVitalStatisticsRepad9VoL 41, No. 6, Sqsplernent* Nowmber 16,1992 ~11

Tabia 5. Eathatad pament diatrbd mofpmgnamiaa bymkcoma Ofpmgnancy, acwrdhgtoaga dwofnan and m Unltad St8tea,1966

?gtrSJfnuman

PregrmcyMcm?e Under 15-79 21-24 25-29 m-w - 4ojears

andmce “Tdsl 15 )ears v m= P= m ~rs and over

All races

Allpmgnsncies . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 1m.o lCK).O limo lm.u

Live birth . . . . . . . . . . . . 61-7 39.2

100.0

43.4 602 6&l 372 59.1

Irlducedacation. . . . . . . 25.1 50.5 3s7

51.6

263 19.1 16.s z-ill as

Fetal loss . . . . . . . . . . . . Y3.3 10.3 11.9 10.6 129 16.2 19.9 17.4

white

~lhWf= . . . . . ---- 100.0 100.0 1W.o 100.0 IOOD 1(no

35.s

100.0 100.0

463

klducedaixkiri:::::::

71s 71.3

R; 502 392 E: 153 135 lB.1 E;

Fetal loss . . . . . . . . . ..- 13.3 142 14.0 10.5 12.6 152 19.8 172

All other

Allpregnanc!k . . . . . . . ..- 100.D 100.0 1(IQO 100.0 100D 100.0 100.D

Liw3blll h. . . . . . . . . . .

100.O

inducedatution. . . . . . . %:

41s 51.7 52.1

50.7

49.0 442

41-0 37-1 RI E; ala

Fetslloss . . . . . . ------ 13.1 7-5

37.6

7.4 10.8 13.9 19s 202 162

NOTE Ehssd cmummwxled frequencies.
12~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Voi. 41, No. 6, Supplement ● November 16, 1992 ~

Suggested citation Copyright information National Center for Health Statlstice

VenturaSJ, TaffeiSM, Mosher WD, Henshaw This report may be reprintedwithoutfurther Director

S. Trends in pregnanciesand pregnancy permission. Manning Feinleib, M.D., Dr. P,HI.

rates, UnitedStates, 1980-68. Monthlyvital

statisticsrepott VOI41 no 6, SUPPI. Ming Deputy Direotor

H@taville, Maryiand:NationalCenterfor

Jack R. Anderson

H&dth Statistioi. 1992.
Vol. 39, No, 12, Supplement. April 30, 1991

Monthly Vital

Statistics Renort

h

Final Data From the National Center for Health Statistics

Induced Terminations of Pregnancy: Reporting States, 1988

by Kenneth D. Kochanek, M.A., Division of Vital Statistics

Contents

Highlights . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . I

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . I

Number of abortions

and abortion ratios. . . . . . 2

Age and race.........,.. 2

Marital status . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Years of school

completed . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4

Previous pregnancies . . . . . 5

Period Of geStatiOn .,. , . . . 6

Type of procedure , . . . . . . 7

Residence pat%rrrs. . . . . . . 7

References, , .,. .8

List of detailed t&l&:: ::. 9

Technical notes . . . . . , , . ..30

Highlights

In 1988 there were 297,251 abortions reported as having been obtained

by residents within the 14 States

reporting this information to the

National Center for Health Statistics

(NCHS), a decrease of 3,059 (1 percent) from the number for the previous year. The abortion ratio of 325.4

abortions per 1,000 live births in 1988

decreased from the ratio of 337.8 for

the previous year, and continued the

decline observed since 1985. From

1987 to 1988, ratios decreased for both

white and black women. Decreases for

both white and black women were

greater among married than unmarried women.

During 1982–88, for a 13-State

reporting area, abortion ratios

declined by 12 percent. For white

women the declines were 16.7 percent,

and for black women, 7.8 percent.

Reductions were particularly marked

among older women, with ratios

declining by over one-third for women

40 years of age and over during this

period.

The abortion ratio in 1988 for

black women was 2M times that for

white women, about the same relationship as in 1987. The median age and

the age at which the greatest number

of abortions occurred were both lower

for white women (23.5 years and

18 years) than for black women (23.9

years and 21 years). The highest abortion ratios were for the youngest and

the oldest women, a pattern observed

for both black and white women. For

almost every age group, ratios for

black women were higher than for

white women.

Induced abortion ratios are associated with marital statu$ both white

and black married women had much

lower ratios than unmarried women of

the respective race groups in 1988.

Abortion ratios are also associated

with educational attainment. For white

women, ratios showed relatively little

variation by number of years of school

completed; but for black women,

higher ratios were associated with

increasing number of years of school

completed.

In terms of previous pregnancy

history, about 5 out of 10 women

having induced terminations in 1988

had at least one previous live birth,

and about 4 out of 10 had a prior

induced termination. The median

duration of gestation was 9.3 weeks for

women having induced terminations in

1983. It was longer for black women,

on the average, than for white women;

longer for less educated women; and

Ionger for out-of-State residents than

for in-State residents.

In 1988 suction curettage was the

type of procedure used in 97 percent

of all induced terminations, Abortion

ratios among women residing in metropolitan areas were dITIOSt 21/4 thIIt?S

as high as those among nonmetropolitan residents.

Introduction

This report on induced terminations of pregnancy is based on 1988

~$ w.wct3,

@ **, ●*

#

U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

$ Public Health Service

s

* Centers for Disease Control

%

3%+<+aaManning

National

Feinleib,

Center

M.

for

D.,

Health

Dr. P,

Statistics

H., Director

CDC
2~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 41, No. 6, Supplement ● November Y6, Y992-

relialiIityof the estimatesby age and

race, the proportions of pregnancies

ending in fetal loss for both survey

years were averaged and used for

1.982-88.Fetal losses for years before

1982were based on the 1982 NSFG.

The rate of fetal loss is highest m

the earlyweeks of gestation,and most

fetallossesoccur in the firstfew months

(8). Registration data on fetal deaths

are generally limited to gestations of

20 weeks or more, st)most fetal losses

are not included.NS.FG data, on the

other hand, include all gestations.

Therefore, the NSFG data are used to

obtain a more complete count of fetal

lossesof recognizedpregnancies.When

NSFG and registration data on late

fetal deaths are cnmpared, the numbers am generally similarin both data

sets.

As in previous years, pregnancy

estimatesby race are shown for white

women and women of all other races

comlimed because of the lack of separate information on ‘reduced abortion

for black women. The proportion of

lhm bii of “all other races” that

were black was 85.7 percent in 1976

and decreased to 77.8 percent in 1988,

reelecting a growrng proportion of

NativeAmerican andAsian andPacific

Islanderbirths.The correspondingproportions for induced abortions are

unknown.

To match previously published

reports on live births,the racial designationfor livebirthsis thatof the child

rather than of the woman; however, in

thisreportthe termwomanratherthan

childisused..Forapproximately97 percent of births occurring during this

period, the race of the woman and the

child is the same.

Data shownby age of woman refer

to the age at outcome rather than age

at conception, as has been done in

other studies of abortion rates (4).

The denominatorsof the ratespresented here (numbers of women by

ageand race)were obtained from published reports of the U.S. Bureau of

the Census (9,10).

Data are shownby age and race in

the tables and figures. Thii does not

implythat differences shown are racial

or genetic per se. Differences between

whitewomen andwomen of other races

are often due to the lower income and

educational levels of minoritywomen,

their limited access to health care and

healthinsurance,the neighborhoods in

which they live, and other factors. The

causes of these differences merit fin=

tier investigationin future research.

Although educational attainment

in particularis a very reliablemeasure

of socioeconomic status, especially in

interpretingfertilitydifferentials,such

data are only available for live births

and fetal losses. Moreover, bti rates

by educational attainment cannot be

computed for each year because the

population denominators needed for

the rates are not available for most

years.The numeratorsneeded to compute the abortion rates–the numbers

of abortionsby educationalattainment

of the patient—were only availablefor

11 Statesand New York City in 1988

(5). These deficiencies mean that it is

not possibIe to compute nationalabortion rates by educational attainment.

A similarlack of dataahiopxwents the

computation of pregnancy rates by

income, occupation, or .other.socioeconomic indicators.

Trends

There were an estimated6,341,000

pregnancies in 1988, the highest

number reported since national estimates were first prepared in 1976

(tables 1,2). The total number afpreg

nancies in 1988 was 7 percent higher

than in 1980 (5,913,000) and 27 percent higher than in 1976. Pregnaney

mtes reported in 1988, however, were

very simiiarto rates reported in 1980.

The number of pregnancies increased

because the number of women in the

childbearing ages continued to grow

during the 1980’s (table 1). Much of

the 10-percent increase in the number

of women aged 15-J14can be attributed to the baby-boom generation;

these women were born m 1946-64

andwere aged 16-34years in 1980and

2442 years in 1988.

The overallpregnancy rate in 19811

was109.0pregnanciesper 1,000women

aged 15-44 years compared with 111.9

in 1980. During the early 1980’s,

however, the rate declined by 5 percent, falling to 106.6 in 1986 before

increasing to 109.0 in 1988 (table 1).

AUcomponentsof pregnaneyrates(live

births, “rnduced abortions, and fetal

losses) changed in a similar patterm

Between 1976 and 1980, pregnancy

rateshad risen 9 percent, withmost of

the rise associatedwith the 21-percent

increase in the induced abortion rate.

Bhth and fetal loss rates each rc~seby

5 percent between 1976and 1980.

Age–Until the mid-1980’s, pregnancy rates generally fell in eatih age

group for women 15-29 years of age,

and thenincreasedthrough1988.‘Rates

rose for each age group for women

30-39 yearsduringthe 1980’s(table 3).

The rate for women aged 35-39 years

increased sharply—by 30 percent

between 1980and 1988.

The patterns of change differed

considerablyby age for birthratesand

abortion rates. The live birth rates for

teenagers declined slightly during the

early 1980’s and rose back to their

1980 levels by 1988. Most of the

1986-88increasewasfor younger teens,

aged 15-1% their birth rate rose

10 percent from 1986to 1988.The rise

in teen biith ratescontinued in 1989by

an addhional 6 to 8 percent (11]1.

The only age group showing sustained increases in birth rates

throughout the 1980’s has been for

women in their thirties. Birth rates

rose by 19 percent for women aged

30-34 years and by 41 percent for

women aged 35–39yearsbetween 1980

and 1988 (table 3). Much of this

increase is associatedwith the ongoing

tendency for childlesswomen in their

thhties to begin making up for their

previouslypostponed childbearing(12).

Induced abortion rates for women

aged 18-19, 20-24, and 30-39 years

increased about 5 percent from 1980

to 198& the rate for women in their

late twenties also increased, but the

change was small—only 2.5 percent.

The smallincreasein theabortionrates

in most age groups in the 1980’s may

be linked to the trend toward postponed marriage in the 1980’s (13),

because unmarried women have

subst~tially higherabortionratesthan

marriedwomen (4).
Monthly Vital Statistics Report. Vol. 39, No. 12(S) ● April 30, 1991 ~3

Table A. Ratio of reported Induced terminations of pregnancy, 1988, and percent change, 1987-88 for 14-State area, and 1982-88 for

13.State area, by race and age of woman

[Ratios per 1,000 live birlhs. Induced terminations of pregnancy and live births are only those occurring in the area to residents of the area]

1988 1987-S8 1982-88

All All All

Age of woman racesl White Black racesi White Black racesl White Black

Ratio Percent change2

Alleges, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under 14years . . . ,,, .,..,..

14years, ,, ., . . . . . ...,...,.

15-19 yaars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15yaars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1~ years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17 Years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18 years..............,..

19years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20-24years, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35-39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40yearsand over . . . . . . . . . . . . .

325.4

1,576,1

1,038.5

663.9

847.9

788.0

666.9

706.1

553.8

393.7

225.2

195.8

285.8

499.9

265.6

1,786.3

1,305.0

666.0

968,2

647.1

700.6

716.8

532.1

331.7

171.3

146.5

228.3

426,9

598,1

1,477.7

876.7

666.9

719.6

701.1

666,1

690,6

618.6

622.3

536.6

515.4

622.8

851.1

-3.7

-7.6

-9.4

-2,9

-7.8

-5.6

-6.5

-0.9

-?:;

-3.1

-6.4

-7,1

-12.0

-3.0

-2,4

4,8

-2.1

-7.3

-4.8

-5.1

0.0

-R

-2.3

-6.1

-5.1

-11.7

-5.8

-11.7

-18.8

-4,9

-9.0

-7.9

-10.3

-2.8

0.4

-4,6

-5<5

-7.5

-9.9

-14.4

-12.4

-14.8

-17.4

-7.9

-16.7

-9.3

-10.3

-5.6

-6.1

-1.3

-7.5

-19.6

-30.3

-35.4

-16.7 -7,8

-21.4 -11.1

-13.5 -17.6

-11.2 -0.3

-15.6 -17.1

-11.1 -5.3

-14.6 0.7

-10.7 5.3

-9.9 2.7

-5.4 -2.2

-10.5 -9.6

-22.4 -17.5

-32.2 -25.2

-37.3 -29.6

1Includes races other than white and black.

2SeeTechnical notes.

NOTE: The 14-State araa includes Colorado, Indiana, Kansas, Maine, Missouri, Montana, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, and Virginia. The 13-State

area includes Colorado, lndlana, Kansas, Missouri, Montana, New York, Oregon, Rhoda island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, and Virginia.

380 r

320

[

o

I I I I I I

1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 198a

Year

Figure l. Abortlonratlos: 13-State area, 1982-68

1.3 percent of alI induced terminations

and aIl live births in 1988. Although

abortion ratios by age for both white

and black women have a U-shaped

pattern, the variation in abortion ratios

isgreater forwhite women (figure 2),

Trends in age-specific abortion

ratios are presented in tables 3 and4

ior the 13- and 14-State reporting

areas. Since 1982, abortion ratios for

most age groups have decreased for

both races. Decreases have been

progressively greater with increasing

age for both race groups. The Iargest

reductions were for the oldest age

group, women 40 years of age and

over. During 1982–88, abortion ratios

for white women in this age group

declined by 37 percent; for bIack

women, by 30 percent,

For white women, there were

265.8 abortions per 1,000 live births in

1988 compared with 598.1 for bIack

women. In both 1987 and 1988 the

ratio of abortions to Iive births was

higher for white women 14 years of age

and under than for black women, but

for women 20 years of age and over,

the ratio was higher for black than for

white women in every 5-year age group

in 1988.

From 1987 to 1988, abortion ratios

for residents of the 14-State area

decreased by 3.0 percent for white

women and 5.8 percent for black

women (table A), For white women,

these decreases were reflected in

reductions from 1987 to 1988 for all

5-year age groups, but showed an

increase of 4.8 percent for women

14 years of age. For white women,

decreases were largest at the oldest

ages. For black women all 5-year age

groups showed reductions, with the

largest decreases at the youngest and

oldest ages,

From 1982 through 1988, for a

13-State reporting area, abortion

ratios by race declined. For white

women the declines were 16.7 percent,

and for black women, 7.8 percent.

The gap between black and white

abortion ratios increased from a

blac!dwhite ratio of 2.03 in 1982 for all

ages, to 2.25 in 1988, an increase of

11 percent (table 4). Racial differences in abortion ratios increased for

most age groups from 1982 through

1988. These increases ranged from

1 percent for women 25–29 years of

age to 13 percent for women under

14 years of age. A decrease of
4~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 39, No. 12(S) ● April 30, 1991

1,000

r

a

$ 600

z.

0

15-19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40 and over

Age in years

Figure 2. Abortion ratios by age and race of woman: 14-State area, 1988

5 percent occurred for the age group

14 years of age between 1982 and

1988.

Marital status

Thirteen States (Colorado,

Indiana, Kansas, Maine, Missouri,

Montana, Oregon, Rhode Island,

South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, and Virginia) and New York

City collected information on the marital status of women having induced

terminations. Of the abortions occurring in this area in 1988, 21 percent

were reported for married women and

79 percent for unmarried women

(table 5).

Married women who had abortions tended to be older than unmarried women who had abortions. More

than two-thirds (69 percent) of married women but only one-third (36 percent) of unmarried women having

abortions were 25 years of age and

over, The median age of married

women having abortions in 1988 was

28,1 years, 5.3 years older than the

median age of 22.8 years for unmarried women.

Black women who had abortions

tended to be slightly older than white

women who had abortions, regardless

of marital status. Of married black

women, 71 percent were 25 years

of age and over compared with

68 percent of married white women.

Similarly, among unmarried women

having abortions, 38 percent of black

women were 25 years of age or over

compared with 35 percent of white

women, In 1988 the median age of

married black and white women

obtaining an abortion was 28.1 and

27.8 years, respectively, compared with

23.2 years for unmarried black women

and 22.5 years for unmarried white

women,

Induced abortion ratios by marital

status and race for abortions occurring

to residents in the 13-State area and

New York City are shown in table B.

In 1988 married women had fewer

than 1 induced abortion for every

10 live births; unmarried women had

more than 9 induced abortions for

every 10 live births (table B). Among

married women the abortion ratio for

bIack women was more than 374 times

that for white women. However,

among unmarried women the relationship by race was reversed. For ‘white

unmarried women, the abortion ratio

was almost lV2 times that for black

unmarried women in 1988,

Decreases in abortion ]ratios

between 1987 and 1988 among unmarried women were 9.1 percent for black

women and 6.5 percent for white

women. For married women, the

decreases were 2.4 percent for black

women, and 1.3 percent for white

women.

Years of school completed

For an n-State area (Inciiana,

Kansas, Maine, Missouri, Montana,

Oregon, South Carolina, Tennessee,

Utah, Vermont, and Virginia) and

New York City, 1988 data are available

on induced abortions by years of

school completed (table 6). Reporting

area residents having abortions had

the same median years of school completed (12.7 years) as their counterparts carrying their pregnancies to

term.

Abortion ratios are associated

with years of school completed, but the

pattern differs somewhat between

white and black women (table C). For

white women, the highest ratio was for

those with 12 years of schooling completed (323.6 abortions per 1,000 live

births), and the peak for black women

was for those with 16 years or more of

schooling completed (1127.2). For

white women, the lowest ratio was for

Table B. Ratio of reported induced terminations of pregnancy, 1988, and percent change,

1987-88, by marital status and race of woman: 13-State area and New York City

[Ratios per 1,000 live births. Induced terminations of pregnancy and live births are only those occurring in the

area to residents of the area]

All All

Race of woman women Married Unmarried women Married Unmarriad

Ratio Percent changel

Allracesz. . . . . . . 321.2 90.1 960.5 -4.0 -1.7 -7.5

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 256.6 66.1 1,131.1 -2.6 -1.3 -6.5

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 587.1 261.3 776.6 -7.0 -2.4 -9.1

1See Techmcal notes.

21ncludes races other than wh[te and black,

NOTE: The 13-State area Includes Colorado, Indiana, Kensss, Maine, Missouri, Montana, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, and Virginia.
Monthly Vital Statistics Report. Vol. 39, No. 12(S) . April 30, 1991 ~5

Table C. Ratio of reported induced terminations of pregnancy by years of school

completed, race, and age of woman: 1l-State area and New York City, 1988

more likely she was to have had a

[Ratios per 1,000 live births. Induced terminations of pregnancy and live births are only those occurring in the

previous live birth (table 7). Among

area to residents of the area] women 40 years of age and over,

87 percent had had at least one preYears of school completed vious live birth. In contrast, among

O-8 9-71 12 13–15 16 years women 15–17 years of age, only 9 perRace and age of woman Total years years yeara years or more cent had had at least one previous live

All racesi . . . . . . . . . . . . . 327.0 146.4 235.4 433.1 269.0 273.7

birth. The same pattern” existed for

10–17years . . . . . . . . . . . . 704.5 316.2 536.6 3,130.3 2,152.2

women of both races; at every age

16-24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 415.1 87.8 161.1 481.5 495.5 1,233.2 black women having abortions were

25years And over . . . . . . . . 241.7 102.6 157.6 346.6 170.3 196.6

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258.4 123.4

more likely than white women to have

241.8 323.6 231.1 188.8 had a previous live birth.

10-17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 711.0 270.5 613.5 2,450.7 2,392.9 For a 13-State area (Colorado,

16–24years . . . . . . . . . . . . 350.0 62.7 162.2 361.0 466.0 873.5

25years And over . . . . . . . . 176.5 96.0 157.7 246.4 136.9 137.8

Indiana, Kansas, Maine, Missouri,

Montana, Oregon, Rhode Island,

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 586.7 234.3 225.3 809.9 437.6 1,127.2 South Carolina, ~ennessee, Utah, Ver10-17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 696.9 364.5 423.2 4,357.5 1,937.5

16-24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 607.9 128.8 161.7 769.1 596.4 3,449.3

mont, and Virginia) and -New “York

25years And over . . . . . . . . 546.1 123.8 155.0 744.1 337.4 833.2 City, data are available on the number

1Includes rsces other than white and black.

of previous live births to women having

NOTE The 11-State area includes Indiana, Kansas, Maine, Missouri, Montana, Oregon, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Verabortions in 19S8 according to the

mont, and Virginia. marital status of the woman. Approximately four-fifths (82 perce~~) of

Previous pregnancies married women and two-fifths

(43 percent) of unmarried women

Previous live births who obtained abortions had had at

In 1988 one-half of the women least one previous live birth (table 8).

who obtained abortions in the 14-State

area had at least one previous live

birth (table D). The percent was

Previous induced terminations

greater-among black than among white For the 14-State area, over onewomen (63 percent compared with half (53 percent) of black women and

43 percent) and was directly related to two-fifths of white women having aborthe age of the woman having an abor- tions in 1988 had prior abortions

tion: The older the woman, the (table E). In each age group, a larger

those with the least years of school

completed (O–8 years), compared with

black women, for whom the lowest

ratio was for those with 9–11 years of

school completed.

The pattern of abortion ratios by

educational attainment for all ages

combined may be affected by the interrelation of age, marital status, and

number of years of school completed.

Very young women are more likely to

be unmarried and may not have completed their schooling. Further, the

ratios for women of high educational

attainment may reflect the lower ratios

that characterize older women. To

take into account these interrelationships and to obtain a better indication

of the association between educational

attainment and abortion patterns, an

analysis was made for women 25 years

of age and over, most of whom will

have compIeted their formal education

by that age (figure 3). This analysis

shows that the peak abortion ratios

were for white women with 12 years of

schooling completed (248.4 abortions

per 1,000 live births) and for black

women with 16 years or more of

schooling completed (833.2). Abortion

ratios showed some variation by

number of years of school completed

for both races, but for black women,

higher abortion ratios were associated

with increasing number of years of Figure 3. Abortion ratios by years of school completed and race for women aged 25 years

school completed. and ove~ 1l-State area and New York City, 1988

1,000

r

I

= White ~ Black

* 800

~

.0

a!

>

: 600

0.

.

0

0-8 9-11 12 13-15 16 or more

Years of school completed
6~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report. Vol. 39, No. 12(S). April 30, 1991

Table D. Percent distribution of reported induced terminations of pregnancy by previous

live births of woman, according to race: 14-State area, 1988

[Data Include only Induced terminations of pregnancy occurring in the reporting area]

All

Number of previous /ive births racesl White Black

Percent distribution

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0

Noprevious llve birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.3 57.2 36,6

Iprevious live birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.9 20.5 31.2

2prevlous live bltihs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.6 15.0 20,2

3previous live berths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.0 5.1 7.6

4previous live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9 1.5 2.8

5previous live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.6 0.4 1.0

6previous llvebktha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2 0.2 0.4

7previoua livebirthsormore. . . . . . . . . . . . 0,2 0.1 0.2

1Includes races other than white and black.

NOTE The 14-State area Includes Colorado, Indiana, Kanaaa, Maine, Miaaourl, Montana, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island,

South Carolina, Tenneaaee, Utah, Vermont, and Virginia.

Table E. Percent of reported induced terminations of pregnancy to women with a previous

induced termination byraceand age of woman: 14-State area, 1988

[Data include only induced terminations of pregnancy occurring in the reporting area]

All

Age of woman raced White Black

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.1 39.6 53.0

Under 15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.9 7.4 8.2

15-17 yeara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15.4 12,4 21.2

18–19years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26.3 22.5 35.5

20-24years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.6 40.2 53.7

25-29yeara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.6 53.0 64.5

30-34years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.6 54.4 67.1

35-39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55.0 49.4 66.6

40years Andover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.4 43.6 66.9

1Includes racea other than white and black.

NOTE The 14-State area includes Colorado, lndiana, Kansaa, Maine, Miaaouri, Montana, New York, Oregon, Rhode island,

South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, and Virginia.

proportion ofblack than white women

had experienced a prior abortion

(table 9). Among black women, more

than one-halfof each 5-year age group

20-24 years ofage and over hadexperienced a prior induced abortion.

Among.white women, the age group

30-34 years of age had the largest

percent of repeat abortions, 54 percent, For all women under 15 yearsof

age, theyoungest group, only8percent

had had aprevious induced abortion.

Period of gestation

Almost 90utof10 induced terminations occurring in the 14-State area

in 1988 occurred during the first trimester of pregnancy, as shown in

table F and tables 10and 11. Almost

one-half (46 percent) were for pregnancies of 8 weeks’ or less duration

and43 percent were forpregnancies of

9-12 weeks’ duration. Only 11 percent

of all abortions were obtained by

women whose pregnancies had lasted

more than 12 weeks.

The median gestational period for

black women having abortions, 9.6

weeks, was slightly longerthan the corresponding period for white women,

9.1 weeks. The length of the gestational period also tended to be longer

for younger than for older women (figure 4). For women under 20 years of

age, the median gestational periocl was

9.8 weeks, compared with 9.1 weeks

for women 20 years of age and over.

The same pattern by age prevailed for

both black and white women. However, black women at every age had

longer gestational periods prior to

induced termination than white

women.

For an n-State area (Indiana,

Kansas, Maine, Missouri, Montana,

Oregon, South Carolina, Tennessee,

Utah, Vermont, and Virginia) and

New York City in 1988, data are available to examine duration of pregnancy

prior to abortion by educational attainment, age, and race (table 12). Gmerally, delayed terminations were

associated with less educational attainment. For women with less than a high

school education, the median gestational period was 9.9 weeks complared

with 9.2 weeks for women with

12 years or more of school completed.

When this analysis is restricted to

women 25 years of age and over who

had the opportunity to complete their

schooling, the relationship is attenuated. The median duration of pregnancy prior to termination for wc)men

with less than a high school education

was 9.4 weeks, and the median for

those with 12 years or more of school

completed was 8.9 weeks. The relationship between educational attainment and gestational duration was

similar for white and black women,

although black women of every educational attainment level had induced

Table F. Percent distribution of reported induced terminations of pregnancy by period of

gestation and median gestational period, according to age of woman: 14-State area, 11988

[Data include only induced terminations of pregnancy occurring in the repotting area]

Under

A// 15 15-17 18-19 20–24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40 years

Period of gestation ages years years years years years years years and over

Percent distribution

All periods of gestation. . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 ‘100.0

6weeks or less . . . . . . . . . 11.1 6.9 6.6 8.1 10.0 12.5 14.7 16>6 17.0

7–8weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.6 22.1 26.5 30.6 33.9 37.1 39.6 40,9 40.7

9–12 weeka . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.2 45.2 48.8 47.7 44.8 41.3 38.3 35.0 35.2

13weeks or more . . . . . . . . 11.1 25.9 18.1 13.5 11.3 9.0 7.5 7.2 7.1

Median

Period of gestation . 9.3 10.5 10.1 9.7 9.4 9.0 6.8 8.6 8.7

1Period of gestation ia a combination of calculated gestation from “date Iaat normal msnaes began” and “phyalcian’a estimate

of geatatbn”; see Technical notes.

NOTE The 14-State area Includes Colorado, Indiana, Kansas, Maine, Missouri, Montana, New York, Oregon, Rhode Ialamd,

South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, and Virginia.
Monthly Vital Statistics Report. Vol. 39, No. 12(S). April 30, 1991 ~7

40 ~

30

20

10

— Under 20 years

A,

1

---20 years and over

\

/

\

/

/

/

If

/

./l

L------

01 I I I t I 1

6 or less 7-8 9-1o 11-12 13-14 15 or more

Period of gestation in weeks

Fiaure 4. Percent distribution of abortions by. period . of 9estation, according to wOman’s

ag%:13-State area, 1988

abortions later in their pregnancies

than white women.

Type of procedure

Data on types of procedures used

to induce pregnancy terminations are

available for the 14-State area for 1988

(tables G and 13). These figures indicate that more than 9 out of 10

induced abortions were performed by

suction curettage (table 13). The

second most frequently reported

method, sharp curettage, accounted

for only 1 percent of the induced abortions in 1988. Suction curettage was

the predominant procedure for

induced abortions for all periods of

gestation, decreasing slightly as the

gestation period increased. Saline

instillation, which accounted for 1 percent of the induced abortions,

increases in prevalence as the gestational period increases, but never

matches the dominance of the suction

curettage procedure.

Residence patterns

Metropolitan and nonmetropolitan

residence

In 1988 metropolitan area residents obtained 86 percent of the

Table G. Percent distribution of reported induced terminations of pregnancy by procedure,

according to period of gestation: 14-State area, 1988

[Data include only Induced terminations of pregnancy occurring in the reporting area]

Period of gestaticml

All Less than 13-15 16 or more

Type of procedure periods 13 weeks weeks weeks

Percent distribution

All procedures . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Suction curettage . . . . . . . . . 97.4 98.5 95.7 78.8

Sharp curettage . . . . . . . . . . 0.8 0.8 1.4 1.5

Saline instillation . . . . . . . . . . 0.7 0.1 1.5 11.7

Prostaglandin instillation . . . . . 0.3 0.0 0.7 3.8

Hysterotomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

hysterectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.8 0.8 0.8 4.1

1 peflod of ge~ts~ofi is s ~~mbinati~n of ~sl~”lated ge~tat[~n f~~m ‘Sdste last normal menses began” and “physlcisn’s estimate

Of gestation”;see Technical notes.

NOTE The 14-Statearea IncludesColorado,Indiena,Kansas,Maine, Missouri,Montana,NewYork,Oregon,RhodeIsland,

SouthCarolina,Tennessee,Utah,Vermont,andVirginia,

induced terminations occurring in the

14-State area (table 14). Residents of

nonmetropolitan areas having induced

abortions were, on the average,

younger than women in metropolitan

areas having abortions. The median

age at termination for nonmetropolitan area women was 22.9 years; for

metropolitan area women, 23.8 years.

The relative frequency of induced

abortions per 1,000 live births was

almost 2% times as high for residents

of metropolitan areas as for residents

of nonmetropolitan areas, 373.2 and

168.1, respectively (table H). Black

women living in metropolitan areas

were more than 23/4times as likely to

obtain abortions as black women living

in nonmetropolitan areas, but the relative frequency of induced abortions

among white women living in metropolitan areas was two times that of

white women residing in nonmetropolitan areas. Among nonmetropolitan

residents, abortion ratios for black

women (229.4) were nearly 1kl times

those for white women (162.1). In metropolitan areas, the abortion ratio for

black women, 654.5, was more than

two times that for white women

(302.1). Thus, the difference in abortion ratios between the two racial

groups was somewhat greater in metropolitan areas than in nonmetropolitan areas, reflecting the very high

abortion ratios of black women in metropolitan areas.

Out-of-State residents

For the 14-State area in 1988, data

are available to examine resident

status of the woman by gestational age.

In the 14-State area, only 7.9 percent

of induced abortions were obtained by

U.S. residents outside of their State of

residence (table 15). More than threefifths (63 percent) were in their county

of residence, and the remainder

(29 percent) were within their State

but outside their county of residence.

Residence status is associated with

the duration of gestation prior to termination. Women obtaining abortions

outside their State of residence tend to

have longer pregnancies prior to termination than women having abortions in

their State of residence. The median

gestational period for out-of-State
8~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 39, No. 12(S) ● April

Table H. Ratio of reported induced terminations of pregnancy, 1988, and percent change,

1987-88, by race and metropolitan-nonmetropolitan residence: 14-State area

[Ratioa per 1,000 live births. Induced terminations of pregnancy and live births are only those occurring in the

area to resldente of the area]

All All

Geographic area racesi White Black racesl White Black

Ratio Percent changez

All areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325,4 265.8 596.1 -3.7 -3.0 -5.8

Metropolitan areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373.2 302.1 854.5 -4.7 -4,1 -6.4

Nonmetropolitan areas. . . . . . . . . . . . 168,1 162.1 229.4 2.6 2.2 3.5

1Includes races other than white end black.

2Sse Technical notes.

NOTE:The 14-Statearea includes Colorado, Indiana, Kansas, Maine, Mlasourl, Montana, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island,

South Carollna,Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, and Vlrglnla.

residents was 9.6 weeks compared with

9.2 weeks for women obtaining abortions in their State of residence. About

18 percent of out-of-State residents

obtained their abortions after

12 weeks compared with 11 percent

for State residents.

Of all the induced terminations

(including those for nonresidents of

the United States) that were reported

in 1988 to NCHS, the proportion in

each of the 14 reporting States

accounted for by residents of that

State varied from a high of 96.5 percent in New York to a low of 58 percent in Kansas (table 16). Some

40 percent of the abortions reported

by Kansas were for Missouri residents

whereas only 2.1 percent of the abortions reported by Missouri were for

Kansas residents in 1988. In Montana,

14,4 percent of abortions were

obtained by nonresidents of the

United States, mainly Canadians.

References

1. Burnham D. Induced terminations of

pregnancy: reporting States, 1977 and

1978. Monthly vital statistics report; vol

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

30 no 6, suppl. Hyattsville, Maryland:

National Center for Health Statistics.

1981.

Burnham D. Induced terminations of

pregnancy reporting States, 1979.

Monthly vital statistics report; vol 31

no 7, suppl. Hyattsville, Maryland:

National Center for Health Statistics.

1982.

Burnham D. Induced terminations of

pregnancy: reporting States, 1980.

Monthly vital statistics repor~ vol 32

no 8, suppl. Hyattsville, Maryland:

National Center for Health Statistics.

1983.

Prager K. Induced terminations of

pregnancy reporting States, 1981.

Monthly vital statistics report; vol 34

no 4, suppl 2. Hyattsville, Maryland:

National Center for Health Statistics.

1985.

Powell-Griner E. Induced terminations

of pregnancy: reporting States, 1982

and 1983. Monthly vital statistics

report; VOI35 no 3, suppl. Hyattsville,

Maryland: National Center for Health

Statistics. 1986.

Powell-Griner E. Induced terminations

of pregnancy reporting States, 1984.

MonthIy vital statistics report; VOI36

no 5, suppl 2, Hyattsville, Maryland:

National Center for Health Statistics.

1987.

7.

8.

9.

i

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

15.

30, 1991

Kochanek KD. Induced terminations

of pregnancy: reporting States, 1985

and 1986. Monthly vital statistics

report; vol 37 no 12, suppl. Hyattsville,

Maryland: National Center for Health

Statistics. 1989.

Kochanek KD. Induced terminations

of pregnancy reporting States, 1987.

Monthly vital statistics report; vol 38

no 9, suppl. Hyattsville, Malyland:

National Center for Health Statistics.

1989.

National Center for Health Statistics.

Model State vital statistics act and

model State vital statistics regulations,

1977 revision. Hyattsville, Ma]yland:

Public Health Service. 1978.

Tietze C. Induced abortion, 1979: A

Population Council fact book, New

York The Population Council, Inc.

1979.

Centers for Disease Control. Abortion

surveillance –Annual summary 1979–

1980. Atlanta: Public Health Service.

1983.

National Center for Health Statistics.

Classification and coding instructions

for induced termination of pregnancy

records, 1988. Vital statistics instruction manual, part 10. Hyattsville,

Maryland: Public Health Service. 1987.

National Center for Health Statistics.

Vital records geographic classification,

1982. Vital statistics instruction

manual, part 8. Hyattsville, Ma]yland:

Public Health Service. 1985.

National Center for Health Statistics.

Vital statistics of the United States,

VOII, natality. Washington: Public

Health Service. 1983.

Institute of Medicine. Legalized abortion and the public health. Washington: National Academy of Sciences.

1975.
Monthly Vital Statistics Report. Vol. 39, No. 12(S) . April 30, 1991

List of detailed tables

1. Number and ratio of reported

induced terminations of pregnancy

by race of woman: 13- and 14-State

areas, 1982-88 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2. Number and percent distribution

of reported induced terminations of

pregnancy by race and age of

woman: 14-State area, 1988 . . . . . . . 10

3. Number of reported induced

terminations of pregnancy by age

and race of woman: 13- and 14-

State areas, 1982-88 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11

4. Ratio of reported induced

terminations of pregnancy by age

and race of woman: 13- and 14-

State areas, 1982-88 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12

5. Number of reported induced

terminations of pregnancy by race

and marital status of woman and

percent distribution by age,

according to race and marital status

of woman: 13-State area and New

York City, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13

6. Number of reported induced

terminations of pregnancy by race

and age of woman and percent

distribution by years of school

completed, according to race and

age of woman: 1l-State area and

New York City, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . 14

7. Number of reported induced

terminations of pregnancy by race

and age of woman and percent

distribution by previous live births,

according to race and age of

woman: 14-State area, 1988 . . . . . . .

8. Number of reported induced

terminations of pregnancy by

marital status and age of woman

and percent distribution by previous

live births, according to marital

status and age of woman 13-State

area and New York City, 1988 . . . . .

9. Number of reported induced

terminations of pregnancy by race

and age of woman and percent

distribution by previous induced

terminations, according to race and

age of woman: 14-State area, 1988. .

10. Number of reported induced

terminations of pregnancy by race

of woman and percent distribution

by period of gestation, according to

race of woman: 14-State area, 1988.

11. Number of reported induced

terminations of pregnany by age of

woman and percent distribution by

period of gestation, according to

age of woman: 14-State area, 1988. .

12. Number of reported induced

terminations of pregnancy by years

of school completed, race, and age

of woman and percent distribution

by period of gestation, according to

16

18

20

22

22

Symbols

--- Data not available

. . . Category not applicable

Quantity zero

0.0 Quantity more than zero but less

than 0.05

z Quantity more than zero but less

than 500 where numbers are

rounded to thousands

years of school completed, race, and

age of woman: n-State area and

New York City, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9

23

13. Number of reported induced

terminations of pregnancy by

procedure and percent distribution

by procedure, according to period

of gestation: 14-State area, 1988 . . . 26

14. Number and percent distribution of reported induced

terminations of pregnancy by

metropolitan-nonmetropolitan residence, race, and age of woman: 14-

State area, 1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26

15. Number of reported induced

terminations of pregnancy by

residence status of woman and

percent distribution by period of

gestation, according to residence

status of woman: 14-State area,

1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

16. Number of reported induced

terminations of pregnancy in the

reporting States and New York

City, by place of residence and

place of occurrence United States,

each State, New York Chy, and

specified places outside the United

States, 1988................,.. 28

* Figure does not meet standards of

reliability or precision (the base of

the measure includes fewer than

20 events)
lo~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 39, No. 12(S) ● April 30, 1991

Table 1. Number and ratio of reported induced terminations of pregnancy by race of woman: 13- and 14-State areas, 1982-88

[Ratios per 1,000 live births. Induced termination of pregnancy and live births are only those occurring in the area to residents of the area]

All All

Area and year racesl White Black racesi White Black

13-State area Number Ratio

1988, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,, ,.. 275,005 175,538 92,497 327.1 268.5 598.4

1987, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278,273 177,734 93,877 339.8 274.9

1986, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

635.6

261,066 183,777 91,000 347.2 285.7 634.4

1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288,038 192,780 69,546 355.7 297.6

1984, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

639.3

288,829 196,038 87,011 364.3 307.4

1983 ...,..,.......,.. . . . . . . . . . .

846,3

286,091 194,26a 86,426 360.8

1982, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

304.2 644.4

299,585 206,737 67,756 373.5 319.6 649.2

14-State area

1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276,887 179,345 92,505 325.4 265.6

1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

598.1

262,020 181,458 93,890 337.8 274.0

1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

635.2

264,655 167,332 91,023 344.9 284.3 634.2

1Includes racea other than white and black.

NOTE The13-State araaincludes Colorado, lndlana, Kansas, Missouri, Montena, Naw York, Oregon, Rhode island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, and Virginia, Tha14-State area

includes Colorado, Indiana, Kansas, Malna, Missouri, Montana, New York, Oregon, Rhode island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, snd Virginia. Ratios are basedon unrounded

f!gures for 19a2-S7. See Technical notes.

Table 2. Number and percent distribution of reported induced terminations of pregnancy byrace and age ofwoman: 14-State area, 1988

[Data include only induced terminations of pregnancy occurring in the reporting area]

A/l other

All Other Not

Age of woman races White Total Black races stated

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under 14years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14years. .,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-19years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16years, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17years, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18years, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20-24years, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29years, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30–34years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35–39years, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40yearsand over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notstated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

297,251

626

1,737

70,229

4,533

9,306

14,506

20,963

20,921

96,433

64,341

36,731

18,186

5,019

3,949

166,581

220

833

46,662

2,617

5,989

9,635

14,332

14,089

60,703

39,216

22,210

11,500

3,321

1,916

Number

100,104

387

854

21,212

1,777

3,010

4,382

5,924

6,119

32,465

22,690

13,119

5,962

1,510

1,705

92,632

380

637

20,236

1,716

2,698

4,196

5,630

5,796

21,117

11,767

5,162

1,238

1,570

7,272

7

17

976

61

112

186

294

323

1,960

1,773

1,352

780

272

135

10,,566

19

50

2,355

139

307

489

707

713

3,265

2,235

1,402

724

188

326

Percent distribution

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Under 14years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.4 0.1 0.2

14years ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.6 0.5 0.9 0.9 0.2 0.5

15–19years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.9 25.3 21.6 22.2 13.7 23.0

15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.5 1.4 1.6 1,9 0.9 1.4

16years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.2 3.2 3.1 3.2 1.6 3.0

17years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4.9 5.2 4.5 4.6 2.6 4.8

16years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 7.8 6.0 6.2 4.1 8.9

19years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.1 7.6 6.2 6.4 4.5

20–24years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32.9 32.9 33.0 33.4 27.5 3?!

25-29years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.9 21.2 23.3 23.1 24.8 21.8

30-34years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5 12.0 13.3 12.9 18.9 13.7

35–39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 6.2 6.1 5.7 10.9 7.1

40years Andover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.7 1.6 1.5 1.4 3.8 1.8

NOTE The14-State area includes Colorado, lndiana, Kansas, Maine, Missouri, Montana, New York, Oregon, Rhoda island, South Carolina,Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, and Mrginia.
Monthly Vital Statistics Repotio VoI.39, No. 12(S)o April 30, 1991 ~11

Table 3. Number of reported induced terminations of pregnancy by age and race of woman: 13- and 14-State areas, 1982-88

[Data include only Induced terminations of pregnancy occurring in the reporting area]

15-19 years 40

Under

Ail

years

14 14 15 16 17 18 19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 and Not

Race, area, and yaar ages yeara years Total yeara yeara years years yeara years years years years over stated

All racesl

13-State area

1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1986. ..,......,,,,.

1965. . . < . . . . . . . . . . .

1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1962 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-State area

1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

White

13-State area

1988. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1965 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1983. , .,,.....,.,,.

1982, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-Stata area:

1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1986, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Number

292,697

295,800

298,719

305,936

306,792

304,496

320,271

820

662

738

714

7.58

801

716

1,716 66,874 4,443

1,631 69,086 4,774

2,061 70,133 5,458

2,339 73,567 5,668

2,295 74,437 5,268

2,189 76,579 5,399

2,085 82,524 5,612

9,086 14,136 20,614 20,555

9,953 14,457 19,934 19,968

10,372 13,873 19,752 20,678

10,264 14,428 21,040 22,169

9,922 14,739 21,619 22,869

10,206 14,717 22,641 23,616

11,118 16,734 24,344 24,715

95,007 83,501 36,260

98,366 64,367 36,784

100,971 64,637 35,831

104,947 64,714 35,259

105,360 64,278 34,714

103,690 63,230 33,626

109,357 65,283 35,272

17,965 4,953 3,841

16,227 4,824 1,623

16,120 4,505 1,703

17,609 4,726 2,061

16,797 4,673 3,480

16,016 4,757 3,206

16,688 4,930 3)416

297,251

300,310

302,846

626

685

743

1,737 70,229 4,533

1,651 70,477 4,676

2,110 71,454 5,561

9,306 14,506 20,963 20,921

10,190 14,826 20,276 20,307

10,595 14,213 20,100 20,985

96,433 64,341 36,731

99,842 65,210 37,236

102,316 65,396 36,197

18,166 5,019 3,949

18,422 4,894 1,693

18,318 4,561 1,751

182,241

164,656

190,125

201,245

203,408

202,426

216,721

214

235

260

286

813 45,299 2,529

624 45,495 2,739

951 46,899 3,125

1,160 50,690 3,349

1,139 52,399 3,146

1,055 53,652 3,147

1,091 58,512 3,411

5,760 9,281 13,992 13,737

6,315 9,497 13,512 13,432

6,595 9,400 13,596 14,183

6,645 9,996 15,104 15,594

6,700 10,394 15,647 16,510

6,624 10,292 16,467 17,102

7,577 12,148 18,176 18,200

59,327 38,417 21,777

61,620 36,698 22,192

65,073 39,503 21,994

70,367 40,786 22,173

71,482 40,954 22,107

70,815 40,447 21,517

75,769 42,366 22,572

11,287 3,280 1,647

11,292 3,172 928

11,507 2,994 944

11,600 3,186 761

11,109 3,173 756

10,521 3,141 808

10,972 3,297 844

289

272

276

166,561

189,014

194,048

220

238

265

633 46,662 2,617

644 46,853 2,637

978 46,165 3,224

5,989 9,635 14,332 14,069

6,548 9,855 13,850 13,763

6,612 9,728 13,932 14,469

60,703 39,216 22,210

63,055 39,707 22,613

66,361 40,222 22,336

11,500 3,321 1,916

71,477 3,239 986

11,694 3,045 982

Black

13-Stata araa

1988, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92,769

1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93,999

1986. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90,700

1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90,002

1964 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67,033

1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86,626

1962 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88,331

14-State area

1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92,632

1967. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94,025

1966, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90,730

1Includes races other than white and black.

NOTE The 13-State area includes Colorado, Indiana, Kanaas, Mlaaouri, Montana, Nsw York, Oragon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tenneaeee, Utah, Vermont, and Virginia. The 14-State area

includes Colwado, Indiana, Kansas, Maine, Mlsaouri, Montana, New York, Oregon, Rhcde Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, and Virginia.

380

424

444

407

450

511

423

837 20,216 1,715

943 20,352 1,842

1,036 19,660 2,068

1,123 19,916 2,125

1,096 19,306 1,945

1,060 20,106 2,109

943 20,373 2,048

2,892

3,198

3,248

3,069

2,864

3,051

3,215

4,190 5,628

4,333 5,459

3,726 5,206

3,911 5,144

3,632 5,168

3,930 5,342

4,081 5,417

5,793

5,520

5,428

5,669

5,479

5,676

5,612

30,490 21,110 11,767

31,521 21,583 11,994

30,372 21,107 11,242

30,266 20,659 11,052

29,241 20,135 10,647

28,770 19,679 10,374

29,339 19,963 10,856

5,180 1,236 1,569

5,435 1,236 509

5,178 1,163 478

4,915 1,216 446

4,619 1,216 321

4,496 1,306 300

4,747 1,317 370

360

424

444

837 20,238 1,716

943 20,361 1,842

1,036 19,694 2,070

2,896

3,196

3,248

4,196 5,630

4,336 5,461

3,733 5,211

5,796

5,522

5,431

30,505 21,117 11,767

31,530 21,586 11,996

30,382 21,111 11,243

5,182 1,236 1,570

5,486 ~,238 511

5,179 1,163 478
12~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 39, No. 12(S) ● April 30, 1991 ~

Table 4. Ratio of reported induced terminations of pregnancy by age and race of woman: 13- and 14-State areas, 1982-88

[Ratios per 1,000 live births. Induced terminations of pregnancy and live births are only those occurring in the area among residents of the area]

15– 19 years 40

Under

All

years

14 14 15 16 17 18 19 20-24 25–29 30–34 35-39 and

Race, area, and year ages years years Total years years years years years years years years years over

All racesl

13-State area:

1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1987, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1986, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1985, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-State area:

1988, .,...,,....,.,

1987, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1986, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ratio

327.1

339.8

347.2

355.7

364.3

360.8

373.5

1,575,3

1,701.1

1,760.3

1,728.1

1,946.9

2,008,5

1,850.0

1,038.9

1,148.0

1,240,8

1,371.1

1,501.3

1,360.1

1,257.8

665.1

685.7

696,3

720,8

728,8

707.2

722.4

847.0

916.7

1,037.6

1,084.3

1,077.2

1,013.0

1,016.2

765.9

838.4

909.6

892.6

890.5

860.1

866,5

687.2 707.6

735.7 713.9

731.9 703.4

751.2 739.6

759.5 780.0

720.7 746.9

765.7 757,3

556.2

553.6

559.4

589.3

599.0

586.3

592.1

553.6

550.6

555.1

534.7

533.0

547.2

583.6

598.8

581.1

593.4

532.1

529.5

541.8

619.0

616.6

598.9

614.6

611.4

611.6

602.8

618.6

616.2

599.0

396.7

403.9

405.5

410.1

414.3

397.5

402.0

393.7

400.6

401.7

333.7

337.3

344.6

354.2

360.4

345.2

352.8

331.7

335.1

341.6

622.7

653.0

647.8

649.3

651.4

636.2

636.9

622.3

652.6

647.5

226,7

234,0

237,2

237,2

242.4

239.8

245.1

225.2

232.3

235.4

171.8

178.0

179.8

181.8

187.3

185.3

191.9

171.3

175.4

179.0

537.0

568.5

578,0

579.6

587,6

590.5

594.0

536.6

567.9

577.9

196,8

210.2

213.8

218.5

225.6

229,4

244,8

195.8

209.1

212.1

146.7

156.4

161.4

166.8

172.8

176.5

189.1

146.5

156.1

180.6

516.0

557.1

550.0

565.4

591.2

595,4

625.8

515.4

557.1

550.5

287.0

309.6

331.6

344.9

358.3

370.0

411.9

285.8,

307.7

330.1

228.7

241.7

266.7

283.9

294.0

302.2

337.5

228.3

240.6

286.0

623.1

691.3

704.8

703.0

737.3

758.9

633.4

622.8

691.0

705.0

500.6

568.1

605.0

652.7

692.1

720.7

774.9

499.9

566.2

805.1

426.5

481.6

529.1

574.9

607.2

627.5

680.5

426.9

483.6

530.7

851.1

994.5

973.8

1,043.8

1,063.3

1,128.0

1,208,1

851.1

993.9

973,7

325.4

337.8

344.9

1,576.1

1,705.1

1,746.3

1,038.5

1,146.1

1,236.3

663.9

683.7

693.5

847.9

919.3

1,040.4

788.0

836.1

908.0

686.9 706.1

734.6 712.8

731.3 700.9

White

13-State area:

1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1964 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-State area

1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

266,5

274.9

265,7

297.6

307.4

304.2

319.8

1,789.5

1,818.4

2,066.7

2,186.0

2,088.7

1,682.7

2,277.1

1,312,3

1,250,6

1,361,9

1,557,5

1,845.9

1,574.5

1,516,8

667.6

683.0

704.9

739.7

756.8

724.9

751.8

968.5

1,042.3

1,145.2

1,222.5

1,239,3

1,074,2

1,147.4

844.3

894.7

991.6

980.0

984.1

950.2

949.7

701.4

740.0

767.3

786,1

811.1

755.7

820.9

719.1

717.6

717.5

772.6

604.1

782.6

805.4

265.8

274.0

284.3

1,786.3

1,829.4

2,015.6

1,305.0

1,245.7

1,346.9

666.0

680.4

701.1

968.2

1,044.7

1,146.7

847.1

890.1

987.5

700.6

736.3

766.0

716.6

716.5

714.1

Black

13-State area:

1988. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1987. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1984. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1983. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1982, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-State area:

1968 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1987. , .’ . . . . . . . . . . . .

1986, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

598.4

635.6

634.4

639.3

646.3

644.4

649.2

1,477,7

1,672.6

1,609,3

1,521,5

1,884,2

2,109,3

1.662,9

676.7

1,081.6

1,153.5

1,245.6

1,290.8

1,221.9

1.064.5

667.2

701.6

666.8

689.9

678.1

677.4

668.9

720.4

790.3

933.1

941.5

914.9

949.1

868.5

701.3

761.8

792,7

763.5

747.9

725.2

740.5

666.4

742.0

666.9

690.3

664.1

657.6

661.5

690.6

711.1

678,8

669.5

667.9

669.8

656.3

596.1

635.2

634.2

1,477.7

1,672,6

1,609.3

876.7

1,080.2

1,153.7

666,9

701,3

666.6

719.6

790.4

932.7

701.1

761.2

792.3

666.1

742.4

667.0

690.6

710.7

678.4

llncludes races other than white and black.

NOTE:The 13-State area includes Colorado, Indiana, Kansaa, Missouri, Montana, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, and Virginia. The 14-3tate area

includes Colorado, lndiana, Ksnsss, Maine, M!ssour], Montana, New York, Oregon, Rhode island, South Carolina, Tennasaea, Utah, Vemont, and Mrginia. Ratios are baaed on unrounded tip

urea for 19S2-87, See Technical notes,
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 39, No. 12(S) ● Aprii 30, 1991 ~13

Table 5. Number of reported induced terminations of pregnancy by race and marital status of woman and percent distribution by age,

according to race and marital status of woman: 13-State area and New York City, 1988

[Data include only induced terminations of pregnancy occurring in the reporting area]

A//other

All Other Not

Marital status and age of woman races White Total Black races stated

Number

All women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244,586 148,133 88,868 82,205 6,663 7,565

100.0

0.8

9.5

13.8

31.1

21.7

14.1

7.2

1.9

1,430

100.0

0.9

2.8

24.1

29.7

24.1

14.4

4.0

5,271

100.0

0.9

12.1

16.8

33.3

19.4

11.1

5.1

1.3

864

100.0

1.0

7.8

13.9

29.2

22.5

15.7

8.4

1.6

Percent distribution

100.0

1.3

9.2

12.0

32.6

23.5

13.7

6.2

1.6

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under 15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18-19 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20-24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2S29years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35-39 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...< . . . . . .

40years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0

0.9

9.6

13.9

32.5

22.2

12.9

6.3

1.7

100.0 100.0 100.0

0.4

5.0

8.4

27.1

25.1

19.3

10.6

3.9

0.6

9.9

15.1

32.5

21.5

12.3

6.3

1.8

1.4

9.6

12.3

33.0

23.3

13.2

5.9

1.4

Number

Married women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,842 31,279 16,133 13,061 3,072

Percent distribution

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under 15 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-17 years4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-19 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20-24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35-39years . . . . . .. d...... . . . . . . . . . .

40yearsand over, ,,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0

0.1

1.1

4.0

25.5

30.2

22.5

12.7

4.0

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

0.0

0.5

1.9

18.0

29.1

27.8

16.4

6.3

0,1

1.1

4.7

28.4

29.5

21.4

12.7

0.1 0.1

0.9 1.0

2.7 2.9

23.7 25.1

31.6 32.1

24.5 23.6

12.6 11.7

4.1 3.9 3.4

Number

Unmarrledwomen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187,698 111,946 70,461 67,047 3,434

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

1.6 1.6

11.2 11.3

14.1 14.1

34.6 34.6

21.6 21.6

11.2 11.1

4.8 4.7

1.0 1.0

All eges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under 15years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-17years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-19years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20-24yearsc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35-39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40yearsand over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0

1.1

11.9

16.6

34.3

20.2

10.3

4.6

1.1

100.0

1:::

18.1

34.1

19.3

9.7

4.5

1.1

100.0

0.7

9.1

14.3

35.2

21.5

11.8

5.7

1.7

Number

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,026 4,908 2,254 2,097 157

Percent distribution

All eges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under 15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-17years . . . . . . . . . . . ..d. . . . . . . . . .

18-19years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20-24years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35-39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40yearsand over. .,,,..... . . . . . . . . . .

100.0

0.5

6.4

12.5

32.0

22.8

14.5

7.2

2.2

100.0 100.0 100.0

4.6

5.3

27.6

25.7

18.4

13,2

5.3

0.3

9.3

13.0

32.3

22.1

13.9

6.7

2.4

0.6

6.8

11.0

32.0

24.5

15.5

7.7

1.9

0.7

7.0

11.4

32.4

24.4

15.3

7.2

1.6

NOTE The 13-Slate area includes Colorado, lndiana, Kansas, Maine, Missouri, Mon!ana, Oregon, Rhode island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, and V]rglnia,
14~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Voi. 39, No. 12(S) ● April 30, 1991 ~

Table 6. Number of reported induced termlnationa of pregnancy by race and age of woman and percent distribution by years of school

completed, according to race and age of woman: 1l-State area and New York City, 1988

[Data include only induced terminations of pregnancy occurring In the reporting area]

A// other

Age of woman and All Other

years of school completed

Not

races White Total Black races stated

Alleges . ., . .,, . . . . . . . . . . . . .,, ,.. . 224,529 134,181

Number

87,015 80,922

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

1.6 1.5

10.2 10.2

59.6 60.1

14.0 14,0

74.7 14.1

Number

1,097 1,077

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

71.7 71.3

20.3 28.7

Number

7,890 7,591

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

4.4 4.5

48.1 47.6

47.0 47.4

0.4 0.4

Number

10,231 9,738

Percent distribution

100,0 100.0

0.4 0.3

12.6 12.6

70.7 71.0

12.8 12.7

3.5 3.4

Number

27,894 26,293

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

0.5 0.4

5.7 5,7

62.5 63.2

17.6 17.5

13.6 13.2

6,093 , 3,333

All years of school completed. .

O-6 years, ,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,, ...,.

9-n years, , . ., . ., .,....., . . . . . . .

12 years .,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,, . . . . . .

13-15 years, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16years or more . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. . . . . . .

100,0

1.6

13.0

54.1

16.9

14.4

100,0

1.6

14.8

50.4

19.0

14.2

100.0

2.7

9.2

52.5

13.2

22,5

100.0

2.2

13.6

59.4

12.2

12,4

Under 15 years...,....,.,,,.. ... .,,, 1,954 631 20 26

All years of school completed. .

0–8 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9-n years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12 years..,,..,,,.,,..,.. . . . . . . . . .

13–15 years, , . ., ...,,.... . . . . . . . .

16years or more . . . ...,...., ,, . . . . . .

100,0

68,5

31.5

100.0

65,3

34.7

100.0

91.7

6.3

100.0

46.2

53.6

15-17 years.....,.......,,. . . . . . . 21.438 13,267 299 281

Allyears of school completed. . . .

G6 years, . .,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9–ll years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13–15 years, , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16years or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0

4.0

59.5

36.0

0,5

100.0

3.6

66.5

29,3

0.5

100.0

2.1

60.7

36.9

0.3

100.0

5.0

49.6

44.8

0.5

18-19 years.,.,,,,,.,...,,, ,., .,.,, 30,570 19,944 493 395

Allyears of school completed. . . .

0-8yaars . ., .,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9-n years..,, . . . . . . . . . .

12 years...,,....,..,,. . . . . . . . . . . .

13–15 years.,.......,,,. . . . . . . . .

16years ormore .,...,,,. . . . . . . .

100.0

0.7

14.4

65.3

17.4

2,3

100.0

0.8

15.3

62.5

19.8

1.7

100.0

1.5

13.2

65.2

15.3

4.8

100.0

0,7

17,1

67.9

11.9

2.4

20-24years. .,..,. ,, . . . . . . . 71,816 42,985 1,601 937

All years of school completed..

O–8years. . . . . . . . .

9-n years . . . . . . . . . . . .,,,.,.,.,,,

12 years.,,,...,.,,,,. .,,.,.,,,,,

13-15 years.,...,,,,,,, . . . .

16yearsormore . . . . .,, .,.....,,,

See note a! end of table,

100.0

0.6

7.9

55.9

21.9

13.5

100.0

0.9

9.4

51.5

24.6

13.4

100.0

1.4

5.5

51.2

20.6

21.2

100.0

1.7

9.9

59.3

16.1

13.0
Monthly Vital Statistics Report. Vol. 39, No. 12(S) s April 30, 1991 ~15

Table 6. Number of reported induced terminations of pregnancy by race and age of woman and percent distribution by years of school

completed, according to race and age of woman: 1l-State area and New York City, 1988–Con.

[Data include only induced terminations of pregnancy occurring in the reporting area]

All other

Age of woman and Ail Other Not

years of school completed races White Total Black races stated

25-29 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All years of school completed. . . . . . . . . . . . .

0-6years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9–ll years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.13-15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16years ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All years of school completed. . . . . . . . . . . . .

O-6 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

S-n years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16years or more . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35-39 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Allyears ofschool completed. . . . . . . . . . . . .

0-8years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9-llyears . . . . . . . . .. r...... . . . . . . .

12yaars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12+15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40yearsand over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Allyaars ofschool completed . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0-3years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

S-n years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notstated, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Allyears ofschool completed. . , . . . . . . . . . ,

O-Syears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9-n years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12years, , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13–15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16yearsormore ., .,,,..,. . . . . . . . . . .

49,426

100.0

0.9

6.6

54.9

17.7

20.0

26,531

100.0

1.1

5.0

52.8

17.4

23.7

13,986

100.0

1.4

4.0

51.4

16.9

26.3

3,819

100.0

2.2

4.3

52.1

14.4

27.1

2,989

100.0

1.3

8.3

66.6

5.3

18.5

28,667

100.0

1.1

7.7

52.4

18.9

19.9

16,382

100.0

1.2

5.4

50.0

19.1

24.4

6,388

100.0

1.2

3.7

46.9

19.9

28.2

2,414

100.0

2,1

3.7

47,0

16.8

30.4

1,305

100.0

H

63.5

6.8

18.5

20,040 18,534

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

0.6 0.4

4.9 4.6

58.3 56.8

16.1 16.4

20.1 19.5

Number

11,686 10,531

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

1.0 0.7

4.5 4.3

56.4 56.8

15.0 15.5

23.1 22.7

Number

5,352 4,688

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

1.5 1.1

4.4 4.3

58.1 58.7

12.3 12.8

23.6 23.0

Number

1,345 1,113

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

2.0 1.6

6::; 6;;

10.2 10.2

21.7 20.8

Number

1,480 1,357

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

1.0 0.9

7.3 7.5

69.1 69.3

3.7 3.8

16.9 18.6

1,506

100.0

2.1

6.4

51.2

12.1

28.2

1,155

100.0

3.6

5.9

52.9

10,7

26.9

664

100.0

4.5

5.2

53.2

9.1

26.0

232

100.0

4.2

6.1

53,3

10.3

26.2

123

100.0

2.5

5.1

66.9

2.5

22.9

719

100.0

1.1

9.0

59.6

11.2

19.0

463

100.0

1.2

7.8

62.5

14.1

14.4

248

i 00.0

4.6

4.0

58.4

13.3

19.7

60

100.0

7.1

5::

11,9

19.0

204

100.0

1.4

10.1

69.6

10.1

8.7

NOTE Then-State area includes lndiana, Kansas, Maine, Wssoufi, Montana, Oregon, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, and V!rgini&
16~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 39, No. 12(S) ● April 30, 1991

Table 7. Number of reported induced terminations of pregnancy by race and age of woman and percent distribution by previous live

births, according to race and age of woman: 14-State area, 1988

[Data include only induced terminations of pregnancy occurring in the reporting area]

A// other

Age of woman and Ail Other Not

previous live births races White Total Black races stated

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Noprevious live birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iprevious live bath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2previous iiveblrths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3previous live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4previous live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5previous live births ., .,......, . . . . . .

6previous live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7 previous live birIhs or more. . . . . . . . . .

Under 15 years. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Noprevious live birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

lprevious live birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2previous live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3previous Hve births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4previous llvebkths. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5previous iive births .,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6previous live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7previous live birtha or more.... ,. . . . . . .

16-17 years..............,.. . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Noprevious live birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iprevious live birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2previous live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3previous live births . .,, . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4previous live births ., .,......, . . . . . . .

5previous live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6previous iive births.........,., . . . . . .

7previous live births or more. . . . . . . . . .

18-19 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Noprevious live birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iprevious llve birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2previous liva births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3previous live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4previoua live births . . . . . . . ...’. . . . . . .

5previous live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6previous live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7previous live births or more. . . . . . .

2C-24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total ...,.....,.,.......,,. . . . . . .

Noprevious live birth .,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iprevious live birth .,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2previous live births, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3previous live births, . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4prevlous live birthe, ..,....,,. . . . . . .

5previous live births........,.. . . . . . . .

6previous live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7previous live births or more. . . . . . . . . .

See noteal end of table.

297,251

100.0

50.3

23.9

16.8

6.0

1.9

0.6

0.2

0.2

2,363

100.0

98.9

2.4

0.5

0.2

28,345

100.0

91.2

7.9

0.8

0.1

0,0

0,0

41,884

100.0

78.7

17.2

3.8

0.5

0.1

0.0

0.0

96,433

100.0

53,8

28,3

13,6

3,3

0.7

0,2

0.0

0.0

186,581

100.0

57.2

20.5

15.0

5.1

1.5

0.4

0.2

0.1

1,053

100.0

97.3

2.0

0.7

0.1

18,241

100.0

94.0

5.5

0.5

0.1

28,421

100.0

84.5

12.7

2.5

0.2

0.0

0.0

0.0

60,703

100.0

62.4

23.3

11.2

2.5

0.5

0.1

0,0

0.0

Number

100,104 92,832

Percent distribution

100,0 100.0

37.3 36.6

30.4 31.2

20.1 20.2

7.7 7.6

2.8 2.8

1.0 1.0

0.4 0.4

0.3 0.2

Number

1,241 1,217

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

96.7 96.7

2.7 2.7

0.3 0.3

0.2 0.3

—

—

Number

9,169 8,810

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

85.7 85.4

12.6 12.9

1.6 1.6

0.1 0.1

0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0

—

Number

12,043 11,426

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

64,7 63.6

27.7 28.6

6.4 6.6

1.0 1.0

0.2 0.2

0.0 0.0

Number

32,465 30,505

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

37.4 35.5

38.0 39.2

18.1 18.7

4.8 5.0

1.2 1.2

0.3 0.3

0.1 0.1

0.1 0.1

7,272

100.0

47.1

20.0

19.4

8.3

3.1

1.1

0.6

0.4

24

100,0

95.8

4.2

—

—

359

100.0

92.2

6.9

0,9

617

100.0

85.9

11.3

2.6

0.2

1,960

100,0

67.2

19.6

9.6

2.9

0.5

0.3

10,566

100.0

51.8

21.8

16.9

6.4

2.0

0.6

0.2

0.2

69

100.0

96.3

3.7

—

935

100.0

91.8

7.8

0.4

—

1,420

100.0

82.5

15.3

1.7

0.4

—

0.1

3,265

100.0

58.8

25.2

12.1

3.4

0.4

0.1
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 39, No. 12(S) ● Aprii 30, 1991 ~17

Table 7. Number of reported induced terminations of pregnancy by race and age of woman and percent distribution by previous ilve

births, according to race and age of woman: 14-State area, 1988-Con.

[Data include only induced terminations of pregnancy occurring in the reporting area]

All other

Age of woman and All Other Not

previous live births races White Total Black races stated

26-29 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Noprevious live birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iprevious live bath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2previous live baths. .,, .,...... . . . . . .

3previous llve births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4previous live birlhs . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .

5previous live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6previous live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7previous live births or more. . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Noprevious live bath., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iprevioua live birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2previous livebirths ...,... . . . . . . . . . . .

3previousiivebirths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4previouslivebirths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5previouslive births ..,...... . . . . . . . . .

6previouslive births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7previous live birthsormore. . . . . . . . . . . . .

35-39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No previous llvebirth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iprevious llvebirth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2previous llvebirths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3previous llvebirths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4previouslive births ...,.... . . . . . . . . . .

5previouslive births ...,.... . . . . . . . . . .

6previous livebirths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7previous live birthsormore. . . . . . . . . . . . .

40yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No previous live birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iprevlouslivebirth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2previouslivebirths ...,,,,.. . . . . . . . . .

3previoualivebirIhs ...,.... . . . . . . . . . .

4prevlous llveblrths ..,...... . . . . . . . . .

5previouslive births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6previousllve births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7previous livebirthsormore. ,. . . . . . . . . . .

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No previouslive birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iprevious live birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2previouslive births ...,.... . . . . . . . . . .

3previouslive baths. ..,.... . . . . . . . . . .

4previous live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5previousllve berths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6previouslive births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7txevious liveblrthsormore. , . ., . . . . . . . .

64,341

100.0

34.7

29.1

24.4

6.4

2.5

0.7

0.2

0.1

36,731

100.0

23.8

26.0

29.9

13.3

4.6

1.6

0.6

0.3

16.186

100.0

18.1

22.6

32.5

15.9

6.4

2.5

1.2

0.9

5,019

100.0

13.4

17.7

32.4

19.1

9.3

4.3

2.0

1.6

3,949

100.0

45.5

24.7

18.7

7.4

2.2

1.0

u

39,216

100.0

41.4

26.4

22.1

7.5

2.0

0.5

0.2

0.1

22,210

100.0

29.4

24.6

28.9

11.7

3.7

1.1

0.4

0.2

11,500

100.0

22.5

22.6

32.7

14.4

4.9

1.6

0.7

0.6

3,321

100.0

15.7

18.1

34.2

18.9

7.3

3.4

1.5

1.0

1,916

100.0

50.9

21.1

17.7

6.6

2.4

0.9

E

22,880 21,117

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

23.1 21.4

33.7 34.5

28.3 26.6

10.1 10.2

3.4 3.5

1.0

M 0.3

0.2 0.2

Number

13,119 11,767

Percent distribution

100.0

14.2

28.4

31.5

15.9

6.2

2.4

0.9

0.5

Number

5,962

Percent distribution

100.0

9.6

22.7

32.0

16.7

9.2

4.2

2.1

1.5

Number

1,510

Percent distribution

100.0

8.6

17.0

28.5

19.6

13.4

6.4

3.3

3.3

Number

1,705

Percent distribution

100.0

38.4

29.1

20.0

z

1.1

0.3

0.4

13.4

26.6

31.4

16.1

6.4

2.5

0.9

0.5

5,182

100.0

9.3

23.4

31.6

18.8

9.4

4.2

2,1

1.5

1,238

100.0

8.8

18.4

27.6

19.3

12.3

7.0

3.3

3.3

1,570

100,0

37.7

29.7

20.1

8.4

2.3

1.2

M

1,773

100.0

43.7

24.1

21.9

7.8

1.8

0.4

0.1

0.2

1,352

100.0

21.2

25.3

31.7

13.9

5.4

1,4

0.9

0.4

760

100.0

11.2

18.7

34.7

19.2

7.7

4.7

2.0

1.8

272

100.0

7.4

10.7

32.5

21.0

18,1

3.3

3.3

3.7

135

100.0

46.9

21.5

19.2

10.8

1.5

2,235

100.0

37.7

28.0

23.1

7.7

2.8

0.6

0.2

0.2

1,402

100.0

25.6

22.2

31.6

13.8

4.7

1.4

0.6

0.2

724

100.0

18.3

19.7

33.9

17.6

6.3

1.8

1.1

1.2

188

100.0

11.1

16.4

33.9

18.7

11.1

4.1

1.6

2.9

326

100.0

54.1

21.5

17.2

5.2

1.7

0.4

NOTE Tha 14-State area Includes Colorado, Indiana, Kansas, Maine, Missouri, Montana, New York,Oregon,RhodeIsland,SouthCaroline,Tennessee,Utah,Vermont,andVkglnle.
18~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 39, No. 12(S) ● April 30, 1991 ~

Table 8. Number of reported Induced terminations of pregnancy by marital status and age of woman and percent distribution by previous

live births, according to marital status and age of woman: 13-State area and New York City, 1988

[Data include only induced terminations of pregnancy occurring in the repofting area]

Age of woman and All Not

previous live bktha women Married Unmarried stated

Alleges, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. .,.,,,

Total, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Noprevious live birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iprevious lwe birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2pravious live berths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3previous live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4previous live births . .,, . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5previous live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6pravious liva births . . . . . . . . . . . ,, . . . . .

7 previous live births or more. . . . . .

Under 15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Noprevious liva birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

lprevious live birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2previous live bitihs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3previous liva births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4previous live births . . . . . . . . . . . ,, . . . . .

5previous live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6previous live births.,.......,.. . . . . . .

7previous live births or more. . . . . .

15-17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No previous llvebirlh. .,...... . . . . . . . . .

Iprevious live birth. ..,..,... . . . . . . . . .

2previous live births ..,..... . . . . . . . . . .

3previous llvebMhs. .,,....,, ,,, . . . . .

4previous llve births .,,..... . . . . . . . .

5previous live births .,,..... . . . . . . . . . .

6prevlous llveblrths, .,,..,,, . . . . . . . . .

7prevlous livebirthsormore. . , , . . . . . . . ,

18–19years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No previous livebkth.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iprevious live birth. .,,..... . . . . . . . . . .

Zprevlous live blithe, ,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3prevloue live berths ...,..... . . . . . . . . .

4prevlous livebkths, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5previous live bitthe, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6previous live births, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7Dravious live birthsormore. . . . . . . . . . .

20–24years. . .,, ...,.... . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No previous lwebirth. .,.,,,.. . . . . . . .

Ipreviouslive birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2previous livebitths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3previous livebirths ..,,... . . . . . . . . . . .

4previous livebirths .,,,... . . . . . . . . .

5prevlous live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6previous livebirths ..,.... . . . . . . . . . . .

7previous lwebirthsormore. . . . ,. . . . . .

See noteat end of table.

244,566

100,0

49,0

24.7

17.2

6.1

2.0

0.6

0.2

0.2

2,057

100.0

96.9

2.4

0.5

0.2

23,240

100.0

91.1

8.0

0.8

0.1

r)::

33,626

100.0

77.6

17.9

3.7

0.4

0.1

0.0

0.0

78,364

100.0

52.1

29.5

14.1

3.4

0.7

0.1

0.0

00

Number

46,842 187,698

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

18,2 57.1

29,6 23.4

33.5 12.9

12.6 4.4

4.0 1.4

1.3 0.5

0.5 0.2

0.4 0.1

Number

33 1,987

Percent distribution

100.0 100,0

71.4 97.2

1,4.3 2.3

10.7 0.4

3.6 0.2

—

Number

510 22,080

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

59.3 91.8

35.2 7.4

5.1 0.7

0.2 0.1

0.0

0.2

Number

1,918 30,744

Percent distribution

100.0 100,0

38.6 80.2

45.4 16.3

14.4 3.1

1.3 0.4

0.2 0.1

0.1 0.0

—

0.0

Number

12,260 63,640

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

24.3 57.4

38,9 27.7

28.5 11.3

6,7 2.6

1,4 0.5

0,2 0.1

0,0 0.0

0,0 0.0

8,026

100.0

47.4

24.6

17,6

6.7

2.3

0.7

0.4

0.2

37

100.0

100.0

—

—

650

100.0

89.8

9.1

0.9

0.2

964

100.0

78,6

16.4

4.0

0.6

0.5

—

2,464

100.0

52.3

28.6

14.2

3.6

1.0

0.2

1.0
Monthly Vital Statistics Repotio Vol. 39, No. 12(S) *April 30, 1991 ~19

Tsble 8. Number of reported induced terminations of pregnancy by maritai status and age of woman and percent distribution by previous

iive births, according to maritai status and age of woman: 13-State area and New York City, 1988-Con.

[Data Include only induced terminations of pregnancy occurring in the reporting area]

Age of woman and All Not

previous //va births women Married Unmarried stated

Number

25-29 yeara. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,705 14,531 37,414 1,760

Percent distribution

100.0

17.7

29.7

35.3

12.6

3.5

0.6

0.3

0.1

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Noprevious live birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iprevious live birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2previous live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3previous live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4previous live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5previous live baths. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6previous live births, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7previous live bkthsorm ore... . . . . , . . . .

100.0 100.0 100.0

33.6

29.7

24.7

6.5

2.5

0.7

0.2

0.1

39.7

29.8

36.5

29.0

20.6

6.9

2.1

0.6

23.0

7.9

2.7

0.5

0,2

0.1

0.2

0.1

Number

30-34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.078 10,639 19,121 1,118

Percent distribution

100,0

12.7

23.6

38.1

16.8

5.7

1.9

0.6

0.4

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Noprevious live birth, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

lprevious live birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Zprevious live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3previous live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4previous live births......,.. . . . . . . . . .

5previous live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6previous live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7previous live births or more. . . . . . . . . .

100.0 100.0 100.0

24.7

26.8

28.6

13.4

4.0

1.7

0.3

0.4

23.4

26.4

29.9

13.3

4.6

1.5

0.6

0.3

29.4

27.6

25.3

11.3

4.1

1.3

0.6

0.3

Number

35-39 years. . .,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,232 6,113 8.567 552

Percent distribution

100.0

10.4

20.0

38.4

18.6

7.4

2.8

1.1

1.3

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Noprevious live birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iprevious live birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Zprevious live births, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3pretiious live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4previous live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5previous live bktha. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6prevlous live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7previous live bkthsorm ore. . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0

17.9

22.6

32.5

15.9

6.4

2.5

1.2

1.0

100.0

23.2

24.6

28.3

14.0

5.7

2.4

1,2

0.7

100,0

18.0 .

22.1

31.3

17.7

5.6

2.1

2.3

1.0

Number

40years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,160 1,939 2,055 166

Percent distribution

100.0

8.3

16.0

35.1

21.1

10.5

5.0

2.2

1.7

Number

699

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Noprevious live birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iprevious live birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2previous live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3previous live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4previous live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5previous live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6previous live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7rxevious live birlhs or more.,.. . . . . . . . . .

100.0 100,0 100.0

13.0

18.3

31.7

18.9

9.7

4.4

2.1

1.8

17.7

20.5

28.3

17.0

8.8

3.7

2.0

1.8

10.5

17.9

34.6

16.7

9.9

4.9

2.5

3.1

Not stated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,104 2,090 315

Percent distribution

100.0

16.8

31.6

33.2

12.6

2.4

2.2

0.7

0.4

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Noprevlous llvebitth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iprevious live bath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2previous live baths. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3previous live baths. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4previous livebirths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5. previous liveblrths, ,... . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6p:evlous live baths. . . . . . . . . .,, ,,,...

7previous livebkthsormore. . , . . . . . , . . .

100.0

40.9

27.0

20.3

7.8

100,0

48.7

25.5

16.0

6.6

2.0

0.7

0.1

0.2

42.7

26,5

20,1

5,1

4,3

0,9

0.4

2.3

M

0.3

NOTE: The 13.Stste area includes Colorado, Indiana, Kansas, Maine, Mlssour;, Montana, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, and Vlrgmla.
20 ~ Monthly Vial Statistics Report ● Vol. 39, No. 12(S) ● April 30, 1991 -

Table 9. Number of reported induced termkratlons of pregnancy by race and age of woman and percent distribution by previous induced

terminations, according to race and age of woman: 14-State area, 1988

[Data include only induced terminations of pregnancy occurring in the reporting area]

A// other

Age of woman and previous All Other Not

induced terminations races White Total Black racea stated

Alleges, , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No previous induced terminations . . .

1 previous induced termination. . . . . . . . .

2 previous induced terminations . , . .

3 previous induced terminations or more. . . .

Under 15 years....,,.....,,.. . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No previous induced terminations . .

1 previous induced termination. . . . . . . . .

2 previous induced terminations . . . . . . .

3 previous induced terminations or more. . . . .

15–17years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Noprevious induced terminations. . . . , , . . . .

1 previoue induced termination. . . , , , , , . . . .

2previous induced terminations. . . . . . . . .

3previous induced terminations or more. . . . .

18–19 years, , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Noprevious induced terminations.

1 previous induced termination. . . . . . . .

2previous induced terminations. . . .

3previous induced terminations or more. . . .

20-24 years, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. . . . . . .

Total . .,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Noprevious induced terminations,

1 previous induced termination. .

2previous induced terminations. . . . . . . .

3previous induced terminations or more.

25–29 years....,,,.,,,..,,.

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Noprevious induced terminations,

1 previous induced termination. . . . . . .

2previous induced terminations, .

3previous mducedterminations or more.

See note at end of table.

297,251

100.0

55.9

27.0

10.7

6.4

2,363

100.0

92.1

7.0

0.7

0.3

28,345

100.0

84.6

13.3

1.6

0.3

41,684

100.0

73.7

20.9

4.3

1.1

96,433

100.0

55.4

29.3

10.5

4.8

64,341

100.0

43.2

31.5

15.2

10.0

186,581

100,0

60,4

25.5

9.0

5.1

1,053

100.0

92.6

6.9

0.4

0.1

16,241

100.0

87.6

11.0

1.1

0.2

28,421

100.0

77.5

18.5

3.3

0,7

60,703

100,0

59.8

27.6

8.8

3.8

39,216

100.0

47.0

31.3

13.6

8.1

Number

100,104 92,832

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

47.8 47.0

29.5 29.9

13.6 14,0

6.6 9.0

Number

1,241 1,217

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

91.9 91.6

7.1 7.1

0.7 0.8

0.3 0.3

Number

9,169 6,610

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

79.0 78.8

17.5 17.8

3.0 3.1

0.4 0.4

Number

12,043 11,426

Percent distribution

100,0 100.0

65.2 64.5

26.3 26.7

6.5 6.7

2.0 2,0

Number

32,465 30,505

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

47.4 46.3

32.2 32.7

13.6 14.0

6.8 7.0

Number

22,690 21,117

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

37.0 35.5

32.0 32.4

17.9 18.5

13.1 13.7

7,272

100,0

58.0

25.1

10.6

6.2

24

100.0

95.8

4.2

—

359

100.0

64.5

12.1

2.9

0.6

617

100.0

78.2

17.5

2.8

1.5

1,960

100.0

64.5

24.7

7.8

3.0

1,773

100.0

54.7

26.9

11.7

6.8

10,566

100.0

53.5

28.0

11.5

7.0

69

100.0

87.5

7.1

3.6

1.6

935

100.0

81.0

16.8

2.0

0.1

1,420

100.0

71,1

23.2

4.6

1.2

3,265

100.0

53.7

30.1

11,0

5.2

2,235

100.0

41.1

30.9

16.3

11.7
Monthly Vital Statistics Report. Vol. 39, No. 12(S). April 30, 1991 ~21

Table 9. Number of reported Induced terminations of pregnancy by race and age of woman and percent distribution by previous induced

terminations, according to race and age of woman: 14-State area, 1988-Con.

[Data include only induced terminations of pregnancy occurring In the reporting area]

A// ofher

Age of woman and previous All Other Not

induced terminations races White Total Black races stated

Number

30-34 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,119 11,767

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No previous induced terminations . . . . . . . . . .

1 previous induced termination. . . . . . . . . . . .

2 previous induced terminations . . . . . . . . . . .

3 previous Induced terminations or more. . . . . .

35-39 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No previous induced terminations . . . . . . . . . .

1 previous Induced termination. , . . . . . . . . . .

2 previous induced terminations . . . . . . . . . .

3 previous Induced terminations or more. . . . . .

40years and over. , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No previous induced terminations . . . . . . . . . ,

1 previous induced termination. . . . . . . . . . . .

2 previous induced terminations . . . . . . . . . . .

3 previous Induced terminations or more. . . . ,

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Noprevious induced terminations. . . . , , . . .,

1 previous induced termination. . . . . . . . . . . .

2 previous induced terminations . . . . . . . . . . .

3 previous induced terminations or more. . . . . .

36,731 22,210 1,352 1,402

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

34.5 32.9

31.0 31.4

19.2 19.7

15.4 16.0

100.0

41.4

30.7

15.7

12.3

100.0

45.6

30.4

13.6

10.4

100.0

46.2

27.4

14.2

10.3

100.0

36.9

32.4

16.2

12.5

Number

16,186 11,500 5,962 5,182 780 724.

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

34.5 33.2

31.9 32.2

18.9 19.2

14.8 15.4

100.0

45.0

29.1

14.9

11.0

1CKJ.o

50.6

27.5

12.6

9.1

100.0

43.3

29.5

16.8

10.4

100.0

43.1

32.1

15.0

9.9

Number

5,019 3,321 1,510 1,238 272 166

Percent distribution

100!0 100.0

34.5 33.1

31.9 32.5

17,1 17.4

16.4 17.0

100.0

49.6

27.2

12.7

10.4

100.0

56.4

25.4

10.6

7.6

100.0

41.0

29.1

16.1

13.8

100.0

50.0

20.6

16.2

13.0

Number

3,949 1,916 1,705 1,570 135 328

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

42.8 41,7

26.3 28.6

17.0 17.2

11.9 12.6

100.0

50,9

26.2

13.4

9.6

100.0

56.2

25,3

10!5

8.1

100.0

56.2

25.4

14.6

3.8

100.0

66.8

17.7

10.2

5.3

NOTEThe 14-Stale area Includes Colorado, lndisna, Kansas, Maine, Missouri, Montana, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tenneasae, Utah, Vermont, and Wrgmia.
22 ~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Voi. 39, No. 12(S). Aprii 30, 1991

Tabla 10. Number of reported Induced terminations of pregnancy by race of woman and percent distribution by period of gestation,

according to rata of woman: 14-Stata area, 1988

[Data include only induced terminations of pregnancy occurring in the reporting area]

A// other

All Other Not

Period of gestat/onl races White Total Black races stated

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Allperiods of gestation .,,,.....

6weeks or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7 weeks.,. . . . . . . . . .

6 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11 weeks....,....,..,.. . . . .

12weeks ...,.,,,..,,, . . . . . . . . . . . .

13 weeks..,,......,.. . . . . . . . .

14weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16weeks, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17weeks, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19weeks . ., .,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21 weeks ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

297,251

100.0

11.1

15.3

19.3

16.2

12.6

9.1

5.3

3.0

1,9

1.3

1.0

0.6

0.8

0.6

0.5

1.2

186,581

100,0

11,6

16.1

20.3

16.5

12.5

8.9

5.0

2,6

1,7

1.1

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.4

1.0

Number

100,104 92,832

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

10.2 9.9

13.9 13.5

17.6 17.3

15.5 15.5

12.7 12.9

9.6 9.8

6.0 6,2

3,5 3.6

2,3 2.4

1.6 1.7

1.4 1.4

1.1 1.2

1.1 1.2

0.9 0.9

0.8 0,8

1.7 1.7

7,272

100.0

15,2

19.1

20.9

15.3

10.9

7.3

3.9

2.2

1,1

0.9

0,5

0.5

0.6

0.4

0.3

1.0

10,566

100.0

10.1

13.8

19.6

16.4

12,2

9.2

5.7

3.6

2.3

1.4

1.1

:::

0.8

0.5

1.5

lPerlod ofgestation !sacomblnation ofcalculafed geslatron from ''date last normal menseabegan'' and<' phyaician'a estimate ofgestation''; see Technical notes.

NOTE: The 14. State area includea Colorado, lndlana, Kansas, Maine, Mleaouri, Montana, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Termesaee, Utah, Vermont, and Vkginia.

Table ll. Number of reported induced terminationsof pregnancy byage ofwoman and percent distribution by period of gestation,

according to age of woman: 14-State area, 1988

[Data include only induced terminations of pregnancy occurring in the reporting area]

15–19 years 40

Under years

All 14 14 75 16 77 18 79 20-24 25-29 30-34 35–39 and Not

Period of gesfafiorf ages years years Total years years years years years years years years years over stated

Number

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297,251 626 1,737 70,229 4,533 9,306 14,506 20,963 20,921

Allperiods of gestation. 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

6weeksorless . . . 11.1 6.9 6,9 7.5

7weeks ..,.... 15,3 7.1 10.1 11.9

8weeks .,... . . . 19,3 13,6 12.5 17.1

9weeks . . . . . 16,2 15.6 142 16.5

10weeks . . . . . . . 12,6 10.9 15.1 14.0

11 weeks,,. . . . . . . 9,1 11.1 9.7 10.9

12weeks. . . . 5.3 6,3 6.6 6.8

13weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.0 6.9 4,6 4.0

14weeks. . . . . . 1,9 45 4.1 2.6

15weeks . . . . . . 1.3 2.3 2.8 1,8

16weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 2.4 2,3 1.5

17W$%3!W, ., .,,,..,. ,. 0.8 2.1 2.1 1.1

18waE&. . . . . 0.8 2.4 2.1 1.1

19wee$w . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.6 2.1 1.7 0,9

20weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.5 1.3 1.4 0.7

21 weeks ormore . . . . . . . . 1,2 4,3 3.7 1.7

Ioo.o

6.6

9.3

14.7

15.8

14,1

11,3

8.0

46

3.5

2.1

1,9

1.4

1,5

1,5

1.1

2.7

Percent distribution

100,0 100,0 100.0 100.0

6.1 6.9 8.0 8.2

10.2 11,0 12.5 13.1

15,8 16.7 17.5 18.1

15.6 16.2 18.4 17.2

14.5 14.7 13.8 13.4

11.3 10.8 11.2 10.3

7.4 6.9 6.8 6.2

4.4 4.5 3.7 3.7

3.3 2.6 2,3 2.3

2,1 2.0 1,7 1.4

1,8 1,6 1,3 1.3

1.5 1,2 1,1 0.9

1.4 1.0 1.0 0.9

1.2 1.0 0.7 0.7

0.8 0.8 0.6 0.6

2.5 1.9 1.4 1.4

96,433 64,341 36,731 18,186 5,019 3,949

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

10.0 12.5 14.7 16.8

14.6 16.8 18,4 19.8

19.3 20,4 21,2 21.2

16.5 16,1 15,7 15.2

13,1 12,1 11.0 9.9

9.6 8.4 7.6 8.2

5.6 4.7 3.9 3.7

3.1 2.5 2.1 1.8

1.9 1.6 1.2 1.1

1.3 1.1 0.8 0.7

1.0 0.8 0.7 0.6

0.8 0.6 0.6 0.6

0.8 0.6 0.5 0.7

0.6 0.5 0.4 0.4

0.5 0.4 0.3 0.4

1,2 1.0 0.8 0.8

100.0

17.0

18.1

22.5

15.3

10.1

6.1

3,7’

1.5

1.3

0.7

0.6

0.7

0.6

0.4

0.4

1.0

100.0

13.0

16.3

18.4

1A.9

11.5

7.6

5.5

3.0

1.9

1.3

1,3

1,1

1.2

0.6

0.9

1.8

1 Period ofgestation [sacomb!natlon ofcalculated gestation from '`date last normal meneesbegan'' and'' physician` aeatlmate ofgeatadon''; see Technical notes.

NOTE: The 14. State area includes Colorado, lndiana, Kansas, Maine, Missouri, Montana, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, South C.erollna, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, andtirglnia.
Monthly Vital Statistics Report. Vol. 39, No. 12(S) . April 30, 1991 ~ 23

Table 12. Number of reported induced terminations of pregnancy by years of school completed, race, and age of woman and percent

distribution by period of gestation, according to years of school completed, race, and age of woman: 1l-State area and New York City,

1988

[Data include only induced terminations of pregnancy occurring in the reporting area]

Years of school completed

Period of gestation,i age, o-6 9-17 12 13–15 16 years Not

and race of woman Total years years yeara years or more stated

All races2

Allagaa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All periods of gestation. . . . . . . . . .

6weeks or less, . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-6 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9-12 weeke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13–15weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-20 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21weeks or more . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10-17 yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

AH periods of gestation. . . . . . . . .

6weeks or less...........,..

7-6 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9-12 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13–15weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-20 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21weeks or more . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All periods of gestation. . . . . . . . . .

6weaks or lees . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-8weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9-12weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15 weeks.,...........,..

16-20 weeks,............,..

21weeks or more........,,.. .

25years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All periods of gestation. , , , , . . . . .

6weeke or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-8 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9-12weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-20 weeks............,,..

21weeks or more . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Allperiods of gestation. . . . . . . . . .

6weeks or less . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-6weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9-12 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13–15weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-20 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21weeks or more . . . . . . . . . . . . .

See fontnotesat end of table,

224,529

100.0

11.4

33.8

43.3

6.1

4.0

1.5

23,392

100.0

6.8

25.4

48.2

9.7

7.0

2.9

102,386

100.0

9.8

31.9

45.8

6.7

4.3

1.8

95,762

100.0

14.3

37.8

39.6

4.5

2.8

1.0

2,969

100.0

12.6

33.7

38.4

6.9

6.4

2.1

3,466

100.0

7.4

28.7

49.5

8.3

4.7

1.5

1,731

100.0

5.7

24.1

51.7

10.1

6.3

2.0

721

100.0

8.4

26.2

51.7

7.5

4,9

1!3

978

100.0

10.7

37.0

43.9

5.9

1.8

0.7

36

100.0

13.9

33.3

47.2

5.6

—

27,898

100.0

7.4

27.8

50.8

8.3

4.5

1.2

12,747

100.0

6.9

26.6

51.4

8.7

4.9

1.6

9,740

100.0

6.7

27.2

51.9

8.7

4.5

1.0

5,186

100.0

9.7

32.3

47.4

6.5

3.4

0.8

223

100.0

6.8

23.5

47.5

12.7

7.7

1.8

116,410

Percent distribution

100.0

11.2

32.4

43.4

6.6

4.7

1.8

Number

7,456

Percent distribution

100.0

6.8

24.0

43.3

11.1

10.1

4.8

Number

58,002

Percent distribution

100.0

9.5

30.2

46.0

7.3

5.1

1.9

Numbar

49,165

Percent distribution

100.0

13.7

36.3

40)5

5.1

3.3

1.1

Number

1,785

Percent distribution

100.0

12.2

33.3

39.0

6.8

6.8

1.9

36,457

100.0

11.2

37.3

45.1

4.2

1.7

0.6

99

100.0

7.1

31.3

56.6

4.0

1.0

20,330

100.0

10.0

36.3

46.6

4.6

1.9

0.6

15,887

100.0

12.9

38.5

43.0

3.6

U

141

100.0

8.6

37.9

40.7

8.6

3.6

0.7

30,968

100.0

16.1

40.9

34.9

3.9

3.0

1.3

—

100.0

10,042

100.0

13,0

38.1

37.7

5.2

3.9

2.1

20,431

100.0

17.6

42.3

33.6

3,2

2.4

0.9

495

100.0

15.9

36.9

33.3

4.1

:::

9,330

100.0

13.4

33.1

38.9

6.4

5.8

2.3

1,357

100.0

6.6

23.4

40.8

11.5

12.6

5.1

3,551

100.0

1241

30.8

43.1

6.5

5.5

1.9

4,113

100.0

16.6

38.1

34.9

4.7

3.9 “

1.6

309

100.0

15.6

36.6

33.9

6.8

5.1

2.0
24 ~ Monthly Vital Statistics Reporf ● Vol. 39, No. 12(S) ● April 30, 1991

Table 12. Number of reported induced terminations of pregnancy by years of school completed, race, and age of woman and percent

distribution by period of gestation, according to years of school completed, race, and age of woman: 1l-~tate area and New York City,

1988- Con.

[Data include only induced terminations of pregnancy occurring in the reporting area]

Years of school completed

Period ofgestatlon,i age, O-8 9–11 12 13–15 16 years Not

and race of woman Total years years yeara years or more stated

White

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All perioda of gestation. . . . . . . .

6weeks or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-8 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9-12 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-20 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21weeks or more . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10-17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All perioda of gestation. . . . . . . . . .

6weeks or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-6 weeks...,.........,.. .

9-12 weeka. ..,......,..,.. .

13-15 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-20 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21weeks or more . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18-24 years.....,..,...,.. .

All perioda of gestation. . . . . . . . .

6weeks or leas . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-6 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9-12waeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-20 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Zlweeka or more . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25 years and over. . . . . . . . . . . . ,

Allperiods of gestation, ., . . . . . . ,

6weeks or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-6 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9-12 weeks. . .,, , . . . . . . . . . . .

W-j5weeks., . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-20 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21weeks or more . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notstated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Allperlode ofgestetion, . . . . . . . .

6waeks or less . .,, . . . . . . . . ,.

7–6 weeks...,..,....,.,,..

9–12weeks. ..,.,........,..

13-15 weeks...,,...,..,,.. .

16-20 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21weeks or more, . . . . . . . . . . . .

See footnotes at snd of table.

134,181

100.0

12.0

35.4

43.0

5.3

3.1

1.2

14,098

100.0

7.2

27.4

49.3

6.7

5.2

2.2

62,929

100.0

10.3

33.6

45.6

5.8

3.2

1.2

55,649

100.0

15.2

39.3

36.5

3.8

2.2

0.9

1305

100.0

13.7

35.0

37.8

6.0

5.6

1,9

2,072

100.0

7.7

29.3

49.8

7.8

4.0

1.5

879

100.0

5.7

24.5

52.8

9.5

5.6

1.9

541

100.0

6.7

28.1

53.0

7.2

3.9

1.1

631

100.0

11.2

37.7

42.7

6.1

1.9

1.1

21

100.0

9.5

26.6

57.1

4.8

19,035

100.0

7.4

26.8

51.0

7.9

3.7

1.2

8,749

100.0

7.1

27.9

51.2

8.2

4.2

1.5

6,630

100.0

6.7

26.4

52.3

8.1

3.7

0.9

3,343

100,0

9.7

32.4

46.0

6.3

2.6

0.9

113

100.0

6.8

23.9

46.9

14,2

4.4

1.8

Number

64,998

Percent distribution

100.0

11.7

34.1

43.5

5.8

3.5

1.4

Number

3,757

Percent distribution

100.0

7.7

27.2

44.8

9.6

7.1

3.6

Number

33,441

Percent distribution

100.0

10.1

31.9

46.3

6.4

3.8

1.5

Number

27,038

Percent distribution

100.0

14.3

37.6

40.1

4.4

2.6

0.9

Number

762

Percent distribution

100.0

13.5

34.0

36.7

5.2

6.6

2.0

24,433

100.0

12.2

39.2

43.0

3.6

1.4

0.6

65

100.0

7.7

32.3

56.9

3.1

14,125

100.0

10.7

38.4

44.6

4.1

1.6

0.6

10,161

100.0

14.4

40.4

40.7

2.9

1.2

0.5

82

100.0

6.6

40.7

39.5

8.6

1.2

1.2

18,329

100.0

17.4

42.6

33.4

3.0

2.3

1.3

100.0

—

5,889

100.0

13.8

40.0

37.3

4.1

3.0

1.7

12,218

100.0

19.1

43.9

31.7

2.5

1.9

1.0

222

100.0

19.0

36.5

26.5

4.1

6.8

3.2

5,314

100.0

14.9

35.1

36.1

5.3

4.7

1.9

646

100.0

7.1

26.2

44.3

9.6

9.0

3.9

2,103

100.0

13.2

32,6

42.3

5.3

5.1

1.5

2,456

100.0

18.4

39.2

32.9

4.2

3.5

1.8

105

100.0

13.7

44.1

36.3,

4.9

1.0

—
Monthly Vital Statistics Report oVoL39, No. 12(S)o April 30, 1991 ~ 25

Table 12. Number of reported induced terminations of pregnancy by years of school completed, race, and age of woman and percent

distribution by period of gestation, according to years of school compieted, race, and age of woman: 1l-State area and New York City,

1988-Con.

[Data include only induced terminations of pregnancy occurring in the reporting area]

Years of school completed

Period of gestation,l age, o-6 S=11 12 13-15 16 yeara Not

and race of woman Total years years years years or more stated

Black

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Number

8,002 46,946

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

7.0 10.0

25.0 29.8

50.8 43.6

9.6 6.0

6.3 6.3

1.4 2.3

Number

3,704 3,495

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

6.3 5.8

23.7 20.3

51.6 41.8

10.1 12.8

6.4 13.3

1.9 6.0

Number

2,641 22,833

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

6.8 8.6

23.9 27.5

51.3 45.9

10.4 8.7

6.6 7.0

1.1 2.5

Number

1,560 19,722

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

9.2 12.3

30.3 34.1

47.9 41.4

7.0 6.3

5.0 4.3

0.5 1.5

Number

97 896

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

5.2 10.8

21.6 31.9

49.5 40.0

11.3 8.3

10.3 7.3

2.1 1.7

80,922 1,185 10,966 11,034 2,789

100.0

11.1

28.3

40.3

8.6

8.4

3.4

619

100.0

5.7

20.3

37.7

13.4

16.4

6.4

1,057

100.0

11.2

27.0

43.4

8.7

6.6

3.0

1,049

100.0

13.9

34.4

38.9

5.6

5.3

1.8

64

100.0

14.3

27.0

34.9

7.9

7.9

7.9

All pariods of gestation, , . . . . . . . .

6weeks or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-6weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9–12weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13–15weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-20 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21weeks ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

13.7

37.4

36.0

5.4

4.1

1.4

10.0

30.6

44.4

7.5

5.5

1.9

6.2

26.2

50.2

9.9

5.8

1.8

3:::

50.4

5.5

2.3

0.6

10-17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,668 816 32

All periods of gestation. . . . . . . . . .

6weeks orless . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-8weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9-12weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-20 waeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Zlweeks or more . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0 100.0 100.0

6.0

22.1

46.6

11.4

9.9

3.9

5.6

23.7

51.1

10.6

6.7

2.2

3.1

31.2

56.2

6.2

3.1

—

16-24 years.,...........,.. 36,031 137 5,662 3,701

All periods of gestation. . . . . . . . . .

6weeks or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-6weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

S-12 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15 weeks, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-20 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21weeks or more . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0

8.6

26.4

46.6

6.2

6.1

2.1

I m.o

4.4

28.7

49.3

8.8

6.6

2.2

100.0

7.6

30.4

52.7

5.9

2.8

0.7

100.0

11.3

34.5

39.4

E

2.7

25years and over..,.....,,,., 34,866 219 5,223 7,093

Allperiods of gestation. . . . . . . . . .

6weeks or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-6weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9-12 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13–15weeks, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-20 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Zlweeks or more . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0

12.4

35.1

41.8

5.8

3.8

1.1

100.0

9.3

32.4

46.6

7.9

1.9

100.0

9.8

34.9

47.9

5.2

1.8

0.5

100.0

15.1

39.1

37.2

4.7

3.3

0.8

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,357 11 49

Allperiods of gestation. . . . . . . . . .

6weeks or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-6weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9-12weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-20 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21weeks ormore, . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

12.2

34.2

38.8

4.6

7.2

3.0

10.8

31.6

40,3

7.7

7.5

9.1

54.5

27.3

9.1

10.2

32.7

44.9

4.1

8.2

2.2

1period of gestationIS a combination d calculated gestation from “date l-t normal menses began” and “physician’s eStima!e of 9eStati0n”; See Technical 170tea.

21ncludes races other than white and black.

40TE The 11 -8tate area Includes Indiana, Kansas, Maine, Missouri, Montana, Oregon, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, and Virginia.
26 ~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report. Vol. 39, No. 12(S) ● April 30, 1991

Table 13. Number of reported induced terminations of pregnancy by procedure and percent distribution by procedure, according to

period of gestation: 14-State area, 1988

[Data include only induced terminations of pregnancy occurring In the reporting area]

All Suction Sharp Saline Prostag/andin

Period of gestation 1 procedures curettage curettage inst///ation insti//aticm Hysterotorny Hysterectomy Other

Number

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297,251 285,317 2,428 2,145 742 17 25 2,368

Ail periods of gestation. . . . . .

6weeks or less . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9waeks, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10 weeks,.,..,,.......,.. .

I I weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13weeks, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15 weeks, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21 weeksormore. ..,.... . . . . .

Notstated, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100,0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

97.4

98.2

97.6

98.6

99.0

99.0

98.9

98.4

97.4

95.2

92.5

86.9

80.2

75.7

74.0

74.7

77.5

94.6

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.7

0.8

0.8

1.0

1.2

1.5

1.5

2,2

i ,5

1.5

1.0

1.1

1.3

2,0

Percent distribution

0.7 0.3

0.0 0.0

0,0 0.0

0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0

0.1 0.0

0.3 0.1

0.6 0.2

1.7 0.8

3.3 1.5

5.5 3.1

9.6 4.1

14.4 4.4

14,5 5.1

16.2 3.5

13.2 3.4

2.4 0.7

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0,0

0.1

—

0.1

0,0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.;

0.1

0.1

f Period of gestation Is a combination of calculated gestation from “date last normal menses began” and “physlclan”s astimate of gestation”; see Technical notes.

21ncludes procedure not stated.

NOTE The 14&ate area Includes Colorado, Indiana, Kansaa, Maine, Mlaaouri, Montana, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tenneseee, Utah, Vermont, and Virginia.

0.8

0.9

1.6

0.6

0.2

0.1

0.1

0.2

0.5

0.8

1.2

2.2

4.7

3.9

5.5

4.5

4.5

0.4

Table 14. Number and percent distribution of reported induced terminations of pregnancy by metropolitan-nonmetropolitan residence,

race, and age of woman: 14-State area, 1988

[Data include only Induced terminations of pregnancy occurring in the reporting area]

All areas Metropolitan areas Nonmetropolitan areas

All All All

Age of woman racesl White Black raceal White Black racesl White Black

All agee .,,......,.,..

Under 14 years . . . . . . . . . .

14yeare . . . . .. l.......

15-19 yeara. . . . . . . . . . . .

15years ... ,.. .d .,14

16years . . . . . . . . . . . .

17yaara . . . . . . . . . . . .

16 yeara ..,..,,,,,..

19 yeare . ., ..,,.....

20-24 yeare. d . ...4.....

25-29 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

35-39 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

40years And over . . . . . . . .

Not etated . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under 14years . . . . . . . . . .

14years . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15–19years . . . . . . . . . . . .

15 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

16 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

17 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

18years . . . . . . . . . . . .

19years . . . . . . . . . . . .

20-24 years, . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

35-39 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

40 years And over . . . . . . . .

297,251

626

1,737

70,229

4,533

9,306

14,506

20,963

20,921

96,433

64,341

36,731

18,186

5,019

3,949

100.0

0.2

0.6

23.9

1.5

3.2

4.9

7.1

7.1

32.9

21.9

12.5

6.2

1.7

186,581

220

833

46,662

2,617

5,969

9,635

14,332

14,089

60,703

39,216

22,210

11,500

3,321

1,916

100.0

0.1

0.5

25.3

H

5.2

7,8

7,6

32.9

21.2

12.0

6.2

1.8

92,832

360

837

20,236

1,716

2,898

4,196

5,630

5,796

30,505

21,117

11,767

5,182

1,238

1,570

0.4

0.9

22.2

1.9

3.2

4.6

6.2

6.4

33.4

23.1

12.9

5.7

1.4

Number

256,473 153,366

529 168

1,444 619

56,559 36,888

3,701 1,973

7,672 4,636

12,014 7,537

17,510 11,388

17,662 11,352

83,630 50,297

56,499 32,993

32,090 18,542

15,735 9,448

4,267 2,664

3,720 1,729

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

0.2 0,1

0,6 0.4

23.2 24.3

1.3

i:: 3.1

4.8 5.0

6.9 7.5

7.0 7.5

33.1 33.2

22,4 21.8

12.7 12.2

6.2 6.2

1.7 1.8

67,185

339

762

18,797

1,559

2,676

3,901

5,257

5,404

28,650

19,930

11,083

4,894

1,164

1,566

100.0

0.4

0.9

22.0

1.8

3.1

4,6

6.1

6.3

33.5

23.3

12.9

5.7

1.4

40,776

97

293

11,670

832

1,634

2,492

3,453

3,259

12,803

7,842

4,641

2,451

752

229

100.0

0.2

0.7

26.8

2.1

4.0

6.1

8.5

8.0

31,6

19.3

11.4

6.0

1.9

33,215

54

214

9,774

644

1,351

2,098

2,944

2,737

10,406

6,223

3,666

2,052

637

167

100.0

0.2

0.6

29.6

1.9

4.1

6.4

8.9

8.3

31.5

18.6

11.1

6.2

1.9

5,647

41

75

1,439

157

222

295

373

392

1,855

1,187

684

288

74

4

100.0

0.7

1.3

25.5

2.8

3.9

5.2

6.6

6.9

32.9

21.0

12.”

5.”,

1.3

1Includes races other than white and black.

NOTE The 14-State area includes Colorado, Indiana, Kanaas, Maine, Missouri, Montane, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, and Virginia
Monthly Vital Statistics Report. Vol. 39, No. 12(S) ● April 30, 1991 ~ 27

Table 15. Number of reported Induced terminations of pregnancy by residence status of woman and percent distribution by period of

gestation, according to resldsnce status of woman: 14-State ares, 1988

[Data include only Induced terminations of pregnancy occurring In the raporting area]

Induced terminations occurring

Induced In State of residence hrducad Induced

All induced terminations terminations term;nat!ons

terminations occurrhg in Occurring Not occurring among among

occurring area among in county in county interstate nonresidents of

Period of gestationl in area U.S. residents Total of residence of residence nonresidents United States

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298,078 297,251 273,672

All periods of gestation. . . . . . . . . .

6weeks or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21 weaks ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0

11.1

15.3

19.3

16.2

12.6

9.1

5.3

3.0

1.9

1.3

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.5

1.2

100.0

11.1

15,3

19.3

16.2

12.6

9.1

5.3

3.0

1.9

1.3

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.5

1.2

100.0

11.3

15.4

19.5

16.3

12.6

9.1

5.3

3.0

1.9

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

1.0

Number

186,653 86,819 23,579 627

Percent distribution

100.0

12.0

16.0

19.5

15.8

12.2

6.6

5.2

2.9

1.9

1.3

1.0

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

1.0

100.0 100.0 100.0

9.7 9.0 6.4

14.1 13.8 10.6

19.4 17.9 14.2

17.2 15.2 12.9

13.6 12.1 14.9

10.2 9.0 10.9

5.7. 5.2 9.7

3.1 3.2 4.5

1.8 2.1 3.6

1.1 1.6 2.3

0.9 1.4 2.3

0.7 1.3 1.6

0.7 1.6 1.3

0.5 1.3 1.2

0.4 1.3 0.8

1.0 4.1 2.7

1 perIO~~! ~E~tatiOnISa cOmb{natlOnof ca!~ulated gestation from “data last normal menses began” and “physician’s eStlrIIateOf9eStati0n”: see Technical notes.

NOTE:The 14-Stste area includes Colorado, Indiana, Kansas, Maine, Missouri, Montana, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, and Virginia.
Table 16. Number of reported induced terminatiOflS of pregnancy in the reporting States and New York City, by place of residence and place of occurrence:

United States, each State, New York City, and spt?cified places outside the United States, 1988

[Data include only reduced terminations of pregnancy occurring in the reporting area]

Place of occurrence

New York

Upstate New

New York Rhode South

Place of residence Total Colorado Indiana Kansas Maine Missouri Montana Total York city Oregon Island Carolina Tennessea Utah Vermont V/rginia

All places of residence .

UnKed States . . . . . . . . . . .

Alabama . . . . . . . . . . .

Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . .

Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . .

California . . . . . . . . . . .

Colorado . . . . . . . . . . .

Connecticut . . . . . . . .

Delaware . . . . . . . . . . .

District of Columbia.

Florida . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Georgia, . . . . . . . . . . .

Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Illinois . . . . . . . . . . . . .

lndlana . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . .

Louisiana . . . . . . . . . . .

Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Maryland, . . . . . . . . . .

Massachusetts. . . .

Michigan . . . . . . . . . . .

Minnesota . . . . . . . . . .

Mississippi. . . . . . . . .

Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . .

Montana . . . . . . . . . . .

Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . .

Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . .

NewHampshire. . . . . .

New Jersey . . . . . . . . . .

New Mexico . . . . . . . . .

New York . . . . . . . . . . .

UpstateNewYork. . . . .

NewYorkCity . . . . . . .

North Carolina. . . . . . .

North Dakota. . . . . . . . .

Ohio . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Oklahoma . . . . . . . . . .

Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pennsylvania. . . . . . . . .

RhodeIsland. . . . . . . . .

South Carolina. . . . . . . .

South Dakota . . . . . . . .

Tennessee . . . . . . . . . .

Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Vermont . . . . . . . . . . . .

298,078

297,251

160

17

35

886

149

11,524

852

11

334

94

881

7

420

1,706

12,446

54

4,764

777

18

3,882

843

2,087

144

10

1,123

18,497

2,189

197

83

721

1,913

251

137,164

53,508

83,656

1,111

15

117

77

12,093

1,360

5,918

13,379

121

17,808

67

4,145

2,372

12,425

12,422

4

25

13

11,506

3

—

5

7

2

—

2

22

3

1

12

139

—

—

241

4

3

1

2

2

5

—

4

—

92

—

11

103

—

12,999

12,999

1

—

1

1

2

1

c1,.

.3

.-

—

349

12,408

1

—

E

1

—

122

3

1

—

2

1

1

1

77

1

5

—

—

2

4

—

7,534

7,534

—

—

6

1

1

1

—

5

2

35

4,373

—

1

—

—

1

2

1

2,961

2

55

—

—

—

2

—

—

—

1

—

1

51

—

1

—

—

3

—

4

—

4,723

4,554

—

2

3

—

?

—

—

1

1

3,858

2

259

1

—

—

—

—

395

1

2

5

5

2

—

—

—

1

4

2

—

10

17,382

17,381

2

—

—

100

2

1

2

—

—

7

3

1

—

1,316

24

11

366

57

4

1

—

—

3

7

15,415

—

1

—

—

2

2

2

2

—

1

—

2

14

—

—

—

—

1

20

10

1

—

2,866

2,453

1

3

—

..

22

1

1

—

1

2,150

1

—

—

—

—

12

1

—

1

—

22

2

2

141,439

141,223

1

—

1

1

16

2

775

9

66

33

6

2

—

15

2

1

—

4

16

196

120

3

—

—

3

—

—

—

18

1,890

2

136,489

52,873

83,616

20

—

19

2

—

1,303

43

6

—

2

5

2

15

52,766

52,685

1

—

1

5

—

268

2

2

17

3

2

2

1

1

1

1

5

30

2

—

—

4

181

2

51,106

49,615

1,491

2

12

995

3

2

—

1

2

1

3

88,673

88,538

—

—

1

11

2

487

7

64

16

3

13

1

3

15

193

90

1

3

14

1,709

85,383

3,258

82,125

18

7

2

—

308

40

4

—

1

3

1

.12

13,309

13,300

12

2

1

84

2

1

2

29

—

—

1

1

1

1

—

1

1

—

1

—

12,089

1

—

—

1

2

—

—

7,616

7,615

2

—

3

1

56

1

1

—

3

1,659

2

—

—

5

4

6

6

1

1

5,866

—

—

—

—

1

14,133

14,130

6

1

7

1

14

338

1

3

2

1

1

3

2

1

5

2

3

2

—

1

1

6

3

3

333

—

7

1

2

5

—

13,353

—

10

5

—

21,592

21,591

144

1

—

775

2

—

1

14

523

11

7

2

702

4

—

—

1

2

1

1,112

85

1

1

1

—

2

1

1

38

1

3

3

5

—

12

17,756

10

—

4,722

4,721

—

—

~

—

7

4

—

—

1

1

360

—

—

—

—

4

1

60

1

—

2

1

1

1

1

—

—

—

1

4

4,039

3,309

3,308

—

1

1

5

1

—

—

—

3

43

—

302

603

603

1

—

1

1

—

—

2,346

34,029

34,020

3

—

1

i

6

3

7

2

267

11

8

1

1

5

2

1

8

2

64;

3

8

4

2

12

42

10

32

712

—

4

1

32

3

6

1

14

10

—
Virginia

............ 32,527

1 3- 2– 126

7 11919 363–-

Washington......... 1,079

32,022

2--

—

4

West Virginia.........

1,067–– 4-2

182-––

—

—— 7–

7

Wisconsin..........

2 7–-

11-

166

2

2

—

3

21

Wyoming...........

—

668 211–

1

2

Outside United States

229 --– l-–

— 225

-

PuerIoRico.......... 1---

— 1-

1

Virgin Islands........ 2-–-

—— l–

1

Canada............

1

692 2––

—

163– 411 109 77 32

Cuba..............

5-–1

1

l-––

—

1 l–

Mexico............

—

6 l-–

—

1 3–3

Remalnderofworid.....

—

— l–-

125--–

61

1 1013 98

41

2

—

9
30 ~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 39, No. 12(S) ● AprH 30, 1991 -

Technical notes

Nature and sources of data

Data in this report are based on

information for the same 14 States in

1988 as in 1987: Colorado, Indiana,

Kansas, Maine, Missouri, Montana,

New York, Oregon, Rhode Island,

South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, and Virginia,

The reporting States provided

data on magnetic tape for individual

events coded from copies of the original reports of induced termination of

pregnancy. These data were provided

to the National Center for Health Statistics (NCHS) through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program, NCHS

collects information on individual

abortions occurring in selected States

with mandatory abortion reporting

requirements. The State abortion

reporting forms include information

on the demographic characteristics

and pregnancy history of the woman

and the nature of the procedure. The

NCHS data system, based on reports

of individual abortions, enables

detailed cross-classification.

Two other organizations currently

publish information on induced

abortions-the Center for Chronic Disease Prevention and Health Promotion

(CCDPHP), which, like NCHS, is a

component of the Centers for Disease

Control (CDC), and the Alan Guttmacher Institute (AGI), a private organization. The CCDPHP relies primarily

on aggregate abortion data reported

by State health agencies, hospitals, and

medical institutions; AGI obtains its

information from a nationwide survey

of abortion providers.

Item completeness

Item completeness, which is measured by the percent of records with

codes other than “not stated,” is

shown in table I for the varying

number of States included in the analysis of each item. States were excluded

from analysis if either information was

not collected on the item or no information for the item was reported for

25 percent or more of the records,

Table I shows that resident status was

100 percent complete for both 1987

and 1988. Residence information, if

Table 1. Percent completeness for Items on reporting form and number of reporting

States: 1987 snd 1988

1s88 1987

Percent Number of

Item

Percent Number of

completeness reporthg States completeness reporting States

Age of woman..,,..,,,,, 98.7 14 99.4 14

Educatloni . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Marital status of womanz . . .

95.8 11 94.2 12

96.7 13 96.1 13

Period of gestation. . . . . , . 99.6 14 99.8 13

Previous Induced terminations . 97.1 14 96.2 14

Previous live births, , . . . . . 97.4 14 96.3 14

Race of woman, . . . . . . . . . . 96.4 14

Resident statuss . . . . . .

98.5 14

100,0 14 100.0 14

Type of procedure. . . . . . 98.6 14 98.3 13

1New York CIV SISOreported education.

‘New York City also reported marital status.

3Resldent status unknown ISallocated at the coding Ievehsee Technical notes,

NOTE:The reporting area Includes Colorado, Indiana, Kansaa, Maine, Missouri, Montana, New York, Oregon, Rhoda Island,

South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, and Virginia.

unknown or incomplete, is allocated at

the coding level according to the following rules: First, records with

unknown residence are allocated to

place of occurrence; second, records

with only State of residence reported,

with no city or county specified, and

where the State named is different

from the State of occurrence, are allocated to the largest city of the State of

residence.

Classification of data

Procedures used for coding and

classifying the items on the Report of

Induced Termination of Pregnancy are

described in the NCHS vital statistics

instruction manual, part 10, “Classification and coding instructions for

induced termination of pregnaney

records, 1988” (12). Codes for geographic areas are described in part 8,

“Vital records geographic classification, 1982” (13). Additional information on classitjring selected items can

be found in the technical appendix,

Wal Statistics of the United States, vol 1

(14), Definitions of types of procedures used may be found in the publication, Legalized Abortion and the

Public Health (15). Data on period of

gestation are computed from information on “date of termination” and

“date of last normal menses.” If “date

of last normal menses” is not stated or

computed gestation in weeks is not

possibIe, “physician’s estimate of gestation in weeks” is used.

Ratios, percents, and medians

Measures of incidence in this

report are based on ratios of induced

terminations of pregnancy to live

births, These ratios refer to the

number of induced terminations and

live births occurring in the reporting

States to residents of the reporting

States. In the computation of ratios,

“not stated” cases have been distributed according to the reported or

known proportion for a particular

characteristic, Ratios prior to 1988 are

computed before distributed numbers

are rounded, Ratios of induced terminations of pregnancy provide an

approximate indication of the :h-equency of induced abortions to the frequency of pregnancies.

Two forms of induced abortion

ratios (ratios per 1,000 [ive

births–type I and ratios per 1,000 live

births and induced abortions–type II)

are shown in table IL Induced abortion ratios in the text of this report are

of type I. These ratios are larger than

those of type II, because the latter

includes a larger number of events in

the denominator than the former.

Both ratios have the same number of

events —induced terminations —in the

numerator of the ratio. For type I

ratios, age differentials are greater,

that is, the range between the larges,t

and the smallest ratios by age o.

women is greater than for type II

ratios. Induced abortion differentials

by race are also more pronounced

using type I than type II ratios.
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 39, No. 12(S) . April 30, 1991 ~31

Table Il. Type I and Type II induced termination of pregnancy ratios by race and age of woman: 14-State area, 1988

~YPe I ratio is Per 1,ooo five Mrths. Type II ratio is Per 1,ooO live tirths and induced terminations. Induced terminations of pregnancy and live births are only those

occurring in the area to residents of the area]

Type I Type II

All All

Age of woman racesl White Black raced White Black

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 325.4 265.6 598.1 245.5 210.0 374.2

Under 14 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,576.1 1,786.3 1,477.7 611.6 641.1 596.4

14years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,038.5 1,305.0 676.7 509.5 566.2 467.2

1.5-19 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 663.9 666.0 666.9 399.0 399.8 400.1

15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 847.9 966.2 719.6 456.6 491.9 416.5

16years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 768.0 647.1 701.1 440.7 458.6 412.1

17years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 686.9 700.6 666.1 407.2 412,0 399.8

16years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 706.1 716.6 6s0.6 413.9 417.5 406.5

19years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 553.6 532.1 618.6 356.4 347.3 382.2

20-24years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393.7 331.7 622.3 262.5 249.1 383.6

25-29years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225.2 171.3 536.6 183.8 146.2 349.2

30-34years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195.6 146.5 515.4 163.7 127.8 340.1

35-39yeara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 285.8 228.3 622.8 222.3 185,8 383.8

40years Andover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 499.9 426.9 851.1 333.3 299.2 459.8

1ln~ludesraces other than white and black.

NOTE The 14-Stats area includes Colorado, Indians, Kansas, Maine, Missouri, Montana, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, and Virginia.

In the computation ofpercentdistributions and medians, “not stated”

cases are excluded. Proportional allocation of “not stated” cases in computing these measures would yield

exactly the same results, In addition,

medians were calculated using single

years of age, single years of education,

and single weeks of gestation.

In the computation of percent interest in 1987. The total percent

change, the following general formula change is a weighted average of the

was used: change for the groups of interest.

Although it is unusual, the total perRl - R2 .100 cent change can be greater or smaller

R2 than either of the percent changes in

its component parts.

where RI equals the ratio of interest in

1988 and RZ equals the ratio of
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ● Vol. 39, No. 12(S) ● April 30, 1991 ~~

Suggested citation

KochanekKD. Induced terminations of

pregnancy reporting States, 1988, Monthly vital Copyright information

statistics repom VOI39 no 12, suppl. Hyattsville,

Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. This report may be reprinted without further

199!. permission.
Vol. 38, No. 9, Supplement. January 5, 1990

Monthly Vital

Statistics Report

Final Data From the National Center for Health Statistics

Induced Terminations of Pregnancy: Reporting States,

1987

by Kenneth D. Kochanek, M.A., Division of Vial Statistics

Highlights

In 1987 there were 300,310 abortions reported as occurring to residents

within the 14 States reporting this information to the National Center for

Health Statistics (NCHS), a decrease of

2,538 (1 percent) from the number for

the previous year. The abortion ratio of

337.8 abortions per 1,000 live births in

1987 decreased from the ratio of 344.9

for the previous year, and continued the

decline observed from 1985. From 1986

to 1987, ratios decreased for white

women, but increased slightly for black

women. Decreases for white women

were greater among unmarried than

married women.

During 1982-87, for a 13-State reporting area, abortion ratios declined

by 9 percent. For white women the declines were 14.0 percent, and for blaok

women, 2.1 percent. Reductions were

particularly marked among older

women, with ratios declining by over

one-fourth for women 40 years and

over during tis period.

The abortion. “ in 1987 for~

>

black women wai 2% “ es that for,

white women, abou e same relationship as in 1986. The median age and

the age at which the greatest number of

abortions occurred were both lower for

white women (23.5 years and 18 years)

than for black women (23.9 years and

21 years). The highest abortion ratios

were for the youngest and the oldest

women, a pattern observed for both

black and white women. For almost every age group, ratios for black women

were higher than for white women.

Induced abortion ratios are associated with marital statu$ both white and

black married women had much lower

ratios than unmarried women of the respective race groups in 1987. Abortion

ratios also are associated with educational attainment. For white women, ratios generally decreased with increasing

number of years of school completed;

but for black women, the decreases did

not occur until 13–15 years of school

completed.

III terms of previous pregnancy history, about 5 out of 10 women having

induced terminations in 1987 had at

least one previous live birth, and about

4 out of 10 had a prior induced termination. The median duration of gestation was 9.1 weeks for women having

induced terminations in 1987. It was

longer for black women, on the average, than for white women; longer for

less educated women; and longer for

out-of-State residents than for in-State

residents.

In 1987 suction curettage was the

type of procedure used in 96 percent of

all induced terminations. Abortion ratios among women residing in metropolitan areas were almost 2+4 times as

high as those among nonmetrbpolitan

residents.

Introduction

This report on induced terminations of pregnancy is based on 1987

SSRvjCES.t+, #

&

*’‘$ U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES

Public Health Service

Centersfor Disease Control

$ National Centerfor Health Statistics

%

%

>

Manning Feinleib, M.D., Dr. P.H., Director

‘+ %di=
2~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report

data reported to NCHS by 14 States.

Earlier reports showed data for 5 States

in 1977, 8 States in 1978, 13 States in

1979, 12 States in 1980 and 1981, and

13 States for each year 1982-86 (l–7).

The States in this report include

Colorado, Indiana, Kansas, Maine,

Missouri, Montana, New York,

Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina,

Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, and

Virginia. Although New York City is a

separate registration area from the remainder of New York State, the data

for both areas are combined except

where otherwise noted.

Data are based on individwd reports of induced abortions submitted to

State vital registration oftlces. Reports

of induced terminations are submitted

to these offices in accordance with the

laws and statutes of the respective

States. The reporting States provided

data on magnetic tape for individual

events coded from copies of the original

reports of induced termination of pregnancy.

Induced abortions are distinguished in NCHS statistics from spontaneous abortions or fetal deaths.

Induced abortion means “the purposeful interruption of pregnancy with the

intention other than to produce a liveborn infant or to remove a dead fetus

which does not result in a live birth”

(8). All other abortions are “spontaneous.” In this report, the term “abortion” refers to “induced abortion” or

“induced termination of pregnancy”; all

three terms are used interchangeably.

Abortion data are shown on both

an occurrence and a residence basis.

Most detailed tables at the end of the

report and selected text tables show

data on all abortions occurring in the

14-State reporting area to U.S. residents. The occurrence tables represent

characteristics and factors associated

with the utilization of health services

within the geographic area in which the

abortions occurred. In contrast, ratio

tables exclude abortions to nonresidents of the reporting States. Such tables show the frequency of abortions in

relation to demographic characteristics

associated with births to residents of

the area. The distinction between occurrence and residence data is made in

the text and in the headnotes of the

tables.

Data are analyzed using percent

distributions, medians, and ratios (see

Technical notes). Abortion ratios are

based on the number of abortions and

live births occurring in the reporting

States to residents of those States. Ratios are expressed as the number of

abortions per 1,000 live births. Such ratios provide an approximate indication

of the frequency of abortions in relation

to the frequency of pregnancies.

An estimate of pregnancies could

include the sum of live births, induced

terminations, and spontaneous fetal

deaths; however, it is common practice

to use only live births in calculating

these ratios (9,10), because data on fetal deaths under 20 weeks’ gestation are

not reported for most States. When fetal deaths of 20 weeks’ or more gestation are included in the denominator

along with live births and abortions, the

abortion ratios for the reporting area

are slightly lower than when only live

births and abortions are used. A comparison of abortion ratios per 1,000 live

births and per 1,000 live births plus induced terminations is shown in the

Technical notes.

The magnitude of the ratios is affected by the distribution of both live

births and abortions according to such

characteristics of the female population

as age, race, marital status, and number

of years of school completed in a specified State or group of States. Therefore, ratios for the same demographic

group, such as white females, may vary

for different multi-State areas. Accordingly, caution should be used in generalizing from ratios reported for the

muki-State reporting area to ‘the entire

U.S. population.

Number of abortions and

abortion ratios

In 1987 a total of 300,310 abortions

were reported as occurring to U.S, residents within the 14-State reporting

area, a decrease of 0.8 percent from the

302,848 abortions reported for the

same area in 1986. Of the 1987 abortions, 18,290, or 6.1 percent, involved

nonresidents of the area. The induced

abortion ratio for the 14-State area in

1987 was 337.8 abortions per 1,000 live

births, a decrease of 2.1 percent from

the previous year (table A).

The trend for 1982 to 1987 of abortion ratios is available for a 13-State

reporting area. To maintain comparability in the trends since 1982, the abo

tion ratios are presented for th~

13-State area from 1982 to 1987 and

for the 14-State area for 1986 and 1987

(table 1). States in the 13-State reporting area include Colorado, Indiana,

Kansas, Missouri, Montana, New York,

Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina,

Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, and

Virginia. From 1982 through 1987,

abortion ratios declined by 9 percent

(table A and figure 1).

Age and race

One-fourth of the induced abortions in 1987 in the 14-State area were

to women under 20 years of age

(table 2). One-third occurred to women

at ages 20-24 years. The remaining

42 percent were to women 25 years of

age and over.

The pattern of abortions by age for

white and black women has remained

similar since 1978. In 1987, as in previous years, a slightly larger proportion

white women who had abortio~,.

(59 percent) were under 25 years of age

compared with black women (57 percent). Similarly, the median age at

pregnancy termination was lower for

white women (23.5 years) than for

black women (23.9 years). In 1987 the

age at which the greatest number of

abortions occurred was lower fctr white

women (18 years) than for black

women (21 years).

Abortion ratios vary by age of

women at termination (table A). Ratios

are higher at the extremes of the age

distribution of the childbearing period;

that is, among women 14 years of age

and under and 40 years of age and over

of both race groups. However, women

in these age groups combined accounted for a total of only 1.5 percent

of all induced terminations and all live

births in 1987. Although abortion ratios

by age for both white and black women

have a U-shaped pattern, the variation

in abortion ratios is greater for white

women (figure 2).

Trends in age-specific abortio.

and abortion ratios are presented in tables 3 and 4 for the 13- and 14-State

reporting areas. Since 1982, abortion
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ~ 3

Table A. Ratio of reported Induced terminations of pregnancy, 1987, and percent change, 198+87 for 14-State area, and 1982-87 for

13-State area, by race and age of woman

[Ratios per 1,000 live births. Induced term!matfons of pregnancy and live births are only those occurring In the area to residents of the area]

195’7 1966-87 1962-67

All All All

Age of uvman raced Whfle Black racesi White Bfack raced Whlie Black

Ratio Percent changez

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 337.8 274.0 635.2 -2.1 -S.6 0.2 -9.0 -14.0 -2.1

Under 14yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,705.1 1,629.4 1,672.6 -2.5 -9.2 3.9 -6.0 -20,1

14yeere . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.6

1,146.1 1,245.7 1,060.2 -7.3 -7.5 -6.4 -s.7 -17.6

15-19 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1.6

663.7 660.4 701.3 -1.4 4.0 2.1 -5.1 -9.2

15yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.9

919.3 1,044.7 790.4 -11.6 -9.1 -15.3 -9.8 -9.2

16yeers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

-9.0

636,1 890.1 761.2 -7.9 -9.9 -3.9 -3.2 -5.8

17yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.9

734.6 736.3 742.4 0.5 -S.6 11.3 -3.9 -9.9

18years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12.2

7f2.6 716.5 710.7 1.7 0.3 4.8 -5.7 -10.9

19years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8.3

550.8 529.5 616.2 -0.8 -2.3 29 -6.5 -10.2

20-24 yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.3

400.6 335.1 652.6 -0.3 -1.9 0.6 0.5 -4.4

2E-29years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.5

232.3 175.4 567.9 -1.3 -2.0 -1.7 -4.5 -8.3

30-34 yeers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

-4.3

209.1 156.1 557.1 -1.4 -2.6 1.2 -14.1 -17.3

35-39 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 307.7

-11.0

240.6 691.0 -6.8 -9.5 -2.0 -24.8 -28.4

40years andover . . . . . . . . . . . . . 568.2

-17.1

463.6 993.9 -6.1 -6.9 2.1 -26.7 -29.2 -17.7

1l~~d~~ ~~e~ ot~r t~n ~h[~ ad bla~k,

2See Technical ties.

NOTE Tha 14-24ate araa includes Colorado, Indiana, Kansas, Mdna, Mlsscurl, Montana, New York, Oregon, Rlmde Island, Scuth Carolina, Temasa.sa, LJiah, Vermont, and Virglda. The 13-State

area includes Colorado, Indlam, Ksnsa.s, Mlsscurl, Montara, New York, Oregon, Hmda Islard, Sath Carolina, Tennassee, Utah, Vernmt, ad Virglni.a Ratios are based on unrounded figures.

See Tmhnlcal notes.

>

0< I I 1 1 I

t

1982 1963 1964 1985 1836 ?987

Year

Figure 1. Abortion ratIow 13-State area, 1982-87

ratios for women 30 years of age and

over have decreased for both races. For

younger women, ratios fluctuated

through 1984 and then decreased. Decreases have been progressively greater

with increasing age for both race

groups. The largest reductions were for

the oldest age group, women 40 years

of age and over. During 1982–87, abortion ratios for white women in this age

group declined by 29 percent; for black

women, by 18 percent.

For white women, there were 274.0

abortions per 1,000 live births in 1987

‘mmpared with 635.2 for black women,

Jn both 1986 and 1987 the ratio of

abortions to live births was higher for

white women 14 years and under than

for black women; but for women 15

years of age and over, the ratio was

higher for black than for white

women in every 5-year age group in

1987.

From 1986 to 1987, abortion ratios

for residents of the 14-State area decreased by 3.6 percent for white women

but increased slightly for black women

(table A). For white women, these decreases were reflected in reductions

from 1986 to 1987 for all 5-year age

groups. For white women, decreases

were largest at the youngest ages and

the oldest ages. For black women, the

trends by age were not consistent between these two years. Some age

groups showed increases; others,

decreases,

From 1982 through 1987, for a

13-State reporting are% abortion ratios

by race declined. For white women the

deelines were 14.0 percent, and for

black women, 2.1 percent.

The gap between black and white

abortion ratios increased from a black/

white ratio of 2.0 in 1982 for all ages to

2.3 in 1987, an increase of 15 percent

(table 4). Racial differences in abortion

ratios increased for all age groups from

1982 through 1987. These increases

ranged from 4 percent for women aged

25–29 years to 26 percent for women

under 14 years of age.

Marital status

Thirteen States (Colorado,

Indiana, Kansas, Maine, Missouri,

Montana, Oregon, Rhode Island, South

Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont,

and Virginia) and New York City collected information on the marit al status

of women having induced terminations.

Of the abortions occurring in this area

in 1987, 20 percent were reported for

married women and 80 percent for unmarried women (table 5).

Married women who had abortions

tended to be older than unmarried

women who had abortions. More than

two-thirds (70 percent) of married

women but only slightly more than onethird (36 percent) of unmarried women

having abortions were 25 years of age

and over. The median age of married

women having abortions in 1987 was

28.1 years, 5.3 years older than the
4 ~ Monthly Vkal Statistics Report

1,000

%30

600

1

700

600

500

400

300

200

100

0

t

15-19 20-24 26-29 30-34 3S39 40 and over

Age in years

Figure 2. Abortion ratioa by age and race of woman: 14-Stste area, 1987

median age of 22.8 years for unmarried

women.

Black women who had abortions

tended to be older than white women

who had abortions, regardless of marital status. Of married black women,

73 percent were 25 years of age and

over compared with 68 percent of married white women. Similarly, among unmarried women having abortions,

38 percent of black women were

25 years of age and over compared with

35 percent of white women. In 1987 the

median age of married black and white

women obtaining an abortion was 28.5

and 27.8 years, respectively, compared

with 23.1 years for unmarried black

women and 22.5 years for unmarried

white women.

Induced abortion ratios by marital

status and race for events to residents

occurring in the 13-State area are

shown in table B. Data for New York

were excluded because information was

not obtained on mothers’ marital status

for abortions oeeurring in upstate New

York. In 1987 married women had

fewer than 1 induced abortion for every

10 live births, and unmarried women

had 9 induced abortions for every

10 live births (table B). Among married

women the abortion ratio for black

women was nearly three times that for

white women. However, among

unmarried women the relationship by -.

race was reversed. For white unmarried women, the abortion ratio was

2% times that for black unmarried

women in 1987.

Decreases in abortion ratios between 1986 and 1987 among married

women were about the same for white

and black women (1 percent). For

unmarried women, the ratios decreased

substantially for white women

(8 percent), but by only 1 percent for

black women.

Years of school completed

For a 12-State area (Indiana,

Kansas, Maine, Missouri, Montana,

New York, Oregon, South Carolina,

Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, and

Virginia), 1987 data are available on induced abortions by years of schor’

completed by the women (table 6). R

porting area residents having abortions

had about the same median :years of

school completed (12.6 years) as their

counterparts carrying their pregnancies

to term, 12.7 years.

Abortion ratios are associated with

years of school completed, but the pattern differs somewhat between white

and black women (table C). For white

women, the highest ratio was for those

with 9–11 years of schooling completed

(335.1 abortions per 1,000 live births),

and the peak for black women was for

those with 12 years of schooling completed (775.2). For white women, the

lowest ratio was for those with [themost

years of school completed (16 years or

more), compared with black women for

whom the lowest ratio was for those

with the least years of school completed

(O-8 years).

The pattern of abortion ratios by

educational attainment for all ages

combined may be affected by the inte

relation of age, marital status, an

number of years of school completed,

Very young women are more likely to

be unmarried and may not have completed their schooling. Further, the ratios for women of high educational

attainment may reflect the lower ratios

that characterize older women. To take

into account these interrelationships

and to obtain a better indication of the

association between educational attainment and abortion patterns, an analysis

was made for women aged 25 :years old

and over, most of whom will have

Table B. Ratio of reported induced terminations of pregnancy, 1987, and percent change,

1988-87, by marital atstus and race of woman: 13-State area

[Ratios per 1,000 live births. Induced terminations of pregnancy and live births are only those occurring in the

area to residents of the area]

All All

Race of wornan women Marr/ed Unmarried women Married Unmarried

Ratio Percent changei

Allracesz . . . . . . . . . . . 243.1 63.6 666.9 -1.3 -0.5 -6.1

Ware . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219.1 54.5 1,144.2 -2.0 -0.9 -6.4

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374.8 151.0 515.5 -0.6 -1.1 -1.4

1s~~ T~h”@ “&es,

‘Includes races other than whita and black.

NOTE The 13-3tatearea includesColorado,Indiana,Ksnsas,Maine, Missouri,Montana,Oregon,RhodeIsland,South

Caroline,Tennessee,Utah,Vermmt, andVirginia.Ratiosam basedon unroundedfigures.See Twhnlcal notes.
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ~ 5

Table C. Ratio of reported induced terminations of pregnancy by years of school

completed, race, ●nd ●ge of woman: 12-State area, 1987

‘Rafbs per 1,000 Ifve tilrths. Induced termhatbns of pregnancy and live birlhs are only those occurring in the

ea to residents of the area]

Years of schooI complet6d

m +11 12 13-15 16 y~

Race and age of women Total w Jwrs yeas w or more

Raflo

Allracasl . . . . . . . . . . . 344.6 238.0 371.6 418.8 320.7 193.5

lo-i7yeat?3 . . . . . . . . . 824.1 459.6 770.5 2,059.7 2,333.5

lt?-24yaars . . . . . . . . . 452.0 150.3 261.5 4S6.6 596.6 330.0

25yearsand over . . . . . 244.5 194.3 294.1 335.4 203.9 146.3

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277.6 le2.2 335.1 32s.7 258.5 161.3

10-17 yeare . . . . . . . . . 651.2 361.1 824.6 2,034.5 2,370.0

lS-24yeam . . . . . . . . . 3al.o 135.5 223.2 40s.4 537.2 764.2

25yearsandover . . . . . 1s3.9 169.8 243.0 247.5 151.3 119.2

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . 637.4 398.3 464.9 775.2 638.2 560.4

10-17 years . . . . . . . . . 793.9 628.4 699.1 2,053.6 2,3S7.5

16-24 yeare . . . . . . . . . 657.3 231.2 370.5 753.4 621.6 1,3322

25yearsandover . . . . . S66.2 280.0 40s.1 755.5 518.7 461.9

NOTE The 12-Siate ama Iffiktdea Indlq Kansaa, Maine, Mlsscuri, Montanq New York, Oregon, South Carollnm Tenmsssee,

Utah. Vernwnt, aml Viralni& RatIce are based on unrwrx!+d fktures. See Technical notes.

four-ffihs (81 percent) of married

women and two-fifths (42 percent) of

unmarried women who obtained abortions had had at least one previous live

birth (table 8).

Previous induced terminations

For the 14-State area, over onehalf (54 percent) of black women and

two-ffihs of white women having abortions in 1987 had repeat abortions

(table E). In each age group, a larger

proportion of black than white women

had experienced a prior abortion

(table 9). Among black women, at least

one-half of each 5-year age group aged

20-24 years and over had experienced, a

prior induced abortion. Among white

women, the age group 30-34 years had

the largest percent of repeat abortions,

54 percent. For those under 15 years of

completed their formal education by

that age (figure 3). This analysis shows

that the peak abortion ratios for both

race groups were for women witt 12

ears of schooling completed. For white

women over 25 years, the ratio was

247.5 abortions per 1,000 live births

and for black women, 755.5. With additional education, abortion ratios declined for both black and white women,

but the decline was proportionately

greater for white than for black women.

Previous pregnancies

Previouslive births

In 1987 ahnost one-half (49 percent) of the women who obtained abortions in the 14-State area had at least

one previous live birth, (table D). The

percent was greater among black than

among white women, 63 percent compared with 42 percent, and was directly

related to the age of the woman having

an abortion: The older the woman, the

more likely she had had a previous live

birth (table 7). Among women aged

40 years and over, 87 percent had had

at least one previous live birth. In

mntrast, among women aged 15–17

years, only 9 percent had had at least

one previous live birth. The same pattern existed for women of both race~ at

age, the youngest group, only 8 percent

had had a previous induced abortion.

every age black women having abortions were more likely than white

women to have had a previous live

birth. Period of gestation

For a 13-State area (Colorado,

Indiana, Kansas, Maine, Missouri,

Montana, Oregon, Rhode Island, South

Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont,

and Virginia) and New York City, data

are available on the number of previous

live births to women having abortions

in 1987 according to the marital status

of the woman. Approximately

Almost 9 out of 10 induced terminations occurring in the 13-State area

in 1987 occurred during the first trimester of pregnancy, as shown in table F and tables 10 and 11. Almost

one-half (49 percent) were for pregnancies of 8 weeks’ or less duration and

41 percent were for pregnancies of

9-12 weeks’ duration. Only 11 percent

SOOr

7wl

600

500

400

30U

200

100

0

0-8 8-11 12 13-15 160rrnore

Years of school completed

Figure 3. Abortion ratioa by years of school completed and race for women aged

25 years and over: 12-State area, 1987
Table D. Percent dlatribution of reported induced terminations of pregnancy by previous

iive births to woman, according to race: 14-State area, 1987

[Data include only Induced Ierminatlons of pregnancy occurring in the repotilng area]

All

Previous live blrfhs races~ White Black

Percent distribution

Total ., . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0

Noprevious live birch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51.1 5a.5 36.6

Iprevlous ltveblrth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.5 20.0 30.7

2prevlous llveblrths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.4 14.4 19.9

3prevlous liveblrlhs ..,,.... . . . . . . . . . . 6.0 4.9 7.9

4prevlousllvebkths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.0 1.5 2.9

5prevlousliveblrths ..,..,,,, . . . . . . . . . 0.7 0.4 1.0

6prevlous liveblrths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0,2 0.2 0.4

7prevlous livebirlhsormore. . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2 0.1 0.3

fIncbdes races other than white and black.

NOTE The 14-Statearea IrcludeeColorado,Indiana,Karmas,Maine, Misacurl,Mantma NewYork,Oregon,RtmdeIsland,

South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Verrmnt, and Virglnla.

Table E. Percent of reported induced terminations of pregnancy to women with a previou$

induced termination by race ●nd age of woman: 14-Stete area, 1987

[Data include only Induced terminations of pregnancy occurring in the reporting area]

All

Age of twman races~ white Black

Percent

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.4 39.6 53.6

Under 15yeara. ,, . . . . . . . . . . . . ,. .,... 7.6 5.1 9.2

lH7years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.4 12,7 23.5

16-19 years.,...,,........,.. . . . . . . 27,4 23.1 se. 1

20-24 years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,+ . . . 45,1 40.6 54.3

25-29years. h i . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.7 52.5 64.8

3D-34yeara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.6 53,8 67.8

3S-39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,5 48.7 66.5

40yearsanctover. o ...,,,... . . . . . . . . . 48.7 42.7 62.6

1ln~~d~~ r~~~s ~~r th~ whl~ and bla&.

NOTE The 14-State area includes Colorado, Indlma, Kanms, Maine, Mhacurl, Moriena, New York, Oregon, Rtmde Island,

South Carolina, Temmsee, Utah Verrwnt, and Vkglnla.

Tabie F. Percent distribution ofreported induced terrninationa ofpregnancyby periodof

gestation and median gestetionai period, according toage ofwoman:13-Stete area, 1987

[Data include only induced terminations of pregnancy occurring In the reporting areal

Under

All 15 13-17 18-19 *24 25-29 30-34 35-39 40yaats

Period of gestafkwrl ages yews years years years years years wws andover

Percent distribution

Allperiods of gestation . . 100.0 100.0 100,0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

6weeksor less . . . . . . . 13.0 7.1 7.6 9.3 11.8 14.9 17.4 19.5 18.7

7-Sweeks . . . . . . . . . . 35,5 24.9 26.9 31.3 35.0 36.2 40.3 41.1 41.2

9-12weeks . . . . . . . . . 40.9 43.9 47.6 46.0 42.2 36.5 35.3 32.6 33.1

13weeks ormore. . . . . . 10.7 24.1 17.6 13,3 11.0 8.3 7.0 6.7 6.9

Medien

Perlodofgestatlon. . . . . 9.1 10.4 10.0 9.6 9.2 6.6 8.6 6.5 8.5

1period of gestation IS ~ ~~mblnatl~n of ~al~lsted gest~i~n from ,(dste last rwrmd menses began” and “pl@cian’s estimate

of gestation”; see Technical note%

NOTE The Is-State area Includss Colorado, Ihdlana, Karma, Missmrl, Montana, New York, Oregon, Rhede Island, South

Caroline, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, and Virginia.

of all abortions were obtained by

women whose pregnancies Iastedl more

than 12 weeks.

The median gestational periodff

black women having abortions,

9.4 weeks, was slightly longer than the

corresponding period for white women,

9.0 weeks. The length of the gestational

period also tended to be longer for

younger than for older women

(figure 4). For women under 2CIyears

of age, the median gestational period

was 9.8 weeks, almost 1 week longer

than the 8.9-week period for vvomen

aged 20 years and over. The same pattern by age prevailed for black and

white women. However, black women

at every age had longer gestational periods prior to induced termination than

white women.

For an n-State area (Ir]diana,

Kansas, Missouri, Montana, New York,

Oregon, South Carolina, Tennessee,

Utah, Vermont, and Virginia) in 1987,

data are available to examine duration

of pregnancy prior to abortion by educational attainment of woman, age, and

race (table 12). Generally, delayed terminations were associated with less et

ucational attainment. For women witl.

less than a high school education, the

median gestational period was

9.8 weeks compared with 8.9 weeks for

women with 12 years or more of school

completed. When this analysis is restricted to women 25 years of age and

over who had the opportunity to complete their schooling, the relationship is

attenuated. The median duration of

pregnancy prior to termination for

women 25 years of age and ovm with

less than a high school education was

9,0 weeks, and the median for those

with 12 years or more of schocd completed was 8.7 weeks, The relationship

between educational attainment and

gestational duration was similar for

white and black women, although black

women of every educational attainment

level had induced abortions later in

their pregnancies than white women.

Type of procedure

Data on types of procedures use

to induce pregnancy terminations ar

available for the 13-State area for 1987
40

35

‘\\--------

1 I I I 1 1

6 weeks 7-6 9-1o 11-12 13-14 15weaks

or leas weeks weeks Wl?aka weeke or more

Period of gestation

Fkrure 4. Percent distribution of abortions bv Deriod of r,reststion, ●ccordlna to

w;man’s agw 13-State area, 1987

.

(tables G and 13). These figures indicate that more than 9 out of 10 induced

abortions were performed by suction

curettage (table 13). The second most

frequently reported method, sharp curettage, accounted for only 2 percent of

he induced abortions in 1987. Suction

curettage was the predominant procedure for induced abortions for all periods of gestation, decreasing slightly as

gestation period increased. Saline instillation, which accounted for 1 percent of

the induced abortions, increases in

prevalence as gestational period increases, but never matches the dominance of the suction curettage

procedure.

Residence patterns

Metropolitan and nonmetropolitan

residence

In 1987 metropolitan area residents obtained 87 percent of the induced terminations occurring in the

14-State area (table 14). Residents of

nonmetropolitan areas having induced

abortions were, on the average,

younger than women in metropolitan

areas having abortions. The median age

at termination for nonmetropcditan

area women was 22,8 years, and for

metropolitan area women, 23.8 years.

The relative frequency of induced

abortions per 1,000 live births was

Table G. Percent distribution of reported Induced terminations of pregnsncy by

procedure, ●ccording to period of gestation: 13-Ststo area, 1987

[Data Inolude only Induced terminations of pregnancy occurring In the reporting area]

I%krd Ofgeslethn$

All Less than 1s15 16 weeks

Prvcedure perbds 13 W%IIS Weal& or mom

Percent d!slributbn

All procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 1CO.o 100.0 10Q.O

Suction curettage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.8 97.9 89.2 65.6

Sharp curettage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9 1.2 8.8

Saline instillatbn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.0 0.1 E 15.8

Prostaglandin Instillatbn . . . . . . . . . . . 0.4 0,1 1.1 6.5

Hysterotomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0 0.0 0,0 0.1

Hysterectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.9 0.8 1.0 3.2

1~e~ ~ ~ee~atlm Is ~ ~mb[~il~” of ~al~l~~~ g~~t~l~” from ‘,dde lut non’rld frlem ~ d ‘“@@Ch’$ ditlllte

of gestation”; sea Technicalnotee.

NOTR The 13-Stete arm IrwludeaColorado, Indlara Kams, Mkscuri, Montarw+ New York, Oregm, Rhode Idemt, 2cuth

Oarollm,Tennessee, Uteh, Verrmnt, ad Vkginla.

almost 2% times as high for residents of

metropolitan areas compared with nonmetropolitan areas, 391.5 and 163.9,

respectively (table H). Black women

living in metropolitan areas were more

than three times as likely to obtain

abortions as black women living in nonmetropolitan areas, but the relative frequency of induced abortions among

white women living in metropolitan areas was two times that of white women

residing in nonmetropcditan areas.

Among nonmetropolitan residents,

abortion ratios for black women

(221.7) were nearly 1?4 times those for

white women (158.6). In metropolitan

areas, the abortion ratio for black

women, 699.2, was more than two times

that for white women (314.9). Thus, the

difference in abortion ratios behveen

the two racial groups was somewhat

greater in metropolitan areas than in

nonmetropolitan areas, reflecting the

very high abortion ratios of black

women in metropolitan areas.

Out-of-State residents

For a 13-State area (Colorado,

Indian% Kansas, Missouri, Montana,

New York, Oregon, Rhode Island,

South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah,

Vermont, and Virginia) in 1987, data

are available to examine resident status

of the woman by gestational age. In the

13-State area, only 7.4 percent of induced abortions were obtained by U.S.

residents outside of their State of residence (table 15). Nearly two-thirds

(64 percent) were in their county of

residence, and the remainder (28 percent) were within their State but outside their county of residence.

Residence status is associated with

the duration of gestation prior to termination. Women obtaining abortions

outside their State of residence have

longer pregnancies prior to termination

than women having abortions in their

State of residence. The median gestational period for out-of-State residents

was 9.5 weeks compared with 9.1 weeks

for women obtaining abortions in their

State of residence. About 18 percent of

out-of-State residents obtained their

abortions after 12 weeks compared

with 10 percent for State residents.

Of all the abortions (including

those for nonresidents of the United
Table H. Ratio of reported induced terminations) of pregnancy, 1987, and percent change,

1988-87, by race and metropolitan-nonmetropolitan residence: 14-State area

[Ratios per 1,000 live births. Induced terminations of pregnancy and live births are only those occurring in the

area to residents of the area]

All All

Geographic area raced White Black ramsi White Black

Ratio Percent chang#

Allaress . . . . . . . . . . . 337.8 274.0 635.2 -2.1 -S.6 0.2

MetropolKan areas . . . . . 391.5 314.9 699.2 –2.6 -4.4 0.1

Nonmetropolitan areas . . 163.9 158.6 221.7 -1.4 -1.4 -1.3

1Includes races other than white ati black.

‘Sea Technical rides.

NOTE The 14-State area includes Colorado, Indlena, Kansas, Maine, Mlsscurl, Montana, Naw York, Oregon, Rhode Island,

South Osrollna, Temessee, lJtaL Vermont, and Virginia.

States) reported in 1987 to NCHS, the

proportion in each of the 14 reporting

States accounted for by residents of

that State varied from a high of

96.6 percent in Indiana to a low of

60.3 percent in Kansas (table 16). Some

37 percent of the abortions reported by

Kansas were for Missouri residents

whereas only 2.5 percent of the abortions reported by Missouri were for

Kansas residents in 1987. In Montana,

18 percent of abortions were obtained

by nonresidents of the United States,

mainly Canadians.

References

1. Bumham D. Induced terminations of

pregnaney: reporting States, 1977 and

1978. Monthly vital statistics repor~

vol 30 no 6, suppl. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Center for Health Statistics. 1981.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Bumham D. Induced terminations of

pregnaney: reporting States, 1979.

Monthly vital statistics repo~ vol 31 no

7, suppl. Hyattsville, Maryland: National Cxmter for Health Statistics.

1982.

Bumhsm D. Induced terminations of

pregnaney: reporting States, 1980.

Monthly vitai statistics repom, vol 32 no

8, suppl. Hyattsville, Mmyland: National Center for Health Statistics.

1983.

Prager K. Induced terminations of pregnanq reporting States, 1981. Monthly

vital statistics repo~ vol 34 no 4,

suppl 2. Hyattsviile, Mruyland National

Center for Health Statistics. 1985.

Powell-Griner E. Induced terminations

of pregnancy reporting States, 1982

and 1983. Monthly vital statistics

repo~ vol 35 no 3, suppl. Hyattsville,

Maryland: National Center for Health

Statistics. 1986.

Powell-Griner E. Induced terminations

of pregnanqc reporting States, 1984.

7.

8.

9.

10.

11.

12.

13.

14.

Monthly vital statistics repo@ vol 36

no 5, suppl 2. Hyattsville, Ma@and:

National Center for Health Statistics.

1987.

Kochsnek ICD. Induced terminations 6

pregnaney: reporting States, 1985 and

1986. Monthly vital statistics repor~ vol

37 no 12, suppl. Hyattsville, Maryland:

National Canter for Health Statistics.

1989.

National Center for Health Statistics.

Model State vital statistics fact and

model State vital statistics regulations,

1977 revision. Hyattsville, Maqland:

Public Health Service. 1978.

Tietze C. Induced abortion, 1979: A

Population Council fact book. New

York The Population Council, Inc.

1979.

Centers for Disease Control. Abortion

surveillance-Annual summanj 1979-

1980. Atlanta Public Health Service.

1983.

National Center for Health Statistics.

Classification and coding instructions

for induced termination of pregnsney

records, 1987. Vital statistics instruction

manual, part 10. Hyattsville, Maryland:

Public Health Service. 1986.

National Center for Health Statistics.

Vital records geographic classification

1982. Vital statistics instruction manuk

part 8. Hyattsville, Ma~land: Public

Health Service. 1985.

National Center for Health Statistics.

Vital statistics of the Unitecl States,

VOII, natality. Washington: Public

Health Sewice. 1983.

Institute of Medicine. Legalized abortion and the public health. Washington:

National Academy of Sciences. 1975.
9

List of detailed tables

Number and ratio of reported

duced terminations of pregnancy

oy race of woman 13- and 14-State

areas, 1982-87

2. Number and percent distribution

of reported induced terminations of

pregnancy by race and age of

woman: 14-State area, 1987

3. Number of reported induced

terminations of pregnancy by age

and race of woman 13- and 14-State

areas, 1982-87

4. Ratio of reported induced

terminations pf pregnancy by age

and race of woman: 13- and 14-State

areas, 1982+7

5. Number of reported induced

terminations of pregnancy by race

and marital status of woman and

percent distribution by age,

according to race and marital status

of woman: 13-State area and New

York City, 1987

6. Number of reported induced

terminations of pregnancy by race

and age of woman and percent

distribution by years of school

completed, according to race and

ge of woman: 12-State area, 1987

Number of reported induced

terminations of pregnancy by race

and age of woman and percent

distribution by previous live births,

according to race and age of woman:

10 14-State area, 1987

8. Number of reported induced

terminations of pregnancy by marital

status and age of woman and

10 percent distribution by previous live

births, according to marital status

and age of woman: 13-State area

and New York City, 1987

U 9. Number of reported induced

terminations of pregnancy by race

and age of woman and percent

distribution by previous induced

u terminations, according to race and

age of woman: 14—State area, 1987

10. Number of reported induced

terminations of pregnanq by race of

woman and percent distribution by

period of gestation, according to

race of woman: 13-State are% 1987

B 11. Number of reported induced

terminations of pregnancy by age of

woman and percent distribution by

period of gestation, according to age

of womarx 13-State area, 1987

14 12. Number of reported induced

terminations of pregnancy by years

of

of

—

school completed, race, and age

woman and percent distribution

ld

29

22

24

25

—

Symbols

--- Data not available

. . . Category not applicable

Quantity zero

0.0 Quant”~ more than zero but less

than 0.05

z Quantity more than zero but less

than 500 where numbers are

rounded to thousands

* Figure does not meet standards of

reliability or precision (when the

base of the measure includes fewer

than 20 events)

by period of gestation, according to

race, age, and yearn of school

comDleted bv woman: 1l-State area.

1987 “ 26

13. Number of reported induced

terminations of pregnancy by

procedure and percent distribution

by procedure, according to period of

gestation: 13-State area, 1987 29

14. Number and percent

distribution of reported induced

terminations Of pregl’lallcy by

metropolitan-nonmetropolitan residence, race, and age of woman:

14-State are% 1987 30

15. Number of reported induced

terminations of pregnancy by

residence status of woman and

percent distribution by period of

gestation, according to residence

status of wommx 13-State area, 1987 31

16. Number of reported induced

terminations of pregnancy in the

reporting States and New York City

by place of residence, according to

place of occurrence: United States,

each State, New York City, and

specified places outside the United

States, 1987 32
Table 1. Number and ratio of reported induced terminations of pregnancy by race of woman: 12- ●nd 14-State areas, 1982-87

[Ratios par 1,000 live births. Induced terrninefbns of pregnancy end live births era only those ocourring in the area to residents of the area]

All All

AM end- Rlcea’ Whlre Black races’ Whi?e Black

13-Stale area Number Ratb

1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 278,273 177,734 93,877

1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 281,066 163,777 91,000

1935 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266,036 192,7ea 69,546

1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266,629 196,036 67,011

1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 266,C191 184,26s 66,426

1962 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299,565 206,737 87,756

339.8 274.9 635.6

347.2 265.7 634.4

355.7 297.6 639.3

364.3 307.4 646.3

360.8 304.2 644.4

373.5 319.6 649.2

14-State arsa

1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 282,020 181,458 93,690 337.8 274.0 835.2

1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264,655 187,332 91,023 344.9 284.3 634.2

‘Inoludee races ottwr thsn white and black.

NOTETtmlS-8tate arealncludmColorado, lndlarwKnnsee,M lssouri,Montarw New York,Oregon,Rhode lsland,30uthCarolina, Tennessee,Utah, Verrnori4,andVlrglnla. The14-8tutearea

lncludexC!dorado, lrsliarwKanm,Malne, Miswurl,Montan% NewYork,Oragow Welsland,Scuth Omlin%Tenneas% Utah,Verrrmt,and Vhglnia.l%tioeare baeadonunrounded flguras. See Technical rmtas.

Table 2. Number and percent distribution of reported induced terminations of pregnancy by race and age of woman: 14-State area, 1987

[Data include only Induced terrnlnatbns of pregnancy oocurring In the reporting area]

At/ other

All Other IvOt

Age of uvman raoes Wrtte Total Black reoas Siwed

Number

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 300,310 169,014 100,922 94,025 6,697 10,374

Under 14years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 665 236 428 424 5 +8

14years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,851 844 963 343 20 44

15-19 yeaffi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,477 46,653 21,234 20,261 873 2,390

15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,676 2,837 1,684 1,s42 42 155

16years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,190 6,546 3,266 3,19s 66 356

17years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,626 9,655 4,498 4,336 156 475

18yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,276 13j350 5,751 5,461 290 677

19yeers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,307 13,763 5,a17 5,522 295 727

20-24 yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99,642 63,055 33,416 31,530 1,666 3,371

25-29 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65,210 39,707 23,340 21,566. 1,754 2,163

30-34years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,238 22,613 13,267 11,996 1,271 1,356

36-39yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,422 11,477 6,257 5,436 821 666

40yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,s94 3,239 1,469 1,236 231 166

Nolstaled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,693 eee 547 511 36 156

Peroentdlstributbn

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Under14yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2 0.1 0.4 0.5 0.1 0.2

14years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.6 0.4 1.0 ~.o 0.3 0.4

15-19year3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.6 24.9 21.2 21.8 12.7 23.4

15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6 1.5 1.9 2.0 0.6 1.5

16yaars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.4 3.5 3.3 3.4 1.3 3.5

17years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.0 5.2 4.5 4.6 2.3 4.6

16yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 7.4 5.7 5.8 4.2 6.6

19years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 7.3 5.8 5,9 4.3 7.1

20-24yeare. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.4 33,5 33.3 33.7 27.5 33.0

25-29years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.6 21.1 23.3 23.1 25.6 21.2

30-34years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.5 12.0 13.2 12.6 16.5 13.3

35-39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.2 6,1 6.2 5.6 12.0 6,7

40yeersandover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.6 1.7 1.5 1.3 3.4 t .8

NOTETtm14-5tste areaimludeaOolorado, lrdianKanwe, Malre, Mkawl,Montm%Naw YorkOregon,Rhade lsland,6wthCarolinq TennesseqUtah,Vernwd, ardvirgltia.
Monthly Vial Statistics Report -11

Table 3. Number of reported induced terminations of pregnancy by ●ge ●nd race of woman: 13- and 14-State areas, 1982-67

[Data include only Induced terminations of pregnenoyoccurringin the reporllngarea]

1519 ywrs 40

Undar

All

years

14 14 15 16 17 18 19 20-24 26-2930-3435-398nd Not

Race, ahw andww qes mmT~~wBwW- WWSWIWSWSCS w Pw m over stated

All rac8s1

Number 13-State area

1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1936 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1935 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1934 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19s3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19s2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

295,s00

29s,719

305,93s

308,782

304,4s6

320,271

8s2

73s

1,s31

2,0s1

2,339

2,295

2,189

20S5

69,088

70,133

73,5s7

74,437

76,579

S2,524

4,774

5,45s

5,e6a

5,268

5,38s

5,612

9,953

10,372

10,2s4

9,922

10,208

11,119

14,457

13,873

14,428

14,739

14,717

16,734

19,934 19,968

19,752 20,678

21,040 22,169

21,619 22,SS8

22,641 23,616

24,344 24,715

98,366

100,971

104,947

105,380

103,890

109,357

64,367

64,637

64,714

64,276

63,230

85,233

36,794

35,631

35,259

34,714

33,826

35,272

16,227

16,120

17,809

16,797

16,016

16,686

4,624

4,505

4,726

4,673

4,757

4,93a

1,623

1,703

2,061

3,460

3,208

3.416

714

75s

sol

716

14-Stafe arerx

1937 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1936 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

300,310

302,346

1,851

2,110

70,477

71,454

4,876

5,581

10,190

10,595

14,826

14,213

20,276 20,307

20,100 20,835

99,s42

102,316

65,210

65,396

37,236

36,197

76,422

16,316

4,694

4,581

1,693

743 1,751

White

13-S18fe arerx

1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1988 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1835 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1963 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1S4,656

190,125

201,245

203,403

202,42s

216,721

235 624

951

1,180

1,139

1,055

1,0s1

45,495

46,s89

50,s90

52,399

53,852

5S,512

2,739

3,125

3,349

3,148

3,147

3,411

6,315

6,585

6,845

6,700

6,824

7,577

9,497

9,400

9,99s

10,394

10,292

12,146

13,512

13,586

15,104

15,647

16,467

16,176

13,432

14,183

15,584

16,510

17,102

16,200

61,620

65,073

70,367

71,482

70,815

75,769

38,3s8

39,5Q3

40,788

40,954

40,447

42,38S

22,192

21,994

22,173

22,107

21,517

22,572

11,292

11,507

11,600

11,109

10,521

10,972

3,172

2,994

3,196

3,173

3,141

3,297

926

944

781

756

260

26s

272

276 844

14.Slatearem

1887 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

189,014

194,04s

844

978

46,s53

4s,165

2,637

3,224

6,54S

6,612

9,s55

9,726

13,s50

13,932

13,763

14,469

63,055 39,707

40,222

22,613

22,336

11,477

11,694

3,239

3,045

986

6a,361 982

Slack

13-State anw

1ss7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93,SSS 424 943 20,352 1,842 3,196 4,333 5,459 5,520 31,521 21,563 11,994 5,435 1,238 509

1966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90,7(nl 444 1,038 19,660 2,068 3,246 3,726 5,20S 5,428 30,372 21,107 11,242 5,176 1,163 478

1935 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90,002 407 1,123 19,916 2,125 3,06S 3,911 5,144 5,6W 30,266 20,659 11,052

1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4,915 1,216 446

87,033 450 1,098 19,308 1,S45 2,884 3,S32 5,166 5,479 29,241 20,135 10,647 4,619 1,216

1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86,626 511

321

1,030 20,10s 2,109 3,051 3,830 5,342 5,676 2s,770 19,679 10,374

1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88,331 423

4,496 1,306 300

943 20,373 2,046 3,215 4,081 5,417 5,612 29,338 19,963 10,85.6 4,747 1,317 370

14-State ares

1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94,026 424 943 20,361 1,842 3,19s 4,336 5,461 5,522 31,530 21,5s6 11,996 5,436 1,233

1936 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

511

90,730 444 1,036 19,694 2,070 3,249 3,733 5,211 5,431 30,3S2 21,111 lf,243 5,179 1,163 476

fl~bd~~s~r thanwhlteandbldc.

N0TE7hDlC!-81do UUhlCbdOtoOIOrdO, lndlaIwKuNM,Mincurl, Mcmta@NawYcxk, OrqCXI,l%do&nd, %uthCumllnTenneaae, Lltah,Verrnd,and Vkglnia.The14-3iate ama

Indudm CoWado, Indlarm hnms, Maim, &4sswrl, MOG+UWNew YoiiLOrqp, Rtnde Island,Sxth Camllm. Twmeaaee,Utah,Verrnd,m-dVirginia
12~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ~

Table 4. Ratio of reported Induced termination of pregnancy by age and race of woman: 13- and 14-Stste areas, 1982-S7

[Ratios par 1,000 live births. Induced terrninallons of pregnancy and Nvebirths are only those occurring in the area to residents of the area]

15-19 years 40

Under yeerl

All 14 14 15 16 17 18 19 -24 25-29 3&3-4 35-39 and

Race, area, and year ages years years Total years years years years years years years years years over

All racesi

13-State area

1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16S6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

~984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1982, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-State area

1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Rallo

336.8

347.2

355.7

364.3

360.6

373.5

1,701.1

1,760.3

1,728.1

1,946.9

2,008.5

1,860.0

1,148.0

1,240.8

1,371.1

1,501.3

1,380.1

1.257.8

865.7

696.3

720.8

728.8

707.2

722.4

916.7

1,037.6

1,084.3

1,077.2

1,013.0

1,016.2

83S.4

909.6

892.6

890.5

6s0.1

866.5

735.7 713.9

731.9 70s.4

751.2 7S8.6

759.5 780.0

720.7 746.9

765.7 757.3

553.8

559.4

589.3

589.0

5ss.3

5921

403.9

405.5

410.1

414.3

397.5

402.0

234.0 210.2 309.8

237.2 213.8 331.6

237.2 218.5 344.9

242.4 225.6 358.3

239.8 229.4 370.0

245.1 244.8 411.9

56s,1

605.0

652.7

692.1

720.7

774.9

568.2

605.1

481.6

529.1

574.9

607.2

627.5

860.5

463.6

530.7

994.”

973

1,043.,

1,083.3

1,128.0

1,20s.1

993.9

973.7

337.8

344.9

1,705.1

1,748.3

1,146.1

1,236.3

683.7

693.5

919.3

1,040.4

S36.1

908.0

734.6 712.8

731.3 700.9

550.8

555.1

400.6

401.7

232.3 209.1 307.7

235.4 212.1 330.1

White

13-State area

19s7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1966 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1985. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-State area

~987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,

1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ,

274.9

265.7

297.6

307.4

304.2

319.8

1,818.4

2,086.7

2,166.0

2,08S.7

1,SS2.7

2,277.1

1,250.6

1,361.9

1,557.5

1,645.9

1,574.5

1,516.8

683.0

704,9

739.7

75S.8

724.9

751.8

1,042.3

1,145.2

1,222.5

1,239.3

1,074.2

1,147.4

894.7

991.6

980.0

8s4. 1

950.2

949.7

740.0 717.8

767.3 717.5

7s6.1 n2.6

811.1 804.1

755.7 782.6

620.9 S05.4

533.0

547.2

563.6

596.8

681.1

593.4

337.3

344.6

354.2

360.4

345.2

352.8

176.0 156.4 241.7

179.8 161.4 266.7

181.6 166.8 283.9

167.3 172.6 294.0

*85.3 176.5 302.2

191.9 189.1 337.5

1,245.7

1,346.9

660.4

701.1

1,044.7

1,146.7

890.1

987,5

738.3 716.5

766.0 714.1

529.5

541.8

335.1

341.6

175.4 156.1 240.6

179.0 180.6 266.0

274.0

284.3

1,829.4

2,015.6

Slack

13-Stale area

1987 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .,

1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1985 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1984 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1983 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1982 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14-State area

1967 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1986 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

635.6

634.4

6s9.3

S46.3

644.4

649.2

1,672.6

1,609.3

1,521.5

1,6s4.2

2,109.3

1.662.9

1,081.6

1,153.5

1,245.6

1,290.6

1,221.9

1,084.5

701.6

6s6.8

869.9

876.1

677.4

688.9

790.3

933.1

941.5

914.9

949.1

888.5

761 .e

792.7

763.5

747.9

725.2

740.5

742.0 711.1

686.9 678.8

690.3 869.5

664.1 867.9

657.8 669.8

661.5 656.3

616.6

59s.9

614.6

611.4

611.8

802.8

653.0

647a

649.3

651.4

636,2

636.9

568.5 557.1 691.3

578.0 550.0 704.8

579.6 565.4 703.0

5S7.6 591.2 737.3

590.5 595.4 758.9

594.0 625.6 633.4

635.2

634.2

1,672,6

1,609.3

1,080.2

1,153.7

701.3

aa6.6

790.4

932.7

761.2

792.3

742.4 710.7

667.0 S78.4

616.2

566.0

852.6

647.5

567.9 557.1 691.0

577.9 550.5 705.0

f Imkrdes races other than white and black.

NOTE The 1~-state area IncludeeColorado,Indiana,Kmsee, Missouri,Montana,NewYork, Oregon, Rh.ade Island, South Cemllna, Tennaasae,Utah,Vernront, and Vlrglnla. The 14-State arm

lrwludesCoiorado, krdiana,Kmsss,Malne, Mlsswri,Montnna, NewYork,Oregon, RhxlelsIand,Swth CarollnrqTenrwssee, Utah,Verrnoot,and Virglnla. Ratlosara basedonunrwnded figures. 2ee Technical notes.
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ~13

Table 5. Number of reported induced terminations of pregnancy by race and maritai atetua of woman and percent distribution by

age, according to race and marital status of woman: 13-State area ●nd New York City, 19S7

[Data include only induced terrninatbns of pregnancy occurring in the reporting area]

All other

All Wrar Noi

Maritalstatusand age of woman races W7Me Total Black races stated

Allwomen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under 15yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-17 yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-19 yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20-24 yesre . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25-28 yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34 yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35-38 yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40yearsand over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Marriedwomen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under15yeara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-17years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-19yeara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20-24years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2+29years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35-38years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10yearearrdover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Unmarrledwomen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Alleges, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-17years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-19years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20-24yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26-29yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34yeat3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35-39yeara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notstabd. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-17yeme.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-19years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20-24years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25-28yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35-39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40yeamandover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

247,632

100.0

0.9

9.9

13.2

33.1

22.3

128

6.3

1.6

48,651

100.0

0.1

0.9

3.5

25.8

30.1

22.8

129

4.0

169,425

100.0

1.1

12.3

15.7

35.0

20.2

10.1

4.5

1.0

9,556

100.0

0.7

8.2

11.2

31.9

23.7

14.9

7.5

1.8

148,675

100.0

0.6

10.1

14.3

33.2

21.6

12.3

6.2

1.7

31,176

100.0

0.1

1.0

4.2

27.3

2e.3

21.7

12.6

4.0

112,776

100.0

0.8

12.6

17.1

34,9

19.5

9.6

4.4

1.1

4,723

100.0

0.7

9.4

12.4

32.3

22.4

13.9

7.0

1.9

80,513 64,106

Percent dlstribulkm

100.0 IWO

1.4 1.5

9.5 9.9

11.3 11.5

32.9 33.3

23.4 23.3

13.5 13.2

6.4 6.0

1.5 1.3

Number

16,026 13,037

Percent dislributbn

100.0 10+3.0

0.1 0.1

0.6 0.7

2.2 2.3

22.9 24.0

31.8 32.0

24,8 24.6

13.6 127

3.9 3.5

Number

71,469 66,1S0

Percentdiek’itxrtbn

100.0 100.0

1.7 1.8

11.6 11.8

13.4 13.4

35.2 35.1

21.5 21.5

10.9 10.6

4.7 4.6

1.0 0.9

Number

3,019 2,679

Percent dklributbn

100.0 10Q.O

0.8 0.9

7.2 7.4

9.2 9.2

30.9 31.4

26.0 25.8

15.9 15.8

8.2 7.8

1.7 1.6

6,407

100.0

0.4

4.3

8,4

27.6

25.6

18.5

11.8

3.4

2,9S3

100.0

0.0

0.4

1.8

18.3

31.1

25.0

17.9

5.4

3,279

100.0

0.7

7.6

14.6

36.2

20.4

12.7

6.1

1.5

140

100.0

3.6

7.9

20.9

30.2

18.0

16.5

2.9

8,444

100.0

0.6

9.5

13.2

33,3

21.3

13.9

6.6

1.7

1,450

100.0

0.1

1.0

2,9

26.3

29.0

23.4

13.0

4.5

5,160

100.0

0.7

12.8

16.6

35.6

16.6

10.4

4.6

0.8

1,814

100.0

0.6

6.8

1~.8

32.5

23.0

16.1

7.4

1.9

NOTE The 13-Statearm Imludm Colorado, Indiana,Kansas,Maine, Mlsscurl,Montana,Oragon,RhodeIsland,SouthCarolina,Tenrwasea,Utah,Venmrt, ard Virginia.
14~ Monthly Vital Statistics Reporl

Table 6, Number of reported induced terminations of pregnancy by race and age of woman ●nd percent distribution by yeara of

schooi compieted, according to race and age of woman: 12-State area, 1987

[Dafa Includeonly Induced terminations of pfegnanoy occurring In the reporting area]

All other

Age of womanand All Other Not

years of school completed races WhHe Total Black races Shfed

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All years of school completed . . . . . . . . . . . .

0-6years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$1- Ilyear s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15 yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16years ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under 15years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Allyears ofschodcompleted . . . . . . . . . . . .

0-8years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9-n years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l&15yeara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-17yeara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Allyears ofschoolcompleted . . . . . . . . . . . .

0-8yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9-ii yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16yeamormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18-19years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Allyearsofschool completed . . . . . . . . . . . .

0-r3years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6-n years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20-24years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Allyeare ofschoolcompleted . . . . . . . . . . . .

0-6years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$)-I lyear s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12yeara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15years . . . . . . . . . . ..c... . . . . . . . .

16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

See footnote at endof table.

260,555

100.0

2.3

18.1

49.9

19,6

10.1

2,42e

100.0

65.9

34.1

27.966

100!0

5.0

73.2

21.2

0.6

37,642

100.0

1.0

18.6

61.7

16.2

0.4

93,306

100.0

1.1

12.1

53,0

25.0

8.8

175,184

100.0

2.1

17.4

46.4

20.4

11.6

1,006

100.0

61.1

38.9

17.669

100.0

4.5

74.1

20.9

0.6

25,470

100.0

1.1

16.9

61.8

19.7

0.5

56,419

100.0

1.3

11.2

50,4

26.5

10.6

Number

99,095 92,786

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

2.6 2.4

18.6 19.0

52.8 53.2

18.6 18.6

7.4 6.e

Number

1,375 1,3s4

Percentdistribulion

100.0 Icm.o

69.5 69.7

30.5 30.3

Number

9,504 9,251

Percentdistribulicn

100.0 100.0

5.9 5.9

71.4 71.5

22.1 22.0

0.6 0.6

Number

11,346 10,834

Parcent distribution

100.0 100.0

0.9 0.7

22.0 22.3

61.8 61.9

15.0 14.8

0.3 0.3

Number

32,838 31,139

Percentdislribution

100,0 100.0

0.8 0.6

13,0 13,1

57.6 58.3

22.8 22.6

5,7 5.3

6,307

100.0

5.8

11.9

47.4

17.6

17.3

21

100.0

80.0

40.0

253

100.0

7.6

88.0

26.1

0.4

512

100.0

3.7

16.1

56.7

21.0

0.6

1,699

100,0

3.6

10.5

47.6

25.7

12.7

6,296

100.0

2.7

31,6

43.8

14.0

7.9

45

100.0

54.5

45.5

585

IOCM

4.3

76.7

18.6

0.5

826

100,0

1.3

27.5

68.3

12.6

0.2

2,051

100.0

1.4

27.5

46.7

17.7

6.6
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ~15

Table 6. Number of reported Induced termination of pregnancy by race ●nd age of woman and percent distribution by years of

school completed, ●ccording to race and age of woman: 12-State area, 1987—Con.

[Data include onty induced terrnlnallons of pwgnancy occurring in the reporting area]

Ail other

Age of wmarr arrd All Other Not

years of school completed races Whne Total Black races statad

2>29years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Allyaarsof school completed . . . . . . . . . . . .

0-6years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

e-llye.m. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15 yeara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All years of school completed . . . . . . . . . . . .

0-6years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9-n years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3E-39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Allyearsofschool completed . . . . . . . . . . . .

0-6years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SIly ears. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15y6ar3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40yearsandovar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

AllyearsofschNlcomplefed . . . . . . . . . . . .

0-6years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hlyears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12years. +, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16yeareormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notstatad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Allyearsofschool completed . . . . . . . .. . . .

(r+yeata . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9-n yeara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15year3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

61,002

100.0

1.5

10.3

527

20.7

14.7

34,763

100.0

1.8

8.2

50.6

21.7

17.6

17,194

100.0

2.6

7.6

46.6

19.7

21.2

4,61M

100.0

3.9

8.6

48.1

16.7

22.7

1,654

100.0

2.2

16.0

E&3

16.9

6.6

36,606

100.0

1.5

9.7

51.2

20.4

17.2

20,974

100.0

1.7

7.2

46.6

22.3

20.2

10,623

lW.O

25

6.1

45.9

20,5

24,9

3,036

100.0

3.1

7.0

45.7

16.3

25.9

959

100.0

2.2

15.5

524

19.7

10.3

22,662 21,270

Psment dbtribufkx

100.0 100.0

1.3 1.0

10.6 10.8

55.6 58.1

21.6 22.0

10.9 10.1

Number

12,396 11,622

Percentdtstributbn

100.0 1CQ.o

1.9 1.4

9.0 9.3

54.2 54.7

21.2 21.9

13.7 12.7

Number

6,156 5,379

Percentdtstributbn

100.0 100.0

26 1.9

10.0 10.0

53.8 55.1

18.6 19.2

15.0 13.7

Numtxx

1,454 1,230

Patwmtdistrtbutbn

lw.o 100.0

5.3 4.2

11.1 11,3

53.3 55.9

13.6 14.7

16.5 14.0

Number

545 509

Percent distributbn

100.0 100.0

1.4 1.0

15.9 16.2

83.4 6-4.0

13.0 12.7

6.4 6.0

1,612

Itl).o

5.3

8.3

49.6

15.7

21.1

1,174

100.0

6.9

6.8

43.3

14.5

23.6

7&3

1(33.0

8,2

9.4

43.6

14.2

24.6

220

100.0

11.7

9.7

36.3

6.7

31.6

36

Im.o

5.7

11.4

54.3

17.1

11.4

1,314

ICcl.o

2.5

26.4

43.3

15.8

12.0

7e3

100.0

3.1

27.1

42.9

14.6

12.3

412

100.0

3.0

24.4

42.9

11.3

18.4

120

100.0

7.7

21.8

43.6

9.0

17.9

154

100.0

9,1

22.7

50.0

13.6

4.5

NOTEThe12-8tate arealmludeslnd lana,Kmsas,Maha, MIssouri,Mmtan?LNawYork,OregOn, SwthCarolirn,Tennasaaa, Utah,Vernmr-i,and Vlrg’nla.
16 ~ Monthly Vital Statistics Repoti ~

Table 7. Number of reported induced terminations of pregnancy by race and age of womsn and percent distribution by previous live

births, according to race and age of woman: 14-State area, 1987

[Data Include only induced terminations of pregnancy occurring in the reporting area]

All other

All Other Not

Age of woman and previous Ilve births ra03s White Total Black races stated

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Noprevious lrve birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iprevious live birth..........,,. . . . . . .

2prevlouslive birtiw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3previous live blrtim . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4previous ltvebirtiIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5previous iive births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6previous lNebirttrs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7previous iivebirttrs ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under 15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Noprevious iive birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iprevlous live birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2prevlous iivebkfhs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3previous iivebitths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4previous iivebirllw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5previous iivebirltIs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6previous live birttw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7previous iivebirttw, ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nopreviouslivebirth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ipreviousltvebirth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2previousiivebirfhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3previouslivebirlhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4prevlouslivebirths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5previous liveblrlhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6prevlouslivebirths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7previousiivebirthsormore... . . . . . . . . . .

16-19years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

NopreviouslNebirth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

lprevlouslivebirth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2prevlouslivebirlhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3previousiivebirihs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4previous iivebirfhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5prevlous livebirihs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6prevlouslivebirths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7prevlous livebirthsormore. . . . . . . . . . . . .

e= footnote at end of table.

300,310

100.0

51.1

23.5

16.4

6.0

2.0

0.7

0.2

0.2

2,536

100.0

86.4

2.6

0.7

0.2

0.0

29,892

100.0

91.5

7.7

0.7

0.1

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

40,585

100.0

79.1

16.7

3.6

0.5

0.1

0.0

0.0

0.0

169,014

100.0

58,5

20.0

14.4

4.9

1.5

0.4

0.2

0.1

1,062

100.0

97.5

1.5

0.7

0.2

0.1

19,240

100.0

94.4

5.2

0.4

0.0

0.0

0.0

27,613

100.0

65.4

11.8

2.4

0.3

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

Number

100,922 S4,025

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

37.5 36.8

30.0 30.7

20.0 19.9

7.9 7.9

2.9 2.9

1.0 1.0

0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3

Number

l,3a2 1,367

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

95.7 95.7

3.3 3.3

0.7 0.6

0.3 0.3

Number

9,666 9,378

Peroent distribution

100.0 100.0

65.7 85.5

12.6 13.0

1.4 1.4

0,1 0.1

0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0

Number

11,568 10,983

Percantdlstribution

100.0 100,0

64,1 62.9

26.3 29.2

6.4 6,7

1.0 1.0

0.2 0,2

0.0 0.0

0.0 0,0

0.0 0.0

6,897

100.0

45.9

20.0

21,3

7.6

3.2

1.1

0.4

0.5

25

100.0

95.8

4.2

Zaa

100.0

e2.5

6.4

1.1

585

100.0

66.2

10.6

1.9

0.7

0.3

10,374

100.0

51.4

22.3

17.0

6.3

2,0

0.7

0.2

0.2

62

100.0

92.7

7.3

966

100.0

91.7

7.6

0.6

1,404

100.0

79.5

15.5

4.3

0.7
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ~17

Table 7, Number of reported induced terminations of pregnancy by race and age of woman and percent distribution by previous iive

births, according to race and age of woman: 14-Stste area, 1987-Con.

[Data Include only Inducad terminations of pregnancy occurring In the reporting area]

All other

AII Other Not

Age of wornsn and ptwiws Iiw births rmes WtMe ‘ Total Wck reGes Stafed

20-24 yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . %3s42 1MS 3,371

100.0

54.9

27.9

13.0

3.2

0.7

0.1

0.0

0.0

65,210

100.0

35.5

28.5

23.9

8.4

2.6

0.7

0.2

0.1

37,238

100.0

24.6

25.5

28.5

13.1

4.7

1.6

0.6

0.4

18,422

100.0

17.9

22.1

32.1

16.3

6.7

2.9

1.0

0.9

83,055 33,418 31,530

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

38.3 38.6

37.6 36.6

17.8 18.3

4.8 4.9

1.2 1.2

0.2 0.2

0.0 0.0

0.0 0.0

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Noprevious ltveblrt h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

lpreviouslive birIh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2pravbus lt#ebirths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3praviouslive bkIhs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4previousllve baths. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5previouslive births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6prevbus live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7previouslive births ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . .

103.0

83.9

22.7

10.5

2.4

0.5

0.1

0.0

0.0

100.0

66.6

20.8

9.3

2.7

0.5

0.1

0.1

100.0

55.0

27.2

12.8

3.9

0.7

0.2

0.1

0.0

Number

25-29 yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,707 23,340 21,586 1,754 2,163

Percent dfstrlbu!bn

lcnl.o 100.0

22.9 21.4

33.0 33.6

28.0 28.4

10.9 11.3

3.6 3.7

1.0 1.1

0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2

100.0

43.1

26.0

21.4

6.9

1.9

0.5

0.1

0.1

103.0

41.5

25.6

23.4

5.8

29

0.5

0.1

100.0

37.0

26.4

24.4

8.6

2.5

0.8

0.2

0.0

-r-Otal. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Noprevbus live berth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iprevbus live berth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Zprevious live berths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3prevbus live baths. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4prevbus live blrihs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5previous live berths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Sprevbus llvebkths. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

previous lhfebirths ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Number

30-34 yeaffi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,613 13,287 11,99s 1,271 1,356

Persent dietributbn

100.0 100.0

13.8 13.0

27.4 27.9

31.8 31.4

16.6 17.0

6.4 6.6

2.5 25

0.9 0.9

0.6 0.6

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Noprevbus llveblfih . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

lprevbuslivebkth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Zpreviouslivebltths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3previousliveblrihs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4prevbuslivebirths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5prevbuslivebkths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6prevbusllvebirths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7prevlouslivebirlhsormore.... . . . . . . . . .

100.0

31.0

24.4

28.0

11.1

3.8

1.1

0.4

0.2

Icll.o

20.6

23.3

%.0

12.6

4.1

1.9

0.7

0.6

100.0

26.1

24.9

30.2

11.7

4.6

1.5

0.7

0.3

Number

35-39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,477 6,257 5,436 821 668

Percent dislributbn

100.0

13.0

14.6

37.3

19.2

8.9

3.8

1.5

1.7

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Noprevbuslivebh’th . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iprevbusllveblrth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2prevbuslivebiflhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3prevlousliveblrlhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4prevbuslivebirlhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5prevlouslivebirltis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6previousliveblrths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7previousliveblrlhsormore..... . . . . . . . .

Saefodmteatend oftable.

100.0

22.2

22.1

32.5

14.9

5.2

2.0

0.6

0.5

100.0 100.0

9.9 9.4

22.6 23.8

31.4 3Q.5

16.7 18.7

9.5 9.6

4.5 4.6

1.9 1.9

1.5 1.5

100.0

22.2

18.1

32.0

17.2

6.2

2.7

0.2

1.4
18~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report

Table 7. Number of reported induced termination of pregnancy by raoe and age of woman and percent distribution by previous live

birtha, according to race and age of woman: 14-State area, 1987-Con.

[Data include only Induced terminations of pregnancy occurring In the reporting area]

All other

All Other Not

Age of woman and prevtous Ilve births races White Tot81 Black races stated

Number

40yesrs andover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,894 3,239 1,469 1,236 231 186

Percent distribution

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 Im.o 100.0 100.0

Noprev[ous live berth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iprevious llve birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2prevlous live berths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3previous liie births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4previous llve births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5previous live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8previous live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7prevlous live births ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13.4

16.2

32.2

19.2

9.9

4.8

2.2

2.1

16.1

16.8

33.0

19.7

8.4

3.7

1.4

1.0

7.6 7.8

15.8 16.3

26.6 28.0

18.3 18.4

13.1 13.1

7.4 8.1

3.9 4.1

4.3 4.2

6.6

127

36.0

17.9

13.5

3.9

2.6

4.8

12.0

10.2

40.4

18.7

9.6

3.6

1.8

3.6

Number

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,693 980 547 511 36 156

Percent distribution

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100,0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Noprevious lhfebirfh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

lprevious llve birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2previous l[ve births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3previous llve births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4previous live berths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5previous ltve births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6previous live berths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7previous live bhthsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . .

51.0

22.4

17.4

6.3

1.8

0.5

0,3

0.3

54.7

20.7

17,0

5.3

1.2

0.4

0.3

0.3

45.6 46.0

25.9 26.0

18,1 17.5

6,8 6.9

2.5 2.5

0.6 0.6

0,2 0.2

0,2 0.2

39.4

24.2

27.3

6.1

3.0

46.4

20.5

17.0

11.6

2.7

0.9

0.s

NOTE The 14-Siatearea includm~lomdo, ltiiana, tin=, Maine, Mbswrl, Motima, NewYork Oregon,Rkdelslti, *thtiollw Tenm=, Ulah,Vermont,dWrglnl&
Monthly Vital Statistic Report ~19

Table 8. Number of reported induced termlnatlona of pregnancy by marital etatue ●nd age of woman ●nd percent distribution by

previous live bh’ths, according to msrltsl status ●nd ●ge of woman: 13-Stete ●rea ●nd New York City, 1987

[Data Include only Induced terminations of pregnancy occurring in the reporting area]

Atl Not

Age ofwmen and pmbkws We births wrnan A4arrw Unmcrrkxl statad

Number

Aliases . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247,632 46,651 169,425 9,556

Pwcent dietribufion

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Noprevbus live berth.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iprevbus ltvebirth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2prevlous live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3prevlous llve births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4prevbus llve births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5prevbus ltveblrths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6prevbus live berths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7prevbus live blrihsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . .

49.6

24.3

16.8

6.1

2.1

0.7

0.3

0.2

18.7

29.6

33.0

123

4.2

1.4

0.5

0.4

58.1

22.7

12.5

4.4

1.5

0.5

0.2

0.1

36.1

26.7

21.6

8.6

3.0

1.2

0.5

0.4

Number

Under 15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,227 36 2,122 67

Percent distrlbutbn

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 1CMJ.o 100.0

96.1

2.0

2.0

Noprevbus live bhlh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

lprevbus ltveblrth .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2prevbus live baths. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3prevbus live blrlhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4prevbus live bklhs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5prevbus lNebltihs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6prevbus ltieblrths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7prevbus lhfeblrlhs ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . .

96.4

2.6

0.7

0.3

0.0

36.9

25.0

19.4

13.9

26

97.4

2.2

0.4

0.0

Number

15-17 yeers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,315 413 23,136 766

Percent dLstrlbutbn

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nopravbusllvebirth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

lprevbuslivebirth .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2prevbusltvebirths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3prevbusllveblrths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4pravbuslivebkths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5prevbusiiveblrths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6prevbuslhfeblrths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7prevbusliveblr&hsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

64,6

13.1

1.6

0.4

0.2

91.2

7.9

0.7

0.1

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

56.7

37.4

5.7

0.2

92.0

7.3

0.6

0.1

0.0

0.0

0.0

16-19yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,464 1,715 29,701 1,048

Percentdlstributbn

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nopreviousliveblrth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ipreviousllveblrth .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2prevbusiivebkths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3previouslhfebirths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...1

4pravlousliveblrths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5prevbusllvebkths. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6prevbuslMebltihs, .,,..,.. . . . . . . . . .

7prevlousllve bltths Ormore. . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0

77.8

17.8

3.8

0.5

0.1

0.0

0.0

0.0

100.0 100.0 100.0

66.8

23.6

6.1

1.3

0.1

36.0

46.8

15.1

1.8

0.2

0.1

0.1

60.5

15.9

3.0

0.4

0,0

0.0

0.0

0,0

Seefodrwteaterd oftable
20 ~ Monthly Vital Statistics Reporf

Table 8. Number of reported induced terminations of pregnancy by marital status and age of woman and percent diatributfon by

previous iive births, according to maritai status and age of woman: 13-Stste area and New York City, 1987-Con.

[Data include only induced terminations of pregnancy occurring in the reporting area]

All Nof

Age of woman and previous live births women Marrlad Unmarried stated

Number

20-24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,631 12,468 66,170 2,973

Percent dkstributkm

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Noprevious live birch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iprevious ltveblrlh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2prevlous ltveblrths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3previous live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4prevlous live berths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5prevlous live blrlhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6prevlous live berths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7previous live bkthsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0

53.0

29.1

13.6

3.4

0.7

0.2

0.0

0.0

10Q.O

25.1

32.7

27.1

6.5

1.3

0.3

0.0

0.1

100.0 100.0

39.4

36.2

17.9

4.6

1.3

0,2

0.1

0.1

5e.e

26.9

10.9

2.7

0.6

0.1

0.0

0.0

Number

25-29 years, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54,890 14,571 36,114 2,205

Percentdistribution

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Noprevious live berth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iprevious live birih . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2previous live blrif_s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3Dr0V10US liVOblfthS ..,,....,.. . . . . . . .

100.0

34.1

29.2

24.4

8.5

100.0

18.4

29.9

35,0

12,1

100.0

40.7

28.8

20.1

7.1

2.2

0.6

0.2

0.1

100.0

24.2

30.9

28.5

10.3

3.3

1.2

0.4

0,2

4prevlous live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5prevlous live berths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6prevlous llvebklhs. . . . . . . . . . . . .,, ,,.

7prevlous live tMhsormore, . . . . . . . . . . . .

2.6

0.7

0.2

0.1

3.5

0.8

0,3

0.1

Number

30-S4yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,603 11,018 19,092 1,393

Peroen! distribution

100.0

13.6

23.3

37.8

16,3

5.8

1.8

0.8

0,5

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Noprevlous live birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iprevious lhfebirlh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2previous live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3prevlous ltvebkths. ..,....,. . . . . . . . .

4prevlous live baths. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5previous live berths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6previous llvebirihs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7previous llvebirths ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0

24.0

25.8

29.6

13.1

4.8

1.6

0.6

0.4

100.0

30.4

27.3

24.6

11.1

4.2

1.5

0.5

0.4

100.0

16.6

26.0

31.9

16,0

5.8

2.2

0.7

0.7

Number

36-39 yearn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,457 6,259 6,601

Percentdistribution

100.0

11.0

19.1

37.6

18.6

8.4

3.2

1.1

1.0

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No previous livebirth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

lpreviousllvebirth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2previouslwe births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3previouslivebirlhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4previouslivebirths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5previouslivebirths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6previouslivebirihs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7previous livebirlhsormore. . . . . . . . . . . . .

See footnoteat end of table

100.0

17.5

22.6

31.6

16.3

7.0

3.0

1.1

1.0

100.0

22.7

25.0

27.3

14.4

5.9

2.6

1.0

0.9

100.0

10.5

23,7

31.0

18.8

8.3

4.7

2.0

1.1
Monthly Vitsl Statistics Report ~ 21

Table 8. Number of reported Induced tsrminationa of pregnancy by marital status ●nd ●ge of woman ●nd percent distribution by

previous live birthe, ●ccording to marital status and ●ge of woman: 12-Stats area and New York City, 1987-Con.

[Data Include oniy induced termlnetbns of pregnancy occurring In the reporllng area]

All Not

Age of wrnan andpmkurs Iiw bitihs Wvnren Unmanled stated

Number

40yeers endover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,055 1,916 1,970 169

Peroent distribution

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Noprevbus lhre birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iprevlous ltvebirt h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2prevbus lNebltths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3prevbusltve births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4prevbus llveblrths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5prevbuslive baths. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6prevbus live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7pravbuslive birihsormora . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0

12.9

16.6

31.9

19.0

10.0

5.1

2.3

2.2

100.0

9.6

14.1

35.2

19.9

11.1

5.5

2.5

2.1

100.0

.16.5

18.6

29.1

18.3

8.9

4.8

1.9

1.9

100.0

8.3

20.5

28.2

17.9

10.3

4.5

4.5

5.8

Number

Notstaled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,090 233 619 238

Percent dlstributbn

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Noprevlous livabiith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44.6 17.9 51.2 55.3

lprevbus llvebirth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.8 28.7 23.6 23.9

2prevbus live berths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.8 37.2 15.6 12.2

3prevbus lNeblrths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.5 11.7 6.1 6.9

4prevbus lt#ebirths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2.4 2.7 2.9 0.5

5prevbus live baths. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.6 0.9 0.5 0<5

8prevbus live blrlhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.1 0.5

7prevbus live blrthsormom . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.3 0.9 0.2

lomllw Iaaate area Incluti calorado, kdlan% Kansas,MaIns, M!-curl, Montw Oregon,RhodsIsland8cM mm T—, Ulah,Wn’nOl-i, andVirgil-k
22 ~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report

Tabls 9. Numbsr of reported Induced terminations of pregnancy by race and age of woman and percent dlatrlbutlon by previous

induced tsrminationa, according to race and age of woman: 14-Stete area, 1987

[Dafa Include only induced terminations of pregnancy occurflng In the reporting area]

All other

Age of woman and previous All Other Not

induced termlrratbrs races Wtrlte Total Black races stated

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ., ..,,

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No previous induced terminations . . . . . . . . . .

1 previous induced termination. . . . . . . . . . . .

2 previous Induced terminations . . . . . . . . . . .

3 previous Induced terminations or more. . , . . .

Under 15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Noprevious lnducad termlnatlons. . . . . . . . .

1 previous induced termination. . . . . . . . . . . .

2previous induoed terminations . . . . . . . . . . .

3prevlous induced terminations or more. . . . . .

15-17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Noprevlous induced termlnatkms. . . . . . , . . .

1 previous induced termination. . . . . . . . . . . .

2pravious induced terminations. . . . . . . . . .

3PraVious induced terminations or more. . . . . .

16-19 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Noprevious induced terminations . . . . . . . . .

Ipreviousinducedtermination. . . . . . . . . . . .

2prevlous lnducedterminalions. . . . . . . . . . .

3previous induced termlnationsormore. . . . . .

20-24years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Noprevious inducedterminetlons. . . . . . . . . .

Iprevkxrs induced termination. . . . . . . . . . . .

2previous inducedtermlnatlons. . . . . . . . . . .

3previous induced terminations ormore. . . . . .

See mc4rIti and of teble.

300,310

100.0

65.6

27.2

10.7

6.5

2,536

100.0

92.4

6.5

0.7

0.3

29,892

100.0

83.6

14.3

1.6

0.3

40,565

100.0

72.6

21.7

4.4

1.3

99,842

100.0

54.9

29.8

10.4

4.9

189,014

100.0

60.4

25.5

9.0

5.1

1,082

100.0

64.9

4.3

0.6

0.2

19,240

100.0

67.3

11.3

1.3

0.2

27,613

100.0

76.9

~8.8

3.3

0.9

63,055

100.0

59.4

28.f

8,8

3.7

Number

100,922 94,025

Percent distribution,

100.0 100.0

47.0 46.4

30.2 30.4

13.7 14.0

9.1 9.3

Number

1,392 1,367

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

80.7 90.8

6.0 7.6

0.9 0.9

0.4 0.5

Number

9,686 9,378

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

76.7 76.5

19.9 20.0

2.7 2.6

0.7 0.7

Number

11,566 10,963

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

62.6 61.9

28.4 28.9

7.0 7.2

2.0 2.0

Number

33,416 31,530

Percent dislributton

100.0 100.0

46.6 45.7

32.6 33.1

13.5 13.6

7.2 7.4

6,897

100.0

56.3

27.5

9.9

6.3

25

100.0

83.3

16.7

28s

100.0

83.0

16.2

1.8

565

100.0

74.5

20.7

3.0

1.9

1,886

100.0

80.8

27.4

8.0

3.s

10,374

100.0

53.1

26.6

11.3

6.9

62

100.0

87.3

12.7

96a

Ioo,r

so.:

16.4

2.1

0.6

1,404

100.0

70.9

22.2

5.0

2.0

3,371

100.0

53.1

31.6

10,0

5.3
Monthly Vital StatisticsReport ~ 23

Table 9. Number of reported induced terminations of pregnancy by race and age of woman and percent distribution by previous

induced terminations, according to race and age of woman: 14-State area, 1987-Con.

[Dafa Includeonly Induced terminations of pregnancy occurring In the reporting area]

All other

Age of woman and previous ,4// Oiher Not

induced terminations races W7rlfe ToM Black races stated

2E+29years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No previous induced terminations. . . . . . . . . .

1 previous Induced termination. . . . . . . . . . . .

2 previous Induced terminatkms . . . . . . . . . . .

3 previous induced terminations or more. . . . . .

30-34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Noprevious induced terminations. . . . . . . . . .

Iprevkxrsinduced termlnat!m. . . . . . . . . . . .

2previous induced terminations . . . . . . . . . . .

3previous lnducedtermlnations ormore. . . . . .

35-2.9 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

oprevious induced terrnlnations. . . . . . . . . .

I previous induced termination. . . . . . . . . . . .

2previous induced terminations. . . . . . . . . . .

3previous induced terminations ormore. . . . . .

40yearsand over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Noprevious induced terrninatlons. . . . . . . . . .

1 previous induced termination. . . . . . . . . . . .

2previous induced terminations. . . . . . . . . . .

3prevlous induced terminations ormore. . . . . .

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nopreviouslnducedtermlnations . . . . . . . . . .

Iprevlous lnducedterminatlon. . . . . . . . . . . .

2prevlous induced terminations. . . . . . . . . . .

3prevlous lnducedterminationsor more. . . . . .

65,210

100.0

43.3

31.2

15.2

10.3

37,236

100.0

41.4

30.5

16.1

121

18,422

100.0

45.5

28.4

14.6

11.4

4,894

100.0

51.3

25.9

12.6

10.1

1,693

1CQ.o

54.5

26.0

12.3

7.1

39,707

100.0

47.5

30.7

13.4

8.4

22,613

100.0

46.2

29.7

14.2

9.9

11,477

100.0

51.3

27.1

12.4

9.1

3,239

100.0

57.3

24.4

10.0

8.3

9s6

Iwo

57.3

26.5

10.4

5.8

23,340 21,586

Percent distribution

100.0 Irx.o

36.5 35.2

31.9 322

18.1 18.6

13.5 14.0

Number

13,267 11,986

Percent d~lribution

100.0 100.0

33.6 32.2

31.6 31.6

19.0 19.7

15.7 16.5

Number

6,257 5,436

Percent distributbn

100.0 100.0

35.2 33.5

30.9 31.4

18.6 19.1

15.3 16.1

Number

1,469 1,238

Percent dl.strlbution

100.0 100.0

36.6 37.2

29.5 2a.5

18.2 19.0

13.8 14.3

Number

547 511

Percent dkdributbn

100.0 100.0

46.1 47.5

25.9 26.4

15.9 16.5

10.0 9.6

1,754

100.0

53.3

28.8

10.7

7.2

1,271

100.0

48.6

320

12.9

8.6

821

Im.o

46.6

27.6

15.4

10.5

231

1Coo

46.6

29.4

14.0

11.0

36

lm.o

56.1

19.4

6,5

16.1

2,163

100.0

39.4

33.4

16.4

10.9

1,356

100.0

38.8

31.6

17.9

11.7

838

100.0

44.0

27.6

15.8

125

166

IOQ.O

51.0

23.2

14.8

11.0

156

lcm.o

61.8

22.7

10.9

4.5

NOTE Tk 14-State area kludes Colorado, Itiisna, Kansas, Maim, Mlsswri, Monteme,NewYork Oregon,R~e Islard, %.rth Csrolirw Tennsssee, Uteh, Vermwrt, and Virgltia.
24 ~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report

Table 10. Number of reported Induced terminations of pregnancy by race of woman and percent distribution by period of gestation,

according to race of woman: 13-State ●naa, 1987

[Data include only induced terminations of pregnancy oscurrlng In the rtpfting area]

All other

All

FerW of gastahr’

Other Not

recee White Total Black races stated

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Allperiods ofgestatlo n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6weeksor lese. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7weeks, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11 weeke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12weeke, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13weeke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15weeks, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16weelw, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17weeks, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .

19WSSI(S . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21 weeksormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

295,600

100.0

13.0

16.5

19.0

15.3

12.0

8.6

4.9

2.8

1.7

1.2

1.0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.5

1.2

164,656

100.0

13.4

17.4

19.8

15.7

12.0

8.4

4.5

2.5

1.5

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.9

Number

100,664 93,999

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

12.3 11.8

15.0 14.7

17.5 17.3

14.5 14.6

12.2 12.3

9.0 9.2

5.7 5.6

3.4 3.5

2.1 2.2

1.6 1.6

1.3 1.4

1.1 1.1

1.0 1.1

0.8 0.8

0,7 0.8

1.7 1.8

6,885

100.0

19.1

19.6

20.1

13.6

9.7

6.8

3,7

1.9

1.3

0.7

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.4

0,9

10,260

limo

11.3

14.2

19.9

14.9

11.3

6.1

4.7

3.8

2.7

1.6

1.5

1.4

1.2

0.8

0.7

1.8

1Period of geatatlon Is a combination of calculated gaatalion from “date lad ncmal menses began” and “phydcian’s astlmate of gaatation”; ma Technical mtes.

NOT12The13-3tata araaindudesColorado, lndiawKam-aa, Mls$ouri, Montan%NawYork, Oragcm,Rhcdeldand, 3outhCarolln%Tenrmssae, Ufah,Vermont,and VIrglnla.
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ~ 25

Table 11. Number of reported induced terminations of pregnancy by age of woman and percent distribution by period of gestation,

according to age of woman: 13-Stste area, 1987

[Dafa Includeonly Induced terminations of pregnanoy oocurring [n the reporilng area]

15-19 years 40

Under yaals

AII 14 14 15 16 17 18 19 ZO-24 25-29 30-34 ~

Parlod of gastiitk7n1

and Not

ages years years Total &m years yaws pm’s wmwmm~ owsr stated

Number

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295,600 662 1,631 69,086 4,774 9,953 14,457 19,934 19,96S 96,366 64,367 36,794 16,227 4,824 1,623

Peroent distrltmtbn

All perbds of gestation. . . . .

6weelrs orlese . . . . . . . . . .

7weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ioweelrs . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17weeke . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19 WWIS. . . . . . . . . . . . .

20weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21weeks ormore . . . . . . . .

100.0 100.0 100.0

13.0 7.5 6.9

16.5 9.7 9.6

19.0 15.7 15.2

15.3 13.0 13.0

120 71.4 12.8

8.6 8.5 11.8

4.9 6.6 7.9

2.8 7.5 4.4

1.7 2.9 3.7

1.2 2.6 2.7

1.0 1.5 2.2

0.8 21 1.6

0.8 1.9 1.5

0.6 22 1.4

0.5 21 1.6

1.2 4.7 3.5

100.0

6.6

125

17.0

15.9

13.7

10.7

6.3

3.8

2.4

1.6

1.5

1.2

1.2

0.9

0.8

1.9

100.0

6.6

10.0

15.1

14.7

13.7

11.3

7.3

4.4

3.1

2.1

2.2

1.5

1.7

1.5

1.3

3.4

100.0

7.0

10.9

15.5

15.8

14.2

11.7

6.9

4.4

2.7

2.0

1.9

1.6

1.4

0.9

0.9

2.2

100.0

8.6

11.6

16.1

16.0

13.8

10.9

6.3

4.0

2.7

1.8

1.7

1.3

1.2

0.9

0.8

1.9

100.0

9.2

126

17.5

15.9

14.0

10.5

6.2

3.7

2.2

1.3

1.4

1.0

1.1

0.8

0.7

1.6

100.0

9.3

14.0

18.4

16.2

13.3

10.1

5.6

3.5

2.1

1.6

1.0

1.0

1.0

0.7

0.6

1.5

100.0

11.6

16.0

19.0

15.5

126

9.0

5.1

3.0

1.8

1.2

1.1

0.6

0.7

0.6

0.5

1.2

100.0

14.9

18.3

19.9

15.1

11.3

7.8

4.3

23

1.4

1.0

0.6

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.9

100.0

17.4

19.9

20.4

14.8

10.3

6.6

3.6

1.9

1.2

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.8

100.0 IWO

19.5 18.7

20.4 20.0

!20.7 21.2

14.0 13.9

9.6 9.5

6.0 6.2

3.0 3.6

1.8 1.7

1.0 1.0

0.7 0.5

0.6 0.5

0.6 0.5

0.5 0.5

0.4 0.7

0.4 0.4

0.8 1.1

100.0

13.2

16.6

21.0

14.3

11.8

8.1

4.5

1.9

1.8

1.3

0.8

0.8

0.8

0.7

0.6

1.6

1 %rlod of geststlon is a mmblnation of cakulated gestation from “date Ikst nonml memos tmgsn” and “’plyslclan’s eatknate c+ gestdion”; see Technical notes.

NOTE The lS-St.Ne ares Includee Colorado, Knnsss, Ir.diq Mlsswri, Montana, New York, Oregon, Rtmde Island, Smth Osfollm Termssee, LJtsh,Verrnmt, and Vkginln.
26 ~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ~

Table 12. Number of reported induced terminations of pregnancy by yeara of school completed, race, and age of woman and percent

distribution by pariod of geatatfon, according to race, age, ●nd yeara of school compieted by woman: 11-State area, 1987

[Data include only induced terminatbns of pregnancy occurring In the repoftlng area]

Y-of school completed

Pwiod ofgestetlon,l age m 9-11 12 1s15 16 yeare Not

and race of woman Total m m w years or over stated

All raceez

Ail ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All periods of gestation. . . . . . . . . .

6weeks orlees . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-Sweeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9-12weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18-20 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21weeks ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10-17 yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All periods of geetstion. . . . . . . . . .

6weeks orless . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-3weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9-12weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18-20 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21weeks ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-24 yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All periods of geetallon. . . . . . .. . . .

6weeksor less . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-3weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9-12weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-20 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21weeksormore . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25years andover. . . . . . . . . . . . .

All periods of gestation. . . . . . . . . .

6weeksorlees . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-8weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6-12weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-20 weaks, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21weeks ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All periods of gestation. . . . . . . . . .

6weeksor less . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-3weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9-12weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15 weaks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-20 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21weeks ormore. . .,, ,, . . . . . .

See fcdnotes at endof table,

276,045

100.0

13.5

36.4.

40.4

5.7

3.8

1.3

29,663

100.0

6.0

2s.9

48.7

9.0

6.9

2.4

126,791

100.0

11.6

34.0

42.8

6.3

4.0

1.4

116,017

100.0

17.1

39.0

38.2

4.2

27

0.9

1,5s4

100.0

13.1

37.6

33.7

5.1

3.7

1.6

6,06S

100.0

10.3

30.1

42.3

9.0

6.2

21

2,662

100.0

6.0

23.7

45.2

12.2

9.4

3.5

1,353

100.0

10.9

2e.1

4s.1

8.4

5.2

1.3

2,010

100.0

15.7

39.9

35.9

5.0

2.7

0.8

31

100.0

6.5

41.9

327

9.7

3.2

48,846

im.o

9.9

2e.4

45.3

e.4

5.9

2.0

19,426

100.0

7.4

26.4

47.7

9.2

6.9

2.4

t7,040

100.0

9.6

27,9

45.6

9.0

6.0

2.0

10,161

100.0

15.4

322

40.4

5.9

3.7

1.4

219

100.0

6.9

31.8

45.2

7.6

5.5

2.6

Number

130,413

percent distribution

100.0

13.4

35.2

40.8

5.7

3.e

1.2

Number

5,640

Peroenl distribution

100.0

10.0

29.9

45.0

7.0

5.8

22

Number

s7,92e

Persent distribution

100.0

11.2

33.1

43.3

6.6

4.4

1.4

Number

S3,1s8

Percent distribution

100.0

16.5

3s.1

37.3

4.4

2,6

0.8

Number

777

Peroent distribution

100.0

129

37.2

38.3

5.0

4.4

2.2

60,978

100.0

13.7

39.0

40.0

4.2

2.2

o.e

152

100.0

10.5

32.9

44.1

4.6

5.3

2.3

2e,oa5

100.0

11,9

37,e

42.4

4.6

2.3

1.0

22,513

100.0

15.9

40.6

37.1

3.8

2.1

0.6

22e

100.0

15.9

3s.1

41.2

3.1

~.e

26,099

100.0

19.9

43.0

31.9

2.6

1.9

0.0

100.0

7,763

100.0

17.4

42,3

34.4

2.9

2.2

0.9

16,217

100.0

21.0

43.2

30.8

2.5

1.6

0.7

119

100.0

16.9

46.6

33.1

0.6

2.5

15,653

100.0

15.7

35.1

37.2

5.9

4.7

1.4

1,673

100.0

11.1

27.6

43.9

9.0

6.4

1.7

6,622

100.0

13.1

33.6

40.8

6.4

4.9

1.2

6,94e

100.0

19.4

36.3

31.9

4.7

4.1

1.5

210

100.0

16.3

3e.9

33,5

6.4

2.5

2.’
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ~ 27

Table 12. Number of reportad induced terminations of pregnancy by yeara of school completed, race, ●nd ●ge of woman ●nd percent

distribution by period of gestation, ●ccording to race, ●ge, ●nd years of eohool completed by woman: 1l-State area,1987-Con.

‘afa include only Induced termlnatbns of pregnancy occurring In the reporting area]

Y&ir3 ofsohoOI oOrrrpMed

Perbd of gestation, 1 age H 9-11 12 13-15 16&ws Not

and race of woman Total m J@=$ w w or more stated

White

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All perbds of gestafbn. . . . . . . . . .

6weeksorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-8weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2-12weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-20 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21weeks ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10-17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All perbds of gestatbn. . . . . . . . . .

6weeksorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-3weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9-12weeke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-20 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21weeksormore . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3-24 YwMs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Atlperbdsofgestatbn. . . . . . . . . .

Ltweeksorles s . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-8weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9-12weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ie-mweeke. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Zlweeks ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25yearsand over . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All perbds of gestation. . . . . . . . . .

6weeksorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-8weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9-12weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15 weelw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-20 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21wwksor more . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nolstated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Allperbdsof gestatbn. . . . . . . . . .

6weeksorles!s, ...,..,...,..

7-8weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9-12weeks. .,....,,.,..,,..

&15weekB. ,,, ., . . . . . . . . . .

,6-20 week8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21weeks ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . .

8SSfOdnOtSSat ●fldoftable.

170,306

100.0

14.1

37.0

40.1

4.8

2.9

1.0

18,163

100.0

8.7

28.9

47.5

7.9

5,3

1.7

81,766

lCK).O

12.1

35.8

42,6

5.3

3.1

1.0

69,959

100.0

17.9

40.8

35.1

3.5

2.2

0.7

898

100.0

14.7

36.9

36.0

4.5

2.6

1.2

3,436

100.0

10.6

30.9

43.1

8.4

5.3

1.6

1,241

100<0

6.2

26.6

46.7

11.5

8.3

2.7

976

100.0

10.3

27.8

47.8

8.1

4.7

1.2

1,122

100.0

16.0

38.8

36.5

5.4

26

0.8

16

100.0

11.1

36,9

44.4

5,6

27,745

100.0

9.4

29.9

47.1

7.4

4.8

1.5

12,202

100.0

7.7

26.4

48.6

6.1

5.3

1.9

9,942

100.0

9.1

29.0

48.1

7.8

4.6

1.4

5,479

100.0

14.0

34.8

41.7

5.3

3.0

1.1

122

100.0

6.6

32.2

47.9

6.3

4.1

0.8

78,134

Percent dkdrlbutbn

100.0

13.8

38.8

40.8

4.9

29

0.9

Number

3,442

Percent disttlbuthn

100.0

11.5

321

45.1

5.9

4.2

1.2

Number

41,797

Percent distributbn

ICQ.O

11.6

34.6

43.6

5.6

3.3

1.1

Number

32,476

Percent dtstribulbn

100.0

16.8

39.8

36.7

3.8

2.2

0.7

Number

419

Percent dlstrlbutbn

100.0

14,2

39.3

37,1

4,3

3.3

1.6

32,892

100.0

14.5

40.9

38.6

3.5

1.8

0.7

84

100.0

10.6

36.3

41.5

6.4

2.1

1.1

18,869

100.0

12.4

39.7

41.4

3.8

1.6

0.9

13,576

100.0

17.3

42.6

34.7

3.1

1.7

0.5

153

1coo

17.9

36.4

41.1

4.0

0,7

18,686

100.0

20.8

43.8

30.6

2.3

1.8

0.7

IOQ.O

5,829

100.0

18.0

43.3

33.5

2.7

1.9

0.7

12,774

100.0

22.1

44.0

29.3

2.2

1.7

0.7

33

100.0

16.3

47.6

31,7

2,4

10,113

100.0

16.8

35.8

37.1

4.9

4.2

1.1

1s184

100.0

12.6

28.3

45.4

7.5

5.5

0.6

4,370

1al.o

14,3

34.8

40.2

5.5

4.2

1.0

4,455

100.0

20.3

38.7

321

3.6

3.9

7.4

104

100,0

19.6

42,2

29,4

4,9

2.0

2.0
28 ~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report

Table 12. Number of reported Induced terminations of pregnancy by years of school completed, race, and age of woman and percent

distribution by period of gestation, ●ccording tct race, age, and yeara of schooi completed by woman: 11-State area,l 987-Con.

[Dsfa Includeonly induced terminations of pregnancy occurring In the reporting area]

Years of school completed

Period of gestation,l age 0-6 9-11 12 12-15 16 years Not

end race of woman Tofsl years years years years or more stated

Black

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Number

47,566

Percent distribution

100.0

12.3

32.3

41.5

7.0

5.2

1.7

Number

1,959

Percent diatrlbutlon

100.0

7.3

25.9

45.3

8.7

8,9

3.9

Number

24,055

Percent dlstribulkm

100.0

10.1

30,0

43.4

8.3

6.1

2.0

Number

21,266

Percent dlstrlbutlon

100.0

15.3

35.4

39.0

5.5

3.8

1.1

Number

306

Percent distribution

100.0

11.7

33.3

41.3

5.7

5.7

2.3

92,762 2,159

100.0

8.5

27.4

42.4

10.6

8.1

3.1

1,361

100.0

5.7

22.2

45.0

12.7

10.2

4.1

269

100.0

8.6

29.1

42.9

10.8

7.1

1.5

524

100.0

15.5

39.8

35.2

5.2

3.3

1.0

5

100.0

40.0

40,0

20.0

17,013

100.0

9.6

25.4

43.9

10.2

7.9

2.9

6,737

100.0

6.7

23.0

46.5

11.3

9.2

3.4

6,277

100.0

9.4

25.4

43.1

11.0

8.3

2.9

3,921

100.0

15.2

29.8

41.0

7.1

5.1

1.6

76

100.0

7.6

27.3

44.2

7.8

7.8

5.2

16,658

100.0

12.0

35.3

43.1

5.7

3.0

1.0

55

100.0

7.3

23.6

50,9

1.8

10,9

5.5

8,367

100.0

10.5

33.7

44,9

6.4

3.4

1.2

6,175

100.0

13.7

36.9

41.2

5.0

2.5

0.7

61

100.0

9.6

39.3

44.3

1.6

4.9

6.056 3,290

All periods of gestation, . . . . . . . . .

6weeksor leae, . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-6weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9-12weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15 weaks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-20 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Zlweeks ormora . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0

11.9

32.0

41.9

7.3

5.2

1.8

100.0

16.0

40.9

36.7

3.4

2.2

0.9

100.0

11.7

31.2

39.4

8.4

6.6

2.6

lLk17years, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,600 488

All periods of gestation. . . . . . . . . .

6weeks or less . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-Sweeks, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

S+12weeks, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-20 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Zlweeks ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . .

lKI.O

6.8

23.5

45.9

10.9

9.2

3.7

100.0 100.0

0.4

25,7

41.5

11.5

8.4

4.5

16-24 yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,960 1,627 1,365

All periods of geslalion. , . . . . . . . .

6weeksor less . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-Sweeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9-12weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-20 weeks.............,..

21weeks ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . .

lm.o

10.2

30.4

43.5

6.1

5.8

2.0

100.0

14:4

39,1

36.6

3.6

2.9

1.4

10+3.0

9.5

28.9

44.0

8.2

7.3

2.1

25yeara and over.........,,,. 39,695 4,400 1,409

All periods of gestation. . . . . . . . . .

6weeksor less.........,,. . .

?-sweeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9-12weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-20 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21weeks ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0

15.1

35.9

39.1

5.3

3.5

1.1

100.0

16.6

41.5

36.0

3.3

2.0

0.7

100.0

15.0

35.4

34.3

7.5

5.3

2.4

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 507 29

All periods of gestation. . . . . . . . . .

6weeksor lees . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-Sweeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9-12weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-20 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21weeks or more . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0

10.4

33.6

42.0

5.6

5.6

2.6

100.0

10.3

44.8

41.4

3.4

100.0

7.1

32.1

39.3

10.-

7,

3.b

1period of ~eqatlon is ~ combination& ~almlat~ ge~tstlOn from ‘,d~e Ieet no@ ~nsm begm,$ end ‘-p~clan}s estimate of gestation”; eee Technlcel notes.

2 Includes racee clher than white end black.

NOTE The 11-State area Includm lrdlana, Kensee, Mlseourl, Montaw New York, Oregon, South Ce.rolina, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, ard Virginia.
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ~ 29

Table 13. Number of reported Induced termination of pregnancy by procedure and percent distribution by procedure, according to

period of gestation: 13-State area, 1987

rData include only Induced terminatbns of pfegnancy occurring in the reporting areal

All SuctFcrr Sharp SaIlrre Ptostaglandin

Parbd of gestation q procedures curettage curettage IrwWatiorr Instillatbrr Hysterotomy Hysterectomy Other

Number

TotalZ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 295,600 278,560 5,402 2,698 1,226 33 25 2,674

All periods of gestetlon. . . . . . . . . .

6weeksor less . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6weeke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9weeW . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10weeke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14weeke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21weeks ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

100.0

95.8

97.9

97.4

96.1

96.5

96.3

97.8

95.6

93.1

66.1

81.7

73.1

67.1

60.9

59.8

61.3

66.0

66.0

1.9

0.9

0.9

0.9

1.0

1.2

1.7

3.3

4.9

7.4

9.4

9.2

9.7

8.3

7.8

8.8

6.6

3.3

Percent distribution

1.0 0.4

0.1 0.0

0.0 0.0

0.1 0.0

0.1 0.0

0.1 0.0

0.2 0.1

0.4 0.3

0.8 0.6

2.4 1.0

4.3 2.7

10.0 5.2

13.4 6.8

18.0 9.2

20.2 8.0

20.9 5.9

16.6 5.3

3.7 3.5

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.1

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.1

0.1

0.4

0.9

1.0

1.6

0.9

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.3

0.6

1.0

1.9

2.4

2.8

3.6

4.0

3.2

3.4

1.1

lper]~ of @atlOn ISa combinationof calculatedgestationfrom““datelast nmrnd rmnws began” and “ph@CiWI’S dtie d WShhl”; * TecMcd ~~.

‘In-ludas procedura not statad.

NOTE Tim 13-State tuna Includaa Colorado, Indlq K.anaaa,Mis.Axl, Montana, Naw York, Oragm, Rkcde Island,3cuth Carc4inajTenmasea, Utah, Vermti, and Virglnla,
30 ~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report

Table 14. Number and percent distribution of reported induced terminations of pregnancy by metropolitan-nonmewopoiitan residence,

race, and age of woman: 14-Stete area, 1987

[Data include only Inducedterminationsof pregnancyoccurringIn the repottingarea]

All aress Metropolitan areas Nonmetropolitan areas

All Arl All

Age of woman racasq Whife Black moesl White Black races’ White Black

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Undfx14years . . . . . . . . . .

14yesrs . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

lE-19years . . . . . . . . . . . .

15 years . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16years . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17years . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19years . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20-24 yeare . . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29 yeara . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

35-39 yeara . . . . . . . . . . . .

40years andover . . . . . . . .

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under 14years . . . . . . . . . .

14years . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-19 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

i5years . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16yesrs. , . . . . . . . . . . .

17years . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ieyears . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19years. . . . . . . . . . . . .

2&24yeare . . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29 years. ,., c.......

30-34 year3 . . . . . . . . . . . .

35-39 years, . . . . . . . . . . .

40years andover . . . . . . . .

300,310

665

1,851

70,477

4,876

10,190

14,826

20,278

20,307

99,842

65,210

37,236

18,422

4,694

1,693

100.0

0.2

0.6

23.6

1.6

3.4

5.0

6.8

6.6

33.4

21,8

12.5

6.2

1.6

189,014

23e

e44

46,853

2,837

6,548

9,855

13,850

13,763

63,055

39,707

22,613

11,477

3,239

986

100.0

0.1

0.4

24.9

1.5

3.5

i5.2

7.4

7.3

33.5

21.1

12.0

IB.I

1.7

94,025

424

943

20,361

1,842

3,196

4,336

5,461

5,522

31,530

21,566

ll,9e8

5,436

1,236

511

100.0

0.5

1.0

21,8

2.0

3.4

4.6

5.8

5,9

33.7

23.1

12,8

5.e

1.3

261,023 156,666

611 202

1,537 620

59,1e8 37,290

3,996 2,143

8,447 5,114

12,601 7,856

16,892 10,891

17,260 11,164

67,229 52,693

57,751 33,707

32,750 16,964

18,156 9,611

4,225 2,666

1,566 877

Percent dlstribullon

100.0 100.0

0.2 0,1

0.6 0.4

22.8 23.9

1.5 1.4

3.3 3,3

4.6 5.0

6.5 7.1

6.7 7.2

33.6 33.8

22.3 21.6

12.6 12.2

6.2 6.2

$.6 1.7

66,720

390

664

19,040

1,679

2,946

4,069

5,142

5,164

29,770

20,467

11,361

5,167

1,164

507

100,0

0,4

1,0

21.6

1,9

3.3

4.6

5.8

5.9

33.7

23.2

12.9

5.8

1.3

39,287

74

314

11,281

660

1,743

2,325

3,266

3,047

12,613

7,459

4,466

2,264

66a

127

100,0

0.2

0.8

28.8

2.2

4.5

5.9

8.4

7.6

32.2

19.0

11.5

5.6

1.7

32,348

36

224

9,563

694

1,434

1,997

2,859

2,579

10,362

6,006

3,629

1,868

551

111

lCQ.O

0.1

0.7

29.7

2.2

4.4

6.2

8,9

6,0

32.1

18.6

11.3

5.8

1.7

5,305

34

79

1,321

163

252

249

319

338

1,760

1,119

635

279

74

4

100.0

0,6

1,5

24.9

3,1

4.8

4.7

6.0

f

x

21.,

12.0

5.3

1,4

‘ Includesracesolhrrrthanwhiteand black,

NOTE The 14-Stateerea IncludesCOlOrado,hdiana, Kamee, Maine, Mbacwi, Monlma, NewYork,Oregon,Rhxl. Islmd, Sath Carellnq Tennessee,Utah,Verrmnt,andVirginia.
Table 15. Number of reported induced terminations of pregnancy by residence status of woman and percent distribution by period of

gestation, according to residence status of woman: 13-State area, 1987

[Data include only induced te~kIallOnS of pregnancy occurring In the repofilng Wea]

Induced terrnlnatixrs occurring

Induced in state of P3skience Induced Induced

All kldUC.%i tennintrtbrs terrnhatkvrs terminations

tetmlnatbrs occurring tn &oum-ng Not OCOU~ among among

Oocurrirrg ama among h munty in county interstate nonresidents of

Parbd of gestetbn~ in area Us. reswrlts Totat cfraskfetw.e of reskfetwa nonraskients Uniiad states

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All periods of gestation. . . . . . . . . .

6weeksorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21weeks ormora. . . . . . . . . . . . .

296,695

Iwo

13.0

16.4

19.0

15.3

12.0

8.6

4.9

2.8

1.7

1.2

1.0

o.e

0.8

0.6

0.5

1.2

295,800

100.0

13.0

16.5

19.0

15.3

12.0

8.e

4.9

2.8

1.7

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.8

0.6

0.5

1.2

273,733

100.0

13.2

16.6

19.2

15.3

12.1

8.6

4.9

2.6

1.7

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.7

0.5

0.4

1.0

Number

191,290 82,443 22,067 695

Percent dIstributicm

100.0

14.0

17.2

19.0

14.9

fl.e

8.1

4.7

2.8

1.7

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.7

0.5

0.5

1.0

100.0

11.2

15.1

19.5

16.2

12.7

9.7

5.5

2.9

1.7

1.1

0.9

0.7

0.7

0.5

0.4

0.9

100.0

10.2

14.7

17.4

14.7

11.9

8.9

4.7

3.0

1.7

1.2

1.4

1.3

1.6

1.3

1.4

4.6

100.0

5.5

12.2

18.5

17.1

13.3

11.0

6.9

3.1

2.9

1.6

1.1

0.9

0.7

1.2

0.7

3.2

lperl~ & gwfatjon IS ~ ~~bl~lon ~ CSICIAM gSSWUI f~~ ‘idste M IIOMWI mrNISSS began” W “pliyelclm’$ e4md0 of gaalatlm”; see Tdnicd notes.

NOTE The 13+tate area Imludes Colorado,IndianajKaimaa,MlsmIrl, Morisns, NewYork Oragcm,K1’mdeIskwrd,ec.uthOarolln%Tennaseae,Utah,Verrnart, and Virginia.
Table 16. Number of reported induced terminations of pregnancy in the reporting States and New York City by place of residence,according tb place of occurrence:

United States, each State, New York City, and specified places outside the United States, 1987

[Data include only Induced terminatbns of pregnancy occurring in the reporling areaj

Place of occurrence

New York

Upstate New

New York Rhode Soufh

Place of residence Total GWoredo Indiana Kansas M&e Mbsouri Montana ToM York Ciiy Oregon fslerrd CmMne Tennessee LJIah Vermont Virginb

Aii places of residence

Urrited Stakes........,..

Ak3bama . . . . . . . . . . . .

Alaska . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Arizona . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Arkansas . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cetiiomia . . . . . . . . . . . .

Colorado . . . . . . . . . . . .

Connecticut . . . . . . . . . .

Delaware . . . . . . . . . . . .

Dlstrkt of Columba . . . . .

Florida. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

George . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iilinofs . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

India . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kansas . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kentucky . . . . . . . . . . . .

LouWana... . . . . . . . . .

Maine . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Maryland . . . . . . . . . . . .

Massachusetts. . . . . . . . .

Mkh@rI. . . . . . . . . . . .

Minnesota . . . . . . . . . . .

Mii”wippi . . . . . . . . . . .

Missouri . . . . . . . . . . . .

Montana. . . . . . . . . . . .

Nebraska . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nevada . . . . . . . . . . . . .

NewHarnpshire . . . . . . . .

NswWSSY... . . . . . . . .

New Mexico . . . . . . . . . .

NswYork . . . . . . . . . . . .

Upstate New York. . . . .

NewYorkCtly . . . . . . .

301,462

300,310

160

13

24

852

147

11,33-4

843

28

2W

104

7e2

7

222

1,678

13,431

44

4,058

638

14

3,731

885

2,143

141

12

1,191

17,815

2,30e

203

34

802

2,268

242

144,849

53,646

91,203

12,232

12,2m

13

9

11,382

5

3

3

1

1

29

1

2

1

2

1

11

141

1

1

2

237

5

1

4

13,876

13,875

1

1

1

2

5

2

216

13.399

2

3

1

1

122

2

2

1

4

1

3

5,e41

5,841

1

6

1

1

1

3

3

22

3,584

1

1

1

2,214

44

2

1

1

4,767

4,510

2

2

3

1

5

2

2

1

3,708

279

1

459

3

9

8

1

17,574

17,574

3

79

3

2

6

1,415

14

16

440

29

1

1

1

i

2

15,490

14

1

2

2

3,175

2,593

2

1

1

16

1

1

1

2

2

1

2,293

1

1

149,811

149,519

2

1

16

4

770

25

59

32

4

17

7

1

2

2

2

18

182

177

4

3

3

1

18

2,23a

1

144,082

52,938

91,144

52,826

52,678

1

5

4

272

1

12

2

3

3

1

2

5

21

2

1

191

1

50,208

49,318

1,590

96,985

98,841

1

1

11

49s

25

58

m

2

14

4

2

2

2

16

157

156

2

3

3

1

17

2,047

93,174

3,620

89,554

11,147

11,145

1

11

82

2

3

38

1

1

2

1

1

1

~

7,528

7,528

1

1

64

1

3

1

1

1

5

1,654

1

8

4

9

7

2

12,892

12,9S7

4

2

2

2

1

15

224

3

2

1

2

1

1

3

3

1

1

1

—

5

5

21,622

21,622

152

2

765

3

i

1

15

546

1

11

3

2

7!?’8

2

6

1,181

104

1

1

6

2

4

4,556

4,556

1

8

3

1

165

2

1

1

2

1

31

1

2

2

3,310

3,30e

1

2

2

2

3

28

314

1

854

650

4

32,930

32,924

1

1

1

19

i

2

3

237

15

15

1

4

1

1

4

3

1

me

3

5

1

3

1

15

1

68

31

37
Tab). Number of reported induced terminations of pregnancy in the reporting Sts. d New York City by place of residence, according to place of occurrenc~

United Statea, each State, New York Cm, and specifiad places outside the United States, 1987-Con.

[Data include only induced terminations of pregnancy occurring In the reporting area]

Place of occwrence

New York

Upstate New

New YoLk Rhcde Soufh

Flare Ofnsdenca Total CWorado Indiana kiinsas Maine Mbsouri Montana Tofal York City Oregon Island Carolina Tennassse Utah Vermont Virginia

North CaroI!ma. . . . . . . . .

Notih Dakota . . . . . . . . .

Oh. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Oklahoma. . . . . . . . . . .

Oregon . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Pwnsytvark.. . . . . . . . .

Rhode island. . . . . . . . . .

South Caroline . . . . . . . .

8outh Dakota ...,.....

Ten~ . . . . . . . . . . .

Texas . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . .

h= ::: ::.......

Wamlgton........ . .

Waslvlrgima.. . . . . . . . .

WbcOnSn . . . . . . . . . . . .

mm . . . . . . . . . . . .

Outside Unm3dStafe8

Puertoflbo . . . . . . . . .

~hfelands . . . . . . . . .

Canada . . . . . . . . . . . .

Cuba . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

k4axtco. . . . . . . . . . . . .

RemaMerof WOm . . . . .

1,028

23

142

w

10,162

1,620

5,633

12,407

122

17,624

64

4,214

2,348

31,562

628

160

5

624

1

2

1

1

2

98

8

78

1

2

204

2

1

1

94

3

5

5

1

1

1

1

46

1

2

6

1

1

2

6

19

2

2

257

2

4

18

1

1

13

12

1

1

1

20

1

2

1

21

4

1

3

217

18

1

21

1,563

61

8

4

11

30

123

1

6

1

2

2

2

1

8

t,loa

3

1

2

6

17

14

142

1

5

16

13

384

56

7

2

5

13

109

1

6

1

2

2

53

87

1

1

10,177

303

1

4

31

2

4,133

1

1

200

2

2

2

2,285

1

1

670

7

1

20

1

11

7

6

31,113

171

1

1

1

4

2 3

3

1

3

2

2

5,763

1

2

W&2

5

2

17,660

9

2

2

819

1

1

1

1

1

1

305

1

11

2

1

1

1

3

2

1,032

1

1

106

195 3

2

1

92 2 5
Technical notes

Nature and sources of data

Data in this report are based on

information for the same 14 States in

1987 as in 1986: Colorado, Indiana,

Kansas, Maine, Missouri, Montana,

New York, Oregon, Rhode Island,

South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah,

Vermont, and Virginia.

The reporting States provided data

on magnetic tape for individual events

coded from copies of the original reports of induced termination of pregnancy. These data were provided to the

National Center for Health Statistics

(NCHS) through the Vital Statistics

Cooperative Program. NCHS collects

information on individual abortions occurring in selected States with mandatory abortion reporting requirements.

The State abortion reporting forms include information on the demographic

characteristics and pregnancy history of

the woman and the nature of the procedure. The NCHS data system, based on

reports of individual abortions, enables

detailed cross-classification.

Two other organizations currently

publish information on induced abortions—the Center for Chronic Disease

Prevention and Health Promotion,

which, like NCHS, is a component of

the Centers for Disease Control, and

the Alan Guttmacher Institute, a private organization. The Center for

Chronic Disease Prevention and Health

Promotion relies primarily on aggregate abortion data reported by State

health agencies, hospitals, and medical

institutions, and the Alan Guttmacher

Institute obtains its information from a

nationwide survey of abortion

providers.

Rem completeness

Item completeness, which is measured by the percent of records with

codes other than “not stated,” is shown

in table I for the varying number of

States included in the analysis of each

item. States were excluded from analysis if either information was not collected on the item or if no information

for the item was reported for 25 percent or more of the records. Table I

Table L Percent completeness for items on reporting form and number of reporting

States: 1986 and 1987

1967 1986

-

Pemant Number of Percent Number of

ttem completeness reporting States completeness reporting Sfatas

Age of woman, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99.4 14 99.4 14

Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94.2 12 94.1 12

Marital status of woman 1.. . . . 96.1 13 97.5 13

Period of gestation, . . . . . . . . . . . 99.8 13 99.s 13

Previous Induced Iermlnations . . . . . . . 96.2 14 95.7 14

Previous live bhlhs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96.3 14 96.1 14

Flaceofwoman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96.5 14 97.1 14

Fiesident statusz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 14 100.0 14

Typeofprocedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96.3 13 99.3 13

1NewYork City also repded maritalstatus.

‘Resident status unknown is allccated at the coding Ieveb see Technicalroles.

NOTE The reporting area includes Colorado, Indiana, Kansas, Maine, Missouri,Montana,NewYork,Oregon,l%de Islam!,

SouthCarolIn&Tennessea,Utah,Vermont,ard Virginia.

shows that resident status was

100 percent complete for 1986 and

1987. Residence information, if unknown or incomplete, is allocated at the

coding level according to the following

rules: First, records with unknown residence are allocated to place of occurrence; second, records where only State

of residence is reported, with no city or

county specified, and the State named

is different from the State of occurrence, are allocated to the largest city of

the State of residence.

Classification of data

Procedures used for coding and

classifying the items on the Report of

Induced Termination of Pregnancy are

described in the NCHS vital statistics

instruction manual, part 10, “Classification and coding instructions for induced termination of pregnancy

records, 1987” (11). Codes for geographic areas are described in part 8,

“Vital records geographic classification,

1982” (12). Additional information on

classi@ing selected items can be found

in the technical appendix, vital statistics

of the United States, vol. I (13). Definitions of types of procedures used may

be found in the publication, Legalized

abortion and the public health (14).

Data on period of gestation are computed from information on “date of termination” and “date of last normal

menses.” If “date of last normal

menses” is not stated, or computed

gestation in weeks is not possible, “physician’s estimate of gestation in weeks”

is used.

Ratios, percents, and medians

Measures of incidence in this report are based on ratios of induced terminations of pregnancy to live birt’

These ratios refer to the number of i.

duced terminations and live births occurring in the reporting States to

residents of the reporting States. In the

computation of ratios, “not stated”

cases have been distributed according

to the reported or known proportion

for a particular characteristic. Ratios

are computed before distributed numbers are rounded. Ratios of induced

terminations of pregnancy provide an

approximate indication of the frequency of induced abortions to the frequency of pregnancies.

Tvvo forms of induced abortion ratios (ratios per 1,000 live births-type I

and ratios per 1,000 live births and induced abortions—type II) are shown in

table II. Induced abortion ratios in the

text of this report are of type 1. These

ratios are larger than those of type II,

because the latter includes a~larger

number of events in the denominator

than the former. Both ratios have the

same number of events—induced terminations—in the numerator of the ~

tie. For type I ratios, age differenti~

are gxeater, that is, the range t)etween

the largest and the smallest ratios by
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ~ 35

Table Il. Type I ●nd Type II Induced termination of pregnancy ratios by race and age of woman: 14-State area, 1987

lTYWI r~~ ~ PerI.000 Iwebiflhs.VP IIrd~ lsW I.000 Iwebirthsmd inducedterrnlnatbns.InducedIermkralfonsof Pregnancyand live blrIhs are only those

osourring in the area to residents of the araa]

Type I Tyjm II

All All

Age of wirran races1 kVhHe Black races~ Whlfe Black

All ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under 14years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

‘t5-19yaars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15yaar3 . . .. m. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16yeara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17yaaJ9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18yearYI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19yaars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20-24yeers. ., . .,, ,,,,.., ,,..,

2S-29year3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34yaers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35-38yeers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40yearserrdover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

337.8

1,705.1

1,146.1

663.7

919.3

836.1

734.6

7126

550.8

400.6

232.3

2V2.I

307.7

566.2

274.0

1,829.4

1,245.7

630.4

1,044.7

690.1

736.3

716.5

529.5

335.1

175.4

156.1

240.6

463.6

635.2

1,6726

1,080.2

701.3

790.4

761.2

742.4

710.7

616.2

652.6

567.9

557.1

691.0

993.9

2525

630.1

533.9

406.1

476.9

455.4

423.5

416.1

355.2

268.0

166.5

172.9

235.3

362.3

215.1

646.1

554.7

404.9

510.9

470.9

424.7

417.4

346.2

251.0

149.3

135.0

194.0

326.0

388.5

625.6

519.2

412.2

441.4

432.2

426.1

415.4

381.2

394.9

362.2

357.7

406.6

498.4

t[~~des-~~ t~~lt~.~b~k,

N0TEl%e14-61ale arealnd*C!-alorado, kdleIw Kaneas,Msins, Mbswrl,Montena, NewYorl$Oregon, RhodelAand,Swth Caroll~Tennesnee, Utah,Vermont,at-dVlrglrim

age of women is greater than for type 11

ratios. Induced abortion differentials by

race are also more pronounced using

type I than type II ratios,

In the computation of percent distrl%utions and medians, “not stated”

wes are excluded. Proportional aUocaon of “not stated” cases in computing

these measures would yield exactly the

same kesults. In addition, medians were

calculated using single years of age,

single years of education, and single

weeks of gestation.

In the computation of percent

change, the following general formula

was used:

RI - R2 .100

R2

where RI equals the ratio of interest in

1987 and R2 equals the ratio of interest

in 1986. The total percent change is a

weighted average of the change for the

groups of interest. Although it is unusual, the total percent change can be

greater or smaller than either of the

percent changes in its component parts,

aa seen in tables B and H.
36 ~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report ~

Suggested citation

Kochanek KD. Induced terminations of

pregnancy reporting States, 1987. Monthly vital

statistics repofi VOI88 no 9, suppl. Hyattaville,

Maryland: Public Health Service: National Center

for Health Statistics. 1989.

Copyright Information

This report may be reprinted without further

permission.
——~-=— ---- - =--——= .-— — ==== ====~ ~ ~=~~ == --e=== == ---- ==—- —---- ------ ------ -= =-= ==--- ------ . ---- ----- ---- ~==g-- -===== ======= == =--- _____ ----- ----- ----- ---

========= === ======= ========== ===== ==========

------ ----- ----

~

Final Data From the National Center for Health Statistics Vol. 37, No. 12, Supplement . April 28, 1989

Induced Terminations of Pregnancy: Reporting States,

1985 and 1986

by Kenneth D. Kochanek, M.A., Division of Vital Statistics

Highlights

In 1986, there were 298,719 abortions reported as

occurring to residents within the 13 States reporting this

information to the National Center for Health Statistics,

compared with 305,938 in 1985 and 306,792 in 1984. The

abortion ratio of 347.2 abortions per 1,000 live births in

1986 decreased from the ratio of 355.7 for the previous

‘vear, ~d continued the decline observed from 1984 to

>85.From 1985 to 1986, ratios decreased for both white

ind black women, but the decreases were greatest among

white married women in most age groups.

The 1986 abortion ratio for black women was 2.2 times

that for white women, about the same as in earlier years.

The median age of induced termination of pregnaney was

slightly higher for black women (23.8 years) than for white

women (23.4 years), but the age at which the greatest

number of abortions occurred was the same for white as for

black women in 1986 (21 years). The highest abortion

ratios were for the youngest and the oldest women, a

pattern observed for both black and white women. However, for almost every age group, ratios were higher for

black women than for white women.

Induced abortion ratios are associated with marital

statti~ both white and black married women have much

lower ratios than unmarried women of the respective race

groups. Abortion ratios are also associated with educational attainment. For white women, ratios generally deerease with increasing educational attainment, but for black

women, ratios generally increase with increasing educational attainment.

In terms of previous pregnaney history, about 5 out of

10 women having induced terminations in 1986 had no

previous live births, and about 6 out of 10 never had a prior

“Iduced termination. The median duration of gestation was

\ weeks for women having induced terminations in 1986.

-t was longer for black women, on the average, than for

white women, longer for less educated women, and longer

for out-of-State residents than for in-State residents.

In 1986, suction curettage was the type of procedure

used in 96 percent of all induced terminations. Complications were reported for less than 1 percent of all terminations. Abortion ratios among women residing in

metropolitan areas were 2.5 times those among nonmetropolitan residents.

Introduction

This report on induced terminations of pregnaney is

based on information reported to the National Center for

Health Statistics (NCHS) by 13 States in 1985 and 1986.

Earlier reports showed data for 5 States in 1977, 8 States in

1978, 13 States in 1979, 12 States in 1980 and 1981, and 13

States in 1982–84 (NCHS, 1981, 1982, 1983a, 1985a, 1986,

and 1987). The States in this report include Coloraclo,

Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, Montana, New York, Oregon,

Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont,

and Virginia. Although New York Ciiy is a separate registration area from the remainder of Ncw York State, the

data for both areas are combined except where otherwise

noted.

Data are based on individual reports of induced abortions submitted to State vital registration offices. Reports of

induced terminations are submitted to these offices in

accordance with the laws and statutes of the respective

States. The reporting States provided data on magnetic tape

for individual events coded from copies of the original

reports of induced termination of pregnancy.

Induced abortions are distinguished in NCHS statistics

from spontaneous abortions or fetal deaths. Induced abortion “means the purposeful interruption of pregnancy with

the intention other than to produce a live-born infant or to

remove a dead fetus which does not result in a live birth”

US. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH AND HUMAN SERVICES . Public Health Service ● Centers for Disease Control
(NCHS, 1978). All other abortions are “spontaneous.” In

this report, the term “abortion” refers to “induced abortion” or “induced termination of pregnancy”; all three

terms are used interchangeably.

Abortion data are shown on both an occurrence and a

residence basis, Detailed tables at the end of the report and

selected text tables show data on all abortions to U.S.

residents occurring in the reporting area. The occurrence

tables represent characteristics and factors associated with

the utilization of health services within the geographic area

in which the abortions occurred. In contrast, ratio tables

within the text exclude abortions to nonresidents of the

reporting States. Such tables show the frequency of abortions in relation to demographic characteristics associated

with births to residents of the area. The distinction between

occurrence and residence data is made in the text and in the

headnotes of the tables.

Data are analyzed using percent distributions, medians,

and ratios (see Technical notes). Abortion ratios are based

on the number of abortions and live births occurring in the

reporting States to residents of those States. Ratios are

expressed as the number of abortions per 1,000 live births.

S\Ich ratios provide an approximate indication of the frequency of abortions in relation to the frequency of

pre,gnancics.

An estimate of pregnancies could include the sum of

live births, induced terminations, and spontaneous fetal

deaths; however, it is common practice to use only live

births in calculating these ratios (Tietze, 1979; Centers for

Disease Control, 1983). A comparison of abortion ratios

per 1,000 live births and per 1,000 live births plus induced

terminations is shown in the Technical notes.

The magnitude of the ratios is affected by the distribution of both live births and abortions according to such

characteristics of the female population as age, race,

Table A. Ratios of induced terminations of pregnancy, 1985 and

13-State area

marital status, and educational attainment in a specified

State or group of States. The magnitude of the rates is also

affected by the characteristics of women having abortionr

and the distribution of those characteristics in the polpul~

tion of reproductive-aged women in a State. Therefore,

ratios for the same demographic group, such as white

females, may vary for different muIti-State areas. Accordingly, caution should be used in generalizing from ratios

reported for the multi-State reporting area to the (entire

U.S. population.

Number of abortions and

abortion ratios

In 1986, a total of 298,719 abortions were reported as

occurring to U.S. residents within the 13-State reporting

area, a decrease of 2.4 percent from the 305,938 abortions

reported for the same area in 1985. Of the 1986 abortions,

17,653, or 5.9 percent, involved nonresidents of the area.

The induced abortion ratio for the 13-State area~ also

declined. The ratio in 1986 was 347.2 abortions per 1,000

live births, a decrease of 2.4 percent from the ratio of 355.7

for 1985 (table A). Both the number of abortions and

abortion ratios have decreased in the reporting areas since

1984.

Age and race

One-fourth of the induced abortions in 1986 in the

13-State area were to women under 20 years of age (table

1). More than one-third (34 percent) occurred to women

ages 20-24 years. The 1986 distribution of abortions by age

of woman was similar to that observed in 1985 and previous

years.

1986, and percent change, 1985-86, by race and age of woman:

[Ratios per 1,000 live births. Induced terminations of pregnancy and Ilve births are only those occurring in the area among residents of the area]

1986 1985

Age of woman A// races i Whfle Black All races 1 White Black A// racesi Whife Black

Ratio Percent changez

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347.2 285.7 634.4 355.7 297.6 639.3 -2.4 -4.0 -0.8

lJnder14years, . . . . . . . . . 1,760.3 2,066.7 1,609.3 1,726.1 2,166.0 1,521.5 1.9

14years . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

-5.5 5.8

1,240.8 1,361.9 1,153.5 1,371.1 1,557.5 1,245.6 -9,5

15-19 years,.......,,.. 696.3 704.9

-12,6 -7.4

666.6 720.8 739.7 669.9 -3.4

15years . . . . . . . . . . . . .

-4.7

1,037.6 1,145.2

-0.4

933.1 1,064.3 1,222.5 941.5 -4.3 -6.3

16years . . . . . . . . . . . . . 909.6 991.6

-0.9

792.7 892.6 960.0 763.5 1.2

17years . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3,8

731.9 767.3 666.9 751.2 766.1 690.3 -E -2.4

16years . . . . . . . . . . . . . 703.4 717.5

-3.4

676.6 739.6 772.6 669.5 -4.9

19 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559.4

-7.1 1.4

547.2 596.9 569.3 563.6 614.6 -5.1

20-24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 405.5

-6.2

344.6 647.8

-2.6

410.1 354.2 649.3 -1.1 -2.7

25-29 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 237.2 179.8 578.0

-0.2

237.2 181.6 579.6

30-34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 213.8

-1.1

161.4 550.8 218.5

-0.3

166.6 565.4 -2.2

35-39 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 331.6

-3.2 -2.6

266.7 . 704.8 344.9 283.9 703,0 -3,9

40years And over . . . . . . . .

-6.1

605.0 529.1

0,3

973,8 652.7 574.9 1,043.8 -7,3 -6.0 -q

1 Includes races other than white and black.

2 See Technical notes.

NOTE Tbe 13.State area Includes Colorado, Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, Montana, New York, Oregon, Rhode Islard, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, and Virginia. Ratios ara based on

unrourded figures. See Technical notes.

,—
The pattern of abortions by age for white and black

women has remained similar since 1978. In 1986, as in

previous years, a slightly larger proportion of white women

who had abortions (60 percent) were under 25 years of age

compared with black women (57 percent). The median age

at pregnancy termination was slightly higher for black

women (23.8 years) than for white women (23.4 years). In

1985, the peak age was slightly lower for white women

(20 years) than for black women (21 years). However, in

1986, the age at which the greatest number of abortions

occurred was the same for both races, 21 years.

Abortion ratios vary by age of women at termination

(table A), Ratios are higher at the extremes of the age

distribution of the childbearing period, that is, among

women 14 years of age and under and 40 years of age and

over of both race groups. However, women in these age

groups combined accounted for a total of only 1.1 percent

of all induced terminations and all live births in 1986.

For white women, there were 285.7 abortions per 1,000

live births in 1986 compared with 634.4 for black women.

The ratio of abortions to live births was higher for white

teens than for black teens, but for women 20 years of age

and over the ratio was higher for black than for white

women in every 5-year age group.

From 1985 to 1986, abortion ratios for residents of the

13-State area decreased by 4.0 percent for white women

and 0.8 percent for black women (table A). For white

women, these decreases were reflect ed in decreased abortion ratios from 1985 to 1!786 for all 5-year age groups.

White women 14 years of age showed the largest decrease,

12.6 percent, from 1985 to 1986. For black women the

trend by age varied. Black women under 14 years of age

showed an increase (6 percent), but ratios for older black

women clccreascd. In contrast, substantial declines in abortion ratios for black women occurred among those 14 years

of age and 40 years and over, down 7.4 and 6.7 percent,

respectively.

Marital status

Twc]ve States (Colorado, Indiana, Kansas, Missouri,

Montana, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina,

Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, and Virginia) and New York

City collected information on the marital status of women

having induced terminations. Of the abortions occurring in

this area in 1986, 21.4 percent were reported for married

women and 78.6 percent for unmarried women (table 2).

Married women who had abortions tended to be older

than unmarried women who had abortions. About twothirds (68 percent) of married women were 25 years of age

and over compared with one-third (35 percent) of unmarried women. The median age of married women having

abortions in 1986 was 27.9 years, 5.3 years older than the

median age of 22.6 years for unmarried women.

Black women who had abortions tended to be older

than white women who had abortions, regardless of marital

status. Of married black women, 71.7 percent were 25 years

of age and over compared with 66.1 percent of married

white women. Similarly, among unmarried women having

abortions, 37.6 percent of black women were 25 years of

age and over, compared with 33.8 percent of white women.

In 1986, the median age of married black and white women

obtaining an abortion was 28.2 and 27.6 years, respectively,

compared with 23.0 years for unmarried black women and

22.4 years for unmarried white women.

Induced abortion ratios by marital status and race for

events to residents occurring in the 12-State area are shown

in table B. Data for New York were cxcluded because

information was not obtained on mothers’ marital status for

abortions occurring in upstate New York. In 1986, married

women had fewer than 1 induced abortion for every 10 live

births, and unmarried women had 9 induced abortions for

every 10 live births (table B). Among married women, the

abortion ratio for black women was nearly three times that

for white women. However, among unmarried women, the

relationship by race was reversed. For white unmarried

women, the abortion ratio was 2% times that for black

unmarried women in 1986.

From 1985 to 1986, abortion ratios for unmarried

women dcclincd, but those for married women increased.

For all races combined, the abortion ratio for married

women incrcasccl by 0.8 pcrccnt from 1985 to 1!)86. For

unmarried women, itdccrcascd by 7.4 pcrccnt.

Table B. Ratios of induced terminations of pregnancy, 1985 and 1986, and percent change, 1985-86, by marital status and race of

woman: 12-State area

[Ratios per 1,000 live births. Induced terminations of pregnancy and live births are only those occurring in the area among residents of the area]

1W6 1985

Race of woman A// women Married lJnmarrieO All women Married Unmarried All women Married Unmarried

Ratio Percent change 1

Allracesz: . . . . . . . . . . . . 246.9 64.1 925.6 251.1 63.6 999.6 -1,7 0.8 -7.4

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 223.4 54.8 1,263.4 230.5 54.9 1,418.7 -3.1 -0.2 -10.9

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378.2 152.8 522.6 371.6 150.9 518.1 1.8 1.3 0.9

1 See Technical rmtes.

2 Includes races othsr than white and black.

NOW, Tlw 12-State area Includes Colorado, Indiana, Kansas, Mksouri, Montana, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, and Virginia. Ratios are based on unrwnded

figures. Sae Technical notes.
4 ~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report

Table C. Ratios of induced terminations of pregnancy, by educational attainment, race, and age of woman: 1l-State area, 1985 and 1986

iRatios per 1,000 live births. Induced terminations of pregnancy and Ilve births are only those OCCUrringIn the area among residents of the areai

Years of schooling completed

1986 1985

M 9-11 12 I*I5 16 years O-6 *I 1 12 1%15 16 years

Race and age of woman Total years years years years or more Total years years years years or more

Allraceei . . . . . . . . . . . . . 353.0 258.1 378.3 401.1 363.5 217.8 359.8 239.5 382.7 402.2 382.2 230.2

10-17 years, . . . . . . . . . . . 861.0 520.6 621.4 1,870.6 4,356.4 672.5 546.5 643.9 1,719.4 4,469.8

18-24 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 454.6 154.3 261.2 466.8 675.0 663.4 462.3 132.0 264.9 466.0 714.4 904.5

25years Andover . . . . . . . . 250.6 216.1 288.7 321.1 226.7 165.5 253.0 167.7 279.8 323.0 231.4 172.6

White . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 288.4 215.4 340.1 320.0 295.6 184.6 299.1 211.5 349.8 325.1 315,9 197.2

10-17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 910.5 418.6 883.9 2,111.3 4,729.2 927.5 464.0 916.1 1,872.4 *6,884.2

lS-24yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . 399.1 137.9 220.5 396.2 614.8 611.1 413.2 123.6 227.8 400.2 667.2 662.8

26years And over . . . . . . . . 190.1 206.4 242.2 237.2 167.2 136.9 194.3 194.2 238.9 241.8 170.8 143.8

Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633.8 385.6 473.9 730.9 710.5 597.1 636.0 344,8 472.5 732.2 736.7 819.5

10-17 yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . 795.9 673.0 733,6 1,567.7 *4,064.6 800.7 685.6 742.0 1,525.6 3,559.1

lS-24yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . 644.8 237.0 376.3 706.0 895.3 1,251.2 642.2 162.9 375,5 707.7 901.5 1,242.9

25vears And over . . . . . . . . 590.7 222.4 396.7 725.0 584.5 502.6 595.9 165.3 365,4 730.3 615.0 521.4

1 lnclude~race~ o~~rth~” ~~i~~”dbl~~k.

NOTE The 11-Statearea includesIndiana,Kensas,Missouri,Montana,NewYork,Oregon,SouthCarolina,Tennessee,Utah,Vermont,and Virginia Ratiosare baaed on unroundd figures. SW

Technicalnotes.

Educational attainment

For an n-State area (Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, Montana, New York, Oregon, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah,

Vermont, and Virginia), 1986 data are available on induced

abortions by educational attainment of the women

(table 3). Area residents having abortions had about the

same median educational attainment (12.6 years) as their

counterparts carrying their pregnancies to term, 12.7 years.

In 1986, abortion ratios for white women were lowest

for those with 8 years or less education or 16 years or more

schooling. For black women, ratios increased to a peak

education level of 12 years, then tapered off (table C).

Abortion ratios by educational attainment and race varied

among age groups. Among women 18–24 years of age,

abortion ratios increascxl as educational attainment increased, regardless of race. In contrast, abortion ratios

among women 25 years of age and over increased with

increasing education only to a point, then fell. Among black

women this reversal occurred at 13–15 years of schooling,

and among white women it occurred at 12 years of education. The pattern of abortion ratios by educational attainment for all ages combined may be affected by the

interrelation of age and years of school completed; very

young women may not have completed their schooling.

Further, the ratios for women of high educational attainment may reflect the lower ratios that characterize older

women.

Previous pregnancies

Previous live births

In 1986, more than one-half (52 percent) of the women

who obtained abortions in the 13-State area had no

previous Iivc birth (table D). The percent was greater

Table D. Percent distribution of induced terminations of pregnancy by number of previous live births of woman, according to race:

13-State area, 1985 and 1986

[Data include only induced terminations of pregnancy occurring in the reporting area]

1966 1985

Number of LVewous live births A// racesi white Black All races 1 white Black

Percent distribution

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Noprevlous live birch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.0 59.4 37.0 53.3 60.6 36.6

lprevious live bath. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.3 19.8 30.8 22.7 19.2 31.0

2previous live troths. . . . . . . . . . . 15.9 13.9 19.5 15.5 13.5 19.7

3previous lwebirlhs . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.8 4.7 7.9 5.6 4.6 7.9

4previous live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.9 1.4 3.0 1.9 1.4 3.0

5previous live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.7 0.4 1.1 0.6 0.4 1.1

6previous lwebirlhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0.2 0.2 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.4

7 prewous live births or more. . . . . . 0.2 0.1 0.3 0.2 0.1 0.3

1 Includes races other than white and black.

NOTE The 13-State area mcludas Colorado, Indiana, Kenaas, Missouri, Montana, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tenressee, Utah, Vermont, and Virginia.
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ~ 5

Table E. Percent of Induced terminations of pregnancy to women with no previous induced termination, by race and age of woman:

13-Stste area, 1985 and 1986

[Data Include only induced terminations of pregnancy occurring in the reporiing area]

1986 1965

Age of uvman All racesl White Black All racesq While Black

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.3 60.6 47.2 57.4 61.3

Under 15yeers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

48.3

91.9 92.7 91.3 93.6 95.3 92.0

15-17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84.9 87.6 79.2 85.3 87.7

16-19 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

60.1

73.2 76.7 64.0 74.4 77.5

2&24yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

65.4

55.4 59.8 45.9 56.1 59.9

26-29years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.4

46.4

47.2 35.5 43.7 47.1

30-34years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.4

35.7

46.7 33.4 43.7 47.7

35-39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35.1

46.5 52.3 33.8 47.5 52.6

40yeareandover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35.2

51.6 58.2 35.5 52.8 58.7 37.7

i [~~~$rac~s ~~~,~~~l~a~bla~k.

NOTEThalS-State arealncludestilo rado, lrdlana,tinm, Mlssc4Montana, NewYork,Oregcm, Rhodelslaml,Scuth Carolina,Tennassae, Utah,bmmt,and Virginia,

amongwhite than among black women, 59.4 percent cornpared with 37.0 percent, and was inversely related to the

age of the woman having an abortion: The younger the

woman, the more likely it was that she had never had a

previous ]ive birth (table 4). Among women aged 15-17

years, 92.2 percent had no previous live birth. In contrast,

among women aged 40 years and over, only 11.3 percent

had no previous live birth. Although the same pattern

existed for women of both races, at every age, black women

having abortions were more likely than white women to

have had previous live births.

For a 12-State area (Colorado, Indiana, Kansas,

Missouri, Montana, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina,

Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, and Virginia) and New York

City, data are available on the number of previous live

births to women having abortions in 1986 according to the

marital status of the woman. One-fifth of married women

and nearly three-fifths of unmarried women who obtained

abortions had no previous live birth (table 5).

Previous induced terminations

For the 13-State area, about three-fifths (61 percent) of

white women and almost one-half (47 percent) of black

women having abortions in 1986 had no prior induced

termination (table E). For those under 15 years of age, the

youngest group, 91.9 percent had no previous induced

abortion. Over one-half (53 percent) of black women and

over one-third (39 percent) of white women had repeat

abortions (table E). In each age group, a larger proportion

of black than white women had experienced a prior abortion (table 6). Among black women, at least one-half of

each 5-year age group aged 20-24 years and over had

experienced a prior induced abortion. Among white

,women, the age groups 25–29 and 30–34 years had the

largest percent of repeat abortions, 53 percent. Similar

patterns of repeat abortions by a~e and race occurred in

1985.

Period of gestation

Almost 9 out of 10 induced terminations occurring in

the 13-State area in 1986 occurred during the first

trimester, as shown in table F and tables 7 and 8. Almost

one-half (49 percent) were for pregnancies of 8 weeks or

less duration and 40.6 percent were for pregnancies of 9–12

weeks duration. Only 10.5 percent of all abortions were

obtained by women whose pregnancies had lasted more

than 12 weeks, about the same proportion as that reported

for 1985.

The median gestational period for black women having

abortions at 9.4 weeks was slightly longer than the corresponding period for white women, 8.9 weeks. The length of

the gestational period also tended to be longer for younger

than for older women (figure 1). For women under 15 years

of age, the median gestational period was 10.5 weeks, more

than 2 weeks longer than the 8.4-week period for women

aged 35-39 years. The same pattern by age prevailed for

both black and white women. However, black women at

every age had longer gestational periods prior to induced

termination than white women.

For an n-State area (Indiana, Kansas, Missouri,

Montana, New York, Oregon, South Carolina, Tennessee,

Utah, Vermont, and Virginia) in 1986, data are available to

examine duration of pregnancy prior to abortion by educational attainment of woman, age, and race (table 9). Generally, delayed terminations were associated with lCSS

educational attainment. For women with less than a high

school education, median gestational period was 9.8 weeks,

compared with 8.6 weeks for women with more than a high

school education. When this analysis is restricted to women

25 years of age and over who had the opportunity to

complete their schooling, the relationship is attenuated.

The median duration of pregnancy prior to abortion for

women with less than a high school education was 9.0

weeks, but women with more than a high school education

terminated their pregnancies after 8.4 weeks. The relationship between educational attainment and gestational
Table F. Percent distribution of induced terminations of pregnancy by period of gestation and median gestationai period, according to

age of woman: 13-State area, 1985 and 1986

[Data Include only induced terminations of pregnancy occurring in the reporting area]

All Under 15-17 le-19 2&24 2S29

Year and period of gesfat/onl

30-34

ages

35-39

15 years

40 years

years yeare years years years yeara and over

1986 Percent distribution

All periods of gestation . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

6weeksor less. . . . . . . . . . 13,1 6.0

100.0 100.0

7.3 9.0

100.0

11.8 15.5

7-6weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.8 23.3

18.3

27.1

19.9

31.9 35.5

18.8

36.4

9-12weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.6 46.1

40.7

47.5 45.4

41.6

42.3

41.4

38.2

13weeks or more . . . . . . . . 10.5 24.4

34.2

16.1

32.4

13.7 10.4

33.1

7.9 6.8 6.1 6.9

Median

Period of gestation . . . . . . . 9.1 10.5 10.0 9.6 9.2 8,8 8.6 8.4 8.5

1965 Percent distribution

All periods of gestallon. . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

6weeks or less. . . . . . . . . . 12.4 6.7

100.0

6.4 6.1

100.0 100.0

11.3 15.0

7-6 weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . 36.1 23.6

18.1

27.6

19.0

32.2 35.9

17.9

39.1

9-12weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . 41.1 46.1

40.5

46.3 46.7

41.9

42.5

41.0

36.1

13weeks ormore . . . . . . . . 10.4 23.6

34.6

17.7 13.0

32.6 34.2

10.3 7.9 6.8 6.5 7.0

Median

Period of gestation . . . . . . . 9.1 10.5 10.0 9.6 9.2 6.6 8.6 6.5 8.6

lPeriod of gestation IS a combination of calculated gestation from “date Ikst normal menses began” and “physician’s estimafe of gesfatlon”; see Technical notes.

NOTE The 1Wtale area includes Colorado, Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, Montana, New York, Oregon, Rhode Islemd, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, end Virginia.

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

6 7-8 9-10 11-12 13-14 15

weeks or weeks

less

weeks weeks weeke weeks or

more

Length of geststion

—

Figure 1. Percent distribution of abortions by iength of pregnancy, according to woman’s age: 13-State area, 1986
duration was similar for white and black women, although

black women of every educational attainment level had

]duced abortions later in their pregnancies than white

worn en.

Type of procedure and

reported complications

Data on types of procedures used to induce pregnancy

terminations are available for the 13-State area for 1986

(tables G ind 10). These figures indicate that more than

9 out of 10 inductions were performed by suction curettage

(table 10), The second most frequently reported method,

saline instillation, accounted for only slightly more than

1 percent of the inductions in 1986. These two methods

were generally used to terminate pregnancies of different

periods of gestation. Although suction curettage was the

preponderant procedure for induced abortions for all

gestations, as shown in table 10, saline instillation accounted for about one-fourth of inductions at 18 weeks or

more gestation.

Overall, complications were indicated on the reporting

form for less than 1 percent of the induced terminations in

1986. Of the 1,342 reporting forms that indicated complications, 39.7 percent reported retained products alone or

retained products in combination with other complications;

20.2 percent reported hemorrhage alone or hemorrhage in

combination with other complications; and 40.1 percent

reported other complications. The procedure used for

96 percent of all abortions occurring in the 13-State area,

suction curettage, accounted for more than two-thirds of

the reported complications (69.4 percent). Prostaglandin

instillation, which was used in less than one-half of

1 percent of all abortions, accounted for 14.3 percent of the

complications. The complication rate for suction curettage

was very low (3.3 per 1,000 abortions) compared with the

complication rate reported for prostagkmdin instillation

(157,8 pcr 1,000 abortions).

Table G. Percent distribution of induced terminations of pregnancy by type of procedure, according to period of gestation: 13-State

area, 1985 and 1986

[Data Include only induced terminations of pregnancy occurring In the reporting area]

Perfod of aes!atlon

1986 1985

All Less than 1+15 16 W~kS All Less than 13=15 16 weeks

Type of procedure Periodsf 13 weeks weeks or more perbds q 13 weeks we#rs or more

Percent dlslrlbuIlon

Allprocedures . ., .,, ..,...... . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Suction curettage, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96.4 98.3 91,3 67.8 96.2 98.6

Sharp curettage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1.1

89.6

0.9 3.5

57.8

2.2 0.4

Sstineinstillatlon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.3

1.2

1.0

0.1 2.9

1.2

19.8 1.6 0.2

Prostaglandln instillation , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4.0 26.0

0.0 1.1 6.9 0.4

Hysterotomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

0.0

2

1.4

0.0

5.9

0.0 0.1 0.0 0.0

Hysterectomy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0,0

0.0 0.1

0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Other. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . .

0.0

0.6

0.0

0.7

0.0

1.1 3.2 1.4 0.8 3.7 9,0

1p.SrICCI& gmtatlon IS a combhwllon of calculated geslatlca from “date Iaat nxmal menses began” arid “phyablan’s estlrnste of gestation”; see TWhnical nde$.

NOTE:Tha 13.31atearea includesColorado, Indiana, Kansas, Mlsscurl, Montana, NW York, Oregcm, Rhode Island, SWh Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Varmcmt, and Virginia,

Table H. Ratios of induced terminations of pregnancy, by race and metropolitan-nonmetropolitan residence, 1985 and 1986, and percent

change, 1985-86: 13-State area

[Ratios per 1,000 live birlhs. Induced terminations of pregnancy and live birlhs are only those occurring In the area among residents of the area]

1986 1985

Geographic area All races 1 While Blat/r All races 1 White Black All races 1 Whale Black

Ratio Percent changez

All areas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347.2 265.7 634,4 355.7 297.6 639.3 -2.4 -4.0 -0.8

Metropolitan areas . . . . . . . 403.8 330.5 698.5 415.8 346.5 707,2 -2.9

Nonmetropolltan areas , . . . 165.7

-4.6

159.9 224.6

-1.2

168.4 164.0 215.3 -1.6 -2.5 4.4

NOTE The 13. Sta!e area Includes Colorado, Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, Montana, New York, Oregon, Rhode Islard, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Vernwnt, and V!rglnia. Ratios are based on

unrcwxled figures. See TachnicaI notes,
Residence patterns

Metropolitan and nonmetropolitan

residence

In 1986, metropolitan area residents obtained 87.0

percent of the induced terminations occurring in the 13-

State area (table 11). Residents of nonmetropolitan areas

having induced abortions were, on the average, youngerthan women in metropolitan areas having abortions. The

median age at termination was 22.6 years for nonmetropolitan area women and 23.7 years for metropolitan area

women.

The relative frequency of induced abortions per 1,000

live births was almost 2.5 times as high for residents of

metropolitan areas as for residents of nonmctropolitan

areas, 403.8 and 165.7, respectively (table H). Black women

living in metropolitan areas were three times as likely to

obtain abortions as black women living in nonmetropolitan

areas, and the relative frequency of induced abortions

among white women living in metropolitan areas was two

times that of white women residing in nonmetropolitan

areas. In metropolitan areas, the abortion ratio for black

women, 698.5, was 2 times that for white women (330.5);

among nonmetropolitan residents, abortion ratios for black

women (224.8) were nearly 11/2times those for white

women (159,9). The difference in abortion ratios between

the major race groups was greater in metropolitan than in

nonmetropolitan areas.

Out-of-State residents

In the 13-State abortion reporting area in 1986, on?

7.4 percent of induced abortions were obtained IbyU.:

residents outside of their State of residence (table 12).

Nearly two-thirds (65 percent) were in their county of

residence, and the remainder (28 percent) were within their

State but outside their Wunty of residence.

Residence status is associated with the duration of

gestation prior to termination. ,Women obtaining abortions

outside their State of residence have longer pregnancies

prior to termination than women having abortions in their

State of residence. The median gestational period for outof-State residents was 9.4 weeks compared with 9.() weeks

for women obtaining abortions in their State of residence.

Furthermore, 16.9 percent of out~of-State residents obtained their ~bortions after 12 weeks compared with

10.0 percent for State residents.

Of all the abortions (including those for nonresidents

of the United States) that were reported in 1?86 to NCHS,

the proportion in each of the 13reporting States accounted

for by residents of that State varied from a high of

96.3 percent in Indiana to a low of 61.2 percent in Kansas

(table 13). Some 36.4 percent of the abortions reported by

Kansas were for Missouri resi~ents, whereas only 2.8 percent of the abortions reported by Missouri were for Kansas

residents in 1986. In Montana, 12.3 percent of abortions

were obtained by nonresidents of the United States, main]

Canadians.
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ~ 9

References

Centers for Disease Control. 1983. Abotfion Surveillance-Annual

hmma?y 1979-1980. Public Health Semite. Atlanta, Ga.

Institute of Medicine. 1975. Legalized .Abo]tion and the Public

Health. Washington: National Academy of Sciences.

National Center for Health Statistics. 1978. Model State Wal

Statistics Act and Model State V7tal Statistics Regulations, 1977

Revision. DHEW Pub. No. (PHS) 78–1115. Public Health Service. Hyattsville, Md.

National Center for Health Statistics, D. Burnham. 1981. Induced

terminations of pregnancy Reporting States, 1977 and 1978.

Monthly Vital StatisticsReport. Vol. 30, No. 6 Supp. DHHS Pub.

No. (PHS) 81–1120. Public Health Service. Hyattsville, Md.

National Center for Health Statistics, D. Burnham. 1982. Induced

terminations of pregnancy Reporting States, 1979. Monthly Vital

Statistics Repoti. Vol. 31, No. 7 Supp. DHHS Pub. No. (PHS)

83-1120. Public Health Service. Hyattsville, Md.

National Center for Health Statistics, D. Burnlmm. 1983a. Induced terminations of pregnancy Reporting States, 1980. Monthly

k7talStatisticsRepo)~. Vol. 32, No. 8 Supp. DHHS Pub. No. (PHS)

84-1120. Public Health Service. Hyattsville, Md.

National center for Health Statistics. 1983b. V?/alStafisfics o~fhe,

Uhited States, Vol. I, Natality. DHHS Pub. No. 87-1113. Public

Health Service, Washington: U.S. Govcr~mcnt Printing Office,

National Center for Health statistics. 1984, Classification and

coding instructions for induced termination of pregnancy records,

1985. Vital Statistics Instruction Manzta~ Part 10. Public Health

Service. Hyattsville, Md.

National Center for Health Statistics, K Prager. 1985a. Induced

terminations of pregnancy Reporting States, 1981. Monthly J4tal

StatisticsReport. Vol. 34, No. 4 Supp. 2. DHHS Pub. No. (PHS)

85-1120. Public Health Semite. Hyattsville, Md.

National Center for Health Statistics. 1985b. Classification and

coding instructions for induced termination of pregnancy records,

1986. V7tal Statistics Instruction Manual, Part 10. Public Health

Service. Hyattsville, Md.

National Center for Health Statistics. 1985c. Vital records geographic classification, 1982. V7tal Statistics iizstmction Manual,

Part 8. Public Health Service. Hyattsville, Md.

National Center for Health Statistics, E. Powell-Grincr. 1986.

Induced terminations of pregnancy: Reporting States, 1982 and

1983. Monthly EtaI StatisticsRepo~t, Vol. 35, No. 3 Supp. DHHS

Pub. No. 86-1120. Public Health Service. Hyattsville, Md.

National Center for Health Statistics, E. Powell-Griner. 1987.

Induced terminations of pregnancy Reporting States, 1984.

Monthly Wal StatisticsRepo]t. Vol. 36, No. 5 Supp. 2. DHHS Pub.

No. 87-1120. Public Health Service. Hyattsville, Md.

Tictzc, C. 1979. Induced Abottion, 1979: A Population Comcil

Fact Book. New York: The Population Council, Inc.
10 ~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report

Table 1. Number of reported induced terminations of pregnancy by race and age of woman: 13-State area, 1985 and 1986

[Data include only induced terminations of pregnancy occurring in the reporling area]

1986 1985

All other All other

—

All Ott7er Not All Other Not

Age of woman races While Total Black races stated races White Total Black races stated

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298,71$? 190,125 97,140 90,700 6,440 11,454 305,936 201,245 95,897 90,002 5,8!35 8,796

Under 14years . . . . . . . . . . 736 260 454 444 10 24 714 288 412 407 5 14

14years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,081 951 1,058 1,036 22 72 2,339 1,160 1,13s 1,123 “15

15-19 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,133

41

46,899 20,512 19,660 832 2,722 73,567 50,890 20,882 19,918 764 l,ee5

15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,458 3,125 2,105 2,068 37 228 5,66S 3,349 2,166 2,125 41

16years . . . . . . . . . . . . .

163

10,372 6,595 3,343 3,248 95 434 10,264 6,845 3,144 3,069 75 275

17years . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,873 9,400 3,875 3,726 147 598 14,426 9,998 4,054 3,911 143

18years . . . . . . . . . . . . .

374

19,752 13,596 5,461 5,206 253 695 21,040 15,104 5,372 5,144 2:28 564

19years . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,678 14,163 5,728 5,428 300 767 22,169 15,594 5,946 5,669 w?

20-24 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

629

100,971 65,073 32,134 30,372 1,7s2 3,764 104,947 70,367 31,873 30,266 1,607 2,707

25-29 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,637 39,503 22,750 21,107 1,643 2,364 64,714 40,788 22,249 20,659 I ,59r3

30-34 years . . . . . . . . . . . .

1,677

35,831 21,994 12,466 11,242 1,244 1,351 35,259 22,173 12,123 11,052 1,071

35-39 years . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,120 11,507

963

5,899 5,178 721 714 17,609 11,600 5,551 4,915 6:16

40 years Andover.. . . . . . .

458

4,505 2,994 1,334 1,163 171 177 4,728 3,198 1,401 1,216 1[15

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . .

129

1,703 944 513 478 35 246 2,061 761 466 446 :?2 812

NOTE The 13-State area include Colorado, Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, Montana, New York, Oregon, Rhode ISISIXI, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Vernmt, and Vkglnla.
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ~11

Table 2. Number of reported induced terminations of pregnancy by race and marital status of woman and percent distribution by age,

according to race and marital status of woman: 12-State area 1 and New York City, 1986

[Deta include only Induced terminations of pregnancy occurring In the reporting area]

All other

All Other Not

klarltal status and age of woman races White Total Black races stated

Number

All women . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245,470 149,331

100.0

0.7

10.0

14.3

34.0

21.3

12.0

6.2

1.6

32,344

100.0

0.1

1.0

4.5

28.3

29.2

20.6

12.5

3.8

111,839

100.0

0.9

12.6

17.1

35.7

19.1

9.4

4.4

0,9

5,148

100.0

0.6

7.9

14.2

32,9

21.5

13.6

7,3

1.9

86,882 80,698 5,984

100.0

0.5

4.3

8.5

27.8

25.6

19.5

11.0

2.7

9,257

100.0

0,9

11.3

13.2

33.6

21.5

12,1

6.1

1.3

1,561

Percent distribution

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under 15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-19 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20-24yeers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35-39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0

1.0

9.9

13.2

33.6

22.2

124

6.2

1.5

100.0 100.0

1.6 1.6

9.5 9.9

11.3 41.5

329 33.3

23.8 23.6

13.2 12.8

6.3 5.9

1.4 1.3

Marr!edwomen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,309 16.384 13,482 2,902

Percent distribution

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under15years, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-17years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-19years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20-24yean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35-39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0

0.1

0.9

3.8

26.9

30.1

21.6

12.6

3.7

lco.o 100.0 100.0

0.1

0.4

2.9

20.1

29.6

26.6

15.8

4.3

2,684

100.0

0.9

8.2

14.1

35.6

21.6

12.1

6.2

1.1

198

100.0

0.5

5.1

2%

25.5

21.4

8.7

2.6

100.0

0.2 0.2 0.1

1.3

2.9

26.9

28.7

23.3

13.6

3.2

5,439

100.0

1::

16.6

35.1

18.9

8.9

4.1

0.8

2,237

100.0

1.0

10.3

12.3

34.7

22.8

11.9

5.8

1.2

0.5

24 x

24.2 25.1

321 32.6

23.5 22.9

13.4 12.8

3.6 3.4

Unmarriedwomen . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164,569 67,311 64,427

Percent dislributbn

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 1M.o

Under15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-17yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-19years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20-24years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3S39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100,0

1.3

124

15.6

35.4

20.0

9.8

4,4

0.9

1.9

11.8

13.5

35.1

21.7

10.7

4.5

0.9

2.0

12.0

13.4

35.1

21.7

10.6

4.4

0.9

Number

Notslated. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10.572 3,187 2,969

Percent dlsklbulion

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 103.0

Under15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-17yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-19years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2&24years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35-39yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1Oa.o

0,8

8,2

12.8

33.0

22.9

13,7

7.0

1.7

0,9

7.4

10.8

32.1

25.2

14.6

7.4

1.7

0.9

7.5

11.0

32.4

25.2

14.1

7.3

1.6

1The12-SiatrrereSIlncludesColwado, Indlsmalbs.as, Misscurl,Monlans, Oregon,Rhodelslar@ SouihCarolins,Tennessse, Utah,Verrmnt,and Virginia.
12~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report

Table 3. Number of reported induced terminations of pregnancy by race and age of woman and percent distribution by educational

attainment, according to race and age of woman: 1l-State area, 1986

[Dala include only induced terminations of pregnancy occurring in the reporiing areal

All other

Age of woman and years All Other Not

of schoo/ comp/eied races White Total Black races stated

Ail ages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Aii years of school compieted . . . . . . . . . . .

0-6years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9-n yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15yeara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Allyears ofschooicompleted . . . . . . . . . .

0-6yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

$J-Ilyear s . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-17years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Aliyearsofschool completed . . . . . . . . . . . .

0-6years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9-n years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-19yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Allyearsofschool compieted . . . . . . . . . . . .

0-6years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

%Ily ears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20-24years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ailyears ofschooicompleted . ., . . . . .

0-6years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

%lly ears . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Aiiyears ofschoolcompleted , . ., . . .

0-6years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9-n years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16yearsormore .,,...,.. . . . . . . . . . .

See note at end of table.

277,085

1Oa.o

2.5

18.1

47.2

21.4

10.8

2,675

100.0

64.6

35.4

27,476

100.0

5.1

75.1

19.1

0.7

37,315

100.0

1.0

18.4

60.2

20.0

0.4

93,602

100.0

1.2

12.0

49.9

27.6

9.2

60,054

100.0

1.6

9.6

49.4

23.0

16.2

175,182

100.0

2.3

17.2

45.8

22.1

12.5

1,124

100.0

60.7

39.3

17,602

100.0

4.4

75.4

19.6

0.7

25,552

100.0

1.0

16.5

60.4

21.7

0.4

59,924

100.0

1.3

10.9

47.6

29.1

11.1

36,419

100.0

1.7

9.1

47.6

22.5

19.0

Number

95,198 89,399

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

2.9 2.7

19.2 19.7

49.7 50.2

20.3 20,4

7.8 7.1

Number

1,492 1,461

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

67.3 67.2

32.7 32.8

Number

9,135 8,908

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

6.3 6.3

74.5 74.5

18.6 18.6

0.6 0.8

Number

10,957 10,473

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

0.9 0.8

22.3 22.5

59.9 60.3

16.6 16.2

0.3 0.3

Number

31,513 29,951

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

1.0 0.6

13.6 13.8

54.3 55.0

25.2 25.0

5.9 5.5

Number

22,275 20,769

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

1.3 1.0

10,5 10.6

52.3 52.9

24.1 24.6

11,7 11.0

5,799

100.0

6.8

12.8

42.3

19.8

18.3

3~

100.0

70.4

29.6

227

100.0

9.7

72.2

16,2

1.9

464

100.0

1::

52.4

25.0

0.9

1,562

100.0

4.6

10.6

42.3

26.8

13.6

1,506

100,0

6.3

9,4

44,2

17,6

22.5

6,725

100.0

5.0

27.8

43.6

15.5

8.0

59

100.0

74.2

25.8

739

100.0

6.5

78.3

14.4

0.8

606

Iocr.o

2.3

29.8

53.9

13.7

0.3

2,165

100.0

3.0

24.6

45.5

20.6

6.0

1,360

100,0

4,0

17,4

49.6

17.3

11.7
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ~13

Table 3. Number of reported induced terminations of pregnancy by race and age of woman and percent distribution by educational

attainment, according to race and age of woman: 11-State area, 1986-Con.

[Data Include only induced terminations of pfagnancy occurring in the reporting area]

All oth~

Age of woman and years

ofschcoi completed

All

races Total Black

Other

races

Not

Wh#e stated

Number

12,219 11,0841

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

2.2 1.6

9.6 9.6

51.5 52.5

22.1 22.5

14.8 13.s

30-34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,253 20,248 1,139 786

All yeara of school completed . . . . . . . . . . . .

0-8years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

g-ii yeem. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

i2years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15 yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0

2.3

8.1

47.3

22.5

19.8

100.0

2.3

7.0

44.9

22.9

22.9

100.0

7.9

9.4

40.7

17.7

24.3

6.1

16.0

43.2

15.2

19.4

Number

5,791 5,131

Percent d!stributlon

100.0 100.0

3.2 2.6

9.0 9.2

520 52.8

20.5 21.5

15.4 13.8

35-39years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.S39 10.601 660 447

Allyearsofachoolcompleted . . . . . . . . . . . .

O-Syeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9-llyear3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

K3-15years.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0

3.1

7.2

46.8

20.6

22.3

Icu).o 100.0 100.0

2.9

6.1

43.8

20.8

26.4

8.2

7.3

45.1

11.5

28.0

8.5

14.0

49.5

12.5

15.5

Number

1,309 1,151

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

6.1 4.6

10.7 10.7

53.1 55.2

16.1 16.6

14.0 12.7

40yearaandover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,233 2,798 158 126

Allyearsofschool completed . . . . . . . . . . . .

C-6years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

a-n years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16year30rmore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0

4.8

8.4

49.4

16.3

21.1

100.0

4.1

7.2

47.4

16.6

24.7

100.0

16.9

10.3

36.0

11.8

25.0

100.0

7.5

11.3

60.4

7.5

13.2

Number

507 475

Percent dklributbn

100.0 1W.o

2.3 1.8

21.6 23.1

51.7 51.7

13.1 13.1

11.4 10.4

Nolstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,636 6a4 32 237

Atlyeamofschool completed . . . . . . . . . . . .

W3years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

a-n years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16yearsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0

2.0

18.4

50.0

15.9

13.7

100.0

1.6

16.0

49.5

17.0

16.0

100.0

9.7

51.6

12.9

25.8

100.0

5.5

25.5

43.6

25.5

NOTEThall-3tata srealndudaalndiana, Kansas,Misswrl,M ontana,NewYork, 0regon,3athCarollm Temaasaa, Ut* Vernmnt,ad Virginia
14~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report

Table 4. Number of reported induced terminations of pregnancy by race and age of woman and percent distribution by number of

previous live births, according to race and age of woman: 13-State area, 1986

[Data Include only induced terminations of pregnancy occurring in the reporting area]

All other

Age of woman and number All Other Not

of previous live births races Whiie Total Black races stated

Allages . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Noprevious llve birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ipreviousliveblrth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2previous llvebirths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3prevlous live bklhs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4previous livebirths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5prevlous live blrihs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6prevlouslivebirths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7previous liveblrthsormore. . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nopreviousllve birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iprevlous livebirth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2prevlouslivebirlhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3prevlous livebirths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4prevlous livebirths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6previouslivebklhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6previousilveblrths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7previous llvebltths ormore. . . . . . . . . . . . .

l$17years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Noprevlous livebirth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ipreviouslivebirth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2prevlouslivebirths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3previouslivebkths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4prevlous livebirlhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5previouslivebkths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6previous livatXrths .,...,,. . . . . . . . . . .

7previous llveblrthsormore. , . , . . . . . . . . .

16-19years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Noprevlousliveblrth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iprevlousiivebirth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2previous livebkfhs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3previous livebirths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4previous livebMhs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5previousiiveblrths, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6previous llveWths... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7previous liveblfthsormore. . . . . . . . . . .

20-24years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nopreviousllve birch. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iprevlous livebirth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2previous livebirths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3previous livebirths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4previouslivebirths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5previouslivebirfhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6previouslivebitttw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7previousliveblfthsormore.... . . . . . . . . .

Seenoteatendof teble.

298,719

100.0

52.0

23,3

15,9

5,0

1,9

0.7

0.2

0.2

2,819

100.0

96.5

2.1

0.7

0,5

0.1

29,703

100.0

92.2

7.0

0.6

0.1

0.0

0,0

0.0

40,430

100.0

79.6

16.5

3.3

0.5

0.1

0.0

0.0

0.0

100,971

100.0

56.3

27.2

12.6

3.0

0.7

0.1

0,0

0,0

190,125

100.0

59.4

19.6

13.9

4.7

1.4

0.4

0.2

0.1

1,211

100.0

96.7

1.6

1.0

0.5

0.3

-

19,120

100.0

94.8

4.7

0.4

0.0

0.0

0.0

27,779

100.0

65.6

11.9

2.2

0.3

0.0

0.0

0.0

0.0

65,073

100.0

65.4

21.9

10.0

2.2

0.4

0.1

0.0

0.0

Number

97,140 90,700

Percent dislrlbutlon

100.0 100.0

37.5 37.0

30.1 30.6

19.7 19.5

7.9 7.9

3.0 3,0

1.1 1.1

0.4 0.4

0.3 0.3

Number

1,512 1,480

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

96.3 96.4

2.6 2.6

0.5 0.4

0.5 0.5

0.1 0.1

Number

9,323 9,044

Percent distribution

100.0 100,0

87.0 86.9

11.8 11.9

1,1 1.0

0.1 0. i

0.1 0.1

0.0 0.0

0.0 0,0

Number

11,189 10,636

Percent distribution

100.0 100,0

65.0 63.9

27.7 26.6

6.2 6.3

1.0 1.0

0,1 0.1

0,0 0.0

0.0 0.0

Number

32,134 30,372

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

38.1 36.5

37.9 38.9

17.8 18.1

4,6 4.8

1,2 1.2

0.3 0.3

0.1 0.1

0.1 0.1

6,440

100.0

45.1

20.0

21.5

8.1

3.0

1.1

0.5

0.7

32

100.0

93.5

3.2

3.2

279

100.0

88.9

9.2

1.9

553

100.0

86.3

10.5

2.9

0.4

1,762

100.0

65.0

20.2

11.4

2.5

0.8

0.1

11,454

100.0

53.2

21.7

16.2

5.5

2.1

0.9

0.2

0.2

96

100.0

97.4

1.3

1.3

1,260

100.0

93.0

6.2

0.7

0,2

1,462

100.0

80.0

16.2

3.2

0.5

0.1

3,764

100.0

56.4

26.2

13.2

3.0

0.6

0.4

0.0

0.0
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ~15

Table 4, Number of reported Induced terminations of pregnancy by race and age of woman and percent distribution by number of

previous live births, according to race and age of woman: 13-State area, 1986-Con.

[Data Include only induced terminations of pregnancy occurring in the reporting area]

AII other

Age of woman end number All Other Not

Of pE@OUS \iVO births races Whfle Total Black races stated

Number

22,750 21,107

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

22.5 21.2

33.8 34.4

27.5 27.8

10.7 10.9

3.6 3.7

1.2 1.3

0.4 0.4

0.2 0.2

Number

12,486 11,242

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

13.5 12.8

27.4 27.9

31.4 31.2

16.6 16.9

7.0 7.1

2.6 2.6

0.9 0.9

0.7 0.7

Number

5,899 5,178

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

6.6 6.2

22.6 23.5

31.1 29.9

19.9 19.8

9.6 10,0

4.6 4,9

2.0 2.1

1.7 1.5

Number

1,334 1,163

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

6,0 5.7

14.9 15.3

28.4 28.6

20.7 20.6

12.5 12.4

8.4 8.6

4.0 4.2

5.2 4.6

Number

513 478

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

35.3 33.6

28.7 29.9

20.9 21.0

8.9 9.1

3.5 3,8

2.3 2.0

0.2 0.2

0.2 0.2

64,637 39,503 1,643 2,364

100.0

38.9

25.9

23.9

8.0

2.2

0.8

0.3

1,351

100.0

28.0

24.2

28.4

12.2

4.7

1.8

0.2

0.6

714

100.0

17.0

20.4

32.1

15.7

9.9

3.4

0.8

0.6

177

100.0

12.0

13.3

32.0

14.7

13.3

8.7

4.0

2.0

246

100,0

38.5

25.3

24.2

4.4

6.6

1.1

25-29 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0

Noprevious liieblrth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iprevlous livebiri h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2prevlous live bkttw. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3previous live baths. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4prevlous live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5previous live baths. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6prevlous llvebkths. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7prevlous llvebirltw ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0 100.0

44.1

28.1

20.6

6.7

1.9

0.5

0.2

0.1

40.4

25.9

23.7

7.2

1.7

0.7

0.2

0.1

36.2

28.9

23.2

8.2

2.5

0.7

0.2

0.1

30-34years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,831 21,994 1,244

100.0

31.4

24.9

27.8

11.1

3.2

1.0

0.3

0,3

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0

Nopreviousllve berth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

lpreviousliveblrlh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2previousllveb[rlhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3prevlouslivebkths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4prevlousllvebirths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5previouslivebkths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6previousliveblrths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7prev!ous llvebirlhsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0

24.9

25.7

29.1

13.1

4.6

1.6

0.5

0.4

20,0

22.5

34.1

13.4

6.2

2.2

1.1

0.5

35-39yaare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,120 11,507 721

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nopreviousliveblrlh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ipreviouslivebirth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2previousllve baths. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3previouslive bkttis. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4previousllve births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5previouslive births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6previousliveblrths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7previouslive birthsormore . . . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0

17.1

22.4

32.2

16.5

6.9

2.9

1.2

0.9

1OCr.o

21.5

22.4

32.8

14.8

5.3

2.0

0.8

0.5

100.0

10.8

16.1

39,5

20.5

6,7

2,7

1.3

2.6

40yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,505 2,994 171

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Noprevious livebidh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ipreviouslive birth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2previouslive baths. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3previousllveblrths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4previousllveblrths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6previouslivebkths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6previouslive blrtlw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7previousliveblrihsormore... . . . . . . . . . .

100.0 100.0

13.6

17.4

34.4

18.9

8.7

4.2

1.4

1.4

944

100.0

11.3

16.5

32.5

19.3

10.0

5.6

2.3

2.5

8.3

12.4

26.6

21.3

13.0

6.5

3.0

8.9

Not Stated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,703 35

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nopreviousliveblrih . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ipreviouslive berth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2previous live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3previouslive bklhs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4previouslivebirths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5prevlouslive blrihs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6prevlousllvebkths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7prevlous livebkthsormore.. . . . . . . . . . . .

100.0 100.0

53.6

23.9

14.2

5.7

1,7

0.8

100.0

46.5

25.6

17.1

6.7

2.6

1.3

0.1

0.1

56.2

12.5

18,7

6,2

6,2

NOT5 Tha 13-SMe area Includes Colorado, Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, Montana, New York, Oregon, Rhode Island, South Carolina, Termssee, Utah,Vermcmt,andVirglnh.
16 Monthly Vital Statistics Report 

Table 5. Number of reported induced terminations of pregnancy by marital status and age of woman and percent distribution by number 

of previous live births, according to marital status and age of woman: 12-State area’ and New York City, 1986 

[Data include only induced terminations of pregnancy occurring in the reporting area) 

Age of woman and number of pravious live births All woman Marnad Unmarried Not states 

Ail ages , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

Total . . . . . . . . . 

No previous live birth . . . 

1 prevfous live berth . . . . 

2 previous live bfnhs. . . . 

3 prevfous live berths. . . . . . 

4 previous live births. . . . . . . 

5 prevfous live births. . . . 

6 prevfous live berths. 

7 prevtous live berths or more . 

Under 15 years. . . 

Total . . . . . . . . 

No previous live berth . . 

1 previous live birth . . . . 

2 previous live births. . . 

3 previous live berths. . . 

4 previous live berths. . 

5 prevfous live births. . . . 

6 prevfous live berths. . . 

7 prkvlous live births or more 

15-17years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,071 

Total . . . . . . . 

No prevfous live birth . . . . 

1 previous live berth 

2 prevlous ilve berths. . : : ’ 

3 previous live births. . 

4 prevfous live berths. . 

5 prewous live berths. . . . . 

6 prevfous live births. . . 

7 prevfous live berths or more 

18-19 years 

Total . . . . . 

No previous live birth 

1 prevfous live birth 

2 previous ltve births. 

3 previous live berths. 

4 previous live births. 

5 prevfous live berths. 

6 previous live berths. 

7 prevfous ifve berths or more 

20-24 years. . . 82,090 

Total 

No prevfous live birth 

1 prevfous live berth 

2 previous live births. 

3 previous live births. 

4 previous live births. 

5 prevfous live births. 

6 prevfous live birihs. 

7 prevfous live berths or more 

See footnote at end of table. 

. . 

. 

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 

. . 

. . . 

. . . 

. . 

. . 

2,465 

100.0 

96.3 

2.2 

0.8 

0.5 

0.2 

. . . . 

. . 

245.470 

100.0 

50.4 

24.2 

16.4 

5.9 

2.0 

0.7 

0.2 

0.2 

. . 

. . . . . 

. . . . 

. . . 

100.0 

92.0 

7.2 

0.6 

0.1 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

32,191 

100.0 

78.7 

17.4 

3.4 

0.5 

0.1 

0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

100.0 

54.1 

28.7 

13.1 

3.1 

0.7 

0.1 

0.0 

Number 

50,309 184,589 

Percent distribution 

100.0 100.0 

19.5 59.8 

29.8 22.3 

32.1 11.7 

12.2 4.1 

4.0 1.4 

1.4 0.5 

0.5 0.2 

0.4 0.1 

Number 

74 2,312 

Percent distribution 

100.0 100.0 

39.7 98.1 

20.6 1.6 

17.8 0.3 

16.2 0.0 

5.9 

Number 

429 22,798 

Percent distribution 

100.0 100.0 

57.9 92.9 

35.5 6.5 

5.6 0.5 

0.5 0.0 

0.5 0.0 

0.0 

0.0 

Number 

1,890 28,987 

Percent distribution 

100.0 100.0 

42.6 81.6 

43.1 15.2 

12.4 2.7 

1.5 0.3 

0.2 0.0 

0.1 0.0 

0.0 

0.1 0.0 

Number 

13,492 65,206 

Percent distribution 

100.0 100.0 

26.5 60.8 

39.5 26.0 

26.4 10.0 

6.0 2.5 

1.3 0.6 

0.3 0.1 

0.1 0.0 

0.1 0.0 

10,572 

100.0 

25.6 

32.4 

25.7 

10.0 

3.9 

1.7 

0.5 

0.4 

79 

100.0 

93.5 

3.2 

3.2 

844 

1oo.t 

77.9 

17.9 

3.2 

0.2 

0.5 

0.2 

1,314 

100.0 

54.6 

35.5 

7.1 

2.2 

0.7 

3,392 

100.0 

28.1 

41.3 

23.0, 

5.4 

1.4 

0.5 

0.1 

0.1 
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ~ 17

Table 5. Number of reported induced terminations of pregnancy by marital status and age of woman and percent distribution by number

of previous live births, according to marital status and age of woman: 12-State area 1 and New York City, 1986—Con.

iData includeonly induced terminations of pregnancy occurring in the reporting area]

Age of woman and number of previous live blrlhs All woman Marrlad Unmarried Not skded

2E+?Syears.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Noprevious liveberth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iprevious live berth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2previous liveberths. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3previous livebirths. .’ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4prevlous llveblrIhs. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5prevlous livebaths. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6prevkxrs livebaths. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7previous live bkthsormore. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Noprevlous livebkth. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ipreviousllveblrth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2previousllvebkths.. .,...,. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3previouslivebkths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4previouslivebkths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5previouslivebklhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6previouslivebkths, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7prevlouslivebirlhsormore.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35-39yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nopreviousltieblrl h........ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ipreviouslivebirth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2previouslivebkths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3previousllveblrths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4previousllve baths. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5previousllve births. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6previousllvebltths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7previousllveblrthsormore... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Noprevkwiivebirtti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

lpreviouslivebirth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2prevlous livebirths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3prevlouslivebklhs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4prevlouslivebkths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5previouslivebkths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6previousltvebirtlw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7previouslivebltihsormore.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nolstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nopreviousllve berth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iprevlous llvebirth . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

2prevlous livebkths, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3prevlous live births. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

4previous liveblrths, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5prevlouslivebirths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6previouslivebkths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7prevlouslivebirthsormore. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

54,260

100.0

34.8

29.6

23.7

8.3

25

0.7

0.2

0.1

30,362

100.0

24.3

26.1

29.2

13.2

4,7

1.6

0.5

0.4

15,208

100,0

16.5

227

321

16.5

6.9

3.0

E

3,690

100.0

10.6

16.4

32.1

19.4

10.2

5.8

25

26

1,133

100.0

41.3

27.9

16.9

6,9

3.4

1.4

0.1

0.1

Number

15,102 36,802

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

19.3 42.2

30.6 29.1

33.9 19.1

11.6 6.7

3.4 2.1

0.9 0.6

0.3 0.2

0.1 0.1

Number

10,641 18,117

Percent distribution

100.0 Ioa.o

13.6 31.5

23.2 27.9

37.3 23.9

17.2 10.5

5.5 4.0

2.0 1.4

0.7 0.4

0.5 0.4

Number

6,417 8,070

Peroant distribution

100.0 100.0

9.1 23.2

19.2 25.6

38.2 27.0

19.6 13.8

8.1 5.6

3.2 2.6

1.3 1.0

1.1 0.8

Number

1,s67 1,650

Percent distribution

Iwo 100.0

7.3 15.3

14,3 18,9

35.8 28.1

21.2 17.4

10.5 9.6

5.6 5.4

21 29

3.0 2.5

Number

197 647

Percent distribution

103.0 100.0

16.7 50.6

31.2 25,4

31.2 15,4

12.5 4.6

5.7 2.6

1.6 1.3

0.5

0.5

2,356

100.0

15.0

33.3

32.3

12.5

4.3

2.0

0.5

0.1

1,404

100.0

11.1

25.1

35.4

17,2

7.2

2.4

0.8

0.8

721

100.0

6.7

::

19.4

9.5

5.0

1.9

1.2

173

100.0

6.5

15.6

29.9

18.2

12.3

9.7

4.5

3.2

I

289

100.0

34.9

34.2

17.1

9.6

2.7

1.4

lTk 12.stateareaincludesOolcfadq IndianqKansas,Mkaurl, Montans,Oregon,RhodeIsland,SouthCarolina,Tennessee,Utah,ver~ti, ad Virginis.
18~ Monthly Vital Statistic Report

Table 6. Number of reported Induced terminations of pregnancy by race and age of woman and percent distribution by number of

previous Induced terminations, according to race and sge of woman: 13-State area, 1986

[Data Include only induced terminations of pregnancy occurring In the reporilng area]

All other

Age of woman arro number of All Other Not

previous induced terminations races White Total Black races stated

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

No previous induced termination. . . . . . . . . . .

1 previous Induced termination. . . . . . . . . . . .

2 previous induced terminations . . . . . . . . . . .

3 previous induced terminations or more . . . . .

Under 15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Noprevious induced termination. . . . . . . . . . .

lprevious induced termination. . . . . . . . . . . .

2previous induced terminations . . . . . . . . .

3prevlous inducad terminations ormore. . . .

15-17 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Noprevious induced termination. . . . . . . . . .

1 previous induced termination. . . . . . . . . . .

Zprevlous induced terminations. . . . . . . . . . .

3previous induced terminations or more. . . . . .

lS-19years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Toll . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No previous induced termination. . . . . . . . . .

Iprevious induced termination. . . . . . . . . .

2previous induced terminations. . . . . . . . . . .

3previous induced terminations ormore. . . . . .

20-24years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

No previous induced termination. . . . . . . . . . .

Iprevious lnducediermination. . . . . . . . . . . .

2previous induced terminations . . . . . . . . . . .

3prevlous lnducad terminations ormore. . . .

25-29yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nogkf-w$w!induced termination. . . . . . . . . .

lp%wfw%induced termlnatlon. . . . . . . . . .

2previolIslnducedlerminalions. . . . . . . . . . .

3previous induced terminations or more. . . . . .

See noteat end of table.

298,719

100.0

56.3

26.9

10.5

6.3

2,819

100.0

91.9

6.8

0.7

0.5

29,703

100.0

64.9

13.1

1.7

0.3

40,430

100.0

73.2

21.4

4.3

1.1

100,971

100.0

55.4

29.4

10.4

4.7

64,637

100.0

43.4

31.4

14.6

10.4

190,125

100.0

60.6

25.5

6.9

5.0

1,211

100.0

92.7

6.0

0.6

0.7

19,120

100.0

87.6

11.0

1.3

0.2

27,779

100.0

76.7

19.2

3.3

0.8

65,073

100.0

59.8

27.9

8.7

3.6

39,503

100.0

47.2

30,9

13.2

8.6

Number

97,140 90,700

Percent dis!ritxrtion

100.0 100.0

47.9 47.2

29.6 29.9

13.6 13.9

8.6 9.0

Number

1,512 i ,480

Percent distribution

100.0 i 00.0

91.3 91.3

7.6 7.6

0.7 0.6

0.4 0.4

Number

9,323 9,044

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

79.4 79,2

17.5 17.7

2.6 2.6

0.5 0.5

Number

11,169 10,636

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

64.5 64.0

26.6 27.2

6.9 7.0

1.8 1.6

Number

32,134 30,372

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

46.8 45.9

32.5 32.6

13,8 14.2

7.0 7.2

Number

22,750 21,107

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

37.0 3545

31.9 32.3

17.5 16.0

33.7 14.2

6,440

100.0

57.7

26.2

10.0

6.1

32

100.0

SO.3

6.5

3.2

279

100.0

64.9

12,5

2,3

0.4

553

100.0

75.2

18.4

4.9

1.5

1,762

100.0

62.0

27.3

7.6

2.9

1,643

100.0

55.6

26.5

10.7

7.0

11,454

100.0

55.9

27.5

10.7

5.9

96

100.0

93.2

4.1

2.7

1,260

100.0

84.4

13.0

2.4

0.2

1,462

100.0

73.7

21.7

3.6

0.9

3,764

100.0

54.2

29.6

11,2

4.8

2,384

100.0

42.1

33.7

14.6

9.4
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ~19

Table 6. Number of reported induced terminations of pregnancy by race and age of woman and percent distribution by number of

previous induced terminations, according to race and age of woman: 13-State area, 1986–Con.

[Data Include only Induced terminations of pregnancy occurring in the reporting area]

All other

Age of woman and number of All Other Not

prevkws induced terminaflons races WhiJe Total Black races staled

Number

30-34 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,831 21,994 12,486 11,242 1,244 1,351

Percent distribution

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 Iwo 100.0 100.0

No previous induced termination. . . . . . . . . . . 42.4 46.7 34.8 33.4 47.4

1 previous Induced !erminallon. . . . . . . . . . . .

43.1

30.4 29.6 31.8 32.2 28.2

2 previous Induced terminations . . . . . . . . . . .

29.8

15.8 14.0 18.9 19.3 14.9

3 previous induced terminations or more. . . . . .

16.4

11.5 9.7 14.6 15.2 9.5 11.0

Number

35-39 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,120 11,507 5,899 5,178 721 714

Percent distribution

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Noprevious induced termlnatlon. . . . . . . . . . . 46.5 52.3 35.3 33.8 46.4

Iprevlous induced termination. . . . . . . . . . . .

46.5

26.7 27.4 31.1 31.3 29.7

2pravious induced terrninatlons. . . . . . . . . . . 14.0

29.7

11.7 18.5 19.3 12.7

3prevlous induced terrnlnations or more. . . . . .

12.7

10.6 6.6 15.1 15.6 11.1 11.1

Number

40years and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,505 2,994 1,334 1,163 171 177

Percent distribution

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 100.0 100.0 lIXLO 100.0 100.0

Noprevious lnducad terminallon. . . . . . . . . . . 51.6 56.2 343.6 35.5 44.2

Iprevkrus induced termination. . . . . . . . . . . .

53.1

27.0 25.0 31.9 31.5 34.4

2previous induced terminations. . . . . . . . . . . 11.7 9.1

25.2

17.4 ‘f6.3 11.0

3previous induced terminatkmsormore. . . . . . 9.7

11.2

7.7 14.2 14.7 10.4 10.5

Number

Nolstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,703 944 513 478 35 246

Percent distribution

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 1Oil.o 100.0 100.0 100.0 100.0

Noprevious induced termination. . . . . . . . . . . 51.4 56.3 427 40.6 71.9

1 previous induced germination. . . . . . . . . . . . 25.5

48.9

24.0 27.6 28.4 15.6

2previous induced terminations. . . . . . . . . . . 14.4

29.5

11.9 19.2 20.0

3prevlous induced germinations or more. . . . . .

9.4

6.7 7.7

-13.6

10.5 11.0 3.1 8,0

NOTE Tlw 13-8tate area includes Coloredo, Indiana,Kensas, Mlsscurl, Montam, New York, Oregm, Rhode Islmd, Scuth Carolina, Tenreesee, Utah, Vermont, and Virgin!a.
20 ~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report

Table 7. Number of reported Induced terminations of pregnancy by race of woman and percent distribution by period of gestation,

according to rsce of woman: 13-Stata area, 1986

[Data include only induced terminations of pregnancy occurring In the reporting area]

All other

All Other Not

Period of gestation 1 races Wh/fe Total Black races staled

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Allperiods ofgestatlon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6weeksorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15waeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20weeks, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21 weeksormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

298,719

100.0

13.1

16.9

18.9

15.1

12,0

6.6

::

1.7

1.2

1.0

0.9

0.7

0.6

0.6

1.2

190,125

100.0

13.7

18.0

19.5

15.4

12.0

8.4

4.5

2.5

1.4

1.0

0.8

0.6

0.6

0.4

0.4

0.9

Number

97,140 90,700

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0

12.4 12.0

15.2 14.6

17.6 17.4

14.6 14.7

12.3 12.5

9.2 9.4

5.6 5.7

3.2 3,3

2.0 2,1

1.5 1.6

1.2 1.3

1.1 1.1

0.9 1.0

0.7 0.8

0.8 0.8

1.7 1.7

6,440

100.0

18.0

20.1

20,6

13.8

9.4

7.0

4.2

2.0

1.1

0.9

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.5

0.5

11,454

I(KLO

9.7

12.1

21.3

14.1

11.1

7.7

4.7

5,1

2.5

2.0

1.6

3.6

1.1

0.8

1.0

1.8

I Peridofg=tatlm lsacomMmtlon ofcalculated gestation from' 'date l=tnormal menwsb~m'' ati''ph~lcian's estlmte ofgedatbn''; *e Tetinlcalmles.

NOTE:Tlw13-State areaincludesColorado, lndians, Kanses,Mlsscwrl, Montana,NewYork, Oregon, Rtmdelsla.nd, ScuthCsrolina,Tenn?seee, Utah,Vermont,snd Vkglnlfb
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ~ 21

Table 8. Number of reported induced terminations of pregnancy by age of woman and percent distribution by period of gestation,

according to age of woman: 13-State area, 1985 and 1986

[Data Include only Induced termlnalhns of pregnancy occurring In the reporilng areai

75-19 yeas

40

Under

Ail

years

14 14 15 16 17 18 19 20-24 25-29 30-34 35-39 and

Fwbd ofgasfatkmi

Not

Ages yaara years Total years years years years years years years years years over stated

1986

Tot5t . . . . . . . . . . . 298,719

All periods of

gest.?dbn . . . . . . . .

6week80rless . . . . .

7weeks . . . . . . . . .

13week s . . . . . . . .

9waaks . . . . . . . . .

10weeks . . . . . . . . .

11 weeks . . . . . . . . .

12weeka . . . . . . . . .

13weeka . . . . . . . . .

14weeks . . . . . . . . .

15weeks . . . . . . . . .

16 Walks . . . . . . . . .

17weeks . . . . . . . . .

18w8aks . . . . . . . . .

19weeks . . . . . . . . .

20weeks . . . . . . . . .

21 weeks or more . . .

1965

Total . . . . . . . . . . .

13.1

16.9

18.9

15.1

12.0

8,6

4.8

2.6

1.7

1.2

1.0

0.9

0.7

0.6

0.6

1.2

305,938

All lWiOdSOf

gestation. . . . . . . . moo

6weaksorless. . . . . 124

7waaks . . . . . . . . . 16.8

6weeke . . . . . . . . . 19.2

9weeks . . . . . . . . . 15.4

10weeks . . . . . . . . . 12.2

11 weeks . . . . . . . . . 6.7

12weeks . . . . . . . . . 4.9

13weeks . . . . . . . . . 2.7

14weeks . . . . . . . . . 1.7

15weeks . . . . . . . . . 1.2

16wa6ks . . . . . . . . . 1.0

17weeks . . . . . . . . . 0.6

18weeks . . . . . . . . . 0.7

19weeks . . . . . . . . . 0.6

20weeks . . . . . . . . . 0.5

21 weeks or more . . . 1.2

738 2,081

Ioa.o 100.0

6.2 ‘ 6.3

9.0

15.1 lZ

12.9 13.2

15.1 14.6

9.8 11.5

7.2 6.9

4.6 5.3

3.7 3.9

2.4 2.5

2.4 2.2

3.0 2.1

1.5 2.1

1.9 1.6

1.3

~ 3.2

714 2,339

100.0 100.0

6.6 6.6

9.1 9.7

14.3 13.9

12.8 13.6

12.6 13.4

11.9 11.7

7.6 7.6

3.2 4.7

3.5 3.5

2.1 2.4

3.1 2.1

1.1 1.8

2.4 2.0

3.1 1.2

2.2 1.1

4.7 4.4

70,133 5,456

100.0 100.0

8.3 7.1

12.9 9.6

17.0 14.6

15.7 14.9

13.8 13.7

10.5 11.3

6.3 7.4

4.0 4.6

2.4 2.6

1.6 2.6

1.4 1.8

1.3 1.8

1.0 1.8

0.8 1.1

0.9 1.2

2.0 3.5

73,567 5,668

moo 100.0

7.4 5.9

12.9 10.6

17.4 16.1

15.9 14.9

13.9 13.6

11.0 10.6

6.6 7.5

3.7 4.2

2.4 3.2

1.6 2.2

1.5 2.1

1.3 1.5

1.1 1.8

0.8 1.3

0.7 1.2

1.8 3.3

10,372

103.0

7.0

10.9

15.8

15.5

14.2

11.2

7.0

4.6

2.6

2.2

1.6

1.7

1.1

1.1

1.2

2.5

10,264

100.0

6.3

11.0

15.8

14.7

14.7

11.6

7.4

4.3

2.8

2.1

1.7

1.6

1.4

1.1

1.0

2.5

13,873 19,752 20,676

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0 100.0

7.7 8.2 9.7

12.0 13.5 14.6

16.5 17.5 16.0

16.3 15.4 15.9

73.7 13.9 13.6

10.8 10.6 9.8

6.5 6.3 5.6

4.1 3.9 3.5

2.5 2.3 2.1

1.6 1.7 1.5

1.5 1.4 1.0

1.3 1.2 1.0

1.2 0.9 0.6

0.9 0.7 0.6

1.0 0.8 0.8

2.3 1.7 1.5

Numlxw

14,426 21,040 22,169

Percent distribution

100.0 100.0 100.0

6.7 7.6 8.6

11.9 13.4 14.5

16.6 16.3 18.*

16.2 16.2 16.2

14.2 13.9 13.5

11.5 10.6 10.6

7.0 6.2 6.0

4.0 3.5 3.4

2.6 2.0 21

1.6 1.5 1.3

1.7 1.3 1.2

1.4 1.1 1.1

1.2 1.1 0.6

0.8 0.8 0.6

0.7 0.6 0.6

2.0 1.6 1.3

100,971

100.0

11.6

16.4

19.1

15.5

12.6

9.1

5.1

2.9

1.7

1.2

1.0

0.9

0.7

0.5

0.5

1.1

104,947

100.0

11.3

16.5

19.4

15.9

12.6

9.1

4.9

2.8

1.7

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.7

0.5

0.5

1.0

64,637

100.0

15.5

18.6

19.8

14.9

11.3

7.6

4.2

2.2

1.4

0.9

0.7

0.7

0.6

0.4

0.4

0,8

64,714

100.0

15.0

18.9

20.1

15.2

11.2

7.5

4.2

2.2

1.4

0.9

0.8

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.6

35,631

100.0

16.3

20.4

20.4

14.0

10.0

6.6

3.5

20

1.1

0.9

0.7

0.5

0.3

0.3

0.4

0.7

35,259

100.0

16,1

20.3

20.2

14.4

10.3

6.4

3,5

1.8

1.2

0.9

0.6

0.6

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.7

16,120 4,505 1,703

100.0 100.0

19.9 16.6

21.4 21.2

20.2 20.2

14.2 14.8

9.3 9.6

5.8 5.9

3.1 2.9

1.6 1.7

1.0 0.8

0.7 0.8

0.5 0.6

0.5 0.5

0.4 0.5

0.3 0.7

0.3 0.3

0.6 0.9

17,609 4,728

100.0

14.1

16.7

19.2

14.3

10.9

6.9

3.8

3.2

1.6

1.6

0.8

1.3

0.6

0.9

0.5

1.2

2,061

100.0 100.0 100.0

19.0 17.9 12.2

20.9 20.4 17.4

20.9 20.6 19.6

14.0 14.9 14.8

9.5 10,1 9.7

6.1 5.7 7.3

3.0 3.5 4.4

1.6 1.8 3.4

1.1 0.7 2.6

0.6 0.7 2.0

0.5 0.7 1.1

0.5 0.3 1.2

0.4 0.6 1.2

0.5 0.6 0,7

0.3 0.6 0.9

0.7 1.0 1.4

1parI~ ~ geqatiw IS a ~mbimlon of calculated gestaticm from “date last normal manses began” ard “ph~’cian’s astimale of gestat”m”; see TechnicalGOteS.

NOTE The lS-8tate area includes Colorado, Indiana, Kansas, Missouri, Montana, New York, Oregcn, Rtcde Mad, %uth Carolina, Tenrmssee, Utah, Vemmnt, and Virginia.
22 ~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report

Table 9. Number of reported indused terminations of pregnancy by educational attainment, race, and age of woman ancl percent

distribution by period of geatstion according to educational attainment, race, and age of woman: 11-State area, 1986

[Dala include only Induced terminations of pregnancy occurring In the reporting area] .

Years of school completed

Race and age of woman o-6 %11 12 13-15 16 years Not

and period of geslation f Total years years years years or more stated

All racesz

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Allperlods ofgestatlon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6weelw orless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-8weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9-12weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-20weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21 weeksormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10-17years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All periodsofgeslalion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6weeksorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-6weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9-12weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-20weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21 weeksormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-24years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Allperiodsofgeslation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6weeksorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-8weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9-12weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-20weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21 weeksormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All periodsofgestation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6weeksorless. ,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-6weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9-12weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-20weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21 weeksormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All periodsofgestallon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6weeksorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-6weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9-12weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-20weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21 weeksormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Sea footnotes and rote at end of table.

277,065

100.0

13.7

35.6

40,2

5.6

3.7

1.2

30,151

100.0

7.6

26.6

46.9

9.0

6.9

2.6

130,917

100.0

11.5

34.4

42.7

6.1

4.0

1.3

1i 4,379

100.0

17,8

39.3

35.6

4.0

2.5

0.6

1,636

100.0

14.0

37.6

35.9

6.8

4.3

1.2

6,550

100.0

11.5

30.8

42.7

7.7

5.5

1.9

2,641

100.0

6,7

22.6

47.8

11.0

8.8

3.0

1,403

100.0

12.1

31.3

43.9

6,6

4.6

1.4

2,279

100.0

17.3

40.7

35.5

4.0

1.6

0.7

27

100.0

29.6

46.1

14.8

7.4

46,866

100.0

9.4

26.3

46.1

8.4

5.6

2.2

20,135

100.0

7!0

26.7

46.0

9.0

6.4

2.6

17,050

100.0

9.0

27.3

46.9

6.9

5.6

2.0

9,455

100.0

14.8

33.6

40.5

6.2

3.6

1.0

248

100.0

14.6

28.7

44.9

7.7

2.0

2.0

122,406

Percent distribution

100.0

13.0

35.2

41.2

5.6

3.7

1.2

Number

4,918

Percent distribution

100.0

9.1

29.1

44.6

7.9

6.6

2.6

Number

65,096

Percent distribution

100.0

10.7

33.1

44.0

6.5

4,3

1.4

Number

51,713

Percent distribution

100.0

16.3

38.4

37.5

4.3

2.7

0.6

Number

676

Percent distribution

100.0

12.6

40.1

35.6

6.4

4,0

1,2

55,549

100.0

15.2

39.1

38.7

4.0

2.2

0.6

166

100.0

11.9

33.3

45.2

5.4

3.0

1,2

31 ,3e5

100.0

12.9

38.4

40.9

4.5

2.5

0.9

23,771

100.0

18.2

40.2

35,7

3.4

1.9

0.6

215

100.0

14.0

40.5

35.3

5.1

4.7

0.5

28,001

100.0

20.5

43.4

31.1

2.7

1.5

0.6

100.0

6,283

100,0

16.6

43.0

34.6

3.0

1.7

0.9

19,533

100.0

22.1

43.5

29.6

2,6

1.4

0.7

165

100.0

20.0

44.4

31,1

1.7

1<7

1.1

17,892

100.0

15.7

36.0

35.5

H

1.0

2,069

100.0

10.1

26.7

40.7

8.9

9.6

2.0

7,686

100,

13.0

35.3

3s.3

6.6

6.6

0.9

7,628

100.0

20,0

36.7

31.5

4.6

4.2

0.8

287

100.0

14.7

33.0’

28.8

12.6

9.9

1.0
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ~ 23

Table 9. Number of reported induced terminations of pregnancy by educational attainment, race, and age of woman and percent

distribution by period of gestation according to educational attainment race, and age of woman: 11-State area, 1986-Con.

[Data Include only induced terminations of pregnancy occurring In the repotting area]

Yea~ of school completed

Race and age of woman H 9-11 12 13-15 16 yea~ Not

and parbd of geskdksnl Total years years years years or more statad

white

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Allperlcds ofgeststicn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6weeksorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-6weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9-12weeke . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

le-20weaka . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21weeks ormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10-17 yeara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Ailperiods ofgestaticn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6weeksor less. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-Sweeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9-12weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-20weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21 weeksormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

lf3-24yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Allperlodsofgeslation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6weeksorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-6weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6-12weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12-15weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18-20weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21 weeksormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Allperiodsofgestatkm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6weeksorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-Sweeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9-12weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l&20weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21 weeksormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All perlodsofgestatlon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6weeksorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-8weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9-12weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18-20weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21 weeksormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

See fodncies am’ mte at eml oftable.

175,162

100.0

14.4

37.2

3!2.8

4.8

2.8

1.0

18,726

100.0

6.1

28.4

48.3

7.9

5.3

2.0

65,476

100.0

12,0

38.2

42.5

5.3

3.0

1.0

70,0ss

100.0

19.0

40.7

34.3

3.3

2.0

0.6

694

100.0

15.6

39,s

37.2

4.4

2.4

0.7

3,717

100.0

11.8

31.8

43.6

6.8

4.4

1.6

1,316

100.0

7.2

23.3

48.9

10.4

7.1

3.0

970

100.0

10.9

31.2

46.7

5.9

4.2

1.0

1,418

100.0

16.6

40.3

38,4

4.0

2.1

0.6

13

100.0

15.4

61.5

7.7

15.4

26,304

100.0

9.4

29.6

47.5

7.4

4.5

1.6

12,819

100.0

7.3

26.2

49.1

8.0

5.3

2.0

10,130

100.0

9.1

28.8

48.9

7.6

4.3

1.4

5,225

100.0

14.9

34.8

41.0

5.3

3.2

0.7

130

100.0

20.0

23.6

46.9

7.7

0.8

0.8

Number

75,332

Percent distribution

100.0

13.6

3S.8

40.9

4.9

2.8

1.0

Number

3,227

Percent distribution

100.0

9.9

31.2

45.8

6.4

4.6

2.0

Number

41,429

Percent distribution

100.0

11.1

34.9

43.8

5.7

3.3

1.1

Number

30,273

Percent dlslrlbution

100.0

17.4

39.8

364

37

2,0

0,6

Numbsr

.rc!3

Percent Wmbution

10CLO

13.7

42.0

377

4,0

2n

05

36,366

100.0

15.7

40.9

37.4

3,5

1.8

0.7

112

100.0

14.3

32.1

47.3

3.6

1.6

0.9

21,662

100.0

13.3

40.3

39.7

4.0

2.0

0.8

14,474

100.0

19.3

41.8

34.0

2.7

1.6

0.6

138

100.0

15.2

42.0

36.2

4.3

1.4

0.7

20,578

100.0

21.3

44.1

30.0

2.3

1.5

0.7

100.0

6,383

ioo.o

17.4

44.0

33.7

2.5

1.6

0.8

14,065

100.0

23.2

44.1

28.3

2.2

1.5

0.7

130

100.0

19.8

47.6

29.4

1,6

1.6

10,845

100.0

16.7

36.6

37.4

4.9

3.6

0.6

1,252

100.0

11.3

28.9

45.2

7.7

5.6

1.3

4,902

100,0

13.7

35.6

40.8

5.7

3.4

0.7

4,811

100.0

21.4

39.6

31.9

3.3

3,2

0.7

60

100.0

14.1

42.3

28,2

7.7

7.7
24 ~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report

Table 9. Number of reported induced terminations of pregnancy by educational attainment, race, and age of woman and percent

distribution by period of gestation according to educational attalnmen~ race, and age of woman: 11-State area, 1986-Con.

[Data Include only Induced terminations of pregnancy occurring In the reporting area]

Years of school completed

Race and age of woman 0-8 9-11 12 13-15 16 years Not

and period of gestation 1 Total years years years years or more stated

‘Black

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Allperiods of gestation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6weeks or less. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-8 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

sV12weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15 weaks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18-20 waeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21weeke ormore. AL....... . . . . . . . . . .

10-17years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All periodsofgestation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6weeksorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-8weelw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6-12weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-20weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21 weeksormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18-24years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All periodsofgestatlon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6weeksorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-8weeks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9-12weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-20weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21 weeksormore. ..,,,,,. . . . . . . . . . . .

25yearsand over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Allperiodsofgeslallon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6weeksorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-8weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9-12weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18-20weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21 weeksormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Nolstated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

All periodsofgestation, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6weeksorless, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7-6weeW, . .,, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9-12weeks, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13-15weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16-20 weeks, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21 weeksormore, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

89,399

100.0

12.1

32.3

42.1

6.9

4.9

1.8

10,369

100.0

6.6

24.1

45.7

10.6

8.7

4.1

40,424

100.0

10,4

30.4

44,1

7.6

5.6

1,9

38,131

100.0

15.3

36.5

39.0

5.1

3.1

0.9

475

100.0

11.3

34.6

37.2

8.5

6.2

2.1

2,297

100.0

10.2

27.0

43.2

9.5

7.5

2.6

1,438

100.0

6.6

21.6

47.3

11.1

10.0

3.1

308

100.0

13.7

30.6

36.6

8.6

5.2

2.9

543

100.0

16.2

38.7

35.0

5.2

2.0

0.9

8

100.0

37.5

37.5

25.0

16,960

100.0

6.9

26.4

44.4

10.0

7.2

3.1

6,855

100.0

6.5

24.3

46.5

10.6

7.7

4.3

6,279

100.0

8.7

25.3

44.2

10.9

8.2

2.0

3,722

100.0

13.5

32.0

40.8

7.5

4.7

1.5

104

100.0

9.7

33.0

43.7

5.8

3.9

3.9

Number

43,320

Percent distribution

100.0

11.7

32.4

42.4

6.7

5.1

1.6

Number

1,603

Percent dlstrlbutlon

100.0

7.1

24.9

42.4

10.7

10,5

4.3

Number

22,065

Persent dlstrlbutlon

100.0

9.6

29.9

44.7

7.7

5.9

2.0

Number

19,419

Percent distribution

100.0

14.3

35.9

39.9

5.2

3,7

1.0

Number

233

Percent distribution

100.0

10.5

36.0

33.8

10.1

7.0

2.6

17,571

100.0

13.9

35.5

41.6

5.1

3.0

0.9

49

100.0

6.1

36.7

40.6

8.2

6.1

2.0

8,896

100.0

11.8

33.7

44.2

5,7

3.5

1.2

8,567

100.0

16.2

37.3

39.0

4.4

2.3

0.7

59

100.0

8.5

35.6

35.6

6.8

13.6

6,161

100.0

17.2

40.6

36.0

3.9

1.3

0,8

100.0

1,620

100.0

14.5

39.0

39,0

4.6

2.0

0.9

4,494

100.0

18.2

41.5

34.8

3.6

1.1

0.8

47

100.0

17.4

37.0

39.1

4.3

2.2

3,090

100.0

15.5

31.0

39.0

6.7

6.0

1.9

424

100.0

10.5

24.2

40.1

8.6

12.6

4.0

1,256

1Oo.c

13.6

29.8

40.6

7.5

6.3

2.3

1,386

100.0

18.5

34.3

37.1

5.4

3.8

0.8

24

100.0

25,0

20.8

41,7

12,5

1 Peri&or gestation isacombiwlion ofcalculated gestation from `"date last normal menses begm''and -`ph~iclan's estimte ofgestation''; see Technical notes.

2 Includes races other than white and black.

NOTE: The 11. State area includes lndiana, Kansas, Missoud, Monlana, New York, Orqon, Snuth Grollna, TeMessee, Utah, Vermont, ati Vlrglnia.
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ~ 25

Table IO. Number of reported induced termlnationeof pregnancy by type of procedure and percent distribution bytypeof procedure,

●ccording to period of gestation: 13-State area, 1986

rData Include only induced Iermlnations of pregnancy Cccurrlng in the repOftlng area]

All Sucthm Sharp saline Prastaglandln

Ferbd ofgastalhxr 1 procedures curettage curettage trrstillatbn irrstillatbr Hysterotomy Hysterectomy Other

Number

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298,7192 285,495 3,211 3,640 1,306 32 24 2,452

Percent cfistributbn

Allperbdsofgestatkm. . . . . . . . . 100.0 e6.4 1.1 1.2 0.4 0.0 0.0 0.8

6weeksorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 97.6 1.1 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 1.2

7weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 97.9 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0

Seeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 96.5 0.7 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 E

9w6eks. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 96.9 0.7 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.3

10weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 26.7 0.9 0.1 0.1 0.0 0.2

11 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 96.4 1.1 0.2 0.1 0.0 0.0 0,2

12weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 97.1 1.8 0.6 0.2 0.3

13we6ks, . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 94.9 2.8 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.5

14weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 90.4 4.1 z 0.0 0.0 1.3

15weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 64.0 4.6 6.8 z 0.1 0.1 2.1

16weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 75.6 4.3 11.6 5.4 0.0 2.6

l?weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 73.1 2.5 14.4 7.0 0.1 0.0 2.9

16weaks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 65.4 2.0 20.1 8.6 0.1 3.7

19weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 61.6 24.3 8.9 3.2

20weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 56.3 % 28.9 7.9 8 3.6

21 weeksormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 66.2 1.1 23.9 5.4 0.1 0.0 3.3

Notststed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 eo.3 1.8 4.2 2.7 1.0

t~fi~~g=~a~lm l,a~~~ll~n~ ~~lw[a~~g~~~b” f~~,i~~~lutnorrnsl fwIso$t)s@’nnd “@@ChlfSOSfilrldO OfgOStd~StW Technicslrmtes.

2 Inckdes procedurermtMsbd.

NOTE The 13Sete area IncludesCk40rarlo,indlen%KarHss,Misscwl, Monfsn&NewYork,Oregm, RhudeIsIuKI, 6oufh Csrollna,Tennessee,fJfsh,Vernmr’&andVirginIs.
26 ~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report

Table 11. Number of reported induced terminations of pregnancy by metropolitan-nonmetropolltan residence, race, and age of woman:

13-State area, 1985 and 1986

[Data Include only Induced terminations of pregnancy occurring In the reporting area]

All areas Metropolitan areas Nonmelropolltan areas

All All All

Yaar and age of woman races 1 White Black races 1 White Black racesq White Black

1986

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under 14years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-19 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20-24years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

36-39yeara. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40yearsandover c . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notslated . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1985

Alleges . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Under14years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-19years . . . . . ..4...... . . . . .

15years . . . . . . .. d....... . . . .

16years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

l$years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20-24years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

26-29years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

30-34years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35-39years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40yearsandover . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Notskted. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

298,719

736

2,081

70,133

5,458

10,372

13,673

19,752

20,678

100,971

64,637

35,831

18,120

4,505

1,703

305,938

714

2,339

73,567

5,666

10,264

14,426

21,040

22,169

104,947

64,714

35,259

17,609

4,726

2,061

190,125

260

951

46,899

3,125

6,595

9,400

13,596

14,183

65,073

39,503

21,994

11,507

2,994

944

201,245

286

1,160

50,890

3,349

6,845

9,998

15,104

15,594

70,367

40,788

22,173

11,600

3,198

781

90,700

444

1,036

19,660

2,066

3,248

3,728

5,206

5,426

30,372

21,107

11,242

5,178

1,163

476

90,002

407

1,123

19,918

2,125

3,069

3,911

5,144

5,662

30,266

20,652

11,052

4,915

1,216

446

269,905

616

1,755

58,860

4,524

8,593

11,627

16,605

17,531

86,053

57,357

31,811

15,965

3,929

1,539

265,914

620

1,948

61,521

4,675

8,466

12,017

17,575

18,786

91,517

57,507

31,222

15,507

4,111

1,963

156,410

190

727

37,466

2,397

5,149

7,514

10,891

11,535

54,424

33,712

18,764

9,740

2,510

857

167,917

226

872

40,593

2,539

5,335

7,954

12,082

12,683

59,093

35,003

16,694

9,862

2,674

698

65,369

396

953

16,299

1,893

3,002

3,462

4,a79

5,063

28,610

19,977

10,673

4,895

1,092

474

64,901

375

1,029

18,579

1,972

2,848

3,626

4,806

5,323

28,599

19,592

10,466

4,647

1,147

445

36,814

122

326

11,253

934

1,779

2,246

3,147

3,147

12,918

7,260

4,020

2,155

576

164

40,024

94

393

12,046

993

+,796

2,409

3,465

3,381

13,430

7,207

4,037

2,102

617

98

31,715

2X’

9,413

728

1,446

1*686

2,705

2,648

10,649

5,791

3,230

1,767

484

87

33,328

2:

10,297

610

1,510

2,044

3,022

2,911

11,274

5,765

3,279

1,738

524

83

5,331

46

1,3%

175

246

266

329

365

1,762

1,130

569

283

71

4

5,101

32

1,3:

153

221

283

331=

1,36

1,067

564

266

69

1

I ,ml~e~rac~~ otkrihan whlie and black.

NOTE Tha 13-State area includes Colorado, Indiana, Kansan,Missouri, Montana, New York, Oregc+t,Rhode Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, and Vlrglnla.
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ~ 27

Table 12. Number of reported induced terminations of pregnancy by residence status of woman and percent distribution by period of

gestation, according to residence status of woman: 13-State area, 1985 and 1986

sta Include only induced terminations of pregnancy occurring In the reporllng area]

Irrduoedterrnlrratbnsoocurring

induced h State of reskience induced induced

All Induced termlrratlons temrinatkxrs termirrathvrs

termtratkxrs Otxurrlrrgh Cbourring Among among among

ocourring area among in oounty krtrastate interstate nonreshientsof

Perk3dof gestatloni in area U.S. reskiants Total of resfdence nonresJdenfs nonresidents UnMd States

1966

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Allperbcbof gestation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6weeksor less. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21 weeksormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

1965

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Iperbdsofgestation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Jweeksorless . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

7weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

6weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

9weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

10weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

11 weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

12weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

13weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

16weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20weeks . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

21 weeksormore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

300,115

100.0

13.1

16.8

18.9

15.1

12.0

6.6

4.9

2.8

1.7

1.2

1.0

0.9

0.7

0.6

0.6

1.2

306,972

100.0

12.4

16.8

19.2

15.4

121

8.7

4.9

2.7

1.7

1.2

1.0

0.6

0.7

0.6

0.5

1.2

298,719

100.0

13.1

16.9

18.9

15.1

12.0

8.6

4.6

2.6

1.7

1.2

1.0

0.9

0.7

0.6

0.6

1.2

305,93a

100.0

12.4

16.8

19.2

15.4

12.2

8.7

4.9

2.7

1.7

1.2

1.0

0.8

0.7

0.6

0.5

1.2

276,730

100.0

13.3

17.0

19.0

15.2

12.1

8.6

4.9

2.8

1.6

1.2

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.5

0.5

1.0

263,362

100.0

12.6

17.0

19.4

15.4

122

8.7

4.9

2.7

1.7

1.2

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.5

0.4

0.9

Number

194,559 82,171

Percentdistribulbn

100.0 100.0

14.3 11.0

17.6 15.6

18.9 19.4

14.9 15.8

11.6 13.1

6.2 9.6

4.6 5.4

2.7 3.0

1.6 1.7

1.2 1.2

0.9 0.9

0.8 0.9

0.7 0.7

0.5 0.5

0.5 0.4

1.0 0.9

Number

189,462 63,800

Percent dis!ribulbn

100.0 100.0

13.8 9.6

17.7 15.2

19.3 19.7

15.1 16.4

11.7 13.4

8.2 9.7

4.6 5.6

2.6 2.9

1.7 1.7

1.2 1.2

0.9 1.0

0.8 0.8

0.7 0.7

0.5 0.5

0.4 0.5

0.9 0.9

21,989

100.0

10.9

15.0

17.7

14.4

11.9

8.7

4.6

3.2

1.8

,1.3

1.2

1.5

1,2

1.2

1.3

4.2

22,576

100.0

10.2

15.3

17.0

15.0

11.7

8.9

4.8

2.9

1.8

1.3

1.4

1.5

1.3

1.2

1.2

4.4

1,396

100.0

10.7

12.9

18.1

16.9

11.9

9.2

5.6

4.2

2.7

1.0

1.3

0.9

1.1

0.5

0.6

2.4

1,034

100.0

7.8

14.2

16.5

13.4

11.8

11.4

6.1

4.3

2.4

1.7

2.1

1.2

1.0

1.2

1.4

3,6

lPahdofgestatlon Isacomblnatlonof calculatedgestatlcm from’’datelsstrrormal rmnsesbsgarf’wd ‘IYyslcim’sesfknde OFWSMIWI’’;SCKI Tw~ic~~~.

N07G The 13-State area Imludes Colorado, Irdlans, Ksnsss, Missouri, Montana, New York, Oregon, Rtwde Islaml, south Cwoli~ Tenmssee, Utah, Vermcmt, and Virginia.
Table 13. Number of reported induced terminations of pregnancy in the 13 repoti”ng States and New York City, by place of residence according to place of occurrence:

United States, each State, New York City, and specified places outside the United States, 1986

[Data include only Induced terminations of pfagnancy occurring in the reporling area]

Place of occurrence

New Ywl(

New

Upstate York Rhode South

Place of residence Total Colorado Indiana Kansas Missouri Montana Total New York city Oregon Island Carolina Tennessee Utah Vermont Virginia

All places of

residence . . . . . . . . . .

united States . . .

Alabama . . . . . . . . . .

Alaska . . . . . . . . . . .

Arizona . . . . . . . . . . .

Arkansas . . . . . . . . . .

Cahfornia. . . . . . . . . .

Colorado . . . . . . . . . .

Connecticut. . . . . .

Delaware . . . . . . . . . .

DiitrRt of Columbm

Florida . . . . . . . . . . .

Georgia . . . . . . . . . .

Hawaii . . . . . . . . . . .

Idaho . . . . . . . . . . . .

Illinois. . . . . . . . . . . .

Indiana . . . . . . . . . . .

Iowa . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Kansas . . . . . . . . . . .

Kentucky . . . . . . . . . .

Louisiana . . . . . . . . .

Maine . . . . . . . . . . . .

Maryland . . . . . . . . . .

Massachusetts. . . . . .

Miih~an . . . . . . . . . .

Minnesota . . . . . . . . .

Mis.slesIPPl. . . . . . . . .

Missouri . . . . . . . . . .

Montana . . . . . . . . . .

Nebraska . . . . . . . . .

Nevada . . . . . . . . . . .

NewHampshire . . . . .

NawJeraey . . . . . . . .

New Mexico . . . . . . . .

NewYork . . . . . . . . .

Upstate New York. . .

NewYorkC~ . . . . .

300,115

298,719

161

15

28

926

143

13,321

709

31

268

90

668

3

167

1,918

12,409

60

4,231

983

14

28

672

1,657

125

12

1,185

18,756

2,645

‘ 174

34

356

2,266

223

145,992

53,794

92,196

14,144

14,136

1

1

16

7

13,304

3

1

2

1

3

3

1

5

36

2

1

1

13

102

3

219

4

3

1

12,657

12,657

1

1

5

3

246

12,382

1

1

7

3

103

3

3

1

1

5,974

5,973

4

3

1

2

1

5

1

24

3,656

1

2,173

1

43

2

19,039

19,039

1

101

A

1

1

3

1

1,635

15

27

533

124

1

2

1

6

2

16,498

27

1

1

4

4

3,295

2,889

1

2

1

1

1

12

1

1

1

2,627

1

1

1

151,486

150,526

1

2

2

21

6

628

22

57

35

7

10

4

1

1

1

2

23

147

152

9

4

2

3

30

2,237

1

145,303

53,188

82,137

54,079

53,249

1

2

2

8

4

270

1

1

20

1

2

2

4

4

14

3

1

2

4

262

51,406

49,758

1,649

97,409

97,277

13

2

358

21

56

15

6

8

2

1

1

1

2

19

143

136

6

4

1

1

28

1,975

1

93,895

3,407

90,466

11,217

11,212

9

2

79

2

1

43

1

1

1

1

2

2

1

5

4

1

7,502

7,496

1

1

70

2

2

1

2

4

1,683

7

8

9

6

3

12,174

12,173

2

1

3

2

1

1

14

156

3

1

1

7

2

2

2

2

1

1

2

6

4

2

21,936

21,938

154

1

816

4

1

1

12

495

6

3

2

1

840

6

1

1

2

1,177

74

1

1

2

2

4,450

4,447

1

2

2

4

2

109

1

1

1

1

1

27

1

1

3,418

3,412

1

2

1

2

1

1

1

31

317

2

586

582

4

32,619

32,619

1

1

1

1

8

2

4

5

206

18

6

4

2

11

3

510

4

2

2

4

1

14

1

61

16

45
Table IS. Number of reportad induced terminations of pregnancy in the 13 reporting s-tes and New York C*, by place of residence according to place of OCCUI,.,Ice:

United States, each State, New York Cq, and specified places outaide the Unitad States, 1986-Con.

[Data ktoludeonly Irrduwd terminationsof pregnancyoccurringinthe teportkrgarea]

Place ofoccurrenGe

New Y&

New

Upstate York Rhode South

Place Ofreskkmce Total Cotorado Indiana Khrrsas Mksouti Montana Total New York City Oregon Island Camikra Tennessee Utah Vermont Vigkm

NorthCarollna . . . . . .

Norlh Dakota . . . . . . .

Oh. . . . . . . . . . . . .

Oklahoma. . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .

Pennsylvania. . . . . . .

Rhode Island . . . . . . .

SouthCarolina. . . . . .

South Dakota. . . . . . .

Tenneswe . . . . . . . . .

Texas. . . . . . . . . . . .

Utah . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Vermont, . . . . . . . . .

Virginia. . . . . . . . . . .

Washington...,....

Westvirgirlia . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . .

~V!J . . . . . . . . . .

UniladStates

PuertoRico. . . . . . .

virgin Islands. . . . . .

Canada . . . . . . . . .

Mexico . . . . . . . . .

Remainder

ofwortd . . . . . . . .

1,048

16

133

64

lo,le5

1,567

5,767

11,832

46

18,173

4,1:

2,478

31,105

665

203

13

692

2

87 :

18

1

1

1

1

19

6

1

1

1

13

1

1

1

21

18

2

2

1,653

43

4

6

7

lR

5

6

3

1

3 18

10

:

1 1 10,187

1

3

1

669

1

3

2

1

1

1

5,721

1

2

1

1

3

318

4

1

2

11,617

2

5

1

9

:

18

5

4

4

18,126

6

1

4

1

4,050

2

2J

3

2

2,4i!

1

4

2

686

1:

22

1

6

1

13

8

30,604

190

1

3

42

1

1

1

1

3a

11

106

2

1

244

1,166 %7

5 36

2 2

2

3

3

4

1

1

2 4

5 2

6 17

10 111

2 3

6

1 2

1

1

167

4

1

1

4

7

211

6

3

793

2

6

3

373

1

5

1 1

319 54

1

3

1

405 1

592 4 1 1 579 506 71
30 ~ Monthly Vital Statistics Report

Technical notes

Nature and sources of data

Data in this report for 1985 and 1986 are based on

information for the same 13 States: Colorado, Indiana,

Kansas, Missouri, Montana, New York, Oregon, Rhode

Island, South Carolina, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, and

Virginia.

The reporting States provided data on magnetic tape

for individual events coded from copies of the original

reports of induced termination of pregnancy. These data

were provided to the National Center for Health Statistics

(NCHS) through the Vital Statistics Cooperative Program.

NCHS collects information on individual abortions occurring in selected States with mandatory abortion reporting

requirements. The State abortion reporting forms include

information on the demographic characteristics and pregnaney history of the woman and the nature of the procedure. The NCHS data system, based on reports of

individual abortions, enables detailed cross-classification.

Two other organizations currently publish information

on induced abortions —the Center for Health Promotion

and Education (CHPE), which like NCHS is a component

of the Centers for Disease Control (CDC), and the Alan

Guttmacher Institute (AGI), a private organization. CHPE

relies primarily on aggregate abortion data reported by

State health agencies, hospitals, and medical institutions,

and AGI obtains its information from a nationwide survey

of abortion providers.

Item completeness

Item completeness, which is measured by the percent

of records with codes other than “not stated,” is shown in

table I for the varying number of States included in the

analysis of each item. States were excluded from analysis if

either information was not collected on the item or no

information for the item was reported in 25 percent or

more of the records. Table I shows that resident status was

100 percent complete for both 1985 and 1986. Residencr

information, if unknown or incomplete, is allocated at f

coding level according to the following rules: First, recorci.

with unknown residence are allocated to place of occurrence. Second, reeords on which only State of residence is

reported, with no city or county specified, and on which the

State named is different from the State of occurrence, are

allocated to the largest city of the State of residence.

Classification of data

Procedures used for coding and classifying the items on

the Report of Induced Termination of Pregnaney are described in Part 10, “Classification and coding instructions

for induced termination of pregnancy records,” of the Vital

Statistics Instruction Manual, for 1986 (NCHS, 1985b) and

1985 (NCHS, 1984). Codes for geographic areas are described in Part 8, “Vital records geographic classification,

1982” (NCHS, 1985c). Additional information on classi&

ing selected items can be found in the Technical Appendix

of V7tal Statistics of the United States, Vol. I (,NCHS,

1983b). Definitions of types of procedures used may be

found in the publication Legalized Abortion and the Public

Hea/th (Institute of Medicine, 1975). Data on period of

gestation are computed from information on “elate of

termination” and “date of last normal menses.” If “date of

last normal menses” is not stated or computed gestation

weeks is not possible, “physician’s estimate of gestation L

weeks” is used.

Ratios, percents, and medians

Measures of incidence in this report are based on ratios

of induced terminations of pregnaney to live births. These

ratios refer to the number of induced terminations and live

births occurring in the reporting States to residents of the

reporting States. In the computation of ratios, “not stated”

cases have been distributed according to the reported or

Table L Percent completeness for Items on reporting form and number of reporting States: 1985 and 1986

1986 1965

Percent Number of Percent Number of

Ilern completeness reporting Slates completeness reporling States

Age of woman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99.4 13 99.3 13

Complications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97.4 13 97.4 13

Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93.6 11 94.1 11

Marital status ofwomanl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.7 12 97.5 12

Period ofgestatlon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99.7 13 99.8 13

Previous induced terminations . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.3 13 95.7 13

Previous live births . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95.6 13 ea.1 13

Raceofwoman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ee.2 13 97.1 13

Resident stafusz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100.0 13 100.0 13

Typeofprocedure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99.1 13 99.3 13

A

i NW y~~kcity also reported madtal status.

2 FWI&”I status umwwn Is alloxted at ttw coding Ievet see Teclmlcd rmtes.

NOTE The repatlng! area includes Colorado, Irdiana, Ksnsas, Missouri, Montana, New York, Oregon, Rtmde Island, South Carotina, Tennessee, Utah, Vermont, and Virginia.
Monthly Vital Statistics Report ~ 31

known proportion for a particular characteristic. Ratios

are computed before distributed numbers are rounded.

Ratios of induced terminations of pregnancy provide an

proximate indication of the frequency of induced

abortions in relation to the frequency of pregnancies.

Two forms of induced abortion ratios (ratios per 1,000

live births—Type I—and ratios per 1,000 live births and

induced abortions—~pe II) are shown in table IL Induced

abortion ratios in the text of this report are of Type I. These

ratios are larger than those of Type 11 because the latter

includes a larger number of events in the denominator than

the former, Both ratios have the same number of events—

induced terminations—in the numerator of the ratio. For

Type I ratios, age differentials are greater, that is, the range

between the largest and the smallest ratios by age of women

is greater than for Type II ratios. Induced abortion differentials by race are also more pronounced using Type I than

Type II ratios.

In the computation of percent distributions and medians, “not stated” cases are excluded. Proportional allocation of “not stated” cases in computing these measures

would yield exactly the same results. In addition, medians

were calculated using single years of age, single years of

education, and single weeks of gestation.

In the computation of percent change the following

general formula was used:

RI - R2 .100

R2

where RI equals the ratio of interest in 1986 and R2

equals the ratio of interest in 1985. The total percent

change is a weighted average of the change for the groups

of interest. Although it is unusual, the total percent

change can be greater or smaller than either of the

percent changes in its component parts as seen in table B.

Table IL Type I and II induced termination of pregnancy ratios by race and age of woman: 13-State area, 1986

TYPe I rallo ISPer V@o IMe births.TYPe II rat~ ISPer 1,oooIlve Mths and Inducedterrnlnatlons.InducedWrnlnallonsof pregnancyand live bkihs are only those

occurring in the area among resktents of the area]

TyPS I Typ II

All All

Age of woman races 1 While Black races~ White Black

Wages. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.Jnder14yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

14years. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15-19 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

15years . . . . .’ . . . . . . . . . . . .

16years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

17years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

18yeare . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

19years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

20-24 yeara . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

25-29 years . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

3&34yean3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

35-39 year3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

40yearsand over. . . . . . . . . . . . .

347.2

1,760.3

1,240.8

696.3

1,037.6

909.6

731.9

703.4

559.4

405.5

237,2

213,6

331.6

605,0

285.7

2,066.7

1,361.9

704.9

1,145.2

991.6

767.3

717.5

547.2

344.6

179.6

161.4

266.7

529.1

634.4

1,609.3

1,153.5

666.8

933.1

79-2.7

666.9

678.6

596.9

647.8

578.0

550.8

704.8

973.8

257.7

637.7

553.7

410.5

509.2

476.3

422.6

413.0

356.7

266.5

191.7

176.1

249.0

376.9

222,2

673.2

576,5

413,5

533.8

497.9

434,2

417.7

353,7

256,3

152.4

139.0

210.5

34e.o

386.1

616.3

535.6

407.1

462.6

442.1

400.1

404.3

374.5

393.1

366.3

355.1

413.4

493.3

1Includesrams otherthan white and black.

NOTE The 1S+tate area Includm Colomdo, Ixhna, Kansas, Miascuri, Montam New York, Oregco, Rhode Island, Scuth Carolina, Tenrmseu, U\a~ Verrmnt, and Virginia,

Symbols

. . . Data not available

. Quantity zero

0.0 Quantity more than zero but less than

0.05

z Quantity more than zero but less than

500 where numbers are rounded to

thousands

*

Figure does not meet standards of

reliability or precision (when the base

of the measure includes fewer than

20 events)

*U. S. GOWERtJMENT PRINTING OfFl CE:19B9.z41-281 :80024
Suggested citation

Natirmal Center for Health Statistics Kenneth D.

Kochanek; Induced terminations of pregnancy Copyright information

Reporting States, 1985 and 1986, Monthly Vital

SkffiSfiCS Repofi Vol. 37, No. 12 SUpp. DHHS Pub. This repott maybe reprinted without further

No. (PHS) 89-1120. Public Health Service, permission,

Hyattsville, Md.

—.

●U.,S. GWHWMNT PRINT~G OFFICE: 1996-404-888/40012
Vital and Health Statistics

series descriptions

SERIES 1.

SERIES 2.

SERIES 3.

SERIES 4.

SERIES 5.

SERIES 6.

SERIES 10.

SERIES 11.

SERIES 12.

SERIES 13.

Programs and Collection Procedures—These reports

describe the data collection programs of the National Center

for Health Statistics.They include descriptionsof the methods

used to collect and process the data, definitions, and other

material necessary for understanding the data.

Data Evaluation and Methods Research—These reporls

are studies of new statistical methods and include analytical

techniques, objective evaluations of reliability of collected

data, and contributionsto statisticaltheory.These studies also

include experimental tests of new survey methods and

comparisons of U.S. methodology with those of other

countries.

Analytical and Epidemiological Studies—These reports

present analytical or interpretive studies based on vital and

health statistics.These reporls carry the analyses further th~

the expository types of reports in the other series.

Documents and Committee Reports-These are final

reports of major committees concerned with vital and health

statistics and documents such as recommended model vital

registration laws and revised birth and death certificates.

International Vital and Health Statistics Reports-These

reports are analytical or descriptivereports that compare U.S.

vital and health statistics with those of other countries or

present other international data of relevance to the health

statistics system of the United States.

Cognition and Survey Measurement—These reports are

from the National Laboratory for Collaborative Research in

Cognition and Survey Measurement. They use methods of

cognitive science to design, evaluate, and test survey

instruments.

Data From the National Health Interview Survey-These

reports contain statistics on illness; unintentional injuries;

disability use of hospital, medical, and other health services;

and a wide range of special current health topics covering

many aspects of health behaviors, health status, and health

care utilization. They are based on data collected in a

continuingnational household interview swvey.

Data From the National Health Examination Survey, the

National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys, and

the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey—

Data from direct examination, testing, and measurement on

representative samples of the civilian noninstitutionalized

population provide the basis for (1) medically defined total

prevalence of specific diseases or conditions in the United

States and the distributionsof the population with respect to

physical, physiological,and psychologicalcharacteristic, and

(2) analyses of trends and relationships among various

measurements and between survey periods.

Data From the Institutionalized Population Surveys—

Discontinued in 1975. Reports from these surveys are

included in Series 13.

Data From the National Health Care Survey—These

reports contain statisticson health resources and the public’s

use of health care resources including ambulatory, hospital,

and long-term care services based on data collected directly

from health care providers and provider records.

SERIES 14. Data on Health Resources: Manpower and FacilitieeDiscontinued in 1990. Reports on the numbers, geographic

distribution, and characteristics of health resources are now

included in Series 13.

SERIES 15. Data From Special Surveys—These reports contain

statistics on health and health-related topics collected in

special surveys that are not part of the continuing data

systems of the National Center for Health Statistics.

SERIES 16. Compilations of Advance Data From Vital and Health

Statistics-Advance Data RepoRs provide early release of

information from the National Center for Health Statistics’

health and demographic surveys. They are compiled in the

order in which they are published. Some of these releases

may be followed by detailed reports in Series 10-13.

SERIES 20. Data on Mortality-These reports contain statistics on

mortality that are not included in regular, annual, or monthly

reports. Special analyses by cause of death, age, other

demographic variables, and geographic and trend analyses

are included.

SERIES 21. Data on Natality, Marriage, and DivorceThese reports

contain statistics on natality, marriage, and divorce that are

not included in regular, annual, or monthly reports, Special

analyses by health and demographic variables and

geographic and trend analyses are included.

SERIES 22. Data From the National Mortality and Natslity SurveyeDiscontinued in 1975. Reports from these sample surveys,

based on vital records, are now published in Series 20 or 21.

SERIES 23. Data From the National Survey of Family Growth—

These reports contain statistics on factors that affect birth

rates, including contraception, infertility, cohabitation,

marriage, divorce, and remarriage adoption; use of medical

care for family planning and infertili~ and related maternal

and infant health topics. These statistics are based on

national surveys of childbearing age.

SERIES 24. Compilations of Data on Natality, Mortality, Marriage,

Divorce, and Induced Terminations of Pregnancy—

These include advance reports of births, deaths, marriages,

and divorces based on final data from the National Vital

Statistics System that were published as supplements to the

Month/y Vii Statistics Repurt (MVSR). These reportsprovide

highlights and summaries of detailed data subsequently

published in L&d Statistics of the Urrifed States. Other

supplements to the MVSR published here provide selected

findings based on final data from the National Vital Statistics

System and may be followed by detailed reports in Series 20

or 21.

For answers to questions about this reporl or for a list of reports published

in these series, contact:

Data Dissemination Branch

National Center for Health Statistics

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

Pub~c Health Service

6525 Be!crest Road, Room 1064

Hyattsville, MD 20782

(301) 436-6500

E-mail: nchsquery@nchl Oa.em,cdc.gov

Internet http://w.cdc.gov/nchsvnvw/nchshome.htm
DEPARTMENT OF

HEALTH & HUMAN SERVICES

Public Health Sewice

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

National Center for Health Statistics

6525 Belcrest Road

Hyattsville, Maryland 20782

OFFICIAL BUSINESS

PENALTY FOR PRIVATE USE, $300

r] SPECIAL FOURTH-ICIASS

RATE

POSTAGE & FEES PAID

PHS/NCHS

PERMIT NO. G-;;81

DHHS Publication No. (PHS) 96-1958, Series 24, No. 8

6-0673 (10/96)