Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Data Gathering Report

Order Number: D15PX00044

Submitted to:

USDA-RMA

COTR: Jaime Padget

6501 Beacon Drive

Kansas City, Missouri 64133-6205

(816) 926-8466

Submitted by:

Watts and Associates, Inc.

4331 Hillcrest Road

Billings, Montana59101

(406) 252-7776

watts@wattsandassociates.com

Due Date: April 6, 2015

This document includes data that shall not be disclosed outside of the Government and shall not be duplicated, used, 

or disclosed, in whole or in part, for any purpose. The Government shall have the right to duplicate, use, or disclose 

the data to the extent provided in Order No D15PX00044. All pages of this document are subject to this restriction.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data i Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Table of Contents

I. Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 1

II. Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum Description.................................................................. 3

III. Maketing Description.............................................................................................................. 10

IV. Review of Current Programs.................................................................................................. 14

V. Data Collection ........................................................................................................................ 24

VI. Stakeholder Input.................................................................................................................... 28

VII. Risk Analysis......................................................................................................................... 35

VIII. Feasibility Assessment......................................................................................................... 41

IX. Recommendations................................................................................................................... 46

List of Tables

Table 1. Sorghum Total Acres Planted by State, 2014 Crop Year ................................................. 7

Table 2. Grain Sorghum Production by State, 2013 Crop Year ..................................................... 8

Table 3. Silage Sorghum Production by State, 2014 Crop Year .................................................... 8

List of Appendices

Appendix A. 2014 NASS Survey Grain Sorghum Production by County

Appendix B. 2012 NASS Census of Agriculture Grain Sorghum, Silage Sorghum, and 

Sorghum Syrup Production Data by County

Appendix C. U.S. Biofuel Support Programs Status

Appendix D. Federal and State Bioenergy Laws and Incentives

Appendix E. Listening Session Agenda

Appendix F. Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum Listening Session Press Release

Appendix G. Production of Biofuel Crops in Florida: Sweet Sorghum and Forage Sorghum 

(Sorghum bicolor): Overview and Management
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data i Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Executive Summary

This report addresses issues regarding crop insurance development opportunities and challenges 

for biomass and sweet sorghum grown as a feedstock for energy production and biobased 

products.

1 Section 1522(c)(17)(A) of the Federal Crop Insurance Act as amended by the 2014 

Farm Bill (Public Law 113-79) authorizes the contract for the study under which this report was 

prepared. Section 1522(c)(17)(A) states: “The Corporation shall offer to enter into 1 [one] or 

more contracts with qualified entities to carry out development regarding ̶ (i) a policy to insure 

biomass sorghum that is grown expressly for the purpose of producing a feedstock for renewable 

biofuel, renewable electricity, or biobased products; and (ii) a policy to insure sweet sorghum 

that is grown for a purpose described in clause (i).” This data gathering report is required by 

contract to provide information and analysis “to aid in the development of a crop insurance 

program [for biomass and sweet sorghum grown as an energy or biobased product feedstock] and 

identify issues related to potentially providing coverage.”2

The Secretary of the United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) was authorized by the 

2002 Farm Bill (the Farm Security and Rural Investment Act of 2002, Public Law 107-171) to 

identify products as biobased if they are a commercial or industrial product other than food or 

feed composed (in whole or in significant part) of biological products, renewable domestic 

agricultural materials, forestry materials, or an intermediate feedstock derived from these 

products or materials. Consequently, sorghum grown for food or feed is not addressed, except 

incidentally, as the subject of this study.

While the focus of the Contractor’s research effort was gathering information about biomass 

sorghum and sweet sorghum and the feasibility of developing an insurance program, the contract 

specifies: “RMA [the USDA Risk Management Agency] is not looking for a complete 

feasibility study, but is looking for specific aspects needed to understand and determine what 

type of crop insurance program will work best for these crops, producers, and for the specific 

data needed to create a crop insurance program that covers producers with an optimal program.”3

Therefore, the analysis of feasibility was focused on approaches to develop an insurance product 

and the barriers those approaches introduce rather than on reasons such a development effort 

might be unfeasible. The contract further identifies areas of research that supported the 

preparation of the report. The findings related to these topics are summarized below in the order 

presented in the contract.

Listening Sessions: The Contractor shall analyze, summarize and interpret the data 

gathered.

The Contractor contacted producers, insurance providers, bioenergy representatives, and leaders 

representing producers at the state and national levels to determine the level of interest held by 

the industry in an insurance program for biomass and sweet sorghum produced as a feedstock for 

energy and biobased products. These efforts culminated in listening sessions in California, 

Florida, Kansas, and Louisiana. The sessions were poorly attended. Participants included two 

 

1 The government is inconsistent in its use of a hyphen in the term “biobased products.” As the official definition excludes the 

hyphen, that is the convention that will be used in this report. 

2 United States Department of Interior (DOI), Order D15PX00044, page 23 of 35.

3 Solicitation Number D14PS00630-A2, page 50 of 73. 
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data ii Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

producers, three producer organization representatives, three insurance industry representatives, 

and three biobased products industry representatives. The Contractor also communicated with 

an additional 43 stakeholders by email or in individual conversations in person or by telephone.

The strongest interest in crop insurance for biomass and sweet sorghum as a feedstock for 

renewable biofuel, renewable electricity, or biobased products came from the end users of the 

crop. These stakeholders believed having a dependable supply of sorghum as a feedstock was 

dependent on the availability of crop insurance for the producers of that feedstock sorghum. In 

contrast, many of the producers who communicated with the Contractor seemed to consider the 

sorghum as a catch crop. Based on testimony from stakeholders, the limited demand for biomass 

and sweet sorghum, and especially for these crops as a feedstock for energy and biobased 

products, was influenced by a decrease in federal support for production of biofuels and a drastic 

decline in the price of petroleum.

Description of the Crop: The Contractor shall present data relative to the crop’s economic 

importance, adaptation, agronomic and botanical classifications, important varieties and 

their characteristics...

Sorghum is a member of the family Poaceae, i.e., a grass. An annual crop, sorghum is planted in 

the late spring or early fall. In tropical and subtropical climates, more than one planting and 

harvest is possible in a single crop year. Sorghum grain is harvested at the end of the growing 

season, generally about 90 to 130 days after planting. While sorghum grain is used as a food 

outside the United States, in the United States sorghum grain is used primarily as a component in 

livestock feed.

Producers in the United States grow many different varieties of sorghum. These varieties have 

remarkably different growth patterns depending on the variety and environmental conditions. 

Some of the sorghum varieties have high soluble sugar content (sweet sorghums). Sweet 

sorghum contains readily fermentable sugars as well as large amounts of carbohydrate biomass 

in the form of starch, cellulose, or hemicellulose. Some varieties of sorghum produce tall plants 

with substantial amounts of complex carbohydrates (biomass sorghums and high-biomass 

sorghums). Ceres, a biotechnology company, reports production of high biomass sorghum plants 

as tall as 18 feet under favorable conditions.4 The biomass sorghums are characterized by 

accumulations of cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin. These are less easily converted to fuel by 

fermentation but may be burned directly or refined to produce energy products other than 

ethanol.

In most varieties of sweet sorghum, the primary soluble carbohydrate is sucrose, with reducing 

sugars and soluble starch making up a smaller portion of the soluble carbohydrates. Similar to 

sugarcane sap, the sap of sweet sorghum is extracted by milling. Once extracted, the sugars from 

sweet sorghum can be fermented to produce ethanol (a biofuel). Other products from sweet 

sorghum include syrup, molasses, rum (an alcoholic beverage containing ethanol) and crystalline 

sugar. Most of these products are excluded from the definition of a biobased product, although 

sorghum syrup and crystalline sorghum sugar could be used as an intermediate feedstock for 

production of biofuels or other biobased products.

 

4 Ceres, Inc., 2014, High-Biomass Sorghum, http://www.ceres.net/Products/Products-Sorghum.html, accessed February 2015.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data iii Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Over the past three and a half decades, interest in growing sorghum as an energy source has risen 

and fallen. These changes have been influenced by federal support programs for alternative 

energy sources and by changes in the price of crude oil and petroleum-based products. While 

petroleum-based products and sorghum biobased products are not totally fungible, sorghum 

bioenergy products have been presented as one alternative to some products derived from fossil 

energy sources.

Marketing: Describe how prices are determined.

The Contractor was unable to identify any price series for biomass sorghum and sweet sorghum 

grown expressly for the purposes of producing a feedstock for renewable biofuel, renewable 

electricity, or biobased products. It appears that refineries considering sorghum as a feedstock 

purchase the sorghum under contract. However, the Contractor was unable to obtain a contract 

for production or for purchase of these crops. Consequently, questions of insurable interest in 

sweet sorghum and biomass sorghum grown for the purposes established by these contracts 

cannot be addressed. Nor can the issue of grading standards for biomass sorghum and sweet 

sorghum contracts for the feedstock for renewable biofuel, renewable electricity, or biobased 

products contracts be addressed. Although, even in the absence of such a contract, it is 

reasonable to conclude that sorghum grown as a biobased product feedstock and not sold for that 

purpose can be used as feed.

Some stakeholders with whom the Contractor spoke indicated that the market price of grain 

sorghum or of sugar (depending on the type of sorghum under contract) adjusted by a basis was 

used for contracting of the crops. This makes economic sense: the buyers of biomass sweet 

sorghum and sweet sorghum grown expressly for the purposes of a feedstock for biofuels, 

electricity, or other biobased products must compete with the value of alternative crops to induce 

producers to enter into contracts for such production.

Review of Other Programs: The Contractor shall list and summarize the provisions and 

benefits of all state and federal programs that currently support or subsidize these 

producers [growing sorghum as a bioenergy or biobased product feedstock].

The Contractor identified three programs of support for sorghum grown for the purposes of 

producing a feedstock for renewable biofuel, renewable electricity, or biobased products that are 

unusual, though not unique to the crop. The first is a Checkoff program. The second is the 

substantial research support provided to sweet sorghum breeding and production programs 

through the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA). The last is the support for 

development of alternative energy products from a variety of federal departments and agencies. 

The Contractor also notes crop insurance is available for grain sorghum in most states and 

sorghum grown for silage in selected counties in five states. States contribute to both NIFA 

crop-related research and to bio-energy programs. The Contractor identified no private 

insurance products that would impact development of a multi-peril crop insurance product for 

sorghum grown as an energy or biobased product feedstock.

Data Availability and Price Methodologies: The Contractor shall conduct a search for 

price data at the national and regional level, and yield data in each geographic region.

As noted above, the Contractor was unable to identify any price series data for biomass sorghum 

and sweet sorghum grown expressly for the purposes of producing a feedstock for renewable 
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data iv Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

biofuel, renewable electricity, or biobased products. As discussed previously, the data series for 

grain sorghum or for sugar, as appropriate, provides the most reasonable alternative foundation

for establishing a price for feedstock sorghum other than contract price. Since the Contractor 

was unable to obtain a contract for feedstock sorghum, the effects of quality deficiencies on 

prices, if such terms exist in the contracts, cannot be determined. However, especially with 

sweet sorghum, °Brix of sugar content is known to be important.

The Contractor was not able to find yield data in any geographic region. Consequently, the 

Contractor believes the most effective method to construct T-yields will be to use a factor 

applied to the T-yields for grain sorghum. If a biomass and sweet sorghum grown for energy and 

biobased products feedstock industry does develop sufficiently, it may be possible in some areas 

to eventually develop T-yields based on the APH databases established by producers.

Risk Analyses: The Contractor shall define the economic risks [and] classify each of the 

perils as insurable or uninsurable and justify the classification of the risk.

The Contractor found no evidence the risks associated with production of biomass sorghum and 

sweet sorghum that is grown expressly for the purposes of producing a feedstock for renewable 

biofuel, renewable electricity, or biobased products are materially different from those for grain 

and silage sorghum. The only exception is that the conditions required for pollination and grain 

development are not crucial for sweet and biomass feedstock sorghum production. The most 

effective method to estimate the frequency and severity of the important risks for these special 

types of sorghum will be to use expert opinion to establish factors relating the risks of various 

sorghum types already insured. The insurable or uninsurable perils for sweet and biomass 

sorghum grown as biobased products feedstocks will not be substantively different from the risks 

associated with other field crops. The most significant perils that can affect sweet and biomass 

sorghum grown as biobased products feedstocks that do not affect grain and silage sorghum are 

harvest and postharvest perils associated with the billeting and storage of the crops. These are 

uninsurable perils. In the first case they reflect management practices whose differential 

outcome is not an insurable risk. In the second they are post-harvest risk that are uninsurable 

under the terms of Section 1508(a)(2) of the Crop Insurance Act.

After careful consideration of all the feasibility standards to support development of a new crop 

insurance product, the Contractor has concluded it is not feasible to develop a traditional crop 

insurance product built on a foundation of historical production data for biomass sorghum and 

sweet sorghum grown expressly for the purposes of producing a feedstock for renewable biofuel, 

renewable electricity, or bio-based products. Sufficient data for a rigorous actuarial analysis of 

biomass sorghum and sweet sorghum do not exist. Nonetheless, the current RMA portfolio does 

include two tools which may provide a pathway to coverage for losses due to natural causes for 

these two specialty crops. Insurance for these two crops could be provided under a written 

agreement to the Small Grains Crop Provisions or under the Whole Farm Revenue Protection

(WFRP) to offer producers a safety net which supports production of the crops, increases the 

potential pool of available data for future analyses, and addresses the legislative mandate for 

“policies” to insure feedstock biomass and sweet sorghum. Using written agreements does not 

eliminate the need for a certain amount of developmental activity. The parameters of the 

insurance offer via the written agreement must be established. However, if a contract is required 

for insurance to attach, it may be possible to minimize the scope of the development effort. 
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data v Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Contracts are a requisite for insurance to attach for several insured crops, so this requirement is 

not without precedent.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data 1 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

I. INTRODUCTION

The Statement of Work (SOW) for Order Number D15PX00044 identifies the objectives of the 

contracted work as: “to obtain analysis and information to aid in the development of a crop 

insurance program and identify issues related to potentially providing coverage.”

1

 The SOW 

continues to describe the objectives of the first deliverable under the order: “The contractor shall 

produce a data gathering report that identifies any issues related to insuring the identified crop, 

and the most viable type of insurance plan to be developed.”

2

 This document is that data 

gathering report.

The Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1938 & Federal Crop Insurance Act [7 U.S.C. 1501 et seq.,

as amended by Public Law 113–79] provided legislative authority for the study documented in 

this report. The legislative mandate for the study states:

(A) In general — The Corporation shall offer to enter into 1 or more 

contracts with qualified entities to carry out research and development 

regarding—

(i) a policy to insure biomass sorghum that is grown expressly for the 

purpose of producing a feedstock for renewable biofuel, renewable 

electricity, or biobased products; and 

(ii) a policy to insure sweet sorghum that is grown for a purpose 

described in clause (i).

(B) Research and development — Research and development with respect to 

each of the policies required in subparagraph (A) shall evaluate the 

effectiveness of risk management tools for the production of biomass 

sorghum or sweet sorghum, including policies and plans of insurance 

that—

(i) are based on market prices and yields; 

(ii) to the extent that insufficient data exist to develop a policy based on 

market prices and yields, evaluate the policies and plans of 

insurance based on the use of weather indices, including excessive 

or inadequate rainfall, to protect the interest of crop producers; and 

(iii) provide protection for production or revenue losses, or both.”

3

Sorghum is an annual crop. According to the 2012 USDA National Agricultural Statistics 

Service (NASS) Census of Agriculture (Census), grain sorghum is grown for grain in 42 states 

within the United States. Grain sorghum, a commodity crop, is insurable under RMA’s Coarse 

Grain Provisions (11-0041) and the Area Risk Protection Insurance - Grain Sorghum Crop 

Provisions (14-ARPI-0051). Silage sorghum, the other sorghum type for which RMA insurance 

is available, is grown in 46 states. However, insurance for this crop is currently offered in 

selected counties in only five states. Sorghum syrup is the main commercial product processed 

from sweet sorghum. Although sorghum syrup production is not documented in the published 

census report, the NASS Quick Stats report on the 2012 Census data reports that sorghum syrup 

 

1 United States Department of Interior, Interior Business Center, AQD, 2015, Requisition 0040187986, page 23 of 35.

2

 Ibid.

3 Public Law 113–79 enacted February 7, 2014, has the official short title “Agricultural Act of 2014” but is also commonly 

known as the 2014 Farm Bill.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data 2 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

was produced in 19 states. In contrast, biomass sorghum is a relatively recent addition to the 

sorghum types planted in the United States and NASS does not currently publish data on this 

sorghum type.

The contract for this report indicates: “RMA is not looking for a complete feasibility study, but 

is looking for specific aspects needed to understand and determine what type of crop insurance 

program will work best for these crops, producers, and for the specific data needed to create a 

crop insurance program that covers producers with an optimal program.”

4 However, the contract 

does require the Contractor to include in its analysis of technical approaches or strategies for 

development consideration of the criteria generally used to analyze the feasibility of a successful 

development effort. These criteria include:

 The insurance product proposed for development must conform to RMA’s 

enabling legislation, regulations, and procedures that cannot be changed;

 The insured’s and their agents must be willing to pay the appropriate price for the 

insurance;

 The insurance product must be effective, meaningful and reflect the actual risks of 

the producers;

 The perils affecting production and/or revenue must be identified and categorized 

as insurable and non-insurable;

 Be ratable and operable in an actuarially sound manner;

 Contain underwriting, rating, pricing, loss measurement, and insurance contract 

terms and conditions;

 There must be an appropriate geographic distribution to ensure a sound financial 

insurance program;

 There must be enough interest for the risk to be spread over an acceptable pool of 

insureds;

 Customers must not be able to select insurance only when conditions are adverse;

 Moral hazards must be avoidable or controllable;

 There must be no change of beneficial gain, (adverse selection); and,

 There must be no change in market behavior or market distortions that change 

the quantity supplied or shift the supply curve.

5

These criteria therefore provide the foundation for the Feasibility Analysis section of the report.

The reminder of the report incorporates the following sections:

 Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum Crop Descriptions;

 Marketing Description;

 Review of Current Programs Supporting the Crops;

 Data Collection;

 Stakeholder Input;

 Risk Analysis;

 Feasibility Assessment; and

 Recommendations.

 

4 DOI Order D15PX00044, page 24 of 35.

5

Ibid., page 23 of 35.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data 3 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

II. BIOMASS SORGHUM AND SWEET SORGHUM DESCRIPTION

The SOW instructs the Contractor to provide a “Description of the Crop” as part of the Data 

Gathering Report. In this section, the Contractor provides a discussion of sorghum as a crop, 

inclusive of descriptions for the subsets of sweet sorghum and biomass sorghum. The economic 

footprint of sorghum as an element of the U.S. agricultural economy is described in this section. 

The economic and market characteristics of biomass sorghum and sweet sorghum are discussed 

in Section III. Marketing Description.

Sorghum

While sorghum grain is commonly used as a food outside the United States, in the United States 

sorghum grain is used primarily as a component in livestock feed. The United nations (UN) 

Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) reports that the United States had the seventh largest 

sorghum acreage harvested in 2011 (the most recent year for which data are reported in the 

FAOSTATS tool http://faostat3.fao.org/search/*/E), after India, Sudan (including the region that 

became South Sudan in that year), Nigeria, Niger, Mexico, and Mali. U.S harvested acreage 

represents approximately 4 percent of the world acreage, while U.S. production embodies almost 

11 percent of the global sorghum production.

Sorghum is a plant in the family Poacaea. Like the other plants in this family, sorghum is a 

grass. Cultivated sorghum is in the species Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench. Sorghum grain forms 

on a panicle, with numerous spikelets borne on the highly branched structure in pairs. The 

heavy, highly branched panicle, often borne on a single stalk, encouraged cultivation where hand 

harvesting is typical (e.g., in America during the 19th Century and in developing economies 

today). However, mechanical harvesting of the grain can be easily accomplished using 

conventional equipment.

An annual crop, sorghum is planted in the late spring or early fall. Soil temperature is the 

primary limiting factor determining how early a sorghum crop can be planted. Sorghum seed 

needs soil temperatures above 60°F for emergence.6 In tropical and subtropical climates, more 

than one planting and harvest is possible in a single crop year. Sorghum grain is harvested at the 

end of the growing season, generally about 90 to 130 days after planting.

Sorghum grows in a wide range of climates and soil types. It is particularly useful as a dryland 

crop as it generally has the ability to withstand periods of water deficit while still yielding a

reasonable economic return to the producer. Four features that support this pattern are:

 A heavy, waxy cuticle;

 A large root mass to leaf surface area;

 Rolling of leaves during times of water deficit; and

 Entering dormancy under extreme water deficit.

 

6 Carter, P.R., D.R. Hicks, E.S. Oplinger, J.D. Doll, L.G. Bundy, R.T. Schuler, and B.J. Holmes, 2015, Grain Sorghum (Milo), 

https://www.hort.purdue.edu/newcrop/afcm/sorghum.html, accessed March 2015.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data 4 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

U.S. sorghum producers grow many different varieties of sorghum for the different end uses.

7

 

The five major categories of sorghum include:

 Grain sorghum,

 Silage sorghum (for silage for animal feed),

 Forage sorghum (for forage for animal feed),

 Sweet sorghum (for syrup and as a biobased product feedstock), and

 Biomass sorghum (as fuel or a biobased product feedstock).

These varieties have remarkably different growth patterns depending on the variety and 

environmental conditions. Some of the sorghum varieties (sweet sorghums) have high soluble 

sugar content. Sweet sorghum contains readily fermentable sugars (i.e., glucose, fructose, and 

sucrose) as well as large amounts of carbohydrate biomass in the form of starch, cellulose, or 

hemicellulose. In most varieties of sweet sorghum, the primary soluble carbohydrate is sucrose, 

with glucose, fructose and soluble starch making up a smaller portion of the soluble 

carbohydrates.

Sweet sorghum was originally grown in the United States for the production of syrup that was 

used as a sweetener. In the late 1890s, hundreds of thousands of acres of sweet sorghum were 

being grown for extraction of sorghum syrup in 44 states.8 Sweet sorghum is viewed as a 

potential replacement for sugarcane in ethanol production in the United States.9 It can be grown 

in typical sugarcane areas (Florida and moist southern portions of the Gulf States) and in areas 

where sugarcane cannot be grown because it is drier (Southwest region of the United States). 

The advent of cheaper sugars (particularly corn-based syrups) diminished sweet sorghum’s role 

in the fermentative ethanol production industry.

Nonetheless, sweet sorghum compares well with corn and sugarcane when viewed from the 

perspective of the energy balance between production and available extracted energy. Sweet 

sorghum produces eight units of energy for every unit of energy invested in its cultivation and 

production. Similar comparisons are 8.3 units for sugarcane and 1.8 units for corn.10

Similar to sugarcane sap, the sap of sweet sorghum is extracted by milling. Once extracted, the 

sugars from sweet sorghum can be fermented to produce ethanol (a biofuel). Other products 

derived from sweet sorghum include syrup, crystalline sugar, molasses (a byproduct from the 

production of crystalline sugar), and rum (an alcoholic beverage containing ethanol). Most of 

these products are excluded from the definition of a biobased product, although sorghum syrup 

and crystalline sorghum sugar could be used as an intermediate feedstock for production of 

biofuels or other biobased products. Sweet sorghum can be used as a feedstock for synthesis of 

butadiene, butanol, ethanol glycol, isobutanol, isoprene, succinic acid, and 1, 3-propanediol. 

These chemicals can be used to produce synthetic rubber, plastics, and fibers. Significant 

 

7 Halsall, M. 2010, Seed World, “Boom Times for Sorghum,” http://seedworld.com/boom-times-for-sorghum-seed-world-june2014/, accessed March 2015.

8 Randy Powell, Delta BioRenewables LLC, 2015, personal communication.

9 BBI International, 2008, Sweet Harvest, Ethanol Producer, http://ethanolproducer.com/articles/4295/sweet-harvest/, accessed 

March 2015.

10 Agriculture Business Week, 2008, Article “Sweet Sorghum : A New “Smart Biofuel Crop”, 

http://www.agribusinessweek.com/sweet-sorghum-a-new-smart-biofuel-crop/, accessed March 2015.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data 5 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

investment is being made in synthesis of biobased products using processes other than traditional 

fermentation.11

A Texas A&M University report states “Sweet sorghum is a potential biofuel crop because it is 

capable of producing high yields of ethanol from a combination of easily fermentable sugars and 

lignocellulosic bagasse. The development of alternative forms of biofuels production is essential 

to meet the Renewable Fuel Standards (RFS) which calls for an annual production of 36 billion 

gallons of renewable fuels by 2022. Of the 36 billion gallons, 15 billion gallons is to come from 

grain based ethanol with the remaining 21 billion gallons coming from a combination of 

advanced biofuels and cellulosic ethanol production.” 12

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) defines biomass as organic matter available on a 

recurring basis,

13 including plants, plant-derived materials, animal manure, and municipal 

residues. Plant biomass can be derived from agricultural crops, trees, native grasses, and aquatic 

plants. Plant biomass is of particular interest because the organic chemicals in plants 

(carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids) store energy captured during photosynthesis. This energy 

can subsequently be used either by direct combustion (burning) or by conversion to solid, liquid, 

or gaseous fuels. The biomass can also be used as a feedstock for the production of biobased 

products.

The carbohydrate components of plants include simple sugars and starches in the body of the 

cell, and cellulose,14 hemicellulose,15 and lignin16 in the cell walls. Starches can be converted to 

sugars through digestion. The sugars, in turn, can be converted to alcohol by the process of 

fermentation. This is the principal process by which corn grain ethanol (a biofuel) is produced. 

The cellulose, hemicellulose, and lignin contained in plants are less easily converted to biofuels 

than are starches. At the bio-refineries, each of these cell wall components can be used in the 

production of biofuels. The cellular processes that produce the biomass use energy to create 

progressively more complicated molecules and structures. The processes that produce biofuels 

break down these structures and molecules to produce fuels containing a portion of the energy 

originally stored in the biomass. Biodiesel and ethanol are the two most common biofuels. 

Biodiesel is not generally produced from non-oilseed crops. Alcohol production is generally 

accomplished by anaerobic fermentation, but production by catalytic, non-fermentative processes 

is possible.17

Some varieties of sorghum produce tall plants with substantial amounts of complex 

carbohydrates (biomass sorghums and high-biomass sorghums). Ceres, a biotechnology 

company reports production of high biomass sorghum plants as tall as 18 feet under favorable 

 

11 Shell Oil Company, 2014, Process to Produce Biofuels via Organic Phase Thermal Hydrocatalytic Treatment of Biomass, U.S. 

Patent 8,921,629 B2; Processor, personal communication, March 2015.

12 Agri-Life extension, 2010, Article “Economic Analysis of Sweet Sorghum for Biofuels Production in the Texas High Plains”, 

http://amarillo.tamu.edu/files/2011/05/Sweet-Sorghum.pdf, accessed March 2015.

13 United States Department Of Energy, 2010, Biomass Energy Data Book: Edition 3.

14 A linear carbohydrate polymer made of glucose molecules.

15 A carbohydrate polymer made of a mixture of simple sugars which forms an amorphous and random mass in the cell wall.

16 A complex cross-linked polymer made of cyclical alcoholic subunits.

17 Shell Oil Company, 2014, Process to Produce Biofuels via Organic Phase Thermal Hydrocatalytic Treatment of Biomass, U.S. 

Patent 8,921,629 B2.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data 6 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

conditions.18 The biomass sorghums are characterized primarily by substantial accumulations of 

cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. These are less easily fermented, but may be burned directly 

or refined to produce biobased products other than ethanol.

Biomass sorghum is similar to sweet sorghum. However, while sweet sorghum grows with an 

architecture and carbohydrate distribution similar to sugarcane; biomass sorghum generally 

produces more complex polysaccharides and accumulates fewer simple sugars. In some areas, 

the biomass sorghum can be left in the field and harvested all winter using silage choppers. The 

harvested biomass can then be stored in pits. Biomass sorghum can also be baled and stored for 

longer periods of time than sweet sorghum. Grain production is not necessary for the harvest of 

sorghum biomass. Management to maximize grain may not result in maximal production of 

biomass or of the materials most important for use of sorghum as a feedstock for energy and 

biobased products.

Unlike many fully determinate annuals, sorghum can be managed to continue growing after the 

seed is harvested. Following harvest, if the stalks are cut or flailed, many sorghum varieties will 

branch and tiller. If weather conditions permit, this branching and tillering has the potential to 

produce additional vegetative growth. This secondary growth can be grazed or harvested for 

silage or biomass.

Grains such as corn and sorghum can be used as a feedstock for biofuel production. Grain 

sorghum is a minor feedstock for the bioethanol industry; it is estimated that one third of the 

grain sorghum crop may be used for ethanol.19 It is important to note that cellulosic ethanol 

(ethanol derived from converting cellulose and other non-starch structural/cellular components) 

constitutes a very limited share of bioethanol production. Currently, only substantial incentive 

payments make cellulosic ethanol production profitable.

The Federal Crop Insurance Corporation (FCIC) offers two policies for insurance of sorghum. 

Grain sorghum can be insured under the Area Risk Protection Insurance - Grain Sorghum Crop 

Provisions (14-ARPI-0051) and the Yield Protection, Revenue Protection and Revenue 

Protection with Harvest Price Exclusion - Coarse Grains Crop Provisions (11-0041). Silage 

sorghum is covered under the Silage Sorghum Pilot Endorsement (11-0059) to the Coarse Grains 

Crop Provisions.

I.A Overview of Sorghum Production in the United States

The 2012 Census showed the entire U.S. agricultural economy had a value of $394 billion. 

Crops account for $212 billion of this economic activity.20 Sorghum production accounted for 

$1.8 billion. Some sorghum production was reported in every state except Alaska and 

Connecticut. The majority of the sorghum value was from grain production. Sorghum for silage 

 

18 Ceres, Inc., 2014, High-Biomass Sorghum, http://www.ceres.net/Products/Products-Sorghum.html, accessed February 2015. 

19 United Sorghum Checkoff Program, 2012, Renewables, http://sorghumcheckoff.com/sorghum-markets/renewables/, accessed 

March 2015.

20 Including nursery crops.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data 7 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

and green chop accounted for 5.6 million tons of the crop in 2012.

21 At sorghum silage market 

prices reported by Kansas State this would be worth approximately $164 million.22 There is no 

breakout in the Census data for sweet sorghum or biomass sorghum production or value. 

Anecdotal reports suggest that producers of sweet sorghum and biomass sorghum may report the 

crop under the silage sorghum category.

The data available for the U.S. sorghum industry varies dramatically. Grain sorghum is the fifth 

largest cereal crop in the world.

23

 The USDA collects substantial data on sorghum production. 

It is interesting to note that NASS data on acres planted (Table 1) estimated from their annual 

surveys documents planting in 14 states as compared to the 42 states documented in the 2012 

Census.

Table 1. Sorghum Total Acres Planted by State,

2014 Crop Year

State Acres

Arizona 25,000

Arkansas 170,000

Colorado 345,000

Georgia 40,000

Illinois 23,000

Kansas 2,850,000

Louisiana 100,000

Mississippi 110,000

Missouri 85,000

Nebraska 210,000

New Mexico 110,000

Oklahoma 370,000

South Dakota 200,000

Texas 2,500,000

Source: USDA, NASS, 2015, Quick Stats, 

http://quickstats.nass.usda.gov/, accessed March 2015.

NASS survey estimates for grain sorghum in 2014 include acres and production data for the 14 

states with estimates on sorghum acreage planted (Table 2). NASS survey estimates for grain 

sorghum in 2014 also include acres and production data down to the county level for 232 

counties (Appendix A). Additionally, the NASS 2012 Census includes county-level acres and 

production data on grain sorghum, silage sorghum, and sorghum syrup (Appendix B). Data in 

the published Census on silage sorghum is limited when compared to the data for grain sorghum. 

Since 2007, the data for silage sorghum production are published only at the state level (Table 3). 

However, additional data are available through the NASS Quick Stats website.

 

21 USDA, 2012, Census of Agriculture, 

http://www.agcensus.usda.gov/Publications/2012/Full_Report/Volume_1,_Chapter_1_US/st99_1_037_037.pdf, accessed 

March 2015.

22 Kansas State Research and Extension, Farm Management Guide, MF648, February 2014, Forage Sorghum Silage Cost-Return 

Budget in South Central Kansas, http://www.ksre.ksu.edu/bookstore/pubs/mf648.pdf, accessed March 2015.

23 Kurt Nolte, Yuma Country Extension in Arizona, 2010, Grain Sorghum, 

http://cals.arizona.edu/fps/sites/cals.arizona.edu.fps/files/cotw/Sorghum.pdf, accessed March 2015.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data 8 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Table 2. Grain Sorghum Production by State, 2013 Crop Year

State Acres Harvested Production

(bushels)

Yield

(bushels/acre)

Arizona 8,000 800,000 100

Arkansas 165,000 16,005,000 97

Colorado 280,000 8,400,000 30

Georgia 23,000 943,000 41

Illinois 21,000 2,226,000 106

Kansas 2,700,000 199,800,000 74

Louisiana 96,000 8,928,000 93

Mississippi 105,000 8,400,000 80

Missouri 73,000 7,373,000 101

Nebraska 160,000 13,120,000 82

New Mexico 60,000 2,520,000 42

Oklahoma 310,000 17,360,000 56

South Dakota 150,000 9,450,000 63

Texas 2,250,000 137,250,000 61

Source: USDA, NASS, 2015, Quick Stats, http://quickstats.nass.usda.gov/, accessed March 2015.

Table 3. Silage Sorghum Production by State, 2014 Crop Year

State Acres Harvested Production

(tons)

Yield

(tons/acre)

Arizona 17,000 391,000 23

Arkansas 2,000 34,000 17

Colorado 10,000 110,000 11

Georgia 14,000 154,000 11

Illinois 1,000 18,000 18

Kansas 70,000 770,000 11

Louisiana 1,000 13,000 13

Mississippi 2,000 24,000 12

Missouri 10,000 170,000 17

Nebraska 20,000 240,000 12

New Mexico 33,000 429,000 13

Oklahoma 15,000 150,000 10

South Dakota 20,000 220,000 11

Texas 100,000 1,400,000 14

Source: USDA, NASS, 2015, Quick Stats, http://quickstats.nass.usda.gov/, accessed March 2015.

Kansas and Texas are the largest producers of both grain and silage sorghum. Research on sweet 

sorghum and biomass sorghum has been conducted in these states as well as in California, 

Florida, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, and Texas.

24

Over the past three and a half decades, interest in growing sorghum as an energy source has risen 

and fallen. These changes have been influenced by Federal support programs for alternative 

energy sources and by changes in the price of crude oil and petroleum-based products. While 

 

24 Hills, F.J., R.T. Lewellen, and I.0. Skoyen, 1990, Sweet sorghum cultivars for alcohol production, California Agriculture 

44:14-16, http://ucanr.edu/repositoryfiles/ca4401p14-69434.pdf; Amosson, S, J. Girase, B. Bean, W. Rooney, and J. Becker, 

2011, Economic Analysis of Sweet Sorghum for Biofuels Production in the Texas High Plains, 

http://amarillo.tamu.edu/files/2011/05/Sweet-Sorghum.pdf; Agronomy Department, Florida Cooperative Extension Service, 

Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences, University of Florida, 2011, Production of Biofuel Crops in Florida: Sweet 

Sorghum, http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ag298; Pfeiffer, T., 2013, Sweet Sorghum for Syrup, 

http://www.uky.edu/Ag/CCD/introsheets/swsorghumintro.pdf; accessed March 2015.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data 9 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

petroleum-based products and sorghum biobased products are not totally fungible, sorghum 

bioenergy products have been presented as one alternative to some products derived from fossil 

energy sources.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data 10 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

III. MAKETING DESCRIPTION

The SOW instructs the Contractor to provide a marketing description in accordance with the 

following description:

“Describe how prices are determined. If prices are determined by contract, 

copies of the entire contract shall be provided. Establish the insurable interest of 

the producer. In a given region, the Contractor shall describe if there are critical 

time periods to market the crop, and include the optimal or preferred time for 

producers to sign contracts. The Contractor shall also identify... grading 

standards; present, [and] if applicable, alternative uses for the reduced quality 

crop. Determine the impact of any Federal Marketing Order, if applicable, on the 

plan of insurance.”

The Contractor was unable to identify any price series data for biomass sorghum and sweet 

sorghum grown expressly for the purposes of producing a feedstock for renewable biofuel, 

renewable electricity, or bio-based products. Discussion with staff and owners of biofuel 

refineries as well as investigation of biofuel company websites indicate refineries considering the 

use of sorghum as a feedstock make their purchases of these feedstocks under contractual 

agreements. However, the Contractor was unable to obtain a contract for production or for 

purchase of these crops. Consequently, questions of insurable interest in sweet sorghum and 

biomass sorghum grown for the purposes established by these contracts cannot be addressed. 

Nor can the issues of grading standards for biomass sorghum and sweet sorghum contracts for 

the feedstock for renewable biofuel, renewable electricity, or bio-based products contracts be 

addressed from a data supported position. Alternative markets available for the producer to 

realize some return on their crop include the: animal feed market, food flavoring market, crystal 

sugar extraction market, alcoholic beverage production market, and liquid table sweetener 

market. It is reasonable to conclude that sorghum grown as a bio-based product feedstock and 

not sold for that purpose because of quality issues can be used as feed. Each of these alternative 

markets is primarily local rather than being a regional or national market.

Discussion with producers of sweet sorghum and representatives from the alternative energy 

industry revealed that, for these operations, contracts were primarily based on one of two 

proxies: local market prices for silage sorghum and the price of sugar. In the first case, contract 

prices are based on a silage sorghum price plus a negotiated premium to ensure delivery of the 

product to the refinery or mill (if contracted for sugar extraction). In the second case, producers 

are consistently searching to realize the best return on their investment (ROI) for the crops they 

produce. For sweet sorghum, this ROI value is based primarily on the market value applied to 

granulated sugar. A base value for a pound of sugar was used as the benchmark for contracting 

sweet sorghum prices in three separate conversations.

While grading standards were never mentioned and the Contractor’s research found no specific 

references to grading standards for either biomass sorghum or sweet sorghum, anecdotal 

evidence provided by producers and bioenergy industry representatives suggested premiums 

based on the °Brix in the juice extracted from the sweet sorghum stalk will likely be 

encountered. °Brix is a commonly used refractometer scale for measuring solids (in this case –

sugars) dissolved in water by weight. One °Brix equals one percent. Hence, a 16 °Brix solution 

in extracted sweet sorghum juice indicates that 16 percent of the juice is some form of sugar. 
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data 11 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

While this is not completely accurate as there are other contaminants in the unrefined juice, the 

bioenergy industry uses 16 °Brix as the standard for basing premiums in its contracts with 

producers. If the producer delivers sweet sorghum that provides 18 °Brix, the producer receives 

a premium and if that sweet sorghum provides 14 °Brix, the producer’s payment is discounted. 

As stated previously, the Contractor was unable obtain a copy of a production contract. 

Consequently, the level of premium or discount cannot be documented for this report. However, 

the Contractor notes that the definition of contract price in the various policies that allow use of a 

contract price always exclude premiums and discounts from the price allowed under the crop 

insurance policy.

The Contractor found no evidence of Federal Marketing Orders for sorghum. However, the 

Commodity Promotion, Research, and Information Act of 1996 established the Sorghum 

Promotion, Research, and Information Program, commonly known as the Sorghum Checkoff 

Program. The Sorghum Checkoff Program supports generic promotion of the crop, research

(including research on alternative uses of the crop), and activities aimed at advancing the 

demand for sorghum to benefit U.S. producers and consumers. The USDA Agricultural 

Marketing Service (AMS) published a final Sorghum Promotion, Research, and Information 

Order on May 6, 2008. That order took effect May 7, 2008, with the first collection of 

assessments on July 1, 2008.

Potential Impact of the Proposed Program on Agricultural Markets

Grains such as corn and sorghum can be used as a feedstock for biofuel production. Grain 

sorghum is a relatively minor feedstock for the bioethanol industry; it is estimated that one third 

of the grain sorghum crop may be used for ethanol.25 It is important to note that cellulosic 

ethanol (ethanol derived from converting cellulose and other non-starch structural/cellular 

components) constitutes a very limited share of bioethanol production. Anecdotal evidence 

indicates the producers of biomass sorghum and sweet sorghum plant small amounts (generally 

less than 10 acres) of the crop for use as forage or silage or, in the case of sweet sorghum, for 

personal use and/or local distribution of the sorghum syrup. 

Biomass sorghum and sweet sorghum are not recently introduced crops in the U.S. agricultural 

economy. However, their use as a feedstock for bio-based products is very limited. Determining 

and identifying the potential impacts of offering an insurance product for these crops is fraught 

with uncertainty as a result. Any incentive provided by the Federal government, whether that be 

in the form of insurance or subsidies, will have an impact on the number of acres planted, the 

number of producers planting the crop, and the economic market for the product.

As access to water for irrigation becomes more and more problematic, sweet sorghum or 

biomass sorghum may become a more economically viable alternative. Additionally, recent 

movement at the federal legislative level indicates dissatisfaction with the current subsidies 

provided for corn for ethanol under the Renewable Fuels Standard.26 Couple these issues with 

 

25 United Sorghum Checkoff Program, 2012, Renewables, http://sorghumcheckoff.com/sorghum-markets/renewables/, accessed 

September 2014.

26 Dianne Feinstein, United States Senator for California, Press Release, “Feinstein, Toomey Introduce Amendment to End Corn 

Ethanol Mandate”, http://www.feinstein.senate.gov/public/index.cfm/press-releases?ID=6cb82ce8-ba16-4006-b812-

05a8bb8592ce, accessed March 2015.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data 12 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

renewed interest in alternative sources of feedstock for bio-based products by the energy industry 

and the reported energy return for sweet sorghum (8:1) versus that for corn (1.8:1), there appears 

to be the possibility of increases of biomass sorghum and sweet sorghum acreage in the next 

several years. Introduction of insurance may provide yet another factor to support such an 

increase. Availability of subsidized insurance would place biomass sorghum and sweet sorghum 

on par with other crops the producer could plant.

Biomass sorghum and sweet sorghum have a high ratio of bulk to value. Therefore, it is 

expensive to transport the crop. Feedstock sorghum is best suited for production near processing 

facilities (e.g., 20 – 25 miles).27 Further, it is best suited to a relatively short storage period prior 

to processing so lengthy transportation periods are detrimental to the value of the crop. This 

factor constitutes the primary limitation with regard to the areas where feedstock sweet sorghum 

can be grown. Due to these characteristics of the crops, any producer who attempts to grow 

either crop in the absence of livestock ownership or sales arrangements made prior to planting 

may not have a market for the biomass sorghum or sweet sorghum once it is produced.

Many crops are insurable in the counties where the grain sorghum insurance product is currently 

offered and written agreements could be introduced for biomass sorghum and sweet sorghum. 

These crops primarily include wheat, grain sorghum, soybeans, and corn for grain and silage. 

Sugarcane is another insurable crop in some of these regions. In many cases, such as the Coarse 

Grains Crop Provisions, a statement on the Special Provisions would be needed to amend section 

8(d) of those crop provisions.

Producers who grow biomass sorghum or sweet sorghum for local sweet syrup sales or to feed 

livestock on their own farms do not have incentives to increase the acreage beyond their own 

needs. Conversely, those producers who grow biomass sorghum and sweet sorghum under 

contract do have an incentive to increase production as the demand from the industry increases. 

Since the renewable fuel standard (RFS) requires 15 billion gallons of ethanol be produced by 

2015 using grain (corn) as the base and by 2022 an additional 21 billion gallons using a 

combination of advanced biofuels and cellulosic ethanol production (within which biomass 

sorghum and sweet sorghum fall), there is a strong impetus for the energy industry to increase 

demand for these crops to fulfill this legislative mandate.

WFRP and written agreements based on the grain sorghum insurance policy provide producers 

of biomass sorghum and sweet sorghum an opportunity to use a safety net to protect them from 

the consequences of adverse natural conditions beyond their control. This opportunity currently 

does not exist for losses otherwise covered by multiple peril crop insurance authorized by the 

Federal Crop Insurance Act.

Potential Impacts of Proposed Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum Approach on Small 

and Limited Resource Farmers

Most production of sweet sorghum is machinery-intensive (and hence, capital intensive), 

requiring a harvester (currently a modified sugarcane harvester is used by the producers with 

whom the Contractor spoke) and a tractor/trailer combination to remove the product from the 

 

27 Aaron Pepper, Southeast Renewable Fuels, LLC, 2015, personal communication.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data 13 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

field once harvested. Additional haul trucks with trailers are necessary to transport the product 

from the field to the processing facility. The number of such vehicles depends on the distance 

the billeted material is hauled. Each tractor and truck requires an operator, so substantial labor is 

needed in a short period. The sweet sorghum must be harvested during a limited period to assure 

the most sugar content in the product. Small and limited resource producers do not likely 

possess the necessary equipment for production and they may not have access to the labor 

required for harvesting.

In contrast, one operator can harvest biomass sorghum because the harvesting period can occur 

over a more extended period. Additionally, biomass sorghum can be stored for longer periods 

prior to delivery to the processing facility which reduces some of the labor requirements and 

some of the capital costs of transportation.

The Contractor suspects that small and limited resource farmers are likely to refrain from 

planting acreage of biomass sorghum and sweet sorghum until the market will support additional 

machinery purchases by these producers. On the other hand, availability of insurance may 

encourage these producers to seek contracts for sale of biomass sorghum or sweet sorghum on a 

“standing crop” basis. Under a “standing crop” contract, the buyer is responsible for harvesting 

the crop and transporting it to the delivery point. In this case, limited resource farmers would 

have additional opportunities for income-producing activity.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data 14 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

IV. REVIEW OF CURRENT PROGRAMS

The SOW instructs the Contractor to “list and summarize the provisions and benefits of all state 

and federal programs that currently support or subsidize these producers...also...describe any 

private insurance program that is available to these producers...note any gaps in coverage and 

constraints of the private insurance programs, if applicable.” The Contractor reviewed federal 

and state-level programs supporting the production of feedstock for bio-product manufacture and 

investigated private insurance products providing risk mitigation for producers of bio-product 

feedstock. This section provides a discussion of the results of these efforts.

The Contractor identified three programs of support for sorghum grown for the purposes of 

producing a feedstock for renewable biofuel, renewable electricity, or bio-based products that are 

unusual, though not unique to the crop. The first is the Checkoff program. The Commodity 

Promotion, Research, and Information Act of 1996 established the Sorghum Promotion, 

Research, and Information Program, commonly known as the Sorghum Checkoff Program. The 

Sorghum Checkoff Program supports generic promotion of the crop, research (including research 

on alternative uses of the crop), and activities aimed at advancing the demand for sorghum to 

benefit U.S. producers and consumers. AMS published a final Sorghum Promotion, Research, 

and Information Order on May 6, 2008. That order took effect May 7, 2008, with the first 

collection of assessments on July 1, 2008.

The second unusual programs of support for sorghum grown for the purposes of producing a 

feedstock for renewable biofuel, renewable electricity, or bio-based products is the substantial 

research support provided to sweet and sorghum breeding and production programs for sorghum 

through the USDA National Institute of Food and Agriculture (NIFA). NIFA was formerly 

known as the Cooperative State Research, Education, and Extension Service (CSREES). NIFA 

supports a wide range of research efforts. Their focus in some of their grant opportunities on 

bioenergy and in others on sorghum has provided a synergy that has led to numerous proposals 

for research and development of pilot programs for crop production and refining of sorghum 

feedstocks.

The last unusual support program is the support by a variety of federal departments and agencies 

for development of alternative energy products. For decades, biofuels have been touted as a 

replacement for fossil fuels. The Biomass and Alcohol Fuels Act of 1980, signed by President 

Carter, called for “a national program for increased production and use of biomass energy that 

does not impair the Nation’s ability to produce food and fiber ...”28 Under this act, the Office of 

Alcohol Fuels in the Department of Energy was required to prepare quarterly reports for the 

President and Congress on the progress toward these national goals. Public Law 99-386

decreased the frequency of these reports; they were prepared annually until 2000. The 

requirements for reporting on these specific goals were repealed under section 3003 of Public 

Law 104-66. However, the change in reporting requirements does not reflect any loss of interest 

by Congress in alternative fuels.

 

28 42 USC 8801, 1980, Historical Crude Oil Prices and Price Chart, http://www.infomine.com/investment/metal-prices/crudeoil/all/, accessed February 2015.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data 15 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

More than two dozen programs have been established since 1980. They have been administered 

by five government entities: the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), USDA, the 

Department of Energy (DOE), the Internal Revenue Service (IRS), and the U.S. Customs and 

Border Protection now an element of the Department of Homeland Security. Public Law 109-58 

(2005) and Public Law 110-140 (2007) and the 2008 and 2014 Farm Bills (Public Laws 110-246 

and 113-79) all had elements promoting alternative fuels. However, many of the incentives for 

biofuels production supported by these laws have expired (Appendix C).

The RFS established under Public Law 109-58 (2005) mandated biofuels use; Public Law 110-

140 (2007) significantly expanded the mandate. In 2006, Congress required the use of 4 billion 

gallons of renewable fuel. While the amount of renewable fuel was originally mandated to 

increase to 7.5 billion gallons in 2012, that mandate was superseded by the RFS which required 

20.5 billion gallons of renewable fuel in 2015 and 36 billion gallons in 2022. Furthermore, after 

2015 the increases in renewable fuels must come from advanced biofuels (such as cellulosic 

ethanol,29 butanol refined from sugar, and biodiesel).

Federal law establishes requirements that certain renewable fuels must reduce lifecycle 

greenhouse gas emissions below the emissions from petroleum-based fuels sold in 2005. For 

example, transportation fuel produced from facilities that commence construction after the date 

of enactment for the 2007 legislation qualifies as renewable fuel only if it achieves at least a 20 

percent reduction in greenhouse gas emissions.30 In addition, to qualify as an advanced biofuel, 

a transportation fuel must reduce lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions by at least 50 percent.31

Cellulosic biofuels must reduce greenhouse gas emissions by at least 60 percent.

Federal law prescribes the general method the EPA must use to determine whether a biofuel 

qualifies as an advanced or cellulosic biofuel. According to federal law, lifecycle greenhouse 

gas emissions must include emissions from “all stages of fuel and feedstock production and 

distribution, from feedstock generation or extraction through the distribution and delivery and 

use of the finished fuel to the ultimate consumer.”32 In addition, the emissions must include all 

“direct emissions and significant indirect emissions such as significant emissions from land use 

changes.”33 The EPA is currently developing regulations for determining the exact methods to 

be used in making this calculation.

 

29 Cellulosic biofuel is derived from the non-starch complex carbohydrates in biomass such as sweet and biomass sorghum. This 

contrasts with starch-based ethanol produced from grain. Biodiesel derived from vegetable oils (including grain oils) is also 

considered an advanced biofuel process.

30 Congressional Research Service, Randy Schnepf, Brent D. Yacobucci, “Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS): Overview and 

Issues”, March 14, 2013, http://www.ifdaonline.org/IFDA/media/IFDA/GR/CRS-RFS-Overview-Issues.pdf, accessed March

2015.

31 Ibid

32 United States Code 7545, 2006 Edition, Supplement IV, Title 42. The Public Health and Welfare, accessed March 2015. 

33 Energy Independence and Security Act of 2007, Clean Air Act Section 211(o)(1)
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data 16 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

The substantial Congressional activity related to ethanol is evident in the numerous bills 

introduced.34 A brief overview of some of the current federal laws and mandated incentives as 

described on the U.S. Department of Energy Alternative Fuels Data Center35 follows:

Advanced Biofuel Feedstock Incentives

“The Biomass Crop Assistance Program (BCAP; Section 9010) provides financial 

assistance to landowners and operators that establish, produce, and deliver 

biomass feedstock crops for advanced biofuel production facilities. Qualified 

feedstock producers are eligible for a reimbursement of 50% of the cost of 

establishing a biomass feedstock crop, as well as annual payments for up to five 

years for herbaceous feedstocks and up to 15 years for woody feedstocks. In 

addition, BCAP provides qualified biomass feedstock crop producers matching 

payments for the collection, harvest, storage, and transportation of their crops to 

advanced biofuel production facilities for up to two years. The matching payments 

are $1 for each $1 per dry ton paid by a qualified advanced biofuel production 

facility, up to $20 per dry ton. This program is funded through fiscal year 2018 

(verified February 2014), but is subject to Congressional appropriations 

thereafter.

The U.S. Department of Agriculture must submit a progress report to Congress on

or before February 7, 2018, communicating best practices and other relevant 

information gathered from BCAP participants.

For more information, see the Biomass Crop Assistance Program website. 

(Reference H.R. 2642, 2014 and 7 U.S. Code 8111)”

36

Advanced Biofuel Production Payments

“Through the Bioenergy Program for Advanced Biofuels (Section 9005), eligible 

producers of advanced biofuels, or fuels derived from renewable biomass other 

than corn kernel starch, may receive payments to support expanded production of 

advanced biofuels. Payment amounts will depend on the quantity and duration of 

production by the eligible producer; the net nonrenewable energy content of the 

advanced biofuel, if sufficient data is available; the number of producers 

participating in the program; and the amount of funds available. No more than 

5% of the funds will be made available to eligible producers with an annual 

refining capacity of more than 150 million gallons of advanced biofuel. This 

program is funded through fiscal year 2018 (verified February 2014), but is 

subject to congressional appropriations thereafter. For more information, see the 

Bioenergy Program for Advanced Biofuels website and contact the appropriate 

 

34 See for example the 817 proposed bills revealed by the Congress.gov search for “ethanol,” 

https://www.congress.gov/search?q=%7B%22source%22%3A%22legislation%22%2C%22search%22%3A%22%5C%22etha

nol%5C%22%22%7D

35 U.S. Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center, 

http://www.afdc.energy.gov/laws/fed_summary, accessed March 2015.

36 Ibid, http://www.afdc.energy.gov/laws/10292, accessed March 2015.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data 17 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

State Rural Development Office. (Reference Public Laws 113-79 and 112-240, 

and 7 U.S. Code 8105)”

37

Biomass Research and Development Initiative

“The U.S. Department of Agriculture's National Institute of Food and Agriculture, 

in conjunction with U.S. Department of Energy's Office of Biomass Programs, 

provides grant funding for projects addressing research, development, and 

demonstration of biofuels and biobased products and the methods, practices, and 

technologies for their production, under the Biomass Research and Development 

Initiative (Section 9008). The competitive award process focuses on three main 

technical areas: feedstock development; biofuels and biobased products 

development; and biofuels development analysis. Eligible applicants are 

institutions of higher learning, national laboratories, federal research agencies, 

private sector entities, and nonprofit organizations. The non-federal share of the 

total project cost must be at least 20%. Renewable biomass is defined as 

materials, pre-commercial thinnings, or invasive species on National Forest 

System land that qualify as byproducts of preventative treatments, are harvested 

in accordance with applicable laws, and would not otherwise be used for highervalue products, as well as naturally reoccurring organic matter on non-federal or 

non-tribal lands, including renewable plant material, feed grains, other plants 

and trees, algae, and vegetable and animal waste material and byproducts. 

Funding is authorized for this program through fiscal year 2017 (verified 

November 2014), but is subject to congressional appropriations thereafter. For 

more information, see the Biomass Research & Development website. (Reference 

H.R. 2642, 2014, and 7 U.S. Code 8108)”

38

Value-Added Producer Grants (VAPG)

“Value-Added Producer Grants (VAPG) are available to help independent 

agricultural producers enter into or expand value-added activities, including 

innovative uses of agricultural projects, such as biofuels production. Eligible 

applicants include independent producers, farmer and rancher cooperatives, 

agricultural producer groups, and majority-controlled producer-based business 

ventures. Participants may apply for either a planning grant or a working capital 

grant, but not both. In addition, no more than 10% of program funds may be 

awarded to majority-controlled producer-based business ventures. Grants are 

awarded to projects determined to be economically viable and sustainable. For 

more information about grant eligibility, see the VAPG website and contact the 

appropriate State Rural Development Office. This program is funded through 

fiscal year 2018 (verified February 2014), but is subject to congressional 

appropriations thereafter. (Reference H.R. 2642, 2014, Section 6203; and 7 U.S. 

Code 1632a)”

39

 

37 Ibid, http://www.afdc.energy.gov/laws/8503, accessed March 2015.

38 Ibid, http://www.afdc.energy.gov/laws/378, accessed March 2015.

39 Ibid, http://www.afdc.energy.gov/laws/379, accessed March 2015.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data 18 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) Program

“The national RFS Program was developed to increase the volume of renewable 

fuel that is blended into transportation fuels. As required by the Energy Policy Act 

of 2005, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) finalized RFS Program 

regulations, effective September 1, 2007. The Energy Independence and Security 

Act of 2007 (EISA) increased and expanded this standard. By 2022, 36 billion 

gallons of renewable fuel must be blended into domestic transportation fuels each 

year. A certain percentage of this renewable fuel must be advanced biofuel, which 

includes fuels derived from approved renewable biomass, excluding corn starchbased ethanol. Other advanced biofuels may include sugarcane-based fuels, 

renewable diesel co-processed with petroleum, and other biofuels that may exist 

in the future. All advanced biofuels must achieve a minimum of a 50% greenhouse 

gas (GHG) emissions reduction compared to baseline petroleum emissions. 

Nested within advanced biofuels are two sub-categories: cellulosic biofuel and 

biomass-based diesel, both of which have their own percentage requirements. 

Cellulosic biofuel is defined as any renewable fuel derived from cellulose, 

hemicellulose, or lignin that achieves a 60% GHG emissions reduction. Biomassbased diesel is defined as a renewable transportation fuel, transportation fuel 

additive, heating oil, or jet fuel, such as biodiesel or non-ester renewable diesel, 

and achieves a 50% GHG emissions reduction. If intended for use in a motor 

vehicle, the fuel must also be registered with EPA as a motor vehicle fuel or fuel 

additive.

Each year, EPA determines the annual percentage standards by dividing the 

annual amount of renewable fuel (gallons) required by EISA for each renewable 

fuel pathway by the amount of highway and nonroad gasoline and petroleum 

diesel estimated to be supplied that year. These percentages are then applied to 

obligated parties' actual fuel sales to determine their Renewable Volume 

Obligation (RVO). Any party that produces gasoline for use in the United States, 

including refiners, importers, and blenders (other than oxygenate blenders), is 

considered an obligated party under the RFS Program. Parties that do not 

produce, import, or market fuels within the 48 contiguous states are exempt from 

the renewable fuel tracking program.

To facilitate and track compliance with the RFS, a producer or importer of 

renewable fuel must generate Renewable Identification Numbers (RINs) to 

represent renewable fuels produced or imported by the entity on or after 

September 1, 2007, assigned by gallon or batch. Assigned RINs are transferred 

when ownership of a batch of fuel occurs, but not when fuel only changes custody. 

A trading program is in place to allow obligated parties to comply with their 

annual RVO requirements through the purchase of RINs. Obligated parties must 

register with EPA in order to participate in the trading program. For each 

calendar year, an obligated party must demonstrate that it has sufficient RINs to 

cover its RVO. RINs may only be used for compliance purposes in the calendar 

year they are generated or the following year. Obligated parties must report their 
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data 19 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

ownership of RINs to EPA's Office of Transportation and Air Quality on a 

quarterly and annual basis.

For more information, see the RFS Program website.

(Reference 42 U.S. Code 7545(o) and 40 CFR 80.1100-80.1167)”

40

Additionally, several states independently have passed programs to promote production of 

biofuel feedstock. Following are a sample of a few of these programs in select states. For 

further information, please visit the DOE website at http://www.afdc.energy.gov/laws/state. A 

list of state and federal laws and incentive programs are provided in Appendix D.

Florida

Biofuels Investment Tax Credit

“An income tax credit is available for 75% of all capital, operation, maintenance, 

and research and development costs incurred in connection with an investment in 

the production, storage, and distribution of biodiesel (B10-B100), ethanol (E10-

E100), or other renewable fuel in the state, up to $1 million annually per taxpayer 

and $10 million annually for all taxpayers combined. Costs associated with 

retrofitting gasoline fueling station dispenser retrofits for B10-B100, E10-E100, 

or other renewable fuel distribution also qualify. Taxpayers must incur costs 

between July 1, 2012, and June 30, 2016. If the credit is not fully used in any one 

tax year, the unused amount may be carried forward through December 31, 2018. 

Beginning January 1, 2014, any entity that is allowed the investment tax credit 

may transfer the credit, in whole or in part, to any taxpayer by written agreement 

without transferring ownership interest in the qualified property. Renewable fuel 

is defined as a fuel produced from biomass that is used to replace or reduce 

conventional fuel use. (Reference Florida Statutes 212.08 and 220.192)”

41

Provision for Renewable Fuels Investment

“To create jobs and improve the state's general infrastructure, the Florida State 

Board of Administration may invest up to 1.5% of the net assets of the system trust 

fund in technology and growth investments of businesses operating in Florida, 

including businesses related to biofuels, renewable energy, and other related 

applications. (Reference Florida Statutes 215.47)”

42

California

Support for Advance Biofuel Development

“The California Legislature urges the U.S. Congress or the U.S. Environmental 

Protection Agency to take action to amend the U.S. Renewable Fuel Standard to 

favor non-food crop biofuel feedstocks and promote the development of advanced 

 

40 Ibid, http://www.afdc.energy.gov/laws/390, accessed March 2015.

41 Ibid, http://www.afdc.energy.gov/laws/6074, accessed March 2015.

42 Ibid, http://www.afdc.energy.gov/laws/6424, accessed March 2015.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data 20 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

fuels, such as cellulosic ethanol. (Reference Assembly Joint Resolution 21, 

2013)”

43

Louisiana

Biofuels Feedstock Requirements

“Renewable fuel production plants operating in Louisiana and deriving ethanol 

from the distillation of corn must use corn crops harvested in Louisiana to meet at 

least 20% of the facility's total feedstock requirement. Renewable fuel plants 

operating in Louisiana and deriving biodiesel from soybeans and other crops 

must use soybean crops harvested in Louisiana to meet at least 2.5% of the 

facility's total feedstock requirement. In succeeding years, the minimum 

percentage of Louisiana-harvested corn and soybeans used to produce renewable 

fuel in Louisiana facilities must be at least the same percentage of corn and 

soybeans used nationally to produce renewable fuel as reported by the U.S. 

Department of Agriculture's Office of the Chief Economist. To ensure that the 

appropriate amounts of Louisiana-harvested feedstocks are available for 

renewable fuel production, renewable fuel manufacturing facilities are 

responsible for communicating their anticipated production levels and specific 

feedstock requirements to the Department of Agriculture and Forestry 180 days 

before the start of commercial operation and on an annual basis thereafter. 

Additionally, all renewable fuel manufacturing plants must provide an annual 

report to the state that includes certification that the plant has purchased 

Louisiana feedstock; production levels; the amount, type, and origination of 

feedstock used; and any financial benefits the state has provided, including 

grants, financing, and exemptions. (Reference Louisiana Revised Statutes 

3:3712)”

44

Minnesota

Cellulosic Ethanol Investment Tax Credit

“A tax credit is available for investments in a qualified small business that uses or 

is involved in the research or development of a proprietary technology related to 

cellulosic ethanol. The tax credit is equal to 25% of the qualified investment, up to 

$250,000 annually. The credit is available for an investment of up to $1 million 

over the life of a qualified small business. Eligible small businesses must receive 

state certification and meet other requirements, such as being headquartered in 

Minnesota. The tax credit expires January 1, 2015. (Reference Minnesota Statutes 

13.4967 and 116J.8737)”

45

Other Programs of Support for Feedstock Sorghum

Producers of feedstock sorghum can avail themselves of a variety of support programs from the 

federal, state, and private sectors. Some of these programs specifically address risk. Most assist 

in risk management by providing information that allows the producer to make informed 

 

43 Ibid, http://www.afdc.energy.gov/laws/11160, accessed March 2015.

44 Ibid, http://www.afdc.energy.gov/laws/6104, accessed March 2015.

45 Ibid, http://www.afdc.energy.gov/laws/8540, accessed March 2015.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data 21 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

decisions. Programs available to feedstock sorghum production operations and available 

purchased risk management programs supporting individual operations are addressed in this 

section of the report.

Federal Programs

Federal programs are offered primarily by agencies of the USDA serving the sorghum feedstock

industry. Producers of feedstock sorghum are not eligible for marketing loans, price supports, or 

any direct payments based on current or historical production.

Agricultural Marketing Service (AMS)

Producers of feedstock sorghum benefit from general services of the AMS including the 

following programs:

 Promotion and Research;

 Marketing and Economic Research; and

 Plant Variety Protection Act (PVPA).

Recent support from AMS, in conjunction with state extension services, has addressed potential 

markets for sorghum. AMS also provides support for extension research into disease prevention, 

including management of disease vectors which is generally applicable to crops. The PVPA46 is 

a U.S. intellectual property statute giving breeders up to 25 years of control over new, distinct, 

uniform, and stable sexually-reproduced or tuber-propagated varieties, protection similar to that 

available through patents. Some new varieties of feedstock sorghum are protected under this act.

Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service (APHIS)

APHIS is responsible for protecting and promoting U.S. agricultural health. APHIS has been 

tasked with responsibility for enforcing the obligations of the United States under phytosanitary 

rules such as the Codex Alimentarius, responding to plant health import requirements of other 

countries, and assisting in negotiating science-based trade restrictions. APHIS programs protect 

producers of crops by maintaining a safe environment for production.

Economic Research Service (ERS)

ERS provides data and analysis on product supply and demand, as well as information on 

industry structure, pricing, trade, production policies, production systems, and processing. 

Several ERS publications on alternate fuels mention sweet sorghum and/or biomass sorghum. 

There is limited information in these reports for the producer, and none focused on risk.

Farm Service Agency (FSA)

FSA provides financial assistance to producers facing losses from natural disaster (i.e., drought, 

flood, fire, freeze, tornadoes, pest infestation, and other “calamities”). FSA’s Noninsured Crop 

Disaster Assistance Program (NAP) provides payments to producers of non-insurable crops 

when low yields, loss of inventory, or prevented planting occur due to a natural disaster. Eligible 

producers include landowners, tenants, and sharecroppers who share in the risk of producing an 

eligible crop. The average non-farm adjusted gross income of the producer cannot exceed 

$500,000. A payment limitation of $100,000 per individual or entity per crop year applies. The 

natural disaster causing the loss must occur before or during harvest and must directly affect the 

 

46 7 U.S.C. 2321-2582
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data 22 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

eligible crop. The specific rules for inclusion of production under the FSA programs are 

contained in 7 CFR 1437.303.47

FSA’s Supplemental Revenue Assistance Payments (SURE) Program provided benefits to 

producers for 2008 through 2011 crop year farm revenue losses due to natural disasters. It was 

the successor to earlier ad hoc crop disaster programs. Beginning in 2009 through September 

2011, producers or legal entities whose average non-farm income exceeded $500,000 were not 

eligible. A “farm” was eligible for a SURE payment when a portion of the farm was located in a 

county covered by a qualifying natural disaster declaration (USDA Secretarial Declarations only) 

or a contiguous county, or the actual production was less than 50 percent of the normal 

production. A producer must have obtained available purchased risk management instruments 

for all crops of economic significance48 through either the Federal Crop Insurance Act (Act) or 

NAP as a condition of eligibility. The farm’s SURE guarantee could not exceed 90 percent of 

the expected revenue for the farm (i.e., there was a 10 percent deductible). Producers must have 

suffered a 10 percent production loss to at least one crop of economic significance on the farm in 

order to be eligible for a SURE payment. A qualifying loss must have been caused by a natural 

disaster. A limit of $100,000 applies to the combination of payments from SURE. The 

Contractor is not aware of any disaster relief being claimed by feedstock sorghum producers.

Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS)

FAS maintains internet links to resources for producers. These links focus on sites that identify 

production practices and data, including the UN FAO import and export data. The Contractor 

did not locate any FAS links related to the feedstock sorghum.

National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS)

NASS is the primary data collection and publication service of the USDA. Its data series are 

widely used by producers, businesses, and researchers. Limited sorghum syrup acreage and farm 

numbers data are collected as part of the Census of Agriculture. No feedstock sorghum data 

have been collected in past Census survey documents.

Risk Management Agency

WFRP policies are available to some feedstock sorghum producers. These insurance policies

provide whole farm revenue insurance coverage based on a producer’s Schedule F of the IRS 

Form 1040 tax return. These plans of insurance protect producers from revenue losses resulting 

from unavoidable natural disasters and from market fluctuations. Most farm-raised crops, 

including sorghum production, are eligible to be insured under these plans. WFRP policies can 

be used alone or in conjunction with other federal crop insurance plans. Feedstock sorghum is 

not insured as a named crop and would logically be insured under the other crops commodity 

code.

Rural Development (RD, formerly Rural Business–Cooperative Service (RBS))

RD is a small agency with limited funding and staff whose purpose is to finance and facilitate 

development of small and emerging private business enterprises, and promote sustainable 

 

47 CFR, Title 7, Subtitle B, Chapter XIV, Subchapter B, Part 1437, Subpart D, Section 1437.303.

48 A crop of economic significance contributes at least five percent of the expected revenue for a producer’s farm.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data 23 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

economic development in rural communities.49 This agency could potentially serve producers of 

feedstock sorghum. However, the Contractor was unable to identify any RD programs 

supporting feedstock sorghum production.

State Government Programs

State programs and regulations affect feedstock sorghum production. Some states have 

regulations that replace or complement federal phytosanitary or environmental standards. The 

various regulations are similar to federal standards, often referencing them as minima. The 

purpose of these regulations is to reduce risks of diseases and the vectors that carry those 

diseases. States also provide support for the NIFA programs.

Private Insurance Inventory

Private insurance companies offer coverage to commercial sorghum feedstock operations; 

available coverage is described below. These products do not mirror the structure of any existing 

FCIC insurance. Instead these products focus on limited, producer-identified, named perils.

Weather Insurance Coverage

Private weather insurance is available from a number of traditional and online insurance 

companies. These products are often reinsured by major reinsurance companies (e.g., Munich 

Re, Swiss Re, Renaissance Re, etc.). The policies are generally “one off” contracts, customized 

to reflect specific named perils identified by the insured. This insurance can be structured to 

cover any one weather event (e.g., extreme cold or excessive rainfall) or combinations of 

weather the producer chooses from available options. These policies have relatively high 

premiums, are not subject to premium subsidies, and cover losses only from the specific named 

perils.

Basic Business Liability

Basic business liability insurance is available. Business liability coverage does not provide any 

insurance on a growing crop.

Employers Contingent Liability

Employers Contingent Liability is available with the ability to add employees as insureds. 

Contingent liability does not provide any coverage on a growing crop.

 

49 USDA, RD, 2011, Business, http://www.rurdev.usda.gov/Business.html, accessed May 2011.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data 24 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

V. DATA COLLECTION

The Contractor conducted an extensive search for price and yield data at the national and 

regional level, with a focus on geographic regions where refineries using sweet or biomass 

sorghum as a feedstock were contemplated. The search targeted both quantitative and 

testimonial data. The data collection from testimony is documented in the Stakeholder Input 

section of this report.

The Contractor searched for quantitative data on sweet or biomass sorghum for energy and biobased product production from sources recognized by the government as appropriate. The 

actuarial community also uses the source of quantitative data as one measure of data quality in its 

actuarial analysis. The contract for this study defines acceptable data sources as follows:

Publications and data of the RMA, FSA, NIFA [National Institute of Food and 

Agriculture], NASS and other agencies of the USDA; marketing and promotion

organizations, supported by public funds or a check-off system; State 

Departments of Agriculture; any grower organization or association, whose 

membership represents 15 percent of growers in the area the organization or 

association serves; any generally recognized authoritative or professional journal 

or magazine; any other source approved by RMA, such as schools of higher 

education, international agencies, (FAO or the World Bank; growers’ 

organizations or associations whose membership is representative of growers in 

one or more areas); and farm level data subject to review by qualified crop 

insurance experts.50

In spite of the Contractor’s extensive search for price and yield data at the national and regional 

level, no quantitative data series for these attributes was obtained.

RMA collects data on grain sorghum and silage sorghum. The grain sorghum data are collected 

from Alabama, Arizona, Arkansas, California, Colorado, Delaware, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, 

Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Kentucky, Louisiana, Maryland, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New 

Jersey, New Mexico, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Oklahoma, Pennsylvania, 

South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Virginia, and Wisconsin. The silage sorghum 

data are collected from selected counties in Colorado, Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and 

Texas. RMA does not publish data on sweet or biomass sorghum for energy and bio-based 

product production, risks, or prices. The inclusion of data on some varieties of sweet sorghum 

and biomass sorghum in the RMA data for grain sorghum and silage sorghums was inferred from 

comments made by some producers and extension agents. However, preliminary consideration 

of the RMA unpublished data led the Contractor to conclude there is no way to mine the RMA 

data for relevant data focused exclusively on sweet and biomass sorghum grown as a feedstock 

for energy and bio-based products.

FSA collects information from producers about agricultural production. If these data were 

collected for all crops by a consistent methodology, they might be mined for data on sweet or 

biomass sorghum for energy and bio-based product production. However, a sorghum expert who 

had attempted to mine those data reported inconsistent documentation of production of sweet or 

 

50 DOI, 2015, Order D15PX00044, page 18 of 35.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data 25 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

biomass sorghum by FSA.51 Furthermore, the FSA data do not generally include data on the 

purpose for which the crop was grown. Consequently, even if data on sweet sorghum were 

available, it would be impossible to distinguish between the portion of the crop grown as a 

feedstock for energy of bio-based products and the portions grown for processing as a food or as 

a feed.

NASS does systematically collect data on grain sorghum as part of the Census of Agriculture. 

Prior to 2007, USDA considered sweet sorghum to be a non-grain sorghum. There are 

occasional records in the Census of Agriculture concerning sweet sorghum production prior to 

that date. The reader should note that this sweet sorghum reported in the Census was grown for 

production of food rather than as a bio-based product or energy feedstock. In 2007, the USDA 

Grain Inspection, Packers and Stockyards Administration published a final rule in the Federal 

Register that incorporated sweet sorghum with the potential to produce typical sorghum seeds 

into the definition grain sorghum.52 Thereafter, NASS documentation of sweet sorghum 

production is limited. The Contractor believes some sweet sorghum data may be included in the 

published grain sorghum data series, but there is no way to separate the sweet sorghum data from 

the aggregate data series.

The Census of Agriculture is the leading source of quantitative data about U.S. agriculture. The 

Census is conducted every five years. NASS reports the Census “is the only source of uniform, 

comprehensive agricultural data for every state and county in the United States.” Every farmer, 

regardless of the size or type of operation, is expected to participate in the Census. While the 

2012 Census of Agriculture collected information concerning all areas of farming operations, 

including production expenses, market value of products, and operator characteristics, there is no 

mention of sweet sorghum grown for any purpose or of biomass sorghum in the 2012 Census

reports. No consistent time-series data for sweet or biomass sorghum for energy and bio-based 

product production are available from this service.

NIFA reports covering sweet and biomass sorghum focus on government grants supporting 

research into these crops and programs providing incentives for processors to develop processing 

facilities. The Contractor identified no NIFA publications that included any data series for sweet 

or biomass sorghum for energy and bio-based product production.

There are numerous public reports from extension offices concerning the potential for production 

of sorghum as an “alternative crop.” These reports include evidence of production potential. In 

general, the reports address the remarkable range of yields that may be obtained depending on 

variety, locale, and environmental condition. For example, the University of Florida (UF) 

Institute of Food and Agricultural Sciences (IFAS) reports: 

UF/IFAS data are similar to data collected from multiple sources, with a wide 

range of genetic variability, production practices, and growing environments. 

These studies have shown that biomass yields of sweet sorghums can range from 

8 to 48 tons per acre and juice content ranges from 65% to 80%. The combined 

 

51 John Duff, Renewables Director, Sorghum Checkoff, personal communication, March 2015.

52 Federal Register, 2007, Vol. 72, No. 139: page 39730 / Friday, July 20, 2007 / Rules and Regulations, 

http://www.gipsa.usda.gov/federalregister/fr07/7-20-07a.pdf, accessed March 2015.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data 26 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

sugar content of the juice varies between 9%–20%. Sugar yields vary from 1.6 to 

6.9 tons per acre. The bagasse and leaves make up the remainder of the wet 

biomass. The bagasse represents approximately two thirds of the dry matter. 

Fermentation of the sugar in the juice yields between 400–600 gallons of ethanol 

per acre.53

These quantitative studies are generally based on small plot field trials conducted with a wide 

range of varieties over relatively short periods. The focus of the local field trials is to identify 

appropriate varieties to plant in the area. Longer time series trials are rare. The largest fields 

planted have generally been reported to be in the tens of acres. The Contractor requested data 

from universities, producers, and processors who indicated their involvement in field trials. One 

has indicated his willingness to provide such data. It was not received in time to be incorporated 

into this report. A second provided information that his operation has sweet sorghum production 

data for two “seasons” (2010-2011) in one county in Tennessee and for three “seasons” (2011-

2014) in a second county in Tennessee. The total acreage planted for these data ranges from 50 

to 165 acres per year. This producer indicated his willingness to provide the entire dataset for 

the non-hybrid types of sweet sorghum he produces but he is constrained by confidentiality 

agreements in providing any data associated with the hybrid types of sweet sorghum. Processors 

consider their data proprietary. It is likely university staff will be willing to release field trial 

data for a development effort. However, the restricted scope of those data will limit their utility 

in an actuarial analysis of the crops.

Once processors are fully engaged in commercial production, they are likely to maintain data 

relevant to the insurance development effort. Several processors have expressed a strong interest 

in having insurance available for producers providing feedstock for their operation. It is likely 

that as processing expands data from some processors will become available. While sales under 

contract are more likely to have third party weight measurements and financial settlement, the 

Contractor identified no sources documenting such contract sales.

Much of the sweet sorghum produced in the United States is grown for food rather than as an 

energy or bio-based product feedstock. Anecdotal reports suggest that much of the sweet 

sorghum grown for food is milled (i.e., processed) on the farm. Production records for these 

crops processed on the farm are less consistently documented.

Quality

The Contractor could not identify any time series database that documents the percentage of the 

sweet sorghum harvested at various °Brix levels, nor databases documenting the associated sugar 

extraction for commercial production. Some data is available from the various biofuel refinery 

proof-of concept trials on a small scale. The Contractor identified no publicly available data 

describing the percentage of biomass sorghum harvested at various levels of moisture content or

associated financial losses due to additional energy inputs necessary to reduce moisture during 

processing.

 

53 Vermerris, W., J. Erickson, D. Wright, Y. Newman, and C. Rainbolt, 2011, Production of Biofuel Crops in Florida: Sweet 

Sorghum, http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ag298, accessed March 2015.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data 27 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Production of biomass sorghum and sweet sorghum is measured in U.S. short tons, i.e., 2,000 

pounds avoirdupois. The Contractor requested production data from individual producers, 

processors, and organizations partnering with university extension offices conducting field trials.

Very limited data has been obtained as a result of these requests. The field trials are conducted 

under management practices that may differ from commercial production practices. However, at 

this time, the field trial and proof-of-concept data appear to be the only data that could be used to 

document sweet and biomass sorghum production for feedstocks for energy and bio-based 

products.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data 28 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

VI. STAKEHOLDER INPUT

The Contractor contacted producers, insurance providers, and industry leaders representing 

producers at the state and national levels to determine the level of interest in an insurance 

program for biomass sorghum and/or sweet sorghum for energy and biobased product 

feedstocks. These efforts culminated in listening sessions in California, Florida, Kansas, and 

Louisiana. The sessions were attended by two producers, one producer organization 

representative, three insurance industry representatives, and three bio-based products industry 

representatives. The Contractor also engaged in email correspondence and/or telephone 

conversations with an additional 43 stakeholders including 15 university extension officers.

The strongest interest in crop insurance for biomass and sweet sorghum as a feedstock for 

renewable biofuel, renewable electricity, or bio-based products came from the end users of the 

crop. These stakeholders believed having a dependable supply of sorghum as a feedstock was 

strongly impacted by the availability of crop insurance for the producers of that feedstock 

sorghum. In contrast, many of the producers who communicated with the Contractor seemed to 

consider the sorghum as a catch crop. Based on testimony from stakeholders, the limited 

demand for biomass sorghum and sweet sorghum, and especially for these crops as a feedstock 

for energy and bio-based products, was influenced by a decrease in federal support for 

production of biofuels and a drastic decline in the price of petroleum.

The Contractor gathered stakeholder input during listening sessions with producers, insurance 

industry representatives, extension agents, producer organization representatives, and USDA 

staff. The Contractor collected this input during four sessions focused on gathering information 

regarding the level of interest the sorghum industry may have in acquiring an insurance product 

for biomass sorghum and sweet sorghum. The sessions were conversations with the stakeholders 

driven by an agenda (Appendix E). The listening sessions were held in Garden City, Kansas, on 

March 10, 2015; in Fort Pierce, Florida, on March 12, 2015; in Modesto, California, on March 

17, 2015; and in Mansura, Louisiana, on March 19, 2015.

The Contractor contacted four grower associations – National Sorghum Producers, Sweet 

Sorghum Association, Louisiana Soybean and Grain Research Promotion Board, and Kansas 

Grain Sorghum – through telephone and email correspondence. The Contractor asked each 

grower group to convey an invitation to the listening session to its membership. Two weeks 

before the onsite listening sessions the Contractor sent the USDA RMA-approved Press Release 

(Appendix F) to local papers and regional agricultural publications. These announcements were 

available to run for two weeks in each region and contained a brief synopsis of the topic for the 

listening session as well as an email address to communicate directly with the Contractor. The 

Contractor did receive email confirmation from one source that the press release had been 

published on both its website and in its publication for the two week time period prior to the 

listening session in California. The Contractor also fielded a phone call from a producer/crop 

insurance agent in Kansas who indicated he read about the listening session in a regional 

agricultural publication. Additionally, the Contractor contacted university extension specialists 

in all four targeted states and requested both their presence at the listening sessions and that they 

convey the information to sorghum producers with whom they worked directly. The Contractor 

further contacted crop insurance agents in the regions where the listening sessions were 

scheduled and encouraged their participation and communication of information about the 
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data 29 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

listening session to their clients. The Contractor also contacted stakeholders from USDA ARC 

and USDA ERRC. The Contractor contacted six biofuel production facilities in three of the four 

states which indicated they used sorghum or bagasse as a feedstock for their production process 

and extended personal invitations to the staff member responsible for acquiring the feedstock for 

the plants. Finally, the Contractor invited venture capitalist investor groups who report interest 

in pursuing development of cellulosic bio-refineries or bio-refineries using sweet sorghum as a 

feedstock.

This comprehensive approach to provide notice to the stakeholder community has generally been 

successful in encouraging stakeholder participation at listening sessions. As an interesting note, 

the state in which the bio-refinery involved in using sorghum as a feedstock closed its operations 

in December 2014 had the largest number of participants at the onsite listening sessions. 

However, in spite of the large number of invitations extended and the wide range of approaches 

to reach out to stakeholders, overall participation in the listening session for this research project 

was low.

To supplement the input gathered from listening sessions, the Contractor conducted several 

telephonic conversations outside these more structured stakeholder input gathering exercises. 

Many of the conversations outside the listening session venues were follow-up conversations 

with leads provided at a listening session. However, one conversation with a major sweet 

sorghum producer from Missouri was instigated by the producer after hearing about the listening 

sessions from a colleague. This producer conversation provided useful input which shaped both 

the agenda and preparation for the formal listening sessions.

Those who participated in the listening sessions were provided a brief summary of the crop 

insurance development process. Participants were encouraged to express their opinions 

concerning the feasibility of insuring “biomass sorghum and sweet sorghum that is grown 

expressly for the purposes of producing a feedstock for renewable biofuel, renewable electricity, 

or bio-based products.” Although scheduled for an hour, the Contractor placed no limit on the 

actual length of the listening sessions and the longest, in Marksville, Louisiana, lasted more than 

two hours. That session was especially spirited and informative.

Garden City, Kansas

Garden City, Kansas was selected as the site for one of the listening sessions in part because the 

city is home to the Bonanza Energy Biofuel refinery which boasts a 55 million gallon per year 

production of biofuel using corn and sorghum as the feedstock. There are also two other biofuel 

refineries near Garden City. These are located in Hugoton and Colwich, both in Kansas. Both 

these refineries indicate they use corn and sorghum as feedstock and the refinery in Hugoton 

reports they use crop residue and cellulosic energy crops as feedstock.

Additionally, Finney County, Kansas, where Garden City is located, boasts production of grain 

sorghum on more than 95,300 acres54 and insured acres for grain sorghum in Finney County in 

2014 reached 84,125 net acres.

55

 The Contractor was provided with a meeting room in the 

 

54 USDA, NASS, 2014 production, Quick Stats, accessed March 2015 

55 USDA, RMA, 2014 Summary of Business, accessed March 2015
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data 30 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Hampton Inn and Suites in Garden City, and signage was posted in both the lobby of the hotel 

and near the entrances to the meeting room to encourage participation. The listening session was 

intended to collect feedback rather than to provide current industry information. The Contractor 

facilitated the one-hour session with one stakeholder in attendance, a representative from the 

Topeka Regional Office of RMA.

Fort Pierce, Florida

Fort Pierce, Florida is located about mid-way between the Ineos New Plant BioEnergy refinery 

in Vero Beach, Florida and 500,000 acres of sugar cane production area on the shores of 

Okeechobee Lake. The cane acreage has been proposed as a location for sorghum production 

during the off-can years in the crop rotation. The meeting was held in a meeting room at the Fort 

Pierce Hampton Inn and Suites in Fort Pierce, Florida from 9:00 am to 10:00 am Eastern time on 

March 12, 2015. One stakeholder attended this session. The stakeholder was a representative 

from the bioenergy industry as well as a producer and member of the Sweet Sorghum 

Association.

Modesto, California

The session in Modesto was located between two ethanol refineries on Highway 99 in California. 

The Aemetis refinery in Keyes, California reports producing 55 million gallons per year of 

ethanol using corn and sorghum as feedstocks. The Pacific Ethanol refinery in Stockton, 

Calfornia reports production of 60 million gallons per year of ethanol, also using corn and 

sorghum feedstock. Pacific Ethanol also has a refinery in Madera, California, a bit further south 

of Modesto, which reports production of 40 million gallons per year of ethanol using corn and 

sorghum feedstock. Furthermore, Stanislaus County sits between Tulare County and Glenn 

County where the majority of sorghum is produced in California.

The Contractor conducted a listening session at the Stanislaus County Harvest Hall in Modesto, 

California from 2:00 pm to 3:00 pm Pacific time on March 17, 2015. One stakeholder attended 

this session. The stakeholder was a representative from the Davis Regional Office for RMA.

Marksville, Louisiana

Marksville, Louisiana is located in the heart of the sorghum production area in Louisiana and at 

the northern end of the sugarcane production area for the state. Sweet sorghum is produced on 

relatively small, individual plots by hobby farmers in the area for use in syrup production. The 

bio-refinery in Jennings, Louisiana shut down operations in mid-December 2014. Prior to 

ending operations, BP Biofuels North America used sugarcane bagasse as the feedstock to 

produce 1.5 million gallons per year of ethanol. Sugarcane bagasse and sorghum bagasse have 

similar physical and chemical characteristics and have been reported as fungible for most 

biorefining purposes.

The Contractor conducted a listening session at the Hampton Inn and Suites in Marksville, 

Louisiana from 9:00 am to 10:00 am Central time on March 19, 2015. Four stakeholders 

attended this session. The stakeholders represented producers, the bioenergy industry, the 

National Sorghum Producers Association, the Sweet Sorghum Association, and the government.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data 31 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Listening Sessions Comments

The following comments gleaned from the listening sessions are categorized by theme. The 

Contractor identifies the origin of the comment by industry segment using the following 

descriptors:

A = Association Representative

P = Producer

G = Government Agency Representative

E = Bioenergy Industry

Theme 1: Size of Industry

 Sorghum is grown where sugarcane can be grown but also a lot of other locations. (G)

 Biomass and sweet sorghum for energy and bio-based products is still in its infancy. (A)

 It may be premature to have a crop insurance program for sorghum grown as a bio-based 

product feedstock. (E)

 Sorghum for energy and bio-based products is a logical crop for Tennessee, Kentucky, 

Missouri, Arkansas, and Mississippi. (P)

 Sorghum is acclimated to grow in much of the contiguous United States. (P)

 Sweet sorghum has a strong potential as a feedstock for specialty sweeteners. This could 

support hundreds of thousands of acres of production. (P)

 A lot of people have just switched to corn - grain sorghum as a primary crop has just 

gone down over the years. Though the sorghum industry wants to be up there, when corn 

prices spike, it is much easier to market corn because producers want to grow it and 

understand the financial implications of the two options. (G)

 For our refinery, we need between 3,000 and 3,500 tons of feedstock per day to stay 

operational. That works out to needing about 200 acres [of sorghum or similar feedstock] 

per day being harvested within about 20 to 25 miles of our facility. (E)

 It’s basically a crop that is in an industry that is in its infancy. (E)

Theme 2: Commodity Pricing

 Sorghum can be successfully used at a feedstock for biofuels if the sugar is priced at 

$0.10 to $0.14 per pound as long as there are federal subsidies supporting the processors. 

(P)

 Sorghum can be successfully used at a feedstock for bio-based products if the sugar is 

priced at $0.20 per pound. (P)

 I average 16 tons per acre which generally results in 200 gallons of 80 °Brix expressed 

liquid. So depending on the price of sugar on the market, I have several options for my 

production [including providing feedstock to bio-refineries]. (P)

Theme 3: Contract Terms

 Our contracts have a take or pay clause. (E)

 I could see, from this side of it, if on a contracted basis, and if you are looking for a crop 

that is somewhat consistent in yields, is drought resistant, and uses less water....if you 

can consistently get that...it would be to their advantage to plant sorghum. (G)

 If they can guarantee a price, and yields are somewhat stable, it would be appealing to a 

producer given that [dryland yield] is more than other products that they could grow, 

even with their price risk. (G)
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data 32 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

 Even with the other variables that they might be running into - marginal issues. If they 

had a guaranteed income for the next five years, that’s pretty appealing. Even if the price 

of corn goes up a couple bucks a bushel this year, you never know if it will be this year. 

(G)

 When I contract for more acreage for my mill, I generally write the contract on a dollar 

per ton at the silage sorghum market price plus a negotiated premium. (P)

 We are planning to contract for a base rate per ton plus a bonus based on °Brix of sugar 

in the crop. (E)

 We don’t need sorghum sugar for the manufacture of sorghum-based bio-based products. 

(E)

Theme 4: Type of Insurance Interests

 Sorghum bagasse has the potential to be an important income element for producers. (P)

 When the grain sorghum producers contacted us asking about inclusion in the LEMA

[Local Enhanced Management Area], we looked into including them in our expanded 

written agreement options for limited irrigation. Since the limit is currently 11 inches 

and they need 11 inches to grow the crop, we don’t see including them in our program at 

this point. (G) 

 I haven’t heard of any demand for a sorghum bioenergy or biobased products policy. (G)

 I think sweet sorghum would be better served if you could lump it together with its 

cousins so to say, as an extension of grain sorghum. (E)

 We would look to take advantage of the crop insurance though, only because I think it 

would prudent and I don't want to find out the hard way how devastating a loss of a sweet 

sorghum crop could be. (P)

 There are considerations here in Florida that aren’t as big a concern in South Texas or 

New Mexico or Imperial Valley in California...but hurricanes are one. I don’t know if 

insurance would cover disease. (P)

Theme 5: Demand from Biofuels Industry for Crop

 We have invested heavily in research and development using sorghum as a feedstock for 

bio-based products production. (E) 

 The timing of the development of bio-based products technology and sorghum breeding 

make this a perfect time to develop a sorghum bioenergy/bio-based products agricultural 

sector. (E)

 We have formally announced our interest in sorghum for bio-based products. (E)

 There is a lot of investment and commercial interest in sorghum for energy and bio-based 

products. (A)

 There is a potential market for sorghum for energy and bio-based products right now, 

perhaps more even than actual production. (A)

 There has been a lot of research by seed companies to develop seed for sorghum for 

energy and biobased products. (A)

 There are many opportunities for sorghum for energy and/or bio-based products. (P)

 Sorghum can be used as a feedstock for butadiene, butanol, ethanol glycol, isobutanol, 

isoprene, succinic acid, and 1,3-propanediol. (P)
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data 33 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

 A single 40 million gallon per year sorghum bioethanol plant would require 125,000 

acres of sweet sorghum per year. (P)

 A production scale bio-based products plant would require 187,500 acres of sweet 

sorghum per year. (P)

 The industry is not getting enough money, not enough interest... everything went to 

corn...what they have done with corn and soybeans they could probably do with other 

crops, but with 34% of corn production going to fuel, there is too much incentive. (G)

 If you change that incentive to another product, you will find it - Monsanto and everyone 

else will fix the seed and hybrid issues to the best of their abilities. (G)

 I believe that within ten years after we open our plant, there will be at least a dozen or 

more imitators on board. (E)

Theme 6: Natural Risks and Industry Response

 Sorghum is acclimated to grow in the contiguous United States were there is sufficient 

water available. (E)

 Sorghum is grown where sugarcane can be grown but also a lot of other locations. (G)

 Sorghum for energy and bio-based products is great because it doesn’t require irrigation. 

(A)

 I think sweet sorghum can be grown anywhere in the Sunbelt along the Gulf Coast area, 

South Texas, certainly Louisiana with its wealth of sugar cane, Southern New Mexico 

and Arizona and into the Imperial Valley of California...that’s where I envision this 

industry popping up, as well as in Central and South America. (E)

 Unlike the cane industry... they have to replant with a 5 foot section of the cane – if wind 

lays their crop down horizontally, they would lose the entire crop because it takes a year 

to replant and mature. In our case, we could be back in business in 90-120 days, so our 

downtime following a wind event wouldn't be as devastating as it is to the sugar industry. 

(P)

Theme 7: Risks Associated with Crop and Risk Mitigation Options

 One upside of sorghum as a bio-based products feedstock is its wide harvest window. (E)

 Because of moisture, sorghum as a bioenergy feedstock is more expensive to move than 

stover or woody biomass. (E)

 Sorghum can be processed after frost. There is little risk at the harvest end of production. 

(P)

 Sorghum uses less water than corn, to get a decent yield. My experience indicates about 

33% less. (G)

 If sorghum is using 40% less water than corn, I would say it is an extremely viable 

alternative crop solution-given price. (G)

 Just like a sugar mill, whatever you harvest that day has to be processed that day- unlike 

the corn industry where you stockpile it and nothing happens to it. (E)

 You have to harvest it every day. It is the exact same model of the sugar industry. You 

have to really harvest it within 24 hours. (E)

 It has to be brought to the mill and processed through the mill in 24 hours. (E)
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data 34 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Theme 8: Financial Risks Associated with Crop and Mitigation Options

 It just doesn’t make financial sense to produce cellulosic ethanol from sorghum at this 

time. (P)

 It doesn’t make financial sense to produce cellulosic ethanol from any feedstock at this 

time. (E)

 There is lots of room for innovation on bio-based products derived from sorghum. (E)

 Sorghum makes more sense for biodiesel than for cellulosic ethanol. (P)

 Production of sorghum for energy and bio-based products will be focused around mills 

and processing facilities. (A)

 Sorghum biofuels production is best suited to the sugarcane production region. (P)

 Sorghum bio-based products would drive significant acreage increases for sorghum. (P)

 High performance hybrid sweet sorghum will improve financials for bio-based product 

production and for the farms producing the sorghum. (P)

 Grain Sorghum is very level and might be drought tolerant, but if there is more money to 

be made in corn, it doesn’t make sense to plant sorghum. (G)

 There has been a lot more technology made for corn seed than milo seed. That becomes 

an issue too- if you can’t raise the yields, and corn is creeping up with higher yields every 

year and milo is the same, you are losing ground. That revenue difference becomes 

bigger and bigger. (G)

 So at the depressed prices today that ethanol is at, every ethanol supplier is looking for 

incremental opportunities whether it’s drinking alcohol or industrial uses in the chemical 

industry, the paint industry...your plastic water bottle is a derivative of an oil based 

product and can be produced using alcohol from sweet sorghum. (E)
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data 35 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

VII. RISK ANALYSIS

The Contractor found no evidence the risks associated with production of biomass sorghum and 

sweet sorghum that is grown expressly for the purposes of producing a feedstock for renewable 

biofuel, renewable electricity, or bio-based products are substantially different from those for 

grain and silage sorghum, except that the conditions required for pollination and grain 

development are not crucial for sweet and biomass feedstock sorghum production. Generally, 

sources of risk in agriculture include production, price (market), financial, institutional, and 

human (personal) risk. However, the fundamental question addressed in this report is whether it 

is feasible to provide federally-subsidized crop insurance under the terms of the Act as an 

element sorghum producer’s risk management tool portfolio. In this regard, production risk is 

the most important factor. While some insurance offered under the Act also protects against 

market risk, the nature of a specialty feedstock crop makes it impractical to provide price risk 

protection. The markets are too shallow and because of the impact of transportation costs, 

production from one area is not fungible with production from another area. In this regard, 

feedstock crops are substantially the same as silage from corn or sorghum, haylage, green chop, 

and similar crops with high bulk to value ratios.

Production Risk

Production risk can be systemic or idiosyncratic. Systemic risks, such as wide temperature 

excursions, affect all operations in a region. Other elements of production risk for commodity 

crop production (and consequently for production of feedstock crops for bio-products) are 

idiosyncratic, affecting individual growers. Examples of idiosyncratic production risk include an 

isolated disease outbreak, localized predation, or lodging of a crop at a particular production 

location.

Weather-related production risk in production agriculture is caused by events such as high and 

low temperatures, excess precipitation, lack of precipitation, and wind either singly or in 

combination. Weather affects the production of a relatively large number of individual 

producers every year.

Crop diseases are caused by bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and viruses that result in chronic disease 

losses and catastrophic diseases. Chronic diseases slowly erode production and consequently 

affect profits. Catastrophic losses can lead to the ruin of entire industry sectors. Decreased 

resistance to disease may result from physical stress characterizing high density mono-culture. 

Consequently, good management practices are essential to limiting disease in agricultural crops, 

and producers typically use appropriate practices to manage these risks.

Sorghum producers plant at high population densities to maximize yields. While major seed 

companies (e.g., Pioneer, DeKalb, etc.) offer proprietary lines, there are numerous small 

companies offering heritage seed lines and recently selected varieties. Seed developed for a 

specific locale may increase yield potential.

Soil temperature at planting is critical. The seed generally requires soil temperatures of at least 

60°F (15.5°C) for good germination and emergence. Like corn and sugar cane (other grasses), 

sorghum photosynthesizes using the C4 pathway. Consequently, daytime temperatures of 90°F 
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data 36 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

(32°C) or more help to maximize photosynthesis. Conversely, low daytime temperatures can 

limit sorghum production.

In contrast to many crop plants, short periods of drought do not limit pollination or fertilization 

of sorghum. This likely reflects the less highly selected varietal characteristics of commercial 

sorghum seed. Furthermore, sorghum leaves and stems are particularly adept at limiting losses 

to transpiration when sufficient moisture is not available. Consequently even relatively long 

periods of drought do not limit photosynthesis, although production may be limited. 

Furthermore, sorghum is more tolerant of wet soils and flooding than most grain crops. Since 

sweet and biomass sorghum do not require flowering, pollination, fertilization, and grain 

development for a successful harvest, the crops are less prone to production risk than grain 

sorghum.

Techniques for control of weeds, insects and disease are well documented. Seed can be treated 

for the control of seed rot and blights affecting seedling. Leaf diseases can limit productivity in 

areas with high rainfall and humidity, but generally do not cause serious losses. Planting 

disease-free seed and disease resistant hybrids, rotating with other crops, providing optimum 

mineral nutrients, and removing infested debris all help to minimize losses from disease.

Sorghum is generally resistant to damage from most pests. Corn earworms (Helicoverpa zea), 

greenbugs (Schizaphis graminum) and some of the aphid species (family Aphididae) require 

management. Pesticides are generally adequate so infestations do not limit production. Wildlife 

is a potential source of loss, with birds preying on seed and wild pigs causing lodging. Since 

seed production is not a focus of bioenergy/bio-products sorghum production, in general sweet 

and biomass sorghum varieties have lower risk from wildlife losses than most cultivated plants.

Insurable biomass sorghum and sweet sorghum production risks should include adverse weather, 

disease and insect damage if control mechanisms either are not available or fail, earthquake, 

wildlife damage, wildfire, volcano, and failure of irrigation supply if caused by any of the above 

named causes of loss. These are precisely the risks that affect production of the grain sorghum 

crop. Risks resulting from human actions (e.g., fires caused by human activities, pollution, 

agricultural chemical spills, etc.) are not insurable perils under the Act.

There are no acts of nature beyond the control of the producer that uniquely impact biomass 

sorghum and/or sweet sorghum production or value during the production stage. Both sweet and 

biomass sorghum are warm-season crops that tolerate drought and high temperatures better than 

many crops but neither grow well under low temperatures. Optimal soil temperature for planting 

these crops is higher than for many crops. One redeeming factor which helps offset the warm 

soil requirements for planting is both crops mature more rapidly when planted later in the season. 

Even so, producers need to be careful to give the crop adequate time to mature prior to the first 

expected killing frost in the region (Appendix G).

56

 

56 University of Florida, IFAS Extension, Wilfred Vermerris, John Erickson, David Weight, Yoana Newman, and Curtis 

Rainbolt, “Production of Biofuel Crops in Florida: Sweet Sorghum”, December 2011, http://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/ag298, accessed 

March 2015.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data 37 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Relative to drought peril, “Sorghum grown in shallow soils or soils very low in organic matter 

may be more prone to drought stress. Although sorghum is more tolerant of drought stress than 

many other crops, ample moisture during the growing season is important for good yields of 

stalks and juice.”57 Every source with whom the Contractor discussed production perils of 

sorghum indicated the crop was drought resistant. Some claimed the crop was able to produce 

with 60 percent of the water necessary to produce a corn crop in the same soil.

The insurable or uninsurable perils for sweet and biomass sorghum grown as bio-based products 

feedstocks will not be substantively different from the risks associated with other field crops. 

The most significant perils that can affect sweet and biomass sorghum grown as bio-based 

products feedstocks that do not affect grain and silage sorghum are harvest and postharvest perils 

associated with the baling and storage of the crops. These are uninsurable perils. The first case 

reflects management practices whose differential outcome is not an insurable risk. In the second 

case, any losses are post-harvest risks that are uninsurable under the terms of Section 1508(a)(2) 

of the Crop Insurance Act. In the absence of data specifically addressing production of energy 

and bio-based product feedstock sorghum, the most effective method to estimate the frequency 

and severity of the important risks for these special types of sorghum will be to use expert 

opinion to establish factors relating the risks of the specialty types to the risks of sorghum types 

already insured.

Price Risk

The prices of most crops are subject to market forces. Inputs for production agriculture, 

including fertilizers, fuel, and chemicals (e.g., pesticides), are often substantial. Substantial 

increases in input costs substantially affect the producer’s margins and thus the producer’s net 

revenues. To date, input price risks have not been insured under FCIC insurance programs, 

except to the extent they are an element of the WFRP calculations. It is anticipated that any 

biomass sorghum and sweet sorghum insurance program would be based on yield risk and that 

insurance prices would be fixed at either contract price levels or at a price election based on 

available data (using grain sorghum as a proxy) prior to the sales closing date.

The primary economic risk faced by producers of biomass sorghum and sweet sorghum are 

rooted in the fossil fuel commodity markets. When fossil fuel prices are high, biomass sorghum 

and sweet sorghum production for use as a biofuel feedstock is in demand and premium 

contracts are provided by biofuel refineries. When fossil fuel commodity prices are low, biofuel 

refineries scale back production and look for alternative feedstocks to continue production.

Producers of sweet sorghum have some recourse to mitigate movements within the fossil fuel 

commodity markets in that there are several alternative markets for sweet sorghum production:

e.g., granulated sugar; sweet syrup; and silage. Conversion of sweet sorghum syrup into 

granulated “table” sugar is possible and some producers who spoke with the Contractor have 

entered into cooperative efforts with USDA ARS to develop a process to accomplish this on an 

industrial scale. Some sweet sorghum production studies indicate the current processes for 

granulating sweet sorghum syrup can yield 100 kg of sugar for every ton of 16 °Brix sweet 

sorghum harvested. The Contractor found evidence of local markets wherein consumers can 

 

57 Ibid.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data 38 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

purchase sorghum syrup for use in cooking and local cuisine. Some producers indicated they 

have been able to sell some of their sorghum syrup to “flavor houses” which then use the syrup 

in various flavor creation processes. Finally, several producers indicated they use the bagasse 

remaining after sap extraction as feed silage for livestock. Due to its bulk and low value, the 

bagasse must be used locally if fed to livestock. The size of such alternative markets is 

unknown.

A secondary economic risk faced by producers of biomass sorghum and sweet sorghum stems 

from legislative action taken at both the federal and state governmental levels. The ethanol 

mandate is a prime example of legislative action impacting planting decisions of producers. 

Producers make decisions to plant a crop primarily based on the anticipated return on 

investment. When the Federal Government decided to encourage production of ethanol by 

providing subsidies for development of refining facilities and for ethanol production, it 

substantially affected the market for the refinery feedstocks (primarily corn). Thus when a 

biofuel refinery offers a producer a contract to grow biomass sorghum, the producer will 

consider the opportunity for maximizing return on investment between competing crops and the 

premium offered by the contract. The primary difference in these two scenarios is the origin of 

the incentives.

Quality deficiencies that affect the value of sweet sorghum include: 1) the °Brix percentage for 

sugar content is lower than 16 (reported average °Brix for harvested sweet sorghum); and 2) loss 

of value due to degradation after harvest. The first factor could be attributed to adverse natural 

conditions beyond the control of the producer but would require appropriate loss adjustment 

procedures to ensure management practices did not contribute to the reduction in stored sugars. 

The second would not be insurable as it would reflect poor management for the intended market.

Processors did not identify specific quality standard for sweet sorghum for which they contract. 

Anecdotal evidence indicates heavy, wet biomass is less desirable as a feedstock and more time 

consuming to work into the cellulosic ethanol production process.

In spite of substantial efforts, the Contractor was unable to identify any time series data collected 

by a consistent methodology to quantify economic risks to producers of sorghum grown for 

energy or as a feedstock for bio-based products. In the absence of price series data, it is not 

possible to assess the specific price risks associated with biomass and sweet sorghum as a crop.

Financial Risk

An agricultural producer’s primary source of financial risk stems from capital and labor 

investment. Transportation costs associated with moving biomass sorghum or sweet sorghum to 

a processing facility is an additional financial risk potentially borne by the producer. Another 

financial risk is the potential need to borrow funds to manage cash flow. Although producers 

often comment about the relationship between crop insurance and access to operating loans, it is 

important to note financial risk is not an insurable risk under the Act. However, banking 

regulations often require collateral for a loan. A crop insurance policy may be accepted by many

lenders as adequate collateral. Also, fluctuations in transportation costs which are incurred after 

harvest are not an insurable risk under the Act.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data 39 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Institutional Risk

Any regulatory action that interferes with the normal course of business has the potential to 

cause loss of revenues and markets. However, such risks are not insurable under the Act.

Human or Personal Risk

Production agricultural operations must manage human risk in compliance with the Occupational 

Safety and Health Act (OSHA) and the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA). Potential risks to 

personnel include cuts and abrasions, infection (e.g., tetanus infections), mechanical injury from 

equipment, hearing loss due to excessive noise, and death. In addition, key personnel may retire, 

die, or divorce, with effects on the operational structure or activities. These risks fall outside the 

purview of Federal crop insurance. Human and personal risks are not insurable risks under the 

Act.

Loss Control Techniques

Biomass sorghum is primarily produced to be used as a feedstock for bio-based product 

development. Sweet sorghum is primarily produced to obtain the sugars present in the juice 

extracted from the stalk of the plant through expression. These sugars are used for various 

purposes, though this report specifically focuses on the bio-product purposes for which these 

sugars are expressed. Once the sugars are expressed, the remainder of the plant, known as 

“bagasse”, “can be burned to run the factory or cogenerate electricity, or used as feedstock for 

cellulosic ethanol.”58 To maximize sugar extraction from the sweet sorghum plant producers 

need to minimize loss of sugars during storage.

The harvest process impacts the loss of sugars prior to processing into bio-products. University 

extension studies have shown producers who “forage chop” sweet sorghum must process the 

crop for sugar extraction within 24 to 48 hours. When sweet sorghum is forage chopped at 

harvest, the sugars in the plant tissues immediately begin to break down. After approximately 48 

hours this degradation has resulted in a net zero amount of glucose remaining. At this point, the 

forage chopped sweet sorghum is useful only as bagasse in the bio-refinement process. Other 

harvesting options available for sweet sorghum producers which have been studied are whole 

stalk and billet cut (cut into short stalk sections). In both of these approaches, the timeline for 

storage before unacceptable losses of sugar in the plant juice occur is extended from several days 

to up to two weeks, depending on environmental conditions and the amount of moisture in the 

harvested crop. The loss of sugars begins immediately upon harvest, but the rate at which the 

deterioration occurs is slowed by billet and stalk cutting, enabling a processing facility to store 

the crop prior to processing without loss of significant amounts of sugar. 59

Regardless of the harvest approach, the timeline for processing sweet sorghum is relatively short 

in comparison to other insured crops where the storage of the crop may be as long as a year 

before significant deterioration impacts the value of the crop. Under the best circumstances, the 

crop may be stored up to two weeks.60 The method for harvesting the sweet sorghum crop 

 

58 USDA, ARS, Sarah E. Lingle, “Opportunities and Challenges of Sweet Sorghum as a Feedstock for Biofuel”, 

http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/bk-2010-1058.ch011, accessed March 2015. 

59 Sarah E. Lingle, Thomas L. Tew, Hrvoje Rukavina, Deborah L. Boykin, “Post-harvest Changes in Sweet Sorghum I: Brix and 

Sugars”, http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12155-011-9164-0, accessed March 2015.

60 This timeline is dependent on additional variables such as ambient storage temperature, water retention of stalks, etc...
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data 40 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

greatly impacts this timeline and the potential value of the crop as a bio-product feedstock. 

However, the losses of value associated with these changes are uninsurable.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data 41 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

VIII. FEASIBILITY ASSESSMENT

The SOW for this effort specifically states: “RMA is not looking for a complete feasibility 

study, but is looking for specific aspects needed to understand and determine what type of crop 

insurance program will work best for these crops, producers, and for the specific data needed to 

create a crop insurance program that covers producers with an optimal program.” However, the 

SOW also requests the Contractor to “...specify what type of insurance coverage, if any, would 

best meet [the insured’s] needs” and “... recommend the type and extent of crop insurance 

protection.”61

After careful consideration of all the feasibility standards to support development of a new crop 

insurance product, the Contractor has concluded it is not feasible to develop a traditional crop 

insurance product built on a foundation of historical production data for biomass sorghum and 

sweet sorghum grown expressly for the purposes of producing a feedstock for renewable biofuel, 

renewable electricity, or bio-based products.

Producers of feedstock for the bioenergy industry face production risks. Changes in yield per 

acre result from causes similar to those affecting the yield per acre of field and row crops. 

However, the variability in production of biomass sorghum and sweet sorghum grown under 

appropriate management practices appears to be quite a bit lower for biomass sorghum and sweet 

sorghum than for many other crops. Feedstock sorghum crops do not need to reach full maturity 

to be harvested as feedstock. Furthermore, for sweet sorghum, there is some evidence that early 

harvest may increase the sugar content in the stalk, potentially adding value to the crop.

Due to the unique nature of biomass sorghum and sweet sorghum production, the feasibility 

analysis of a production insurance product for this sector must address not only the literature on 

agricultural risk, but also stakeholders’ perceptions about the perils that concern them. A great 

many risks in the biomass sorghum and sweet sorghum industry are managed using noninsurance approaches. For example, the vast majority of producers plant fewer than 10 acres of 

the crop and these crops are often a small fraction of the producer’s crop mix. The larger 

producers, those with 50 acres or more, still view biomass sorghum and sweet sorghum as 

ancillary crops produced for niche markets or personal use. The producers with whom the 

Contractor spoke do not appear concerned with risk related to yield.

Additionally, both producers and bioenergy industry representatives expressed limited concern 

about weather events and to an even lesser extent, disease. Producers seem to be most concerned 

with domestic market outcomes that affect their revenues.

Section 2.3 of the SOW in the contract requires the Contractor to keep in mind the criteria of 

feasibility when recommending a possible insurance program. These are addressed sequentially 

below.

 

61 DOI, 2015, Order D15PX00044, page 24 of 35. 
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data 42 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Feasibility Requirements

The proposed insurance coverage must conform to RMA’s enabling legislation, regulations, 

and procedures that cannot be changed. If data were available, it would likely be possible to 

develop insurance under the terms of the Act. However, the Contractor could discover no time 

series database containing historical production data for either biomass sorghum or sweet 

sorghum. The Contractor identified no data that could be used to establish an insured crop: 

proxy crop relationship, although anecdotal testimony suggests grain sorghum and silage 

sorghum would be appropriate proxy crops.

Producers or their agents must be willing to pay the appropriate price for the insurance. 

This requirement is not seen as an insurmountable barrier to feasibility, except to the extent that 

very few producers expressed interest in the insurance. The willingness of producers to pay is 

influenced by the coverage available and the costs associated with the insurance offer. It is 

anticipated premiums for an insurance product would be similar to those for silage sorghum. In 

the 2014 crop year, 504 policies paid premiums to insure silage sorghum on slightly more than 

82,000 net acres.

62

 This insurance covered over 35 percent of the total acreage planted to silage 

sorghum in the states where the insurance is offered.63 Should premiums be considered too high, 

most producers would likely continue risk management through non-insurance mechanisms.

The insurance product must be effective, meaningful and reflect the actual risks of the 

producers. This requirement is not seen as an insurmountable barrier to feasibility. It is 

anticipated that premiums for an insurance product to cover actual risks related to producing 

biomass sorghum and sweet sorghum would be relatively equivalent to those charged for silage 

sorghum. Participation rates for biomass sorghum and sweet sorghum producers are anticipated 

to follow those of the silage sorghum product for those producers with production contracts.

The perils affecting production must be identified and categorized as insurable and noninsurable. This requirement is not seen as an insurmountable barrier to feasibility. The relevant 

perils are no different than for many other crops managed for grain or sugar production. 

Evidence that a cause of loss occurred can be found.

Be ratable and operable in an actuarially sound manner. This requirement is currently seen 

as an insurmountable barrier to feasibility. Sufficient data for a rigorous actuarial analysis of 

biomass sorghum and sweet sorghum do not exist. There are no public data to allow rating or 

underwriting of operation-level yield variability. Published regional data for feedstock sorghum 

are also non-existent. Private data documenting yields is confidential, proprietary, and very 

limited. The Contractor believes, in the current environment, it is not feasible to collect 

sufficient production data for traditional insurance development efforts. It does not appear to be 

possible to collect production data by sample survey. The specific producers who grow these 

crops are not known; hence, the population is unknown. These specific producers represent a 

small percentage of the total population of producers. Hence, a sample survey of producers in an 

area will find that most do not produce the crops of interest. Furthermore, such a survey would 

 

62 USDA RMA, 2015, Summary of Business by Crop, http://www3.rma.usda.gov/apps/sob/current_week/crop2014.pdf, 

accessed March 2015.

63 The planted acreage specific to the counties where silage sorghum is insured is not known.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data 43 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

be limited by the constraints imposed by the Paperwork Reduction Act and thus require a 

significant amount of time and effort to obtain approvals.

For biomass sorghum and sweet sorghum, there is a challenge in establishing price (and 

therefore the insurable liability), though this challenge may be overcome by requiring the 

producer to have a contract which specifies amount of product to be delivered and a method for 

determining the price for that delivered product to qualify for insurance coverage. Also, it most 

likely would be possible to derive some relationship to the price of grain sorghum or another 

commodity (such as sugar) to establish a price. This is the procedure used to determine the 

projected price for corn silage and silage sorghum. However, price would not be an issue if a 

contract is required before insurance can attach. The contract price replaces the projected price 

otherwise developed.

Contain underwriting, rating, pricing, loss measurement, and insurance contract terms and 

conditions. The contract is a legal document. The terms and conditions needed to establish 

insurance coverage for the proposed crops are not substantially different from those for other 

crops. Consequently, this requirement is not seen as an insurmountable barrier to feasibility. 

Regarding underwriting, most diseases of the feedstock sorghums are controllable and the impact 

on production manageable, the conditions which substantially impact production from operation 

to operation or time to time are limited named perils (generally catastrophic weather events) for 

which commercial insurance is not available. Contract pricing is used in a number of existing 

RMA products. The Contractor spoke to bioenergy representatives who plan to contract biomass 

sorghum and/or sweet sorghum as part of their business model. In every case the prices offered 

were to be based on the spot market supply and demand for either silage sorghum or sugar. No 

exchange offers futures contracts for biomass sorghum or sweet sorghum. Every representative 

indicated no knowledge of publically available information regarding contract purchases or cash 

forward-pricing of biomass sorghum or sweet sorghum. While substantial underwriting efforts 

would be required to address the contracting attribute of the industry, similar issues have been 

addressed in other insured crops priced by contract. The most important matter would be 

determining the maximum contract price allowed by the insurance coverage; however, this 

would not be an insurmountable obstacle. Language addressing loss measures and insurance 

terms and conditions should be similar to that language in existing policies.

The Contractor notes that many crops insured by FCIC require a contract for insurance to attach. 

These crops would not be the first with that restriction. Insuring open market production is not 

advisable due to the significant lack of viable alternative outlets for the crops. An exception 

might be made for producers who can prove a history of feeding an adequate number of 

livestock.

There must be an appropriate geographic distribution of production to ensure a sound 

financial insurance program. The Contractor understands this requirement to apply to the 

FCIC portfolio, which is distributed throughout the United States. This requirement is not seen 

as a barrier to feasibility. However, one geographic barrier to development should be 

considered. Production must be near a bio-refinery because of transportation costs. 

Furthermore, until the bioenergy industry contracts for more production of these crops, the pool 

of potential insureds is extremely limited and participation in any insurance product is seen as 
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data 44 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

low. Hence, insurance, if offered, can only exist for locations within 25-30 miles of an operating 

processing facility.

There must be enough interest for the risk to be spread over an acceptable pool of insureds. 

The Contractor understands this requirement also applies to the FCIC portfolio. Hence, this 

requirement is not seen as a barrier to feasibility. However, the same limitations described 

regarding geographic distribution apply to this criterion.

Customers must not be able to select insurance only when conditions are adverse. This 

requirement is not seen as a barrier to feasibility. Sales closing dates are intentionally set to 

minimize the potential that insureds might have the opportunity to predict the occurrence of 

potentially insurable perils of greatest concern (weather perils). Sweet sorghum and biomass 

sorghum crops are subject to the same perils as sorghum planted for the production of grain. 

During any development effort, the Contractor will need to consider the potential for multiple 

sales closing dates for some regions of the United States where multiple planting and harvest 

periods for sorghum are considered good management practices.

Moral hazards must be avoidable or controllable. This requirement is not seen as an 

insurmountable barrier to feasibility. Avoiding moral hazard would require substantial 

underwriting constraints. Although generic appropriate practices can be identified, there are 

large differences in the management of operations (with some being managed like a livestock 

forage operation and others being managed like a sugar mill operation). The information 

asymmetries in these disparate practices would need to be addressed. It is worth noting that 

some operations which have interest in this insurance are vertically integrated; underwriting rules 

to address this structure will be important. Many insured crops are produced within vertically 

integrated organizations. The Contractor believes the underwriting rules in place for these 

organizations are adequate.

There can be no chance of beneficial gain. This requirement is not seen as an insurmountable 

barrier to feasibility. Avoiding potential for beneficial gain would also require the underwriting 

constraints described previously. This criterion can be achieved by setting transitional yields in a 

conservative manner.

There must be no unacceptable change in market behavior or unacceptable market 

distortions in terms of either a change in quantity supplied or shift in the supply curve. 

From the perspective of crop insurance, this requirement is not seen as a barrier to feasibility. 

The industry is minute and subject to substantial changes from year to year. Market forces shape 

many operational decisions. While market forces will also influence the purchase of insurance, it 

is unlikely the introduction of appropriately-rated production insurance would change market 

behavior in other areas noticeably. Other market forces will continue to dominate the behavior 

of the markets and render the effects of crop insurance on the markets less significant. A 

particular challenge in considering the feasibility of biomass sorghum and sweet sorghum 

insurance is the bioenergy market influences imposed by both the fossil fuel industry and federal 

legislative actions. This is illustrated by the recent dramatic fall in the price of oil on the 

international market and the recent legislative movement to remove federally subsidized 

mandates for corn based ethanol production.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data 45 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Sufficient data for a rigorous actuarial analysis of biomass sorghum and sweet sorghum do not 

exist. This is a substantial barrier to the development of a new insurance policy. However, there 

are FCIC insurance products for both grain sorghum and silage sorghum based on yield. A 

written agreement under one of these sorghum policies could be offered for producers in areas 

where sorghum is already insurable. In addition, the WFRP provides potential coverage for 

losses for feedstock sorghum crops due to natural causes. Insurance under one or both these 

approaches offers a potential safety net for producers of the sorghum feedstock crops. Such an 

approach would increase the potential pool of available data for future analyses and would also 

address the legislative mandate for “policies” to insure feedstock biomass and sweet sorghum.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data 46 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

IX. RECOMMENDATIONS

The Contractor considered a variety of approaches for insurance of sweet and biomass sorghum 

grown as a feedstock for energy production and bio-based products. These included:

 A new stand-alone Actual Production History (APH) yield-based insurance product 

developed for the crop;

 A new area insurance product based on the yield of a proxy crop; 

 Rainfall based insurance similar to 13-RI-PRF;

 Insurance under the Silage Sorghum Endorsement (11-0059) to the Coarse Grains 

Provisions (11-0041);

 The Whole Farm Revenue Protection Pilot Policy (15-0076); and

 Insurance under a written agreement to the Coarse Grains Provisions (11-0041).

After careful consideration of all the feasibility criteria for the development of a new crop 

insurance product, the Contractor has concluded it is not feasible to develop a traditional crop 

insurance product built on a foundation of historical production data for biomass sorghum and 

sweet sorghum grown expressly for the purposes of producing a feedstock for renewable biofuel, 

renewable electricity, or bio-based products. The Contractor did not find significant interest in 

crop insurance for these crops. In the absence of demand for a stand-alone product and of timeseries commercial production data for either of these types of sorghum, it is also infeasible to 

develop a new area insurance product based on the yield of feedstock sorghum or of a proxy 

crop.

In analyzing the alternatives to a stand-alone product for biomass sorghum and sweet sorghum, 

the Contractor concluded the most viable approach for providing an insurance program for 

producers of biomass and sweet sorghum grown as a feedstock for energy production and biobased products would combine coverage under the WFRP plan where appropriate, with coverage 

under a written agreement on the yield product for grain sorghum.

Neither the existing rainfall index product nor the vegetation index product (13-RIVI) nor the 

combination of the two provide coverage in all the states and counties where biomass and sweet 

sorghum are likely to be grown as a feedstock for energy production and bio-based products. 

Furthermore, some sorghum production management includes supplemental irrigation. Irrigation 

renders rainfall and vegetation indices poor proxies for actual production of sweet and biomass 

sorghum grown as a feedstock for energy and bio-based products. Furthermore, the paucity of 

time-series production data makes it impossible to conduct appropriate correlation studies 

between the crop yields and the indices.

The Contractor heard anecdotal reports that some producers of sweet sorghum use the existing 

silage sorghum insurance product as a risk management tool. Since silage is a biomass-based 

product and the mass of sweet sorghum produced is one of the two crucial factors affecting the 

value of the crop (the other being the °Brix), it is not illogical to consider the possibility of 

insuring sweet sorghum and biomass sorghum under the Silage Sorghum Endorsement. 

However, the Silage Sorghum Endorsement is available only in selected counties in Colorado, 

Kansas, New Mexico, Oklahoma, and Texas. The limited availability of the Silage Sorghum 

Endorsement means the product is not available to producers in major regions where production 

of biomass and sweet sorghum grown as a feedstock for energy production and bio-based 
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data 47 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

products is contemplated. The Contractor believes it is not appropriate to expand the program 

for one sorghum type as a mechanism to insure another type when data for such an expansion are 

not available. Consequently, under RMA’s criteria of feasibility, these approaches for 

development of insurance for biomass and sweet sorghum grown as a feedstock for energy

production and bio-based products are not currently feasible.

However, the two remaining methods for providing a safety net for producers of biomass and 

sweet sorghum grown as a feedstock for energy production and bio-based products do not 

require either a substantial population of interested buyers or wide-ranging time series 

production data. The WFRP policy provides a range of coverage options for all commodities 

produced on a farm or ranch. This plan provides coverage for up to $8.5 million in insured 

revenue, including revenue derived from specialty crops.

Unfortunately, the WFRP insurance is not available in every state where production of biomass 

and sweet sorghum grown as a feedstock for energy production and bio-based products is 

contemplated. This is why providing a safety net under written agreements on the yield product 

for grain sorghum is also recommended. Using written agreements does not eliminate the need 

for a certain amount of developmental activity. The parameters of the insurance offer via the 

written agreement must be established. However, if a contract is required for insurance to attach, 

it may be possible to minimize the scope of the development effort. The Contractor believes 

providing guidance for such written agreements can be accomplished by additions to the Special 

Provisions available in the Actuarial Information Browser 

(http://webapp.rma.usda.gov/apps/actuarialinformationbrowser/).

Development of the written agreements special provision language would include at the

minimum:

 Identification of the crops, type, and practices insurable under the bio-based products 

written agreement;

 Pricing procedures including a requirement for a contract for production and specific 

required elements of that contract;

 The mechanism to establish the guarantee using a producer’s historic production 

experiences and the contract pricing; and

 Underwriting to assure only qualified producers seek a written agreement.

 Due to the similarity in risk profiles for grain sorghum and other sorghum types, the 

Contractor believes the underlying rates for grain sorghum, though not likely perfect, 

could be used initially, with a factor to address any differences that are documented as 

data become available.

During the development phase, the Contractor would also need to address Data Acceptance 

System requirements, implementation of the grain sorghum rating approach for a bulk (i.e., not 

grain) product, and the possibility that sweet sorghum grown for sorghum syrup would logically 

be included in the added written agreement language. While the geography of the offer is an 

obvious underwriting consideration, the indefinite nature of the location of current and future 

refineries that may use sweet sorghum and biomass sorghum as a feedstock suggests the written

agreement instructions should be more universally offered, while potential slipsheets to the Crop 

Insurance Handbook (CIH) and Loss Adjustment Manual Standards Handbook (LAM) provide 
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data 48 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

additional guidance for AIPs and their agents concerning the appropriate management of this 

offer.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Appendix A

2014 NASS Survey

Grain Sorghum Production by County
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data A1 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Table A1. Arkansas Acreage by County

Table A2. Colorado Acreage by County

County Acres

Bent 7,200

Crowley 1,800

Kit Carson 22,300

Yuma 7,400

Other Counties 231,600

Table A3. Illinois Acreage by County

County Acres

Jefferson 660

Other Counties 8,940

Table A4. Kansas Acreage by County

County Acres

Allen 1,200

Barber 8,500

Barton 69,700

Butler 7,400

Cheyenne 14,000

Clark 19,800

Cloud 42,800

Comanche 15,300

Cowley 19,200

Crawford 1,850

Decatur 15,400

Dickinson 36,100

Edwards 29,500

Finney 95,300

Ford 81,400

Franklin 2,150

County Acres

Grant 13,800

Gray 83,500

Greeley 44,500

Hamilton 32,300

Harper 14,900

Harvey 18,100

Haskell 47,500

Hodgeman 27,900

Jackson 1,000

Jewell 57700

Kearny 60,600

Kiowa 18,300

Labette 3,800

Lincoln 39200

Marion 21,600

Mcpherson 33,200

County Acres

Miami 980

Mitchell 45,900

Morris 7,100

Morton 36000

Neosho 2,100

Ness 57,800

Osage 1,750

Osborne 56,100

Ottawa 29,300

Pawnee 60,800

Rawlins 31,100

Reno 43,000

Republic 23,100

Rice 40,700

Rooks 56,200

Rush 55,300

County Acres

Russell 43,500

Saline 24,800

Sedgwick 39,300

Shawnee 800

Sherman 15,200

Smith 66,600

Stafford 24,200

Sumner 58,800

Trego 60,000

Washington 28,900

Wichita 53,600

Wilson 1,400

Woodson 2,000

Other Counties 756,170

County Acres

Arkansas 5,200

Chicot 5,000

Clay 1,500

Crittenden 20,600

Cross 8,600

Desha 3,200

Greene 1,900

Lawrence 1,500

Lee 22,000

Mississippi 3,700

Monroe 8,500

Phillips 35,000

Poinsett 5,100

Saint Francis 17,000

Woodruff 6,600

Other Counties 13,200
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data A2 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Table A5. Louisana Acreage by Parrish

Parrish Acres

Avoyelles 25,900

Catahoula 12,800

Concordia 10,600

Morehouse 2,300

Rapides 5,700

Richland 2,600

Saint Landry 12,200

Tensas 6,700

Other counties 14,900

Table A6. Mississippi Acreage by County

County Acres

Bolivar 5,400

Chickasaw 1,700

Coahoma 8,400

Holmes 1,300

Humphreys 3,800

Panola 11,900

Pontotoc 1,500

Quitman 14,900

Sunflower 7,900

Tallahatchie 4,800

Tunica 11,800

Washington 2,600

Yazoo 5,100

Other Counties 22,900

Table A7. Missouri Acreage by County

County Acres

Butler 1,700

Callaway 1,600

Dade 900

Dunklin 3,800

Maries 450

Morgan 350

New Madrid 2,000

Newton 350

Pemiscot 3,500

Stoddard 2,900

Other Counties 34,850

Table A8. Nebraska Acreage by County

County Acres

Dundy 2,700

Franklin 3,800

Frontier 9,600

Gage 3,900

Hall 2,600

Hayes 3,400

County Acres

Hitchcock 11,400

Johnson 500

Kearney 500

Merrick 2,300

Nuckolls 6,300

Pawnee 1,800

County Acres

Red willow 17,800

Seward 3,830

Thayer 2,950

Other Counties 73,020
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data A2 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Table A9. New Mexico Acreage by County

County Acres

Other Counties 1,000

Table A10. Oklahoma Acreage by County

County Acres

Alfalfa 8,200

Blaine 3,100

Caddo 11,500

Canadian 1,200

Cimarron 30,000

Cotton 3,300

Craig 1,100

Custer 6,800

Ellis 3,350

County Acres

Garfield 38,500

Grant 38,000

Kay 19,000

Kingfisher 1,300

Kiowa 7,800

Logan 2,400

Mayes 1,050

Noble 9,000

Nowata 700

County Acres

Oklahoma 1,000

Osage 1,800

Ottawa 3,600

Payne 1,100

Roger Mills 1,450

Texas 58,000

Wagoner 3,100

Washita 9100

Other Counties 43,350

Table A11. South Dakota Acreage by County

County Acres

Lyman 51,000

Tripp 28,800

Other Counties 43,200

Table A12. Texas Acreage by County

County Acres

Armstrong 19,700

Austin 1,400

Bailey 24,800

Bee 24,300

Bell 12,100

Bexar 3,800

Brazoria 19,900

Briscoe 18,700

Burleson 4,100

Caldwell 3,400

Calhoun 17,400

Cameron 86,900

Carson 42,700

Collin 11,300

Colorado 1,200

Concho 3,700

Cooke 5,800

Coryell 2,700

Crosby 14,900

Dallam 19,100

County Acres

Dawson 21,200

Delta 8,000

Ellis 17,100

Falls 7,300

Fannin 6,300

Fayette 500

Floyd 56,800

Fort bend 27,200

Frio 1,700

Gillespie 500

Gray 11,100

Grayson 9,200

Guadalupe 15,300

Hale 73,300

Hamilton 2,600

Hays 900

Hidalgo 96,200

Hill 20,600

Hockley 35,800

Hunt 8,000

County Acres

Hutchinson 6,700

Jackson 9,700

Jim wells 37,200

Johnson 7,700

Kleberg 44,900

Lamar 9,800

Lamb 41,000

Limestone 2,200

Live oak 5,800

Lubbock 37,100

Lynn 35,300

Matagorda 31,500

Medina 5,700

Milam 7,000

Moore 39,000

Navarro 9,000

Nueces 154,600

Ochiltree 44,600

Parmer 50,000

Randall 19,700

County Acres

Reagan 1,000

Roberts 2,000

Robertson 4,600

Runnels 4,000

San Patricio 97,000

Starr 29,500

Swisher 63,900

Terry 39,100

Tom Green 17,100

Travis 7,000

Uvalde 6,600

Victoria 16,200

Wharton 30,900

Willacy 101,200

Williamson 11,200

Wilson 5,600

Zavala 2,400

Other 

Counties 421,500
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Appendix B

2012 NASS Census of Agriculture

Grain Sorghum, Silage Sorghum, and Sorghum Syrup 

Production Data by County
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data B1 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Table B1. 2012 NASS Census of Agriculture

Grain Sorghum, Silage Sorghum, and Sorghum Syrup Production Data by County

FIPS County

Grain Sorghum Silage Sorghum Syrup Sorghum

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Bushels

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Tons

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Gallons

ALABAMA

01003 BALDWIN 685 45,163 64 3,544

01005 BARBOUR 401 20,816

01017 CHAMBERS (D) (D)

01019 CHEROKEE (D) (D) (D) (D)

01031 COFFEE 609 29,160 198 4,950

01035 CONECUH (D) (D)

01039 COVINGTON (D) (D) (D) (D)

01041 CRENSHAW 165 1,320

01043 CULLMAN (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D)

01045 DALE 376 18,245 (D) (D)

01047 DALLAS 490 20,708

01049 DEKALB (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D)

01051 ELMORE (D) (D)

01053 ESCAMBIA (D) (D)

01057 FAYETTE 100 5,540

01061 GENEVA (D) 26,201 (D) (D)

01067 HENRY 1,033 47,571

01069 HOUSTON 252 11,420

01073 JEFFERSON 81 1,347

01075 LAMAR (D) (D)

01077 LAUDERDALE (D) (D)

01079 LAWRENCE 270 9,990

01081 LEE 64 1,792

01083 LIMESTONE (D) (D)

01085 LOWNDES (D) (D) 560 13,374

01089 MADISON (D) (D)

01097 MOBILE (D) (D)

01101 MONTGOMERY 450 13,500

01103 MORGAN (D) (D) (D) (D)

01107 PICKENS 108 8,640

01109 PIKE 144 7,488

01113 RUSSELL (D) (D)

01117 SHELBY (D) (D)

01119 SUMTER 500 23,000 360 5,250
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data B2 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

FIPS County

Grain Sorghum Silage Sorghum Syrup Sorghum

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Bushels

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Tons

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Gallons

01127 WALKER (D) (D)

ARIZONA

04003 COCHISE 2,223 312,072 125 2,370

04009 GRAHAM 740 124,056 (D) (D)

04013 MARICOPA 681 (D) 8,069 198,681

04015 MOHAVE (D) (D)

04019 PIMA 2,527 123,735 (D) (D)

04021 PINAL 4,005 493,545 6,611 140,419

04025 YAVAPAI (D) (D)

04027 YUMA 236 (D) (D) (D)

ARKANSAS

05001 ARKANSAS 1,714 145,599

05007 BENTON 318 2,120

05009 BOONE (D) (D)

05017 CHICOT 1,540 81,050

05021 CLAY 1,890 149,244

05029 CONWAY (D) (D)

05031 CRAIGHEAD 3,894 292,634 (D) (D)

05035 CRITTENDEN 11,200 1,124,183

05037 CROSS 6,713 649,270 285 285

05041 DESHA 3,003 251,631 (D) (D)

05043 DREW (D) (D) (D) (D)

05045 FAULKNER (D) (D)

05047 FRANKLIN (D) (D)

05049 FULTON (D) (D)

05055 GREENE 5,244 335,326

05057 HEMPSTEAD (D) (D)

05063 INDEPENDENCE 1,855 96,167

05067 JACKSON 2,969 237,749 (D) (D)

05069 JEFFERSON 2,998 209,263 (D) (D)

05073 LAFAYETTE (D) (D)

05075 LAWRENCE 2,743 212,160

05077 LEE 11,587 1,037,115

05079 LINCOLN 2,962 247,108

05081 LITTLE RIVER 479 41,039

05085 LONOKE 544 39,105 (D) (D)

05091 MILLER (D) (D)
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data B3 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

FIPS County

Grain Sorghum Silage Sorghum Syrup Sorghum

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Bushels

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Tons

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Gallons

05093 MISSISSIPPI 3,570 301,907

05095 MONROE 8,674 646,628

05105 PERRY (D) (D)

05107 PHILLIPS 19,550 1,959,114

05111 POINSETT 5,435 523,949 (D) (D)

05117 PRAIRIE 2,705 210,045

05119 PULASKI 740 46,770

05121 RANDOLPH 819 65,581

05123 ST. FRANCIS 18,179 1,628,189 (D) (D)

05143 WASHINGTON 440 3,104

05145 WHITE 303 17,009 (D) (D)

05147 WOODRUFF 9,097 613,714

05149 YELL (D) (D)

CALIFORNIA

06019 FRESNO (D) (D) 4,967 79,742

06021 GLENN (D) (D) 521 9,720

06025 IMPERIAL 322 3,330

06029 KERN 1,447 94,448 7,365 108,418

06031 KINGS 5,107 485,718 11,272 153,815

06039 MADERA (D) (D)

06047 MERCED 4,136 60,672

06065 RIVERSIDE 13 1,431 935 15,950

06067 SACRAMENTO (D) (D)

06071 SAN BERNARDINO 753 8,995

06077 SAN JOAQUIN 242 17,406 958 13,757

06089 SHASTA (D) (D)

06095 SOLANO 356 29,355

06097 SONOMA 250 4,032

06099 STANISLAUS 930 80,764 3,180 49,735

06101 SUTTER 996 112,390

06107 TULARE 2,395 237,558 6,853 120,719

06113 YOLO 1,041 86,769 (D) (D)

COLORADO

08001 ADAMS 912 18,865 (D) (D)

08005 ARAPAHOE (D) (D)

08009 BACA 71,688 1,236,987 2,264 18,196

08011 BENT 1,357 56,579 437 1,586
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data B4 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

FIPS County

Grain Sorghum Silage Sorghum Syrup Sorghum

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Bushels

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Tons

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Gallons

08013 BOULDER (D) (D)

08017 CHEYENNE 18,973 327,754 506 2,490

08025 CROWLEY 998 25,821 746 7,426

08033 DOLORES (D) (D)

08039 ELBERT (D) (D)

08041 EL PASO (D) (D)

08049 GRAND (D) (D)

08055 HUERFANO (D) (D)

08059 JEFFERSON (D) (D)

08061 KIOWA 29,367 482,871

08063 KIT CARSON 5,047 109,913 (D) (D)

08073 LINCOLN 1,004 12,993 (D) (D)

08075 LOGAN (D) (D) (D) (D)

08077 MESA (D) (D)

08087 MORGAN (D) (D) 1,161 11,260

08089 OTERO 284 12,740 1,563 17,032

08095 PHILLIPS (D) (D)

08099 PROWERS 16,036 370,344 2,709 34,471

08121 WASHINGTON 235 (D)

08123 WELD 580 30,370 686 9,172

08125 YUMA (D) (D) (D) (D)

CONNECTICUT

09011 NEW LONDON (D) (D)

DELAWARE

10001 KENT (D) (D)

10003 NEW CASTLE (D) (D)

10005 SUSSEX 323 20,637 (D) (D)

FLORIDA

12001 ALACHUA (D) (D) 90 1,080

12021 COLLIER (D) (D)

12031 DUVAL (D) (D)

12041 GILCHRIST (D) (D) 3,186 34,173

12043 GLADES (D) (D)

12047 HAMILTON (D) (D)

12053 HERNANDO (D) (D)

12057 HILLSBOROUGH (D) (D)

12059 HOLMES (D) (D) 195 2,750
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data B5 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

FIPS County

Grain Sorghum Silage Sorghum Syrup Sorghum

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Bushels

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Tons

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Gallons

12063 JACKSON (D) (D)

12065 JEFFERSON (D) (D)

12067 LAFAYETTE (D) (D) 1,383 8,729

12073 LEON (D) (D)

12075 LEVY (D) (D)

12079 MADISON 277 14,860 (D) (D)

12083 MARION 495 18,500 (D) (D)

12107 PUTNAM (D) (D)

12119 SUMTER (D) (D)

12121 SUWANNEE 422 15,948 1,854 16,358

12131 WALTON (D) (D)

GEORGIA

13001 APPLING (D) (D)

13003 ATKINSON (D) (D) (D) (D)

13005 BACON (D) (D)

13007 BAKER (D) (D) (D) (D)

13011 BANKS (D) (D) (D) (D)

13017 BEN HILL 1,270 33,586

13021 BIBB 193 9,400

13023 BLECKLEY 608 25,127

13027 BROOKS 466 24,775 881 11,248

13033 BURKE 371 23,567 537 8,286

13037 CALHOUN 2,667 133,229

13049 CHARLTON (D) (D)

13059 CLARKE (D) (D) (D) (D)

13071 COLQUITT 363 22,550 (D) (D)

13077 COWETA (D) (D)

13079 CRAWFORD 180 1,440

13081 CRISP 6,279 266,683

13087 DECATUR 959 50,640 (D) (D)

13091 DODGE 502 18,048

13093 DOOLY 216 9,600 (D) (D)

13099 EARLY (D) (D)

13103 EFFINGHAM (D) (D)

13105 ELBERT (D) (D)

13107 EMANUEL (D) (D)

13115 FLOYD (D) (D)
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data B6 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

FIPS County

Grain Sorghum Silage Sorghum Syrup Sorghum

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Bushels

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Tons

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Gallons

13121 FULTON (D) (D)

13131 GRADY 35 1,474 (D) (D)

13133 GREENE (D) (D) (D) (D)

13143 HARALSON (D) (D)

13145 HARRIS (D) (D)

13147 HART (D) (D) (D) (D)

13153 HOUSTON 1,289 37,474 (D) (D)

13155 IRWIN 275 18,432

13159 JASPER 90 3,219

13161 JEFF DAVIS (D) (D)

13163 JEFFERSON 723 55,841 65 800

13165 JENKINS (D) (D) 135 1,636

13167 JOHNSON (D) (D)

13175 LAURENS 349 10,390 231 2,520

13177 LEE 583 25,619 (D) (D)

13181 LINCOLN (D) (D)

13185 LOWNDES (D) (D)

13189 MCDUFFIE (D) (D) (D) (D)

13193 MACON (D) (D) (D) (D)

13195 MADISON (D) (D)

13197 MARION 183 10,896

13199 MERIWETHER (D) (D) (D) (D)

13201 MILLER 129 4,151 (D) (D)

13205 MITCHELL 1,232 52,923 176 2,598

13209 MONTGOMERY 36 450

13211 MORGAN 361 20,116 (D) (D)

13217 NEWTON (D) (D)

13219 OCONEE (D) (D) (D) (D)

13221 OGLETHORPE 110 5,500 (D) (D)

13225 PEACH (D) (D)

13231 PIKE (D) (D)

13235 PULASKI 1,917 124,732

13237 PUTNAM (D) (D)

13243 RANDOLPH 5,002 206,313

13249 SCHLEY (D) (D)

13251 SCREVEN 70 4,008 711 655

13253 SEMINOLE (D) (D)
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data B7 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

FIPS County

Grain Sorghum Silage Sorghum Syrup Sorghum

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Bushels

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Tons

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Gallons

13261 SUMTER 280 20,150 (D) (D)

13265 TALIAFERRO (D) (D)

13267 TATTNALL (D) (D)

13269 TAYLOR 417 21,127

13271 TELFAIR 303 16,744

13273 TERRELL 1,563 81,869

13275 THOMAS 926 48,024 655 13,100

13277 TIFT (D) (D) (D) (D)

13281 TOWNS (D) (D)

13283 TREUTLEN (D) (D)

13287 TURNER 1,056 74,696

13289 TWIGGS (D) (D)

13299 WARE (D) (D)

13301 WARREN 392 19,843 (D) (D)

13303 WASHINGTON 2,751 159,372 (D) (D)

13307 WEBSTER 87 5,100 (D) (D)

13309 WHEELER 392 13,877

13311 WHITE (D) (D)

13315 WILCOX 613 41,900 (D) (D)

13317 WILKES 419 4,590

13321 WORTH 360 18,462 150 1,200

HAWAII

15007 KAUAI (D) (D)

IDAHO

16011 BINGHAM (D) (D)

16027 CANYON (D) (D) (D) (D)

16045 GEM (D) (D)

16047 GOODING (D) (D)

16067 MINIDOKA (D) (D)

16073 OWYHEE (D) (D) (D) (D)

16083 TWIN FALLS (D) (D)

ILLINOIS

17001 ADAMS (D) (D) 115 1,222

17003 ALEXANDER (D) (D)

17005 BOND 290 19,608 84 (D)

17009 BROWN (D) (D)

17013 CALHOUN (D) (D)
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data B8 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

FIPS County

Grain Sorghum Silage Sorghum Syrup Sorghum

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Bushels

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Tons

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Gallons

17015 CARROLL (D) (D)

17019 CHAMPAIGN (D) (D)

17021 CHRISTIAN (D) (D)

17023 CLARK 555 23,480 (D) (D)

17025 CLAY 637 27,888

17027 CLINTON 309 13,569 34 300

17033 CRAWFORD 720 49,985

17037 DEKALB (D) (D)

17041 DOUGLAS (D) (D)

17047 EDWARDS (D) (D)

17049 EFFINGHAM 299 11,680 172 1,392

17051 FAYETTE 505 32,753 (D) (D)

17053 FORD (D) (D)

17055 FRANKLIN (D) (D)

17059 GALLATIN 999 74,263

17061 GREENE (D) (D)

17063 GRUNDY (D) (D)

17065 HAMILTON 347 14,973 (D) (D)

17071 HENDERSON (D) (D)

17073 HENRY (D) (D)

17077 JACKSON 3,065 220,814 77 589

17079 JASPER (D) (D)

17081 JEFFERSON 1,991 116,122

17083 JERSEY (D) (D) (D) (D)

17085 JO DAVIESS (D) (D)

17087 JOHNSON (D) (D)

17091 KANKAKEE (D) 424

17095 KNOX (D) (D)

17101 LAWRENCE 252 12,472

17103 LEE (D) (D)

17105 LIVINGSTON (D) (D) (D) (D)

17107 LOGAN 656 36,733 (D) (D)

17109 MCDONOUGH (D) (D) (D) (D)

17111 MCHENRY 16 610

17113 MCLEAN 347 19,270

17115 MACON (D) (D)

17117 MACOUPIN (D) (D)
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data B9 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

FIPS County

Grain Sorghum Silage Sorghum Syrup Sorghum

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Bushels

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Tons

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Gallons

17119 MADISON 389 10,183 (D) (D)

17121 MARION 1,398 80,952

17125 MASON 140 7,062

17129 MENARD (D) (D)

17131 MERCER (D) (D) (D) (D)

17133 MONROE 1,080 55,788 (D) (D)

17135 MONTGOMERY (D) (D)

17139 MOULTRIE (D) (D) 69 473

17143 PEORIA (D) (D) (D) (D)

17145 PERRY 504 (D)

17147 PIATT (D) (D)

17149 PIKE 618 28,660

17151 POPE (D) (D)

17155 PUTNAM (D) (D)

17157 RANDOLPH 533 34,634 180 2,600

17159 RICHLAND (D) (D)

17163 ST. CLAIR 1,570 99,438 (D) (D)

17165 SALINE 365 23,567

17171 SCOTT 84 (D) (D) (D)

17173 SHELBY (D) (D) (D) (D)

17177 STEPHENSON (D) (D)

17179 TAZEWELL (D) (D)

17181 UNION (D) (D) (D) (D)

17185 WABASH 115 4,850

17187 WARREN (D) (D)

17189 WASHINGTON 729 51,198 199 2,450

17191 WAYNE 2,151 152,018 (D) (D)

17193 WHITE 2,783 187,216

17199 WILLIAMSON 478 41,458

17201 WINNEBAGO (D) (D)

17203 WOODFORD (D) (D)

INDIANA

18001 ADAMS (D) (D) 126 922

18003 ALLEN (D) (D)

18015 CARROLL (D) (D)

18021 CLAY (D) (D) (D) (D)

18023 CLINTON (D) (D)
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data B10 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

FIPS County

Grain Sorghum Silage Sorghum Syrup Sorghum

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Bushels

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Tons

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Gallons

18027 DAVIESS (D) (D)

18035 DELAWARE (D) (D)

18037 DUBOIS (D) (D) (D) (D)

18039 ELKHART 55 620

18049 FULTON (D) (D) (D) (D)

18051 GIBSON 1,525 140,727

18055 GREENE 531 25,558

18059 HANCOCK (D) (D) (D) (D)

18063 HENDRICKS (D) (D)

18067 HOWARD (D) (D)

18069 HUNTINGTON (D) (D)

18071 JACKSON (D) (D)

18073 JASPER (D) (D)

18081 JOHNSON (D) (D)

18083 KNOX 1,093 58,312

18085 KOSCIUSKO (D) (D)

18087 LAGRANGE 168 1,067 (D) (D)

18091 LAPORTE (D) (D)

18093 LAWRENCE (D) (D)

18099 MARSHALL 55 476 (D) (D)

18101 MARTIN (D) (D)

18107 MONTGOMERY (D) (D)

18109 MORGAN (D) (D)

18111 NEWTON (D) (D)

18113 NOBLE (D) (D) (D) (D)

18121 PARKE 3 78 (D) (D)

18123 PERRY (D) (D) (D) (D)

18129 POSEY 436 20,604

18133 PUTNAM (D) (D)

18135 RANDOLPH (D) (D)

18137 RIPLEY (D) (D) (D) (D)

18139 RUSH (D) (D)

18147 SPENCER (D) (D) (D) (D)

18151 STEUBEN (D) (D)

18153 SULLIVAN (D) (D)

18155 SWITZERLAND (D) (D)

18157 TIPPECANOE (D) (D)
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data B11 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

FIPS County

Grain Sorghum Silage Sorghum Syrup Sorghum

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Bushels

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Tons

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Gallons

18161 UNION (D) (D)

18163 VANDERBURGH (D) (D)

18165 VERMILLION (D) (D)

18167 VIGO 655 31,205

18169 WABASH (D) (D) (D) (D)

18171 WARREN (D) (D)

18179 WELLS (D) (D)

18183 WHITLEY (D) (D)

IOWA

19013 BLACK HAWK (D) (D)

19015 BOONE (D) (D)

19019 BUCHANAN (D) (D)

19023 BUTLER (D) (D)

19025 CALHOUN (D) (D)

19031 CEDAR (D) (D) (D) (D)

19033 CERRO GORDO (D) (D)

19039 CLARKE (D) (D)

19043 CLAYTON (D) (D)

19051 DAVIS 69 385

19055 DELAWARE (D) (D)

19061 DUBUQUE (D) (D)

19067 FLOYD (D) (D)

19095 IOWA (D) (D) 95 1,680

19097 JACKSON (D) (D)

19099 JASPER (D) (D)

19109 KOSSUTH (D) (D)

19121 MADISON (D) (D)

19131 MITCHELL (D) (D)

19137 MONTGOMERY (D) (D)

19141 O'BRIEN (D) (D)

19153 POLK (D) (D) (D) (D)

19155 POTTAWATTAMIE (D) (D)

19167 SIOUX (D) (D)

19169 STORY 188 22,216 (D) (D)

19175 UNION (D) (D)

19181 WARREN (D) (D)

19183 WASHINGTON (D) (D) (D) (D)
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data B12 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

FIPS County

Grain Sorghum Silage Sorghum Syrup Sorghum

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Bushels

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Tons

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Gallons

19191 WINNESHIEK (D) (D) (D) (D)

19193 WOODBURY (D) (D)

KANSAS

20001 ALLEN 844 40,993 421 1,468

20003 ANDERSON 1,698 52,357 1,212 12,302

20005 ATCHISON 206 6,091 136 913

20007 BARBER 6,106 229,802 805 10,533

20009 BARTON 54,094 2,283,617 3,832 28,920

20011 BOURBON 233 6,120 340 3,347

20013 BROWN (D) (D)

20015 BUTLER 13,077 402,242 1,264 9,649

20017 CHASE 300 13,670 320 3,254

20021 CHEROKEE 2,859 135,785

20023 CHEYENNE 7,008 242,046 166 2,096

20025 CLARK 10,616 319,932 778 5,782

20027 CLAY 19,109 1,157,019 1,169 8,767

20029 CLOUD 23,759 1,470,237 544 5,609

20031 COFFEY 1,468 41,416 792 (D)

20033 COMANCHE 12,518 484,161 3,018 23,616

20035 COWLEY 23,607 622,918 122 586

20037 CRAWFORD 1,087 29,428 (D) (D)

20039 DECATUR 7,447 294,558 823 (D)

20041 DICKINSON 29,505 1,329,474 4,303 34,268

20045 DOUGLAS 247 4,896 120 900

20047 EDWARDS 16,912 769,428 288 3,692

20049 ELK 674 15,835 (D) (D)

20051 ELLIS 34,933 1,040,537 2,972 18,417

20053 ELLSWORTH 26,172 1,092,319 970 10,481

20055 FINNEY 67,606 2,488,872 2,184 22,451

20057 FORD 74,915 3,379,161 2,386 34,097

20059 FRANKLIN 1,080 26,381 934 9,679

20061 GEARY 2,441 150,286 449 3,401

20063 GOVE 34,586 1,234,797 2,653 25,013

20065 GRAHAM 41,780 1,619,712 1,344 15,833

20067 GRANT 8,623 515,544 368 7,399

20069 GRAY 65,573 3,296,480 1,786 42,861

20071 GREELEY 34,647 997,688 (D) (D)
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data B13 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

FIPS County

Grain Sorghum Silage Sorghum Syrup Sorghum

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Bushels

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Tons

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Gallons

20073 GREENWOOD 1,409 40,132 310 550

20075 HAMILTON 33,002 904,027 7,116 83,132

20077 HARPER 12,347 405,514 1,643 9,551

20079 HARVEY 20,697 738,302 2,894 17,371

20081 HASKELL 26,377 1,201,298 1,267 25,036

20083 HODGEMAN 26,370 1,165,798 3,381 57,406

20085 JACKSON 1,587 77,470 420 1,010

20087 JEFFERSON 1,566 58,694 336 3,114

20089 JEWELL 42,241 3,247,094 1,641 18,925

20091 JOHNSON 162 3,051 (D) (D)

20093 KEARNY 45,823 1,023,987 (D) (D)

20095 KINGMAN 15,409 749,449 1,091 4,711

20097 KIOWA 22,658 1,388,509 879 6,415

20099 LABETTE 2,667 163,996 101 892

20101 LANE 24,813 681,022 999 14,494

20103 LEAVENWORTH (D) (D) (D) (D)

20105 LINCOLN 29,678 1,313,401 3,952 36,255

20107 LINN 629 22,392

20109 LOGAN 26,491 1,051,042 1,703 10,258

20111 LYON 1,734 39,747 354 2,621

20113 MCPHERSON 27,647 1,031,953 1,734 14,917

20115 MARION 26,431 815,933 3,916 28,942

20117 MARSHALL 6,915 498,694 382 3,275

20119 MEADE 26,351 1,316,491 529 5,350

20121 MIAMI 2,981 67,344 176 3,760

20123 MITCHELL 39,139 2,184,259 2,273 32,206

20125 MONTGOMERY 613 30,058 650 3,325

20127 MORRIS 7,311 338,635 2,343 14,232

20129 MORTON 30,404 1,090,449 409 2,756

20131 NEMAHA 1,086 61,488 1,071 10,467

20133 NEOSHO 1,146 62,507 129 1,696

20135 NESS 50,338 1,967,056 2,270 17,800

20137 NORTON 12,803 640,710 2,641 16,662

20139 OSAGE 3,422 110,345 1,468 6,344

20141 OSBORNE 31,828 1,436,135 2,363 40,417

20143 OTTAWA 25,494 1,108,076 1,321 13,577

20145 PAWNEE 45,719 1,822,610 1,395 14,963
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data B14 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

FIPS County

Grain Sorghum Silage Sorghum Syrup Sorghum

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Bushels

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Tons

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Gallons

20147 PHILLIPS 32,266 1,495,961 811 7,523

20149 POTTAWATOMIE 3,131 149,474 406 3,959

20151 PRATT 25,035 1,069,270 443 1,254

20153 RAWLINS 18,755 624,709 1,865 13,256

20155 RENO 44,695 1,660,670 2,058 17,708

20157 REPUBLIC 15,618 1,185,122 497 (D)

20159 RICE 35,080 1,368,983 1,578 16,336

20161 RILEY 7,563 515,381 357 3,059

20163 ROOKS 62,529 2,538,869 2,033 17,823

20165 RUSH 51,233 2,000,653 1,554 13,485

20167 RUSSELL 35,357 1,375,138 1,549 9,430

20169 SALINE 18,720 885,244 1,476 8,703

20171 SCOTT 54,648 1,716,196 628 9,130

20173 SEDGWICK 33,904 1,223,966 2,104 10,717

20175 SEWARD 30,197 1,637,173 490 959

20177 SHAWNEE 598 17,004

20179 SHERIDAN 25,142 1,204,123 2,650 24,914

20181 SHERMAN 11,484 538,665 158 225

20183 SMITH 44,946 2,424,800 1,705 28,714

20185 STAFFORD 14,267 469,907 866 7,496

20187 STANTON 26,580 670,168 2,101 23,248

20189 STEVENS 27,034 963,027 (D) (D)

20191 SUMNER 35,783 929,115 2,113 13,002

20193 THOMAS 17,552 662,349 3,235 14,523

20195 TREGO 45,463 1,173,887 4,857 52,706

20197 WABAUNSEE 936 25,913 310 3,050

20199 WALLACE 16,619 496,106 1,279 15,651

20201 WASHINGTON 26,694 1,786,798 1,784 18,433

20203 WICHITA 39,106 1,479,495 142 (D)

20205 WILSON 341 17,488

20207 WOODSON 1,512 48,341 852 5,697

KENTUCKY

21003 ALLEN (D) (D) 50 9551

21007 BALLARD (D) (D) (D) (D)

21009 BARREN 27 216

21011 BATH (D) (D) (D) (D)

21017 BOURBON (D) (D) 135 1,140
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data B15 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

FIPS County

Grain Sorghum Silage Sorghum Syrup Sorghum

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Bushels

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Tons

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Gallons

21019 BOYD (D) (D)

21023 BRACKEN (D) (D)

21027 BRECKINRIDGE (D) (D) 12 57

21029 BULLITT (D) (D)

21031 BUTLER (D) (D)

21033 CALDWELL (D) (D) (D) (D)

21035 CALLOWAY (D) (D)

21037 CAMPBELL (D) (D)

21039 CARLISLE (D) (D) (D) (D)

21041 CARROLL (D) (D)

21045 CASEY 62 10276

21047 CHRISTIAN 463 6,206

21049 CLARK (D) (D)

21051 CLAY (D) (D)

21055 CRITTENDEN 355 23,963

21059 DAVIESS (D) (D)

21065 ESTILL (D) (D)

21073 FRANKLIN (D) (D) (D) (D)

21083 GRAVES (D) (D) (D) (D)

21085 GRAYSON (D) (D)

21087 GREEN (D) (D)

21089 GREENUP (D) (D) (D) (D)

21091 HANCOCK (D) (D)

21093 HARDIN 54 4,050 (D) (D)

21097 HARRISON (D) (D)

21099 HART (D) (D)

21101 HENDERSON (D) (D)

21103 HENRY (D) (D) (D) (D)

21105 HICKMAN (D) (D)

21107 HOPKINS 359 (D)

21123 LARUE (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D)

21127 LAWRENCE (D) (D)

21133 LETCHER (D) (D)

21135 LEWIS (D) (D)

21137 LINCOLN 9 90

21141 LOGAN 306 4,330

21145 MCCRACKEN (D) (D) (D) (D)
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data B16 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

FIPS County

Grain Sorghum Silage Sorghum Syrup Sorghum

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Bushels

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Tons

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Gallons

21149 MCLEAN 395 34,514

21151 MADISON 29 192

21157 MARSHALL (D) (D)

21163 MEADE (D) (D) (D) (D)

21165 MENIFEE (D) (D)

21171 MONROE (D) (D)

21173 MONTGOMERY (D) (D)

21175 MORGAN 21 1330

21177 MUHLENBERG (D) (D) (D) (D)

21179 NELSON (D) (D)

21183 OHIO (D) (D) (D) (D) 5 1286

21189 OWSLEY (D) (D)

21197 POWELL (D) (D)

21199 PULASKI (D) (D) (D) 360

21207 RUSSELL (D) (D)

21209 SCOTT (D) (D) (D) (D)

21211 SHELBY (D) (D) (D) (D)

21217 TAYLOR (D) (D)

21219 TODD 113 6,585 577 8,190 3 450

21221 TRIGG 56 3,500 150 2,278 29 4677

21225 UNION 413 31,501 21 216

21227 WARREN (D) (D)

21231 WAYNE (D) (D)

21233 WEBSTER 366 22,468

21235 WHITLEY (D) (D)

LOUISIANA

22001 ACADIA (D) (D)

22009 AVOYELLES 29,236 2,951,204

22011 BEAUREGARD (D) (D)

22015 BOSSIER 409 17,902

22019 CALCASIEU (D) (D)

22025 CATAHOULA 23,019 2,095,055

22029 CONCORDIA 15,470 1,728,046

22033 EAST BATON 

ROUGE (D) (D)

22035 EAST CARROLL 886 98,714

22039 EVANGELINE 1,430 134,318
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data B17 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

FIPS County

Grain Sorghum Silage Sorghum Syrup Sorghum

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Bushels

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Tons

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Gallons

22041 FRANKLIN 941 63,904

22043 GRANT 401 40,958

22047 IBERVILLE (D) (D)

22053 JEFFERSON DAVIS 1,391 150,421

22055 LAFAYETTE (D) (D)

22065 MADISON 1,725 212,832

22067 MOREHOUSE 4,375 397,489

22069 NATCHITOCHES 1,854 166,976

22073 OUACHITA 4,910 489,220

22077 POINTE COUPEE 2,459 272,120

22079 RAPIDES 10,490 992,753

22083 RICHLAND 1,397 121,840

22097 ST. LANDRY 13,639 1,376,597

22099 ST. MARTIN 726 72,820

22105 TANGIPAHOA 208 3,000

22107 TENSAS 6,898 798,568

22117 WASHINGTON (D) (D)

22123 WEST CARROLL 804 110,610 (D) (D)

MAINE

23019 PENOBSCOT (D) (D)

23031 YORK (D) (D)

MARYLAND

24001 ALLEGANY (D) (D)

24003 ANNE ARUNDEL 197 13,190 (D) (D)

24005 BALTIMORE (D) (D)

24009 CALVERT (D) (D)

24011 CAROLINE 2,217 150,690 (D) (D)

24013 CARROLL 215 1,004

24015 CECIL (D) (D)

24017 CHARLES 4,542 169,853 (D) (D)

24019 DORCHESTER 2,469 173,940 (D) (D) (D) (D)

24021 FREDERICK 524 18,598 282 4,706

24023 GARRETT 42 496

24025 HARFORD (D) (D) (D) (D)

24027 HOWARD (D) (D)

24029 KENT 693 51,571 (D) (D)

24031 MONTGOMERY (D) (D) (D) (D)
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data B18 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

FIPS County

Grain Sorghum Silage Sorghum Syrup Sorghum

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Bushels

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Tons

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Gallons

24033 PRINCE GEORGE'S (D) (D) (D) (D)

24035 QUEEN ANNE'S 378 28,724 (D) (D)

24037 ST. MARY'S 78 3,560 (D) (D)

24041 TALBOT 1,509 82,186 (D) (D)

24043 WASHINGTON 887 54,007 823 16,277

24045 WICOMICO 295 16,752

24047 WORCESTER (D) (D)

MASSACHUSETTS

25003 BERKSHIRE (D) (D)

25005 BRISTOL (D) (D)

MICHIGAN

26005 ALLEGAN (D) (D)

26007 ALPENA (D) (D)

26009 ANTRIM (D) (D) (D) (D)

26011 ARENAC (D) (D)

26015 BARRY (D) (D)

26023 BRANCH 72 520

26025 CALHOUN (D) (D)

26029 CHARLEVOIX (D) (D)

26031 CHEBOYGAN (D) (D)

26037 CLINTON (D) (D) (D) (D)

26041 DELTA (D) (D)

26045 EATON (D) (D) 48 204

26047 EMMET (D) (D)

26049 GENESEE (D) (D)

26055 GRAND TRAVERSE (D) (D)

26057 GRATIOT (D) (D)

26059 HILLSDALE (D) (D) 184 379

26063 HURON (D) (D)

26067 IONIA 116 1,345

26069 IOSCO (D) (D)

26073 ISABELLA 424 2,369

26075 JACKSON 244 20,123

26077 KALAMAZOO (D) (D)

26079 KALKASKA (D) (D)

26081 KENT (D) (D)

26087 LAPEER 60 2,040 (D) (D)
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data B19 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

FIPS County

Grain Sorghum Silage Sorghum Syrup Sorghum

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Bushels

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Tons

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Gallons

26089 LEELANAU (D) (D)

26091 LENAWEE (D) (D) (D) (D)

26097 MACKINAC (D) (D)

26101 MANISTEE (D) (D)

26105 MASON (D) (D)

26107 MECOSTA (D) (D)

26109 MENOMINEE (D) (D) (D) (D)

26111 MIDLAND (D) (D)

26113 MISSAUKEE 238 1,065

26115 MONROE (D) (D)

26119 MONTMORENCY (D) (D)

26121 MUSKEGON (D) (D)

26123 NEWAYGO (D) (D)

26127 OCEANA 60 335

26129 OGEMAW (D) (D) (D) (D)

26133 OSCEOLA 95 265

26135 OSCODA (D) (D)

26137 OTSEGO (D) (D)

26139 OTTAWA (D) (D)

26141 PRESQUE ISLE (D) (D) (D) (D)

26145 SAGINAW 189 4,260

26147 ST. CLAIR (D) (D)

26149 ST. JOSEPH (D) (D)

26151 SANILAC 17 121

26155 SHIAWASSEE (D) (D)

26157 TUSCOLA (D) (D)

26159 VAN BUREN 118 648

26161 WASHTENAW (D) (D)

26165 WEXFORD (D) (D)

MINNESOTA

27005 BECKER (D) (D)

27023 CHIPPEWA 54 827

27033 COTTONWOOD (D) (D)

27039 DODGE (D) (D)

27055 HOUSTON (D) (D)

27097 MORRISON (D) (D)

27121 POPE (D) (D) (D) (D)
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data B20 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

FIPS County

Grain Sorghum Silage Sorghum Syrup Sorghum

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Bushels

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Tons

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Gallons

27147 STEELE (D) (D)

27149 STEVENS 67 1,036

27151 SWIFT (D) (D)

27153 TODD 50 310

27159 WADENA 240 1,200

MISSISSIPPI

28003 ALCORN (D) (D)

28005 AMITE (D) (D)

28011 BOLIVAR 1,974 158,861 (D) (D)

28013 CALHOUN 234 17,980

28015 CARROLL (D) (D)

28017 CHICKASAW (D) (D)

28019 CHOCTAW 30 1,926

28021 CLAIBORNE (D) (D) (D) (D)

28025 CLAY (D) (D) (D) (D)

28027 COAHOMA 1,584 109,446

28029 COPIAH (D) (D)

28033 DESOTO 6,858 584,046

28043 GRENADA (D) (D)

28049 HINDS (D) (D)

28051 HOLMES (D) (D)

28053 HUMPHREYS 1,594 145,198

28055 ISSAQUENA (D) (D)

28061 JASPER (D) (D)

28065 JEFFERSON DAVIS (D) (D)

28069 KEMPER (D) (D)

28071 LAFAYETTE (D) (D)

28077 LAWRENCE (D) (D)

28081 LEE 1,006 77,993 (D) (D)

28083 LEFLORE (D) (D)

28085 LINCOLN (D) (D)

28087 LOWNDES (D) (D)

28089 MADISON (D) (D)

28091 MARION (D) (D) (D) (D)

28093 MARSHALL 1,606 111,027 (D) (D)

28103 NOXUBEE (D) (D) (D) (D)

28107 PANOLA 1,942 135,770 300 1,017
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data B21 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

FIPS County

Grain Sorghum Silage Sorghum Syrup Sorghum

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Bushels

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Tons

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Gallons

28115 PONTOTOC 762 58,354

28119 QUITMAN 7,246 651,691

28125 SHARKEY (D) (D)

28129 SMITH (D) (D)

28133 SUNFLOWER 2,736 231,299 (D) (D)

28135 TALLAHATCHIE 870 79,546

28137 TATE 1,563 112,910

28143 TUNICA 7,059 565,262

28145 UNION 298 21,345 30 102

28147 WALTHALL (D) (D)

28151 WASHINGTON 4,099 396,037

28153 WAYNE (D) (D)

28161 YALOBUSHA 100 4,026

28163 YAZOO 1,670 186,350

MISSOURI

29001 ADAIR 493 28,448 (D) (D)

29003 ANDREW 383 15,076

29005 ATCHISON (D) (D)

29007 AUDRAIN 6,419 364,435 (D) (D) (D) (D)

29009 BARRY (D) (D)

29011 BARTON 1,532 66,410

29013 BATES 307 26,077 (D) (D)

29015 BENTON 264 10,034 (D) (D) (D) (D)

29017 BOLLINGER (D) (D) (D) (D)

29019 BOONE 1,068 47,444 (D) (D)

29021 BUCHANAN 282 17,009 (D) (D)

29023 BUTLER 360 18,939

29025 CALDWELL 1,962 99,529

29027 CALLAWAY 1,664 49,563

29031 CAPE GIRARDEAU (D) (D) 75 768

29033 CARROLL 444 (D) (D) (D)

29037 CASS (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D)

29041 CHARITON 66 4,830

29043 CHRISTIAN (D) (D)

29045 CLARK (D) (D) (D) (D)

29047 CLAY (D) (D)

29051 COLE (D) (D) (D) (D)
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data B22 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

FIPS County

Grain Sorghum Silage Sorghum Syrup Sorghum

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Bushels

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Tons

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Gallons

29053 COOPER 120 2,640 (D) (D)

29055 CRAWFORD (D) (D)

29057 DADE 1,294 50,028 (D) (D)

29059 DALLAS (D) (D) 118 1,181 (D) (D)

29061 DAVIESS 404 18,777 (D) (D)

29063 DEKALB 707 42,516

29067 DOUGLAS (D) (D)

29069 DUNKLIN 4,085 264,659

29071 FRANKLIN 1,331 71,160

29073 GASCONADE 575 31,245

29075 GENTRY 113 10,246 35 (D)

29077 GREENE (D) (D) (D) (D)

29079 GRUNDY 168 11,194 (D) (D)

29081 HARRISON 108 4,477

29083 HENRY 1,256 54,748 (D) (D)

29085 HICKORY (D) (D) 390 1,950

29089 HOWARD (D) (D)

29091 HOWELL (D) (D) 117 732

29093 IRON (D) (D)

29095 JACKSON 74 4,310

29097 JASPER 314 11,136 (D) (D)

29099 JEFFERSON 83 4,000 100 1,010 (D) (D)

29101 JOHNSON 120 5,948 125 1,740 (D) (D)

29103 KNOX 465 20,940 58 499 (D) (D)

29105 LACLEDE (D) (D) 518 8,156

29107 LAFAYETTE (D) (D) 63 93

29109 LAWRENCE 108 5,280 204 1,388

29111 LEWIS (D) (D) 25 150

29113 LINCOLN 2,555 82,013 (D) (D)

29115 LINN 510 28,592 18 110 (D) (D)

29117 LIVINGSTON 2,625 195,122 (D) (D)

29119 MCDONALD (D) (D) (D) (D)

29121 MACON (D) (D)

29125 MARIES 571 20,022 (D) (D) (D) (D)

29129 MERCER 60 1,191 (D) (D)

29131 MILLER 142 6,316 180 2,000

29133 MISSISSIPPI 2,240 195,069
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data B23 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

FIPS County

Grain Sorghum Silage Sorghum Syrup Sorghum

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Bushels

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Tons

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Gallons

29135 MONITEAU 232 7,566 214 2,135

29137 MONROE 740 36,617 195 1,700

29139 MONTGOMERY 1,558 74,450

29141 MORGAN 220 10,910 231 1,620

29143 NEW MADRID 3,983 291,410 (D) (D)

29145 NEWTON 85 3,750 257 1,336

29147 NODAWAY (D) (D) (D) (D)

29151 OSAGE 522 23,284 466 3,968

29155 PEMISCOT 2,924 235,009 (D) (D)

29157 PERRY (D) (D)

29159 PETTIS 851 39,535

29161 PHELPS (D) (D)

29163 PIKE (D) (D) (D) (D)

29165 PLATTE 359 16,138

29167 POLK 218 10,900 (D) (D) (D) (D)

29171 PUTNAM (D) (D)

29173 RALLS (D) (D)

29175 RANDOLPH 223 13,653

29177 RAY 267 18,484

29181 RIPLEY (D) (D)

29183 ST. CHARLES 58 3,110

29185 ST. CLAIR 739 42,296 (D) (D)

29186 STE. GENEVIEVE (D) (D)

29187 ST. FRANCOIS (D) (D)

29195 SALINE 163 (D)

29199 SCOTLAND 60 1,191 93 1,273 (D) (D)

29201 SCOTT (D) (D) (D) (D)

29205 SHELBY 713 60,240 (D) (D)

29207 STODDARD 877 58,780 (D) (D)

29209 STONE 200 1,720

29213 TANEY (D) (D)

29215 TEXAS (D) (D) 225 1,434

29217 VERNON 705 22,922 142 584 (D) (D)

29219 WARREN 230 9,974 (D) (D) (D) (D)

29225 WEBSTER 228 5,414 776 5,661 (D) (D)

29229 WRIGHT (D) (D) (D) (D)
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data B24 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

FIPS County

Grain Sorghum Silage Sorghum Syrup Sorghum

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Bushels

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Tons

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Gallons

MONTANA

30017 CUSTER (D) (D)

30065 MUSSELSHELL (D) (D)

NEBRASKA

31001 ADAMS 1,047 82,957

31003 ANTELOPE (D) (D) (D) (D)

31007 BANNER (D) (D) 286 3,018

31011 BOONE (D) (D)

31013 BOX BUTTE (D) (D) (D) (D)

31015 BOYD (D) (D) 270 2,743

31019 BUFFALO 204 24,061 401 632

31021 BURT (D) (D)

31023 BUTLER 125 8,751 138 (D)

31025 CASS 59 2,986 (D) (D)

31027 CEDAR (D) (D) (D) (D)

31029 CHASE 1,522 45,547 135 1,876

31031 CHERRY 474 8,459

31033 CHEYENNE 1,303 31,970 (D) (D)

31035 CLAY 765 51,748 (D) (D)

31037 COLFAX (D) (D) (D) (D)

31039 CUMING (D) (D) 45 (D)

31041 CUSTER 1,253 60,285 388 4,085

31045 DAWES (D) (D)

31047 DAWSON 198 11,637 229 2,967

31049 DEUEL (D) (D) 88 (D)

31053 DODGE 103 10,170

31057 DUNDY 3,637 211,652 117 268

31059 FILLMORE 1,346 77,084 98 1,400

31061 FRANKLIN 567 27,983 285 2,597

31063 FRONTIER 2,777 85,044 613 2,206

31065 FURNAS 3,160 165,931 300 1,700

31067 GAGE 3,347 232,884 112 642

31069 GARDEN (D) (D)

31071 GARFIELD (D) (D)

31073 GOSPER (D) (D) (D) (D)

31077 GREELEY (D) (D) 342 964

31079 HALL 400 34,596 748 1,968
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data B25 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

FIPS County

Grain Sorghum Silage Sorghum Syrup Sorghum

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Bushels

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Tons

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Gallons

31081 HAMILTON 224 13,617

31083 HARLAN 1,497 83,003

31085 HAYES 1,117 54,280

31087 HITCHCOCK 4,541 274,561 (D) (D)

31089 HOLT (D) (D) 112 769

31093 HOWARD 370 19,645

31095 JEFFERSON 1,364 82,308 274 5,817

31097 JOHNSON 450 30,174 (D) (D)

31099 KEARNEY 452 45,919

31101 KEITH (D) (D)

31103 KEYA PAHA (D) (D) (D) (D)

31105 KIMBALL 995 47,317

31107 KNOX (D) 1,862 404 2,621

31109 LANCASTER 263 19,365

31111 LINCOLN 450 16,101 369 5,460

31115 LOUP (D) (D)

31117 MCPHERSON (D) (D)

31119 MADISON 63 (D) 49 (D)

31121 MERRICK (D) (D)

31123 MORRILL 184 10,010 818 (D)

31125 NANCE (D) (D)

31127 NEMAHA (D) (D)

31129 NUCKOLLS 3,733 308,308 622 7,774

31133 PAWNEE 480 34,838

31135 PERKINS 670 17,911 255 2,080

31137 PHELPS 358 29,972

31139 PIERCE 298 4,946

31141 PLATTE (D) (D) (D) (D)

31143 POLK 609 66,309

31145 RED WILLOW 5,412 239,779 231 1,552

31147 RICHARDSON (D) (D)

31149 ROCK (D) (D)

31151 SALINE 1,116 56,510 49 419

31155 SAUNDERS 71 3,347 28 300

31157 SCOTTS BLUFF 90 5,850 223 3,239

31159 SEWARD 1,797 161,904 (D) (D)

31161 SHERIDAN 300 9,850 130 (D)
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data B26 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

FIPS County

Grain Sorghum Silage Sorghum Syrup Sorghum

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Bushels

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Tons

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Gallons

31163 SHERMAN (D) (D) (D) (D)

31165 SIOUX (D) (D) (D) (D)

31167 STANTON (D) (D)

31169 THAYER 2,074 168,345 (D) (D)

31175 VALLEY 586 40,400 502 7,680

31179 WAYNE (D) (D)

31181 WEBSTER 2,276 166,401 242 1,742

31183 WHEELER (D) (D) (D) (D)

31185 YORK 1,282 92,165 (D) (D)

NEVADA

32001 CHURCHILL (D) (D)

NEW HAMPSHIRE

33005 CHESHIRE (D) (D)

33015 ROCKINGHAM (D) (D)

NEW JERSEY

34001 ATLANTIC (D) (D)

34009 CAPE MAY (D) (D)

34011 CUMBERLAND 703 16,646

34015 GLOUCESTER (D) (D) (D) (D)

34019 HUNTERDON 20 300 22 64

34025 MONMOUTH (D) (D) (D) (D)

34033 SALEM (D) 7,300 42 303

34035 SOMERSET (D) (D)

NEW MEXICO

35001 BERNALILLO 84 1,512

35005 CHAVES 204 14,011 2,023 33,565

35009 CURRY 12,786 476,438 7,375 104,734

35011 DE BACA 24 480

35013 DONA ANA (D) (D) 56 925

35015 EDDY (D) (D) (D) (D)

35023 HIDALGO (D) (D)

35025 LEA 442 18,564

35029 LUNA 1,368 155,874

35037 QUAY (D) (D) 382 4,270

35041 ROOSEVELT 4,241 70,067 5,400 56,225

35045 SAN JUAN (D) (D)

35051 SIERRA (D) (D)
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data B27 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

FIPS County

Grain Sorghum Silage Sorghum Syrup Sorghum

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Bushels

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Tons

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Gallons

35053 SOCORRO (D) (D) (D) (D)

35057 TORRANCE 450 5,020

35059 UNION (D) (D) 1,420 26,220

35061 VALENCIA (D) (D) (D) (D)

NEW YORK

36003 ALLEGANY (D) (D)

36007 BROOME (D) (D)

36009 CATTARAUGUS 69 580

36011 CAYUGA 150 556

36013 CHAUTAUQUA 253 2,745

36019 CLINTON (D) (D) (D) (D)

36021 COLUMBIA (D) (D) 300 2,261

36023 CORTLAND 100 768

36025 DELAWARE (D) (D)

36027 DUTCHESS (D) (D)

36037 GENESEE (D) (D) 213 1,023

36043 HERKIMER 18 204

36045 JEFFERSON (D) (D) (D) (D)

36049 LEWIS (D) (D)

36051 LIVINGSTON (D) (D)

36053 MADISON 12 84

36057 MONTGOMERY 87 720

36063 NIAGARA 75 298

36065 ONEIDA 11 38

36067 ONONDAGA (D) (D)

36069 ONTARIO 30 400

36071 ORANGE (D) (D)

36073 ORLEANS (D) (D)

36077 OTSEGO 205 790

36089 ST. LAWRENCE 53 252

36091 SARATOGA (D) (D)

36095 SCHOHARIE (D) (D) 112 682

36099 SENECA (D) (D) (D) (D)

36101 STEUBEN (D) (D) 127 774

36107 TIOGA 23 88

36111 ULSTER (D) (D)

36115 WASHINGTON (D) (D)
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data B28 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

FIPS County

Grain Sorghum Silage Sorghum Syrup Sorghum

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Bushels

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Tons

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Gallons

36117 WAYNE (D) (D) (D) 504

36121 WYOMING (D) (D)

36123 YATES 35 212

NORTH CAROLINA

37001 ALAMANCE (D) (D) 192 (D) 3 525

37003 ALEXANDER (D) (D) (D) (D)

37005 ALLEGHANY (D) (D)

37009 ASHE (D) (D)

37013 BEAUFORT 966 64,628

37015 BERTIE 210 16,420

37017 BLADEN 1,721 83,582 (D) (D)

37019 BRUNSWICK (D) (D)

37021 BUNCOMBE (D) (D)

37023 BURKE (D) (D)

37025 CABARRUS (D) (D) (D) (D)

37031 CARTERET 538 25,735

37037 CHATHAM 645 32,690 249 2,604

37041 CHOWAN 797 56,025

37045 CLEVELAND 58 2,262 (D) (D) (D) (D)

37047 COLUMBUS 1,231 56,277 (D) (D)

37049 CRAVEN 932 50,398

37051 CUMBERLAND 2,461 129,681

37053 CURRITUCK 176 7,873

37057 DAVIDSON (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D)

37059 DAVIE (D) (D)

37061 DUPLIN 3,267 240,824 87 896

37063 DURHAM 35 3,150

37065 EDGECOMBE (D) (D)

37069 FRANKLIN 159 11,611 276 3,235

37071 GASTON (D) (D)

37073 GATES (D) (D)

37077 GRANVILLE 472 20,488

37079 GREENE 353 23,280

37081 GUILFORD 219 10,697 (D) (D)

37083 HALIFAX 1,706 133,136 (D) (D)

37085 HARNETT 2,810 152,579

37087 HAYWOOD (D) (D)
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data B29 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

FIPS County

Grain Sorghum Silage Sorghum Syrup Sorghum

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Bushels

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Tons

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Gallons

37089 HENDERSON (D) (D)

37091 HERTFORD 438 29,670

37095 HYDE (D) (D)

37097 IREDELL 88 3,307 388 4,097

37101 JOHNSTON 3,937 252,530 96 1,356

37103 JONES 1,183 63,686

37105 LEE 693 39,503

37107 LENOIR 2,203 145,315

37109 LINCOLN (D) (D) (D) (D)

37111 MCDOWELL (D) (D)

37117 MARTIN 1,261 82,486

37123 MONTGOMERY 278 15,550

37125 MOORE 715 43,329 (D) (D)

37127 NASH 815 48,483

37131 NORTHAMPTON 1,027 56,305

37133 ONSLOW 2,090 113,532 (D) (D)

37135 ORANGE 132 9,200 (D) (D)

37137 PAMLICO (D) (D)

37139 PASQUOTANK 1,193 77,750

37141 PENDER 634 36,355

37143 PERQUIMANS 637 51,997

37145 PERSON 405 30,716

37147 PITT 2,318 149,900

37149 POLK (D) (D)

37151 RANDOLPH 358 20,906 (D) (D)

37153 RICHMOND 241 8,582 (D) (D)

37155 ROBESON 2,374 115,007 (D) (D)

37157 ROCKINGHAM (D) (D) 30 360 (D) (D)

37159 ROWAN (D) (D) 397 5,372 (D) (D)

37161 RUTHERFORD 6 555

37163 SAMPSON 1,462 92,822 507 8,773 (D) (D)

37165 SCOTLAND (D) (D)

37167 STANLY (D) (D)

37169 STOKES 320 3,520

37177 TYRRELL (D) (D)

37179 UNION 851 62,155

37181 VANCE 170 8,103
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data B30 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

FIPS County

Grain Sorghum Silage Sorghum Syrup Sorghum

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Bushels

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Tons

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Gallons

37183 WAKE 1,012 45,246

37185 WARREN (D) (D) 156 2,200

37187 WASHINGTON (D) (D)

37191 WAYNE 2,243 151,480

37193 WILKES (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D)

37195 WILSON 248 17,543

37197 YADKIN (D) (D)

37199 YANCEY 11 1078

NORTH DAKOTA

38025 DUNN (D) (D)

38029 EMMONS (D) (D)

38051 MCINTOSH (D) (D)

38079 ROLETTE (D) (D)

OHIO

39001 ADAMS (D) (D)

39003 ALLEN (D) (D)

39005 ASHLAND (D) (D) 122 590 (D) 270

39007 ASHTABULA (D) (D)

39013 BELMONT (D) (D)

39015 BROWN (D) (D) (D) (D)

39019 CARROLL (D) (D)

39021 CHAMPAIGN (D) (D)

39029 COLUMBIANA 174 1,680

39031 COSHOCTON 134 1,804 (D) (D)

39037 DARKE (D) (D)

39039 DEFIANCE (D) (D)

39041 DELAWARE (D) (D)

39043 ERIE (D) (D)

39053 GALLIA (D) (D)

39055 GEAUGA 390 1,524

39063 HANCOCK (D) (D)

39071 HIGHLAND (D) (D) (D) (D)

39075 HOLMES 65 327

39077 HURON 20 67

39079 JACKSON (D) (D) (D) (D)

39083 KNOX (D) (D) (D) (D)

39087 LAWRENCE (D) (D)
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data B31 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

FIPS County

Grain Sorghum Silage Sorghum Syrup Sorghum

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Bushels

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Tons

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Gallons

39089 LICKING (D) (D)

39091 LOGAN (D) (D)

39093 LORAIN (D) (D)

39099 MAHONING 25 169

39101 MARION 3 135 (D) (D)

39103 MEDINA (D) (D)

39107 MERCER 177 1,720

39111 MONROE (D) (D)

39113 MONTGOMERY (D) (D)

39115 MORGAN (D) (D)

39117 MORROW 65 660

39119 MUSKINGUM (D) (D)

39125 PAULDING (D) (D) (D) (D)

39127 PERRY (D) (D)

39129 PICKAWAY (D) (D) (D) (D)

39133 PORTAGE (D) (D)

39135 PREBLE (D) (D) (D) (D)

39137 PUTNAM (D) (D)

39139 RICHLAND 132 1,493

39141 ROSS (D) (D)

39143 SANDUSKY (D) (D)

39147 SENECA (D) (D)

39149 SHELBY 40 260

39151 STARK (D) (D)

39155 TRUMBULL 28 325

39157 TUSCARAWAS 118 1,578

39159 UNION (D) (D)

39161 VAN WERT (D) (D)

39167 WASHINGTON (D) (D)

39169 WAYNE 162 1,645

39175 WYANDOT 22 172

OKLAHOMA

40003 ALFALFA 6,865 177,715 (D) (D)

40007 BEAVER 22,399 631,184 686 5,515

40009 BECKHAM 921 19,363 (D) (D)

40011 BLAINE 3,487 73,120 (D) (D)

40013 BRYAN (D) (D)
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data B32 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

FIPS County

Grain Sorghum Silage Sorghum Syrup Sorghum

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Bushels

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Tons

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Gallons

40015 CADDO 5,760 185,392

40017 CANADIAN 1,585 29,532 (D) (D)

40025 CIMARRON 19,147 526,639 (D) (D)

40027 CLEVELAND 210 (D) (D) (D)

40029 COAL 84 825 6 285

40031 COMANCHE 150 3,750

40033 COTTON 874 29,900 (D) (D)

40035 CRAIG 1,915 33,894 (D) (D)

40039 CUSTER 2,782 79,560 323 3,376

40041 DELAWARE (D) (D)

40043 DEWEY 190 2,530

40045 ELLIS 1,502 50,406 428 2,087

40047 GARFIELD 21,761 382,396 898 1,408

40049 GARVIN 191 12,624

40051 GRADY 4,849 163,302 1,088 8,994

40053 GRANT 17,163 341,564 (D) (D)

40055 GREER (D) (D)

40057 HARMON 136 (D) (D) (D)

40059 HARPER 1,130 20,430 320 2,600

40063 HUGHES 18 360

40065 JACKSON 598 20,287 (D) (D)

40067 JEFFERSON (D) (D)

40069 JOHNSTON 240 2,100

40071 KAY 8,494 187,170

40073 KINGFISHER 953 19,483 590 (D)

40075 KIOWA 2,442 70,100 389 (D)

40079 LE FLORE (D) (D)

40081 LINCOLN 150 5,179 (D) (D)

40083 LOGAN 2,395 46,827 (D) (D)

40085 LOVE 740 4,834

40087 MCCLAIN 1,022 44,451 (D) (D)

40091 MCINTOSH (D) (D)

40093 MAJOR 3,359 79,757

40095 MARSHALL (D) (D)

40097 MAYES 993 24,384 (D) (D)

40099 MURRAY (D) (D)

40101 MUSKOGEE 846 22,674
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data B33 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

FIPS County

Grain Sorghum Silage Sorghum Syrup Sorghum

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Bushels

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Tons

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Gallons

40103 NOBLE 938 10,970

40105 NOWATA 996 22,866

40107 OKFUSKEE (D) (D)

40109 OKLAHOMA (D) (D) (D) (D)

40111 OKMULGEE (D) (D)

40113 OSAGE 971 25,424 (D) (D)

40115 OTTAWA (D) (D) (D) (D)

40117 PAWNEE (D) (D)

40119 PAYNE 2,141 46,319

40121 PITTSBURG 109 10,464

40123 PONTOTOC (D) (D)

40125 POTTAWATOMIE 397 17,124

40129 ROGER MILLS 144 3,482 (D) (D)

40131 ROGERS 645 23,275 95 1,250

40139 TEXAS 46,139 1,336,648 (D) (D)

40141 TILLMAN 1,764 54,394 321 (D)

40143 TULSA (D) (D)

40145 WAGONER 565 23,340

40147 WASHINGTON 240 5,800

40149 WASHITA 5,834 158,486 391 2,638

40151 WOODS 725 15,984 (D) (D)

40153 WOODWARD 759 23,635

OREGON

41043 LINN (D) (D)

41045 MALHEUR (D) (D)

41047 MARION (D) (D)

PENNSYLVANIA

42001 ADAMS (D) (D) 492 8,392

42003 ALLEGHENY (D) (D)

42007 BEAVER (D) (D)

42009 BEDFORD (D) (D) 309 3,859

42011 BERKS 27 1,760 361 3,539

42013 BLAIR 65 611

42015 BRADFORD 157 941

42017 BUCKS (D) (D) 254 (D)

42019 BUTLER (D) (D)

42021 CAMBRIA 4 (D)
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data B34 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

FIPS County

Grain Sorghum Silage Sorghum Syrup Sorghum

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Bushels

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Tons

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Gallons

42027 CENTRE 286 1,270

42029 CHESTER (D) (D) 34 (D)

42031 CLARION (D) (D)

42033 CLEARFIELD 30 96

42035 CLINTON 39 182

42037 COLUMBIA 58 2,169 74 207

42039 CRAWFORD 70 160

42041 CUMBERLAND 125 8,294 524 4,401

42043 DAUPHIN 66 (D)

42049 ERIE (D) (D)

42051 FAYETTE (D) (D)

42055 FRANKLIN 371 33,800 2,440 31,551

42057 FULTON 96 6,020 462 5,416

42061 HUNTINGDON (D) (D) 532 5,093

42063 INDIANA 42 (D)

42065 JEFFERSON 15 (D)

42067 JUNIATA (D) (D) 319 2,323

42069 LACKAWANNA (D) (D) (D) (D)

42071 LANCASTER 132 10,809 443 4,006

42073 LAWRENCE (D) (D) 51 808

42075 LEBANON 18 1,340 244 1,910

42077 LEHIGH 21 900 (D) (D)

42081 LYCOMING (D) (D) 33 254

42085 MERCER 85 259

42087 MIFFLIN 60 279

42091 MONTGOMERY (D) (D)

42093 MONTOUR 142 1,149

42095 NORTHAMPTON (D) (D) (D) (D)

42097 NORTHUMBERLAN

D

332 41,709 55 667

42099 PERRY (D) (D) 49 312

42105 POTTER (D) (D) (D) (D)

42107 SCHUYLKILL 29 1,420 73 516

42109 SNYDER 37 500

42111 SOMERSET 76 558

42115 SUSQUEHANNA (D) (D)

42117 TIOGA (D) (D) 116 401
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data B35 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

FIPS County

Grain Sorghum Silage Sorghum Syrup Sorghum

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Bushels

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Tons

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Gallons

42119 UNION (D) (D) 100 588

42121 VENANGO (D) (D)

42123 WARREN 15 135

42125 WASHINGTON 152 7,400 (D) (D)

42127 WAYNE 46 (D)

42129 WESTMORELAND 155 2,480

42131 WYOMING 13 110

42133 YORK (D) (D)

SOUTH CAROLINA

45001 ABBEVILLE (D) (D) (D) (D)

45003 AIKEN 678 30,760

45005 ALLENDALE (D) (D)

45007 ANDERSON 757 32,670 (D) (D)

45009 BAMBERG (D) 19,700 (D) (D)

45013 BEAUFORT (D) (D)

45015 BERKELEY (D) (D)

45017 CALHOUN 112 10,024

45019 CHARLESTON 41 902

45023 CHESTER (D) (D) (D) (D)

45025 CHESTERFIELD (D) (D)

45027 CLARENDON 661 32,303

45031 DARLINGTON 2,656 124,484 (D) (D)

45033 DILLON 776 21,944

45041 FLORENCE 579 30,300 522 2,920

45043 GEORGETOWN (D) (D)

45045 GREENVILLE (D) (D)

45049 HAMPTON (D) (D)

45051 HORRY 589 14,666

45053 JASPER (D) (D)

45055 KERSHAW (D) (D)

45057 LANCASTER (D) (D)

45059 LAURENS (D) (D)

45061 LEE 1,276 73,209

45063 LEXINGTON 564 23,346 (D) (D)

45067 MARION 465 44,453 (D) (D)

45069 MARLBORO 261 11,484

45071 NEWBERRY 179 5,028 3,560 48,238
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data B36 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

FIPS County

Grain Sorghum Silage Sorghum Syrup Sorghum

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Bushels

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Tons

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Gallons

45075 ORANGEBURG 434 24,200 390 5,130

45077 PICKENS (D) (D)

45079 RICHLAND 284 13,428 (D) (D)

45081 SALUDA (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D)

45083 SPARTANBURG (D) (D) 290 3,530

45085 SUMTER (D) (D) (D) (D)

45087 UNION (D) (D) (D) (D)

45089 WILLIAMSBURG 382 13,164 204 (D)

45091 YORK (D) (D)

SOUTH DAKOTA

46003 AURORA 1,651 122,236 360 3,027

46005 BEADLE 200 9,868 457 (D)

46007 BENNETT 850 22,426 287 2,414

46009 BON HOMME 178 1,016

46011 BROOKINGS (D) (D)

46013 BROWN (D) (D)

46015 BRULE 1,160 63,916 801 6,626

46017 BUFFALO (D) (D) (D) (D)

46019 BUTTE 50 1,954 (D) (D)

46023 CHARLES MIX 1,407 74,941 714 11,641

46031 CORSON 680 8,857

46033 CUSTER 2,400 74,556

46035 DAVISON 313 10,365

46041 DEWEY (D) (D)

46043 DOUGLAS (D) (D)

46047 FALL RIVER (D) (D) 1,099 (D)

46051 GRANT (D) (D)

46053 GREGORY 2,278 91,616 418 2,126

46055 HAAKON 6,409 186,150 1,196 8,734

46059 HAND 3,798 129,908 468 4,977

46061 HANSON (D) (D)

46065 HUGHES 3,092 134,513 220 1,478

46069 HYDE 701 28,000 (D) (D)

46071 JACKSON (D) (D)

46073 JERAULD 2,340 114,450 1,222 10,116

46075 JONES 13,092 569,881 554 4,770

46077 KINGSBURY (D) (D) 176 1,551
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data B37 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

FIPS County

Grain Sorghum Silage Sorghum Syrup Sorghum

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Bushels

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Tons

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Gallons

46085 LYMAN 60,012 2,446,036 193 1,559

46091 MARSHALL (D) (D)

46093 MEADE 354 17,323 (D) (D)

46095 MELLETTE 3,249 114,795 (D) (D)

46097 MINER (D) (D) (D) (D)

46105 PERKINS (D) (D) (D) (D)

46107 POTTER (D) (D) (D) (D)

46111 SANBORN 468 19,248 1,197 12,803

46115 SPINK 938 55,793 339 3,590

46117 STANLEY 9,227 391,725 (D) (D)

46119 SULLY 876 51,165 (D) (D)

46121 TODD 326 2,562

46123 TRIPP 20,371 1,012,930 2,884 28,998

46129 WALWORTH (D) (D)

46135 YANKTON 46 659

46137 ZIEBACH (D) (D)

TENNESSEE

47001 ANDERSON (D) (D)

47003 BEDFORD (D) (D) (D) (D)

47007 BLEDSOE (D) (D)

47009 BLOUNT (D) (D)

47011 BRADLEY (D) (D)

47013 CAMPBELL (D) (D)

47015 CANNON (D) (D)

47017 CARROLL (D) (D) (D) (D)

47021 CHEATHAM (D) (D)

47025 CLAIBORNE (D) (D)

47027 CLAY (D) (D)

47031 COFFEE (D) (D)

47039 DECATUR (D) (D) (D) (D)

47043 DICKSON 7 746

47045 DYER 4,480 320,638

47047 FAYETTE 549 40,767

47051 FRANKLIN (D) (D)

47053 GIBSON (D) (D) (D) (D)

47055 GILES (D) (D) (D) (D)

47065 HAMILTON (D) (D)
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data B38 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

FIPS County

Grain Sorghum Silage Sorghum Syrup Sorghum

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Bushels

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Tons

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Gallons

47067 HANCOCK (D) (D)

47069 HARDEMAN 679 53,159

47071 HARDIN 520 50,622

47073 HAWKINS (D) (D)

47075 HAYWOOD 386 24,215

47077 HENDERSON (D) (D) (D) (D)

47079 HENRY (D) (D)

47081 HICKMAN (D) (D)

47089 JEFFERSON (D) (D)

47091 JOHNSON (D) (D)

47095 LAKE 738 63,464

47097 LAUDERDALE (D) (D)

47099 LAWRENCE (D) (D) 9 870

47103 LINCOLN (D) (D)

47109 MCNAIRY (D) (D)

47113 MADISON (D) (D)

47117 MARSHALL (D) (D)

47119 MAURY (D) (D) (D) (D)

47123 MONROE 203 2,600

47125 MONTGOMERY (D) (D) (D) (D)

47131 OBION 682 48,380

47133 OVERTON (D) (D) 75 15716

47135 PERRY (D) (D)

47139 POLK 4 799

47141 PUTNAM (D) (D)

47143 RHEA (D) (D)

47147 ROBERTSON (D) (D) (D) (D)

47149 RUTHERFORD (D) (D) (D) (D)

47157 SHELBY (D) (D)

47167 TIPTON 267 18,226

47169 TROUSDALE (D) (D)

47177 WARREN (D) (D) (D) (D)

47183 WEAKLEY 362 25,423

47185 WHITE (D) (D)

47187 WILLIAMSON (D) (D)

TEXAS

48001 ANDERSON (D) (D) 167 637
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data B39 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

FIPS County

Grain Sorghum Silage Sorghum Syrup Sorghum

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Bushels

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Tons

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Gallons

48003 ANDREWS 3,856 167,798 255 1,698

48009 ARCHER 524 16,488 (D) (D)

48011 ARMSTRONG 13,021 337,980 644 7,571

48013 ATASCOSA 2,457 130,084 (D) (D) (D) (D)

48015 AUSTIN 2,373 193,490 103 333

48017 BAILEY 23,479 1,288,404 7,887 104,027

48021 BASTROP 1,179 88,118 186 (D)

48023 BAYLOR 126 4,507 (D) (D)

48025 BEE 10,470 596,037

48027 BELL 21,938 1,813,821

48029 BEXAR 3,888 196,090

48031 BLANCO (D) (D)

48033 BORDEN (D) (D)

48035 BOSQUE 1,757 118,315 1,046 10,778

48037 BOWIE 466 25,318

48039 BRAZORIA 17,644 1,508,197

48041 BRAZOS 1,461 137,146

48043 BREWSTER (D) (D)

48045 BRISCOE 3,372 86,816 (D) (D)

48047 BROOKS 580 8,122

48049 BROWN (D) (D) 960 (D)

48051 BURLESON 2,842 208,383

48055 CALDWELL 4,993 373,036

48057 CALHOUN 19,307 1,705,194

48059 CALLAHAN 307 8,130 (D) (D)

48061 CAMERON 91,549 6,335,563 289 4,423

48065 CARSON 15,995 700,138

48067 CASS (D) (D)

48069 CASTRO 19,788 1,067,789 10,401 168,043

48071 CHAMBERS 1,810 55,926

48075 CHILDRESS (D) (D) 220 1,088

48079 COCHRAN 5,599 218,235 (D) (D)

48081 COKE (D) (D) (D) (D)

48083 COLEMAN 5,136 243,899 90 182

48085 COLLIN 15,535 879,707 56 600

48087 COLLINGSWORTH 1,613 (D) (D) (D)

48089 COLORADO 486 (D)
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data B40 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

FIPS County

Grain Sorghum Silage Sorghum Syrup Sorghum

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Bushels

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Tons

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Gallons

48091 COMAL (D) (D) (D) (D)

48093 COMANCHE 681 (D) 3,024 33,354

48095 CONCHO 9,254 320,463

48097 COOKE 6,642 341,377 378 2,028

48099 CORYELL 4,378 351,597 (D) (D)

48101 COTTLE (D) (D) (D) (D)

48107 CROSBY 8,272 301,987

48111 DALLAM 13,544 770,732 3,340 (D)

48113 DALLAS (D) (D)

48115 DAWSON 5,779 209,083 (D) (D)

48117 DEAF SMITH 30,491 1,379,623 15,114 207,571

48119 DELTA 2,928 223,483

48121 DENTON 7,329 330,244 2,153 20,742

48123 DEWITT 1,055 36,952

48125 DICKENS 1,224 57,402

48127 DIMMIT 567 47,231

48129 DONLEY 890 20,441 334 4,650

48133 EASTLAND (D) (D) (D) (D)

48139 ELLIS 20,262 1,645,576

48141 EL PASO (D) (D) (D) (D)

48143 ERATH 1,207 81,321 5,198 38,071

48145 FALLS 8,139 691,090 (D) (D)

48147 FANNIN 5,974 412,505 (D) (D)

48149 FAYETTE 537 43,578

48151 FISHER 462 50,134

48153 FLOYD 10,364 565,405 (D) (D)

48157 FORT BEND 28,637 2,854,693

48159 FRANKLIN (D) (D) (D) (D)

48163 FRIO 5,267 262,777 (D) (D)

48165 GAINES 18,579 670,898

48167 GALVESTON (D) (D) (D) (D)

48169 GARZA (D) (D)

48171 GILLESPIE 981 40,299 44 55

48173 GLASSCOCK (D) (D) (D) (D)

48175 GOLIAD 1,810 99,876

48177 GONZALES 1,475 141,554

48179 GRAY 4,518 178,067 1,900 29,758
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data B41 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

FIPS County

Grain Sorghum Silage Sorghum Syrup Sorghum

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Bushels

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Tons

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Gallons

48181 GRAYSON 6,548 502,915 (D) (D)

48185 GRIMES 579 (D)

48187 GUADALUPE 16,329 1,146,854 432 1,425

48189 HALE 27,395 1,820,675 1,618 26,985

48191 HALL (D) (D) (D) (D)

48193 HAMILTON 3,067 224,707 901 7,777

48195 HANSFORD 7,091 521,102 (D) (D)

48197 HARDEMAN (D) (D) (D) (D)

48201 HARRIS 545 54,869

48205 HARTLEY 21,270 1,620,831 3,331 43,180

48207 HASKELL 11,289 859,666

48209 HAYS 855 63,483

48215 HIDALGO 170,770 10,573,463 490 970

48217 HILL 25,920 2,297,903 (D) (D)

48219 HOCKLEY 19,654 600,426 527 217

48221 HOOD 89 3,957 (D) (D)

48223 HOPKINS 1,300 69,919 1,140 15,073

48225 HOUSTON 282 16,650 3 9

48231 HUNT 9,834 716,069

48233 HUTCHINSON 3,419 343,731 755 13,275

48239 JACKSON 8,226 624,737

48245 JEFFERSON (D) (D)

48249 JIM WELLS 62,649 2,115,481 (D) (D)

48251 JOHNSON 8,844 701,300 720 (D)

48253 JONES 4,643 308,538

48255 KARNES 5,868 280,867 (D) (D)

48257 KAUFMAN 1,350 78,286

48259 KENDALL (D) (D)

48267 KIMBLE (D) (D) (D) (D)

48273 KLEBERG 35,870 1,334,317

48275 KNOX 189 5,654

48277 LAMAR 6,794 514,133 (D) (D)

48279 LAMB 26,616 1,222,856 6,004 89,073

48281 LAMPASAS (D) (D)

48283 LA SALLE 6,200 189,478

48285 LAVACA 324 16,592

48287 LEE 102 6,263
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data B42 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

FIPS County

Grain Sorghum Silage Sorghum Syrup Sorghum

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Bushels

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Tons

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Gallons

48291 LIBERTY 3,698 335,471

48293 LIMESTONE 1,708 162,739

48295 LIPSCOMB 4,460 258,986

48297 LIVE OAK 1,613 65,467

48299 LLANO (D) (D)

48303 LUBBOCK 28,614 1,077,242 868 6,222

48305 LYNN 11,616 387,342 415 (D)

48307 MCCULLOCH (D) (D)

48309 MCLENNAN 13,096 1,007,355 661 8,818

48313 MADISON (D) (D) (D) (D)

48319 MASON (D) (D)

48321 MATAGORDA 31,264 2,791,416

48323 MAVERICK (D) (D) (D) (D)

48325 MEDINA 8,372 423,194 (D) (D)

48327 MENARD (D) (D)

48329 MIDLAND (D) (D)

48331 MILAM 13,411 933,633

48333 MILLS 592 15,236 161 216

48335 MITCHELL (D) (D)

48337 MONTAGUE 50 3,118

48339 MONTGOMERY (D) (D)

48341 MOORE 44,617 3,475,653 508 8,559

48349 NAVARRO 12,244 949,224

48351 NEWTON (D) (D)

48353 NOLAN 717 32,063 (D) (D)

48355 NUECES 147,425 6,651,268 (D) (D)

48357 OCHILTREE 20,527 1,151,788 (D) (D)

48359 OLDHAM 4,995 131,926 424 (D)

48363 PALO PINTO (D) (D) (D) (D)

48365 PANOLA (D) (D)

48367 PARKER (D) (D)

48369 PARMER 17,652 926,123 14,342 222,531

48371 PECOS (D) (D)

48375 POTTER 879 25,005 (D) (D)

48381 RANDALL 13,573 464,386 2,024 20,557

48383 REAGAN 204 7,430

48385 REAL (D) (D)
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data B43 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

FIPS County

Grain Sorghum Silage Sorghum Syrup Sorghum

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Bushels

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Tons

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Gallons

48387 RED RIVER 2,557 (D)

48389 REEVES 141 2,100

48391 REFUGIO 41,025 2,702,320

48393 ROBERTS 1,337 49,072 (D) (D)

48395 ROBERTSON 5,153 438,287

48397 ROCKWALL (D) (D) (D) (D)

48399 RUNNELS 5,014 210,312

48409 SAN PATRICIO 96,311 5,352,054

48413 SCHLEICHER 202 9,571 (D) (D)

48415 SCURRY 568 23,032 (D) 8,110

48419 SHELBY 890 40,564

48421 SHERMAN 17,410 1,186,601 888 15,569

48427 STARR 32,675 2,233,383

48435 SUTTON (D) (D)

48437 SWISHER 8,810 509,887 1,096 21,092

48439 TARRANT 2,320 121,860

48441 TAYLOR 744 36,085

48445 TERRY 25,410 872,439 1,807 8,154

48447 THROCKMORTON (D) (D) (D) (D)

48451 TOM GREEN 17,739 739,805 390 5,367

48453 TRAVIS 14,211 1,003,560 (D) (D)

48459 UPSHUR (D) (D)

48461 UPTON (D) (D)

48463 UVALDE 13,678 679,626

48469 VICTORIA 15,403 1,325,277

48473 WALLER 1,085 52,842

48477 WASHINGTON 170 12,214 180 540

48479 WEBB (D) (D)

48481 WHARTON 45,515 4,042,018 (D) (D)

48483 WHEELER (D) (D) (D) (D)

48485 WICHITA 470 23,502 (D) (D)

48487 WILBARGER 1,379 34,951

48489 WILLACY 125,297 8,777,437

48491 WILLIAMSON 23,464 1,725,341 26 170

48493 WILSON 6,822 447,069 583 715 (D) (D)

48497 WISE 1,745 54,066

48499 WOOD (D) (D)
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data B44 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

FIPS County

Grain Sorghum Silage Sorghum Syrup Sorghum

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Bushels

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Tons

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Gallons

48501 YOAKUM 4,099 217,154

48503 YOUNG (D) (D)

48507 ZAVALA 5,806 315,100 (D) (D)

UTAH

49005 CACHE 75 615

49015 EMERY (D) (D)

49023 JUAB (D) (D)

49027 MILLARD (D) (D)

49039 SANPETE (D) (D)

49057 WEBER (D) (D)

VERMONT

50003 BENNINGTON (D) (D)

50007 CHITTENDEN (D) (D)

50021 RUTLAND (D) (D)

VIRGINIA

51001 ACCOMACK (D) (D)

51003 ALBEMARLE 142 4,727 (D) (D)

51007 AMELIA 44 2,200

51011 APPOMATTOX (D) (D) 54 300

51015 AUGUSTA 96 8,620 268 3,213

51017 BATH (D) (D)

51019 BEDFORD 428 6,000

51025 BRUNSWICK 282 20,230

51029 BUCKINGHAM (D) (D)

51031 CAMPBELL (D) (D) (D) (D)

51033 CAROLINE (D) (D)

51036 CHARLES CITY (D) (D)

51037 CHARLOTTE (D) (D) (D) (D) (D) (D)

51041 CHESTERFIELD (D) (D)

51047 CULPEPER (D) (D)

51049 CUMBERLAND 15 450 (D) (D)

51053 DINWIDDIE (D) (D)

51061 FAUQUIER (D) (D) 340 4,550

51063 FLOYD (D) (D) (D) (D)

51067 FRANKLIN (D) (D) 597 6,245

51069 FREDERICK 100 1,230

51075 GOOCHLAND (D) (D)
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data B45 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

FIPS County

Grain Sorghum Silage Sorghum Syrup Sorghum

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Bushels

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Tons

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Gallons

51081 GREENSVILLE (D) (D)

51083 HALIFAX 63 2,750

51085 HANOVER (D) (D)

51087 HENRICO (D) (D)

51089 HENRY (D) (D)

51093 ISLE OF WIGHT 72 3,820

51107 LOUDOUN (D) (D) (D) (D)

51109 LOUISA (D) (D) (D) (D)

51111 LUNENBURG 60 3,300

51113 MADISON (D) (D)

51117 MECKLENBURG 63 3,825 (D) (D)

51133 NORTHUMBERLAN

D

(D) (D)

51135 NOTTOWAY 300 25,500

51139 PAGE 52 520

51141 PATRICK (D) (D)

51143 PITTSYLVANIA 155 8,650

51147 PRINCE EDWARD (D) (D) (D) (D)

51149 PRINCE GEORGE (D) (D)

51153 PRINCE WILLIAM (D) (D)

51159 RICHMOND (D) (D)

51163 ROCKBRIDGE 138 1,805

51165 ROCKINGHAM (D) (D) 993 15,750 7 519

51169 SCOTT 36 1,988 (D) (D)

51171 SHENANDOAH (D) (D) (D) (D)

51173 SMYTH (D) (D) (D) (D)

51175 SOUTHAMPTON 338 16,633

51177 SPOTSYLVANIA (D) (D)

51181 SURRY 276 22,797

51183 SUSSEX (D) (D)

51193 WESTMORELAND (D) (D) (D) (D)

51197 WYTHE (D) (D)

WASHINGTON

53063 SPOKANE (D) (D)

53073 WHATCOM (D) (D)

WEST VIRGINIA

54003 BERKELEY 216 2,902
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data B46 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

FIPS County

Grain Sorghum Silage Sorghum Syrup Sorghum

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Bushels

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Tons

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Gallons

54013 CALHOUN (D) (D)

54023 GRANT 58 828

54031 HARDY 123 8,665 110 1,606

54033 HARRISON (D) (D)

54037 JEFFERSON 274 16,445 166 2,164

54051 MARSHALL (D) (D)

54053 MASON (D) (D)

54057 MINERAL (D) (D)

54063 MONROE (D) (D) (D) (D)

54067 NICHOLAS (D) (D)

54069 OHIO 30 600

54085 RITCHIE (D) (D)

54089 SUMMERS 3 150

WISCONSIN

55007 BAYFIELD 36 360

55009 BROWN 100 5,610 106 743

55015 CALUMET 115 294

55017 CHIPPEWA 86 1,102

55019 CLARK (D) (D) 92 896 (D) (D)

55021 COLUMBIA (D) (D)

55023 CRAWFORD (D) (D)

55025 DANE (D) (D) 305 2,551

55027 DODGE 38 152

55029 DOOR 104 1,451

55033 DUNN (D) (D)

55035 EAU CLAIRE 114 2,850 56 890

55037 FLORENCE (D) (D)

55039 FOND DU LAC (D) (D) 241 2,249

55043 GRANT (D) (D) 125 797

55045 GREEN 173 (D)

55049 IOWA (D) (D)

55053 JACKSON (D) (D) (D) (D)

55055 JEFFERSON 162 2,725

55057 JUNEAU 25 1,150 48 245

55059 KENOSHA 27 108

55061 KEWAUNEE (D) (D) 688 2,440

55065 LAFAYETTE (D) (D)
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data B47 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

FIPS County

Grain Sorghum Silage Sorghum Syrup Sorghum

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Bushels

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Tons

Acres 

Harvested

Production in 

Gallons

55067 LANGLADE (D) (D)

55071 MANITOWOC (D) (D) 365 4,911

55073 MARATHON 259 1,439

55075 MARINETTE 162 643

55077 MARQUETTE (D) (D)

55079 MILWAUKEE 60 360

55081 MONROE 12 110

55083 OCONTO (D) (D) 29 434

55085 ONEIDA 20 60

55087 OUTAGAMIE (D) (D) 217 6,487

55089 OZAUKEE (D) (D)

55091 PEPIN (D) (D) (D) (D)

55093 PIERCE (D) (D) (D) (D)

55095 POLK (D) (D)

55097 PORTAGE (D) (D)

55101 RACINE 65 194

55103 RICHLAND (D) (D) (D) 152

55105 ROCK (D) (D)

55109 ST. CROIX (D) (D)

55111 SAUK 164 837

55113 SAWYER (D) (D)

55115 SHAWANO 110 4,580 80 (D)

55117 SHEBOYGAN (D) (D) 289 1,480 (D) (D)

55121 TREMPEALEAU (D) (D)

55123 VERNON (D) (D) 210 1,379 5 (D)

55127 WALWORTH (D) (D)

55131 WASHINGTON 143 758

55135 WAUPACA (D) (D)

55137 WAUSHARA (D) (D)

55139 WINNEBAGO 626 7,304

55141 WOOD 47 167

WYOMING

56021 LARAMIE (D) (D) (D) (D)

56031 PLATTE (D) (D)
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Appendix C

U.S. Biofuel Support Programs Status
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data C1 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Table C1. U.S. Biofuel Support Programs Status

Administering 

Agency Program Authorizing Legislation Status

Internal Revenue 

Service

Volumetric Ethanol Excise Tax 

Credit

Public Law 108-357 

Section 301 Expired 2011

Internal Revenue 

Service Small Ethanol Producer Credit Public Law 101-508 Expired 2011

Internal Revenue 

Service Biodiesel Tax Credit Public Law 108-357 Expired 2011

Internal Revenue 

Service

Small Agri-biodiesel Producer 

Credit Public Law 109-58 Expired 2011

Internal Revenue 

Service Renewable Diesel Tax Credit Public Law 109-58 Expired 2011

Internal Revenue 

Service

Alternative Fueling Station 

Credit

Public Law 109-58 

Section 1342 Expired 2011

U.S. Customs and 

Border Protection Import Duty for Fuel Ethanol Public Law 96-499 Expired 2011

Internal Revenue 

Service

Special Depreciation 

Allowance for Cellulosic 

Biofuel Plant Property

Public Law 109-432 Expired 2012

Department of 

Agriculture Biorefinery Assistance Public Law 110-246Section 9001 Expired 2012

Department of 

Agriculture Repowering Assistance Public Law 110-246 Section 9001 Expired 2012

Department of 

Agriculture

Bioenergy Program for 

Advanced Biofuels

Public Law 110-246 

Section 9001 Expired 2012

Department of 

Agriculture

Biomass Crop Assistance 

Program (BCAP)

Public Law 110-246 

Section 9001 Expired 2012

Department of 

Agriculture

Rural Energy for America 

Program (REAP)

Public Law 110-246 

Section 9001 Expired 2012

Internal Revenue 

Service

Credit for Production of 

Cellulosic Biofuel Public Law 110-246 Expired 2013

Department of 

Energy

Cellulosic Ethanol Reserve 

Auction

Public Law 109-58 

Section 942 Scheduled to end 2015

Department of 

Agriculture

Biomass Research and 

Development

Public Law 106-224; 

Public Law 113-79, 

Section 9005

Expires 2019

Department of 

Agriculture

Bioenergy Program for 

Advanced Biofuels

Public Law 113-79, 

Title IX, Section 9005 Expires 2019

Department of 

Transportation

Flexible Fuel Vehicle 

Production Incentive Public Law 94-163 Expires 2019

Department of 

Agriculture

Bioenergy Program for 

Advanced Biofuels

Public Law 113-79, 

Section 9005 Expires 2019

Department of 

Agriculture Biorefinery Assistance Public Law 113-79, Section 9003 Expires 2019

Department of 

Agriculture Rural Energy for America Public Law 113-79, Section 9007 Expires 2019

Department of 

Energy

Loan Guarantees for Ethanol 

and Commercial Byproducts 

from Various Feedstocks

Public Law 109-58 

Sections 1510, 1511, 

and 1516

Varies including ongoing 

guarantees; new guarantees 

require funding authorization

Department of 

Agriculture

Feedstock Flexibility Program 

for Producers of Biofuels 

(Sugar)

Public Law 110-246 

Section 9001 Ongoing

Environmental 

Protection Agency

Renewable Fuel Standard 

Mandated use of renewable fuel 

Public Law 109-58 

Section 1501 Ongoing
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data C2 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Administering 

Agency Program Authorizing Legislation Status

in gasoline:

Department of 

Energy Biorefinery Project Grants Various statutes Ongoing

Department of 

Energy DOE Loan Guarantee Program Public Law 109-58 Title XVII Ongoing

Source: After Yacobucci, B.D., 2012, Biofuels Incentives: A Summary of Federal Programs, https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/misc/R40110.pdf, 

accessed February, 2015; updated by the Contractor’s Research Department.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Appendix D

Federal and State Bioenergy Laws and Incentives
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D1 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Table D1. Federal Law and Incentives

Incentives Laws and Regulations Programs

Advanced Biofuel Feedstock Incentives Aftermarket Alternative Fuel Vehicle (AFV) Conversions Air Pollution Control Program

Advanced Biofuel Production Grants and Loan 

Guarantees Alternative Fuel Definition Clean Agriculture USA

Advanced Biofuel Production Payments Alternative Fuel Definition - Internal Revenue Code Clean Cities

Advanced Energy Research Project Grants Alternative Fuel Excise Tax Clean Construction USA

Advanced Technology Vehicle (ATV) Manufacturing 

Incentives Alternative Fuel Labeling Requirements Clean Ports USA

Airport Zero Emission Vehicle (ZEV) and 

Infrastructure Incentives Fuel Economy Test Procedures and Labeling Clean School Bus USA

Alternative Fuel Excise Tax Credit Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Reporting Requirement Congestion Mitigation and Air Quality 

(CMAQ) Improvement Program

Alternative Fuel Infrastructure Tax Credit High Occupancy Vehicle (HOV) Lane Exemption National Clean Diesel Campaign (NCDC)

Alternative Fuel Mixture Excise Tax Credit Idle Reduction Technology Weight Exemption Pollution Prevention Grants Program

Alternative Fuel Tax Exemption Procurement Preference for Electric and Hybrid Electric 

Vehicles Propane Education, Research, and Training

Alternative Fuel and Advanced Vehicle Technology 

Research and Demonstration Bonds Renewable Fuel Standard (RFS) Program SmartWay Transport Partnership

Biobased Transportation Research Funding Tier 2 and Tier 3 Vehicle and Gasoline Sulfur Program State Energy Program (SEP) Funding

Biodiesel Education Grants Vehicle Acquisition and Fuel Use Requirements for 

Federal Fleets

Voluntary Airport Low Emission (VALE) 

Program

Biodiesel Income Tax Credit Vehicle Acquisition and Fuel Use Requirements for 

Private and Local Government Fleets

Biodiesel Mixture Excise Tax Credit Vehicle Acquisition and Fuel Use Requirements for State 

and Alternative Fuel Provider Fleets

Biomass Research and Development Initiative Vehicle Fuel Economy and Greenhouse Gas Emissions 

Standards

Ethanol Infrastructure Grants and Loan Guarantees Vehicle Incremental Cost Allocation

Fuel Cell Motor Vehicle Tax Credit

Hydrogen Fuel Excise Tax Credit

Hydrogen Fuel Infrastructure Tax Credit

Hydrogen Fuel Mixture Excise Tax Credit

Idle Reduction Equipment Excise Tax Exemption

Improved Energy Technology Loans

Low- and Zero-Emission Vehicle Research, 

Demonstration, and Deployment Funding

Qualified Plug-In Electric Drive Motor Vehicle Tax 

Credit

Second Generation Biofuel Production Property 
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D2 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Incentives Laws and Regulations Programs

Depreciation Allowance

Second Generation Producer Tax Credit

Value-Added Producer Grants (VAPG)

Source: Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center

http://www.afdc.energy.gov/laws/fed_summary
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D3 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Table D2. Ethanol Law and Incentives 

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

5197 AK

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle 

Acquisition 

Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.legis.state.ak.us/folhome.htm

6403 AK Ethanol Fuel 

Blend Tax Rate

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.legis.state.ak.us/folhome.htm

6253 AL

Alternative Fuels 

Promotion and 

Information

Laws and 

Regulations

http://alisondb.legislature.state.al.us/acas/ACA

SLogin.asp

6545 AL

Biofuel 

Production 

Facility Tax 

Credit

State 

Incentives TAX http://alisondb.legislature.state.al.us/acas/ACASLoginfire.asp

6546 AL

Fuel-Efficient 

Green Fleets 

Policy and Fleet 

Management 

Program 

Development

Laws and 

Regulations

http://alisondb.legislature.state.al.us/acas/ACA

SLoginfire.asp|http://governor.alabama.gov/ne

ws/newsroom.aspx?t=29

9218 AR

Alternative Fuel 

Definition and 

Specifications

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/

5817 AR

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle 

Conversion

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/

5815 AR

Alternative Fuels 

Tax and 

Reporting

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/

11579 AR Personal Use 

Biofuel Reporting

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us

8384 AZ

Biofuels 

Definitions and 

Specifications

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.azleg.gov/ArizonaRevisedStatutes.

asp

8402 AZ

Federal Fleet 

Operation 

Regulations

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.azleg.state.az.us/
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D4 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

8400 AZ

Municipal 

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

Acquisition 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.azleg.state.az.us/

8401 AZ

School District 

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle 

Acquisition 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.azleg.state.az.us/

5188 AZ

State Vehicle 

Acquisition and 

Fuel Use 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations

http://azmemory.azlibrary.gov/cdm/singleitem

/collection/execorders/id/700|http://www.azleg

.gov/ArizonaRevisedStatutes.asp

6490 CA

Alternative Fuel 

and Plug-in 

Hybrid Electric 

Vehicle Retrofit 

Regulations

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.oal.ca.gov/

6307 CA

Alternative Fuel 

and Vehicle 

Incentives

State 

Incentives GNT|LOANS http://www.oal.ca.gov/|http://www.legislature.ca.gov/

5681 CA

Alternative Fuel 

and Vehicle 

Policy 

Development

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.oal.ca.gov/|http://www.legislature.

ca.gov/

4246 CA Alternative Fuel 

Tax

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.oal.ca.gov/|http://www.oal.ca.gov/|

http://www.legislature.ca.gov/

10393 CA

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

Parking Incentive 

Programs

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.oal.ca.gov/

9395 CA

Biofuel Volume 

Rebate Program -

Propel Fuels

Utility/Priva

te Incentives RBATE
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D5 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

4219 CA

Employer 

Invested 

Emissions 

Reduction 

Funding - South 

Coast

State 

Incentives GNT

6308 CA Low Carbon Fuel 

Standard

Laws and 

Regulations

http://gov.ca.gov/s_executiveorders.php|http://

www.oal.ca.gov/

6493 CA

Low Emission 

Vehicle (LEV) 

Standards

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.oal.ca.gov/

6134 CA

Low Emission 

Vehicle Incentives 

and Technical 

Training - San 

Joaquin Valley

State 

Incentives

GNT|OTHER|R

BATE

6619 CA

State 

Transportation 

Plan

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.oal.ca.gov/

11160 CA

Support for 

Advance Biofuel 

Development

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.oal.ca.gov/

6492 CA

Vehicle 

Acquisition and 

Petroleum 

Reduction 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.documents.dgs.ca.gov/ofa/eos-14-

09.pdf|http://www.oal.ca.gov/|http://leginfo.le

gislature.ca.gov/faces/billSearchClient.xhtml

6289 CO Alternative Fuel 

Definition

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/michie/

11565 CO

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

Fleet Technical 

Assistance

State 

Incentives OTHER

5887 CO

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

Registration

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/Colorado

/

6290 CO Biofuels Research 

Grants

State 

Incentives GNT http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/michie/
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D6 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

8740 CO

Ethanol 

Infrastructure 

Grants

State 

Incentives GNT

4274 CO

Gasoline and 

Diesel Gallon 

Equivalent 

Definition

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/Colorado

/

6293 CO

Renewable and 

Alternative Fuel 

Storage Tank 

Regulations

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/michie/|h

ttp://www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/Welcome.do

5619 CO

State Agency 

Alternative Fuel 

Use and Vehicle 

Acquisition 

Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.colorado.gov/cs/Satellite/GovRitte

r/GOVR/1177024890415|http://www.lexisnex

is.com/hottopics/Colorado/

11490 CO

Vehicle Fleet 

Maintenance and 

Fuel Cost-Savings 

Contracts

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/Colorado

/

5759 CT

Alternative Fuel 

and Fuel-Efficient 

Vehicle 

Acquisition and 

Emissions 

Reduction 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.cga.ct.gov|http://www.ct.gov/gove

rnorrell/cwp/browse.asp?a=1719&bc=0&c=18

433

6248 CT Biofuels Research 

Grants

State 

Incentives GNT http://www.cga.ct.gov/

6070 CT Ethanol Labeling 

Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.cga.ct.gov/

6249 CT

School Bus 

Emissions 

Reduction

Laws and 

Regulations OTHER|GNT http://www.cga.ct.gov/

11493 DC

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

and Infrastructure 

Tax Credit

State 

Incentives

2026-12-31 

00:00:00 

UTC

TAX https://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/dccode/
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D7 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

4323 DC

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle 

Acquisition 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/dccode/

5485 DC

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle 

Exemption from 

Driving 

Restrictions

State 

Incentives EXEM http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/dccode/

8665 DE

Alternative Fuel 

and Advanced 

Vehicle 

Acquisition 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations

http://governor.delaware.gov/orders/index.sht

ml

5331 DE Alternative Fuel 

Tax Exemption

State 

Incentives TAX|EXEM http://delcode.delaware.gov/index.shtml

6552 FL

Alternative Fuel 

Economic 

Development

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/

6074 FL

Biofuels 

Investment Tax 

Credit

State 

Incentives TAX http://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/

6423 FL Biofuels 

Promotion

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/

4338 FL Ethanol 

Production Credit

State 

Incentives OTHER http://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/

6421 FL

Fuel-Efficient 

Vehicle 

Acquisition and 

Alternative Fuel 

Use Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/

6424 FL

Provision for 

Renewable Fuels 

Investment

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D8 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

6072 FL

Renewable 

Energy and 

Energy Efficient 

Technology Grant 

Matching 

Program

State 

Incentives GNT http://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/

10253 GA

Alternative Fuel 

and Advanced 

Vehicle Job 

Creation Tax 

Credit

State 

Incentives TAX http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/gacode/default.asp

4345 GA Alternative Fuel 

Excise Tax

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.legis.state.ga.us/

5424 GA

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

Tax Credit

State 

Incentives TAX http://www.legis.state.ga.us/

6514 GA

Alternative Fuels 

Production 

Assistance

State 

Incentives OTHER

6516 GA Ethanol Blending 

Regulation

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.legis.state.ga.us/

6567 HI

Alternative Fuel 

and Advanced 

Vehicle 

Acquisition 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/

6078 HI

Alternative Fuel 

Standard 

Development

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/

5451 HI Alternative Fuel 

Tax Rate

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/

6077 HI

Biofuels 

Procurement 

Preference

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/

6417 HI

Biofuels 

Production Land 

Use Allowance 

and Exemption

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D9 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

6416 HI

Clean 

Transportation 

Promotion

Laws and 

Regulations

6230 HI Energy Feedstock 

Program

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/

6080 HI Ethanol Fuel 

Blend Standard

Laws and 

Regulations

http://hawaii.gov/ltgov/office/adminrules|http:/

/www.capitol.hawaii.gov/

5883 HI

Ethanol 

Production 

Incentive

State 

Incentives TAX http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/

6226 IA

Alternative Fuel 

Production Tax 

Credits

State 

Incentives TAX

4413 IA

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

Acquisition 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations https://www.legis.iowa.gov/index.aspx

5236 IA

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

Demonstration 

Grants

State 

Incentives GNT|OTHER https://www.legis.iowa.gov/index.aspx

6428 IA Biofuel Decal and 

Use Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations https://www.legis.iowa.gov/index.aspx

6081 IA

Biofuel 

Infrastructure 

Grants

State 

Incentives GNT https://www.legis.iowa.gov/index.aspx

9293 IA E15 Retailer Tax 

Credit

State 

Incentives

2017-12-31 

00:00:00 

UTC

TAX https://www.legis.iowa.gov/index.aspx

6117 IA

E85 Fuel 

Exclusivity 

Contract 

Regulations

Laws and 

Regulations https://www.legis.iowa.gov/index.aspx

6425 IA E85 Retailer Tax 

Credit

State 

Incentives

2017-12-31 

00:00:00 

UTC

TAX https://www.legis.iowa.gov/index.aspx
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D10 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

8308 IA

Ethanol Blend 

Dispenser 

Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations https://www.legis.iowa.gov/index.aspx

5237 IA

Ethanol Blend 

Retailer Tax 

Credit

State 

Incentives TAX http://www.legis.iowa.gov/

5432 IA

Renewable Fuel 

Labeling 

Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations https://www.legis.iowa.gov/index.aspx

6183 ID Ethanol Blended 

Fuel Definition

Laws and 

Regulations http://legislature.idaho.gov/statutesrules.htm

6331 IL

Advanced Vehicle 

Acquisition and 

Biodiesel Fuel 

Use Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.ilga.gov/|http://www.ilga.gov/|http

://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs.asp

4368 IL

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

and Alternative 

Fuel Rebates

State 

Incentives RBATE

5698 IL

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

Fleet Incentives

State 

Incentives OTHER

6329 IL

Alternative Fuels 

Labeling 

Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations

11507 IL Biofuels Business 

Planning Grants

State 

Incentives GNT

6485 IL

Biofuels 

Education and 

Promotion

Laws and 

Regulations

5699 IL

Biofuels 

Preference for 

State Vehicle 

Procurement

Laws and 

Regulations

11022 IL

Biofuels 

Production 

Facility Grants

State 

Incentives GNT
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D11 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

11021 IL

E85 Fueling 

Infrastructure 

Grants

State 

Incentives GNT

8907 IL

Ethanol and 

Hydrogen 

Production 

Facility Permits

Laws and 

Regulations

5996 IL Ethanol Tax 

Exemption

State 

Incentives

2018-12-13 

00:00:00 

UTC

EXEM

6623 IL

Fuel-Efficient 

Vehicle 

Acquisition Goals

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.illinois.gov/Government/ExecOrd

ers/Pages/default.aspx

8905 IL

School Bus 

Retrofit 

Reimbursement

State 

Incentives RBATE

6330 IL State Government 

Energy Initiative

Laws and 

Regulations

10938 IN

Alternative Fuel 

and Special Fuel 

Definitions

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.in.gov/legislative/|http://www.in.g

ov/legislative/ic/code/

10796 IN

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

Inspection and 

Maintenance 

Exemption

State 

Incentives EXEM http://www.in.gov/legislative/iac/

6218 IN

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

Manufacturer Tax 

Credit

State 

Incentives

2016-12-31 

00:00:00 

UTC

TAX http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/

5877 IN Biofuels Blend 

Use Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/

5200 IN

Certified 

Technology Park 

Designation

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D12 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

10794 IN

Community 

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

Fleet Grants

State 

Incentives GNT

10795 IN

Diesel Vehicle 

Retrofit and 

Improvement 

Grants

State 

Incentives GNT

6035 IN E85 Definition Laws and 

Regulations http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/

6221 IN E85 Fuel Use 

Incentive

State 

Incentives

2019-01-01 

00:00:00 

UTC

RBATE http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/

6033 IN E85 Promotion 

and Education

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/

6034 IN E85 Retail Sales 

Reporting

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/

6220 IN

Ethanol 

Production Tax 

Credit

State 

Incentives TAX http://www.in.gov/dor/3512.htm

6032 IN Immunity for 

Misuse of E85

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/

6219 IN

Vehicle Research 

and Development 

Grants

State 

Incentives GNT http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/

6405 KS

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

Acquisition 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.kslegislature.org/li/statute/

5169 KS

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

Tax Credit

State 

Incentives TAX http://www.kslegislature.org/li/statute/

5171 KS

Alternative 

Fueling 

Infrastructure Tax 

Credit

State 

Incentives TAX http://www.kslegislature.org/li/statute/
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D13 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

6543 KS

Biodiesel and 

Renewable Fuel 

Definitions

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.kslegislature.org/li/statute/

8304 KS

Biofuel Blending 

Equipment Tax 

Exemption

State 

Incentives EXEM|TAX http://www.kslegislature.org/li/statute/

8306 KS

Biofuel 

Production 

Facility Tax 

Exemption

State 

Incentives EXEM|TAX http://www.kslegislature.org/li/statute/

5756 KS Biofuels Use 

Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.kslegislature.org/li/statute/

6404 KS

Cellulosic Ethanol 

Production 

Financing

State 

Incentives LOANS http://www.kslegislature.org/li/statute/

6203 KS E85 Tax Rate and 

Definition

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.kslegislature.org/li/statute/

8307 KS

Ethanol Blend 

Dispenser 

Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.kssos.org/Pubs/pubs_kar.aspx

4425 KS

Ethanol 

Production 

Incentive

State 

Incentives RBATE http://www.kslegislature.org/li/statute/

6201 KS

Renewable Fuel 

Retailer Tax 

Incentive

State 

Incentives TAX http://www.kslegislature.org/li/statute/|http://www.kslegislature.org/li/

10741 KY

Alternative Fuel 

and Conversion 

Definitions

Laws and 

Regulations

6294 KY

Alternative Fuel 

Production Tax 

Incentives

State 

Incentives TAX http://www.lrc.ky.gov/

6296 KY

Alternative Fuel 

Research, 

Development, and 

Promotion

State 

Incentives GNT http://lrc.ky.gov/krs/titles.htm
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D14 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

8281 KY

Biomass and 

Biofuels Industry 

Development

Laws and 

Regulations

http://apps.sos.ky.gov/executive/journal/(S(q5

gd4e45idwizi45wea1ti55))/journal2.aspx

10743 KY

Clean 

Transportation 

Fuels for School 

Buses

Laws and 

Regulations http://lrc.ky.gov/krs/titles.htm

10739 KY

Ethanol 

Infrastructure 

Grants

Utility/Priva

te Incentives GNT

6409 KY

Ethanol 

Production Tax 

Credit

State 

Incentives TAX http://lrc.ky.gov/krs/titles.htm

10738 KY On-Farm Biofuel 

Production Grants

State 

Incentives GNT

10740 KY

Request to Report 

Research on 

Second 

Generation 

Biofuels

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.lrc.ky.gov/legislation.htm

6051 KY

State Energy Plan 

Alternative Fuel 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations http://lrc.ky.gov/krs/titles.htm

6297 KY

Vehicle 

Acquisition 

Priorities and 

Alternative Fuel 

Use Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations http://lrc.ky.gov/krs/titles.htm

6456 LA

Alternative Fuel 

and Advanced 

Vehicle 

Acquisition 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.legis.state.la.us/

6603 LA

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

and Fueling 

Infrastructure Tax 

Credit

State 

Incentives TAX

http://www.legis.la.gov/legis/home.aspx|http://

doa.louisiana.gov/osr/lac/lac.htm|http://www.l

egis.state.la.us/
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D15 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

6104 LA

Biofuels 

Feedstock 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.legis.state.la.us/

8420 LA

Compressed 

Natural Gas 

(CNG) Project 

Loans

State 

Incentives LOANS http://www.legis.state.la.us/

6604 LA

Provision for 

Green Jobs Tax 

Credit

Laws and 

Regulations TAX http://www.legis.state.la.us/

6103 LA Renewable Fuel 

Standard

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.legis.state.la.us/

10536 MA

Alternative Fuel 

Offering 

Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.malegislature.gov/Laws/SessionLa

ws/Search|http://www.malegislature.gov/Laws

/GeneralLaws/

6466 MA Cellulosic Biofuel 

Tax Exemption

State 

Incentives EXEM|TAX

http://www.mass.gov/dor/businesses/help-andresources/legal-library/tirs/tirs-by-years/2009-

releases/tir-09-4-an-act-relative-to-cleanenergy.html|http://www.malegislature.gov/La

ws/GeneralLaws/

6270 MA

State Agency 

Alternative Fuel 

Use Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.mass.gov/anf/budget-taxes-andprocurement/admin-bulletins/

6468 MA

State Hybrid 

Electric (HEV) 

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

Acquisition 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations

htthttp://www.mass.gov/anf/budget-taxes-andprocurement/adminbulletins/|http://www.malegislature.gov/Laws/

GeneralLaws/|http://www.lawlib.state.ma.us/s

ource/mass/eo/index.html

6053 MD Alternative Fuel 

Use Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations

http://mgaleg.maryland.gov/webmga/frm1st.as

px?tab=home|http://www.dbm.maryland.gov/a

gencies/Documents/FleetManagementServices

/fleet_mgmt_manual.pdf

5834 MD

Biofuels 

Production 

Incentive

State 

Incentives TAX http://mgaleg.maryland.gov/webmga/frm1st.aspx?tab=home
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D16 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

6406 MD

Cellulosic Ethanol 

Research and 

Development Tax 

Credit

State 

Incentives

2016-12-31 

00:00:00 

UTC

TAX http://mgaleg.maryland.gov/webmga/frm1st.as

px?tab=home

5297 ME Alternative Fuel 

Tax Rates

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.mainelegislature.org/legis/statutes/

5757 ME

Biofuels 

Production Tax 

Credit

State 

Incentives TAX http://www.mainelegislature.org/legis/statutes/

11042 ME

Prohibition of the 

Sale of EthanolBlended Gasoline

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.mainelegislature.org/legis/statutes/

5729 ME

Provision for 

Establishment of 

Clean Fuel 

Vehicle Insurance 

Incentives

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.mainelegislature.org/legis/statutes/

9401 ME

State Plan to 

Reduce Petroleum 

Consumption

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.mainelegislature.org/legis/statutes/

5769 MI

Alternative Fuel 

Development 

Property Tax 

Exemption

State 

Incentives EXEM|TAX http://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(kovblajtbo3pwn22ekizx255))/mileg.aspx?page=home

6122 MI Biofuels Blender 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(chtz2jui1ekk

qu45xjluze55))/mileg.aspx?page=home

4524 MN Alternative Fuel 

Tax

Laws and 

Regulations https://www.revisor.mn.gov/pubs/

6093 MN Biofuel Blend 

Mandate

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.leg.state.mn.us/|https://www.revis

or.mn.gov/pubs/

6094 MN Biofuel Use 

Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.leg.state.mn.us/lrl/execorders/exec

orders.aspx|http://www.leg.state.mn.us/leg/leg

is.aspx

8540 MN

Cellulosic Ethanol 

Investment Tax 

Credit

State 

Incentives TAX https://www.revisor.mn.gov/pubs/

10983 MN E85 Definition Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.leg.state.mn.us/|https://www.revis

or.mn.gov/pubs/
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D17 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

8541 MN

Ethanol Fuel 

Blend Dispensing 

Regulations

Laws and 

Regulations https://www.revisor.mn.gov/pubs/

5194 MN

Ethanol Fueling 

Infrastructure 

Grants

State 

Incentives GNT

9398 MN

Ethanol 

Production 

Facility 

Environmental 

Assessment 

Exemption

State 

Incentives EXEM https://www.revisor.mn.gov/pubs/

10984 MN NextGen Energy 

Board

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.leg.state.mn.us/leg/legis.aspx|https

://www.revisor.mn.gov/pubs/

9399 MN

State Agency 

Sustainability 

Plan and 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.leg.state.mn.us/leg/legis.aspx|http:

//www.leg.state.mn.us/lrl/execorders/execorde

rs.aspx|https://www.revisor.mn.gov/pubs/

4538 MO Alternative Fuel 

Promotion

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.moga.mo.gov/

5253 MO

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV)

Acquisition and 

Alternative Fuel 

Use Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.moga.mo.gov/

5607 MO

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

Decal

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.moga.mo.gov/|http://www.moga.

mo.gov/

6450 MO

Alternative 

Fueling 

Infrastructure Tax 

Credit

State 

Incentives

2018-01-01 

00:00:00 

UTC

TAX http://www.moga.mo.gov/|http://www.moga.

mo.gov/

6083 MO Ethanol Blend 

Mandate

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.moga.mo.gov/

5250 MO

Ethanol 

Production 

Incentive

State 

Incentives

2015-12-31 

00:00:00 

UTC

RBATE http://www.moga.mo.gov/
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D18 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

11553 MO State Energy Plan Laws and 

Regulations http://governor.mo.gov/news/executive-orders

10792 MS

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle 

Revolving Loan 

Program

State 

Incentives LOANS http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/mscode/

5556 MS

Biofuels 

Production 

Incentive

State 

Incentives

2015-06-30 

00:00:00 

UTC

GNT http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/mscode/

8311 MS Ethanol Labeling 

Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.mdac.state.ms.us/agency/regulatio

ns_laws/reg_ pdfs/Subpart 4/08 - Petroleum 

Products Inspection Law.pdf

6049 MS

Fuel-Efficient and 

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle Use

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/mscode/

6196 MT

Alternative Fuel 

Production 

Property Tax 

Incentive

State 

Incentives TAX http://leg.mt.gov/bills/mca_toc/index.htm

4547 MT

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

Conversion Tax 

Credit

State 

Incentives TAX

6168 MT Ethanol Blend 

Mandate

Laws and 

Regulations

6200 MT

Ethanol Fuel 

Blend Use 

Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations http://leg.mt.gov/bills/mca_toc/index.htm

10855 MT

Ethanol 

Production 

Facility Property 

Tax Exemption

State 

Incentives TAX http://leg.mt.gov/bills/mca_toc/index.htm

6166 MT

Ethanol 

Production 

Incentive

State 

Incentives TAX http://leg.mt.gov/bills/mca_toc/index.htm
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D19 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

5986 NC

Alternative Fuel 

and Alternative 

Fuel Vehicle 

(AFV) Fund

State 

Incentives GNT http://www.ncleg.net/gascripts/Statutes/Statutes.asp

5294 NC

Alternative Fuel 

and Idle 

Reduction Grants

State 

Incentives GNT

5664 NC Alternative Fuel 

Tax Exemption

State 

Incentives TAX|EXEM http://www.ncleg.net/gascripts/Statutes/Statutes.asp

5988 NC

Alternative Fuel 

Use and FuelEfficient Vehicle 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations

5484 NC

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

Acquisition Goal

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.ncleg.net/gascripts/Statutes/Statute

s.asp

6195 NC

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

and Hybrid 

Electric Vehicle 

(HEV) Support

State 

Incentives GNT

10412 NC Alternative Fuels 

Feasibility Study

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.ncga.state.nc.us/

6281 NC

Bond Exemption 

for Small Biofuels 

Suppliers

State 

Incentives EXEM http://www.ncleg.net/gascripts/Statutes/Statutes.asp

9534 NC

Ethanol Blend 

Labeling 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.ncleg.net/gascripts/Statutes/Statute

s.asp|http://reports.oah.state.nc.us/ncac.asp

6477 NC Ethanol Blend 

Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.ncleg.net/gascripts/Statutes/Statute

s.asp

5483 NC

Renewable 

Energy Property 

Tax Credit

State 

Incentives

2016-01-01 

00:00:00 

UTC

TAX http://www.ncleg.net/gascripts/Statutes/Statute

s.asp

6550 ND Advanced Biofuel 

Incentives

State 

Incentives LOANS|GNT http://www.legis.nd.gov/generalinformation/north-dakota-century-code
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D20 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

8484 ND

AgriculturallyBased Fuel 

Production Wage 

and Salary Tax 

Credit

State 

Incentives TAX http://www.legis.nd.gov/generalinformation/north-dakota-century-code

9299 ND

AgriculturallyDerived Fuel 

Production 

Facility Loan 

Guarantees

State 

Incentives LOANS http://www.legis.nd.gov/generalinformation/north-dakota-century-code

6234 ND

Alternative Fuel 

Labeling 

Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.legis.nd.gov/generalinformation/north-dakota-century-code

5869 ND Alternative Fuel 

Tax Rates

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.legis.nd.gov/generalinformation/north-dakota-century-code

5866 ND Biofuel Loan 

Program

State 

Incentives LOANS http://www.legis.nd.gov/generalinformation/north-dakota-century-code

5218 ND

Ethanol 

Production 

Incentive

State 

Incentives GNT http://www.legis.nd.gov/generalinformation/north-dakota-century-code

6231 ND Renewable Fuels 

Promotion

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.legis.nd.gov/generalinformation/north-dakota-century-code

5964 NE Alternative Fuel 

Use

Laws and 

Regulations

http://nlc1.nlc.state.ne.us/docs/pilot/pubs/EOI

ndex.html

6252 NE

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

and Fueling 

Infrastructure 

Loans

State 

Incentives LOANS

9453 NE

Cellulosic Ethanol 

Investment Tax 

Credit

State 

Incentives TAX http://nebraskalegislature.gov/laws/browsestatutes.php

5735 NE

Ethanol and 

Biodiesel Tax 

Exemption

State 

Incentives EXEM|TAX http://nebraskalegislature.gov/laws/browsestatutes.php

10421 NH

Alternative Fuels 

Taxation Study 

Commission

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D21 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

11101 NH

State Energy 

Strategy 

Development

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/

9593 NJ Biofuel Use 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations

11200 NJ Biofuels 

Promotion

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/

5493 NJ

Low Emission or 

Alternative Fuel 

Bus Acquisition 

Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations

http://lis.njleg.state.nj.us/cgibin/om_isapi.dll?clientID=109559&depth=2&

expandheadings=off&headingswithhits=on&i

nfobase=statutes.nfo&softpage=TOC_Frame_

Pg42

5391 NM Alternative Fuel 

Definition

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.nmonesource.com/nmnxtadmin/N

MPublic.aspx

9053 NM Alternative Fuel 

Tax Exemption

State 

Incentives TAX|EXEM http://www.nmonesource.com/nmnxtadmin/NMPublic.aspx

4600 NM

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

and Fueling 

Infrastructure 

Grants

State 

Incentives GNT http://www.nmonesource.com/nmnxtadmin/NMPublic.aspx

4605 NM

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

and Hybrid 

Electric Vehicle 

(HEV) 

Acquisition 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.nmonesource.com/nmnxtadmin/N

MPublic.aspx

4607 NM Alternative Fuels 

Tax

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.nmonesource.com/nmnxtadmin/N

MPublic.aspx|http://www.nmlegis.gov/lcs/def

ault.aspx

5826 NM

Biofuels 

Production Tax 

Deduction

State 

Incentives TAX http://www.nmonesource.com/nmnxtadmin/NMPublic.aspx

6522 NM Green Jobs 

Training Program

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.nmonesource.com/nmnxtadmin/N

MPublic.aspx
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D22 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

5266 NV

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

Acquisition 

Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.leg.state.nv.us/law1.cfm

6251 NV

Funds for School 

District 

Alternative Fuel 

Use

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.leg.state.nv.us/law1.cfm

5263 NV

Provision for 

Establishment of 

Alternative Fuel 

Incentives

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.leg.state.nv.us/law1.cfm

6108 NY

Alternative Fuel 

Tax Exemption 

and Rate 

Reduction

State 

Incentives

2014-09-01 

00:00:00 

UTC

EXEM|TAX http://public.leginfo.state.ny.us/menuf.cgi

5328 NY

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

Acquisition 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.ogs.state.ny.us/purchase/spg/pdfdo

cs/EO142_EEP.pdf|http://www.dec.ny.gov/en

ergy/71389.html|http://www.potsdam.edu/abo

ut/sustainability/links/upload/EO111.pdf

5325 NY

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle Research 

and Development 

Funding

State 

Incentives GNT|OTHER

6302 NY

Biofuel 

Production Tax 

Credit

State 

Incentives

2019-12-31 

00:00:00 

UTC

TAX http://public.leginfo.state.ny.us/menugetf.cgi?

COMMONQUERY=LAWS

6109 NY

Fuel Exclusivity 

Contract 

Regulation

Laws and 

Regulations

http://public.leginfo.state.ny.us/menugetf.cgi?

COMMONQUERY=LAWS

6024 OH

Alternative Fuel 

and Fueling 

Infrastructure 

Incentives

State 

Incentives GNT http://codes.ohio.gov/|http://www.legislature.state.oh.us/

8980 OH Alternative Fuel 

Signage

Laws and 

Regulations http://codes.ohio.gov/
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D23 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

6164 OH

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

Acquisition and 

Fuel Use 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.dsireusa.org/documents/Incentives

/EO 2007-

02S.pdf|http://www.legislature.state.oh.us/|htt

p://www.afdc.energy.gov/laws/laws/ 

http:/codes.ohio.gov/

5338 OH

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle 

Conversion

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.afdc.energy.gov/laws/laws/ 

http:/codes.ohio.gov/

6501 OH

School Bus 

Retrofit Grant 

Program

State 

Incentives GNT

6561 OK

Access to State 

Alternative 

Fueling Stations

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.oklegislature.gov/

11047 OK

Alternative Fuel 

School Bus 

Conversion 

Research

Laws and 

Regulations https://www.sos.ok.gov/gov/execorders.aspx

5216 OK

Alternative Fuel 

Technician 

Training

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.oklegislature.gov/

5612 OK

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

Acquisition 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.oklegislature.gov/

4668 OK

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

Low-Interest 

Loans

State 

Incentives LOANS

11045 OK

Biofuels 

Construction and 

Permitting 

Assistance

State 

Incentives OTHER

6242 OK Biofuels Tax 

Exemption

State 

Incentives EXEM http://www.oklegislature.gov/

6092 OK

Ethanol Fuel 

Retailer Tax 

Credit

State 

Incentives TAX http://www.oklegislature.gov/
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D24 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

6449 OK Ethanol Labeling 

Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.oklegislature.gov/

11044 OK Ethanol Sales Tax 

Exemption

State 

Incentives EXEM http://www.oklegislature.gov/

4684 OR Alternative Fuel 

Loans

State 

Incentives LOANS http://www.leg.state.or.us/ors/home.htm

4688 OR

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

Acquisition, Fuel 

Use, and 

Emissions 

Reductions 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.leg.state.or.us/ors/home.htm|http://

governor.oregon.gov/Gov/exec_orders.shtml

9555 OR

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

and Infrastructure 

Tax Credit for 

Businesses

State 

Incentives TAX http://www.leg.state.or.us/ors/home.htm

11063 OR

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

Loan Program

State 

Incentives LOANS http://www.leg.state.or.us/|http://www.leg.state.or.us/ors/home.htm

5315 OR

Alternative 

Fueling 

Infrastructure Tax 

Credit for 

Residents

State 

Incentives TAX http://www.leg.state.or.us/ors/home.htm

6273 OR

Biofuels 

Production 

Property Tax 

Exemption

State 

Incentives TAX http://www.leg.state.or.us/ors/home.htm

6276 OR Biofuels Program 

Impact Studies

Laws and 

Regulations

2025-01-01 

00:00:00 

UTC

http://www.leg.state.or.us/ors/home.htm

6606 OR

Clean 

Transportation 

Fuel Standards

Laws and 

Regulations

http://sos.oregon.gov/archives/Pages/oregon_a

dministrative_rules.aspx|http://www.leg.state.

or.us/ors/home.htm

6274 OR Renewable Fuels 

Mandate

Laws and 

Regulations

http://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/banners/rules.htm|

http://www.leg.state.or.us/
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D25 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

6324 PA

Alternative Fuel 

Development and 

Deployment 

Grants

State 

Incentives GNT

5812 PA

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

and Hybrid 

Electric Vehicle 

(HEV) Funding

State 

Incentives GNT|RBATE

5376 PA Alternative Fuels 

Tax

Laws and 

Regulations

6486 PA Renewable Fuels 

Mandate

Laws and 

Regulations

5970 RI

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

and Hybrid 

Electric Vehicle 

(HEV) 

Acquisition 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.afdc.energy.gov/pdfs/Exec_order_

5_13_green_clean_vehicles.pdf

11523 RI

State Agency 

Coordination to 

Address Climate 

Change

Laws and 

Regulations

http://webserver.rilin.state.ri.us/legislation/|htt

p://webserver.rilin.state.ri.us/Statutes/

11516 SC

Alternative Fuel 

School Bus Pilot 

Program

State 

Incentives

2015-06-01 

00:00:00 

UTC

LOANS|OTHE

R

http://www.scstatehouse.gov/index.php

11518 SC

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

Revolving Loan 

Program for 

Private Entities

State 

Incentives LOANS http://www.scstatehouse.gov/code/statmast.php

11517 SC

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

Revolving Loan 

Program for 

Public Entities

State 

Incentives LOANS http://www.scstatehouse.gov/code/statmast.php
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D26 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

8561 SC

Biofuel Blending 

Capability 

Requirements and 

Liability

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.scstatehouse.gov/code/statmast.ph

p

6262 SC

Biofuels 

Distribution 

Infrastructure Tax 

Credit

State 

Incentives TAX http://www.scstatehouse.gov/code/statmast.php

6263 SC

Biofuels 

Production 

Facility Tax 

Credit

State 

Incentives TAX http://www.scstatehouse.gov/code/statmast.php

11520 SC

Clean Energy 

Advisory 

Commission

State 

Incentives OTHER http://www.scstatehouse.gov/code/statmast.php|http://www.scstatehouse.gov/index.php

6458 SC

State Agency 

Preference for 

Alternative Fuel 

and Advanced 

Vehicles

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.scstatehouse.gov/code/statmast.ph

p

9193 SD

Biofuel 

Franchising 

Contract 

Regulations

Laws and 

Regulations

http://legis.sd.gov/Statutes/Codified_Laws/def

ault.aspx

5134 SD

Ethanol and 

Biobutanol 

Production 

Incentive

State 

Incentives TAX http://legis.sd.gov/Statutes/Codified_Laws/default.aspx

6186 SD Ethanol and 

Methanol Tax

Laws and 

Regulations

http://legis.sd.gov/Statutes/Codified_Laws/def

ault.aspx

6187 SD Ethanol Blend 

Definition

Laws and 

Regulations

http://legis.sd.gov/Statutes/Codified_Laws/def

ault.aspx

9192 SD

Ethanol 

Infrastructure 

Funding

State 

Incentives RBATE http://legis.sd.gov/Statutes/Codified_Laws/default.aspx

6190 SD

Ethanol 

Production 

Facility Fee

Laws and 

Regulations

http://legis.sd.gov/Statutes/Codified_Laws/def

ault.aspx
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D27 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

6189 SD Fuel Quality 

Standards

Laws and 

Regulations

http://legis.sd.gov/Statutes/Codified_Laws/def

ault.aspx

6245 TN

Alternative Fuel 

and Fuel-Efficient 

Vehicle 

Acquisition and 

Use Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/michie/|h

ttp://www.capitol.tn.gov/|http://www.state.tn.u

s/sos/pub/execorders/index.htm

6435 TN

Biodiesel and 

Ethanol 

Definitions and 

Retail 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.tennessee.gov/sos/rules/0080/0080

.htm

8501 TN

Biofuel Blending 

Contract 

Regulation

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/michie/

6061 TN

Biofuel Fueling 

Infrastructure 

Grants

State 

Incentives GNT

http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/michie/|h

ttp://www.state.tn.us/sos/pub/execorders/index

.htm

6436 TN

Biofuels 

Production 

Promotion

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.legislature.state.tn.us/

5961 TN Biofuels Quality 

Specifications

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/michie/

6434 TN Energy Task 

Force

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.state.tn.us/sos/pub/execorders/inde

x.htm

6574 TN

Supply of 

Petroleum 

Products for 

Blending with 

Biofuels

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/michie/

6585 TX

Alternative Fuel 

Use and Vehicle 

Acquisition 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/

11499 TX Clean School Bus 

Program

State 

Incentives GNT http://www.sos.state.tx.us/tac/index.shtml/
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D28 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

5309 TX

Clean Vehicle and 

Infrastructure 

Grants

State 

Incentives GNT http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/

5641 TX Diesel Fuel Blend 

Tax Exemption

State 

Incentives EXEM|TAX http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/

6240 TX

Fuel Dispenser 

Labeling 

Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/

6586 TX Renewable Fuel 

Promotion

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/

10292 US

Advanced Biofuel 

Feedstock 

Incentives

Incentives

U.S. 

Department of 

Agriculture

RBATE|OTHE

R

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/|http://www.congre

ss.gov/

8502 US

Advanced Biofuel 

Production Grants 

and Loan 

Guarantees

Incentives

U.S. 

Department of 

Agriculture

LOANS

http://thomas.loc.gov/home/LegislativeData.p

hp?&n=PublicLaws&c=112|http://www.gpo.g

ov/fdsys/

8503 US

Advanced Biofuel 

Production 

Payments

Incentives

U.S. 

Department of 

Agriculture

GNT

http://thomas.loc.gov/home/LegislativeData.p

hp?&n=PublicLaws&c=112|http://www.gpo.g

ov/fdsys/|http://www.congress.gov/

8082 US

Advanced Energy 

Research Project 

Grants

Incentives

U.S. 

Department of 

Energy

GNT

388 US

Aftermarket 

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

Conversions

Laws and 

Regulations

U.S. 

Environmental 

Protection 

Agency

274 US Air Pollution 

Control Program Programs

U.S. 

Environmental 

Protection 

Agency

GNT

10612 US

Alternative Fuel 

and Advanced 

Vehicle 

Technology 

Research and 

Demonstration 

Bonds

Incentives

U.S. Internal 

Revenue 

Service

LOANS
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D29 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

391 US Alternative Fuel 

Definition

Laws and 

Regulations

U.S. 

Department of 

Energy

11220 US Alternative Fuel 

Excise Tax

Laws and 

Regulations

U.S. Internal 

Revenue 

Service

10513 US

Alternative Fuel 

Infrastructure Tax 

Credit

Incentives

U.S. Internal 

Revenue 

Service

2014-12-31 

00:00:00 

UTC

TAX

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/|http://www.irs.gov/

pub/irs-drop/n-07-

43.pdf|http://thomas.loc.gov/home/Legislative

Data.php?&n=PublicLaws&c=112|https://ww

w.congress.gov/

8060 US

Alternative Fuel 

Labeling 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations

Federal Trade 

Commission

382 US

Biobased 

Transportation 

Research Funding

Incentives

U.S. 

Department of 

Transportation

GNT

8504 US Biodiesel 

Education Grants Incentives

U.S. 

Department of 

Agriculture

GNT

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/|http://www.congre

ss.gov/|http://thomas.loc.gov/home/Legislative

Data.php?&n=PublicLaws&c=112

378 US

Biomass Research 

and Development 

Initiative

Incentives

U.S. 

Department of 

Agriculture

GNT

http://thomas.loc.gov/home/LegislativeData.p

hp?&n=PublicLaws&c=112||http://www.gpo.g

ov/fdsys/|http://www.congress.gov/

288 US Clean Cities Programs

U.S. 

Department of 

Energy

OTHER|GNT

284 US

Congestion 

Mitigation and 

Air Quality 

(CMAQ) 

Improvement 

Program

Programs

U.S. 

Department of 

Transportation

GNT

9172 US

Ethanol 

Infrastructure 

Grants and Loan 

Guarantees

Incentives

U.S. 

Department of 

Agriculture

GNT|LOANS

http://www.congress.gov/|http://thomas.loc.go

v/home/LegislativeData.php?&n=PublicLaws

&c=112|http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D30 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

386 US

High Occupancy 

Vehicle (HOV) 

Lane Exemption

Laws and 

Regulations

U.S. 

Department of 

Transportation

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/|http://thomas.loc.g

ov/home/LegislativeData.php?&n=PublicLaw

s&c=112

392 US

Improved Energy

Technology 

Loans

Incentives

U.S. 

Department of 

Energy

LOANS

11552 US

Low- and ZeroEmission Vehicle 

Research, 

Demonstration, 

and Deployment 

Funding

Incentives

U.S. 

Department of 

Transportation

GNT|OTHER

390 US

Renewable Fuel 

Standard (RFS) 

Program

Laws and 

Regulations

U.S. 

Environmental 

Protection 

Agency

11560 US

Second 

Generation 

Biofuel 

Production 

Property 

Depreciation 

Allowance

Incentives

U.S. Internal 

Revenue 

Service

2014-12-31 

00:00:00 

UTC

TAX|OTHER

http://thomas.loc.gov/home/LegislativeData.p

hp?&n=PublicLaws&c=112|http://www.gpo.g

ov/fdsys/

10515 US

Second 

Generation 

Producer Tax 

Credit

Incentives

U.S. Internal 

Revenue 

Service

2014-12-31 

00:00:00 

UTC

TAX

http://thomas.loc.gov/home/LegislativeData.p

hp?&n=PublicLaws&c=112|http://www.gpo.g

ov/fdsys/|https://www.congress.gov/

317 US

State Energy 

Program (SEP) 

Funding

Programs

U.S. 

Department of 

Energy

GNT

379 US

Value-Added 

Producer Grants 

(VAPG)

Incentives

U.S. 

Department of 

Agriculture

2018-12-31 

00:00:00 

UTC

GNT http://www.congress.gov/|http://www.gpo.gov

/fdsys/

357 US

Vehicle 

Acquisition and 

Fuel Use 

Requirements for 

Federal Fleets

Laws and 

Regulations

U.S. 

Department of 

Energy
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D31 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

358 US

Vehicle 

Acquisition and 

Fuel Use 

Requirements for 

Private and Local 

Government 

Fleets

Laws and 

Regulations

U.S. 

Department of 

Energy

347 US

Vehicle 

Acquisition and 

Fuel Use 

Requirements for 

State and 

Alternative Fuel 

Provider Fleets

Laws and 

Regulations

U.S. 

Department of 

Energy

344 US

Vehicle 

Incremental Cost 

Allocation

Laws and 

Regulations

U.S. General 

Services 

Administration

383 US

Voluntary Airport 

Low Emission 

(VALE) Program

Programs

U.S. 

Department of 

Transportation

GNT

4764 UT

Provision for 

Establishment of 

Alternative Fuel 

Use Mandate

Laws and 

Regulations http://le.utah.gov/xcode/code.html

10492 VA

Agriculture and 

Forestry Biofuel 

Production Grants

State 

Incentives GNT http://lis.virginia.gov/000/src.htm

4789 VA Alternative Fuel 

and Vehicle Tax

Laws and 

Regulations

http://lis.virginia.gov/000/src.htm|http://virgini

ageneralassembly.gov/

4796 VA Alternative Fuel 

License

Laws and 

Regulations http://lis.virginia.gov/000/src.htm

10674 VA Alternative Fuel 

Tax Exemption

State 

Incentives EXEM|TAX http://lis.virginia.gov/000/src.htm

4781 VA

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

and Fueling 

Infrastructure 

Loans

State 

Incentives LOANS http://lis.virginia.gov/000/src.htm
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D32 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

9853 VA

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

Conversion Fund

Laws and 

Regulations

http://virginiageneralassembly.gov/|http://lis.vi

rginia.gov/000/src.htm

8241 VA

Biofuel Feedstock 

Registration 

Exemption

State 

Incentives EXEM http://lis.virginia.gov/000/src.htm

6046 VA Biofuels 

Production Grants

State 

Incentives GNT http://virginiageneralassembly.gov/|http://lis.virginia.gov/000/src.htm

9835 VA

Ethanol 

Production 

Equipment Tax 

Exemption

State 

Incentives EXEM|TAX http://lis.virginia.gov/000/src.htm

6065 VA State Energy Plan Laws and 

Regulations

http://virginiageneralassembly.gov/|http://lis.vi

rginia.gov/000/src.htm

5622 VT

Alternative Fuel 

and Advanced 

Vehicle Research 

and Development 

Tax Credit

State 

Incentives TAX http://www.leg.state.vt.us/statutesMain.cfm

5625 VT

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

Acquisition 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.leg.state.vt.us/statutesMain.cfm

10295 VT

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

User Fee Study

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.leg.state.vt.us/

5754 VT

State Agency 

Energy Plan 

Transportation 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.leg.state.vt.us/statutes/fullchapter.

cfm?Title=03APPENDIX&Chapter=010|http:/

/www.leg.state.vt.us/statutesMain.cfm

6214 WA Alternative Fuel 

Use Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations

http://apps.leg.wa.gov/rcw/|http://apps.leg.wa.

gov/wac/

6537 WA

Biofuel Blend 

Dispenser 

Labeling 

Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations

http://apps.leg.wa.gov/wac/|http://apps.leg.wa.

gov/rcw/

6410 WA Biofuel Quality 

Program

Laws and 

Regulations http://apps.leg.wa.gov/rcw/
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D33 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

9396 WA

Biofuel Volume 

Rebate Program -

Propel Fuels

Utility/Priva

te Incentives RBATE

6208 WA

Biofuels 

Distribution Tax 

Exemption

State 

Incentives

2015-07-01 

00:00:00 

UTC

EXEM|TAX http://apps.leg.wa.gov/rcw/

6213 WA

Biofuels 

Production and 

Distribution 

Contracts

Laws and 

Regulations http://apps.leg.wa.gov/rcw/

5721 WA

Biofuels 

Production Tax 

Exemption

State 

Incentives

2015-12-31 

00:00:00 

UTC

TAX|EXEM http://apps.leg.wa.gov/rcw/

5580 WA Biofuels Tax 

Deduction

State 

Incentives

2015-07-01 

00:00:00 

UTC

TAX http://apps.leg.wa.gov/rcw/

6530 WA

Clean and 

Efficient Fleet 

Assistance

Utility/Priva

te Incentives OTHER

6210 WA E85 Definition Laws and 

Regulations http://apps.leg.wa.gov/rcw/

6535 WA

Provision for 

Alternative Fuels 

Corridor Pilot 

Projects

Laws and 

Regulations

http://apps.leg.wa.gov/rcw/|http://www.govern

or.wa.gov/office/execorders/default.aspx

6040 WA Renewable Fuel 

Standard

Laws and 

Regulations http://apps.leg.wa.gov/rcw/

6217 WA

State Emissions 

Reductions 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.governor.wa.gov/office/execorders

/eoarchive/default.aspx|http://apps.leg.wa.gov/

rcw/

9977 WA

State Vehicle 

Purchasing 

Guidance

Laws and 

Regulations http://apps.leg.wa.gov/rcw/

5336 WI Alternative Fuel 

License

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.legis.state.wi.us/rsb/stats.html

5334 WI Alternative Fuel 

Tax Exemption

State 

Incentives EXEM http://legis.wisconsin.gov/rsb/stats.html
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D34 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

4841 WI

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle 

Acquisition and 

Alternative Fuel 

Use Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations http://legis.wisconsin.gov/rsb/stats.html

8975 WI

Alternative 

Fueling 

Infrastructure 

Development

Laws and 

Regulations http://legis.wisconsin.gov/rsb/stats.html

8974 WI

Petroleum 

Reduction 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations

http://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/code/executive

_orders/2003_jim_doyle/2006-

141.pdf|http://legis.wisconsin.gov/rsb/stats.ht

ml

6475 WI

Renewable Fuel 

Infrastructure Tax 

Credit

State 

Incentives TAX http://legis.wisconsin.gov/rsb/stats.html

8972 WI

Renewable Fuel 

Producer Excise 

Tax and 

Inspection 

Exemption

State 

Incentives TAX|EXEM http://legis.wisconsin.gov/rsb/stats.html

8976 WI

Renewable Fuel 

Sales Volume 

Goals

Laws and 

Regulations http://legis.wisconsin.gov/rsb/stats.html

8978 WI

Sustainable 

Biofuels 

Production 

Practices

Laws and 

Regulations http://legis.wisconsin.gov/rsb/stats.html

4823 WV

Alternative Fuel 

Production 

Subsidy 

Prohibition

Laws and 

Regulations

9154 WV Alternative Fuel 

Use Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.legis.state.wv.us/WVCODE/Code.

cfm

10712 WV Alternative Fuels 

Tax

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.legis.state.wv.us/WVCODE/Code.

cfm
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D35 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

5392 WV

Provision for 

Establishment of 

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

Acquisition 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.legis.state.wv.us/WVCODE/Code.

cfm

5393 WY Ethanol License Laws and 

Regulations

http://legisweb.state.wy.us/statutes/statutes.asp

x

Source: Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center

http://www.afdc.energy.gov/data_download/
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D36 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Table D3. Biodiesel Law and Incentives

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

10292 US Advanced Biofuel 

Feedstock Incentives Incentives

U.S. 

Department of 

Agriculture

RBATE|

OTHER

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/|http://www.congress.g

ov/

8502 US

Advanced Biofuel 

Production Grants 

and Loan Guarantees

Incentives

U.S. 

Department of 

Agriculture

LOANS

http://thomas.loc.gov/home/LegislativeData.php?

&n=PublicLaws&c=112|http://www.gpo.gov/fdsy

s/

8503 US Advanced Biofuel 

Production Payments Incentives

U.S. 

Department of 

Agriculture

GNT

http://thomas.loc.gov/home/LegislativeData.php?

&n=PublicLaws&c=112|http://www.gpo.gov/fdsy

s/|http://www.congress.gov/

8082 US

Advanced Energy 

Research Project 

Grants

Incentives

U.S. 

Department of 

Energy

GNT

274 US Air Pollution Control 

Program Programs

U.S. 

Environmental 

Protection 

Agency

GNT

10612 US

Alternative Fuel and 

Advanced Vehicle 

Technology 

Research and 

Demonstration 

Bonds

Incentives

U.S. Internal 

Revenue 

Service

LOANS

391 US Alternative Fuel 

Definition

Laws and 

Regulations

U.S. 

Department of 

Energy

11220 US Alternative Fuel 

Excise Tax

Laws and 

Regulations

U.S. Internal 

Revenue 

Service

10513 US

Alternative Fuel 

Infrastructure Tax 

Credit

Incentives

U.S. Internal 

Revenue 

Service

2014-12-31 

00:00:00 

UTC

TAX

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/|http://www.irs.gov/pub

/irs-drop/n-07-

43.pdf|http://thomas.loc.gov/home/LegislativeData

.php?&n=PublicLaws&c=112|https://www.congre

ss.gov/

8060 US

Alternative Fuel 

Labeling 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations

Federal Trade 

Commission
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D37 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

382 US

Biobased 

Transportation 

Research Funding

Incentives

U.S. 

Department of 

Transportation

GNT

8504 US Biodiesel Education 

Grants Incentives

U.S. 

Department of 

Agriculture

GNT

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/|http://www.congress.g

ov/|http://thomas.loc.gov/home/LegislativeData.ph

p?&n=PublicLaws&c=112

396 US Biodiesel Income 

Tax Credit Incentives

U.S. Internal 

Revenue 

Service

2014-12-31 

00:00:00 

UTC

TAX

http://thomas.loc.gov/home/LegislativeData.php?

&n=PublicLaws&c=112|https://www.congress.go

v/|http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/

395 US Biodiesel Mixture 

Excise Tax Credit Incentives

U.S. Internal 

Revenue 

Service

2014-12-31 

00:00:00 

UTC

TAX

http://thomas.loc.gov/home/LegislativeData.php?

&n=PublicLaws&c=112|http://www.gpo.gov/fdsy

s/|https://www.congress.gov/

378 US

Biomass Research 

and Development 

Initiative

Incentives

U.S. 

Department of 

Agriculture

GNT

http://thomas.loc.gov/home/LegislativeData.php?

&n=PublicLaws&c=112||http://www.gpo.gov/fdsy

s/|http://www.congress.gov/

387 US Clean Agriculture 

USA Programs

U.S. 

Environmental 

Protection 

Agency

GNT

288 US Clean Cities Programs

U.S. 

Department of 

Energy

OTHER|GNT

324 US Clean Construction 

USA Programs

U.S. 

Environmental 

Protection 

Agency

GNT

325 US Clean Ports USA Programs

U.S. 

Environmental 

Protection 

Agency

GNT|OTHER

323 US Clean School Bus 

USA Programs

U.S. 

Environmental 

Protection 

Agency

GNT
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D38 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

284 US

Congestion 

Mitigation and Air 

Quality (CMAQ) 

Improvement 

Program

Programs

U.S. 

Department of 

Transportation

GNT

386 US

High Occupancy 

Vehicle (HOV) Lane 

Exemption

Laws and 

Regulations

U.S. 

Department of 

Transportation

http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/|http://thomas.loc.gov/h

ome/LegislativeData.php?&n=PublicLaws&c=112

392 US Improved Energy 

Technology Loans Incentives

U.S. 

Department of 

Energy

LOANS

11552 US

Low- and ZeroEmission Vehicle 

Research, 

Demonstration, and 

Deployment Funding

Incentives

U.S. 

Department of 

Transportation

GNT|OTHER

389 US

National Clean 

Diesel Campaign 

(NCDC)

Programs

U.S. 

Environmental 

Protection 

Agency

OTHER|GNT

390 US

Renewable Fuel 

Standard (RFS) 

Program

Laws and 

Regulations

U.S. 

Environmental 

Protection 

Agency

10515 US Second Generation 

Producer Tax Credit Incentives

U.S. Internal 

Revenue 

Service

2014-12-31 

00:00:00 

UTC

TAX

http://thomas.loc.gov/home/LegislativeData.php?

&n=PublicLaws&c=112|http://www.gpo.gov/fdsy

s/|https://www.congress.gov/

273 US SmartWay Transport 

Partnership Programs

U.S. 

Environmental 

Protection 

Agency

GNT|LOANS

317 US

State Energy 

Program (SEP) 

Funding

Programs

U.S. 

Department of 

Energy

GNT

379 US

Value-Added 

Producer Grants 

(VAPG)

Incentives

U.S. 

Department of 

Agriculture

2018-12-31 

00:00:00 

UTC

GNT http://www.congress.gov/|http://www.gpo.gov/fds

ys/
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D39 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

357 US

Vehicle Acquisition 

and Fuel Use 

Requirements for 

Federal Fleets

Laws and 

Regulations

U.S. 

Department of 

Energy

358 US

Vehicle Acquisition 

and Fuel Use 

Requirements for 

Private and Local 

Government Fleets

Laws and 

Regulations

U.S. 

Department of 

Energy

347 US

Vehicle Acquisition 

and Fuel Use 

Requirements for 

State and Alternative 

Fuel Provider Fleets

Laws and 

Regulations

U.S. 

Department of 

Energy

344 US Vehicle Incremental 

Cost Allocation

Laws and 

Regulations

U.S. General 

Services 

Administration

383 US

Voluntary Airport 

Low Emission 

(VALE) Program

Programs

U.S. 

Department of 

Transportation

GNT

5197 AK

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle Acquisition 

Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.legis.state.ak.us/folhome.htm

6253 AL

Alternative Fuels 

Promotion and 

Information

Laws and 

Regulations

http://alisondb.legislature.state.al.us/acas/ACASL

ogin.asp

6544 AL Biodiesel Fuel 

Storage Grants

State 

Incentives GNT

6545 AL Biofuel Production 

Facility Tax Credit

State 

Incentives TAX http://alisondb.legislature.state.al.us/acas/ACASLoginfire.asp

6546 AL

Fuel-Efficient Green 

Fleets Policy and 

Fleet Management 

Program 

Development

Laws and 

Regulations

http://alisondb.legislature.state.al.us/acas/ACASL

oginfire.asp|http://governor.alabama.gov/news/ne

wsroom.aspx?t=29

9218 AR

Alternative Fuel 

Definition and 

Specifications

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D40 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

5817 AR Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle Conversion

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/

5815 AR Alternative Fuels 

Tax and Reporting

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/

6193 AR Biodiesel Use 

Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us/

11579 AR Personal Use Biofuel 

Reporting

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.arkleg.state.ar.us

8384 AZ Biofuels Definitions 

and Specifications

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.azleg.gov/ArizonaRevisedStatutes.asp

6205 AZ

Clean Fuel Contracts 

for Heavy-Duty 

Equipment

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.azland.gov/programs/natural/pdfs/Exe

cOrder.pdf

8402 AZ

Federal Fleet 

Operation

Regulations

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.azleg.state.az.us/

8400 AZ

Municipal 

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

Acquisition 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.azleg.state.az.us/

8401 AZ

School District 

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle Acquisition 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.azleg.state.az.us/

5188 AZ

State Vehicle 

Acquisition and Fuel 

Use Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations

http://azmemory.azlibrary.gov/cdm/singleitem/coll

ection/execorders/id/700|http://www.azleg.gov/Ari

zonaRevisedStatutes.asp

6490 CA

Alternative Fuel and 

Plug-in Hybrid 

Electric Vehicle 

Retrofit Regulations

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.oal.ca.gov/

6307 CA Alternative Fuel and 

Vehicle Incentives

State 

Incentives GNT|LOANS http://www.oal.ca.gov/|http://www.legislature.ca.gov/

5681 CA

Alternative Fuel and 

Vehicle Policy 

Development

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.oal.ca.gov/|http://www.legislature.ca.g

ov/
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D41 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

10393 CA

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

Parking Incentive 

Programs

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.oal.ca.gov/

9395 CA

Biofuel Volume 

Rebate Program -

Propel Fuels

Utility/Priva

te Incentives RBATE

4219 CA

Employer Invested 

Emissions Reduction 

Funding - South 

Coast

State 

Incentives GNT

5502 CA

Fleet Emissions 

Reduction 

Requirements -

South Coast

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.aqmd.gov/rules/rulesreg.html

6308 CA Low Carbon Fuel 

Standard

Laws and 

Regulations

http://gov.ca.gov/s_executiveorders.php|http://ww

w.oal.ca.gov/

6493 CA

Low Emission 

Vehicle (LEV) 

Standards

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.oal.ca.gov/

6134 CA

Low Emission 

Vehicle Incentives 

and Technical 

Training - San 

Joaquin Valley

State 

Incentives

GNT|OTHER|

RBATE

5357 CA Low Emissions 

School Bus Grants

State 

Incentives GNT http://www.oal.ca.gov/

5682 CA

Mobile Source 

Emissions Reduction 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.oal.ca.gov/

6619 CA State Transportation 

Plan

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.oal.ca.gov/

11160 CA Support for Advance 

Biofuel Development

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.oal.ca.gov/

6492 CA

Vehicle Acquisition 

and Petroleum 

Reduction 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.documents.dgs.ca.gov/ofa/eos-14-

09.pdf|http://www.oal.ca.gov/|http://leginfo.legisla

ture.ca.gov/faces/billSearchClient.xhtml
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D42 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

6289 CO Alternative Fuel 

Definition

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/michie/

11565 CO

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) Fleet 

Technical Assistance

State 

Incentives OTHER

5887 CO

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

Registration

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/Colorado/

6290 CO Biofuels Research 

Grants

State 

Incentives GNT http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/michie/

11489 CO Biogas Production 

Sales Tax Exemption

State 

Incentives EXEM

4274 CO

Gasoline and Diesel 

Gallon Equivalent 

Definition

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/Colorado/

6293 CO

Renewable and 

Alternative Fuel 

Storage Tank 

Regulations

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/michie/|http:/

/www.sos.state.co.us/CCR/Welcome.do

5619 CO

State Agency 

Alternative Fuel Use 

and Vehicle 

Acquisition 

Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.colorado.gov/cs/Satellite/GovRitter/G

OVR/1177024890415|http://www.lexisnexis.com/

hottopics/Colorado/

11490 CO

Vehicle Fleet 

Maintenance and 

Fuel Cost-Savings 

Contracts

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/Colorado/

5759 CT

Alternative Fuel and 

Fuel-Efficient 

Vehicle Acquisition 

and Emissions 

Reduction 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.cga.ct.gov|http://www.ct.gov/governor

rell/cwp/browse.asp?a=1719&bc=0&c=18433

6248 CT Biofuels Research 

Grants

State 

Incentives GNT http://www.cga.ct.gov/

6249 CT School Bus 

Emissions Reduction

Laws and 

Regulations OTHER|GNT http://www.cga.ct.gov/
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D43 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

11493 DC

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) and 

Infrastructure Tax 

Credit

State 

Incentives

2026-12-31 

00:00:00 

UTC

TAX https://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/dccode/

5485 DC

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle Exemption 

from Driving 

Restrictions

State 

Incentives EXEM http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/dccode/

8665 DE

Alternative Fuel and 

Advanced Vehicle 

Acquisition 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations http://governor.delaware.gov/orders/index.shtml

5331 DE Alternative Fuel Tax 

Exemption

State 

Incentives TAX|EXEM http://delcode.delaware.gov/index.shtml

6552 FL

Alternative Fuel 

Economic 

Development

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/

10854 FL Biodiesel Producer 

Fuel Tax

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.flsenate.gov/Session/Bills|http://www.

flsenate.gov/Laws/

6074 FL Biofuels Investment 

Tax Credit

State 

Incentives TAX http://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/

6423 FL Biofuels Promotion Laws and 

Regulations http://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/

8386 FL

Excise Tax 

Exemption for 

Biodiesel Produced 

by Schools

State 

Incentives TAX|EXEM http://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/

6421 FL

Fuel-Efficient 

Vehicle Acquisition 

and Alternative Fuel 

Use Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/

6424 FL

Provision for 

Renewable Fuels 

Investment

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/

6072 FL

Renewable Energy 

and Energy Efficient 

Technology Grant 

Matching Program

State 

Incentives GNT http://www.flsenate.gov/Laws/
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D44 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

10253 GA

Alternative Fuel and 

Advanced Vehicle 

Job Creation Tax 

Credit

State 

Incentives TAX http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/gacode/default.asp

4345 GA Alternative Fuel 

Excise Tax

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.legis.state.ga.us/

5424 GA

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) Tax 

Credit

State 

Incentives TAX http://www.legis.state.ga.us/

6514 GA

Alternative Fuels 

Production 

Assistance

State 

Incentives OTHER

6048 GA Biodiesel 

Specifications

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.legis.state.ga.us/

6567 HI

Alternative Fuel and 

Advanced Vehicle 

Acquisition 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/

6078 HI

Alternative Fuel 

Standard 

Development

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/

5451 HI Alternative Fuel Tax 

Rate

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/

6077 HI

Biofuels 

Procurement 

Preference

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/

6417 HI

Biofuels Production 

Land Use Allowance 

and Exemption

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/

6416 HI Clean Transportation 

Promotion

Laws and 

Regulations

6230 HI Energy Feedstock 

Program

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.capitol.hawaii.gov/

6226 IA

Alternative Fuel 

Production Tax 

Credits

State 

Incentives TAX
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D45 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

4413 IA

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

Acquisition 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations https://www.legis.iowa.gov/index.aspx

5236 IA

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

Demonstration 

Grants

State 

Incentives GNT|OTHER https://www.legis.iowa.gov/index.aspx

6082 IA Biodiesel Blend 

Retailer Tax Credit

State 

Incentives TAX https://www.legis.iowa.gov/index.aspx

5235 IA Biodiesel Fuel Use Laws and 

Regulations https://www.legis.iowa.gov/index.aspx

10073 IA Biodiesel Producer 

Tax Refund

State 

Incentives

2018-01-01 

00:00:00 

UTC

TAX https://www.legis.iowa.gov/index.aspx|https://ww

w.legis.iowa.gov/

6081 IA Biofuel 

Infrastructure Grants

State 

Incentives GNT https://www.legis.iowa.gov/index.aspx

9294 IA Biofuel 

Specifications

Laws and 

Regulations https://www.legis.iowa.gov/index.aspx

5432 IA

Renewable Fuel 

Labeling 

Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations https://www.legis.iowa.gov/index.aspx

8301 ID

Alternative Fuels 

Tax Exemption and 

Refund

State 

Incentives TAX http://legislature.idaho.gov/statutesrules.htm

5406 ID Biodiesel Definitions Laws and 

Regulations http://legislature.idaho.gov/statutesrules.htm

6518 ID

License Exemptions 

for Biodiesel 

Production for 

Personal Use

State 

Incentives EXEM

6331 IL

Advanced Vehicle 

Acquisition and 

Biodiesel Fuel Use 

Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.ilga.gov/|http://www.ilga.gov/|http://w

ww.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs.asp
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D46 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

4368 IL

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) and 

Alternative Fuel 

Rebates

State 

Incentives RBATE

5698 IL

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) Fleet 

Incentives

State 

Incentives OTHER

6329 IL

Alternative Fuels 

Labeling 

Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations

5993 IL Biodiesel Blend Use 

Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations

8906 IL Biodiesel Definition 

and Specification

Laws and 

Regulations

6328 IL Biodiesel Production 

Tax

Laws and 

Regulations

5697 IL Biodiesel Tax 

Exemption

State 

Incentives

2018-12-13 

00:00:00 

UTC

EXEM

11507 IL Biofuels Business 

Planning Grants

State 

Incentives GNT

6485 IL Biofuels Education 

and Promotion

Laws and 

Regulations

5699 IL

Biofuels Preference 

for State Vehicle 

Procurement

Laws and 

Regulations

11022 IL Biofuels Production 

Facility Grants

State 

Incentives GNT

6623 IL

Fuel-Efficient 

Vehicle Acquisition 

Goals

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.illinois.gov/Government/ExecOrders/

Pages/default.aspx

8905 IL School Bus Retrofit 

Reimbursement

State 

Incentives RBATE

6330 IL State Government 

Energy Initiative

Laws and 

Regulations

10938 IN

Alternative Fuel and 

Special Fuel 

Definitions

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.in.gov/legislative/|http://www.in.gov/l

egislative/ic/code/
Biomass 

Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or dataD47 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

10936 IN

Alternative Fuel 

Motor Carrier Fuel 

Tax

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/

10937 IN

Alternative Fuel Tax 

Exemption for Public 

Transportation

State 

Incentives

2017-12-31 

00:00:00 

UTC

TAX http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/

6222 IN Biodiesel Blend Tax 

Exemption

State 

Incentives TAX http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/

5716 IN Biodiesel Blending 

Tax Credit

State 

Incentives TAX http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/

6036 IN Biodiesel Definition Laws and 

Regulations http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/

4402 IN Biodiesel Price 

Preference

State 

Incentives OTHER http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/

5715 IN Biodiesel Production 

Tax Credit

State 

Incentives TAX http://www.in.gov/dor/3512.htm

5877 IN Biofuels Blend Use 

Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/

5200 IN Certified Technology 

Park Designation

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/

10794 IN

Community 

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) Fleet 

Grants

State 

Incentives GNT

10795 IN

Diesel Vehicle 

Retrofit and 

Improvement Grants

State 

Incentives GNT

10935 IN Special Fuel Tax Laws and 

Regulations http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/

6219 IN

Vehicle Research 

and Development 

Grants

State 

Incentives GNT http://www.in.gov/legislative/ic/code/

5169 KS

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) Tax 

Credit

State 

Incentives TAX http://www.kslegislature.org/li/statute/

5171 KS

Alternative Fueling 

Infrastructure Tax 

Credit

State 

Incentives TAX http://www.kslegislature.org/li/statute/
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D48 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

6543 KS

Biodiesel and 

Renewable Fuel 

Definitions

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.kslegislature.org/li/statute/

6059 KS Biodiesel Production 

Incentive

State 

Incentives RBATE http://www.kslegislature.org/li/statute/

8304 KS

Biofuel Blending 

Equipment Tax 

Exemption

State 

Incentives EXEM|TAX http://www.kslegislature.org/li/statute/

5756 KS Biofuels Use 

Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.kslegislature.org/li/statute/

6201 KS

Renewable Fuel 

Retailer Tax 

Incentive

State 

Incentives TAX http://www.kslegislature.org/li/statute/|http://www.kslegislature.org/li/

10741 KY

Alternative Fuel and 

Conversion 

Definitions

Laws and 

Regulations

6294 KY

Alternative Fuel 

Production Tax 

Incentives

State 

Incentives TAX http://www.lrc.ky.gov/

6296 KY

Alternative Fuel 

Research, 

Development, and 

Promotion

State 

Incentives GNT http://lrc.ky.gov/krs/titles.htm

5831 KY

Biodiesel Production 

and Blending Tax 

Credit

State 

Incentives TAX http://lrc.ky.gov/krs/titles.htm

8281 KY

Biomass and 

Biofuels Industry 

Development

Laws and 

Regulations

http://apps.sos.ky.gov/executive/journal/(S(q5gd4e

45idwizi45wea1ti55))/journal2.aspx

10743 KY

Clean Transportation 

Fuels for School 

Buses

Laws and 

Regulations http://lrc.ky.gov/krs/titles.htm

10738 KY On-Farm Biofuel 

Production Grants

State 

Incentives GNT

10740 KY

Request to Report 

Research on Second 

Generation Biofuels

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.lrc.ky.gov/legislation.htm
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D49 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

6051 KY

State Energy Plan 

Alternative Fuel 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations http://lrc.ky.gov/krs/titles.htm

6297 KY

Vehicle Acquisition 

Priorities and 

Alternative Fuel Use 

Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations http://lrc.ky.gov/krs/titles.htm

6603 LA

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) and 

Fueling 

Infrastructure Tax 

Credit

State 

Incentives TAX

http://www.legis.la.gov/legis/home.aspx|http://doa

.louisiana.gov/osr/lac/lac.htm|http://www.legis.stat

e.la.us/

5972 LA

Biodiesel Equipment 

and Fuel Tax 

Exemption

State 

Incentives

2015-06-30 

00:00:00 

UTC

TAX|EXEM http://www.legis.state.la.us/

6104 LA Biofuels Feedstock 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.legis.state.la.us/

8420 LA

Compressed Natural 

Gas (CNG) Project 

Loans

State 

Incentives LOANS http://www.legis.state.la.us/

6604 LA Provision for Green 

Jobs Tax Credit

Laws and 

Regulations TAX http://www.legis.state.la.us/

6103 LA Renewable Fuel 

Standard

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.legis.state.la.us/

10536 MA

Alternative Fuel 

Offering 

Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.malegislature.gov/Laws/SessionLaws/

Search|http://www.malegislature.gov/Laws/Gener

alLaws/

6467 MA Biodiesel Blend 

Mandate

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.malegislature.gov/Laws/GeneralLaws/

6270 MA

State Agency 

Alternative Fuel Use 

Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.mass.gov/anf/budget-taxes-andprocurement/admin-bulletins/

6468 MA

State Hybrid Electric 

(HEV) Alternative 

Fuel Vehicle (AFV) 

Acquisition 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations

htthttp://www.mass.gov/anf/budget-taxes-andprocurement/adminbulletins/|http://www.malegislature.gov/Laws/Gen

eralLaws/|http://www.lawlib.state.ma.us/source/m

ass/eo/index.html
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D50 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

8979 MA Voluntary Biofuels 

Program

Laws and 

Regulations

6053 MD Alternative Fuel Use 

Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations

http://mgaleg.maryland.gov/webmga/frm1st.aspx?

tab=home|http://www.dbm.maryland.gov/agencies

/Documents/FleetManagementServices/fleet_mgm

t_manual.pdf

5834 MD Biofuels Production 

Incentive

State 

Incentives TAX http://mgaleg.maryland.gov/webmga/frm1st.aspx?tab=home

5297 ME Alternative Fuel Tax 

Rates

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.mainelegislature.org/legis/statutes/

6600 ME Biodiesel Fuel Tax 

Exemption

State 

Incentives EXEM|TAX http://www.mainelegislature.org/legis/statutes/

11481 ME

Biodiesel-Blended 

Diesel 

Documentation 

Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.mainelegislature.org/legis/statutes/

5757 ME Biofuels Production 

Tax Credit

State 

Incentives TAX http://www.mainelegislature.org/legis/statutes/

5729 ME

Provision for 

Establishment of 

Clean Fuel Vehicle 

Insurance Incentives

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.mainelegislature.org/legis/statutes/

9401 ME

State Plan to Reduce 

Petroleum 

Consumption

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.mainelegislature.org/legis/statutes/

5769 MI

Alternative Fuel 

Development 

Property Tax 

Exemption

State 

Incentives EXEM|TAX http://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(kovblajtbo3pwn22ekizx255))/mileg.aspx?page=home

6124 MI

Biodiesel Retail and 

Storage 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(tdlrlzzi3qi5hrbz0

0tllh55))/mileg.aspx?page=home

6122 MI Biofuels Blender 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.legislature.mi.gov/(S(chtz2jui1ekkqu4

5xjluze55))/mileg.aspx?page=home

5452 MN Biodiesel Blend 

Mandate

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.leg.state.mn.us/leg/legis.aspx|https://w

ww.revisor.mn.gov/pubs/

6237 MN Biodiesel Definition Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.leg.state.mn.us/leg/legis.aspx|https://w

ww.revisor.mn.gov/pubs/
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D51 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

6093 MN Biofuel Blend 

Mandate

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.leg.state.mn.us/|https://www.revisor.m

n.gov/pubs/

6094 MN Biofuel Use 

Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.leg.state.mn.us/lrl/execorders/execord

ers.aspx|http://www.leg.state.mn.us/leg/legis.aspx

10984 MN NextGen Energy 

Board

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.leg.state.mn.us/leg/legis.aspx|https://w

ww.revisor.mn.gov/pubs/

9399 MN

State Agency 

Sustainability Plan 

and Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.leg.state.mn.us/leg/legis.aspx|http://w

ww.leg.state.mn.us/lrl/execorders/execorders.aspx|

https://www.revisor.mn.gov/pubs/

4538 MO Alternative Fuel 

Promotion

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.moga.mo.gov/

5253 MO

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

Acquisition and 

Alternative Fuel Use 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.moga.mo.gov/

5607 MO Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) Decal

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.moga.mo.gov/|http://www.moga.mo.g

ov/

6450 MO

Alternative Fueling 

Infrastructure Tax 

Credit

State 

Incentives

2018-01-01 

00:00:00 

UTC

TAX http://www.moga.mo.gov/|http://www.moga.mo.g

ov/

5604 MO Biodiesel Use 

Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.moga.mo.gov/

11553 MO State Energy Plan Laws and 

Regulations http://governor.mo.gov/news/executive-orders

5252 MO State Fleet Biodiesel 

Fuel Use

Laws and 

Regulations GNT http://www.moga.mo.gov/

10792 MS

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle Revolving

Loan Program

State 

Incentives LOANS http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/mscode/

8310 MS

Biodiesel and 

Renewable Diesel 

Definitions, 

Registration, and 

Labeling 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.mdac.state.ms.us/agency/regulations_l

aws/reg_ pdfs/Subpart 4/08 - Petroleum Products 

Inspection Law.pdf
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D52 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

5556 MS Biofuels Production 

Incentive

State 

Incentives

2015-06-30 

00:00:00 

UTC

GNT http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/mscode/

6049 MS

Fuel-Efficient and 

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle Use

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/mscode/

6196 MT

Alternative Fuel 

Production Property 

Tax Incentive

State 

Incentives TAX http://leg.mt.gov/bills/mca_toc/index.htm

4547 MT

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

Conversion Tax 

Credit

State 

Incentives TAX

5861 MT Biodiesel Blending 

Tax Credit

State 

Incentives TAX http://leg.mt.gov/bills/mca_toc/index.htm

5862 MT Biodiesel Production 

Facility Tax Credit

State 

Incentives TAX http://leg.mt.gov/bills/mca_toc/index.htm

6555 MT Biodiesel Tax 

Exemption

State 

Incentives TAX http://leg.mt.gov/bills/mca_toc/index.htm

6502 MT Biodiesel Tax 

Refund

State 

Incentives TAX http://leg.mt.gov/bills/mca_toc/index.htm

5986 NC

Alternative Fuel and 

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) Fund

State 

Incentives GNT http://www.ncleg.net/gascripts/Statutes/Statutes.asp

5294 NC

Alternative Fuel and 

Idle Reduction 

Grants

State 

Incentives GNT

5664 NC Alternative Fuel Tax 

Exemption

State 

Incentives TAX|EXEM http://www.ncleg.net/gascripts/Statutes/Statutes.asp

5988 NC

Alternative Fuel Use 

and Fuel-Efficient 

Vehicle 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations

5484 NC

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

Acquisition Goal

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.ncleg.net/gascripts/Statutes/Statutes.as

p
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D53 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

6195 NC

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) and 

Hybrid Electric 

Vehicle (HEV) 

Support

State 

Incentives GNT

10412 NC Alternative Fuels 

Feasibility Study

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.ncga.state.nc.us/

6285 NC

Biodiesel 

Requirement for 

School Buses

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.ncleg.net/gascripts/Statutes/Statutes.as

p

6286 NC Biodiesel Tax 

Exemption

State 

Incentives EXEM|TAX http://www.ncleg.net/gascripts/Statutes/Statutes.asp

6284 NC Biodiesel Warranty 

Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.ncleg.net/gascripts/Statutes/Statutes.as

p

6281 NC

Bond Exemption for 

Small Biofuels 

Suppliers

State 

Incentives EXEM http://www.ncleg.net/gascripts/Statutes/Statutes.asp

5483 NC Renewable Energy 

Property Tax Credit

State 

Incentives

2016-01-01 

00:00:00 

UTC

TAX http://www.ncleg.net/gascripts/Statutes/Statutes.as

p

6550 ND Advanced Biofuel 

Incentives

State 

Incentives LOANS|GNT http://www.legis.nd.gov/generalinformation/north-dakota-century-code

8484 ND

Agriculturally-Based 

Fuel Production 

Wage and Salary Tax 

Credit

State 

Incentives TAX http://www.legis.nd.gov/generalinformation/north-dakota-century-code

9299 ND

AgriculturallyDerived Fuel 

Production Facility 

Loan Guarantees

State 

Incentives LOANS http://www.legis.nd.gov/generalinformation/north-dakota-century-code

6234 ND

Alternative Fuel 

Labeling 

Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.legis.nd.gov/generalinformation/north-dakota-century-code

5869 ND Alternative Fuel Tax 

Rates

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.legis.nd.gov/generalinformation/north-dakota-century-code

9300 ND Biodiesel and Green 

Diesel Definitions

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.legis.nd.gov/generalinformation/north-dakota-century-code
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D54 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

5865 ND Biodiesel Blender 

Tax Credit

State 

Incentives TAX http://www.legis.nd.gov/generalinformation/north-dakota-century-code

6170 ND

Biodiesel Production 

and Blending 

Equipment Tax 

Credit

State 

Incentives TAX http://www.legis.nd.gov/generalinformation/north-dakota-century-code

5576 ND

Biodiesel Sales 

Equipment Tax 

Credit

State 

Incentives TAX http://www.legis.nd.gov/generalinformation/north-dakota-century-code

5866 ND Biofuel Loan 

Program

State 

Incentives LOANS http://www.legis.nd.gov/generalinformation/north-dakota-century-code

6231 ND Renewable Fuels 

Promotion

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.legis.nd.gov/generalinformation/north-dakota-century-code

5964 NE Alternative Fuel Use Laws and 

Regulations

http://nlc1.nlc.state.ne.us/docs/pilot/pubs/EOIndex

.html

4557 NE

Biodiesel Production 

Investment Tax 

Credit

State 

Incentives TAX http://nebraskalegislature.gov/laws/browsestatutes.php

5735 NE

Ethanol and 

Biodiesel Tax 

Exemption

State 

Incentives EXEM|TAX http://nebraskalegislature.gov/laws/browsestatutes.php

10421 NH

Alternative Fuels 

Taxation Study 

Commission

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/

6473 NH

Biodiesel Blend 

Purchase 

Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/indexes/

default.html

6100 NH Biodiesel Definition Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/indexes/

default.html

6618 NH

Biodiesel Distributor 

License and 

Recordkeeping 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations

http://gencourt.state.nh.us/rsa/html/indexes/default

.html

11101 NH

State Energy 

Strategy 

Development

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.gencourt.state.nh.us/

9593 NJ Biofuel Use 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D55 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

11200 NJ Biofuels Promotion Laws and 

Regulations http://www.njleg.state.nj.us/

5493 NJ

Low Emission or 

Alternative Fuel Bus 

Acquisition 

Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations

http://lis.njleg.state.nj.us/cgibin/om_isapi.dll?clientID=109559&depth=2&exp

andheadings=off&headingswithhits=on&infobase

=statutes.nfo&softpage=TOC_Frame_Pg42

5391 NM Alternative Fuel 

Definition

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.nmonesource.com/nmnxtadmin/NMPu

blic.aspx

9053 NM Alternative Fuel Tax 

Exemption

State 

Incentives TAX|EXEM http://www.nmonesource.com/nmnxtadmin/NMPublic.aspx

4600 NM

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) and 

Fueling 

Infrastructure Grants

State 

Incentives GNT http://www.nmonesource.com/nmnxtadmin/NMPublic.aspx

4605 NM

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) and 

Hybrid Electric 

Vehicle (HEV) 

Acquisition 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.nmonesource.com/nmnxtadmin/NMPu

blic.aspx

4607 NM Alternative Fuels 

Tax

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.nmonesource.com/nmnxtadmin/NMPu

blic.aspx|http://www.nmlegis.gov/lcs/default.aspx

6181 NM Biodiesel Blend 

Mandate

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.nmonesource.com/nmnxtadmin/NMPu

blic.aspx

11300 NM

Biodiesel Blending 

Facility Loading Fee 

Deduction

State 

Incentives TAX http://www.nmlegis.gov/lcs/default.aspx

9052 NM Biodiesel Blending 

Facility Tax Credit

State 

Incentives TAX http://www.nmonesource.com/nmnxtadmin/NMPublic.aspx

10652 NM Biodiesel Tax 

Deduction

State 

Incentives TAX http://www.nmonesource.com/nmnxtadmin/NMPublic.aspx

5826 NM Biofuels Production 

Tax Deduction

State 

Incentives TAX http://www.nmonesource.com/nmnxtadmin/NMPublic.aspx

6522 NM Green Jobs Training 

Program

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.nmonesource.com/nmnxtadmin/NMPu

blic.aspx
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D56 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

5266 NV

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

Acquisition 

Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.leg.state.nv.us/law1.cfm

6597 NV Biodiesel Producer 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.leg.state.nv.us/|http://www.leg.state.nv

.us/law1.cfm

11060 NV Biodiesel Sales 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.leg.state.nv.us/|http://www.leg.state.nv

.us/law1.cfm

6251 NV

Funds for School 

District Alternative 

Fuel Use

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.leg.state.nv.us/law1.cfm

5263 NV

Provision for 

Establishment of 

Alternative Fuel 

Incentives

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.leg.state.nv.us/law1.cfm

5328 NY

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

Acquisition 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.ogs.state.ny.us/purchase/spg/pdfdocs/

EO142_EEP.pdf|http://www.dec.ny.gov/energy/71

389.html|http://www.potsdam.edu/about/sustainab

ility/links/upload/EO111.pdf

5325 NY

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle Research 

and Development 

Funding

State

Incentives GNT|OTHER

6302 NY Biofuel Production 

Tax Credit

State 

Incentives

2019-12-31 

00:00:00 

UTC

TAX http://public.leginfo.state.ny.us/menugetf.cgi?CO

MMONQUERY=LAWS

6109 NY Fuel Exclusivity 

Contract Regulation

Laws and 

Regulations

http://public.leginfo.state.ny.us/menugetf.cgi?CO

MMONQUERY=LAWS

6024 OH

Alternative Fuel and 

Fueling 

Infrastructure 

Incentives

State 

Incentives GNT http://codes.ohio.gov/|http://www.legislature.state.oh.us/

8980 OH Alternative Fuel 

Signage

Laws and 

Regulations http://codes.ohio.gov/
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D57 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

6164 OH

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

Acquisition and Fuel 

Use Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.dsireusa.org/documents/Incentives/EO 

2007-

02S.pdf|http://www.legislature.state.oh.us/|http://w

ww.afdc.energy.gov/laws/laws/ 

http:/codes.ohio.gov/

5338 OH Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle Conversion

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.afdc.energy.gov/laws/laws/ 

http:/codes.ohio.gov/

6501 OH School Bus Retrofit 

Grant Program

State 

Incentives GNT

6561 OK

Access to State 

Alternative Fueling 

Stations

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.oklegislature.gov/

11047 OK

Alternative Fuel 

School Bus 

Conversion Research

Laws and 

Regulations https://www.sos.ok.gov/gov/execorders.aspx

5216 OK Alternative Fuel 

Technician Training

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.oklegislature.gov/

5612 OK

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

Acquisition 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.oklegislature.gov/

4668 OK

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) LowInterest Loans

State 

Incentives LOANS

8523 OK Biodiesel Definition 

and Specifications

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.oklegislature.gov/

11045 OK

Biofuels 

Construction and 

Permitting 

Assistance

State 

Incentives OTHER

6242 OK Biofuels Tax 

Exemption

State 

Incentives EXEM http://www.oklegislature.gov/

4684 OR Alternative Fuel 

Loans

State 

Incentives LOANS http://www.leg.state.or.us/ors/home.htm
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D58 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

4688 OR

Alternative Fuel

Vehicle (AFV) 

Acquisition, Fuel 

Use, and Emissions 

Reductions 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.leg.state.or.us/ors/home.htm|http://gov

ernor.oregon.gov/Gov/exec_orders.shtml

9555 OR

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) and 

Infrastructure Tax 

Credit for Businesses

State 

Incentives TAX http://www.leg.state.or.us/ors/home.htm

11063 OR

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) Loan 

Program

State 

Incentives LOANS http://www.leg.state.or.us/|http://www.leg.state.or.us/ors/home.htm

6275 OR Biodiesel Quality 

Testing Procedures

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.leg.state.or.us/ors/home.htm

11062 OR Biodiesel Tax 

Exemption

State 

Incentives TAX http://www.leg.state.or.us/ors/home.htm

6273 OR

Biofuels Production 

Property Tax 

Exemption

State 

Incentives TAX http://www.leg.state.or.us/ors/home.htm

6276 OR Biofuels Program 

Impact Studies

Laws and 

Regulations

2025-01-01 

00:00:00 

UTC

http://www.leg.state.or.us/ors/home.htm

6606 OR Clean Transportation 

Fuel Standards

Laws and 

Regulations

http://sos.oregon.gov/archives/Pages/oregon_admi

nistrative_rules.aspx|http://www.leg.state.or.us/ors

/home.htm

6274 OR Renewable Fuels 

Mandate

Laws and 

Regulations

http://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/banners/rules.htm|http

://www.leg.state.or.us/

6324 PA

Alternative Fuel 

Development and 

Deployment Grants

State 

Incentives GNT

5812 PA

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) and 

Hybrid Electric 

Vehicle (HEV) 

Funding

State 

Incentives GNT|RBATE

5376 PA Alternative Fuels 

Tax

Laws and 

Regulations
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D59 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

6486 PA Renewable Fuels 

Mandate

Laws and 

Regulations

5970 RI

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) and 

Hybrid Electric 

Vehicle (HEV) 

Acquisition 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.afdc.energy.gov/pdfs/Exec_order_5_1

3_green_clean_vehicles.pdf

5764 RI Biodiesel Tax 

Exemption

State 

Incentives EXEM|TAX http://webserver.rilin.state.ri.us/Statutes/

11523 RI

State Agency 

Coordination to 

Address Climate 

Change

Laws and 

Regulations

http://webserver.rilin.state.ri.us/legislation/|http://

webserver.rilin.state.ri.us/Statutes/

11516 SC

Alternative Fuel 

School Bus Pilot 

Program

State 

Incentives

2015-06-01 

00:00:00 

UTC

LOANS|OTH

ER http://www.scstatehouse.gov/index.php

11518 SC

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

Revolving Loan 

Program for Private 

Entities

State 

Incentives LOANS http://www.scstatehouse.gov/code/statmast.php

11517 SC

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

Revolving Loan 

Program for Public 

Entities

State 

Incentives LOANS http://www.scstatehouse.gov/code/statmast.php

6264 SC Biodiesel Blend 

Distribution Mandate

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.scstatehouse.gov/code/statmast.php

6267 SC Biodiesel Use in 

School Buses

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.scstatehouse.gov/code/statmast.php

8561 SC

Biofuel Blending 

Capability 

Requirements and 

Liability

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.scstatehouse.gov/code/statmast.php

6262 SC

Biofuels Distribution 

Infrastructure Tax 

Credit

State 

Incentives TAX http://www.scstatehouse.gov/code/statmast.php
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D60 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

6263 SC Biofuels Production 

Facility Tax Credit

State 

Incentives TAX http://www.scstatehouse.gov/code/statmast.php

11520 SC

Clean Energy 

Advisory 

Commission

State 

Incentives OTHER http://www.scstatehouse.gov/code/statmast.php|http://www.scstatehouse.gov/index.php

6458 SC

State Agency 

Preference for 

Alternative Fuel and 

Advanced Vehicles

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.scstatehouse.gov/code/statmast.php

6520 SD Biodiesel Blend Tax 

Credit

State 

Incentives TAX http://legis.sd.gov/Statutes/Codified_Laws/default.aspx

6037 SD Biodiesel Fuel Use Laws and 

Regulations

5720 SD Biodiesel Tax Laws and 

Regulations

http://legis.sd.gov/Statutes/Codified_Laws/default.

aspx

9193 SD Biofuel Franchising 

Contract Regulations

Laws and 

Regulations

http://legis.sd.gov/Statutes/Codified_Laws/default.

aspx

6189 SD Fuel Quality 

Standards

Laws and 

Regulations

http://legis.sd.gov/Statutes/Codified_Laws/default.

aspx

6523 SD

Tax Refund for

Methanol Used in 

Biodiesel Production

State 

Incentives RBATE|TAX http://legis.sd.gov/Statutes/Codified_Laws/default.aspx

6245 TN

Alternative Fuel and 

Fuel-Efficient 

Vehicle Acquisition 

and Use 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/michie/|http:/

/www.capitol.tn.gov/|http://www.state.tn.us/sos/pu

b/execorders/index.htm

6435 TN

Biodiesel and 

Ethanol Definitions 

and Retail 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.tennessee.gov/sos/rules/0080/0080.ht

m

8501 TN Biofuel Blending 

Contract Regulation

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/michie/

6061 TN Biofuel Fueling 

Infrastructure Grants

State 

Incentives GNT http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/michie/|http://www.state.tn.us/sos/pub/execorders/index.htm

6436 TN Biofuels Production 

Promotion

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.legislature.state.tn.us/
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D61 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

5961 TN Biofuels Quality 

Specifications

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/michie/

6434 TN Energy Task Force Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.state.tn.us/sos/pub/execorders/index.ht

m

6574 TN

Supply of Petroleum 

Products for 

Blending with 

Biofuels

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.lexisnexis.com/hottopics/michie/

6585 TX

Alternative Fuel Use 

and Vehicle 

Acquisition 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/

9456 TX Alternative Fueling 

Infrastructure Grants

State 

Incentives GNT http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/|http://www.sos.state.tx.us/tac/index.shtml/

11499 TX Clean School Bus 

Program

State 

Incentives GNT http://www.sos.state.tx.us/tac/index.shtml/

5309 TX Clean Vehicle and 

Infrastructure Grants

State 

Incentives GNT http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/

5641 TX Diesel Fuel Blend 

Tax Exemption

State 

Incentives EXEM|TAX http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/

6586 TX Renewable Fuel 

Promotion

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.statutes.legis.state.tx.us/

11401 UT

Alternative Fuel Use 

and Vehicle 

Acquisition 

Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations http://le.utah.gov/xcode/code.html

4764 UT

Provision for 

Establishment of 

Alternative Fuel Use 

Mandate

Laws and 

Regulations http://le.utah.gov/xcode/code.html

10492 VA

Agriculture and 

Forestry Biofuel 

Production Grants

State 

Incentives GNT http://lis.virginia.gov/000/src.htm

4789 VA Alternative Fuel and 

Vehicle Tax

Laws and 

Regulations

http://lis.virginia.gov/000/src.htm|http://virginiage

neralassembly.gov/

4796 VA Alternative Fuel 

License

Laws and 

Regulations http://lis.virginia.gov/000/src.htm
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D62 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

10674 VA Alternative Fuel Tax 

Exemption

State 

Incentives EXEM|TAX http://lis.virginia.gov/000/src.htm

4781 VA

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) and 

Fueling 

Infrastructure Loans

State 

Incentives LOANS http://lis.virginia.gov/000/src.htm

9853 VA

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

Conversion Fund

Laws and 

Regulations

http://virginiageneralassembly.gov/|http://lis.virgin

ia.gov/000/src.htm

5514 VA

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) Signs 

for School Buses

Laws and 

Regulations http://lis.virginia.gov/000/src.htm

8242 VA

Biodiesel and Green 

Diesel Fuel Use 

Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.governor.virginia.gov/PolicyOffice/Ex

ecutiveOrders/|http://lis.virginia.gov/000/src.htm

6359 VA Biodiesel Production 

Tax Credit

State 

Incentives TAX http://lis.virginia.gov/000/src.htm

8241 VA

Biofuel Feedstock 

Registration 

Exemption

State 

Incentives EXEM http://lis.virginia.gov/000/src.htm

6360 VA Biofuels and Green 

Diesel Definitions

Laws and 

Regulations http://lis.virginia.gov/000/src.htm

6046 VA Biofuels Production 

Grants

State 

Incentives GNT http://virginiageneralassembly.gov/|http://lis.virginia.gov/000/src.htm

10673 VA

Clean Energy 

Manufacturing 

Grants

State 

Incentives GNT http://lis.virginia.gov/000/src.htm

11301 VA

Clean Transportation 

Technology 

Investment Funding

State 

Incentives OTHER

6065 VA State Energy Plan Laws and 

Regulations

http://virginiageneralassembly.gov/|http://lis.virgin

ia.gov/000/src.htm

5622 VT

Alternative Fuel and 

Advanced Vehicle 

Research and 

Development Tax 

Credit

State 

Incentives TAX http://www.leg.state.vt.us/statutesMain.cfm
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D63 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

5625 VT

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

Acquisition 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.leg.state.vt.us/statutesMain.cfm

10295 VT

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) User 

Fee Study

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.leg.state.vt.us/

10940 VT School Bus Pilot 

Program

State 

Incentives OTHER http://www.leg.state.vt.us/statutesMain.cfm

5754 VT

State Agency Energy 

Plan Transportation 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.leg.state.vt.us/statutes/fullchapter.cfm?

Title=03APPENDIX&Chapter=010|http://www.le

g.state.vt.us/statutesMain.cfm

6214 WA Alternative Fuel Use 

Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations

http://apps.leg.wa.gov/rcw/|http://apps.leg.wa.gov/

wac/

6211 WA Biodiesel Definition Laws and 

Regulations http://apps.leg.wa.gov/rcw/

8261 WA Biodiesel Feedstock 

Tax Exemption

State 

Incentives TAX|EXEM http://apps.leg.wa.gov/rcw/

5722 WA Biodiesel Storage 

Regulations

Laws and 

Regulations http://apps.leg.wa.gov/wac/

6041 WA Biodiesel Use 

Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations http://apps.leg.wa.gov/rcw/

6537 WA

Biofuel Blend 

Dispenser Labeling 

Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations

http://apps.leg.wa.gov/wac/|http://apps.leg.wa.gov/

rcw/

6410 WA Biofuel Quality 

Program

Laws and 

Regulations http://apps.leg.wa.gov/rcw/

9396 WA

Biofuel Volume 

Rebate Program -

Propel Fuels

Utility/Priva

te Incentives RBATE

6208 WA Biofuels Distribution 

Tax Exemption

State 

Incentives

2015-07-01 

00:00:00 

UTC

EXEM|TAX http://apps.leg.wa.gov/rcw/

6213 WA

Biofuels Production 

and Distribution 

Contracts

Laws and 

Regulations http://apps.leg.wa.gov/rcw/
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D64 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

5721 WA Biofuels Production 

Tax Exemption

State 

Incentives

2015-12-31 

00:00:00 

UTC

TAX|EXEM http://apps.leg.wa.gov/rcw/

5580 WA Biofuels Tax 

Deduction

State 

Incentives

2015-07-01 

00:00:00 

UTC

TAX http://apps.leg.wa.gov/rcw/

6530 WA Clean and Efficient 

Fleet Assistance

Utility/Priva

te Incentives OTHER

6535 WA

Provision for 

Alternative Fuels

Corridor Pilot 

Projects

Laws and 

Regulations

http://apps.leg.wa.gov/rcw/|http://www.governor.

wa.gov/office/execorders/default.aspx

6040 WA Renewable Fuel 

Standard

Laws and 

Regulations http://apps.leg.wa.gov/rcw/

6217 WA

State Emissions 

Reductions 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations

http://www.governor.wa.gov/office/execorders/eo

archive/default.aspx|http://apps.leg.wa.gov/rcw/

9977 WA State Vehicle 

Purchasing Guidance

Laws and 

Regulations http://apps.leg.wa.gov/rcw/

5336 WI Alternative Fuel 

License

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.legis.state.wi.us/rsb/stats.html

5334 WI Alternative Fuel Tax 

Exemption

State 

Incentives EXEM http://legis.wisconsin.gov/rsb/stats.html

4841 WI

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle Acquisition 

and Alternative Fuel 

Use Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations http://legis.wisconsin.gov/rsb/stats.html

8975 WI

Alternative Fueling 

Infrastructure 

Development

Laws and 

Regulations http://legis.wisconsin.gov/rsb/stats.html

6158 WI Biodiesel Definition Laws and 

Regulations http://legis.wisconsin.gov/rsb/stats.html

6021 WI Biodiesel Fuel Use 

Incentive

State 

Incentives GNT http://legis.wisconsin.gov/rsb/stats.html

6022 WI Biodiesel Labeling 

Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations http://legis.wisconsin.gov/rsb/stats.html
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data D65 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Law Id State Title Type Agency Expired 

Date

Incentive 

Categories References

8974 WI Petroleum Reduction 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations

http://docs.legis.wisconsin.gov/code/executive_or

ders/2003_jim_doyle/2006-

141.pdf|http://legis.wisconsin.gov/rsb/stats.html

6475 WI

Renewable Fuel 

Infrastructure Tax 

Credit

State 

Incentives TAX http://legis.wisconsin.gov/rsb/stats.html

8972 WI

Renewable Fuel 

Producer Excise Tax 

and Inspection 

Exemption

State 

Incentives TAX|EXEM http://legis.wisconsin.gov/rsb/stats.html

8976 WI Renewable Fuel 

Sales Volume Goals

Laws and 

Regulations http://legis.wisconsin.gov/rsb/stats.html

8978 WI Sustainable Biofuels 

Production Practices

Laws and 

Regulations http://legis.wisconsin.gov/rsb/stats.html

4823 WV

Alternative Fuel 

Production Subsidy 

Prohibition

Laws and 

Regulations

6176 WV Alternative Fuel 

School Bus Incentive

State 

Incentives RBATE http://www.legis.state.wv.us/WVCODE/Code.cfm

9154 WV Alternative Fuel Use 

Requirement

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.legis.state.wv.us/WVCODE/Code.cfm

10712 WV Alternative Fuels 

Tax

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.legis.state.wv.us/WVCODE/Code.cfm

5392 WV

Provision for 

Establishment of 

Alternative Fuel 

Vehicle (AFV) 

Acquisition 

Requirements

Laws and 

Regulations http://www.legis.state.wv.us/WVCODE/Code.cfm

Source: Department of Energy, Energy Efficiency & Renewable Energy, Alternative Fuels Data Center

http://www.afdc.energy.gov/data_download/
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Appendix E

Listening Session Agenda
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data E1 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum –

FCIC Insurance?

Listening Session Agenda

 Introductions

 Watts and Associates, Inc.

 Attendees

 Purpose

 Gather stakeholder input regarding possible Federal crop 

insurance coverage for “biomass sorghum and sweet sorghum 

that is grown expressly for the purposes of producing a 

feedstock for renewable biofuel, renewable electricity, or biobased products.”

 Background

 Paperwork Reduction Act Constraints

 Farm Bill Mandate

 Contract Requirements

 Stakeholder Input

 Size of Industry

 Commodity Pricing – Contracted, Grain Sorghum plus Premium

 Contract Terms

 Type of Insurance Interests

 Demand from Biofuels Industry for Crop

 Natural Risks and Industry Response

 Production Risks Associated with Crop and Mitigation Options

 Financial Risks Associated with Crop and Mitigation Options

 Other issues raised by the attendees

 Questions
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Appendix F

Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Listening Session Press Release
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data F1 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Government Contractor Seeks Stakeholder Input on Federal Insurance for 

Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum.

In the Agricultural Act of 2014, an amendment to Section 522(c) of the Federal Crop Insurance 

Act was made. One portion of the amendment added a subparagraph to that Act directing the 

Federal Crop Insurance Corporation to contract “with qualified entities to carry out development 

regarding a policy to insure biomass sorghum and sweet sorghum that is grown expressly for the 

purposes of producing a feedstock for renewable biofuel, renewable electricity, or biobased 

products.” Watts and Associates, Inc. (W&A) was contracted to conduct a nationwide study to 

determine the feasibility of developing a crop insurance product for these crops followed by a 

potential development effort based on the feasibility recommendation, and direction from the 

government. W&A, an economic consulting firm out of Billings Montana, has completed almost 

100 contracts focused on crop insurance over the last 12 years. Part of the required research is 

gathering stakeholder input. To that end, W&A is conducting listening sessions in Garden City, 

Kansas on March 10, 2015 (Hampton Inn, 2505 Crestway Dr., Garden City, KS – 10:00 am); 

Fort Pierce, Florida on March 12, 2015 (Hampton Inn & Suites, 1985 Reynolds Dr., Fort Pierce, 

FL – 9:00 am); Modesto, California on March 17, 2015 (Stanislaus County Harvest Hall, 3800 

Cornucopia Way, Modesto, CA – 2:00 pm); and Marksville, Louisiana on March 19, 2015 

(Hampton Inn & Suites, 6896 HWY 1, Mansura, LA – 9:00 am). W&A is interested in any 

information on the level of interest in crop insurance the biomass sorghum and sweet sorghum 

industry holds, risk management techniques the industry currently uses, how pricing for the crop 

is determined by the industry, and other relevant feedback. W&A is interested in having a 

conversation with producers, extension agents, crop insurance industry representatives, and bioenergy industry representatives – the stakeholders. If you are unable to attend, you can provide 

your input to Richard Allen at W&A by email at rallen@wattsandassociates.com.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.

Appendix G

Production of Biofuel Crops in Florida: Sweet Sorghum

and

Forage Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor): Overview and 

Management
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data G1 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data G2 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data G3 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data G4 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data G5 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data G6 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data G7 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data G8 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data G9 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data G10 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data G11 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data G12 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data G13 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data G14 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data G15 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data G16 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.
Biomass Sorghum and Sweet Sorghum

Use or disclosure of information or data G17 Risk Management Agency

contained on this sheet is subject to the Order No: D15PX00044

restrictions on the title page of this report.