| Animal Models in Biomedical Research:  PoultryProvided by the Animal Welfare  Information Center United States Department of Agriculture National  Agricultural Library
                                              United States Department of Agriculture        National Agricultural Library  10301 Baltimore Blvd.  Beltsville, Maryland  20705-2351SRB 92-17  Special Reference Briefs Series    Quick Bibliography Series  Cynthia Petrie Smith  Animal Welfare Information Center  
Published in cooperation with the Virginia-Maryland Regional Collegeof Veterinary Medicine September 1992  National Agricultural Library Cataloging Record:  Smith, Cynthia Petrie  Animal models in biomedical research : poultry.    (Special reference briefs ; 92-17)    1. Poultry as laboratory animalsBibliography. 2. Animal models  in researchBibliography. I. Title.  aS21.D27S64 no.92-17  Document Delivery information:  Read Bullet 16 on ALF for information on Document Delivery  services.  Read Bullet 15 for "Electronic Mail Access For  Interlibrary Loan (ILL) Requests."  If the text of this Quick  Bibliography file is copied and/or distributed, please include  in all copies, the information provided in these bulletins.
                                            ContentsIntroduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iBooks and Proceedings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1Journals. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6Bibliographies. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7Cardiovascular System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8Muscular/Skeletal System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .13Urinary System, Renal, Kidney . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .23Nervous System. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .24Immunology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .28Nutrition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .37Liver . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .38Pancreas. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .40Genetics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .41Dermatology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .43Pharmacodynamics. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .44Toxicology. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .48Developmental Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .56Vision. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .58Audiology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .61Behavior. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .62Welfare and Husbandry . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .66Author Index. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .70**INTRODUCTION**         For individuals who are not familiar with the number of  contributions poultry have made to biomedical research, a review  of the literature may be surprising.  Chickens, turkeys, and  ducks are used as models for studying atherosclerosis,  hypertension, and cholesterol metabolism.  Certain stocks of  ducks and chickens spontaneously develop muscular dystrophy with   pathological features similar to muscular dystrophy in humans.  Poultry are also used in bone development,  pathology, and  surgical studies.  In addition, avians are susceptible to several  viruses that result in tumors in body tissues.  This has made  poultry a model of interest to virologists involved in cancer  research and vaccine development.  Chickens continue to play a  strong role in the understanding of vitamin and trace element  metabolism.  The avian egg offers a mechanism for studying  embryonic development and pathology in a highly detailed and  accessible manner.  The chick embryo has served as a model for  investigating normal cell differentiation, human neural tube  defects, fetal alcohol syndrome, and other developmental and  teratogenic conditions.  The visual system of chickens has been  studied as a model for glaucoma, cataract formation, hereditary  blindness, and cell development.  A variety of pharmacokinetic  studies use poultry as experimental animals for testing  cardiovascular, antiepileptic, anticoccidial, antiinflammatory,  and antidepressant agents.   
      There are several advantages to using poultry as biomedical  models.  One, chickens, turkeys and ducks are precocial birds  that are capable of adapting to a variety of farm and laboratory  environments.  Two, compared to traditional laboratory species,  such as the cat, dog, or rabbit, chickens are inexpensive to  purchase and maintain (personal communication).  Three, if birds  are obtained from university flocks, reputable hatcheries,  breeders, or laboratory animal suppliers, information regarding  the birds genetic background and health status should be readily  available.  This of particular importance for researchers using  chickens, since chickens genetically selected for high egg  production may respond differently to experimental conditions  than those selected for meat production.  Fourth, researchers  using poultry as biomedical models have the benefit of conducting  research with a species in which a wealth of agriculture  literature is available, particularly in the fields of nutrition,  immunology, genetics, and husbandry.   
      The following document was designed as an information  resource for primary investigators, graduate students, laboratory  animal personnel, and others who have an interest in poultry as a  biomedical model.  The first three sections of the bibliography--  books and proceedings, journals, and bibliographies-- are listed  to provide general sources of information on avian anatomy,  physiology, pathology, and welfare.  The next sections include  specific systems and fields of research in which poultry are used  as models including: cardiovascular system; muscular/skeletal  system; urinary system, renal, kidney; nervous system;  immunology; nutrition; liver; pancreas; genetics; dermatology;  pharmacodynamics; toxicology; developmental studies; vision;  audiology; and behavior.  In the behavior section, papers are  included on fear, pain, handling, and stress.  These are issues  of importance in designing experiments with poultry.  In  addition, a section is included on "welfare and husbandry" in  which papers, books, proceedings, and bibliographies concerning  the housing, well being, and husbandry guidelines are listed.  Citations from materials that are present in the collection of  the National Agricultural Library have been assigned a NAL call  number.  Citations are arranged in chronological order from the  most to the least recent.  
       The author would like to acknowledge the thoughtful comments  and suggestions from reviewers Dr's. Joy Mench and Paul Siegel.   A grateful thank you is extended to my coworkers Jennifer  Lyons-Carter and Katy Schull for their hours spent entering and  editing citations.  I also thank Dr. Kathy Nepote for her  practical comments regarding special considerations of housing  poultry in laboratory settings. 
**BOOKS AND PROCEEDINGS**  001  Atlas of Avian Radiographic Anatomy S.A. Smith and B.J. Smith,  Philadelphia: Saunders, c1992, 226 p.  NAL call number: SF767 B57S65 1992  Descriptors: atlas, plates, xerordiaograph, avian medicine,  integument, axial skeleton, appendicular skeleton, digestive,  respiratory, urinary, and reproductive system, parrot, cockatiel,  budgerigar, finch, toucan, pigeon, hawk, owl, duck, quail, gull.  002  The Well-being of Agricultural Animals in Biomedical and  Agricultural Research J.A. Mench, S.J. Mayer, and L.Krulisch  (ed.), Proceedings from SCAW conference, Agriculture Animals in  Research, September 6-7, 1990, Washington, DC, Scientists Center  for Animal Welfare, February 1992, 112 p.  NAL call number: HV4704 W38 1990  Descriptors: regulatory perspectives, AAALAC accreditation,  surgery, welfare, behavior, transport, handling, restraint,  cattle, equine, poultry, sheep, swine.  003  Avian Cellular Immunology J.M. Sharma (ed.), CRC Press, Inc.,  Boca Raton, FL; 1991, 207 p. (ISBN: 0-8493-6833-2)  NAL call number: SF995.A89  Descriptors: major histocompatibility complex antigens,  lymphocyte antigens, T-cell immunity, macrophage, genetics,  neoplastic and nonneoplastic viral diseases, parasitic and  bacterial diseases.  004  A Colour Atlas of Diseases and Disorders of the Domestic Fowl and  Turkey (2nd edition). C.J. Randall, Wolfe Publishing Ltd.,  London, 1991, 175 p. (ISBN: 0-7234-16281)  NAL call number: SF995.R36 1991  Descriptors: color photographs, post-mortem and histopathological  features of common diseases, bacterial, viral, neoplasia, fungal,  parasitic, metabolic diseases.  005  Diseases of Poultry (9th edition) B.W. Calnek, H. John Barnes,  C.W. Beard, W.M. Reid, and H.W. Yoder, Jr. (eds.), Iowa State  University Press, Ames, IA; 1991, 929 pp. (ISBN 0-8138-0429-9)  NAL call number: SF995.B5 1991  Descriptors: disease prevention, diagnosis, salmonellosis,  colibacillosis, pasteurellosis, mycoplasmosis, erysipelas,  neoplastic diseases, paramyxovirus infections, hepatitis,  external parasites, toxins.  006  Genetics and Evolution of the Domestic Fowl L. Stevens, Cambridge  University Press, New York, 1991, 306 p. (ISBN 0-5214-0317-0)  NAL call number: SF492.S74 1991  Descriptors: cellular organization, sex determination, chromosome  mapping, muscle, neurological and skeletal mutants,  immunogenetics, cloning, oncogenes, gene transfer.  007  The Avian Egg: Chemistry and Biology R.W. Burley and D.V.  Vadehra, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1989, 472 p.  NAL call number: QL675.B87  Descriptors: macroscopic structure, physical properties, chemical  composition, egg shell and shell membrane formation, albumen,  vitelline membrane, egg yolk biosynthesis, embryogenesis.  008  Recent Advances in Avian Immunology Research v. 307. B.S. Bhogal  and G.Koch (ed.), Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York, 1989, 238 p.  (ISBN 0-8451-5157-6)  NAL call number: SF995.A96 1988  Descriptors: thymus, T cells, bursa of fabricius, B cells,  cellular immune response to pathogens, Newcastle Disease Virus,  non-lymphoid cells, avian B complex.  009  Recent Developments in Poultry Nutrition D.J.A. Cole and W.  Haresign (eds.), Butterworths, Boston, 1989, 344 p. (ISBN  0-407-01513-2)  NAL call number: SF494.R42  Descriptors: animal feeding trials, metabolizable energy, fibre,  anion-cation balance, diet and genotype interactions, amino  acids, phosphorus, egg yolk pigmentation, eggshell formation and  quality, nutrition-disease interactions.  010  Avian Hematology and Cytology T.E. Campbell, Iowa State  University Press, Ames, IA, 1988, 101 p. (ISBN 0-8138-0064-1)  NAL call number: SF994.C3 1988  Descriptors: cell identification, cytological evaluation of bone  marrow and ectopic hematopoietic tissue, blood parasites,  cytotechnology, blood sampling techniques, blood smear  preparations, abdominal effusions, alimentary tract, cloaca,  respiratory tract, skin,cornea, synovial fluid, organs, lymphoid  tissue, stains and staining procedures.  011  A Stereotaxic Atlas of the Brain of the Chick (Gallus domesticus)  W.J. Kuenzel and M. Masson, The Johns Hopkins University Press,  Baltimore, MD; 1988, 166 p. (ISBN 0-8018-3700-6)  NAL call number: QL933.K84  Descriptors: central nervous system anatomy, histological plates,  photographic prints, stereotaxic instruments, nomenclature.  012  Avian Immunology: Basis and Practice A. Toivanen and P. Toivanen  (eds.), CRC Press, Inc., Baco Raton, FL; 1987, v.1-2, 236 p.  (ISBN 0-8493-6768-9)  NAL call number: SF995.A95   Descriptors: v.1. bursa of fabricius, organization of the  lymphoid system, B-lymphocytes, gene model, immunoglobulins,  alloantigenic markers, macrophages, lymphokines, v.2. cellular  cooperation in immunity, immune tolerance histocompatibility,  inbred lines of avian species, oncodevelopmental antigens,  Merek's disease, model for human hashimoto thyroiditis,  oncogenes.  013  Development of the Avian Embryo J. Metcalfe, M. Stock, and R.  Ingermann (eds.), Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York, 1987, 376 p.  (ISBN 0-471-63453-0)  NAL call number: QL959.D48  Descriptors: calcium transport, chorioallantoic membrane,  lipid  metabolism, energetics, oxygen consumption, respiration, thyroid  function and regulation, growth regulation, embryogenesis.  014  Avian Physiology (4th edition) P.D. Sturkie, Springer-Verlag New  York Inc., New York, 1986, 516 p. (ISBN 0-387-96195-X)  NAL call number: QL698.S7 1986  Descriptors: nervous system, sense organs, muscle,  immunophysiology, blood, cardiovascular anatomy and function,  nutrient metabolism, alimentary canal, kidney, reproduction,  thyroid, pancreas.  015  Clinical Avian Medicine and Surgery G.J. Harrison and L.R.  Harrison (eds.), W.B. Saunders Company, Philadelphia, 1986, 717  p. (ISBN 0-7216-1241-5)  NAL call number: SF994.2.A1C5  Descriptors: pet bird medicine, anatomy, physiology, clinic  supplies and equipment, handling, behavior, examination and  evaluation procedure, clinical signs, diagnostic procedures,  treatment, diseases, surgery, anesthesiology.  016  Physiological Strategies in Avian Biology J.G. Phillips, Blackie  & Son Limited, Bishopbriggs, Glasgow, 1985, 218 p. (ISBN  0-4120-0921-8)  NAL call number: QL698.P45   Descriptors: anatomy, locomotion, migration and orientation,  thermoregulation, osmoregulation, reproductive system, breeding,  domestication.  017  Nutrient Requirements of Poultry. Subcommittee on Poultry  Nutrition, Committee on Animal Nutrition, Board on Agriculture,  National Research Council (8th edition) National Research Council  (U.S.), Subcommittee on Poultry Nutrition, Washington, DC;  National Academy of Sciences, 1984, 71 p.  NAL call number: SF494 N37 1984  Descriptors: energy, protein, amino acids, fats, minerals,  vitamins, water, requirements for chickens, turkeys, geese,  ducks, pheasants, and quail.  018  Avian Endocrinology: Environmental and Ecological Perspectives   S. Mikami, K. Homma, and M. Wada (eds.), Springer-Verlag, New  York, NY; 1983, 334 p.  NAL call number: QL698.A9  Descriptors: peptidergic neurons, aminergic neurons, topography,  ontogeny, and function of neuropeptide systems, neurotensin,  somatostatin, hypothalamus, pineal organ, gastrointestinal  endocrine cells, pancreatic islets, follicle, FSH, LH,  photorefractoriness.  019  The Brain and Behavior of the Fowl T. Ookawa (ed.), Japan  Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo, 1983, 352 p. (ISBN  4-7622-6350-8)  NAL call number: QL696.G27B73  Descriptors: neuroanatomy, psychopharmacology, tonic immobility,  social and agonistic behavior, sexual behavior, olfactory organ,  feeding behavior, sleep, hatching behavior, vocalizations,  abnormal behaviors, hypothermic hypoxia, bibliography on  experimentally induced epilepsy.  020  Developments in Biological Standardization Vol. 45. The  Standardization of Animals To Improve Biomedical Research,  Production and Control S.S. Kalter and W. Hennessen (eds.), 16th  International Association of Biological Standardization  International Congress, San Antonio, TX; September 16-20, 1979,  1980, 247 p.    NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: non-human primate, chicken, rodent, ethics.   021  Form and Function in Birds A.S. King and J. McLelland (eds.),  Academic Press, Inc., Ltd, New York, v.1-4, 1979-1989.  NAL call number: QL698.F67 v.1-4  Descriptors: four volume set on functional anatomy of the avian,  v.1. morphology, coelomic cavities, digestive system, urinary  organs, female genital organs, blood cells, autonomic nervous  system v.2. male genital organs, cloaca, phallus, endocrine  glands, cardiovascular system, lymphatic system, cranial nerves,  jaw v.3. skin, locomotor system, somatic peripheral nerves,  olfactory system, ear, eye, taste receptors, v.4. respiratory  system, larynx, trachea, syrinx, vocalization, lung, air sacs.  022  Avian Biology D.S. Farner, J.R. King, and K.C. Parkes (eds.),  Academic Press, New York, v.1-5, 1971-1975.  NAL call number: QL673.A93  Descriptors: v.1. classification, evolution, adaptation,   v.2. molting, vascular system, respiratory system, digestive  system, osmoregulation v.3. adenohypophysis, neuroendocrinology,  vision, chemoreception, behavior v.4. autonomic nervous system,  pineal organ, skeletomuscular system, energetics v.5. flight,  migration, circadian cycles, vocalization, incubation,  zoogeography.  023  The Behaviour of the Domestic Fowl D.G.M. Wood-Gush, Heinemann  Educational Books Ltd., London, 1971, 147 p. (ISBN 0-435-62920-4)  NAL call number: QL785.5 P6W66  Descriptors: senses and perception, communication, displays,  agonistic behavior, social behavior, mating behavior, maintenance  behavior, hormones, feeding, drinking, and grooming behavior,  learning, stress.  024  Physiology and Biochemistry of the Domestic Fowl B.M. Freeman,  Academic Press, Inc., Ltd., New York, NY; v.1-5, 1971-1984.  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors:  digestive system, nutrient metabolism, neural  structure and function, reproduction, genetics, cardiovascular  system, immunology.**JOURNALS**  025  Avian Diseases  American Association of Avian Pathologists,  Kennett Square, PA; v.17-35, 1973-current. (ISSN 0005-2086)  NAL call number: 41.8 Av5  Descriptors: viral and bacterial infections, pathology,  histology, vaccines.  026  Avian Pathology  World Veterinary Poultry Association, Carfax  Publishing Company, England, UK; v.1-20, 1971-current. (ISSN  0307-9457)  NAL call number: SF995.A1A9  Descriptors: published twice a year, original research papers  covering all disciplines of the study of disease in domesticated  poultry and other birds.  027  British Poultry Science  British Poultry Science Ltd., Carfax  Publishing Company, England, UK; v.14-31, 1973-current. (ISSN  0007-1668)  NAL call number: SF995.A1A9  Descriptors: quarterly journal, subjects covered include;  anatomy, embryology, biochemistry, reproduction, genetics,  nutrition, food science, management, welfare.  028  Critical Reviews in Poultry Biology Elsevier Science Publishers  Ltd., Essex, England, v.2-3, 1989-current. (ISSN 0889-4434)  NAL call number: QL698 C7  Descriptors: review articles, scope covers nutrition,  endocrinology, infectious diseases, biochemistry of muscle and  bone, genetics, poultry processing, anatomy, embryology,  toxicology.  029  Poultry Science Poultry Science Association, Inc., Champaign, IL;  v.1-71, 1921-current. (ISSN 0032-5791)  NAL call number: 47.8 AM33P  Descriptors: breeding, genetics, production, environment, health,  metabolism, nutrition, physiology, processing, products.  030  World's Poultry Science Journal The World's Poultry Science  Association, Aylesbury, England, v.1-44, 1981-current. (ISSN:  0043-9339)  NAL call number: 47.8 W89  Descriptors: physiology, genetics, production, nutrition,  diseases.**BIBLIOGRAPHIES**  031  Chick Embryo Biology Information System (CEBIS) J.M. Bowen,  College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Georgia, Athens,  GA; (January 1992).  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: searchable database, chick embryo physiology,  anatomy, development, toxicology, nutrition, neurology,  immunology.  032  "Raising Quail, Partridge, Pheasant, Bobwhites, and Ostriches  January 1987-January 1991." J.A. Larson, Quick Bibliography  Series (USDA, NAL), QB 91-72, 21 p. (April 1991).  (ISSN:1052-5378)  NAL call number: aZ5071.N3 no.91-72  Descriptors: diseases, husbandry, breeding, behavior,  reproduction, nutrition.  033  "Poultry Housing and Facilities January 1979-August 1990." Karen  J, Clingerman, Quick Bibliography Series (USDA, NAL), QB 91-02,  36 p. (October 1990).  NAL call number: aZ5071.N3 no.91-02  Descriptors: housing systems, cages, floor pens, lighting,  ventilation.  034  "Stress in Poultry January 1979-August 1990." Karen J.  Clingerman, Quick Bibliography Series (USDA, NAL), QB 91-01, 28  p. (October 1990).  NAL call number: aZ5071,N3 no.91-01  Descriptors: heat stress, nutritional stress, endocrine  physiology, hormonal profiles.  035  "Welfare of Poultry." Karen J. Clingerman, Quick Bibliography  Series (USDA, NAL), QB 91-03, 28 p. (October 1990).  NAL call number: aZ5071.N3 no.91-03  Descriptors: behavior, housing, husbandry, hormonal status,  feeding systems, production.**CARDIOVASCULAR SYSTEM**  036  "Insulin as a mitogenic factor: Role in the pathogenesis of  cardiovascular disease." R.W. Stout, The American Journal of  Medicine 90(Suppl. 2A):62S-65S (1991).  NAL call number: RC60 A5  Descriptors: coronary artery, hypertension, diabetes mellitus,  atherosclerosis, drug therapy, endothelium, rabbit, chicken,  human, nonhuman, rat.  037  "Myocardial Ca-sequestration failure and compensatory increase in  Ca-ATPase with congestive cardiomyopathy: kinetic  characterization by a homogenate microassay using real-time  radiometric indo-1 spectrofluorometry." P.J. O'Brien, H. Shen, J.  Weiler, M. Mirsalimi, and R. Julian, Molecular and Cellular  Biochemistry 102(1):1-12 (1991).  NAL call number: QD501 M63  Descriptors: cardiomyopathy, sarcoplasmic reticulum, membrane  permeability, spectrofluorometry, turkey, animal model.  038  "Animal models of atherosclerosis." M.L. Armstrong and D.D.  Heistad, Atherosclerosis 85(1):15-24 (1990).  NAL call number: RC692 A8  Descriptors: review, chicken, pigeon, quail, turkey, duck,  rabbit, rat, mouse, cat, dog, swine, monkey, baboon, ape.  039  "Alterations in plasma lipoproteins and apolipoproteins  associated with estrogen-induced hyperlipidemia in the laying  hen." D. Hermier, P. Forgez, J. Williams, and M.J. Chapman,  European Journal of Biochemistry 184(1):109-118 (1989).  NAL call number: QP501.E8  Descriptors: animal model, high-density lipoprotein, very low  density lipoprotein, triglyceride.  040  "Cardiopulmonary function in exercising bar headed geese during  normoxia and hypoxia." M.R. Fedde, J.A. Orr, H. Shams, and P.  Scheid, Respiration Physiology 77(2):239-252 (1989).  NAL call number: QP121 A1R4  Descriptors: aerobic capacity, ventilation, cardiac output,  oxygen transport, oxygen consumption, treadmill exercise.  041  "Comparative clinical biochemistry: Animal models in the study of  cholesterol metabolism." E. Bogin, Journal of Clinical Chemistry  and Clinical Biochemistry 27(11):887-888 (1989).  NAL call number: RB40 A1Z4  Descriptors: chicken, laying hen, dog, cat, cow, HDL, LDL, egg  yolk.  042  "Efficiency of parabronchial gas exchange in deep hypoxia  measurements in the resting duck." H. Shams and P. Scheid,  Respiration Physiology 77(2):135-146 (1989).  NAL call number: QP121 A1R4  Descriptors: ventilation, diffusion, perfusion, partial pressure,  carbon dioxide.  043  "The inhibitory guanine nucleotide binding protein G-I mediates  the attenuation of cardiac adenyl late cyclase AC activity by  spermine." C. Clo, B. Tantini, P. Sacchi, M.L. Zanfanti, and C.M.  Caldarera, Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology (21)2:176  (1989).  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: abstract, chick, embryo hearts, forskolin culture,  prostaglandin.  044  "Vacuum assisted cardiac puncture in chickens." J.E. Foytik, W.C.  Satterfield, J.W. Bailey, and M.E. Keeling, Laboratory Animal  Science 39(6):626-628 (1989).  NAL call number: 410.9 P94  Descriptors: gallus-domesticus, blood sampling, blood collection  volume, multiple site puncture.  045  "Ectopia cordis in the chick embryo heart an experimental study."  O.C. Jaffee and A.L. Jaffee, Anatomical Record 220(4):48 (1988).  NAL call number: 477.8 AN1  Descriptors: abstract, congenital heart disease, animal model.  046  "The idiopathic long QT syndrome an animal model."  J.L.  Christiansen, M.L. Kiby, and H.A. Stadt, Pediatric Research 23(4  part 2):217A (1988).  NAL call number: RJ1 P4  Descriptors: electrocardiographic abnormality, autonomic, sensory  innervation, pathogenesis, biophysical techniques, birds,  cordates.  047  "Natural history of the regression of atherosclerosis: From  animal models to men." [Histoire naturelle de la regression de  l'atherosclerose: des modeles naimaux a l'homme.] P. Hadjiisky,  M.C. Bourdillon, and Y. Grosgogeat, Archives des Maladies du  Coeur et des Vaisseaux 81(11):1411-1417 (November 1988). (ISSN:  0003-9683)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: arteriosclerosis, atherogenic diet, physiopathology,  dogs, pigeons,poultry, rabbits, rats, swine.  048  "Reduced heart lipid peroxidation in spontaneously  cardiomyopathic turkeys." D. Lax, S.L. Zhang, Y. Li, L. Williams,  N. Staley, G.R. Noren, and S. Einzig, Pediatric Research 23(4  part 2):220A (1988).  NAL call number: RJ1 P4  Descriptors: superoxide dismutase, cardiac dilation, free radical  injury, pediatric, animal model, mortality.  049  "Techniques for blood sampling avian species." L.M. Krista, W.M.  Pedersoli, J. Spano and R. Herbert, Veterinary and Human  Toxicology 30(Suppl. 1):14-16 (1988).  NAL call number: SF601 A47  Descriptors: duck, chicken, turkey, occipital sinus, superficial  plantar metatarsal vein, basilic vein, jugular venipuncture,  cardiac puncture.  050  "Histological evaluation of the vascular system for the severity  of atherosclerosis in hypertensive and hypotensive male and  female turkeys comparison between young and aged turkeys." L.M.  Krista, G.R. McDaniel, E.C. Mora, R. Patterson, and J.F.  Whitesides, Poultry Science 66(6):1033-1044 (1987).  NAL call number: 47.8 AM33P  Descriptors: human model, age, blood pressure, genetics, sex,  histology, plaques, aorta, hematocrit, genetics.  051  "Techniques for venous blood sampling from the white pekin duck."  P.D. Garrett, L.M. Krista, W.M. Pedersoli, J.S. Spano, and R.J.  Kemppainen, Avian Diseases 31(2):258-364 (1987).  NAL call number: 41.8 AV5  Descriptors: basilic vein, jugular vein, superficila plantar  metatarsal vein, heart, occipital sinus, repeat sampling.  052  "Ventricular myosin patterns in two different animal models of  hypertension." P. Pauletto, M. Caroli, L. Nascimben, D. Piccolo,  G. Vescovo, G. Scannapieco, A. Angelini, A.C. Pessina, and U.  Carraro, Cardiologia 32(8):737-742 (1987).  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: rat, turkey, cardiac hypertrophy, comparative  biochemistry.  053  "Herpesvirus-induced atherosclerosis." D.P. Hajjar, C.G.  Fabricant, and J. Fabricant, Comparative Pathology Bulletin  18(4):2,5-6 (1986).  NAL call number: QL55 A1C66  Descriptors: white leghorn chickens, turkey, human disease model  similarities, intracellular and extracellular cholesterol.  054  "Animal models in atherosclerosis research." M.P. Jokinen, T.B.  Clarkson, and R.W. Prichard, Experimental and Molecular Pathology  42(1):1-28 (1985).  NAL call number: RB1 E9  Descriptors: myocardial disease, human implications, pigeon, dog,  chicken, turkey, quail, mice, rat, baboon, rabbit, pig, macaque,  saimiri-sciureus, cercopithecus-aethiops, lesion development.  055  "Effects of caponization on body weight atherosclerosis and  cardiovascular variables in hypertensive and hypotensive turkey  lines." L.E. Miller, L.M. Krista, J. Brake, S.L. Bolden, G.R.  McDaniel, and E. Mora, Poultry Science 64(5):1002-1014 (1985).  NAL call number: 47.8 AM33P  Descriptors: cholesterol, lipids, relative heart weight,  hematocrit, sex hormone, sex difference.  056  "The effect of capsaicin and dihydrocapsaicin on plasma lipid  concentrations in an animal model." S.A. Noel, K.M. Ward, H.A.  Newman, J.A. Negulesco, H.B. Bjat, and D.T. Witiak, Clinical  Chemistry 31(6):1014 (1985).  NAL call number: 396.8 C61  Descriptors: abstract, turkeys, coronary heart disease, risk,  metabolic-drug, antihyperlipidemic.  057  "Ultrastructural features of ethanol-induced cardiomyopathy in  turkey meleagris-gallopavo poults." C.M. Czsarnecki, S.W.  Schaffer, and O.A. Evanson, Comparative Biochemistry and  Physiology:A:Comparative Physiology 82(4):939-944 (1985).  NAL call number: QP1.C6  Descriptors: human, cardiac, hypertrophy, glycogen, mitochondria,  myofibrilla, lysis, lysosome, sarcoplasmic reticulum myofiber.  058  "Animal models of drug-induced cardiomyopathy." C.M. Czarnecki,  Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology:C:Comparative  Pharmacology and Toxicology 79(1):9-14 (1984).  NAL call number: QP901 C6  Descriptors: chicken embryo, duckling, turkey, rat, mouse,  rabbit, myocardial diseases, chemically induced,  electrocardiography, alcohol, deoxorubicin toxicity,  electrocardiography, species specificity.  059  "Effect of early propranolol treatment in an animal model of  congestive cardiomyopathy. II. beta-adrenergic receptors and left  ventricular function." N.A. Staley, G.R. Noren, S. Einszig, and  T.G. Rublein, Cardiovascular Research 18(9):561-566 (September  1984).  NAL call number: QM178 A1C38  Descriptors: turkeys, cardiomyopathy, congestive drug therapy,  heart physiopathology, propranolol, adrenergic receptors,  ventricle, sarcoplasmic reticulum.  060  "Effect of early propranolol treatment in an animal model of  congestive cardiomyopathy: I mortality and Ca2+ transport in  sarcoplasmic reticulum." N.A. Staley, G.R. Noren, S. Einzig, and  T.G. Rublein, Cardiovascular Research 18(6):371-376 (June 1984).  NAL call number: QM178 A1C38  Descriptors: heart failure, propranolol, ion channels.  061  "Herpesvirus-induced atherosclerosis." C.G. Fabricant, Concepts  in Viral Pathogenesis 0(0):248-253 (1984).  NAL call number: QR482 C6 1984  Descriptors: human, chickens, Marek's virus, malignant lymphomas.  062  "Alcohol-induced congestive cardiomyopathy: An animal model."  G.R. Noren, N.A. Staley, S. Einzig, F.L. Mikell, and R.W.  Asinger, Cardiovascular Research 17(2):81-87 (February 1983).  NAL call number: QM178 A1C38  Descriptors: cardiomyopathy, turkeys, adenosine triphosphatase,  age factors, alcohol, adverse effects, calcium metabolism,  myocardium metabolism.  063  "Atherosclerosis regression in animal models: Current concepts of  cellular and biochemical mechanisms." R.W. St. Clair, Progress in  Cardiovascular Diseases 26(2):109-132 (September-October 1983).  (ISSN: 0033-0620)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: poultry, rabbits, cholesterol metabolism, connective  tissue, elastin, diet, remission, coronary vessels.  064  "Animal models of primary myocardial diseases." S.K. Liu and L.P.  Tilley. The Yale Journal of Biology and Medicine 53(3):191-211  (1980).  NAL call number: 448.8 Y1  Descriptors: review, dog, cat, hamster, turkey, human,  hypertrophic, myopathy, thrombi, embolism, pulmonary edema,  regurgitation, endocardial fibrosis.  065  "Herpesvirus induced arteriosclerosis in chickens." C.G.  Fabricant, J. Fabricant, M.M. Litrenta, and C.R. Minick,  Commission of the European Communities Eur Report 0(6470):146-156  (1980).  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: marek's disease, virus, arterial, muscle cells,  arteriolosclerosis, lipid metabolism, cholesterol.**MUSCULAR/SKELETAL SYSTEM**  066  "Aluminum-induced decrease in osteocalcin levels in the chick."  J. Blahos, A.D. Care, S.K. Abbas, and S.C. Corlett, Hormone and  Metabolic Research 23(1):50-51 (1991).  NAL call number: QP801.H7H65  Descriptors: chicken, osteocalcin, drug toxicity, calcium,  endogenous compound, drug toxicity.  067  "Bone growth factors." S. Mohan and D.J. Baylink, Clinical  Orthopaedics and Related Research 263:30-48 (1991). (ISSN:  0009-921X)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: somatomedin, growth factor, fibroblast growth  factor,platelet derived growth factor, chicken, drosophila,  human, nonhuman, mouse, rat.  068  "Campolmelic syndrome: Experimental models and pathomechanism."  M. Roth, Pediatric Radiology 21(3):220-225 (1991). (ISSN:  0301-0449)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: radiography, chicken, embryo, duck, frog, bone  dysplasia, duck.  069  "Myosin expression in hypertrophied fast twitch and slow tonic  muscles of normal and dystrophic chickens." J.M. Kennedy, R. Zak,  and L. Gao, Muscle and Nerve 14(2):166-177 (1991). (ISSN:  0148-639X)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: animal model, muscle hypertrophy, myosin, muscular  dystrophy.  070  "Outcome following femur fracture and subsequent cecal ligation  and puncture in endotoxin-sensitive C3H-Hen and  endotoxin-resistant C3H-HEJ mice." C.C. Baker, T.  Niven-Fairchild, C. Caragnano, T.S. Kupper, Journal of Surgical  Research 50(2):170-174 (1991).  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: trauma, mortality rate, surgical sepsis.  071  "Thyroidal involvement in the expression of avian muscular  dystrophy." D.B. King and R.K. Entrikin, Life Sciences  48(9):909-916 (1991).  NAL call number: 442.8 L62  Descriptors: muscular dystrophy, hypothyroidism, drug therapy,  thyroidectomy.  072  "Abnormal properties of Mg2+-ATPase in transverse tubule  membranes from dystrophic chicken." A. Megias and A. Saborido,  Archives of Biochemistry and Biophysics 278(1):113-119 (1990).  NAL call number: 381 AR2  Descriptors: adenosine triphosphatase(magnesium), transverse  tubular system, muscular dystrophy, ionic strength, membrane  fluidity.  073  "An animal model for scoliosis." R.B. Rucker, D. Benson, U.  Abbott, Y. Lien, and R. Stern, Orthopeadic Transactions 14(3):760  (1990).  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: chicken, fibroblast, hyaluronidase activity,  proteoglycan mobilization, collagen, sexual maturation.  074  "Animal models of osteomyelitis, knowledge, hypothesis, and  speculation." J.P. Rissing, Infectious Disease Clinics of North  America 4(3):377-390 (September 1990). (ISSN: 0891-5520)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: disease models, chickens, dogs, guinea pigs,  rabbits, rats.  075  "The changes of bone phosphoproteins in vitamin D deficiency and  aging in-vivo." M. Suzuki, Journal of the Japanese Orthopaedic  Association 64(12):1226-1235 (1990).  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: chicken, calcification, anion exchange, molecular  sieving chromatography, polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.  076  "Characterization of C-protein isoforms expressed in developing,  denervated, and dystrophic chicken skeletal muscles by  two-dimensional gel electrophoresis." T. Kojima, K. Sano, T.  Hirabayashi, and T. Obinata, Journal of Biochemistry  107(3):470-475 (1990).  NAL call number: 385 J822  Descriptors: protein c, isoprotein, gene expression, muscular  dystrophy, muscle atrophy, chicken.  077  "Collagen, proteoglycan and hyaluronidase activity in cultures  from normal and scoliotic chicken fibroblasts." Y. Lien, J. Fu,  R.B. Rucker, M. Scheck, U. Abbott, and R. Stern, Biochimica et  Biophysica Acta = International Journal of Biochemistry and  Biophysics 1034(3):318-325 (1990). (ISSN: 0304-4165)  NAL call number: 381 B522  Descriptors: collagen, scoliosis, connective tissue, fibroblast,  cell culture.   078  "Early over-expression of low affinity (3H)ryanodine receptor  sites in heavy sarcoplasmic reticulum fraction from dystrophic  chicken pectoralis major." I.N. Pessah and M.J. Schiedt,  Biochimica et Biophysica Acta Previews 1023(1):98-106 (1990).  (ISSN 0005-2736)  NAL call number: 241.64 B52  Descriptors: sarcoplasmic reticulum, muscular dystrophy, muscle  development, skeletal muscle, heredity.  079  "Early tensile properties of healing chicken flexor tendons:  Early controlled passive motion versus postoperative  immobilization." L.M. Feehan and J.G. Beauchene, Journal of Hand  Surgery 15(1):63-68 (1990). (ISSN: 0363-5023)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: wound healing, surgery, flexor tendon trauma,  immobilization.  080  "The effect of mechanical strain on osteoblasts in vitro." M.J.  Buckley, A.J. Banes, R.D. Jordan, Journal of Oral and  Maxillofacial Surgery 48(3):276-282 (1990). (ISSN: 0278-2391)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: biological model, chicken, alkaline phosphatase,  mechanical stress, collagen synthesis, protein synthesis,  osteoblast.  081  "Effect of various methods of restoring flexor sheath integrity  on the formation of adhesions after tendon injury." W.W.  Peterson, P.R. Manske, J. Dunlap, D.S. Horwitz, and B. Kahn,  Journal of Hand Surgery 15(1):48-56 (1990). (ISSN: 0363-5023)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: tendon sheath surgery, flexor tendon trauma, wound  healing, implant, histology.  082  "Osteoarthritis research animal models." R.D. Altman and D.D.  Dean, Seminars in Arthritis and Rheumatism 19(4 sup.1):21-25  (1990). (ISSN: 0049-0172)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: human, rabbit, dog, guinea pig, chicken, cartilage,  synovial fluid.  083  "Repair of cartilaginous fractures during chick limb  development." J.J. McCullagh, P. Gill, and D.J. Wilson, Journal  of Orthopaedic Research 8(1):127-131 (1990). (ISSN: 0736-0266)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: embryonic chick, wing, human, surgical treatment,  congenital limb disorder, pseudoarthrosis.  084  "Beneficial effects of anti-growth hormone antiserum in avian  muscular dystrophy." E. Kurtenbach, S.S. Moraes, M.T. Trocado,  G.F. Lobo, P.S. Nascimento, and A.S. Verjovski-Almeid, The FASEB  Journal: Official Publication of the Federation of American  Societies for Experimental Biology 3(10):2189-2193 (1989).  NAL call number: QH301.F3  Descriptors: human, mice, chicken, dwarfism, progressive muscle  weakness.  085  "Calcium regulation of skeletal myogenesis I. cell content  critical to myotube formation." R.J. Przybylski, R.G. MacBride,  and A.C. Kirby, In Vitro Cellular and Developmental Biology  25(9):830-838 (1989).  NAL call number: QH585 A1I58  Descriptors: chick, embryonic, skeletal muscle, myoblast fusion,  animal model.  086  "Comparative studies of type X collagen expression in normal and  rachitic chicken epiphyseal cartilage." A.P.L. Kwan, I.R.  Dickson, A.J. Freemont, and M.E. Grant, The Journal of Cell  Biology 109(4):1849-1856 (1989). (ISSN: 0021-9525)  NAL call number: 442.8 J828  Descriptors: calcium blood level, collagen type 10, collagen  synthesis, bone mineralization, gene expression, epiphysis.  087  "Countercurrent centrifugal elutriation." R.J. O'Keefe, I.D.  Crabb, J.E. Puzas, and R.N. Rosier, Journal of Bone and Joint  Surgery American Volume 71(4):607-620 (1989). (ISSN: 0021-9355)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: tissue culture, chick, isolation, growth plate,  endochondral ossification, tissue culture.  088  "The effect of ultrasound on the healing of repaired cockerel  tendon: Is collagen cross-linkage a factor?" S.M. Turner and E.S.  Powell, Journal of Hand Surgery 14(4):428-433 (1989). (ISSN:  0266-7681)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: chicken, tendon reconstruction, collagen, cross  linking.  089  "The extracellular matrix architecture relating to myotendinous  pattern formation in the distal part of the developing chick  limb: An ultrastructural histochemical and immunocytochemical  analysis." J.M. Hurle, J.R. Hinchliffe, M.A. Ross, M.A.  Critchlow, and J.M. Genis-Galvez, Cell Differentiation and  Development 27(2):103-120 (1989).  NAL call number: QH607 A1C4  Descriptors: dorsoventrally oriented fibrils, mesenchyme lamina,  mesenchymal development.  090  "In-vitro reformation of the perichondrium from  perichondrial-free meckel's cartilages of the embryonic chick."  B.K. Hall and S. Kavumpurath, Journal of Craniofacial Genetics  and Developmental Biology 9(2):173-184 (1989).  NAL call number: RB155 J6  Descriptors: tissue culture, histology, ultrastructural analysis,  fibrous cells, chondrocytes.  091  "Lipid peroxidation inhibitory factors in liver and muscle of  rat, mouse, and chicken." M.E. Murphy and J.P. Kehrer, Archives  of Biochemistry and Biophysics 268(2):585-593 (1989).  NAL call number: 381 AR2  Descriptors: glutathione, sulfhydryl, antioxidant factor,  muscular dystrophy.  092  "Myosin oligomers as the molecular mass standard in the  estimation of molecular mass of nebulin S800 KDA by SDS polyacry  lamide gel electrophoresis." D.H. Hu, S. Kimura, and K. Maruyama,  Biomedical Research 10(2):165-168 (1989).  NAL call number: R97 B46  Descriptors: rabbit, chicken, skeletal muscle, messenger RNA.  093  "Oxidative stress and muscular dystrophy." M.E. Murphy and J.P.  Kehrer, Chemico-Biological Interactions 69(2-3):101-174 (1989).  NAL call number: QH345 C5  Descriptors: review, human, chicken, mouse, hamster, pathogenic  theories, sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane, antioxidants,  biochemical defect.  094  "Prevention of osteoporosis by pulsed electromagnetic fields."  C.T. Rubin, K.J. McLeod, and L.E. Lanyon, Journal of Bone and  Joint Surgery American Volume 71(3):411-417 (1989).  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: osteogenic, dose response, mechanical loading, bone  remodeling, clinical relevance.  095  "Resurfacing of articular cartilage defects in guinea-pigs using  implants of chick's embryonal chondrocyte." D. Robinson, Z. Neo,  and N. Halperin, Calcified Tissue International 44:s78 (1989).  NAL call number: QP88 C3  Descriptors: animal model, abstract, xenograft.  096  "Rotary shadowing of collagen monomers and dimers during  fibrillogenesis." R. Fleischmajer, R. Timpl, J.S. Perlish, and K.  Kuhn, Clinical Research 37(2):668A (1989).  NAL call number: R11 C5  Descriptors: abstract, chick, aminopropeptide plus collagen,  carboxylpropeptide plus collagen, tendon.  097  "Animal models with chondrodysplasia/osteochondrodysplasia." R.R.  Minor and C.E. Farnum, Pathology and Immunopathology Research  7(1-2):62-67 (1988). (ISSN: 0257-2761)  NAL call number: RB125 P37  Descriptors: genetics, dwarfism, cattle, chickens, swine, dogs,  disease etiology.  098  "Early abnormal development of calmodulin gene expression and  calmodulin-resistant calcium at pase activity in avian dystrophic  muscle." H.R. Thacore, P.K. Kibler, M.S. Hudecki, J. Galindo,  F.B. Davis, P.J. Davis, C.M. Polina, S.D. Blas, and M. Schoenl,  Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications  151(3):1434-1440 (1988).  NAL call number: 442.8 B5236  Descriptors: chicken, sarcoplasmic reticulum membrane,  intracellular calcium metabolism, messenger RNA, dot blot  analysis, in-vitro.  099  "Lessons learned from animal models of osteomyelitis." C.W.  Norden. Review of Infectious Diseases 10(1):103-110  (January-February 1988). (ISSN 0162-0886)  NAL call number: RC111 R4  Descriptors: anti-infective agents, therapeutic use,  osteomyelitis, etiology, review.  100  "Pathogenesis of progressive muscular dystrophy: Studies on free  radical metabolism in an animal model." K. Ohta and Y. Muzuno,  Acta Neurologica Scandinavica 77(2):108-114 (February 1988).  (ISSN: 0001-6314)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: enzymes, chickens, oxygen consumption, free  radicals, muscle enzymology, glycolysis.  101  ""Animal models utilized in research on muscular diseases in  Japan." H. Sugita and I. Nonaka, Progress in Clinical and  Biological Research 229:271-286 (1987).  NAL call number: QL55 C5 1985  Descriptors: muscular dystrophy, pathology, disease models,  chickens, mice, mutant strains.  102  "The development of laboratory animal science for the study of  human muscular and nervous disease in Japan." T. Kikuchi,  Teratology 36(3):435 (1987).  NAL call number: QL991 T4  Descriptors: abstract, mouse, chicken, hamster, genetics.  103  "NMR relaxation times of muscles reflect modifications in  expression of dystrophic gene." L.K. Misra, T.F. Egan, D.R.  Courtney, C. Lin, D.W. Bearden, and C.F. Hazlewood, Magnetic  Resonance Imaging 5(Suppl.1):15 (1987).  NAL call number: RC78.7 N83M33  Descriptors: abstract, chicken, genetics, magnetic resonance  imaging.  104  "Acute hematogenous staphylococcal osteomyelitis: The effects of  surgical drilling and curettage in an animal model." K.R. Emslie  and S. Nade, Pathology 18(2):227-233 (April 1986). (ISSN:  0031-3025)  NAL call number: RB37 R57  Descriptors: staphylococcal infections, bone pathology, surgery,  chickens.  105  "Characterization of a rapidly responding animal model for  fluoride-stimulated bone formation." M.W. Lundy, J.R. Farley, and  D.J. Baylink, Bone 7(4):289-293 (1986).  NAL call number: RC930 B65  Descriptors: bone development, drug effects, chickens, mice,  sodium fluoride, dose response, alkaline phosphatase,  osteoblasts.  106  "The dystrophic expressions retarded by atropine in avian  muscular dystrophy." T. Hironaka and Y. Ikari, Proceedings of the  Japan Academy Series B Physical and Biological Sciences  62(5):173-176 (1986).  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: chicken, muscle necrosis, degenerating myofibers.  107  "Muscular dystrophy: Muscular dystrophy in white pekin ducks." P.  Gopalakrishnakone, The American Journal of Pathology  125(1):218-219 (1986).  NAL call number: 448.8 AM39  Descriptors: anas-platyrhynchos, genetics, muscle pathology.  108  "Pathogenesis and treatment of acute hematogenous osteomyelitis:  Evaluation of current views with reference to an animal model."  K.R. Emslie and S. Nade, Reviews of Infectious Diseases  8(6):841-849 (November-December 1986).  NAL call number: RC111 R4  Descriptors: chickens, staphylococcal infections, antibiotic  therapy.  109  "Tissue culture studies of muscle disorders: Part 2. Biochemical  studies, nerve-muscle culture, metabolic myopathies, and animal  models." J.A. Witkowski, Muscle and Nerve 9(4):283-298 (May  1986). (ISSN: 0148-639X)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: muscular diseases, chickens, collagen, creatine  kinase, isoenzymes, muscle protein metabolism, isolation and  purification, muscular dystrophy, tissue culture, genetics,  peptide hydrolyses, purines, cholinergic receptors.  110  "The fate of tendon healing after restoration of the integrity of  the tendon sheath with autogenous vein grafts." B. Strauch, W. De  Moura, M. Ferder, C. Hall, A. Sagi, and B. Greenstein, Journal of  Hand Surgery 10(6):790-795 (1985).  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: chicken, sheath closure, tendon surgery, vein patch,  vein conduit, flexion, range of model.  111  "Muscle calcium accumulation in muscular dystrophy effect of  maneuvers capable of reducing cellular calcium entry." T.E.  Bertorini, Italian Journal of Neurological Sciences 5(1  s.3):103-110 (1984). (ISSN: 0392-0461)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: human hamster, chicken, mouse, parathyroid hormone,  magnesium, muscle necrosis, duchenne muscular dystrophy.  112  "A new animal model to study the skeletal effects of fluoride."  M.W. Lundy and D.J. Baylink, Calcified Tissue International  36(4):493 (1984).  NAL call Number: QP88 C3  Descriptors: chicken, human, metabolic-drug, alkaline  phosphatase, osteoblast.  113  "Animal model for gout." A. Hirai and A. Kumagai, Experimental  Animals [Jikken Dobutsu] 31(2):143-151 (April 1982).  NAL call number: QL55 J55  Descriptors: poultry diseases, chickens, metabolism, etiology,  urate oxidase, uric acid.  114  "Genetics of scoliosis in chickens." J.R. McCarrey, U.K. Abbott,  D.R. Benson, and R.S. Riggins, The Journal of Heredity 72(1):6-10  (1981).  NAL call number: 442.8 AM3  Descriptors: human adolescent, idiopathic scoliosis, spinal  development, modifying genes, recessive genes, sex influenced  trait.  115  "Prosthetic coxo femoral joint replacement in the goose anser-sp  2. Histologic and mechanical interface evaluations." T.J.  Wroblewski, J.B. Park, G.H. Kenner, and A.F. VonRecum, Veterinary  Surgery 10(3):106-112 (1981).  NAL call number: SF911.V43  Descriptors: human, goose, hemi arthroplasty, shear stress, gait,  age, sex, artificial hip joints, loading conditions, fixation  failures, femoral implants, prosthetic hip joints.  116  "Prosthetic coxo femoral joint replacement in the goose anser-sp  1. Preliminary results." A.F. VonRecum, C.C. Bryant, and T.J.  Wroblewski, Veterinary Surgery 10(3):101-105 (1981).  NAL call number: SF911.V43  Descriptors: human, bone loosening, artificial hip joints,  loading conditions, fixation failures, femoral implants,  prosthetic hip joints.  117  "Animal models: What is their relevance to the pathogenesis of  human muscular dystrophy." J.B. Harris, C.R. Slater, British  Medical Bulletin 36(2):193-197 (1980).  NAL call number: QH431 A3 IPAR  Descriptors: review, mouse, hamster, chick, vascular, neuron,  drug testing.  118  "Changes in tissue morphology and collagen composition during the  repair of cortical bone in the adult chicken." M.J. Glimcher, F.  Shapiro, R.D. Ellis, and D.R. Eyre, Journal of Bone and Joint  Surgery American Volume 62(6):964-973 (1980).  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: embryo, infant, osteo blast, fracture healing,  hydroxy lysine rich type 1 collagen.**URINARY SYSTEM, RENAL, KIDNEY**  119  "Experimental congenital obstructive uropathy." C.A. Peters and  J. Mandell, Urologic Clinics of North America 17(2):437-448  (1990). (ISSN: 0094-0143)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: rabbit, lamb, chick, human, urologic lesion,  prenatal, diagnosis and treatment.  120  "Autotransplantation of avian parathyroid glands: An animal model  for studying parathyroid function." J.A. Cole, L.R. Forte, P.K.  Thorne, R.E. Poelling, and W.J. Krause, General and Comparative  Endocrinology 76(3):451-460 (December 1989).  NAL call number: 448.8 G28  Descriptors: chickens, parathyroid, transplantation, models.  121  "Dietary sodium and glomerular filtration rate autoregulation in  domestic fowl gallus-gallus." V.E. Vena and R.F. Wideman, The  FASEB Journal: Official Publication of the Federation of American  Societies for Experimental Biology 3(3):A559 (1989).  NAL call number: QH301.F3  Descriptors: arterial pressure, sodium transport, urine flow.  122  "Activation of renal adenylate cyclase EC-4.6.1.1 by forskolin:  Assessment of enzymatic activity in animal models of the  secondary hyperparathyroid state." L.R. Forte, Archives of  Biochemistry and Biophysics 225(2):898-905 (September 1983).  NAL call number: 381 AR2  Descriptors: rat, chick, metabolic drug, parathyroid hormone,  cyclic AMP receptor.  123  "Renal parathyroid hormone receptors in the chick: Down  regulation in secondary hyperparathyroid animal models." L.R.  Forte, S.G. Langeluttig, R.E. Poelling, and M.L. Thomas, American  Journal of Physiology 242(3):E154-E163 (March 1982). (ISSN:  0002-9513)   NAL call number: 447.8 AM3  Descriptors: cyclic AMP, vitamin D deficiency, calcium  metabolism, plasma membrane receptor sites, kidney, white leghorn  chickens.**NERVOUS SYSTEM**  124  "The inactivation of potassium channels change with development  in dorsal root ganglion DRG neurons." D.D. Westbrook and J.L.  Kenyon, Clinical Research 39(1):104A (1991).  NAL call number: R11 C5  Descriptors: abstract, chicken, neurogenesis, gating activity,  age factor, current retention, voltage range.  125  "Calcium-binding proteins in avian and mammalian central nervous  system: Localization, development and possible functions. K.  Braun, Progress in Histochemistry and Cytochemistry 21(1):1-64  (1990).  NAL call number: QH611.A1P7  Descriptors: review, sensory systems, caudate-putamen complex,  learning, cerebellum, hippocampus, ultrastructural localization  of Ca-binding proteins, transmitter systems.  126  "Electrophysiologic evaluation of beri-beri polyneuropathy." W.  Djoenaidi and S.L.H. Notermans, Electromyography and Clinical  Neurophysiology 30(2):97-103 (1990). (ISSN: 0301-150x)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: chicken, animal model, adult, diagnosis,  electrophysiology.  127  "Expression of transfected genes by differentiated, postmitotic  neurons and photoreceptors in primary cell cultures." M. Werner,  S. Madreperla, P. Lieberman, and R. Adler, Journal of  Neuroscience Research 25(1):50-57 (1990). (ISSN: 0360-4012)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: chicken, histochemistry, cell culture, retina,  plasmid, beta galactosidase, chloramphenicol acetyltransferase,  newborn, nerve cell, cell differentiation.  128  "Neuronal tracing with DiI: Decalcification, cryosectioning, and  photoconversion for light and electron microscopic analysis."  C.S. VonBartheld, D.E. Cunningham, and E.W. Rubel, Journal of  Histochemistry and Cytochemistry 38(5):725-733 (1990).  NAL call number: 381 J8222  Descriptors: chicken, fluorescence, carbocyanine, diagnosis,  nerve cell, histochemistry, carbocyanine.  129  "Selective axonal and terminal degeneration in the chicken  brainstem and cerebellum following exposure to  bis(1-methylethy1)phosphorofluoridate (DFP)." D. Tanaka, S.J.  Bursian, and E. Lehning, Brain Research 519(1-2):200-208 (1990).  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: nerve fiber, nerve ending, nerve degeneration,  chicken, histology, dyflos.  130  "An animal model of retrovirus-induced CNS disease." I. Steiner,  D. Ewert, and J. Duhadaway, Neurology 39(3 s.1):199 (1989).  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: abstract, chicken, avian leukosis virus,  oncornavirus, incoordination, ataxia, central nervous system,  histological inflammation.  131  "Degeneration patterns in the chicken central nervous system  induced by ingestion of the organophosphorus delayed neurotoxin  tritolyl phosphate a silver impregnation study." D. Tanaka and  S.J. Bursian, Brain Research 484(1-2)240-256 (1989).  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: spinal cord, medulla, cerebellum, behavior, ataxia,  paralysis, animal model.  132  "Distribution and lateral mobility of gaba benzodiazepine  receptors on nerve cells." J.L. Velazquez, C.L. Thompson, E.M.  Barnes, and K.J. Angelides, Journal of Neuroscience  9(6):2163-2169 (1989). (ISSN: 0270-6474)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: chicken, gamma aminobutyric acid, neurons, spinal  cord neurons, lateral mobility, sodium channels, fluorescence,  digital imaging.  133  "Glycoprotein synthesis and postsynaptic remodelling in long-term  memory." S.P.R. Rose, Neurochemistry International 14(3):299-308  (1989).  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: chick, morphology, intermediate hyperstriatum  ventrale, protein kinase C substrate, morphology, dendritic  spines, neuron projection, synaptic remodeling.  134  "High concentration of melanin in the CNS of the black silkie  domestic fowl." J. Yanai and B.G. Marcovici, Behavior Genetics  19(6):781 (1989).  NAL call number: QH301 B45.  Descriptors: animal model, genetic selection, central nervous  system, neuron, Parkinsonism behavior, 1 methyl-4-phenyl-1 2 3  6-tetrahydropyridine.  135  "Quantitative analysis of the localization of adrenergic binding  sites in chick brain." C.R. Dermon and E.D. Kouvelas, Journal of  Neuroscience Research 23(3):297-303 (1989). (ISSN: 0360-4012)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: WB-4101 dihydroalprenolol clonidine,   pharmacological tool, autoradiography.  136  "Transneuronal regulation of protein synthesis in the brain-stem  auditory system of the chick requires synaptic activation." R.L.  Hyson and E.W. Rubel, Journal of Neuroscience 9(8):2835-2845  (1989). (ISSN: 0270-6474)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: nerve activation, nucleus magnocellularis.  137  "The influence of the stage of differentiation of the gut on the  migration of neural cells an experimental study of Hirschsprung's  disease." J.H.C. Meijers, D. Tibboel, A.W.M. VanDerKampk,  I.C.C.M. VanHaperen-Heuts, P. Kluck, and J.C. Molenaar, Pediatric  Research 21(5):466-470 (1987).  NAL call number: RJ1 P4  Descriptors: mouse, chick, enteric, neurofilament,  immunoreactivity, etiology.  138  "Long-term memory formation in chicks is blocked by 2  deoxygalactose a fucose analog." S.P.R. Rose and R. Jork,  Behavioral and Neural Biology 48(2):246-258 (1987).  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: glycoprotein synthesis, galactose glucose, 2-D   glucose, pecking behavior, amnesia, tritium labeling training.  139  "Unilateral kainic-acid lesions reveal dominance of right  archistriatum in avian fear behavior." R.E. Phillips and O.M.  Youngren, Brain Research 377(2):216-220 (1986). (ISSN: 0006-8993)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: chicken, human behavior, distress call,  neurobehavior.  140  "Quantitative studies on schmidt-lanterman incisures." N.A.  Cooper, Australian and New Zealand Journal of Medicine  15(1s.1):135 (1985). (ISSN: 0004-8291)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: abstract, chicken, human, remyelination,  regeneration.  141  "Relationship between hair cell loss on the chick basilar papilla  and threshold shift after acoustic over stimulation." G.  Rebillard, B.M. Ryals, and E.W. Rubel, Hearing Research  8(1):77-82 (1982). (ISSN: 0378-5955)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors:  potential trauma, nerve action potential, sound  pressure level.**IMMUNOLOGY**  142  "Effect of intravenous human immune globulins on bacterial  clearance and mortality in experimental Escherichia coli K1  septicemia in a chicken model." J.C. Labarthe, J.F. Guillot, C.  Mouline, and A. Bree, Pathologie et Biologie 39(3):177-181  (1991).  NAL call number: RB1 P32  Descriptors: bacterial infection, pharmacology, drug therapy,  intravenous drug administration.  143  "Experimentally introduced defective endogenous proviruses are  highly expressed in chickens." M.J. Federspiel, L.B. Crittenden,  L.P. Provencher, and S.H. Hughes, Journal of Virology  65(1):313-319 (1991).  NAL call number: QR360.J6  Descriptors: avian leukosis oncovirus, rous sarcoma oncovirus,  etiology, gene control, virus pathogenesis, promotor region.  144  "Stress in birds." J.A. Mench, Acta XX Congressus Internationalis  Ornithologici 3:1905-1914 (1991). (ISBN: 0-9597-9753-X)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: corticosterone, handling, social behavior, feed  restriction, transport.  145  "Teratogenicity of the Palyam serogroup orbiviruses in the  embryonated chicken egg model." T. Whistler and R. Swanepoel,  Epidemiology and Infection 106(1):179-188 (1991). (ISSN:  0950-2688)  NAL call number: RA651 A1E74  Descriptors: serotyping, chick embryo, pathogenicity, animal  experiment, animal tissue.  146  "Animal models of fibrosis." M.H. Bocchier and S.A. Jimenez,  Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America 16(1):153-167  (February 1990). (ISSN: 0899-857x)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: scleroderma, autoimmune diseases, chickens, mice,  rats, mutant strains, immunology, pathology.  147  "Basement membrane biosynthesis as a target to tumor therapy."  M.E. Maragoudakis, E. Missirlis, M. Panoutsacopoulou, M.  Sarmonika, and G. Karakiulakis, Journal of Pharmacology and  Experimental Therapeutics 252(2):753-757 (1990).  NAL call number: 396.8 J82  Descriptors: collagen synthesis, angiogenesis, carcinoma, cell  culture, chicken, rat, embryo, radioisotope.  148  "Cell-mediated immunity to the asexual blood stages of malarial  parasites: Animal models." W.P. Weidanz, J. Melancon-Kaplan, and  L.A. Cavacini, Immunology Letters 25(1-3):87-95 (August 1990).  (ISSN: 0165-2478)  NAL call number: QR180 I53  Descriptors: antigens, differentiation, T lymphocyte, B  lymphocyte, clone cells, erythrocytes, recurrence, parasitology,  spleen, rodents, chickens.  149  "Development and application of an improved infectivity assay for  the standardization of avian encephalomyelitis vaccines." D.R.  Shafren and G.A. Tannock, Vaccine 8(3):283-285 (1990).  NAL call number: QR189 V32  Descriptors: chicken, neurology, virus infection, enzyme linked  immunoadsorbent assay, neurology.  150  "Effect of cyclosporin A on the ontogeny of different T cell  sublineages in chickens." R.P. Bucy, J. Li, S.Y. Xu, D. Char, and  C.L. Chen, The Journal of Immunology 144(9):3257-3265 (1990).  NAL call number: 448.8 J8232  Descriptors: immunosuppressant agent, pharmacodynamics,  monoclonal antibody, CD4 T helper cells, CD8 T suppressor cells,  thymus.  151  "Immunity to experimental fowl typhoid in chickens induced by a  virulence plasmid-cured derivative of Salmonella gallinarum."  P.A. Barrow, Infection and Immunity 58(7):2283-2288 (1990).  NAL call number: QR1 I57  Descriptors: typhoid fever, immune response, agglutinin,  salmonella, plasmid, agglutinin.  152  "Immunologic aspects of scleroderma." J.H. Korn, Current Opinion  in Rheumatology 2(6):922-928 (1990). (ISSN: 1040-8711)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: etiology, lymphocyte function, autoantibody.  153  "Pathophysiology of autoimmune diseases." C. Boitard, Klinische  Wochenschrift 68(21):1-9 (1990). (ISSN: 0023-2173)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: etiology, chicken, mouse, rat, T lymphocyte, CD4  antigen, cell culture, suppressor cell.  154  "Purified chick-embryo-cell (PCEC) rabies vaccine: Its potency  performance in different test systems and in humans." R. Barth,  V. Franke, H. Muller, and E. Weinmann, Vaccine 8(1):41-48 (1990).  NAL call number: QR189 V32  Descriptors: immunization, antibody response, embryo cell,  immunization, chicken, mouse, guinea pig.  155  "Stress in Poultry January 1979-August 1990." Karen J. Clingerman  Quick Bibliography Series (USDA, NAL) 91-01, 28 p. (October  1990).  NAL call number: aZ5071,N3 no.91-01  Descriptors: heat stress, nutritional stress, endocrine  physiology, hormonal profiles.  156  "Transplantable Marek's disease lymphomas. IV. Differences in  lethality of lymphoma cell lines determined by route of  inoculation." N.L. Difronzo and L.W. Schierman, The Journal of  Immunology 144(12):4883-4887 (1990). (ISSN: 0022-1767)  NAL call number: 448.8 J8232  Descriptors: avian lymphomatosis, herpes virus, cancer  transplantation, cell line, chicken.  157  "Analysis of an immunodominant region of infectious bronchitis  virus." J.G. Kusters, E.J. Jager, J.A. Lenstra, G. Koch, W.P.A.  Posthumus, R.H. Meloen, and B.A.M. Van Der Zeijst, The Journal of  Immunology 143(8):2692-2698 (1989). (ISSN: 0022-1767)  NAL call number: 448.8 J8232  Descriptors: virus antigen, bronchitis virus, antigen antibody  reaction, epitope, monoclonal antibody, gene expression, chicken.  158  "Animal models for pathogenic neisseria species." R.J. Arko,  Clinical Microbiology Reviews 2:s56-s59 (1989).  NAL call number: RB37 C72  Descriptors: gonorrhoea neisseria, meningitidis neisseria,  pan-troglodytes, comparative immunology, cell attachment study.  159  "Animal models of AIDS." M.B. Gardner and P.A. Luciw, FASEB  Journal 3(14):2593-2606 (December 1989). (ISSN: 0892-6638)  NAL call number: QH301.F3  Descriptors: acquired immunodeficiency syndrome, genetics,  experimental models, retroviridae, tumor virus infections.  160  "Cooperation between viral oncogenes in avian erythroid and  myeloid leukemia." H. Beug and T. Graf, European Journal of  Clinical Investigation 19(6):491-502 (1989).  NAL call number: 448.8 J8295  Descriptors: chicken, carcinogenesis, avian erythroblastosis  virus, MH2 leukemia virus.  161  "Effect of campylobacter-jejuni extracts and culture supernatants  on cell culture." S.Q. Akhtar and F. Huq, The Journal of Tropical  Medicine and Hygiene 92(2):80-85 (1989).  NAL call number: 448.8 J827  Descriptors: poultry, gastroenteritis, toxicity, hela cell line,  vero cell line, Y-1 cell line, pathogenesis.  162  "Housing breeding and selecting chickens of the obese strain OS  with spontaneous autoimmune thyroiditis." H.M. Dietrich,  Laboratory Animals 23(4):345-352 (1989).  NAL call number: QL55.A1L3  Descriptors: hypothyroidism, fat deposit, low fertility, poor  hatchability, small body size, small comb, cold sensitivity.  163  "Identification of T cells in early dermal lymphocytic  infiltrates in avian scleroderma." J. Van de Water, R. Boyd, L.  Haapanen, H. Abplanalp, and M.E. Gershwin, Arthritis and  Rheumatism 32(8):1031-1040 (1989). (ISSN: 0004-3591)  NAL call number: RC933 A7  Descriptors: chicken, histology, t lymphocyte, skin biopsy,  monoclonal antibody, immunofluorescence, fibrosis.  164  "Influenza A (H1N1) vaccine efficacy in animal models is  influenced by two amino acid substitutions in the hemagglutinin  molecule." J.M. Wood, J.S. Oxford, U. Dunleavy, R.W. Newman, D.  Major, and J.S. Robertson, Virology 171(1):214-221 (July 1989).  NAL call number: 448.8 V81  Descriptors: orthomyxovirus type A, antibody specificity.  165  "The obese strain of chickens: An animal model with spontaneous  autoimmune thyroiditis." G. Wick, H.P. Brezinschek, K. Hala, H.  Dietrich, H. Wold, and G. Kroemer, Advances in Immunology  47:433-500 (1989). (ISSN: 0065-2776)  NAL call number: 448.8 AD93  Descriptors: disease models, obesity, poultry diseases, genetics,  autoantibodies, disease susceptibility, glucocorticoid secretion,  histocompatibility antigens class II, lymphocyte transplantation,  phagocyte pathology, thyroglobulin, thyroid gland.  166  "A technique for liver biopsy in pekin ducks." J. Bacher, C.  Kassianides, T.J. Moskal, D.M. Mathews, and J.H. Hoofnagle,  Laboratory Animal Science 39(1):67-68 (1989).  NAL call number: 410-9 P94  Descriptors: hepatitis B virus, viral replication, infection  course, antiviral therapy.  167  "Thymic epithelium tolerizes chickens to embryonic grafts of  quail bursa of Fabricius." M. Belo, C. Corbel, C. Martin, and  N.M. Le Douarin, International Immunology 1(2):105-112 (1989).  (ISSN: 0953-8178)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: immunological tolerance, bursa fabricii, thymus,  embryo.  168  "V-SRC induces clonal sarcomas and rapid metastasis following  transduction with a replication-defective retrovirus." A.W.  Stoker and M.H. Sieweke, Proceeding of the National Association  of Academies and Science 86(24):10123-10127 (1989).  NAL call number: 500 N21P  Descriptors: oncogene V-SRC, sarcoma, retrovirus, tumor antigen,  chicken.  169  "Animal models of autoimmune thyroid disease." R.C. Kuppers, N.  Neu, and R.R. Rose, Immunogenetics of Endocrine Disorders N.R.  Farid (ed.), Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York, NY; 1988, pp. 111-132.  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: chicken, human, experimental autoimmune thyroiditis,  non major histocompatibility complex gene, T cell subset, organ  specific autoimmune disease, neonatal thymectomy.  170  "Expression of viral antigen in the early and the late phase of  duck hepatitis virus infection." Y. Ito, M. Tagawa, K. Uchiumi,  O. Yokosuka, F. Imazeki, Y. Matsuyama, K. Hirota, S. Takano, and  M. Omata, Japanese Journal Gastroenterol 85(7):1376-1380 (1988).  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: liver localization, bile duct epithelium, viral  antigen, viral DNA.  171  "Hypothesis immunogenetic analysis of spontaneous autoimmune  thyroiditis in obese strain OS chickens - a two gene family  model." K. Hala, Immunobiology 176(4-5):354-373 (1988).  NAL call number: QR180 Z4  Descriptors: major histocompatibility, complex crossbreeding  experiments.  172  "Immunogenetics of autoimmune polyglandular syndromes." N.  Skordis and N. Maclaren, Immunogenetics of Endocrine Disorders  N.R. Farid (ed.), Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York, NY; 1988, pp.  373-400.  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: human, rat, chicken, Blizzard's syndrome,  Schmidt-Carpenter's syndrome, inheritance pattern, HLA  association, immune function, humoral cellular immunity.  173  "Early embryonic bursectomy induces eosinophilia." R. Korpela, S.  Jalkanen, L. Paljarvi, and P. Toivanen, Journal of Immunology  139(12):3915-3917 (1987).  NAL call number: 448.8 J8232  Descriptors: chicken, humoral immunodeficiency, T cell B cell  imbalance, nonspecific immunoglobulin production.  174  "Hepatitis B virus DNA antigen and liver pathology in ducks: An  animal model of human liver disease." M. Omata, Y. Zhou, K.  Uchiumi, K. Hirota, Y. Ito, O. Yokosuka, and K. Okuda, Symposia  on Molecular and Cellular Biology New Series, Vol. 70. W.  Robinson, K. Koike, and H. Will (eds.), Alan R. Liss, Inc., New  York, 1987, pp. 349-356.  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: infection, chronic active hepatitis, diagnosis.  175  "Cooperativity of viral oncogenes in the induction of leukemia in  an animal model." [Kooperativitat viraler onkogene bei der  induktion von Leukamien in einem Tiermodell.] T. Graf,  Verhandlungen der Deutschen Gesellschaft fur Patholgie 70:1-3  (1986). (ISSN: 0070-4113)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: chickens, avian leukosis, cell transformation,  oncogene proteins, viral pharmacology, avian leukosis viruses.  176  "Early spontaneous metastasis in the human epidermoid carcinoma  Hep-3-chick embryo model contribution of incidental  colonization." J.R. Gordon and J.P. Quigley, International  Journal of Cancer 38(3):437-444 (1986).  NAL call number: RC261 A34  Descriptors: chorioallantoic membrane, animal model, tumor  growth, tumor dissemination.  177  "Influence of cloned escherichia-coli hemolysin genes fimbriae  and serum resistance on pathogenicity in different animal  models." J. Hacker, H. Hof, L. Emoedy, and W. Goebel, Microbial  Pathologie 1(6):533-548 (1986).  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: chick embryo, mouse, peritonitis,  nephropathogenicity, respiratory infection, sepsis, plasmid vs.  chromosome HLY gene.  178  "Lessons from the pathology of viral hepatitis in animal models."  H. Popper, Proceedings in Life Sciences: Viral Hepatitis  F.  Callea, M. Zorzi, and V.J. Desmet (eds.), New York, NY; 1986, pp.  64-71.  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: chimpanzee, hepadna virus, human, woodchuck,  squirrel, duck hepatitis B, pathogenesis, carcinogenicity.  179  "Natural duck hepatitis B virus infection in Australia." J.S.  Freiman and Y.E. Cossart, Australian Journal of Experimental  Biology and Medical Science 64(5):477-484 (1986).  NAL call number: 442.8 AU7  Descriptors: pekin aylesbury cross-bred ducks, liver, histology,  hepandra virus, human.  180  "Relationship between immune system and gram-negative bacteria  binding of salmonella-pullorum-gallinarum to chicken  lymphocytes." R.A. Monno, V. Manodoro, M.E. Di Carlantonio, A.  Ianieri, G. Di Modugno, and E. Jirillo, European Journal of  Epidemiology 2(4):294-299 (1986). (ISSN: 0392-2990)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: immunoglobulins, bursa, spleen.  181  "Animal models for candidiasis." M.N. Guentzel, G.T. Cole, and  L.M. Pope, Current Topics in Medical Mycology, Vol.1. M.R.  McGinnis (ed.), 1985, pp. 57-116. (ISSN: 0177-4204)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: human, guinea pig, primate, chick, enteritis,  endocarditis, oral, thrush, vaginal thrush, antifungal therapy,  hydrolytic enzyme adherence, toxin, histopathology.  182  "Immune complexes: Studies on animal models." B. Albini, E.  Penner, and P. Knoflach, Wiener Klinische Wochenschrift  97(8):363-369 (April 1985). (ISSN: 0043-5325)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: chickens, antigen-antibody, mercuric chloride,  immune complex diseases, glomerulonephritis, chemically induced,  myocardium ultrastructure, serum sickness, streptococcal  infections, streptococcus mutans.  183  "The management of Japanese quail and their use in virological  research: A review." N. Ratnomohan, Veterinary Research  Communications 9(1):1-14 (February 1985).  NAL call number: SF601 V38  Descriptors: reproduction, nutritional requirements, animal  husbandry, disease susceptibility, anatomy, histology, coturnix,   reproduction, virus cultivation, virus diseases.  184  "People poultry and pathogenic mycoplasmas." F.T.W. Jordan,  World's Poultry Science Journal 41(3):226-239 (1985).  NAL call number: 47.8 W89  Descriptors: chicken, turkey, diagnosis, immunopathology,  chemotherapy vaccines, livestock.  185  "Acute hematogenous staphylococcal osteomyelitis: Evaluation of  cloxacillin therapy in an animal model." K.R. Emslie and S. Nade,  Pathology 16(4):441-446 (October 1984).  NAL call number: RB1 A36  Descriptors: cloxacillin, therapeutic use, drug therapy,  chickens, staphyloccal infection.  186  "Mechanism of virus-induced leukemogenesis in an animal model  system." [Uber den Mechanismus der virus-induzierten  Leukamieentstehung in einem tierischen Modellsystem.] T. Graf,  Klinische Padiatrie 196(3):125-129 (May-June 1984).  (ISSN: 0300-8630)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: chickens, avian leukosis, bone marrow, cell  transformation, differentiation, erythroblastosis virus,  myeloblastosis virus, avian pathogenicity.  187  "Toxic shock-like syndrome in hens and its relationship to  shell-less eggs." D.A. Roland, E.C. Mora, and F.J. Hoerr, Poultry  Science 63(4):791-797 (1984).  NAL call number: 47.8 AM33P  Descriptors: anti-inflammatory drugs, foreign material insertion,  tampons, immune suppressant drugs.  188  "Marek's disease a common naturally herpesvirus induced lymphoma  of the chicken aspects of pathology virology immunology and  genetics in relation to contemporary biomedical research a  comprehensive review." O.P. Settnes, Nord Veterinaermed  34(6):4-132 (1982).  NAL call number: 41.8 N813  Descriptors: chickens, Marek's disease, poultry diseases,  antibody formation, antigens, viral immunity, drug therapy,  genetics, microbiology.  189  "Virulence of hemolytic strains of escherichia-coli various  animal models." J.F. Van Den Bosch, L. Emoedy, and I. Kety, FEMS  (Federation of European Microbiological Societies) Microbiology  Letters 13(4):427-430 (1982).  NAL call number: QR1 F44  Descriptors: embryo, lung toxicity, urinary, bladder, kidney.  190  "Value of animal models for study of infection due to atypical  mycobacteria." G. Meisser, Reviews of Infectious Diseases  3(5):953-959 (1981).  NAL call number: RC11 R4  Descriptors: Mycobacterium intracellular, guinea pig, rabbit,  hen, mouse, human, survival time.**NUTRITION**  191  "Activity of psyllium hydrophilic colloid for reducing serum  cholesterol in sea quail fed a diet supplemented with  cholesterol." C.E. Day, Artery 18(3):163-167 (1991).  (ISSN: 0098-6127)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: cholesterol, antilipemic agent, psyllium  hydrocolloid, hypercholesterolemia, fish, blood level, chicken,  oral drug administration.  192  "The avian as an animal model for the study of the vitamin D  endocrine system." A.W. Norman, Journal of Experimental Zoology  4:37-45 (1990).  NAL call number: 410 J825  Descriptors:  vitamin D physiology, calcium binding protein,  genetics, DNA metabolism, molecular structure, steroids.  193  "Effect of dietary selenium on the development of fusarium  induced tibial dyschondroplasia in broiler chickens." M.M.  Walser, V.C. Morris, and O.A. Levander, Avian Diseases  32(1):84-88 (1988).  NAL call number: 41.8 AV5  Descriptors: kashin-beck disease, fusarochromanone mycotoxin,  plasma selenium, hepatic guthione peroxidase.  194  "Trace element deficiencies and immune responsiveness in humans  and animal models." M.P. Fletcher, M.E. Gershwin, C.L. Keen, and  L. Hurley, R.K. Chandra (ed.), Contemporary Issues in Clinical  Nutrition, II. Nutrition and Immunology, 1988, pp. 215-240.  NAL call number: QR185.2 N8  Descriptors: rat, iron, zinc, manganese, selenium, copper.  195  "Animal models for carotenoid utilization studies evaluation of  the chick and the pig." C.L. Poor, S.D. Miller, G.C. Faher, R.A.  Easter, and J.W. Erdman, Nutrition Reports International  36(1):229-234 (1987).  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: human, vitamin A, beta carotene.  196  "Influence of Vitamin C on Vitamin D-dependent indices in an  animal model." H. Weiser and M. Schlachter, Calcified Tissue  International 41(s2):36 (1987).  NAL call number: QP88 C3  Descriptors: vitamin K, 1 25 dihydroxyvitamin D3, calcium binding  protein, alkaline phosphatase, chick.  197  "Interaction of diet: The immune system and virus infection."  F.B. Bang, B.G. Bang, and M.A. Foard, Miles International  Symposium Series, No. 13. Nutritional Factors: Modulation Effects  on Metabolic Processes 1981, pp. 417-436.  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: chicken, mouse, hepatitis virus, newcastle disease,  measles virus, common cold, vitamin A deficiency, protein  deficiency, harderian gland, lacrimal gland, thymus, bursa.**LIVER**  198  "The isolation and culture of DHBV-infected embryo and duckling  hepatocytes and the effect of aflatoxin B1 or irradiation on  these cells." I.O. Olubuyide, D.J. Judah, J. Riley, and G.E.  Neal, British Journal of Cancer 63(3):378-385 (1991).  NAL call number: RC261 B6  Descriptors: morphology, cell culture, liver cell, embryo cell.  199  "Natural and experimental infection of wild mallard ducks with  duck hepatitis B virus." V. Lambert, L. Cova, P. Chevallier, R.  Mehrotra, and C. Trepo, Journal General Virology 72(2):417-420  (1991).  NAL call number: QR360.A1J6  Descriptors: viral infection, liver disease, animal tissue,  immune response, United States, France, nonhuman.  200  "Pathogenesis of an acute viral hepatitis: Inclusion body  hepatitis in the chicken." M. Saifuddin and C.R. Wilks, Archives  of Virology 116(1-4):33-43 (1991). (ISSN: 0304-8608)  NAL call number: 448.3 AR23  Descriptors: chicken, nonhuman primate, virus pathogenesis,  animal experiment.  201  "Effect of Phyllanthus amarus on duck hepatitis B virus  replication in vivo." J. Niu, Y. Wang, M. Qiao, E. Gowans, P.  Ewards, S.P. Thyagarajan, I. Gust, and S. Locarnini, Journal of  Medical Virology 32(4):212-218 (1990). (ISSN: 0146-6615)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: plant extract, antivirus agent, phyllanthus amarus  extract, virus inhibition, duck, nonhuman, antiviral activity,  congenital infection, oral drug administration, intraperitoneal  drug administration.  202  "The in vivo effect of Chinese traditional medicine on alteration  of the infection pattern of duck hepatitis B virus in Chinese  carrier ducks." R. Fukuda, Y. Uchida, N. Kohge, S. Akagi, N. Ono,  S. Okinaga, M. Hidaka, and Y. Shimada, Acta Hepatologica Japonica  31(12):1385-1391 (1990). (ISSN: 0451-4203)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: anti-virus agent, unclassified drug.  203  "Hepatitis B virus DNA antigen and liver pathology in ducks: An  animal model of human liver disease." M. Omata, Y. Zhou, K.  Uchiumi, K. Hirota, Y. Ito, O. Yokosuka, and K. Okuda, Symposia  on Molecular and Cellular Biology New Series, Vol. 70. W.  Robinson, K. Koike, and H. Will (eds.), Alan R. Liss, Inc., New  York, 1987, pp. 349-356.  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: infection, chronic active hepatitis, diagnosis.  204  "Fatty liver and kidney syndrome in chickens as an animal model  for Reye's syndrome." P. Awrich, G.E. Madge, and B. Wolf, Journal  of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 2(4):683-692  (November 1983). (ISSN: 0277-2116)  NAL call number: RJ446 J68  Descriptors: blood glucose, kidney diseases, poultry diseases,  Reye's syndrome, blood ammonia, carboxylases, ligases, pyruvate  carboxylase.  205  "Fatty liver hemorrhagic syndrome in laying hens - evaluation of  an inducible research model." P.E. Stake, T.N. Fredrickson, and  C.A. Bourdeau, Cornell Nutrition Conference for Feed  Manufacturers, 1981, pp. 69-73.  NAL call number: 389.79 C81  Descriptors: obesity, egg production, exogenous estrogens,  hepatic hemorrhage, feed intake, breed differences, liver lipids.PANCREAS  206  "Insulin and insulin-like growth factor I both stimulate  metabolism growth and differentiation in the postneurula chick  embryo." M. Girbau, J.A. Gomez, M.A. Lesniak, and F. De Pablo,  Endocrinology 121(4):1477-1482 (1987).  NAL call number: 448.8 EN2  Descriptors: triglycerides, proinsulin desoctapeptide, insulin  creatine kinase, MB isozyme triglycerides, cholesterol,  phospholipids, DNA RNA receptor mediated processes, muscle  differentiation.  207  "Animal models of diabetes insipidus." H. Valtin, W.G. North,  B.R. Edwards, and M. Gellai, Frontiers of Hormone Research, Vol.  13. Diabets Insipidus in Man. P. Czernichow and A.G. Robinson  (eds.), 1985, pp. 105-126.  NAL call number: QP572 G35E5  Descriptors: chicken, mouse, rat, vasopressin, polydipsia,  polyuria, nephrogenic, hypothalamic diabetes.  208  "Bile pigment metabolism in the avian embryo." P. Vajro, N.  Blanckaert, and M.M. Thaler, Hepatology 5(5):1036 (1985).  (ISSN: 0270-9139)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: biliverdin, bilirubin, chicken.  209  "Persistence of immune reactive insulin glucagon and pancreatic  poly peptide in the plasma of de pancreatized chickens." J.R.  Colca and R.L. Hazelwood, The Journal of Endocrinology  92(3):317-326 (1982).  NAL call number: 448.8 J8293  Descriptors: arginine, metabolic drug, penta gastrin hormone.**GENETICS**  210  "Deoxyribonucleic acid fingerprint comparisons between selected  populations of chickens." E.A. Dunnington, O. Gal, P.B. Siegel,  A. Haberfeld, A. Cahaner, U. Lavi, Y. Plotsky and J. Hillel,  Poultry Science 70(3):463-467 (March 1991). (ISSN 0032-5791)  NAL call number: 47.8 AM33P  Descriptors: white leghorn chickens, dna fingerprinting, genetic  distance, probes, breed differences, line differences, high or  low antibody response.  211  "Animal models for endocrine pathology of genetic origin." R.  Mornex, Revue Francaise d Endocrinologie Clinique, Nutrition et  Metabolisme 31(1):19-24 (1990). (ISSN: 0048-8062)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: human, mouse, rat, chicken, goat, cow, diabetes,  prolactin disease, gonadal disease, thyroid hormonogenesis  disorder.  212  "Genetic control of avian scleroderma." H. Abplanalp, M.E.  Gershwin, E. Johnston, and J. Reid, Immunogenetics  31(5-6):291-295 (1990). (ISSN: 0093-7711)  NAL call number: QR184 I4  Descriptors: congenital disorder, autoimmunity, chicken,  heredity, major histocompatibility complex.  213  "New fluorescence reactions in DNA cytochemistry 1. Microscopic  and spectroscopic studies on nonrigid fluorochromes." J.C.  Stockert, P. Del Castillo, A.R. Llorente, D.M. Raskin, J.B.  Romero, and J.A. Gomez, Analytical and Quantitative Cytology and  Histology 12(1):1-10 (1990).  NAL call number: RC78.7 C9A6  Descriptors: chicken, DNA, fluorochrome, trypanosoma, adenine,  thymidine, chromatin, histochemistry.  214  "Effect of the barring gene on eye pigmentation in the fowl."  R.E. Schreck and R.R. Bowers, Pigment Cell Research 2(3):191-201  (1989). (ISSN: 0893-5785)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: chicken, iris pecten, acid phosphatase,  melanophores, choroid, vitiligo.  215  "Identification of two protein kinases that phosphorylate the  neural cell-adhesion molecule n-cam." K. Mackie, B.C. Sorkin,  A.C. Nairn, P. Greengard, G.M. Edelman, and B.A. Cunningham,  Journal of Neuroscience 9(6):1883-1896 (1989).  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: chicken, mouse, rat, gene splicing, neural cell  adhesion molecule (N-CAM), glycogen synthase kinase 3, casein  kinase I, in vitro, in vivo.  216  "An apolipoprotein gene with an amino acid sequence similar to  the mammalian apolipoprotein E is closely linked to  apolipoproteins AI CIII and AIV genes of the chicken." R. Sastry  and S.K. Karathanasis, Arteriosclerosis 8(5):609A (1988). (ISSN:  0276-5047)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: molecular sequence data, evolutionary ancestor,  national biomedical research database foundation.  217  "Butyrate induces selective transcriptional activation of a  hypomethylated embryonic globin gene in adult erythroid cells."  L.J. Burns, J.G. Glauber, and G.D. Ginder, Blood 72(5):1536-1542  (1988).  NAL call number: RB145 A1B57  Descriptors: hemoglobin switching, anemia, chicken,  5-azacytidine, sodium butyrate.  218  "Complimentary DNA-derived sequence of chicken embryo vinculin."  M.D. Coutu and S.W. Craig, Proceedings of the National Academy of  Science of the United States of America 85(22):8535-8539 (1988).  (ISSN: 0027-8424)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: cloning, molecular sequence data, muscle proteins,  protein conformation, genetics, amino acids, base sequence.**DERMATOLOGY**  219  "Animal models of fibrosis." M.H. Bocchieri and S.A. Jimenez,  Rheumatic Diseases Clinics of North America 16(1):153-167  (February 1990). (ISSN: 0276-5047)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: scleroderma, chickens, mutant strains, genetics,  autoimmune diseases, fibrosis, mice, rats.  220  "Graft-versus-host disease and animal models for scleroderma."  H.N. Claman, Current Opinion in Rheumatology 2(6):929-931  (December 1990). (ISSN: 1040-8711)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: chickens, disease models, pathology.  221  "Non-immune model for vitiligo in the fowl." R.R. Bowers, J.  Harmon, S. Prescott, and L. Quintana, Poultry Science 69(s. 1):23  (1990).  NAL call number: 47.8 AM33P  Descriptors: genetic hypomelanosis, melanocyte sensitivity,  toxicity, melanin precursors.  222  "Identification of T cells in early dermal lymphocytic  infiltrates in avian scleroderma." J. Van de Water, R. Boyd, L.  Haapanen, H. Abplanalp, and M.E. Gershwin, Arthritis and  Rheumatism 32(8):1031-1040 (1989). (ISSN: 0004-3591)  NAL call number: RC933 A7  Descriptors: chicken, histology, t lymphocyte, skin biopsy,  monoclonal antibody, immunofluorescence, fibrosis.  223  "Animal models of an acquired pigmentary disorder - vitiligo."  R.E. Boissy and M.L. Lamoreux, Progress in Clinical and  Biological Research 256:207-218 (1988). (ISSN: 0361-7742)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: pigmentation disorders, disease models, animal  melanocytes, cytology, pathology.  224  "Animal model of human disease. Avian scleroderma. An inherited  fibrotic disease of white Leghorn chickens resembling progressive  systemic sclerosis." J. Van De Water and M.E. Gershwin, American  Journal of Pathology 120(3):478-482 (September 1985).  NAL call number: 448.8 AM39  Descriptors: joint diseases, poultry diseases, skin appendage  diseases, scleroderma, genetics, skin appendage diseases.  225  "Animal models of scleroderma." J. Van De Water and M.E.  Gershwin, Models in Dermatology, Vol. 1, Dermatology. H.I.  Maibach and N.J. Lowe (eds.), 1985, pp. 210-219.  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: chicken, skin fibrosis.  226  "Abnormal cutaneous melanocytes within pigmented regenerating  feathers of delayed melanotic line chickens." R.E. Boissy and  J.R. Smyth, Clinical Research 31(2):557A (1983).  NAL call number: R11 C5  Descriptors: human vitiligo, melanosomal abnormalities.**PHARMACODYNAMICS**  227  "Cardioprotective effects of nicorandil on isoproterenol-induced  injury." H. Ohta, J. Azuma, Y. Tanaka, K. Takihara, T. Hamaguchi,  N. Awata, A. Sawamura, N. Sperelakis, and S. Kishimoto, Drug  Development Research 22(3):229-237 (1991). (ISSN: 0272-4391)  NAL call number: IPS-26822  Descriptors: chicken, oral drug administration, subcutaneous drug  administration, nicorandil pharmacology, isoprenaline, drug  toxicity, calcium endogenous compound, heart muscle.  228  "Attenuation of febrile seizures in epileptic chicks by N  methyl-d-aspartate receptor antagonists." S.C.J. Pedder, R.I.  Wilcox, J.M. Tuchek, D.D. Johnson, and R.D. Crawford, Canadian  Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology 68(1):84-88 (1990).  NAL call number: 448.8 C16  Descriptors: neurotoxicity, hyperthermia, carboxypiperazin,  phosphonoheptaoic acid, diaminopimelic acid, autonomic agent.  229  "Drug and disease induced regulation of voltage-dependent calcium  channels." J. Ferrante and D.J. Triggle, Pharmacological Reviews  42(1):29-44 (1990).  NAL call number: 396.8 P4925  Descriptors: calcium channel, regulatory mechanism, affecting  agent, nitrendipine, nifedipine, verapamil, diltiazem,  isoprenaline, atropine, morphine,prolactin, estrogen, reserpine,  parkinson disease, chicken, cattle, gerbil, guinea pig, hamster,  mouse, rat, ischemia, radioisotope, eaton lambert syndrome.  230  "Efrotomycin." R.A. Fromtling, Drugs Future 15(1):24-27 (1990).  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: bacterial infection, pharmacokinetics, growth  stimulation, protein synthesis, blood level, gram negative  bacterium, streptomyces, elongation factor, cell culture, swine.  231  "Studies on anticoccidial constituents of crude drugs and related  plants (I). Isolation and biological activities of cis and trans  febrifugine from Hydrangea macrophylla." M. Kato, M. Inaba, H.  Itahana, E. Ohara, K. Nakamura, S. Uesato, H. Inouye, and T.  Fujita, Japanese Journal of Pharmacognosy 44(4):288-292 (1990).  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: drug structure, chicken, nonhuman, coccidiostatic  agent, drug identification, drug isolation, drug therapy.  232  "Tissue and plasma levels of a teratogenic dose of dopamine in  the chick embryo following pretreatment with metroprolol or  phosphate buffered saline." H.E. Shields, G.L. Kolesari, and R.S.  Kuhlmann, Life Sciences 46(16):1181-1188 (1990).  NAL call number: 442.8 L62  Descriptors: antidote, cardiovascular malformation,  pharmacodynamics, head, body, heart.  233  "Antidepressant effect of lithium: A neurochemical study on  neuronal uptake of norepinephrine and serotonin." M.A. Wolf, J.C.  Louis, and G. Vincendon, Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and  Biology Psychiatry 13(5):765-774 (1989). (ISSN: 0278-5846)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: chicken, drug, depression, antidepressant.  234  "Assessment of activity of neurotoxic esterase in lymphocytes of  the peripheral blood for evaluation of the action of  phosphorusorganic compounds." I.I. Tkachenko, N.V. Kokshareva,  D.V. Zinchenko, M.L. Zinovyeva and Y.S. Kagan, Vrachebnoe Delo  (USSR) 1(9):107-110 (1989). (ISSN: 0049-6804)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: chicken, biological monitoring, brain, spleen,  lymphocyte, organophosphate.  235  "Choline levels in erythrocytes and plasma a study of species  variation." B.L. Miller, D.J. Jenden, D. Kraemer, C. Tang, and P.  Fu, Biological Psychiatry 26(7):741-743 (1989). (ISSN: 0006-3223)  NAL call number: RC321 B55  Descriptors: lithium, antipsychotic-drug, psychopathology.  236  "NSAids and cartilage metabolism." A. Bjelle, Scandinavian  Journal of Rheumatology. Supplement 18(77):43-52 (1989). (ISSN:  0300-9742)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: nonsteroid anti-inflammatory agent, osteoarthritis,  cartilage degeneration, radioisotope, proteoglycan, drug therapy.  237  "Persistent alterations in gaba-A receiptor binding and function  after prenatal lorazepam administration in the chick." L.G.  Miller, R.B. Roy, C.L. Weill, and F. Lopez, Brain Research  Bulletin 23(3):171-174 (1989). (ISSN: 0361-9230)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: gamma aminobutyric acid, chloride benzodiazepine,  behavior abnormality.  238  "Structure-activity studies of 20-deoxo-20-amino derivatives of  tylosin-related macrolides." H.A. Kirst, K.E. Willard, M. Debono,  J.E. Toth, B.A. Truedell, J.P. Leeds, J.L. Ott, A.M.  Felty-Duckworth, F.T. Counter, E.E. Ose, G.D. Crouse, J. M.  Tustin, and S. Omura, Journal of Antibiotics 42(11):1673-1683  (1989).  NAL call number: 396.8 J824  Descriptors: experimental infection, drug structure, gram  positive bacterium, pasteurella multocida, mycoplasma.  239  "Synthesis and antimicrobial evaluation of  20-deoxo-20-(3,5-dimethyliperidin-1-y1)desmycosin (tilicosin,  EL-870) and related cyclic amino derivatives." M. Debono, K.E.  Willard, H.A. Kirst, J.A. Wind, G.D. Crouse, E.V. Tao, J.T.  Vicenzi, F.T. Counter, J.L. Ott, E.E. Ose, and S. Omura, Journal  of Antibiotics 42(8):1253-1267 (1989).  NAL call number: 396.8 J824  Descriptors: chicken, pasteurellosis, cell culture, streptococcus  pyogenes, gram positive bacterium, gram negative bacterium,  ultraviolet spectrophotometry, nuclear magnetic resonance.   240  "Animal models of epilepsy and experimental seizures." K. Bizier  and J.P. Chambon, Revue Neurologique 143(5):329-401 (1987).  (ISSN: 0035-3787)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: antiepileptic drugs, convulsant drugs, electric  stimulation, photic stimulation, gerbillinae, jacksonian seizure.  241  "Calbindin D-28K and animal models of epilepsy." K.G. Baimbridge,  I. Mody, J.A. Shacklock, and J.J. Miller, Calcium-binding  Proteins in Health and Disease; Fifth International Symposium   A.W. Norman, T.C. Vanaman, and A.R. Means (eds.), 1987, pp.  615-617.  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: chickens, rodents, hyperexcitability,  radioimmunoassay, calcium ion concentration, biochemical studies.  242  "Similarities between the behavioral effects of imidazole and  those of yohimbine on four animal models." F. Ferrari, G. Baggio,  and R. Martinelli, Symposia in Neuroscience, Vol. 3. Modulation  of Central and Peripheral Transmitter Function. G. Biggio (ed.),  1986, pp. 519-526.  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: chick, mouse, rat, haloperidol 2 amino-6-allyl-5 6 7  8-tetrahydro-4h-thiazolo-4 5 D-azepine.  243  "Evaluation of anticonvulsant drugs in genetic animal models of  epilepsy." W. Loscher and B.S. Meldrum, Federation Proceedings  43(2):276-284 (February 1984). (ISSN: 0014-9446)  NAL call number: 442.9 F31P  Descriptors: chickens, dogs, mice, rats, inbred DBA, papio.  244  "Genetic animal models of epilepsy as a unique resource for the  evaluation of anticonvulsant drugs: A review." W. Loscher,  Methods and Findings in Experimental Clinical Pharmacology  6(9):531-547 (September 1984). (ISSN: 0379-0355)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: neurologic mutants, drug screening, epilepsy, petit  mal, genetics, neurologic mutants, acoustic stimulation, photic  stimulation, species specificity.  245  "Significance of animal models of epilepsy for evaluation of  antiepileptic drug efficacy and safety in pediatrics." D.M.  Woodbury, Antiepileptic Drug Therapy in Pediatrics: Symposium on  Antiepileptic Drugs in Newborns, Infants, Children and  Adolescents  P.L. Morselli, C.E. Pippenger, and J.K. Penry  (eds.), 1983, pp. 349-362.  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: ontogenesis, seizures, teratogenic effects.  246  "Changes in hepatic iodo thyronine metabolism during ontogeny of  the chick embryo." M. Borges, J. Labourene, and S.H. Ingbar,  Endocrinology 107(6):1751-1761 (1980).  NAL call number: 448.8 EN2  Descriptors: pharmacokinetics, internal pipping, di thio threitol  metabolic drug, hydrocortisone, tri iodo thyronine. **TOXICOLOGY**  247  "Coumarin-induced changes in beta amino levulinic acid synthase  and cytochrome P-450 in chick embryo liver." D.E. Goeger and K.E.  Anderson, Food and Chemical Toxicology 29(3):145-152 (1991).  NAL call number: 391.8 F73  Descriptors: animal model, toxicity, food product, bird.  248  "Development of esterase activities in the chicken before and  after hatching." M. Farage-Elawar, Neurotoxicology and Teratology  13(2):147-152 (1991). (ISSN: 0892-0362)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: organophosphorus, ester induced, animal model,  brain, liver, delayed neurotoxicity, cholinesterase, neuropathy,  carboxylesterase, brain, liver, plasma.  249  "Morphological changes associated with furazolidone-induced  cardiomyopathy: Effects of digoxin and propranolol." J.K.  Gwathmey, Journal of Comparative Pathology 104(1):33-45 (1991).  (ISSN: 0021-9975)  NAL call number: 41.8 J82  Descriptors: furazolidone, drug toxicity, digoxin, propranolol,  cardiomyopathy, histology, animal tissue, oral drug  administration, turkey.  250  "The replacement of animal testing: Ethical issues and practical  realities." M. Balls, International Journal of Cosmetic Science  13(1):23-28 (1991). (ISSN: 0142-5463)  NAL call number: TP983 A233  Descriptors: drug screening, intestine, computer simulation, eye  toxicity, chicken, rabbit, cattle, nonhuman, embryo.  251  "Avian model for 13-cis-retinoic acid embryopathy: Demonstration  of neural crest related defects." R.C. Hart, P.A. McCue, W.L.  Ragland, K.J. Winn, and E.R. Unger, Teratology 41(4):463-472  (1990). (ISSN: 0040-3709)  NAL call number: QL991 T4  Descriptors: drug toxicity, malformation syndrome, chicken,  embryo, teratogenicity.  252  "Behavioral effects of early postnatal lead exposure in herring  gull larus-argentatus chicks." J. Burger, Pharmacology,  Biochemistry and Behavior 35(1):7-14 (1990).  NAL call number: QP901 P4  Descriptors: thermoregulation, vision, depth perception,  psychomotor retardation.  253  "Isolation purification and immunological evaluation of toxin HB  from scorpion heterometrus-bengalensis - C.L. Koch venom." S.C.  Dasgupta, A. Gomes, A. Basu, and S.C. Lahiri, Indian Journal of  Experimental Biology 28(2):144-148 (1990).  NAL call number: 442.8 IN2  Descriptors: chick, antitoxin, neuromuscular toxicity.  254  "Molecular changes associated with ethanol-induced growth  suppression in the chick embryo." S.N. Pennington, Alcoholism  Clinical and Experimental Research 14(6):832-837 (December 1990).  (ISSN: 0145-6008)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: alcohol related birth defect, retardation, fetal  alcohol syndrome, central nervous system, cyclic AMP, protein  kinase, regulatory subunit, phosphorylation, intrauterine growth.  255  "Quisqualate receptors in epileptic fowl: The absence of coupling  between quisqualate and N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors." S.C.J.  Pedder, R.I. Wilcox, J.M. Tuchek, D.D. Johnson, and R.D.  Crawford, European Journal of Pharmacology 175(1):85-91 (1990).  NAL call number: QP901 E8  Descriptors: clonic seizure, chicken, radioisotope, heredity,  isoxazolepropionic acid, quisqualic acid, ligand binding.  256  "Tissue and plasma levels of a teratogenic dose of dopamine in  the chick embryo following pretreatment with metoprolol or  phosphate buffered saline." H.E. Shields, G.L. Kolesari, and R.S.  Kuhlmann, Life Sciences 46(16):1181-1188 (1990).  NAL call number: 442.8 L62  Descriptors: cardiovascular malformation, head, body, heart, drug  antidote pharmacodynamics.  257  "Biomechanical basis of diazepam-induced neural tube defects in  early chicken embryos - a morphometric study." R.G. Nagele, K.T.  Bush, E.T. Hunter, M.C. Koschiuk, and H. Lee, Teratology  40(1):29-36 (1989).  NAL call number: QL991 T4  Descriptors: pharmacotoxicity, teratogen, neuroepithelial cells,  ultrastructure electron microscopy, pathogenesis.  258  "The broiler chicken as a model for immunotoxicity assessment 1.  Standardization of in-vitro immunological assay." H.S. Nakaue, L.  Baecher-Stepphan, M. Matsumoto, J.H. Gainer, and N.I. Kerkvliet,  Fundamental and Applied Toxicology: Official Journal of the  Society of Toxicology 12(4):773-786 (1989).  NAL call number: RA1190.F8  Descriptors: staphylococcus aureus, lymphocyte, blastogenesis,  environmental pollution.  259  "Effects of carbon tetrachloride on embryonic development studied  in the post-implantation rat embryo culture system and in chick  embryos in ovo." C. Clemedson, B. Schmid, and E. Walum,  Toxicology in Vitro 3(4):271-276 (1989).  NAL call number: RA1190 T692  Descriptors: somites, metabolic activation system,  teratogenicity.  260  "Methylcarbamate effects on meckel's cartilages in the chick  embryo." D. Virgintino, N. L'Abbate, D. Ribatti, M. Bertossi, L.  Roncali, and L. Ambrosi, Biological Structures and Morphogenesis  2(3):85-88 (1989). (ISSN: 0989-8972)  NAL call number: QL801 B56  Descriptors: cell growth, histology, cartilage, carbamic acid  methyl ester, chicken, embryo.  261  "Myelinated nerve fiber regeneration following organophosphorus  ester-induced delayed neuropathy." B.S. Jortner, L. Shell, H.  El-Fawal, and M. Ehrich, Neurotoxicology 10(4):717-726 (1989).  (ISSN: 0161-813X)  NAL call number: RC321 N437  Descriptors: organophosphate, delayed neurotoxicity, nerve  regeneration, peripheral nerve, chicken, tri ortho cresyl  phosphate.  262  "A preliminary study of the translocation of aldicarb across the  duck eggshell." P.L. Chambers, K.P. Twomey, and C.M. Chambers,  Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety 18(3):296-304 (1989).  (ISSN: 0147-6513)  NAL call number: QH545 A1E29  Descriptors:  acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, embryo, yolk sac  injection, web toe length, tarsometatarus length.  263  "Reproductive toxicology." H. Sterz, Deutsche Apotheker Zeitung  129(42):2257-2264 (1989). (ISSN: 0011-9857)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: drug screening, teratogenicity, fertility, uterus,  placenta, cell culture, embryo toxicity, chicken, monkey, rabbit,  rat, embryo.  264  "Teratogenesis of polycholorcycloalkane insecticides in chicken  embryos resulting from their interactions at the convulsant  recognition sites of the gaba pro receptor complex." J. Seifert,  Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology  42(5):707-715 (1989).  NAL call number: RA1270.P35A1  Descriptors: gamma aminobutyric acid, environmental persistence  pollution, lipid accumulation.  265  "Activity of the lysosomal enzymes of nervous tissue in animals  of various classes after administration of the neurotoxic  pesticide aphos." U.A. Kus'minskaya and O.V. Drobinskaya, Gigiena  I Sanitariia 11:86-88 (1988).  NAL call number: RA421 G5  Descriptors: chicken, rat, fungicide, beta galactosidase acid,  phosphatase acid, proteinase, nonprecipitable activity.  266  "The effect of embryonic ethanol exposure on detour learning in  the chick." L.W. Means, M.A. Burnette, and S.N. Pennington,  Alcohol 5(4):305-308 (1988). (ISSN: 0741-8329)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: fetal alcohol syndrome, teratogenic effect,  development, behavior, retarded learning.  267  "Embryonic exposure to high taurine: A possible nutritional  contribution to Friedreich's ataxia." N.M. Van Gelder, and F.  Belanger, Journal of Neuroscience Research 20(3):383-389 (1988).  (ISSN: 0360-4012)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: chicken, fetal exposure, cerebellum, milk ingestion.  268  "Ethanol-induced growth inhibition in embryonic chick brain is  associated with changes in cytoplasmic cyclic amp-dependent  protein kinase regulatory subunit." K. Beeker, D. Deane, C.  Elton, and S.N. Pennington, Alcohol and Alcoholism 23(6):477-482  (1988). (ISSN: 0735-0414)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: human infant, growth retardation, fetal alcohol  syndrome, phosphorylation.  269  "In-vitro methods for estimating eye irritancy of cleaning  products: Phase I preliminary assessment." K.A. Booman, B. Kong,  T.M. Cascieri, W.C. McCormick, J. Demetrulias, H. North-Root, A.  Driedger, M.G. Rozen, and J.F. Griffith, Journal of Toxicology.  Cutaneous Ocular Toxicology 7(3):173-186 (1988).  NAL call number: RL803 J67  Descriptors: chicken, mouse, rabbit, bovine, draize test,  chorioallantoic membrane assay, corneal epithelial, plasminogen  activator assay, uridine uptake assay, chromium release assay.  270  "Reduction and replacement of laboratory animals in toxicological  testing and research. Interim report 1984-1987." G. Zbinden,  Biomedical and Environmental Sciences 1(1):90-100 (June 1988).  (ISSN: 0895-3988)  NAL call number: Z5863 E5703  Descriptors: animal welfare, drug screening, cultured cells,  toxicological methods.  271  "Triphenyl phosphite neurotoxicity in the hen - inhibition of  neurotoxic esterase and of prophylaxis by phenylmethylsulfonyl  fluoride." C.D. Carrington and M.B. Abou-Donia, Archives of  Toxicology 62(5):375-380 (1988).  NAL call number: RA1190 A7  Descriptors: organophosphorus compound, induced neurotoxicity,  chicken.  272  "The effects of lead nitrate on the central nervous system of the  chick embryo II. Electron microscopy and histochemistry  peroxisomes." L.D. DeGennaro, Growth 51(2):213-223 (1987).  NAL call number: 442.8 G91  Descriptors: lead induced neuropathy, electron microscopy,  histology, cervical, thoracic, lumbar regions of spinal cord.  273  "Ethanol-induced alteration in thiamin status of young turkey  poults." B.H. Lai and C.M. Czarnecki, General Pharmacology  18(2):119-122 (1987).  NAL call number: RM1 C63  Descriptors: alcoholic, cardiomyopathy, erythrocyte,  transketolase, thiamin, pyrophosphate.  274  "Teratology of the antituberculosis drugs." M.R. Holdiness, Early  Human Development 15(2):61-74 (1987).  NAL call number: RG600 E27  Descriptors: chick, rabbit, rat, guinea pig, isoniazid,  ethambutol, rifampicin, kanamycin, streptomycin, congenital  malformation.  275  "Doxorubicin (adriamycin) induced cardiotoxicity in turkey  poults: An animal model." C.M. Czarnecki, Comparative  Biochemistry and Physiology. C: Comparative pharmacology and  Toxicology 83(1):53-60 (1986). (ISSN: 0306-4492)  NAL call number: QP901 C6  Descriptors: electrocardiography, heart, toxicity, doxorubicin.  276  "Differential sensitivity to the delayed neuro toxin tri-o tolyl  phosphate in several avian species." S.J. Bursian, J.S. Brewster,  and R.K. Ringer, Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health  11(4-6):907-916 (1983).  NAL call number: RA565.A1J6  Descriptors: white leghorn chicken, ring necked pheasant, mallard  duck, bobwhite quail, Japanese quail, neuro toxic esterase, corn  oil.  277  "Molecular mechanism of fetal alcohol syndrome 1. Ethanol induced  growth suppression." S.N. Pennington, J.W. Boyd, G.W. Kalmus, and  R.W. Wilson, Neurobehavioral Toxicology and Teratology  5(2):259-262 (1983). (ISSN: 0275-1380)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: human, chicken, birth defect, small for gestational  age, neonates, placental physiology, ethanol dosage, suppressed  cell division rate, hormones, cyclic AMP.  278  "Percutaneous toxicity and delayed neuro toxicity of organo  phosphates in the scaleless hen." C.M. Cisson and B.W. Wilson,  Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 67(3):310-321 (1983).  NAL call number: 391.8 T662  Descriptors: human, chicken, tri-o cresyl phosphate, parathion  choline esterase, creatine phospho kinase, dermal.  279  "An animal model for testing organophosphates in the field.  S,S,S-tributyl phosphorotrithioate and the scaleless chicken."  B.W. Wilson, C.M. Cisson, W.R. Randall, J.E. Woodrow, J.N.  Seiber, and J.B. Knaak, ACS Symposium Series American Chemical  Society 182:199-200 (1982). (ISSN: 0097-6156)  NAL call number: QD1.A45  Descriptors: agricultural chemicals, toxic effects, insecticides.  280  "The transition from hen house to laboratory cage: Problems and  pitfalls." W.B. Gross, NeuroToxicology 3(4):295-298 (1982).  NAL call number: RC321 N437  Descriptors: environmental changes, corticosterone,  socialization, handling, organophosphates, toxicity.  281  "Neurotoxicity of 2 organo phosphorus ester flame retardants in  hens." G.L. Spraque, L.L. Sandvik, and M.J. Brookins-Hendricks,  Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health 8(3):507-518  (1981).  NAL call number: RA565.A1J6  Descriptors: white leghorn chicken, fyrol pcf tri-2 chloropropyl  phosphate, fyrol cef tri-beta chloroethyl phosphate, choline  esterase, neurotoxic esterase.  282  "Uptake of DDT from the yolk sac into the early chick embryo as  measured by gas chromatography." R.L. Schutzmann and W.J. Swartz,  Bulletin of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology  27(3):393-396 (1981).  NAL call number: RA1270.P35A1  Descriptors: effects of pesticides, development, leghorn hens,  mortality, embryo toxicity.  283  "Animal models of fetal alcohol syndrome toxicity of  teratogenicity." W.J. Shoemaker, L.Y. Koda, S.G. Wiener, and F.E.  Bloom, Teratology 21(2):69A (1980).  NAL call number: QL991 T4  Descriptors: chick, rat, embryo, dose response, body, eye, and  brain weights.  284  "Cytotoxicity of drugs and diverse chemical agents to cell  cultures." S. Horvath, Toxicology 16(1):59-66 (1980).  NAL call number: RA1190 T69  Descriptors: tissue culture, primary chicken heart fibroblast,  human cervical carcinoma hela cells, rabbit kidney rk13 cells,  hamster kidney bhk 21 cells, drug screening.  285  "Animal models for the comparative assessment of neurotoxicity  following repeated administration of vinca alkaloids." G.C. Todd  and W.J. Griffing, Euphytica 63(1):35-41 (January 1979). (ISSN:  0014-2336)  NAL call number: 450 EU6  Descriptors: chickens, monkeys, guinea pigs, cats.**DEVELOPMENTAL STUDIES**  286  "Models for man: The mouse and the chick." J.M.W. Slack, From Egg  to Embryo: Regional Specification in Early Development, Cambridge  University Press, New York, 1991, pp. 171-212.  NAL call number: QL955 S54 1990  Descriptors: chick embryo, primitive streak, hypoblast, epiblast,  blastoderm.  287  "Mucosal morphology in experimental intestinal atresia studies in  the chick embryo." J.A. Tovar, M. Sunol, B. Lopez de Torre, C.  Camerero, and J. Torrado, Journal of Pediatric Surgery  26(2):184-189 (1991). (ISSN: 0022-3468)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: hyperplasia, fetal surgery, embryology, experimental  teratology, scanning electron microscopy, enterocytes,  hyperplasia.  288  "Animal models offer the opportunity to acquire a new perspective  on motor development." N.S. Bradley, Physical Therapy  70(12):776-787 (December 1990). (ISSN: 0031-9023)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: newborn physiology, motor skills, stereotyped  behavior, fetal movement, chick embryo, electromyography, spine.  289  "Distribution and functional role of lamina during induction of  the embryonic axis in the chick embryo." N. Zagris and A.E.  Chung, Differentiation 43(2):81-86 (1990). (ISSN: 0301-4681)  NAL call number: QH607 D5  Descriptors: chicken, embryo, embryo culture, morphogenesis, cell  migration, immunogold staining, blastoderm, histochemistry.  290  "Distribution of competence to develop into adenohypophysis in  ectoderm of chick embryos." N.G. Fedtsova and V.M. Barabanov,  Ontogenez 21(3):254-260 (1990). (ISSN: 0475-1450)  NAL call number: QH491 O5  Descriptors: brain development, ectoderm, forebrain,  adenohypophysis, organogenesis, differentiation.  291  "Experimental body wall malformations in the chick embryo." B.  Lopez de Torre, P. Aldazabal, S. Uriarte, M. San Vicente, I.  Ruiz, and J.A. Tovar, Chirurgie Pediatrique 31(4-5):260-264  (1990). (ISSN: 0180-5738)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: congenital malformation, abdominal wall defect,  spina bifida, histology, experimental surgery, fetus.  292  "Spina bifida: A chick embryo experimental model." B. Lopez de  Torre, J.A. Tovar, P. Aldazabal, S. Uriarte, A. Rey, I. Ruiz, and  I. San Vicente, Zeitschrift fur Kinderchirurgie 45(1):20-22  (1990). (ISSN: 0174-3082)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: neural tube defect, meningomyelocele, methodology.  293  "Cell enlargement one possible mechanism underlying cellular  senescence." J.C. Angello, W.R. Pendergrass, T.H. Norwood, and J.  Prothero, Journal of Cellular Physiology 140(2):288-294 (1989).   NAL call number: 448.8 J822  Descriptors: cytochemistry, chick embryo fibroblast, human  diploid fibroblast like cells, replicative potential, in vitro  studies.  294  "Animal model: Dysmorphogenesis and death in a chicken embryo  model." R.M. Fineman and G.C. Schoenwolf, American Journal of  Medical Genetics 27(3):543-552 (July 1987). (ISSN: 0148-7299)  NAL call number: 443.8 J82  Descriptors: fetal death, heart, pregnancy, fetal development,  neural tube defects, ultrastructure, amnion, blastoderm,  vitelline membrane, dehydration, mechanical stress.  295  "Animal model causes of windowing induced dysmorphogenesis neural  tube defects and early amnion deficit spectrum in chicken  embryos." R.M. Fineman, G.C. Schoenwolf, M. Huff, and P.L. Davis,  American Journal of Medical Genetics 25(3):489-506 (1986). (ISSN:  0148-7299)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: pH, oxygen, carbon dioxide, temperature, tension,  structural alteration.  296  "Identification of neural tube defects in the chick embryo." L.R.  Campbell and G.S. Sohal, Annals of Neurology 18(3):389-390  (1985). (ISSN: 0364-5134)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: human model, nervous system pathology, developmental  biology, embryology.**VISION**  297  "Inducing myopia hyperopia and astigmatism in chicks." E.L.  Irving, M.G. Callender, and J.G. Silvak, Optometry and Vision  Science 68(5):364-368 (1991). (ISSN: 1040-5488)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: anatomy, histology, in vitro studies, comparative  surgery, biochemical studies.  298  "Intraocular pressure and eye enlargement in chicks." H. Hodos  and J.L. Wilkinson, Current Eye Research 10(2):163-168 (1991).  (ISSN: 0271-3683)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: refraction error, eye axis length.  299  "The long term effects of taxol on explants of developing chick  optic tectum in culture." M.M. Bird, Journal of Anatomy 174:19-26  (1991).  NAL call number: 447.8 J826  Descriptors: microtubule neuronal survival, morphology,  antimitotic agent, cytoskeletal morphology, ultrastructure.  300  "Properties of the feedback loops controlling eye growth and  refractive state in the chicken." F. Schaeffel and H.C. Howland,  Vision Research 31(4):717-734 (1991).  NAL call number: QP474 I5  Descriptors: eye axis length, eye development, growth, myopia.  301  "Does the eye grow into focus?" S.J. Judge, Nature  345(6275):477-478 (1990). (ISSN: 0028-0836)  NAL call number: 472 N21  Descriptors: chicken, brain, eye development, myopia.  302  "Localization of basic fibroblast growth factor binding sites in  the chick embryonic neural retina." A. Cirillo, C. Arruti, Y.  Courtois, and J.C. Jeanny, Differentiation 45(3):161-167 (1990).  NAL call number: QH607 D5  Descriptors: eye development, neuroepithelium, autoradiography,  ultrastructure, cell receptor, immunofluorescence.  303  "Scleral changes in chicks with form deprivation myopia." M.D.  Gottlieb, H.B. Joshi, and D.L. Nickla, Current Eye Research  9(12):1157-1165 (1990). (ISSN: 0271-3683)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: eye axis length, visual deprivation, sclera,  chicken, nonhuman, female.  304  "Bilateral experimental myopia in chicks." J.G. Sivak, D.L.  Barrie, and J.A. Weerheim, Optometry and Vision Science  66(12):854-858 (1989). (ISSN: 1040-5488)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: interocular transfer, retina, visual deprivation.  305  "Co-lamination of cholinergic amacrine cell and displaced  ganglion cell dendrites in the chicken retina." G. Yang, T.J.  Millar, and I.G. Morgan, Neuroscience Letters 103(2):151-156  (1989).  NAL call number: QP351 N3  Descriptors: inner plexiform layer, acetylcholinesterase.  306  "Effects of DIDS on the chick retinal pigment epithelium. II.  Mechanism of the light peak and other responses originating at  the basal membrane." R.P. Gallemore and R.H. Steinberg, Journal  of Neuroscience 9(6):1977-1984 (1989).  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: 4 4' diisothiocyanostilbene 2 2' disulfonate,  transtissue potential, hyperosmotic load, in vitro animal model.  307  "Lens fiber differentiation correlated with activation of two  different dnase species in lens embryonic cells." M.F. Counis, E.  Chaudun, Y. Courtois, and B. Allinquant, Cell Differentiation  Development 27(2):137-146 (1989).  NAL call number: QH607 A1C4  Descriptors: chick, isoelectric focusing, high molecular weight,  SDS polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis.  308  "Right hemisphere advantage for topographical orientation in the  domestic chick." N. Rashid and R.J. Andrew, Neuropsychologia  27(7):937-948 (1989). (ISSN: 0028-3932)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: eye, psychophysiology, animal behavior, distant or  proximal cues, nervous system, food identification.  309  "Tyrosination state of tubulin and the activity of tubulin  tyrosine ligase and tubulin carboxypeptidase in the developing  retina of the chick." C. Arregui and H.S. Barra, Journal of  Neurochemistry 52(6):1708-1713 (1989).  NAL call number: QP351 J6  Descriptors: embryonic stages, tyrosinable tubulin, hatching,  assembly state.  310  "The pigmented epithelium sustains cell growth and tissue  differentiation of chicken retinal explants in vitro." L. Liu,  S.H. Cheng, L.Z. Jiang, G. Hansmann, and P.G. Layer, Experimental  Eye Research 46(5):801-812 (1988).  (ISSN: 0014-4835)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: retinal detachment, tissue regeneration,  proliferation, vetreoretinaopathy, regeneration.  311  "Light-induced avian glaucoma as an animal model for human  primary glaucoma." J.K. Lauber, Journal of Oculular Pharmacology  3(1):77-100 (1987). (ISSN: 8756-3320)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: eye pathology, radiation injuries, light, adverse  effects, animal husbandry, chickens, endocrine glands, disease  models.  312  "Studies on putative neurotransmitters in an animal model of  hereditary blindness." R.J. Ulshafer and E.M. Meyer, Progress in  Clinical and Biological Research 247:407-422 (1987). (ISSN:  0361-7742)  NAL call number: QP701 C34  Descriptors: poultry diseases, genetics, chickens, mutation,  neuroregulator metabolism, autoradiography.  313  "Photoinduced buphthalmic avian eyes II. Continuous darkness."  R.D. Whitley, R.A. Albert, R.N. Brewer, G.R. McDaniel, G.L.  Pidgeon, and E.C. Mora, Poultry Science 64(10):1869-1874 (1985).  NAL call number: 47.8 AM33P  Descriptors: chicken, human, infant, lid suture, axial myopia,  glaucoma.  314  "Scanning electron microscopy of the retina in an animal model of  hereditary blindness." R.J. Ulshafer and C.B. Allen, Scanning  Electron Microscopy pt.2:841-848 (1984). (ISSN: 0586-5581)  NAL call number: QH212 S3S3  Descriptors: congenital, photoreceptors, ultrastructure, pigment  epithelium of eye.  315  "An animal model for cataract research: Cataract formation in  developing chick embryo by glucocorticoid." H. Nishigori, J.W.  Lee, and M. Iwatsuru, Experimental Eye Research 36(4):617-621  (April 1983). (ISSN: 0014-4835)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: chemically induced, disease models, hydrocortisone,  analogs and derivatives, toxicity.  316  "Comparative ocular blood flow." E.M. Keough, L.M. Wilcox, R.J.  Connolly, and C.E. Hotte, Comparative Biochemistry and  Physiology: A: Comparative Physiology 68(2):269-272 (1981).  NAL call number: QP1 C6  Descriptors: papio anubis, ovis aries, anser domesticus, anterior  ciliary artery, choroid anterior, uvea strabismus, surgery.**AUDIOLOGY**  317  "Hair cell and supporting cell response to acoustic trauma in the  chick cochlea." D.A. Cotanche and C.E. Dopyera, Hearing Research  46(1-2):29-40 (1990).  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: noise exposure, scanning, animal model.  318  "Sensorineural hearing loss." D.E. Mattox. In: Experimental  Surgery and Physiology: Induced Animal Models of Human Disease.  M.M. Swindle and R.J. Adams (ed.), Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore,  MD, 1988, pp. 159-162.  NAL call number: RB125.E9  Descriptors: high intensity sound, ototoxic drugs, aminoglycoside  antibiotics, basilar papilla, guinea pig, rat, chick.  319  "GABAergic inhibition increases the neuronal selectivity to  natural sounds in the avian auditory forebrain." C.M. Muller and  H. Scheich, Brain Research 414(2):376-380 (1987). (ISSN:  0006-8993)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) agonist, biculline  methiodide (BIC), hearing loss, auditory neurons, auditory  cortex.**BEHAVIOR**  320  "Behavioural and physiological responses to pain in the chicken."  M.J. Gentle, Acta XX Congressus Internationalis Ornithologici  3:1915-1920 (1991). (ISBN: 0-9597975-3-X)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: trauma, behavior, heart rate, blood pressure, beak  amputation, nociceptors.  321  "CONSPEC and CONLERN: A two-process theory of infant face  recognition." J. Morton and M.H. Johnson, Psychological Review  98(2):164-181 (1991). (ISSN: 0033-295X)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: face perception, preferences, infants, domestic  chick, comparative studies.  322  "Experimental canalization of behavioral development theory." G.  Gottlieb, Developmental Psychology 27(1):4-13 (1991).  NAL call number: BF712 D42  Descriptors: prenatal conditioning, maternal calls, devocalized  mallard ducklings, chicken, wood duck, plasticity, genetic  activity, species specific, perception, differentiation.  323  "Motivation and subjective experience in birds." A. Elzanowski,  Acta XX Congressus Internationalis Ornithologici 3:1921-1929  (1991). (ISBN: 0-9597975-3-X)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: affective state, emotion,subjective experience,  brain stimulation, intracranial self stimulation, reward,  punishment, play, values, morals, ethics.  324  "Stress in birds." J.A. Mench, Acta XX Congressus Internationalis  Ornithologici 3:1905-1914 (1991). (ISBN: 0-9597975-3-X)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: corticosterone, handling, social behavior, feed  restriction, transport.  325  "Behavioral effects of companion separation of group reared  chicks prior to testing." B. Mohanty and P.K. Mishra,  Psychological Reports 66(3 part 2):1243-1247 (1990).  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: less locomotion, more distress calls, fewer pecking  responses.  326  "Comparative psychophysics: Some contextual effects in birds and  humans." B. Zoeke, V. Sarris, and G. Hofer, International Journal  of Comparative Psychology 3(2):151-163 (1990). (ISSN: 0889-3667)  NAL call number: IPS-26828  Descriptors: species differences, stimulus frequency,  generalization, cube size, age differences.  327  "Predatory aspects of open field testing: Towards a functional  analysis of ongoing behaviour in chickens." G.G. Gallup, D.R.  Rager, and K.W. Scheuerman, Bird Behaviour 8(2):67-72 (1990).  (ISSN: 0156-1383)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: defensive behavior, vocalizations, adaptive  reactions.  328  "Simple ethological models of depression social-isolation induced  despair in chick and mice." J. Panksepp, G. Yates, S. Ikemoto,  and E. Nelson. In: Advances in Pharmacological Sciences: Animal  Models in Psychopharmacology, XIth International Congress of  Pharmacology on Animal Models in Psychopharmacology  B. Oliver,  J. Mos, and J.L. Slangen (eds.), Amsterdam, Netherlands, July  7-8, 1990, pp. 161-182. (ISBN 0-8176-2503-8)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: distress vocalizations, immobility, behavior,  psychopharmacology.  329  "Social isolation induced despair in chicks and mice simple  animal models of reactive depression." J. Panksepp, G. Yates, E.  Nelson, S. Ikemoto, and R.R. Conner, Society of Neuroscience  Abstracts 16(1):599 (1990).  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: distress, emotion, vocalization.  330  "Glycoprotein synthesis and postsynaptic remodelling in long-term  memory." S.P. Rose, Neurochemistry International 14(3):299-307  (1989). (ISSN: 0197-0186)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: avoidance conditioning, biochemistry, learning,  memory, chick forebrain, fucoglycoproteins, memory storage,  avoidance conditioning, basal ganglia.  331  "Open-field behavior of young chicks (Gallus gallus):  Antipredatory responses, social reinstatement motivation, and  gender effects." G. Vallortigara and M. Zanforlin, Animal  Learning and Behavior 16(3):359-362 (1988). (ISSN: 0090-4996)  NAL call number: QL785 A725  Descriptors: sex differences, group reared, social isolation,  motivation.  332  "Depression as yielding behavior: An animal model based on  Schjelderup-Ebbe's pecking order." J.S. Price and L. Sloman,  Ethology and Sociobiology 8(3, Suppl.):85-98 (1987). (ISSN:  0162-3095)  NAL call number: BF1 E74  Descriptors: evolution, social competition, agonistic behavior,  species comparisons.  333  "Human handling, flock size and responses to an E. coli challenge  in young chickens." J.W. Collins and P.B. Siegel, Applied Animal  Behaviour Science 19(1-2):183-188 (1987). (ISSN: 0168-1591)  NAL call number: QL750 A6  Descriptors: body weight, feed consumption, physical contact,  disease challenge, air sac and heart lesions, behavioral  parameters.  334  "Oral lesions in the chicken: Behavioural responses following  nocieceptive stimulation." M.J. Gentle and F.L. Hill, Physiology  and Behavior 40(6):781-783 (1987). (ISSN: 0031-9384)  NAL call number: QP1 P4  Descriptors: pain, acetylcholine, vasodilator drugs, behavior  patterns, body posture.  335  "Unilateral kainic acid lesions reveal dominance of right  archistriatum in avian fear behavior." R.E. Phillips and O.M.  Youngren, Brain Research 377(2):216-220 (1986). (ISSN: 0006-8993)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: chick, distress calls, affective behavior, cerebral  dominance, neurotoxins, amygdaloid body.  336  "Fear responses of individually caged laying hens as a function  of cage level and aisle." R.B. Jones, Applied Animal Behaviour  Science 14(1):63-74 (1985). (ISSN: 0168-1591)  NAL call number: QL750 A6  Descriptors: laying hens, tonic immobility, avoidance,  exploratory behavior, stimulus novelty.  337  The Brain and Behavior of the Fowl  T. Ookawa (ed.), Japan  Scientific Societies Press, Tokyo, 1983, 352 pp. (ISBN  4-7622-6350-8)  NAL call number: QL696.G27B73  Descriptors: neuroanatomy, sonic immobility, social and agonistic  behavior, sexual behavior, olfactory organ, feeding behavior,  sleep, hatching behavior, abnormal behaviors, hypothermic  hypoxia, bibliography on experimentally induced epilepsy.  338  "Fearful behavior by caged hens of two genetic stocks." J.V.  Craig, T.P. Craig, and A.D. Dayton, Applied Animal Ethology  10(3):263-273 (1983). (ISSN: 0304-3762)  NAL call number: Not at NAL  Descriptors: nervousness scores, latency to feed, feather loss,  sexual maturity, egg mass.  339  "Open-field behavior in chickens: The experimenter is a  predator." S.D. Suarez and G.G. Gallup, Journal of Comparative  and Physiological Physiology 96(3):432-439 (1982). (ISSN:  0021-9940)  NAL call number: 410 J822  Descriptors: immobility, flight, defensive behavior.  340  "The assessment of fear in domestic hens exposed to a looming  human stimulus." R.B. Jones, I.J. Duncan, and B.O. Hughes,  Behavioural Processes 6(2):121-133 (1981). (ISSN: 0376-6357)  NAL call number: QL750 B4  Descriptors: radio telemetry, heart rate, strain differences,  escape behavior, head shaking, crouching.  341  "A comparison of the effects of testosterone on aggressive  responses by the domestic chick to the human hand and to a large  sphere." P.G. Clifton and R.J. Andrew, Animal Behaviour  29(2):610-620 (1981). (ISSN: 0003-3472)  NAL call number: 410 B77  Descriptors: adult attack, courtship, and copulation behavior,  males.  342  "Attempts to modify the responses of domestic fowl towards human  beings: The effect of early experience." L.B. Murphy and I.J.  Duncan, Applied Animal Ethology 4(1):5-12 (1978). (ISSN:  0304-3762)  NAL call number: QL750 A6  Descriptors: early experience, withdrawal response, genetics,  learning.  343  "Behavioural responses to visual stimuli following posterior  dorsal telencephalic ablations in Gallus domesticus." M.J. Gentle  and F. Renwick, Behavioural Processes 3(4):305-316 (1978). (ISSN:  0376-6357)  NAL call number: QL750.B4  Descriptors: white leghorn hens, brain lesions, visual  stimulation, escape avoidance behavior.  344  The Behaviour of the Domestic Fowl  D.G.M. Wood-Gush, Heinemann  Educational Books Ltd., London, 1971, 147 pp.  NAL call number: QL785.5 P6W66  Descriptors: senses and perception, communication, displays,  agonistic behavior, social behavior, mating behavior, maintenance  behavior, hormones, feeding, drinking, and grooming behavior,  learning, stress.**WELFARE AND HUSBANDRY**  345  "The welfare of poultry in modern production systems." J.A.  Mench, Poultry Science Review (in press).  Descriptors: defining welfare, measuring welfare, productivity,  space requirements, crowding, transportation, ethics, welfare.  346  "Poultry workshop." F.W. Edens and P.B. Siegel, In: The  Well-being of Agricultural Animals in Biomedical and Agricultural  Research  Proceedings from SCAW conference, Agriculture Animals  in Research, September 6-7, 1990, Washington, D.C. J.A. Mench,  S.J. Mayer and L. Krulisch (eds.), Scientists Center for Animal  Welfare, February 1992, pp. 94-98.  NAL call number: HV4704 W38 1990  Descriptors: regulatory perspectives, AAALAC accreditation,  surgery, welfare, behavior, transport, handling, restraint.  347  "Raising Quail, Partridge, Pheasant, Bobwhites, and Ostriches  January 1987-January 1991." J.A. Larson, Quick Bibliography  Series (USDA, NAL), QB 91-72, 21 p. (April 1991).  (ISSN:1052-5378)  NAL call number: aZ5071.N3 no.91-72  Descriptors: bibliography, diseases, husbandry, breeding,  behavior, reproduction, nutrition.  348  "Cages modified with perches and nests for the improvement of  bird welfare." M.C. Appleby and B.O. Hughes, World's Poultry  Science Journal 46(1):38-40 (March 1990).  NAL call number: 47.8 W89  Descriptors: cage modifications, perches, nest boxes, egg  production, behavior.  349  "Poultry Housing and Facilities January 1979-August 1990." Karen  J. Clingerman, Quick Bibliography Series (USDA, NAL), QB 91-02,  36 p. (October 1990).  NAL call number: aZ5071.N3 no.91-02  Descriptors: bibliography, housing systems, cages, floor pens,  lighting, ventilation.  350  "Recent developments in laying cages designed to improve bird  welfare." H.A. Elson, World's Poultry Science Journal 46(1):34-37  (March 1990).  NAL call number: 47.8 W89  Descriptors: cage modifications, perches, exercise, foot  condition, tiered caging system.  351  "Welfare of Poultry." Karen J. Clingerman, Quick Bibliography  Series (USDA, NAL), QB 91-03, 28 p. (October 1990).  NAL call number: aZ5071.N3 no.91-03  Descriptors: bibliography, behavior, housing, husbandry, hormonal  status, feeding systems, production.  352  "The genetic behavior interface and well being of poultry." P.B.  Siegel, British Poultry Science 30(1):3-13 (1989).  NAL call number: SF995.A1A9  Descriptors: genotype-environment interactions, behavior and  disease resistance, adaptability.  353  Third European Symposium on Poultry Welfare, Tours France June  11-14th, 1989. J.M. Fraure and A.D. Mills (ed.), The European  Federation of the World's Poultry Science Association's Working  Group 9 on Poultry Welfare and the French Branch of the World's  Poultry Science Association, 1989, 284 p.  NAL call number: HD9437.E9 1989  Descriptors: genetic selection, assessing welfare, handling,  transport, development, effects of rearing, housing, egg  production, nest boxes, stereotyped behaviors, dust bathing,  feather pecking.  354  "Broiler Chicken." D.W.B. Sainsbury, In: Management and Welfare  of Farm Animals, The UFAW Handbook (3rd edition), Bailliere  Tindall, Philadelphia, 1988, pp. 221-232.  NAL call number: SF61.M35 1988  Descriptors: flooring, litter, stocking density, nutrition,   environmental requirements, temperature, lighting, ventilation,  housing, handling, transport, disease.  355  "The domestic fowl in biomedical research physiological effects  of the environment." B.M. Freeman, World's Poultry Science  Journal 44(1):41-60 (1988).  NAL call number: 47.8 W89  Descriptors: air quality, temperature, humidity, altitude, light,  sound, experimental design considerations, heat production, body  temperature.  356  "Ducks." P.J. Hearn and K.R. Gooderham, In: Management and  Welfare of Farm Animals, The UFAW Handbook (3rd edition),  Bailliere Tindall, Philadelphia, 1988, pp. 243-253.  NAL call number: SF61.M35 1988  Descriptors: breeding, flooring, litter, stocking density,  nutrition, environmental requirements, temperature, lighting,  ventilation, housing, handling, behavior, sexing, marking,  disease.  357  "Guidelines for Poultry Husbandry." In: Guide for the Care and  Use of Agricultural Animals in Agricultural Research and  Teaching, Consortium for Developing a Guide for the Care and Use  of Agricultural Animals in Agricultural Research and Teaching,  Association Headquarters, 309 West Clark Street, Champaign, IL,  1988, pp. 39-46.  NAL call number: QL55.G8 1988  Descriptors: facilities, social environment, chickens, turkeys,  ducks, space requirements, bedding, flooring, feeding,  ventilation.  358  "Laying Hens." A.H. Sykes, In: Management and Welfare of Farm  Animals, The UFAW Handbook (3rd edition), Bailliere Tindall,  Philadelphia, 1988, pp. 197-219.  NAL call number: SF61.M35 1988  Descriptors: biology, breeding, genetics, nutrition,  environmental requirements, temperature, lighting, ventilation,  housing, handling, transport, disease.  359  "Turkeys." C. Nixey, In: Management and Welfare of Farm Animals,  The UFAW Handbook (3rd edition), Bailliere Tindall, Philadelphia,  1988, pp. 233-242.  NAL call number: SF61.M35 1988  Descriptors: reproduction, growth rates, nutrition, environmental  requirements, temperature, lighting, ventilation, density,  handling, restraint, transport, disease.  360  "The transition from hen house to laboratory cage: Problems and  pitfalls." W.B. Gross, NeuroToxicology 3(4):295-298 (1982).  NAL call number: RC321 N437  Descriptors: environmental changes, corticosterone,  socialization, handling, organophosphates, toxicity.**AUTHOR INDEX**  Abbas, S.K. 066  Abbott, U. 073, 077  Abbott, U.K. 114  Abou-Donia, M.B. 271  Abplanalp, H. 163, 212, 222  Adler, R. 127  Akagi, S. 203  Akhtar, S.Q. 161  Albert, R.A. 313  Albini, B. 182  Allen, C.B. 314  Allinquant, B. 306  Altman, R.D. 082  Ambrosi, L. 260  Anderson, K.E. 247  Andrew, R.J. 308, 341  Angelides, K.J. 132  Angelini, A. 052  Angello, J.C. 293  Appleby, M.C. 348  Arko, R.J. 158  Armstrong, M.L. 038  Arruti, C. 302  Asinger, R.W. 062  Awata, N. 227  Awrich, P. 204  Azuma, J. 227  Bacher, J. 165  Baecher-Stepphan, L. 258  Baggio, G. 242  Bailey, J.W. 044  Baimbridge, K.G. 241  Baker, C.C. 070  Balls, M. 250  Banes, A.J. 080  Bang, B.G. 197  Bang, F.B. 197  Barabanov, V.M. 279  Barnes, E.M. 132  Barnes, H.J. 005  Barra, H.S. 309  Barrie, D.L. 304  Barrow, P.A. 151  Barth, R. 154  Basu, A. 253  Baylink, D.J. 067, 105, 112  Beard, C.W. 005  Bearden, D.W. 103  Beauchene, J.G. 079  Beeker, K. 268  Belanger, F. 267  Belo, M. 167  Benson, D. 073  Benson, D.R. 114  Bertorini, T.E. 111  Bertossi, M. 260  Beug, H. 160  Bhogal, B.S. 008  Bird, M.M. 299  Bizier, K. 240  Bjat, H.B. 056  Bjelle, A. 236  Blahos, J. 066  Blanchaert, N. 208  Blas, S.D. 098  Bloom, F.E. 281  Bocchieri, M.H. 146, 219  Bogin, E. 041  Boissy, R.E. 223, 226  Boitard, C. 153  Bolden, S.L. 055  Booman, K.A. 269  Borges, M. 246  Bourdeau, C.A. 047, 205  Bourdillon, M.C. 047  Bowen, J.M. 031  Bowers, R.R. 214, 221  Boyd, J.W. 277  Boyd, R. 163, 222  Bradley, N.S. 287  Brake, J. 055  Braun, K. 125  Bree, A. 142  Brewer, R.N. 313  Brewster, J.S. 276  Brezinschek, H.P. 166  Brookins-Hendricks, M.J. 281  Bryant, C.C. 116  Buckley, M.J. 080  Bucy, R.P. 150  Burger, J. 252  Burley, R.W. 007  Burnette, M.A. 266  Burns, L.J. 217  Bursian, S.J. 129, 131, 277  Bush, K.T. 257  Cahaner, A. 210  Calderra, C.M. 043  Callender, M.G. 295  Calnek, B.W. 005  Camerero, C. 285  Campbell, L.R. 296  Campbell, T.E. 010  Caragnano, C. 070  Care, A.D. 066  Caroli, M. 052  Carraro, U. 052  Carrington, C.D. 271  Cascieri, T.M. 269  Cavacini, L.A. 148  Chambers, C.M. 262  Chambers, P.L. 262  Chambon, J.P. 240  Chandra, R.K. 193  Chapman, M.J. 039  Char, D. 150  Chaudun, E. 306  Chen, D.L. 150  Cheng, S.H. 309  Chevallier, P. 199  Christiansen, J.L. 046  Chung, A.E. 289  Cirillo, A. 302  Cisson, C.M. 278, 279  Claman, H.N. 220  Clarkson, T.B. 054  Clemedson, C. 259  Clifton, P.G. 342  Clingerman, K.J. 033, 034, 035, 156, 349, 351  Clo, C. 043  Colca, J.R. 209  Cole, D.J.A. 009  Cole, G.T. 181  Cole, J.A. 120  Collins, J.W. 331  Conners, 327  Connolly, R.J. 314  Cooper, N.A. 140  Corbel, C. 167  Corlett, S.C. 066  Cossart, Y.E. 179  Cotanche, D.A. 317  Counis, M.F. 307  Counter, F.T. 239  Courtney, D.R. 103  Courtois, Y. 302, 307  Coutu, M.D. 218  Cova, L. 199  Crabb, I.D. 093  Craig, J.V. 336  Craig, S.W. 218  Craig, T.P. 338  Crawford, R.D. 228, 255  Critchlow, M.A. 088  Crittenden, L.B. 143  Crouse, G.D. 239  Cunningham, B.A. 215  Cunningham, D.E. 128  Czsarnecki, C.M. 057, 060, 273, 275  Dasgupta, S.C. 253  Davis, F.B. 098  Davis, P.J. 098  Davis, P.L. 295  Day, C.E. 191  Dayton, A.D. 338  De Moura, W. 110  De Pablo, F. 206  Dean, D.D. 082  Deane, D. 268  Debono, M. 238, 239   DeGennaro, L.D. 272  Del Castillo, P. 213  Demetrulias, J. 269  Dermon, C.R. 135  Di Carlantonio, M.E. 180  Dickson, I.R. 086  Dietrich, H. 166  Dietrich, H.M. 162  Difronzo, N.L. 155  Di Modugno, G. 180  Djoenaidi, W. 126  Dopyera, E.E. 317  Driedger, A. 269  Drobinskaya, O.V. 265  Duhadaway, J. 129  Duncan, I.J. 340, 342  Dunlap, J. 081  Dunleavy, U. 164  Dunnington, E.A. 210  Easter, R.A. 195  Edelman, G.M. 215  Edens, F.W. 346  Edwards, B.R. 201, 207  Egan, T.F. 103  Ehrich, M. 261  Einszig, S. 058  Einzig, S. 048, 059, 062  El-Fawal, H. 261  Ellis, R.D. 118  Elson, H.A. 350  Elton, C. 268  Elzanowski, A. 322  Emoedy, L. 177, 189  Emslie, K.R. 104, 108, 185  Entrikin, R.K. 071  Erdman, J.W. 195  Evanson, O.A. 057  Ewards, P. 201  Ewert, D. 129  Eyre, D.R. 118  Fabricant, C.G. 053, 061, 065  Fabricant, J. 053, 065  Faher, G.C. 195  Farage-Elawar, M. 248  Farley, J.R. 105  Farner, D.S. 023  Farnum, C.E. 097  Fedde, M.R. 040  Federspiel, M.J. 143  Fedtsova, N.G. 289  Feehan, L.M. 078  Felty-Duckworth, A.M. 239  Ferder, M. 110  Ferrante, J. 230  Ferrari, F. 242  Fineman, R.M. 294, 295  Fleishmajer, R. 092  Fletcher, M.P. 194  Foard, M.A. 197  Forgez, P. 039  Forte, L.R. 1200, 122, 123  Foytik, J.E. 044  Franke, V. 154  Fraure, J.M. 353  Fredrickson, T.N. 205  Freeman, B.M. 022, 355  Freemont, A.J. 086  Freiman, J.S. 179  Fromtling, R.A. 229  Fu, J. 077  Fu, P. 235  Fujita, T. 231  Fukuda, R. 203  Gainer, J.H. 258  Gal, O. 210  Galindo, J. 098  Gallemore, R.P. 304  Gallup, G.G. 327, 339  Gao, L. 069  Gardner, M.B. 159  Garrett, P.D. 051  Gellai, M. 207  Genis-Galvez, J.M. 088  Gentle, M.J. 320, 334, 343  Gershwin, M.E. 163, 194, 212, 222, 224, 225  Gill, P. 083  Ginder, G.D. 217  Girbau, M. 206  Glauber, J.G. 217  Glimcher, M.J. 118  Goebel, W. 177  Goeger, D.E. 247  Gomes, A. 253  Gomez, J.A. 206, 213  Gooderham, K.R. 356  Gopalakrishnakone, P. 107  Gordon, J.R. 176  Gottlieb, G. 324  Gottlieb, M.D. 303  Gowans, E. 201  Graf, T. 160, 175, 186  Grant, M.E. 086  Greengard, P. 215  Greenstein, B. 110  Griffing, W.J. 284  Griffith, J.F. 269  Grosgogeat, Y. 047  Gross, W.B. 280, 360  Guentzel, M.N. 181  Guillot, J.F. 142  Gust, I. 201  Gwathmey, J.K. 249  Haapanen, L. 163, 222  Haberfeld, A. 210  Hacker, J. 177  Hadjiisky, P. 047  Hajjar, D.P. 053  Hala, K. 166, 171  Hall, B.K. 089  Hall, C. 110  Halperin, N. 096  Hamaguchi, T. 227  Hansmann, G. 310  Haresign, W. 009  Harmon, J. 221   Harris, J.B. 117  Harrison, G.J. 015  Harrison, L.R. 015  Hart, R.C. 251  Hazelwood, R.L. 209  Hazlewood, C.F. 103, 209  Hearn, P.J. 356  Heistad, D.D. 038  Hennessen, W. 020  Herbert, R. 049  Hermier, D. 039  Hidaka, M. 203  Hill, F.L. 333  Hillel, J. 210  Hinchliffe, J.R. 088  Hirabayashi, T. 076  Hirai, A. 113  Hironaka, T. 106  Hirota, K. 170, 174, 202  Hodos, H. 296  Hoerr, F.J. 188  Hof, H. 177  Hofer, G. 326  Holdiness, M.R. 274  Homma, K. 018  Hoofnagle, J.H. 165  Horvath, S. 284  Horwitz, D.S. 081  Hotte, C.E. 316  Howland, H.C. 300  Hu, D.H. 091  Hudecki, M.S. 098  Huff, M. 295  Hughes, B.O. 340, 348  Hughes, S.H. 143  Hunter, E.T. 257  Huq, F. 161  Hurle, J.M. 088  Hurley, L. 194  Hyson, R.L. 136  Ianieri, A. 180  Ikari, Y. 106  Ikemoto, S. 328, 329  Imazeki, F. 170  Inaba, M. 231  Ingbar, S.H. 246  Ingermann, R. 013  Inouye, H. 231  Irving, E.L. 297  Itahana, H. 231  Ito, Y. 170, 174, 202   Iwatsuru, M. 315  Jaffee, A.L. 045  Jaffee, O.C. 045  Jager, E.J. 157  Jalkanen, S. 173  Jeanny, J.C. 302  Jenden, D.J. 235  Jiang, L.Z. 310  Jimenez, S.A. 146, 219  Jirillo, E. 180  Johnson, D.D. 228, 255  Johnson, M.H. 321  Johnston, E. 212  Jokinen, M.P. 054  Jones, R.B. 336, 339  Jordan, F.T.W. 184  Jordan, R.D. 080  Jork, R. 138  Jortner, B.S. 261  Joshi, H.B. 303  Judah, D.J. 198  Judge, S.J. 301  Julian, R. 036  Kagan, Y.S. 234  Kahn, B. 081  Kalmus, G.W. 277  Kalter, S.S. 020  Karakiulakis, G. 147  Karathanasis, S.K. 216  Kassianides, C. 165  Kato, M. 231  Kavumpurath, S. 089  Keeling, M.E. 044  Keen, C.L. 194  Kehrer, J.P. 090, 093  Kemppainen, R.J. 051  Kennedy, J.M. 069  Kenner, G.H. 115  Kenyon, J.L. 124  Keough, E.M. 316  Kerkvliet, N.I. 258  Kety, I. 189  Kibler, P.K. 098  Kiby, M.L. 046  Kikuchi, T. 102  Kimura, S. 091  King, A.S. 021  King, D.B. 071  King, J.R. 023  Kirby, A.C. 085  Kirst, H.E. 239  Kishimoto, S. 227  Kluck, P. 137  Knaack, J.B. 279  Knoflach, P. 182  Koch, G. 008, 157  Koda, L.Y. 283  Kohge, N. 203  Kojima, T. 076  Kokshareva, N.V. 234  Kolesari, G.L. 232, 256  Kong, B. 269  Korn, J.H. 152  Korpela, R. 173  Koschiuk, M.C. 257  Kouvelas, E.D. 135  Kraemer, D. 234  Krause, W.J. 120  Krista, L.M. 049, 050, 051, 055  Kroemer, G. 166  Krulisch, L. 002  Kuenzel, W.J. 011  Kuhlmann, R.S. 232, 256  Kuhn, K. 092  Kumagai, A. 113  Kupper, T.S. 070  Kuppers, R.C. 169  Kurtenbach, E. 084  Kus'minskaya, U.A. 265  Kusters, J.G. 157  Kwan, A.P.L. 086  L'Abbate, N. 260  Labarthe, J.C. 142  Labourene, J. 246  Lahiri, S.C. 253  Lai, B.H. 273  Lambert, V. 199  Lamoreux, M.L. 223  Langeluttig, S.G. 123  Lanyon, L.E. 095  Larson, J.A. 032, 347  Lauber, J.K. 311  Lavi, U. 210  Lax, D. 048  Layer, P.G. 310  Le Douarin, N.M. 167  Lee, H. 257  Lee, J.W. 315  Leeds, J.P. 238  Lehning, E. 129  Lenstra, J.A. 157  Lesniak, M.A. 206  Levander, O.A. 193  Lieberman, P. 127  Lien, Y. 073, 077  Lin, C. 103  Litrenta, M.M. 065  Liu, L. 310  Liu, S.K. 064  Llorente, A.R. 213  Lobo, G.F. 084  Locarnini, S. 201  Lopez de Torre, B. 287, 291, 292  Lopez, F. 237  Loscher, W. 243, 244  Louis, J.C. 233  Luciw, P.A. 159  Lundy, M.W. 105, 112  MacBride, R.G. 085  Mackie, K. 215  Maclaren, N. 172  Madge, G.E. 204  Madreperla, S. 127  Major, D. 164  Mandell, J. 119  Manodoro, V. 180  Manske, P.R. 081  Maragoudakis, M.E. 147  Marcovici, B.G. 134  Martin, C. 167  Martinelli, R. 242  Maruyama, K. 091  Masson, M. 011  Mathews, D.M. 165  Matsumoto, M. 258  Matsuyama, Y. 170  Mattox, D.E. 318  Mayer, S.J. 002  McCarrey, J.R. 114  McCormick, W.C. 269  McCue, P.A. 251  McCullagh, J.J. 083  McDaniel, G.R. 050, 055, 313  McLelland, J. 021  McLeod, K.J. 095  Means, L.W. 266  Megias, A. 072  Mehrotra, R. 199  Meijers, J.H.C. 137  Meisser, G. 190  Melancon-Kaplan, J. 148  Meldrum, B.S. 243  Meloen, R.H. 157  Mench, J.A. 002, 144, 324, 345  Metcalfe, J. 013  Meyer, E.M. 312  Mikami, S. 018  Millar, T.J. 304  Miller, B.L. 235  Miller, J.J. 241  Miller, L.E. 055  Miller, L.G. 237  Miller, S.D. 195  Mills, A.D. 353  Minick, C.R. 065  Minor, R.R. 097  Mirsalimi, M. 036  Mishra, P.K. 325  Misra, L.K. 103  Missirlis, E. 147  Mody, I. 241  Mohan, S. 067  Mohanty, B. 325  Molenaar, J.C. 137  Monno, R.A. 180  Mora, E. 055  Mora, E.C. 187, 313  Moraes, S.S. 084  Morgan, I.G. 305  Mornex, R. 211  Morris, V.C. 193  Morton, J. 321  Moskal, T.J. 165  Mouline, C. 142  Muller, C.M. 319  Muller, H. 154  Murphy, L.B. 342  Murphy, M.E. 090, 094  Muzuno, Y. 100  Nade, S. 104, 108, 185  Nagele, R.G. 257  Nairn, A.C. 215  Nakamura, K. 231  Nakaue, H.S. 258  Nascimben, L. 052  Nascimento, P.S. 052, 084  Neal, G.E. 198  Negulesco, J.A. 056  Nelson, E. 328, 329  Neo, Z. 096  Neu, N. 169  Newman, H.A.  056  Newman, R.W. 164  Nickla, D.L. 303  Nishigori, H. 315  Niu, J. 201  Niven-Fairchild, T. 070  Nixey, C. 359  Noel, S.A. 056  Nonaka, I. 101  Norden, C.W. 099  Noren, G.R. 048, 058, 059, 062  Norman, A.W. 192  North, W.G. 207  North-Root, H. 269  Norwood, T.H. 293  Notermans, S.L.H. 126  O'Brien, P.J. 036  O'Keefe, R.J. 093  Obinata, T. 076  Ohara, E. 231  Ohta, K. 100, 227  Okinaga, S. 203  Okuda, K. 174, 201  Olubuyide, I.O. 198  Omata, M. 170, 174, 202  Omura, S. 239  Ono, N. 203  Ookawa, T. 019, 337  Orr, J.A. 039  Ose, E.E. 239  Ott, J.L. 239  Oxford, J.S. 164  Paljarvi, L. 173  Panksepp, J. 328, 329  Panoutsacopoulou, M. 147  Park, J.B. 115  Parkes, K.C. 023  Patterson, R. 050  Pauletto, P. 052  Pedder, S.C.J. 228, 255  Pedersoli, W.M. 049, 051  Pendergrass, W.R. 293  Penner, E. 182  Pennington, S.N. 254, 266, 268, 277  Perlish, J.S. 092  Pessah, I.N. 078  Pessina, A.C. 052  Peters, C.A. 119  Peterson, W.W. 081  Phillips, J.G. 016  Phillips, R.E. 139, 335  Piccolo, D. 052  Pidgeon, G.L. 313  Plotsky, Y. 210  Poelling, R.E. 120, 123  Polina, C.M. 098  Poor, C.L. 195  Pope, L.M. 181  Popper, H. 178  Posthumus, W.P.A. 157  Powell, E.S. 087  Prescott, S. 221  Price, J.S. 332  Prichard, R.W. 054  Prohthero, J. 293  Provencher, L.P. 143  Przybylski, R.J. 085  Puzas, J.E. 093  Qiao, M. 201  Quigley, J.P. 176  Quintana, L. 221  Rager, D.R. 327  Ragland, W.L. 251  Randall, C.J. 004  Randall, W.R. 279  Rashid, N. 308  Raskin, D.M. 213  Ratnomohan, N. 183  Rebillard, G. 141  Reid, J. 212  Reid, W.M. 005  Renwick, F. 344  Rey, A. 292  Ribatti, D. 260  Riggins, R.S. 114  Riley, J. 198  Ringer, R.K. 277  Rissing, J.P. 074  Robertson, J.S. 164  Robinson, D. 096  Roland, D.A. 187  Romero, J.B. 213  Roncali, L. 260  Rose, R.R. 169  Rose, S.P. 330  Rose, S.P.R. 133, 138  Rosier, R.N. 093  Ross, M.A. 088  Roth, M. 068  Roy, R.M. 237  Rozen, M.G. 269  Rubel, E.W. 128, 136, 141  Rubin, C.T. 095  Rublein, T.G. 058, 059  Rucker, R.B. 073, 077  Ruiz, I. 291, 292  Ryals, B.M. 141  Saborido, A. 072  Sacchi, P. 043  Sagi, A. 110  Saifuddin, M. 199  Sainsbury, D.W.B. 354  San Vincente, M. 290, 291  Sandvik, L.L. 280  Sano, K. 076  Sarmonika, M. 147  Sarris, V. 325  Sastry, R. 216  Satterfield, W.C. 044  Sawamura, A. 227  Scannapieco, G.  Schaeffel, F. 299  Schaffer, S.W. 057  Scheck, M. 077  Scheich, H. 318  Scheid, P. 040, 042  Scheuerman, K.W. 326  Schiedt, M.J. 078  Schierman, L.W. 155  Schlachter, M. 196  Schmid, B. 259  Schoenl, M. 098  Schoenwolf, G.C. 293, 294  Schreck, R.E. 214  Schutzmann, R.L. 282  Seiber, J.N. 279  Seifert, J. 264  Settnes, O.P. 188  Shacklock, J.A. 241  Shafren, D.R. 149  Shams, H. 040, 042  Shapiro, F. 118  Sharma, J.M. 003  Shell, L. 261  Shen, H. 036  Shields, H.E. 232, 256  Shimada, Y. 203  Shoemaker, W.J. 282  Siegel, P.B. 210, 332, 346, 352  Sieweke, M.H. 168  Silvak, J.G. 297  Sivak, J.G. 303  Skordis, N. 172  Slack, J.M.W. 285  Slater, C.R. 117  Sloman, L. 331  Smith, B.J. 001  Smith, S.A. 001  Smyth, J.R. 226  Sohal, G.S. 295  Sorkin, B.C. 215  Spano, J. 049  Spano, J.S. 051  Sperelakis, N. 227  Sprague, G.L. 279  St. Clair, R.W. 063  Stadt, H.A. 046  Stake, P.E. 205  Staley, N. 048  Staley, N.A. 058, 059, 062  Steinberg, R.H. 305  Steiner, I. 130  Stern, R. 073, 077  Sterz, H. 263  Stevens, L. 006  Stock, M. 013  Stockert, J.C. 213  Stoker, A.W. 168  Stout, R.W. 037  Strauch, B. 110  Sturkie, P.D. 014  Suarez, S.D. 338  Sugita, H. 101  Sunal, M. 287  Suzuki, M. 075  Swanepoel, R. 145  Swartz, W.J. 281  Sykes, A.H. 358  Tagawa, M. 170  Takano, S. 170  Takihara, K. 227  Tanaka, D. 129, 131, 227  Tang, C. 235  Tannock, G.A. 149  Tantini, B. 043  Tao, E.V. 239  Thacore, H.R. 098  Thaler, M.M. 208  Thomas, M.L. 123  Thompson, C.L. 132  Thorne, P.K. 120  Thyagarajan, S.P. 201  Tibboel, D. 137  Tilley, L.P. 065  Timpl, R. 092  Tkachenko, I.I. 234  Todd, G.C. 284  Toivanen, A. 012  Toivanen, P. 012, 173  Torrado, J. 287  Toth, J.E. 238  Tovar, J.A. 286, 290, 291  Trepo, C. 199  Triggle, D.J. 230  Trocado, M.T. 084  Truedell, B.A. 238   Tuchek, J.M. 228, 255  Turner, S.M. 087  Tustin, J.M. 238  Twomey, K.P. 262  Uchida, Y. 203  Uchiumi, K. 170, 174, 202  Uesato, S. 231  Ulshafer, R.J. 311, 312  Unger, E.R. 251  Uriarte, S. 290, 291  Vadehra, D.V. 007  Vajro, P. 208  Vallortigara, G. 331  Valtin, H. 207  Van de Water, J. 163, 222, 224, 225  Van Den Bosch, J.F. 189  Van Der Kampk, A.W.M. 137  Van Der Zeijst, B.A.M. 157  Van Gelder, N.M. 267  Van Haperen-Heuts, I.C.C.M. 137  Velazquez, J.L. 132  Vena, V.E. 121  Vergjovski-Almeid, A.S. 084  Vescovo, G. 052  Vicenzi, J.T. 239  Vincendon, G. 233  Virgintino, D. 260  VonBartheld, C.S. 128  VonRecum, A.F. 115, 116  Wada, M. 018  Walser, M.M. 193  Walum, E. 259  Wang, Y. 201  Ward, K.M. 056  Weerheim, J.A. 304  Weidanz, W.P. 148  Weiler, J. 036  Weill, C.L. 237  Weinmann, E. 154  Weiser, H. 196  Werner, M. 127  Westbrook, D.D. 124  Whistler, T. 145  Whitesides, J.F. 050  Whitley, R.D. 313  Wick, G. 166  Wideman, R.F. 121  Wiener, S.G. 282  Wilcox, L.M. 316  Wilcox, R.I. 228, 255  Wilkinson, J.L. 297  Wilks, C.R. 200  Willard, K.E. 238  Williams, J. 039  Williams, L. 048  Wilson, B.W. 278, 279  Wilson, D.J. 083  Wilson, R.W. 277  Wind, J.A. 239  Winn, K.J. 251  Witiak, D.T. 056  Witkowski, J.A. 109  Wold, H. 166  Wolf, B. 204  Wolf, M.A. 233  Wood, J.M. 164  Wood-Gush, D.G.M. 024, 344  Woodbury, D.M. 245  Woodrow, J.E. 279  Wroblewski, T.J. 115, 116  Xu, S.Y. 150  Yanai, J. 134  Yang, G. 305  Yates, G. 328, 329  Yoder, H.W. 005  Yokosuka, O. 170, 174, 202  Youngren, O.M. 139, 335  Zagris, N. 288  Zak, R. 069  Zanfanti, M.L. 043  Zanforlin, M. 331  Zbinden, G. 270  Zhang, S.L. 048  Zhou, Y. 174, 202  Zinchenko, D.V. 234  Zinovyeva, M.L. 234  Zoeke, B. 326
Animal Welfare  Information Center United States Department of Agriculture National  Agricultural Library*USDA Cooperative Agreement No. 58-0520-5-076 - July, 1995* |
|-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------|