/IVNASA Technical Memorandum 4469 

Microgravity Science and Applications 

Program Tasks and Bibliography 

for FY 1992 

MARCH 1993 

( NAS A-T M-44o/ ) IC~ G AVITY 

scrE ICE AND APP LICA TI O S : PROGRAM 

TASKS A ) 6 1 LI OGRA PHY FOR FY 1992 

( SA ) J P 

3'6-0 f Hl/29 

NI\S/\ 

N93-23428 

Unclas 

0153693 
NASA Technical Memorandum 4469 

Microgravity Science and Applications 

Program Tasks and Bibliography 

for FY 1992 

NASA Office of Space S cience and Applications 

Washington, D. C. 

NI\SI\ 

National Aeronautics and 

Space Administration 

Office of Management 

Scientific and Technical 

Information Program 

1993 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

T ABLE OF CONTENTS 

I. INTRODUCTION ................. ............................................................................................. 1 

II. MICROGRA VITY SCIENCE & APPLICATIONS PROGRAM TASKS ................ 5 

FLIGHT PROGRAM TASKS 

Flight: Biotechnology 

Electrophoretic Separation of Cells and Particles from 

Rat Pituitary and Rat Spleen (Hymer, Wesley C.) ............................................................................... 7 

Enhanced Hybridoma Production Using Electrofusion (Sammons, David W.) .................................... 9 

Electrophoresis Technology (Snyder, Robert S.) ................................................................................... 10 

Flight: Combustion Science 

Low-Velocity, Opposed-Flow Flame Spread in a 

Transport-Controlled, Microgravity Environment (Altenkirch, Robert A.) ....................................... 12 

Scientific Support for an Orbiter Middeck Experiment on Solid Surface Combustion 

(Altenkirch, Robert A.) ...................................... .................................................................................... 14 

Gas Jet Diffusion Flames (GDF) Experiment 

(Bahadori, Yousef) ......................................................... ........................................................................ 16 

Investigation of Laminar Jet Diffusion Flames in Microgravity: 

A Paradigm for Soot Processes in Turbulent Flames (Faeth, Gerard M.) ............................................ 19 

Fundamental Study of 

Smoldering Combustion in Microgravity (Fernandez-Pello, A. Carlos) ............................................ 21 

Premixed Laminar and Turbulent Flames at Microgravity (Ronney, Paul D.) ................................... 23 

Flame Spread Across Liquids (Ross, Howard) ...................................................................................... 27 

Scientific Support for a 

5]Xlce Shuttle Droplet Burning Experiment (Williams, Forman A.) .................................................. 31 

Flight: Electronic Materials 

Directional Solidification of Cadmium Telluride (Carlson, Frederick M.) .......................................... 34 

GaAs Crystal Growth Experiment (Ditchek, Brian) ............................................................................. 36 

Compound Semiconductor Growth in Low-g Environment (Fripp, Archibald L.) ............................. 37 

A Study of Solution Crystal Growth in Low-g (La I, Ravindra B.) ....................................................... 40 

Orbital Processing of High-Quality Cadmium Telluride Compound Semiconductors 

(Larson, David J.) ................................................................................................................................... 43 

Crystal Growth of II-IV Semiconducting Alloys by Directional Solidification 

(Lehoczky, Sandor L.) ........................................................................................................................... 45 

The Study of Dopant Segregation Behavior 

During the Growth of GaAs in Microgravity (Matthiesen, David H.) ............................................... 47 

Cadmium Telluride Microgravity Growth (Neurgaonkar, Ratnakar R.) ........................................... 48 

Double Diffusive Convection During Growth of Lead Bromide Crystals (Singh, N. 8.) ...................... 50 

Vapor Crystal Growth Studies (van den Berg, Lodewijk) ................................................. ................. 51 

Vapor Transport Crystal Growth of Mercury-Cadmium Telluride in Microgravity 

(Wiedemeier, Heribert) ......................................................................................................................... 53 

Flight: Fluid Physics 

Surface Controlled Phenomena (Apfel, Robert E.) ................................................................................ 55 

Kinetics of Diffusional Droplet Growth (Frazier, Donald 0.) .............................................................. 57 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

TABLE OF CONTENTS 

Geophysical Fluid Flow Cell (Hart, John E.) ... ...................................................................................... 59 

Interfacial Phenomena in Multilayered Fluid Systems (Koster, Jean N.) ............................................ 61 

Surface-Tension-Driven Convection Experiment (Ostrach, Simon) ................................................... 63 

Thennocapillary Migration and Interactions of Bubbles and Drops (Subramanian, Shankar) .......... 65 

Drop Dynamics Investigation (Wang, Taylor G.) ................................................................................ 67 

Flight: Fundamental Physics 

Modeling of Coalescence (Gammon, Robert W.) .......... ........................................................................ 69 

Heat Capacity Measurements Near the Lambda Point of Helium (Lipa, John A.) ............................... 71 

Critical Fluid Thermal Equilibration (Wilkinson, Allen) ..................................................................... 73 

Flight: Glass and Ceramics 

Measurement of Liquid-Liquid Interfacial Tension (Weinberg, Michael C) ...................................... 75 

Flight: Metals and Alloys 

In-Situ Monitoring of Crystal Growth Using MEPHISTO (Abbaschian, Reza) ............................... 76 

Effects on Nucleation by Containerless Processing (Bayuzick, Robert J.) ........................................... 77 

Alloy Undercooling Experiments in Microgravity Environment (Flemings, Merton C) .................. 79 

Gravitational Role in Liquid-Phase Sintering (German, Randall M.) ................................................. 81 

Isothennal Dendritic Growth Experiment (Glicksman, Martin E.) .................................................... 82 

Thennophysical Properties of Metallic Glasses and 

Undercooled Alloys (Johnson, William L.) ........................................................................................... 87 

Casting and Solidification Technology (McCay, Mary Helen) ........................................................... 89 

Measurement of Viscosity and Surface Tension of Undercooled Melts (Szekely, Julian) ................... 92 

Flight: Protein Crystal Growth 

Protein Crystal Growth in a Microgravity Environment (Bugg, Charles E.) .......................... ............ 94 

CRYOSTAT (McPherson, Alexander) ........... .................................................................................... 96 

GROUND PROGRAM TASKS 

Ground: Biotechnology 

Biosynthesis of Cellulose under Microgravity Conditions (Brown, R. Malcolm) ................................ 98 

3-Dimensional Modeling of Human Colon Tissues (Jessup, J. Milburn) ............................................. 99 

Separation of Chromosome-Size DNA Molecules (Lu, Ponzy) ........................................................... 101 

Ground: Combustion Science 

An Experimental and Theoretical Study of Radiative Extinction of Diffusion Flames 

(Atreya, Arvind) ............................................................... ....................................................... ............ 104 

Ignition and Combustion of Bulk Metals in Microgravity (Branch, Melvyn C) .............................. 106 

Modeling of Microgravity Combustion Experiments (Buckmaster, John C) .................................... 108 

Gravitational Effects on Premixed Turbulent Flames: Studies of the 

Dynamics of Wrinkled Laminar Flames in Microgravity (Cheng, Robert K.) .................................. 110 

Combustion of Interacting Droplet Arrays in a Microgravity Environment 

(Dietrich, Daniel) ................................................................................................................................. 112 

Combustion of Electrostatic Sprays of Liquid Fuels in Laminar and Turbulent Regimes 

(Gomez, Alessandro) .......................................................................................................................... 114 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

T ABLE OF CONTENTS 

Structure and Dynamics of Premixed Flames in Microgravity (Kailasanath, K.) ............................. 116 

Radiative Ignition/Subsequent Flame Spread of Cellulosic Fuels in Microgravity 

(Kashiwagi, Takashi) ........................................................................................................................... 118 

Measurements and Modeling of Sooting Turbulent Jet Diffusion Flames 

Under Normal and Reduced-Gravity Conditions (Ku, Jerry C.) ........................................................ 120 

Studies of Flame Structure in Microgravity (Law, Chung K.) .......................................................... 122 

A Fundamental Study of the Combustion Syntheses of 

Ceramic-Metal Composite Materials Under Microgravity Conditions (Moore, John J.) ................... 124 

Combustion Research (Ross, Howard) ................................................................................................ 125 

Combustion Experiments in Reduced Gravity with 

2-Component Miscible Droplets (Shaw, Benjamin) ........................................................................... 127 

Combustion of Solid Fuel in Very Low Speed Oxygen Streams (T'ien, James) .................................. 129 

High Pressure Droplet Combustion Studies (Williams, Forman A.) ................................................ 131 

Ground: Electronic Materials 

Growth of Zinc Selenide Single Crystals (Anderson, Elmer E. ) ....................................................... 133 

Memory Effects in the Organometallic Chemical Beam Epitaxy of 

Compound Semiconductors (Bachmann, Klaus J.) ............... .............................................................. 134 

Fluid Mechanics and Mass Transfer in Melt Crystal Growth: 

Macro- and Micro-scale Analysis of Controlled Solidification (Brown, Robert A.) .......................... 138 

Modeling Internal Radiative Transport in Crystal Growth Processes (Derby, Jeffrey J.) ................. 142 

Growth of Nonlinear Optical Crystals by Melt Processes (Frazier, Donald 0.) ................................ 145 

Growth of Nonlinear Optical Thin Films/Vapor Processes (Frazier, Donald 0.) .............................. 147 

Electronic Materials (Glasgow, Thomas K.) ...................................................................................... 149 

Microgravity Materials Science Laboratory (Glasgow, Thomas K.) ............. .................................... 150 

Growth of Organic Single Crystals by 

Two Modified Floating-Zone Processes (Kou, Sindo) ... ...................................................................... 152 

Process Modeling for Materials Preparation (Rosenberger, Franz) .................................................. 154 

Theory of Materials Growth in Space: The Liquid-Solid Interface (Sher, Arden) .............................. 157 

Growth Kinetics of Physical Vapor Transport Properties: Crystal Growth (Singh, N. B.) ............... 161 

Vapor Crystal Growth of Electro-optical Materials (Szofran, Frank R) ............................................ 162 

Modeling Directional Solidification (Wilcox, William R) ................................................................. 164 

Crystal Growth of Device Quality GaAs in Space (Witt, Augustus F.) ............................................. 166 

Ground: Fluid Physics 

Reactive Fluids Experiment: Chemical Vapor Deposition (Clark, Ivan 0.) ....................................... 168 

Fluid Interface Behavior Under Low- and Reduced-Gravity Conditions (Concus, Paul) .................. 170 

Convection and Morphological Stability During 

Directional Solidification (Coriell, Sam R) ........................................................................................ 172 

Drop Microphysics (Davis, Robert H.) .............................................................................................. 175 

Bubble-In-Liquid Mass Transport Phenomena in a 

Reduced-Gravity Environment (De Witt, Kenneth J.) ....................................................................... 177 

Studies of Two-Phase Flow Under Microgravity (Dukler, A. E.) ....................................................... 179 

Theoretical Influence of Microgravity on Critical Fluid Measurements (Ferrell, Richard A.) .......... 181 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

T ABLE OF CONTENTS 

Molecular Dynamics of Fluid-Solid Systems (Koplik, Joel) ................................................................ 183 

Fluid Dynamics and Solidification of Metallic Melts (FDSMM) (Koster, Jean N.) .......................... 185 

Nonlinear Drop Dynamics and Chaotic Phenomena (Leal, L. Gary) ................................................. 187 

Pool Boiling Experiment (Merte, Herman) ........................................................................................ 191 

Thermocapillary Convection (Neitzel, G. Paul) .................................................................................. 193 

Industrial Processes (Ostrach, Simon) ............................................................................................... 195 

Containerless Capillary Wave Turbulence (Putterman, Seth J.) ....................................................... 197 

Transport Processes Research (Salzman, Jack) ................................................................................... 199 

Dielectric/Electrohydrodynamic Properties (Saville, Dudley A.) ...................................................... 202 

The Roles of Fluid Motion and other 

Transport Phenomena in the Morphology of Materials (Saville, Dudley A.) .................................... 204 

Capillary Containment of Liquids in a Microgravity Experiment (Steen, Paul H.) .......................... 206 

Mechanics of Granular Materials (Sture, Stein) .................................................................................. 208 

Computational Studies of Drop Collision and Coalescence (Tryggvason, Gretar) ............................ 210 

Theoretical Studies of Residual Accelerations in a Microgravity Environment; 

Stochastic Formulation of Fluid Flow Phenomena (Viflals, Jorge) ..................................................... 212 

Studies of the Dynamics of Charged Free Drops (Wang, Taylor G.) .................................................. 213 

Ground: Fundamental Physics 

Determination of the Correlation Length in 

Helium II in a Microgravity Environment (Donnelly, Russell) ........................................................ 216 

Sp:lce Technology Experiments Platform (STEP) (Everitt, C. W. Francis) ....................................... 218 

Critical Transport Phenomena in Fluid Helium Under Low Gravity (Meyer, Horst) ..................... 220 

Critical Fluid Viscosity Measurement Experiment (Moldover, Michael R) .................................... 222 

Studies in Electrohydrodynamics (Saville, Dudley A.) ...................................................................... 224 

Ground: Glasses and Ceramics 

Glass Formation and Nucleation in Microgravity: Containerless-Processed, 

Inviscid Silicate/Oxide Melts, Ground-Based Studies (Cooper, Reid F.) .. ........................................ 226 

Advanced Photonic Materials Produced by Containerless Processing (Day, Delbert E.) .................. 230 

Kinetics of Phase Transformations in Glass Forming (Kelton, Kenneth F.) ...................................... 234 

Chemical Vapor Deposition of High -To- Superconducting Films in a 

Microgravity Environment (I) (Levy, Moises) ................................................................................... 237 

Kinetics of Phase Transformation in Glass Forming (Ray, Chandra S.) ............................................ 238 

Containerless Liquid Phase Processing of Ceramic Materials (Weber, J. K. Richard) ....................... 242 

Glass Forming Ability and Crystallization of Glass (Weinberg, Michael C.) .................................. 246 

Ground: Metals and Alloys 

Microwave Materials Processing in Microgravity (Barmatz, Martin 8.) ......................................... 248 

Studies of Containerless Processing of Selected Nb-based Alloys (Bayuzick, Robert J.) .................... 250 

Dynamic Thermophysical Measurements in Microgravity (Cezairliyan, Ared) ............................... 252 

The Dynamics of Disorder-Order Transitions in Hard Sphere Colloidal Dispersions 

(Chaikin, Paul M.) ................................................................................................................................ 254 

Modeling Directional Solidification in Furnaces/Processes in the 

Microgravity Materials Science Laboratory (Chait, Arnon) .............................................................. 256 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

T ABLE OF CONTENTS 

Fluid Mechanics of Directional Solidification at Reduced Gravity (Chen, Chuan F.) ....................... 258 

Modeling of Coalescence (Davis, Robert H.) ....................................................................................... 260 

Theory of Solidification (Davis, Stephen H.) ...................................................................................... 263 

Evaluation of Microstructural Development in 

Undercooled Alloys (Grugel, Richard N.) .......................................................................................... 265 

Noncontact Thermal, Physical Property Measurement of Multiphase Systems 

(Hauge, Robert H.) .............................................................................................................................. 267 

Fluid Flow in Partly Solidified Systems (Hellawell, Angus) ............................................................. 269 

Containerless Processing of Oxide Superconductors (Hofmeister, William H.) ............................... 271 

Modeling/Experimental Studies of Droplet Pushing in 

Miscibility-Gap Alloy Solidification Under Low-g Conditions (Krantz, William B.) ....................... 273 

Containerless Property Measurement of High-Temperature Liquids 

(Krishnan, Shankar) .............................. .............................................................................................. 275 

Containerless Processing for Controlled Solidification Microstructures 

(Perepezko, John H.) ........................................................................................................................... 279 

The Role of Gravity in Macrosegregation in Alloys (Poirier, David R.) ............................................ 282 

Electrostatic Containerless Processing (Rhim, Won-Kyu K.) ............................................................ 284 

Crystal Nucleation Hydrostatic Tension and Diffusion in Metal Melts 

(Spaepen, Frans A.) ............................................................................................................................. 286 

Levitation Undercooling Nucleation (Trinh, Eugene H.) ................................................................... 288 

Coarsening of Solid-Liquid Mixtures (Voorhees, Peter W.) .. ............................................................ 290 

Influence of Convection on Microstructure (Wilcox, William R.) ..................................................... 293 

Ground: Protein Crystal Growth 

Crystallographic Studies of Proteins (Carter, Daniel C.) .................................................................... 295 

Protein Crys al Growth in Low Gravity (Feigelson, Robert 5.) ........................................................ 299 

Studies on the Protein Crystal Nucleation Process (Pusey, Marc L.) ................................................ 302 

ATD 

Advanced Technology Development 

Noncontact Temperature Measurements (Abtahi, Ali) ...................................................................... 304 

Microwave Furnace Development (Barmatz, Martin B.) .................................................................... 305 

Ultrasonic Interface Measurements of Crystal Growth (Fripp, Archibald L.) .................................. 306 

Microgravity Fluids and Combustion Diagnostics (Greenberg, PaulS.) .......................................... 307 

Advanced Magnetic Furnace Technology (Lehoczky, Sandor L.) ..................................................... 311 

Stereo Imaging Velocimetry (Meyer, Mary Jo B.) .............................................................................. 312 

Laser Light Scattering Instruments (Meyer, William V.) ............... ................................................... 314 

Surface Light Scattering Instruments (Meyer, William V.) .............................................................. 316 

Multizone Transparent Furnace (Rosenthal, Bruce N.) .......................................................... .......... 317 

Multicolor Holography (Witherow, William K.) ............................................................................... 318 

III. BIBLIOGRAPHY ................................................................................................................................... 319 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

T ABLE OF CONTENTS 

APPENDIX 

Appendix A: Acronyms .................................................................................................................................... A-I 

Appendix B: Index to Microgravity Science & Applications Principal Investigators .............................. B-1 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

I. INTRODUCTION 

--- --- - -

I. 

Introduction 

• Objectives and Focus for FY1992 

• Program Research Task Summary Data 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

I. INTRODUCTION 

OBJECTIVES AND FOCUS FOR FY1992 

NASA's Microgravity Science and Applications (MSA) Program reflects, as its over-arching purpose, 

a long-term commitment to the study of gravity-dependent phenomena-or those phenomena obscured 

by gravity-in a low- or microgravity (j1.g) environment. In addition, the program seeks to focus on the 

use of space as a laboratory by undertaking the study of important physical, chemical, and biochemical 

processes on orbit that cannot easily be studied in the terrestrial gravity environment. 

A microgravity environment affords unique characteristics that allow the investigation of phenomena 

and processes that are difficult or impossible to study on Earth. Significant reductions in critical 

characteristics, such as tension-driven buoyancy forces, convection, sedimentation and hydrostatic 

pressures, make it possible to isolate and control gravity-related phenomena and make measurements 

that generally have significantly greater accuracy than can be achieved in normal gravity. Space flight 

therefore gives scientists the opportunity to study, as never before, the fundamental states of physical 

matter- solids, liquids and gasses- and the forces that affect them. Because microgravity is the virtual 

absence of gravity as we know it, research in microgravity leads to a greater understanding, 

fundamentally, of the influence of gravity on the world around us. The results therefore lead to advances 

in knowledge and technologies that benefit both the sciences and their applications on Earth, while 

providing the practical knowledge essential to the development of future space systems. 

The Office of Space Science and Applications (OSSA) is responsible for planning and executing research 

stimulated by the Agency's broad scientific goals. OSSA's Microgravity Science and Applications 

Division (MSAD) is responsible for guiding and focusing a comprehensive MSA program, and currently 

manages its research and development tasks through four major scientific disciplines: biotechnology, 

combustion science, fluid physics, and materials science. 

The fiscal year 1992 was a notably active year for microgravity science in general and for MSAD in 

particular. Not only was an extensive ground research program maintained, there were also a total of 

three major Spacelab-based microgravity science missions flown aboard Space Shuttle orbiters during 

FYI992. The first International Microgravity Laboratory OML-l) mission was flown in January 1992, and 

the first United States Microgravity Laboratory (USML-l) was launched in June to complete the longest 

Space Shuttle mission yet. For the third Spacelab mission in FYI992, MSAD flight hardware and 

personnel supported the Japanese Spacelab (SL-J) mission in August, which was dedicated to 

microgravity and life sciences. The first United States Microgravity Payload (USMP-l) was MSAD's 

fourth and final major mission in 1992. USMP-l carried a set of ground-tended experiments-mounted 

on an exposed cargo bay support structure-into orbit in October. 

This document, The Microgravity Science and Applications Program Tasks and Bibliography for Fiscal 

Year 1992 (October 1991 - September 1992), includes research projects now being funded by the Office of 

Space Sciences and Applications, Microgravity Science and Applications Division. The document is 

published annually and is sent to scientists in the field, both foreign and domestic. The information it 

contains is utilized in reports to the Associate Administrator, the Office of Management and Budget, and 

to the Congress. 

The Microgravity Science and Applications Division wishes to thank The Bionetics Corporation, and in 

particular Ms. Celia Griffin and Mr. Duke Reiber, for their efforts in the compilation, development, and 

publication of this report. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

I. INTRODUCTION 

FY1992 PROGRAM RESEARCH TASK SUMMARY: 

Overview Information and Statistics 

Total Number of Principal Investigators: ........................................................................... 144 

Total Number of Publication Citations and Presentation Credits: ................................. 559 

Total Number of Patents Cited: ................................................................................................ 7 

Number of Graduate Students Funded: .................. ........................................................... 246 

Number of Degrees Granted: ...................................... ........................................................... 61 

FY1992 Mircrogravity Science & Applications Budget: ................................. $120.8 Million 

Number of States with Funded Research (including District of Columbia): ................... 32 

Distribution of Microgravity Science & Applications Research Tasks and Types 

Centers, Types of Research Ground Flight ATD Center Totals 

Jet Propulsion Laboratory l3 4 2 19 

Johnson Space Flight Center 2 1 0 3 

Langley Research Center 4 1 1 6 

Lewis Research Center 45 19 5 69 

Marshall Space Flight Center 19 18 2 39 

NASA Headquarters 8 0 0 8 

Research Type Totals 91 43 10 144 

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Microgravity Science & Applications 

I D. PROGRAM TASKS 

Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. 

Microgravity Science & Applications 

Program Tasks for FY 1992 

• Flight Research Tasks 

Biotechnology ...................................................................... IT-7 

Combustion Science .......................................................... IT-12 

Electronic Materials ........................................................... IT-34 

Fluid Physics ....................................... ............................... II-55 

Fundamental Physics ........................................................ II-69 

Glasses and Ceramics ....................................................... IT-75 

Metals and Alloys .............................................................. IT-76 

Protein Crystal Growth .................................................... TI-94 

• Ground Research Tasks 

Biotechnology .................................................................... TI-98 

Combustion Science ........................................................ TI-I04 

Electronic Materials .......................................................... II-133 

Fluid Physics .................................................................... II-168 

Fundamental Physics ...................................................... II-216 

Glasses and Ceramics ..................................................... II-226 

Metals and Alloys ............................................................ II-248 

Protein Crystal Growth .................................................. II-295 

• ATO 

Advanced Technology Development ........................... II-304 

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Microgravity Science & Applications 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

TYPE: Flight 

DISCIPLINE: Biotechnology 

Program Tasks IBibliography - FY1992 

PROJECT TiTlE: Electrophoretic Separation of Cells and Particles from Rat 

Pituitary and Rat Spleen 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-23-01-01 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Wesley C. Hymer 

AFFILIATION: Penn State University 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Department of Microbiology 

Pennsylvania State University 

University Park, P A 16802 

PHONE: (814) 865-9182 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

This experiment is designed to probe the mechanism by which the biological activity 

of pituitary hormones (growth hormones and prolactin) may be modified by 

exposure to micro gravity. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The objectives are to separate pituitary cells as well as pituitary, 

hormone-containing granules by free-flow electrophoreses, using the Japanese 

Free-flow Electrophoresis Unit (FFEU). To accomplish these aims it is necessary first 

to optimize conditions for growing pituitary cells in the Japanese cell-cultural kits; 

second, remove cells from the growth chamber and fractionate them by 

electrophoresis; and third, lyse the cells grown in the chamber and fractionate the 

lysate to obtain the hormone-containing fractions. These procedures must be done 

in such a way as to be executable in flight. It is also necessary to develop the 

technologies to assay each sample and fraction for growth hormone, prolactin, and 

heat shock protein (HSP). The hormones will be assayed by immune and bioassays. 

A screen to detect the HSP immunocytochemically will be developed. Because of 

limited sample size and because of the buffers required for electrophoresis, 

procedures used routinely for ground-based research must be modified. 

PROGRESS DuRING FY1992 

In order to be able to separate pituitary cells and their hormone-containing granules 

by electrophoresis in microgravity, it is necessary to use a specially developed cell 

chamber and free-flow electrophoresis unit developed by the Japanese Space Agency 

for this experiment. In 1992 we established that several of the cell procedures could 

be used. We were also able to do a limited number of runs with the FFEU unit, 

which is in Japan. 

We established that the cells can be lysed in buffer compatible with electrophoresis 

and that lysate can be concentrated and separated on the FFEU. Growth hormone 

and prolactin were each assayable by at least one assay. We also established that 

11-7 PRECiErnNG AG LA K OT f1LMiD 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

pituitary cells could be maintained and recovered from a chamber similar to that to 

be used with the FFEU. We also found that the culture medium will have to be 

modified to be compatible for bioassays and electrophoresis as well as for growth. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 4 DEGREES GRANTED: 1 

P UBLlCATlONS/PRESENT AllONS 

Mukherjee, P., and Hymer, W. C. Heterogeneity of rat pituitary prolactin cells: Relationships 

among location, hormone assay and estrous cycle stage. Neuroendocrinimmunology, 5, 108-119, 

(1992). 

Mukherjee, P., Houser, V., and Hymer, W. C. PRL-immune interactions in breast cancer. Journal 

of Cell Biology 115, 78a (1991) . 

Mukherjee, P., Epp, 1., Viselli, S., Mastro, A. M., and Hymer, W. C. PRL cell function in the 

individual rat pituitary gland in vitro: Importance of physiological state of the donor. Presented 

at the 74th Annual Meeting of the Endocrine Society, 1992. 

Viselli, S., and Mastro, A. M. PRL receptors are found on a heterogeneous subpopulation of rat 

splenocytes. Endocrinology. In press, 1992 . 

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Microgravity Science & Applications 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT R ESEARCH 

TYPE: Flight 

DISCIPLINE: Biotechnology 

Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

PROJECT TITLE: Enhanced Hybridoma Production Using Electrofusion 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JSC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-23-01-02 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. David W. Sammons 

AFFILIATION: University of Arizona 

MAILING ADDRESS: University of Arizona 

Center for Separation Science 

Bldg. #90, Rm 211 

Tucson, AZ 85721 

PHONE: (602) 621-2157 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objectives of the hybridoma flight are to determine the extent to which 

sustained microgravity environment increases electrofusion frequencies and 

hybridoma yields compared to ground-based controls, and secondly, to enhance 

working knowledge of lymphocyte activation and cell culture. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The hardware is being developed by Zimmerman et al., in Germany and furnished 

to Drs. Sammons and Neil under an international agreement. The NASA 

investigators will furnish B cells for activation and subsequent data analysis. 

Nonactivated, preselected B cells will be activated in flight and through a 

high-efficiency process fused to an SP2 cell line for the production of specific 

hybridomas. Typically, electrofusion protocols allow the generation of 

antigen-specific hybridomas with an efficiency of 1 in 10,000, using 106 SP2 cells in 

the profusion chamber. The object of this experiment is to identify the effect of 

microgravity on fusion frequency and specificity. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

Investigators completed ground-based investigations and critical design review. 

The experiment is manifested for STS-55, which will fly in February 1993. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 0 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

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I 

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I 

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I 

I 
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Microgravity Science & Applications 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

TYPE: Flight 

DISCIPLINE: Biotechnology 

Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

PROJECT TITLE: Electrophoresis Technology 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-23-08-04 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Robert S. Snyder 

AFFILIATION: NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) 

MAILING ADDRESS: Marshall Space Flight Center 

Mail Code ES76 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

Marshall Space Flight Center, AL 35812 

PHONE: (205) 544-7805 

TASK OBJECTIVEIDESCRIPTION 

The task objectives are to study the effects of sample concentration and dielectric 

constant on sample stream distortion and the limits of the electrohydrodynamic 

stability of the sample stream in the absence of shear flow. Since the Continuous 

Flow Electrophoresis System (CFES) built by the McDonnell Douglas Astronautics 

Company achieved results in space on seven Shuttle missions that were influenced 

by electrohydrodynamics, these scientific phenomena are a critical part of 

electrophoresis in space. The severity of sample distortion due to dielectric constant 

variations is not known in the laboratory to date because of the concurrent sample 

concentration effect. 

The electrophoresis separation process can be considered to be simple in concept, but 

flows local to the sample filament produced by the applied electric field have not 

been considered. These electrohydrodynamical flows, formulated by G. I. Taylor in 

1965 for drops suspended in various liquids, distort the sample stream and limit the 

separation. In addition, electroosmosis and viscous flow, which are inherent in the 

continuous-flow electrophoresis device, combine to further disturb the process. 

Electroosmosis causes a flow in the chamber cross section which directly distorts the 

sample stream, while viscous flow causes a parabolic profile to develop in the flow 

plane. These flows distort the electrophoretic migration of samples by causing a 

varying residence time across the thickness of the chamber. Thus, sample 

constituents at the center plane will be in the electric field a different length of time 

and hence move more or less than comparable constituents closer to the chamber 

wall. 

Both horizontal and vertical laboratory electrophoresis test chambers have been 

built to test the basic premise of continuous-flow electrophoresis that removal of 

buoyancy-induced thermal convection caused by axial and lateral temperature 

gradients will result in improved performance of these instruments in space. These 

gravity-dependent phenomena disturb the rectilinear flow in the separation 

chamber when high-voltage gradients and/or thick chambers are used, but 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

distortion of the injected sample stream due to electrohydrodynamic effects causes 

major broadening of the separated bands observed in these chambers. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The initial part of the proposed space experiment will be done in the French 

electrophoresis hardware (RAMSES) on the second International Microgravity 

Laboratory (IML-2). This hardware has the capability of applying the required 

voltage at 1,000 Hz, which will permit part of the dielectric dependency to be 

determined. d. Two different frequencies will be used to vary the dielectric constant 

of the samples. Samples will not be collected, but the cross-section illuminator will 

be used to show the sample filament cross section, and the observed shapes will be 

recorded photographically. 

The higher frequency can be accommodated on a later RAMSES flight, or available 

TEXUS electrophoresis hardware, with its cross-section illuminator, can be supplied 

with the required high-frequency power supply. These measurements can then be 

completed during a short-duration rocket flight. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

Most activities during FY92 have been directed toward adapting our requirements to 

the RAMSES design. The borate buffer preferred by the European principal 

investigators (PI's) is not optimum for our polystyrene latex samples. The 

cross-section illuminator will be a laser rather than single-filament lamp, and this 

also introduces problems of resolution. We are building a prototype chamber for 

conducting critical tests. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: a DEGREES GRANTED: a 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

TYPE: Flight 

DISCIPLINE: Combustion Science 

PROJECT TITLE: Low-Velocity, Opposed-Flow Flame Spread in a 

Transport-Controlled, Microgravity Environment 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-22-05-02 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Robert A. Altenkirch 

AFFILIATION: Mississippi State University 

MAILING ADDRESS: Mississippi State University 

School of Engineering 

P.O. Drawer PE 

Mississippi State, MS 39762 

PHONE: (601) 325-2270 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objective of the work is to uncover the underlying physics of the mechanisms 

that cause flames to propagate over solid fuels against a low velocity of oxidizer flow 

in a low-gravity environment, where flame and fuel surface radiative effects and 

details of diffusional processes are important. Although the work is fundamental in 

nature, it has clear applications to fire safety in space and on Earth. Specific 

objectives are: 

1. To analyze experimentally observed steady-flame shapes, measured gas-phase 

field variables, spread rates, radiative characteristics, and solid-phase regression rates 

for comparison with theoretical prediction capabilities; and 

2. To investigate the transition from ignition to either steady-flame propagation or 

steady-flame extinction in order to determine the characteristics of those 

environments that lead to flame evolution to steady state. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

To meet the objectives of this research program, a matrix of experiments has been 

developed to exercise several of the dimensional, controllable variables that affect 

the flame-spread process in microgravity. ~hose variables that will be changed from 

experiment to experiment are the opposing flow velocity, the external radiant flux 

directed to the fuel surface, and the oxygen concentration of the environment. The 

matrix is organized to contain the minimum number of experiments to be 

conducted in order to obtain the information needed to meet the scientific 

objectives. Experimental results will be compared with unsteady, computational 

modeling results that are able to track the flame from ignition onward. Through 

such comparisons, the physics important to the flame-spread process may be 

identified. 

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PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

A Science Requirements Document was prepared, and experimental design has 

proceeded. Approaches to meeting most of the science requirements experimentally 

have been developed, along with a plan for conducting the experiments aboard 

sounding rockets. Two potential fuel radiant heaters have been identified and are 

being designed and tested. Flame visualization techniques that were chosen include 

infrared and visible intensified video imaging utilizing filters to identify particular 

species and color filters to construct a color image of the flame from the 

black-and-white video camera. Unsteady modeling efforts have progressed, and the 

capability to carry out computations from ignition to steady spread or extinction has 

been demonstrated for thick fuels with and without fuel surface radiation. 

Gas-phase radiation is currently treated in an approximate way with an energy loss 

term in the gas-phase equations in which a Planck mean absorption coefficient is 

specified as a parameter. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 7 DEGREES GRANTED: 2 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

AItenkirch, R. A., Bhattacharjee, 5., Olson, S. L., and Sacksteder, K. "Opposed-flow flame 

spreading in reduced gravity." Presented by R. A. AItenkirch at the Second International 

Microgravity Combustion Workshop, Cleveland, OH, September 15-17, 1992. 

Altenkirch, R. A., Tang, L., Bullard, D. B., and Bhattacharjee, S. "Unsteady flame spread over 

solid fuels in microgravity. " Presented by R. A. Altenkirch at the World Space Congress, 

Washington, DC, September 5, 1992. 

Bhattacharjee, 5., Bhaskaran, K. K. and AItenkirch, R. A. "Effects of pyrolysis kinetics on 

opposed-flow flame spread modeling." Presented by S. Bhattacharjee at the ASME/ AIChE 

National Heat Transfer Conference, San Diego, CA, August 8-12, 1992. 

Bhattacharjee, 5., Seaton, D., and AItenkirch, R. A. "The role of kinetic, transport, and 

thermodynamic properties on flame spread over a thin solid fuel in an opposed flow environment." 

Presented by D. Seaton at the Western States Section of the Combustion Institute meeting, 

Berkeley, CA, October 12 -13, 1992, WSSCI Paper No. 92-107. 

Bullard, D. B., Tang, L., AItenkirch, R. A., and Bhattacharjee, S. Unsteady flame spread over 

solid fuels in microgravity. Submitted to Advances in Space Research, 1992. 

West, J., Bhattacharjee, 5., and Altenkirch, R. A. "Investigation of controlling parameters in 

transition between thermally thin and thermally thick flame spread over solid uels in an 

opposing flow." Presented by J. West at the Western States Section of the Combustion Institute 

meeting, Berkeley, CA, October 12-13, 1992, WSSCI Paper No. 92-106. 

West, J., Bhattacharjee, S. and Altenkirch, R. A. "Surface radiative effects on flame spread over 

thermally thick fuels in an opposing flow." Presented by J. West at the ASME/ AIChE National 

Heat Transfer Conference, San Diego, CA, August 8-12, 1992. In preparation for Journal of Heat 

Transfer, 1992. 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

TYPE: Flight 

DISCIPLINE: Combustion Science 

PROJECT TITLE: Scientific Support for an Orbiter Middeck Experiment on 

Solid Surface Combustion 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-22-05-01 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Robert A. Al tenkirch 

AFFILIATION: Mississippi State University 

MAILING ADDRESS: College of Engineering 

P.O. Drawer DE 

Mississippi State University 

Mississippi State, MS 39762 

PHONE: (601) 325-2270 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objective of this project is to determine the mechanisms of flame spreading 

over solid fuels in the absence of buoyancy or other externally imposed flows. 

This project is the first combustion space experiment in the microgravity program 

and consists primarily of a series of eight flights of the Solid Surface Combustion 

Experiment (SSCE) aboard the Orbiter Middeck of the Spacelab Module. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

In addition to the scientific support for the development of the SSCE flight 

hardware, flight operations, and postflight data analysis, this project is developing a 

highly complex computational model of opposed-flow flame spreading. The model 

includes detailed heat transfer mechanisms, most notably a model for radiative 

interactions throughout the gas phase (including the flame) with both the 

surroundings and the fuel, and chemical models for both the fuel pyrolysis and 

flame kinetics. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

During this year the fourth and fifth flights of the SSCE were completed. These 

flights constitute the final flights of the thermally thin, ashless filter-paper samples. 

Two significant extensions to the ongoing numerical modeling effort were 

accomplished this year. A time-varying code was evolved from the previously 

steady model in order to account for unsteady ignition effects and for the effects of 

boundary layer development over finite length samples in opposed flows. To 

account for differences between flame shapes observed in the flight experiment and 

those computed in the simulation, an extension to the numerical domain was 

created that permits the diffusion of species behind the flame. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks I BihJiograpby - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

Extensive effort was expended on the computational effort to simulate the pressure 

effects on flame spread rates observed in the SSCE flight experiments. It was shown 

that without the comprehensive gas-phase radiation aspect of the model, these 

pressure influences are not predicted. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 2 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Altenkirch R. A., Bhattacharjee, 5., Olson, S. L., and Sacksteder, K. "Opposed-flow flame 

spreading in reduced gravity." 2nd International Microgravity Combustion Workshop, Oeveland, 

OH, September 15-17, 1992. 

Bhattacharjee, 5., and Altenkirch, R. A. A comparison of theoretical and experimental results in 

flame spread over thin condensed furls in a quiescent, microgravity environment. Proceedings of 

the Twenty-fourth Symposium (International) on Combustion, Sydney, Australia. In preparation, 

1992. 

Bhattacharjee, 5., Altenkirch, R. A. , and Sacksteder, K., Implications of spread rate and 

temperature measurements in flame spread over a thin fuel in a quiescent, microgravity, 

space-based environment. In preparation for Combustion Science and Technology, 1992. 

Bullard, D. B., Tang, L., Altenkirch, R. A., and Bhattacharjee, S. "Unsteady flame spread over 

solid fuels in microgravity." Presented at the 1992 World Space Congress, Washington, DC. 

Submitted to Advances in Space Research, CaSPAR., 1992. 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

TYPE: Flight 

DISCIPLINE: Combustion Science 

PROJECT TITLE: Gas Jet Diffusion Flames (GDF) Experiment 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-22-05-03 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Yousef Bahadori 

AFFILIATION: SAIC, Inc. 

MAILING ADDRESS: Science Applications International Corporation 

Thermal Hydrodynamic Division 

21151 Western Avenue 

Torrance, CA 90501-1724 

PHONE: 

T ASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The overall objective is to improve our fundamental understanding of gas-jet 

diffusion flames in the laminar, turbulent, and transition regimes. Specifically, tests 

are to be conducted in microgravity with the purposes of (a) determining the effect 

of buoyancy on these flames, (b) determining the relative importance of 

buoyancy-induced turbulence on flame characteristics, and (c) revealing phenomena 

which may be masked by buoyant convection. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

Measurements will be obtained from low-gravity (and counterpart normal-gravity) 

experiments and will be used to validate theoretical models of gas-jet diffusion 

flames. In this way, the mechanisms controlling the observed phenomena may be 

identified. The measurements include temperature, thermal radiation, pressure, 

species concentration, acceleration, and a record of the flame's appearance (through 

photography). Reduced-gravity tests will be conducted in the 2.2-second drop tower, 

zero-gravity facility, KC-135 aircraft, and in space as required. The past focus of the 

research was on laminar flames, while the current focus is on high-momentum 

flames, particularly in the laminar-to-turbulent transition regime. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

Contract NAS 3-25982 was initiated in November 1991, replacing the previous 

contract and combining elements of the laminar flames program with the new 

high-momentum flames program. 

In support of the laminar flames study, tests were conducted on the KC-135 in 

December 1991. In general, the flames showed the same characteristics observed in 

tests in the zero-gravity facility. However, they were strongly disturbed by the 

g-jitter on the aircraft. In some tests, the experiment package was floated within the 

aircraft. In this configuration, the flames were relatively steady until the package 

struck the wall. The float time was 8 seconds on average (i.e., close to the 5 seconds 

available in the zero-gravity facility). These results were presented in a poster 

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session at the Spring Technical Meeting of the Central States Section of the 

Combustion Institute, in Columbus, Ohio. 

No tests were conducted in the zero-gravity facility during this period, due to the 

facility shutdown; the laminar flames tests planned for this facility have yet to be 

completed. 

A space experiment for the laminar flames program was formally proposed at a 

CoDR in December 1991, where it was rejected. The PIs were directed to submit a 

proposal in response to the next NRA if they wanted to repropose the experiment. 

L. Zhou, a postdoctoral student from the University of California at Berkeley, 

moved to NASA LeRC in March 1992 to perform research in support of the 

high-momentum flames research. L. Zhou and D. Vaughan (an undergraduate) 

conducted microgravity tests in the drop tower from the laminar to turbulent range, 

with a variety of hydrocarbon fuels. The experimental results have shown that the 

transition to turbulence is clearly different in microgravity and normal gravity. In 

the microgravity flames, the disturbances propagate upward from the base of the 

flame, whereas in normal gravity the disturbances first occur at the tip of the flame. 

This and other results have generated a great deal of interest at the technical 

meetings where the research has been presented. 

Y. Bahadori and U. Hegde submitted a Glovebox-2 proposal using a disturbed 

laminar flame to study the vortices which naturally occur in the transition-regime 

flames. This proposal was accepted for USML-2, but the PIs and NASA LeRC are 

also considering the benefits of conducting this experiment in GAS Can hardware 

similar to that designed for the Fernandez-Pello's smoldering combustion 

experiment. A CoDR for this disturbed-flame experiment is planned for mid-1993. 

In support of this proposed space experiment, 2.2-second drop tests have been 

conducted with a flame-disturbance mechanism proposed by D. Vaughan. The 

preliminary tests have shown that this mechanism can produce the desired 

disturbances. Additional microgravity testing is planned for FY93, including some 

tests with an alternate flame-disturbance mechanism. 

Work continued on the numerical modeling of the laminar flames, and included 

an inhouse presentation of results (May 1992). An analytical model of the effect of 

buoyancy and axial diffusion on confined diffusion flames (i.e., Burke-Schumann 

flames) was developed by Hegde and Bahadori. The model predictions correlate 

well with measurments from Stocker's 2.2-second drop tests. Plans have been made 

by Bahadori and Hegde for analytical and numerical modeling to be conducted in 

FY93 in support of the proposed disturbed flame experiment and the 

high-momentum flames research in general. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

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GRADUATE STUDENTS: 1 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENT ATIONS 

Bahadori, M.Y., and Edelman, R. B. Combustion of gaseous fuels under reduced-gravity conditions. 

Paper LB-038, Proceedings of the Second Symposium on Lunar Bases, Lunar and Planetary 

Institute, Houston, Texas, in press., 1992. 

Bahadori, M. Y., Edelman, B., Stocker, D. P., Sotos, R. G., and Vaughan, D. F., "Effects of oxygen 

concentration on radiative loss from normal-gravity and microgravity flames." Paper 

AIAA-92-0243, AlAA 30th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, NY, January 1992. 

Bahadori, M. Y., Stocker, D. P., Vaughan, D. F., Zhou, L., and Edelman, R. B., "Effects of 

buoyancy on laminar, transitional, and turbulent gas jet diffusion flames." Presented at the Second 

International Microgravity Combustion Workshop, Cleveland, OH, September 1992. 

Bahadori, M. Y., Vaughan, D. F., Stocker, D. P., Weiland, K. J., and Edelman, R. B., "Preliminary 

observations on the effects of buoyancy on transitional and turbulent diffusion flames." Presented 

at the 1992 Spring Technical Meeting of the Central States Section of the Combustion Institute, 

Columbus, OH, April 1992. 

Hegde, V., and Bahadori, M. Y. "Gravitational influences on the behavior of confined diffusion 

flames." Paper AlAA-92-0334, AIAA 30th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, NY, January 1992. 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

TYPE: Fligh t 

DISCIPLINE: Combustion Science 

PROJECT TITLE: Investigation of Laminar Jet Diffusion Flames in 

Microgravity: A Paradigm for Soot Processes in Turbulent 

Flames 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-22-05-04 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Gerard M. Faeth 

AFFILIATION: University of Michigan 

MAILING ADDRESS: Department of Aerospace Engineering 

218 Aerospace Engineering Building 

University of Michigan 

Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2140 

PHONE: (313) 746-7202 

TASK OBJECTIVEIDESCRIPTION 

The project is an experimental and theoretical investigation of the mechanisms of 

soot formation in laminar jet diffusion flames under conditions of low buoyancy. 

The final objective is a flight experiment in the Combustion Experiment Module. 

These experiments, combined with ground-based low, and normal-gravity 

experiments, will increase the current fundamental understanding of soot 

formation processes in both laminar and turbulent flames. This will have a 

significant impact on understanding of the spread of unwanted fires, and on the 

design of jet engines and large-scale boilers. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

Several types of experiments have been conducted. The majority have been in 

normal gravity, studying the influence of gravity by varying the ambient pressure. 

In addition, experiments have been conducted on NASA's low-gravity aircraft, (the 

KC-135 at JSC). The work has Focused on mapping soot volume fraction, 

temperature, soot particle size and gas species in a variety of hydrocarbon flames. 

The flight experiment will be limited to measurement of soot volume fraction, soot 

particle size, and more limited temperature measurements. These experimental 

results, combined with theoretical modeling, will confirm or deny the applicability 

of the conserved scalar formalism to soot properties in diffusion flames. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

Considerable progress has been made in both modeling and experiments. The 

program successfully passed CoDR in September 1992 and was approved to continue 

to RDR. These tests will consist of flames studies at a range of pressures and flow 

rates using the Combustion Experiment Module. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

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GRADUATE STUDENTS: 3 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Faeth, G. M., "Priorities for microgravity combustion research and goals for workshop 

discussions." Presented at the Second International Microgravity Combustion Workshop, NASA 

LeRC, September 1992. 

Mortezavi, S., Sunderland, P., Jurng, J. J., and Faeth, G. M., "Structure and soot properties of 

non-buoyant laminar round-jet diffusion flames." Presented at the Second International 

Microgravity Combustion Workshop, NASA LeRC, September 1992. 

Mortezavi, S., Sunderland, P., Jurng, J. J., and Faeth, G. M. "Structure of laminar buoyant jet 

diffusion flames at low pressure." Presented at the 1992 Spring Technical Meeting of the Central 

States section of the Combustion Institute. 

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TYPE: Flight 

DISCIPLINE: Combustion Science 

PROJECT TiTlE: Fundamental Study of Smoldering Combustion in 

Microgravity 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-22-05-05 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. A. Carlos Fernandez-Pello 

AFFILIATION: University of California, Berkeley 

MAILING ADDRESS: Department of Mechanical Engineering 

University of California-Berkeley 

Berkeley, CA 94720 

PHONE: (415) 642-6554 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The project is an experimental and theoretical investigation of the mechanisms of 

smoldering combustion in porous media, specifically in polyurethane foam. The 

final objective is a set of flight experiments in a GAS Can facility in the orbiter cargo 

bay. These experiments combined with ground-based low and normal gravity 

experiments will increase the current fundamental understanding of smoldering 

combustion, and this will have a significant impact on understanding of the 

initiation of unwanted fires both on the ground and in space. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

Several types of experiments have been conducted. The majority have been in 

normal gravity, studying the influence of gravity by changing the direction of 

smolder propagation with respect to gravity. In addition, experiments have been 

conducted on NASA's low-gravity aircraft, (the KC-135 at JSC and the Lear Jet at 

LeRC). To date, the majority of the work has concerned one-dimensional 

configurations with the smolder front propagation tracked using thermocouples. 

Study of transition to flaming in three dimensional configurations has recently 

begun. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

Considerable progress has been made in both modeling and experiments. The 

one-dimensional work was largely completed in 1992. Papers discussing the 

influence of gravity in these configurations will be submitted in FY 1993. The 

program successfully passed Co DR in December 1991 and was approved to continue 

to RDR with an initial test matrix of four tests. These tests will consist of two 

quiescent tests at different oxygen concentrations and two flow tests at different flow 

rates. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 4 DEGREES GRANTED: 1 

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PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Fernandez-Pello, A. c., and Pagni, P. J. "A fundamental study of smoldering combustion in 

microgravity." Presented at the Second International Microgravity Combustion Workshop, NASA 

LeRC, September 1992. 

Torero, J. L., Fernandez-Pello, A. c., and Urban, D. L. "Experimental observations of the effect of 

gravity changes on smoldering combustion." Poster presentation at the 24th International 

Symposium on Combustion, Sydney, Australia, July 1992. 

Torero, J. L., Kitano, M., and Fernandez-Pello, A. C. Opposed forced flow smoldering of 

polyurethane foam. Accepted for publication by Combustion Science and Technology, 1992. 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

TYPE: Flight 

DISCIPLINE: Combustion Science 

PROJECT TITLE: Premixed Laminar and Turbulent Flames at Microgravify 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-22-05-06 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Paul D. Ronney 

AFFILIATION: Princeton University 

MAILING ADDRESS: Princeton University 

Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering 

The Engineering Quadrangle 

Princeton" NJ 08544 

PHONE: (609) 258-5278 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objective of this work is to study the effects of gravity-induced buoyancy on the 

combustion limits of premixed gas flames. Four subtasks have been pursued: 

1. Radiation effects on premixed gas flames; 

2. Flame structure and stability at low Lewis number; 

3. Flame propagation and extinction in cylindrical tubes; and 

4. Experimental simulation of combustion processes using autocatalytic chemical 

reactions. 

It is anticipated that the results of these studies will lead to an improved 

understanding of the fire hazards that may exist in orbiting spacecraft and of ways to 

minimize these hazards. Furthermore, such studies may lead to an improved 

understanding of the mechanisms of combustion limits in Earth-based combustion 

devices, which in turn could lead to the development of cleaner and more efficient 

engines through the use of lean preJiIlixed combustors. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

For task 1, we are studying the effects of the addition of inert, radiant particles to gas 

mixtures to increase the absorption coefficient of the gas. This enables us to study 

both the optically thin and optically thick radiation regimes in a single experiment. 

Drop towers are used to obtain microgravity (Ilg) conditions. 

For task 2, we are studying flames in a variety of gas mixtures having low Lewis 

number (Le) in KC-135 aircraft tests. The goal of these studies is to determine under 

what conditions, if any, the instabilities which occur in low-Le mixtures may lead to 

the development of stable, stationary spherical flames called "flame balls." 

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For task 3, we have conducted experiments at Earth gravity on flame propagation in 

vertical tubes of varying diameter, at varying pressures and with mixtures having 

varying fuels, inerts, and Le, and have measured the flame propagation rates just 

inside the extinction limit (Sb,lim). Since this quantity is predicted by most relevant 

theoretical models, the relative importance of buoyancy, flame stretch, heat loss to 

the tube wall, radiation loss, etc., may be assessed. 

For task 4, we have introduced the use of aqueous autocatalytic propagating 

chemical fronts (in particular, the arsenous acid-iodate system) for the experimental 

simulation of premixed combustion in nonuniform and unsteady flows. These 

fronts more nearly match the assumptions made by most relevant theoretical 

models that do gaseous flames; for example, constant density, constant 

thermodynamic and transport processes, and no heat losses. We have studied 

propagation in a Taylor-Couette (TC) flow, that is, in the annulus between two 

rotating concentric cylinders, and in capillary-wave (CW) flow in a thin layer of 

fluid in a vibrating dish. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

For task 1, experiments have shown that at small particle loadings, burning rates are 

reduced, peak pressures in constant-volume combustion are lower, and thermal 

decay rates in the burned gases are increased. These results indicate that the 

significance of radiative loss is enhanced by the addition of particles to the gas. With 

sufficient seeding, the burning rates are practically the same as those found in 

particle-free mixtures, the peak pressures are comparable, and the thermal decay rate 

is smaller than in particle-free mixtures. All of these observations are consistent 

with the hypothesis that at sufficiently high particle loadings, radiation is reabsorbed 

within the combustible medium, and thus may not constitute a fundamental limit 

in very large systems. 

For task 2, we have observed flame balls in all mixtures with sufficiently low Le and 

near flammability limits, independent of the chemical mechanism, which are stable 

for at least the 20 seconds of low-g available. The lean ~g flammability limits are 

leaner than any which can be observed at Earth gravity. By comparison with 

analytical models, it has been concluded that radiation from the combustion 

products, along with diffusive-thermal effects in low-Le mixtures, is probably the 

stabilization mechanism which allows flame balls to exist at ~g. The drift velocity 

which results from the finite g-levels in the KC-135 aircraft leads to the formation of 

two types of quasi-cylindrical flame structures. A flight experiment is under 

development to determine if the apparent stability of flame balls can be confirmed 

in experiments where both the duration of ~g is long (unlike drop-tower 

experiments) and the quality is significantly better than that in aircraft tests. 

For task 3, we have found that the characteristics of the limits can be described in 

terms of the effect of the Grashof number Gr "" g.d3 / a20n the limit Peclet number Pe "" 

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Sb lim(d/ a), where g is gravity, d the tube diameter and a the thermal diffusivity at 

room temperature. At low-Gr the results are consistent with theoretical predictions 

for flame extinguishment by conduction loss to the tube walls. At higher Gr, results 

are consistent with buoyancy-induced extinction mechanisms, in the upward 

propagating case Pe - Grl12 and in the downward case Pe - Grl/3. 

Because of the difference in extinction mechanisms, we have found that the 

flammability limit can actually be wider for downward propagation than for upward 

propagation. In the upward case, at Gr > 2.0 x 108 (corresponding to a pipe-flow 

Reynolds number of 2000) turbulent flow is exhibited; the flame behavior can be 

either flamelet-like or distributed-like depending on Gr and Le. 

For task 4, we have found that in TC flows under conditions where the flow is 

essentially a linear array of steady vortices, the experimental values of the 

propagation rate agree well with a model we developed to describe the interaction of 

a propagating front with a one-scale flow field. In TC and CW flow characterized by a 

broad range of scales, at low turbulence intensities (u') our results agree with a 

model developed by Yakhot in 1988. At higher u, where the thin front is disrupted, a 

different type of model we developed, based on turbulent transport models in these 

flows, describes our results well. However, our results at small U = u' / SL are 

compromised by buoyancy effects, since even the very small fractional density 

change across the aqueous front leads to significant buoyancy influences because of 

the very low SL' Space experiments would enable us to study the aqueous fronts at 

values of U accessible to gas combustion experiments and numerical simulations, 

enabling us to create a "bridge" between studies of fronts with and without 

substantial density changes. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 5 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Buckmaster, J. D., Joulin, G., and Ronney, P. D. Structure and stability of nonadiabatic flame balls: 

II. Effects of far-field losses. Combustion and Flame 84,411-422 (1991). 

Buckmaster, J. 8., Gessman, R., and Ronney, P. D. "The three-dimensional dynamics of flame 

balls." Twenty-Fourth International Symposium on Combustion, Sydney, Australia, July 1992. 

Buckmaster, J. D., Lee, C. J., Joulin, G., and Ronney, P. D. Modeling of microgravity ignition 

experiments. In: Recent Advances in Combustion Modeling (8. Larrouturou, ed.), series in 

Advances in Mathema tics fo r Applied Sciences, Vol. 6, pp. 1- 18, World Scientific Press, Teaneck, 

NJ, 1991. 

Ronney, P. D. An investigator's suggestions for effective use of the NASA-JSC reduced-gravity 

program KC-13SA aircraft. In: JSC Reduced- Gravity Program Users Guide. NASA JSC-22803, 

1991. Ronney, P. D. An investigator's suggestions for effective use of the NASA-JSC 

reduced-gravity program KC-13SA aircraft. In: JSC Reduced- Gravity Program Users Guide. 

NASA JSC-22803, 1991. 

Ronney, P. D., and Yakhot, V. Flame broadening effects on premixed turbulent flame speed. 

Combustion Science and Technology 86, 31-43 (1992). 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

ll. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

Shy, S. S., Ronney, P. D., Buckley, S. G., and Yakhot, V. "Experimental simulations of premixed 

turbulent combustion using aqueous autocatalytic reactions." Twenty-Fourth International 

Symposium on Combustion, Sydney, Australia, July 1922. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT R ESEARCH 

TYPE: Flight 

DISCIPLINE: Combustion Science 

PROJECT TiTlE: Flame Spread Across Liquids 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-22-05-07 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Howard Ross 

AFFILIATION: NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) 

MAILING ADDRESS: Lewis Research Center 

Code 500-217 

21000 Brookpark Road 

Cleveland, OH 44135 

PHONE: (216)433-2562 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

For flame spread over liquid fuel pools, the existing literature suggests three 

gravitational influences: (a) liquid-phase buoyant convection, delaying ignition and 

assisting flame spread; (b) hydrostatic pressure variation, due to variation in the 

liquid pool height caused by thermocapillary-induced convection; and (c) gas-phase 

buoyant convection in the opposite direction to the liquid-phase motion. No 

current model accounts for all three influences. In fact, prior to this work, there was 

no ability to determine whether ignition delay times and flame spread rates would 

be greater or lesser in low gravity. 

Flame spread over liquid fuel pools is most commonly characterized by the 

relationship of the initial pool temperature to the fuel's idealized flash point 

temperature, with four or five separate characteristic regimes having been 

identified. In the uniform spread regime, control has been attributed to (a) gas-phase 

conduction and radiation, (b) gas-phase conduction only, (c) gas-phase convection 

and liquid conduction, and most recently (d) liquid convection ahead of the flame. 

Suggestions were made that the liquid convection was owed to both buoyancy and 

thermocapillarity. In the pulsating regime, complicated flow structures have been 

observed in both the gas and liquid phases, with circulation around several centers; 

these flows were attributed to combined thermocapillary and buoyant effects. 

Of special interest to this work is the determination of whether, and under what 

conditions, pulsating spread can and will occur in microgravity in the absence of 

buoyant flows in both phases. One possible mechanism for pulsating spread in 

microgravity is if the "premixed gas- diffusive burning" pulsations are due to 

periodicity between gas-phase conductive and liquid-phase convective control. A 

second possibility, which will be determined by these investigations, is whether 

pulsations may be induced in low gravity by the presence of slow, forced, gas-phase 

flow. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The approach we have taken to resolving the importance of buoyancy for these 

flames is (a) normal gravity experiments with advanced diagnostics, (b) 

microgravity experiments, and (c) numerical modeling at arbitrary gravitational 

level. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

Normal-gravity flame spread tests were conducted inside a large metal glovebox, 1.2 

m long x 0.8 m wide x 0.65 m high, which served to eliminate drafts from the room. 

Experiments on pool depth effects (where buoyancy might be expected to be 

important) were carried out between temperatures of 13°C and 21 ec, at 

approximately 1 ec intervals. For pools of I-propanol at Tuq = 17.3 ec, the 10 mm 

pool shows a slightly higher fl ame speed than the 5 mm pool (borne out in several 

runs), and both are well above that shown by the 2-mm-deep tray. Furthermore, at 

this temperature, which is approximately the transition temperature from uniform 

to pulsating spread, the shallow pool clearly shows regular pulsations, while the 

others show only small amplitude irregular variations in spread rate. In fact, we 

found definite, cyclic pulsations at temperatures as high as 18.4 ec for the 2 mm 

pools, which was thought to be above the transition temperature, but very uniform 

spread for the deeper pools. This difference in flame spread character with depth 

provides indirect evidence that there may be a weak liquid-phase flow at these 

conditions that produces pulsations in a shallow fuel layer but yields uniform 

spread in deeper pools. 

Well into the pulsating region, at T Uq = 14.1 ec, all three depths showed regular 

pulsations, and it is quite clear that the spread rate is dependent on pool depth. 

Again, the deeper pool shows a higher flame propagation rate, with the difference 

between 5 mm and 10 mm now somewhat enlarged compared to the 17.3 ec pool. 

Furthermore, it is clear that the pulsation wavelength is also strongly dependent on 

pool depth. Deeper pools exhibit much longer wavelength pulsations, in this case 4 

pulsations over the 25-cm distance presented for the 10-cm-deep pool, compared to 

13 for the 2-mm-deep pool. 

The pool depth has a strong effect on the pulsation wavelength, but there is no 

easily discernible temperature dependence. The depth effect may be due to a 

limitation imposed by the bottom on the size of the liquid circulation zone that 

slightly precedes the flame leading edge. This zone cannot fully develop in the 

shallow pools, and the flame catches up more rapidly. Drag on the bottom may also 

slow down this flow during each cycle, leading to more frequent pulsations but a 

lower overall velocity. This explanation is consistent with numerical predictions of 

more frequent pulsations for increasing values of liquid viscosity and! or decreasing 

surface-tension coefficient. For the 2-mm-deep pool, surface deformation may also 

be significant and lead to the formation of roll cells; these cells could be the cause of 

11-28 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

the depth effect on pulsation. Future work is needed to resolve the subsurface flow 

in shallow fuel pools and to confirm this hypothesis. 

Recently we examined the temperature field using rainbow schlieren deflectometry 

(RSD) and the velocity field using particle image velocimetry (PIV) for uniform and 

pulsating flame spread using propanol and butanol as fuels. These techniques had 

not been previously applied to this flame-spread problem. The RSD and PIV were 

recorded with standard CCD video cameras and S-VHS video recorders. The particle 

tracks, obtained using an 840-nm laser diode light sheet and 12 micron pliolite 

particles, were digitized, color coded, and time-averaged on the video record to assist 

analysis. The flow penetrates to the full depth of the pool, unlike the temperature 

field. Thus, as might be expected, the use of methods responding to thermal 

variations, such as RSD or interferometry, to infer the flow patterns, can be 

misleading. 

No microgravity experiments were performed in FY92 because the Zero Gravity 

Facility at NASA Lewis was closed. 

Our recent computational studies have addressed unsteady, axisymmetric and 

planar open pool configurations. The transient numerical model uses the SIMPLE 

algorithm with the SIMPLEC modification. This method uses primitive variables 

(u, v, p, h), a staggered mesh, and the hybrid-differencing scheme. The continuity 

equation is satisfied by solving the pressure-correction equation in the SIMPLE 

algorithm. A "phase-split" solution technique is used in that the gas and liquid 

phases are solved separately. The effects of blackbody radiation, surface tension, 

gravity level, variable density, and thermophysical properties, vaporization, and 

finite-rate chemical kinetics are included in the computational model. Infinitely 

fast chemical kinetics (Le., the flame sheet approximation) cannot be assumed 

because the flame leading edge is premixed. The model assumes that the liquid 

surface remains flat and horizontal at all gravity levels. Solutocapillary forces and 

recession of the liquid surface due to vaporization are neglected. It is predicted that 

at normal gravity, the temperatures in the reaction zone are generally higher and 

the reaction zone thinner than at microgravity. The flame standoff distance is 

slightly smaller at normal gravity than at microgravity, but the reason for this is not 

as clear as with flame spread over solids. Without the effects of surface tension, 

flame-spread rates decrease with increasing gravity level. When surface tension is 

included, flame propagation is either uniform or pulsating depending on the 

gravity level and initial pool temperature. 

Pulsating spread of the precursor flame in front of the main body of the diffusion 

flame is shown to be caused by the formation of a recirculation cell in the gas phase 

in front of the flame leading edge. This recirculation cell is formed by a combination 

of opposed flow in the gas phase due to buoyancy and concurrent flow in the liquid 

phase due to thermocapillary forces. At microgravity, a recirculation cell may still 

form in front of the flame leading edge solely due to the surface-tension-driven 

11-29 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

shear flow. However, the strength of this recirculation cell is relatively weak 

compared to that at normal gravity. Therefore, periodic flame pulsations are not 

predicted at microgravity. 

Hot gas expansion plays a significant role in the flame pulsation process by causing 

the periodic destruction of the gas-phase recirculation cell. Large hot gas expansion 

velocities oppose the flow of fresh oxygen to the reaction zone. Both a lack of oxygen 

due to the hot gas expansion and quenching by the liquid surface leads to the 

extinguishment of the precursor flame. When hot gas expansion is not included in 

the simulations, small backward and forward pulsations of the precursor flame still 

occur at normal gravity owing to the presence of the recirculation cell in front of the 

flame leading edge. However, the recirculation cell structure remains intact 

throughout the pulsation cycle, and the precursor flame is extinguished because of 

quenching by the liquid surface. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 2 DEGREES GRANTED: 1 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Miller, F. and Ross, H. Further Observations of flame spread across laboratory-scale alcohol 

pools. Proceedings of the 24th International Symposium on Combustion, Sydney, Sydney, 

Australia, 1992. 

Ross, H. Ignition of and flame spread across laboratory-scale pools of pure liquid fuels. Submitted 

to Progress in Energy and Combustion Sdence, 1992. 

Schiller, D. N. "Combustion above liquid fuel pools: buoyant and surface-tension-driven flow 

computations." PhD. dissertation, University of California, Irvine, CA. 1992. 

Schiller, D. N. and Sirignano, W. A. "Ignition anod flame spread above liquid fuel pools." Paper 

WSCI-91-96, fall meeting of the Western States section of the Combustion Institute, 1992. 

11-30 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

TYPE: Fligh t 

DISCIPLINE: Combustion Science 

PROJECT TITLE: Scientific Support for a Space Shuttle Droplet Burning 

Experiment 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-22-05-03 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Forman A. Williams 

AFFILIATION: University of California, San Diego 

MAILING ADDRESS: Department of Applied Mechanics and 

Engineering Science, B-010 

University of California, San Diego 

La Jolla, CA 92093-0411 

PHONE: (619) 534-5452 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objective of this research effort is to provide scientific support, in collaboration 

with Professor F. Dryer of Princeton University, for a droplet burning experiment to 

be performed on board a space platform, This support will include performance of 

theoretical analyses relevant to the . experiments, execution of drop-tower 

experiments to acquire additional data, analysis of experimental data obtained in 

ground-based experiments, and identification of test conditions for experiments in 

space. The overall objective of the research is to achieve fundamental advances in 

the science of droplets. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The objectives stated above will be pursued through the use of the 2.2-second drop 

tower with measurements made on heptane and methanol burning in atmospheres 

of normal air and in diluted atmospheres and through the analysis of data from this 

tower, and also from the S-second drop tower with these fuels as well as decane. The 

data will be analyzed for droplet diameter and extinction diameter by use of 

high-precision analysis systems. Flame diameters also will be obtained by suitable 

digital image analysis procedures. 

The theoretical approach will employ asymptotic methods to relate observed 

extinction conditions to elementary rate parameters. Treatment of the data by use of 

the theory will help to identify experiments that need to be done in space. 

Additional experiments will also be performed to address the effects of relative 

droplet-gas convection on burning rates. In the theoretical part of the project, a 

spherosymmetric, time dependent, finite element-based numerical model with 

detailed gas phase kinetics, and variable property effects will be extended to study the 

effects of soot formation in droplet burning. Extension of the existing 

one-dimensional code to two-dimensional axisymmetric geometry will be 

evaluated. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks IBibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

PROGRESS DURING EY1992 

Significant progress has been made concerning the extinction of heptane diffusion 

flames. Extinction diameters of heptane droplets were predicted by an asymptotic 

analysis that systematically reduced the chemistry to two-step, three-step, and 

four-step mechanisms. This reduction is not empirical or semi-empirical modeling, 

but instead is a logical reduction from underlying elementary rates of the multitude 

of steps involved. This is the first time that such a reduction has been accomplished 

for a fuel as complicated as heptane. The predicted extinction conditions are quite 

reasonable, but strongly dependent on fuel chemistry, and the magnitudes of 

uncertainties involved were estimated and shown to exceed a factor of ten for the 

extinction diameter. Necessary steps in improving the estimates were identified for 

future research. There is a possibility of a significant advance in understanding 

through this work. 

A significant portion of the progress involves improvements to the numerical code 

to include soot shell formation due to the influence of thermophoretic effect and 

Stefan flow in droplet combustion and to include 92-step Warnatz kinetic 

mechanism for heptane. Some preliminary calculations were also carried out for 

methanol using a skeletal mechanism at different ambient pressures. 

During this reporting period, CoDR for the Droplet Combustion Experiment (DCE) 

was also completed in collaboration with NASA personnel. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 2 DEGREES GRANTED: 2 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENT ATIONS 

Card, J. M. Asymptotic analysis for the burning of n-heptane droplets using a four step reduced 

mechanism. Combustion and Flame, 1992. 

Card, J. M., and Williams, F. A. Asymptotic analysis with reduced chemistry for the burning of 

n-heptane droplets. Combustion and Flame, 1992. 

Card, J. M., and Williams, F. A. Asymptotic analysis of the structure and extinction of 

spherically symmetrical n-heptane diffusion flames. Combustion Science and Technology, vol. 84, 

pp. 91-120 (1992). 

Cho, S. Y., Yetter, R. A., and Dryer, F. L. A computational model for one-dimensional mass and 

energy transport in and around chemically reacting particles, including complex gas-phase 

chemistry, multicomponent molecular diffusion, surface evaporation, and heterogeneous reaction. 

Journal of Computational Physics, vol. 102, no. 1 (September 1992). 

Choi, M. Y. "Droplet combustion characteristics under microgravity and normal gravity 

conditions." Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton 

University, Princeton, NJ, 1992. 

Choi, M. Y., Cho, S. Y., Dryer, F. L., and Haggard, J. B. Jr. Computational/experimental basis for 

conduction alkane droplet combustion experiments on space-based platforms. Proceedings of the 

JUT AM symposium on microgravity fluid mechanics, Bremen, FRG. H. J. Rath, ed . Berlin: 

Springer-Verlag, 1992. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

Choi, M. Y., Dryer, F. L., Card, J. M., Williams, F. A., Haggard, J. B., Jr., and Browski, B. 

"Microgravity combustion of isolated n-decane and n-heptane droplets." AIAA paper no. 92-242, 

January 1992. 

Dryer, F. L. "Computational/experimental studies of isolated, single- component droplet 

combustion." Presented at the Second International Microgravity Combustion Workshop, NASA 

Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, October 1992. 

Williams, F. A. "Studies of droplet burning and extinction." Presented at The Second International 

Microgravity Combustion Workshop, NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, October 1992. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEA RCH 

TYPE: Flight 

DISCIPLINE: Electronic Materials 

PROJECT TITLE: Directional Solidification of Cadmium Telluride 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-21-08-07 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Frederick M. Carlson 

AFFILIATION: Clarkson College 

MAILING ADDRESS: Department of Mechanical and 

Aerona u tical Engineering 

Clarkson University 

Potsdam, NY 13676-5729 

PHONE: (315) 268-6580 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objectives are to (a) calculate theoretical thermal and elastic stress fields for 

various orbital flight furnace/ cartridge/ ampoule/ sample systems in order to 

minimize stress-producing defects, and (b) simulate the thermal and stress fields 

within ground-based and space-processed crystals, and to provide quidelines for 

fully analyzing and characterizing these flight crystals. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

We will (a) develop of theoretical models of the directional solidification growth 

process to account for all of the relevant physics (b) verify these models with 

ground-based and space experiments to ascertain their validity; (c) modify and 

empiricised as necessary; (c) search the literature and conduct the tests necessary to 

provide the physical properties required by the model; and (d) simulate the 

directional solidification process and optimize the growth parameters, which will 

allow the grower to produce minimum-defect crystals. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

1. Using experimental furnace wall temperatures, our thermal model predicted the 

magnitude of six thermocouples, which were installed on the ampoule in 

experiment NCZT05 (Grumman Corporation Research Center, Dr. David Larson) to 

within 4 °C over the entire several-day growth process. 

2. We demonstrated that the ampoule-holder-support geometry and material have 

a large influence on interfacial growth velocity within the seed-transition region. 

Highly variable interfacial velocities are possible even when the ampoule pulling 

rate and furnace wall temperatures are constant. 

3. Thermoelastic stress calculations have produced some valuable results that 

correlate with characterization data, including: a) the development of a 

Star-of-David stress pattern on the (111) plane wafers along with the resulting "w" 

stress pattern; b) the discovery of a nonlinearity in the furnace temperature profile, 

11-34 
Microgr8vity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

for which a negative influence on the excess stress in the crystal was demonstrated; 

and c) demonstrated of the size of the region influenced by the end effect in the 

last-to-solidify region. 

4. We surveyed and assessed the literature related to inelastic modeling and 

mechanical properties of DdTe. We initiated constitutive model development 

based on continuum slip concepts, the model by Haasen and co-workers, and 

experimental data in the literature. We developed a reliable numerical integration 

subroutine and implemented the model into a finite element code. Refinements 

and simulations are proceeding. 

5. We initiated initial data-reduction and preliminary calculations of space-grown 

CdTe. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 1 DEGREES GRANTED: a 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks IBibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

TYPE: Fligh t 

DISCIPLINE: Electronic Materials 

PROJECT TITLE: GaAs Crystal Growth Experiment 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-21-05-02 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Brian Ditchek 

AFFILIATION: GTE Laboratories, Inc. 

MAILING ADDRESS: Electronics Material Dept. 

GTE Labs Incorporated 

40 Sylvan Road 

Waltham, MA 02254 

PHONE: (617) 466-4232 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objective is to determine the magnitude of effects of buoyancy-driven 

convection on the crystal growth of bulk gallium arsenide (GaAs). 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

Selenium- doped (-10e-17) GaAs crystals are grown in controlled environments at 

selected environments affecting fluid flow: (a) low-gravity (minimal convection), 

(b) normal gravity a three separate orientations (vector stabilizing the temperature 

gradients, avec tor destabilizing the thermal gradient, and a vector transverse to the 

thermal gradient), and a magnetically damped flow (the three normal-gravity 

orientations with either axial or radial magnetic field). The distribution of dopant is 

measured and compared to numerical predictions. Selected electrical and chemical 

properties are measured and correlated with the dopant distribution. Both macroand micro-segregation are determined. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

We completed the second flight of the payload, prepared a preliminary report of 

results, and initiated a sample analysis. We also held a meeting of the joint Air 

Force-NASA contractor analysis team to discuss results and direction of 

characterization program and coordinated the move of PI from GTE Laboratories to 

Cleveland. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 0 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

TYPE: Fligh t 

DISCIPLINE: Electronic Materials 

PROJECT TITLE: Compound Semiconductor Growth in Low-g Environment 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LaRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-21-06-01 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Archibald L. Fripp 

AFFILIATION: NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) 

MAILING ADDRESS: Langley Research Center 

Mail Stop 473 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

Hampton, V A 23665 

PHONE: (804) 864-1503 

TASK OBJECTive/DESCRIPTION 

The objectives of this research are to determine the effects of gravity-driven 

convection on the growth parameters and crystal properties of compound 

semicond uctors. 

The material chosen for study is the compound semiconductor alloy lead tin 

telluride. Lead tin telluride is a substitutional alloy of lead telluride and tin 

telluride that is miscible over the entire compositional range. The semiconductor 

properties of this material are dependent on the ratio of the two components, and 

consequently the uniformity of an array of devices is dependent on good 

compositional control. 

This material was chosen for microgravity research because it is not only a useful 

semiconductor material which has been used for construction of infrared detectors 

and tunable diode lasers but also has a phase diagram similar to that of other 

compound semiconductors of interest, such as mercury cadmium telluride and 

mercury zinc telluride. Lead tin telluride is very interesting from a purely scientific 

point of view in that it is both sol uti ally and thermally unstable, but in a 

one-dimensional analysis with growth axis parallel to the gravity vector, only one 

instability works, per orientation, at a time. This double convective instability 

cannot be made stable by balancing thermal and solutal expansion in a 

high-temperature gradient. This study will lead to a greater understanding of the 

effects of gravity-driven convection on the finished properties of this class of 

materials. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

Lead tin telluride is amenable to study because it is easily compounded, it has a 

relatively low vapor pressure, it is single phase, and there is existing, though 

limited, literature on its growth and properties. 

11-37 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / B ibliograpby - FY 1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

The desired growth mode is of course one in which convection is zero, so that 

compositional steady state can be reached. However, fluid dynamic calculations 

have shown that finite convection exists in the physical configuration used in 

crystal-growth experiments even at lxE-8 Earth gravity if there is a density gradient 

orthogonal to the gravity vector. 

However, due to the residual atmosphere the minimum gravity level expected on 

the Space Shuttle is roughly on the order of lxE-7 Earth gravity. Hence experiments 

are designed such that interface movement, that is, growth rate, is greater that the 

anticipated fluid velocity. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

Reportable progress in 1992 was primarily in the area of AADSF furnace calibration 

and in choosing the specific furnace parameters for the flight experiment. The 

conceptually simple task of furnace calibration had been hindered by damage to the 

sheathed thermocouples from the inconel muffle tubes and by the lack of a reliable 

value for the heat transfer coefficient between the muffle tube and the furnace wall. 

The interaction between the muffle tube and the thermocouples and resultant 

damage to the thermocouples has been characterized. A new calibration sample has 

been designed that offers protection to the thermocouples. This sample has been 

used to calibrate the AADSF over a wide range of temperatures, pull rates, and 

insulation zone configurations. 

The AADSF has been further calibrated and characterized by the growth of doped 

germanium with periodic interface demarcation and by the development of a heat 

transfer measurement device. This work provides the boundary conditions and 

measurement verification for subsequent numerical modeling. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 3 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Rosch, W., Jesser, W. A., Debnam, W., Fripp, A., Woodell, G., and Pendergrass, T. K. A technique 

for measuring the heat transfer coefficient inside a Bridgman furnace. Accepted by, J. Cryst. 

Growth, 1992. 

Rosch, W., Fripp, A., Debnam, W., Simchick, R., and Sorokach, S. "Damage of fine diameter 

platinum sheathed type R thermocouples at temperatures between 950 and 1100°C." The 7th 

International Symposium on Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, 

April 28-May 1, 1992, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Accepted for publication in proceedings. 

Sears, B., Narayanan, R., Anderson, T. J., and Fripp, A. L. Convection of tin in a Bridgman system: 

Part I, Flow characterization by effective diffusivity measurements. Accepted by J. Cryst. 

,Growth, 1992. 

Sears, B., Narayanan, R., Anderson, T. J., and Fripp, A. L. The detection of solutal convection 

during electrochemical measurement of the oxygen diffusivity in liquid tin. Accepted by 

Metallurgical Transactions, 1992. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

Sears, B., Narayanan, R, Anderson, T. J., Fripp, A. L., Debnam, W. J., and Woodell, G. A. 

Convection of tin in a Bridgman system: Part II, An electrochemical method for detecting flow 

regimes. Accepted by J. Cryst. Growth, 1992. 

Sorokach, 5., Rosch, W., Fripp, A., and Debnam, W. "Errors in small diameter sheathed type K 

and N thermocouples in high temperatures gradients." The 7th International Symposium on 

Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, April 28-May 1, 1992, Toronto, 

Ontario, Canada. 

Tanveer, S. Convection effects on radial segregation and crystal melt interface in vertical 

Bridgman growth. Submitted to ]. Phys. Fluids A, 1992. 

Wagner, C. ,Friedrich, R, and Narayanan, R Gravational effects and some extended results for 

bilayer convection of the Rayleigh Marangoni type. Submitted to ]. Phys. Fluids A, 1992. 

PATENfS - Fripp, Archibald L. "HTX, Heat Transfer Measuring Device." Patent application 

procedure started February 1992. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks I Bibliography - FY 1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

TYPE: Flight 

DISCIPLINE: Electronic Materials 

PROJECT TITLE: A Study of Solution Crystal Growth in Low-g 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-21-08-06 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Ravindra B. Lal 

AFFILIATION: Alabama A&M University 

MAILING ADDRESS: Department of Physics & 

Mathematics 

Alabama A&M University 

Normal, AL 35762 

PHONE: (205) 851-5306 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objective of this task is to grow crystals of triglycine sulfate in low-g and analyze 

or measure the effect of residual fluid motion on the growth rate. 

The crystals' growth in the Fluid Experiments System will be measured or recorded 

on holograms. Fluid flow and growth rate will be measured postmission on 

reconstructed holograms. 

RESEARCH APPROACH 

An experiment entitled, II A Study of Solution Crystal Growth in Low-gil was flown 

on STS-42 on the First International Microgravity Laboratory (IML-1), January 22-29, 

1992. Because of hardware problems, the TGS-2 run, in which a crystal of triglycine 

sulfate (TGS) was to have been grown for about 46 hours, was aborted. The TGS-1 

run, where the major objective was to study the fluid motion and the effects of 

g-jitter by studying the motion of particles of three different sizes (199 ~m, 468 ~m, 

and 646 ~m) in the fluid, was also not without problems. With the help of all the 

ground personnel in the Huntsville Operations Support Center (HOSC) and the 

crew, we were able to save the experiment to some extent. Data were recorded for 

particle motion with and without heating the growth cell. TGS crystal was grown for 

about 16 hours, and the particle motion data were recorded for the same period. This 

gave us the data for the particle motion with and without the crystal growth. In the 

first case we could see only the motion of particles owing to the variation of 

acceleration forces. 

PROGRESS DuRING FY1992 

Preparation for IML-l flight: 

Many TGS seed crystals were grown by a low-temperature reciprocating solution 

growth technique. Seeds of proper orientation and sizes were selected from the 

aboye crystals for the flight and for ground control experiments. The selected seed 

crystals were analyzed at the Brookhaven National Laboratory for any defects, using 

11-40 
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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FYI992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT R ESEA RCH 

X-ray diffraction synchrotron radiation imaging technique. By this process we 

selected the seeds for the flight. The seeds were characterized for electrical 

properties. 

IML-l Flight: 

The IML-1 mission was supported by Drs. R.B. Lal, A.K. Batra, W.R. Wilcox, J.D. 

Trolinger, and M.D. Aggarwal. Owing to the dedicated efforts of all ground 

personnel, including all NASA/MSFC and Teledyne Brown Engineering persons 

and the flight crew, the experiment was salvaged in part in spite of many hardware 

problems in the Fluid Experiment System (FES). 

IML-l Post Flight: 

The space-grown crystal was retrieved from Edwards Air Force base in California by 

Dr. R. B. Lal. 

An initial examination of the flight crystal from the TGS-1 run was carried out at 

Brookhaven National Laboratory using X-ray diffraction synchrotron radiation 

imaging, in collaboration with Dr. Bruce Steiner of National Institute of Standards 

and Technology (NIST). An examination of the entire uncut flight crystal indicates 

that the lattice orientation is uniform to 1-2 arc seconds locally and limited by the 

seed uniformity to 8 arc seconds for the entire crystal. This indicates extraordinary 

crystal regularity. 

The flight crystal was cut at EDO /Barnes Engineering Division, Shelton, 

Connecticut, for detector fabrication, and a small piece was cut for X-ray diffraction 

imaging. Orientation of the cut edge of the crystal showed continuity between seed 

at the bottom and the space growth at the top, indicating a high degree of epitaxy of 

the space growth. The demarcation between the seed and the space growth is 

indistinct in the flight crystal; this demarcation is generally observed on ground 

owing to defects at the interface. 

Polystyrene fluid flow markers that had been included in the space growth in the 

TGS-1 run are observed as small imperfections. All three different sizes of 

polystyrene particles are seen in X-ray diffraction images. We now have an 

operational particle-image motion-analyzing computer system in use to analyze 

images produced in the IML-1 space flight. Fluid motion is detected by tracking the 

particles from one hologram to the next. This is the first time a knowledge of 

g-variation in space shuttle will be determined by optical means. The theory of 

random inertial walk as predicted by Russian scientists will be tested. Preliminary 

observations show that the particles move in a random-walk type of process at 

typical velocities of about one micron per second. In the data so far, this 

random-walk process is dominant in the particle motion. We expect to encounter 

other cases where convection dominates. Some unusual phenomena have been 

observed. The particle motion does not behave as predicted by simple theories used 

so far. The relative velocities between small and large particles do not agree with 

11-41 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM T~SKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

prior examinations; the small particles move faster than expected. Our observations 

suggest that a more general theory of inertial random walk will be required to 

explain this data. 

The irlfrared detectors fabricated from the space crystal at EDO/Barnes Engineering 

Division have shown higher detectivity (D*) and responsivity than the ground 

crystal, but these have not reached the theoretical limit as expected. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 2 DEGREES GRANTED: 1 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENT ATIONS 

Banan, M., Lal, R. B., and Batra, A. K. Modified triglycine sulfate (TGS) single crystals for 

pyroelectric infrared detector applications. J. Mat. Sci, 27, 2291-2297 (1992). 

Lal, R. B. "Growth of TGS crystal and the effect of g-jitter on particle motion aboard the IML-l 

mission." Gordon Research Conference on Gravitational Effects on Materials Processes, Henniker, 

NH, July 18-23, 1993. In preparation, 1992. 

Lal, R. B. A study of solution crystal growth in low-g. NASA Technical Memorandum 4353, 

193-201, 1992. 

Lal, R. B. ''TGS crystal growth experiment on IML-1 mission." 44th International Astronautical 

Congress, Graz, Austria, October 16-22, 1993. In preparation, 1992. 

Lal, R. B., and Batra, A. K. Growth and properties of triglycine sulfate (TGS): A review. Invited 

review paper for a special issue of Ferroelectrics on crystal and crystal growth. In press, 1992. 

Lal, R. B., Batra, A. K., Wilcox, W. R., Trolinger, J. D., Steiner, B., and Witherow, W. K. "A 

study of solution crystal growth in low-g: An experiment on the First International Microgravity 

Laboratory (lML-1)." 10th International Conference on Crystal Growth, San Diego, CA, August 

16-21, 1992. 

Lal, R. B., Batra, A. K.,Wilcox, W. R., Trolinger, J. D., Witherow, W. K., and Steiner, B. "Growth 

of triglycine sulfate sulfate crystals aboard First International Microgravity Laboratory (IML-1)." 

Sixth Annual Alabama Materials Research Conference, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, October 

6-7,1992. 

Sun, J. H., Carlson, F. M., and Wilcox, W. R. "Simulation of solution growth of triglycine sulfate 

growth in space." World Space Congress, Washington DC, September 1992. 

Sun, J., Carlson, F. M., and Wilcox, W. R. Simulation of triglycine sulfate crystal growth in space, 

Microgravity Q.2, no. 3, 159-168, 1992. 

Yang, L., Batra, A. K., and Lal, R. B. Growth and characteristics of triglycine sulfate (TGS) 

crystals grown by sting technique. Ferroelectrics, 118, 85-91, (1991). 

11-42 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks /Bibliograpby - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

TYPE: Flight 

DISCIPLINE: Electronic Materials 

PROJECT TITLE: Orbital Processing of High-Qualify Cadmium Telluride 

Compound Semiconductors 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-21-08-02 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. David J. Larson 

AFFILIATION: Grumman Corporate Research Center (GCRC) 

MAILING ADDRESS: Grumman Corporation 

Research Center A02-026 

Bethpage, NY 11714 

PHONE: (516) 575-4896 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objective of this research is to investigate the influence of gravitationally 

dependent phenomena on the growth and quality of cadmium zinc telluride 

(CdZnTe). The family of II-VI compound semiconductors, of which CdZnTe is a 

member, is used in the fabrication of nuclear detectors, gamma ray dectors, laser 

optics, electro-optic modulators, and infrared detectors. Orbital processing offers a 

unique opportunity to advance toward the goal of increased structural perfection 

within the bulk crystals and of more uniform specific lattice parameters within the 

substrate. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The CdZnTe samples will be grown in microgravity using the seeded 

Bridgman-Stockbarger method of crystal growth. Bridgman-Stockbarger crystal 

growth is accomplished by establishing isothermal hot-zone and cold-zone 

temperatures with a uniform temperature gradient between. The thermal gradient 

spans the melting point of the material (1,095 °C). After sample il1sertion, the 

furnace's hot-:-and cold-zones, will be ramped to temperature establishing a thermal 

gradient of 25 °C/cm and melting the bulk of the sample. The furnace will then 

move farther back on the sample, causing the bulk melt to come into contact with 

the seed crystal, thus "seeding" the melt. The seed crystal prescribes the growth 

orientation of the crystal grown. Having seeded the melt, the furnace translation is 

reversed and the sample is directionally solidified at a uniform velocity by moving 

the furnace and the thermal gradient over the stationary sample. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 . 

Two CdZnTe samples were processed in the crystal growth furnace (CGF), which 

was flown in the pressurized Spacelab module in the habitable environment of the 

Space Shuttle Columbia during the first United States Microgravity Laboratory 

(USML-l) in June of 1992. The primary sample was processed for 92.5 hours and 

11-43 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY 1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

approximately 10.6 cm of CdZnTe were grown. Processing of the second sample, at 

an abbreviated timeline, resulted in more than 2.8 em of growth. 

The two samples of CdZnTe are in the process of being examined using infrared and 

optical microscopy; microchemical analysis, X-ray precision lattice parameter 

mapping and synchrotron topography, and infrared transmission and optical 

reflectance. These characterization techniques will quantitatively map the chemical, 

physical, mechanical, and electrical properties of the flight crystals for comparison 

with identically processed CGF ground-processed samples. Based on the 

preliminary analyses, it can be concluded that the CdZnTe experiments have 

significance that greatly exceeds that which was anticipated. Each CdZnTe crystal 

experienced the predetermined temperature/time history, successfully seeded a 

monolithic single crystal, maximized the desired region of dewetting throughout 

the shouldering region, and demonstrated an unanticipated thermal and 

gravitational asymmetry throughout the steady-state growth period. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 0 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

11-44 

_., 
L_ 

Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT R ESEA RCH 

TYPE: Fligh t 

DISCIPLINE: Electronic Materials 

PROJECT TITLE: Crystal Growth of II-IV Semiconducting Alloys by 

Directional Solidification 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-21-08-04 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Sandor L. Lehoczky 

AFFILIATION: NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) 

MAILING ADDRESS: Marshall Space Flight Center 

Code ES75 

National Aeronautics and Space Admnistration 

Marshall Space Flight Center, AL 35812 

PHONE: (205)544-7758 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objective of this research is to investigate the effects of microgravity during the 

crystal growth of mercury zinc telluride (HgZnTe) on its compositional, 

metallurgical, electrical, and optical properties. The anticipated results of this study 

are both scientifically and technologically significant. The advancement in science 

will result from the increased understanding of the role of gravity on the fluid 

dynamic and compositional redistribution phenomena during the crystal growth of 

solid-solution semiconducting alloys having large separation between the liquids 

and solidus of the constitutional phase diagrams, and from the more accurate 

values of materials properties that can be measured using the high-quality, bulk 

crystals growth in space. Any advance in quality of these electronic materials has a 

great technological impact because of the application to infrared detectors for NASA 

and DOD requirements. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The HgZnTe alloy for this experiment will be prepared by reacting 99.9999+% pure, 

elemental constituents in evacuated, sealed, fused-silica ampoules. The HgZnTe 

will be agitated while molten to achieve complete reaction and homogenization, 

and then cast in the tapered end of an ampoule. The ampoule will then be installed 

in the hot zone of the growth furnace. The hot zone will be heated above the 

liquids temperature of the alloy, and the cold zone will be maintained at a 

temperature low enough to provide a gradient sufficient to prevent constitutional 

supercooling. The directional crystal growth will be accomplished by raising the 

temperature gradient through the ampoule. The crystal nucleates in the bottom tip 

of the ampoule and grows as the gradient is raised. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

One HgZnTe sample was planned to be processed for approximately 148 hours in the 

crystal growth furnace (CGF), which was flown in the pressurized Spacelab module 

11-45 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT R ESEA RCH 

in the habitable environment of the Space Shuttle Columbia during the first United 

States Microgravity Laboratory (USML-1) in June of 1992. Unfortunately, because of 

the loss of power to the CGF, the experiment terminated prematurely at about 39 

hours into the experiment timeline. About a 5.5 mm sample was grown during this 

time period. The initial microstructural, compositional, and X-ray radiographic and 

diffraction results indicate that preprocessed alloy crystals can be successfully 

quenched, back-melted,· and regrown maintaining nearly steady-state compositions. 

Further analysis of the sample is continuing. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: a DEGREES GRANTED: a 

11-46 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

TYPE: Flight 

DISCIPLINE: Electronic Materials 

PROJECT TITLE: The Study of Dopant .Segregation Behavior During the 

Growth of GaAs in Microgravity 

R~SPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-21-05-01 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. David H. Matthiesen 

AFFILIATION: Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) 

MAILING ADDRESS: 

PHONE: (617) 466-4232 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objectives of this program are to investigate gravitational and thermal 

techniques for obtaining complete axial and radial dopant uniformity of the 

selenium dopant during crystal growth of gallium arsenide (GaAs). These 

techniques include controlling the thermal conditions to obtain a flat .interface 

.shape and a steady-state growth rate and, most importantly, growth in the 

microgravity environment afforded by the Crystal Growth Furnace (CGF) in the first 

United States Microgravity Laboratory (USML-1). 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

Crystals of GaAs, 16.5 cm long by 1.5 cm in diameter, will be supplied by GTE 

Laboratories to NASA for growth in CGF on USML-l. These crystals will be doped 

with selenium to approximately 1x1017/ cm3

. As supplied to NASA, these crystals 

will be hermetically scaled in a specially designed fused quartz ·ampoule.· This 

ampoule will then be sealed into an experiment cartridge, which on orbit will be 

loaded unto the furnace system for growth. The large hot zone length of the CGF 

(20 cm) should allow, for the first time in' microgravity, the achievement of 

steady-state growth rates. After flight, extensive characterization of the electrical and 

structural properties is planned. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

Three ampoules containing GaAs have been tested at GTE Laboratories. In addition, 

two alumina thermal probes and three GaAs samples have been tested in the 

Ground Control Experiment Laboratory (GCEL). The GCEL contains a ground-based 

equivalent of the flight unit, which has been delivered to the Kennedy Space Center 

for integration into the United States Microgravity Laboratory. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 0 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

11-47 
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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY 1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

TYPE: Fligh t 

DISCIPLINE: Electronic Materials 

PROJECT TITLE: Cadmium Telluride Microgravity Growth 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-21-08-08 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Ratnakar R. Neurgaonkar 

AFFILIATION: Rockwell International 

MAILING ADDRESS: Rockwell International Science Center 

1049 Camino Dos Rios 

PO Box 1085 

Thousand Oaks, CA 91360 

PHONE: (805) 373-4109 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objective of this program is to determine optimal Bridgman growth conditions 

for CdTe single crystals within the envelope of parameters established for the 

experiments in space. This study includes the improvement-due to 

microgravity-of dislocation density, stoichiometry, electrical, and optical properties 

of V-doped and undoped CdTe. It seeks to achieve this by growing near-perfect, 

single grain and [110]-oriented crystal boules. The crystal perfection and quality is 

being optimized using photorefractive and electrical measurement techniques. A 

parallel effort on other aspects of CdTe growth is being conducted at Grumman 

preparatory to space experiments, and procedures for rnicrogravity experiments will 

be developed jointly with Grumman. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

A systematic study of parameters influencing the grain-oriented growth of doped 

and undoped CdTe single crystals is being conducted using oriented seeds in a 

Bridgman furnace. KC-135 flights are used to collect data on microgravity effects 

that can be used to relate ground-based experiments to eventual experiments in 

space. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

We have developed, using selected dopants, Bridgman-growth conditions suitable 

for the growth of both optical-quality and near single-grain CdTe single crystals. 

Nearly perfect [111]-oriented crystals of V- and Zn-doped CdTe single crystals have 

been obtained using the parameters proposed for the flight experiments. KC-135 

flights have been used to verify effects of free fall on the growth. We plan to 

continue this method of testing microgravity growth procedures. Among several 

dopants explored for this growth, only Vanadium (V) and zinc (Zn) produced 

crystals of reasonable quality, and these doped crystals exhibited sufficiently high 

resistivity for photorefractive applications. Further optimization of both the 

dopants and the crystal growth conditions is underway. 

11-48 
I 

l _ _ 

Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 0 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENT ATIONS 

Bennett, M. J. , Tsiveriotis, K., and Brown, R. A. Nonlinear dynamics in periodically repeated sets 

of directional solidification cells. Physical Review B, 45, 9562-9575 (1992). 

Brown, R. A. "Crystal growing systems." Invited paper at NATO meeting on Interactive Dynamics 

in Convection and Solidification, Chamonix, France, March 1992. 

Brown, R. A., Lee, T. C. J., and Tsiveriotis, K. Nonlinear dynamics near the onset of cellular 

growth during thin-film solidification of a binary allow: On the observability of weakly 

nonlinear states. Interactive Dynamics in Convection and Solidification . S. H. Davis, et al., eds., 

Amsterdam: Kiuwer, pp. 69- 72, 1992. 

Kim, D. H., and Brown, R. A. Modelling of transients in growth of HgCdTe by the vertical 

Bridgman technique. J. Crystal Growth, 114, 411-434 (1991). 

Kyrilidis, A. , and Brown, R. A. "Ability of nonperturbative density functional theories to 

stabilize arbitrary solids." American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Los Angeles, November 

1991. 

Kyrilidis, A. and Brown, R. A. "Density-functional thermodynamic perturbation study of 

Lennard-Jones solids." In Computational Methods in Materials Science, , vol. 278. J. E. Mark, M. 

E., Glicksman, and S. P. Marsh, eds., Materials Research Society, pp. 21-26, 1992. 

Kyrilidis, A., and Brown, R. A. Local thermodynamic mapping for effective liquid 

density-functional theory. Physical Review A, 45, 5654- 5659 (1992). 

Kyrilidis, A., and Brown, R. A. On the ability of nonperturbative density-functional theories to 

stabilize arbitrary solid s. Physica l Review A, 44, 8141 - 8181 (1991). 

Lee, C. T., and Brown, R. A. "Spatiotemporal chaos near the onset of cellular growth during 

thin-film solidification of a binary alloy." NATO Meeting on Interactive Dynamics in Convection 

and Solidification, Chamonix, France, March 1992. 

Lee, C. T., Tsiveriotis, K., and Brown, R. A. Spatiotemporal chaos near the onset of cellular 

gwowth in thin-film directional solidification. J. Crystal Growth, 121, 536-542 (1992). 

Mehrabi, R., and Brown, R. A. "Nonlinear analysis of morphological interactions between flow 

and interface shape. NATO Meeting on Interactive Dynamics in Convection and Solidification, 

Chamonix, France, March 1992. 

Mehrabi, R., and Brown, R. A. Nonlinear analysis of morphological interactions between flow and 

interface shape in the directional solidification of a binary alloy. Interactive Dynamics in 

Convection and Solidification. S.H. Davis, et al., eds., Amsterdam: Kluwer, pp. 65-67, 1992. 

Tsiveriotis, K., and Brown, R. A. Boundary conforming mapping applied to computations of 

cellular solidification. Inter. J. Numer. Meths. Fluids, 14, 981-1003 (1992). 

Tsiveriotis, K., and Brown, R. A. "The role of codimension-two bifurcation in cellular pattern 

formation in directional solidification." American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Los Angeles, 

November 1991. 

11-49 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks IBibliograpby - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

TYPE: Flight 

DISCIPLINE: Electronic Materials 

PROJECT TITLE: Double Diffusive Convection during Growth of Lead 

Bromide Crystals 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-21-05-03 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. N. B. Singh 

AFFILIATION: Westinghouse Electric Corporation 

MAILING ADDRESS: Westinghouse Electric Corporation 

1310 Beulah Road 

Pittsburgh, P A 15235 

PHONE: (412) 256-1469 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

Lead bromide is a highly attractive material for acousto-optic devices. Hardening of 

the crystal by dilute doping has been evaluated to prevent damage caused by 

postprocessing operations. However, bulk doping is difficult to achieve due to 

thermal-solutal convection. It is proposed to test convection effects in normal and 

reduced gravity and relate the results to the growth of device grade crystals. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

To achieve these objectives, crystal growth experiments will be conducted on Earth 

and in space. Measurements involving Rayleigh number as a function of aspect 

ratio, and radius of the growth tube to the length of the melt column, will be made. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

Minutes of the March 1992 Flight Science Readiness Review have been published. 

Dr. Singh is taking action based on the recommendations of the review. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 0 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

TYPE: Flight 

DISCIPLINE: Electronic Materials 

PROJECT TITLE: Vapor Crystal Growth Studies 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-21-08-05 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Lodewijk van den Berg 

AFFILIATION: EG&G 

MAILING ADDRESS: EG&G Energy Measurements, Inc. 

130 Robin Hill Road 

Goleta, CA 93117 

PHONE: (805) 967-0456 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objective of this task is to grow one or more mercuric iodide single crystals in 

low-g. 

This task will evaluate whether crystal growth in low-g will result in fewer crystal 

defects because of elimination of irregular convection and stress of crystals weight 

that occurs in I-g. This material is very soft at growth temperature. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

A crystal will be grown in space. The structural quality and the electronic properties 

of this crystal will be determined. These physical properties will be compared with 

the same properties measured for crystals grown on the ground from the same 

material and under similar conditions. An attempt will be made to explain the 

differences in the measured values on the basis of gravity effects. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

After extensive training of the flight crew and the ground support group of 

scientists, a single crystal was grown during the flight of IML-l (January 1992). The 

structural quality of the crystal has been determined by means of gamma ray rocking 

curves. A measurement was made at different points over the length of the crystal. 

The data shows that a low-angle grain boundary « 0-2°) runs through the crystal 

which gives rise to two sets of diffraction peaks. The peak width at half maximum 

of the individual curves is less than 0.04°, which indicates a high structural quality. 

It should be emphasized that this technique using high-energy gamma rays probes 

the entire depth of the crystal (approximately 1 cm). 

Future analysis of the crystal properties will be performed in FY93. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 0 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

II-51 
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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliograpby - FY 1992 

D. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

van den Berg, L. Presentation at CNES program review meeting on the advantages of crystal 

growth from the vapor, Toulouse, France, June 1992. 

II-52 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliograpby - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

TYPE: Flight 

DISCIPLINE: Electronic Materials 

PROJECT TITLE: Vapor Transport Crystal Growth of Mercury-Cadmium 

Telluride in Microgravity 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC PROJECT IOENTIFICATION: 694-21-08-03 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Heribert Wiedemeier 

AFFILIATION: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 

MAlL .. G ADDRESS: Department of Chemistry 

214 MRC 

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 

Troy, NY 12181 

PHONE: (518) 276-8444 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objectives of this research are (a) the establishment of experimental trends for 

the relation between convective flow, mass flux, and crystal morphology, and (b) the 

identification of microgravity effects and crystal properties for the ternary 

semiconductor mercury cadmium telluride (HgCdTe). The lateral and axial 

compositional homogeneity (distribution) of the major and dopant components is 

expected to be more uniform for the space-grown epitaxial layers. The density of 

dislocations, of strain-induced defects, and possibly the number of inclusions are· 

expected to be considerably reduced relative to ground-control specimens. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

This experiment requires the hot zone to be 625°C and the cold zone to be 455 0c. 

The total duration of the experiment is 16 hours. The ampoule assembly is designed 

to be 160 mm in length, 18 mm outer diameter, and about 31 grams total weight. A 

cadmium telluride single crystal and a sapphire disc are used for the epitaxial crystal 

growth as substrate and substrate support, respectively. Four time intervals are 

required for crystal growth, namely, heat-up, annealing, growth, and cool-down 

periods. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

Two HgCdTe samples were processed in the crystal growth furnace (CGF), which 

was flown in the pressurized Spacelab module in the habitable environment of the 

Space Shuttle Columbia during the first United States Microgravity Laboratory 

(USML-1) in June of 1992. After return to MSFC, the ampoule/cartridge assemblies 

were examined by X-ray radiation. In both cases, the thermocouples were in the 

proper locations along the ampoules. The mechanical integrity of the fused silica 

ampoules was confirmed after their removal from the cartridge. Based upon visual 

inspection of the flight ampoules, the surfaces of the source materials in both 

ampoules showed some recrystallization, which is typical for these procedures a~d 

II-53 
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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks IBibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

conditions. The epitaxial layers grown on the substrates were nearly mirror smooth 

and show a high degree of spectral reflection. This reveals the very high surface 

quality of the layer. Under comparable ground conditions, the surfaces of the 

epitaxial layers typically show a wavy morphology. Based on this qualitative 

comparison, the surface morphology of the epitaxial layers grown in a microgravity 

environment demonstrates a significant improvement relative to ground 

specimens. In addition, the epitaxial layers grown during the USML-l mission 

have a very homogeneous appearance with respect to their overall surface 

morphology. Further characterization and further analysis of these flight 

experiments are proceeding. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 0 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

II-54 
l_ 

Microgravity Science & Applications 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

TYPE: Flight 

DISCIPLINE: Fluid Physics 

Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

PROJECT TITLE: Surface Controlled Phenomena 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-24-04-03 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Robert E. Apfel 

AFFILIATION: Yale University 

MAILING ADDRESS: Yale University 

Dept. of Mechanical Engineering 

P.O. Box 2159, Yale Station 

New Haven, CT 06520-2159 

PHONE: (203) 432-4346 

TASK OBJECTIVEIDESCRIPTION 

The objectives of this task were to prepare experiments and samples to be performed 

in the Drop Physics Module during the USML-l mission, to assist the astronauts 

during the execution of those experiments, and to analyze the data and publish the 

results of the investigations. 

The experiments study the surface properties of free drops. One set of investigations 

deals with how these properties change with time, and how they are changed by the 

addition of small amounts of surfactants. A second set studies the degree to which 

surfactants affect the coalescence of two similar drops. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

This task is supported by laboratory experiments and theoretical studies as well as by 

the information obtained during the flight. Using ultrasonic levitators and! or 

neutrally buoyant systems, the behavior of small drops is being refined, which 

includes the viscosities and elasticities of the surface. The flight experiments 

provide spherical drops within a negligible host; these simplifications will permit 

the corroboration of the developed theory. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

A subset of the planned experiments was performed during the USML-l mISSIOn. 

In addition to the expected observations, a variety of unexpected acoustic and surface 

phenomena were recorded. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 4 DEGREES GRANTED: 1 

II-55 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliograpby - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Min., S., Holt R. G., and Apfel, R. E. Simulation of drop dynamics in an acoustic positioning 

chamber. J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 3157-3165, (1992). 

Tian, Y., Holt, R. G., and Apfel, R. E., Frequency of quadruple drops in an acoustic field. Accepted 

for publication, j . Acoust. Soc. Am., 1992. 

II-56 

J 
~, 

Microgrnity Science & Applications 

D. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

TYPE: Flight 

DISCIPLINE: Fluid Physics 

Program Tasks I Bibliography - FY1991 

PROJECT TITLE: Kinetics of Diffusional Droplet Growth 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-24-08-01 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Donald O. Frazier 

AFFILIATION: NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Marshall Space Flight Center 

Mail Code ES74 

National Aerospace and Space Administration 

Marshall Space Flight Center, AL 35812 

PHONE: (205) 544-7825 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

Ostwald ripening is the process by which larger droplets grow at the expense of 

smaller ones by diffusion of mass away from droplets below a critical radius toward 

ones above this critical size. The phenomenon is important in many disciplines. 

The flight objective is to determine droplet growth rate constants and changes in 

size distributions using optical techniques for recording droplet data with time. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

A transparent model binary liquid/liquid miscibility-gap type solution is the system 

of choice for the flight. The experimental approach is to deploy a fixed array of 

droplets of one liquid phase into a cell filled with the conjugate phase. This 

approach will greatly reduce any residual gravity effects (from "g-jitter" or 

maneuvers) and eliminate the possibility of coalescence. Ground-based studies 

determine the experimental parameters required to maximize the amount of data 

on "pure" Ostwald ripening obtainable during the flight experiment. Such 

parameters as volume fraction of droplet phase, initial droplet number, droplet 

spacing and sizes, the time required for the experiment, and ideal concentrations for 

supersaturation and growth must be determined. 

PROGRESS DuRING FY1992 

Observation of Ostwald ripening in an isopycnic mixture of succinonitrile and water 

over a period of about 4 months, using holography, revealed a decreasing droplet 

number. However, instead of the predicted scaling behavior, 1-1, droplet number 

decay scaled with 1 -0·83 at the experiment's conclusion. This result may have been 

because (a) a limited sample size yielded observation of local effects, (b) experiment 

time was too short to achieve the predicted as ymptotic limit, or (c) behaviors 

unaccounted for in the governing equations, such as diffusive processes, yielded 

density gradients. A detailed assessment of these holographic data, using a much 

larger sample size, is in progress. 

II-57 
L 

Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks IBihliograpby - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

To analyze the kinetics of the ripening progress, materials property measurements 

must include interfacial tension, density, and viscosity as functions of temperature 

and composition. Densities and solution molalities were required to determine the 

partial molal volumes of solution components by an analytical application of the 

method of intercepts. Partial molal volumes are easily convertible to partial 

molecular volumes, necessary as input to the Gibbs-Kelvin equation. A 

forthcoming paper will incorporate these data to analyze a complete test of the 

Lifshitz-Slyozov-Wagner development, and to expand the discussion to include 

large volume fraction of discrete phases. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 1 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Rogers, J. R , Downy, J. P., Witherow, W. K., Fecermire, B. R., and Frazier, D. O. A study of 

Ostwald ripening of a liquid-liquid system using a holographic technique. Submitted to 

Proceedings of Heat Transfer in Microgravity Systems; 1993 National Heat Transfer Conference, 

Atlanta, GA, August 8-11 , 1993, 1992. 

II-58 
Microgravity Science & Applications 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

TYPE: Flight 

DISCIPLINE: Fluid Physics 

Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY 1992 

PROJECT TITLE: Geophysical Fluid Flow Cell 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-24-08-04 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. John E. Hart 

AFFILIATION: University of Colorado 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Department of Astrophysics 

Campus Box 391 

University of Colorado 

Boulder, CD 80309-0391 

PHONE: (303) 492-8568 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The Geophysical Fluid Flow Cell Experiment (GFFCE) takes advantage of the unique 

environment of the microgravity laboratory, which permits forces that would 

otherwise be swamped by normal terrestrial gravity to become dominant. The 

geophysical fluid flow cell uses electrostatic fields to warp gravity into a radial vector 

field, centrally directed towards the center of the cell. This allows us to perform 

visualizations of thermal convection in a spherical shell of liquid subject to 

imposed differential heating and rotation, where the resulting buoyancy forces are 

radially directed. 

This fundamental configuration is significant, because large-scale motions of the 

atmospheres of planets and many stars are strongly constrained by rotation, under 

the action of Coriolis forces, and by gravity, which is manifest in the buoyancy forces 

that drive thermal circulations. The GFFC experiments will provide fundamental 

laboratory data that can be applied to problems of jetstreams on the giant planets, 

differential rotation on the Sun, and motions in the Earth's core and mantle. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The research has two components: hardware development, and basic theoretical 

and numerical study of spherical convection in preparatioll for U$.ML-2. A 

significant mo4ification to the original GFFC experiment that flew previously on 

Spacelab-III is the addition of real-time video visualizations of the fluid turbulence 

that can be downlinked from the shuttle. This permits interactive experiments that 

can identify and focus on important flow regimes. 

Theoretical and computational simulations of the expected flows are carried out in 

advance of the flight in order to suggest particular experiments that can critically 

advance our basic understanding. Such models usually involve various 

approximations or assumptions that must be checked experimentally. 

II-59 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliograpby - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

PROGRESS DuRING FY1992 

The most exciting results are from a fully nonlinear computational model of 

thermal convection i the presence of strong basic rotation which varies with 

latitude. The resulting flows are composed of banana cells, as observed on the 

Spacelab-III flight of the GFFC, but the computation is simplified by using an 

approximation to the full sphere, the "equatorial annulus" geometry. The 

turbulence at high heating rates is found to be associated with extremely strong, 

even dominating, mean zonal jets. 

A scaling of the model results with the observed heat flux of Jupiter, for example, 

loads to zonal jets with velocities of order 100 meters per second. This number is 

similar to Voyager observations. The turbulence can have isolated spots inbedded 

inthe self-induced zonal jets. When the basic rotation is sufficiently large the whole 

system pulsates. The resulting differential rotation and the turbulent convection 

pulses in almost-periodic bursts. If an effective eddy viscosity appropriate to solar 

convection is used, the pulsation period is about 13 years - nearly the observed 

period of the solar cycle. These model results suggest a new and potentially very 

important regime of convection that will be investigated by the GFFC on USML-2. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: a DEGREES GRANTED: a 

11-60 
Microgravity Science & Applications 

II. PROGRA~ TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

TYPE: Flight 

DISCIPLINE: Fluid Physics 

Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY 1992 

PROJECT TITLE: Interfacial Phenomena in Multilayered Fluid Systems 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-24-05-05 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Jean N. Koster 

AFFILIATION: University of Colorado 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Univ. of Colorado-Boulder 

Department of Aerospace Engineering Sciences 

Engineering Center, Campus Box 429 

Boulder, CO 80309-0429 

PHONE: (303) 492-6945 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The main objective of the research is to design a three-liquid-layer flight experiment 

that will study the interaction of two interfacial tension forces of different 

magnitude and their effects on fluid flow in adjacent (outer) liquid layers. In 

addition, the mechanical coupling between the immiscible layers will be studied, 

and whether or not the convective flow in a liquid layer can be suppressed will be 

investigated. Finally, the conditions for the existence for oscillatory flow will be 

sought. 

These results are expected to significantly advance our knowledge in the area of 

surface-tension-driven convection in multilayered fluid systems, and are, in 

addition, relevant to applications related to encapsulated float zone processing. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The general approach is to conduct ground-based normal-gravity testing and 

develop theoretical models of the combined buoyant convection-thermocapillary 

convection phenomena. The instrumentation and diagnostics are centered around 

the physics of interest; namely, flow fields, temperature fields, and interfacial 

shapes. The theories and numerical models developed and verified with the l-g 

data will be used to design and predict the results of the flight experiment. 

PROGRESS DuRING FY1992 

The Science Requirements Document (SRD) was finalized in preparation for the 

Science Review at LeRC in March 1992. Preparations were conducted for this 

review. 

The principal investigator attended test container (TC) CDR in Friedrichshafen, 

Germany and reviewed the status of the TC design. Discrepancies between 

requirements and the design were documented as review item discrepancies (RIDs). 

11-6 I 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

Work was successfully completed in formulating a one-dimensional model of a 

single layer representing the middle of the three-layer configuration. Knowledge 

gained here was incorporated into the three-layer models, and numerous test cases 

were run. Various fluid combinations were tested; FC-75 and silicone oil were 

selected as the flight fluids. Measurements were made at LeRC of the interfacial 

tension between FC-75 and silicone oil (for both 5 and 10 cS varieties) as a function 

of temperature. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 4 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Doi, T., and Koster, J. N. Thennocapillary convection in two immiscible liquid layers with free 

surface. Phys. Fluids A., Fluid Dynamics, submitted 1992. 

Fontaine, J. P., Koster, J. N., and Sani, R. L. Thennocapillary effects in a shallow cavity filled 

with high Prandtl number fluid. Annales de Chimie-Science des Materiaux, Masson, 1992. 

Koster, J. N., Prakash, A., and Fujita, D., "Bernard and Marangoni convection in immiscible liquid 

layers." ASME Meeting, San Diego, 1992; ESA Bruxelles Meeting, 1992. 

Koster, J. N., Prakash, A., Campbell, T. A., and Pline, A. "Analysis of convection in immiscible 

liquid layers with novel particle tracking velocimetry." ASME 1992 Winter Annual Meeting, 

November 8-13,1992. 

Prakash, A, and Koster, J. N. Natural convection in three layers of immiscible liquid in a 

differentially heated shallow cavity. Physics of Fluids A, August 24, 1992. 

Prakash, A., and Koster, J. N. Natural and thermocapillary convection in three infinite layers of 

immiscible liqUids. European Journal of Mechanics BjFluid, June 18, 1992. 

Tong. W., and Koster, J. N. Interactive convection of water in a rectangular cavity including 

density inversion. Numerical Heat Transfer, July 31, 1992. 

Tong, W. and Koster, J. N. Penetrative convection in sublayer of water including density inversion. 

Physics of Fluids A., June 1, 1992. 

11-62 
i 

I 

l_ 

Microgravity Science & Applications 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

TYPE: Flight 

DISCIPLINE: Fluid Physics 

Program Tasks IBibliography - FY1992 

PROJECT TITLE: Surface-Tension-Driven Convection Experiment 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-24-05-04 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Simon Ostrach 

AFFILIATION: Case Western Reserve University 

MAILING ADDRESS: Case Western Reserve University 

Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering 

418 Glennan Building 

Cleveland, OH 44106 

PHONE: (216)368-2942 

'TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objective of this research is to further the understanding of the physical 

mechanisms associated with thermo capillary flow by (a) developing an accurate 

description of the physical mechanisms, (b) developing an accurate · numerical 

mode, and (c) obtaining ground-based and flight experimental data to verify the 

physical mechanisms and the numerical model. The thermo capillary flows result 

from the fluid motions generated by the surface-tractive force that is caused by 

surface-tension variation due to the temperature gradient along the free surface. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The basis of the Surface-Tension-Driven Convection Experiment (STDCE) flight 

experiment is a copper test cell 10 cm in diameter and 5 cm deep, filled with silicone 

oil, to provide both a flat and curved free surface · in a micro gravity environment. 

The outer wall of the test cell is water cooled. The silicone oil can be centrally 

heated either externally by a carbon dioxide laser or internally by an immersion 

heater. The cross section is illuminated by a 1-mm-thick sheet of light, which 

scatters from small aluminum oxide particles mixed into the oil, allowing 

observation and measurement, using a particle-tracking technique, of the 

axisymmetric flow velocity. An infrared imager is used to measure surface 

temperaturet- and thermistors are used to measure fluid and wall temperature. The 

velocity and temperature measurements are compared with the numerical 

predictions. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

The significant milestone was achieved with the successful completion of the 

STDCE during the USML-1 mission in July 1992. Thirty-eight tests of STDCE, 

operated for the first time in-orbit in Spacelab, were conducted in 12 1/2 hours to 

obtain thermocapillary flow data. The flight hardware provided better video flow 

data than expected, as well as infrared images, some of which were downlinked for 

observation and analysis by the PIs. Preliminary evaluation corroborates the 

11-63 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

Principal Investigator's theory that oscillatory flows require lower viscosity liquids 

and smaller test chambers. Operations were controlled by a team of NASA Lewis 

Research Center engineers located in the Payload Operations Control Center at 

NASA's George C. Marshall Space Flight Center. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 3 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Kamotani, Y., Lee, J. H., and Ostrach, S. An experimental study of oscillatory thermocapillary 

convection in cylindrical containers. Phys. Fluids A4, 955 (1992). 

Ostrach, S., Kamotani, Y., and Lee, J. "Oscillatory thermocapillary flows." Presented at the 

World Space Congress, Washington, DC, 1992. 

11-64 
Microgravity Science & Applications 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

TYPE: Flight 

DISCIPLINE: Fluid Physics 

Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

PROJECT TITLE: Thermocapillary Migration and Interactions of Bubbles and 

Drops 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-21-08-02 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Shankar Subramanian 

AFFILIATION: Clarkson University 

MAILING ADDRESS: Clarkson College 

Department of Chemical Engineering 

Potsdam, NY 13676 

PHONE: (805) 967-0456 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objectives of the research are to experimentally measure the thermocapillary 

migration velocities and shapes of single and interaction gas bubbles and liquid 

drops in continuous phase under the action of an applied temperature gradient, and 

to compare the observed velocities and shapes with those predicted from theory. 

These results are expected to advance our knowledge in the area of surface tension 

driven motion and are, in addition, relevant to several applications with respect to 

space processing of materials. Some examples of the latter include solidification, 

glass processing, and the preparation of composites. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The general approach is to conduct ground-based normal-gravity testing and 

develop theoretical models of the thermocapillary migration phenomena. The 

instrumentation and diagnostics are centered on the physics of interest; namely, 

flow fields, temperature fields, and bubble/droplet shapes. The theories and 

numerical models developed and verified with the I-g data will be used to design 

and predict the results of the flight experiment. 

PROGRESS DuRING FY1992 

The Science Requirements Document (SRD) was finalized in preparation for the 

Science Review at LeRC in March 1992. Preparations were conducted for this 

review. 

The principal investigator attended test container (TC) CDR in Friedrichshafen, 

Germany and reviewed the status of the TC design. Discrepancies between 

requirements and the design were documented as review item discrepancies (RIDs). 

Work continued on determining the dissolution rates of bubbles and droplets in 

silicone oil. It was determined that the changes in the bubble sizes were smaller for 

the time period tested (20 min); yet the methanol droplet tested underwent 

11-65 

~~ -----
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM T~SKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

significant changes in size. This was especially true for the smaller drops and/or at 

the higher temperatures. 

Work is nearly completed dn the interactions of two bubbles rising in a temperature 

gradient. Work also continued on the migration of methanol droplets in a 

temperature gradient. There were times for which it was difficult to demonstrate 

thermocapillary effects for these methanol drops on the ground. (Note: For the 

new drop fluid of choice, FC-7S, strong thermocapillary effects are shown in the 

ground experiments.) 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 4 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Balasubramanian, R and Dill, L. H. Thennocapillary bubble migration-an Oseen-like analysis 

of the energy equation. In Microgravity Fluid Mechanics, IUT AM Bremen 1991, H. J. Rath, ed. 

Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1992, pp.307-314. 

Dill, L. H. and Balasubramanian, R Unsteady thennocapillary migra~ion of isolated drops in 

creeping flow. Int. J. Heat and Fluid Flow, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 78-85 (1992). 

Merritt, R. M., Morton, D. S., and Subramanian, R. S., Flow structures in bubble migration under the 

combined action of buoyancy and thennocapilarity. J. Colloid Interface Sci., accepted for 

publication, May 1992. 

Merritt, R. M., Subramanian, R. S. Bubble migration under the combined actin of buoyancy and 

thennocapillarity. in MicrQgravity Fluid Mechanics, IUTAM Bremen 1991, H. J. Rath, ed. 

Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1992, pp. 237-244. 

Nallani, M., and Subramanian, R. S., Migration of methanol drops in a vertical temperature 

gradient in a silicone oil. J. Colloid Interface Sci., submitted for publication, June 1992. 

Rashidnia, N., Balasubramanian, R, and Del Signore, D. Interfacial tension measurement of 

immiscible liquids using a capillary tube. AIChE I, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 615-618, (1992). 

Subramanian, R. S., The motion of bubbles and drops in reduced gravity. Invited review in 

Transport Process in Bubbles, Drops, and Particles. R. P. Chhabra and D. De Kee, eds. New York: 

Hemisphere Publishing Corporation, 1992, pp. 1-42. 

Subramanian, R S., Thennocapillary motion of bubbles and drops. In Microgramty Fluid 

Mechanics, IUT AM Bremen 1991, H. J. Rath, ed., Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1992, pp. 393-403. 

11-66 
Microgravity Science & Applications 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

TYPE: Flight 

DISCIPLINE: Fluid Physics 

Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

PROJECT TITLE: Drop Dynamics Investigation 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-24-04-01 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Taylor G. Wang 

AFFILIATION: Vanderbilt University 

MAILING ADDRESS: Vanderbilt University 

Center for Microgravity Research & 

Applications, Box 6079, Station B 

Nashville, TN 37235 

PHONE: (615) 322-7311 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objective of this program is to understand the behavior of free drops, primarily 

by studying them in a microgravity environment. The Drop Physics Module (DPM) 

operated in the Space Shuttle provides an opportunity to address outstanding 

fluid-dynamics issues of rotating and oscillating simple and compound drops. To 

maximize the return from this short on-orbit opportunity, ground-based 

experiments will be performed to verify concepts and experimental techniques, and 

modeling will be done to select the parameters for the DPM experiments. 

This investigation will use a triple-axis acoustic positioning chamber to study the 

static behavior and dynamics of simple and compound drops as well as of liquid 

shells. Equilibrium shapes and the stability of rotating and nonrotating drops, their 

associated internal flow patterns, and the centering force associated with shape 

oscillatory dynamics of rotating compound drops-will be the principal scientific 

areas of interest. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

A variety of experiments will be performed in space. The most important of these is 

the study of oscillating drops-to verify the established models for small-amplitude 

behavior and to provide observations at large amplitudes to motivate 

improvements in the theory. Experiments to verify the location of the bifurcation 

point between the axisymmetric and two-lobed shape families for rotating drops will 

be performed and the dynamics of fission explored. The oscillation-mode spectrum 

of rotating drops will be measured for a variety of drop parameters. Compound 

drops and liquid shells will be formed to study their oscillation modes and their 

effectiveness between the acoustic field and the fluid will be studied: the drops' 

static shape, the stability of distorted shapes, and the generation of any flows in the 

liquid. 

11-67 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY 1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

PROGRESS DuRING FY1992 

In preparation for the flight of USML-l, ground-based studies of drop stability when 

it is distorted by intense sound pressure were performed; a complementary 

theoretical study on bubble shapes was undertaken. Observations on the effects of 

relative size of two coalescing drops on their subsequent mixing were made and 

reported. 

The flight of USML-l provided several interesting results. Several high-quality 

runs to study the shape of drops in solid-body rotation were performed; these results 

are being submitted for publication. An unexpected torque caused the drops to 

rotate throughout the mission; the forced responses of the drops to oscillating 

acoustic pressure can be compared to existing theory. The ability of forced 

oscillations to center the inner fluid in a compound drop was demonstrated with 

both shells and two-liquid compound drops. 

The anomalous torque is being investigated on the ground; it highlights the 

complexity of the acoustic-drop interactions inside the DPM. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 6 DEGREES GRANTED: 2 

P UBLICATIONS/PRESENT ATIONS 

Anilkumar, A. v., Lee, C. P .. and Wang, T. G. Momentumless coalescence of drops." AJAA paper 

No. 92-0111 (1992 ). 

Anilkumar, A. V., Lee, C. P., and Wang, T. G. Surface-tension-induced mixing following 

coalescence of initially stationary drops. Phys. Fluids A, 3 , (11), 2587-2591 (991). 

Lee, C. P., and Wang, T. G. Acoustic radiation force on a bubble. Accepted by, ,SA, 1992. 

Lee, C. P., and Wang, T. G. Acoustic radiation pressure. Accepted by, ,SA, 1992. 

Lee, C. P., Anilkumar, A. Y., and Wang, T. G. The behavior of a liquid drop levitated and 

drastically flattened by an intense sound field. AlAA paper No. 92-0112 (1992). 

Lee, C. P., Anilkumar, A. V., and Wang, T. G. Static shape and instability of an acoustically 

levitated liquid drop. Phys. Fluid A 3, (11), 2497- 2515 (1991). 

Wang, T. G. Drop and bubble d ynamics in the U.s. microgravity program. AlChE Symposium 

Series 2833 87, Nntion1li Hent Transfer Confe rence Proceedings, S. B. Yilmas and B. G. Volintine, 

eds., Minneapolis, MN, 1991. 

Wang, T. G. Dynamics of free drops on USML-1. JAF parer No. 91 -399 (1991). 

11-68 
l~ 

Microgravity Science & Applications 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

TYPE: Flight 

DISCIPLINE: Fundamental Physics 

PROJECT TITLE: Modeling of Coalescence 

Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY 1992 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-24-05-02 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Robert W. Gammon 

AFFILIATION: University of Maryland 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: 

College Park, MD 20742 

PHONE: 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The goal of the Critical Fluid Light Scattering Experiment (ZENO) is to measure the 

decay rate and correlation length of density fluctuations in xenon very near (1 K to 

100 ~K above) the .liquid-vapor critical point in a low-gravity environment. Such 

experiments are severeiy limited on Earth because gravity causes a large density 

gradient in the fluid due to the divergence of the fluid compressibility as the critical 

temperature is approached. The data from this experiment will provide a test of 

critical phenomena theories in a temperature realm that has not been adequately 

tested to date, due to the limitations imposed by gravity. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The measurement of decay rates and correlation lengths will be achieved by using 

laser light scattering (time correlation spectroscopy) and turbidity measurements. 

Light is scattered from a near-critical fluid due to density fluctuations, which 

increase in scale as the critical temperature is approached, and the fluid exhibits a 

characteristic phenomenon known as critical opalescence. The low gravity 

environment of USMP-2 and the precision of both optical alignment and 

temperature control will allow measurements to be made much closer to the critical 

temperature than is obtainable on Earth. 

PROGRESS DuRING FY1992 

The engineering development model (EDM) was completed by Ball Aerospace and 

delivered to the University of Maryland in January 1992. The procurement and 

fabrication of flight hardware were completed in FY92. All elements had been 

integrated except the thermostat and sample cell from the University of Maryland. 

Functional checkout of the system electronics showed noise levels are below 

requiremen ts. 

The thermostat design was modified and verified to allow for STS launch 

survivability. The design of optical mounts was modified and verified to resolve 

alignment stability problems. Groundbreaking measurements of optical heating 

effects were made by University of Maryland. A concept to allow for dual laser 

intensities at the sample cell was developed and is being implemented. A 

11-69 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY 1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT R ESEARCH 

flight-worthy sample cell was constructed. The hardware development schedule is 

consistent with flight on USMP-2 on February 8, 1994. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 5 DEGREES GRANTED: 1 

l  ~ 

Bourkari, H, Briggs, M. E., Schaumeyer,]. N., and Gammon, R W. "A very high-resolution 

thermostat for observing fluids in space." World Space Congress, Joint COSPAR/IAF Symposium 

on Gravity Dependent Phenomena in Fluid and Material Sciences, Washington DC, August 28 -

September 5, 1992. 

Briggs, M. E., Gammon, R W., and Shaumeyer, J. N. Measurement of the temperature coefficient of 

ratio transformers . . Accepted for publication in Rev. Sci. instr., 1992. 

Gammon, R. W., "The ZENO experiment photon correlation light scattering from critical density 

xenon." World Space Congress, Joint COSPAR/IAF Symposium on Gravity Dependent Phenomena 

in Fluid and Material Sciences, Washington DC, August 28 - September 5, 1992. 

Gammon, R. W. 'ZENO: Photon correlation spectroscopy of critical fluctuations in microgravity 

on the space shuttle." Photon Correlation and Scattering: Theory.and Application Conference, 

Boulder, CO, August 24-26, 1992. 

Schaumeyer, J. N ., Briggs, M. E., and Gammon, R W. "Statistical fitting accuracy in photon 

correlation spectroscopy." Photon Correlation and Scattering: Theory and Application 

Conference, Boulder, CO, August 24-26, 1992. 

Schaumeyer, J. N. and R W. Gammon, R. W. "Locating the critical temperature of a pure fluid to -

10 ~." World Space Congress, Joint COSPAR/IAF Symposium on Gravity Dependent Phenomena 

in Fluid and Material Sciences, Washington DC. August 28 - September 5, 1992. 

Segre, P.N., Gammon, RW., Sengers, J.V., and Law, B.M. Raleigh scattering in a liquid far from 

thermal equilibrium. Phys. Rev. A, 45,714 (1992). 

Zhang, K. c., Briggs, M. E., and Gammon, R W. The susceptibility critical exponent for a 

nonaqueous ionic binary mixture near a consolute point. Accepted for publication in]. Chern. Phys., 

1992. 

11-70 

-- _______ ___ J -_.---
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

TYPE: Flight 

DISCIPLINE: Fundamental Physics 

PROJECT TiTlE: Heat Capacity Measurements Near'the Lambda Point of 

Helium 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-24-04-05 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. John A. Lipa 

AFFILIATION: Stanford University 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: W. W. Hansen Laboratories 

Via Pavlov 

Stanford University 

Stanford, CA 94305-4060 

PHONE: (415) 723-4562 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

Central to condensed-matter physics is the phenomenon of second-order phase 

transitions. These come about when a wide class of interactive terms is added to the· 

simple ideal gas picture of matter. To understand condensed matter in general, it is 

necessary to address the phase transition issue, since phase transitions are involved 

in nearly all interesting effects observed. Our goal is to perform the most stringent 

test currently feasible of the present theory of second- order phase transitions in the 

asymptotic limit as the transition is approached. To do this we will measure the 

heat capacity of helium very close to its lambda transition at 2.177 K. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

To perform the heat-capacity measurements, two main requirements must be met: 

first, we must have sufficient temperature resolution to establish the temperature 

scale, and second, we need to control the energy input to the sample to determine its 

heat capacity. 

To these ends we have been developing a new high-resolution thermometer and an 

advanced, multilayer thermal control system. The thermometer makes use of 

superconducting technology to achieve a resolution of about 3x10-1o K in a 1 Hz 

bandwidth, and the thermal control system can achieve a power resolution 

approaching 10-12 W. These two systems give us the capability to make 

measurements to the limits imposed by the Space Shuttle environment. A third 

requirement is to achieve an operating temperature near the lambda point. TO do 

this we make use of the superfluid helium research facility previously flown on 

Spacelab-2 by JPL. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

In February 1992 the experiment was shipped to Kennedy Space Center (KSC), where 

one month of preflight calibration activities were performed prior to turnover to 

KSC for integration with the USMP-1 carrier. Minor interface and hardware 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

problems were encountered and solved during the integration phase. Launch 

occurred on October 22. The experiment operated flawlessly throughout the 

mission. All systems, including high-resolution thermometers (HRT's) were found 

to operate perfectly after launch. Close to 100 high-resolution heat-capacity sweeps 

across the lambda point were performed, which promise to yield outstanding 

scientific results. The influence of cosmic ray events was found to be slightly worse 

then expected, resulting in a larger than expected thermometer noise; the impact of 

passing through the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) and the influence of 

acceleration noise were less than predicted. Heat- capacity data were collected from 

20 mK below the transition to 1 microkelvin above. The data cellected above the 

transition constitute a bonus of information that was not guaranteed prior to 

launch. This bonus will yield important new information about the thermal 

conductivity in the normal phase in a region totally inaccessible from the ground. 

The operation of the experiment was initially in the automatic mode, with little 

commanding from the ground. After the transi tion region was reached, and the 

lambda temperature was well characterized, the science team began operating the 

instrument almost entirely in the interactive mode, with commands being sent up 

from the ground to optimize data collection and initiate heat-capacity data sequences 

during periods of minimum disturbance. More than 5,000 commands were 

successfully uplinked to the experiment. 

The experiment also quantified the heating effects of passing through the SAA at 

two different orbiter altitudes. The detailed mapping of the radiation environment 

of the shuttle orbit by the Lambda Point Experiment (LPE) charged particle monitors 

will serve as an important guide for operations planning of future planned 

low-temperature experiments and other investigations. Overall, the experiment 

has been a great success. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 5 DEGREES GRANTED: a 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Chui, T. C. Comment on depression of superfluid transition temperature in 4He by a heat current. 

Submitted to Physical Review Letters, 1992. 

Chui, T. C. P., Swanson, D. R, Adriaans, M. ]., Nissen,]. A ., and Lipa,]. A. Temperature 

fluctuation in the canonical ensemble. Submitted to Physical Review Letters, 1992. 

Chui, T. C. P., Swanson, D. R., Adriaans, M. J., Nissen, J. A., and Lipa, J. A. Thermometry in the 

thermodynamic limit. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Temperature, Toronto, 

1992. 

Lipa, J. A. Advanced studies of cooperative phase transitions in microgravity. Proceedings of 

caSPAR conference, Washington DC, 1992, in press, 1992. 

Lipa, J. A., Chui, T. C. P., Nissen, J. A., and Swanson, D. R A low temperature system for advanced 

thermal control. Proceedings of 7th International Symposium on Temperature, Toronto, 1992. 

11-72 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

TYPE: Flight 

DISCIPLINE: Fundamental Physics 

PROJECT TITLE: Critical Fluid Thermal Equilibration 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-24-05-06 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Allen Wilkinson 

AFFILIATION: NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Lewis Research Center 

21000 Brookpark Road 

Cleveland, OH 44135 

PHONE: 

TASK OSJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objective of this study is to examine the thermal relaxation and density profile 

versus time after a temperature perturbation of SF6 near its liquid-vapor critical 

point, in a low-gravity environment. Critical-point experiments generally depend 

on achieving thermal equilibrium to within a specified tolerance and on knowing 

how phases develop or disappear. Data from this experiment will be used to 

determine the practical time scale needed to execute meaningful critical fluid space 

experiments and to characterize the location and dynamics of denSity or phase 

domains within the sample. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The SF6 sample is to be observed using interferometry, visualization, and 

transmission. The scientific objectives are, first, to observe or determine the 

following: large-phase domain homogenization with and without stirring of the 

fluid; time evolution of heat and mass transfer after a temperature step is applied; 

phase evolution and configuration after transition from one-phase equilibrium to a 

two-phase state; and the effects of stirring on a two-phase low-gravity configuration; 

and secondly, to quantify the mass and thermal time constant of a one-phase system 

under logarithmic temperature steps. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

The fiscal year began with a flurry of mission timelines and mission training. The 

CFTE experiment successfully flew on the European Space Agency's Critical Point 

Facility aboard IML-1 in January 1992. The experiment logged 60 hours of digital and 

videotaped interferometric fringes images, which provide a changing density map 

following a hea t pulse. 

Following the mission, activity was directed at an analysis of the information 

contained in these fringe patterns. A commercial software package was adapted to 

automate the location of fringe centers and to characterize the fringe patterns. 

Analytical fitting functions mapped the phase of the fringe patterns. The amplitude 

of the phase was tracked in time and was found to undergo exponential decay. The 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

time constant for this decay provides a simple parameter to describe the slowing 

down of heat diffusion as the critical point is approached to within a few 

milliKelvin. Preliminary results agree with theoretical predictions and the earlier 

I-g measurements. The software techniques used were proven to be viable for this 

type of analysis. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 0 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENT AllONS 

Berg, R. F., Wilkinson, A., Moldover, M. R., Eicher, L., Straub, J., and Gammon, K. "Density 

Equilibration Near the Critical Point of SF6 (TEQ/CPF on IML-l)." Poster at VIIIth European 

Symposium on Materials and Fluid Sciences in Microgravity, Bruxelles, Belgium, April 1992. 

11-74 
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I Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

TYPE: Flight 

DISCIPLINE: Glasses and Ceramics 

PROJECT TITLE: Measurement of Liquid-Liquid Interfacial Tension 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-26-04-02 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGAtOR: Dr. Michael C. Weinberg 

AFFILIATION: University of Arizona 

MAILING ADDRESS: Department of Materials Science & Engineering 

College of Engineering and Mines 

University of Arizona 

Tucson, AZ 85721 

PHONE: (602) 621-6070 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objective of this task is to perform measurements of small liquid-liquid 

interfacial tension in microgravity. This test will establish the feasibility of using 

the same technique at high temperatures to determine the interfacial tension 

between to phases of liquid glass and thereby assess the role of gravity in phase 

separation kinetics. Using two slightly miscible organic fluids, the Drop Physics 

Module creates a drop of one fluid inside a drop of the other. This compound drop 

is rotated and photographed from several angles. From the shapes of the two 

interfaces at a given rotation rate the interfacial tension will be determined. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

To prepare for the flight, appropriate sample-fluid pairs were identified and their 

relevant physical properties measured; existing theory was used to select the optimal 

volumes and rotation rates to provide the most sensitive test matrix for 

determining the interfacial tension. 

PROGRESS DuRING FY1992 

During the USML-1 mission, the astronauts and DPM were unable to form the 

desired compound drops. Images of drops containing both fluids are being studied. 

Discolored fluid returned from the mission is being analyzed. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 0 DEGREES GRANTED: 1 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Podlesny, J., Neilson, G. F., and Weinberg, M. C. Sample preparation methods for SAXS study of 

phase separation in lead rotate glasses. Materials Letter 13, 267 (1992). 

Yasumori, A., Neilson, G. F., and Weinberg, M. C. Measurement of surface tension of organic liquid 

pairs. J. Colloid Interface Sci., accepted 1992. 

11-75 
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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

TYPE: Flight 

DISCIPLINE: Metals and Alloys 

PROJECT TITLE: In-Situ Monitoring of Crystal Growth Using MEPHISTO 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-25-05-04 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Reza Abbaschian 

AFFILIATION: University of Florida 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: University of Florida 

Department of Materials Science and Engineering 

132 Rhines Hall 

Gainesville, FL 32611 

PHONE: (904) 392-6609 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The aim of this collaborative study is to in V'estigate the solidification behavior and 

the stability of the solid/liquid interface during growth of pure bismuth (a 

facet-forming material) and bismuth with a small amount of tin. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

Experiments are defined to make use of the second flight of ME PHIS TO on USMP-2. 

The first flight (USMP-1, September 1992) was for the purpose of studying the 

morphological stability in tin alloyed with bismuth, conducted by Dr. Favier of the 

Centre d'Etudes Nucleaires. 

PROGRESS DuRING FY1992 

Progress has been made in preparation of crystals for flight specimens and for 

ground testing in the MEPHISTO at Toulouse, France, and for testing at the 

University of Florida. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 0 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

TYPE: Flight 

DISCIPLINE: Metals and Alloys 

PROJECT TITLE: Effects on Nucleation by Containerless Processing 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-25-08-06 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Robert J. Bayuzick 

AFFILIATION: Vanderbilt University 

MAILING ADDRESS: Department of Materials Science & Engineering 

Box 6309-B, Station B 

Vanderbilt University 

N ash ville, TN 37235 

PHONE: (615) 322-7047 

TASK OBJECTive/DESCRIPTION 

There is both a scientific and practical objective of the work. The primary scientific 

objective is to further the understanding of nucleation of solids from their melts. 

Within the envelope is a concern for the role of melt agitation on nucleation. The 

practical objective is to determine, in qualitative terms, the necessity for 

containerless processing in low Earth orbit, with regard to nucleation studies. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

All possible ground-based methods are being investigated for applicability to 

containerless processing of bulk samples of pure metals. Comparisons of the data 

from the ground-based techniques give evidence as to the nature of the nucleation 

of the solid from the liquid. Different processing methods have different 

environments and other factors that may affect the amount of undercooling in bulk 

samples. Since nucleation is a statistical process, approximately one hundred 

undercooling measurements are recorded for each type of sample. This number of 

measurements allows for statistical assumptions to be made, thereby easing the 

interpretation of results. In addition, considerable effort on contactless 

temperature-measurement techniques is being made. Increasing the precision of 

temperature measurement is an important part of the experiments because of its 

dramatic effect on the results. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

Nucleation frequency experiments on zirconium were conducted using the 

Marshall Space Flight Center Drop Tube Facility and the electromagnetic levitation 

apparatus at Vanderbilt University. Temperature measurement at both locations 

was done by optical pyrometry. Experiments were done on 99.5% pure stock and 

99.95% pure stock. 

Over the entire sample set, maximum undercoolings ranged from 13% to 15% of the 

equilibrium freezing temperature, but higher-purity samples tended to produce 

higher undercoolings. Also, a fundamental difference in the distribution of 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

undercoolings was seen in the different environments. A low undercooling tail 

was present in the levitator undercooling distribution, whereas a similar tail was 

not observed in the drop tube. In both cases, calculations based on the Skripov 

appro,ach to the analysis of nucleation experiments yielded values in the 

heterogeneous regime for the exponential and preexponential factors in the 

nucleation rate equation. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 1 DEGREES GRANTED: 1 

P UBLICATIONS/PRESENT ATIONS 

Hofmeister, W. H., Morton, C. W., Bayuzick, R. J., Robinson, M. B., and Rhetz, T. J. "Analysis of 

the constraints in statistical analysis of nucleation data in ground-based experiments." TMS 

Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA, September 1992. 

Morton, C. W., Hofmeister, W. H., Bayuzick, R. J., and Robinson, M. B. "Statistical analysis of 

nucleation temperatures from two containerless processing methods." TMS Annual Meeting, San 

Diego, CA, March 1992. 

11-78 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography ·- FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

TYPE: Flight 

DISCIPLINE: Metals and Alloys 

PROJECT TITLE: Alloy Undercooling Experiments in Microgravity 

Environment 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-25-05-03 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Merton C. Flemings 

AFFILIATION: Massachusetts Institute of Technology 

MAILING ADDRESS: Materials Processing Center 

Room 8-309 

77 Massachusetts A venue 

Cambridge, MA 02139 

PHONE: (617) 253-3233 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

To evaluate/develop techniques to measure the effects of under cooling and 

microgravity processing on phase formation, solidification velocity, and 

microstructure development in selected alloys. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

Research is designed to: (a) produce high-purity alloy specimens and process them, 

using electromagnetic levitation with simultaneous high-speed temperature 

measurement; (b) solidify specimens after high undercooling by flowing gas or 

quenching in liquid metal; (c) perform detailed analyses of alloy microstructures 

produced using a variety of optical, electron, and X-ray analytical techniques; model 

solidification behavior during the entire solidification process from the under cooled 

liquid, including recalescence, dendrite growth, coarsening, and grain formation; 

and (e) perform similar experiments in microgravity and compare results with 

those of ground-based research. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

Work during the past year has focused on obtaining baseline data and a 

fundamental understanding of the solidification of undercooled alloys, in 

preparation for the flight experiments. The ground-based work has included a 

detailed investigation of the relationships between processing conditions, 

undercooling, dendrite growth, and microstructure development in the Ni-Sn and 

Fe-Ni alloys which are planned for the flight e?<periment. In addition to high-speed 

pyrometric temperature measurements, extensive microstructural studies have 

been performed using a number of different analytical techniques. The 

microstructure investigation includes work on microsegregation, dendrite 

branching grain structure, morphology transitions, texture analysis, and coarsening. 

Modeling and calculations of heat flow and solute segregation during recalescence 

11-79 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEA"RCH 

and throughout the entire solidification process have been carried out for the 

processing conditions used in the experiments. 

In preparation for the flight experiments, we have revised science definition 

statements and flight experiment protocols, have reviewed TEMPUS hardware 

plans and designs, and have participated in Investigator Working Group (IWG) 

meetings and crew training sessions. 

Specimens for calibration experiments in the ground support facility in Cologne, 

Germany were prepared and delivered. Flight specimens have been prepared and 

are nearly ready for delivery. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 2 DEGREES GRANTED: 1 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENT A TlONS 

Zhao, Q., Brody, H. D., Piccone, T. J., and Fleming, M. C. "Dendrite growth of highly undercooled 

Ni-Sn alloys." 1992 TMS annual meeting, San Diego, CA, March 3, 1992. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT R ESEA RCH 

TYPE: Flight 

DISCIPLINE: Metals and Alloys 

PROJ,ECT TITLE: Gravitational Role in Liquid-Phase Sintering 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-25-05-05 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Randall M. German , 

AFFILIATION: Pennsylvania State University 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Department of Engineering Science 

Pennsylvania State University 

227 Hammond Building 

University Park, PA 16802-1401 

PHONE: (814) 865-4700 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The purpose of this research is to establish how gravity influences the macro-and 

microstructural development of tungsten heavy allows during liquid-phase 

sintering (LPS). 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

Experiments in space will determine grain growth-kinetics without settling and 

gravity-induced liquid convection. The investigation is in the definition phase, 

where science requirements will be established. The investigation may then be 

confirmed for the execution phase, if it is approved for flight. If flown, the 

experiment will be conducted in the Japanese-developed large isothermal furnace 

(LIF) on the IML-2 mission. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

The principal investigator, Prof. German, completed a successful Flight Science 

Readiness Review (FSRR) in June 1992. All of the samples sintered in the large 

isothermal furnace (LIF) engineering model facility at the IHI Mizuho plant in 

Tokyo, Japan, have now been returned to Pennsylvania State University. During 

this reporting interval the analyses of the I-minute and the 120-minute samples 

were finished. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 0 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY 1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

TYPE: Flight 

D,SC,PLINE: Metals and Alloys 

PROJECT TiTlE: Isothermal Dendritic Growth Experiment 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-25-05-01 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Martin E. Glicksman 

AFFILIATION: Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 

MAILING ADDRESS: Materials Engineering Department 

Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute 

MRC-I04 

Troy, NY 12180-3590 

PHONE: (518) 276-6449 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The Isothermal Dendritic Growth Experiment (IDGE), to be performed on three of 

the United States Microgravity Payload (USMP) flights, starting with USMP-2, is 

designed to provide microgravity data on dendritic growth for a critical test of. 

theory. 

Dendrite crystallization is common in most industrial casting and welding 

processes, and it remains a subject of interest to both scientists and engineers 

attempting to understand the factors that control dendritic patterns and 

microstructures and nonlinear dynamic patter formation in general. Current 

theories of dendritic pattern formation are based primarily on diffusive transport, 

with convection either ignored altogether or added as a separate phenomenon. 

In actuality, the simultaneous presence of convection and diffusion during dendritic 

growth in the presence of Earth's acceleration field results in coupled transport that 

in turn, alters the dendritic "operating state," which is often expressed as the speed 

and size scale of the crystals for a given supercooling or thermal driving force. The 

ability to perform a critical test of dendritic growt~l theory depends on the 

availability of a suitable experimental system that provides precise, quantitative, 

thermodynamic driving forces acting on a well-characterized material. IDGE is 

designed to meet these specifications. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The first IDGE flights, scheduled for the USMP-2 mission in February 1994, will 

measure dendritic growth events in succinonitrile (SCN; CN-(CH2)2-NC), a 

transparent, body-center-cubic plastic crystal that freezes with characteristics similar 

to cubic metals, and therefore acts as an analog for metal solidification. 

Furthermore, SCN's thermophysical properties are well characterized; it is 

transparent to visible light, has a convenient (for experimentation purposes) 

melting temperature, and therefore serves as an excellent test substance for this 

investigation. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY 1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

Ground-based measurements have clearly delineated the influences of gravity on 

the dendritic growth process. Specifically, gravity-driven convection (natural or 

buoyancy-driven convection) starts to affect the growth rate and crystal morphology 

of SCN dendrities when the supercooling is less then about 1.2 K. At large 

supercoolings ( > > 1 K) gravity plays a minor role, because convection provides 

weak transport relative to thermal diffusion. Buoyancy-driven convection arises 

spontaneously from the interaction of the gravitational body force with the 

microscopic density gradients produced in the fluid phase by the thermal transport 

field responsible for the flow of latent heat from the solid to the supercooled melt. 

Then buoyancy-driven convection becomes an increasing and then an 

overwhelming kinetic factor as the supercooling decreases. Unfortunately, it is only 

at small supercoolings, where gravity effects dominate, that the kinetic conditions 

are suitable for checking dendritic growth theories. 

Thus, the first IDGE flight will perform photographic observations at a variety of 

supercoolings in the 0.1 K - 1.0 K range. A novel growth chamber, millikelvin 

thermostat, and optical system have been developed to accomplish this task, for 

operation in orbital microgravity, under semi-autonomous conditions. In addition, 

IDGE science and engineering teams have developed a photographic analysis system 

and automated techniques to extract data from the IDGE photographs. 

The IDGE growth chamber permits a single sample of SCN (greater than 5-9's purity) 

to be repeatedly melted, supercooled, nucleated, and photographed on orbit. 

Dendritic growth velocity and tip radii measurements can be derived from optical 

measurements for each of the selected supercoolings. IDGE provides two 

ihdependent optical axes for stereographic correction. Up to 250 35 mm photographs 

can be taken, which allows up to 20 independent dendritic growth sequences at the 

preselected supercoolings, where 10 photographs (one for each mm of growth) 

record each supercooling and each optical axis. 

On-board accelerometry-derived from the SAMS-temperature measurement and 

control, and data for other relevant experimental conditions, including slow-scan 

video down-link of the dendritic growth events, are all available during flight in 

near real time to the payload operations control center from the IDGE. Up-linking 

of a restricted set of commands for the adjustment of the experimental protocols, 

including experiment interruption, repeated runs, shift of supercooling, etc., are also 

communication features of the IDGE. 

Future integrated ground-based test using the flight hardware will provide both preand post-flight ground-based data sets. Any difference between the micro gravity and 

terrestrial data sets, using the same growth chamber, material and ancillary 

apparatus, will demonstrate conclusively the effects of microgravity on dendritic 

growth and provide a critical test of theory. 

11-83 
L 

Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliograpby - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

In FY 1992 the project has achieved considerable success. The Prin~ipal Investigator, 

his science and engineering team, and the NASA LeRC lOGE engineering team 

have spent considerable efforts on the continued integrated tests of the lOGE 

prototype engineering hardware and the subsequent analysis and data reduction. 

This work was incorporated into the final design and manufacture of the flight 

hardware and analysis tools. 

The results of this work, both at Rensselaer and LeRC, have contributed to the latest 

Science Verification Review (SVR) results. In these tests, the dendritic velocity data 

have little scatter, and are consistent with the historical (conventional laboratory) 

data set. 

The radii data exhibit more scatter than do the velocity data. The differences 

between the lOGE and historical data are due, primarily, to the differing chamber 

sizes supporting different states of natural convection. At present, for supercoolings 

equal to or greater than 0.77 K. we are unable to analyze shadowgraphic photographs 

for dendritic radii and maintain an uncertainty of less than 5%, which is our goal. 

However, the lack of determinacy in the radii data at the larger supercoolings is not 

an insurmountable problem, b~cause we can use the velocity data to correlate the 

historical, the lOGE ground-based, and the lOGE space-flight data sets. At the lower 

supercoolings, both the radii and velocity data are easily measured, and the 

differences between space-flight and ground-based data should be clearly 

distinguishable. 

These improved SVR results were achieved in many ways. Extensive numerical 

modeling showed that the differences between the Science Verification Review 

(SVR) data and the historical data could not be explained by gaussian scatter in the 

photographic edge function. Nor could the gaussian scatter explain the radii in the 

SVR data sets. These tests also indicated how the gaussian scatter in the edge 

function could contribute to the radii scatter in the data, and how to minimize this 

by analytical methods. Curve-fitting tests yield information on how to compare 

differing data sets. 

Detailed examination of the photographic negative subsequently revealed three 

sources of scatter: (a) some dendrities grow so close to neighboring dendrities that 

they are no longer isothermal; (b) some dendrities grow so that a crystallographic 

[110] profile is presented to the optic system, rather that a [100] profile, and whereas 

the [110] profile has a parabolic shape for a much smaller distance from the dendrite 

tip, the tips can appear to be too small; (c) some dendrites have not achieved 

steady-state growth by the time they leave the field of view. The problems 

associated with nonisothermal and non-steady-state dendrite tips have hardware 

fixes that will be described later. For the situation of the [110] profiles, they will 

simply have to be recognized and separated from the rest of the data set. We also 

discovered that the background illumination, attributed to the flash unit in the 

11-84 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

engineering unit, provided a nonuniform light intensity that was detrimental to the 

photographic analysis. This too has been fixed through the modification of the optic 

system on the flight unit. 

During FY 1992 we have taken the results for the SVR tests on the engineering 

hardware, incorporated improvements to the flight hardware design, constructed 

MOD III or flight quality growth chambers, filled one flight quality chamber with 

5-9's pure SCN, completely tested and retested that chamber, and delivered it to 

LeRC. We also filled and partially tested a second flight quality chamber, and are 

waiting for the delivery of an improved and sturdier thermoelectric cooler unit to 

use in completing the assembly of this second chamber. 

The most critical and obvious hardware design change has been to the stinger. It has 

been moved higher into the chamber so that a dendrite emerging from the tip has 

the entire field of view of the photographic frame in which to grow. In addition the 

stinger has been notched, much like the tip of a fountain pen, so as to isolate the 

dendrite tips better and increase the probability of isothermal growth conditions. 

Tests at Rensselaer show that this latter change was successful. 

Many less obvious changes have also been made to the chambers and in the way we 

handle the manufacturing process. The windows have been polished; the 

thermistors have been aged to reduce their drift. Our laboratories at Rensselaer 

have been changed so as to separate and isolate the laboratory-based 

growth-chamber work from the data analysis operations, thereby reducing the 

possibility of contaminating the growth chambers. The piece parts to the chambers 

have been, at several intermediate stages, cleaned and bagged in a microelectronic 

clean room facility at the Center for Industrial Innovation (ClI) here at Rensselaer. 

Finally, all parts of the cleaning, filling, and testing procedures were fully 

documented and followed to insure rigorous reliability and quality assurance. 

At the end of FY 1992 we had fully implemented a computer aided dendrite analysis 

program (CADAP), version 1.2, running on a 486-based computer. This program 

evolved from the work at both Rensselaer and LeRC over the last several years. 

CADAP, however, is not stand-alone, but is used best in conjunction with the 

precision optical state (ROI) that we have used the last few years. The ROI now has a 

black-and-white camera with variable gamma function and on/off automatic gain 

control. Furthermore, CADAP is only used for measuring radii. Velocities, 

magnification of the flight optic system, dendritic growth angle for the sterographic 

correction, transmission data for the image processing, etc. are measured on the ROI 

or other instruments, and the results are input to CADAP if required. We intend to 

test and complete the development of CADAP and ancillary apparatus and methods 

early in FY 1993, with the arrival of the first few integrated mission simulations 

using the flight chamber with the flight hardware. 

11-85 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

Finally, we have continued to make progress for the second and third IDGE flights. 

We have filled and begun testing a pivalic acid (PVA) engineering growth chamber, 

and are continuing to seek improvements in the day-to-day operation of our 

laboratories. Our new vacuum distillation system has produced enough SeN for 

the current and future flights, and we are beginning a production run to produce 

high-purity PV A. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 5 DEGREES GRANTED: 1 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Glicksman, M., Koss, M., Hahn, R, Koo, K., Rojas, A. and Wansa, E. The isothermal dendritic 

growth experiment: A USMP-2 space flight experiment. Preprinted AIAA 92-0350 of the 30th 

Aerospace Science Meeting & Exhibit, Reno, NV (1992). 

Glicksman, M., Koss, M., R Hahn, R, Rojas, A., Karthikeyan, M., and Winsa, E. The isothermal 

dendritic growth experiment: scientific status of a USMP-2 space flight experiment. Advances in 

Space Research, Proceedings of the caSPAR Symposium on Microgravity Research: Materials 

and Fluid Sciences. World Space Congress. In preparation 1992. 

Glicksman, M., Koss, M. K, Koo, K, Hahn, R, Rojas, A., and Winsa, E. Isothermal dendritic 

growth in microgravity. Proceedings of the 4th interrtlltiortlll Conference on Experimental 

Methods for Microgravity Materials Science Research, Robert A. Schiffman, ed., p. 147, 

Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, 1992. 

Koo, K "Dendritic growth in microgravity." Transport and Stability Phenomena in Crystal 

Growth/Session I, AIChE Los Angeles, 1992. 

Koss, M. ''The isothermal dendritic growth: A NASA microgravity experiment." Department of 

Physics and Astronomy Seminar, Vassar Collage, Poughkeepsie, NY, 1992. 

Koss, M., "Isothermal dendritic growth experiment: Scientific status of a USMP-2 space Flight 

Experiment." COSPAR/IAF, World Space Congress, Washington DC, 1992. 

Koss, M., "The isothermal dendritic growth experiment: A status report." Materials Engineering 

Department Seminar, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 1992. 

Winsa, E. "Isothermal dendritic growth experiment flight unit tests." COSPAR/IAF, World 

Space Congress, Washington DC, 1992. 

Winsa, E., Levinson, L., Glicksman, M., Hahn, R, Koss, M., Robertson, J., and Abramczyk, R 

Isothermal dendritic growth experiment flight unit test. Advances in Space Research. 

Proceedings of the CaSPAR Symposium on Microgravity Research: Materials and Fluid Science. 

World Space Congress. In preparation, 1992. 

11-86 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

TYPE: Flight 

DISCIPLINE: Metals and Alloys 

PROJECT TITLE: Thermophysical Properties of Metallic Glasses and 

llndercooled Alloys 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-25-08-07 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. William L. Johnson 

AFFILIATION: California Institute of Technology (Caltech) 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: California Institute of Technology 

331 Technical Laboratory 'of Engineering 

Pasadena, CA 91125 

PHONE: (818)356-4433 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objectives are to (a) study physical properties of undercooled metallic alloy 

melts that relate to glass formation,. and (b) develop calorimetric methods to 

investigate the specific heat and thermal conductivity of alloy melts, both in the 

equilibrium and undercooled state. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

Steps will be taken to : 

1. Carry out ground-base measurements of the specific heat of glass-forming liquid 

alloys using a differential scanning calorimeter and a drop calorimeter; 

2. Develop a noncontract AC calorimetery method for high-melting-point 

transition metal liquid alloys which can be implemented using the TEMPUS facility 

on the IML-2 mission; 

3. Implement the AC methods using TEMPUS hardward and software. (Samples 

chosedn for study are Zr3Ni and Nb4oNi60 liquid alloys); 

4. Provide samples of the two alloys to Dr. Shankar Krishnan at Intersonics 

Corporation in Chicago for spectral emissivity measurements at 633 mm; use this 

date to calibrate temperature measurement on TEMPUS; 

5. Develop a ground-base blackbody balometer for measureing the total 

hemisphereical emissivity of levitated liquid samples that will be used to calibrate 

the heat flow in the flight experiments; 

6. Carry out measurements of total hemispherical emissivity of the samples for the 

flight experiments; 

7. Develop a complete set of software input parameters for carrying out the AC, 

specific heat measurement using the TEMPUS facility; 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

8. Carry out specific heat measurements on liquid Zr-Ni and Nb-Ni alloys both 

above and below the thermodynamic melting point of the alloys during the IML-2 

flight of TEMPUS, use this data to calculate the entropy and free-energy functions 

for the equilibrium and undercooled liquids and determine the Kauzmann 

isentropic temperature of the undercooled liquids, comparing it to the observed 

glass transition temperature of the alloys; and 

9. Analyze data obtained during the flight experiments, assess the results in terms of 

classical nucleation theroy, and relate the results to the glass-forming ability of the 

alloys. 

PROGRESS DuRING FY1992 

During FY1992, we completed the qesign of the ground-based blackbody balometer 

for measuring the total hemispherical emissivity of liquid samples. We are 

currently constructing the device in collaboration with the group of E. Trinh and K. 

Ohsaka at JPL, and will mount the balometer on a levitation system at JPL. 

We have also carried out ground-based specific heat measurements on Ti-Cr alloys, 

using both a drop calorimeter and a differential scanning calorimeter, and analyzed 

these results [J.e. Holzer et. al., Appl. Phys. Lett., 60, 1079 (1992)]. Workin with H. J. 

Fecht and R. Wunderlich, we are carrying out ground-based tests of the AC 

calorimetry method using the TEMPUS demonstrator module at DLR in Cologne, 

Germany; the AC method has been successfully demonstrated in the TEMPUS 

laboratory prototype by R. Wunderlich. 

Measurements of the specific heat of a solid Nb sphere were carried out successfully 

(liquids cannot be levitated in the TEMPUS demonstrator). Samples of Zr-Ni and 

Nb-Ni have been sent to DLR for evaluation of evaporation rates, etc. Samples also 

have been sent to S. Krishnan for spectral emissivity measurements at 633 nm. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 4 DEGREES GRANTED: 1 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Fecht, H. J. Aspects of metastable phase formation in undercooled liquid leud alloys. Zeit for 

Metallkunde, 82, 186 (1991). 

Fecht, H. J. Free energy; function of undercooled glass forming liquids. Accepted for publication in 

Mat Sci, & Eng., A133, 443 (1991). 

Fecht, H. J. Phase selection during crystallization of undercooled liquid eutectic alloys, Acta 

Metturgica, 39, 1003 (1991). 

Holzer, J. c., Ohsaka, K., Trinh, E. H., and Johnson, W. L. Gibbs free energy difference between the 

undercooled liquid and the P Phase of a Ti-Cr alloy. Appl. Phys. Lett., Q1L 1079 (1992). 

Ohsaka, K., Holzer, J. c., Trinh, E. H., and Johnson, W. L. Specific heat measurement of 

undercooled liquids. Proc. TMS Symp., TM5-AIME March meeting, in press (1992). 

11-88 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

TYPE: Flight 

DISCIPLINE: Metals and Alloys 

PROJECT TITLE: Casting and Solidification Technology 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-25-08-05 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Mary Helen McCay 

AFFILIATION: University of Tennessee Space Institute 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Center for Laser Applications 

University of Tennessee Space 

Ins titu te (UTSI) 

Tullahoma" TN 37388-8897 

PHONE: (615) 455-0631 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objectives of this research are to: (a) perform a detailed characterization of the 

effects of convection on growth parameters for unidirectional dendritic 

solidification; and (b) measure solutaLand thermal fields of dendritically solidifying 

model material using the fluid experiments system (FES) holographic recording, 

and compare the results to mathematically derived models and to Earth-based 

results. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

A threefold approach was adopted for the successful completion of this project: 

1. Performance of extensive ground-based directional solidification experiments, 

during which a variety of optical techniques are used to record and analyze the 

thermal and solutal fields; 

2. Development of two computational models, the fluids thermal model (FTM) and 

the linear stability model (LSM), for predictions of the dendritic solidification 

process and the onset and character of the fluid flow; and 

3. Development of a matrix of eleven microgravity experiments conducted in the 

FES, from which thermal and solutal fields will be obtained for comparison with 

ground-based and computation model predictions. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

The CAST experiment flew on IML-1 during January 1992. Eleven experiments 

were completed, nine of which had acceptable holographic data. Growth front 

height as a function of time was obtained for eight of the runs from the 

reconstructed ground-based and flight holograms. Growth rates were determined 

from linear curve fits, starting with the time at which the holographic data indicated 

the the dendritic front was uniformly distributed across the curvette. The 

ground-based dendritic growth rates are lower than the flight growth rates for seven 

11-89 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

of the eight runs analyzed and are approximately one-half of the flight rate for six of 

the runs . . The decrease in growth rate at I-g can be attributed to the gravitational 

influence on fluid flow and the resultant change in concentration of the liquid into 

which the dendrites are growing. 

This effect is also seen in another significant difference between the ground-based 

and flight growth structure. The mushy zone is not transparent in the ground-based 

experiment whereas it is transparent in flight experiment, and individual dendrites 

can be distinguished. This demonstrates the role that the buoyancy mass transport 

mechanism plays in influencing the concentration of the interdendritic liquid 

within the mushy zone and the volume fraction of solid formed. As the extent of 

convection increases, the inter dendritic fluid concentration increases, owing to the 

movement of higher solvent concentration fluid into the mushy zone. The higher 

solvent concentration adjacent to the dendrites produces more solidification and a 

higher-volume fraction of solid. 

FTM predictions for 10° and 10-5 ge were validated using the flight and ground 

experiment results for a selected run. Dendritic growth front predictions for the 

intermediate gravity levels show that as the gravity forces decrease, the growth rates 

increase until approximately 10-4 gel at which they level off. The maximum flow 

velocities decrease with gravity level, approaching the zero-gravity value at 10-3 ge. 

The flow remaining below 10-

3 ge, can therefore be attributed to mass flow effects 

other than those related to buoyancy. 

These results indicate that buoyancy-driven flow can be minimized in microgravity, 

enabling analysis of the two remaining mass flow mechanisms, shrinkage and 

solutal diffusion, and their influence on the dendritic growth front. This is 

currently being done using the computational models and thermal and solutal 

profiles which have been obtained from the flight experiments holograms. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 3 DEGREES GRANTED: 3 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Hopkins, J. A., McCay, T. D., and McCay, M. H. "The effects of shrinkage flow and gravity level 

on the onset of convection during vertical directional dendritic solidification of NH4CI-HzO." 

Presented at the 31st Aerospace Sciences Meeting & Exhibits (AlA A), paper #AlAA93-0261, Reno, 

NY,1992. 

Lowry, S. A., McCay, T. D., and McCay, M. H_ "An ad hoc non-equilibrium numerical model of the 

solidification of the binary metal model NH4CI-HzO." Presented at The American Society of 

Mechanical Engineers, Winter Annual Meeting, Anaheim, CA, 1992. 

Lowry, S. A., McCay, T. D., and McCay, M. H. An ad hoc non-equilibrium numerical model of the 

solidification of the binary metal model NH,CI-HzO. Micro/macro scale phenomena in 

solidification, ASME 1992. C. Beckermann, L. A. Bertranm, S. J. Pien and R. E. Smelser, eds., 

HTD-vol. 218/ AMD-vol. 139, 1992. 

11-90 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

ll. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

McCay, T. D., and McCay, M. H. Measured and predicted effects of gravity level on directional 

dendritic solidification of NH4CI-H20 . Accepted for publication in International Journal for 

Microgravity Research and Applications, 1992. 

McCay, M. H., and McCay, T. D. The measurement of transient dendrite tip interface 

supersaturation in NH4CI-H20 using optical techniques. Accepted for publication in Journal of 

Crystal Growth, 1992. 

McCay, M. H., and McCay, T. D. /IAn optical study of grain formation: CAST International 

microgravity laboratory 1./1 Presented at the 8th European Symposium on Materials and Fluids 

Science in Microgravity. 

McCay, T. D., McCay, M. H., and Hopkins, J. A. Heat and mass transfer effects on dendrite growth 

during vertical directional solidification of NH4CL-H20. Accepted for publication in Journal of 

Materials Processing and Manufacturing Sdence, 1992. 

11-91 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

TYPE: Flight 

DISCIPLINE: Metals and Alloys 

PROJECT TITLE: Measurement of Viscosity and Surface Tension of 

Undercooled Melts 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-25-08-08 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Julian Szekely 

AFFILIATION: Massachusetts Institute of Technology 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Dept. of Materials Engineering 

Room 4-117 

77 Massachusetts Avenue 

Cambridge, MA 02139 

PHONE: (617) 253-3236 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objective of this investigation is to utilize the electromagnetic levitation unit, 

TEMPUS, on IML-2 to measure the viscosity and surface tension of under cooled 

metallic melts. To date, little study has been made of the erhermophysical 

properties of undercooled melts, and a controversy exists over whether the 

temperature dependence of the viscosity obeys an Arrhenium-type or a power-law 

relationship. In this investigation, a "squeezing" force will be applied to a suitably 

positioned sample to induce oscillations. The rate of decay of the amplitude of these 

oscillations will be observed in order to measure the viscosity at a number of 

temperatures in the undercooled regime, while the frequencies of the oscillation 

modes will be used to deduce the surface tension at these temperatures. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

Our effort consists largely of a comprehensive program of mathematical modeling 

designed to give a detailed understanding of what can be expected from the flight 

experiment. To date, the main thrust of the modeling work has been to develop the 

methodology and to perform calculations predicting the behavior of 

levitation-melted/ electromagnetically-positioned metallic droplets under both 

earthbound and microgravity conditions. 

The main purpose of the work was to be able to predict the electromagnetic forces 

and heating rates, electromagnetically driven velocity fields within the sample, the 

transient behavior of the system, and the deformation of the sample. The accuracy 

of the computational models have been checked by comparison with available 

analytical results and the results of ground-based experiments. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

We have improved our mathematical model of the free surface shape of an 

electromagnetically shaped molten metal droplet. by including the effects of fluid 

flow; this had previously been neglected. We accomplished this using the 

11-92 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY 1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

electrornagnetics code we developed with the FIDAP computational fluids package, 

which has the ability to include electromagnetic body forces and surface shapes and 

affords excellent graphics. Using our FIDAP-based model, we have also achieved 

preliminary success in what was thought to be one of the most difficult aspects of 

the modeling effort: simulation of the oscillations that the 

electromagnetically-positioned and perturbed samples undergo. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 1 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

Schwartz, E., Szekely, J., Ilegbusi, O. J., Zong, J-H., and Egry, I, ''The Computation of the 

electromagnetic force fields and transport phenomena in levitated metallic droplets in the 

microgravity environment." Proc. of Symposium on Magnetohydrodynamics in Process Metallurgy, 

p 81, TMS 1992. 

Zong, J-H., Li, B., and Szekely, J. "The electrodynamic and hydrodynamic phenomena in 

magnetically-levitated molten droplets I." Steady state behavior. Accepted forActa 

Astronautica, 1992. 

Zong, J-H., Li, B., and Sz~kely, J. "The electrodynamic and hydrodynamic phenomena in 

magnetically-levitated molten droplets II." Transient behavior and heat transfer considerations. 

Accepted for Acta Astronautica, 1992. 

Zong, J-H., Szekely, J., and Lohofer, G "Calculations and experiments concerning the lifting force 

and the power absorption in the TEMPUS EML. Accepted forActa Astronautica, 1992. 

Zong, J-H., Szekely, J., and Schwartz, E. "An improved computational technique for calculating 

electromagnetic forces and power absorptions generated in spherical and deformed body in 

levitation melting devices,'\ IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 28, 1833 (1992). 

11-93 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks IBibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

TYPE: Flight 

DISCIPLINE: Protein Crystal Growth 

PROJECT TITLE: Protein Crystal Growth in a Microgravity Environment 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-23-08-02 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Charles E. Bugg 

AFFILIATION: University of Alabama, Birmingham 

MAlUNG ADDRESS: University of Alabama, Center for 

Macromolecular Crystallography 

262 BHS, THT 79 

Birmingham, AL 35294 

PHONE: (205) 934-5329 

TASK OBJECTIVELDESCRIPTION 

The objectives of this research are: a) to produce larger, high quality protein crystals 

in microgravity; and b) to understand the dynamics and processes of protein crystal 

growth. The research will utilize the protein crystal growth (PCG) vapor diffusion 

apparatus (VDA) flight hardware that will be capable of determining protein 

molecular structures for applications in medicine, drug design, agriculture, and the 

biological sciences. 

The flight investigations utilized proteins from a number of co-investigators at 

universities and pharmaceutical companies. These proteins selections were based 

on a number of criteria, including: (a) availability of extensive ground-based, 1-g 

visual and x-ray data; (b) crystal growth time; (c) crystal stability; and (d) inherent 

problems with crystal quality that might benefit from exposure to a microgravity 

environment (e.g., crystal size, internal crystal quality, crystal sedimentation, etc.). 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

Proteins were selected by a committee composed of co-investigators from academia, 

industry, and NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC). Several months of 

ground-based experiments were performed in flight-like hardware by each 

investigator whose protein had been selected for upcoming Space Shuttle flights. 

Crystallization conditions were optimized in this hardware in an effort to maximize 

the success rate during the flight experiment. 

During the 1992 time frame, protein crystal growth experiments were flown on 

IML-1, SL-J, and USML-1. For the first United States Microgravity Laboratory 

mission, new hardware was developed that utilized the Glovebox flown in the 

Spacelab module. The Glovebox hardware allowed, for the first time, optimization 

of protein crystal growth experiments and provided better mixing procedures for 

viscous protein/precipitant solutions. 

In addition, a micromanipulator system was developed to allow seeding 

experiments and crystal mounting procedures to be undertaken. A special adapter 

11-94 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliograpby - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

for the Glovebox video system, as well as a binocular microscope, allow crystals 

observed by the crew to be downlinked for analysis by co-investigators in the POCC. 

PROGRESS DuRING FY1992 

Through the series of missions flown in 1992, and in conjunction with the 

co-investigator group, it has been demonstrated that the microgravity environment 

provided by the Space Shuttle can enhance the size and/or quality of protein crystals 

in a significant fashion. Resolution enhancements as great as 0.6 A have been 

observed, and, in several instances, crystal volume increased twofold. In addition, it 

was clearly demonstrated on USML-1 that crystal optimization can increase the 

success of these experiments and that crystal mounting via a micromanipulator is 

straight forward, thereby providing a method to collect data on crystals once an X-ray 

facility is available on Space Station Freedom. 

Ground-based work carried out at UAB, MSFC, and MSU has continued to provide a 

better understanding of the fundamental mechanisms involved during crystal 

nucleation and subsequent growth phases. Using both a hanging drop (vapor 

diffusion) configuration or batch/ temperature-induced crystallization system, it has 

been demonstrated that static light scattering can be an effective tool to detect the 

onset of crystal nucleation so that the growth phase can be dynamically controlled. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 4 DEGREES GRANTED: 1 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENT ATIONS 

DeLucas, L. ].; "Protein crystal growth results from the United States Microgravity Laboratory - 1 

Mission." Presented at the Second International Workshop on Crystal Growth of Organic 

Materials (CGOM2), Glasgow, Scotland, September 7-11, 1992. 

DeLucas, L.J., Bugg, C. E., et. al. Recent results and new hardware developments for protein crystal 

growth in microgravity. Submitted to Journal. of Crystal Growth, 1992. 

DeLucas, L. J., Moore, K. M., Narayana, S. V. L., Bray, T. L., Rosenblum, W. M., Einspahr, H. M., 

Clancy, L. L., Rao, G. S. J., Harris, B. G., Munson, S. H., Finzel, B. c., and Bugg, C. E. Protein 

crystal growth experiments and results from the United States Microgravity Laboratory - 1 

Mission. Submitted to Journal. of Crystal Growth,. 1992. 

11-95 
Microgravity Science & Applications 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

TYPE: Flight 

DISCIPLINE: Protein Crystal Growth 

PROJECT TITLE: CRYOSTAT 

Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-23-08-07 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Alexander McPherson, Jr. 

AFFILIATION: University of California, Riverside 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Department of Biochemistry 

Watkins Drive 

University of California, Riverside 

Ri verside, CA 92521-0129 

PHONE: (714) 787-5391 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The preflight research goal of the IML-l experiment was to purify and characterize 

two macromolecular samples, canavalin and satellite tobacco mosaic virus (STMV), 

and to develop procedures whereby the samples could be reproducibly crystallized 

using the liquid-liqUid diffusion method. 

The goal of the flight experiment was to crystallize these samples in a form suitable 

for subsequent optical examination and X-ray diffraction analysis and to compare 

results with parallel experiments conducted in a ground laboratory. The instrument 

designated for the flight experiment was CRYOSTAT, designed by DARA scientists 

and fabricated by Keyser-Threade of Munich, Germany. Co-Investigators on the 

experiment from Europe were Professor Walter Littke of Freiburg and Professor 

Gottfried Wagner of Geissen. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The approach employed to bring about crystallization of canavalin and STMV in 

microgravity was liquid-liquid diffusion (free interface diffusion) using protein and 

precipitant volumes of 0.7 ml with a spacer or buffer 2 mm. thick initially inserted 

between the interdiffusing samples. Two sample carriers were employed in the 

experiment that was carried itself in the spacelab module. One sample carrier 

(containing 7 samples) was maintained throughout flight at 23°C while the second 

container with the same number of samples, was thermally ramped over the 7-day 

mission from 0 °C to 23°C. Three canavalin samples were flown and four STMV 

samples. The remaining sample cells were used by the European co-investigators. 

In parallel with the CRYOSTAT experiment, identical protein and virus samples 

were also crystallized using vapor diffusion in the VDA (designated code PCG). Two 

R/IM modules were flown carrying VDA samples maintained in one case at 4 °C 

and at 23°C in the other. 

11-96 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliograpby - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - FLIGHT RESEARCH 

Six samples of canavalin and six of STMV were investigated in each of the two 

R/lMs. The crystals grown "by vapor diffusion were compared with both 

ground-grown samples and with those grown in CRYOSTAT by liquid-liquid 

diffusion. 

PROGRESS DuRING FY1992 

The flight of IML-1 was carried out at the end of January 1992 in the spacelab module 

on orbiter Columbia and the samples retrieved immediately upon landing. 

Samples were returned to the laboratory at VCR and analyzed by light microscopy 

and X-ray diffraction. Crystals grown in CRYOSTAT, in the VDA, and in ground 

controls were compared. 

Crystals were grown in virtually every trial, but the characteristics of the crystals 

were highly dependent on the crystallization technique employed and the 

temperature experience of the sample. In general, very good results, based on visual 

inspection of the crystals, were obtained in both PCG and CRYOSTAT. Unusually 

impressive results were, however, achieved for STMV in the CRYOSTAT 

instrument. STMV crystals grown in microgravity by liquid-liquid diffusion were 

more than tenfold greater in total volume than any STMV crystals, previously 

grown in the laboratory. 

X-ray diffraction data collected from eight STMV crystals grown in CRYOSTAT 

demonstrated a substantial improvement in diffraction quality over the entire 

resolution range when compared to data from crystals grown on earth. In addition, 

the extent of the diffraction pattern for the STMV crystals grown in space extended 

to 1.8 A resolution while the best crystals that were ever grown under conditions of 

earth's gravity produced data limited to 2.3 A resolution. 

Other observations suggest that the growth of macromolecular crystals is indeed 

influenced by the presence or absence of gravity. These observations further suggest, 

consistent with earlier results, that the elimination of gravity provides a more 

favorable environment for such processes. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 0 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Day, J., and McPherson, A. Macromolecular crystal growth experiments on International 

Microgravity Laboratory-I. Protein Science 1, 1254-1268, (1992). 

McPherson, A. "Effects of a microgravity environment on the crystallization of biological 

macromolecules." Proceedings VlIIth European Symposium on Materials and Fluid Sciences in 

Microgravity, Brussels, Belgium, 12-16 April, Vol. II, 619--626 (1992). 

11-97 
Microgravity Science & Applications 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Biotechnology 

Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

PROJECT TITLE: Biosynthesis of Cellulose under Microgravity Conditions 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JSC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-23-01-04 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. R. Malcolm Brown 

AFFILIATION: University of Texas, Austin 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Department of Botany 

University of Texas 

Austin, TX 78712 

PHONE: (512) 471-3363 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The object of this grant is to determine the effects of microgravity on cellulose 

biosyn thesis. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

Investigators developed methodologies to observe and measure active cellulose 

synthesis. The three-dimensional arrangement of cellulose linkages was studied 

under 2-g, 1-g, and low-g simulations in a KC-135. Cellulose, which is typically 

ribbon shaped, began to splay under microgravity conditions simulated in a KC-135. 

Data suggests that the membrane-bound proteins as attached to cytoskeletal 

~lements deform under varying gravitational conditions, yielding a different 

three-dimensional cellulose structure. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

The investigator demonstrated, during KC-135 flights, that the biosynthetic 

molecules reorientated in varying gravitational conditions, as shown by the 

splaying effect of the cellulose fibers. Information was published. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 4 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Dudlika, K., Cousins, S. K., and Nagy, R. Gravity effects on cellulose assembly. American 

Journal of Botany 79 (11): 1247-1258, (992). 

11-98 
Microgravity Science & Applications 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED R ESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Biotechnology 

program Tasks / Bibliography - FY 1992 

PROJ~CT TITLE: 3-Dimensional Modeling of Human Colon Tissues 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JSC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-23-01-05 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. J. Milburn Jessup 

AFFILIATION: New England Deaconess Hospital 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: 110 Francis Street 

Suite 3A, 

Boston, MA 02215 

PHONE: (617) 732-9817 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The proposal is to study the mechanical decoupling effects of microgravity on 

cellular interactions. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The investigator utilized a NASA rotating-wall vessel to emulate 

microgravity-randomizing the gravitational vector and reducing the shear forces. 

The cellular aggregation and adhesion was thereby facilitated as a result of shear 

force reduction; high shear can disassociate cellular aggregates. Cellular synergism 

led to differentiation and higher fidelity in vitro models as compared to the in vivo 

precursor. Results are based upon micrographs and biochemical tests. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

The investigator grew adenocarcinoma tissue 'under simulated microgravity 

conditions. Several biochemical markers that heretofore were not present in 

standard tissue clihure were expressed. The investigator has extended his work to 

include normal, human colonic development and normal human crypts. Such 

advances are documented in several publications. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 0 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Jessup, J. M., Brown, K ., Ishii, S., Ford, R., Goodwin, T. J., and Spaulding, G. F. Simulated 

microgravity does not alter epithelial cell adhesion to matrix and other molecules. Molecular 

Biology of the Cell, vol. 3, September 1992. 

Jessup, J. M., Brown, K., Ishii, S., Ford, R., Goodwin, T. J., and Spaulding, G. F. "Simulated 

microgravity does not alter epithelial cell adhesion to matrix and other molecules." American 

Society for Cell Biology Annual Meeting, Denver, CO, November 1992. 

Jessup, J. M., Ford, R., Goodwin, T. J., and Spaulding, G. F. "Use of microgravity emulation to test 

the function of three-dimensional human colon carcinoma cell cultures." COSPAR Meeting, 

Washington, IX, August 1992. 

11-99 

L ________________ _ 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND·BASED RESEARCH 

Jessup, J. M., Ford, R., Goodwin, T .J., and Spaulding, G. F. "Effects of simulated microgravity on 

human epithelial cell association and recognition." Aerospace Medical Association meeting, 

Miami, FL, May 1992. 

11-100 
Microgravity Science & Applications 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Biotechnology 

Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

PROJECT TITLE: Separation of Chromosome-Size DNA Molecules 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-23-08-12 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Ponzy Lu 

AFFILIATION: University of Pennsylvania 

MAILING ADDRESS: Department of Chemistry 

University of Pennsylvania 

Philadelphia, PA 19104-6323 

PHONE: (215) 898-4863 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

This project addresses the problem of DNA separation by gel electrophoresis. Since 

we are interested in DNA molecules of 106 - 108 base pairs in length (109 - 1011 

daltons), or molecules that are polyanions of 2-nm diameter with lengths ranging 

from millimeters to many centimeters, which distort as they move through the 

electrophoretic matrix, existing theories and models for electrophoretic transport 

processes must be modified. 

The effort will complement parallel national efforts to map and sequence the entire 

human genome. There are currently limitations in the human genome project 

which can be addressed by the technologies to be developed by this research project. 

Even if the human genome project is completed using existing methods, the 

technology to be developed here will extend the benefits of those efforts to all 

biological species, including those used as models of human disease and for 

agriculture and industry. 

The project is an extension of NASA support of electrophoretic-separation process 

development over the past decade. The extrapolation of currently employed 

methods for DNA separation suggests the use of more dilute electrophoretic media 

to allow larger porosity and consequently shorter reorientation times of the polymer 

subjected to pulsed electric fields. The only method to maintain fluid stability in the 

presence of chemical and physical density heterogeneity is the microgravity 

environment. Since the separated DNA will be used for genetic analysis, this 

program will keep space science applications at the cutting edge of biotechnology. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The investigations will be as outlined in the original proposal, with emphasis on 

identifying the microgravity component. We have modeled the motion of DNA in 

Newtonian and non-Newtonian fluids, using thin wire as a mechanical model, 

with gravitation as the electrical field analog. The results were unexpected and were 

used to formulate the experiments with DNA. The findings show that the wire falls 

end first, axis vertical, in the non-Newtonian fluid, and that longer wire falls faster. 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

In the Newtonian fluid all wire lengths fall at the same rate, horizontally. This 

latter observation parallels the observations of Olivera, Baine, and Davidson 

[Biopolymers 2, 245-257 (1964)] where DNA of all lengths move at identical 

velocities in free Newtonian fluids in an electric field. 

The apparatus located at the University of Pennsylvania to directly observe the 

orientation of DNA molecules during the electrophoretic process was built in year 1 

of the project and has been used to observe DNA orientation in electric fields 

typically used for gel electrophoresis. The experiments show considerable DNA 

orientation on non-Newtonian compared to Newtonian fluids. In fact, the 

orientation data suggest that the DNA molecular configuration in unrosslinked 

polyacrylamide is similar to that in conventional agarose electrophoresis. Since our 

non-Newtonian fluid is a noncrosslinked polyacrylamide, the need for micro gravity 

to prevent convection becomes obvious. Given the length of naturally occurring 

DNA, the dimensions of the electrophoresis system would need to be measured in 

meters rather than in centimeters, making Earth-bound stabilization by density 

gradient less useful, if not useless. An absolute requirement for convectio-free fluid 

is necessary for resolution in the separation process. 

As an alternative matrix for the DNA separation process, glass bead material 

described in the original proposal was explored. Experiments are in progress to 

establish that megabase lengths of DNA are indeed electrophoresed gels in the 

presence of glass beads of 170-200 J.1. diameters. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

Direct video imaging of the DNA under the influence of an electric field in 

Newtonian fluids and non-Newtonian fluids has confirmed the above observation 

on DNA orientation. 

U sing the experience over the period of this project, we have designed several 

experiments to exploit our findings for gel-free separation of DNA. Initial 

experiments will employ lambda DNA concatomers which are 48 Kb and integral 

multimers of 48 Kb. 

As with all basic research programs, new instrumentation leads to new approaches 

to existing problems. Our ability to measure DNA helix orientation will allow us to 

probe rotational diffusion in RNA structures. Of particular interest will be the 

conformation of ribozymes and regulatory regions of RNA viruses, including HIV. 

We plan to pursue this during the current year. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 3 DEGREES GRANTED: 1 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Chee, D.-W., Cho, Y. I., Lu, P. Electrophoretic orientation of lambda DNA in viscoelastic 

solution. For Nucletic Acids Research, in preparation, 1992. 

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Microgravity Science ~ Applications Program Tasks /Bihliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

Cho, K., Chee, D.-W., and Cho, Y. I. A study of the length effect on the mobility of a thin cylinder 

in a free viscoelastic solution. Submitted to the Journal of non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, 1992. 

Cho, K., Cho, Y. I., and Park, N. A. "Hydrodynamics of large-aspect ratio circular cylinders 

moving vertically in a viscoelastic fluid" FED. Vol.. 124,53-58 (1991) presented at the ASME 

Winter Annual Meeting held in Atlanta, Dec. 1-6, 1991. 

Cho, K., Cho, Y. 1., and Park, N. A. Studies on the hydrodynamics of a vertically falling thin 

cylinder Journal of non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics 45, 105-145, (1992). 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Combustion Science 

PROJECT TITLE: An Experimental and Theoretical Study of Radiative 

Extinction of Diffusion Flames 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-22-05-29 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Arvind Atreya. 

AFFILIATION: Michigan State University 

MAILING ADDRESS: Department of Mechanical Engineering 

Michigan State University 

East Lansing, MI 48824 

PHONE: 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objective of this program is to quantify the conditions under which a stabilized, 

laminar diffusion flame will be extinguished by radiative heat losses from 

flame-generated particulates (e.g., soot) that drain the chemically released energy 

from the flame. 

These tests must be conducted in microgravity because radiation-induced extinction 

may not be possible under normal-gravity conditions, where buoyancy-generated 

convection would be swept upward and away from the flame. These flames will 

demonstrate the concept of radiative extinction in stabilized flames, distinct from 

the case of spreading diffusion flames. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The program is to have simultaneous experimental and theoretical efforts. 

Experimentally, normal-gravity tests using a quasi-one-dimensional counterflow 

diffusion flame burner will be studied to understand soot production and oxidation 

rates and their optical properties. These data are needed both for the formulation of 

the reduced-gravity testing and for the development of theoretical models. 

Subsequent reduced-gravity testing is to be pursued in the 2.2 second drop tower at 

NASA Lewis Research Center, where a laminar diffusion flame is to be stabilized 

about a spherical porous burner. In these tests the local fuel concentrations will be 

varied by the introduction of inerts into the fuel, flow stream. In these tests, 

measurements of flame temperatures and radiated flux will be used for comparisons 

with theory. 

A numerical model will be developed to simulate the reduced-gravity experimental 

configuration, and will include chemical kinetic modeling and modeling for the 

production and consumption of soot particulates. A model for the radiant 

emissions from the flame associated with the particulates will be developed. 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

Soot volume fractions, species concentrations, and temperature distributions inside 

a normal-gravity, counterflow diffusion flame have been measured. Comparisons 

with theoretical models in the literature have been initiated using soot formation 

and oxidation rates obtained from the normal-gravity experiments. An apparatus 

for the planned 2.·2-second drop tower tests at NASA Lewis has been designed and 

fabricated using a spherical porous burner. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 2 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Atreya, A., Wichman, 1., Guenther, M., Ray, A., and Agrawal, S. "An experimental and 

theoretical study of radiative extinction of diffusion flames." Pesented to the 2nd International 

Microgravity Combustion Workshop, Cleveland, OH, September 15-17, 1992. 

Zhang, c., Atreya, A., and Lee, K. Sooting structure of methane counterflow diffusion flames with 

preheated reactants and dilution by products of combustion. Proceedings of the Twenty-fourth 

International Symposium on Combustion, Sydney, Australia, July 1992. In preparation, 1992. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FYI992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Combustion Science 

PROJECT TITLE: Ignition and Combustion of Bulk Metals in Microgravity 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-22-05-30 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Melvyn C. Branch 

AFFILIATION: University of Colorado 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Department of Mechanical Engineering 

University of Colorado 

Campus Box 427 

Boulder, CD 80309-0427 

PHONE: 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The project is an experimental investigation of the mechanisms of ignition and 

subsequent self-sustained combustion of common metal pellets under low-pressure 

oxygen atmospheres in a range of gravity fields. Unique features of the research are 

a radiant ignition source, to eliminate the contamination of the usual promoted 

igniters, and precise determination of mass change, flame characteristics, surface 

structure, and temperatures in each phase. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The experiments are conducted with a continuous lamp energy source and 

instrumentation developed to determine mass loss, surface morphology, flame 

spectra, and combustion products. Elevated-gravity fields are to be studied in a 

centrifuge; low-gravity fields are to be studied in an airplane. Concurrent numerical 

modeling calculations guide the experimental research. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

Modeling and experiments have been completed with iron, 1018 carbon steel, 

titanium, copper, and aluminum in normal gravity. Results have demonstrated 

the feasibility and application of a novel radiant lamp ignition source. The data 

define the seperate steps of initial heating, ignition, and self-sustained combustion. 

The numerical modeling has been completed to cover the range of Og to 109 

accelerations. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 2 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

Abbud-Madrid, A., Branch, M. c., Feiresen, T. J., Daily, J. W., and Fiechtner, G. J. "A study of the 

ignition phenomena of bulk metals by radiant heating." For the Sixth International Symposium on 

Flammability and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres, ASTM Committee 

G-4, to be held in the Netherlands, May 1993, submitted 1992. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

Branch, M. c., Abbud-Madrid, A., Feireisen, T. J., Daily, J. W., and Fiechtner, G. J. "A study of the 

ignition phenomena of bulk metals by radiant heating." Paper presented at the Second 

International Microgravity Combustion Workshop, NASA LeRC, September 1992. 

Feireisen, T. J., Branch, M. c., Abbud-Madrid, A., and Daily, J. W. "Gravitational and pressure 

effects on the heat-up rate of metal test specimens in a pure oxygen atmosphere." Paper submitted 

to the 1993 ASTM Committee G-4 Symposium cited above, 1992. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Combustion Science 

.PROJECT TITLE: Modeling of Microgravity Combustion Experiments 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-22-05-31 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. John C. Buckmaster 

AFFILIATION: University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: 101 Transportation Building 

104 South Mathews Avenue 

University of Illinois 

Urbana, IL 61801 

PHONE: 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

Modeling plays a vital role in providing physical insights into the behavior revealed 

by experiment. The program at the University of Illinois is designed to improve our 

understanding of basic combustion phenomena through the analytical and 

numerical modeling of a variety of configurations undergoing experimental study 

in NASA's microgravity combustion program. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

Experimental results amenable to modeling are identified and modeling is carried 

out. This is done in close collaboration with the experimentalist where possible. 

PROGRESS DuRING FY1992 

The most significant accomplishment in FY 1992 is the first numerical calculation of 

stationary flame-ball structure in hydrogen-air mixtures, and the identification of a 

lean flammability limit of .0866 (equivalence ratio). This work probably marks the 

first time a flammability limit computed using detailed submodels has been directly 

and meaningfully compared to experiments without simplifying assumptions, 

extrapolations, or artificial ingredients. 

Substantial progress has been made in our studies of acoustic instabilities in 

particle-cloud flames. Of particular significance is work on spherical flames, since 

this is a configuration under study in the two experimental programs of John Lee 

and Paul Ronney. 

In flame-ball experiments carried out in mixtures containing significant amounts of 

SF6 , it is believed that the combustion field absorbs a significant amount of its own 

radiation, and we have devised a model that accounts for this which can be 

analyzed. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 4 DEGREES GRANTED: 1 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Buckmaster, J. "Analytical and numerical modeling of flame-balls in hydrogen/air mixtures." 

Presented at the 45th Meeting of the Division of Fluid Mechanics of the American Physical 

Society, 1992. 

Buckmaster, J. A flame-string model and its stability. Combustion Science and Technology, 84, 

163 (1992). 

Buckmaster, J. "Modeling of microgravity combustion experiments." Presented at the University of 

Oklahoma, the University of Houston, Texas A&M University, and the South-West Research 

Institute, a Southwest Mechanics Lecture Tour, 1992. 

Buckmaster, J. The structure and stability of laminar flames. Accepted for vol. 25 of The Annual 

Review of Fluid Mechanics, 1992. 

Buckmaster, J., and Clavin, P. An acoustic-instability theory for particle-cloud flames. In 

Proceedings of The 24th International Symposium on Combustion, July 1992, Sydney, Australia, In 

preparation, 1992. 

Buckmaster, J., Gessman, R, and Ronney, P. The three-dimensional dynamics of flame-balls. In 

Proceedings of The 24th International Symposium on Combustion, July 1992, Sydney, Australia. In 

preparation, 1992. 

Buckmaster, J., and Joulin, G. Influence of boundary-induced losses on the structure and dynamics of 

flame-balls. Combustion Science and Technology. In press, 1992. 

Buckmaster, J., and Lee, C. J. The effects of confinement and heat loss on outwardly propagating 

spherical flames. In Proceedings of The 24th International Symposium on Combustion, July 1992, 

Sydney, Australia, In preparation, 1992. 

Buckmaster, J., Smooke, M., and Giovangigli, V. Analytical and numerical modeling of 

flame-balls in hdrogen-air mixtures. Accepted fo,Combustion Science and Technology. 1992. 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Combustion Science 

PROJECT TITLE: Gravitational Effects on Premixed Turbulent Flames: Studies 

of the Dynamics of Wrinkled Laminar Flames in 

Microgravity 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-22-05-32 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Robert K. Cheng 

AFFILIATION: Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory 

B29C-I02 

Applied Science Division 

Berkley, CA 94720 

PHONE: 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objective of the experimental program is to investigate low-Reynolds-number 

premixed turbulent flames in microgravity to gain a fundamental understanding of. 

the gravitational effects on flame-turbulence interaction processes. This aspect of 

turbulent flame propagation is not well understood and has yet to be considered in 

current turbulent combustion theories. Our experimental results are expected to 

provide guidance and validation for the development of turbulent combustion 

models to include the effects of gravity. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The experimental work is focused on developing the methodology, experimental 

apparatus, and laser diagnostics for application in the NASA Lewis Research Center 

2.2 drop tower. Flow visualization techniques coupled with computer-controlled 

image processing are used to characterize the behavior of the aerodynamic flowfield 

and mean flame properties under microgravity. 

To provide the necessary scientific background for the microgravity experiments, a 

parallel study of laminar and turbulent flames subjected to +g (upwards) and -g 

(downward) forces is also conducted. These +g and -g laboratory flames are 

investigated with the use of more sophisticated laser diagnostics such as laser 

Doppler anemometry to obtain statistical data. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

A 2.2-second drop tower rig was constructed and tested. The behavior of laminar 

and turbulent Bunsen type premixed flames under microgravity has been observed 

by the use of laser schlieren. This is the first successful application of the schlieren 

technique to microgravity research in the 2.2-second drop tower. The schlieren 

images are recorded on videotape and are analyzed by computer-controlled image 

processing. Comparison of the microgravity results with those observed under 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

normal gravity shows that gravity affects flame propagation through the coupling of 

the flame dynamics and the surrounding flowfield. Under normal gravity, 

buoyancy- driven flow instabilities are shown to induce flame flickering. In 

microgravity, the instability is absent and is not dominant in inducing flame 

motion. 

However, the laominar flames still exhibit some flame instability which is small 

compared to the normal-gravity flames flickering. In the turbulent flames due to the 

random nature of the wrinkled flame fronts, the differences between normal and 

microgravity flames are more difficult to identify and quantify. The differences will 

be investigated using the appropriate image analysis anp display software for 

characterizing the flame wrinkle scales and their evolution. This work is in progress 

and the results will be forthcoming. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 1 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Kostiuk, L. W., Zhou, L., and Cheng, R. K. The effect of gravity on wrinkled laminar flames. 

Proceedings of the Second International Workshop on Microgravity Combustion, Cleveland, OH, 

September 15-17,1992. 

Kostiuk, L. W., Zhou, L., and Cheng, R. K. "The effect of gravity on wrinkled laminar flames." 

Poster No. 102, Twenty-fourth Symposium (International) on Combustion, Sydney, Australia, July 

5-11, 1992. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY 1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Combustion Science 

PROJECT TITLE: Combustion of Interacting Droplet Arrays in a Microgravity 

Environment 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-22-05-33 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Daniel Dietrich 

AFFILIATION: Sverdrup Technology Inc, LeRC Group 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Lewis Research Center Group 

Sverdrup Technology, Inc. 

Mail Stop 500-217 

Middleburg Heights, OH 44130 

PHONE: (216) 433-2875 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

This research program involves the study of one-and two-dimensional arrays of 

droplets in a buoyant-free environment. The purpose of the work is to extend the 

data base and theories that exist for single droplets into the regime where droplet 

interactions are important. The eventual goal being to use the results of this work 

as inputs to models on spray combustion, where droplets seldom burn individually; 

instead the combustion history of a droplet is strongly influenced by the presence of 

the neighboring droplets. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The emphasis of the present investigation is experimental, although comparison 

will be made to existing theoretical and numerical treatments when appropriate. 

Both normal-gravity and low-gravity testing will be employed, and the results 

compared. 

The normal-gravity testing will utilize the classical suspended droplet technique; 

single droplets and droplet arrays will be supported on 125 11m optical fibers in a 

combustion chamber where the ambient environment can be controlled. The 

low-gravity testing will employ droplets suspended on 15 11m Si-C fibers, a new 

technique developed during the past year, again in a combustion chamber where the 

ambient environment can be changed. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

The design and construction of the normal-gravity combustion chamber is 

complete. The chamber has been used for a number of single droplet and droplet 

array combustion studies. One of these studies was to evaluate the suitablility of an 

intensified array camera to image the flame in the ultraviolet region of the 

spectrum as opposed to the visual image usu.ally obtained. The intensified array 

camera offers the potential to image the OH in and near the flame zone. 

Intensified-array ultraviolet images were compared to visual images of the flame. 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

In other studies, single droplets of methanol and n-decane were burned in 

high-oxygen, low-pressure environments. For pressures of 0.2 - 0.3 atm, 

microexplosions were observed for the pure fuel droplet. Initial work was also 

started on burning multiple droplets. 

The major development in reduced-gravity droplet combustion has been in the use 

of very small 15 ~m Si-C fibers to support the droplets. These fibers are an order of 

magnitude smaller that the fibers used in most suspended-droplet studies. Using 

these fibers also offers the potential to perform temperature measurements in the 

gas phase surrounding the burning droplet. A new drop-tower apparatus using this 

new fiber technology has been designed and constructed. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 0 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Dietrich, D. L., and Haggard, J. B. "Combustion of interacting droplet arrays in a microgravity 

environment." Presented at the Second International Microgravity Combustion Workshop, 

Cleveland, OH, September 15-17, 1992. 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Combustion Science 

PROJECT TITLE: Combustion of Electrostatic Sprays of Liquid Fuels in 

Laminar and Turbulent Regimes 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-22-05-34 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Alessandro Gomez 

AFFILIATION: Yale University 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Yale University 

PHONE: 

Department of Mechanical Engineering 

Yale University 

New Haven, CT 06520 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

This research is a combination of theoretical and computational work by Professors 

Alessandro Gomez (PI, experimental), Marshall B. Long (Co-I, diagnostics) and 

Mitchell D. Smooke (Co-I, computational), all from Yale University. It involves 

studying the formation and burning of electrosprays of liquid fuels at both normal 

and reduced gravity. 

Electrosprays are being studied because they offer several advantages over 

conventional fuel sprays such as (a) generation of a relatively narrow droplet-size 

distribution; (b) elimination of droplet coalescence and the production of a relatively 

uniform spray due to the self-dispersion property of the spray; and (c) the possibility 

of manipulating droplet trajectories. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

During the first year of the program the experimental apparatus was built and its 

performance characterized. Also in the first year testing began on laminar sprays in 

the counterflow configuration in normal gravity. In subsequent years the laminar 

counterflow configuration will be tested in zero gravity in the drop towers, and 

testing will also begin on turbulent spray flames. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

The project has developed along two parallel avenues: We have performed a 

variety of cold flow experiments aimed at examining the fundamental mechanism 

of electrospray atomization and dispersion as well as identifying and characterizing 

the domain of operating variables under which the generated droplets are 

quasi-monodisperse; and another focus of the research has been on the combustion 

of the electrospray in the laminar regime. A counterflow spray burner has been 

constructed and tested at normal gravity. The dynamics of the interaction between 

the droplets and the flame have been examined. 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

Primary diagnostic tools being used are a commercial phase Doppler anemometer 

(PDA), the workhorse of this phase of the project. It is used to measure distributions 

of droplet size and either axial or radial velocity component; and a shadow graph 

system consisting of a nanosecond flashlamp, a long-range microscope, and a 

charged-coupled device camera (CCD), capable of capturing and digitizing images of 

droplet shadows with an overall magnification of up to 1100X. Further details are 

given in the six publications (listed below) that have resulted from the research 

activity in the first seventeen months of the project. Two graduate students are 

involved in the project. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 0 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Chen, G., and Gomez, A., Counterflow diffusion flames of quasi-monodisperse electrostatic sprays. 

Twenty-fourth Proceedings of the Sumposium Interntltional on Combustion, The Combustion 

Institute. In preparation, 1992. 

Gomez, A., and Chen, G. Secondary atomization in the combustion of electrostatic sprays. 

Submitted to Combustion and Flame, 1992. 

Gomez, A., and Tang, K., Fission of charged droplets in electrostatic sprays. Submitted to Phys. 

Fluids A , 1992. 

Gomez, A., and Tang, K. Stability domain of an electrospray generating monodisperse droplets in 

the size range 1-140 11m. Accepted for J. Aerosol Sci. , 1992. 

Gomez, A., and Tang, K. Proceedings of the fifth internationtll conference on liquid atomization 

and Spray Systems, ICLASS-91 , Gaithersburg, MD, USA, H . G. Smerjian, ed., NIST Special 

Publication No. 813, p. 805, 1991. 

Tang, K. and Gomez, A. On the structure of an electrospray of monodisperse droplets. Submitted to 

Phys. Fluids A , 1992. 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEA RCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Combustion Science 

PROJECT TITLE: Structure and Dynamics of Premixed Flames in Microgravity 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-22-05-22 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. K. Kailasanath 

AFFILIATION: Naval Research Laboratory 

MAILING ADDRESS: Laboratory for Computational Physics 

and Fluid Dynamics 

NRL Code 4410 

Washington, OC 20375 

PHONE: (202) 767-2402 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objective of this research is to investigate fundamental problems in the 

combustion of premixed gases, such as the differences in the propagation and 

extinction of gas-phase flames in normal and micro gravity and the structure and 

stability of burner-stabilized flames. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

We study the structure and dynamics of premixed flames by performing detailed 

numerical simulations using time-dependent, one- and two-dimensional 

numerical models. These models solve the multispecies coupled partial differential 

reactive-flow equations. 

The models include detailed chemical-kinetics mechanisms, algorithms for thermal 

conduction, molecular diffusion, viscosity, heat conduction to walls, convective and 

radiative transport, and effects of gravity. We also plan to use reduced-chemistry 

models after they have been validated or calibrated against detailed models. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

The detailed dynamics of the extinguishment of downward-propagating 

. hydrogen-air flames have been simulated. These simulations indicate that both 

gravity and heat losses to the walls are simultaneously required to cause the 

observed extinguishment. The actual mechanism of extinguishment has been 

identified to be the dilution of the unburned mixture with the products of 

combustion caused by the recirculatory flow set up near the walls by the buoyant 

forces. The calculated lean-flammability limit is in good agreement with 

experiments. Furthermore, the above mechanism of extinguishment seems to 

explain the extinguishment of other fuel-air mixtures also (during downward 

propaga tion). 

The relative roles of hydrodynamic and thermo-diffusive effects for hydrogen 

flames have been further clarified. In earlier simulations rich hydrogen-oxygen11-116 
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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED R ESEARCH 

nitrogen (3:1:16) flames have been found to be flat in 2-and S.l-cm-wide systems 

even in zero-gravity, while simple theory would predict them to be nonplanar 

owing to the hydrodynamic instability. When the system size was increased to 9 em, 

the flame was indeed found to develop a curved structure due to hydrodynamic 

effects. Even this curvature is suppressed if gravity effects (downward) are turned 

on. What these results imply is that, except for very large systems (system size or 

flame thickness greater than about 20), the diffusive transport effects dominate over 

the hydrodynamic effects in hydrogen systems. Whether this is true for 

hydrocarbon systems needs to be investigated. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 0 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Kailasanath, K, Patnaik, G., and Ganguly, K. Dynamics of flames near the rich-flammability 

limit of hydrogen-air mixtures. Accepted for publication in Progress in Aeronautics and 

Astronautics, June 1992. 

Kailasanath, K, Patnaik, G., and Oran, E. S. "Structure and dynamics of premixed flames in 

microgravity." 2nd International Microgravity Combustion Workshop, Cleveland, OH., 

September 1992. 

Patnaik, G., and Kailasanath, K "D~tailed transient two-dimensional simulations of laminar 

flame structures in lean hydrogen-air mixtures." Presented at the 4th International Conference on 

Numerical Combustion, St. Petersburg, FL, December 1991. 

Patnaik, G., Kailasanath, K, and Oran, E. S. Effect of gravity on flame instabilities in premixed 

gases. AIAA Journal, vol. 29, no. 12, pp. 2141-2148, (November 1991). 

Patnaik, G. and Kailasanath, K. "On the extinguishment of downward propagating hydrogen-air 

flames." Presented at the Fall Technical Meeting of the Eastern Section of the Combustion 

Institute, Orlando, FL, October 1991. 

Patnaik, G., and Kailasanath, K "Lean flammability limit of downward propagating 

hydrogen-air flames. " Presented at the AIAA 30th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, NY, 

January 1992. Also AIAA Paper 92-033G, AIAA, Washington, DC, 1992. 

Patnaik, G., and Oran, E. S. "Parallel processing for combustion modeling applications." Presented 

at the IEEE Scientific Supercomputing Meeting, Washington, DC, April 1992. 

11-117 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY 1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Combustion Science 

PROJECT TITLE: Radiative Ignition/Subsequent Flame Spread of Cellulosic 

Fuels in Microgravity 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-22-05-35 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Takashi Kashiwagi 

AFFILIATION: National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: National Institute of Standards and Technology 

Center for Fire Research, Building and Fire Research 

National Institute for Standards and Technology 

Gaithersburg, MD 20899 

PHONE: 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

This project models and solves numerically, with experimental verifications, the 

two- and three-dimensional, time-dependent relationships of ignition and flame 

spread for paper ignited by radiant energy in a microgravity environment. Processes 

to be modeled include the endothermic surface pyrolysis, the exothermic surface 

(char) oxidation, and the exothermic gas-phase combustion. Variations to model 

realistic situations include thermally thin and thick fuels and quiescent and air-flow 

condi tions. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

Numerical models are developed, with experimentally determined properties and 

reaction rates, to predict the time-dependent radial contours of temperature, density, 

velocity, and chemical species in the gas phase during the steps of ignition, pyrolysis, 

and subsequent flame spread. Verifying experiments are defined for ground-based 

and flight microgravity facilities. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

The numerical models for all the quiescent, thin-fuel cases have been completed, 

with output in the form of plots of the temperature, density, velocity, and specie 

contours at fractional second intervals during the first 10 seconds of the combustion 

history. 

Important findings are that the paper fuel will not transition to flame spread for 

quiescent, microgravity air (21 % O 2) environments. A quiescent atmosphere of at 

least 50% O2 or air flow at lower oxygen-concentration atmospheres, is required for 

the transition. Independent, small-scale ground-based experiments verified the 

qualitative conclusions. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 0 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Kashiwagi, T., and Nambu, H. F. Global kinetic constants for thermal oxidative degradation of 

cellulosic paper. Combustion and Flame, vol. 88, pp. 345-368, (1992). 

Kushida, G., Baum, H. R, Kashiwagi, T., and di Blasi, C. Heat and mass transport from 

thermally degrading thin materials in a microgravity environment. Journal of Heat Transfer, vol. 

114, pp. 494-502, (1992). 

Nakabe, K., Baum, H. R, and Kashiwagi, T. "Ignition and subsequent flame spread over a thin 

cellulosic material. " Paper presented at the Second International Microgravity Combustion 

Workshop, NASA LeRC, September 1992. 

Yamashita, H., Baum, H. R, and Kashiwagi, T. "Heat and mass transport from heated material 

in a low reynolds number microgravity environment." Paper presented at the Fourth International 

Conference on Numerical Combustion, SIAM, December 1991. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FYI992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Combustion Science 

PROJECT TITLE: Measurements and Modeling of Sooting Turbulent Jet 

Diffusion Flames Under Normal and Reduced-Gravity 

Conditions 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-22-05-36 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Jerry C. Ku 

AFFILIATION: Wayne State University 

MAILING ADDRESS: Department of Mechanical Engineering 

Wayne State University 

5050 Anthony Wayne Drive 

Detroit, MI 48202 

PHONE: 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objectives of this study are to model soot formation and radiation for turbulent 

jet diffusion flames, and to determine the modeling coefficients from measured 

data, under both normal and reduced-gravity conditions. Microgravity combustion 

is not only relevant to fire safety on board a spacecraft but also provides a unique 

condition for better understanding of the combustion fundamentals. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

In regard to experimental measurements, thermophore tic particle sampling and 

electron microscopy are used for soot particle size and aggregate morphology 

analysis. Laser light absorption imaging provides for the determination of 

soot-volume fractions, and emission imaging and thermocouple measurements 

will be used for soot thermometry. Laser Doppler velocimetry may possibly be 

employed to measure velocities and turbulence intensities, but is beyond the stated 

deliverables of this effort. 

In the area of modeling, Favre-averaged boundary layer equations with a k-E-g 

turbulence model and the conserved scalar approach with an assumed p-pdf 

(probability density function) are used to predict flow field and gaseous species mole 

fraction profiles, respectively. Transport of soot particles is described by equations for 

volume fraction and number density using rate equation models. The energy 

equation is included to provide coupling between flame structure and radiation 

analyses. The radiative flux is solved from the radiative transfer equation (RTE). 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

Both the techniques of thermophore tic sampling and imaging light extinction have 

been successfully demonstrated in the laboratory. A 2.2-second drop package has 

been designed and constructed to implement these measurements in the 2.2-second 

drop tower facility. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

Soot particle size and aggregate morphology data have been obtained for laminar 

flames under reduced- gravity conditions. It has been observed that soot aggregates 

in reduced-gravity flames have larger numbers of primary particles and larger 

primary particle size than those under normal gravity conditions. This is thought to 

be due to longer residence times associated with reduced-gravity flames, which have 

a smaller axial velocity owing to the absence of buoyant forces. A burner for 

turbulent studies is presently being constructed. 

Results from the modeling effort compare well with published data, and accurate 

predictions are obtained for flame structure and soot volume fraction. A third-order 

spherical harmonics (P3) approximation has been applied to solve the RTE. Some 

numerical problems have been experienced in solving the resulting elliptic partial 

differential equations. To provide comparisons, other approaches for solving the 

RTE are being considered. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 3 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Ku, J. c. Measurements and prediction of soot particles in laminar jet diffusion flames under normal 

and reduced gravity conditions. For Combustion and Flame. In preparation, 1992. 

Ku, J. c. A P3 approximation for radiative transfer from soot particles in axisymmetric diffusion 

flames. For J. Heat Transfer. In preparation, 1992. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY 1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROU D-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Combustion Science 

PROJECT TITLE: Studies of Harne Structure in Microgravity 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-22-05-37 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Chung K. Law 

AFFILIATION: Princeton University 

MAILING ADDRESS: Department of Mechanical & 

Aerospace Engineering 

Princeton U ni versi ty 

Princeton, NJ 08544 

PHONE: (609) 452-5271 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objectives of this work are to understand and quantify the structure, 

stabilization mechanisms, soot formation in, and extinction of one:..dimensional 

premixed and non premixed laminar flames. 

This work takes advantage of the microgravity environment to obtain nonplanar, 

one-dimensional flames that are stabilized around curved burners in the absence of 

buoyant or externally imposed flows. This flame configuration is a more 

fundamental flame paradigm than can be established in a normal-gravity 

environment, providing stabilized flames with minimal nonadiabaticities and 

without aerodynamic straining. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

This program comprises three main elements. A numerical simulation of 

one-dimensional laminar flames is to be developed that, in addition to including 

the usual fluid mechanical and heat transfer mechanisms, will include detailed 

chemical kinetic mechanisms for comparison with the unique experimental results. 

A drop-tower test apparatus is to be used to observe premixed laminar flames 

stabilized about a cylindrical and then a spherical porous burner to distinguish heat 

loss and flow divergence influences ,upon the flame stabilization and flamefront 

stability. A drop-tower apparatus is to be used to observe nonpremixed laminar 

flames stabilized about the cylindrical and spherical burners to study soot formation, 

gas-phase unsteadiness, kinetic extinction, and radiative extinction. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

During this year's work an improved cylindrical burner was developed for tests in 

the NASA LeRC 2.2-second drop tower. A series of tests using mixtures of methane, 

oxygen, nitrogen, and helium were completed. Helium was included to (a) reduce 

the flame temperature, thereby supressing hydrodynamic flamefront instability, (b) 

increase the Lewis number of the flame, thereby supressing thermo-diffusive 

flamefront instability, and (c) reduce the laminar flame speed in order to stabilize 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

the flame at larger standoff distances from the burner, thereby reducing heat losses 

to the burner. Substantial improvments in flame uniformity were observed 

compared to the first cylindrical burner used during the previous year. Based upon 

the analysis of these tests the burner design has again been modified for additional 

2.2-second drop towe~ tests. 

The Sandia flame code was modified for use with the cylindrical geometry and was 

used to compare the numerically calculated flame response with the microgravity 

flames observed experimentally. Although trends with flow velocities and mixture 

ratios are the same, the computed flame location is larger than observed 

experimentally. Separately, an asymptotic analysis of cylindrical flames has been 

developed. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 1 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Eng, J. A., Egolfopoulos, F. N ., and Law, C. K. On the dual response and surface recombination in 

burner-stabilized flames. Proceedings of the 27th National Heat Transfer Conference, 

Minneapolis, MN; ASME-HTD vol. 166, 1991. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Combustion Science 

PROJECT TITLE: A Fundamental Study of the Combustion Syntheses of 

Ceramic-Metal Composite Materials Under Micrograv'ity 

Conditions 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-22-05-38 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. John J. Moore 

AFFILIATION: Colorado School of Mines 

MAILING ADDRESS: Department of Metallurgical and 

Materials Engineering 

Colorado School of Mines 

Golden, CO 80401 

PHONE: (303) 273-3770 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objectives of the proposed research program are concerned with obtaining a 

thorough scientific understanding of the effects of microgravity on the in-situ 

synthesis of ceramic matrix-metal composite materials, using a novel and 

innovative mode of combustion synthesis reaction. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

An exothermic combustion reaction will be used to provide a porous 

ceramic-ceramic matrix which is simultaneously infiltrated with excess liquid 

aluminum from the combustion reaction. The research will investigate the 

underlying fundamental mechanistic differences between conducting these 

combustion synthesis reactions under normal gravity and low-gravity conditions. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

The main thrust of this research has been to investigate the principle of 

synthesizing ceramic-metal composites using combosition synthesis techniques 

under 1-g conditions. Results and phenomena have been identified such that 

appropriate reaction systems can now be utilized under microgravity conditions in 

order to fully assess the implications of microgravity on the synthesis of 

ceramic-metal composite materials. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 2 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

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Microgravity Science & Applications 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Combustion Science 

PROJECT TITLE: Combustion Research 

Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-22-05-08 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Howard Ross 

AFFILIATION: NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Lewis Research Center 

Mail Code 500-217 

21000 Brookpark Road 

Cleveland, OH 44135 

PHONE: (216) 433-2868 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The task objective is to advance an understanding of fundamental combustion 

phenomena and/ or processes that are affected by the presence or absence of gravity. 

ReSEARCH ApPROACH 

The research approach is to provide for limited precursor studies by external 

investigators and for the engineering and fabrication of hardware needed to conduct 

in-house research and assist in the research efforts conducted on-site at LeRC in 

support of Code SN-sponsored principal investigators (PIs) and National Research 

Council (NRC) graduate student researchers. Funds for facility overhead charges are 

provided through separate Research and Technology Operations Plans (RTOP) 

resources. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

Dr. D. Dietrich of Sverdrup Technology, Inc. assisted in the development of the 

Glovebox flight hardware development, verification, crew training, and mission 

support. In addition, he and a student completed a few drop-tower tests in H. Ross's 

laser rig, showing the influence of gravity on the convective flow around a candle 

flame. He also continued to pursue candle-flame modeling, developing with Prof. 

T'ien of Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) a model for the wick dynamics. 

Finally, considerable time was spent by D. Dietrich in support of th~ Japanese/UCSD 

high-pressure droplet vaporization study and the droplet combustion experiment of 

Profs. Williams and Dryer: The former support resulted in the draft article with 

Prof. Williams and Dr. Sato on the drop-tower results, which was presented in a 

poster session at the 24th Symposium on Combustion and then accepted as an 

article to Combustion Science and Technology . 

Dr. U. Hegde of Sverdrup completed a theoretical study of flame-acoustic 

interactions related to the "chattering flame" phenomenon observed in particle 

cloud experiments. With L. Facca and Dr. Ross, he compared the theory to the 

experiment, and documented it in a paper that also will be published in 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY 1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

Combustion Science and Technology. He also assisted in the development of the 

updated "Program Overview" on microgravity combustion science, and helped 

monitor the grant with Prof. Buckmaster. In order to accelerate the publication date 

of the document, $2,000 was expended for overtime hours in the Graphics and 

Editorial department. 

Funds were also expended on miscellaneous equipment such as film development, 

personal computers, A/D and I/O boards, thermocouples, thermistors, transducers, 

mass flow controllers, video cameras, bottled gases regulators, translation stages, 

optical breadboards, etc, in support of several l-g and drop-tower investigations. 

Additionally in-house support was provided to other visiting researchers (Premixed 

Gas Combustion by Princeton, High Pressure Drop. Combustion by Japanese/UCSD, 

Turbulent Premised Gas Studies by R. Cheng/LBL; Flame Curvature Effects by C. K 

Law /Princeton, etc.) and those on no-cost time extensions; this support consists 

typically of purchasing of bottled gases, regulators, portable PC's, fabrication services, 

etc. Finally, in-house support of the Combustion Science Discipline Working Group 

(DWG) and review committees will be provided. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 2 DEGREES GRANTED: 1 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Hegde, V., Ross, H. D., and Facca, L. T., Longitudinal mode instabilities of particle cloud 

combustors in a low gravity environment. To appear in Combustion Science and Technology, 1992. 

Jackson, G. 5., Avedisian, C. T., and Yang, J. c., Observations of soot during droplet combustion at 

low gravity: heptane and heptane/monochloroalkane mixtures. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer, vol. 35, 

no. 18, pp. 2017-2033 (1992). 

Microgravity Combustion Group. Microgravity combustion science: prog- ress, plans, and 

opportunities. NASA Technical Memorandum 105410; April 1992. 

Mikami, M., Kono, M., Sato, J., Dietrich, D. L. and Williams, V. Combustion of miscible 

binary-fuel droplets at high pressure under microgravity. Accepted byCombustion Science and 

Technology, 1992. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliograpby - FYl992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Combustion Science 

PROJECT TITLE: Combustion Experiments in Reduced Gravity with 

2-Component Miscible Droplets 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-22-05-39 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Benjamin Shaw 

AFFILI.HlON: University of California, Davis 

MAILING ADDRESS: Department of Mechanical, Aeronautical & 

Materials Engineering 

University of California, Davis 

Davis, CA 95616-5294 

PHONE: 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objective of this investigation is to study the combustion characteristics of 

miscible, binary droplets initially in the millimeter-size range, in a low-gravity 

environment. The fuel mixture components are selected to provide significant 

variations in component volatilities (e.g., heptane and hexadecane). Specifically, 

experimental data on transient droplet diameters (including two-stage combustion 

and droplet disruption), transient flame behavior (including sudden flame 

contraction and extinction), and transport of soot particles will be obtained using 

ground-based low-gravity facilities. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

Binary, miscible fuel droplets will be deployed in a low-gravity environment and 

ignited. High- speed films of both the droplet size as well as the flame position will 

be obtained. These high-speed films will be analyzed frame by frame using digital 

image analysis techniques to obtain droplet burning rates, and flame positions as a 

function of time. Any other phenomenon, such as microexplosion or soot particle 

transport, will also be recorded for analysis and interpretation. All the experiments 

will be performed using an experimental rig similar to the Droplet Combustion 

Experiment rig at NASA Lewis Research Center in the 2.2-second drop tower. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

During the early part of 1992 preliminary tests were conducted using 

heptane/hexadecane mixtures in the 2.2-second drop tower. Following these tests 

some improvements were to the test cell; specifically a small Si C fiber of 10-15 

micron diameter was added to support the droplet after deployment. More 

low-gravity data were collected during July 1992 using the Lewis Droplet 

Combustion rig with heptane/hexadecane mixtures in CO2 /~ atmosphere and air. 

Currently, a drop rig similar to the Lewis rig is being designed and built at the 

University of California, Davis, with a number of improvements based on the 

11-127 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

lessons learned during the first phase of testing. It is expected that this will be used 

to obtain further test data at the 2.2-second drop tower in the near future. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 1 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Shaw, B. D., and Aharon, 1. "Combustion experiments in reduced gravity with two-<:omponent 

miscible droplets." Presented at the Second International Microgravity Combustion Workshop, 

Cleveland, OH, August 31, 1992. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Combustion Science 

PROJECT TITLE: Combustion of Solid Fuel in Very Low Speed Oxygen Streams 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-22-05-25 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. James T'ien 

AFFILIATION: Case Western Reserve University 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Department of Mechanical & 

Aerospace Engineering 

PHONE: 

Case Western Reserve University 

Cleveland, OH 44106 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objective of this program is to understand the mechanisms that control the 

spreading of flames and the flammability of materials in low-speed oxidizing flows, 

including buoyantly driven concurrent and opposed flows and forced-concurrent 

flows. 

This work, comprising both theoretical and experimental components, attempts to 

provide a fundamental understanding of the practical flame-spreading 

environment that exists between the normal-gravity, buoyantly dominated 

environment, where flow velocities are much larger than flame spread rates, and 

the quiescent microgravity environment, where the only flow relative to the flame 

is the flame-spreading velocity into fresh oxidizer. Additionally, this work will 

attempt to distinguish between influences of buoyantly induced flows and flows that 

are externally imposed. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The work consists of three major components. A numerical simulation of the 

concurrent-flow flame-spreading process is to be developed that accounts for both 

the stabilization of the flame at the leading edge facing the flow and the downstream 

tip of the flame where the flame spreading occurs. The required computational 

domain must therefore be large in comparison to the opposed-flow case. A steady 

solution will be sought, but a transient model is to be developed. Concurrent-flow 

spreading and flammability experiments are to be conducted in low-speed forced 

flows in both of the NASA Lewis drop towers. An aircraft apparatus is to be 

developed to obtain flame-spreading data, both upward and downward, in partial 

gravity between 0.D1g and D.6g. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

During 1992 a steady numerical simulation of concurrent-flow flame spreading was 

completed. The two-dimensional, elliptic conservation equations for mass, 

momentum, energy, and chemical species were used in the flame stabilization zone. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks I Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

Parabolic equations can be applied at an appropriate location downstream, and were 

used instead of the more difficult elliptic equations. A significant effort was made to 

determine the appropriate transition point between the elliptic and parabolic 

regions and to ensure the continuity of the computed results across the boundary. 

The effect of flow velocity and oxygen concentration at zero gravity was investigated 

for thin fuels, and steady solutions were obtained. Computed detailed flame 

structures get larger and spread faster as flow velocity or oxygen concentration 

increases. Both flame quenching, at the lowest flow velocities, and blowoff 

extinction, at the highest flow velocities, have been numerically simulated. 

Subsequent modifications will incorporate unsteady flame spread and gas-phase 

radiation. . 

A second series of 2.2-second drop tower tests observing concurrent-flow · flame 

spreading and flammability limits was initiated using the combustion tunnel in 

which improved control over the experiment ignition energy was implemented. 

Most of these tests showed flame growth during the 2.2-second test time, rather than 

steady flame spreading. As the unsteady numerical modeling develops, these 

results will be compared with theory. Development of a new device for studying 

flames in flow velocities below those obtainable in the combustion tunnel was 

initiated. 

An aircraft apparatus, capable of flight on either of the NASA reduced-gravity 

aircraft, was completed and flown during each of five weeks on the KC-135 at the 

Johnson Space Center. During these flights, a complete flammability map was 

obtained for downward burning over acceleration ranges from O.05g to O.6g. These 

tests demonstrated increased downward flammability at reduced-gravity levels 

compared to both the zero- and normal-gravity cases. Upward flame spreading tests 

showed significant downstream hydronamic unsteadiness at all gravity levels tested 

in normal atmospheric pressure. A small number of tests at reduced pressure were 

performed to capture cases without this unsteadiness, and in so doing determined 

estimates of pressure related flammability limits over a range of oxygen/nitrogen 

mixtures. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 3 DEGREES GRANTED: 1 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Ferkul, P. V., and T'ien, J. S. "A model of low-speed concurrent-flow flame spread over a thin solid 

fuel." Presented at the Annual Conference on Fire Research, NIST, Gaithersburg, MO, October 

1992. 

T'ien, J. 5., Sacksteder, K. R., and Ferkul, P. V. "Combustion of solid fuel in very-low speed oxygen 

streams." Presented to the 2nd International Microgravity Combustion Workshop, Cleveland, OH, 

September 15-17, 1992. 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Combustion Science 

PROJECT TITLE: High Pressure Droplet Combustion Studies 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-22-05-41 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Forman A. Williams 

AFFILIATION: University of California, San Diego 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Dept of Applied Mechanics and 

Engineering Science, B-010 

University of California, San Diego 

La Jolla, CA 92093-0411 

PHONE: (619) 534-5452 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

This is a joint research program, pursued by investigators at the University of 

Tokyo, University of California, San Diego, and the NASA Lewis Research Center. 

The focus is on high-pressure combustion of miscible binary fuel droplets. It 

involves construction of an experimental apparatus in Tokyo, mating of the 

apparatus to a NASA-Lewis 2.2-second drop tower in Cleveland, with experimental 

results analyzed jointly by the Tokyo, UCSD, and NASA investigators. The project 

was initiated in December, 1990, and has now involved three periods of drop-tower 

testing by Mr. Masato Mikami at Lewis. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The research accomplished thus far concerns the combustion of individual 

fiber-supported droplets of mixtures of n-heptane and n-hexsadecane, initially about 

1 mm in diameter, under free-fall micro gravity conditions. Ambient pressures 

ranged up to 3.0 MPa, extending above the critical pressures of both pure fuels, in 

room-temperature nitrogen-oxygen atmospheres having oxygen mole fractions, X, 

of 0.12 and 0.13. The general objective is to study near-critical and super-critical 

combustion of these droplets and to see whether three-stage burning, observed at 

normal gravity, persists at high pressures in microgravity. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

The objective of this research is to study near-critical and super-critical combustion 

of droplets consisting of binary fuel mixtures. Experimental results are reported on 

the burning of fiber-supported droplets of mixtures of n-heptane and n-hexadecane, 

initially about 1 mm in diameter, under free-fall microgravity conditions. 

The ambient pressures range up to 3.0 MPa, extending above the critical pressure of 

both fuels, in room-temperature nitrogen-oxygen atmospheres having oxygen mole 

fractions of 0.12 and 0.13. Three-stage burning of the binary fuel droplets is 

observed, and the onset time of the second stage is compared with the predictions of 

an existing theory. Experimental evidence of thermo-capillary and/or diffuso11-131 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

capillary convection during the droplet burning is obtained. The results contribute 

to improving understanding of binary-fuel droplet-combustion processes at high 

pressures. One graduate student from the Universtiy of Tokyo is involved in the 

program. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 0 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

Mikami, M., Kono, M., Sato, J., Dietrich, D. L., and Williams, F. A. Combustion of miscible 

binary-fuel droplets at high pressure under microgravity. Poster presented at the Twenty-Fourth 

Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, 1992; Accepted for 

Combustion Science and Technology , 1992. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Electronic Materials 

PROJECT TITLE: Growth of Zinc Selenide Single Crystals 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-21-08-06 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Elmer E. Anderson 

AFFILIATION: The University of Alabama in Huntsville 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Department of Physics 

The University of Alabama in Huntsville 

Huntsville, AL 35899 

PHONE: (205) 895-6276 (ex: 239) 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

To determine the optimum growth conditions for obtaining single crystals of ZnSe 

and ZnS of good optical quality. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

Crystals will be grown by the physical vapor transport method using a three-zone 

travel furnace. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

Growth of mixed crystals of ZnSe and ZnS has been undertaken in an attempt to get 

a better understanding of the principal cause of dislocation formation. Progress has 

been made on three-dimensional modeling of the transport rate. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 1 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Electronic Materials 

PROJECT TITLE: Memory Effects in the Organometallic Chemical Beam 

Epitaxy of Compound Semiconductors 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LaRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-21-06-06 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Klaus J. Bachmann 

AFFILIATION: North Carolina State University 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: North Carolina State University 

Departmen t of Chemis try 

45 Dabney, Box 8204 

Raleigh, NC 27695-8204 

PHONE: (919) 737-2538 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The goal of this research program is the improvement of the control of the 

composition of compound semiconductor heterostructures under the conditions of 

chemical beam epitaxy (CBE) and related low-pressure chemical vapor deposition. 

The linkage to NASA's mission is the opportunity for containerless processing in 

space, which is expected to eliminate memory effects. Under ground-based 

conditions, memory effects are caused by the adsorption on the walls of the vacuum 

chamber and the pumping system of precursor molecules and reaction products, 

ejected from the surface of the semiconductor heterostructure. Their uncontrolled, 

slow release during later stages of epitaxial sequencing introduces impurities into 

the epilayers that degrad~ their properties. 

Since safety concerns with regard to the transport of highly toxic and pyrophoric 

source materials currently prohibit experimentation in the containerless vacuum 

environment of space, an important aspect of this research program is the 

replacement of hazardous liquid and gaseous sources by less dangerous, preferably 

solid sources. Another important aspect is the identification and elimination of 

intermixing processes other than memory effects, in particular, the intermixing of 

hetero-epitaxial films at their interfaces due to chemical reactions or diffusion. 

In order to identify specific experimental conditions for subsequent studies in space 

with minimum interference by secondary intermixing effects, we have chosen the 

system ZnSixGel _xP2/GaNyPl_y/Si as a model case. The ZnSixGel_XP2/GaNyPl_y/Si 

heterostructure is of general interest in the context of the integration compound 

semiconductor and silicon technologies. Also, the system ZnSixGel_xP2 exhibits large 

birefringence and large nonlinear susceptibility tensor components. It is thus an 

attractive choice for phase-matched non-linear optical applications, for example, 

second-and higher-order harmonic generation with CO or CO2 laser radiation. 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED R ESEARCH 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

As epitaxial techniques, we have chosen remote plasma enhanced chemical vapor 

epitaxy (RPCVD) and chemical beam epitaxy (CBE) because these methods lend 

themselves ' to low temperature processing which minimizes intermixing by 

diffusion. 

Both systems were designed and built by us. The CBE system provides for the 

controlled injection of four process gases (N2, H2I Si2~ and GeH4 ) and three 

organometallic source vapors (t-butyl phosphine, Ga[C2Hsh and Zn[C2Hs1). 

Appropriate safety measures and waste disposal facilities have been incorporated 

into the system design. Similarly, the RPCVD system has been designed and built by 

us. Thus far,· both systems have performed well and without any emergency 

incidence. The following research tasks have been completed: 

1. The RPCVD of GaN on Si and sapphire substrates using trimethyl gallium and 

plasma-excited ammonia as source materials. 

2. The RPCVD GaP on GaP and Si substrates using trimethyl gallium, hydrogen, 

and solid phosphorus as source materials. 

3. The CBE of GaP on Si using triethyl gallium and t-butyl phosphine as source 

materials. 

4. The organometallic chemical vapor epitaxy of ZnGeP2 and ZnSixGexP2 on GaP 

and Si substrates using dimethyl zinc, germane, disilane, and phosphine as source 

material. 

5. The study of the formation of antiphase domains at III-V /IV interfaces; for 

example, AlxGal_xAs/Ge and GaP lSi interfaces. 

6. The characterization of the above heterostructures by electron diffraction, 

cross-sectional transmission electron microscopy, photoconductivity, 

photoluminescence, Hall effect measurements, Rutherford backscattering, Auger 

electron spectroscopy, and secondary ion mass spectrometry_ Based on the results of 

our research, we are currently focusing onto the CBE growth of ZnSiP2 on both GaP 

and Si substrates and are modifying the RPCVD system for ZnSixGel_xP and GaN yP1-y 

growth on GaP and Si substrates, replacing all toxic group V hydride and 

organometallic compound sources by inorganic solid source materials. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

Under the conditions of RPCVD, the plasma is physically separated from the 

location of the substrate: that is, its interactions with the substrate surface by charged 

particle bombardment are well controlled. The role of the plasma is thus primarily 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND·BASED RESEARCH 

the in-situ generation of neutral high energy precursor molecules for the vapor 

deposition process. 

For example by injecting phosphorus vapor into a hydrogen plasma, we have been 

able to replace the need for storing highly toxic and pyrophoric phosphine gas by the 

utilization of harmless solid red phosphorus and hydrogen/helium gas mixtures, 

generating phosphine and reactive fragments thereof at the point of use. In 

addition, the in-situ generation of reactive fragments of phosphine in the hydrogen 

plasma allows a reduction of the growth temperature as compared to chemical 

vapor deposition of GaP without a plasma. 

Even lower processing temperatures have been achieved with chemical beam 

epitaxy using liquid organophosphorus sources. However, although the low 

processing temperature prevents interdiffusion at the interface of Ga and P into the 

Si and of Si into the GaP at measurable levels, the incorporation of carbon from the 

organometallic precursors into the GaP film is a problem because the Si/GaP 

interface represents a perfect sink, where carbon becomes bonded to silicon. Since 

silicon carbide has a much smaller lattice constant than silicon, this subcutaneous 

growth of SiC introduces strain at the interface that increases with increasing 

duration of the growth process, deteriorating both the growth morphology and the 

perfection of the GaP epilayer. Therefore, current efforts aim at the total elimination 

of sources of carbon from the growth process. A modification of the RPCVD system 

that was originally designed for the use of organometallic sources, (OMCVD), is 

presently underway to accommodate inorganic metal sources. We have already 

shown that RPCVD can be utilized for the deposition of GaN on Si and sapphire 

substrates, respectively, and are now focusing onto the growth of GaN yP l-y films. 

Also, we have reported the results of a preliminary assessment of the formation of 

microscopic antiphase domains at defects in the III-V /IV interface, and of the 

tradeoff between improving interfacial recombination velocity and decreasing bulk 

life time with decreasing substrate temperature for the well established 

AlxGal_xAs/Ge heterostructure. 

After demonstrating the feasibility of the heteroepitaxial growth of ZnGeP2 on GaP 

and Si and of ZnSixGel_xP2 on GaP by OMCVD, current efforts concentrate onto the 

growth of pure ZnSiP2 on Si and GaP by CBE. Once the conditions for the growth of 

dilute solid solutions of GaN in GaP are known, we will address the growth of 

ZnSixGel_xP2 embedded into layers of GaN yPl-y to investigate confinement and strain 

effects on the birefringence and phase-matching conditions and other physical 

properties that are important for device engineering. Also, we have discovered that 

large concentrations of excess group IV elements can be incorporated into the lattice 

of ZnSixGel_xP2 under the low-temperature processing conditions developed by us. 

This provides for continuous bandgap engineering at constant lattice parameter in 

the pseudo quaternary alloy system Si-Ge-ZnSiP2-ZnGeP2 • In particular, the existence 

of a continuous range of metastable alloys in this system, matching the lattice 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

constant of silicon exactly, may permit the lattice-matched grading from pure silicon 

into a ZnSixGe 1_xP2 epilayer, representing a new approach to the integration of 

compound semiconductor and silicon technologies. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 4 DEGREES GRANTED: 2 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Bachmann, K. J. Chalcopyrite structure materials. In A Concise Encyclopedia of Electronic 

Materials, S. Mahajan, ed., Oxford: Pergamon Press, Ltd., p. 27, 1992. 

Bachmann, K. J. Lattice-matched heteroepitaxy of wide gap ternary compound semiconductors. In 

Wide Gap Semiconductors, T. Moustakas and J. Pancove, eds., Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. vol. 242, 

707 (1992). 

Bachmann, K. J. Wide bandgap semiconductors. Invited paper submitted to J. Crystal Growth, 

1992. 

Bachmann, K. J., Hwang, H. L., and Schwab, C. Nonstoichiometry in Semiconductors. Amsterdam: 

Elsevier Science Publ., B.V. ,1992. 

Choi, S.W., Bachmann, K. J., Timmons, M. L., Colpitts, T. S., and Posthill, J. B. The growth and 

characterization of AlxGa),xAs/Ge heterostructures. J. Electrochem. Soc. 139 , 312 (1992). 

Choi, S. W., Lucovsky, G., and Bachmann, K. J. Epitaxial growth of GaP on Si by remote plasma 

enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Submitted to J. Vac. Sci. Technol., 1992. 

Choi, S. W., Lucovsky, G., and Bachmann, K. J. Remote plasma enhanced chemical vapor 

deposition of GaP with in-situ generation of phosphine precursors. , . Vac. Sci. Technol. B10 (3), 

1070 (1992). 

Kelliher, J. T., and Bachmann, K. J. Chemical beam epitaxy of GaP on Si using triethylgallium 

and t-butylphosphine. Proc. MRS Fall Meeting 1992., In preparation, 1992. 

Kelliher, J. T., and Bachmann, K. J. "Chemical beam epitaxy of GaP on Si using triethylgallium 

and t-butylphosphine." MRS Fall Meeting, Boston, MA, December 1992. 

Bachmann, K. J. "Wide bandgap semiconductors." Invited lecture at the International Summer 

School on Crystal Growth, Palm Springs, CA August 1992. 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Electronic Materials 

PROJECT TITLE: Fluid Mechanics and Mass Transfer in Melt Crystal Growth: 

Macro- and Micro-scale Analysis of Controlled Solidification 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: HQ PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-21-07-07 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Robert A. Brown 

AFFILIATION: Massachusetts Institute of Technology 

MAILING ADDRESS: Department of Chemical Engineering 

Room 66-468 

77 Massachusetts Avenue 

Cambridge, MA 02139 

PHONE: (617) 253-5726 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

This program is aimed at fundamental understanding of the interactions of heat 

and mass transfer, melt flow, and interface morphology in the design and 

interpretation of solidification experiments for growth of crystals on Earth and in 

space. The ongoing research is a mixture of state-of-the-art computational studies of 

macroscale transport in large-scale crystal growth systems and of microscale 

formation of cellular solidification structures. An experimental program for 

studying mechanisms for microstructure formation in solidification is underway 

and is supported by theoretical and computational analysis of cellular and dendritic 

crystal growth of binary alloys. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The research being performed under this program is divided into several distinct 

tasks according to the application of the research to understanding of either 

macroscale or microscale features in solidification. These are: 

Simulation of Directional Solidification - The application of transient and 

steady-state calculations of axisymmetric convection in directional solidification 

systems to the analysis of vertical gradient freeze and Bridgman-Stockbarger 

configurations for the growth of both semi- conductor and oxide crystals. This 

project includes development of the simulators, and is to include detailed models 

for radiative heat transfer and coupling between the temperature, solutal, and 

convection fields. 

Cellular and Dendritic Crystal Growth in Thin-film Solidification - The 

experimental and computational analysis of the dynamics of cellular interface 

formation in the thin-film, two-dimensional directional solidification of a binary 

alloy. The includes the development of a new numerical method for analysis of the 

transition from shallow to deep cellular surfaces as well as the incorporation of the 

role of convection on interface morphology into the analysis. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY 1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

Simulation of Small-scale Floating Zones - The simulation of heat transfer, 

convection, and interface morphologies in small-scale floating zones. Analysis 

should predict the onset of instabilities in the zone caused by both surface-tension 

dimensional convection in directional solidification. This research involves the 

development of numerical algorithms for solving three-dimensional convection 

problems with solidification that are robust on medium-grain, parallel processing 

computers. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

The progress to date in each of these projects is summarized in this section: 

Simulation of Directional Solidification - The integrated simulation of directional 

solidifica tion, using the vertical Bridgman configuration, has been expanded to 

include effects important in the growth of semi-transparent, optoelectronic 

materials. Most importantly, the simulations now include a band-pass radiation 

model for the calculation of internal radiation through the crystal, along with a 

detailed model of heat transfer from the ampoule to the surrounding furnace as 

well as the calculation of the temperature distribution in the furnace. Simulations 

have focussed on the calculation of the temperature distribution in BGO crystals 

grown in this configuration, an important material for gamma ray detection. 

Cellular and Dendritic Crystal Growth in Thin-film Solidification - Progress in 

understanding cellular solidification has come in both theoretical and experimental 

parts of the program. Using the large-scale, thin-film growth experiment developed 

under this contract, we have completed a detailed study of the dynamics at the onset 

of cellular crystal growth (near the onset of morphological instability) for 

succinonitrile-acetone alloys. These studies show conclusively that no unique 

wavelength is selected; moreover, the presence of long-time-scale chaotic dynamics 

is established, in agreement with our. previous numerical simulations. Theoretical 

analysis relying on the presence of co-dimension, bifurcation - cell shapes with 

spatially resonant wavelengths has been used to establish a mechanism for the 

long-time-scale dynamics. We also have uncovered other mechanisms for 

interfacial dynamics that are not described by these resonant interactions, and, thus, 

are not captured by weakly nonlinear analysis. 

A finite element simulator for both steady and transient analysis has been 

developed that includes the effects of thermosolutal convection on the small-scale 

interface morphology. Initial calculations demonstrate the role of convection as an 

imperfection in the solute concentration as a catalyst for the onset of morphological 

instability. 

We continue to pursue the development of density functional theory (DFT), based 

on interatomic interactions, as an approach for describing interfacial phenomena in 

solidification systems. We have to date developed a very accurate DFT for 

rlpsrrihino- rrvst::l l-mpl t nh::lsP PC1l1ilihri::l in h::lrrlsnhprp ::Inrl T .pnn::lrrl-Tonps m::ltpri::lls. 

11-139 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RFSEARCH 

----------0 - J ---- ------ r----- -"1-------- --- ---- --r----- --- --------- ~ ----- ----------- We are now developing a theory for inhomogeneity to describe interfacial regions 

for these materials. 

Simulation of Small-scale Floating Zones - A complete dynamic simulation of 

axisymmetric convection, heat transfer, and interface morphologies in small-scale, 

floating-zone systems has been developed for solidification of binary alloys_ This 

simulation is being extended to the analysis of the stability of these steady-state flows 

(to nonaxisymmetric disturbances) to look for the onset of the traveling wave states 

caused by surface-tension-driven convection. 

Three-dimensional Convection in Solidification - The finite-element/Newton 

method developed by this research group for solving coupled 

convection/solidification problems is being adapted for use on medium-grain, 

parallel computers. Our first calculations are on an Intel i860 hypercube with 

32-vector computational elements. We have completed development of an 

automatic, nested-dissection, domain-decomposition method for the parallel 

solution of large sets of algebraic equations with finite-element structures. This 

algorithm is among the fastest available anywhere for this application, and it will be 

the basis for a very robust resolution of any transport problem using MIMD parallel 

computers. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 4 DEGREES GRANTED: 1 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Bennett, M. J., Tsiveriotis, K., and Brown, R. A Nonlinear dynamics in periodically repeated sets 

of directional solidification cells. Physical Review B. 45,9562-9575 (1992). 

Brown, R. A. Crystal growing systems. Invited paper at NATO Meeting on Interactive Dynamics 

in Convection and Solidification, Chamonix, France, March, 1992. 

Brown, R. A., Lee, R. C. J., and Tsiveriotis, K. Nonlinear dynamics near the onset of cellular 

growth during thin-film solidification of a binary allow. On the observability of weakly 

nonlinear states. Interactive Dynamics of Convection and Solidification, Kluwer. S. H. Davis et. 

aI., eds., Amsterdam, pp. 69-72, 1992. 

Kim, D-H., and Brown, R. A Modeling of transients in growth of HgCdTe by the vertical 

Bridgman technique. ]. Crystal Growth, 114,411-434 (1991). 

Kyrilidis, A, and Brown, R. A. "Ability of nonperturbative density functional theories to 

stabilize arbitrary solids." American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Los Angeles, November, 

1991. 

Kyrilidis, A, and Brown, R. A. Density-functional thermodynamic perturbation theory of 

Lennard-Jones solids. In Computational Methods in Materials Science, Vol. 278. J. E. Mark, M. E. 

Glicksman, and S. P. Marsh, eds. Materials Research Society,. 21-26, 1992. 

Kyrilidis, A., and Brown, R. A. Local thermodynamic mapping for effective liquid 

density-functional theory. Physical Review A,12 5654-5659 (1992). 

Kyrilidis, A., and Brown, R. A. On the ability of nonperturbative density functional theories to 

stabilize arbitrary solids. Physical Review A, ~ 8141-8181 (1991). 

Lee, J. T. c., and Brown, R. A. "Spatiotemporal chaos near the onset of cellular growth during 

thin-film solidification of a binary allow." NATO Meeting on Interactive Dynamics in Convection 

and Solidification, Chamonix, France, March, 1992. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

Lee, C. T., Tsiveriotis, K., and Brown, R. A. Spatiotemporal chaos near the onset of cellular 

growth in thin-film directional solidification. J. Crystal Growth, 121, 536--542 (1992). 

Mehrabi, R., and Brown, R. A. Nonlinear analysis of morphlogical interactions between flow and 

interface shape in the directional solidification of a binary alloy. Interactive Dynamics in 

Convection and Solidification, Kluwer. S. H. Davis et. al., eds. Amsterdam, pp. 65-67, 1992. 

Mehrabi, R., and Brown, R. A. "Nonlinear analysis of morphological interactions between flow 

and interface shape." NATO Meeting on Interactive Dynamics in Convection and solidification, 

Chamonix, France, March, 1992. 

Tsiveriotis, K, and Brown, R. A. Boundary conforming mapping applied to computations of cellular 

solidification. Inter. J. Numer. Meths. Fluids, il, 981-1003, 199'2. 

Tsiveriotis, K., and Brown, R. A. 'The role of codimension-two bifurcation in cellular pattern 

formation in directional solidification." American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Los Angeles, 

November, 1991. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Electronic Materials 

PROJECT TiTlE: Modeling Internal Radiative Transport in Crystal Growth 

Processes 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LaRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-21-06-07 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Jeffrey J. Derby 

AFFILIATION: University of Minnesota 

MAiUNG ADDRESS: Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Sciences 

U ni versi ty of Minnesota 

Minneapolis, MN 55455 

PHONE: (612) 625-8881 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

Radiation energy transfer is an important feature in the high-temperature processes 

used to produce many optical and semiconductor crystals. The goal of this research 

program is to understand the effects of internal radiation, that is, radiation within a 

participating medium, in several crystal growth systems of technological 

importance. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

We develop and employ finite element methods to accurately predict radiation 

transfer in semitransparent media for the complicated, multidimensional 

geometries of crystal growth systems. These methods are extremely accurate and 

robust and are applicable to systems of any optical thickness. The prediction of 

radiation transport is combined with previous heat transfer and hydrodynamic 

analyses of crystal growth to provide quantitative, predictive capabilities for these 

processes. 

PROGRESS DuRING FY1992 

We have employed Galerkin finite element methods for modeling the vertical 

Bridgman growth of semitransparent crystals. We identified the strong influence of 

internal radiation on the shape and position of the melt/ crystal interface and the 

temperature gradients surrounding it. 

An important result of our analyses showed that the coupling of internal, radiation 

through the crystal with conduction through the ampoule walls promoted 

melt/ crystal interface shapes which were highly deflected near the ampoule wall. 

This "radiative interface effect" has been observed, but not adequately understood, 

in prior experimental systems. The curvature of the melt/ crystal interface in these 

systems is much more pronounced than that observed in the Bridgman growth of 

opaque crystals, where the interface deflection at the ampoule wall is attributed to 

11-142 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

the thermal conductivity mismatch between ampoule and charge. Calculations 

demonstrated that a flatter overall interface shape could be achieved through 

optimization of ampoule material properties and furnace temperature profiles. 

We are currently developing algorithms which will employ use of massive 

parallelism to speed our calculations. The primary disadvantage of our current 

algorithm is the significant computational expense needed for accurate calculations. 

This feature has limited our attention to the vertical Bridgman system with a 

semitransparent crystal and an opaque melt, where the relatively simple geometry is 

exploited in the calculations. We believe that this new methodology will enable 

further studies of the vertical Bridgman system where the transparency of the melt 

is considered and will eventually enable the analysis of the more complicated 

Czochralski crystal growth system. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 1 DEGREES GRANTED: 1 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Brandon, S. "Analysis of the Bridgman growth of semitransparent crystals." ICCG-lO, The Tenth 

International Conference on Crystal Growth, San Diego, CA, August 16-21, 1992. 

Brandon, S. and Derby, J. J. Finite element methods for analysis of internal radiative heat transfer 

and solidification in a finite cylindrical enclosure. Int. J. Numer. Meth . Heat & Fluid Flow 2, 

(1992). 

Brandon, S. and Derby, J. J. Heat transfer in vertical Bridgman growth of oxides: Effects of 

conduction, convection, and internal radiation. J. Crystal Growth 121,473-494 (1992). 

Derby, J. J. "Convection effects in the growth of single crystals." ISSCG-8, The Eighth 

International Summer School on Crystal Growth, Palm Springs, CA, August 9-15,1992. 

Derby, J. J. "Finite element methods for CFD in chemical engineering: materials processing 

applications." US-Japan Symposium on Finite Element Methods in Large-Scale Computational 

Fluid Dynamics, Minnesota Supercomputer Institute and Anny High Perfonnance Computing 

Research Center, Minneapolis, MN, October 12-14, 1992. 

Derby, J. J. An overview of convection during the growth of single crystals from the melt. 

Proceedings of the Eighth International Summer School on Crystal Growth, ISSCG-8, Palm 

Springs, CA (August 9-15, 1992). 

Derby, J. J., Brandon, S., and Salinger, A. G. On the Rosseland and differential approximations f~r 

predicting the buoyant flow of optically thick fluids. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer. In preparation, 

1992. 

Derby, J. J., Brandon,S., Salinger, A. G., and Xiao, Q. Large-scale numerical analysis of materials 

processing systems: High-temperature crystal growth and molten glass flows. Compo Meth. 

Appl. Mech. Eng. Submitted 1992. 

Kuppurao, 5., and Derby, ]. J. Finite element formulations for accurate calculation of radiant heat 

transfer in diffuse-grey enclosures. AIChE Journal. Submitted 1992. 

Salinger, A. G., and Brandon, S. "On the effects of internal radiation on convective flows in 

high-temperature materials processing systems." Poster, ICCG-lO, The Tenth International 

Conference on Crystal Growth, San Diego, CA, August 16-21, 1992. 

Salinger, A. G., Brandon, S., and Derby, J. J. Steady-state flow transitions in the radiative 

Rayleigh-Benard problem: Visualizing a bifurcation diagram. Intern. Video]. Eng. Res. Submitted 

1992. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY 1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

Salinger, A. G., Brandon, S., and Xiao, Q. "Computer-aided analyses of high-temperature crystal 

growth processes." American Institute for Chemical Engineering Summer National Meeting, 

Minneapolis, MN, August 9-15,1992. 

Salinger, A. G., Brandon, S., Aris, R., and Derby, J. J. Buoyancy-driven flows of a radiatively 

participating fluid in a vertical cylinder heated from below. Proc. Roy. Soc. London A. Submitted 

1992. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks IBibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Electronic Materials 

PROJECT TITLE: Growth of Nonlinear Optical Crystals by Melt Processes 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-21-08-13 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Donald O. Frazier 

AFFILIATION: NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) 

MAILING ADDRESS: Marshall Space Flight Center 

Mail Code ES74 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

Marshall Space Flight Center, AL 35812 

PHONE: (205) 544-7825 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

One major goal of this program is to grow high-quality single crystals and 

composites of nonlinear optical organic and polymeric materials by the 

Bridgman-Stockberger process. This may include float-zone and liquid-encapsulated 

float-zone m~thods . Organic materials are of interest for use in all optical 

communication and signal processing systems. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The approach is to study Bridgman-Stockberger, and where desirable, 

liquid-encapsulated Bridgman-Stockberger organic crystal growth from the melt. 

Additional focus is on methods for exploiting expected low-gravity-processing 

advantages of increased stability of low-surface- tension melt zones and reduced 

convective flows for float-zone crystal growth. 

Although organics are desirable for use in optoelectronic devices, their use is 

hindered by the fragility of organic single crystals. There have been demonstrations 

that the strength of organics can be improved by aligning the photonic component 

in a polymer matrix. Bulk composites of aligned nonlinear optical organic crystals 

in low-molecular-weight transparent polymers having improved mechanical 

strength and fewer defects might be prepared by growing these composite materials 

in microgravity by directional solidification. Ground-based research in this area 

includes identifying mixtures appropriate for developing such composites. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

A team of researchers with a broad range of disciplines suitable for performing the 

critical functions in this program is in pla~e in the Chemistry and Polymeric 

Materials Branch. The team has developed a method for calculating static secondand third-order molecular polarizabilities for screening from a very large variety of 

possibilities. This same group has made significant progress in the use of molecular 

mechanics to yield information concerning the orientation of molecules within a 

given film, crystal, or composite, thus allowing for estimations of second- and 

11-145 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

third-order nonlinear coefficients for materials. These methods not only provide 

good predictive tools, but also allow a critical link between fundamental theory and 

microgravity processing where defect-free crystals, films, and composites may 

approach theoretical limits predicted for these optical materials. 

There has been significant progress toward the development of melt composites 

having third-order nonlinear optical properties. Polymethylmethscrylate (PMMA) 

doped with benzil, the photonic component, shows a dramatic electrooptic effect. 

Other work on composites shows nonlinear behavior, such as frequency doubling, 

by PMMA doped with m-nitroaniline. Several pure single crystals have been 

grown, by directional solidification, with varying degrees of hardness. Hardness, an 

important property of these materials that puts them at a disadvantage, is estimable 

by the molecular mechanics method, and will add to the screening and theoretical 

components of the program. 

There is further progress in crystal-polishing technology. Several university 

relationships have been established in this program. Among them, a joint ventures 

(JOVE) relationship which has established crystal-polishing technology unique to 

organics. Other relationships, in crystal characterization, theory, and synthesis ate 

in place with historically Black colleges and universities (HBeUs), other JOVE 

participants, and traditional universities. A number of significant publications have 

resulted from these interactions. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 2 DEGREES GRANTED: 2 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Aggarwal, M. D., Wang, W. S., Shields, A. W., Penn, B. G., and Frazier, D. O. A versatile 

low-cost Czochralski crystal growth system for nonlinear optical organic materials. Rev. Sci. 

Instrum,83 (11),5451- 5482 (1992). 

Penn, B. G., Cardelino, B. H., Moore, C. E., Shields, A. W., and Frazier, D. O. Growth of bulk single 

crystals of organic materials for nonlinear optical devices: An overview. Prog. Crystal Growth 

and Charact.22, 19-51 (1991). 

Vankateswarfu, P., He., K. X., Bryant, W., Hyde, H. W., Penn, B. G., and Frazier, D. O. New 

organic materials for nonlinear optics: Study of highly efficient second harmonic generation from 

N-Alkyl and N, N-Dialkl derivatives of 4-methyl-8-nitro-2-quinolinarnines. Nonlinear 

Optical Materials, 145 (1992). 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Electronic Materials 

PROJECT TITLE: Growth of Nonlinear Optical Thin Films/Vapor Processes 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-21-08-12 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Donald O. Frazier 

AFFILIATION: NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Marshall Space fligHt Center 

Mail Code ES74 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

Marshall Space Flight Center, AL 35812 

PHONE: (205) 544-7825 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

One major goal of this program is to grow high-quality thin films and single crystals 

of nonlinear optical organic and polymeric materials by vapor transport processes. 

Organic materials are of interest for use in all optical communication and 

signal-processing systems. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The approach is to concentrate on exploiting low-gravity processing following a 

thorough ground-based research program. The ground-based program will provide 

a basis for the design and analysis of space-based experiments, and determine growth 

condition and property relationships needed to grow high-quality thin films and 

single crystals, reproducibly and in quantity. For thin-film preparation it is 

important to determine the best substrate to optimize film homogeneity and 

orientation in unit- and low-gravity environments. 

PROGRESS DuRING FY1992 

A team of researchers with a broad range of disciplines suitable to perform the 

critical functions in this program is in place in the Chemistry and Polymeric 

Materials Branch. The team has developed a method for calculating static secondand third-order molecular polarizabilities for screening from a very large variety of 

possibilities. This same group has made significant progress in the use of molecular 

mechanics to yield information concerning the orientation of molecules within a 

given film, crystal, or composite, thus allowing for estimation of second and 

third-order nonlinear coefficients for materials. These methods not only provide 

good predictive tools, but also allow a critical link between fundamental theory and 

micro gravity processing, where defect-free crystals, films, and composites may 

approach theoretical limits predicted for these optical materials. 

One particularly interesting class of compounds is polydiscetylenes, which are both 

crystalline and polymeric. Because of their high conjugated electronic structures, 

polydiscetylenes are among the best nonlinear optical (NLO) materials known. We 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

have been actively involved in the design, synthesis, and thin-film growth of 

polydiscetylenes for both second- and third-order NLO applications. We have 

synthesized a new nitroaniline with a discetylene function which shows excellent 

promise as a vapor-deposited film having NLO applications. Some direct evidence 

for the effects of microgravity growth on thin films already exists for another class of 

polymers known as phthalocyanines; films grown in microgravity exhibited 

different polymorphic forms than ones grown on Earth. Efforts on this task have 

begun to duplicate and extend the work in the phthalocyanines. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 1 DEGREES GRANTED: 1 

Palsy, M. S., Frazier, D.O., Abdeldsyem, H., McManus, S. P., and Zaulauf, S. E. Synthesis, vapor 

growth, polmerization, and characterization of thin films of novel discetylene derivatives of 

pyrrole: The use of computer modeling to predict chemical and optical properties of these 

discetylenes and polydiscetylenes. J. Am. Chern. Soc. 114, 3247-3251 (1992). 

Penn, B. G., Cardelino, B. H., Moore, C. E., Shields, A. W., and Frazier, D. O. Growth of bulk single 

crystals of organic materials for nonlinear optical devices: An overview. Prog. Crystal Growth 

and Charact. 22, 19-51 (1991). 

Vankateswarfu, P., He., K. X., Bryant, W., Hyde, H. W., Penn, B. G., and Frazier, D. O. New 

organic materials for nonlinear optics: Study of highly efficient second harmonic generation from 

N-Alkyl and N, N-Dialkl derivatives of 4-methyl-8-nitro-2-quinolinamines. Nonlinear 

Optical Materials, 145 (1992). 

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Microgravity Science & Applications 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Electronic Materials 

PROJECT TITLE: Electronic Materials 

Program Tasks / Bibliography - FYI992 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-21-05-02 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Thomas K. Glasgow 

AFFILIATION: NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) 

MAILING ADDRESS: Lewis Research Center 

Mail Stop: 105-1 

21000 Brookpark Road 

Cleveland, OH 44135 

PHONE: (216) 433-5013 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objectives of this task include improving the understanding and control of 

crystal growth as it is influenced by gravity. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The approach is to use a coordinated program of modeling, development of 

diagnostic tools, and experiments. 

PROGRESS DuRING FY1992 

Formulation of semitransparent thermal radiation equations applicable to a wide 

range of optical semiconductor materials has been done. An interface code was 

developed to enable the interactive computation of transport processes during 

solidification, together with the dislocation density map in the growing crystal. The 

addition of magnetic field interaction with the flow field in conductive melts via 

the Lorenz force is now standard in our general three-dimensional formulation. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 0 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Gokoglu, 5., Kuczmarski, M., Veitch, L., Tsui, P., and Chait, A. A numerical and experimental 

analysis of reactor performance and deposition rates for CVD on monofilaments. Proceedings of 

the 11th Int'{. CVD Conf., Seattle, 1990. The ElectroChemical Society, 1992. 

Peltier, L. J., Biringen, 5., and Chait, A. Application of implicit numerical techniques to the 

solution of the three-dimensional diffusion equation. J. Numerical Heat Transfer, in preparation, 

1992. 

Young, G. W., and Chait, A. Steady-state'thermal solutal diffusion and convection in a float-zone. 

In Progress in Low-Gravity Fluid Dynamics and Transport Phenomena. J. N. Koster and R. L. Sani, 

eds. AIAA 1990. In preparation, 1992. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Electronic Materials 

PROJECT TITLE: Microgravity Materials Science Laboratory 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-21-05-01 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Thomas K. Glasgow 

AFFILIATION: NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Lewis Research Center 

Mail Stop: 105-1 

21000 Brookpark Road 

Cleveland, OH 44135 

PHONE: (216) 433-5013 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The Microgravity Materials Science Laboratory (MMSL) laboratory was established to 

provide to researchers from industry, academia, and the government access to 

specialized equipment and experienced personnel, to aid in the development of 

space flight concepts, experiments, and hardware. The laboratory is equipped with a 

number of unusual experimental and computational facilities; it is staffed by 

engineers from several disciplines and by technicians who are familiar with 

microgravity practices. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

In the MMSL, investigators are encouraged to take the first step toward defining 

space flight experiments for later performance on the Space Shuttle or on Space 

Stations Freedom. The MMSL may also be used in preparation for experiments to 

be conducted in other ground-based, reduced-gravity environments such as those 

provided by drop-tubes, aircraft, or rockets. The computational facilities may be 

used to model the expected fluid-flow and heat transfer in microgravity 

experiments. Another use of the laboratory is for postflight investigations. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

MMSL was used primarily by Lewis researchers, although cooperative projects have 

been performed with Westinghouse, GTE, Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC), 

Case Western Reserve University (CWRU), Cleveland State University (CSU), 

University of Colorado, Texas Instruments, University of Toledo, Ohio State 

University, and the Space Experiments Division. The MMSL provides facilities for 

the Programmable Multi-Zone Furnace (PMZF) project, the Advanced Furnace 

Technology ATD project, the Laser Light Scattering ATD project, and the Surface 

Light Scattering Instrument ATD project. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 3 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Arnold, W. A., Jacqmin, D. A., Gaug, R. L., and Chait, A. F10w phenomena in directional 

solidification during space processing: Two-vs. three-dimensional transport modes. In 

preparation, AI AA J. of Spacecraft and Rockets, 1992. 

Arnold, W. A., Wilcox, W. R., Carlson, F., Chait, A., and Regal, L. Transport model during crystal 

growth in a centrifuge. J. of Crystal Growth, 119, 1992. 

Auping, J. V., and Johnston, J. C. Modula-2 from a new user's perspective. Dr. Dobbs' Journal. In 

preparation, AIAA J. of Spacecraft and Rockets, 1992. 

Chait, A., Johnston, c., Thompson, D., and Glasgow, T. Modeling materials experiments: Lewis at 

forefront of emerging science. NASA TechBriefs, 15, 10, October 1991. 

Chiaramonte, P. P., Foerster, G., Gotti, D. J., Neumann, E. 5., and Johnston, J. C. Initial study of 

void formation during aluminum solidification in reduced gravity. J. of Spacecraft and Rockets, 

29, 5, (October 1992). 

de Grob III, H. c., and Kassemi, M. Effect of radiation on convection at moderate temperature. 

Submitted to AT AA J. of Thennophysics and Heat Transfer, 1992. 

Hahn, R. c., Johnston, J. c., Herbach, B. A., and Bethea, M. Determinationof the critical 

parameters for remote microscope control. Microgravity Quarterly 2, 1, (1992). 

Johnston, C. Pushing the Envelope of Materials Science. Commercial Space Developments, 

December/January/February, 1991-92, pp. 10--12. 

Raz, E., and Chait, A. Velocity and morphology transition in dendritic growth. MRS SOc. ser. 

237199, 1992. 

Raz, E., Lipson, S. G., and Ben-Jacob, E. New periodic dendritic morphologies observed during 

dendritic growth of ammonium chloride crystals grown in thin layers, J. of Crystal Growth, vol. 

10, no. 8, 1991, pp 637--646. 

Zakhem, R., WeIdman, P. M., de Groh H. C. III. On the drag of model dendrite fragments at low 

reynolds number. Metalllurgical Transaction A, vol. 23A, pp. 2169-2181. August 1992. 

II-lSI 

J 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Electronic Materials 

PROJECT TITLE: Growth of Organic Single Crystals by Two Modified 

Floating-Zone Processes 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: HQ PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-21-07-09 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Sindo Kou 

AFFILIATION: University of Wisconsin at Madison 

MAILING ADDRESS: Department of Materials Science & 

Engineering 

University of Wisconsin at Madison 

Madison, WI 53706 

PHONE: (608) 262-0576 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

This is a I-year project with the goal of growing organic single crystals by a 

floating-zone-type technique. Organic single crystals have been used for scintillation 

and nonlinear optical materials. As compared to the Bridgman and Czochralski 

techniques, the advantages of the floating-zone-type technique are (a) no mechanical 

damage induced by the ampoule, and (b) minimum chemical degradation due to 

prolonged heating of the melt. Unfortunately, the surface tension of organic melts 

is too low to allow floating-zone growth under normal gravity-the melt zone 

collapses and crysta:l growth is disrupted. Under microgravity, however, zone 

instability is no longer a problem. The objective of thi~ project is to learn how to 

first grow organic single crystals by floating-zone-technique on the ground. The 

information gathered can be used to help design future flight experiments. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

Two modified floating-zone processes, developed in our previous NASA study and 

patented recently, have been adopted. These two processes are unique in that a 

shaper is used to (a) define the cross-section of the melt and hence the growing 

crystal and (b) suppress undesirable oscillatory thermo capillary convection in the 

melt. In modified process (a) the shaper is in the form of a ring covering most of the 

melt surface, whereas in modified process (b) it is in the form of a disk immersed in 

the melt zone. 

PROGRESS DuRING FY1992 

Organic single crystals have been grown by floating-zone process for the first time. 

Benzil crystals were grown about 6 mm in diameter, 8 cm long, and with a very 

uniform cross-section. Salol crystals were grown up to about 10 cm long, including 

rectangular crystals about 9 mm x 3 mm in cross section. 

These crystals were grown with the help of round and rectangular alUI:ninum 

shapers, which are chemically compatible with the melts of both organic materials. 

11-152 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY 1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

The aluminum shapers were carefully kept at a constant temperature just above the 

melting points of the organic materials, with a thermocouple, a resistance heater, 

and a temperature controller. These results suggest that the two modified processes 

can be very useful for future growth of larger organic single crystals in space. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 1 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENT ATIONS 

Kou, S., and Chen, C. P. Modified floating-zone growth of organic single crystals. Manuscript in 

preparation, 1992. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Electronic Materials 

PROJECT TITLE: Process Modeling for Materials Preparation 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-21-08-08 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Franz Rosenberger 

AFFILIATION: University of Alabama, Huntsville 

MAILING ADDRESS: Center for Microgravity and 

Ma terials Research 

University of Alabama, Huntsville 

Huntsville, AL 35899 

PHONE: (205) 895-6100 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objectives of this program are the exploitation and improvement of available 

numerical techniques to formulate and solve useful models of transport processes 

in (microgravity) materials preparation experiments. This capability will lead to the 

efficient design of materials processing experiments for optimal use of the limited 

opportunity and duration of microgravity flight experiments. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The potential of the most sophisticated modeling techniques can only be fully 

realized if the physical properties, boundary conditions, and operating conditions 

are well characterized. Recognizing this, we are conducting a comprehensive 

research program that coordinates a study of transport properties with the 

development of numerical models for two specific crystal growth systems: 

1. Growth of mercury cadmium telluride (MCT) from the melt by the 

Bridgman-Stockbarger technique; and 

2. Growth of triglycine sulfate (TGS) from solution. 

The transport property studies, made under temperature and supersaturation 

condi tions represen ta ti ve for processing, include (a) kinematic viscosi ty 

measurements of molten MCT at temperatures close to the composition dependent 

melting, (measurements are made for different compostions); and (b) solute 

diffusivity measurements in aqueous TGS solutions. The numerical modeling 

studies include the development of an algorithm which employs Chebyshev 

spectral techniques to solve a moving boundary problem; incorporation of this 

technique into a pseudospectral collocation method that we have previously applied 

to convective-diffusive transport in melts; and development of numerical methods 

for the specific moving boundary problems associated with the growth of MCT by 

the Bridgman-Stockbarger technique. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FYI992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

We have developed a novel version of the capillary method for kinematic viscosity 

measurements. Viscosity data can be deduced in a straightforward way from mass 

transfer data obtained by differential weighing during gravity-driven flow of the 

liquid between two cylindrical chambers. The technique facilitates operation under 

sealed, isothermal conditions and thus is particularly well suited for 

high-temperature and high-pressure liquids. For melts with high surface tension, 

however, it is difficult to drive flow through small capillaries with small hydraulic 

heads. Hence, we have resorted to the oscillating-cup viscometry technique for 

studies of molten MCT. For the viscosity of MCT of composition Hg.

79Cd.21Te at 795 

°C (Tliquidus = 790°C) we have obtained m = 2.5 ± 0.3 cpo Furthermore, we have 

completed the development of a novel interferometric technique for the 

determination of solute diffusivities from the evolution of the concentration profile 

between two solutions of slightly different concentration. Though similar to the 

widely used Gouy technique, our approach requires neither an initially sharp 

boundary between the solutions, nor the assumption of a constant diffusivity. In 

addition, this approach allows for diffusivity measurements over a range of 

temperatures in a single experiment. This was not possible with earlier methods. 

This last feature is particularly important for an efficient conduct of space 

experiments. The technique has been thoroughly tested with highly concentrated 

NaCI solutions. The results for undersaturated solutions compare favorably with 

published values. For supersaturated solutions, however, significantly lower values 

were obtained than reported by others. We are currently applying the technique to 

TGS solutions. 

A pseudospectral method for (axisymmetric) directional solidification problems has 

been developed, tested, and applied to a variety of different solidification situations. 

The method combines domain decomposition with a preconditioned generalized 

conjugate residual (PGCR) method together with a Picard-type iterative scheme to 

solve the steady momentum, mass, and heat transfer equations along with the 

location of the crystal-melt interface. The computational space is decomposed into 

domains that correspond to the melt, crystal, and ampoule. Since the shape of the 

melt-crystal boundary is unknown, these domains generally have an irregular 

shape. The governing equations are mapped from these irregularly shaped domains 

onto rectangular domains. The resulting equations are then solved iteratively using 

a PGCR scheme suitable for nonsymmetric systems. We are currently investigating 

the influence of dopant transport on interface shape. Besides the moving boundary 

problem, we have developed a pseudospectral Chebyshev collocation method for 

3-D convection (without solidification) in a cylinder. Flow transitions (and the 

consequences for dopant transport) in a simplified (2D Cartesian) model of 

Bridgman-Stockbarger crystal growth have also been studied. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 4 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

11-155 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Alexander, J.1. D. "Modeling or muddling? Analysis of buoyancy effects on transport under low 

gravity conditions." Invited lecture, World Space Congress, Washington DC August 28-September 

5,1992. 

Alexander, J. l. D. "Numerical simulation of low-g fluid transport." Lecture, AIAA course on 

low-gravity fluid mechanics. Reno, NY, January 10-12, 1992. 

Alexander, J. l. D. "Vibrational.convection and transport under low-gravity conditions." Society 

of Engineering Science, 28th Annual Technical Meeting, Gainesville, FL, November fr7, 1991. 

Larroude, P., Ouazzani, J., and Alexander, J. I. D. "Flow transitions in a 2D directional 

solidification model." Poster, 6th Materials Science Symposium, European Space Agency, 

Brussels, Belgium, 1992. 

Larroude, P., Ouazzani, J., and Alexander, J. l. D. Symmetry breaking flow transitions and 

oscillatory flows in a 2D directional solidification model. Accepted for European Journal of 

Mechanics" 1992. 

Nadarajah, A. "Modeling crystal growth under low gravity." Society of Engineering Science, 

28th Annual Technical Meeting, Gainesville, FL, November fr7, 1991. 

Nadarajah, A., and Rosenberger, F. Integral method for diffusivity measurements in liquids, J. 

Phys. Chern. Submitted 1992. 

Pulicani, J. P., and Ouazzani, J. A Fourier-Chebyshev pseudospectral method for solving steady 

3-D Navier-Stokes and heat equations in cylindrical cavities. Computers Fluids 20 93-109 (1991). 

Pulicani, J. P., Krukowski,S., Alexander, J. l. D., Ouazzani, J. and Rosenberger, F. Convection in an 

asymmetrically heated cylinder, Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer 35 2119-2130 (1992). 

Rosenberger, F. Boundary layers in crystal growth, facts and fancy. In Lectures on Crystal Growth 

(H. Komatsu, ed.). 

Rosenberger, F. "Computer simulation in materials science." Invited lecture, Mitsubishi Frontiers 

Research Institute, Tokyo, Japan, November 8, 1991. 

Rosenberger, F. "Importance of materials research in space laboratories for industrial 

development." Plenary lecture, International Symposium for Promoting Applications and 

Capabilities of the Space Environment, Tokyo, Japan, November 14-15, 1991. 

Rosenberger, F. "Microgravity materials processing and fluid transport." Lectures, AIAA course on 

Low-Gravity Fluid Dynamics. Reno, NV, January 10-12, 1992. 

Rosenberger, F. "Theoretical review of crystal growth in space - motivation and results." Plenary 

lecture, International Symposium on High Tech Materials, Nagoya, Japan, November fr9, 1991. 

Rosenberger, F. "Time scales in transport processes and challenges fo~ short-duration low-gravity 

experiments." Invited lecture, Falltower Days Bremen, Bremen, Germany, June 1- 3, 1992. 

Rosenberger, F. "What can one learn from 10 second low-gravity Experiments?" Plenary lecture, In 

Space 1991, Tokyo, Japan, November 14- 15, 1991. 

Rosenberger, F., Alexander, J. I. D., and Jin, W.-Q. Gravimetric capillary method for kinematic 

viscosity measurements. Rev. Sci. Instruments 63 4196-4199 (1992). 

Zhang, Y., Alexander, J. l. D., and Ouazzani, J. A Chebyshev collocation method for heat transfer, 

interface shape and convection during directional solidification. International Journal of 

Numerical Methods in Heat and Fluid Flow. To be published 1993. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Electronic Materials 

PROJECT TITLE: Theory of Materials Growth in Space: The Liquid-Solid 

Interface 

RESPQNSIBLE CENTER: LaRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-21-06-08 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Arden Sher 

AFFILIATION: SRI International 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: SRI International 

333 Ravenswood Avenue 

Menlo Park, CA 94025-3493 

PHONE: (415) 859-4466 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objective of this research is to advance the theory of microgravity crystal growfl.l 

through accurate models of the phenomena occurring at the liquid-solid interf ..tce 

and their influence on the crystal perfection ultimately produced. To accomplish 

this objective with accuracy, we had to refine several of our computational tools and 

develop some new ones. The principal advances required are these: 

1. Refine and compound our alloy Hamiltonian for inclusion in our surface 

Green's function calculation of the interactions among surface atoms and their 

sublimation energies. This establishes the parameters needed to set the surface 

order-disorder state and the growth rate. 

2. Add effects that are due to having a liquid-solid interface rather than the 

vacuum-solid interface we treated previously by first modeling the liquid as a 

homogeneous dielectric medium and then refining the liquid model to include 

structure factors, configurational entropy, and excitation entropy terms. 

3. Relate the interface properties to the final bulk crystal properties (short-range 

order state, native defect densities, etc.) through an appropriate statistical theory, for 

various sets of external control parameters. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

We propose to begin with a reliable and accurate band structure, based on first 

principles, that can treat surfaces and other situations where there are large 

distortions. The interaction energies between the constituent atoms, in an alloy, are 

then obtained by employing coherent potential approximation (CPA) energies in a 

generalized perturbation method (GPM). At low temperatures, the phase diagram 

can be determined from these interaction energies. For compounds, however, the 

pair energies are deduced, as before, from sublimation energies calculated from 

these accurate band structures. 

11-157 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY 1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RF.SEARCH 

From the combined knowledge of sublimation and pair energies, we can calculate 

the growth rate from a Boltzmann-type equation. The main impact of this work is 

in the treatment of growth for external control-parameter sets where equilibrium is 

not reached for all processes; for example, some native defect concentrations. 

PROGRESS DuRING FY1992 

We now have established first principles based on self-consistent Hamiltonian in a 

tight-binding form from which we can generate accurate band structures and 

structural properties such as total energies, bulk moduli, and equilibrium lattice 

constants. With addition of d-orbitals and an ad hoc site diagonal potential, we can 

obtain the lowest conduction band in good agreement with experiment. The finite 

nature of the basis set (four to nine orbitals per atom), has precluded more rigorous 

methods, such as GW approximation, to correct the gap. Because the surface states 

are derived from both conduction and valence bands edge properties we have 

focused on near-gap band structures. 

We generalized our existing Green's function method for nonorthogonal bases with 

interactions extending beyond second neighbors. The corresponding CPA and GPM 

are also generalized to suit. As a test, we applied this procedure to GaAlAs. Its 

excess energy, which is near zero in the bulk alloy, reduces dramatically on (100) 

surfaces, giving rise to Cu-Au ordering at lower temperatures with a critical 

temperature of about 900 K. Such an ordering was observed in 1985, and our 

calculation is the first to successfully explain this observation. We also use 

generalized Green's functions to obtain surface orientation and coverage-dependent 

sublimation energies. These energies and excess pair energies will be used to study 

crystal growth rates. These accomplishments satisfy the first advance needed to 

reach our stated objective. 

While we worked primarily on developing computational techniques for the 

surface and interface energetics needed for growth modeling, we also reviewed 

state-of-the-art phase-diagram calculations and data. Although the structures of 

semiconductors and their alloys in the liquid phase are inherently complex, the 

simple regular-solution or quasi-chemical approximation (QCA) has been shown to 

work very well for GaAs, InAs, and InSb, and for their alloys. For CdTe, HgTe, and 

PbTe, modifying QCA to include a molecular species (the associate solution model) 

has been shown to be sufficient. In these models, the data needed are the melting 

temperatures, entropy difference between the liquid mixture and the ordered solids, 

the effective coordination number z, and effective pair interactions. These 

parameters still do not describe the underlying structure of the liquid, which is 

needed to understand the liquid-solid interface on the microscopic scale; they do 

however, suggest a model for the liquid. 

Stringfellow and Kikuchi found that an effective coordination number, Z = 6, works 

well for the liquid phase. This number, plus the increase in density going from 

solid to liquid, suggests that liquid is more closely packed. One possible way to 

11-158 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks I Bibliography - FY 1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

change from the fourfold coordinated zinc-blende (zb) to a closer-packed system is to 

compare the zb with the CsCl structure. If zb is viewed as an ordered CsCl structure 

with half of the atoms missing from each sublattice, then the Z=6 liquid may 

correspond to a disordered and expanded CsCl structure with 1/4 of the atoms 

missing. The disorder caused by the exchange occupancy of atoms and vacancies 

(and possibly between cations and anions), softer mode vibrational excitations, and 

further allowance of more free volume for the atoms in the liquid will raise the 

entropy as compared with the crystalline solid. 

The entropy change from disorder contributions, however, is estimated to be at 

most 3k per atom, far less than the 7k used in the phase diagram calculation by 

Stringfellow and Kikuchi. 

The balance can be explained if the vibrational mode frequencies in the liquid are 

four times smaller than those in the solid. They assume that the change of heat 

capacities in the phase transition is zero, which in general is not the case. 

Completion of a detailed liquid model will permit us to address these questions and 

will enable us to calculate the energy parameters and the distribution of host and 

impurity atoms across the liquid-solid phase boundary. 

We have completed a theory of the short-range order state of bulk semiconductor 

alloys, an essential ingredient in a theory that couples the surface order state to the 

bulk material state in the temperature gradient behind the growth front. 

Thus, we have already built many of the tools needed to determine the liquid- to 

solid-growth interface state properties and relate them to those of the resulting bulk 

solid, but still have to exercise these tools and assemble them into a system to meet 

the objective of this program. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 0 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Berding, M. A., Sher, A., and Chen, A.-B. Hgl .• Cd.Te: Defect structure overview. Mat . Res. Soc. 

Symp. Proc., vol. 216, p. 3 (1991). 

Krishnamurthy, S., Chen, A.-B., and Sher, A. A first principles tight-binding bandstructure 

method for semiconductors. For Phys. Rev. B. In progress, 1992. 

Krishnamurthy, S., Berding, M. A., and Sher, A. Surface energies and order-state: Effects on 

semiconductor growth. in Computer Aided Innovation of New Materials, M. Doyama, T. Suzuki, J. 

Kihara, and R. Yamamoto, eds. Elsevier Science Publishers B. Y., North-Holland, 1992, p. 681. 

Krishnamurthy, S., Chen, A.-B., and Sher, A. Surface-induced ordering of GaAlAs. For Phys. 

Rev. Lett. In progress, 1992. 

Krishnamurthy, S. Chen, A,-B., and Sher, A. Sl,lrface-induced ordering of semiconductor alloys: 

GaAIAs. Phys. Rev. In progress, 1992. 

Krishnamurthy, S., Berding, M. A., Sher, A., and Chen, A.-B. Epitaxially grown semiconductor 

surfaces. J. Crystal Growth, vol. 109, (1991) pp. 88-93. 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

Krishnamurthy, S., Berding, M. A., Sher, A. and Chen, A.-B. Semicondcuctor surface 

sublimination energies and atom-atom interactions. Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 64, no. 21, p. 2531. 

Sher, A., and Chen, A.-B. Alloy statistics and phase diagrams. For Phys. Rev. In progress, 1992. 

Sher, A., Berding, M. A., van Schilfgaarde, M., and Chen, A-B. HgCdTe status review with 

emphasis on correlations, native defects, and diffusion. Semicond. Sci. Technol. 6, 1991, C59-C70. 

11-160 
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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Electronic Materials 

PROJECT TITLE: Growth Kinetics of Physical Vapor Transport Properties: 

Crystal Growth 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-21-05-08 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. N. B. Singh 

AFFILIATION: Westinghouse Electric Corporation 

MAILING ADDRESS: Westinghouse Electric Corporation 

1310 Beulah Road 

Pittsburgh, P A 15235 

PHONE: (412) 256-2738 

TASK OBJECTIVe/DesCRIPTION 

The objective of this task is to study the relationship between growth parameters 

during the growth of mercurous chloride by the physical vapor transport (PVT) 

technique, and diffusive instabilities during the PVT process. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The approach has been to purify and grow mercurous crystals under various 

conditions in order to deduce relationships between growth parameters and crystal 

quality. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

There is an ongoing correlation of crystal-growth velocity with orientation of 

experiment apparatus, with respect to the the velocity vector. The effect of growth 

variables on morphology, aspect ratio, and gravity vector were studied; data were 

correlated with recent theories to evaluate the role of convection; and crystal growth 

rate is being measured at various vector orientations. Characterization techniques 

at Westinghouse have been developed to access the quality of grown crystals. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 0 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

11-161 
l 

Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Electronic Materials 

PROJECT TITLE: Vapor Crystal Growth of Electro-optical Materials 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-21-08-11 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Frank R. Szofran 

AFFILIATION: NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) 

MAlUNG ADDRESS: Marshall Space Flight Center 

Mail Code ES-75 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

Huntsville, AL 35812 

PHONE: (205) 544-7777 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

This project is nearly complete. Its goal has been to establish the effects of the 

processing environment, including gravitational orientation, on the nature and 

distribution of defects on materials of substantial technological interest that can be 

grown by the physical vapor transport method. The primary candidate materials 

were CdS and CdTe. 

The investigation was intended to define a flight experiment that would take full 

advantage of the Vapor Crystal Growth Furnace (CVTE) developed by Boeing 

Aerospace Company. Two sample positions in that furnace were made available to 

MSFC on the first flight of the CVTE. The strategy included the development of a 

1-g crystal growth data base and extensive characterization of both the starting 

materials and the grown crystals. A method to simulate reduced gravity has not 

been devised for this growth method but crystals were grown at different 

orientations with respect to the gravity vector to assess the effects of gravity on 

Earth. The material for the first flight was CdTe. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

Favorable growth parameters in a laboratory furnace have been established. Work 

with Boeing was conducted in the Boeing laboratory and ground control furnaces in 

Seattle. UAH has analyzed both ampoule and sample materials, and results indicate 

that adequate purity for achieving the project objectives exists in the starting 

materials and is maintained during the CdTe compounding process. Purity of CdTe 

crystals following the growth process will be determined. 

In addition to CdTe and CdS, high-quality crystals of ZnTe, PbS, and PbSe have been 

grown in the laboratory at MSFC using the technique developed under this project. 

The ZnTe crystals grown under this project have optical transmission and 

photoluminescence spectra that are featureless as opposed to various bands 

observed in the spectra of ZnTe grown by the traveling heater method (THM). 

11-162 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

PROGRESS DuRING FY1992 

UAH has continued and expanded the impurity analysis work to include atomic 

absorption detection of lithium, potassium, and sodium in both elemental Cd and 

Te and compounded CdTe. 

Physical vapor transport crystal growth has continued in the Space Science 

Laboratory. 

This ground-based work carried out at MSFC and additional growth runs in the 

Boeing laboratory were used to improve the growth parameters as much as possible. 

Nonetheless, more growth runs in the ground control furnace woul~ have been 

helpful to better define the optimum parameters for the flight experiments. 

The CVTE was flown in the mid-deck accommodations rack (MAR) on STS-S2. Two 

furnaces were run sequentially during the mission. Each furnace contained two 

samples-one for Boeing and one for MSFC. The first MSFC sample was seeded and 

was intended to be the longer duration growth time. Unfortunately, this furnace 

was unintentionally shut down early and had a growth time of only 22.73 hours. I 

The second sample was unseeded and, with the additional time available because of 

the foreshortened first run, had a total growth time of 56.76 hours. The samples are 

now in Seattle and have not been returned to MSFC at the time this is being written. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 0 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Sha, Y.'{;., Su, C.-H., Gillies, D. c., Volz, M. P., Lehoczky, S. L., and Szofran, F. R. "Transport rate 

and epitaxial growth of HgZnTe by chemical vapor transport in a closed ampoule." Presented at 

the 10th International Conference on Crystal Growth (ICCG-lO), San Diego, California, August 

16-21, 1992. 

Su, C.-H., Lehoczky, S. L., and Szofran, F. R. An improved vapor growth method for the 

preparation of electronic and electro-optical materials. NASA Tech Briefs. In press, 1992. 

Su, c.-H., Volz, M. P., GiJJies, D. c., Szofran, F. R., Lehoczky, S. L., Dudley, M., Yao, G.-D., and 

Zhou, W. Growth of ZnTe by physical vapor transport and traveling heater method. Presented at 

the 10th International Conference on Crystal Growth (lCCG-lO), San Diego, California, August 

16-21, 1992. Accepted J. Crystal Growth . 1992. 

Volz, M. P., Su, C.-H., Lehoczky, S. L., and Szofran, F. R. Vibronic spectra of Cu2+ in ZnTe. 

Physical Review B 46 76-82 (1992). 

11-163 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks IBibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND·BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Electronic Materials 

PROJECT TITLE: Modeling Directional Solidification 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-21-08-10 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. William R. Wilcox 

AFFILIATION: Clarkson University 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Department of Chemical Engineering 

Clarkson University 

Potsdam, NY 13676 

PHONE: (315) 268-6446 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The project objective is to gain an improved understanding of the influence of 

gravity on the directional solidification of compQund semiconductors and their 

alloys. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

Research was designed to determine experimentally: 

1. The influence of current pulses, vibration, and accelerated crucible rotation 

technique (ACRT) on the compositional homogeneity and microstructure of 

InSb-GaSb alloy; 

2. The variation of freezing rate during a spin-up/spin-down cycle by using current 

pulses during solidification of doped InSb; and 

3. The influence of vibration and ACRT on the interface shape of doped InSb using 

current pulses during solidification. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

The first task was completed prior to FY 1992. The second was partially completed in 

FY 1992. The freezing rate varied significantly during each ACRT cycle. The 

number of striations observed was less than the number of current pulses, 

indicating that the freezing rate was sometimes very low or even negative. The 

influence of experimental conditions is being determined. 

Progress has been made on the third task. The ACRT and vibration conditions used 

thus far do make the interface slightly more convex. Additional solidification 

conditions are being investigated. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 2 DEGREES GRANTED: 1 

Il-164 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks IBibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROU D-BASED RESEARCH 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Gray, R T., and Wilcox, W. R. Influence of the accelerated crucible rotation technique on 

directional solidification of rnSb-GaSb slloys. ,. Spacecraft & Rockets, in press, 1992. 

Gray, R, Banan, M., Zhou, J., Larrousse, M., and Wilcox, W. R "Influence of perturbations on 

directional solidification of InSb-GaSb alloy semiconductors." AIAA, Reno, NV, January 1992. 

Neugebauer, G. T., and Wilcox, W. R. Experimental observation of the influence of furnace 

temperature profile on convection and segregation in the vertical Bridgman crystal growth 

technique. Acta Astronautica 25, 357-362 (1991). 

Zhou, J., Banan, M., Gray, R., and Wilcox, W. R. "ACRT striations and the use of current interface 

demarcation during directional solidification of Te-doped rnSb." Fourth Eastern Regional 

Conference on Crystal Growth (ACCG/East-4), Atlantic City, NJ, October 1991. 

Zhou, J., Larrousse, M., and Wilcox, W. R "Directional solidification with ACRT." Tenth 

International Conference on Crystal Growth (ICCG-IO), San Diego, CA, August 1992. In press, ,. 

Crystal Growth, 1992. 

11-165 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND·BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Electronic Materials 

PROJECT TITLE: Crystal Growth of Device Quality GaAs in Space 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: HQ PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-21-07-06 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. August F. Witt 

AFFILIATION: Massachusetts Institute of Technology 

MAIUNG AnDRESS: Department of Materials Science 

and Engineering 

Massachusetts Institute of Technology 

Cambridge, MA 02139 

PHONE: (617) 253-5303 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

A heat-pipe-based, vertical growth facility for operation in Bridgman and 

gradient-freeze modes has been designed, constructed, and put into operation. The 

hot zone of the system is configured for basic compatibility with NASA's Crystal 

Growth Experiment Furnace (CGF) hardware. 

Growth research was focused on the establishment and characterization of 

quantifiable thermal boundary conditions in gradient-freeze mode and the 

achievement of control over initial transients and end effects. The development of 

new approaches to noninvasive, optical characterization of electronic and 

opto-electronic materials was extended from GaAs to Bi 12Si02o (BSO), a system under 

consideration for growth and segregation studies in reduced-gravity environment. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

Considering the desirability of conducting growth experiments in space on a 

quantifiable basis to which mathematical modeling is applicable, the achievement of 

controllable and quantifiable thermal boundary conditions in Bridgman-type 

configuration, as well as the elimination of extended initial transients and end 

effects, were primary goals to be addressed. 

The stated objectives were approached using heat pipes and a reconfigured 

temperature control system. Also initiated was research on growth and 

characterization of bismuth silicate (B12Si0 2o). The Czochralski technique was 

selected for the growth of seed material, and diversely doped crystals were required 

for the development of optical approaches to the quantitative characterization of 

crystalline and chemical defects in this material. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

Accomplishments in FY92 were as follows: 

11-166 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliograpby - FY 1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

1. A Bridgman-type growth system with quantifiable and controllable thermal 

boundary conditions, permitting crystal-melt interface stabilization during growth, 

has been developed and is being characterized; 

2. A Czochralski system for growth of B12Si020 has been placed in operation, and 

noninvasive optical characterization of this material has been developed, and 

3. The program, "Undergraduate Research Opportunities in Microgravity Science 

and Technology, " initiated at MIT within the framework of this proposal, has 

reached a stage where KC-135 flight experiments are prepared for execution. The 

experiments are designed to provide a data base for the establishment of non wetting 

conditions during crystal growth in a reduced-gravity environment. Systems being 

investigated include: InSb, GaSb, Ge, GaInSb, B12Si020 and B12Ge020• 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 3 DEGREES GRANTED: a 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Cao, X. Z., and Witt, A. F. Identification of dislocation etch pits in n-type GaAs by NIR 

transmission microscopy. J. Crystal Grawth 114, 225-257 (1991). 

Carlson, D. J., and Witt, A. F. Quantitative analysis of the effects of vertical magnetic fields on 

microsegregation in Te-doped LEC GaAs. J. Crystal Grawth 116 (3/4), 461-472 (1992). 

Wargo, M. J., and Witt, A. F. Real time thermal imaging for analysis and control of crystal growth 

by the Czochralski Technique. I Crystal Growth 116 (1/2) 213-224 (1992). 

Witt, A. F. "Characterization of GaAs wafers." Intel Corporation, Santa Clara, CA, March 4, 

1992. 

Witt, A. F. "Gravitational effects on crystal growth and segregation." 30th Aerospace Sciences 

Meeting and Exhibit, AIAA, Reno, NY, January 7, 1992. 

Witt, A. F. 'New approaches to non-invasive semiconductor characterization." Tenth 

International Conference on Crystal Growth, San Diego, CA, August 18, 1992. 

Witt, A. F. "Non-invasive wafer characterization." Motorola Corporation, Tempe, AZ, March 6, 

1992. 

PATENTS - Cao, X. Z., and Witt, A. F. "Apparatus for Accelerated Dislocation Density Mapping. 

Submitted, MIT Case No. 6126. 

11-167 
Microgravity Science & Applications 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Fluid Physics 

Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

PROJECT TITLE: Reactive Fluids Experiment: Chemical Vapor Deposition 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LaRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-06-03 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Ivan O. Clark 

AFFILIATION: NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Langley Research Center 

Mail Stop 473 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

Hampton, V A 23665 

PHONE: (804) 864-1500 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The research will develop a series of ground-based experimental investigations of 

the fluid dynamics of chemical. vapor deposition (CVD) which will lead to an 

enhanced understanding of the basic sciences underlying reactive fluid interactions. 

It will form the basis for a proposal to perform a series of flight experiments 

necessary to more fully elucidate these scientific principles. This program will use 

past experience in chemical vapor deposition, nonisothermal flow measurements, 

numerical modeling of reactive fluid dynamics, and development of 

instrumentation to carry out the research. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

A combined numerical and experimental approach is being used to investigate the 

CVD process. The experimental approach combines growth of semiconductor 

materials, the deposition of a model material, and the measurement of the gas flow 

velocities in the CVD reactor using laser velocimetry. The numerical approach 

models each of the experimental approaches and uses the experimental results for 

validation. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

The numerical modeling of InP has been extended to three spatial dimensions with 

good initial results. The model has proven to be very sensitive to temperature 

distributions on the CVD reactor walls. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 2 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Black, L. R., Clark, I. 0., Kui, J., and Jesser, W. A. 3-D numerical modeling of InP MOCVO with 

comparison to growth experiments. Proceedings of the Fluent Inc. 1992 Users' Group Meeting, 

Burlington, VT, October 13- 15, 1992. 

11-168 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY 1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

Black, L. R, Clark, I. 0 ., Kui, J., and Jesser, W. A. "3-0 Numerical modeling of InP MOCVO with 

comparison to growth experiments." Fluent Inc. 1992 Users' Group Meeting, October 13-15, 1992, 

Burlington, VT, (1992). 

Clark, I. 0 ., Gerdes, W. K., Black, L. R, Jesser, W. A., Kui, J., Johnson, E. J., Hyer, P. V., and 

Culotta, P. W. Gravitational and thermal effects in CVO flow and deposition. AIAA 30th 

Aerospace Sciences, Meeting, January 6-9, 1992, Reno, NY. Proceedings of AIAA 30th Aerospace 

Sdences Meeting, Reno, NY January 6-9, 1992, AlAA Paper No. 92-0602, (1992). 

11-169 
Microgravity Science & Applications 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Fluid Physics 

Program Tasks I Bibliograpby - FY 1992 

PROJECT TITLE: Fluid Interface Behavior Under Low-and Reduced-Gravity 

Conditions 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-28 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Paul Concus 

AFFILIATION: University of California, Berkeley 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory 

University of California 

1 Cyclotron Road 

Berkeley, CA 94270 

PHONE: (415) 486-5508 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objective of this investigation is to develop a better understanding of the 

physical behavior of fluids in partly filled containers in low-gravity environments. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The approach for this research task is to pursue parallel theoretical, computational, 

and experimental studies to examine the fluid surface shape for a variety of 

vessell fluid combinations when capillary forces dominate. The studies deal 

principally with the physical validity of the concept of contact angle as envisioned by 

the classical Young-Gauss theory, and with unique vessell fluid conditions for 

which there are no available theoretical abilities to predict the surface shape. 

PROGRESS DuRING FY1992 

The emphasis of the FY1992 efforts was on the conduct of the Interface 

Configuration Experiment (ICE) which flew aboard the USML-1 mission as a 

Glovebox experiment in June 1992. The experimental approach was simply to 

observe the liquid or vapor surface at equilibrium in a reduced-gravity 

environment. 

Unique in this experiment is the particular shape of the c,ontainer. The rotational 

symmetric shape was determined numerically and has the intriguing property that 

for a given fluid and fill level, an infinite number of rotationally symmetric surfaces 

(a continuum) exists of identical mechanical energy. As a result, no such surface is 

preferred, as all have an equal likelihood of forming in lowgravity. A mathematical 

proof was developed which revealed that nonasymmetric perturbations produce 

surface shapes of lower energy; meaning, in low-gravity, an asymmetric surface is 

most likely to be present. 

This is indeed what was observed during the flight experiments. In fact, though 

preliminary numerical solutions revealed a number of lower-energy asymmetric 

11-170 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

shapes, only one was established on orbit. Disturbances to this configuration by the 

payload specialist proved this asymmetric surface shape to be surprisingly stable. 

Analysis of the data is in progress and was first reported in Reno, January 1993, at 

the AIAA c<;mference. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 2 DEGREES GRANTED: 1 

P UBLICATIONS/PR ES E NT ATION S 

Concus, P. Aerospace Engineering Colloquium, University of Milan, Italy, October 1991. 

Concus, P. Applied Mathematics Colloquium, Arizona State University, April 1992. 

Concus, P. First International Congress on Nonlinear Analysis, Tampa, FL, August 1992. 

Concus, P. International Conference on Nonlinear Partial Differential Equations, Plovdiv, 

Bulgaria, August 1992. 

Concus, P. International SympoSium on Motion by Mean Curvature, Povo, Italy, July 1992. 

Concus, P., and Finn, R. On accurate determination of contact angle. Microgravity Science and 

Technology, IV pp. 69-70 (1991). 

Concus, P., and Finn, R. Capillary surfaces in exotic containers. In Hydromechanics and 

Heat/Mass Transfer in Microgravity, V. S. Avduevsky, et alII eds. London: Gordon and Breach, 

1992, pp. 193-196. 

Concus, P., Finn, R., and Weislogel, M. Drop-tower experiments for capillary surfaces in an exotic 

container. AIAA J., 30 pp. 134-137 (1992). 

Finn, R., and Vogel, T. I. On the volume infirmum for liquid bridges. Accepted by Zeit. Anal. 

Anwend, 1992. 

Fischer, B. 5., and Finn, R. Existence theorems and measurements of capillary contact angle. 

Preprint, Dept. of Mathematics, Stanford University, 1992. 

11-171 
1

-

Microgravity Science & Applications 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Fluid Physics 

Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY 1992 

PROJECT TITLE: Convection and Morphological Stability During Directional 

Solidification 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: HQ PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-07-07 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Sam R. Coriell 

AFFILIATION: National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 

MAILING ADDRESS: National Institute of Standards and Technology 

Materials Building 233 

Room B-166 

Gaithersburg, MD 20899 

PHONE: (301) 975-6169 

TASK OBJECTIVEIDESCRIPTION 

The general aim of this task is the study of the fluid flow, solute segregation, and 

interface morphology which occur during directional solidification. Control of 

solute segregation during solidification will allow preparation of materials with 

optimal properties. Modeling and numerical calculations will provide support for 

space flight experiments by J. J. Mavier, A. Rouzaud, and D. Camel of the Centre 

d'Etudcs Nuc1eaires de Grenoble utilizing the directional solidification furnace 

developed by the MEPHISTO project. In collaboration with K. Leonartz of ACCESS 

B. V., calculations of convectives and morphological instability are being carried out 

for the succinonitrile-acetone system in support of space flight experiments on the 

IML-2 mission. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

During the directional solidification of a binary alloy, solute inhomogeneities can 

arise from both fluid flow and morphological instability. In microgravity, 

buoyancy-driven fluid flow is reduced, and experiments to study the evolution of 

morphological patterns without the interference of fluid flow may be possible. We 

are carrying out theoretical studies of the interaction of fluid flow with the 

crystal-melt interface. 

Included in the research are (a) calculations of cellular morphologies in the absence 

of fluid flow, (b) evaluation of the Seebeck voltage for cellular interfaces as a method 

for monitoring interface morphology in metallic alloys, (c) linear stability analyses 

of coupled interfacial and convective instabilities, and (d) calculations of the effect of 

time-dependent gravitational accelerations (g-jitter) on fluid flow during directional 

solidification. This proposed ground-based research will focus on providing 

theoretical interpretation and guidance for space experiments. 

11-172 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

During directional solidification of a binary alloy at constant velocity, thermosolutal 

convection may occur due to the temperature and the solute gradients associated 

with the solidification process. For vertical growth in an ideal furnace (lacking 

horizontal gradients) a quiescent state is possible. The effect of a time-periodic 

vertical gravitational acceleration (or equivalently, of vibration) on the onset of 

thermosolutal convection has been calculated based on linear stability using Floquet 

theory. 

Numerical calculations for the onset of instal;>i1ity have been carried out for a 

semiconductor alloy with Schmidt number of ten and Prandtl number of 0.1, with 

emphasis on large modulation frequencies in a microgravity environment, for 

which the background acceleration is very small. The numerical results 

demonstrate that there is a significant difference in stability depending on whether a 

heavier or lighter solute is rejected. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 0 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENT ATIONS 

Brush, L. N., McFadden, G. B., and Coriell, S. R. Laser melting of thin silicon films, f. Crystal 

Growth 114 44€r466, (1991). 

Coriell, S. R, Murray, B. T., McFadden, G. B., Wheeler, A. A., and Saunders, B. V. Convective and 

morphological instabilities during crystal growth: Effect of gravity modulation. Proceedings of 

the Eighteenth International Symposium on Space Technology and Science Kagoshima, 1992 p. 

2155-2160. 

Hardy, S. c., McFadden, G. B., Coriell, S. R, Voorhees, P. W., and Sokorko, R F. Measurement 

and analysis of grain boundary grooving by volume diffusion. f. Crystal Growth 114 467-480, 

(1991). 

Leonartz, K., Schmeling, H., Rex, S., and Coriell, S. R Material science in the biological 

space-lab multi user facility NIZEMI. In 4th Internationl Conference on Expermental Methods 

for Microgravity Materials Sciience Research . R. A. Schiffman ed., Warrendale, PA, The 

Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, p. 161-167, 1992. 

McFadden, G. B., Murray, B. T., Coriell, S. R, Glicksman, M. E., and Selleck, M. E. Effect of 

modulated Taylor-Couette flows on crystal-melt interfaces: Theory and initial experiments. In 

On the Evolution of Phase Boundaries, The IMA Volumes in Mathematics and its Applications, 

Vol, 43, M. E. Gurtin and G. B. McFadden ed., New York, Springer-Vergla, p. 81- 100., 1992. 

Saunders, B. V., Murray, B. T., McFadden, G. B., Coriell, S. R, and Wheeler, A. A. The effect of 

gravity modulation on thermosolutal convection in an infinite layer of fluid . Phys. Fluids A4 , 

1176-1189 (1992). 

Singh, N. B., Gottlieb, M., Henningsen, T., Hopkins, R. H., Mazelsky, R, Glicksman, M. E., 

Coriell, S. R , Duval, W. M. B., and Santoro, C. J. Effect of growth conditions on the quaility of 

lead bromide crystals. f. Crystal Growth 123,227-235 (1992). 

Singh, N. B., Gottlieb, M., Henningsen, T., Hopkins, R. H., Mazelsky, R, Glicksman, M. E., 

Coriell, S. R, Santoro, C. J., and Duval, W. M. B. Growth and characterization of lead bromide 

crystals. ,. Crystal Growth 123, 221-226 (1992). 

11-173 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FYI992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

Wheeler, A. A., McFadden, G. 8., Murray, 8. T., and Coriell, S. R. Convective stability in the 

Rayleigh-Bernard and directional solidification problems; High frequency gravity modulation. 

Phys. Fluids A3, 2847-2858 (1991 ). 

11-174 
Microgravity Science & Applications 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Fluid Physics 

PROJECT TITLE: Drop Microphysics 

Program Tasks /Bibliography - FY1992 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-35 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Robert H. Davis 

AFFILIATION: University of Colorado 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Department of Chemical Engineering 

Campus Box 424 

University of Colorado 

Boulder, CO 80309 

PHONE: (303) 492-7314 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The overall objective of this research is to develop a comprehensive theoretical 

model of the relative motion, film drainage, and film rupture leading to coalescence 

of interacting drops dispersed in an immiscible fluid. Relative motion due to 

gravity, thermocapillary migration, and attractive van der Waals forces is 

considered. 

Drop interactions and coalescence play key roles in a variety of phenomena, 

including liquid-liquid extraction, raindrop growth, multiphase flow, and 

processing of bimetallic melts within the liquid-phase miscibility gap. This research 

is concerned with the microphysics of coalescence and focuses on the near-contact 

interaction of a drop approaching a second drop or a surface or interface. The 

overall goal of this microphysical research is to predict deformation, film drainage, 

and collision rates using fundamental theoretical analyses. The research program is 

divided into three components directed at meeting this goal: 

1. Near-contact relative motion for nearly spherical drops: The rate of approach and 

the onset of deformation and film drainage are examined for gravity-driven and 

thermoca pillary-dri ven motion; 

2. Evolution of drop deformation during film drainage: As the drops move closer, 

the natural evolution of the shape of the thin film separating them is predicted, as is 

the rate at which this film drains; and 

3. Film rupture due to van der Waals forces: When the rate-limiting coalescence 

step of film drainage causes an unstable film to become very thin, then attractive 

van der Waals forces pull the drop interfaces together and cause rupture. The 

rupture time and the rupture mode are determined as functions of the system 

parameters. 

II-175 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY 1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

A novel method which couples lubrication theory in the narrow separation gap and 

boundary integral theory for the drop phase is used. Matched asymptotic expansions 

are used for start times (small drop deformations) and long-times (draining film 

regions). 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

It has been shown that a spherical drop will come into contact with another 

spherical drop (or a flat interface) in finite time under a constant driving force, such 

as gravity. This is in contrast to rigid spheres-they approach each other only 

asymptotically. 

The evolution of the drop shape has been traced from an underformed state until a 

dimple is formed and long-time quasi-steady-state pattern is established. A dimple 

is always formed and for long-times, the film thickness is proportional to inverse 

powers of time. ~Nhen Van der Waals forces dominate over gravity, the film 

ruptures at the nose of the drop prior to the formation of a dimple. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 2 DEGREES GRANTED: 1 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Davis, R. H. Microhydrodynamics of particulate suspensions. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. In press, 

1992. 

Zhang, X., and Davis, R. H. The collision rate and small drops undergoing thermocapillary 

migration. J. Colloid Interface Sci" 152, 548-561 (1992). 

11-176 
Microgravity Science & Applications 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Fluid Physics 

Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

PROJECT TITLE: Bubble-In-Liquid Mass Transport Phenomena in a 

Reduced-Gravity Environment 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-24 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR : Dr. Kenneth J. De Witt 

AFFILIATION: University of Toledo 

MAILING ADORESS: Department of Chemical Engineering 

2801 West Bancroft Street 

University of Toledo 

Toledo, OH 43606 

PHONE: (419) 537-2621 

TASK OBJECTIVEIDESCRIPTION 

The objective of this research is to determine the merits and feasibility of a space 

experiment to study bubble and droplet phenomena. The distinguishing 

characteristics of the research are that it involves mass transport phenomena of a 

gas bubble dissolving in a liquid, and also the transient and steady-state movement 

of a bubble or droplet due to thermocapillary, diffusocapillary, or combined 

temperature and concentration gradients. The behavior of multiple bubbles and 

droplets is also included in the experiment scope. The results will yield information 

that will advance the science of bubble and droplet dynamics and will have 

application to many problems in physical chemistry, materials science, and transport 

phenomena. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The approach consists of experiments and analytical and numerical modeling. 

Since mass transfer experiments cannot be done under normal gravity or short-term 

micro gravity conditions, the present experiments have concentrated on observing 

surface-tension-driven flow in a bubble or droplet. 

Ground-based and drop-tower experiments have included bubble and droplet 

motion due to an interfacial tension gradient resulting from a concentration 

gradient. The numerical modeling of the dissolution of a single bubble or of a 

moving bubble due to residual gravity effects was completed. Present modeling 

involves incorporation of thermal and concentration gradients at the interface. In 

addition, numerical modeling of the unsteady motion occurring both inside and 

outside of a translating bubble or droplet has been completed, and analytical work 

on transient gas-bubble motion has been initiated. 

PROGRESS DuRING FY1992 

During the past year a short proposal for a Glovebox experiment was submitted. An 

enlarged proposal was prepared to respond to NRA-91-OSSA-17, "NASA Research 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUN D-BASED RESEARCH 

Announcement Microgravity Fluid Dynamics and Transport Phenomena: Research 

and Flight Opportunities," and submitted in November 1991. To aid in this effort, 

Dr. John Hegseth, a postdoctoral research associate, was hired in October 1991 to 

develop interferometric techniques to measure concentration gradients and 

diffusion coefficients. Further laboratory and drop-tower experiments on 

diffusocapillary phenomena were completed. The financial support for this 

experiment ended in May, 1992 and all work done after that date was under a 

no-cost extension to January, 1993. The current work being done on-site at LeRC by 

university faculty and graduate students will be terminated. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 5 DEGREES GRAtHED: 1 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENT ATIONS 

Del Signore, D. M., Oliver, D. L. R., De Witt, K. T., and Rashidnia, N., Experimental 

demonstration of diffusocapillary flow in an oil droplet. J. Colloid & Interface Science 150, no. 2, 

584-588 (1992). 

Oliver, D. L. R. and De Witt, K. J. "Mass transfer from fluid spheres at moderate reynolds numbers: 

A boundary layer analysis." Presented at the 30th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, NY, AIAA 

Paper No. 92-0105, January 1992. 

Yung, C. N, De Witt, K. J., Brockwell, J. L., and Chai, A.-T. The transient motion of a sperical 

fluid droplet. Cham. Engg. Comm. 110, 163- 186, (1991). 

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Microgravity Science & Applications 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Fluid Physics 

Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

PROJECT TITLE: Studies of Two-Phase Flow Under Microgravity 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-18 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. A. E. Dukler 

AFFILIATION: University of Houston 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Department of Chemical Engineering 

University of Houston 

Houston, TX 77004 

PHONE: (713) 749-4318 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objective of this study is to develop and experimentally verify theoretical 

models that predict two-phase flow regimes and characteristics in reduced gravity. 

The significance of the results will have application in space power, fluid and 

thermal management, and propulsion systems. Furthermore, by developing an 

understanding of the effect of gravity on flow regime characteristics and flow 

directions, it will be possible to have applications in the petroleum and nuclear 

industries. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The approach is to conduct reduced gravity experiments on the Learjet and in the 

2.2-second drop tower and concurrently to develop models that predict the 

hydrodynamic characteristics of the gas-liquid flow as a function of the system 

operating conditions. 

PROGRESS DuRING FY1992 

As a result of 39 flights, the flow-regime maps were significantly expanded, 

especially for the water-glycerine, and water-surfactant liquid solutions. These 

flights recorded data using the new conductivity probe electronics, new differential 

pressure transducers, and in a SAMS accelerometer. As a result of these tests, the 

transition criteria for the flow regimes are being revised. The Learjet rig was 

rewired to accommodate a new data acquisition and control system. Hardware has 

been procured and fabricated to facilitate using the rig for 1.0 in.- (2.54 cm.) 

inner-diameter test sections. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 1 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Dukler, A. E. "Two-phase flow at reduced gravity conditions: problems and possibilities." 

Presented at AIChE Winter Annual Meeting as keynote talk, November 20, 1992. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

Janicet, A., and Dukler, A. E. A model for gas-liquid slug flow at reduced gravity conditions. 

Accepted for publication by AIChE Journal, 1992. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Fluid Physics 

Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY 1992 

PROJECT TITLE: Theoretical Influence of Microgravity on Critical Fluid 

Measurements 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-32 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Richard A. Ferrell 

AFFILIATION: University of Maryland 

MAILING ADDRESS: Department of Physics & Astronomy 

Campus Box 424 

University of Maryland 

College Park, MD 20742-4111 

PHONE: 9301)454-3414 

TASK OBJECTIVEIDESCRIPTION 

This endeavor is tailored to theoretical support for current critical fluid 

microgravity space shuttle experiments Critical Fluid Light Scattering Experiment 

(CFLSE), and LeRC Critical Fluid Thermal J;:quilibration Experiment (CFTE), as well 

as for several other microgravity experiments in the definition phases. The results 

of the proposed study will both aid in the interpretation of and need the data from 

the microgravity experiments to confirm scientific conclusions. Those conclusions 

will greatly improve the cost effectiveness of the science from identified flight 

experiments. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The science activity will look at six areas; three each for classical fluids and for 

superfluid helium. For classical fluids they are: short and long time-scale 

equilibration driving forces, the anomalous dimension critical exponent of the 

density fluctuation correlation length, and shear viscosity near the liquid-vapor 

critical point. For superfluids, they are: a better prediction of the thermal 

conductivity temperature scaling, the frequency dependence of the shear viscosity, 

and provision theoretical insight into the unexpected temperature dependence of 

the second-sound velocity of 4He near its Lambda transition. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

A different description of the temperature dependence of turbidity near the liquid 

vapor critical point was formulated that allows clearer experimental access to a 

small exponent which manifests a correction to the customary Ornstein-Zernicke 

description. Improvement was made in the formulation of thermal conductivity of 

4He near its lambda-transition. Again, it is intended to aid experimental 

interpretation of low-gravity experiments. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

A reinterpretation was made in the Boukari et al. published experiment, "Critical 

Speeding Up Observed." This work reflects the ongoing development of 

understanding of critical point equilibration dynamics. An unpublished 

investigation was carried out regarding the effects of g-jitter on correlation 

spectroscopy of the critical fluid in the Zeno space experiment. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 2 DEGREES GRANTED: a 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Ferrell, R. A. "Collective electron-electron interactions in metals." Seminar, University of 

California, Santa Barbara, April 1992. 

Ferrell, A. Correction to dynamic scaling for the lambda transition in liquid 4He: III. 

Quasi-scaling at the natural boundary. In From Phase Transitions to Chaos. G. I. Kondor, L. 

Sasvari, and T. Tei, eds., Singapore: World Scientific, pp. 56--67, 1992. 

Ferrell, R. A. "Critical dynamics of fluids." Colloquium, Institute for Theoretical Physics, 

University of California, Santa Barbara, February 1992. 

Ferrell, R. A. Effect of fluctuating inertial forces on the critical dynamics of a pure fluid. 

Annalen der Physik. To be published, 1993. 

Ferrell, R. A. "Energy gap reduction by quantum phase fluctuations in thin superconducting films." 

Poster, Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, June 1992. 

Ferrell, R. A. Limitations imposed by gravity on measurements of the critical viscosity of a pure 

fluid. University of Maryland Physics Department preprint, 1992. 

Ferrell, R. A. "Quantum phase transition." International conference, Chairman and Organizer, 

Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, June 1992. 

Ferrell, R. A., and Hao, H. Adiabatic temperature changes in a single-component fluid near the 

liquid-vapor critical point. Preprint from sabbatical work at the Institute of Theoretical Physics, 

University of California at Santa Barbara, 1992. 

Ferrell, R. A. "Der Einfluss von Quantenfluktuationen auf die Suraleitfahigkeit in sehr Dunnen 

Schichten." Theoretical colloquium, University of Cologne, Germany, November 1992. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Fluid Physics 

Program Tasks / Bibliography - FYI992 

PROJECT TITLE: Molecular Dynamics of Fluid-Solid Systems 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-29 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR : Dr. Joel Koplik 

AFFILIATION: City College of New York 

MAILING ADDRESS: Department of Physics, Levich Institute 

202 Steinman Hall 

City College of New York 

New York, NY 10051 

PHONE: (212) 690-8157 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objective of this theoretical research is to examine the molecular behavior of 

fluids in small confinements and near boundaries, using molecular dynamics 

calculations and the statistical mechanics of classical fluids. It looks at time and 

spatial scales where continuum fluid mechanics provides no insight. 

Examples investigated are static and flowing pure fluids near walls; freezing 

transition in small pores; the breaking and coalescence of droplet interfaces driven 

by gravity of flow; and droplet spreading on solid surfaces. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

We will develop a transportable and robust molecular dynamics simulation code for 

vector and parallel processing mainframe computers. We will also develop a 

realistic molecular model of solid walls, that is, walls with correct thermal and 

mechanical behavior. This allows for true physics of wall interaction rather than 

idealized boundary conditions. We will explore and broaden the scientific relevan~e 

of molecular dynamics to fluid behavior of interest to microgravity science. A 

subgrant with J. Banavar at Penn State University will be utilized to execute some of 

the work. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

The coalescence and rupture of interfaces have been studied by constructing 

microscopic versions of typical laboratory experiments on a computer. The 

spreading of atomic and diatomic liquids on a molecular solid was simulated in 

order to understand terraced spreading of liquids on solids. 

A study of the dynamics of freezing in confined geometries has led to the 

elucidation of a novel mechanism of layer-by-Iayer freezing. The spinodal 

decomposition of initially well-mixed binary fluid mixtures has been studied both 

in the presence and absence of gravity. A study has begun to investigate contact 

angle hysterias in the motion of contact lines on chemically or structurally 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

disordered solids. Calculations of the nucleation of gas bubbles from impure 

mixtures have also begun. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 4 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Koplik, J. "Molecular dynamics of fluid-solid systems." Presented at the APS 1992 March meeting 

and at a Nordic Symposium in Denmark in May 1992. 

Koplik, J. "Phase transitions in porous media." Presented at the APS 1992 April meeting. 

Koplik, J., and Banavar, J. R. Molecular structure of the coalescence of liquid interfaces. Science, in 

press, 1992. 

Koplik, J., and Banavar, J. R. Molecular structure of interface rupture. Submitted to Phys. Fluids 

A, 1992. 

Ma, W.-J., Banavar, J. R., and Koplik, J. A molecular dynamics study of freezing in a confined 

geometry. f. Chern . Phys., vol. 97, pp. 485-493 0 '}92) a. 

Ma, W.-J., Maritan, A., Banavar, J. R., and Koplik, J. Dynamics of phase separation in binary 

fluids. Phys. Rev. A, vol. 45, pp. R5347-5350 (1992). 

Maritan, A., Cieplak, M., Swift, M., Toigo, F., and Banavar, J. R. Random anisotropy 

Blume-Emery-Griffiths model. Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 69, pp. 221-224 (992). 

Maritan, A., Swift, M., Cieplak, M., Chan, M., Cole, M., and Banavar, J. R. Ordering and phase 

transitions in random field systems. Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 67, pp. 1821-1824 (991). 

Sokol, P. E., Ma, W.-J., Snow, W. M., Wang, Y., Herwig, K. W., Koplik, J., and Banavar, J. R. 

Freezing in restricted geometries. Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 61, p . 777 (992). 

Yang, J.-X., Koplik, J., and Banavar, J. R. Molecular dynamics of drop spreading on a solid surface. 

Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 67, p . 3539 (991). 

Yang, J.-X., Koplik, J., and Banavar, J. R. Terraced spreading of simple liquids on solid surfaces. 

Phys. Rev. A, in press, 1992. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUN D-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Fluid Physics 

Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY 1992 

PROJECT TITLE: Fluid Dynamics and Solidification of Metallic Melts (FDSMM) 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-33 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Jean N. Koster 

AFFILIATION: University of Colorado 

MAILING ADDRESS: Department of Aerospace Engineering 

Campus Box 429 

Engineering Center, Campus Box 429 

University of Colorado-Boulder, CD 80309 

PHONE: (303) 492-6945 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

Fluid physics is the foundation of material solidification. The primary objective of 

the proposal is to develop a unique research capability for flow visualization of 

metallic and electronic melts. The research is focused on gallium melts. 

The research will focus on the basic fluid physics phenomena of 

surface-tension-driven flows in materials processing. A multilayer melt system will 

be analyzed in order to access the possibility of reducing convective flow in one 

layer. Finally, the effect of the solidification on the fluid flow will be evaluated. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

Progress toward achieving radiographic particle image velocimetry (RAPIV) of 

liquid metal convection has required extensive technological development. The 

RAPIV will be used to obtain system flow velocity vector fields using appropriate 

computational analysis. The goal of this effort is to design an elevated temperature 

RAPIV system capable of providing the first flow visualization of the liquid metal 

convection flow behavior. RAPIV has been used successfully to detect the 

solid-liquid interface of solidifying gallium and to observe tungsten particles in 

molten gallium. 

Rectangular, two-dimensional test cell geometries for the series of high temperature 

RAPIV experiments have been chosen. Two aspect ratios Oength:height) will be 

used: 4:1 and 1:1 (with unit integration depth). The 4:1 ratio is the classical "Hurle" 

geometry which is used often for comparative numerical studies. 

The Integrated Convection Apparatus and Rotating Undercarriage Support 

(ICARUS) is a high-temperature (up to 1,000 °C) modular furnace capable of 

establishing any combination of vertical and horizontal temperature gradients in 

test cells of various geometries. This provides the capability to vector the gravity 

body force from 0° (horizontal) to 90° (vertical). 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY 1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUN D-BASED RESEARCH 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

Science requirements necessitate the need for accurate measurement and control of 

the test cell temperature gradient with both steady-state and time-dependent 

convective flow. A detailed investigation of the study and transient heat transfer 

characteristics of the test apparatus, including specific heating and cooling 

requirements, has been performed. The essential thermal control hardware has 

been designed and assembled, and a high-speed, 8-channel microprocessor-based 

process control system has been acquired and installed. The system is ready for use. 

The development of neutrally buoyant, chemically inert tracer particles with high 

radiographic absorptivity is essential to the RAPIV project. A substantial ongoing 

portion of the development effort has been directed toward the design of the 

appropriate tracer particles; candidate particles are tungsten, coated with SI02 or glass 

coated with gold. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 2 DEGREES GRANTED: 1 

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Microgravity Science & Applications 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Fluid Physics 

Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

PROJECT TITLE: Nonlinear Drop Dynamics and Chaotic Phenomena 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-24-07-01 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. L. Gary Leal 

AFFILIATION: University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) 

MAILING ADDRESS: Department of Chemical and Nuclear 

Engineering 

University of California 

Santa Barbara, CA 93106 

PHONE: (805) 961-8510 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The general objective of the UCSB portion of the research is to apply newly 

developed knowledge about the dynamical behavior of nonlinear systems, and 

newly developed methods for the numerical solution of large deformation 

free-boundary problems in fluid mechanics, to address a number of unexplained or 

unexplored issues associated with dynamics of levitated drops or bubbles in acoustic 

and electric fields. Specific objectives for the analysis of finite amplitude effects for 

bubble motion include: 

1. Establishing conditions for existence of steady deformed shapes for both acoustic 

and electrostatic levitation. One ·point of special significance is the difference 

between the idealized zero-g environment where the drop shape will exhibit fore-aft 

symmetry along the axis of rotational symmetry, and the shape of a drop in a 

gravitational field where the fore-aft symmetry is lost. 

2. Developing an understanding of modal coupling and instabilities associated with 

large amplitude deformations. In this part of the research, the interest is with 

time-dependent oscillations, both from an undeformed and a deformed equilibrium 

state, and subject to periodic forcing via either the acoustic or electric fields. Again, 

the effect of asymmetries in the shape associated with levitation in a gravitational 

field should be considered. 

3. Developing an understanding of the conditions for transition between regular 

and chaotic oscillations, again associated with periodic forcing via either the acoustic [. 

or electric fields. The effects of mean deformation are again of special interest, 

including differences between zero-G and gravitational environment due to the '1 

mean asymmetries associated wit the latter case. 

It should be noted that these general objectives incorporate most of the anomalous 

observ.ations from previous studies of drop dynamics in the microgravity science 

program. As indicated in the original proposal, it is the existence of these 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

phenomena that largely motivated and suggested the importance of the present 

study. 

The expected significance of this project is both as a very important contribution to 

the basic scientific understanding of drop dynamics under nonlinear, 

large-amplitude deformation conditions (where all previous theories are deficient 

and few systematic experimental studies have been done), and as a basis for an 

enhanced ability to manipulate and understand the limits of manipulating levitated 

materials in containerless process applications. 

ReSEARCH ApPROACH 

From the theoretical side, the proposed project has two basic elements: (a) 

Derivation and study of law dimensional model systems to obtain an initial 

framework for prediction of nonlinear dynamical phenomena and (b) numerical 

study of the full, large deformation fluid mechanics problem using 

boundary-integral techniques for studying the nondissipative limiting behavior, 

and boundary-fitted coordinate, finite-difference techniques for the general case. In 

both cases, similar studies have either recently been carried out (or are being carried 

out) for deformable (and compressible) gas bubbles in a liquid. Thus, the initial 

development of methodology for solution of the acoustically driven drop dynamics 

problem is a relatively straightforward adaptation of existing methods. The 

electrostatic levitation problem requires some additional modification to include 

the electric field calculation, but the corresponding governing equations, ets. have 

already been laid out be previous investigators. Once the problem formulation 

phase is completed, a detailed investigation of the three major objectives will be 

carried out, beginning with the problem of steady shapes in a steady levitation mode 

with and without gravity. 

The theoretical work, by itself, can contribute in an important way to explaining 

previous "anomalous" observation in microgravi ty-orien ted levitation 

experiments, and to providing a predictive framework that can be used to anticipate 

additional, as yet undetected phenomena that could be of great significance in 

material-levitation applications. 

However, theory should not be viewed as capable of providing all of the answer. 

The low-order model systems study is expected to provide a global picture of 

possible nonlinear phenomena, but the models are often derived from small 

amplitude expansion theories, and thus, even if the low-order dynamical system is a 

faithful representation of the full problem in this limiting sense, it cannot be 

expected to capture all of the possibilities for large-amplitude deformations. 

Numerical solutions faithfully reproduce the complete physics, but provide only a 

case-by-case picture, and also suffer from limitations on resolution that make it 

difficult to capture any high-mode phenomena, or many fully three-dimensional 

effects. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

Thus, experiments still must playa crucial role, and this project is an excellent 

example of a case where ground-based studies alone cannot be adequate. The 

ground-based work must always involve an asymmetric deformed base state of 

deformation, and for large amplitude deformation this will have very significant 

effects on both the steady state and time-dependent dynamics that cannot be 

completely assessed via theoretical studies. Thus, flight-based experiments must 

playa critical role in providing a basis for comparison with the ground-based 

experimental results. The latter can, of course, be much more comprehensive in 

scope. A limited set of studies for comparison purposes is an appropriate and 

realistic role for flight-base experiments. The flight-based experiments can also 

expand the range of parameters beyond that possible in the ground-based work. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

One major area of progress during the past year, this representing funding for the 

ten-month month period from February 1992 to the present, has been to develop the 

modified codes necessary for the large-amplitude, numerical work. In particular, we 

have developed boundary-integral codes for the high-Reynolds-number limit 

(where we did not previously have a code), paying particular attention to 

minimizing numerical dispersion that otherwise leads to a dissipation of 

time-dependent deformation modes even in the potential flow limit where no 

dissipation should occur. 

We have also worked on a mathematically correct method for the inclusion of weak 

viscous effects at the interface. The finite-difference code that was previously 

developed for gas bubble in a liquid, and for a liquid drop in a second liquid has been 

given a a relatively minor modification to treat the acoustically levitated drop 

problem, and a very significant effort is again being made to minimize numerical 

dissipation, which arises in this case primarily from the coupling between the fluid 

dynamics and the coordinate mapping required to maintain boundary-fitted 

coordinates for the time-dependent interface shapes. During this period, the 

postdoctoral student hired to work on this project, and the Ph.D. student, have also 

had to familiarize themselves with both the physical problems of interest, and the 

numerical methods that had been developed originally by students who are no 

longer in my group. 

We have also initiated and completed some work associated with the nonlinear 

dynamics of modeling of the problem. First, in collaboration with Professor Kang 

(who did some of the original modeling of nonlinear dynamics effects in 

time-dependent bubble motions), we have completed a model study of the dynamics 

of a conducting drop in a time-dependent electric field. This work include 

prediction of the frequency modification due to mean deformation, the effects of 

resonant coupling between time-periodic oscillations of the electric field and the 

drop shape, and the conditions for transition to chaotic oscillations of the drop 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY 1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

shape. Second, we have completed studies of the nonlinear dynamics of 

compressible gas bubbles driven by a periodic acoustic stress on the bubble surface. 

This work is closely related to the analysis of drop dynamics in an acoustic field, and 

is also related to work at JPL on acoustic levitation of gas bubbles in a liquid. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 1 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

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I 

I 

Microgravity Science & Applications 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Fluid Physics 

PROJECT TITLE: Pool Boiling Experiment 

Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-37 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Herman Merte 

AFFILIATION: University of Michigan 

MAILING ADDRESS: Mechanical Engineering Department 

University of Michigan 

Ann Arbor, MI 48109 

PHONE: (313) 764-5240 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The prograIJ1 described here seeks to improve the understanding of the 

fundamental mechanisms that constitute nucleate pool boiling. The vehicle for 

accomplishing this is an investigation, including experiments to be conducted in 

micro gravity and coupled with appropriate analyses, of the heat transfer and vapor 

bubble dynamics associated with nucleation, bubble growth or collapse, and 

subsequent motion. 

Certain effects which can be neglected .at normal Earth gravity, such as surface 

tension and vapor momenturn, can become quite significant in microgravity. 

Momentum imparted to the liquid by the vapor bubble during growth tends to draw 

the vapor bubble away from the surface, depending on the rate of growth, which in 

turn is governed by the temperature distribution in the liquid. Thermophoretic 

forces, arising from the variation of the liquid-vapor surface tension with 

temperature, on the other hand, tend to move the vapor bubble toward the region 

of higher temperature. The bubble motion will be governed by which of these two 

effects prevail. . 

The elements of nucleate boiling, for which research conducted under microgravity 

would advance the basic understanding, are summarized: 

1. Nucleation or onset of boiling. Indications are that both heater-surface 

temperature and temperature distribution in the liquid are necessary to describe 

nucleation. 

2. The dynamic growth of a vapor bubble in the vicinity of the heater surface. This 

includes the shape as well as motion of the liquid-vapor interface as growth is 

taking place. These are influenced by the liquid temperature distribution at the 

initiation of growth. 

3. The subsequent behavior of the vapor bubble. This includes the motion, whether 

departure takes place or not, and the associated heat transfer. 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

ReSEARCH ApPROACH 

In the proposed experiment, a pool of liquid, initially at a precisely defined pressure 

and temperature, will be subjected to a step-imposed heat flux from a 

semitransparent thin-film heater forming part of one wall of the container such that 

boiling is initiated and maintained for a defined period of time at a constant 

pressure level. Transient measurements of the heater surface and fluids 

temperatures near the surface will be made, noting especially the conditions at the 

boiling process in two simultaneous views, from beneath the heating surface and 

from the side. It is viewed that the conduct of the experiment and the data 

acquisition would be completely automated and self-contained. For the initial 

flight, a total of nine tests are proposed, with three levels of heat flux and three 

levels of subcooling. The outcome of the experiment is expected to include the 

following: 

1. Observation of the liquid-vapor behavior, including bubble growth and motion 

as functions of heat flux, initial subcooling and time, and correlation with observed 

heater surface temperature variation; 

2. Use of initial liquid temperature distribution at nucleation to compute vapor 

bubble growth rate for comparison with observation; and 

3. Measurement of delay time to nucleation for correlation with nucleation theory. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

The prototype hardware for the Pool Boiling Experiment was flown aboard the SL-J 

mission on September 12-20, 1992. Performance of the hardware was "near perfect." 

The data clearly reveal that pool boiling in reduced gravity (10 .3g) is a transient 

process and not a steady periodic one. At the higher-heat flux tests (8 w / cm 2), the 

temperature continued to increase as well as the vapor content. Tests conducted at 

the lower-heat flux levels resulted in a rapid speeding of the vapor across the heater 

as compared to the high-heat flux levels. In low gravity, the vapor bubbles adhered 

to the heater surface and were 1 cm to 5 cm in diameter. In normal gravity, the 

vapor bubbles lift off the heater surface due to buoyancy and are approximately 1.5 

mm in diameter. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 2 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Ervin, J. 5., Merte, H . Jr., Keller, R. B., and Kirk, K. Transient pool boiling in microgravity. 

Internlltionlll Journal of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 35, No. 3, pp. 659-674, 1992. 

11-192 
Microgravity Science & Applications 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Fluid Physics 

Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

PROJECT TITLE: Thermocapillary Convection 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-22 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. G. Paul Neitzel 

AFFILIATION: Georgia Institute of Technology 

MAILING AnDRESS: G.W. Woodruff School of Mechical 

Engineering 

Georgia Institute of Technology 

Atlanta, GA 30332-0405 

PHONE: (404) 894-3240 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objective of this research is to determine the stability and instability criteria for 

the basic state of thermo capillary convection in models of the float-zone crystal 

growth process. Energy-stability limits provide sufficient conditions for stability of a 

basic state, while linear-stability limits provide sufficient conditions for instability. 

The successful computation of such limits for an actual float-zone would identify 

conditions under which oscillatory convection (and undesirable striations in the 

final material) can be avoided. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The research associated with this project is being carried out in a variety of related, 

complementary areas: (a) extension of energy-stability results computed for 

thermocapillary convection in a half~zone assuming axisymmetric disturbances to 

incl ude three-dimensional dis turbances, (b) corn pu ta tion of linear-stability 

properties of the same basic state, (c) application of energy-stability theory of a 

half-zone basic state with a deformable free surface, (d) consideration of alternate 

(radiative) heat-transfer conditions at the free surface, and (e) direct numerical 

simulation of oscillatory thermocapillary convection in a half-zone. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

The grant has closed out. During the last year, linear-stability calculations for the 

half-zone basic state with a nondeformable free surface have been completed. In 

light of recent results presented by European workers, who found stationary 

instability for Prandtl numbers near unity, some linear-theory calculations were 

repeated. No evidence of red eigenvalues, and thus stationary instability, have been 

found. A paper documenting the linear-theory calculations has been prepared. An 

energy-stability analysis has been performed incorporating the effects of radiative 

heat-transfer for the case of Rayleigh-Bernard convection between a pair of rigid 

parallel planes. The results indicate the expected finding that radiation is stabilizing 

to the motionless basic state. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 7 DEGREES GRANTED: 2 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Hyer, J. R., Jankowski, D. F., and Neitzel, G. P. Thermocapillary convection in a model 

float-zone. AlAA Journal of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, vol. 5, pp. 577-582 (1991). 

Mittelmann, H. D., Neitzel, G. P., Chang, K.-T., and Jankowski, D. F. Iterative solution of the 

eigenvalue problem in Hopf bifurcation for the Boussinesq equation. Proceedings of the Second 

Copper Mountain Conference on Iterative Methods, April 1992, submitted to SIAM J. Sci. Stat. 

Computing. 1992. 

Mittelmann, H. D., Law, C. c., Jankowski, D. F., and Neitzel, G. P. A large, sparse and indefinite 

generalized eigenvalue problem from fluid mechanics. SIAM Journal of Scientific and Statistical 

Computing, vol. 13, pp. 411-424 (1992). 

Neitzel, G. P., Chang, K.-T., Jankowski, D. F., and Mittelmann, H. D. Linear stability of 

thennocapillary convection in a model of the float-zone, crystal growth process. Presented at the 

Thirtieth AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, NV, January 1992. Accepted byThe Physics 

of Fluids, 1992. 

Neitzel, G. P., Chang, K,- T., Jankowski, D. F., and Mittelmann, H. D. "Linear stability of 

thennocapillary convection in a model half-zone." Presented at the Forty-Fourth Meeting of the 

Division of Fluid Dynamics of the American Physical Society, Scottsdale, AZ, November 1991. 

Neitzel, G. P., Law, C. c., Jankowski, D. F., and Mittelmann, H. D. Energy stability of 

thennocapillary convection in a model of the float-zone, crystal-growth process; Part 2, 

nonaxisymmetric disturbances. The Physics of Fluids A., vol. 3, pp. 2841-2846 (1991). 

Neitzel, G. P., Mittelmann, H. D., Chang, K-T, and Jankowski, D. F. Linear stability of 

axisymmetric thermocapillary convection in crystal growth. In Bifurcation and Symmetry, (E. 

Allogwer, K. Bhmer, M. Golubitsky, eds.), International Series of Numerical Mathematics, vol. 

104, pp. 275-284, Birkhuser, Basel (1992). 

Neitzel, G. P., Mittelmann, H. D., Law, C. c., and Jankowski, D. F. Stability of thermocapillary 

convection in float-zone crystal growth. In Numerical Methods for Free Boundary Problems (P. 

Neittaanmki, ed.), International Series of Numerical Mathematics, vol. 99, pp. 58-69, Birkhuser, 

Basel (1991). 

Neitzel, G. P., Jankowski, D. F., Mittelmann, H. D., Shen, Y., Law, C. c., and Chang, K-T. 

''ThennocapiIIary convection instability in microgravity crystal growth." Invited presentation at 

the VIIIth European Symposium on Materials and Fluid Sciences in Microgravity, Brussels, 

Belgium, April 1992. 

Neitzel, G. P., Chang, K-T, Jankowski D. F., and Mittelmann, H. D. "Linear stability theory of 

therrnocapillary convection in a model of float-zone crystal growth." Presented at the Thirtieth 

AIAA Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, Nevada, January 1992. 

Neitzel, G. P., Chang, K-T, Jankowski, D. F., and Mittelmann, H. D. "Linear stability of 

thennocapillary convection in a mo~del half-zone." Presented at the Forty-Fourth Meeting of the 

Division of Fluid Dynamics of the American Physical Society, Scottsdale, Arizona, November 

1991. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEAJlCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Fluid Physics 

PROJECT TITLE: Industrial Processes 

Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-30 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Simon Ostrach 

AFFILIATION: Case Western Reserve University 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering 

418 Glennan Building 

Case Western Reserve University 

Cleveland, OH 44106 

PHONE: (216) 368-2942 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DesCRIPTION 

The objectives of this study are to gain an understanding of the role of gravity in 

various industrial processes and to identify potential benefits of micro gravity 

applications. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The approach is first to analyze various commercial processes and to evaluate 

gravity influences in the transport aspects of the processes, and second, to analyze 

the processes in a microgravity environment identifying potential commercial 

benefits. The commercial processes, or related commercial processes to be analyzed, 

include supercritical fluid extraction (SCF) processes, coating flows, formation of gas 

bubbles in liquid flow, dynamics of liquid-gas interfaces, transport phenomena in 

zeolite growth, and rotating electrochemical systems. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

Accomplishments of this effort include: 

1. A theoretical study of coating flows which showed that the film thickness in 

microgravity can be much smaller or much larger than in normal gravity. It was 

also shown that the coating is achieved much faster with greater precision and, 

consequently, a smaller coating device is needed in microgravity. A test setup for 

the study is being built. 

2. Studies of the growth-in-gel mechanism during zeolite growth, both theoretical 

and experimental, showed that secondary nucleation occurs only in the gel portion. 

A correlation was derived which agrees with the observation that the gel shrinking 

to the bottom of the hydrothermal reactor is due to depletion of the flocculated gel 

particles. Also, a nondimensional parameter was derived as a criterion for 

secondary nucleation under normal gravity. 

3. A theoretical model was developed for single-bubble formation in both terrestrial 

and microgravity environments. Two different flow systems were considered, a 

11-195 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliograpby - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

co-flow system and a cross-flow system. Comparison of the theoretical predictions 

with available experimental results under normal gravity conditions was made and 

good agreement was demonstrated. In microgravity, two flow patterns, a bubbly and 

a slug flow, were classified. 

4. A detailed scaling analysis was carried out for two representative electrochemical 

systems, a binary electrolyte and a well-supported electrolyte (Tenary system). 

Comparisons with reported numerical results were made and excellent agreement 

was demonstrated. A rotating apparatus has been built to study rotating 

electrochemical systems. 

5. Numerical and analytical studies regarding g-jitter effects on the dynamics of 

liquid-gas interfaces in an open container in microgravity were carried out. The 

disturbing, damping, resonance, hysteresis, and depth effects on free-surface 

deformation were investigated at the resonant frequency. A g-jitter generates 

vigorous fluid motions and very large free-surface deformations. Hysteresis effects 

increase resonant frequencies but viscous effects alternate them. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 4 DEGREES GRANTED: 3 

P UBLICATIONS/PRESENT ATIONS 

Gluie, I. 'Thennal convection in a rotating annulus." M. S. thesis, Case Western Reserve 

University, 1992. 

Jiang, H. D., Ostrach, 5., and Kamotani, Y. "Scaling analysis of thermosolutally-driven natural 

convection in electrochemical systems." Presented at the Joint Conference at 3rd ISHT and 5th 

ISTP, Beijing, 1992. 

Kim, I.-H. "Modeling of bubble and drop fonnation in flowing liquids in terrestrial and 

microgravity environments." Ph.D. dissertation, Case Western Reserve University, 1992. 

Kim, I.-H., Kamotani, Y., and Ostrach, S. A modeling of bubble and drop formation in flowing 

liquids in microgravity. Submitted for publication in AlCHE Journal, 1992. 

Zhang, H., "Gravity-dependent transport phenomena in zeolite crystal growth." Ph.D. 

dissertation, Case Western Reserve University, 1992. 

Zhang, H., Ostrach, 5., Kamotani, Y. "Growth-in-gel zeolite crystallization and transport 

phenomena." Presented at the Tenth International Conference on Crystal Growth, August 1992. 

Zhang, H., Ostrach, 5., and Kamotani, Y. "Transport phenomena in hydrothermal crystal growth 

of zeolites." Presented at the 1992 National Heat Transfer Conference, August 1992. 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND·BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: 

DISCIPLINE: 

PROJECT TiTlE: 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: 

AFFILIATION: 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: 

PHONE: 

Ground 

Fluid Physics 

Containerless Capillary Wave Turbulence 

JPL PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-24-07-03 

Dr. Seth J. Putterman 

University of California, Los Angeles 

Ph ysics Department 

University of California 

Los Angeles, CA 90024 

'-

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

We are working toward the goal of studying turbulence in a broad-band spectrum of 

capillary waves that run around the surface of a containerlessly positioned drop of 

liquid. This experiment would constitute the first controlled measurement of 

turbulence in interacting waves. Consequences of this experiment range from the 

characterization of turbulence to the determination of universal properties of 

nonlinear systems and signal processing. The presence of a new propagating mode 

(second sound) in the capillary turbulence would have important ramifications 

with regard to attempts to achieve controlled thermonuclear fusion. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The problem consists of two components. They are (a) the generation of a turbulent 

distribution of surface ripples and (b) the detection and measurement of this state. 

These issues are being approached in ground-based experiments as well as in 

arrangements that simulate containerless fluids in microgravity. The ground-based 

experiments are being carried out in a fluid which is excited with a shake table. The 

preflight experiments are being developed with a levitated droplet of liquid. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

We have succeeded in generating a broad band-frequency spectrum in capillary 

wave motion on the flat surface of fluid in a beaker. The waves are generated by 

vertical oscillation, and their frequency spectrum is detected with a thin wire probe. 

Since the diagnosis of turbulence also requires demonstration of the existence of a 

broad-band spectrum in wave number we have in addition developed a 

shadowgraph technique that can be used to yield a two-dimensional digitized image 

of the fluid surface. The Fourier transform of this image yields the degree to which 

the various wavelengths contribute to the motion. 

A bispectrum analysis of the surface motion has also been developed. It show that 

the dominant contribution to the surface motion is indeed nonlinear. Between 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

these methods we will obtain a sensitive calibration of the surface dynamics. At 

present we are improving the means of detection by incorporating a high-resolution 

high-speed CCD and by increasing the contrast in the shadowgraph technique. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 1 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

P UBLICATIONS/PR ESENT ATION S 

Wright, W., Hiller, R., and Puttennan, 5. Experiments on capillary wave turbulence. , . Acoust. 

Soc. Am. 52360,92, (1992). 

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Microgravity Science & Applications 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Fluid Physics 

Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

PROJECT TITLE: Transport Processes Research 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-01 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Jack Salzman 

AFFILIATION: NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) 

MAILING ActRESS: Lewis Research Center 

Mail Stop 500-217 

21000 Brookpark Road 

Cleveland, OH 44135 

PHONE: (216) 433-2875 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCR IPTION 

The objective of this task is to Plomote, foster, and enhance the quality and breadth 

of microgravity research conducted in the discipline of fluid physics. 

RESE~RCH ApPROACH 

The approach to achieving the task objective is to provide LeRC in-house support to 

(a) assist sponsored principal investigators in the conduct of their research 

(particularly when that research can benefit from unique expertise or facilities which 

reside at LeRC), (b) guide and assist in the definition of flight experiments, (c) assist 

in program planning and outreach programs in the external community, and (d) 

conduct in-house research to advance the understanding of transport and interfacial 

phenomena through exploitation of the microgravity environment. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

1. In the area of thermocapillary bubble/ drop migration, asymptotic results of the 

bubble velocity for large Marangoni numbers have been obtained using flow fields 

for both small and large Reynolds numbers. Interferometry was also used to show 

that the thermocapillary flow around stationary drops does not significantly alter 

the bulk liquid temperature field . 

2. Success was achieved in demonstrating that the evaporation of a stationary 

droplet can induce thermo capillary flows as a result of Marangoni-Bernard 

instabilities. These flows were shown to dramatically affect the rate of the 

evaporation process. 

3. Although problems were encountered in crucible sealing, tests demonstrated the 

ability of a real-time video X-ray system aboard the LeRC Learjet to visualize the 

dynamics of void formation during solidification of an aluminum sample in a 

low-gravity environment. 

11-199 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliograpby - FY 1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND·BASED RESEARCH 

4. Numerical calculations have shown that the critical Marangoni number (Mac) for 

the onset of Marangoni-Bernard instability in a rectangular container increases as 

the container aspect ratio (AR) decreases. In a time-dimensional calculation, the 

most significant increase of Mac occurs at AR<1.2, where Mac increases almost 

exponentially with decreasing AR. 

A reverse trend of Mac occurs between AR=1.3 and AR=1.45, where the Mac 

decreases as AR decreases. This anomaly is accompanied by a cell-pattern transition 

from a two-cell convection to a unicellular flow. 

5. Reduced-gravity tests were initiated in the LeRC drop tower to examine the 

effects of a 3:4 expansion ratio in a conduit on two-phase flow regimes with a 

water-air system. 

6. A drop-tower test rig was designed and assembled to study the interaction 

between fluid dynamics, heat transfer, and buoyancy in boiling of flowing thin 

liquid films. Test variables include the heating rate and the velocities of both the 

liquid in the film and the vapor adjoining the film. 

7. Measurement capabilities developed in LeRC Fluid Physics Laboratory were used 

to support multiple flight projects. Accurate thermophysical property data such as 

the variation of surface tension (for both liquid-gas and liquid-liquid surfaces) and 

viscosity with temperature were produced for several flight-experiment fluids. 

8. Extensive tests were conducted in the drop tower to examine both capillary flow 

in wedges and capillary flow driven by surface wettability. Results to date 

qualitatively agree with the limited existing predictions but also clearly show the 

need for both additional tests and extended theories. 

9. A new multipurpose rig was brought on-line in a drop tower which enables 

studies of the effects of variable accelerations (i.e., variable in direction, frequency, 

and amplitude) on low-gravity fluid systems. Tests with this rig were successful in 

quantifying the destabilizing effect of off-axes excitation to a variety of circular 

"pinned" capillary surfaces. 

10. J. C. Duh organized a professional short course on "Microgravity Fluid 

Dynamics," which was held at the sixth AIAA Annual Symposium on Microgravity 

Sciences and Space Processing in January 1992. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 2 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENT ATIONS 

Arpaci, V. 5., Selamet, E., and Chai, A. T. Thermocapillary instability of spherical shell. 

HTD-Vol. 180, Fundamentals of Forced and Mixed Convection and Transport Phenomena ASME, 

1991. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

Chai, A. T., Rashidnia, N. and Arpaci, V. S. "Droplet evaporation with Marangoni instability 

induced convections." The 2nd Northern Ohio AIAA Mini-Symposium, May 27, 1992, Cleveland, 

OH. 

Chai, A. T., Rashidnia, N., and Arpaci, V. S. Marangoni instability induced convection in an 

evaporating liquid droplet. Proceedings, VlIIth European Symposium on Materials and Fluid 

Sciences in Microgravity, Brussels, Belgium, April 12-16, 1992. 

Chiaramonte, F. An initial study of void formation during solidification of aluminum in reduced 

gravity. Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, October 1992. 

Dill, L. H., and Balasubramanian, R. Unsteady thermocapillary migration of isolated drops in 

viscous flow. International Journal and Heat and Fluid Flow, vol. 13, no. 1. pp. 78-85 (1992). 

Lee, J. and Thompson, R. Prediction of gas-liquid two-phase flow regime in microgravity. NASA 

Technical Memorandum, 1992. 

Rashidnia, N., Balasubramanian, R. and DelSignore, D. Interfacial tension measurement of 

immiscible liquids using a capillary tube. AIChE Journal, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 615-618 (1992). 

PATENTS - Weislogel, Mark, "Pulse Thermal Energy Transport/Storage System." July 1992. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Fluid Physics 

Program Tasks I Bibliography - FY1992 

PROJECT TITLE: DielectriclElectrohydrodynamic Properties 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-08-08 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR : Dr. Dudley A. Saville 

AFFILIATION: Princeton University 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Department of Chemical Engineering 

Princeton University 

Princeton, NJ 08540-5263 

PHONE: (609) 258-4585 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

This investigation focuses on understanding those electrokinetic properties of 

particulate suspensions related to the so-called "electrohydrodynamic (EHD) effect," 

specifically, the dielectric constant and electrical conductivity. These properties are 

of crucial importance in defining the behavior of samples in various electrokinetic 

separation processes, specially those involving the purification of cell types. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

Experimental and theoretical work will be carried out to understand the 

electrokinetic properties of particulate suspensions that produce the EHD effect. The 

dielectric spectroscopy technique developed at Princeton will be used to characterize 

model suspensions in support of work at MSFC, where a flight experiment is under 

development. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

Most of our attention has focused on developing model particles which can be fully 

characterized using our ,dielectric spectroscopy technique. 

We have found considerable electrophoretic mobilities with "electrically bare" 

particles. These are other uncharged particles which behave as though they have a 

large electrokinetic charge. This charge, found on both submicron-size particles and 

macroscopic surfaces, will make a substantial contribution to the electrokinetic 

properties of any suspension. 

The first stage of our theoretical work on modeling the complex dielectric constant 

of dilute suspensions was completed and a paper accepted for publication in the 

Journal of Chemical Physics. 

11-202 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 2 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Dunstan, D. E., Rosen, L. A., and Saville, D. A. Electrophoretic mobility of colloidal alkane 

particles in electrolyte solutions. , . Chern. Soc. Faraday Transaction 88, 2031-2033 (1992). 

Dunstan, D. E., Rosen, L. A., and Saville, D. A. Electrophoretic mobility of latex particles: 

particle concentration effects in low tonic strength solutions. J. Colloid Interface Science 153 

581-584 (1992). 

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Microgravity Science & Applications 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Fluid Physics 

Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

PROJECT TiTlE: The Roles of Fluid Motion and other Transport Phenomena 

in the Morphology of Materials 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-08-04 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Dudley A. Saville 

AFFILIATION: Princeton University 

MAILING ADDRESS: Department of Chemical Engineering 

Princeton University 

Princeton, NJ 08540-5263 

PHONE: (609) 258-4585 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objective is to find out how certain transport phenomena influence the 

morphology of crystalline materials. Two problems are under study: one deals with 

the effects of convection on the crystallization of pure materials, the other with the 

crystallization of proteins from solution. In the first study we are interested in how 

convection and other transport phenomena alter relations between the 

under cooling and the speed and stability of growth. In the second, we seek to find 

out why protein crystals grow as slowly as they do and how crystal morphology 

depends on the growth rate and crystal size. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

A computation scheme has been developed which simulates the evolution of a 

needle-shaped crystal in an undercooled melt. It is being used to study the effects of 

interfacial resistances on microscopic solvability. 

Experimental apparatus has been constructed to record the growth of protein crystals 

using a digital imaging system. Using model proteins, we studied the relations 

between crystal growth rate, size, and quality. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

Theoretical work has disclosed a substantial effect of an interfacial transfer resistance 

on the operating point for a 2-D dendrite. We are now working to compare our 

theoretical results with experimental data in the literature. 

The experimental work on lysozyme crystallization under quiescent and flow 

conditions is complete and the data analyzed. We have also completed theoretical 

work which takes account of electrostatic and dispersion forces between a protein 

molecule and crystal surface. 

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1 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks I Bibliography - FY 1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 1 DEGREES GRANTED: 1 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Saville, D. A., and Martin, C. A. "Kinetic effects in 2-d dendritic shape selection." AlCHE 

Annual Meeting, Miami, November 1992. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Fluid Physics 

Program Tasks I Bibliography - FY1992 

PROJECT TITLE: Capillary Containment of Liquids in a Microgravity 

Experiment 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-27 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Paul H. Steen 

AFFILIATION: Cornell University 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: School of Chemical Engineering 

Olin Hall 

Cornell U ni versi ty 

Ithaca, NY 14853 

PHONE: (607) 255-4749 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objectives of this research are to explore the range of conditions for which fluid 

motion can enhance the stability of a free partially-free body of liquid against 

capillary instabilities, and to determine the motions generated when a geometrical 

configuration becomes unstable and results in rupture. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

For the approach, linear stability analysis is used to predict stability conditions, and 

experiments attempt to confirm theory in a plateau apparatus. Auxiliary 

experiments and theory focus on aspects of stability and capture in thin-film 

systems. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

This study has resulted in: 

1. The discovery and mapping out, in a variety of contexts, of the windows in 

parameter space where hydrodynamics shear forces can stabilize capillary break-up 

in long cylindrical interfaces according to linear stability theory; rod flow 

(isothermal and thermocapillary-driven), tube flow, and core-annular rod flow. In 

particular, the physical mechanism of stabilization has been identified. 

2. The designing, building, and testing of an apparatus capable of shear-stabilization 

in a parameter range where theory suggests stabilization may occur. Experiments 

show reasonable agreement with theory. In the course of the experimental 

investigation, a pressure-drop method of fine-tuning neutral buoyancy has been 

discovered. 

3. The development of a simpler analog experimental system, the soap-film bridge, 

by means of which many of the fundamental influences of motion on stability may 

be studied. The soap film bridge has illustrated details of the collapse phenomenon 

never before documented. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 2 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

, 

Dijkstra, H. A. The coupling of interfacial instabilities and the stabilization of two-layer 

annular flows. Phys, Fluids A 4, (9), 1915-1928, 1992. 

Lowry, B. J., and Steen, P. H. Stabilization of an axisymmetric liquid bridge by viscous flow. In 

Proceedings of the 42nd Annual Canadian Chemical Engineering Conference, 1992. 

Steen, P. H. Capillary containment and collapse in low gravity: dynamics of fluid bridges and 

columns. In Free Boundary Problems: Theory and Applications. J. Chad am and H. Rasmussen, 

eds., vol. 3. New York: Longman-Pitman, 1992. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUN D-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Fluid Physics 

Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

PROJECT TITLE: Mechanics of Granular Materials 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: HQ PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-07-06 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR : Dr. Stein Sture 

AFFILIATION: University of Colorado, Boulder 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: C. E. A. E. Department 

Campus Box 428 

PHONE: 

University of Colorado-Boulder 

Boulder, CO 80309-0428 

TASK OBJECTIVELDESCRIPTION 

Ground-based displacement controlled triaxial experiments are conducted on a 

cohesionless granular material at the lowest effective confining pressures possible, 

that do not result in material instability, to assess constitutive properties, stability 

phenomena, and control parameters that will be applied to in-space experiments on 

75 mm (diameter) and 150 mm (long) right cylindrical specimens. The 

ground-based tests on similar-size specimens are conducted in the range 3.5-69 kPa, 

while the microgravity tests will be conducted at effective confinement levels in the 

range 0.05-1.30 kPa . The purpose of these experiments is to gain a quantitative 

understanding of the mechanical behavior, including dilatancy, of cohesionless 

granular materials at different states of initial density, subjected to very low effective 

stress levels. 

Efforts in support of design, development, test, and delivery of the flight apparatus 

that will be used in the Mechanics of Granular Materials experiments are presently 

underway. One flight and two reflight are currently planned. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The displacement-controlled mode of loading confined specimens was chosen 

mainly to maintain overall specimen-apparatus stability, while strain-softening 

resulting from continuous or discontinuous bifurcation and discontinuous 

deformation fields are allowed to take place. Optical and other noncontacting 

displacement-sensing techniques are used to measure specimen response during 

experimentation. Prescribed displacements are transmit~ed in terms of loading, 

unloading, and reloading historics, while volume change is measured in "drained" 

tests, and pore fluid pressure is measured in "undrained" isochoric tests. 

Confinement pressure is transmitted to the granular material assembly through a 

thin flexible latex membrane surrounding the specimen. A subangular and 

uniform Ottawa quartz sand constitutes the specimen. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

Specimens tested both in space and on ground will be subjected to nondestructive 

and destructive (thin-slicing) testing to assess degrees of material uniformity and 

isotropy before and after experimentation. It appears that instability phenomena 

associated with specimens of certain configurations result in curved internal 

surfaces of localized deformation and high rates of dilatancy, whose structure 

depends on bifurcation mode. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

The Science Requirements Document, which was completed in 1991, experiment 

design, management issues, and schedules were discussed in several meetings 

between HQ, Sandia National Laboratories (which is fabricating the MGM 

apparatus), and University of Colorado personnel, held during the year. The 

specimen and test configurations have been changed to accommodate physical 

requirements, and additional sets of experiments have been conducted to verify 

feasibility and to verify that the science is not compromised. Ground-based 

experiments are about to begin on the latest specimen configuration. Techniques for 

specimens preparation, handling, and dissection have been refined. Analysis and 

modeling procedures, especially in the area of evaluating material instability, have 

also been refined. Techniques for optically measuring displacements on the 

specimen's surface are also undergoing improvement. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 2 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Perie, D., Runesson, K., and Sture, S. Analysis of internal discontinuities in geomaterials. 

Proceeding 9th Engineering Mechanics Conference, ASCE, 1992, pp 292-296. 

Perie, D., Runesson, K., and Sture, S. Evaluation of plastic bifurcation for plane strain versus 

axisymmetry. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, vol. 118, no. 3, pp. 512-521, (1992). 

Perkins, S. W., Sture,S., Ko. H .-Y., and Dialer, C. Modelherung von Tragwerken aus Regolith 

(Mondgostein) mittels Zentrifugonversueh. Journal Bautoehnik, vol. 69, no. 11, pp. 644-650 (1992). 

Sture,S., Costes, N. c., and McTigue, D. F. Mechanics of granular materials at very low effective 

stress levels. Proceeding 9th Engineering Mechanics Confe rence, ASCE, pp 1035- 1038, 1992. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Fluid Physics 

Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

PROJECT TITLE: Computational Studies of Drop Collision and Coalescence 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-24-05-07 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Gretar Tryggvason 

AFFILIATION: University of Michigan 

MAILING ADDRESS: Department of Mechanical Engineering 

2250 G. G. Brown Building 

University of Michigan 

Ann Arbor, MI 48109 

PHONE: (313) 763-1049 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objective of this research is to investigate the behavior of bubbles and drops in 

microgravity by full numerical solutions of the governing equations. Collision of 

drops and thermal migration of drops are studied in detail to provide essential 

input for material processing and fluid handling in space. These problems also serve 

as a test bed for refinements and extensions of the numerical technique that we are 

using, thus helping us develop the capability to predict accurately the behavior of 

free-surface fluid systems. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

A numerical technique, based on explicit tracking of the interface between two 

immiscible fluids, is used in this study. The basic aspect of this method is described 

in the Journal of Computational Physics, vol. 100 (1992), p . 25. The unique aspect of 

the method is that it accounts fully for both inertia and viscous effects in both fluids 

and allows the inclusion of surface tension. It is also well suited for complicated 

interface geometries and has been implemented for fully three-dimensional flows. 

This method has now been extended to deal with the thermal migration, and the 

rupturing of thin films. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

We have conducted extensive computations of the head-on collision of drops, 

establishing the dependency of the evolution on the governing parameters and, in 

particular, the sensitivity to the time of coalescence. The simulations show that it is 

important to predict this time accurately, and currently we are working on a 

"subgrid" model to predict this time in a physically correct way. We have also 

initiated work on non-head-on collisions of drops where the evolution is fully 

three-dimensional. 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

The thermal migration simulations are still two-dimensional. We have focused on 

the collective behavior of many drops and found rather remarkable pattern 

formation processes where the drops line up across the channel as they migrate 

toward the hot wall. This phenomenon, which has not been found before, has 

far-reaching implications for material processing. 

Next year our focus will be mainly on the fully three-dimensional counterparts of 

these two problems. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 2 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

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Microgravity Science & Applications 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RFSEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Fluid Physics 

Program Tasks / Bibliogra~hy - FY 1992 

PROJECT TITLE: Theoretical Studies of Residual Accelerations in a 

Microgravity Environment; Stochastic Formulation of Fluid 

Flow Phenomena 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-36 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Jorge Vinals 

AFFILIATION: Florida State University 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Super Computer Research Institute 

444 Science Center library 

Florida State University 

Tallahassee, FL 32306-4052 

PHONE: (904) 644-7028 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

This research involves a theoretical investigation of the effects that residual 

accelerations on board spacecraft can have on experiments conducted in a 

microgravity environment. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

This effort will concern modeling the high-frequency, large-amplitude components 

of such residual accelerations (sometimes called g-jitter) as a stochastic of random 

process; that is, as a succession of random values of the intensity and orientation of 

the acceleration. 

PROGRESS DuRING FY1992 

The general problem involving stability of a fluid surface separating two immiscible 

fluids subjected to residual accelerations of variable amplitude and orientation has 

been studied. Dr. Vinals has studied the prototypical case of a fluid surface 

separating two immiscible fluids of different density and viscosity. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 2 DEGREES GRANTED: 2 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Fluid Physics 

Program Tasks / Bibliography - FYI992 

PROJECT TITLE: Studies of the Dynamics of Charged Free Drops 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: HQ PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-07-09 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGA1oR: Dr. Taylor G. Wang 

AFFILIATION: Vanderbilt University 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Center for Microgravity Research & 

Applications, Box 6079, Station B 

Vanderbilt University 

Nashville, TN 37235 

PHONE: (615) 322-7311 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The dynamic behavior of a charged liquid drop has been the subject of investigation. 

The basic assumption is that the charge essentially reduces the surface tension of a 

neutral drop; hence the shapes and stabilities of a liquid drop are greatly affected by 

the amount of charge presented on the drop surface. Various theories have been 

developed to predict the dynamic responses of a drop under different charge 

condi tions. 

However, two major obstacles make bias-free experiments rather difficult to achieve 

for ground-based experiments. One is the determination of charge quantity on a 

liquid sample. The proposed research objectives to be attained at Vanderbilt 

University in ground-based research are to optimize flight experiments and to 

advance our fundamental understanding of the dynamics of charged drops. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The study of the oscillation and rotational dynamics of charged liquid drops 

sustained by surface tension is interesting from both a fundamental standpoint and 

a practical standpoint vis-a-vis processing materials in space. The proposed 

ground-based experiments will help us to further the understanding of drop 

behavior and to optimize the approved flight experiments. 

One of the major technical problems facing all charged-drop experiments is the 

determination of charge quantity on a liquid sample. To avoid the contamination 

and source loading problems, a noncontact charge-measuring technique is preferred. 

From basic physics, there is only one way to determine the potential of a charged 

object by noncontact means, and that is to measure the strength of the electrostatic 

field generated by the charge object. With precise calibration based on the geometry 

of the system and measuring distance, the field strength can be used to obtain the 

potential of the charged object. 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

Ground-based support studies on oscillating and rotating charged drops are 

underway at Vanderbilt University in an acoustic levitation chamber. 

Study 1. The dynamics of drop oscillation. The present experiments are 

predominantly concentrating on studying the dynamics of charged free drops with 

negligible momentum interaction with the surroundings and drops with uniform 

surface charges. Acoustic forces will be solely used to levitate such drops. In 

addition, an immiscible levitation system will also be set up for making 

~easurements on internal fluid flows in oscillating drops. Extensive flow 

visualiztion will be used for both qualitative and quantitative studies of drop 

dynamics. 

Study 2. The d ynamics of charged drop oscillation. A very-high-resolution 

charge-measurement system was developed at Vanderbilt University last year. This 

charge-measurement system has been incorporated into the ground-based acoustic 

levitator to study the dynamics of charged drop oscillations. A high-speed video 

system was used to determine the forced shape oscillation. 

This year, variations of the drop oscillation amplitude decay changes in maximum 

oscillation amplitude viscosity and charge density will be examined. The freely 

decaying oscillations of charged drops on removal of acoustic excitation will be 

characterized. The effect of drop viscosity on drop behavior will be examined by 

using more viscous fluids like glycerine. Special attention will be devoted to the 

controlled study and characterization of the instabilities leading to mode coupling 

and to drop fission during large-amplitude oscillations. 

Study 3. The dynamics of charged drop rotation . . Rotation experiments will be 

performed on charged free drops. Earlier rotation experiments on drops in an 

acoustic levitation system have shown good agreement with theoretical predictions. 

However, the experiments on the rotating drops have shown only axisymmetric 

and 20lobed shapes. It is hoped that charged drops can be stably levitated over a 

reasonable length of time so that rotation experiments can be performed on them 

which will provide additional insights into this phenomena. Initially, a high 

viscosity fluid, like glycerin, will be used in the experiments. Drops will be rotated 

by acoustic torque. 

Study 4. Conduction of combined oscillation and rotation experiments on charged 

drops. The objective of the ground-based studies will be to perform simultaneous 

oscillation and rotation experiments on charged free drops and to provide a 

scientific information base for future SpaceLab experiments. 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

Study 5. Development of internal flow field diagnostics technology. An immiscible 

drop levitation system was set up for the quantitative study of internal fluid motion 

in large drops (1 cm diameter). The proposed flow visualization technique will use 

the afterglow of UV excited phosphorescent tracer particles to retrieve vectorial 

information on particle motion. Zinc sulfide-coated, quasi-neutrally buoyant 

polystyrene particles (-50~ diameter) will be used as tracer. A UV strobe sheet or a 

pulsed nitrogen laser sheet (-1 mm thickness) will be used to illuminate and excite 

the tracer particles in the center plane of the drop. Both real-time video imaging 

and time-lapsed photography will be used to study internal motion. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 1 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Lin, K. c., and Wang, T. G. A method for noncontact drop charge measurement. AIAA paper no. 

92-0018, January 1992. 

PATENTS - Wang" Taylor G. "Method and Apparatus for Non-Contact Charge Measurement." U.s. 

Serial No. 07/728.602. 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Fundamental Physics 

PROJECT TITLE: Determination of the Correlation Length in Helium II in a 

Microgravity Environment 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-04-04 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Russell Donnelly 

AFFILIATION: University of Oregon 

MAILING ADDRESS: Physics Department 

University of Oregon 

Eugene, OR 97403 

PHONE: (503) 346-4226 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objective of this research is to measure finite size effects in the isobaric 

expansion coefficient near the lambda transition in liquid helium. Finite size effects 

are manifested as a rounding of the divergence in thermodynamic functions near a 

critical point as the correlation length increases toward the system size. We can thus 

test renormalization group theory predictions, universality assumptions, and 

boundary conditions. 

We will measure the thermal expansion coefficient for liquid helium confined 

between parallel plates for a range of temperatures very near the lambda transition 

temperature (both above and below), a range of pressures from SVP to about 25 bar, 

and a range of plate separation distances. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

We will measure the dielectric constant of helium confined between parallel plates 

as a function of temperature at constant pressure. Using the Clausius-Mossotti 

relation, the density and thus the expansion coefficient of liquid helium will be 

calculated. The experimental method involves two measurements (at a given 

temperature) of the balancing ratio of an audio-frequency ratio-transformer 

capacitance bridge, one with the sample capacitor empty and then one with it filled 

with liquid helium. Appropriate division of these ratios then yields directly the 

dielectric constant at that temperature. 

The capacitor used to measure the dielectric constant is a parallel-plate design 

operated as a three-terminal device in a I-kHz ratio-transformer bridge. The spacing 

between the electrodes is determined by a precision shim which can be easily 

changed. An identical capacitor is also mounted on the experimental platform and 

is operated empty as a reference capacitor. We expect to vary the thickness of the 

shims between 5 microns and 50 microns. 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

Initially germanium thermometry will be used for temperature control and 

measurement. This will allow us to easily cover a wide range of temperature and to 

gain familiarity with the experiment. At this stage we will want to reconcile our 

results with older, published data. High- resolution measurements will be made 

after installing a paramagnetic salt thermometer identical to that used by John Lipa 

in his lambda-point heat capacity experiment (LPE), which successfully flew on 

ST5-S2 in October of 1992. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

The cryostat was first cooled down to liquid helium temperatures during FY 1992. 

After some modifications the refrigerator was made operational and could achieve a 

minimum temperature of 1.3 K. Further modifications to the input capillary 

filtering has made this device robust and problem-free. Modifications were made to 

the coaxial cables attached to the capacitors to allow more thorough heat-sinking. 

The run-time between liquid helium transfers was determined to be approximately 

48 hours; however, it was demonstrated that helium could be resupplied during 

data taking with no measureable effects. 

The dielectric constant in a SO micron (bulk) gap capacitor was determined over the 

range 1.S K to 4.2 K using a commercial capacitance bridge (General Radio model 

161SA) and germanium thermometry. Subsequently the measurements were 

repeated using a custom ratio-transformer bridge and cryogenic reference capacitor. 

The absolute values of dielectric constant measured over this range of temperature 

by the two capacitance bridges differed by only 10 ppm and are consistent to within 

60 ppm with earlier published data. Reproducibility between runs with the 

capacitors empty of helium was better than 2 ppm. Routines have been developed 

which fit cubic splines to the dielectric constant data, in appropriate form, to deduce 

expansion coefficient values. 

A SOO-micron spacer will be used next to obtain additional bulk helium data prior to 

inserting a S-micron spacer to study finite size effects. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 0 DEGREES GRANTED: 4 

11-217 
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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Fundamental Physics 

PROJECT TITLE: Space Technology Experiments Platform (STEP) 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: HQ PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-07-10 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. C. W. Francis Everitt 

AFFILIATION: Stanford University 

MAILING ADDRESS: WW Hansen Labs of Physics 

Stanford University 

High Energy Physics Laboratory 

Stanford, CA 94305 

PHONE: (415) 725-4103 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objective of the Space Technology Experiments Platform (STEP) experiment is 

to investigate the foundation of gravitational theory, the equivalence of inertial and 

gravitational mass. The STEP experiment may be thought of as a modern version of 

the experiment attributed to Galileo of dropping two weights from the leaning 

tower of Pisa. Any difference in the ratio of gravitational to inertial mass causes a 

corresponding difference in the rate of fall. The STEP experiment will be done in 

Earth orbit to a sensitivity of one part in 1017, enhancing the measurement by a factor 

of one million over current measurement. 

The experiment is one of four candidates for the next European Space Agency (ESA) 

medium-sized mission, to start around 1995. It is at the end a phase-A study being 

completed jointly by NASA and ESA. The mission, if selected, will be carried out 

jointly by the two agencies with an expected launch in the year 2000. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The satellite experiment compares the motions of twelve test masses in a drag-free 

satellite. Any difference in their motion at the frequency equal to the difference 

between orbital rate and the spin rate of the spacecraft indicates a violation of the 

Equivalence Principle. The masses' accelerations are measured with 

superconducting differential accelerometers based on SQUID technology, which can 

measure displacements as small as 10.13 cm. The experiment is cooled by 250 liters of 

superfluid helium that provides boil off gas to operate a disturbance compensation 

of "drag-free" system for the spacecraft. The spacecraft will be placed in a 550-kIn 

Sun-synchronous orbit to minimize thermal effects. 

Several co-experiments are planned, including a precise measurement of the 

gravitational constant, a test of the 1/R2 dependence of gravity, a spin-coupling 

experiment to look for the force due to the hypothetical particles called axions, a 

geodesy experiment to measure the shape ·of the Earth's gravity field, and an 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

aeronomy experiment to test questions related to atmospheric motion and density 

of orbital altitude. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

The phase-A study is approaching its conclusion. Favorable solutions have been 

found for the major technical problems, including helium tide and momentum 

transfer and charging from particle radiation. A workable design for the 

superconducting accelerometers was available from the earlier assessment study, 

and has been simplified and extended in the present work. Significant changes were 

made in the concept of the co-experiments, especially the co-experiment to measure 

the gravitational constant, which now requires additional accelerometers, and 

provides an additional measurement of the 1/R2 dependence of gravity. A new 

co-experiment, the spin coupling or ax ion experiment, has been added, using an 

adaptation of the STEP accelerometer technology. Details of this work will be 

published by ESA in the forthcoming "Red Report." 

We have continued to study in the laboratory questions related to the fabrication 

and performance of the apparatus, limited by time and manpower, which has been 

diverted largely to the paper phase-A study. These include fabrication and 

performance of the thin-film circuits needed for the magnetometers, flux motion 

issues, performance of the helium confinement system, and design and 

performance of a combined capacitance pickoff and electrostatic positioner. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 4 DEGRE.ES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Mason, P. V., Israelsson, U. E., Petrac, D., Jackson, H. W., Worden, P., and Parmley, R. Technical 

challenges of satellite test of the equivalence principle mission. Space cryogenic workshop. 15-16 

June, 1992, Accepted byCryogenics., 1992. 

11-219 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY 1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Fundamental Physics 

PROJECT TITLE: Critical Transport Phenomena in Fluid Helium Under Low 

Gravity 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-02-01 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Horst Meyer 

AFFILIATION: Duke University 

MAILING ADDRESS: Department of Physics 

Duke University 

Durham, NC 27706 

PHONE: (919) 684-8234 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

Ground-based experiments will be carried (Jut to study the temperature and density 

equilibration processes at constant average density p in a pure fluid eHe) near its 

liquid-vapor critical point (TC! Pc). Measurements are to be carried out for both the 

region above Tc (one phase) and below Tc (coexisting phases). 

Such studies are very relevant to experiments on fluids under Ilg conditions, where 

investigations of static and dynamic properties near critical points are to be carried 

out. It is important to know how long a fluid system takes to come into 

thermodynamic equilibrium, and what are the basic mechanisms that control the 

equilibrium process. Later the measurements are to be extended to binary eHe-4He) 

mixtures. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

Two types of cells are used. In the first one, the density stratification in the Earth's 

gravity field over a fluid layer height of 2 mm is measured via two thin horizontal 

superposed semitransparent capacitors that record the dielectric constant. The 

vertical density gradient is then derived via the Clausius-Mossotti relation. 

Stratification is recorded after a temperature change, and the resulting diffusion 

coefficient is determined as a function of temperature and average density. In a cell 

of the second type, the temperature equilibration in the middle of a fluid layer in the 

absence of convection will be measured after a rapid change in the cell temperature. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

During spring 1992 the existing cryostat for work over a temperature range 1K-SK 

(previously used in the NASA-sponsored viscosity measurements) was modified to 

incorporate a temperature-regulated platform supporting the density equilibration 

cell. Electronic circuitry was installed for high-resolution stable temperature and 

dielectric constant measurements. Computer programs for temperature step 

control and automatic data acquisition and reduction were developed. The 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

apparatus was tested over a period of several months, and data-taking routines were 

developed and perfected. Initial density stratification data were obtained in the 

one-phase regime along the critical isochore and also in the two-phase regime. 

Temperature steps of different sizes and sign were used and the stratification data 

were analyzed in a preliminary fashion. The stratification time was found to 

diverge as the critical point was approached from both the single-phase and the 

two-phase regimes. At a given temperature, it was found to be the same corning 

from either the colder or the warmer side. We expect to continue with data-taking 

along other isochores and along isotherms, and hope to present a scaling theme of 

our data. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 1 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Howald, c., Qin, X., Nham, H. S., and Meyer, H. Shear viscosity measurements of liquid 'He and 

3He-'He mixtures near the critical point. 

J. Low Temp. Phys. 86, 1, (1992 

Qin, X., Howald, c., and Meyer, H. Shear viscosity measurements of 3He-4

He mixtures above 0.5 

K. J, Low Temp. Phys., 87, 731, (1992). 

11-221 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks /Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Fundamental Physics 

PROJECT TITLE: Critical Fluid Viscosity Measurement Experiment 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-23 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Michael R Moldover 

AFFILIATION: National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 

MA/UNG ADDRESS: National Institute of Standards and Technology 

Building 221, Room A331 

Gaithersburg" MD 20899 

PHONE: (301) 975-2459 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The purpose of this experiment is to develop a space experiment to produce archival 

data of Xenon closer to the liquid-vapor critical point than is possible in I-g. The 

data will provide complementary results with the ZENO critical fluid light 

scattering experiment of Prof. R. W. Gammon at the University of Maryland to test 

the mode-coupling theory of critical phenomena and to provide guidance to 

hysterias group theory development on dynamic critical-point fluid behavior. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The task requires the use of a low-frequency, low-shear rate viscometer and a 

thermostat with approximately 27 ~K temperature-control precision near room 

temperature. Viscosity measurements with an accuracy of 0.2% will be taken 

between ~K and 600 mK of Te. Sample loadings to within 0.3% of the critical 

density, and temperature gradients of less than 0.22 ~K/ ern, are also required to take 

advantage of the low-g environment. The sample geometry needs to be chosen and 

a heat transfer analysis must be done in order to establish thermal equilibration 

times that are realistic for shuttle flight timeline. 

The experiment operation and data acquisition for the lab and flight hardware will 

be developed using full microprocessor automation. Critical point dynamics 

theorists will also be involved in the data analysis before and after flight. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

A review in October 1991 authorized proceeding with flight experiment hardware 

conceptualization. A thermostat for temperature control has been designed and 

built. The viscometer cell was designed, built, and filled to the critical density. A 

comparison of electrostatic versus magnetic drives was made by direct tests. 

Detection of ' the viscometer's output signal was tested using both a lock-in and a 

spectrum analyzer. The science requirements were refined and a first draft of the 

Science Requirement Document was prepared for the ~-Conceptual Design Review. 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

The issue of temperature and density equilibration was quantitatively addressed by 

model calculation. R. F. Berg and M. R. Moldover also shared in the IML-l mission 

experiment "Critical Fluid Thermal Equilibration." This involvement greatly aided 

in defining temperature-time scenarios for CFVME. It brought attention to the 

boundary density distortion effects due to compressible fluid sample cooling. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 0 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Berg, R F. Wide-bandwidth viscometer for low-viscosity fluids. Bull. Am. Phys Soc., vol. 37, 

no. I, session M8 6, (1992). 

Berg, R F., Wilkinson, A., Moldover, M. R, Eicher, L., Straub, J., and Gammon, R. "Density 

equilibration near the critical point of SF6 (TEQ/CPF on IML-l)." Poster at VIII European 

Symposium on Materials and Fluid Science in Microgravity, Bruxelles, Belgium, April 1992. 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Fundamental Physics 

PROJECT TITLE: Studies in Electrohydrodynamics 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-24-05-25 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Dudley A. Sa ville 

AFFILIATION: Princeton University 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Department of Chemical Engineering 

Princeton University 

Princeton, NJ 08544-5263 

PHONE: (609) 258-4585 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The purpose of this work is to test and extend models of electrohydrodynamic 

processes involving fluid interfaces. Particular attention is given to the behavior of 

fluid globules and cylinders in systems with poorly ionized solutes at high (applied) 

field strengths. A microgravity environment may be necessary to test the theoretical 

models because experiments on Earth must be carried out with isopycnic systems to 

avoid sedimentation. The need to use isopycnic systems severely limits the range of 

fluid properties and phenomena that can be studied to test and extend theory. 

The long-term objective of the research is the development of new ways to 

manipulate fluids, in particular, fluid interfaces. Externally applied electric fields 

offer a particularly attractive means of doing this because the electric stress is applied 

directly to the interfacial region. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The research has involved construction of mathematical models and experiments 

involving steady or oscillating fields with fluid globules and cylinders. The 

modeling work is intended to take specific account of charge transport processes. 

Experimental work involves use of digital imaging and analysis of steady and 

transient shapes of fluid bodies stressed by steady and transient electric fields. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

The sample cell and high voltage electronics were used to study the behavior of a 

fluid cylinder stressed by an axial field. We had found that an axial field can either 

stabilize or destabilize the cylinder, depending on the properties of the two fluids. 

For example, using an electric field we were able to stabilize a cylinder whose length 

is more than 7 times as large as its radius; recall that the plateau limit is 3.14. An 

extensive study was carried out with both steady and oscillatory fields and a paper 

describing our work was accepted for publication in the Physics of Fluids A. We are 

currently analyzing our results in the context of G. I. Taylor's leaky dielectric model. 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

Our proposal to continue the work and prepare a science requirements document 

for a flight experiment was approved for funding. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 1 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Vizika, 0., and Saville, D. A. The electrohydrodynamic deformation of drops suspended in 

liquids in steady oscillatory electric fields. , . Fluid Mechanics 239 1-21, (1992). 

Sankaran, S., and Saville, A., "The stability of a fluid cylinder in an axial electric field." - AICHE 

Annual Meeting, Miami, November 1992. 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Glasses and Ceramics 

PROJECT TITLE: Glass Formation and Nucleation in Microgravity: 

Containerless-Processed, Inviscid Silicate/Oxide Melts, 

Ground-Based Studies 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-26-07-01 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Reid F. Cooper 

AFFILIATION: University of Wisconsin, Madison 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Materials Science and 

Engineering 

PHONE: 

University of Wisconsin 

Madison, WI 53706 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

There are two specific tasks in vol ved in this research project: 

1. Nucleation by internal oxidation or reduction of transition metal-bearing silicate 

melts. If a change in valence state of a transition metal cation within a silicate melt 

is associated with a change in its structural role within the melt, one might be able 

to effect internal homogeneous nucleation within the melt via a change in the 

external environment, for example, by a redox reaction. Critical to the hypothesis is 

the nature of transition metal cations to make the melt into a semiconductor: 

Conduction electrons or electron holes are majority defect species and thus serve to 

decouple cation and anion diffusion fluxes that occur in an oxygen chemical 

potential gradient. One consequence is that oxidation or reduction reactions can 

occur internally (i.e., within the body of the melt) instead of solely on the surface. 

These reactions can result in the destabilization of the melt such that crystallization 

reactions occur in finely (nm-scale) dispersed regions of the melt body (e.g., the 

formation of Fe3 + -bearing spinel precipitates via the internal oxidation of an 

originally Fe 2+ -bearing aluminosilicate melt). One can thus create fine-grained 

glass-ceramics from what would normally be non-glass-forming melts. The 

environmental control required in the pursuit demands a containerless 

environment; the ability to ultimately produce controlled-shape parts from the 

uniform, fine-scale crystallization of a melt would take advantage of microgravity. 

2. Internal nucleation of inviscid pseudobinary silicate melts via metastable 

liquid-phase immiscibility. Binary alkaline Earth oxide-silicate melts are highly 

exothermic. Nevertheless, the structural variations between highly polymerized 

(silica-rich) and poorly polymerized (silica-poor) silicate liquids result in the creation 

of composition zones (on the silica-rich end of the phase diagram) where a single 

silicate liquid is not stable. On the silica-poor end of the diagram, this immiscibility 

would be metastable. 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

As a consequence, if one can sufficiently undercool an inviscid, silica-poor melt, one 

could perhaps cause metastable amorphous-phase separation to occur prior to any 

crystallization. The phase separation could further promote the internal, fine 

(~m)-scale, uniform nucleation and crystallization of the material: The creation of 

unique glass-ceramic materials becomes a possibility. Containerless processing is 

crucial to secure the necessary amount of undercooling; a quiescent microgravity 

environment might further allow large bodies of inviscid melt to be so processed. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

Two research approaches are employed for the two tasks: 

1. Containerless processing for oxidation of Pe2+ -bearing alkaline Earth 

aluminosilicate melts via aero-acoustic levitation (ALL). Small droplets (-3mm 

diameter) of ferrous iron-bearing calcium aluminosilicate glass, prepared initially by 

bulk melting in a controlled-oxygen activity furnace, are levitated and remelted 

using AAL and laser heating. The droplets thus formed are evaluated for their 

surface reactions, using Rutherford backscattering spectroscopy (RBS), and for their 

internal reactions using analytical transmission electron microscopy (AEM and 

TEM). The kinetics of the redox reaction are evaluated as functions of temperature, 

time, and oxygen activity, the latter controlled via the gas used as a levitation 

medium. The results of these experiments are compared to those done at low 

temperature on glasses of identical composition; with such a check, the study can be 

later extended to melts too inviscid to be glass formers. The nature of nucleation as 

affected by local oxygen fugacity will be explored using electron diffraction study of 

the internal oxida tion fron t. 

2. Drop-tube processing of pseudobinary silicate melts. Binary MgO-Si02 

metasilicate compositions near the deep cristobalite (Si02)-enstatite (MgSi03) eutectic 

are melted in a drop tube. Initially fine, crystalline powder, the fine droplets are 

alowed by the degree of undercooling to experience metastable phase separation. 

Those droplets receiving sufficient undercooling to additionally penetrate the glass 

transition can be thermodynamically analyzed to explore the nature of nucleation in 

phase-separated amorphous materials. Primary analysis tools of the processing 

include secondary electron emission microscopy (scanning electron microscope), 

X-ray diffraction, TEM and electron microdiffraction, and differential thermal 

analysis and scanning calorimetry. These data should allow discrimination of the 

role of amorphous-amorphous interfaces on crystalline nucleation in the 

phase-separated amorphous droplets. The study will be extended to the binary 

AI2~-Si02 system, the alumina-rich end producing highly inviscid melts that, if 

sufficiently undercooled, could produce interesting alumina/mullite glass-ceramics. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

Progress on the two tasks is as follows: 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

1. Nucleation by internal oxidation or reduction of transition metal-bearing silicate 

melts. Oxidation experiments below the glass transition temperature were 

conducted on CaO-Na20-FeO-MgO-A12~-Si02 glasses that were initially prepared 

from a naturally occurring basaltic rock (Columbia River, Washington). 

The kinetics of the oxidation process, analyzed by RBS, indicate that an internal 

oxidation process occurs in these glasses: Spectra indicate that oxidation causes 

Mi+, Fe2+, Ca2

+, and NA+ to flux from the interior of the glass to the free surface, 

where they react with oxygen (and perhaps water vapor) in the environment; these 

fluxes must be charge-compensated by a counterflux of electron holes (Fe2+ being 

thus transformed to Fe 3+ in the glass). While the physical process of oxidation is 

known with certainty via the spectroscopy, the structural changes in the glass 

accompanying the oxidation as well as the exact kinetic analysis requires TEM 

observations, which we are pursuing presently. Three suites of AAL experiments 

on Columbia River basalt were performed (in cooperation with Drs. Dennis 

Manthey and Richard Weber of Intersonics, Inc., Northbrook, Illinois); these 

experiments were notably successful for first attempts. Droplets created via laser 

melting of small rock specimens levitated on jet of rarefied argon (p02-10-6) or dry 

air have been analyzed by RBS. The spectra thus produced suggests that oxidation 

reactions in the melt that are similar in form to those seen in the glasses do indeed 

occur, though oblation of alkali (and perhaps alkaline earth) ions in the processing 

environment make kinetic analysis difficult. Droplet specimens are also being 

prepared for TEM study at present. A suite of experiments on synthetic 

CaO-Na20-FeO-MgO-AI2~-Si02 compositions are being prepared do as to avoid 

problems associated with loss of alkali ions. 

2_ Internal nucleation of inviscid pseudobinary silicate melts via metastable 

liquid-gas immiscibility. In work preceding the NASA Research Announcement 

(NRA), binary MgO-Si02 metasilicate compositions (approximately 50 mol. % MgO) 

were drop-tube processed in the 1,600°C - 1,800 °C range. However, in work 

sponsored by this NRA, powders from these experiments that fused, metastable 

amorphous-phase-separated and crystallized were analyzed via X-ray diffraction 

(XRD) for phase composition in order to discern the relative percentages of the 

metastable orthosilicate (forsterite, Mg2Si04 ) and stable metasilicate (enstatite, 

MgSi03 ) that formed. These data are presently being analyzed. Matriculation of a 

new graduate student on this project in September 1992 has seen recent 

recommencement of the drop-tube experiments on the binary magnesia-silica 

compositions. The next six months will emphasize thermochemical experiments 

geared to collecting statistical data on the relationship of amorphous phase 

separation to the kinetics of nucleation in droplets. We additionally anticipate 

initiation of experiments on AI2~-Si02 compositions. 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 2 DEGREES GRANTED: 1 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Cooper, R. F. "Oxidation, chemical diffusion and nucleation in iron-bearing silicate melts and 

glasses." Oral presentation at the Fourth International Symposium of Experimental Mineralogy, 

Petrology, and Geochemistry, Clermont-Ferrand, France, 16 Apri11992. 

Fanselow, J. B. and Cooper, R.F. "Redox reactions, chemical diffusion and nucleation in natural 

basaltic glasses." Oral presentation at the V.M. Goldschmidt Conference, Reston, Virginia, 10 

May 1992. 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Glasses and Ceramics 

PROJECT TITLE: Advanced Photonic Materials Produced by Containerless 

Processing 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-26-07-02 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Delbert E. Day 

AFFILIATION: University of Misso~ri, Rolla 

MAILING ADDRESS: Graduate Center for 

Materials Research 

University of Missouri-Rolla 

Rolla, MO 65401 

PHONE: (314) 341-4354 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objectives of this research are to: (a) use containerless melting to develop 

nonlinear optical glasses for use as ultrafast, all-optical switches and other photonic 

devices for communication and advanced computer application; and (b) investigate 

and compare the kinetics of nucleation and crystallization for these 

glasses-prepared by containerless melting-with the kinetics for the same glasses 

mel ted in a con tainer. 

The glasses that have been reported to possess the potential for nonlinear optical 

applications, such as the heavy metal oxide (HMO) glasses containing jPbO, Bi2~ 

and Ga2~' are made from highly fluid and chemically corrosive melts which readily 

crystallize during cooling. These typical characteristics not only decrease the 

glass-forming tendency for these melts, but develop unwanted color centers, 

primarily due to materials dissolved from the container. The conventional melting 

procedure for HMO compositions therefore results in colored and chemically in 

homogeneous glasses that are presently unusable for nonlinear optical applications. 

Containerless processing provides the opportunity to eliminate or suppress the 

heterogeneous nucleation and crystallization in a melt and increase the tendency for 

glass formation. Since no container is used, color centers caused by impurities 

dissolved from a container can be completely eliminated, even in a highly corrosive 

melt. The kinetics of nucleation and crystallization for HMO glasses prepared with 

and without a container will be investigated to determine, primarily, the 

temperature range for nucleation, the temperature for maximum nucleation, and 

the activation energy for crystallization. The nucleation and the crystallization data 

will be combined with the measured chemical durability to determine the stability 

of these glasses for practical applications. 

At the completion of the ground-based work, the general plan is to conduct 

follow-on experiments with containerless melts in space, using compositions that 

appear most suitable to the operational parameters of whatever levitator furnace is 

11-230 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

available. The purpose is to develop a glass with improved nonlinear optical 

properties by taking advantage of the reported observation that a glass prepared in a 

microgravity environment is chemically more homogeneous than an identical glass 

prepared on Earth. This observation from earlier space experiments can be verified 

by data from the present experiments, and the mechanism(s) of melt 

homogenization in the absence of gravity can be determined. The kinetic 

parameters for nucleation and crystallization determined for the space- and 

Earth-melted glasses are expected to yield a better scientific understanding for the 

relative role of heterogeneous and homogeneous nucleation in the processes of 

glass formation, nucleation, and crystal growth in fluid melts. Since an acoustic 

field is used to levitate and position melts for containerless processing, the proposed 

research will also attempt to identify any effect an acoustic field may have on the 

homogenization, nuclei formation, and crystal growth during a containerless 

glass-forming melt. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

Initially, the investigation of nonlinear optical glasses started with HMO 

compositions in the system PbO, Bi2~ and Ga203, The starting composition was 

chosen after discussions with Dr. William Dumbaugh at Corning, Inc., who has 

considerable experience with HMO glasses. Depending upon the initial results, 

other compositions containing Ti02, Nb20s, or Te02, which have the potential of 

yielding a high nonlinear refractive index and high infrared transmission cut-off 

(>8jJ.m), will also be studied. 

Glasses are prepared in containers of different materials, such as Pt, Au, and AI2~' 

to determine which container has the highest corrosion resistance to these melts 

and will yield the best glass. Hot-pressed PbO, Bi2~ and Ga2~ samples of suitable 

composition will also be containerlessly melted and cooled at Intersonics, Inc., using 

their newly developed acousto-aerodynamic levitator / furnace. The critical cooling 

rate for glass formation, Rc (container) measured by the pendant-drop technique 

(spherical glass melt hanging from a thermocouple bead), will be compared with the 

Rc measured for containerless melt R (containerless) at Intersonics. 

The ratio of Rc (container) to Rc (containerless) will be used to determine the 

improvement in glass formation for the containerless melt at I-g. The kinetic 

parameters for nucleation and crystallization for these glasses (prepared with and 

without a container) will be measured by differential thermal analysis (DTA), and 

the crystallized phase(s) will be identified by XRD. The size and distribution of 

crystallized phase(s) will be determined by SEM and EDAX. Structural features of 

the glasses, such as cation coordination and oxygen bonding, which can be 

important to the kinetic parameters for crystallization will be investigated by NMR, 

XPS, and IR spectra. 

Selected properties, such as the glass transition temperature, softening temperature, 

thermal expansion coefficient, density, refractive index, microhardness, chemical 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

durability, and the cut-off wavelength in the VIS and IR, also will be measured. The 

nonlinear refractive index will be measured only for the glasses that have the best 

combination of the above mentioned properties, and a nonlinear optical glass with 

optimized thermal, mechanical, nucleation, and crystallization properties will be 

developed at 1-g. 

If flight opportunities become available, the optimum composition developed for 

nonlinear optical application from the ground-based investigation will be used in 

flight experiments. Hot-pressed spherical samples (6 rnm to 8 mm in diameter) will 

be melted containerlessly in space and cooled at different rates. All of the properties 

measured for the 1-g glasses will also be measured for the post-flight samples. A 

comparison of these properties for Earth- and space-melted glasses will reveal the 

improvement in the optical and other related properties due to better chemical 

homogeneity for glass melted in space. 

Any difference in the number, size, and distribution of nuclei in the Earth- and 

space-melted glasses can also be determined, the knowledge of which can be useful 

to understanding the mechanisms of glass formation and crystallization in melts 

processed in space and on Earth. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

Following a series of discussions with Dr. Dumbaugh at Corning, Inc., a 4OpbO, 

35Bi2~ and -25Ga2~ mol%, composition was initially chosen for the present 

investigation. When a well-mixed batch of this composition was melted in a Pt 

crucible at 900 DC for 30 min and quenched on a bronze plate, a glass with a dark 

brown color was obtained. This color makes the glass unsuitable for nonlinear 

optical applications. When analyzed by XPS, small Pt particles from the crucible 

were found throughout the glass, which indicates that HMO glasses are highly 

corrosive and contain a suspension of the metallic Pt particles. Changing the 

crucible from Pt to Au or alumina changed the color of the glass from dark brown to 

light brown (close to yellow), but the color could not be completely eliminated. 

During FY 1992, primary emphasis was on decolorizing this HMO glass to make it 

useful for nonlinear optical applications. 

Several methods have been attempted to decolorize this glass. These include, in 

addition to using different container materials, melting the glass (850°C to 1000 DC) 

for different amounts of time (30 min to 60 min) and in different atmospheres (air, 

oxygen, and nitrogen). Different decolorizing (CoO, Cr2~' and ce02) and starting 

raw materials (nitrates and fluorides in place of oxides) also have been tried, but 

none of these attempts have proven entirely successful in decolorizing the HMO 

glasses. Attempts to find new ways are still continuing, and samples for 

containerless processing at Intersonics have also been made. It will be interesting to 

learn whether containerless processing can eliminate the color. 

A few selected properties, density (d), thermal expansion coefficient (a), glass 

transition temperature (Tg ), dilatometric softening temperature (Tr), and the cut-off 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

wavelength in the VIS (1 vis) and IR (1 ir), were measured as a function of 

composition for fifteen different PbO, Bi20a and Ga2Q glasses. Except for the glass 

transition and softening temperatures, none of these properties changed 

significantly with composition. Replacing Bi2~ by PbO decreased d, a, T g and Tf, 

while a, I vis, and I ir remained unchanged. Replacing Bi2~ by Ga2~ decreased d, 

a, and 1 vis, but increased T g and Tf • A similar change in the glass properties was 

also observed when PbO was replaced by Ga2~' It appears that a substitution of 

Ga2~ for either PbO or Bi2~ has a larger effect on the properties of these glasses than 

when PbO is substituted for Bi2Q. 

A part of this research program is to determine the nucleation and crystallization 

parameters for the HMO glasses. The parameters to be determined include the 

temperature range for nucleation, the temperature at which the nucleation rate is a 

maximum, the activation energy for crystallization, and the dimensionality of 

crystal growth. The techniques for these measurements have been developed at 

University of Missouri-Rolla, using lithium discilicate glass as a standard, and 

recently applied to determine the nucleation and crystallization parameters for a 

Na20_2CaO_3Si02' (NC2S3) glass. 

The values for these parameters determined by the present technique for the NC2S3 

glass are in excellent agreement with those determined by the older standard 

technique, which confirms the general applicability of the technique developed at 

the University of Missouri - Rolla. The advantages of the present technique over 

the older techniques are that it requires less time, only a small amount of sample is 

needed, and no special sample size or treatment (grinding and polishing) is needed. 

Measurements on nucleation and crystallization parameters for the HMO glasses are 

now in progress. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 1 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Ray, C. S., and Day, D. E., "Nucleation and Crystallization in Glasses as Determined by DATA." 

Presented at the 4th Symposium on Nucleation and Crystallization in Glasses and Liquids, 

Evergreen Resort, GA 16-19 August, 1992. 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Glasses and Ceramics 

PROJECT TITLE: Kinetics of Phase Transformations in Glass Forming 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-26-08-07 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Kenneth F. Kelton 

AFFILIATION: Washington University at St. Louis 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Department of Physics 

Washington U ni versi ty 

St. Louis, MO 63130 

PHONE: (314) 889-6228 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objectives of this research are to develop computer models for realistic 

simulations of first-order phase transformations, in particular crystallization of 

liquids and glasses, and to design experiments to test those models. This research 

will lead to improved methods for the analysis of kinetic studies of these 

transformations, allowing, for example, kinetic parameters for nucleation and 

growth to be determined from peak profile studies of nonisothermal differential 

scanning calorimetry (DSC) measurements of crystallization. These new techniques 

will have wide applicability for phase transformation studies. In particular, they 

will allow real-time experiments of phase stability and transformation to be carried 

out in a microgravity environment. 

Research Task Description: Glasses (primarily silicate based) that devitrify 

polymorphically by homogeneous nucleation are being studied experimentally and 

by computer modeling. Lithium disilicate (Li20.2Si02) is used for most calculations 

and experimental measurements, since the necessary kinetic and thermodynamic 

parameters are best known in that system. Other glasses studied include soda-lime 

silicate (Na20.2Ca0.3Si02) and barium disilicate (BaO.2Si02). The computer 

modeling of glasses (primarily silicate-based ones) is done at Washington 

University. The silicate glasses are prepared by Drs. C. Ray and D. Day of the 

University of Missouri, Rolla, under a related contract; they also study the 

devitrification kinetics experimentally with differential thermal analysis (DTA). 

Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and DSC measurements are made at 

Washington University under this contract. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

The computer models describing nucleation and growth under isothermal and 

nonisothermal conditions by simulating directly the evolution of the 

nonequilibrium cluster distribution have been written and tested. The programs 

are now being used for a variety of investigations: 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

1. To assess whether a recent suggestion that the temperature of the maximum 

nucleation rate and its magnitude can be estimated from DSC studies of glasses that 

were preannealed at different temperatures; 

2. To compare theoretical calculations and experimental measurements of DSC 

devitrification studies of glasses that were scanned through the nucleation zone 

(defined as a region of significant nucleation) at different scan rates; and 

3. To assess the validity of analytical expressions commonly used to analyze 

nonisothermal kinetic da tao 

All points have been studied using lithium disilicate glass. The most surprising 

result is the remarkable agreement between the simulation results and the 

experimental data in investigations 1 and 2, dramatically verifying the validity of 

our approach. Armed with this agreement, we can make the first realistic critique of 

the existing techniques widely used to analyze nonisothermal kinetic data 

(investigation 3). This will be of interest to the entire materials community who 

use these techniques, often without a clear idea of the correct conditions for their 

use. We find that when used to analyze nucleation and growth data, all are 

fundamentally flawed, giving results that bear little resemblance to the kinetic 

parameters actually present in the transformation. We also find that the suggestion 

that the nucleation rate can be estimated from DSC transformation data depends on 

the glass studied. While this estimate is reasonably correct for lithium disilicate, it 

appears to be a strong function of the temperature dependence and magnitude of the 

growth velocity. 

We are initiating additional studies to: 

1. Model the other glasses mentioned previously (soda-lime-silicate 

(Na20.2Ca0.3Si02) and barium disilicate (BaO.2Si02); 

2. Probe the effects of particle size and nucleating agents; 

3. Test the effects of preexisting nuclei resulting from different quench rates; 

4. Investigate the possible effect of nonequilibrium viscosity on the devitrification 

behavior; and 

5. Investigate the validity of an expression commonly used to simulate transient 

nucleation effects in isothermal transformations. 

One paper has been written presenting a discussion, based on computer simulations, 

of the validity of the DSC method for estimating nucleation rates. These results 

were presented in an invited paper presented at the Fourth Symposium on 

Nucleation and Crystallization in Glasses and Liquids, held in Stone Mountain, 

Georgia, August 16-19, 1992. Several publications, including some written jointly 

with the Rolla group, are in preparation, or are planned in the immediate future. 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

GRADUATE STUDENTS : 0 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Kelton, K. F. A computer model for nonisothermal transformations involving nucleation and 

growth. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids. Manuscript in preparation, 1992. 

Kelton, K. F. Estimation of the nucleation rate by differential scanning calorimetry. Journal of 

the AmeriCim Ceramic Society, 75, 2449-52 (1992). 

Kelton, K. F. An evaluation of the techniques for analyzing nonisothermal kinetic data obtained 

by DSC. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids. Manuscript in preparation, 1992. 

Kelton, K. F. Transient nucleation in glasses. Invited paper, to appear in the Proceedings of the 

Fourth Symposium on Nucleation and Crystallization in Glasses and Liquids,. Accepted for 

publication, American Ceramic Society, 1992. 

Ray, c., Cull, T., Kelton, K. F., and Day, D. Nonisothermal devitrification studies (1): Lithium 

disilicate glass-Experimental and computer analysis. Journal of the American Ceramic Society. 

Manuscript in preparation, 1992. 

Ray, c., Cull, T., Kelton, K. F., and. Day, D. Nonisothermal devitrification studies 

(II):BaO.2Si02-Experimental and computer analysis. To be submitted to the Journal of the 

American Ceramic Society, 1992. 

Ray, c., Cull, T., Kelton, K. F., and Day, D. Nonisothermal devitrification studies (II): 

Na20.2Ca0.3Si02 - Experimental and computer analysis. To be submitted to the Journal of the 

American Ceramic Society, 1992. 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Glasses and Ceramics 

PROJECT TITLE: Chemical Vapor Deposition of High -To- Superconducting 

Films in a Microgravity Environment (1) 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-26-05-07 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Moises Levy 

AFFILIATION: University of Wisconsin 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Physics Department 

University of Wisconsin at Milwaukee 

Milwaukee, WI 53201 

PHONE: (414229-4168 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The basic goal of this research is to grow and process single-crystal high-temperature 

superconducting thin films under microgravity conditions. It is believed that 

microgravity will allow for unique growth conditions for vapor phase transport and 

for the formation of single crystalline materials during postprocessing to the 

superconducting phase. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

Superconducting thin films will be grown by chemical vapor deposition in three 

different transport reactors in order to investigate the effects of gravitationally 

induced convection currents on the superconducting characteristics of the films. 

Different orientations with respect to gravity will be used. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

A compact reactor for chemical vapor deposition of YBa2Cu307 super conducting 

films has been designed and is being assembled. 'The reactor has a single source 

wherein the precursor powders are stoichiometrically premixed and sublimed by a 

single quartz halogen lamp. Preliminary results show that a temperature of 420°C 

may be achieved with the halogen lamp at the precursor powder within a Pyrex 

tube, which is in turn contained in an evacuated outer pyrex tube. Temperatures of 

300 °C are necessary to evaporate the compacted precursor powders without 

decomposing them. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 1 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY 1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Glasses and Ceramics 

PROJECT TiTlE: Kinetics of Phase Transformation in Glass Forming 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-26-08-08 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Chandra S. Ray 

AFFILIATION: University of Missouri, Rolla 

MAILING ADDRESS: Graduate Center for 

Ma terials Research 

University of Missouri, Rolla 

Rolla, MO 65401 

PHONE: (314) 341-6432 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The primary purpose of this research is to study and explain the critical issues for 

the nucleation and crystallization in glass forming systems. The reported data for 

the kinetic parameters that determine the overall nucleation and crystallization 

mechanisms are often difficult to interpret on the basis of existing theory. The 

interpretation becomes more difficult when a variation in the characteristics of the 

glass, such as the thermal history, composition, particle size of the sample, and 

concentration of the nucleating agent are taken into account. This is probably due to 

the fact that the theories that are presently used to analyze the isothermal and 

nonisothermal crystallization data for glass forming systems, are over simplified. 

Glasses are traditionally prepared by cooling a melt and are not in a state of stable 

equilibrium. Consequently, phenomena such as atomic mobility, cluster 

distribution, nucleation and crystal growth rate, and viscosity pertaining to the 

nonequilibrium state need to be accounted for to establish an accurate description of 

the phase transformations in glass forming systems. 

The objectives of this research, therefore, are to (a) develop computer models for 

realistic simulations of nucleation and crystal growth in glasses, which would also 

have the flexibility to accommodate the different variables related to sample 

characteristics, and (b) design and perform nucleation and crystallization 

experiments to verify these models. This research will lead not only to improved 

methods for the analysis of kinetic parameters for nucleation and growth 

determined from the peak profile studies of nonisothermal differential scanning 

calorimetry (DSC) or differential thermal analysis (DTA) measurements of 

crystalliiation, but to determination of the relative merits and demerits of the 

theories presently used to study the phase transformations in glasses. 

Glasses prepared in microgravity are reported to be more chemically homogeneous 

and more resistant to crystallization than identical glasses prepared on Earth, which 

indicates that the size and distribution of nuclei, and, hence, the mechanism of 

nucleation, are different in glasses processed in space and on Earth. This apparently 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

surprising observation from earlier space experiments can be verified from the 

results of the present investigation, once a realistic model for the nucleation and 

crystal growth in glasses is developed. The experimental and theor~tical 

investigations of this research have been supported by NASA through separate 

contracts. 

The experimental work is conducted at the University of Missouri-Rolla (NASA 

Contract NAG8-898, PI: C. S. Ray) and the theoretical work is conducted at the 

Washington University in St. Louis (NASA Contract NAG8-873, PI: K. F. Kelton). 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

Glasses (primarily silicate based) that devitrify polymorphically by homogeneous 

nucleation will be studied experimentally and by computer modeling. A 

lithium-disilicate (Li20.2Si02) glass will be used for most calculations and 

experimental measurements, since the necessary thermodynamic and kinetic 

parameters are available for this system. Other glasses that will also be investigated 

to verify the general applicability of the model include soda-lime-silica 

(Na20.2CaO.3Si02) and barium-disilicate (BaO.2Si02). 

Crystallization experiments for the glasses will be conducted by DTA or DSC using 

the conditions used for computer modeling, such as the quench rate used to prepare 

the glass, sample weight, particle size of the sample, precrystallization heat 

treatment temperature and time, type and amount of nucleating agent, and DTA or 

DSC scanning rate. The experimental results will be compared with those predicted 

by the model. If flight opportunities become available, glasses of identical 

compositions will be prepared in space and the same crystallization experiments as 

were conducted for the Earth-melted control samples will also be performed for the 

returned flight samples. 

The results from this research are anticipated to yield a realistic model for 

nucleation and crystal growth processes occurring in glass-forming melts, which 

would provide not only an improved scientific understanding for these processes, 

but allow a more accurate quantitative analysis of the thermal analysis data. This 

would help to explain several anomalous experimental results obtained for the 

kinetic parameters for crystallization and would lead to values that are more 

physically interpretable. The relative role of heterogeneous and homogeneous 

nucleation on glass formation can be determined and the reported observation that 

a glass prepared in low gravity is more homogeneous and more resistant to 

crystallization than an identical glass prepared at l-g can be explained. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

An experimental technique that uses nonisothermal DTA or DSC has been 

developed for determining the temperature range for nucleation and the 

temperature for maximum nucleation in a glass. The present technique, which 

requires in situ isothermal nucleation at different temperatures (for a fixed time) 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

prior to crystallization by DTA or DSC, requires fewer samples and is much faster 

than the technique commonly used for this purpose. The glasses investigated to 

date by this technique are Li20.2Si02 (LS2), Na20.2Ca0.3Si02 (NC2S3 ), and BaO.2Si02 

(BS2), and the results obtained for all these glasses are in close agreement with those 

reported in the literature. This technique provides not only the data for the 

temperature range for nucleation and the temperature for maximum nucleation of 

a glass, but predicts whether there is an overlap between the nucleation and growth 

rate curves for the glass (as a function of temperature). 

A computer model describing nucleation and growth under isothermal and 

non-isothermal conditions has been developed at Washington University in St. 

Louis by directly simulating the evolution of nonequilibrium cluster distribution in 

a melt. This model justifies the experimental approach described above and, when 

applied to the LS2 glass, yields the temperature range for nucleation and the 

temperature for maximum nucleation that are in excellent agreement with those 

determined by the present experimental technique. The model is now being tested 

for the NC2S3 and BS2 glasses, the experimental data for which have already been 

obtained. 

The effect of DTA/DSC scan rate on crystallization of the LS2 glass was determined 

by scanning the glass through the nucleation zone (defined as a region of significant 

nucleation) at different rates followed by crystallization of the glass at a fixed heating 

rate. No change in temperature and profile of the crystallization peak was observed 

for this glass when the nucleation scan rate, CXn, was higher than 3°C/min. For CXn <3 

°C/min, the crystallization temperature decreased, and the height of the 

crystallization peak increased with decreasing Un' This indicates that no new nuclei 

are formed in the LS2 glass when the DTA/DSC scan rate exceeds 3°C/min. This 

result is also in close agreement with that determined theoretically using the 

computer model developed in this research. 

The following experimental and theoretical investigations are now in progress: 

1. Check the validity of the nonisothermal thermoanalytical equations commonly 

used to determine the kinetic parameters for crystallization; 

2. Determine the limit (above which no new nuclei are formed) of DTA/DSC scan 

rate for the NC2S3 and BS2 glasses,;and 

3. Investigate the effects of particle size, nucleating agents, preexisting nuclei 

(resulting from different quench rates), and non-equilibrium viscosity on 

crystallization of the LS2, BS2I and NC2S3 glasses. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 1 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Ray, C. S., and Day, D. E., Nucleation and crystallization in glasses as detennined by DT A. 

Presented at the 4th Symposium on Nucleation and Crystallization in Glasses and Liquids, 

Evergreen Resort, GA, August 16-19, 1992. Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on Nucleation and 

CrystalliZiltion in Glasses and Liquids, American Ceramic Society. In preparation. 

Ray, C. S., McIntyre, D. S., and Day, D. E. "Studies on nucleation and crystallization of glass by 

DTA." Paper #13-G-92, presented at the 94th Annual Meeting of the American Ceramic Society, 

Minneapolis, MN, April 12-16, 1992. 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Glasses and Ceramics 

PROJECT TITLE: Containerless Liquid Phase Processing of Ceramic Materials 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-26-07-03 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. J. K. Richard Weber 

AFFILIATION: Intersonics, Inc. 

MAILING ADDRESS: 3453 Commercial Avenue 

Northbrook, IL 60062 

PHONE: (708) 272-1772 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

This research uses the control of chemistry and nucleation achieved by containerless 

liquid-phase processing to study nonequilibrium phase formation and crystal 

growth. The work is intended to advance the basic understanding of the 

high-temperature chemistry of hard, refractory oxide and boride ceramics. Borides 

are of fundamental interest; they are a unique class of compounds which form 

highly covalent, complex crystalline structures. 

Ground-based containerless experiments will enable non-equilibrium-phaseformation phenomena to be identified. This will allow candidate materials for more 

detailed investigation to be selected. Subsequent low-gravity containerless 

experiments will provide the high degree of control over molten specimens 

required for detailed studies and analyses of the liquids as well as crystal growth 

kinetics and solid-liquid phase relationships. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

High-temperature liquid-phase processing will be achieved by aeroacoustic 

levitation in combination with laser-beam heating. The two groups of materials 

chosen for this work are: (a) rare-earth borides and (b) refractory oxides, for example, 

alumina. The major focus of the work will be on borides. 

Metastable phase formation and epitaxial growth from molten rare-earth borides 

will be investigated. This unique group of materials is particularly hard and 

refractory; the atomic size differences between boron and rare-earth elements 

combined with the directional bonding between them result in compounds which 

exhibit a wide variety of crystal structures. Marginally unstable compounds are 

predicted to exist which will be accessed by nucleation of undercooled melts onto 

isostructural seed crystals. Amorphous phase formation will also be investigated by 

deep undercooling and possibly quenching of the higher melting borides. 

Nonequilibrium phenomena displayed by undercooled oxide melts will also be 

investigated. It has already been found that the solidification behavior of 

undercooled liquid aluminum oxide differs greatly in oxygen and argon 

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atmospheres. Environmental effects on molten oxides will be investigated further 

by conducting containerless experiments in atmospheres of different oxygen 

potentials. 

In addition to the materials research on borides and oxides, the investigators will 

undertake processing of materials provided by NASA-supported scientists at several 

other institutions during the first year of this project. These scientists are also 

interested in the processing and properties of oxide melts. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

Work to date has been in four areas: (a) continuation of work on oxide materials 

started prior to the initiation of this contract, (b) equipment enhancements required 

for containerless experiments with boride materials, (c) synthesis and preliminary 

characterization of selected boride materials, and (d) aeroacoustic levitation 

processing of ceramic materials provided by other NASA-supported investigators. 

(a) Work on oxide materials: Experiments with reluctant glass forming 

compositions in the calcia-gallia-silica system were conducted in collaboration with 

Professors Delbert Day and Chandra Ray from University of Missouri-Rolla. 

Detailed analyses of the results and further experiments were performed during the 

summer and a paper describing the glass formation, liquid optical properties, and 

fluid motion in the molten materials has been submitted for publication. This paper 

discusses the effects of quiescence on the undercooled melts, which is an important 

issue for microgravity science. 

Work on the undercooling of liquid aluminum oxide was continued with 

experiments to evaluate the dependence of undercooling on the ambient oxygen 

pressure. Installation of a new data-acquisition system for the optical pyrometer has 

enabled precise measurement of the recalescence and arrest temperatures during 

solidification of the undercooled melt. Under a fixed oxygen potential, liquid 

aluminum oxide exhibited a highly reproducible nucleation temperature, 

approximately 300°C below the melting point. 

(b) Equipment enhancements: The aero-acoustic levitator has been equipped with a 

gas-flow system to continuously purge the region around levitated specimens with 

high-purity argon. Tests with copper and nickel specimens show that oxidation is 

significantly decreased but not completely eliminated with the purge operating. The 

system will be further improved by eliminating outgassing from virtual leaks in the 

gas purge. 

Specimen temperature is monitored with an optical pyrometer operating at a 

wavelength of 650 nm. The pyrometer data-acqub:tion system has been modified so 

that data can be acquired at user-selected rates from '5 and 500 Hz. 

A Centorr arc melter has been installed for synthesis of boride materials from 

mixtures of their component elements. 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

(c) Synthesis of borides: Refractory boride materials are hard and have high melting 

points. An arc melting method has been developed to synthesize specimens from 

high-purity powders. Arc melting on a water-cooled copper hearth produces sessile 

drops of molten material which solidify to produce specimens suitable for 

levitation. 

Several specimens of lanthanum hexaboride have been prepared in the arc melter 

and levitated in the aeroacoustic levitator. The borides were laser-heated to 

temperatures above 2,000 K. Some oxidation occurred due to reaction with 

impurities in the inert gas used for levitation. Specimens of erbium, holmium and 

yttrium boride with various boron to rare-earth ratios have been prepared from 

powdered precursors. Chemical analyses will be performed on selected specimens to 

establish their final composition. 

(d) Collaborative work: Three collaborations In the study of oxide melts are in 

progress. 

Professors Delbert Day and Chandra Ray from the University of Missouri-Rolla 

have provided specimens of lead oxide-based glasses for melting and isothermal 

heating experiments. These experiments led to spalling, which was attributed to 

decomposition of residual carbonates when levitated specimens were heated. 

Additional specimens are being prepared and further experiments are planned. 

Professor Reid Cooper and Mr. John Fanselow from the University of 

Wisconsin':'Madison have used the aeroacoustic levitation facility to process 

basalt-based materials. Several natural and synthetic basalt specimens were 

successfully processed in air or argon atmospheres during two sets of experiments. A 

processing protocol is now established and further work is being planned. 

Professor Bill Hofmeister and Mr. James Olive from Vanderbilt University have 

processed ceramic superconductor materials. Initial experiments achieved partial 

melting with rather large specimens. Additional work with smaller specimens is 

planned for mid-November. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 0 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENT ATIONS 

DeVos, J. K., Hampton, D. 5., Merkley, D. R., Rey, C. A., and Weber, J. K. R. Containerless 

processing using various levitation techniques. Jap. J. Space Res, 9, 149-162 (1992). 

Nordine, P. C. "Containerless liquid phase processing and property measurements." Gordon 

Research Conference, High Temperature Chemistry, July 19-24, 1992. 

Weber, J. K. R. "Containerless experiments on liquid aluminum oxide." CNRS, Grenoble, April 17, 

1992. 

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Weber, J. K. R. Containerless processing of refractory ceramics. Proceedings of the First Technical 

Interface Meeting for the Modular Containerless Processing Facility. Jet Propulsion Laboratory 

Report JPL 0-9370, 1992. 

Weber, J. K. "Vndercooling and optical properties of aluminum oxide." CNRS, Grenoble, April 1, 

1992. 

Weber, J. K. R., Anderson, C. D., Krishnan,S., Nordine, P. c., and Reed, R. A. Undercooling of 

liquid aluminum oxide. In preparation, 1992. 

Weber, J. K. R., Krishnan,S., Anderson, C. D., and Nordine, P. C. "Containerless liquid-phase 

processing of aluminum oxide by aero-acoustic levitation." Presented at TMs Annual Meeting, San 

Diego, March 2-5, 1992. 

Weber, J. K. R., Krishnan,S., Anderson, C. D., and Nordine, P. C. "Container less processing and 

property measurements on liquid metals, alloys and dielectrics." Presented at VIII European 

Symposium on Materials and Fluid Sciences in Microgravity, Brussels, April 12-16, 1992. 

Weber, J. K. R., Krishnan,S., Anderson, C. D., and Nordine, P. C. "Containerless techniques for 

synthesis of non-equilibrium materials." Presented at TMs Annual Meeting, San Diego, March 2-5, 

1992. 

Weber, J. K. R., Merkley, D. R., Anderson, C. D., Nordine, P.c., Ray, C. S., and Day, D. E. 

Enhanced glass formation for calcia-gallia (silica) compositions by containerless melt processing. 

/. Am. Cer. Soc., submitted for publication, 1992. 

Weber, J. K. R., Krishnan,S., Anderson, C. D., Nordine, P. c., and Reed, R. A. Absorption 

coefficient of liquid aluminum oxide at 0.420 to 0.780 mm. In preparation, 1992. 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Glasses and Ceramics 

PROJECT TITLE: Glass Forming Ability and Crystallization of Glass 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-26-04-02 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Michael C. Weinberg 

AFFILIATION: University of Arizona 

MAILING ADDRESS: Department of Material Science & Engineering 

College of Engineering and Mines 

University of Arizona 

Tucson, AZ 85721 

PHONE: (602) 621-6909 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objectives are: (a) to identify compositions of glasses which could benefit from 

processing in microgravity and (b) to develop a theoretical framework to applicable 

to crystallization kinetics in l-g and micro-g. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

Both theoretical and experimental work are carried out in parallel; the latter 

includes glass preparations, in situ crystal growth measurements, and various 

surface and bulk diagnostics. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

The relative importance of bulk and surface nucleation was studied as a function of 

cooling rate in the free-surface conditions relevant to containerless processing for 

both isothermal and non isothermal environments. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 0 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Bae, B., and Weinberg, M. C. Crystallization of Cooper meta phosphate glass. ,. Arner, Cerarn. 

Soc., accepted 1992. 

Bond, D. A., Cheng, H.-Y., and Anderson, E. E. The growth of ZuS crystals by physical vapor 

transport; Indianapolis meeting of the APS, March 16-20, 1992. Bull Arner. Phys. Soc.,37, 666 

(1992). 

Goktas, A. A., Neilson, G. F., and Weinberg, M. C. Crystallization of lithium borate glasses. J. 

Mater. Sci.27, 24 (1992). 

Schneidman, V. A., and Weinberg, M. C. Induction time in transient nucleation theory. ,. Chem. 

Phys.,97, 3629 (1992). 

Schneidman, V. A., and Weinberg, M. C. Transient nucleation induction time from the birth-death 

equations. ,. Chem. Phys., 97, 3621 (1992). 

Weinberg, M. C. The influence of finite impurity size on heterogeneous nucleation. ,. Chem. Phys. 

96, 9144 (1992). 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

Weinberg, M. C. Non-isothermal surface nucleated transformation kinetics. , . Non-Crystalline 

Solids 151, 81 (1992). 

Weinberg, M. C. Time-temperature-transfonnation diagrams with more than one nose. J. Amer 

Ceram. Soc. 75, 56 (1992). 

Weinberg, M. C. Transformation kinetics of particles with surface and bulk nucleation. J. 

Non-Crystalline Solids 142, 126 (1992). 

Weinberg, M. C. The use of site saturation and arrhenius assumptions in the interpretation of 

non-isothermal DT A/DSC crystallization experiments. Thermochim. Acta 194, 93 (1992). 

Weinberg, M. c., Zanotto, E. D., and Manrich, S. Classical Nucleation Theory with a size 

dependent interfacial tension: Li 20-2Si02 crystal nucleation. Phys. Chem. Glasses, 33, 99 (1992). 

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. II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Metals and Alloys 

PROJECT TITLE: Microwave Materials Processing in Microgravity 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-25-04-07 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Martin B. Barmatz 

AFFILIATION: Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Jet Propulsion Laboratory 

Mail Stop 183-401 

4800 Oak Grove Drive 

Pasadena, CA 91109 

PHONE: (818) 354-3088 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The Microwave Materials Processing in Microgravity task objective is to apply the 

unique capabilities of microwave heating and positioning to process materials in 

micro gravity. The task objectives will include (a) determination of the reaction 

mechanism, microstructure development, and physical properties associated with 

microwave synthesis of ceramics; (b) development and application of microwave 

techniques for monitoring the energy absorption during processing and measuring 

thermophysical properties of materials in microgravity, and (c) theoretical modeling 

of unique microwave heating and positioning capabilities in a microgravity 

environment. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

There is a recognized need to produce advanced refractory ceramics that have higher 

melting temperatures and improved mechanical properties (such as strength and 

toughness). In recent years, ground-based experiments using microwave heating 

have demonstrated enhanced rates of sintering of ceramic materials, leading to new 

micros tructures. 

The synthesis of ceramics in a microgravity environment could provide the 

opportunity to produce contamination-free ceramics with controlled microstructures that lead to advanced structural applications. Microwave processing can 

heat many glass and ceramic compositions very rapidly to high temperatures, it can 

heat them more uniformly than other methods, and it is energy efficient. 

Other important potential applications are crystal growth, and fiber pulling in space. 

Microwaves can generate a well-defined temperature gradient within a material, 

leading to the possibility of melting only the interior of a cylindrical sample, or 

leading to a radial gradient of the index of refraction upon solidification. By 

appropriate monitoring of the microwave parameters during processing one can 

also measure various sample properties as well as obtain energy absorption 

information which can be used to characterize the sample reaction and densification 

mechanisms. 

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II. PROGRAM T ASKS - GROUN D-BASED RESEARCH 

We have recently demonstrated experimentally that microwaves can produce 

unique positioning forces. The ability to microwave heat and position a sample 

may lead to a new containerless technology that is ideally suited for controlled 

processing of materials in microgravity. 

PROGRESS DuRING FY1992 

During this last year, we have (a) developed an advanced microwave 

absorption/ thermal profile theory that calculates the steady-state microwave 

absorption and temperature profile within a sphere and applied this model to the 

processing of alumina demonstrated spheres, (b) demonstrated microwave sintering 

of 123 superconductors (T :::: 1,OSO°C), and (c) demonstrated experimentally the 

existence of the microwave force needed to containerlessly position a sphere at the 

center of a cylindrical cavity in a microgravity environment. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 0 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Bannatz, M., and Jackson, H.W. Steady state temperature profile in a sphere heated by 

microwaves. MRS Microwave Processing of Materials III, 269,97, (1992). 

Bannatz, M., Watkins, J. L., and Jackson, H. W. Microwave processing of materials in 

microgravity. 30th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, AIAA Paper #92-0116, January 1992. 

Jackson, H.W., and Bannatz, M. Method for calculating and observing microwave absorption by a 

sphere in a single mode rect~ngular cavity. Ceramic Transactions 21,261, (1991). 

Jackson, H.W., and Barmatz, M. Microwave absorption by a lossy dielectric sphere in a rectangular 

cavity. J. Appl. Phys. 70, 5193, (1991). 

Watkins, J. L., Jackson, H. W., and Bannatz, M. Measurement of microwave induced forces. MRS 

Microwave Processing of Materials III, 269, 151, (1992). 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Metals and Alloys 

PROJECT TITLE: Studies of Containerless Processing of Selected Nb-based 

Alloys 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-25-08-20 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Robert J. Bayuzick 

AFFILIATION: Vanderbilt University 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Department of Materials Science & Engineering 

Box 6309-B, Station B 

Vanderbilt University 

N ash ville, TN 37235 

PHONE: (615) 322-7047 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The research is presently focusing on determining the speed of solidification as a 

function of undercooling in the large undercooling regime. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

Solidification velocity is measured on electromagnetically levitated specimens by 

mOnitoring the progression of the thermaJ field developed by recalescence. Velocity 

and temperature measurement are made with a custom-built device; it consists of a 

1 X 38 lincox array of 4 mm by 0.96 mm photodiodes, two amplification stages, and 

data acquisition capability for both velocity and temperature measurements. The 

time when each detector senses the solidification front is recorded with a resolution 

of ten nanoseconds. The surface temperature of the levitated drop is measured by 

using the center photodiodes as a pyrometer. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

The instrument for measuring velocity and melt temperature was built and applied 

to studies of pure nickel. Measurements were made over a range of undercooling 

from 8% of the equilibrium freezing point to 18%. At undercoolings less than 10% 

of the equilibrium temperature, the results agree in form with previous workers but 

markedly disagree at undercoolings greater than 10%. Previously reported results in 

the literature overestimate the solidification velocity of nickel at the large 

undercooling. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 1 DEGREES GRANTED: 1 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Bassler, B. T., Hofmeister, W. E., and Bayuzick, R. J. "Observation of materials beta solidification in the titanium aluminum systems." TMS Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA, March 1992. 

Bassler, B. T., Hofmeister, W. E., Bayuzick, R. J., Gorenflo, F., Bergman, T., and Stockem, L. 

Observation of alloy solidification using high speed video. Rev. Sci. Instr., 63 (June 1992). 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

Bertero, G. A., Hofmeister, W. E., Bayuzick, R. J., and Robinson, M. D. Containerless processing and 

rapid solidification of Nb-21 alloys of hypereutectic composition. Metallurgical Transactions A, 

22A (November 1991). 

Bertero, G. A., Hofmeister, W. E., Bayuzick, R. J., and Robinson, M. D. Containerless processing and 

rapid solidification of Nb-21 alloys in the Nb-rich eutectic range. Metallurgical Transactions A, 

22A (November 1991). 

Bayuzick, R. J. "Measurement of the solidification velocity in an undercooled free falling 

droplet." TMS Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA, March 1992. 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Metals and Alloys 

PROJECT TITLE: Dynamic Thermophysical Measurements in Microgravity 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: HQ PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-25-07-05 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Ared Cezairliyan 

AFFILIATION: National Institute of Standards and Technology 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) 

Thermophysics Division 

124 Hazards Building 

Gaithersburg, MD 20899 

PHONE: (301) 975-5931 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objective of this research is to develop accurate millisecond-resolution dynamic 

techniques which, in a microgravity environment, will enable the performance of 

thermo physical measurements on high-melting-point electrically conducting 

materials in their liquid state at temperature above 1,500 K. 

In addition to contributing to the advancement of general high-temperature science 

and technologies, the research is aimed at NASA flight support, specifically in the 

area of containerless processing. The research also has a strong component of 

shared technolgies with other NASA supported programs in the areas of specimen 

heating, energy measurements, temperature mapping, and various other 

sophisticated high-temperature measurement problems. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The research involves the development of a measurement system employing 

millisecond-resolution dynamic heating techniques for accurately determining, 

selected thermophysical properties (such as heat of fusion, specific heat, surface 

tension, and electrical resistivity) at high temperatures in a microgravity 

environment (KC-135 aircraft). The basic technique consists of resistively heating 

the specimen up to its melting point and above in about one second, by passing a 

large current pulse through it, while simultaneously measuring the experimental 

quantities with millisecond resolution. 

As an integral part of the thermophysical measurements in microgravity, novel 

instruments are to be developed. These included high-speed multi wavelength and 

spatial scanning pyrometers. The multi wavelength pyrometer is capable of 

measuring radiance temperature at six wavelengths in the range 500-900 nm every 

0.1 ms. The spatial scanning pyrometer is capable of measuring radiance 

temperature at about 1,000 points along a straight line (25 mm long) on the 

specimen with a complete cycle of measurements in about 1 ms. Both of these 

unique pyrometers are now operational. 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

Surface tension of tantalum at its melting temperature has been determined from 

the data obtained with the high-speed pulse heating system on board KC-135 aircraft. 

The multiwavelength pyrometer has been used to measure (on the ground) the 

melting-point radiance temperature (at six wavelengths in the range 50D-900 nm) of 

several tungsten specimens, yielding highly reproducible results to within ±1 degree 

kelvin. 

A microsecond-resolution technique has been used to measure (on the ground) the 

heat of fusion of tungsten. 

Testing of the spatial scanning pyrometer was completed and was used in 

preliminary experiments to measure temperature gradients in a rapidly heating 

tungsten specimen, providing data for diagnostic purposes and for determination of 

thermal conductivity, which will be a novel approach suitable for measurements at 

very high temperatures. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: a DEGREES GRANTED: a 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Cezairliyan, A., Foley, G. M., Morse, M. S., and MiiJIer, A. P. Six-wavelength 

millisecond-resolution pryrometer. In Temperature, vol, 6, J. F. Schooley, ed., (Am. Inst. Phys., 

New York, 1992), pp.757- 762 .. 

Cezairliyan, A., MiiJIer, A. P., Righini, F., and Rosso, A. Radiance temperature and normal 

spectral emissivity of metals at their melting point as possible reference values. In Temperature, 

vol, 6, J. F. Schooley, ed., (Am. Inst. Phys., New York, 1992), pp. 377- 382 

McClure, J. L., and Cezairliyan, A. Measurement of the heat of fusion of tungsten by a 

microsecond-resolution transient technique. Int. J. Thermophys., in press, 1992. 

Miiller, A. P., and Cezairliyan, A. Radiance temperatures (in the wavelength range 521-906 nm) 

of molybdenum at its melting point by a pulse-heating technique. In Temperature, vol, 6, J. F. 

Schooley, ed., (Am. Inst. Phys., New York, 1992), pp.769-774. 

Miiller, A. P., and Cezairliyan, A. Radiance temperatures (in the wavelength range 519-906 nm) 

of tungsten at its melting point by a pulse-heating technique. Int. J. Thermophys., in press, 1992. 

Miiller, A. P., and Cezairliyan, A. Surface tension of tantalum by a pulse heating technique. Int. 

J. Thermophys., in press 1992. 

Miiller, A. P., and Cezairliyan, A. Radiance temperatures (in the wavelength range 521-906 nm) 

of molybdenum at its melting point by a pulse-heating technique. In Temperature, vol, 6, J. F. 

Schooley, ed., (Am. Inst. Phys., New York, 1992), pp. 769-774. 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TVPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Metals and Alloys 

PROJECT TITLE: The Dynamics of Disorder-Order Transitions in Hard Sphere 

Colloidal Dispersions 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-25-05-18 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Paul M. Chaikin 

AFFILIATION: Princeton University 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Department of Physics 

Princeton University 

Princeton, NJ 08544 

PHONE: (609) 452-4400 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The object of this research is to understand the fundamental nature of liquid-solid 

transitions. These fundamental studies are aimed at a microscopic understanding 

of the most basic static and dynamic aspects of liquids, solids, and the solidification 

process. The ideal system for such study is a set of hard spheres which, according to 

theory, should order as their density is increased past approximately 50%. The 

problem is that sedimentation prevents setting the density or attaining equilibrium 

of the sphere system. Research in microgravity may help overcome this problem. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The approach has focused on simulating low gravity by fluidizing a bed of specially 

prepared hard spheres (silica particles with short polymer coatings) with a 

counterflow of solvent. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

We have made great progress in studying a variety of different colloids suspended 

against gravity by the counterflow of the solvent; that is, with a fluidized bed. We 

have found the variation in sedimentation velocity resulting from hydrodynamic 

interactions and its effect or particle dispersion. We have observed crystallization of 

fluidized particles due to their Coulomb repulsion. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 2 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Rutgers, M., Russel, W. B., and Chaikin, P. M. The elastic properties of colloidal sediments in a 

fluidized bed. Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 37, 391 (1992). 

Xue, J-Z, Rutgers, M., Russel, W. B., Herbolzheimer, E., and Chaikin, P.M. Diffusion, dispersion, 

and settling of hard spheres. Submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett. 1992. 

11-254 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY 1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROt;~D-BASED RESEARCH 

Xue, J-Z, Rutgers, M., Russel, W. B., Herbolzheimer, E., and Chaikin, P.M. Hydrodynamic 

dispersions in hard-sphere fluidized bed. Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 37, 706 (1992). 

11-255 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Metals and Alloys 

PROJECT TiTlE: Modeling Directional Solidification in Furnaces/Processes in 

the Microgravity Materials Science Laboratory 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-25-05-15 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Arnon Chait 

AFFILIATION: NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Lewis Research Center 

Mail Stop 105-1 

21000 Brookpark Road 

Cleveland, OH 44135 

PHONE: (216) 433-3558 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objectives of this task are to develop a general-purpose numerical model for 

simulating directional solidification furnaces and to provide a consistent approach 

to process/ sample parameter optimization. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The approach has been to develop required enhancements for simulating 

solidification processes with a finite element fluid, thermal and solutal solver; to 

develop numerical methodology for process optiIl'\iza tion; and to develop new 

time-dependent, multidimensional, free-boundary algorithms. 

PROGRESS DuRING FY1992 

Progress has included the addition of inverse design and optimization code which 

in turn uses our general purpose fluid or thermal analysis codes. A high-level 

inverse design and optimization code was added and specifically applied to the 

Programmable Multi-Zone Furnace (PMZF) configuration. The capability adds, for 

the first time, the explicit specification of the principal investigator science 

requirements (e.g., thermal gradients, interface shape, etc.) as an experimental 

design criterion. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 0 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

de Groh, H. C. III, and Kassemi, M. Effect of radiation on convection at moderate temperatures. 

Submitted to AIAA J. of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, 1992. 

Yao, M., and de Groh, H. C. III. A 3-D FEM simulation of Bridgman crystal growth and 

comparison with ~xperiments. Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications. September 1992. 

Yao, M., de Groh, H. C. III, and Chait, A. Application of the segregated solution approach in 3-D 

FEM modeling of crystal growth. Advances in Finite Element Analysis in Fluid Dynamics II. 

November 1992. 

11-256 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks IBihliograpby - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

Yeoh, G. H., de Vahl-Davis, G., Leonardi, E., de Groh, H. C. III, and Yao, M. A numerical and 

experimental study of natural convection and interface shape in crystal growth. Presented to the 

International Conference on Transport Phenomena in Processing, 1992. 

Young, G. W., and Chait, A. Surface tension driven heat, mass, and momentum transport in a float 

zone. Accepted for publication, J. Crystal Growth, 1992. 

11-257 
1-

Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY 1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Metals and Alloys 

PROJECT TITLE: Fluid Mechanics of Directional Solidification at Reduced 

Gravity 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-25-05-21 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Chuan F. Chen 

AFFILIATION: University of Arizona 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Department of Aerospace 

and Mechanical Engineering 

University of Arizona 

Tucson, AZ 85721 

PHONE: (602) 621-2236 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The primary objective of this research is to provide ground-based support for the 

flight experiment Casting and Solidification Technology (CAST), which was flown 

on IML-l in January 1992. The secondary objective of the proposed research is to 

examine the stability phenomena associated with the onset of freckles and the 

mechanisms for their subsequent growth and decline (to eventual demise of some). 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The focus is to study the convective motion and freckle formation during 

directional solidification of NH4CL from aqueous solution at simulated parameter 

ranges equivalent to reduced gravity. This will involve state-of-the-art imaging 

techniques and mathematical models for the prediction of the observed 

phenomena. 

PROGRESS DuRING FY1992 

Comprehensive experimental results on the directional solidification of NH.C1 

solution have been obtained. Using flow visualization techniques and time-lapse 

motion pictures, convection motion in the mushy zone before and after the onset of 

plume convection has been observed. The effect of gravity modulation on the onset 

of instabilities in a double-diffusive layer with gross-diffusion has been analyzed 

using linear stability analysis with Floquet theory. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 5 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Chen, C. F. Convection in the mushy zone during directional solidification. In Interact ive 

Dynamics of Convection and Solidification, Davis, Huppert, Muller, and Worster, eds., pp. 

139--141. The Netherlands: Kluwer Academic Publications, 1992. 

Chen, C. F. Surface tension effects on the onset of double-diffusive convection. In Microgravity 

Fluid Mechanics, H. J. Rath, ed., pp. 325-333. New York: Skpringer-Verlag, 1992. 

11-258 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROU~D-BASED RESEARCH 

Chen, C. F. Viscosity effects on the directional solidification of NH4Cl solution in a Hele-Shaw 

cell. Physics of Fluids A., vol. 4, no. 9 (Gallery of fluid Motion), 1992. 

Chen, C. F., and Chen, F. Onset of salt-finger convection in a gravity-gradient. Physics of Fluids 

A., vol, 4, no. 9, (Gallery of fluid Motion), 1992. 

Chen, C. F., and Su, T. F., Effect of surface tension on the onset of convection in a double-diffusive 

layer. Physics of Fluids A., vol. 4, pp. 2360-2367, 1992. 

Chen, C. F., and Ehrhard, P. "Onset of chumney convection in a mushy layer generated in a 

Hele-Shaw celL" Presented at the 45th annual meeting of APS-DFD, Tallahassee, FL, November 

1992. 

Landis, M. A., and Chen, C. F."Solid fraction distribution in a mushy layer by computed 

tomography." Poster presentation in the Gallery of fluid Motion, 45th annual meeting of 

APS-DFD, Tallahassee, FL, November 1992. 

11-259 
Microgravity Science & Applications 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BAS ED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Metals and Alloys 

PROJECT TITLE: Modeling of Coalescence 

Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-25-05-35 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Robert H. Davis 

AFFILIATION: University of Colorado 

MAILING ADDRESS: Department of Chemical Engineering 

Campus Box 424 

University of Colorado 

Boulder, m 80309 

PHONE: (312) 491-5397 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The overall objective of this research is to develop models to predict drop-sizedistribution evolutions due to droplet collisions and coalescence during processing 

within the miscibility gap of bimetallic liquid-phase-miscibility-gap materials. 

When bimetallic liquid-phase-miscibility-gap materials are cooled through the 

miscibility gap, droplets rich in one of the metals form in the liquid matrix rich in 

the other metal. Droplet coalescence and phase segregation then occur due to 

buoyancy, thermocapillary, and other nongravitational mechanisms. Drop-size 

distribution evolutions in time are calculated by population dynamics models. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

In the population dynamics models, continuous drop-size distributions are 

discretized into a large number of categories. The formation and destruction of 

drops in each size category is tracked. Drop motion due to gravity sedimentation, 

Marangoni migration, Brownian motion, and bulk flow are considered individually 

or collectively. 

Classic expressions attributed to Smoluchowski for the collision rate between drops 

(that are required in the collision kernels opposing in the population dynamics 

models) are improved to include attractive, repulsive, and hydrodynamic 

interactions between drops. In particular, trajectory calculations are used to predict 

collision efficiencies. 

PROGRESS DuRING FY1992 

A computer program has been completed for solving the population dynamics 

model to follow droplet size evolutions with time in homogeneous dispersions due 

to collisions arising from gravity sedimentation, Marangoni migration, and/or 

Brownian motion. Some of the key results are that a bimodal initial distribution 

will exhibit much more rapid coalescence due to gravity sedimentation or 

11-260 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED P. ESEARCH 

Marangoni migration than will a unimodal initial distribution. A unimodal initial 

distribution will evolve into a bionodal distribution, then into a shifted and 

broadened unimodal distribution, and the coalescence may be greatly reduced by 

antiparallel alignment of the gravity vector and the temperature gradient. 

Collision efficiencies for Brownian motion and gravity sedimentation for drops 

having a range of viscosity and radius ratios have been computed both in the 

presence and absence of attractive forces. A key result is that, in contrast to rigid 

particles, spherical liquid drops have nonzero collision efficiencies in the absence of 

attractive forces. 

Theoretical work on combined mechanisms for drop coalescence has been focused 

on buoyancy and Marangoni motion with the gravity vector aligned antiparallel to 

the temperature gradient. The collision efficiencies for thermocapillary motion are 

larger than those for gravity motion, because of the more rapid decay of the velocity 

fields created by drops undergoing thermo capillary motion, provided that the 

thermal conductivity of the drops is not too large. 

Our results show that there is a finite region in parameter space for which no 

collisions occur. This is because the interaction of two drops due to thermocapillary 

migration decays more rapidly with the separation distance R (as 1/ R3

) than does the 

interaction of two drops in gravity motion (which decays as 1/ R). As a result, the 

large drop which moves toward a small drop below it due to gravity may reach a 

separation distance where the initially weaker thermocapillary effects just balance 

the buoyancy-driven relative motion, and so the separation distance then no longer 

decreases. 

Time scales have been determined to phase segregation and drop coalescence, 

together with criteria for predicting whether or not significant coalescence will occur 

prior to phase segregation. A computer model is being developed to solve 

population balances for drop size distributions which show that the phase 

segregation rate initially increases due to coalescence and subsequently decreases as 

the large drops migrate out of suspension. 

Physical data on a variety of bimetallic and transparent immiscibles have been 

collected, and dimensionless parameters presenting various effects have been 

tabulated as functions of drop size. Data on composite Hamaker constant (for van 

der Waals attraction) and temperature coeffiicients of interfacial tension (for 

thermo capillary migration) are sparse, and order-of-magnitude estimates are 

typically used. Calculations of collision efficiencies have been made for bismuth 

drops in a zinc melt and for ethyl salicytate drops in diethylene glycol. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 2 DEGREES GRANTED: 1 

11-261 
L _ 

Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks I Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUI\D-BASED RESEARCH 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Davis, R. H. Microhydrodynamics of particulate suspensions. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. In press, 

1992. 

Zhang X., and Davis, R. H. The collision rate and small drops undergoing thermocapillary 

migration. , . Colloid Interface Sci, vol. 152, pp. 548-561 (1992). 

11-262 
L __ 

Microgravity Science & Applications 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUlIiD-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Metals and Alloys 

PROJECT TITLE: Theory of Solidification 

Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-25-05-16 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Stephen H. Davis 

AFFILIATION: Northwestern University 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Department of Engineering Sciences 

and Applied Mathematics 

Northwestern University 

Evanston, IL 60208 

PHONE: (312) 491-5397 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objective of this work is to obtain a quantitative understanding of the effects of 

various factors present during solidification on the solid/melt morphology. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

In the approach, nonlinear stability theory, asymptotic, and numerical methods are 

all used to investigate the stability of the coupled systems describing the directional 

solidification of binary systems from the melt. 

PROGRESS DuRING FY1992 

Progress during the past year has been made in many areas of solidification, 

including hydrodynamics and the behavior of cells and dendrites. The effect of 

morphology of Soret convection was examined experimentally and theoretically. 

The traveling waves normally associated with Soret convection are generally 

eradicated by the presence of a solid-liquid interface that can melt and freeze. A 

survey article has been written on the interaction of flow and morphology. It will 

appear in the Handbook of Crystal Growth. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 2 DEGREES GRANTED: 1 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Anderson, D. M., Worster, M. G., and Da\'is, S. H. 'The solidification of a liquid droplet on a cold 

plate." 44th Annual Meetingf of the Division of Fluid DynarrUcs, American Physical Society, 

Tempe, AZ., 1992. 

Braun, R. J., Merchant, G. J., Brattkus, K., and Davis, S. H. 'Nonlinear oscillation in rapid 

directional solidification." 44th Annual Meeting of the Division of Fluid Dynamics, American 

Physical Society, Tempe, AZ, 1992. 

Braun, R. J., Merchant, G. J., Brattkus, K., and Davis, S. H. "Nonlinear analysis rapid 

solidification." Tenth International Conference on Crystal Growth, San Diego, CA, 1992. 

Davis, S. H. ''Rapid solidification of a binary alloy." Department of Mathematical Sciences, 

University of Akron, 1992. 

11-263 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

Davis, S. H. "Microscale coupling of solidification and flow." In Interactive Dynamics of 

Convection and Solidification, NATO Advanced Research Workshop, Chamonix (Plenary 

lecture), 1992. 

Davis, S. H. "Strongly nonlinear oscillations in rapid directional solidification." Department of 

Mathematics, University of Utah, 1992. 

Davis, S. H. "Instabilities in rapid solidification." Department of Metallurgical and Materials 

Engineering, Illinois Institute of Technology, 1992. 

Huntley, D. A., and Davis, S. H. "Thermal effects in rapid directional solidification: Linear 

theory." 44th Annual Meeting of the Division of Fluid Dynamics, American Physical Society, 

Tempe, AZ, 1992. 

Huntley, D. A., and Davis, S. H. "Thermal effects in rapid directional solidification." Tenth 

International Conference on Crystal Growth, San Diego, CA, 1992. 

11- 264 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY 1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

Tv P E: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Metals and Alloys 

PROJECT TITLE: Evaluation of Microstructural Development in Undercooled 

Alloys 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-25-07-03 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Richard N. Grugel 

AFFILIATION: Vanderbilt University 

MAILING ADDRESS: Center for Microgravity 

Research & Applica tions 

Box 6079 Station B 

N ash ville, TN 37235 

PHONE: (615) 343-6965 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objectives of this study are to be conducted in view of experiment and pertinent 

theory and will, upon completion, serve to enhance our scientific understanding of 

solidification processes. These include evaluating the microstructural morphology, 

external and internal to the sample, as functions of undercooling (~T), composition 

(Co), and volume (Vo), Following microstructural evolution from the site of 

nucleation, this will provide valuable information with regard to maintaining the 

integrity of desired microstructure and the nature of abrupt morphological 

transitions. Irrefutable trends in microstructural development will be evaluated in 

terms of present theory, which will be amended as necessary. Finally, evaluation of 

the ground-based experiments will ascertain the feasibility of processing 

undercooled bulk melts in microgravity. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

Nucleation of the undercooled alloy samples will be induced, and the extent of 

dendritic growth will be evaluated as a function of undercooling (Co and Vo 

constant), composition (llT and Vo constant) and volume (T and Co constant). 

Varying the composition will in effect vary the volume fraction of the primary 

dendrites and, consequently, the initial amount of heat released due to recalescence. 

Varying the sample size will affect the rate of cooling after recalescence. 

Transitions in the microstructure, for example, a change from columnar dendritic to 

equiaxed grains, are also an important consideration and will be noted as a function 

of the above parameters. Critical evaluation of solute distribution and primary 

dendrite trunk diameters will provide information with regard to the internal 

dendrite growth velocity, and will allow for comparison with those measured on 

the sample surface. The internal solidification history will be further understood 

through evaluation of the evolution of the structure of interdendritic eutectic, and 

not merely the change in spacing. 

11-265 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 ------------------------=-------------=- ~--------

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GR()l":\D-BASED RESEARCH 

PROGRESS DuRING FY1992 

Progress during 1992 year consisted primarily of equipment acquisition and 

incorporation into the laboratory, equipment characterization, development of 

experimental methods, and initiation of preliminary experiments. 

A Lindberg Model 56724 furnace (max. temperature 1,700 DC) has been purchased 

and installed. The programmed heating and cooling rates have been measured by 

an independent thermocouple and found to be highly accurate; temperature stability 

is excellent. 

Preliminary experiments with two alloy systems, Ag-14% Ge and Pb-30% Sn have 

been initiated. Ag-14 wt pct Ge: The primary silver phase has exhibited 

undercoolings on the order of 10 K and the eutectic has been undercooled 27 K. The 

solidified microstructures are in accordance with previous reports. A number of 

low-melting-point glasses are being evaluated as fluxes with the intent of achieving 

much greater undercoolings; "needles" to induce nucleation have been fabricated . 

Pb-30% Sn: The primary lead phase has been undercooled 11 K and the eutectic 

phase 22 K (~T /Tm = 0.12). Microstructural examination shows a finer dendritic 

structure with increased undercooling, but for the given cooling conditions, no 

obvious macrosegregation. 

Ms. Fay Hua, the graduate student assigned to this project, has done a through 

review of the rele\'ant literature and is now familiar with alloy preparation, furnace 

operation, experimental procedures, and sample preparation for metallographic 

examination; her required class work is nearly completed. 

G RADUA TE STUDENTS: 1 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENT ATIONS 

Flanagan, W. F. 1i rostructural dl'\'( lopment in bulk, undercooled alloys." Modular 

Containeriess Processing Facilit~: - TE."Chnical Interface Meeting, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, 

Pasadena, CA 13- 15, January 1992. 

II-266 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliograpby - FY1991 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROt:~D-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Metals and Alloys 

PROJECT TITLE: Noncontact Thennal, Physical Property Measurement of 

Multiphase Systems 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-25-07-04 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Robert H. Hauge 

AFFILIATION: Rice University 

MAlUNG ADDRESS: P.O. Box 1892 

Houston, TX m52 

PHONE: 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

Measurement methods for high-temperature materials in the liquid state are made 

difficult or impossible due to reactions with the support or container materials. 

Levitation methods (electromagnetic, electrostatic, aerodynamic, and acoustic) 

provide a containerless approach to sample positioning. Electromagnetic levitation 

also provides in situ heating and stirring of the sample. Our goal is to develop 

noncontact techniques of measurement for all relevant physical and chemical 

properties of the liquid state. Properties measurements which we are currently 

emphasizing are measurements of temperature, sample optical constant, density, 

surface tension, heat capacity, enthalpy, and thermal conductivity. The equipment 

allows for all of the abo\"e measurements to carry out of the same sample. 

Measurements of thermal conductivity are compromised by electromagnetic stirring 

forces and will require the quiescent environment of microgravity for accurate 

measurement. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

Measurement techniques for the properties are as follows: 

1. Temperature: A simultaneous measurement of sample brightness centered at 

632 mm and the surface emissivity is made with an integrated multicolor pyrometer 

ellipsometer. This gives a noncontact measure of temperature with no 

assumptions. The surface refractive index and extinction coefficient are also 

obtained. 

2. Density: A triggered high-resolution video camera image of the liquid drop is 

obtained with backlighting of the sample by a 670-mm diode laser. Images are taken 

when the sample has spherical symmetry, and the density is obtained from a 

calculation of volume with use of an accurately determined sample profile. 

3. Surface tension: Surface-tension measurements are obtained from the 

vibrational frequencies of the oscillating drop. The vibrational frequencies are 

measured by following the tluctuation of reflected laser light. 

11-267 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY 1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

4. Enthalpy and heat capacity: Drop calorimetry is currently used to measure the 

total sample heat content as a number of temperatures. 

5. Thermal conductivity: Initial efforts are being made to determine the 

time-dependent temperature profile of a sample relative tq spot heating with a CO2 

laser. 

6. Electromagnetic levitation coils: Current concentrators which provide both 

vertical and lateral electromagnetic symmetry have been developed for efficient EM 

coupling to the sample and improved symmetry of the positioning forces. 

PROGRESS DuRING FY1992 

New current concentrator designs have been shown to provide efficient 

electromagnetic (EM) coupling to the sample with symmetric positioning forces. 

An integrated video camera, ellipsometer, and multicolor pyrometer instrument 

has been designed and is in a construction and testing phase. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 1 DEGREES GRANTED: 1 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Hauge, R. H., Lee, P., Baykara, T., and Margrave, J. L. A review of containerless thermophysical 

property measurements of liquid metals and alloys. Accepted by High Temperature Science, 1992. 

Krishnan, S., Nordine, P. c., Weber, J. K. R., Hauge, R. H., and Margrave, J. L. Emissivity and 

temperature measurement by laser polarimetry and spectoral radiometry. Proceedings of the 

Seventh International Symposium on Temperature, May 1, 1992. 

Xiao, Z. L., Lee, P., Fredin, L., Hauge, R. H., Margrave, J. L. Methods development for sample size, 

thermodynamic temperature, surface tension and motion measurements of levitated samples. The 

Gordon Research Conference (High Temperature Chemistry), July 1992. 

11-268 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks IBibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Metals and Alloys 

PROJECT TITLE: Fluid Flow in Partly Solidified Systems 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-25-05-19 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. Angus Hellawell 

AFFILIATION: Michigan Technological University 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: 

PHONE: 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

This research is concerned with the occurrence of local macroscopic convective 

patterns which develop in bulk liquids during alloy solidification and lead to 

segregation in the solidified material. Thermosolutal plumes are interesting 

scientifically because they represent a convective stability problem, and industrially 

because their occurrence in metal casting causes the defect known as "frackle." 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

We propose to carry out studies of channel formulation in molten salts (NaF-NaC1) 

and organics (SCN). We intend to correlate the thermal, compositional, and 

dimensional conditions for channel formation in the salts and organics and 

compare the results with those already available for lead-based alloys and the 

aqueous system. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

During the year the techniques have been refined for measurements of 

channel-convective plume dimensions, compositions, and flow rates, for metallic, 

aqueous, and organic systems, covering a range of Prandti numbers from -2.1OE-2 to 

-20. With refined optical techniques and with video recording at 1/30s frame 

intervals, considerable data is now becoming available about the movement and 

density distribution of small dendrite fragments which are eject~d from the mushy 

zone into the bulk liquid. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 2 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Hellawell, A., Sarazin, J. R., and Steube, R. S. Channel convection in partly solidified systems. 

In preparation, 1991 . 

Jang, J., and Hellawell, A. The use of NH4Cl-H20 analogue castings to model aspects of continuous 

casting, Parts I and II. J. Ironmaking and Steelmaking., vol. 18, pp. 267-283, (1991) 

11-269 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks I Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROt.:~D·BASED RESEARCH 

Sarazin, J. H., and Hellawell, A. Segregation arising from natural convection during 

solidification. TMS, EPD Congress Proceedings. D. R. Gaskell, ed., pp. 511-522, 1992. 

Steube, R. S. I Sarazin, ]. H., and Hellawell, A. "Observations of convection during solidifcation." 

TMS Spring Meeting, 1992. 

11-270 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY 1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROt:~D-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Metals and Alloys 

PROJECT TITLE: Containerless Processing of Oxide Superconductors 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-25-08-22 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. William H. Hofmeister 

AFFILIATION: Vanderbilt University 

MAIUNG AoURESS: Vanderbilt University 

MSE/Space Center 

Box 6309 Station B 

Nashville, TN 37235 

PHONE: (615) 322-7311 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The high reactivity of oxide superconductors with all known contammg media 

makes them excellent candidates for containerless processing experiments. 

YBa2Cu3~ 6 or 1 :2:3 has been chosen as the prototype material for these studies 

because the phase relationships are reasonably well known and, as this is a peritectic 

compound, the possibili ty of solidifying if directly from an undercooled melt is 

reasonably high. 

The experimental objectives are to develop viable techniques for containerless 

processing of oxide superconductors, to explore the melting, undercooling, and 

solidification behavior of these materials, and to study the microstructural and 

superconducting properties of the resultant materials. Comparison of these 

melt-processed materials with ceramic, melt-textured, and directionally solidified 

materials will help to elucidate the advantages and disadvantages of containerless 

processing on oxide superconductors. The techniques developed by this project will 

apply to oxide superconductors in general and will provide additional avenues for 

research in this field. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

Containerless processing will be performed using a 2-meter drop tube and powders 

of starting composition YBa 2Cu30 7_o ranging in size from 10 em to 300 cm. This drop 

tube allows for processing in a con trolled en vironmen t free from con tainer 

contamination. 

Microstructural and compositional analyses will be performed by both Vanderbilt 

and Westinghouse. In addition, other methods of containerless processing will be 

explored including aero-acoustic levitation, electrostatic levitation, and cold-crucible 

electromagnetic levitation. 

11-271 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

Powders have been processed in the 2-meter drop tube at Vanderbilt at temperatures 

up to 1,750 °C. Microstructural evaluation involved optical microscopy, scanning 

electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Resultant 

phases were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), energy dispersive spectroscopy 

(EDS), and electron diffraction. 

The microstructures consisted of faceted Y 2~ particles from 1-3 ern in size 

surrounded by at least three other phases including a previously unreported 

hexagonal phase with composition YBa2Cu3.S0x' The nature of the Y 2~ particles 

indicates that complete melting did not take place in experiments with furnace 

temperatures below 1,720 0c. At higher furnace temperatures complete melting 

followed by undercooling, and rapid solidification did occur. This was evidenced by 

a duplex microstructure, typical of metals that have been undercooled and rapidly 

solidified. The rapidly solidified region had an overall composition of 

approximately 1:1:1.8 and consisted of submicron Y2~ particles surrounded by an 

extremely fine matrix of several phases, most of which were nanoscale. 

Throughout all of these drop-tube experiments, variation of the oxygen content in 

the processing environment appeared to have no effect on the resulting 

microstructure. 

In an effort to determine the exact location of the Y2~ liquidus in this system, 

experiments were performed using compounds of stoichiometry 1:1:2 and 1:2.4:3.2. 

In both cases, complete melting did not occur; however, some insight was gained as 

to the origin of several of the phases. In addition to the drop-tube experiments 

performed, investigations have been initiated into aero-acoustic levitation (AAL) 

using the facility at Intersonics, Inc. in Chicago, IL. This technique provides several 

advantages over the 2-meter drop tube. Samples range in size from 2 to 3 mm, thus 

greatly simplifying the metallography and making it easier to characterize the 

microstructures. AAL also allows for direct observation of the sample while 

processing. This provides both a visual record of melting and solidification as well 

as accurate temperature measurement. In addition, much higher temperatures are 

attainable with AAL. This should help to overcome the temperature limitations of 

the 2-meter drop tube, allowing access to the Y2~ liquids. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 2 DEGREES GRANTED: 1 

PUBlICATIONS/PR ESENT ATIONS 

Olive, J. R., Hofmeister, W. H., Carro, G., and Bayuzick R. J. "Containerless processing of oxide 

superconductors." Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 1992. 

11-272 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography·- FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Metals and Alloys 

PROJECT TITLE: Modeling/Experimental Studies of Droplet Pushing in 

Miscibility-Gap Alloy Solidification Under Low-g Conditions 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-25-05-22 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. William B. Krantz 

AFFILIATION: University of Colorado 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Center of Low-Gravity Fluid 

Mechanics 

Campus Box 432 

Boulder, m 80309-0432 

PHONE: (303) 492-7050 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The focus of this study is to understand the mechanism of droplet rejection by an 

advancing solidification front during directional solidification of a miscibility-gap 

alloy. The droplet-pushing phenomenon is thought to be an important factor 

governing the formation of microstructures in these alloys. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The first objective of this research is to obtain qualitative and quantitative 

information on the droplet-pushing mechanism by observation of the solidification 

front in transparent organic miscibility-gap systems. 

The second objective is to develop a mathematical model of droplet pushing which 

predicts the critical drop diameter as a function of processing conditions and fluid 

properties. The final objective is to determine the proper form of the thin film 

model for the droplet-pushing problem. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

Progress has been made in experimental and modeling studies. The difficulties 

encountered with achieving and maintaining high sample purity prompted the 

development of a system for purification and transfer of organic materials. 

Solidification experiments suggested that the critical drop size was dependent on the 

shape of the solidification front. A numerical solution for the critical drop site was 

developed which treats the solidification front as a free boundary. Progress on thin 

film modeling includes the identification of a continuum film pressure tensor. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 5 DEGREES GRANTED: 1 

11-273 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

ll. PROGRAM TASKS - GROt;~D-BASED RESEARCH 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Chione, D. J., Wray, M. D., Thiessen, D. B., and Krantz, W. B. "Surface tension measurement by 

digital image analysis." Southwesstern and Rocky Mountain Division of the American 

Association for the Advancement of Science, 68th Annual Meeting, Tuscon, AZ, May 17-21, 1992. 

Thiessen, D. B., and Krantz, W. B. Bimodal terminal velocities using the falling needle 

viscometer. Rev. Sci. Instrum. In press, 1992. 

11-274 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliograpby - FY1992 

II. PKOGRAM TASKS - GROt:~D-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Metals and Alloys 

PROJECT TITLE: Containerless Property Measurement of High-Temperature 

Liquids 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-25-07-05 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Shankar Krishnan 

AFFILIATION: Intersonics, Inc. 

MAiUNG ADDRESS: Intersonics, Inc. 

3453 Commercial A venue 

Northbrook, IL 60062 

PHONE: (708) 272-1772 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The task objective is to measure the optical properties of high-purity liquid metals 

and alloys (AI, Zr, Ni, and Ni-Zr alloys) over wide wavelength (220-1100 nm), 

temperature (Tm,l + 300 K), and composition ranges under containerless conditions. 

Spectroscopic, pulsed dye-laser ellipsometry is used to obtain the complex dielectric 

functions and spectral emissivity data at high temperatures on clean liquids using 

electromagnetic levitation. These data are needed for accurate noncontact temperature measurement, and for measurements of the total hemispherical emittance by 

integration of emissivity over the wavelength range of thermal emission. 

The relevance and significance to the microgravity program are twofold. First, the 

spectral emissivity and total hemispherical emissivity form the basis for new 

noncontact thermophysical property measurements in microgravity 

experimentation. For example, knowledge of total hemispherical emittance allows 

heat capacity and thermal diffusi\'ity to be accurately determined from free-cooling 

and pulse-heating experiments. Spectral emissivity data allow true specimen 

temperatures to be determined using optical pyrometry. Second, spectral emissivity 

measurements on specific materials are needed by other NASA investigators in 

ground-based and microgravity experimentation. 

Another major outcome of this research will be the determin~tion of the optical 

properties of liquids over a wide wavelength range. These measurements are of 

fundamental importance to advancing the theory of liquid metals. For example the 

presence or absence of important interband transitions provides information on the 

valence, bonding, joint density-of-states, and the extent to which nearly-free electron 

behavior is exhibited by liquid metals and alloys. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The research approach is to levitate liquid metals and alloys (Al, Ni, Zr, and Ni-Zr 

alloys) electromagnetically and use a spectroscopic pulsed dye-laser ellipsometer to 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

measure the complex dielectric function and the spectral emissivity in the 

wavelength range 220--100 nm. Pulsed radiation is generated by a Molectron 

dye-laser, and the wavelength is automatically set and adjusted by a laboratory 

computer. Light reflected by the specimen is collected and analyzed by a unique 

rotating analyzer ellipsometer. 

The rotating components of the ellipsometer are motorized and controlled by the 

computer. The signals are detected by a pair of photodiodes and an EG&G boxcar 

averager is used to extract the mean value of the light intensities at the two 

photodiodes which receive the orthogonally polarized components of the reflected 

light. The signals are automatically measured by the computer. 

A Molectron dye laser is used to generate pulsed radiation in the 220-1100 nm 

wavelength range. The light is steered through several mirrors, and transmitted 

through a pair of Glan Thomson linear polarizers. The second polarizer is fixed in 

azimuth, and rotation of the first polarizer allows light levels to be adjusted to the 

optimum values. The light is incident on the liquid specimens at a fixed incident 

polarization, and the reflected polarization is analyzed for its new azimuth and 

elli pti city. 

A modified rotating analyzer ellipsometer is used to measure the outgoing 

polarization at 6 azimuths of the analyzer. The analyzer is of the beamsplitting type 

such that the two orthogonal components of the beam are simultaneously obtained. 

Three intensity ratios are measured at three independent pairs of azimuths. The 

complex dielectric constant, indices of refraction, and spectral emissivities are 

derived from standard equations. The light intensities are detected by a pair of high 

speed, UV -enhanced silicon photodiodes and measured by a pair of gated 

integrators. 

The emphasis of measurements on liquid metals and alloys is to determine the 

temperature and (for alloys) composition dependence of all optical properties over 

the accessible wavelength range. Measurements are possible from approximately 0.8 

of the melting temperature, (TM) in under cooled liquids to at least 300K above TM. 

The observed effects of temperature and composition on optical properties and the 

wavelength dependence of these properties are interpreted in terms of liquid 

structure and bonding. 

The liquid nickel, zirconium, and their alloys have been chosen to be investigated 

in this research because they display unique glass forming behavior, typify early and 

late transition metals, and because they are also of interest to other NASA 

investigators. Measurements at 633 nm on these metals is being conducted in 

collaboration with Professors Bayuzick of Vanderbilt University and Johnson of the 

California Institute of Techology. 

11-276 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

An automated rotating analyzer pulsed dye laser spectroscopic ellipsometer was 

designed and built during the first three months of the project. It consists of a 

nitrogen laser-pumped pulsed dye laser and a rotating analyzer polarization state 

detector (PSD). The incident laser beam and PSD axes are placed at an angle of 1350 

in the horizontal plane and perpendicular to two windows on the electromagnetic 

levitation chamber. Specimens are levitated and melted at the intersection of these 

axes, using specially designed levitation coils that do not obscure the equatorial 

plane of the levitated drop. Incident laser light of a fixed polarization state is 

reflected into the PSD and analyzed. The PSD includes light collection and focusing 

optics, a beam splitting Glan-Thompson prism mounted in a computer-operated 

rotation stage, and a pair of photodiodes. 

The new apparatus was successfully used to determine the optical properties of 

liquid aluminum at wavelengths from 360,990 nm (1.2-3.5 eV) at a temperature of 

1,580 K. Data at eight wavelengths were obtained over the temperature range from 

1,200 K-1,800 K. Structure in the optical properties of liquid aluminum was 

demonstrated to occur at photon energies of ca. 1.5 eV (820 nm wavelength). This is 

the first demonstration that liquid aluminum has structure in the optical properties 

and displays the nonfree electron behavior characteristic of solid aluminum. Error 

analyses have been conducted to establish the accuracy of results. Further analysis of 

the results is in progress and a paper on this work is being prepared for publication. 

Experiments are in progress to develop electromagnetic levitation coils and 

conditions for measurements on liquid zirconium and nickel. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 0 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Krishnan,S., Calibration, properties and applications of the division-of- amplitude 

photopolarimeter at 632.8 and 1523 nm. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A ,9, 1615-1622 (1992). 

S. Krishnan and P. C Nordine, Containerless property measurements of high temperature liquids: 

emissivity, temperature, thermodynamics, In Proceedings of the First Technical Interface 

Meeting for the Modular Containerless Processing Facility, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Publication 

JPL D-9370, 1992. 

Krishnan, S. and Nordine, P. C, Optical properties of clean liquid aluminum at 1.2 - 3.6 eV. For 

Phys. Rev. B. In preparation, 1992. 

Krishnan,S., Weber, J. K. R, Anderson, C D., Nordine, P. C, and Sheldon, R 1. "Optical 

properties of liquid uranium and zirconium at 633 nm." Presented at the Gordon Research 

Conference on High Temperature Chemistry, Meriden, NH, July 19-24, 1992. 

Krishnan,S., Weber, J. K. R, Anderson, CD., Nordine, P. C, and Sheldon, R 1. Spectral 

emissivity and optical properties at A = 632.8 nm for liquid uranium and zirconium at high 

temperatures. J. Nucl. Matter. Submitted for publication, 1992. 

Krishnan,S., Nordine, P. C, Weber, J. K. R, Hauge, R H., and Margrave, J. L. Emissivity and 

temperature measurement by laser polarimetry and spectral radiometry. In J. F. Schooley, ed., 

Temperature its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, vol. 6, part 2. New York: 

American Institute of Physics, pp. 943-948 (1992). 

11-277 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROt.:..-D-BASED RESEARCH 

Krishnan, S., Anderson, CD., Weber, J.K.R., Nordine, P.C, Hofmeister, W.H., and Bayuzick, R. J. 

Optical properties. Metall. Trans A, December 1992 (in press). 

Krishnan, S., Nordine, P. C, Weber, J. K. R., Hauge, R. H., and Margrave, J. L. "Emissivity and 

temperature measurement by laser polarimetry and spectral radiometry." Presented at the 7th 

Symposium on Temperature, Toronto, April 28 - May 1, 1992. 

11-278 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROU:"iD-BASED R ESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Metals and Alloys 

PROJECT TITLE: Containerless Processing for Controlled Solidification 

Microstructures 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-25-07-06 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. John H. Perepezko 

AFFILIATION: University of Wisconsin 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Department of Materials Science 

1509 University Avenue 

University of Wisconsin 

Madison, WI 53706 

PHONE: (608) 263-1678 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The main research objective is the evaluation of the undercooling and resultant 

solidification microstructures in containerless processing, including drop-tube 

processing and levitation melting of selected alloys as an experience base for 

microgravity experiments. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The degree of liquid undercooling attainable in a laboratory scale (3-m) drop-tube 

and levitation melting system can be altered through the variation of processing 

parameters such as melt superheat, sample-size, and gas environment. In a given 

sample, the competitive nucleation and growth kinetics between equilibrium and 

metastable phases controls microstructural development. The solidification 

behavior is evaluated through metallography, thermal analysis, and X-ray 

diffraction examination in conjunction with calorimetric measurements of falling 

droplets and a heat flow model of the processing conditions to judge the sample 

thermal history. 

PROGRESS DuRING FY1992 

In the current program studies, solidification microstructures are being examined in 

selected Ni- and Mn-based systems. The specific alloy selection is based on a 

metastable phase diagram analysis that allows for the identification of unique 

microstructures and microstructural transitions that may be produced by 

microgravity containerless processing. 

A duplex partitionless solidification reaction involving fcc and bcc crystalline phases 

has been identified over a range of compositions near that of the eutectic in the 

Ni-V system. The reaction can be thought of as the limiting case of a eutectic 

transformation (L-7a+~) in which a and ~ have the same composition as the liquid 

phase. Drop tube experiments are being conducted to characterize the competitive 

formation kinetics of the fcc and bee phases. Near-equiatomic Ni-V alloys were 

11-279 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

solidified via containerless processing methods and studied with electron 

microscopy techniques. TEM has shown the presence of a duplex structure of fcc and 

bcc in large-(::::lOO mg) droplet samples. Microstructural analysis has suggested that 

the duplex structure is not the result of a solid state transformation and that the fcc 

and bcc phases have apparently nucleated independently from the liquid phase. 

A thermodynamic model has been applied to the Ni-V system to calculate To 

temperatures for the relevant phases to map compositions and temperatures for 

which the duplex partitionless reaction is possible. A kinetic model has also been 

forwarded, which takes into account both the nucleation and growth rates of the 

competing fcc and bcc phases. The nucleation kinetics analysis is in agreement with 

experimental results. Further refinement of the model is underway to consider the 

effects of transient nucleation and heat flow effects. 

Near-equiatomic Mn-AI alloys represent an important class of permanent magnet 

materials. The key ferromagnetic phase is a metastable structure produced by 

solid-state heat treatments. Recent drop-tube and levitation melting studies have 

demonstrated for the first time that the metastable ferromagnetic phase can be 

produced from the liquid, provided that high under cooling is achieved. With 

specially prepared samples, it has been possible to assess the thermodynamic driving 

forces involved in metastable 't phase solidification. The To 'tIl temperature has been 

evaluated to help understand the metastable solidification reaction pathways which 

yield the ferromagnetic 't phase during the containerless processing. 

Building on the thermodynamic analysis, a competitive nucleation model has been 

developed to account for the observed phase selection. As part of a test of the 

kinetics model a detailed statistical study of the metastable product yield as a 

function of sample size and of processing gases, such as He and Ar gases, is 

underway. Furthermore, by optimizing the containerless processing conditions in 

levitation melting it has been possible to obtain essentially single-phase samples of 

the I structure for sample-size scale up (mm size) to approach bulk levels. In the 

above studies a new calorimetric system is being used to measure the temperature of 

falling drops during containerless processing to assess the complete thermal history. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 2 DEGREES GRANTED: 1 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Allen, D. R., Das, 5., and Perepezko, J. H. Kinetic competition during duplex partitionless 

crystallization. Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids in press, 1992. 

Allen, D. R., and Perepezko, J. H. "Kinetic competition during duplex partitionless 

crystallization." Fourth International Symposium on Nucleation and Crystallization in Liquids 

and Glasses, Stone Mountain, GA, August 1992, and TMS/ ASM Fall Meeting, Chicago, IL, 

November 1992. 

11-280 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

Yong, J. K., and Perepezko, J. H. The thermodynamics and competitive kinetics of metastable 't 

phase development in MnAI-base alloys. Materials Science and Engineering in press, 1992. 

11-281 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks I Bibliography - FY 1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROU~D-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Metals and Alloys 

PROJECT TITLE: The Role of Gravity in Macrosegregation in Alloys 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-25-05-17 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Prof. David R. Poirier 

AFFILIATION: University of Arizona 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Department of Materials Science & Engineering 

College of Engineering & Mines 

University of Arizona 

Tucson, AZ 85721 

PHONE: (602) 621-6072 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCR IPTION 

The major objective is to develop comprehensive convection/solidification 

computer codes to model macrosegregation in alloys that freeze in a dendritic mode. 

The finished codes could be used to design experiment to study the effect of a 

low-gravity environment on macrosegregation in binary alloys. It is also anticipated 

that the codes would be used to assist engineers in designing or controlling 

commercial casting processes in which convection is driven by gravity. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

In order to model macrosegregation phenomena in alloys which freeze 

dendritically, a quantitative analysis of solute redistribution is absolutely necessary. 

Hence appropriate forms of the mass, momentum, and energy equations must be 

selected to predict each of these transport processes in solidifying castings. 

In addition to predicting macrosegregation variation is across a casting or from its 

bottom to top, major emphasis is on modeling the intricate convective phenomena 

responsible for localized defects, often called "freckles," which are particularly 

troublesome to practioners. Emphasis is on multi diffusive convection, which is 

thought to be the cause of the "freckles." When combined with thermodynamic 

data for gas-forming reactions, the basic solidification model can be extended to 

predict the conditions when interdendritic porosity forms or, indeed, to predict the 

avoidance of such a defect. Because the overall program deals with defectavoidance, 

it is expected that practitioners will derive significant benefit from the research. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

A part of the early effort in the program was in collecting and evaluating physical 

and thermal properties. Such data must be quantitatively analyzed so that 

extrapolation to the solidification temperature range can be made with confidence. 

Linear stability analyses and nonlinear calculations for a fully convecting system 

were done for a liquid layer above a stationary porous medium with constant 

11-282 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY 1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

porosity for both isotropic and anisotropic media. The model was also extended to 

treat alloy solidification more realistically by considering an all-liquid zone above a 

mushy zone moving with a prescribed solidification velocity and with a variable 

volume fractionof liquid in the mushy zone that is consistent with solidification 

thermodynamics. Linear stability analyses were done in order to define marginal 

stability curves for the onset of convection in Pb-20 wt % Sn alloys, in terms of 

thermal gradient versus the horizontal wave number at various gravitional 

constants. Calculations of the nonlinear convection were also done. These 

calculations verified the linear stability calculations and showed that, when there is 

convection, flow in the upper part of the mushy zone is driven by the convection in 

all-liquid region. 

Another accomplishment was the development of a code to treat steady-state 

directional solidification of a binary alloy in the form of a circular cylinder. The 

code can be used to examine the sensitivity of the interdendritic convection and 

macrosegregation to a slight curvature of the nominally horizontally isotherms in 

the mushy zone of a DS casting. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 0 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

11-283 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RE'iEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Metals and Alloys 

PROJECT TITLE: Electrostatic Containerless Processing 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-25-04-08 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Won-Kyu K. Rhim 

AFFILIATION: Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) 

MAILING ADDRESS: Jet Propulsion Laboratory 

MS 183-401 

4800 Oak Grove Drive 

Pasadena, CA 91109 

PHONE: (818) 354-2925 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The Electrostatic Containerless Processing Task objective is to utilize the advanced 

capabilities provided by the electrostatic positioner for the investigation of 

thermophysical properties of undercooled molten metals and alloys, various 

nucleation kinetics, and of the possibility of creating metastable phases, thus giving 

access to a whole range of materials with novel properties. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

Metallic samples about 3 mm in size are levitated in vacuum in a very quiescent 

state and superheating-undercooling-recalescence cycles are repeated. This 

high-temperature electrostatic levitator has the following important capabilities: (a) 

it provides quiescent and clean processing environment without inducing flows or 

contaminating the sample, (b) both conducting (metals or alloys) and 

nonconducting (semiconductors or ceramics) materials can be processed, (c) sample 

temperature can be independently controlled without interfering levitation force, 

and (d) it provides wide open sample viewing for various diagnostic instruments. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

There has been a significant breakthrough in high-temperature electrostatic 

levitation technology in 1992. The basic capabilities of melting and solidification 

during levitation have been verified using various high-density materials, such as: 

In (T m=157 °C), Sn (232°C), Bi (271.44 °C), Pb (327°C), In (0.69%) Sb (492.5 °C), Al 

(670°C), Ge (938°C), Cu (1083 °C), Ni (1,455 °C), and Zr (1,855 °C). 

This preliminary work was followed by an extensive undercooling-nucleation study 

jointly with Vanderbilt University. Using two zirconium samples of different 

origin and purity, over 300 runs of superheating-undercooling-recalescence 

processes have been completed. A patent application is in progress for the 

high-temperature electrostatic levitator of Won-Kyu Rhim and Sang K. Chung. 

11-284 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY 1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUN D-BASED RESEARCH 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 0 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Rhim W. K. and Chung S. K. Characteristic oscillation of rotating drops. In preparation, 1992. 

Rhim, W-K., and Chung, S-K. The high-temperature electrostatic levitator. New Technology 

Report, 1992. 

Rhim, W-K., Chung, S-K., Barber, D., Man, K. F., Gutt, G., Rulison, A., and Spjut, R. E. A 

high-temperature electrostatic levitator for the containerless processing of metals and alloys. In 

preparation, 1992. 

11-285 // 

(! -"f 
L 

Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY 1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUJliD-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Metals and Alloys 

PROJECT TITLE: Crystal Nucleation, Hydrostatic Tension, & Diffusion in 

Metal Melts 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 694-25-07-07 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Frans A. Spaepen 

AFFILIATION: Harvard University 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Pierce Hall 

Harvard University 

Cambridge, MA 02193 

PHONE: 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DE S:R IPTION 

The objective is to develop basic understa.lding of the phenomena and processes 

that are central to the microgravity program: crystal nucleating, glass formation, 

and diffusion in the liquid state. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

Crystal nucleation is studied in elemental metal, semiconductor, or 

quasi-crystal-forming droplets coated with different fluxes,' droplets with clean 

surfaces in vacuum, and droplets solidified in a drop tube. The effect of hydrostatic 

stress on the nucleation kinetics is studied by dilatometry. The crystal-melt 

interfacial tension is studied experimentally and theoretically, The diffusivity in the 

liquid state is measured from the broadening of impurity profiles after pulsed laser 

melting. 

PROGRESS DuRING FY1992 

Work on the present task has been going on for only nine months, with the 

following progress. 

• David T. Wu has made important new contributions to the analysis of 

multicomponent nucleation and the associated time lag, as well as to a problem that 

is formally very closely related to it: the kinetics of chain reactions. 

• Undercooling of silicon droplets has been attempted in various oxide and halogen 

fluxes. The problems with oxide fluxes, observed in preliminary work by Devaud 

and Turnbull, were confirmed. It is hoped that the use of chloride or fluoride fluxes 

will be more successful for the removal of nucleants. 

• Dilatometry work on crystal nucleation in oxide-coated Ga droplets has started. 

Preliminary experiments show a complicated behavior that requires further 

analysis. 

11-286 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROU:-iD-BASED RESEARCH 

• Drop-tube experiments on AI-Cu-Fe and AI-Pd-Mn quasi-crystal-forming melts are 

underway, in collaboration with A.L. Greer at the University of Cambridge (UK). 

In addition, the diffusivities of Fe and eu in liquid AI were measured by melting 

thin Al films with a nanosecond-duration pulsed laser. The thin-film geometry 

eliminated convection in the melt during the experiment and simplified the 

measurement of the diffusion coefficient in liquid. The transition conductance and 

the optical reflectance of the Al layer during melting were measured to obtain the 

melt duration. The diffusivity of Fe was found to be much smaller than that of Cu, 

which is consistent with Turnbull's proposal of cluster formation in Fe-A! melts as 

an explanation of their volumetric behavior. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 1 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENT ATIONS 

Nobuaki I., Smith, P. M., and Aziz, P. M. Anomalous diffusion of Fe in liquid AI. In preparation, 

to be submitted to Acta Metallurgica et Materialla, 1992. 

Spaepen, F. A. Fundamentals of nucleation and growth. Optical Data 

Storage, Proceedings of SPIE-The International Society for Optical Engineering, Bellingham, WA, 

1663,385-386 (1992). 

Wu, D. T., and Aziz, M. J. The kineti cs of chain reactions: Implications for solid phase epitaxy. In 

preparation, to be submitted to Journal of Applied Physics, 1992. 

Wu, D. T. The time lag in mult-component nucleation. In preparation, to be submitted to Journal 

of Chemical Physics., 1992. 

11-287 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Metals and Alloys 

PROJECT TITLE: Levitation Undercooling Nucleation 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-25-04-09 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Eugene H. Trinh 

AFFILIATION: Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Jet Propulsion Lab 

Mail Stop 183-401 

4800 Oak Grove Drive 

Pasadena, CA 91109 

PHONE: (818) 354-7125 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The principal objectives of this task are to utilize containerless manipulation 

technology to perform (a) undercooling and heterogeneous nucleation experiments 

on pure metals and alloys as well as organic and inorganic model materials, (b) 

measurement of the physical properties of undercooled melts, and (c) investigation 

of undercooled and solidification of phase-separated model materials and eutectic 

alloys. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The research approach is to use ground-based ultrasonic and electromagnetic 

levitation techniques, together with novel noncontact property measurement 

methods, to undercool millimeter-size samples in a containerless manner; to 

characterize the levitation environment to determine possible "dynamic" 

nucleating effects; and to develop limited theories to investigate specific alloy 

systems. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

FY1992 research tasks have included (a) the measurement of the specific heat of 

Ti-Cr alloys in stable and undercooled liquid ranges, (b) the initiation of the thermal 

diffusivity measurement of levitated melts, and (c) the initiation of a total 

hemispherical emissivity measurement task using electromagnetically levitated 

samples. 

FY1993 tasks will include (a) the continuation of the total hemispherical emissivity 

measurement, (b) the studies of undercooling using electromagnetically leviated 

melts of AI-Cu alloys in comparison with electrostatically levitated samples to 

uncover possible "dynamic" effects on nucleation, and (c) the initiation of the 

experimental study of ultrasonically levitated phase-separated model materials 

(aqueous solutions of succinonitrile). 

11-288 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY 1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 0 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Ohsaka, K., Gatewood, J. R., and Trinh, E. H. An apparatus for the specific measurement of 

undercooled liquids. Scripta Metallurgica et Materiala, 25, 1459, (1991). 

Ohsaka, K., Holzer, J. c., Trinh, E. H., and Johnson, W. L. Specific heat measurement of 

undercooled liquids. Proc. of Exp. Methods for Microgravity Materials Science Research 4th Int. 

Symposium. R. A. Schiffman, ed., p. 1, TMS 1992. 

Ohsaka, K., Trinh, E. H., Holzer, J. c., and Johnson, W. L. The Gibbs free-energy difference 

between the undercooled liquid and the B phase of a Ti-Cr alloy. Appl. Phys. Lett., 60, 1079 

(1992). 

SadhaJ, 5., Trinh, E. H., and Wagner, P. "Unsteady spot heating of a drop in a microgravity 

environment." ASME winter annual meeting, Anaheim, California, 1992. 

PATENTS - Trinh, E.H., and Gaspar, M. "Method for Controlled Sample Rotation in a Single-axis 

Acoustic Levitator." US Patent 4,777,823. 

Trinh, E.H. and Robey, ] .L. "Acoustic Convective Cooling/Heating Device for 

Microgravity." US Patent 4,856,717. 

11-289 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY 1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROt:~D-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Metals and Alloys 

PROJECT TITLE: Coarsening of Solid-Liquid Mixtures 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-25-08-21 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Peter W . Voorhees 

AFFILIATION: Northwestern University 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Department of Materials Science & Engineering 

2145 Sheridan Road 

Northwestern University 

Evanston, IL 60208 

PHONE: (312) 491-3537 

TASK OBJECTiVe/DesCRIPTION 

The late stages of a first-order phase transformation process are usually characterized 

by the growth of second-phase domains with low interfacial curvature at the 

expense of domains with high interfacial curvature. This process, also known as 

Ostwald ripening or coarsening, occurs in a wide variety of two-phase mixtures 

ranging from multiphase solids to multiphase liquids, and has a significant impact 

on the high-temperature stability of many technologically important materials. 

Unfortunately, an understanding of the dynamics of ripening processes is not in 

hand. Many of the recent theories for the effects of a finite volume fraction of 

coarsening phase on the kinetics of Ostwald ripening have proposed divergent 

expressions for the dependence of the coarsening rate of the system on the volume 

fraction of coarsening phase. As there are virtually no experimental data of 

sufficient quality to differentiate between these theories, the controversy over the 

dependence of the coarsening rate of the system on the volume fraction remains 

unresolved. 

Previous NASA-sponsored work clearly showed that solid-liquid mixtures 

consisting of Sn-rich particles in a Pb-Sn eutectic liquid are ideal, and perhaps 

unique, systems in which to explore the dynamics of the Ostwald ripening process. 

The high coarsening rate in these systems permits accurate kinetic data to be 

obtained, and the thermophysical parameters necessary to make a comparison 

between theory and experiment are known. However, in a terrestrial environment 

experiments can be performed only at the relatively high-volume fractions of solid, 

where the presence of a solid skeletal structure prevents large-scale particle 

sedimentation. 

In these high-volume fraction experiments, a comparison between theory and 

experiment shows that the solid-liquid mixtures are coarsening faster than predicted 

by an approximate theory for purely diffusional controlled Ostwald ripening. The 

objective of this project is to plan and perform a microgravity experiment on 

Ostwald ripening in solid-liquid mixtures. This experiment will serve two primary 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUlIiD-BASED RESEARCH 

purposes: it will allow experiments to be performed which can be directly compared 

to heretofore untested theories for coarsening in systems with low-volume fractions 

of solid, and it will eliminate conclusively convection of the liquid matrix and 

small-scale particle motion within the skeletal structure as possible sources for the 

disagreement observed between theory and experiment in the high-volume fraction 

experiments. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

Concurrent with our work on designing a spaceflight experiment, ground-based 

experimental and theoretical studies on Ostwald ripening will be undertaken in an 

effort to provide comparison experiments to those performed in microgravity and 

to provide a theoretical understanding of the Ostwald ripening process. 

We are thus investigating the nature of transient Ostwald ripening in solid-liquid 

systems and developing a first-principles theory for ripening in systems with 

volume fractions of coarsening phase above 0.1. Such volume fractions are closer to 

those employed in the ground-based experiments and will permit theory to be 

compared with the results of the spaceflight experiments over a wider range of 

volume fractions than is currently possible. Finally, the transient Ostwald ripening 

experiments will allow us to determine the time required for the spacefight 

experiment. 

PROGRESS DuRING FY1992 

We have examined theoretically the time-dependent behavior of a two-phase 

system undergoing transient Ostwald ripening. The evolution of selected initial 

particle-radius-distribution (prd) functions was followed to over three orders of 

magnitude in time. Although steady-state coarsening behavior was never fully 

achieved, the existence of the Lifshitz-Slyozov (LS) attractor prd and scaling laws for 

rand N v was essentially confirmed for systems with zero volume fraction of 

coarsening phase and a wide range of initial PRO's. 

The transition path to steady-state coarsening was highly dependent upon the initial 

PRO. Phase-plane plots illustrated this independence and showed the large basin of 

attraction for the LS prd. In addition, changes in the initial form of a given prd 

within a fixed class of prd's were found to affect strongly the transient coarsening 

rate; for example, wide log-normal prd's evloved more rapidly than did narrow 

ones. Calculations were also done to examine the effect of a finite volume fraction 

of coarsening phase on the extent of the transient regime. The results showed that 

the system evolved to its steady-state form more rapidly at nonzero volume fraction 

than at zero volume fraction. 

In addition, we have developed a method for solving a multi particle diffusion 

problem which can be used to describe the ripening process in systems with a high 

volume fraction of coarsening phase. Large-scale . numerical simulations of the 

coarsening process were performed using this description of the diffusion field in 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

an effort to determine the statistically averaged properties of coarsening ensembles. 

We find that at volume fractions as low as 0.1 particles are not distributed randomly 

in space. 

We have measured spatial correlation functions between particles of various sizes. 

These results show that large particles tend to be. surrounded by small particles 

during coarsening, but the extent of this clustering is a strong function of the 

volume fraction of coarsening phase. At volume fractions above 0.1 we find that 

the centers of mass of the particles can move via a solution-reprecipitation process 

and that rate constants determined from the simulations are greater than those 

found in previous simulations that employed a more approximate solution to the 

diffusion equation. 

GRADUATE STUDENT·S: 1 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Akaiwa, N. "Effects of a large volume fraction of coursening phase on the kinetics of Ostwald 

ripening." TMS annual meeting, San Diego, CA, March 1992. 

Akaiwa, N., Hardy S. c., and Voorhees, P. W., The effects of convection on Ostwald ripening in 

solid-liquid mixtures. Acta Met. Mater. ,39,2931, (1991). 

Chen, M. "The dynamics of transient Ostwald ripening." TMS annual meeting, San Diego, CA, 

March 1992. 

Hardy, S.c., McFadden, C.B., Coriell, S.R.,Voorhees, P.W. and Sekerka, R.F. Measurement and 

analysis of grain boundary grooving by volume diffusion. J. Cryst. Growth, 114, 467 (1991). 

Voorhees, P. W., "Ostwald ripening in two-phase mixtures: Beyond mean field theory." Invited 

address, TME fall meeting, Chicago, IL, October, 1992. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASE D R ESEA RCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Metals and Alloys 

PROJECT TITLE: Influence of Convection on Microstructure 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-25-08-17 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. William R. Wilcox 

AFFILIATION: Clarkson University 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Department of Chemical Engineering 

Clarkson University 

Potsdam, NY 13676 

PHONE: (315) 268-6446 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objective of this research is to gain an understanding of the influence of gravity 

on the microstructure of eutectics, especially MnBi-Bi. Research tasks were 

established to determine: 

1. Via theoretical calculations, the influence of convection on the microstructure of 

fibrous eutectics; 

2. Via theoretical calculations, the influence of the Soret effect (thermal diffusion) 

on eutectic microstructure; 

3. An estimate of the Soret coefficient of eutectic MnBi-Bi melts, using laboratory 

data and data from the flight experiment of Dr. David Larson at Grumman; 

4. Via theoretical calculations, the influence of convection on eutectic 

microstructure when one phase projects out into the melt ahead of the other phase; 

5. Experimentally, the influence of vibration during solidification on eutectic 

micros tructure; 

6. Experimentally, the influence of centrifugation during solidification on eutectic 

microstructure; and 

7. Experimentally, the influence of deviations from eutectic composition on the 

microstructure of directionally solidified MnBi-Bi. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The research involved two approaches: 

1. Directional solidification of Mn-Bi and Pb-Sn alloys and then the determination 

of microstructure; 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY 1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

2. The numerical calculation of concentration field in front of growing interface, 

and then the determination of microstructure for minimum undercooling. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

Prior to this fiscal year we completed tasks 1-5, except that the estimate in task 5 does 

not include data from Dr. Larson. 

Task 6 has been delayed. We had originally hoped to perform experiments in 

centrifuges in Canada and France, but this turned out to be impractical, and so we 

are constructing our own centrifuge facility here. We expect to begin doing 

experiments on the Mn-Bi system in early 1993. Task 7 is nearly complete. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 3 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Caram, R., and Wilcox, W. R. "Analysis of thermotransport during rod eutectic solidification." 

First International Conference on Transport Phenomena in Processing, Honolulu, HI, March 1992. 

Caram, R., and Wilcox, W. R. The Soret effect in eutectic solidification J. Mat. Proc. & Manuf. 

Sci., 1,56-68 (1992). 

Caram, R., Banan, M., and Wilcox, W. R. Directional solidification of Pb-Sn eutectic with 

vibration. J. Crystal Growth, 114, 249-254 (1991). 

Rydzewski,]. H., and Wilcox, W. R. Influence of gravity on the microstructure of the MnBi/Bi 

eutectic. INternational Astronautical Federation Congress, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, October 

1991. Acta Astronautica (in press), 1992. 

Seth, J. 5., and Wilcox, W. R. Effect of convection on the microstructure of a lamellar eutectic 

growing with a stepped interface. J. Crystal Growth, 114,357-363 (1991). 

Rydzewski, J. H., and Wilcox, W. R. "Influence of gravity on the microstructure of the MnBi/Bi 

eutectic." International Astronautical Federation Congress, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, October 

1991. 

11-294 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY 1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Protein Crystal Growth 

PROJECT TITLE: Crystallographic Studies of Proteins 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-23-08-17 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Daniel C. Carter 

AFFILIATION: NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) 

MAILING ADDRESS: Marshall Space Flight Center 

Code ES76 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

Marshall Space Flight Center, AL 35812 

PHONE: (205) 544-5492 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objectives of this research are to: (a) determine and refine the structure of 

human serum albumin (HSA) to 3.0 angstroms resolution; (b) determine and refine 

the structure of a novel fungal lysozyme from Chalaropsis; (c) determine and refine 

the high resolution of the oxidized and reduced forms of cytochrome c5 from 

Azotobacter; and (d) evaluate the effects of microgravity on the growth of selected 

protein crystals. This proposal is concerned with basic research support for several 

in-house protein structural problems, and for the capabilities expansion of, and 

support for, the existing diffraction facility. 

The three primary protein structural problems which are being studied at Marshall 

Space Flight Center, some aspects of which include flight experiments, have been 

synopsized on the following pages of this summary. These projects include the 

characterization and structure determination of HSA, AIDS antibody structure, 

Chalaropsis lysozyme, and the high-resolution structure determination of the 

electron transport protein cytochrome c5. It is anticipated that the further 

development of this facility, and the successful completion of selected aspects of this 

research, will have a significant impact on the scientific-as well as on the 

industrial-community. In addition, this facility is providing an increasingly 

unique resource for the characterization and preservation of protein crystals grown 

in the microgravity environment. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

Protein crystallography is currently the most powerful method for the 

determination of the three-dimensional structure of proteins and other 

macromolecules. This method usually requires crystals which are relatively large 

(0.5 mm to 1.0 mm) in size and possess a reasonably high degree of internal order. 

Consequently, protein crystal growth has become the subject of an increasing 

number of fundamental studies in crystal growth, including several ongoing 

micro gravity experiments. 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

The knowledge of the three-dimensional structure of macromolecules is of 

fundamental importance to the field of molecular biology, and it is presently 

receiving considerable attention from the biotechnology industry, based on its 

promising potential for application in rational drug design and protein engineering. 

This year we have successfully augmented the diffractfon laboratory to include a 

new imaging plate detector system, significantly expanding our scientific capabilities. 

In addition to the evaluation of the X-ray diffraction properties of protein crystals, 

this laboratory is utilized to determine the three-dimensional structures of several 

challenging problems in molecular biology. 

Crystals of several important proteins have been grown in our laboratory, including 

a new crystal form of HSA. Chalaropsis lysozyme, cytochrome c5, the Fab portion of 

the antibody expressed against gp41 of the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV-1), 

and Interleukin 6. HSA is the most abundant protein of the circulatory system. 

There it plays several major roles in the transport, distribution, and metabolism of a 

di verse variety of endogenous and exogenous ligands. The three-dimensional 

structure of HSA was determined for the first time in our laboratory in 1989. The 

detailed atomic structure will provide a wealth of information regarding the many 

remarkable properties of this protein. 

Chalaropsis lysozyme is an enzyme which displays a broad-spectrum bacteriolytic 

function and apparently belongs to a novel lysozyme structural class. A detailed 

understanding of this molecular structure will explain the chemical basis of the 

bacteriolytic function and could provide important information for future 

experiments in biotechnology. The crystals of cytochrome c5 diffract X-rays to very 

high resolution (approximately 1.0 angstroms) and will provide further insight into 

the mechanisms of electron transport. The structure of the HIV Fab will reveal 

important information concerning antibody/antigen interaction and offers 

additional insight into the design of new recombinant therapeutic antibodies. The 

structure determination and refinement of these and other protein crystals is 

actively in progress. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

The structure of HSA has been successfully determined and refined to a resolution 

of 2.8 angstroms. The results were published this year in a major research article in 

the journal Nature. Crystals of several other serum albumins with enhanced 

quality have been successfully grown in our laboratory over the past year as well. 

Many cocrystallization comp>lexes have been successfully grown with a variety of 

long-chain fatty acids. These crystals promise to provide further insight into the 

important area of albumin research. 

Our laboratory was involved in support of several Spacelab missions during the 

1992 time frame (IML-l, USML-l, and SL-J). Preliminary assessments of the quality 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

of HSA crystals grown in microgravity (IML-1) have revealed significant 

enhancements in the resolution and number of observed diffraction data for 

selected crystals, providing the best crystal of the HSA form grown to date. 

Recombinant HSA, wild-type HSA, and an antibody fragment expressed against the 

HIV-1 virus (from our laboratory) flew, together with approximately 25 other 

proteins, on USML-l PCG. However, our proteins failed to crystallize, for some as 

yet undetermined reason. Further investigations of the difference between 

ground-based and flight crystals will be addressed pending additional flight 

opportuni ties. 

The atomic coordinates obtained from the HSA crystallographic studies are now 

being applied to understand the detailed chemistry of serum albumin. 

Additionally, several other serum albumin structures have now been determined 

by the molecular replacement method to better than 3.0 angstrom resolution; 

among these is the recently refined structure, sequence, and chemistry of horse 

serum albumin. Some of these structures are still in the refinement stage until the 

complete amino acid sequences have been determined. Comparisons of these 

structures are revealing a wealth of information regarding the evolution and 

chemistry of these important macromolecules. Further details of these studies will 

be published in the near future. 

The three-dimensional structure of a human monoclonal antibody (Fab 3D6), which 

binds specifically to the transmembrane protein gp 41 of the human 

immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-l), has been determined by crystallographic 

methods of 2.7 angstroms. The antibody belongs to the subclass IgGl (kappa) and 

exhibits antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity. 

The quaternary structure of the Fab is in an extended conformation with an elbow 

bending angle between the constant and variable domains of 175 degrees. 

Hypervariable loop H3, residues 102H to 109H, is unusually extended from the 

surface. The complementarity-determining region forms a hydrophobic pocket that 

is created primarily from hypervariable loops L3, H3, and H2. Studies with a small 

antigenic peptide suggest that this binding pocket recognizes the putative solvent 

exposed disulphide loop CSGKLIC of gp 41. 

Although numerous Fab structures have now been determined by crystallographic 

methods, this is the first representative structure of a human monoclonal antibody 

and the first structure of a human antibody expressed against a major epitope of the 

AIDS virus. This structural work is part of series which aims to elucidate the 

detailed nature of human monoclonal antibodies expressed against the AIDS virus 

together with their respective antigenic complexes. This work has now been 

published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Science. 

The high-resolution structure of cytochrome c5 is currently under refinement at 1.35 

angstroms. This work is now being conducted in conjunction with the NASA JOVE 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

program through collaboration with Prof. Ross Reynolds and is proceeding 

according to expectations. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: a DEGREES GRANTED: a 

DeLucas, L. J., Smith, C. D., Ealick, S. E., Carter, D. c., Twigg, P., He, X. M., Snyder, R. 5., Weber, 

P. c., Schloss, J. V., Einspahr, H. M., Clancy, L. L., McPherson, A., Koszelak, 5., Vandonselaar, M. 

M., Prasad, L. Quail, J. W., Delbaere, L. T. J., and Bugg, C. B. Protein crystal growth aboard the 

U.S. Space Shuttle Flights STS-31 and STS-32. Proceedings of the committee on Space Research 

(CaSPAR) XXVJII Plenary Meeting, The Hague, the Netherlands. Advances in Space Research, 

vol. 12, No.1, 393-400 (1992). 

He, X. M., and Carter, D. C. The three-dimensional structure of a novel lysozyme from 

Chalaropsis. Manuscript in preparation, 1992. 

He, X. M., and Carter, D. C. Atomic structure and chemiStry of human serum albumin. Nature 358, 

209-215 (1992). 

He, X. M., Ruker, F., Casale, E., and Carter, D. C. The structure of a human monoclonal antibody 

against gp 41 of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Proceedings of the National Academy 

of Science, USA 89, 7154-7158 (1992). 

Miller, T. Y., He, X. M., and Carter, D. C. A comparison between protein crystal grown with vapor 

diffusion methods in microgravity and protein crystals using a gel liquid-liquid diffusion method. 

/. Crystal Growth, 122, 306-309 (1992). 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Protein Crystal Growth 

PROJECT TITLE: Protein Crystal Growth in Low Gravity 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-23-08-19 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Robert S. Feigelson 

AFFILIATION: Stanford University 

MAILING ADDRESS: Center for Materials Research 

Department of Materials Science & Engineering 

Stanford University 

Stanford, CA 94305 

PHONE: (415) 723-4007 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCR IPTION 

The ultimate objective of this research program is the careful design of an 

experiment to study the effect of low gravity on the growth of protein crystals in a 

long-duration space flight . The proper design of the flight hardware and 

experimental protocols are highly dependent on understanding the factors which 

influence the nucleation and growth of crystals of biological macromolecules. Thus, 

the primary objective of this research is centered on investigating these factors and 

relating them to the body of knowledge which has been built up for "small 

molecule" crystallization. These data also provide a basis of comparison for the 

results obtained from low-g experiments. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

This research program was designed to study the mechanisms of protein crystal 

growth and the parameters which influence growth and crystal perfection. 

Canavalin was chosen as a model protein in initial studies which included (a) a 

determination of its solubility diagram, (b) a study of the growth rate of canavalin 

crystals, (c) a determination of the growth mechanism, and (d) a study of the fluid 

flow behavior around growing protein crystals. These tasks have been completed 

and published. 

The current scope of the program has been directed toward other protein materials, 

including lysozyme and isocitrate lyase, and toward new processing techniques 

designed to control nucleation and growth independently. This part of the program 

now includes the following subjects: 

1. Determination of the relationship between gravity and the morphology and 

quality of isocitrate lyase crystals (this involves determining the factors which cause 

isocitrate lyase to grow as dendritic crystals in l-g and as more equi-axed crystals in 

Ilg); 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

2. Development of a method for controlling the nucleation and growth processes 

independently through the use of localized supersaturation control; 

3. Development of a predictive model for protein crystal growth; 

4. Development of conceptual designs for long-term space flight experiments based 

on the data gathered by this program; and 

5. Development of an understanding of the relationship between growth rate and 

crystal perfection. 

PROGRESS DuRING FY1992 

The previous nucleation studies with the Thermonucleator used materials with a 

known temperature dependence of solubility. In addition, these materials (ice 

water, Rochelle salt, and lysozyme) exhibit normal crystallizing (solubility) 

behavior, meaning that they crystallize when the temperature is lowered. To 

further test the capabilities of the Thermonucleator, two proteins with retrograde 

solubility (solubility that increases with decreasing temperature) were used: horse 

serum albumin (HSA) and u chymotrypsinogen A (uCA). The nucleation of 

retrograde protein posed the potential problem of a strong fluid flow being induced 

by the warm nucleation probe at the bottom of a cooler solution. While flows were 

observed, they did not interfere with the nucleation process or cause the nuclei to 

move away from the probe. The crystallizing solutions were based on the work of 

McPherson for HSA (McPherson, Preparation and Analysis of Protein Crystals, 

Wiley, 1982, p. 128) and Matthews, J. Mol. Bioi. 33, 1968, p. 499). The solutions were 

placed in the apparatus and the temperatures adjusted to produce nucleation. The 

HSA nucleated at a probe temperature of 29°C and an ambient of 16 °C; the uCA at a 

probe temperature of 20 °C and an ambient of 9 0c. No attempt was made to 

optimise the nucleation conditions for either protein. 

The original Thermonucleator is too large to be of use in the Ilg environment, It 

also relies on water circulation for control of the ambient temperature and liquid 

nitrogen to provide cooling for the nucleation probe. Neither of these is compatible 

with operation on either the orbiter or the space station. A new Thermonucleator 

has been designed which uses thermoelectric elements to provide temperature 

control. This unit measures 10.2 cm x 7.5 cm x 7.5 cm. It is designed to fit into a rack 

which will provide power, temperature sensing and control, cooling for the 

thermoelectric elements, and light for illuminating the growing crystal. This 

apparatus is currently being built. 

One of the problems that has plagued any scheme for controlling the nucleation 

phase of crystal growth is the detection of nucleation. A system has been designed to 

use static light scattering to detect nucleation on the nucleation probe. This system 

will be installed on the original Thermonucleator for testing purposes. 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROUND-BASED RESEARCH 

Recent work by Durbin has shown that it is possible to image the surface of growing 

protein crystals using atomic force microscopy (AFM). The Center for Materials 

Research has recently acquired a second generation AFM unit that has a potential 

resolution of loA or less. This will allow us to image individual protein molecules 

as they enter the crystalline lattice. We have begun the basic studies that will allow 

us to study the crystallization of proteins under a variety of conditions and relate the 

formation of defects to the growth conditions. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 1 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENT ATIONS 

DeMattei, R. c., and Feigelson, R. S. Controlling nucleation in protein solutions. J. Crystal 

Growth, 122, 21 (1992). 

DeMattei, R. c., Feigelson, R. S., and Weber, P. C. Factors affecting the morphology of isocitrate 

lyase crystals, J. Crystal Growth, 122, 152 (1992). 

Feigelson, R. C. "Factors affecting the morphology of isocitrte lyase crystals. " International 

Conference on Crystal Growth, San Diego, CA, August 1992. 

Feigelson, R. C. "Thermal methods in protein crystallization." International Conference on 

Crystal Growth, San Diego, CA, August 1992. 

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II. PROGRAM TASKS -- GROl"'iD-B.-\ SE D RrSEARCH 

TYPE: Ground 

DISCIPLINE: Protein Crystal Growth 

PROJECT TITLE: Studies on the Protein Crystal Nucleation Process 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: 674-23-08-16 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Marc L Pusey 

AFFILIATION: NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Marshall Space Flight Center 

Mail Code ES-76 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

Marshall Space Flight Center, AL 35812 

PHONE: (205) 544-7823 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objective was to study the initial stages of protein crystal nucleation using the 

protein hen-egg lysozyme as a model. We wanted to determine the onset of 

aggregation under saturated solutions and the extent of aggregation in 

supersaturated solutions. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The primary techniques to be developed and used were light scattering intensity and 

isothermal calorimetry. Another technique, dialysis kinetics, which by passed many 

of the theoretical and practical limitations of light scattering, was developed and is 

now being refined. As phase data is vital to understanding these processes, 

continuous development and use of a rapid solubility technique was done. 

Results from the above experiments have led us to the conclusion that any 

understanding of the initial events in protein crystal nucleation must encompass an 

understanding of the role played by the precipitating species, in this case the Cl-ion. 

This has led to the development of a fluorescence technique for measuring the 

interactions of CI with protein. 

PROGRESS DuRING FY1992 

The project has been completed. While the initial goals have not been fully met, 

this is because their solution has required us to investigate ever more fundamental 

questions about the protein desolubilization process. A complete phase diagram of 

one crystalline form (tetragonal) of lysozyme has been determined, while that of a 

second (orthorhombic) is now approximately 80% finished. Overall, all data 

indicated that the protein is much more aggregated both in over- and 

under-saturated solutions, than previously believed. Further, this aggregation must 

affect the mechanism of crystal growth. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 2 DEGREES GRANTED: 2 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks I Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - GROl:SD-BASED RESEARCH 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Cacioppo, E., and Pusey, M. L. The solubility of the tetragonal fonn of hen egg white lysozyme 

from pH 4.0 to 5.4. J. Crystal Growth, 114286-292 (1992). 

Cacioppo, E., Munson,S., and Pusey, M. L. Protein solubilities determined by a rapid technique and 

modification of that technique to a micro-method. J. Crystal Growth, 110, 66-71 (1991). 

Forsythe-Cacioppo, E., and Pusey, M. L The effects of acid treatment and calcium ions on the 

solubility of concanavalin A. J. Crystal Growth, 122,208--212 (1992). 

Pusey, M. L. Estimation of the initial equilibrium constants in the formation of tetragonal 

lysozyme nuclei. J. Crystal Growth, 110, ~5 (1991). 

Pusey, M. L. Continuing adventures in lysozyme crystal growth. /. Crystal Growth, 122, 1-7 (1992). 

Pusey, M. L., and Munson, S. Micro-apparatus for rapid determination of protein solubilities. 

/. Crystal Growth , 113~ 385-389 (1991). 

Wilson, L. J., and Pusey, M. L. Determination of monomer concentrations in crystallizing lysozyme 

solutions. J. Crystal Growth, 122, 8-13 (1992). 

11-303 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT 

TYPE: ATD 

DISCIPLINE: Not Applicable 

PROJECT TITLE: Noncontact Temperature Measurements 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: Not Applicable 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Ali Abtahi 

AFFILIATION: Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) 

MAILING ADDRESS: Jet Propulsion Laboratory 

4800 Oak Grove Drive 

Pasadena, CA 91109 

PHONE: (818) 354-5353 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objective is to continue the development of a variety of noncontact techniques 

to accurately sense small temperature changes in high-temperature furnace 

applications. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

An additional temperature-sensing technique was conceptualized which will be 

developed in the corning year. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

In 1992 continued studies have been made utilizing the Division of Amplitude 

Polar Pyrometer. Applications include better high temperature-measurement and 

data-acquisition capability for materials-processing studies. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 0 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Thomas, A. S. W. Correction-free radiometry of specular spheres for containerless processing in 

microgravity. Accepted by 1992. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT 

TYPE: ATD 

DISCIPLINE: Not Applicable 

PROJECT TITLE: Microwave Furnace Development 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: JPL PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: Not Applicable 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Martin B. Barmatz 

AFFILIATION: Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Jet Propulsion Laboratory 

Mail Stop 183-401, Sec 359 

4800 Oak Grove Drive 

Pasadena, CA 91109 

PHONE: (818) 354-3088 

TASK OBJECTlvelDESCRIPTION 

The goal of this project is to develop a high efficiency, cold wall, direct-heating 

microwave furnace. Such a furnace will allow direct and rapid heating of 

microwave-absorbing materials. It is expected that directed heating zones will be 

able to be created, thereby providing more versatility to the furnace process control. 

An added advantage derived from the use of a direct heating furnace is that rapid 

cooling is possible upon removal of the microwave energy source. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

Focused energy from various microwave sources has been used to conduct material 

melt and resolidification studies. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

Various energy-level studies conducted on a selected group of materials have 

resulted in successful melting of the specimens. Development of furnace 

microwave tuning techniques was also begun. As a result of this novel furnace 

technology, an entirely new approach to furnace processing techniques may occur. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 1 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENT ATIONS 

Barmatz, M. Microwave processing materials in microgravity. Proceedings of the First Technical 

Interface Meeting for the Modular Containerless Processing Facility, 2, 262, (1992). 

Barrnatz, M. B. and Jackson, H. W. Steady state temperature profile in a sphere heated by 

microwaves. MRS Microwave Processing of Materials III, 269, 97, (1992). 

Barmatz, M., Watkins, J. L., and Jackson, H. W. "Microwave processing of materials in 

microgravity." 30th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, AlA A Paper #92-0116, January 1992. 

11-305 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY 1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - ADVA!'CED TECHSOLOGY DEVELOPMENT 

TYPE: ATD 

DISCIPLINE: Not Applicable 

PROJECT TITLE: Ultras011ic Interface Measurements of Crystal Growth 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LaRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: Not Applicable 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Archibald L Fripp 

AFFILIATION: NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Langley Research Center 

Mail Stop 473 

National Aeronautics and Space Admnistration 

Hampton, V A 23665 

PHONE: (804) 864-1503 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

Noncontact sensing and shape quantification of the solid/liquid interface of 

high-temperature crystal growth processes is being made possible. This capability 

will provide the potential for a real-time feedback measurement to control a 

crystal-growth process. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

Two methods bring investigated are the time-of-flight and pulse-echo techniques. 

The former requires two transducers, one at either end of the sample, while the 

latter has the advantage of only requiring a single measurement location. 

PROGRESS DuRING FY1992 

In 1992, the a bili ty to tr ansmi t and receive ultrasonic pulses from a 

high-temperature sample was successfully demonstrated. Refinements to this 

pulse-echo technique are now in progress. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 2 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENT ATiONS 

Carter, J. N., Lam, A., and Schleich, D. M. Ultrasonic time-of-flight monitoring of the position of 

the liquid/solid interface during the Bridgman growth of gennanium. J. Scientific Instruments; 

vol. 63, p. 3472, 1992. 

Hubert, J. A., Fripp, A. L., and Welch, C. S. Numerical thennal analysis of a sample of 

gennanium with a centerline capillary tube in a vertical Bridgman furnace. In preparation for J. 

Crystal Growth 1992 . 

PATENTS - Fripp, Archibald L. "Real-Time Ultrasonic Melt-Solid Interface Measuring Device." 

Case # LAR 14877-1-CU. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY 1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - ADVAl'CED TECHSOLOGY DEVELOPMENT 

TYPE: ATD 

DISCIPLINE: Not Applicable 

PROJECT TITLE: Microgravity Fluids and Combustion Diagnostics 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: Not Applicable 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Paul S. Greenberg 

AFFILIATION: NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) 

MAiUNG AoL'RESS: NASA Lewis Research Center 

21000 Brookpark Road 

Cleveland, OH 44135 

PHONE: 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The success in achieving a significant scientific return from existing and proposed 

microgravity fluid physics and combustion science experiments depends 

substantially on the availability of diagnostic systems for the collection of the 

required scientific data. 

Currently, the available diagnostic instrumentation for achieving these objectives 

has been extremely limited, consisting primarily of conventional film-based 

imaging systems and intrusive temperature and velocity probes, such as 

thermocouples and hot wire anemometers. This situation has arisen primarily 

because of the unique and severe operational constraints which are inherent in the 

conduct of reduced-gravity experimentation. It is the recognition of this pressing 

need to provide diagnostic systems of greater sophistication that has motivated the 

existence of this particular development program. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

For a variety of reasons, predominant emphasis has been placed on the 

development of optical diagnostic techniques. Principal among these is the relative 

fragility of the physics and chemistry of reduced-gravity systems relative to their 1-g 

counterparts. The action of buoyancy-induced convection is vigorous when 

compared with the dominant mechanisms associated with reduced-gravity 

phenomena, such as surface tension and thermal and concentration driven 

diffusion processes. The essentially nonperturbative nature of optical measurement 

techniques is therefore extremely appropriate in this context. 

Optical measurement techniques are, in general, well-suited to the acquisition of 

multidimensional data fields (e.g., two- and three-dimensional imaging). This is an 

important consideration in the present state of understanding of microgravity 

science, since a clearer understanding of basic phenomenology, including the 

verification of fundamental length and time scales and dominating physical 

mechanisms in still being developed. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY 1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT 

PROGRESS DuRING FY1992 

The determination of refractive index fields has long been utilized as a method for 

the qualitative visualization of combustion reaction. Quantification of the 

refractive index distribution can frequently be used to determine temperature 

distributions or relative species concentrations in nonreacting flows. 

For the purposes at hand, interferometric methods are not ideally suited, owing 

principally to their severe requirements for mechanical stability. Deflectometric 

methods, such as Schlieren and Moore, tend to be far less complex, more tolerant to 

mechanical and thermal fluctuations, and readily adaptable to large fields of view. 

The system that has been developed is based on the use of continuously graded 

colored rainbow filters. The qualitative appearance of the observed images affords a 

vast amount of detail, owing to the eye's ability to resolve fairly subtle differences in 

color. In addition, the continuous nature of the color filter represents a distinct 

advantage over conventional knife-edge methods from the standpoint of spatial 

resolution. Furthermore, it has been demonstrated that a reasonably simple image 

digitization and processing system can be used to quantify the color attributes of the 

observed image, and hence the refractive index distribution which produced it. 

Present results indicate that comparable sensitivity to conventional interferometry 

has been achieved. The ability to quantitatively determine the resulting ray 

deflections has been completed and is in the process of submittal for publications. 

This system has subsequently been employed to measure refractive index 

distribution in radiantly heated liquid pools, axially symmetric jet diffusion flames, 

and solid surface combustion. 

A system of this type has been constructed for reduced gravity tests in the 2.2-second 

drop tower facility. It is based on a breadboarded configuration that has been utilized 

in the laboratory. A support service contractor has provided the engineering, 

design, and fabrication support for the overall design and construction of the final 

system. The set of tasks for which they were responsible includes a dedicated drop 

package incorporating a number of features which will be useful in the subsequent 

implementation of additional diagnostic experiments. The optical and electronic 

subsystems have been integrated and tested. Reduced gravity tests are anticipated to 

commence by year's end. 

An improved optical configuration, as well as the fabrication and testing process, 

have been designed. Unlike the previous configuration, which utilizes off-axis 

parabolic primary mirrors, this configuration employs spherical primaries. Spheric 

surfaces are considerably less costly to fabricate, a significant consideration when 

constructing a system with a reasonably large field of view (the initial version of the 

spheric system provides a 150 mm FOV). The use of spheric surfaces introduces 

other aberrations, however, which must then be corrected by subsequent optical 

elements. These additional elements have been suitably designed to achieve the 

required corrections while simultaneously providing net angular magnification. 

11-308 
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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT 

This angular magnification is necessary to meet the original design goal of 

providing a long effective focal length system (3000 mm) in a relatively small 

package (550 mm). This configuration has been incorporated into a KC-135 package 

which has been flown in three campaigns since January 1992. 

Planar (i.e., two-dimensional) imaging of Rayleigh scattering has been reported by 

numerous investigators for the determination of gas-phase density distribution. 

The application to actual flames is, however, hindered by the presence of relatively 

strong naturally occurring broad-band emISSIOns. It seems unlikely that the 

continuous wave (CW) sources presently available in the laboratory will be able to 

overcome this aspect of the problem. 

By utilizing a pulsed source with a synchronously gated detector, the strength of the 

scattered signal relative to the strength of the emission lines can be satisfactorily 

reduced. The FY1992 effort focused on the determination of the pulse energies that 

are required, and the identification of a pulsed laser diode array commensurate 

with these requirements. Such an array would be compact enough to be utilized in 

an aircraft or drop-tower configuration. In addition, the tunable solid-state laser 

system slated for procurement during FY1992 is ideally suited for this application. 

The chemistry of the formation of soot and the substantial heat loss due to radiation 

motivate an increased understanding of the role of soot in microgravity combustion 

phenomena. Specifically, the mass fraction and size distribution are desirable 

quantities to determine experimentally. Experiments are being conducted in the 

laboratory using transmission (i.e., absorption), scattering, and sampling techniques. 

The principal investigator (PI) for these experiments is Dr. J. c. Ku from Wayne 

State University. Dr. Ku is presently supported under grant as a result of the most 

recent NASA Research Announcement (NRA) for microgravity combustion. 

The determination of size and concentration requires the simultaneous 

measurement of two quantities. In this case, transmission measurements are 

accompanied by either the collection of soot samples, or by an additional scattering 

measurement. These techniques have been successfully conducted in the 

laboratory, and have since been incorporated into a 2.2-second drop package. The 

initial configuration accommodates full-field absorption measurements using a low 

power laser source, and a thermophoretic sampling probe. In the latter, extremely 

small wire electron microscopy grids are rapidly inserted in to the flame and 

withdrawn (total residence time of approximately 30 milliseconds). The size 

distribution of the soot particles is then analyzed from scanning electron 

micrographs. 

A suitably constructed sampling probe has been constructed so as to minimally 

perturb the flames upon insertion and withdrawal. High-speed photography and 

high Schlieren imaging have been performed to validate the essentially 

nonintrusive nature of the probe. The particle-size distribution information is then 

11-309 
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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT 

used to compute an effective per-particle absorption cross section. This allows the 

absorption data to be inverted to obtain soot number densities. These inversions 

have been successfully performed uS.ing data obtained under normal gravity 

conditions, and they agree well with published values. Reduced-gravity 

experiments have shown much larger sizes for both primary particles and 

aggregates. These results are presently being prepared for publication. 

Laser Doppler Velocimetry (LDV) is a nonintrusive optical technique for the 

accurate determination of point-wise velocity data. In some instances, it is possible 

to perform line or area scans before the flowfield was evolved significantly. Recent 

development in solid-state laser diode and avalanche photodiode detector 

technologies have made available LDV systems which are quite compact (65 mm 

diameter, 130 mm length), and require only a few watts of electrical power. 

Arrangements have recently been made to procure a device of this type. This will 

form the basis for a complete LDV system, which includes data acquisition and 

signal processing electronics, optics for implementing line and are a scans, and a 

seeding system for introducing scattering particles into the flow stream. 

Although the vendor is capable of producing a hardened version suitable for use in 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 0 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Buchele, D. R. and Griffin, D. W. A compact color Schlieren optical system. Accepted for 

publication in Applied Optics., 1992. 

Weiland, K. J. Intensified array camera imaging of solid surface combustion aboard the NASA 

Learjet. Accepted for publication in Proceedings of the AJAA 30th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, 

6th Annual Space Proceeding Conference, Reno NV, January 6-9, 1992. 

Greenberg, P. S. "Constraints and capabilities of combustion diagnostics in Microgravity." Second 

International Microgravity Combustion Workshop, Cleveland, OH, September 15-17, 1992. 

Weiland, K. J. "Visualization and imaging methods for flames in microgravity." Second 

International Microgravity Combustion Workshop, Cleveland, OH, September 15-17, 1992. 

Griffin, D.W. "Selected microgravity combustion diagnostic techniques." Second International 

Microgravity Combustion Workshop, Cleveland, OH, September 15-17,1992. 

11-310 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - ADVASCED TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMEJIr'T 

TYPE: ATD 

DISCIPLINE: Not Applicable 

PROJECT TITLE: Advanced Furnace Technology 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: Not Applicable 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Sandor L Lehoczky 

AFFILIATION: NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Marshall Space Flight Center 

Code ES75 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

Marshall Space Flight Center, AL 35812 

PHONE: (205) 544-7758 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The task objective is to assess the effectiveness of transverse and axial magnetic fields for 

suppressing gravity induced fluid flows during the directional solidification of selected 

semiconducting alloys. The objective also involves the development of methods using 

magnetic fields for the management and control of potential deleterious effects associated 

with the presence of varying levels of steady and time dependent residual acceleratons and 

possible surface tension gradient driven flows. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

The research approach is to evaluate furnace concepts using a superconducitng magnet up 

to 5 Tesia by developing heater element concepts for use in a high magnetic field, designing, 

fabricating, and testing a furnace module for magnetic field use that simulates the thermal 

characteristics of the Crystal Growth Furnace and has the translation range capabilities 

suitable for the currently identified AADSF and CGF experiments. The approach also 

involves perfonning crystal growth experiments to evaluate the effects of axial magnetic 

fields and evaluating concepts for shielding of stray magnetiC fields. 

PROGRESS DuRING FY1992 

A CGF-like furnace was installed in the 5 Tesla superconducting magnet, tested, and 

brought into full operating condition. All subsystems including translation, temperature 

control, and a mechanical pulser were integrated. The heater windjngs in the hot zone 

were upgraded to platinum/rhodium wire. Gallium-doped germanium samples have been 

grown to test the furnace . A ceramic permanent magnet was constructed with a shielding 

assembly and the fields inside and outside the assembly were measured. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 0 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

11-311 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT 

TYPE: ATD 

DISCIPLINE: Not Applicable 

PROJECT TITLE: Stereo Imaging Velocimetry 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: Not Applicable 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Dr. Mary Jo B. Meyer 

AFFILIATION: NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) 

MAiUNG ADDRESS: NASA Lewis Research Center 

National and Aeronautics Space Administration 

21000 Brookpark Road 

Cleveland, OH 44135 

PHONE: (216)433-8165 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

Stereo imaging velocimetry will permit the collection of quantitative, 

three-dimensional flow data from any optically transparent fluid which can be 

seeded with tracer particles. This includes such diverse experiments as the strudy of 

multiphase flow, bubble nucleation and migration, pool combustion, and crystal 

growth, all of which are part of NASA's microgravity science program. 

The objectives of this project are to develop a stereo imaging velocimeter which will 

(a) measure fluid velocities between 1.0 mrn/sec and 10.0 crn/ sec with an accuracy of 

+ 1.0% for ISO-micron seed particles in a 3.0-cm field of view, (b) have streamlined 

data processing which processes 100 time steps of consecutive stereo images to 

obtain 3-D velocity fields in ten minutes or less, (c) be able to track at least 100 

particle pairs per frame, (d) require minimal a priori assumptions about the flow, 

and (e) initiate tracking and matching without human intervention. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

Our approach to successful implementation is to choose the most promIsmg of 

current techniques as our starting point, and develop or modify algorithms to 

accomplish particle centroid finding, tracking, and matching, as well as camera 

calibration. These four capabilities are the basis for the velocimeter and will 

determine its final processing speed and accuracy. We will then test the prototype 

for accuracy on particles moving in known trajectories. User interface for both the 

front-end and postprocessing will be created. The velocimeter will be tested on real 

fluid experiment(s). 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

During 1992 we chose two promising methods (already in existence in the literature) 

on which to build our stereo imaging velocimeter. One method, which uses 

fast-scan particle recognition and probability trees for tracking and matching, was 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - ADVA NCED TECH NOLOGY DEVELOPMENT 

coded under a subcontract at Ohio State University and delivered to our laboratory 

at the end of FY92. 

The second method, which uses a boundary-tracking particle recognition scheme 

and a geometrical particle tracking or matching scheme with back checking for 

errors, is currently being coded in our lab (Bethea). Camera calibration has been 

investigated in great detail (Meyer) and the code for the three best methods was 

duplicated. We have begun to examine neural nets as an alternative camera 

calibration scheme, because current camera calibration methods generally address 

only two-dimensional scenes. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 2 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENTATIONS 

Meyer, M. B., and Bethea, M. O. "A Full Field, 3-D velocimeter for NASA's microgra vity science 

program." 30th Aerospace Sciences Meeting & Exhibit 

Reno, NY, January 6-9, 1992. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks I Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - ADVAl'CED TECHSOLOGY DEVELOPMENT 

TYPE: ATD 

DISCIPLINE: Not Applicable 

PROJECT TITLE: Laser Light Scattering Instruments 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: Not Applicable 

PRINCIPAlIHVESTIGATOR: William V. Meyer 

AFFILIATION: NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) 

MAJUNG ADDRESS: Lewis Research Center 

21000 Brookpark Road 

Cleveland, OH 44135 

PHONE: (216) 433-5011 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objective is to develop sturdy, miniaturized laser light scattering 

instrumentation and operational· software. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

Thie task is using state-of-the-asrt fiberoptic technology in a building-block fashion 

to create modular and versatile subsystems and systems. 

PROGRESS DuRING FY1992 

This year (FY92), the single-angle detector system was delivered and evaluations 

have begun. Also, advances have been made in the use of back-scatter probes in 

studies of nontransparent solutions. Applications are as diverse as sensing 

nucleation and diffusion and studies of cataracts. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 0 DEGREES GRANTED: 2 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENT ATIONS 

Ansari, R R, Ohadwal, H. 5., Campbell, M. C. W., and Dellavecchia, M. A. Fiber optic sensor for 

opthalmic refractive diagnostics. In Fiber Optic Medical and Fluorescent Sensors and 

Applications, vol. 1648, pp. 83-105, in Progress in Biomedical Optics, A. Katzir, ed., SPIE 

Publication, 1992. 

Ansari, R R, Ohadwal, H. 5., Cheung, H. M., and Meyer, W. V., "A fiber optic probe for the 

characterization of microemulsions." 9th International Symposium on Suriactants in Solution, 

Paper # 503.01.2, Varna, Bulgaria, June 10-15, 1992. 

Ansari, R R, Ohadwal, H . S., Cheung, H. M., Meyer, W. V. "Microemulsion characterization 

using a fiber optic probe." Photon Correlation and Scattering (Theory and Applications), Paper # 

MAS, 8th Topical Meeting, Optical Society of America, Morgantown, West Virginia, August 

24-26, 1992. 

Ansari, R R, Dhadwal, H. 5., Cheung, H. M., and Meyer, W. V., "Use of a fiber optic probe for 

quasi-elastic light scattering measurements in microemulsions." 66th Colloid & Surface Science 

Symposium, Paper # 41, Morgantown, West Virginia, June 14-17, 1992. 

Ohadwal, H. 5., Ansari, R. R., and Meyer, W. V., A fiber optic probe for particle sizing in 

concentrated suspensions. Rev. Sci. Instruments, 62, 12 (December 1991). 

11-314 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - ADVA~CED TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT 

Dhadwal, H. S., Khan, R. R., and Suh, K. "An integrated fiber optic probe for dynamic light 

scattering." Photon Correlation and Scattering (Theory and Applications), Poster #PD2, 8th 

Topical Meeting, Optical Society of America, Boulder, CO, August 24-26, 1992. 

Rim, Y. H., Cawley, J. D., Ansari, R. R., and Heyer, W. V. In-situ light scattering study of 

aggregations. Ceramic Transactions: Fanning Science and Technology for Ceramics. M. J. Cima, ed. 

vol. 26, 1992. 

Ross, D. A., and Dhadwal, R. S. Regularized inversion of the Laplace transform: Accuracy of 

analytical and discrete inversion. Particle Systems Characterization 8, 282-286, (1991). 

Meyer, W. V., and Ansari, R. R. A preview of a microgravity laser light scattering instrument. 

AiM, 91-0779, January 1991. 

Ansari, R. R. and Meyer, W. V., "Static and dynamic laser light scattering studies of series 78 

nylon 6,6 Polymer." NASA/DuPont Confidential Divisional Report, April 1991. 

Ansari, R. R., and Meyer, W. V., "Laser light scattering studies on the interactions and 

characterization of alumina and pliolite plastic particles in silicone oil." Space Experiment 

Division Technical Report, NASA-LeRC, April 1991. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY 1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT 

TYPE: ATD 

DISCIPLINE: Not Applicable 

PROJECT TITLE: Surface Light Scattering Instruments 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: Not Applicable 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: William V. Meyer 

AFFILIATION: . NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: NASA Lewis Research Center 

Cleveland, OH 44135 

PHONE: (216) 433-5011 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objective is the development of an instrument capable of detecting fluid surface 

phenomena, such as local temperatures and interface temperature gradients, surface 

tensions, and volume viscosity. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

We started with an Argon ion pumped grating heterodyne surface-light-scattering 

spectrometer. Our equipment has developed to the state where the bulk optics/high 

power /large space requirements of the traditional surface-light system have been 

replaced by a low-power compact laser-diode-pumped surface-light-scattering 

system. 

Development of an autotracking surface light-scattering spectrometer that can also 

measure surface physical parameters within a small localized surface domain is 

underway. This optically self-stabilizing spectrometer is now being tested. This 

work is being extended by the use of fiber optics and incorporation of acousto-optic 

modulators that will detect surface gradients. The design phase of measuring the 

high-amplitude surface ripplons is nearing completion. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

Initial work accomplished has included surface-light-scattering data collection, using 

laboratory systems, and development of the theoretical equations to accomplish 

measurements on curved surfaces. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 1 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

11- 316 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY 1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT 

TYPE: ATD 

DISCIPLINE: Not Applicable 

PROJECT TITLE: Multizone Transparent Furnace 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: LeRC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: Not Applicable 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: Bruce N . Rosenthal 

AFFILIATION: NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: NASA Lewis Research Center 

21000 Brookpark Road 

Cleveland, OH 44135 

PHONE: (216) 433-5027 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

The objective was to determine the ability to create a controllable multizone furnace 

while still providing a view of the sample being processed. Technology 

development resulted in demonstration of the ability to develop and build a 

working transparent, multizone-controlled modular furnace system for use in 

materials-processing experiments. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

Various video imaging processes were applied and evaluated to determine the 

sample interface shape. 

PROGRESS DURING FY1992 

Development of a multizone transparent furnace was concluded. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 1 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

P UBLlCATIONS/PR ESENT ATIONS 

Batur, c., Sharpless, R. B., Duval, W. M. B., and Rosenthal, B. N., Self-tuning muItivariable pole 

placement control of muItizone crystal growth furnace . Journal of Adaptive Control and Signal 

Processing, vol. 6, pp. 111-123, 1992. 

Batur, c., Sharpless, R. B., Duval, W. M. B., and Rosenthal, B. N., "Self-tuning multivariable 

pole placement control of muItizone crystal growth furnace." Presented at The Winter Annual 

Meeting of the ASME, Control of Manufacturing Processes, AItanta, GA, December 1--6, 1991, 

DSC-Vol. 28, PED-Vol. 52. 

Batur, c., Sharpless, R. B., Duval, W. M. B., Rosenthal, B. N., and Singh, N. B., Identification 

and control of a multizone crystal growth furnace. Journal of Crystal Growth, 119, pp. 371-380, 

(1992). 

Rosenthal, B. N. "Advanced technology development program review: transparent furnace 

technology." Presented at the ATD Program Review, Washington DC, May 5, 1992. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY 1992 

II. PROGRAM TASKS - ADVANCED TECHNOLOGY DEVELOPMENT 

TYPE: ATD 

DISCIPLINE: Not Applicable 

PROJECT TITLE: Multicolor Holography 

RESPONSIBLE CENTER: MSFC PROJECT IDENTIFICATION: Not Applicable 

PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATOR: William K. Witherow 

AFFILIATION: NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) 

MAIUNG ADDRESS: Marshall Space Flight Center 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

Marshall Space Flight Center, AL 35812 

PHONE: (205) 544-7811 

TASK OBJECTIVE/DESCRIPTION 

A noncontact method of simultaneously determining concentration and 

temperature variations in fluid systems is underway. An additional benefit will be 

the additional simultaneous data- acquisition capability and thus a possible 

reduction in the number of experiment runs required per mission. 

RESEARCH ApPROACH 

In this system, two fluid parameters will be varied simultaneously, and this 

technique will measure the variations by using two different frequency lasers. More 

complete multivariable research on fluid science experiments will be enabled by this 

new capability. 

PROGRESS DuRING FY1992 

Confirmation of the capability to measure fringe lines to sufficient resolution was 

made this year (FY92). This capability will now provide the ability to continue with 

full measurement system development. 

GRADUATE STUDENTS: 0 DEGREES GRANTED: 0 

PUBLICATIONS/PRESENT ATIONS 

Trolinger, J. D., Lal, R., Vikram, C. 5., and Witherow, W. K. Compact space flight solution 

crystal growth system. Proceedings SPIE, vol. 1557, 250-258, 1991. 

Vikram, C. 5., and Witherow, W. K. Critical needs of fringe-order accuracies in two-color 

holographic interferometry. Experimental Mechanics, March 1992, 74-77. 

Vikram, C. 5., Witherow, W. K., and Trolinger, J. D. Refractive properties of TGS acqueous 

solution for two-color interferometry. Proceedings SPIE, vol. 1557, 197-201, 1991. 

Vikram, C. 5., Witherow, W. K., and Trolinger, J. D. Special beam intensity ratio needs in 

multicolor holography. Submi tted to Journal of Modern Optics November 1992. 

11-318 
Microgravity Scien ce & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

m. BIBLIOGRAPHY 

III. 

Microgravity Science & Applications 

Bibliography for FY 1992 

• Flight Research Tasks 

Biotechnology ................................................................. ill-321 

Combustion Science ..................................................... .. ill-321 

Electronic Materials ........................................................ ill-323 

Fluid Physics ........................... ........................................ ill-325 

Fundamental Physics ..................... .. ...... ........................ ill-326 

Glasses and Ceramics .................................................... 1II-327 

Metals and Alloys ....................... .............. ...................... ill-327 

Protein Crystal Growth ................... .............................. 1II-329 

• Ground Research Tasks 

Biotechnology ... .... ...... .... .. .. .. .......................................... ill-329 

Combustion Science ................. ...................................... III-330 

Electronic Materials .............. .. ............ ............................ 1II-332 

Fluid Physics ................................................................. .. 111-337 

Fundamental Physics ................................... ........ .......... 111-341 

Glasses and Ceramics ........................ ............................ ill-342 

Metals and Alloys ..... .. .................................................... ill-343 

Protein Crystal Growth ............................... .......... ........ III-348 

• ATD 

Advanced Technology Deveopment ........................... 111-348 

How to Order Publications Cited In this Document 

Copies of many documents cited in the bibliography given herein are available from the Center for AeroSpace 

Information (CASI). a NASA Scientific and Technical Information (STI) Program facilrty. Prices are determined by the 

number of pages of each document and whether paper or microfiche copy material is ordered. 

NASA Center for AeroSpace Information (CAS I) 

P.O. Box 8757 

Ba~imore. MD 21240-0757 

Telephone: (301) 621 -0390 

FAX: (301) 621-0134 

III-319 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

m. BIBLIOGRAPHY 

FLIGHT 

Flight: Biotechnology 

Mukherjee, P., and Hymer, W. C. Heterogeneity of rat pituitary prolactin cells: Relationships among 

location, honnone assay and estrous cycle stage. Neuroendocrinimmunology,s, 108-119, (1992). 

Mukherjee, P., Epp, L., Viselli, 5., Mastro, A. M., and Hymer, W. C. "PRL cell function in the individual 

rat pituitary gland in vitro: Importance of physiological state of the donor." Presented at the 74th Annual 

Meeting of the Endocrine Society, 1992. 

Mukherjee, P., Houser, U., and Hymer, W. C. PRL-immune interactions in breast cancer. Journal of Cell 

Biology,l15,78a (1991). 

ViselIi, 5., and Mastro, A. M. PRL receptors are found on a heterogeneous subpopulation of rat 

splenocytes. Endocrinology. In press, 1992. 

Flight: Combustion Science 

Altenkirch R A., Bhattacharjee, 5., Olson, S. L., and Sacksteder, K. "Opposed-flow flame spreading in 

reduced gravity." 2nd International Microgravity Combustion Workshop, Cleveland, OH, September 

15-17, 1992. 

Altenkirch, R A., Tang, L., BuIIard, D. B., and Bhattacharjee, S. "Unsteady flame spread over solid fuels 

in microgravity." Presented by R. A. Altenkirch at the World Space Congress, Washington, DC, 

September 5, 1992. 

Bahadori, M.Y., and Edelman, R B. Combustion of gaseous fuels under reduced-gravity conditions. 

Paper LB-038, Proceedings of the Second Symposium on LUMr Bases, Lunar and Planetary Institute, Houston, 

Texas, in press, 1992. 

Bahadori, M. Y., Edelman, B., Stocker, D. P., Sotos, R G., and Vaughan, D. F. "Effects of oxygen 

concentration on radiative loss from normal-gravity and microgravity flames." Paper AIAA-92-0243, 

AIAA 30th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, NY, January 1992. 

Bahadori, M. Y., Stocker, D. P., Vaughan, D. F., Zhou, L., and Edelman, R. B. "Effects of buoyancy on 

laminar, transitional, and turbulent gas jet diffusion flames." Presented at the Second International 

Microgravity Combustion Workshop, Cleveland, OH, September 1992. 

Bahadori, M. Y., Vaughan, D. F., Stocker, D. P., Weiland, K. J., and Edelman, R B. "Preliminary 

observations on the effects of buoyancy on transitional and turbulent diffusion flames." Presented at the 

1992 Spring Technical Meeting of the Central States Section of the Combustion Institute, Columbus, OH, 

April 1992. 

Bhattacharjee, 5., Altenkirch, R A., and Sacksteder, K. Implications of spread rate and temperature 

measurements in flame spread over a thin fuel in a quiescent, microgravity, space-based environment. In 

preparation for Combustion Science and Technology, 1992. 

Bhattacharjee, 5., and Altenkirch, R A. A comparison of theoretical and experimental results in flame 

spread over thin condensed furls in a quiescent, microgravity environment. Proceedings of the Twentyfourth Symposium (InternatioMl) on Combustion, Sydney, Australia. In preparation, 1992. 

Bhattacharjee, 5., Bhaskaran, K. K. and Altenkirch, R A. "Effects of pyrolysis kinetics on opposed-flow 

flame spread modeling." Presented by S. Bhattacharjee at the ASME/ AIChE National Heat Transfer 

Conference, San Diego, CA, August 8-12, 1992. 

Bhattacharjee, 5., Seaton, D., and Altenkirch, R A. "The role of kinetic, transport, and thennodynamic 

properties on flame spread over a thin solid fuel in an opposed flow environment." Presented by D. 

Seaton at the Western States Section of the Combustion Institute meeting, Berkeley, CA, October 12-13, 

1992, WSSCI Paper no. 92-107. 

Buckmaster, J. B., Gessman, R, and Ronney, P. D. "The three-dimensional dynamicS of flame balls." 

Twenty-Fourth International Symposium on Combustion, Sydney, Australia, July 1992. 

10-321 

PREtiEOlNG PAGE BLANK NOT fiLMED 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

m. BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Buckmaster, J. D., Joulin, G., and Ronney, P. D. Structure and stability of nonadiabatic flame balls: II. 

Effects of far-field losses. Combustion and Flame 84, 411-422 (1991). 

Buckmaster, J. D., Lee, C. J., Joulin, G., and Ronney, P. D. Modeling of microgravity ignition experiments. 

In: Recent Advances in Combustion Modeling (B. Larrouturou, ed.), series in Advances in Mathematics for 

Applied Sdences, vol. 6, pp. 1-18, World Scientific Press, Teaneck, NJ, 1991. 

Bullard, D. 8., Tang, L., Altenkirch, R. A., and Bhattacharjee, S. "Unsteady flame spread over solid fuels 

in microgravity." Presented at the 1992 World Space Congress, Washington, DC. Submitted to Advances 

in Space Research, COSP AR, 1992. 

Bullard, D. B., Tang, L., Altenkirch, R. A., and Bhattacharjee, S. Unsteady flame spread over solid fuels in 

microgravity. Submitted to Advances in Space Research, 1992. 

Card, J. M., and Williams, F. A. Asymptotic analysis of the structure and extinction of spherically 

symmetrical n-heptane diffusion flames. Combustion Sdence and Technology, vol. 84, pp. 91-120 (1992). 

\ 

Card, J. M., and Williams, F. A. Asymptotic analysis with reduced chemistry for the burning of n-heptane 

droplets. Combustion and Flame, 1992. 

Card, J. M. Asymptotic analysis for the burning of n-heptane droplets using a four step reduced 

mechanism. Combustiun and Flame, 1992. 

Cho, S. Y., Yetter, R. A., and Dryer, F. L. A computational model for one-dimensional mass and energy 

transport in and around chemically reacting particles, including complex gas-phase chemistry, 

multicomponent molecular diffusion, surface evaporation, and heterogeneous reaction. Journal of 

Computational Physics, vol. 102, no. 1 (September 1992). 

Choi, M. Y., Cho, S. Y., Dryer, F. L., and Haggard, J. B. Jr. Computational/experimental basis for 

conduction alkane droplet combustion experiments on space-based platforms. Proceedings of the JUT AM 

Symposium on Microgravity Fluid Mechanics, Bremen, FRG. H. ]. Rath, ed . Berlin: Springer-Verlag, 1992. 

Choi, M. Y. "Droplet combustion characteristics under microgravity and normal gravity conditions." 

Ph.D. dissertation, Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, 

Princeton, NJ, 1992. 

Choi, M. Y., Dryer, F. L., Card, J. M., Williams, F. A., Haggard, J. B., Jr., and Browski, B. "Microgravity 

combustion of isolated n-decane and n-heptane droplets." AIAA paper no. 92-242, January 1992. 

Dryer, F. L. "Computational/experimental studies of isolated, single-component droplet combustion." 

Presented at the Second International Microgravity Combustion Workshop, NASA Lewis Research 

Center, Oeveland, OH, October 1992. 

Faeth, G. M. "Priorities for microgravity combustion research and goals for workshop discussions." 

Presented at the Second International Microgravity Combustion Workshop, NASA LeRC, September 

1992. 

Fernandez-Pello, A. c., and Pagni, P. J. "A fundamental study of smoldering combustion in 

microgravity." Presented at the Second International Microgravity Combustion Workshop, NASA LeRC, 

September 1992. 

Hegde, U., and Bahadori, M. Y. "Gravitational influences on the behavior of confined diffusion flames." 

Paper AIAA-92-0334, AIAA 30th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, NY, January 1992. 

Miller, F. and Ross, H. Further observations of flame spread across laboratory-scale alcohol pools. 

Proceedings of the 24th International Symposium on Combustion, Sydney, Sydney, Australia, 1992. 

Mortezavi, S., Sunderland, P., Jurng, J. J., and Faeth, G. M. "Structure and soot properties of non-buoyant 

laminar round-jet diffusion flames." Presented at the Second International Microgravity Combustion 

Workshop, NASA LeRC, September 1992. 

Mortezavi, S., Sunderland, P., Jurng, J. J., and Faeth, G. M. "Structure of laminar buoyant jet diffusion 

flames at low pressure." Presented at the 1992 Spring Technical Meeting of the Central States section of 

the Combustion Institute. 

10-322 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

m. BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Ronney, P. D. An investigator's suggestions for effective use of the NASA-JSC reduced-gravity program 

KC-135A aircraft. In: ]SC Reduced-Gravity Program Users Guide. NASA JSC-22803, 1991 .. 

Ronney, P. D., and Yakhot, V. Flame broadening effects on premixed turbulent flame-speed. Combustion 

Science and Technology 86, 31-43 (1992). 

Ross, H. Ignition of and flame spread across laboratory-scale pools of pure liquid fuels. Submitted to 

Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, 1992. 

Schiller, D. N. and Sirignano, W. A. "Ignition and flame spread above liquid fuel pools." Paper WSCI-91-

96, fall meeting of the Western States section of the Combustion Institute, 1992. 

Schiller, D. N. "Combustion above liquid fuel pools: buoyant and surface-tension-driven flow 

computations." PhD. dissertation, University of California, Irvine, CA, 1992. 

Shy, S. 5., Ronney, P. D., Buckley, S. G., and Yakhot, V. "Experimental simulations of premixed turbulent 

combustion using aqueous autocatalytic reactions." Twenty-Fourth International Symposium on 

Combustion, Sydney, Australia, July 1922. 

Torero, J. L., Fernandez-Pello, A. c., and Urban, D. L. "Experimental observations of the effect of gravity 

changes on smoldering combustion." Poster presentation at the 24th International Symposium on 

Combustion, Sydney, Australia, July 1992. 

Torero, J. L., Kitano, M., and Fernandez-Pello, A. C. Opposed forced flow smoldering of polyurethane 

foam. Accepted for publication by Combustion Science and Technology, 1992. 

West, J., Bhattacharjee, 5., and Altenkirch, R. A. "Investigation of controlling parameters in transition 

between thermally thin and thermally thick flame spread over solid fuels in an opposing flow." 

Presented by J. West at the Western States Section of the Combustion Institute meeting, Berkeley, CA, 

October 12-13, 1992, WSSCI Paper no. 92-106. 

West, J., Bhattachar;ee, S. and Altenkirch, R. A. "Surface radiative effects on flame spread over thermally 

thick fuels in an opposing flow." Presented by J. West at the ASME/ AIChE National Heat Transfer 

Conference, San Diego, CA, August 8-12, 1992. In preparation for ]ourTUlI of Heat Transfer, 1992. 

Williams, F. A. "Studies of droplet burning and extinction." Presented at The Second International 

Microgravity Combustion Workshop, NASA Lewis Research Center, Cleveland, OH, October 1992. 

Flight: Electronic Materials 

Banan, M., Lal, R. B., and Batra, A. K. Modified triglycine sulfate (TGS) single crystals for pyroelectric 

infrared detector applications. J. Mat. Sci, 27, 2291-2297 (1992). 

Bennett, M. J., Tsiveriotis, K., and Brown, R. A. Nonlinear dynamics in periodically repeated sets of 

directional solidification cells. Physical Review B, 45, 9562-9575 (1992). 

Brown, R. A. "Crystal growing systems." Invited paper at NATO meeting on Interactive Dynamics in 

Convection and Solidification, Chamonix, France, March 1992. 

Brown, R. A., Lee, T. C. J., and Tsiveriotis, K. Nonlinear dynamics near the onset of cellular growth 

during thin-film solidification of a binary alloy: On the observability of weakly nonlinear states. 

Interactive Dynamics in Convection and Solidification. S. H. Davis, et al., eds., Amsterdam: Kluwer, pp. 69-72, 

1992. 

Kim, D. H., and Brown, R. A. Modelling of transients in growth of HgCdTe by the vertical Bridgman 

technique. J. Crystal Growth, 114,411-434 (1991). 

Kyrilidis, A., and Brown, R. A. "Ability of nonperturbative density functional theories to stabilize 

arbitrary solids." American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Los Angeles, November 1991. 

Kyrilidis, A. and Brown, R. A. "Density-functional thermodynamic perturbation study of Lennard-Jones 

solids." In Computational Methods in Materials Science, vol. 278. J. E. Mark, M. E. Glicksman, and S. P. 

Marsh, eds., Materials Research Society, pp. 21-26, 1992. 

111-323 

- -------------- ------
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

m. BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Kyrilidis, A., and Brown, R A. Local thermodynamic mapping for effective liquid density-functional 

theory. Physical Review A, 45, 5654-5659 (1992). 

Kyrilidis, A., and Brown, R A. On the ability of nonperturbative density-functional theories to stabilize 

arbitrary solids. Physical Review A, 44, 8141-8181 (1991). 

Lal, R R A study of solution crystal growth in low-g. NASA Technical Memorandum 4353, 193-201, 1992. 

Lal, R R, and Batra, A. K Growth and properties of triglycine sulfate (TGS): A review. Invited review 

paper for a special issue of Ferroelectrics on crystal and crystal growth. In press, 1992. 

Lal, R B., Batra, A. K., Wilcox, W. R, Trolinger, J. D., Steiner, B., and Witherow, W. K "A study of 

solution crystal growth in low-g: An experiment on the First International Microgravity Laboratory (IML1)." 10th International Conference on Crystal Growth, San Diego, CA, August 16-21, 1992. 

Lal, R B., Batra, A. K.,Wilcox, W. R , Trolinger, J. D., Witherow, W. K., and Steiner, R "Growth of 

triglycine sulfate sulfate crystals aboard First International Microgravity Laboratory (IML-1)." Sixth 

Annual Alabama Materials Research Conference, Auburn University, Auburn, AL, October 6-7,1992. 

Lal, R B. "Growth of TGS crystal and the effect of g-jitter on particle motion aboard the IML-1 mission." 

Gordon Research Conference on Gravitational Effects on Materials Processes, Henniker, NH, July 18-23, 

1993. In preparation, 1992. 

Lal, R B. "TGS crystal growth experiment on IML-l mission." 44th International Astronautical Congress, 

Graz, Austria, October 16-22, 1993. In preparation, 1992. 

Lee, C. T., and Brown, R. A. "Spatiotemporal chaos near the onset of cellular growth during thin-film 

solidification of a binary alloy." NATO Meeting on Interactive Dynamics in Convection and 

Solidification, Chamonix, France, March 1992. 

Lee, C. T., Tsiveriotis, K , and Brown, R. A. Spatiotemporal chaos near the onset of cellular growth in 

thin-film directional solidification. f. Crystal Growth, 121,536-542 (1992). 

Mehrabi, R, and Brown, R A. Nonlinear analysis of morphological interactions between flow and 

interface shape in the directional solidification of a binary alloy. Interactive Dynamics in Convection and 

Solidification. S. H. Davis, et al., eds., Amsterdam: Kluwer, pp. 65-67, 1992. 

Mehrabi, R., and Brown, R A. "Nonlinear analysis of morphological interactions between flow and 

interface shape. NATO Meeting on Interactive Dynamics in Convection and Solidification, Chamonix, 

France, March 1992. 

Rosch, W., Fripp, A., Debnam, W., Simchick, R, and Sorokach, S. "Damage of fine diameter platinum 

sheathed type R thermocouples at temperatures between 950 and 1100°C." The 7th International 

Symposium on Temperature, Its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, April 28-May 1, 

1992, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. Accepted for publication in proceedings, 1992. 

Rosch, W., Jesser, W. A., Debnam, W., Fripp, A, Woodell, G., and Pendergrass, T. K. A technique for 

measuring the heat transfer coefficient inside a Bridgman furnace. Accepted by, J. Cryst. Growth, 1992. 

Sears, R, Narayanan, R, Anderson, T. I., and Fripp, A. L. Convection of tin in a Bridgman system: Part I, 

Flow characterization by effective diffusivity measurements. Accepted by J. Cryst. Growth, 1992. 

Sears, R, Narayanan, R., Anderson, T. I., and Fripp, A. L. The detection of solutal convection during 

electrochemical measurement of the oxygen diffusivity in liquid tin. Accepted by Metallurgical 

Transactions, 1992. 

Sears, B., Narayanan, R., Anderson, T. J., Fripp, A L., Debnam, W. I., and Woodell, G. A Convection of 

tin in a Bridgman system: Part II, An electrochemical method for detecting flow regimes. Accepted by 

f. Cryst. Growth, 1992. 

Sorokach, S., Rosch, W., Fripp, A., and Debnam, W. "Errors in small diameter sheathed type K and N 

thermocouples in high temperatures gradients." The 7th International Symposium on Temperature, Its 

Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, April 28-May 1, 1992, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. 

In-324 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

ID. BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Sun, J., Carlson, F. M., and Wilcox, W. R. Simulation of triglycine sulfate crystal growth in space, 

Microgravity Q.2, no. 3, 159-168, 1992. 

Sun,]. H., Carlson, F. M., and Wilcox, W. R "Simulation of solution growth of triglycine sulfate growth 

in space." World Space Congress, Washington OC, September 1992. 

Tanveer, S. Convection effects on radial segregation and crystal melt interface in vertical Bridgman 

growth. Submitted to J. Phys. Fluids A, 1992. 

Tsiveriotis, K., and Brown, R A Boundary conforming mapping applied to computations of cellular 

solidification. Inter. J. Numer. Meths. Fluids, 14, 981-1003 (1992). 

Tsiveriotis , K., and Brown, R A. "The role of codimension-two bifurcation in cellular pattern formation 

in directional solidification." American Institute of Chemical Engineers, Los Angeles, November 1991. 

van den Berg, L. Presentation at CNES program review meeting on the advantages of crystal growth 

from the vapor. Toulouse, France, June 1992. 

Wagner, c., Friedrich, R, and Narayanan, R. Gravational effects and some extended results for bilayer 

convection of the Rayleigh Marangoni type. Submitted to J. Phys. Fluids A, 1992. 

Yang, L., Batra, A. K., and Lal, R B. Growth and characteristics of triglycine sulfate (TGS) crystals grown 

by sting technique. Ferroelectrics, 118,85-91, (1991). 

Flight: Fluid Physics 

Anilkumar, A. V., Lee, C. P. and Wang, T. G. Momentumless coalescence of drops." AIAA paper 

no. 92-0111, 30th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, Reno, NY, January 6-9, 1992. 

Anilkumar, A. V., Lee, C. P., and Wang, T. G. Surface-tension-induced mixing following coalescence of 

initially stationary drops. Phys. Fluids A, 3, (11), 2587-2591 (1991). 

Balasubramanian, R and Dill, L. H. Thermocapillary bubble migration-an Oseen-like analysis of the 

energy equation. In Microgravity Fluid Mechanics, IUT AM Bremen 1991, H. J. Rath, ed. Berlin: SpringerVerlag, 1992, pp. 307-314. 

Dill, L. H. and Balasubramanian, R. Unsteady thermocapillary migration of isolated drops in creeping 

flow. Int. J. Heat and Fluid Flow, vol. 13, no. 1, pp. 78-85 (1992). 

Doi, T., and Koster, J. N. Thermocapillary convection in two immiscible liquid layers with free surface. 

Phys. Fluids A., Fluid Dynamics, submitted 1992. 

Fontaine,]. P., Koster, J. N., and Sani, R. L. Thermocapillary effects in a shallow cavity filled with high 

Prandtl number fluid.Annales de Chimie-Science desMate'riaux, Masson, 1992. 

Kamotani, Y., Lee, J. H., and Ostrach, S. An experimental study of oscillatory thermocapillary convection 

in cylindrical containers. Phys. Fluids A, 4, 955 (1992). 

Koster,]. N., Prakash, A., and Fujita, D. "Bernard and Marangoni convection in immiscible liquid layers." 

ASME Meeting, San Diego, 1992; ESA Bruxelles Meeting, 1992. 

Koster, ]. N., Prakash, A, Campbell, T. A, and Pline, A. "Analysis of convection in immiscible liquid 

layers with novel particle tracking velocimetry." ASME 1992 Winter Annual Meeting, November 8-13, 

1992. 

Lee, C. P., and Wang, T. G. Acoustic radiation force on a bubble. Accepted by, lSA, 1992. 

Lee, C. P., and Wang, T. G. Acoustic radiation pressure. Accepted by, lSA, 1992. 

Lee, C. P., Anilkumar, A. V., and Wang, T. G. Static shape and instability of an acoustically levitated 

liquid drop. Phys. Fluid A 3, (11), 2497-2515 (1991). 

Lee, C. P., Anilkumar, A. V., and Wang, T. G. The behavior of a liquid drop levitated and drastically 

flattened by an intense sound field. AIAA paper no. 92-0112 (1992). 

111-325 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

m. BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Merritt, R. M., Morton, D. S., and Subramanian, R. S. Flow structures in bubble migration under the 

combined action of buoyancy and thermocapilarity. I. Colloid Interface Sci., accepted for publication, May 

1992. 

Merritt, R. M., Subramanian, R. S. Bubble migration under the combined action of buoyancy and 

thermocapillarity. in Microgravity Fluid Mechanics, IUfAM Bremen 1991, H. J. Rath, ed . Berlin: SpringerVerlag, 1992, pp. 237-244. 

Min., S., Holt R. G., and Apfel, R E. Simulation of drop dynamics in an acoustic positioning chamber. 

I. Acoust. Soc. Am., 3157-3165, (1992). 

Nallani, M., and Subramanian, R. S. Migration of methanol drops in a vertical temperature gradient in a 

silicone oil. J. Colloid Interface Sci., submitted for publication June 1992. 

Ostrach, S., Kamotani, Y., and Lee, J. "Oscillatory thermocapillary flows." Presented at the World Space 

Congress, Washington, DC, 1992. 

Prakash, A., and Koster, J. N. Natural and thermocapillary convection in three infinite layers of 

immiscible liquids. European lournal of Mechanics B/Fluid, June 18, 1992. 

Prakash, A., and Koster, J. N. Natural convection in three layers of immiscible liquid in a differentially 

heated shallow cavity. Physics of Fluids A, August 24, 1992. 

Rashidnia, N., Balasubramanian, R, and Del Signore, D. Interfacial tension measurement of immiscible 

liquids using a capillary tube. AlChE I., vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 615--618, (1992). 

Rogers, ]. R, Downy, ]. P., Witherow, W. K., Fecermire, B. R, and Frazier, D. O. A study of Ostwald 

ripening of a liquid-liquid system using a holographic technique. Submitted to Proceedings of Heat 

Transfer in Microgravity Systems; 1993 National Heat Transfer Conference, Atlanta, GA, August 8-11, 1993, 

1992. 

Subramanian, R S. The motion of bubbles and drops in reduced gravity. Invited review in Transport 

Process in Bubbles, Drops, and Particles. R P. Chhabra and D. De Kee, eds. New York: Hemisphere 

Publishing Corporation, 1992, pp. 1-42. 

Subramanian, R. S. Thermocapillary motion of bubbles and drops. In Microgravity Fluid Mechanics, 

IUfAM Bremen 1991, H. J. Rath, ed., Berlin: Springer-Verlag, pp. 393--403, 1992. 

Tian, Y., Holt, R. G., and Apfel, R. E. Frequency of quadruple drops in an acoustic field. Accepted for 

publication, I. Acoust. Soc. Am., 1992. 

Tong. W., and Koster, J. N. Interactive convection of water in a rectangular cavity including density 

inversion. Numerical Heat Transfer, July 31, 1992. 

Tong, W., and Koster, J. N. Penetrative convection in sublayer of water including density inversion. 

Physics of Fluids A., June 1, 1992. 

Wang, T. G. Drop and bubble dynamics in the U.S. microgravity program. AlChE Symposium Series 2833 

87, National Heat Transfer Conference Proceedings, S. B. Yilmas and B. G. Volintine, eds., Minneapolis, MN, 

1991. 

Wang, T. G. Dynamics of free drops on USML-l . IAF paper no. 91-399 (1991). 

Flight: Fundamental Physics 

Berg, R. F., Wilkinson, A., Moldover, M. R, Eicher, L., Straub, J., and Gammon, K. "Density equilibration 

near the critical point of SF6 (TEQ/CPF on IML-l)." Poster at VIIIth European Symposium on Materials 

and Fluid Sciences in Microgravity, Bruxelles, Belgium, April 1992. 

Chui, T. C. P. Comment on depression of superfluid transition temperature in 4He by a heat current. 

Submitted to Physical Rev. Letters, 1992 

Chui, T. C. P. ,Swanson, D. R, Adriaans, M. J. ,Nissen, J. A., and Lipa, J. A. Temperature fluctuation in 

the canonical ensemble. Submitted to Physical Rev. Letters 1992. 

I11-326 

j 

--___ J 
~ -_.-

I 

Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

m. BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Chui, T. C. P., Swanson, D. R, Adriaans, M. J., Nissen, J. A., and Lipa, J. A. Thennometry in the 

thennodynamic limit. Proceedings of the 7th InternatiotUll Symposium on Temperature, Toronto, 1992. 

Lipa, J. A. Advanced studies of cooperative phase transactions in microgravity. Proceedings of caSPAR 

Conference, Washington, DC, 1992. 

Lipa, J. A., Chui, T. C. P., Nissen, J. A., and Swanson, D. R A low temperature system for advanced 

thermal control. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Termperature, Toronto, 1992. In press, 

1992. 

Gammon, R. W. 'The ZENO experiment photon correlation light scattering from critical density xenon." 

World Space Congress, Joint COSP AR/IAF Symposium on Gravity Dependent Phenomena in Fluid and 

Material Sciences, Washington DC, August 28 - September 5, 1992. 

Gammon, R W. "ZENO: Photon correlation spectroscopy of critical fluctuations in microgravity on the 

space shuttle." Photon Correlation and Scattering: Theory and Application Conference, Boulder, CO, 

August 24-26, 1992, 

Flight: Glasses and Ceramics 

Podlesny, J., Neilson, G. F., and Weinberg, M. C. Sample preparation methods for SAXS study of phase 

separation in lead rotate glasses. Materials Letter 13,267 (1992). 

Yasumori, A., Neilson, G. F., and Weinberg, M. C. Measurement of surface tension of organic liquid 

pairs. J. Colloid Interface Sd., accepted 1992. 

Flight: Metals and Alloys 

Fecht, H. J. Aspects of metastable phase fonnation in undercooled liquid lead alloys. Zeit fUr Metallkude, 

82,186 (1991). 

Fecht, H. J. Free Energy; functions of undercooled glass forming liquids. Accepted for publication in 

Mat. Sd. & Eng., A133, 443 (1991). 

Fecht, H. J. Phase selection during crystallization of undercooled liquid eutectic alloys, Acta metallurgica, 

39,1003 (1991). 

Glicksman, M., Koss, M., Hahn, R, Koo, K., Rojas, A. and Wansa, E. The isothennal dendritic growth 

experiment: A USMP-2 space flight experiment. Preprinted AIAA 92-0350 of the 30th Aerospace Science 

Meeting & Exhibit, Reno, NY, 1992. 

Glicksman, M., Koss, M. K, Koo, K, Hahn, R, Rojas, A., and Winsa, E. Isothennal dendritic growth in 

microgravity. Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Experimental Methods for Microgravity 

Materials Sdence Research, Robert A. Schiffman, ed., p. 147, Warrendale, PA: The Minerals, Metals & 

Materials Society, 1992. 

Glicksman, M., Koss, M., R Hahn, R, Rojas, A., Karthikeyan, M., and Winsa, E. The isothennal dendritic 

growth experiment: scientific status of a USMP-2 space flight experiment. Advances in Space Research, 

Proceedings of the caSPAR Symposium on Microgravity Resetlrch: Materials and Fluid Sciences. World Space 

Congress. In preparation 1992. 

Hofmeister, W. H., Morton, C. W., Bayuzick, R J., Robinson, M. B., and Rhetz, T. J. "Analysis of the 

constraints in statistical analysis of nucleation data in ground-based experiments." TMS Annual Meeting, 

San Diego, CA, September 1992. 

Holzer, J. c., Ohsaka, K, Trinh, E. H., and Johnson, W. L. Gibbs free energy difference between the 

undercooled liquid and the is Phase of a Ti-Cr alloy. Appl. Phys. Lett., 60, 1079 (1992). 

Hopkins, J. A., McCay, T. D., and McCay, M. H. "The effects of shrinkage flow and gravity level on the 

onset of convection during vertical directional dendritic solidification of NH4CI-H20: Paper #AIAA93-

0261, Presented at the 31st Aerospace Sciences Meeting & Exhibits (AIAA), Reno, NY, 1992. 

Koo, K. "Dendritic growth in microgravity." Transport and Stability Phenomena in Crystal 

Growth/Session I, AIChE Los Angeles, 1992. 

111-327 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

ID. BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Koss, M. "Isothermal dendritic growth experiment: Scientific status of a USMP-2 space Flight 

Experiment." COSPAR/IAF, World Space Congress, Washington OC, 1992. 

Koss, M. "The isothermal dendritic growth: A NASA microgravity experiment." Department of Physics 

and Astronomy Seminar, Vassar Collage, Poughkeepsie, NY, 1992. 

Koss, M. "The isothermal dendritic growth experiment: A status report." Materials Engineering 

Department Seminar, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY, 1992. 

Lowry, S. A., McCay, T. D., and McCay, M. H. "An ad hoc non-equilibrium numerical model of the 

solidification of the binary metal model NH4CI-H20." Presented at The American Society of Mechanical 

Engineers, Winter Annual Meeting, Anaheim, CA, 1992. 

Lowry, S. A., McCay, T. D., and McCay, M. H. An ad hoc non-equilibrium numerical model of the 

solidification of the binary metal model NH4CI-H20. Micro/macro scale phenomena in solidification, ASME 

1992. C. Beckermann, L. A. Bertranm, S. J. Pien, and R E. Smelser, eds. HTD-vol. 218/ AMD-vol. 139, 

1992. 

McCay, M. H., and McCay, T. D. "An optical study of grain formation: CAST International microgravity 

laboratory I." Presented at the 8th European Symposium on Materials and Fluids Science in 

Microgravity,1992. 

McCay, M. H., and McCay, T. D. The measurement of transient dendrite tip interface supersaturation in 

NH4CI-H20 using optical techniques. Accepted for publication in Journal of Crystal Growth, 1992. 

McCay, T. D., and McCay, M. H. Measured and predicted effects of gravity level on directional dendritic 

solidification of NH4CI-H20. Accepted for publication in International Journal for Microgravity Research 

and Applications, 1992. 

McCay, T. D., McCay, M. H., and Hopkins, 1. A. Heat and mass transfer effects on dendrite growth 

during vertical directional solidification of NH4CL-H20. Accepted for publication in Journal of Materials 

Processing and Manufacturing Science, 1992. 

Morton, C. W., Hofmeister, W. H., Bayuzick, R J., and Robinson, M. B. "Statistical analysis of nucleation 

temperatures from two containerless processing methods." TMS Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA, March 

1992. 

Ohsaka, S. K., Holzer, J. c., Trinh, E. H., and Johnson, W. L. Specific heat measurement of undercooled 

liquids. Proc. TMS Symp. , TMS-AIME March Meeting, in press, 1992. 

Schwartz, E., Szekely, J., Ilegbusi, O. J., Zong, J-H., and Egry, 1. The computation of the electromagnetic 

force fields and transport phenomena in levitated metallic droplets in the microgravity environment. 

Proc. of Symposium on Magnetohydrodynamics in Process Metallurgy. TMS, p. 81,1992. 

Winsa, E. "Isothermal dendritic growth experiment flight unit tests." COSPAR/IAF, World Space 

Congress, Washington OC, 1992. 

Winsa, E., Levinson, L., Glicksman, M., Hahn, R, Koss, M., Robertson, J., and Abramczyk, R Isothermal 

dendritic growth experiment flight unit test. Advances in Space Research. Proceedings of the COSPAR 

Symposium on Microgravity Research: Materials and Fluid Science. World Space Congress. In 

preparation, 1992. 

Zhao, Q., Brody, H. D., Piccone, T. J., and Fleming, M. C. "Dendrite growth of highly undercooled Ni-Sn 

alloys." 1992 TMS annual meeting, San Diego, CA, March 3, 1992. 

Zong, J-H, Li, B., and Szekely, J. The electrodynamic and hydrodynamic phenomena in magneticallylevitated molten droplets 1. Steady state behavior. Accepted for Acta Astronautica, 1992. 

Zong, J-H, Li, B., and Szekely, J. The electrodynamic and hydrodynamic phenomena in magneticallylevitated molten droplets II. Transient behavior and heat transfer considerations. Accepted for Acta 

Astronautica, 1992. 

Zong, J-H., Szekely, J., and Lohofer, G. Calculations and experiments concerning the lifting force and the 

power absorption in the TEMPUS EML. Accepted for Acta Astronautica, 1992. 

10-328 
L_ 

Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

ID. BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Zong, J-H.,Szekely, J., and Schwartz, E. An improved computational technique for calculating 

electromagnetic forces and power absorptions generated in spherical and defonned body in levitation 

melting devices. IEEE Transactions on Magnetics, 28, 1833 (1992). 

Flight: Protein Crystal Growth 

DeLucas, 1. J. "Protein crystal growth results from the United States Microgravity Laboratory-l Mission," 

presented at the Second International Workshop on Crystal Growth of Organic Materials (CGOM2), 

Glasgow, Scotland, September 7-11, 1992. 

DeLucas, and Bugg, C. E., et al. Recent results and new hardware developments for protein crystal 

growth in microgravity. Journ. of Crystal Grawth, submitted (1992). 

DeLucas, 1. J., Moore, K. M., Narayana, S. V. 1., Bray, T. 1., Rosenblum, W. M., Einspahr, H. M., Gancy, 

1. 1., Rao, G. S. J., Harris, B. G., Munson, S. H., Finzel, B. c., and Bugg, C. E. "Protein crystal growth 

experiments and results from the United States Microgravity Laboratory-l mission," Journ. of Crystal 

Growth, 1992. 

GROUND 

Ground: Biotechnology 

Chee, D. W., Cho, Y. I., Lu, P. Electrophoretic orientation of lambda DNA in viscoelastic solution. For 

Nucleic Acids Research, in preparation, 1992. 

Cho, K., Chee, D. W., and Cho, Y.1. A study of the length effect on the mobility of a thin cylinder in a free 

viscoelastic solution. Submitted to the Journal of non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics, 1992. 

Cho, K., Cho, Y. I., and Park, N. A. "Hydrodynamics of large-aspect ratio circular cylinders moving 

vertically in a viscoelastic fluid" FED. vol.. 124,53-58 (1991) presented at the ASME Winter Annual 

Meeting held in Atlanta, Dec. 1-6, 1991. 

Cho, K., Cho, Y. I., and Park, N. A. Studies on the hydrodynamics of a vertically falling thin cylinder 

Journal of non-Newtonian Fluid Mechanics 45,105-145, (1992). 

Dudlika, K., Cousins, S. K., and Nagy, R. Gravity effects on cellulose assembly. American Journal of 

Botany, 79 (11): 1247-1258, (1992). 

Jessup, J. M., Brown, K., Ishii, S., Ford, R., Goodwin, T. J., and Spaulding, G. F. "Simulated microgravity 

does not alter epithelial cell adhesion to matrix and other molecules." American Society for Cell Biology 

Annual Meeting, Denver, CO, November 1992. Published in Molecular Biology of the Cell, vol. 3, 

September 1992. 

Jessup, J. M., Ford, R, Goodwin, T .J., and Spaulding, G. F. "Effects of simulated microgravity on human 

epithelial cell association and recognition." Aerospace Medical Association meeting, Miami, FL, May 

1992. 

Jessup, J. M., Ford, R., Goodwin, T. J., and Spaulding, G. F. "Use of microgravity emulation to test the 

function of three-dimensional human colon carcinoma cell cultures." CasPAR Meeting, Washington, DC, 

August 1992. 

DeMattei, R c., and Feigelson, R S. Controlling nucleation in protein solutions. J. Crystal Growth, 122, 21 

(1992). 

DeMattei, R c., Feigelson, R S., and Weber, P. C. Factors affecting the morphology of isocitrate lyase 

crystals, J. Crystal Growth, 122, 152 (1992). 

Feigelson, R C. "Factors affecting the morphology of isocitrate lyase crystals." International Conference 

on Crystal Growth, San Diego, CA, August 1992. 

Feigelson, R. C. "Thermal methods in protein crystallization." International Conference on Crystal 

Growth, San Diego, CA, August 1992. 

111-329 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

ill. BIBUOGRAPHY 

Ground: Combustion Science 

Abbud-Madrid, A., Branch, M. c., Feiresen, T. I., Daily, I. W., and Fiechtner, G. I. "A study of the ignition 

phenomena of bulk metals by radiant heating." For the Sixth International Symposium on Flammability 

and Sensitivity of Materials in Oxygen-Enriched Atmospheres, ASTM Committee G-4, to be held in the 

Netherlands, May 1993, submitted 1992. 

Atreya, A., Wichman, I., Guenther, M., Ray, A., and Agrawal, S. "An experimental and theoretical study 

of radiative extinction of diffusion flames." Pesented to the 2nd International Microgravity Combustion 

Workshop, Oeveland, OH, September 15-17, 1992. 

Branch, M. c., Abbud-Madrid, A., Feireisen, T. J., Daily, I. W., and Fiechtner, G. I. "A study of the 

ignition phenomena of bulk metals by radiant heating." Paper presented at the Second International 

Microgravity Combustion Workshop, NASA LeRC, September 1992. 

Buckmaster, I. A flame-string model and its stability. Combustion Science and Technology, 84, 163 (1992). 

Buckmaster, J. "Analytical and numerical modeling of flame-balls in hydrogen/air mixtures." Presented 

at the 45th Meeting of the Division of Fluid Mechanics of the American Physical Society, 1992. 

Buckmaster, J., and Oavin, P. An acoustic-instability theory for partic1e-cloud flames. In Proceedings of 

The 24th International Symposium on Combustion, July 1992, Sydney, Australia, In preparation, 1992. 

Buckmaster, J., and Joulin, G. Influence of boundary-induced losses on the structure and dynamics of 

flame-balls. Combustion Science and Technology. In press, 1992. 

Buckmaster, J., and Lee, C. I. The effects of confinement and heat loss on outwardly propagating 

spherical flames. In Proceedings of The 24th International Symposium on Combustion, July 1992, Sydney, 

Australia, In preparation, 1992. 

Buckmaster, J., Gessman, R., and Ronney, P. The three-dimensional dynamics of flame-balls. In 

Proceedings of The 24th International Symposium on Combustion, July 1992, Sydney, Australia. In preparation, 

1992. 

Buckmaster, J. "Modeling of microgravity combustion experiments." Presented at the University of 

Oklahoma, the University of Houston, Texas A&M University, and the South-West Research Institute, a 

Southwest Mechanics Lecture Tour, 1992. 

Buckmaster, J., Smooke, M., and Giovangigli, V. Analytical and numerical modeling of flame-balls in 

hydrogen-air mixtures. Accepted for Combustion Science and Technology. 1992. 

Buckmaster, J. The structure and stability of laminar flames. Accepted for vol. 25 of The Annual Review of 

Fluid Mechanics, 1992. 

Chen, G., and Gomez, A. Counterflow diffusion flames of quasi-monodisperse electrostatic sprays. 

Proceedings of the Twenty-fourth Symposium (International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute. In 

preparation, 1992. 

Dietrich, D. L., and Haggard, J. B. "Combustion of interacting droplet arrays in a microgravity 

environment." Presented at the Second International Microgravity Combustion Workshop, Cleveland, 

OH, September 15-17, 1992. 

Eng, J. A., Egolfopoulos, F. N ., and Law, C. K. On the dual response and surface recombination in 

burner-stabilized flames. Proceedings of the 27th National Heat Transfer Conference, Minneapolis, MN; ASMEHTD vol. 166, 1991. 

Feireisen, T. J., Branch, M. c., Abbud-Madrid, A., and Daily, J. W. "Gravitational and pressure effects on 

the heat-up rate of metal test specimens in a pure oxygen atmosphere." Paper submitted to the 1993 

ASTM Committee G-4 Symposium cited above, 1992. 

Ferkul, P. V., and Tien, J. S. "A model of low-speed concurrent-flow flame spread over a thin solid fue1." 

Presented at the Annual Conference on Fire Research, NIST, Gaithersburg, MD, October 1992. 

Gomez, A., and Chen, G. Secondary atomization in the combustion of electrostatic sprays. Submitted to 

Combustion and Flame, 1992. 

1II-330 
Microgravity Scien ce & Application s Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

m. BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Gomez, A., and Tang, K. Fission of charged droplets in electrostatic sprays. Submitted to Phys. Fluids A , 

1992. 

Gomez, A., and Tang, K Proceedings of the fifth international conference on liquid atomization and spray 

systems, ICLASS-91 , Gaithersburg, MD, USA, H. G. Smerjian, ed., NIST Special Publication no. 813, p. 805, 

1991. 

Gomez, A., and Tang, K Stability domain of an electro spray generating monodisperse droplets in the size 

range 1-140 J.U1l. Accepted for J. Aerosol Sci., 1992. 

Hegde, V., Ross, H . D., and Facca, L. T. Longitudinal mode instabilities of particle cloud combustors in a 

low gravity environment. To appear in Combustion Science and Technology, 1992. 

Jackson, G. 5., Avedisian, C. T., and Yang, J. C. Observations of soot during droplet combustion at low 

gravity: heptane and heptane/monochloroalkane mixtures. Int. J. Heilt Mass Transfer, vol. 35, no. 18, pp. 

2017-2033 (1992). 

Kailasanath, K, Patnaik, G., and Ganguly, K. Dynamics of flames near the rich-flammability limit of 

hydrogen-air mixtures. Accepted for publication in Progress in Aeronautics and Astronautics, June 1992. 

Kailasanath, K., Patnaik, G., and Oran, E. S. "Structure and dynamics of premixed flames in 

microgravity." 2nd International Microgravity Combustion Workshop, Cleveland, OH., September 1992. 

Kashiwagi, T., and Nambu, H. F Global kinetic constants for thermal oxidative degradation of cellulosic 

paper. Combustion and Flame, vol. 88, pp. 345-368, (1992),. 

Kostiuk, L. W., Zhou, L., and Cheng, R K The effect of gravity on wrinkled laminar flames. Proceedings 

of the Second International Workshop on Microgravity Combustion, Cleveland, OH, September 

15-17,1992. 

Kostiuk, L. W., Zhou, L., and Cheng, R K "The effect of gravity on wrinkled laminar flames." Poster no. 

102, Twenty-fourth Symposium (International) on Combustion, Sydney, Australia, July 5-11,1992. 

Ku, J. c. A P3 approximation for radiative transfer from soot particles in axisymmetric diffusion flames. 

For J. Heilt Transfer. In preparation, 1992. 

Ku,]. C. Measurements and prediction of soot particles in laminar jet diffusion flames under normal and 

reduced gravity conditions. For Combustion and Flame. In preparation, 1992. 

Kushida, G., Baum, H. R, Kashiwagi, T., and di Blasi, C. Heat and mass transport from thermally 

degrading thin materials in a microgravity environment. Journal of Heilt Transfer, vol. 114, pp. 494-502, 

(1992), 

Microgravity Combustion Group. Microgravity combustion science: progress, plans, and opportunities. 

NASA Technical Memorandum 105410; April 1992. 

Mikami, M., Kono, M., Sato, J., Dietrich, D. L., and Williams, F. A. "Combustion of miscible binary-fuel 

droplets at high pressure under microgravity." Poster presented at the Twenty-Fourth Symposium 

(International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, 1992. 

Mikami, M., Kono, M., Sato, J., Dietrich, D. L., and Williams, F. A. Combustion of miscible binary-fuel 

droplets at high pressure under microgravity. Poster presented at the Twenty-Fourth Symposium 

(International) on Combustion, The Combustion Institute, 1992; Accepted for Combustion Science and 

Technology, 1992. 

Mikami, M., Kono, M., Sato, J., Dietrich, D. L. and Williams, V. Combustion of miscible binary-fuel 

droplets at high pressure under microgravity. Accepted by Combustion Science and Technology, 1992. 

Nakabe, K, Baum, H. R, and Kashiwagi, T. "Ignition and subsequent flame spread over a thin cellulosic 

materiaL" Paper presented at the Second International Microgravity Combustion Workshop, NASA 

LeRC, September 1992. 

Patnaik, G., and Kailasanath, K. "Detailed transient two-dimensional simulations of laminar flame 

structures in lean hydrogen-air mixtures." Presented at the 4th International Conference on Numerical 

Combustion, St. Petersburg, FL, December 1991. 

111-331 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

ill. BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Patnaik, G., and Kailasanath, K. "Lean flammability limit of downward propagating hydrogen-air 

flames." Presented at the AIAA 30th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, NY January 1992. Also AIAA 

Paper 92-033G, AIAA, Washington, DC, 1992. 

Patnaik, G. and Kailasanath, K. "On the extinguishment of downward propagating hydrogen-air flames." 

Presented at the Fall Technical Meeting of the Eastern Section of the Combustion Institute, Orlando, FL, 

October 1991. 

Patnaik, G., and Oran, E. S. "Parallel processing for combustion modeling applications." Presented at the 

IEEE Scientific Supercomputing Meeting, Washington, DC, April 1992. 

Patnaik, G., Kailasanath, K., and Oran, E. S. Effect of gravity on flame instabilities in premixed gases. 

AIAA Journal, vol. 29, no. 12, pp. 2141-2148, (November 1991). . 

Shaw, B. D., and Aharon, 1. "Combustion experiments in reduced gravity with two-component miscible 

droplets." Presented at the Second International Microgravity Combustion Workshop, Cleveland, OH, 

August 31, 1992. 

T'ien, J. S., Sacksteder, K. R., and Ferkul, P. V. "Combustion of solid fuel in very-low speed oxygen 

streams." Presented at the 2nd International Microgravity Combustion Workshop, Cleveland, OH, 

September 15-17, 1992. 

Tang, K. and Gomez, A. On the structure of an electrospray of monodisperse droplets. Submitted to 

Phys. Fluids A , 1992. 

Yamashita, H., Baum, H. R., and Kashiwagi, T. "Heat and mass transport from heated material in a low 

Reynolds number microgravity environment." Paper presented at the Fourth International Conference on 

Numerical Combustion, SIAM, December 1991 . 

Zhang, c., Atreya, A., and Lee, K. Sooting structure of methane counterflow diffusion flames with 

preheated reactants and dilution by products of combustion. Proceedings of the Twenty-fourth International 

Symposium on Combustion, Sydney, Australia, July 1992. In preparation, 1992. 

Ground: Electronic Materials 

Aggarwal, M. D., Wang, W. S., Shields, A. W., Penn, B. G., and Frazier, D. O. A versatile low-cost 

Czochralski crystal growth system for nonlinear optical organic materials. Rev. Sci. Instrum, 83 (11),5451-

5482 (1992). 

Alexander, J. 1. D. "Modeling or muddling? Analysis of buoyancy effects on transport under low gravity 

conditions." Invited lecture, World Space Congress, Washington DC August 28-September 5, 1992. 

Alexander, J. 1. D. "Numerical simulation of low-g fluid transport." Lecture, AIAA C0urse on low-gravity 

fluid mechanics. Reno, NV,January 10-12, 1992. 

Alexander, J. 1. D. "Vibrational convection and transport under low-gravity conditions." Society of 

Engineering Science, 28th Annual Technical Meeting, Gainesville, FL, November 6-7, 1991. 

Arnold, W. A., Jacqmin, D. A., Gaug, R. L., and Chait, A. Flow phenomena in directional solidification 

during space processing: Two-vs. three-dimensional transport modes. In preparation, AIAA J. of 

Spacecraft and Rockets., 1992. 

Arnold, W. A., Wilcox, W. R., Carlson, F., and Regal, L. Transport model during crystal growth in a 

centrifuge. Journal of Crystal Growth, 113 (1992). 

Arnold, W. A., Wilcox, W. R., Carlson, F., Chait, A., and Regal, L. Transport model during crystal growth 

in a centrifuge. J. of Crystal Growth, 119, 1992. 

Auping, J. V., and Johnston, J. C. Modula-2 from a new user's perspective.: Dr. Dobbs' Journal. In 

preparation, AIAA J. of Spacecraft and Rockets, 1992. 

Bachmann, K. J. Chalcopyrite structure materials. In A Concise Encyclopedia of Electronic Materials, S. 

Mahajan, ed., Oxford: Pergamon Press, Ltd., p. 27, 1992. 

10-332 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

ill. BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Bachmann, K. J., Hwang, H. L., and Schwab, C. Nonstoichiometry in Semiconductors. Amsterdam: Elsevier 

Science Publ., B.V. ,1992. 

Bachmann, K. J. Lattice-matched heteroepitaxy of wide gap ternary compound semiconductors. In Wide 

Gap Semiconductors, T. Moustakas and J. Pancove, eds., Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. vol. 242, 707 (1992). 

Bachmann, K. J. "Wide bandgap semiconductors." Invited lecture at the International Summer School on 

Crystal Growth, Palm Springs, CA August 1992. 

Bachmann, K. J. Wide bandgap semiconductors. Invited paper submitted to J. Crystal Growth, 1992. 

Bennett, M. J., Tsiveriotis, K. and Brown, R. A. Nonlinear dynamics in periodically repeated sets of 

directional solidification cells, Physical Review B. 45, 9562-9575 (1992). 

Berding, M. A., Sher, A., and Chen, A-B. Hgl-xCdxTe: Defect structure overview. Mat. Res. Soc. Symp. 

Proc., vol. 216, p. 3 (1991). 

Brandon, S. "Analysis of the Bridgman growth of semitransparent crystals." ICCG-I0, The Tenth 

International Conference on Crystal Growth, San Diego, CA, August 16-21, 1992. 

Brandon, S. and Derby, J. J. Finite element methods for analysis of internal radiative heat transfer and 

solidification in a finite cylindrical enclosure. Int. J. Numer. Meth. Heat & Fluid Flow 2, (1992). 

Brandon, S. and Derby, J. J. Heat transfer in vertical Bridgman growth of oxides: Effects of conduction, 

convection, and internal radiation. J. Crystal Growth 121,473-494 (1992). 

Brown, R. A., Lee, T. C. J., and Tsiveriotis. Nonlinear dynamics near the onset of cellular growth during 

thin-film solidification of a binary alloy: On the observability of weakly nonlinear states. Interactive 

Dynamics in Convection and Solidification, Kluwer, Ed. S. H. Davis, et aI, eds. Amsterdam, pp. 69-72, 1992. 

Cao, X. Z., and Witt, A. F. Identification of dislocation etch pits in n-type GaAs by NIR transmission 

microscopy. J. Crystal Growth 114,225- 257 (1991). 

Carlson, D. J., and Witt, A. F. Quantitative analysis of the effects of vertical magnetic fields on 

microsegregation in Te-doped LEC GaAs. J. Crystal Growth, 116 (3/4), 461-472 (1992). 

Chait, A., Johnston, c., Thompson, D., and Glasgow, T. "Modeling materials experiments: Lewis at 

forefront of emerging science." NASA TechBriefs, 15, 10, October 1991. 

Chait, A., Johnston, c., Thompson, D., and Glasgow, T. "Modeling materials experiments: Lewis at 

forefront of emerging science." NASA TechBriefs, 15, 10 (October 1991) 10-12 October 1991. 

Chiaramonte, P. P., Foerster, G., Gotti, D. J., Naumann, E. S., and Johnston, J. c. Initial study of void 

formation during aluminum solidification in reduced gravity. Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, 29, 5 

(October 1992). 

Chiaramonte, P. P., Foerster, G., Gotti, D. J., Neumann, E. S., and Johnston, J. c. Initial study of void 

formation during aluminum solidification in reduced gravity. J. of Spacecraft and Rockets, 29, 5, (October 

1992). 

Choi, S.W., Bachmann, K. J., Timmons, M. L., Colpitts, T. S., and Posthill, J. B. The growth and 

characterization of AlxGal-xAs/Ge heterostructures. J. Electrochem. Soc. 139,312 (1992). 

Choi, S. W., Lucovsky, G., and Bachmann, K. J. Epitaxial growth of GaP on Si by remote plasma 

enhanced chemical vapor deposition. Submitted to J. Vac. Sci. Technol., 1992. 

Choi, S. W., Lucovsky, G., and Bachmann, K. J. Remote plasma enhanced chemical vapor deposition of 

GaP in-situ generation of phosphine precursors. J. Vac. Sci. Technol. B, 10 (3), 1070 (1992). 

de Groh III, H. c., and Kassemi, M. Effect of radiation on convection at moderate temperature. 

Submitted to ATAA J. of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, 1992. 

Derby, J. J. An overview of convection during the growth of single crystals from the melt. Proceedings of 

the Eighth International Summer School on Crystal Growth, ISSCG-8, Palm Springs, CA (August 9-15,1992). 

10-333 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

m. BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Derby, J. J., Brandon,S., and Salinger, A. G. On the Rosseland and differential approximations for 

predicting the buoyant flow of optically thick fluids. Int. J. Heat Mass Transfer. In preparation, 1992. 

Derby, J. J., Brandon,S., Salinger, A. G., and Xiao, Q. Large-scale numerical analysis of materials 

processing systems: High-temperature crystal growth and molten glass flows. Camp. Meth. Appl. Mech. 

Eng. Submitted 1992. 

Derby, J. J. "Convection effects in the growth of single crystals." ISSCG-8, The Eighth International 

Summer School on Crystal Growth, Palm Springs, CA, August 9-15, 1992. 

Derby, J. J. "Finite element methods for CFD in chemical engineering: materials processing applications." 

US-Japan Symposium on Finite Element Methods in Large-Scale Computational Fluid Dynamics, 

Minnesota Supercomputer Institute and Army High Performance Computing Research Center, 

Minneapolis, MN, October 12-14, 1992. 

Gokoglu, 5., Kuczmarski, M., Veitch, L., Tsui, P., and Chait, A. A numerical and experimental analysis of 

reactor performance and deposition rates for CVD on monofilaments. Proceedings of the 11 th Int'l. CVD 

Conf., Seattle, 1990. The ElectroChemical Society, 1992. 

Gray, R., Banan, M., Zhou, J., Larrousse, M., and Wilcox, W. R. "Influence of perturbations on directional 

solidification of InSb-GaSb alloy semiconductors." AIAA, Reno, NY, January 1992. 

Gray, R. T., and Wilcox, W. R. Influence of the accelerated crucible rotation technique on directional 

solidification of InSb-GaSb alloys. f. Spacecraft & Rockets, in press, 1992. 

Hahn, R. c., Johnston, J. c., Herbach, B. A., and Bethea, M. Determinationof the critical parameters for 

remote microscope control. Microgravity Quarterly 2, 1, (1992). 

Johnston, C. Appling Modula-2. Academic Press, August 1991. 

Johnston, C. Pushing the Envelope of Materials Science. Commercial Space Developments, 

December /January /February, 1991-92, pp. 10-12. 

Kelliher, J. T., and Bachmann, K. J. "Chemical beam epitaxy of GaP on Si using triethylgallium and 

t-butylphosphine." MRS Fall Meeting, Boston, MA, December 1992. 

Kelliher, J. T., and Bachmann, K. J. Chemical beam epitaxy of GaP on Si using triethylgallium and 

t-butylphosphine. Proc. MRS Fall Meeting 1992., In preparation, 1992. 

Kim, D. H. and Brown, R. A. Modelling of transients in growth of HgCdTe by the vertical Bridgman 

technique. 114,411134 (1991). 

Kou, 5., and Chen, C. P. Modified floating-zone growth of organic single crystals. Manuscript in 

preparation, 1992. 

Krishnamurthy, 5., Berding, M. A., and Sher, A. Surface energies and order-state: Effects on 

semiconductor growth. In Computer Aided Innovation of New Materials, M. Doyama, T. Suzuki, J. Kihara, 

and R. Yamamoto, eds. Elsevier Science Publishers B. V., North-Holland, p. 681, 1992. 

Krishnamurthy, 5., Berding, M. A., Sher, A., and Chen, A-B. Epitaxially grown semiconductor surfaces. f. 

Crystal Growth, vol. 109, (1991) pp. 88-93. 

Krishnamurthy, 5., Berding, M. A., Sher, A. and Chen, A-B. Semicondcuctor surface sublimination 

energies and atom-atom interactions. Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 64, no. 21, p. 2531. 

Krishnamurthy, 5., Chen, A-B., and Sher, A. A first principles tight-binding band structure method for 

semiconductors. For Phys. Rev. B. In progress, 1992. 

Krishnamurthy, 5., Chen, A-B., and Sher, A. Surface-induced ordering of GaAIAs. For Phys. Rev. Lett. In 

progress, 1992. 

Krishnamurthy, S. Chen, A,-B., and Sher, A. Surface-induced ordering of semiconductor alloys: GaAIAs. 

Phys. Rev. In progress, 1992. 

Kuppurao, 5., and Derby, J. J. Finite element formulations for accurate calculation of radiant heat transfer 

in diffuse-grey enclosures. AIChE Journal. Submitted 1992. 

III-334 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliograpby - FY1992 

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Kyrilidis, A., and Brown, R A. Density-functional thermodynamic perturbation theory of Lennard-Jones 

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Lee, C. T., Tsiveriotis, K., and Brown, R. A. Spatiotemporal chaos near the onset of cellular growth in 

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Nadarajah, A. "Modeling crystal growth under low gravity." Society of Engineering Science, 28th 

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Neugebauer, G. T., and Wilcox, W. R Experimental observation of the influence of furnace temperature 

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Palsy, M.S., Frazier, D.O., Abdeldsyem, H., McManus, S. P., and Zaulauf, S. E. Synthesis, vapor growth, 

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Rosenberger, F., Alexander, J. 1. D., and Jin, W-Q. Gravimetric capillary method for kinematic viscosity 

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Rosenberger, F. "Computer simulation in materials science." Invited lecture, Mitsubishi Frontiers 

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Rosenberger, F. "Importance of materials research in space laboratories for industrial development." 

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Rosenberger, F. "Microgravity materials processing and fluid transport." Lectures, AlAA course on LowGravity Fluid Dynamics. Reno, NY, January 10-12, 1992. 

Rosenberger, F. 'Theoretical review of crystal growth in space - motivation and results." Plenary lecture, 

International SympoSium on High Tech Materials, Nagoya, Japan, November 6--9, 1991. 

Rosenberger, F. "Time scales in transport processes and challenges for short-duration low-gravity 

experiments." Invited lecture, Falltower Days Bremen, Bremen, Germany, June 1-3, 1992. 

Rosenberger, F. "What can one learn from 10-second low-gravity experiments?" Plenary lecture, In Space 

1991, Tokyo, Japan, November 14-15, 1991. 

Salinger, A. G., and Brandon, S. "On the effects of internal radiation on convective flows in hightemperature materials processing systems." Poster, ICCG-lO, The Tenth International Conference on 

Crystal Growth, San Diego, CA, August 16--21, 1992. 

Salinger, A. G., Brandon, S., and Derby, J. J. Steady-state flow transitions in the radiative Rayleigh-Benard 

problem: Visualizing a bifurcation diagram. Intern. Video J. Eng. Res. Submitted 1992. 

Salinger, A. G., Brandon, S., and Xiao, Q. "Computer-aided analyses of high-temperature crystal growth 

processes." American Institute for Chemical Engineering Summer National Meeting, Minneapolis, MN, 

August 9-15, 1992. 

Salinger, A. G., Brandon, S., Aris, R., and Derby, J. J. Buoyancy-driven flows of a radiatively participating 

fluid in a vertical cylinder heated from below. Proc. Roy. Soc. London A. Submitted 1992. 

Sha, Y-G., Su, C-H., Gillies, D. c., Volz, M. P., Lehoczky, S. L., and Szofran, F. R. "Transport rate and 

epitaxial growth of HgZnTe by chemical vapor transport in a closed ampoule." Presented at the 10th 

International Conference on Crystal Growth (ICCG-lO), San Diego, California, August 16--21, 1992. 

Sher, A., and Chen, A-B. Alloy statistics and phase diagrams. For Phys. Rev. In progress, 1992. 

Sher, A., Berding, M. A., van Schilfgaarde, M., and Chen, A-B. HgCdTe status review with emphasis on 

correlations, native defects, and diffusion. Sernicond. Sci. Technol., 6, 1991, C59-C70. 

Su, C-H., Lehoczky, S. L., and Szofran, F. R. An improved vapor growth method for the preparation of 

electronic and electro-optical materials. NASA Tech Briefs. In press, 1992. 

Su, C-H., Volz, M. P., Gillies, D. c., Szofran, F. R., Lehoczky, S. L., Dudley, M., Yao, G-D., and Zhou, W. 

Growth of ZnTe by physical vapor transport and traveling heater method. Presented at the 10th 

International Conference on Crystal Growth (lCCG-lO), San Diego, California, August 16-21, 1992. 

Accepted ,. Crystal Growth. 1992. 

Tsiveriotis, K., and Brown, R. A. Boundary conforming mapping applied to computations of cellular 

solidification. Inter. J. Number. Meths. Fluids 14,981-1003 (1992). 

Vankateswarfu, P., He., K. X., Bryant, W., Hyde, H. W., Penn, B. G., and Frazier, D. O. New organic 

materials for nonlinear optics: Study of highly efficient second harmonic generation from N-alkyl and N, 

N-dialkl derivatives of 4-methyl-8-nitro-2-quinolinamines. Nonlinear Optical Materials, 145 (1992). 

Volz, M. P., Su, C-H., Lehoczky, S. L., and Szofran, F. R. Vibronic spectra of Cu2+ in ZnTe. Physical 

Review B 46, 76-82 (1992). 

Wargo, M. J., and Witt, A. F. Real time thermal imaging for analysis and control of crystal growth by the 

Czochralski technique. ,Crystal Growth, 116 (1/2) 213-224 (1992) 

Witt, A. F. "Characterization of GaAs wafers." Intel Corporation, Santa Clara, CA, March 4, 1992. 

Witt, A. F. "Gravitational effects on crystal growth and segregation." 30th Aerospace Sciences Meeting 

and Exhibit, AIAA, Reno, NY, January 7,1992. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

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Witt, A. F. "New approaches to non-invasive semiconductor characterization." Tenth International 

Conference on Crystal Growth, San Diego, CA, August 18, 1992. 

Witt, A. F. "Non-invasive wafer characterization." Motorola Corporation, Tempe, AZ, March 6, 1992. 

Young, G. W., and Chait, A. Steady-state thermal solutal diffusion and convection in a float-zone. In 

Progress in Low-Gravity Fluid Dynamics and Transport Phenomena. J. N. Koster and R. L. Sani, eds. AIAA 

1990. In preparation, 1992. 

Zakhem, R., WeIdman, P. M., de Groh H. C. III. On the drag of model dendrite fragments at low 

Reynolds number. Metallurgical Transaction A, vol. 23A, pp. 2169-2181. August 1992. 

Zhang, Y., Alexander, J. 1. D., and Ouazzani, J. A Chebyshev collocation method for heat transfer, 

interface shape and convection during directional solidification. International Journal of Numerical Methods 

in Heat and Fluid Flow. Accepted for publication 1992. 

Zhou, J., Banan, M., Gray, R., and Wilcox, W. R. "ACRT striations and the use of current interface 

demarcation during directional solidification of Te-doped InSb." Fourth Eastern Regional Conference on 

Crystal Growth (ACCG/East-4), Atlantic City, NJ, October 1991. 

Zhou, J., Larrousse, M., and Wilcox, W. R. "Directional solidification with ACRT." Tenth International 

Conference on Crystal Growth (ICCG-lO), San Diego, CA, August 1992. In press, J. Crystal Growth, 1992. 

Ground: Fluid Physics 

Arpaci, V. S., Selamet, E., and Chai, A. T. Thermocapillary instability of spherical shell. Fundamentals of 

Forced and Mixed Convection and Transport Phenomena HTD vol. 180. ASME, 1991. 

Black, L. R., Clark, 1. 0., Kui, J., and Jesser, W. A. 3-D numerical modeling of InP MOCVD with 

comparison to growth experiments. Proceedings of the Fluent Inc. 1992 Users' Group Meeting, Burlington, 

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Black, L. R., Clark, 1. 0., Kui,)', and Jesser, W. A. "3-D Numerical modeling of InP MOCVD with 

comparison to growth experiments." Fluent Inc. 1992 Users' Group Meeting, October 13-15, 1992, 

Burlington, VT, (1992). 

Bourkari, H, Briggs, M. E., Schaumeyer, J. N., and Gammon, R. W. "A very high-resolution thermostat for 

observing fluids in space." World Space Congress, Joint COSPAR/IAF Symposium on Gravity Dependent 

Phenomena in Fluid and Material Sciences, Washington DC, August 28 - September 5,1992. 

Briggs, M. E., Gammon, R. W., and Shaumeyer, J. N. Measurement of the temperature coefficient of ratio 

transformers. Accepted for publication in Rev. Sci. Instr., 1992. 

Brush, L. N., McFadden, G. B., and Coriell, S. R. Laser melting of thin silicon films, J. Crystal Growth 114 

446-466, (1991). 

Chai, A. T., Rashidnia, N. and Arpaci, V. S. "Droplet evaporation with Marangoni instability induced 

convections." The 2nd Northern Ohio AIAA Mini-Symposium, May 27, 1992, Cleveland, OH. 

Chai, A. T., Rashidnia, N., and Arpaci, V. S. Marangoni instability induced convection in an evaporating 

liquid droplet. Proceedings, VIIIth European Symposium on Materials and Fluid Sciences in Microgravity, 

Brussels, Belgium, April 12- 16, 1992. 

Chiaramonte, F. An initial study of void formation during solidification of aluminum in reduced gravity. 

Journal of Spacecraft and Rockets, October 1992. 

Clark, 1. 0., Gerdes, W. K., Black, L. R., Jesser, W. A., Kui, J., Johnson, E. J., Hyer, P. V., and Culotta, P. W. 

Gravitational and thermal effects in CVD flow and deposition. AIAA 30th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, 

January 6-9, 1992, Reno, NV. Proceedings of AIAA 30th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, NV January 6-9, 

1992, AIAA Paper no. 92-0602, In preparation, 1992. 

Concus, P. Aerospace Engineering Colloquium, University of Milan, Italy, October 1991. 

Concus, P., and Finn, R. Capillary surfaces in exotic containers. In Hydromechanics and Heat/Mass Transfer 

in Microgravity, V. S. Avduevsky, et al" eds. London: Gordon and Breach, 1992, pp. 193-196. 

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Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

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Concus, P., and Finn, R On accurate determination of contact angle. Micrograuity Science and Technology, 

IV pp. 69-70 (1991). 

Coriell, S. R., Murray, B. T., McFadden, G. B., Wheeler, A. A., and Saunders, B. V. Convective and 

morphological instabilities during crystal growth: Effect of gravity modulation. Proceedings of the 

Eighteenth Internlltionlll Symposium on Space Technology and Science Kagoshima, 1992 pp. 2155-2160. 

Davis, R. H. Microhydrodynamics of particulate suspensions. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. In press, 1992. 

Del Signore, D. M., Oliver, D. L. R, De Witt, K. J., and Rashidnia, N. Experimental demonstration of 

diffusocapillary flow in an oil droplet. f. Colloid & Interface Science 150, no. 2, 584-588 (1992). 

Dijkstra, H. A The coupling of interfacial instabilities and the stabilization of two-layer annular flows. 

Phys, Fluids A, 4, (9), 1915-1928, 1992. 

Dill, L. H., and Balasubramanian, R Unsteady thermocapillary migration of isolated drops in viscous 

flow. Internlltionlll Journal and Heat and Fluid Flow, vol. 13, no. 1. pp. 78-85 (1992). 

Dukler, A. E. "Two-phase flow at reduced gravity conditions: problems and possibilities." Presented at 

AIChE Winter Annual Meeting as keynote talk, November 20, 1992. 

Dunstan, D. E., Rosen, L. A, and Saville, D. A. Electrophoretic mobility of colloidal alkane particles in 

electrolyte solutions. f. Chem. Soc. Faraday Transaction 88,2031-2033 (1992). 

Dunstan, D. E., Rosen, L. A., and Saville, D. A. Electrophoretic mobility of latex particles: particle 

concentration effects in low tonic strength solutions. J. Colloid Interface Science, 153 581-584 (1992). 

Ervin, J. S., Merte, H. Jr., Keller, R B., and Kirk, K. Transient pool boiling in microgravity. International 

Journll! of Heat and Mass Transfer, vol. 35, no. 3, pp. 659--674, 1992. 

Ferrell, A Correction to dynamic scaling for the lambda transition in liquid 4He: III. Quasi-scaling at the 

natural boundary. In From Phase Transitions to Chaos. G. I. Kondor, L. Sasvari, and T. Tei, eds., Singapore: 

World Scientific, pp. 56--67, 1992. 

Ferrell, R. A., and Hao, H. Adiabatic temperature changes in a single-component fluid near the liquidvapor critical point. Preprint from sabbatical work at the Institute of Theoretical Physics, University of 

California at Santa Barbara, 1992. 

Ferrell, R. A. "Collective electron-electron interactions in metals." Seminar, University of California, 

Santa Barbara, April 1992. 

Ferrell, R A. "Critical dynamics of fluids." Colloquium, Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of 

California, Santa Barbara, February 1992. 

Ferrell, R. A. "Der Einfluss von Quantenfluktuationen auf die Suraleitfahigkeit in sehr Dunnen 

Schichten." Theoretical colloquium, University of Cologne, Germany, November 1992. 

Ferrell, R. A. Effect of fluctuating inertial forces on the critical dynamics of a pure fluid. Annillen der 

Physik. Accepted for publication 1992 . 

Ferrell, R. A. "Energy gap reduction by quantum phase fluctuations in thin superconducting films." 

Poster, Institute for Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, June 1992. 

Ferrell, R. A. Limitations imposed by gravity on measurements of the critical viscosity of a pure fluid . 

University of Maryland Physics Department preprint, 1992. 

Ferrell, R. A. "Quantum phase transition." International conference, Chairman and Organizer, Institute 

for Theoretical Physics, University of California, Santa Barbara, June 1992. 

Finn, R, and Vogel, T. I. On the volume infirmum for liquid bridges. Accepted by Zeit. Anal. Anwend, 

1992. 

Fischer, B.S., and Finn, R Existence theorems and measurements of capillary contact angle. Preprint, 

Dept. of Mathematics, Stanford University, 1992. 

Gluic, I. 'Thermal convection in a rotating annulus." M. S. thesis, Case Western Reserve University, 1992. 

I1I-338 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks I Bibliograpby - FY1992 

m. BmUOGRAPHY 

Hardy, S. c., McFadden, G. B., Coriell, S. R, Voorhees, P. W., and Sokorko, R. F. Measurement and 

analysis of grain boundary grooving by volume diffusion. J. Crystal Growth, 114 467-480, (1991). 

Hyer, J. R, Jankowski, D. F., and Neitzel, G. P. Thermocapillary convection in a model float-zone. AIAA 

Journal of Thermophysics and Hellt Transfer, vol. 5, pp. 577-582 (1991). 

Janicet, A., and Dukler, A. E. A model for gas-liquid slug flow at reduced gravity conditions. Accepted 

for publication by AlChE Journal, 1992. 

Jiang, H. D., Ostrach, S., and Kamotani, Y. "Scaling analysis of thermosolutally-driven natural convection 

in electrochemical systems." Presented at the Joint Conference at 3rd ISm and 5th ISTP, Beijing, 1992. 

Kim, I-H., Kamotani, Y., and Ostrach, S. A modeling of bubble and drop formation in flowing liquids in 

microgravity. Submitted for publication in AICHE Journal, 1992. 

Kim, I-H. "Modeling of bubble and drop formation in flowing liquids in terrestrial and microgravity 

environments." Ph.D. dissertation, Case Western Reserve University, 1992. 

Koplik, J., and Banavar, J. R Molecular structure of interface rupture. Submitted to Phys. Fluids A, 1992. 

Koplik, J., and Banavar, J. R Molecular structure of the coalescence of liquid interfaces. Science, in press, 

1992. 

Koplik, J. "Molecular dynamics of fluid-solid systems." Presented at the APS 1992 March meeting and at 

a Nordic Symposium in Denmark in May 1992. 

Koplik, J. "Phase transitions in porous media." Presented at the APS 1992 April meeting. 

Lee, J. and Thompson, R Prediction of gas-liquid two-phase flow regime in microgravity. NASA 

Technical Memorandum, 1992. 

Leonartz, K., Schmeling, H., Rex, S., and Coriell, S. R Material science in the biological space-lab multi 

user facility NIZEMI. In 4th Internationl Conference on Experimental Methods for MiCTogravity Materials 

Science Research. R. A. Schiffman ed., Warrendale, PA, The Minerals, Metals & Materials Society, p. 161-

167, 1992. 

Lin, K. c., and Wang, T. G. A method for noncontact drop charge measurement. AIAA paper no. 92-

0018, January 1992. 

Lowry, B. J., and Steen, P. H. Stabilization of an axisymmetric liquid bridge by viscous flow. In 

Proceedings of the 42nd AnnUilI Canadian Chemical Engineering Conference, 1992. 

Ma, W-J., Banavar, J. R., and Koplik, J. A molecular dynamics study of freezing in a confined geometry. 

/. Chem. Phys., vol. 97, pp. 485-493 (1992). 

Ma, W-J., Maritan, A., Banavar, J. R , and Koplik, J. Dynamics of phase separation in binary fluids. Phys. 

Rev. A, vol. 45, pp. R5347- 5350 (1992). 

Maritan, A., Cieplak, M., SWift, M., Toigo, F., and Banavar, J. R. Random anisotropy Blume-EmeryGriffiths model. Phys. Rev. Lett., vol. 69, pp. 221-224 (1992). 

Maritan, A., Swift, M., Cieplak, M., Chan, M., Cole, M., and Banavar, J. R Ordering and phase transitions 

in random field systems. Phys. Rev. Lett. , vol. 67, pp. 1821-1824 (1991). 

McFadden, G. B., Murray, B. T., Coriell, S. R, Glicksman, M. E., and Selleck, M. E. Effect of modulated 

Taylor-Couette flows on crystal-melt interfaces: Theory and initial experiments. In On the Evolution of 

Phase Bou ndaries, The IMA Volumes in Mathematics and its Applications, vol, 43, M. E. Gurtin and G. B. 

McFadden ed., New York, Springer-Verlag, p. 81-100, 1992. 

Mittelmann, H . D., Law, C. c., Jankowski, D. F., and Neitzel, G. P. A large, sparse and indefinite 

generalized eigenvalue problem from fluid mechanics. SIAM Journal of Scientific and Statistical Computing, 

vol. 13, pp. 411-424 (1992). 

Mittelmann, H. D., Neitzel, G. P., Chang, K-T., and Jankowski, D. F. Iterative solution of the eigenvalue 

problem in Hopf bifurcation for the Boussinesq equation. Proceedings of the Second Copper Mountain 

Conference on Iterative Methods, April 1992, submitted to SIAM J. Sci. Stat. Computing. 1992. 

111-339 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliograpby - FY1992 

m. BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Neitzel, G. P., Chang, K-T., Jankowski D. F., and Mittelmann, H. D. "Linear stability theory of 

thermocapillary convection in a model of float-zone crystal growth." Presented at the Thirtieth AIAA 

Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, Nevada, January 1992. 

Neitzel, G. P., Chang, K-T., Jankowski, D. F., and Mittelmann, H. D. "Linear stability of thermocapillary 

convection in a model half-zone." Presented at the Forty-Fourth Meeting of the Division of Fluid 

Dynamics of the American Physical Society, Scottsdale, Arizona, November 1991. 

Neitzel, G. P., Chang, K-T., Jankowski, D. F., and Mittelmann, H. D. "Linear stability of thermocapillary 

convection in a model of the float-zone, crystal growth process." Presented at the Thirtieth AIAA 

Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, NY, January 1992. Accepted by The Physics of Fluids ,. 1992. 

Neitzel, G. P., Chang, K-T., Jankowski, D. F., and Mittelmann, H. D. "Linear stability of thermocapillary 

convection in a model half-zone." Presented at the Forty-Fourth Meeting of the Division of Fluid 

Dynamics of the American Physical Society, Scottsdale, AZ, November 1991. 

Neitzel, G. P., Jankowski, D. F., Mittelmann, H. D., Shen, Y., Law, C. c., and Chang, K-T. 

"Thermocapillary convection instability in microgravity crystal growth." Invited presentation at the 

VIIIth European Symposium on Materials and Fluid Sciences in Microgravity, Brussels, Belgium, April 

1992. 

Neitzel, G. P., Law, C. c., Jankowski, D. F., and Mittelmann, H. D. Energy stability of thermocapillary 

convection in a model of the float-zone, crystal-growth process: Part 2, nonaxisymmetric disturbances. 

The Physics of Fluids A., vol. 3, pp. 2841-2846 (1991). 

Neitzel, G. P., Mittelmann, H. D., Chang, K-T., and Jankowski, D. F. Linear stability of axisymmetric 

thermocapillary convection in crystal growth. In Bifurcation and Symmetry, E. Allogwer, K. Bhmer, M. 

Golubitsky, eds., International Series of Numerical Mathematics, vol. 104, pp. 275-284, Birkhuser, Basel 

(1992). 

Neitzel, G. P., Mittelmann, H. D., Law, C. c., and Jankowski, D. F. Stability of thermocapillary convection 

in float-zone crystal growth. In Numerical Methods for Free Boundary Problems P. Neittaanmki, ed., 

International Series of Numerical Mathematics, vol. 99, pp. 58--69, Birkhuser, Basel (1991). 

Oliver, D. L. R and De Witt, K. J. "Mass transfer from fluid spheres at moderate Reynolds numbers: A 

boundary layer analysis." Presented at the 30th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, Reno, NY, AIAA Paper no. 

92-0105, January 1992. 

Peric, D., Runesson, K., and Sture, S. Analysis of internal discontinuities in geomaterials. Proceedings, 9th 

Engineering Mechanics Conference, ASCE, 1992, pp 292-296. 

Peric, D., Runesson, K., and Sture, S. Evaluation of plastic bifurcation for plane strain versus 

axisyrnmetry. Journal of Engineering Mechanics, ASCE, vol. 118, no. 3, pp. 512-521, (1992). 

Perkins, S. W., Sture, S., Ko. H-Y., and Dialer, C. Modelherung von Tragwerken aus Regolith 

(Mondgostein) mittels Zentrifugonversuch. Journal Bautochnik, vol. 69, no. 11, pp. 644--650 (1992). 

Rashidnia, N ., Balasubramanian, R and DelSignore, D. Interfacial tension measurement of immiscible 

liquids using a capillary tube. AIChE Journal, vol. 38, no. 4, pp. 615--618 (1992). 

Saunders, B. V., Murray, B. T., McFadden, G. B., Coriell, S. R, and Wheeler, A. A. The effect of gravity 

modulation on thermosolutal convection in an infinite layer of fluid. Phys. Fluids A4, 1176--1189 (1992). 

Saville, D. A., and Martin, C. A. "Kinetic effects in 2-d dendritic shape selection." AICHE Annual 

Meeting, Miami, November 1992. 

Schaumeyer,]. N. and R. W. Gammon, R. W. "Locating the critical temperature of a pure fluid to - 10 

~K." World Space Congress, Joint COSPAR/IAF Symposium on Gravity Dependent Phenomena in Auid 

and Material Sciences, Washington DC. August 28 - September 5, 1992. 

Schaumeyer, ]. N., Briggs, M. E., and Gammon, R W. "Statistical fitting accuracy in photon correlation 

spectroscopy." Photon Correlation and Scattering: Theory and Application Conference, Boulder, CO, 

August 24-26, 1992. 

111-340 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks I Bibliography - FY1992 

m. BmUOGRAPHY 

Segre, P N., Gammon, R.W., Sengers, J.V., and Law, B.M. Raleigh scattering in a liquid far from thermal 

equilibrium. Phys. Rev. A, 45, 714(992). 

Singh, N. B., Gottlieb, M., Henningsen, T., Hopkins, R. H., Mazelsky, R., Glicksman, M. E., Coriell, S. R., 

Santoro, C. J., and Duval, W. M. B. Growth and characterization of lead bromide crystals. ,. Crystal 

Growth,123, 221-226 (1992). 

Singh, N. B., Gottlieb, M., Henningsen, T., Hopkins, R. H., Mazelsky, R., Glicksman, M. E., Coriell, S. R., 

Duval, W. M. B., and Santoro, C. J. Effect of growth conditions on the quaility of lead bromide crystals. 

,. Crystal Growth ,123,227-235 (1992). 

Sokol, P. E., Ma, W-J., Snow, W. M., Wang, Y., Herwig, K. W., Koplik, J., and Banavar, J. R. Freezing in 

restricted geometries. Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 61, p. 7Tl (1992). 

Steen, P. H. Capillary containment and collapse in low gravity: dynamics of fluid bridges and columns. 

In Free Boundary Problems: Theory and Applications J. Chadam and H. Rasmussen, eds., vol. 3. New York: 

Longman-Pitman, 1992. 

Sture, S., Costes, N. c., and McTigue, D. F. Mechanics of granular materials at very low effective stress 

levels. Proceedings, 9th Engineering Mechanics Conference, A5CE, pp 1035-1038, 1992. 

Wheeler, A. A., McFadden, G. B., Murray, B. T., and Coriell, S. R. Convective stability in the RayleighBernard and directional solidification problems; High frequency gravity modulation. Phys. Fluids A3, 

2847-2858 (1991). 

Wright, W., Hiller, R., and Putterman, S. Experiments on capillary wave turbulence. ,. Acoust. Soc. Am. 

52360,92, (1992). 

Yang, J-X., Koplik, J., and Banavar, J. R. Molecular dynamics of drop spreading on a solid surface. Phys. 

Rev. Lett., vol. 67, p. 3539 (1991). 

Yang, J-X., Koplik, J., and Banavar, J. R. Terraced spreading of simple liquids on solid surfaces. Phys. Rev. 

A, In press, 1992. 

Yung, C. N., De Witt, K. J., Brockwell, J. L., and Chai, A-T. The transient motion of a spherical fluid 

droplet. Cham. Engg. Comm. 110,163-186, (1991). 

Zhang, H. "Gravity-dependent transport phenomena in zeolite crystal growth." Ph.D. dissertation, Case 

Western Reserve University, 1992. 

Zhang, H., Ostrach, S., and Kamotani, Y. "Transport phenomena in hydrothermal crystal growth of 

zeolites." Presented at the 1992 National Heat Transfer Conference, August 1992. 

Zhang, H., Ostrach, S., Kamotani, Y. "Growth-in-gel zeolite crystallization and transport phenomena." 

Presented at the Tenth International Conference on Crystal Growth, August 1992. 

Zhang, K. c., Briggs, M. E., and Gammon, R. W. The susceptibility critical exponent for a nonaqueous 

ionic binary mixture near a consolute point. Accepted for publication in J. Chem. Phys., 1992. 

Zhang, X., and Davis, R. H. The collision rate and small drops undergoing thermocapillary migration. 

J.Colloid Interface 5d" 152,548-561 (1992). 

Ground: Fundamental Physics 

Berg, R. F. Wide-bandwidth viscometer for low-viscosity fluids. Bull. Am. Phys Soc., vol. 37, no. 1, session 

M86, (1992) 

Berg, R. F., Wilkinson, A., Moldover, M. R., Eicher, L., Straub, J., and Gammon, R. "Density equilibration 

near the critical point of SF6 (TEQ/CPF on IML-1)." Poster at VIII European Symposium on Materials 

and Fluid Science in Microgravity, Bruxelles, Belgium, April 1992. 

Howald, c., Qin, X., Nham, H. S., and Meyer, H. Shear viscosity measurements of liquid 4He and 

3He4He mixtures near the critical point. J. Low Temp. Phys., 86,1, (1992). 

10-341 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

m. BmLlOGRAPHY 

Mason, P. V., Israelsson, U. E., Petrac, D., Jackson, H. W., Worden, P., and Parmley, R. Technical 

challenges of satellite test of the equivalence principle mission. Space cryogenic workshop. 15-16 June 

1992, Accepted by Cryogenics, 1992. 

Qin, X., Howald, c., and Meyer, H. Shear viscosity measurements of 3He-4He mixtures above 0.5 K. /. 

L ow Temp. Phys., 87, 731, (1992). 

Sankaran, S., and Saville, A. "The stability of a fluid cylinder in an axial electric field." AlCHE Annual 

Meeting, Miami, November 1992. 

Vizika, 0., and SavilIe, D. A. The electrohydrodynamic deformation of drops suspended in liquids in 

steady oscillatory electric fields.J. Fluid Mechanics, 239 1-21, (1992). 

Ground: Glasses and Ceramics 

Bae, B., and Weinberg, M. C. Crystallization of Cooper metaphosphate glass. J. Amer, Ceram. Soc., 

accepted 1992. 

Bond, D. A., Cheng, H-Y., and Anderson, E. E. The growth of ZuS crystals by physical vapor transport; 

Indianapolis meeting of the APS, March 16-20, 1992. Bull Amer. Phys. Soc., 37, 666 (1992). 

Cooper, R. F. "Oxidation, chemical diffusion and nucleation in iron-bearing silicate melts and glasses." 

Oral presentation at the Fourth International Symposium of Experimental Mineralogy, Petrology, and 

GeochemiStry, Germont-Ferrand, France, 16 April 1992. 

DeVos, J. K., Hampton, D. S., Merkley, D. R., Rey, C. A., and Weber, J. K. R. Containerless processing 

using various levitation techniques. Jap. J. Space Res, 9, 149-162 (1992). 

Fanselow, J. B. and Cooper, R.F. "Redox reactions, chemical diffusion and nucleation in natural basaltic 

glasses." Oral presentation at the V.M. Goldschmidt Conference, Reston, Virginia, 10 May 1992. 

Goktas, A. A., Neilson, G. F., and Weinberg, M. C. Crystallization of lithium borate glasses. J. Mater. Sd., 

27, 24 (1992). 

Kelton, K. F. A computer model for nonisothermal transformations involving nucleation and growth. 

Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids. Manuscript in preparation, 1992. 

Kelton, K. F. An evaluation of the techniques for analyzing nonisothermal kinetic data obtained by DSC. 

Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids. Manuscript in preparation, 1992. 

Kelton, K. F. Estimation of the nucleation rate by differential scanning calorimetry. Journal of the 

American Ceramic Sodety, 75, 2449-52 (1992). 

Kelton, K. F. "Transient nucleation in glasses." Invited paper, to appear in the Proceedings of the Fourth 

Symposium on Nucleation and Crystallization in Glasses and Liquids,. Accepted for publication, J. of 

Ameriam Ceramic Society, 1992. 

Nordine, P. C. "Containerless liquid phase processing and property measurements." Gordon Research 

Conference, High Temperature Chemistry, July 19-24, 1992. 

Ray, c., Cull, T., Kelton, K. F., and Day, D. Nonisothermal devitrification studies (II): Na20.2CaO.3Si02 

- Experimental and computer analysis. To be submitted to the Journal of the American Ceramic Sodety, 

1992. 

Ray, c., Cull, T., Kelton, K. F., and Day, D. Nonisothermal devitrification studies (II):BaO.2Si02-

Experimental and computer analysiS. To be submitted to the Journal of the American Ceramic Society, 1992. 

Ray, c., Cull, T., Kelton, K. F., and Day, D. Nonisothermal devitrification studies (I): Lithium disilicate 

glass-Experimental and computer analysis. Journal of the American Ceramic Society. Manuscript in 

prepara tion, 1992. 

Ray, C. 5., and Day, D. E. "Nucleation and crystallization in glasses as determined by DT A." Presented at 

the 4th Symposium on Nucleation and Crystallization in Glasses and Liquids, Evergreen Resort, GA 16-

19 August, 1992. For Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on Nucleation and Crystallization in Glassses and 

Liquids, American Ceramic Society. In preparation, 1992. 

In-342 
i 

L 

Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliograpby - FY1992 

ill. BIBUOGRAPHY 

Ray, C. 5., McIntyre, D. 5., and Day, D. E. "Studies on nucleation and crystallization of glass by DTA." 

Paper #13-G-92, presented at the 94th Annual Meeting of the American Ceramic Society, Minneapolis, 

MN, April 12-16, 1992. 

Schneidman, V. A., and Weinberg, M. C. Induction time in transient nucleation theory. ,. Chem. Phys., 97, 

3629 (1992). 

Schneidman, V. A., and Weinberg, M. C. Transient nucleation induction time from the birth-death 

equations. ,. Chem. Phys., 97, 3621 (1992). 

Weber, J. K. R., Anderson, C. D., Krishnan,S., Nordine, P. c., and Reed, R. A. Undercooling of liquid 

aluminum oxide. In preparation, 1992. 

Weber, J. K. R "Containerless experiments on liquid aluminum oxide." CNRS, Grenoble, April 17, 1992. 

Weber, J. K. R, Krishnan,S., Anderson, C. D., and Nordine, P. C. "Containerless techniques for synthesis 

of non-equilibrium materials." Presented at TMS Annual Meeting, San Diego, March 2-5, 1992. 

Weber, J. K. R, Krishnan,S., Anderson, C. D., and Nordine, P. C. "Containerless processing and property 

measurements on liquid metals, alloys and dielectrics." Presented at VIII European Symposium on 

Materials and Fluid Sciences in Microgravity, Brussels, April 12-16, 1992. 

Weber, J. K. R., Krishnan,S., Anderson, C. D., and Nordine, P. C. "Containerless liquid-phase processing 

of aluminum oxide by aero-acoustic levitation." Presented at TMS Annual Meeting, San Diego, March 

2-5,1992. 

Weber, J. K. R., Krishnan,S., Anderson, C. D., Nordine, P. c., and Reed, R. A. Absorption coefficient of 

liquid aluminum oxide at 0.420 to 0.780 mm. In preparation, 1992. 

Weber, J. K. R, Merkley, D. R, Anderson, C. D., Nordine, P.c., Ray, C. 5., and Day, D. E. Enhanced glass 

formation for calcia-gallia (silica) compositions by containerless melt processing. J. Am. Cer. Soc., 

submitted for publication, 1992. 

Weber, J. K. "Undercooling and optical properties of aluminum oxide." CNRS, Grenoble, April 1, 1992. 

Weinberg, M. C. Non-isothermal surface nucleated transformation kinetics. , . Non-Crystalline Solids, 151, 

81 (1992). 

Weinberg, M. C. The influence of finite impurity size on heterogeneous nucleation. J. Chem. Phys., 96, 

9144 (1992). 

Weinberg, M. C. The use of site saturation and arrhenius assumptions in the interpretation of nonisothermal DTA/DSC crystallization experiments. Thermochim. Acta ,194, 93 (1992). 

Weinberg, M. C. Time-temperature-transformation diagrams with more than one nose. ,. Amer Ceram. 

Soc. 75, 56 (1992). 

Weinberg, M. C. Transformation kinetics of particles with surface and bulk nucleation. J. Non-Crystalline 

Solids, 142, 126 (1992). 

Weinberg, M. c., Zanotto, E. D., and Manrich, S. Classical Nucleation Theory with a size dependent 

interfacial tension: Li20-2Si02 crystal nucleation. Phys. Chem. Glasses, 33, 99 (1992). 

Ground: Metals and Alloys 

Akaiwa, N. "Effects of a large volume fraction of coursening phase on the kinetics of Ostwald ripening." 

TMS annual meeting, San Diego, CA, March 1992. 

Akaiwa, N., Hardy S. c., and Voorhees, P. W., The effects of convection on Ostwald ripening in solidliquid mixtures. Acta Met. Mater., 39, 2931, (1991). 

Allen, D. R, and Perepezko, J. H. "Kinetic competition during duplex partitionless crystallization." 

Fourth International Symposium on Nucleation and Crystallization in Liquids and Glasses, Stone 

Mountain, GA, August 1992, and TMS/ ASM Fall Meeting, Chicago, IL, November 1992. 

111-343 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

m. BIBUOGRAPHY 

Allen, D. R, Das, S., and Perepezko, J. H. Kinetic competition during duplex partitionless crystallization. 

Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids. In press, 1992. 

Anderson, D. M., Worster, M. G., and Davis, S. H. "The solidification of a liquid droplet on a cold plate: 

44th Annual Meetingf of the Division of F1uid Dynamics, American Physical Society, Tempe, AZ, 1992. 

Barmatz, M., and Jackson, H.W. Steady state temperature profile in a sphere heated by microwaves. 

MRS Microwave Processing of Materials III, 269, 97, (1992). 

Barmatz, M., Watkins, J. L., and Jackson, H. W. "Microwave processing of materials in microgravity." 

30th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, AIAA Paper #92-0116, January 1992. 

Bassler, B. T., Hofmeister, W. E., and Bayuzick, R J. "Observation of materials beta solidification in the 

titanium aluminum systems." TMS Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA, March 1992. 

Bassler, B. T., Hofmeister, W. E., Bayuzick, R J., Gorenflo, F., Bergman, T., and Stockem, L. Observation 

of alloy solidification using high speed video. Rev. Sci. Instr., 63 (June 1992) 

Bayuzick, R J. "Measurement of the solidification velocity in an undercooled free falling droplet." TMS 

Annual Meeting, San Diego, CA, March 1992. 

Bertero, G. A., Hofmeister, W. E., Bayuzick, R J., and Robinson, M. D. Containerless processing and 

rapid solidification of Nb-21 alloys of hypereutectic composition. Metallurgical Transactions A,22A 

(November 1991). 

Bertero, G. A., Hofmeister, W. E., Bayuzick, R J., and Robinson, M. D. Containerless processing and rapid 

solidification of Nb-21 alloys in the Nb-rich eutectic range. Metallurgical Transactions A,22A (November 

1991 ). 

Braun, R J., Merchant, G. J., Brattkus, K., and Davis, S. H. "Nonlinear analysis rapid solidification." Tenth 

International Conference on Crystal Growth, San Diego, CA, 1992. 

Braun, R. J., Merchant, G. J., Brattkus, K., and Davis, S. H. "Nonlinear oscillation in rapid directional 

solidification." 44th Annual Meeting of the Division of F1uid Dynamics, American Physical Society, 

Tempe, AZ, 1992. 

Caram, R, and Wilcox, W. R. "Analysis of thermotransport during rod eutectic solidification." First 

International Conference on Transport Phenomena in Processing, Honolulu, HI, March 1992. 

Caram, R, and Wilcox, W. R. The Soret effect in eutectic solidification J. Mat. Proc. & Manuf. Sci., 1, 56--68 

(1992). 

Caram, R, Banan, M., and Wilcox, W. R. Directional solidification of Pb-Sn eutectic with vibration. 

J.Crystal Grawth, 114, 249-254 (1991). 

Cezairliyan, A., Foley, G. M., Morse, M. S., and Miiller, A. P. Six-wavelength millisecond-resolution 

pryrometer. In Temperature, vol, 6, J. F. Schooley, ed., New York, Am. Inst. Phys., 1992, pp. 757-762 .. 

Cezairliyan, A., Miiller, A. P., Righini, F., and Rosso, A. Radiance temperature and normal spectral 

emissivity of metals at their melting point as possible reference values. In Temperature, vol, 6, J. F. 

Schooley, ed., New York: Am. Inst. Phys., 1992) pp.377-382 

Chen, C. F., and Chen, F. Onset of salt-finger convection in a gravity-gradient. Physics of Fluids A., vol. 4, 

no. 9, Gallery of F1uid Motion, (1992). 

Chen, C. F., and Ehrhard, P. "Onset of chumney convection in a mushy layer generated in a Hele-Shaw 

cell." Presented at the 45th annual meeting of APS-DFD, Tallahassee, FL, November 1992. 

Chen, C. F., and Su, T. F. Effect of surface tension on the onset of convection in a double-diffusive layer. 

Physics of Fluids A., vol. 4, pp. 2360-2367, 1992. 

Chen, C. F. Convection in the mushy zone during directional solidification. In Interactive Dynamics of 

Convection and Solidification, Davis, Huppert, Muller, and Worster, eds., pp. 139-141. The Netherlands: 

Kluwer Academic Publications, 1992. 

111-344 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

m. BIBUOGRAPHY 

Chen, C. F. Surface tension effects on the onset of double-diffusive convection. In Microgravity Fluid 

Mechanics, H. J. Rath, ed., pp. 325-333. New York: Springer-Verlag, 1992. 

Chen, C. F. Viscosity effects on the directional solidification of NH4C1 solution in a Hele-Shaw cell. 

Physics of Fluids A., vol. 4, no. 9 (Gallery of fluid Motion), 1992. 

Chen, M. "The dynamics of transient Ostwald ripening." TMS annual meeting, San Diego, CA, March 

1992. 

Chione, D. J., Wray, M. D., Thiessen, D. B., and Krantz, W. B. "Surface tension measurement by digital 

image analysis." Southwestern and Rocky Mountain Division of the American Association for the 

Advancement of Science, 68th Annual Meeting, Tuscon, AZ, May 17-21, 1992. 

Davis, R. H. Microhydrodynamics of particulate suspensions. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. In press, 1992. 

Davis, S. H. "Instabilities in rapid solidification." Department of MetaIlurgical and Materials 

Engineering, lllinois Institute of Technology, 1992. 

Davis, S. H. "Microscale coupling of solidification and flow." In Interactive Dynamics of Convection and 

Solidification, NATO Advanced Research Workshop, Chamonix (Plenary lecture), 1992. 

Davis, S. H. "Rapid solidification of a binary alloy." Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of 

Akron, 1992. 

Davis, S. H. "Strongly nonlinear oscillations in rapid directional solidification." Department of 

Mathematics, University of Utah, 1992. 

de Groh, H. C. III, and Kassemi, M. Effect of radiation on convection at moderate temperatures. 

Submitted to AlAA J. of Thermophysics and Heat Transfer, 1992. 

Flanagan, W. F. "Microstructural development in bulk, undercooled alloys." Modular Containerless 

Processing Facility - Technical Interface Meeting, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Pasadena, CA, 13-15 January 

1992. 

Hardy, S.c., McFadden, G.B., Coriell, S.R.,Voorhees, P.W. and Sekerka, R.F. Measurement and analysis 

of grain boundary grooving by volume diffusion. J. Cryst. Growth, 114,467 (1991). 

Hauge, R. H., Lee, P., Baykara, T., and Margrave, J. L A review of containerless thermo physical property 

measurements of liquid metals and alloys. Accepted by High Temperature Science, 1992. 

Huntley, D. A., and Davis,S. H. "Thermal effects in rapid directional solidification." Tenth International 

Conference on Crystal Growth, San Diego, CA, 1992. 

Huntley, D. A., and Davis, S. H. "Thermal effects in rapid directional solidification: Linear theory." 44th 

Annual Meeting of the Division of Fluid Dynamics, American Physical Society, Tempe, AZ, 1992. 

Jackson, H.W., and Barmatz, M. Method for calculating and observing microwave absorption by a sphere 

in a single mode rectangular cavity. Ceramic Transactions 21, 261, (1991). 

Jackson, H.W., and Barmatz, M. Microwave absorption by a lossy dielectric sphere in a rectangular cavity. 

,. Appl. Phys. 70,5193, (1991). 

Jang, J., and Hellawell, A. The use of NH4C1-H20 analogue castings to model aspects of continuous 

casting, Parts I arid II. J. Ironmaking and Steelmaking., vol. 18, pp. 267-283, (1991) 

Krishnan, S. and Nordine, P. e, Optical properties of clean liquid aluminum at 1.2 - 3.6 eV. For Phys. Rev. 

B. In preparation, 1992. 

Krishnan, S., Anderson, CD., Weber, J.K.R., Nordine, p.e, Hofmeister, W.H., and Bayuzick, R. J. Optical 

properties. Metall. Trans A, December 1992 (in press). 

Krishnan,S., Calibration, properties and applications of the division-of- amplitude photopolarimeter at 

632.8 and 1523 nm. J. Opt. Soc. Am. A,9, 1615-1622 (1992). 

111-345 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

m. BmLIOGRAPHY 

Krishnan,S., and Nordine, P. C Containerless property measurements of high temperature liquids: 

emissivity, temperature, thermodynamics, In Proceedings of the First Technical Interfuce Meeting for the 

Modular Containerless Processing Facility, Jet Propulsion Laboratory Publication JPL 0-9370, 1992. 

Krishnan,S., Nordine, P. C, Weber, J. K. R, Hauge, R H., and Margrave, J. L. "Emissivity and 

temperature measurement by laser polarimetry and spectral radiometry." Presented at the 7th 

Symposium on Temperature, Toronto, April 28 - May 1, 1992. 

Krishnan,S., Nordine, P. C, Weber, J. K. R, Hauge, R H., and Margrave, J. L. Emissivity and 

temperature measurement by laser polarimetry and spectral radiometry. In J. F. Schooley, ed., 

Temperature its Measurement and Control in Science and Industry, vol. 6, part 2. New York: American 

Institute of Physics, pp. 943-948 (1992). 

Krishnan,S., Nordine, P. C, Weber, J. K. R, Hauge, R. H., and Margrave, J. L. Emissivity and 

temperature measurement by laser polarimetry and spectoral radiometry. Proceedings of the Seventh 

International Symposium on Temperature, May 1,1992. 

Krishnan,S., Weber, J. K. R, Anderson, C D., Nordine, P. C, and Sheldon, R I. "Optical properties of 

liquid uranium and zirconium at 633 nm." Presented at the Gordon Research Conference on High 

Temperature Chemistry, Meriden, NH, July 19-24, 1992. 

Krishnan,S., Weber, J. K. R, Anderson, CD., Nordine, P. C, and Sheldon, R I. Spectral emissivity and 

optical properties at A = 632.8 nm for liquid uranium and zirconium at high temperatures. J. Nucl. Matter. 

Submitted for publication, 1992. 

Landis, M. A., and Chen, C. F. "Solid fraction distribution in a mushy layer by computed tomography." 

Poster presentation in the Gallery of Fluid Motion, 45th annual meeting of APS-DFD, Tallahassee, FL, 

November 1992. 

McClure, J. L., and Cezairliyan, A. Measurement of the heat of fusion of tungsten by a microsecondresolution transient technique. Int.]. Thermophys., in press, 1992. 

Miiller, A. P., and Cezairliyan, A. Radiance temperatures (in the wavelength range 521-906 nm) of 

molybdenum at its melting point by a pulse-heating technique. In Temperature, vol. 6, J. F. Schooley, ed., 

New York: Am. Inst. Phys., 1992, pp.769-774. 

Miiller, A. P., and Cezairliyan, A. Radiance temperatures (in the wavelength range 519-906 nm) of 

tungsten at its melting point by a pulse-heating technique. Int. J. Thermophys., in press, 1992. 

Miiller, A. P., and Cezairliyan, A. Surface tension of tantalum by a pulse heating technique. Int.]. 

Thermophys., in press 1992. 

Nobuaki 1., Smith, P. M., and Aziz, P. M. Anomalous diffusion of Fe in liquid AI. In preparation, to be 

submitted to Acta Metallurgica et Materiala, 1992. 

Ohsaka, K., Gatewood, J. R., and Trin,h, E. H. An apparatus for the specific measurement of undercooled 

liquids. Scripta Metallurgica et Materiala, 25, 1459, (1991). 

Ohsaka, K., Holzer, J. C, Trinh, E. H., and Johnson, W. L. Specific heat measurement of undercooled 

liquids. Proc. of Exp. Methods for Microgravity Materials Science Research 4th Int. Symposium. R A. 

Schiffman, ed. TMS, p. 1.,1992. 

Ohsaka, K., Trinh, E. H., Holzer,]. C, and Johnson, W. L. The Gibbs free-energy difference between the 

undercooled liquid and the B phase of a Ti-Cr alloy. Appl. Phys. Lett., 60, 1079 (1992). 

Olive, ]. R, Hofmeister, W. H., Carro, G., and Bayuzick R.]. "Containerless processing of oxide 

superconductors." Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, 1992. 

Ozlekin, A., and Pearlstein, A.]. Coriolis effects on the stability of plane-front solidification of dilute PbSn binary alloys. Metall. Trans. B. In preparation, 1991. 

Ozlekin, A. , and Pearlstein, A.]. Stability of plane-front solidification of a binary liquid in which a 

density maximum occurs. J. Fluid Mech. In preparation, 1991. 

Rhim, W-K., and Chung, S-K. The high-temperature electrostatic levitator. New Technology Report, 1992. 

III-346 

----~ 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

ill. BIBUOGRAPHY 

Rutgers, M., Russel, W. B., and Chaikin, P. M. The elastic properties of colloidal sediments in a fluidized 

bed. Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 37, 391 (1992). 

Rydzewski, J. H., and Wilcox, W. R. "Influence of gravity on the microstructure of the MnBi/Bi eutectic." 

International Astronautical Federation Congress, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, October 1991. 

Rydzewski, J. H., and Wilcox, W. R. Influence of gravity on the microstructure of the MnBi/Bi eutectic. 

International Astronautical Federation Congress, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, October 1991. Acta 

Astronautica (in press), 1992. 

Sadhal, 5., Trinh, E. H., and Wagner, P. "Unsteady spot heating of a drop in a microgravity environmenl." 

ASME winter annual meeting, Anaheim, California, 1992. 

Sarazin, J. H., and Hellawell, A. Segregation arising from natural convection during solidification. TMS, 

EPD Congress Proceedings. D. R. Gaskell, ed., pp. 511-522, 1992. 

Seth, J. 5., and Wilcox, W. R. Effect of convection on the microstructure of a lamellar eutectic growing 

with a stepped interface. J. Crystal Growth, 114, 357-363 (1991). 

Spaepen, F. A. Fundamentals of nucleation and growth: Optical Data Storage, Proceedings of SPIE-The 

lnternill Engineering, Bellingham, WA, 1663, 385--386 (992). 

Steube, R. S. , Sarazin, J. H., and Hellawell, A. "Observations of convection during solidifcation." TMS 

Spring Meeting, 1992. 

Thiessen, D. B., and Krantz, W. B. Bimodal terminal velocities using the falling needle viscometer. Rev. 

Sd. lnstrum. In press, 1992. 

Voorhees, P. W. "Ostwald ripening in two-phase mixtures: Beyond mean field theory." Invited address, 

TME fall meeting, Chicago, IL, October, 1992. 

Watkins, J. L., Jackson, H. W., and Barmatz, M. Measurement of microwave induced forces. MRS 

Microwave Processing of Materials Ill, 269, 151, (1992). 

Wu, D. T., and Aziz, M. J. The kinetics of chain reactions: Implications for solid phase epitaxy. In 

preparation, to be submitted to Journill of Applied Physics, 1992. 

Wu, D. T. The time lag in mult-component nucleation. In preparation, to be submitted to Journal of 

Chemical Physics., 1992. 

Xiao, 2. L., Lee, P., Fredin, L., Hauge, R. H., Margrave, J. L. Methods development for sample size, 

thermodynamic temperature, surface tension and motion measurements of levitated samples. The 

Gordon Research Conference (High Temperature Chemistry), July 1992. 

Xue, J-2., Rutgers, M., Russel, W. 8., Herbolzheimer, E., and Chaikin, P.M. Diffusion, dispersion, and 

settling of hard spheres. Submitted to Phys. Rev. Lett. 1992. 

Xue, J-2., Rutgers, M., Russel, W. B., Herbolzheimer, E., and Chaikin, P.M. Hydrodynamic dispersions in 

hard-sphere fluidized bed. Bull. Am. Phys. Soc.37, 706 (1992). 

Yao, M., and de Groh IlL, H. C. A 3-D FEM simulation of Bridgman crystal growth and comparison with 

experiments. Numerical Heat Transfer, Part A: Applications. September 1992. 

Yao, M., de Groh III, H. c., and Chait, A. Application of the segregated solution approach in 3-D FEM 

modeling of crystal growth. Advances in Finite Element Anillysis in Fluid Dynamics II. November, 1992. 

Yeoh, G. H., de Vahl-Oavis, G., Leonardi, E., de Groh III, H. c., and Yao, M. A numerical and 

experimental study of natural convection and interface shape in crystal growth. Presented to the 

International Conference on Transport Phenomena in Processing, 1992. 

Yong, J. K., and Perepezko, J. H. The thermodynamics and competitive kinetics of metastable t phase 

development in MnAl-base alloys. Materials Sdence and Engineering in press, 1992. 

Young, G. W., and Chait, A. Surface tension driven heat, mass, and momentum transport in a float zone. 

Accepted for publication, J. Crystal Growth, 1992. 

10-347 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliograpby - FY1992 

m. BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Zhang X., and Davis, R. H. The collision rate and small drops undergoing thermocapillary migration. 

/. Colloid Interface Sci, vol. 152, pp. 548-561 (1992). 

Ground: Protein Crystal Growth 

Cacioppo, E., and Pusey, M. L. The solubility of the tetragonal form of hen egg white lysozyme from pH 

4.0 to 5.4. ,. Crystal Growth, 114 286-292 (1992). 

Cacioppo, E., Munson, S., and Pusey, M. L. Protein solubilities determined by a rapid technique and 

modification of that technique to a micro-method. ,. Crystal Growth, 110,66-71 (1991). 

DeLucas, L. J., Smith, C. D., Ealick, S. E., Carter, D. c., Twigg, P., He, X. M., Snyder, R. S., Weber, P. c., 

Schloss, J. V., Einspahr, H. M., Clancy, L. L., McPherson, A., Koszelak, S., Vandonselaar, M. M., Prasad, L. 

Quail, J. W., Delbaere, L. T. J., and Bugg, C. B. Protein crystal growth aboard the U.S. Space Shuttle 

Flights STS-31 and STS-32. Proceedings of the committee on Space Research (COSP AR) XXVIII Plenary 

Meeting, The Hague, the Netherlands. Advances in Space Research, vol. 12, no. 1,393-400 (1992). 

Forsythe-Cacioppo, E., and Pusey, M. L. The effects of acid treatment and calcium ions on the solubility 

of concanavalin A. ,. Crystal Growth, 122, 2~212 (1992). 

He, X. M., and Carter, D. C. Atomic structure and chemistry of human serum albumin. Nature 358, 

209-215 (1992). 

He, X. M., and Carter, D. C. The three-dimensional structure of a novel lysozyme from Chalaropsis. 

Manuscript in preparation, 1992. 

He, X. M., Ruker, F., Casale, E., and Carter, D. C. The structure of a human monoclonal antibody against 

gp 41 of the human immunodeficiency virus type 1. Proceedings of the National Academy of Science, USA 89, 

7154-7158 (1992). 

Miller, T. Y., He, X. M., and Carter, D. C. A comparison between protein crystal grown with vapor 

diffusion methods in microgravity and protein crystals using a gel liquid-liquid diffusion method. 

,. Crystal Growth, 122, 306-309 (1992). 

Pusey, M. L., and Munson, S. Micro-apparatus for rapid determination of protein solubilities. , . Crystal 

Growth, 113,385-389 (1991). 

Pusey, M. L. Continuing adventures in lysozyme crystal growth. /. Crystal Growth, 122, 1-7 (1992). 

Pusey, M. L. Estimation of the initial equilibrium constants in the formation of tetragonal lysozyme 

nuclei. , . Crystal Growth, 110, 60-65 (1991). 

Wilson, L. J., and Pusey, M. L. Determination of monomer concentrations in crystallizing lysozyme 

solutions. ,. Crystal Growth, 122,8-13 (1992). 

ATD 

Advanced Technology Development 

Ansari, R. R., and Meyer, W. V. "Laser light scattering studies on the interactions and characterization of 

alumina and pliolite plastic particles in silicone oil." Space Experiment Division Technical Report, 

NASA-LeRC, April 1991. 

Ansari, R. R. and Meyer, W. V. "Static and dynamiC laser light scattering studies of series 78 nylon 6,6 

Polymer." NASA/DuPont Confidential Divisional Report, April 1991. 

Ansari, R. R., Dhadwal, H. S., Campbell, M. C. W., and Dellavecchia, M. A. Fiber optic sensor for 

opthalmic refractive diagnostics. In Fiber Optic Medical and Fluorescent Sensors and Applications, vol. 1648, 

pp. 83-105, in Progress in Biomedical Optics, A. Katzir, ed., SPIE Publication, 1992. 

Ansari, R. R., Dhadwal, H. S., Cheung, H. M., and Meyer, W. V. "A fiber optic probe for the 

characterization of microemulsions." 9th International Symposium on Surfactants in Solution, Paper # 

Sn3.o1.2, Varna, Bulgaria, June 10-15, 1992. 

In-348 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

ill. BIBUOGRAPHY 

Ansari, R R, Dhadwal, H. S., Cheung, H. M., and Meyer, W. V. "Use of a fiber optic probe for quasielastic light scattering measurements in microemulsions." 66th Colloid & Surface Science Symposium, 

Paper # 41, Morgantown, West Virginia, June 14-17, 1992. 

Ansari, R R, Dhadwal, H. 5., Cheung, H. M., Meyer, W. V. "Microemulsion characterization using a fiber 

optic probe." Photon Correlation and Scattering (Theory and Applications), Paper # MAS, 8th Topical 

Meeting, Optical Society of America, Morgantown, West Virginia, August 24-26,1992. 

Barrnatz, M. B. and Jackson, H. W. Steady state temperature profile in a sphere heated by microwaves. 

MRS Micrawave Processing of Materials III, 269, 97, (1992). 

Barrnatz, M. Microwave processing materials in microgravity. Proceedings of the First Technical Interface 

Meeting for the Modular Containerless Processing Facility, 2, 262, (1992). 

Barmatz, M., Watkins, J. L., and Jackson, H. W. "Microwave processing of materials in microgravity." 

30th Aerospace Sciences Meeting and Exhibit, AIAA Paper #92-0116, January 1992. 

Batur, c., Sharpless, R B., Duval, W. M. B., and Rosenthal, B. N. Self-tuning multivariable pole placement 

control of multizone crystal growth furnace. Journal of Adaptive Control and Signal Processing, vol. 6, pp. 

111-123, 1992. 

Batur, c., Sharpless, R B., Duval, W. M. B., and Rosenthal, B. N. "Self-tuning multivariable pole 

placement control of multizone crystal growth furnace." Presented at The Winter Annual Meeting of the 

ASME, Control of Manufacturing Processes, Altanta, GA, December 1-6, 1991, DSC-vol. 28, PED-vol. 52. 

Batur, c., Sharpless, R. B., Duval, W. M. B., Rosenthal, B. N., and Singh, N. B. Identification and control of 

a multizone crystal growth furnace. Journal of Crystal Growth, 119, pp. 371-380, (1992). 

Buchele, D. R and Griffin, D. W. A compact color Schlieren optical system. Accepted for publication in 

Applied Optics. , 1992. 

Carter, J. N., Lam, A., and Schleich, D. M. U1trasonic time-of-flight monitoring of the position of the 

liquid/solid interface during the Bridgman growth of germanium. J. Scientific Instruments; vol. 63, p. 

3472, 1992. 

Dhadwal, H. 5., Ansari, R R, and Meyer, W. V. A fiber optic probe for particle sizing in concentrated 

suspensions. Rev. Sci. Instruments, 62, 12 (December 1991). 

Dhadwal, H. 5., Khan, R. R , and Suh, K. "An integrated fiber optic probe for dynamic light scattering." 

Photon Correlation and Scattering (Theory and Applications), Poster #PD2, 8th Topical Meeting, Optical 

Society of America, Boulder, CO, August 24- 26, 1992. 

Greenberg, P. S. "Constraints and capabilities of combustion diagnostics in Microgravity." Second 

International Microgravity Combustion Workshop, Cleveland, OH, September 15-17, 1992. 

Griffin, D. W. "Selected microgravity combustion diagnostic techniques." Second International 

Microgravity Combustion Workshop, Cleveland, OH, September 15-17,1992. 

Hubert, J. A., Fripp, A. L., and Welch, C. S. Numerical thermal analysis of a sample of germanium with a 

centerline capillary tube in a vertical Bridgman furnace. In preparation for J. Crystal Growth 1992. 

Meyer, M. B., and Bethea, M. D. "A Full Field, 3-D velocimeter for NASA's microgravity science 

program." 30th Aerospace Sciences Meeting & Exhibit, Reno, NY, January 6-9,1992. 

Meyer, W. V., and Ansari, R R A preview of a microgravity laser light scattering instrument. AIAA,91-

0779, January 1991. 

Rim, Y. H., Cawley, J. D., Ansari, R R., and Heyer, W. V. In-situ light scattering study of aggregations. 

Ceramic Transactions: Forming Science and Technology for Ceramics. M. J. Cima, ed. vol. 26, 1992. 

Rosenthal, B. N. "Advanced technology development program review: transparent furnace technology." 

Presented at the ATD Program Review, Washington DC, May 5,1992. 

Ross, D. A., and Dhadwal, R S. Regularized inversion of the Laplace transform: Accuracy of analytical 

and discrete inversion. Particle Systems Characterization 8, 282-286, (1991). 

111-349 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

m. BIBLIOGRAPHY 

Thomas, A. S. W. Correction-free radiometry of specular spheres for containerless processing in 

microgravity. Accepted by Review of Scientific Instruments, 1992. 

Trolinger, J. D., La}, R., Vikram, C. 5., and Witherow, W. K. Compact space flight solution crystal growth 

system. Proceedings SPIE, vol. 1557,250-258, 1991. 

Vikram, C. 5., and Witherow, W. K. Critical needs of fringe-order accuracies in two-color holographic 

interferometry. Experimental Mechanics, March 1992, 74-77. 

Vikram, C. 5., Witherow, W. K., and Trolinger,]. D. Refractive properties of TGS acqueous solution for 

two-color interferometry. Proceedings SPIE, vol. 1557, 197-201, 1991. 

Vikram, C. 5., Witherow, W. K., and Trolinger, ]. D. Special beam intensity ratio needs in multicolor 

holography. Submitted to Journal of Modern Optics, November 1992. 

Weiland, K. J. Intensified array camera imaging of solid surface combustion aboard the NASA Learjet. 

Accepted for publication in Proceedings of the AIAA 30th Aerospace Sciences Meeting, 6th Annual Space 

Proceeding Conference, Reno NV, January 6-9, 1992. 

Weiland, K.]. "Visualization and imaging methods for flames in microgravity." Second International 

Microgravity Combustion Workshop, Cleveland, OH, September 15-17, 1992. 

111-350 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

ApPENDIX 

Appendix 

A Acronym List ................ ....................................................... A-3 

B Index to Microgravity Science & Applications 

Principal Investigators, FY1992 ............. ...................... ..... B-1 

At 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY 1992 

ApPENDIX A: TABLE OF ACRONYMS 

The following list of acronyms. though by no means complete. includes those used in this document as 

well as some that are often found in text associated with Microgravity Science and Applications research 

and which may be encountered when reviewing references cited in the bibliography herein. 

AADSF ................ Advanced Automated Directional Solidification Furnace 

AAL ............... . .. . Aero-acoustic Levitation 

ACRT ..... .. ....... .... Accelerated Crucible Rotation Technique 

AO ... ........ .. ....... . Announcement of Opportunity 

AOMS 

APCF 

APCG 

ATD 

BTF 

CADAP 

CASTE 

CBE 

CCD 

Advanced Optical Monitoring Systems 

Advanced Protein Crystallization Facility 

Advanced Protein Crystal Growth 

Advanced Technology Development 

Biotechnology Facility 

Computer-Aided Dendrite Analysis Program 

Casting and Solidification Technology Experiment 

Chemical Beam Epitaxy 

Charge-coupled Device 

CFLSE ...... ...... ..... Critical Fluid Light Scattering Experiment 

CFTE ................... Critical Fluid Thermal Equilibration Experiment 

CFVME ............ .. .. Critical Fluid Viscosity Measurement Experiment 

CGF .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Crystal Growth Furnace 

CNES 

CoDR 

CPF 

CSA 

CVD 

CVTE 

Centre Nationale d'Etudes Spatiales [The French National Center for Space 

Studies] 

Conceptual Design Review 

Critical Point Facility 

Canadian Space Agency 

Chemical Vapor Deposition 

Chemical Vapor Transport Experiment 

CW " ................. , Continuous Wave 

DARA .. ......... .. ... . Deutsche Agentur fur Raumfahrtangelegenheiten (German Space Agency] 

DLR The German Aerospace Research Establishment 

DPM Drop Physics Module 

A-I 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

ApPENDIX A: TABLE OF ACRONYMS 

DSC 

DSF 

DTA 

EDM 

EDS 

EHD 

ESA 

Differential Scanning Calorimetry 

Directional Solidification Furnace 

Differential Thermal Analysis 

Engineering Development Model 

Energy Dispersive Spectroscopy 

Electrohydrodynamic 

European Space Agency 

FDSMM .............. . Fluid Dynamics and Solidification of Metallic Melts 

FES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fluids Experiments System 

FES/VCGS ............ Fluid Experiment/Vapor Crystal Growth System 

FFEU Free-Flow Electrophoresis Unit 

GaAs Gallium Arsenide 

GAS Can ............. . Get-away Special Canister 

GBX ... .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. . Glovebox 

GFFCE 

GJDFE 

HMO 

HRT 

Geophysical Fluid Flow Cell Experiment 

Gas Jet Diffusion Flames Experiment 

Heavy Metal Oxide 

High-Resolution Thermometer 

ICARUS ............... Integrated Convection Apparatus and Rotating Undercarriage Support 

ICE ... ..... ... ........ .. Interface Configuration Experiment 

lOGE ................... Isothermal Dendritic Growth Experiment 

IML 

IWG 

JOVE 

JPL 

JSC 

International Microgravity Laboratory 

Investigator Working Group 

Joint Ventures 

Jet Propulsion Laboratory 

Johnson Space Center 

KSC .................... Kennedy Space Center 

LaRC Langley Research Center 

LDV Laser Doppler Velocimetry 

LeRC Lewis Research Center 

A-2 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

ApPENDIX A: TABLE OF ACRONYMS 

LPE Lambda Point Experiment 

MEPHISTO ...... .. . . . Materiel pour l'Etude des Phenomenes Interessants de la Solidification sur 

MGM 

MGM 

Terre et en Orbite [Interesting Phenomena of Solidification on Earth and in 

Orbit] 

Mechanics of Granular Ma terials 

Microgravity Measurement 

MMSL .. .. .... .. ..... . , Microgravity Materials Science Laboratory 

MP .................. , .. Microgravity Pressure 

MPa 

MSA 

MSAD 

MSFC 

Microgravity Pressure, Ambient 

Microgravity Science and Applications (Program) 

Microgravity Science and Applications Division 

Marshall Space Flight Center 

MSL ' ......... . ..... ... , Microgravity Science Laboratory 

NASA .. .... ..... ..... , National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

NASDA ............... National Space Development Agency of Japan 

NIST 

NLO 

NRA 

NRC 

National Institute for Standards and Technology 

Nonlinear Optical 

NASA Research Announcement 

National Research Council 

OMCVD , .. .... .. .. ... ' Organometallic Chemical Vapor Epitaxy 

OPCGA ......... .... .. ' Observable Protein Crystal Growth Apparatus 

OSSA .. ... .... .. .. .... ' Office of Space Science and Applications 

PBE 

PCG 

PDA 

PIV 

PMZF 

POCC 

Pool Boiling Experiment 

Protein Crystal Growth 

Phase Doppler Pneumometer 

Particle Image Velocimetry 

Programmable Multizone Furnace 

Payload Operations Control Center (at MSFC) 

PVT .................... Physical Vapor Transport 

RAPIV Radiographic Particle Image Velocimetry 

RDR ............. " ... , Requirements Definition Review 

A-3 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

ApPENDIX A: TABLE OF ACRONYMS 

RPCVD """',',',"" Remote Plasma-enhanced Chemical Vapor Epitaxy 

RSD 

RTE 

RTOP 

SAA 

SAMS 

SCE 

SCF 

SEM 

Rainbow Schlieren Deflectometry 

Radiative Transfer Equation 

Research and Technology Operations Places 

South Atlantic Anomaly 

Space Acceleration Measurement Systems 

Smoldering Combustion Experiment 

Supercritical Fluid 

Scanning Electron Microscopy 

SL """",""","" " ESA Spacelab (in Space Shuttle cargo bay; e,g" IML and USML) 

SQUID "'" ,," , " , '" Superconducting Quantum Interference Detector 

SSCE " , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , , Solid Surface Combustion Experiment 

SSF .. ................ .. Space Station Freedom 

SSFF """""", " "' , Space Station Furnace Facility 

STDCE Surface Tension Driven Convection Experiment 

STEP """" """ " '" Space Technology Experiments Platform 

STS 

SVP 

TEM 

Space Transportation System 

Space Vehicle Pressure 

Transmission Electron Microscopy 

TEMPUS " ""' ," "" Electromagnetic Containerless Processing Facility 

TME 

TMS 

USML 

USMP 

USRA 

VCGS 

VDA 

XRD 

Test and Measurement Equipment 

• Thermal Maneuvering System 

United States Microgravity Laboratory 

United States Microgravity Payload 

Universities Space Research Association 

Vapor Crystal Growth System 

Vapor Diffusion Apparatus 

X-ray Diffraction 

A-4 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliograpby - FY1992 

ApPENDIX B: INDEX TO PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS 

Abbaschian, Reza - University of Florida ........................................................................................................ 76 

Abtahi, Ali - Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) ............................................................................................... 304 

Altenkirch, Robert A. - Mississippi State University ............................................................................... 12,14 

Anderson, Elmer E. - The University of Alabama in Huntsville ............................................................... 133 

Apfel, Robert E. - Yale University .................................................................................................................... 55 

Atreya, Arvind - Michigan State University ................................................................................................ 104 

Bachmann, Klaus J. - North Carolina State University ................................................................................ 134 

Bahadori, Yousef - SAIC, Inc ............................................................................................................................. 16 

Barmatz, Martin B. - Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) ......................................................................... 248,305 

Bayuzick, Robert J. - Vanderbilt University ............................................................................................ 77,250 

Branch, Melvyn C. - University of Colorado ................................................................................................ 106 

Brown, Robert A. - Massachusetts Insti tute of Technology ........................................................................ 138 

Brown, R. Malcolm - University of Texas, Austin .......................................................................................... 98 

Buckmaster, John C. - University of Illinois, Urbana-Champaign ............................................................ 108 

Bugg, Charles E. - University of Alabama, Birmingham .............................................................................. 94 

Carlson, Frederick M. - Clarkson College ....................................................................................................... 34 

Carter, Daniel C. - NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) .............................................................. 295 

Cezairliyan, Ared - National Institute of Standards and Technology ...................................................... 252 

Chaikin, Paul M. - Princeton University ........................................................................................................ 254 

Chait, Amon - NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) ................................................................................ 256 

Chen, Chuan F. - University of Arizona ........................................................................................................ 258 

Cheng, Robert K. - Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory ..................................................................................... 110 

Clark, Ivan O. - NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) ........................................................................... 168 

Concus, Paul - University of California, Berkeley ........................................................................................ 170 

Cooper, Reid F. - University of Wisconsin, Madison .................................................................................. 226 

Coriell, Sam R. - National Institute of Standards and Technology (NlST) ............................................... 172 

Davis, Robert H. - University of Colorado ............................................................................................ 175,260 

Davis, Stephen H. - Northwestern University .............................................................................................. 263 

Day, !)elbert E. - University of Missouri, Rolla ............................................................................................ 230 

!)e Witt, Kenneth J. - University of Toledo ................................................................................................... 177 

!)erby, Jeffrey J. - University of Minnesota ................................................................................................... 142 

Dietrich, Daniel - Sverdrup Technology Inc, LeRC Group ......................................................................... 112 

Ditchek, Brian - GTE Laboratories, Inc ............................................................................................................ 36 

[)onnelly, Russell - University of Oregon ..................................................................................................... 216 

Dukler, A. E. - University of Houston ........................................................................................................... 179 

Everitt, C. W. Francis - Stanford University .................................................................................................. 218 

Faeth, (;erard M. - University of Michigan ..................................................................................................... 19 

Feigelson, Robert S. - Stanford University .................................................................................................... 299 

Fernandez-Pello, A. Carlos - University of California, Berkeley ................................................................. 21 

Ferrell, Richard A. - University of Maryland ................................................................................................ 181 

Flemings, Merton C. - Massachusetts Institute of Technology .................................................................... 79 

Frazier, Donald O. - NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) ............................................. 57,145,147 

B-1 

J 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

ApPENDIX B: INDEX TO PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS 

Fripp, Archibald L. - NASA Langley Research Center (LaRC) ............................................................ 37,306 

Gammon, Robert W. - University of Maryland .............................................................................................. 69 

German, Randall M. - Pennsylvania State University ........... ... ........................................... .......................... 81 

Glasgow, Thomas K. - NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) ................... .......................... .............. 149,150 

Glicksman, Martin E. - Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute ......................................................................... ..... 82 

Gomez, Alessandro - Yale University ....................................................... .. ................................................... 114 

Greenberg, Paul S. - NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) ........... .. ........................... ............................... 307 

Grugel, Richard N. - Vanderbilt University .................................................................................................. 265 

Hart, John E. - University of Colorado ............................................................................................................ 59 

Hauge, Robert H. - Rice University ................................................................................................................ 267 

Hellawell, Angus - Michigan Technological University ............................................................................. 269 

Hofmeister, William H. - Vanderbilt University .......................................................................................... 271 

Hymer, Wesley C. - Penn State University ....................................................................................................... 7 

Jessup, J. Milburn - New England Deaconess Hospital ................................................................................ 99 

Johnson, William L. - California Institute of Technology (Caltech) ...................... ...................................... 87 

Kailasanath, K. - Naval Research Laboratory ......................... .......... ................. ........................................... 116 

Kashiwagi, Takashi - National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) ............................ .......... 118 

Kelton, Kenneth F. - Washington University at St. Louis v., .... ................................................................... 234 

Koplik, Joel - City College of New York ......................................................................... .......................... ..... 183 

Koster, Jean N. - University of Colorado ................................................................... .............................. 61,185 

Kou, Sindo - University of Wisconsin at Madison ...................... ................................................................. 152 

Krantz, William B. - University of Colorado ................................................ ............................. .............. ..... 273 

Krishnan, Shankar - Intersonics, Inc ......................................................................................................... ..... 275 

Ku, Jerry C. - Wayne State University ......................................................................................................... .. 120 

Lal, Ravindra B. - Alabama A&M University .......................................... ....................................................... 40 

Larson, David J. - Grumman Corporate Research Center (GCRC) ................................................. ............ 43 

Law, Chung K. - Princeton University .......................................................... .. .............................................. 122 

Leal, L. Gary - University of California, Santa Barbara (UCSB) ................................................................ 187 

Lehoczky, Sandor L. - NASA Marshall Space Right Center (MSFC) ................................................. 45,311 

Levy, Moises - University of Wisconsin ........................................................................... ............................. 237 

Lipa, John A. - Stanford University ............................................................................................................. ..... .. 71 

Lu, Ponzy - University of Pennsylvania .......... .................................................................................... .......... 101 

Matthiesen, David H. - Case Western Reserve University (CWRU) .. ......................................................... 47 

McCay, Mary Helen - ,University of Tennessee Space Institute ................. .................................................. 89 

McPherson, Alexander - University of California, Riverside ......................................................................... 96 

Merte, Herman - University of Michigan ........................................................................... ..... _ .................... 191 

Meyer, Horst - Duke University .. ......................................... .......................................................................... 220 

Meyer, Mary Jo B. - NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) ........................................................................ 312 

Meyer, William V. - NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) ............................................................... 314,316 

Moldover, Michael R. - National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) ................................... 222 

Moore, John J. - Colorado School of Mines ................................................................................................... 124 

Neitzel, G.Paul - Georgia Institute of Technology ...................................................................................... 193 

B-2 

L 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

ApPENDIX B: INDEX TO PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS 

Neurgaonkar, Ratnakar R. - Rockwell International ..................................................................................... 48 

Ostrach, Simon - Case Western Reserve University .............................................................................. 63,195 

Perepezko, John H. - University of Wisconsin ............................................................................................. 279 

Poirier, David R. - University of Arizona ...................................................................................................... 282 

Pusey, Marc L. - NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) ................................................................. 302 

Putterman, Seth J. - University of California, Los Angeles ........................................................................ 197 

Ray, Chandra S. - University of Missouri, Rolla .......................................................................................... 238 

Rhim, Won-Kyu K. - Jet Propulsion Laboratory OPt) ................................................................................ 284 

Ronney, Paul D. - Princeton University .......................................................................................................... 23 

Rosenberger, Franz - University of Alabama, Huntsville ........................................................................... 154 

Rosenthal, Bruce N. - NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) .................................................................... 317 

Ross, Howard - NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) ........................................................................ 27, 125 

Salzman, Jack - NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) ............................................................................... 199 

Sammons, David W. - University of Arizona ................................................................................................... 9 

Saville, Dudley A. - Princeton University ..................................................................................... 202,204,224 

Shaw, Benjamin - University of California, Davis ....................................................................................... 127 

Sher, Arden - SRI International ....................................................................................................................... 157 

Singh, N. B. - Westinghouse Electric Corporation ................................................................................. SO,161 

Snyder, Robert S. - NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) ............................................................... 10 

Spaepen, Frans A. - Harvard University ....................................................................................................... 286 

Steen, Paul H. - Cornell University ................................................................................................................ 206 

Sture, Stein - University of Colorado, Boulder ............................................................................................. 208 

Subramanian, Shankar - Clarkson University ................................................................................................ 65 

Szekely, Julian - Massachusetts Institute of Technology .............................................................................. 92 

Szofran, Frank R. - NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) ............................................................. 162 

T'ien, James - Case Western Reserve University .......................................................................................... 129 

Trinh, Eugene H. - Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) .................................................................................... 288 

Tryggvason, Gretar - University of Michigan .............................................................................................. 210 

van den Berg, Lodewijk - EG&G ...................................................................................................................... 51 

VinaIs, Jorge - Florida State University .......................................................................................................... 212 

Voorhees, Peter W. - Northwestern University ............................................................................................ 290 

Wang, Taylor G. - Vanderbilt University ................................................................................................ 67,213 

Weber, J. K. Richard - Intersonics, Inc ........................................................................................................... 242 

Weinberg, Michael C. - University of Arizona ....................................................................................... 75,246 

Wiedemeier, Heribert - Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute ............................................................................. 53 

Wilcox, William R. - Clarkson University ............................................................................................. 164,293 

Wilkinson, Allen - NASA Lewis Research Center (LeRC) ............................................................................ 73 

Williams, Forman A. - University of California, San Diego ................................................................. 31, 131 

Witherow, William K. - NASA Marshall Space Flight Center (MSFC) ..................................................... 318 

Witt, August F. - Massachusetts Institute of Technology ........................................................................... 166 

B-3 
Microgravity Science & Applications Program Tasks / Bibliography - FY1992 

ApPENDIX B: INDEX TO PRINCIPAL INVESTIGATORS 

*u .s. GOVERNMENT PRI NTING OFFI CE : 1993- 728 -150/6002 3 B-4 

__ J 
L 

.----.~---

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE 

Form Approv~ 

OM8 No. 0704·0188 

P ... OIo( ''''oon no c ... rctof" 10' : . ,\ .. ': ("("t ll~ .::l l n',,'/T'dt ,O,. \ .~ \: .... att"O t= .hf".tqe- 1 - -:\.if :>e r ~"~ ," (1 1,;01"9 t"f' tllTlf' lor ""'~lnq ,nstructlons. ~.r(nlnq e-a ,\tlnq "'toJ \Our(~. 

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C . ... ,.: '''II(;rwa'l SUit t 1 ;C4 ~" t"'<;,tC" .:i .. 2;02 ...j 302 Al'ld to t,.. .. Of t r(t" .)1 ....., .. ndQf'mf'"t and 9vdqt t. Pa~rwor~ R~uC't on PrCIM (0704'{) 188), Wasn1nqton , 0< 1050], 

1. AGENCY USE ONLY (leave O/an,,) 12. REPORT DATE 

:1arch 1993 

13. REPORT TYPE AND OATES COVERED 

Technical Memorandum 

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5. FUNDING NUMBERS 

Microgravity Science and Applications 

Program Tasks and 3ibliography :~or FY 1892 

6. AUTHOR(S) 

7. PERfORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION 

NASA Office of Space Science and Applications 

REPORT NUMBER 

Microgravity Science and App lica t ions Div i sion 

9. SPONSORING I MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING I MONITORING 

National Aeronautics and Space Administration 

AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 

Washington, DC 20546-0001 NASA TM-4469 

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Subject Category 29 

13. ABSTRACT (MaXImum 200 words) 

This report is a compilation of the FY 1992 Principal Investigator program task 

descriptions funded by the Microgravity Science and Applications Division (MSAD) , NASA Headquarters, Washington, DC. The document also provides a bibliography of 

FY 1992 publications and presentations cited by MSAD Principal Investigators, and 

an index of the Principal Investigators and their affiliations. The purpose of the 

document is t o provide an overview and progress report for the funded tasks for 

scientists and researchers in industry, university, and government communities. 

The tasks are grouped into three categories appropriate to the type of research 

being done-space flight, ground based, and advanced technology development-and by science discipline. The science diSCiplines are: biotechnology, combustion 

science, electronic materials, fluid physics, fundamental physics, glass and 

ceramics, metals and alloys, and protein crystal growth. 

14. SUBJECT TERMS 

advanced technology development 

microgravity science and applications flight or ground-based 

17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICA liON 19. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION 

OF REPORT OF THIS PAGE OF ABSTRACT 

Un classified Unclassified Unclassified 

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15. NUMBER OF PAGES 

376 

16. PRICE CODE 

All 

20. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT 

Unlimited 

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