FAA-S-8081-XX

U.S. Department

of Transportation

Federal Aviation

Administration

COMMERCIAL PILOT ‒ 

AIRPLANE

Airman Certification Standards

Date TBD

FLIGHT STANDARDS SERVICE

Washington, DC 20591
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS 

The U.S. Department of Transportation, Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), Airman Testing Standards

Branch, AFS-630, P.O. Box 25082, Oklahoma City, OK 73125 developed this Airman Certification 

Standards (ACS) document with the assistance of the aviation community. The FAA gratefully 

acknowledges the valuable support from the many individuals and organizations who contributed their 

time and expertise to assist in this endeavor.

AVAILABILITY

This ACS is available for download from www.faa.gov. Please send comments regarding this document 

to AFS630comments@faa.gov. 
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FOREWORD

The Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) has published the Commercial Pilot—Airplane Airman 

Certification Standards (ACS) document to communicate the aeronautical knowledge, flight proficiency, 

and risk management standards for commercial pilot certification in the airplane category, single-engine 

land and sea; and multiengine land and sea classes. This ACS incorporates and supersedes the previous 

Practical Test Standards (PTS).

The FAA views the ACS as the foundation of its transition to a more integrated and systematic approach 

to airman certification. The ACS is part of the safety management system (SMS) framework that the FAA 

uses to mitigate risks associated with airman certification training and testing. Specifically, the ACS, 

associated guidance, and test item bank question components of the airman certification system are 

constructed around the four functional components of an SMS: 

• Safety Policy that defines and describes aeronautical knowledge, flight proficiency, and risk 

management as integrated components of the airman certification system;

• Safety Risk Management processes through which internal and external stakeholders identify and 

evaluate regulatory changes, safety recommendations, or other factors that require modification 

of airman testing and training materials;

• Safety Assurance processes to ensure the prompt and appropriate incorporation of changes 

arising from new regulations and safety recommendations; and 

• Safety Promotion in the form of ongoing engagement with both external stakeholders (e.g., the 

aviation training industry) and FAA policy divisions.

In this connection, the FAA gratefully acknowledges and deeply appreciates the many hours that aviation 

training experts throughout the industry have contributed to the development of this ACS, along with the 

associated guidance and a more systematic approach to knowledge test question development. This kind 

of collaboration, a hallmark of a robust safety culture, strengthens and enhances aviation safety at every 

level of the airman certification system.

John S. Duncan

Acting Director, Flight Standards Service
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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS................................................................................................................................ ii

AVAILABILITY............................................................................................................................................... ii

FOREWORD.................................................................................................................................................iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS................................................................................................................................ v

INTRODUCTION.......................................................................................................................................... ix

Airman Certification Standards Concept............................................................................................... ix

Using the ACS ...................................................................................................................................... ix

SINGLE-ENGINE, MULTIENGINE LAND AND SEA AREAS OF OPERATION..........................................1

I. Preflight Preparation ........................................................................................................................ 1

A. Pilot Qualifications ............................................................................................................................ 1

B. Airworthiness Requirements ............................................................................................................ 2

C. Weather Information......................................................................................................................... 3

D. Cross-Country Flight Planning ......................................................................................................... 4

E. National Airspace System ................................................................................................................ 5

F. Performance and Limitations............................................................................................................ 6

G. Operation of Systems ...................................................................................................................... 7

H. Human Factors................................................................................................................................. 8

I. Water and Seaplane Characteristics, Seaplane Bases, Maritime Rules, and Aids to Marine 

Navigation (ASES, AMES)............................................................................................................... 9

J. Principles of Flight – Engine Inoperative (AMEL, AMES)...............................................................10

II. Preflight Procedures.......................................................................................................................11

A. Preflight Assessment......................................................................................................................11

B. Cockpit Management .....................................................................................................................12

C. Engine Starting...............................................................................................................................13

D. Taxiing (ASEL, AMEL) ...................................................................................................................14

E. Taxiing and Sailing (ASES, AMES)................................................................................................15

F. Before Takeoff Check ....................................................................................................................17

III. Airport and Seaplane Base Operations .........................................................................................18

A. Communications and Light Gun Signals........................................................................................18

B. Traffic Patterns...............................................................................................................................19

IV. Takeoffs, Landings, and Go-Arounds ............................................................................................20

A. Normal Takeoff and Climb .............................................................................................................20

B. Normal Approach and Landing ......................................................................................................22

C. Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb (ASEL).............................................................................................24

D. Soft-Field Approach and Landing (ASEL)......................................................................................26

E. Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb (ASEL, AMEL) ........................................28

F. Short-Field Approach and Landing (ASEL, AMEL)........................................................................30
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G. Confined Area Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb (ASES, AMES)..................................32

H. Confined Area Approach and Landing (ASES, AMES) .................................................................34

I. Glassy Water Takeoff and Climb (ASES, AMES)..........................................................................36

J. Glassy Water Approach and Landing (ASES, AMES)...................................................................37

K. Rough Water Takeoff and Climb (ASES, AMES) ..........................................................................38

L. Rough Water Approach and Landing (ASES, AMES) ...................................................................39

M. Power-Off 180° Accuracy Approach and Landing (ASEL, ASES).................................................40

N. Go-Around/Rejected Landing ........................................................................................................41

V. Performance Maneuvers................................................................................................................42

A. Steep Turns....................................................................................................................................42

B. Steep Spiral (ASEL, ASES) ...........................................................................................................43

C. Chandelles (ASEL, ASES).............................................................................................................44

D. Lazy Eights (ASEL, ASES) ............................................................................................................45

E. Eights on Pylons (ASEL, ASES)....................................................................................................46

VI. Navigation ......................................................................................................................................47

A. Pilotage and Dead Reckoning .......................................................................................................47

B. Navigation Systems and Radar Services.......................................................................................48

C. Diversion ........................................................................................................................................49

D. Lost Procedures .............................................................................................................................50

VII. Slow Flight and Stalls.....................................................................................................................51

A. Maneuvering During Slow Flight ....................................................................................................51

B. Power-Off Stalls .............................................................................................................................52

C. Power-On Stalls .............................................................................................................................53

D. Accelerated Stalls (ASEL)..............................................................................................................55

E. Spin Awareness .............................................................................................................................56

VIII. Emergency Operations ..................................................................................................................57

A. Power Failure at Altitude (Simulated) ............................................................................................57

B. Emergency Descent.......................................................................................................................58

C. Systems and Equipment Malfunctions...........................................................................................59

D. Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear.....................................................................................60

E. Engine Failure During Takeoff Before VMC (Simulated) (AMEL, AMES) .......................................61

F. Engine Failure After Lift-Off (Simulated) (AMEL, AMES) ..............................................................62

G. Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated) (AMEL, AMES) ..........................63

IX. High Altitude Operations ................................................................................................................64

A. Supplemental Oxygen....................................................................................................................64

B. Pressurization ................................................................................................................................65
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IX. Multiengine Operations ..................................................................................................................66

A. Maneuvering with One Engine Inoperative (AMEL, AMES) ..........................................................66

B. VMC Demonstration (AMEL, AMES) ...............................................................................................67

C. Engine Failure During Flight (by reference to instruments) (AMEL, AMES)..................................68

D. Instrument Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated) by Reference to 

Instruments (AMEL, AMES)...........................................................................................................69

XI. Postflight Procedures .....................................................................................................................70

A. Parking and Securing (ASEL, AMEL).............................................................................................70

B. Seaplane Post-Landing Procedures (ASES, AMES) .....................................................................71

APPENDIX 1: FLIGHT SIMULATION.......................................................................................................1-1

Airplane Single-Engine, MultiEngine Land and Sea ..................................................................................1-1

Task vs. Simulation Device Credit ......................................................................................................1-1

Use of Chart........................................................................................................................................1-1

Flight Simulation Device Level............................................................................................................1-2

APPENDIX 2: THE KNOWLEDGE TEST.................................................................................................2-1

Knowledge Test Description ...............................................................................................................2-1

Eligibility Requirements.......................................................................................................................2-1

Knowledge Test Centers ....................................................................................................................2-1

Knowledge Test Registration..............................................................................................................2-1

Test Authorization...............................................................................................................................2-1

Knowledge Test Procedures and Tips................................................................................................2-2

FAA Knowledge Test Question Coding ..............................................................................................2-3

Testing Procedures for Applicants Requesting Special Accommodations.........................................2-3

Cheating or Other Unauthorized Conduct ..........................................................................................2-4

Airman Knowledge Test Report..........................................................................................................2-4

APPENDIX 3: THE PRACTICAL TEST ....................................................................................................3-1

Conduct of the Practical Test..............................................................................................................3-1

Removal of the “Airplane Multiengine VFR Only” Limitation ..............................................................3-1

Removal of the “Limited to Center Thrust” Limitation .........................................................................3-2

Use of FAA-Approved Flight Simulation Training Device (FSTD) ......................................................3-2

Use of Checklists ................................................................................................................................3-3

Use of Distractions..............................................................................................................................3-3

Positive Exchange of Flight Controls ..................................................................................................3-3

Stall and Spin Awareness...................................................................................................................3-3

Possible Outcomes of the Practical Test............................................................................................3-3

Prerequisites for the Test....................................................................................................................3-5

Aircraft and Equipment Required for the Practical Test .....................................................................3-5

Instructor Responsibilities...................................................................................................................3-6

Evaluator Responsibilities...................................................................................................................3-6
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APPENDIX 4: ADDITIONAL RATING TASK TABLES .............................................................................4-1

Addition of an Airplane Single-Engine Land Rating to an existing Commercial Pilot Certificate ...........4-1

Addition of an Airplane Single-Engine Sea Rating to an existing Commercial Pilot Certificate.............4-2

Addition of an Airplane Multiengine Land Rating to an existing Commercial Pilot Certificate ...............4-3

Addition of an Airplane Multiengine Sea Rating to an existing Commercial Pilot Certificate.................4-4

APPENDIX 5: PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST .......................................................................................5-1

Applicant’s Practical Test Checklist....................................................................................................5-1

APPENDIX 6: REFERENCES ..................................................................................................................6-1

APPENDIX 7: ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS ...............................................................................7-1
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INTRODUCTION

Airman Certification Standards Concept

The goal of the airman certification process is to ensure the applicant possesses the knowledge and skill as well 

as the ability to manage the risks of flight in order to act as pilot in command consistent with the privileges of the 

certificate or rating being exercised. In fulfilling its responsibilities for the airman certification process, the Federal 

Aviation Administration (FAA) Flight Standards Service (AFS) plans, develops, and maintains materials related to 

airman certification training and testing. 

Historically, these materials have included several components. The FAA knowledge test measures mastery of 

the aeronautical knowledge areas listed in Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations (14 CFR) part 61. The 

Practical Test Standards (PTS) defined the acceptable parameters of flight proficiency in the Areas of Operation 

listed in 14 CFR part 61. FAA handbooks (FAA H-8083-XX series), computer testing supplements (FAA-CT-8080-

XX series), and other materials provide guidance to applicants, instructors, and evaluators on aeronautical 

knowledge, flight proficiency, and risk management. 

The FAA recognizes that safe operations in today's complex National Airspace System (NAS) require a more 

systematic integration of aeronautical knowledge, flight proficiency standards, and risk management. The FAA 

further recognizes the need to more clearly calibrate knowledge, skills, and risk management according to the 

level of the certificate or rating. To that end, the FAA drew upon the expertise of organizations and individuals 

across the aviation and training community to develop the Airman Certification Standards (ACS). The ACS 

incorporates and supersedes the PTS.

Based on aeronautical knowledge and flight proficiency standards specified in 14 CFR part 61, the ACS 

integrates the knowledge, skills, and risk management abilities necessary for the safe conduct of each Task. In 

keeping with this integrated and systematic approach, the knowledge, skills, and risk management sections of 

each Task stipulate that the applicant must demonstrate understanding of each specific item. The applicant 

demonstrates this understanding by passing the knowledge exam and practical test.

Throughout this process, the FAA expects evaluators to assess the applicant's mastery of the topic in accordance 

with the level of learning (i.e., rote, understanding, application, or correlation) most appropriate for the specified 

Task. For some topics, the evaluator will ask the applicant to describe or explain. For other items, the evaluator 

will assess the applicant's understanding by providing a scenario that requires the applicant to appropriately apply 

and/or correlate knowledge, experience, and information to the circumstances of the given scenario. The flight 

portion of the practical test requires the applicant to demonstrate flight proficiency, operational skill, and risk 

management in accordance with the ACS.

NOTE: As used in this ACS, an evaluator is any person authorized to conduct airman testing (e.g., an FAA 

aviation safety inspector, designated pilot examiner, or other individual authorized to conduct a practical test).

Using the ACS

The ACS consists of Areas of Operation, arranged in a logical sequence, that begin with Preflight Preparation 

and end with Postflight Procedures. Each Area of Operation includes Tasks appropriate to that Area of Operation. 

Each Task begins with an Objective stating what the applicant should know and/or do. The ACS then lists the 

aeronautical knowledge, skills, and risk management elements relevant to the specific Task, along with the 

conditions and standards for acceptable performance. The ACS uses Notes to emphasize special considerations. 

The ACS uses the terms "will" and "must" to convey directive (mandatory) information. The terms "should" and 

"may" denote items that are recommended but not required.

The abbreviation(s) within parentheses immediately following a Task refer to the category and/or class aircraft 

appropriate to that Task. The meaning of each abbreviation is as follows.

ASEL: Airplane – Single-Engine Land

ASES: Airplane – Single-Engine Sea

AMEL: Airplane – Multiengine Land

AMES: Airplane – Multiengine Sea

NOTE: When administering a test based on this ACS, the Tasks appropriate to the class airplane (ASEL, ASES, 

AMEL, or AMES) used for the test must be included in the plan of action. The absence of a class indicates the 

Task is for all classes.
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Each Task in the ACS is coded according to a scheme that includes four elements. For example:

CA.I.C.K1:

CA = Applicable ACS (Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane)

I = Area of Operation (Preflight Preparation)

C = Task (Weather Information);

K1 = Knowledge Task element 1 (Acceptable sources of weather data for flight planning purposes)

Knowledge test questions are mapped to the ACS codes, which replace the previous system of “Learning 

Statement Codes.” Because the airman knowledge test report will list an ACS code that correlates to a specific 

Task Element for a given Area of Operation and Task, remedial instruction and re-testing will be specific, 

targeted, and based on specified learning criteria. Similarly, a Notice of Disapproval for the practical test will use 

the ACS codes to identify the deficient Task element(s).

The applicant must pass the knowledge test before taking the practical test. The practical test is conducted in 

accordance with the ACS that is current as of the date of the test. Further, the applicant must pass the oral 

portion of the practical test before beginning the flight portion. The oral portion of the practical test allows the 

evaluator to determine whether the applicant is sufficiently prepared to advance to the flight portion of the 

practical test. The evaluator must assess the applicant on all Skill elements for each Task included in each Area 

of Operation of the ACS unless otherwise noted. The evaluator must also assess at least one Knowledge element

and one Risk Management element in each Area of Operation, focusing on any task element(s) the applicant 

missed on the knowledge exam. The evaluator administering the practical test has the discretion to combine 

tasks/elements as appropriate to testing scenarios.

The FAA encourages applicants and instructors to use the ACS to measure progress during training, and as a 

reference to ensure the applicant is adequately prepared for the knowledge and practical tests. The FAA will 

revise the ACS as circumstances require.

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SINGLE-ENGINE, MULTIENGINE LAND AND SEA AREAS OF OPERATION

I. Preflight Preparation

Task A. Pilot Qualifications

Reference 14 CFR parts 61, 91, 119; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25

Objective

To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with airman and medical certificates including privileges, limitations, currency, and 

operating as pilot-in-command as a private pilot.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Currency, regulatory compliance, privileges and limitations. CA.I.A.K1

2. Location of airman documents and identification required when exercising 

commercial pilot privileges. 

CA.I.A.K2

3. Inspection of certificate. CA.I.A.K3

4. Pilot logbook/record-keeping. CA.I.A.K4

5. Compensation. CA.I.A.K5

6. Towing. CA.I.A.K6

7. Category and Class. CA.I.A.K7

8. Endorsements. CA.I.A.K8

9. Medical Certificates: class, expiration, privileges, temporary 

disqualifications. 

CA.I.A.K9

10. Drugs, alcohol regulatory restrictions that affect the pilot’s ability to operate 

safely. 

CA.I.A.K10

Skills The applicant demonstrates the ability to apply requirements to act as PIC 

under Visual Flight Rules (VFR) in a scenario given by the evaluator. 

CA.I.A.S1

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. Distinguishing proficiency vs. currency. CA.I.A.R1

2. Setting personal minimums. CA.I.A.R2

3. Maintaining fitness to fly. CA.I.A.R3

4. Flying unfamiliar aircraft. CA.I.A.R4

5. Flying with unfamiliar flight display systems or unfamiliar avionics. CA.I.A.R5
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Task B. Airworthiness Requirements

Reference 14 CFR parts 39, 43, 91; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-25

Objective To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with airworthiness requirements, including aircraft certificates.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. General airworthiness requirements and compliance for airplanes. CA.I.B.K1

a. Certificate location and expiration dates CA.I.B.K1a

b. Required inspections CA.I.B.K1b

c. Inspection requirements CA.I.B.K1c

2. Individuals who can perform maintenance on the aircraft, including A&P 

and IA roles in aircraft maintenance and inspections. 

CA.I.B.K2

3. Pilot-performed preventive maintenance. CA.I.B.K3

4. Equipment requirements for day and night flight including flying with 

inoperative equipment (approved Minimum Equipment List (MEL), Kinds of 

Operation Equipment List (KOEL), required equipment for Visual Flight 

Rules (VFR) and Instrument Flight Rules (IFR) flight, required equipment, 

placards). 

CA.I.B.K4

5. Proving airworthiness (specifics of the aircraft–compliance with 

Airworthiness Directives or applicability of Safety Bulletins). 

CA.I.B.K5

6. Obtaining a special flight permit. CA.I.B.K6

7. Experimental aircraft airworthiness. CA.I.B.K7

8. Equipment malfunctions. CA.I.B.K8

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Locate aircraft airworthiness information. CA.I.B.S1

2. Determine the aircraft is airworthy in a scenario given by the evaluator. CA.I.B.S2

3. Explain conditions where flight can be made with inoperative equipment. CA.I.B.S3

4. Explain requirements for obtaining and flying with a Special Flight Permit. CA.I.B.S4

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. Inoperative equipment. CA.I.B.R1

2. Equipment failure during flight. CA.I.B.R2

3. Discrepancy records or placards. CA.I.B.R3
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Task C. Weather Information

Reference 14 CFR part 91; AC 00-6, AC 00-45, FAA-H-8083-25; AIM

Objective To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with weather information for a flight under VFR.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Acceptable sources of weather data for flight planning purposes. CA.I.C.K1

2. Weather products required for preflight planning and enroute operations. CA.I.C.K2

3. Current and forecast weather for departure, arrival, enroute phases of flight. CA.I.C.K3

4. Meteorology applicable to local, departure, enroute, alternate, and 

destination of VFR flight in Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC) to 

include expected climate and hazardous conditions such as: 

CA.I.C.K4

a. Atmospheric composition and stability CA.I.C.K4a

b. Wind CA.I.C.K4b

c. Temperature CA.I.C.K4c

d. Moisture CA.I.C.K4d

e. Weather system formation, including air masses and fronts CA.I.C.K4e

f. Clouds CA.I.C.K4f

g. Turbulence CA.I.C.K4g

h. Thunderstorms CA.I.C.K4h

i. Wind shear CA.I.C.K4i

j. Icing CA.I.C.K4j

k. Fog CA.I.C.K4k

l. Frost CA.I.C.K4l

5. Enroute weather resources. CA.I.C.K5

6. Cockpit Displays of Digital Weather and Aeronautical Information. CA.I.C.K6

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Use available aviation weather resources to obtain an adequate weather 

briefing. 

CA.I.C.S1

2. Correlate weather information to determine alternate requirements. CA.I.C.S2

3. Correlate available weather information to make a competent go/no-go or 

diversion decision. 

CA.I.C.S3

4. Update/interpret weather in flight. CA.I.C.S4

5. Evaluate environmental conditions using valid and reliable information 

sources to be able to make a competent go/no-go or diversion decision.

CA.I.C.S5

6. Given a scenario where it would be appropriate, divert. CA.I.C.S6

7. Use cockpit displays of digital weather and aeronautical information, as 

applicable.

CA.I.C.S7

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. Factors involved in making a valid go/no-go decision. CA.I.C.R1

2. Dynamic weather affecting flight. CA.I.C.R2

3. Limitations of weather equipment. CA.I.C.R3

4. Limitations of aviation weather reports and forecasts. CA.I.C.R4

5. Limitations of inflight aviation weather resources. CA.I.C.R5

6. Identification of alternate airports along the intended route of flight and 

circumstances that would make diversion prudent.

CA.I.C.R6

7. Identification of weather conditions that may increase or reduce risk for the 

planned flight.

CA.I.C.R7

8. Establishing personal weather minimums based on the parameters of the 

flight (ceilings, visibility, cross-wind component, etc.), and determining when 

existing and/or forecast weather conditions exceed these minimums. 

CA.I.C.R8
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Task D. Cross-Country Flight Planning

Reference 14 CFR part 91; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-25; Navigation Charts; A/FD; AIM; NOTAMs

Objective To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with cross-country flights and VFR flight planning.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Route planning, including consideration of special use airspace. CA.I.D.K1

2. Applying universal coordinated time (UTC) to flight planning. CA.I.D.K2

3. Converting and calculating time relative to time zones and ETA. CA.I.D.K3

4. Calculating time, rate, course, distance, heading, TAS and ground speed, 

course. 

CA.I.D.K4

5. Fuel planning. CA.I.D.K5

6. Altitude selection accounting for terrain and obstacles, glide distance of 

aircraft, hemispherical rules, and effect of wind. 

CA.I.D.K6

7. Conditions conducive to icing. CA.I.D.K7

8. Symbology found on VFR charts. CA.I.D.K8

9. Elements of a VFR flight plan. CA.I.D.K9

10. Procedures for activating a VFR flight plan in controlled and non-controlled 

airspace. 

CA.I.D.K10

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Prepare a cross-country flight plan assigned by the evaluator including a 

risk analysis. 

CA.I.D.S1

2. Transfer knowledge used for one region to another region (given local 

climate, terrain, etc.). 

CA.I.D.S2

3. Update fuel planning/manage fuel. CA.I.D.S3

4. Select appropriate routes, altitudes, and checkpoints. CA.I.D.S4

5. Recalculate fuel reserves based on a scenario provided by the evaluator. CA.I.D.S5

6. Create and file a VFR flight plan. CA.I.D.S6

7. Interpret departure, enroute, arrival route with reference to proper charts. CA.I.D.S7

8. Explain or demonstrate diversion to alternate. CA.I.D.S8

9. Applies pertinent information from A/FD; NOTAMs relative to airport, 

runway and taxiway closures; and other flight publications.

CA.I.D.S9

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. The pilot. CA.I.D.R1

2. The aircraft. CA.I.D.R2

3. The environment. CA.I.D.R3

4. External pressures. CA.I.D.R4

5. Lack of appropriate training when flight is planned in an area different from 

the pilot’s local area, such as in mountains, high density airspace, or 

Alaska. 

CA.I.D.R5

6. Tendency to complete the flight in spite of adverse change in conditions. CA.I.D.R6

7. Appropriate VFR altitudes for the direction of flight. CA.I.D.R7

8. Limitations of ATC services. CA.I.D.R8

9. Conservative fuel reserves. CA.I.D.R9

10. A route overflying significant environmental influences, such mountains, 

and large bodies of water. 

CA.I.D.R10

11. Flight in areas unsuitable for landing or below personal minimums. CA.I.D.R11
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Task E. National Airspace System

Reference 14 CFR parts 71, 91, 93; FAA-H-8083-2; Navigation Charts; AIM

Objective To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with the National Airspace System operating under VFR as a private pilot.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Types of airspace/airspace classes. CA.I.E.K1

2. Charting symbology. CA.I.E.K2

3. Requirements for flying in different classes of airspace. CA.I.E.K3

4. Special use, special flight rules areas, and other airspace areas. CA.I.E.K4

5. Temporary flight restrictions. CA.I.E.K5

6. Aircraft speed limitations in various classes of airspace. CA.I.E.K6

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Determine the requirements for flying in particular classes of airspace. CA.I.E.S1

2. Determine the requirements for flying in special use airspace, and special 

flight rule airspace. 

CA.I.E.S2

3. Properly identify airspace and operate accordingly with regards to 

communication and equipment requirements. 

CA.I.E.S3

4. Applies pertinent operations and requirements to account for special use 

airspace (SUA), temporary flight rules (TFR), and Special Flight Rule Areas 

(SFRA). 

CA.I.E.S4

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. Various classes of airspace. CA.I.E.R1

2. Maintaining VFR at night underneath airspace. CA.I.E.R2

3. Special use airspace. CA.I.E.R3

4. Compliance with or avoidance of specific enroute airspace. CA.I.E.R4
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single-Engine, Multiengine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA 6

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task F. Performance and Limitations

Reference FAA-H-8083-1, FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM

Objective

To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with operating an aircraft safely within the parameters of its performance capabilities 

and limitations.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Elements related to performance and limitations (takeoff and landing, 

crosswind, tailwind and headwind, density altitude, glide performance, 

weight and balance, climb, cruise, descent, powerplant considerations) by 

explaining the use of charts, tables, and data to determine performance. 

CA.I.F.K1

2. Factors affecting performance to include atmospheric conditions, pilot 

technique, aircraft condition, and airport environment. 

CA.I.F.K2

3. Effects of loading on performance. CA.I.F.K3

4. Effects of exceeding weight and balance limits. CA.I.F.K4

5. Effects of weight and balance changes over the course of the flight. CA.I.F.K5

6. Aerodynamics. CA.I.F.K6

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Given scenario, compute weight and balance, including practical 

techniques to resolve out-of-limits calculations. 

CA.I.F.S1

2. Use aircraft manufacturer’s approved performance charts, tables, and data. CA.I.F.S2

3. Evaluate takeoff and landing performance based on the values calculated. CA.I.F.S3

4. Evaluate environmental conditions. CA.I.F.S4

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. Performance charts. CA.I.F.R1

2. Limitations. CA.I.F.R2

3. Variations in flight performance resulting from weight and balance changes 

during flight. 

CA.I.F.R3

4. Published aircraft performance data as it relates to expected performance. CA.I.F.R4
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single Engine, Multi Engine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

7 FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task G. Operation of Systems

Reference FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM

Objective To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with the safe operation of systems on the airplane provided for the flight test.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Major components of the systems: CA.I.G.K1

a. Primary flight controls and trim CA.I.G.K1a

b. Flaps, leading edge devices, and spoilers CA.I.G.K1b

c. Powerplant and propeller (basic engine knowledge) CA.I.G.K1c

d. Landing gear CA.I.G.K1d

e. Fuel, oil, and hydraulic CA.I.G.K1e

f. Electrical CA.I.G.K1f

g. Avionics CA.I.G.K1g

h. Pitot-static, vacuum/pressure and associated flight instruments CA.I.G.K1h

i. Environmental CA.I.G.K1i

j. Deicing and anti-icing CA.I.G.K1j

k. Water rudders (ASES, AMES) CA.I.G.K1k

2. Normal operation of systems. CA.I.G.K2

3. Common mistakes made by pilots (operator error). CA.I.G.K3

4. Abnormal operation of systems (recognition of system 

failures/malfunctions).

CA.I.G.K4

5. Systems interaction. CA.I.G.K5

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Explain operation of systems/operate systems. CA.I.G.S1

2. Use checklist procedures. CA.I.G.S2

3. Use immediate action items during emergency operations, as applicable. CA.I.G.S3

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. Handling a failure properly. CA.I.G.R1

2. Troubleshooting system failures/malfunctions. CA.I.G.R2

3. Pilot error, including improperly operating the system that creates failure or 

problem. 

CA.I.G.R3

4. Determining and/or declaring an emergency. CA.I.G.R4

5. Identifying system failures and recognizing problems as they develop. CA.I.G.R5

6. Outside/environmental factors affecting the systems, including improper 

fueling, carburetor ice, extremely cold temperatures, vapor lock. 

CA.I.G.R6
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single-Engine, Multiengine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA 8

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task H. Human Factors

Reference FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-25; AIM

Objective

To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with personal health, flight physiology and human factors, as it relates to safety of 

flight.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. The symptoms, recognition, causes, effects, and corrective actions 

associated with: 

CA.I.H.K1

a. hypoxia CA.I.H.K1a

b. hyperventilation CA.I.H.K1b

c. middle ear and sinus problems CA.I.H.K1c

d. spatial disorientation CA.I.H.K1d

e. motion sickness CA.I.H.K1e

f. carbon monoxide poisoning CA.I.H.K1f

g. stress and fatigue CA.I.H.K1g

h. dehydration and nutrition CA.I.H.K1h

i. hypothermia CA.I.H.K1i

2. The effects of alcohol, drugs, and over-the-counter medications, and 

associated regulations. 

CA.I.H.K2

3. The effects of dissolved nitrogen in the bloodstream following scuba dives 

upon a pilot or passenger in flight. 

CA.I.H.K3

4. Aeronautical decision-making as affected by hazardous attitudes. CA.I.H.K4

5. Vision (including optical illusion, environmental impacts, day/night, haze, 

sloping runways). 

CA.I.H.K5

6. Collision avoidance, scanning, obstacle and wire strike avoidance). CA.I.H.K6

7. Human factors: vestibular illusions, spatial disorientation, especially 

involving distractions, and interaction with charts and avionics equipment. 

CA.I.H.K7

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Perform self-assessment including whether the pilot is fit for flight. CA.I.H.S1

2. Show sound decision-making and judgment (based on reality of 

circumstances). 

CA.I.H.S2

3. Perform Safety Risk Management (SRM) tasks: Aeronautical Decision 

Making (ADM), risk management, automation management, task 

management, situational awareness, and avoidance of Controlled Flight 

into Terrain (CFIT). 

CA.I.H.S3

4. Account for environmental impacts/visual cues at the airport, as well as at 

one airport vs. a different airport. 

CA.I.H.S4

5. Establish personal limitations. CA.I.H.S5

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. Impact of environmental factors on medication’s physiological effects. CA.I.H.R1

2. Personal risk factors and the conflict between being goal oriented and 

adhering to personal limitations. 

CA.I.H.R2

3. Optical illusions, including awareness of, ability to anticipate, and limiting 

their effects. 

CA.I.H.R3

4. Circumstances of the flight (day/night, hot/cold) that affect the pilot’s 

physiology. 

CA.I.H.R4

5. Inadvertent continued VFR flight into Instrument Meteorological Conditions 

(IMC).

CA.I.H.R5

6. Hazardous attitudes. CA.I.H.R6
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single Engine, Multi Engine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

9 FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task I. Water and Seaplane Characteristics, Seaplane Bases, Maritime Rules, and Aids to 

Marine Navigation (ASES, AMES)

Reference FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-23; AIM; USCG Navigation Rules, International-Inland; POH/AFM; 

A/FD

Objective

To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with water and seaplane characteristics, seaplane bases, maritime rules, and aids to 

marine navigation.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. The characteristics of a water surface as affected by features, such as: CA.I.I.K1

a. size and location CA.I.I.K1a

b. protected and unprotected areas CA.I.I.K1b

c. surface wind CA.I.I.K1c

d. direction and strength of water current CA.I.I.K1d

e. floating and partially submerged debris CA.I.I.K1e

f. sandbars, islands, and shoals CA.I.I.K1f

g. vessel traffic and wakes CA.I.I.K1g

h. other features peculiar to the area CA.I.I.K1h

2. Float and hull construction, and their effect on seaplane performance. CA.I.I.K2

3. Causes of porpoising and skipping, and the pilot action required to prevent 

or correct these occurrences. 

CA.I.I.K3

4. How to locate and identify seaplane bases on charts or in directories. CA.I.I.K4

5. Operating restrictions at various bases. CA.I.I.K5

6. Right-of-way, steering, and sailing rules pertinent to seaplane operation. CA.I.I.K6

7. Marine navigation aids, such as buoys, beacons, lights, and sound signals. CA.I.I.K7

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Assess the water surface characteristics for the proposed flight. CA.I.I.S1

2. Locate and identify seaplane bases for the region. CA.I.I.S2

3. Identify restrictions at local bases. CA.I.I.S3

4. Perform correct right-of-way, steering, and sailing operations. CA.I.I.S4

5. Identify marine navigation aids in the local region. CA.I.I.S5

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. Local conditions. CA.I.I.R1

2. Impact of marine traffic. CA.I.I.R2
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single-Engine, Multiengine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA 10

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task J. Principles of Flight – Engine Inoperative (AMEL, AMES)

Reference FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; FAA-P-8740-19, POH/AFM

Objective To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with the elements related to engine inoperative principles of flight.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. The “critical engine.” CA.I.J.K1

2. The effects of density altitude on the VMC demonstration. CA.I.J.K2

3. The effects of airplane weight and center of gravity (CG) on control. CA.I.J.K3

4. Relationship of VMC to stall speed. CA.I.J.K4

5. Reasons for loss of directional control. CA.I.J.K5

6. Indications of loss of directional control. CA.I.J.K6

7. Importance of maintaining the proper pitch and bank attitude, and the 

proper coordination of controls. 

CA.I.J.K7

8. Loss of directional control recovery procedure. CA.I.J.K8

9. Engine failure during takeoff including planning, decisions, and singleengine operations. CA.I.J.K9

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Properly plan for engine failure during takeoff, climb, enroute, on approach 

and immediately before landing. 

CA.I.J.S1

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. Single-engine operations. CA.I.J.R1
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single Engine, Multi Engine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

11 FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

II. Preflight Procedures

Task A. Preflight Assessment

Reference FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23; POH/AFM

Objective

To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with preparing for safe flight accounting for pilot, aircraft, environment, and external 

factors.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Pilot self-assessment. CA.II.A.K1

2. The process to determine if the aircraft is appropriate for the mission by 

considering load, range, equipment and aircraft capability. 

CA.II.A.K2

3. Aircraft preflight inspection including which items must be inspected, the 

reasons for checking each item, and how to detect possible defects, and 

the associated regulations. 

CA.II.A.K3

4. Environmental factors including weather and flight plan (terrain, route 

selection, and obstructions). 

CA.II.A.K4

5. External pressures. CA.II.A.K5

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Make proper use of the checklists, and systematically identify and manage 

pilot-related risks and personal minimums associated with the flight. 

CA.II.A.S1

2. Inspect the airplane with reference to an appropriate checklist. CA.II.A.S2

3. Verify the airplane is airworthy and in condition for safe flight. CA.II.A.S3

4. Assess the factors related to the environment (weather, airports, terrain, 

and airspace). 

CA.II.A.S4

5. Given the requirements of the flight (load, distance, altitude, time 

constraints) determine if the aircraft is capable of making the flight. 

CA.II.A.S5

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. Environmental factors. CA.II.A.R1

2. External pressures. CA.II.A.R2

3. Pilot-related factors. CA.II.A.R3

4. Aircraft-related factors. CA.II.A.R4

5. Aviation security concerns. CA.II.A.R5
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single-Engine, Multiengine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA 12

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task B. Cockpit Management

Reference FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3; AC 91-21.1; POH/AFM.

Objective To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with safe cockpit management practices.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Pilot and passenger restraint and safety system rules and operational 

considerations. 

CA.II.B.K1

2. Oxygen use regulations, system operational guidelines, and system 

checks, if applicable. 

CA.II.B.K2

3. Passenger briefing requirements and appropriate information. CA.II.B.K3

4. PIC responsibility to have available material for the flight as planned. CA.II.B.K4

5. Purpose of a checklist. CA.II.B.K5

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Ensure all loose items in the cockpit and cabin are secured. CA.II.B.S1

2. Organize, access, and determine suitability of material, equipment, and 

technology in an efficient manner. 

CA.II.B.S2

3. Brief occupants on the use of safety belts, shoulder harnesses, doors, 

sterile cockpit, flight control freedom of movement, and emergency 

procedures. 

CA.II.B.S3

4. Properly program the navigational equipment available to the pilot on that 

particular aircraft. 

CA.II.B.S4

5. Brief and execute positive exchange of flight controls and PIC 

responsibility. 

CA.II.B.S5

6. Identify who is PIC. CA.II.B.S6

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. Positive exchange of the flight controls. CA.II.B.R1

2. Use of portable electronic devices. CA.II.B.R2

3. Ensuring technology is an asset and not a distraction. CA.II.B.R3

4. Recognizing when technology is not appropriate. CA.II.B.R4

5. The impact of reported discrepancies. CA.II.B.R5

6. Passenger behavior that could negatively affect safety. CA.II.B.R6
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single Engine, Multi Engine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

13 FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task C. Engine Starting

Reference FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; AC 91-13, AC 91-55; POH/AFM

Objective To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with recommended engine starting procedures including proper airplane positioning.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Options for starting with a weak or depleted battery. CA.II.C.K1

2. Starting under various atmospheric conditions. CA.II.C.K2

3. Starting procedures for carbureted, fuel injected, diesel, Full Authority 

Digital Engine Control (FADEC), or turbine engines, as applicable.

CA.II.C.K3

4. Equipment limitations (starter cycles). CA.II.C.K4

5. Proper positioning of the airplane. CA.II.C.K5

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Position the airplane properly considering structures, other aircraft, and the 

safety of nearby persons and property. 

CA.II.C.S1

2. Utilize the checklist as appropriate during engine start. CA.II.C.S2

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. Propeller safety and awareness to include passenger briefing. CA.II.C.R1

2. Hand propping safety. CA.II.C.R2

3. Abnormal start. CA.II.C.R3

4. Hot and cold weather operation. CA.II.C.R4

5. Electrical system failure following aircraft engine starts. CA.II.C.R5

6. Engine fires related to over-priming/cold weather starting. CA.II.C.R6
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single-Engine, Multiengine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA 14

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task D. Taxiing (ASEL, AMEL)

Reference FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25 (Appendix 1); POH/AFM; AC 91-73, AC 

150/5340-18; A/FD

Objective To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with safe taxi operations, including runway incursion avoidance.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Positioning aircraft controls for wind. CA.II.D.K1

2. Airport markings (including hold short lines), signs, and lights. CA.II.D.K2

3. Aircraft lighting. CA.II.D.K3

4. Towered and non-towered airport operations. CA.II.D.K4

5. Visual indicators for wind. CA.II.D.K5

6. Airport information resources (A/FD, airport diagram). CA.II.D.K6

7. Good cockpit discipline during taxi, including maintaining a sterile cockpit, 

proper speed, separation between other aircraft and vehicles, and 

communication procedures. 

CA.II.D.K7

8. Procedures for appropriate cockpit activities during taxiing including taxi 

route planning, briefing the location of HOT SPOTS, communicating and 

coordinating with ATC. 

CA.II.D.K8

9. Rules for entering or crossing runways. CA.II.D.K9

10. Procedures unique to night operations. CA.II.D.K10

11. Hazards of low visibility operations. CA.II.D.K11

12. Proper engine management including leaning, per manufacturer’s 

recommendations.

CA.II.D.K12

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Perform a brake check immediately after the airplane begins moving. CA.II.D.S1

2. Position the flight controls properly for the existing wind conditions. CA.II.D.S2

3. Control direction and speed without excessive use of brakes. CA.II.D.S3

4. Exhibit procedures for steering, maneuvering, maintaining taxiway/runway 

alignment, and situational awareness to avoid runway incursions. 

CA.II.D.S4

5. Exhibit proper positioning of the aircraft relative to hold lines. CA.II.D.S5

6. Exhibit procedures to ensure clearances/instructions are received, 

recorded, and read back correctly. 

CA.II.D.S6

7. Exhibit situational awareness and taxi procedures in the event the aircraft is 

on a taxiway that is between parallel runways. 

CA.II.D.S7

8. Use an airport diagram or taxi chart during taxi. CA.II.D.S8

9. Comply with airport/taxiway markings, signals, ATC clearances and 

instructions. 

CA.II.D.S9

10. Eliminate pilot distractions to avoid other aircraft or vehicles and hazards. CA.II.D.S10

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. Distractions during aircraft taxi. CA.II.D.R1

2. Proper workload management. CA.II.D.R2

3. Confirmation or expectation bias as related to taxi instructions. CA.II.D.R3

4. Taxi instructions/clearances. CA.II.D.R4

5. Resource management. CA.II.D.R5
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single Engine, Multi Engine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

15 FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task E. Taxiing and Sailing (ASES, AMES)

Reference FAA-H-8083-2; FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; POH/AFM; AC 91-73, AC 150/5340-18; A/FD

Objective To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with safe taxiing and sailing operations, including runway incursion avoidance.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Positioning aircraft controls for wind, water and sailing procedures, 

including the use of flaps, doors, water rudder, and power so as to follow 

the desired course while sailing. 

CA.II.E.K1

2. Airport markings (including hold short lines), signs, and lights. CA.II.E.K2

3. Aircraft lighting. CA.II.E.K3

4. Towered and non-towered airport operations. CA.II.E.K4

5. Visual indicators for wind. CA.II.E.K5

6. Airport information resources (A/FD, airport diagram). CA.II.E.K6

7. Good cockpit discipline during taxi and sailing, including maintaining a 

sterile cockpit, proper speed, separation between other aircraft and 

vehicles, communication procedures. 

CA.II.E.K7

8. Procedures for appropriate cockpit activities during taxiing and sailing 

including taxi route planning, briefing the location of HOT SPOTS, 

communicating and coordinating with ATC. 

CA.II.E.K8

9. Rules for entering or crossing runways. CA.II.E.K9

10. Procedures unique to night operations. CA.II.E.K10

11. Hazards of low visibility operations, other aircraft and vessels. CA.II.E.K11

12. Proper engine management including leaning, per manufacturer’s 

recommendations.

CA.II.E.K12

13. Requesting progressive taxi instructions if there is any doubt on 

understanding or ability to comply with a taxi clearance. 

CA.II.E.K13

14. Proper technique for the conditions, including idle, plow or step taxi, 

preventing and correcting for porpoising and skipping. 

CA.II.E.K14

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Perform a brake check immediately after the airplane begins moving. CA.II.E.S1

2. Position the flight controls, flaps, doors, water rudder, and power correctly 

for the existing wind, water and sailing conditions and to prevent and 

correct for porpoising and skipping. 

CA.II.E.S2

3. Uses the appropriate idle, plow, or step taxi technique. CA.II.E.S3

4. Exhibit procedures for steering, maneuvering, maintaining taxiway, runway 

position, and situational awareness to avoid runway incursions. 

CA.II.E.S4

5. Plan and follows the most favorable course while taxiing or sailing, 

considering wind, water current, water conditions, and maritime regulations, 

as appropriate. 

CA.II.E.S5

6. Exhibit procedures to ensure clearances/instructions are received, 

recorded, and read back correctly. 

CA.II.E.S6

7. Exhibit situational awareness and taxi procedures in the event the aircraft is 

on a taxiway that is between parallel runways. 

CA.II.E.S7

8. Uses an Airport Diagram during taxi. CA.II.E.S8

9. Comply with airport/taxiway markings, signals, ATC clearances and 

instructions. 

CA.II.E.S9

10. Utilize procedures for eliminating pilot distractions to avoid other aircraft or 

vehicles and hazards. 

CA.II.E.S10

Task continued on next page.
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single-Engine, Multiengine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA 16

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task E. Taxiing and Sailing (ASES, AMES)

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. Distractions during aircraft taxi. CA.II.E.R1

2. Proper workload management. CA.II.E.R2

3. Confirmation or expectation bias as related to taxi instructions. CA.II.E.R3

4. Recording taxi instructions/clearances. CA.II.E.R4

5. Resource management. CA.II.E.R5

6. Porpoising and skipping. CA.II.E.R6

7. Avoiding other aircraft, vessels, and hazards while on the water. CA.II.E.R7
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single Engine, Multi Engine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

17 FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task F. Before Takeoff Check

Reference FAAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23; POH/AFM

Objective

To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with the before takeoff check, including the reasons for checking each item, detecting 

malfunctions, and ensuring the airplane is in safe operating condition as recommended by the 

manufacturer.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Purpose of the runup. CA.II.F.K1

2. Aircraft performance given expected conditions. CA.II.F.K2

3. Purpose of a checklist. CA.II.F.K3

4. Wake turbulence avoidance. CA.II.F.K4

5. Emergency locator transmitter (ELT). CA.II.F.K5

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Position the airplane properly considering other aircraft, vessels, and wind. CA.II.F.S1

2. Divide attention between inside and outside the cockpit. CA.II.F.S2

3. Ensure that powerplant and instrumentation are suitable for runup and 

takeoff. 

CA.II.F.S3

4. Accomplish the before takeoff checklist and departure briefing. CA.II.F.S4

5. Review takeoff performance, such as airspeeds, takeoff distance, 

departure, and emergency procedures.

CA.II.F.S5

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. Division of attention and scanning. CA.II.F.R1

2. Different than expected runway. CA.II.F.R2

3. Positive exchange of flight controls. CA.II.F.R3

4. Wake turbulence and vessel avoidance. CA.II.F.R4

5. Automation management. CA.II.F.R5
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single-Engine, Multiengine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA 18

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

III. Airport and Seaplane Base Operations

Task A. Communications and Light Gun Signals

Reference 14 CFR part 91; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-25; AIM

Objective

To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with normal and emergency radio communications and ATC light signals to conduct 

radio communications safely while operating the aircraft.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. How to obtain proper radio frequencies. CA.III.A.K1

2. Standard communication procedures and ATC standard phraseology. CA.III.A.K2

3. ATC light signal recognition. CA.III.A.K3

4. Communication procedures. CA.III.A.K4

5. Transponders. CA.III.A.K5

6. Radar assistance. CA.III.A.K6

7. Lost communication procedures. CA.III.A.K7

8. Use of automated weather and airport information. CA.III.A.K8

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Select appropriate frequencies. CA.III.A.S1

2. Transmit using standard phraseology and procedures. CA.III.A.S2

3. Acknowledge radio communications and comply with instructions. CA.III.A.S3

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. Human factors associated with communication. CA.III.A.R1

2. Human factors associated with declaring an emergency. CA.III.A.R2

3. Equipment issues that could cause loss of communication. CA.III.A.R3

4. Automation management. CA.III.A.R4

5. Single pilot and/or crew resource management. CA.III.A.R5
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single Engine, Multi Engine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

19 FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task B. Traffic Patterns

Reference FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23, FAA-H-8083-25; AC 90-66; AIM

Objective To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with safe operations in and around the airport traffic patterns.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Towered and non-towered airport operations and runway selection. CA.III.B.K1

2. Airport markings, lighting, wind indicators. CA.III.B.K2

3. Collision avoidance. CA.III.B.K3

4. Right-of-way rules. CA.III.B.K4

5. Wake turbulence recognition and resolution. CA.III.B.K5

6. Wind shear avoidance. CA.III.B.K6

7. Runway incursion avoidance. CA.III.B.K7

8. Use of automated weather and airport information. CA.III.B.K8

9. Use of radio for proper communications. CA.III.B.K9

10. Parachuting operations. CA.III.B.K10

11. Approach and landing considerations for different types of aircraft. CA.III.B.K11

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Properly identify and interpret airport/seaplane base runways, taxiways, 

markings, and lighting. 

CA.III.B.S1

2. Comply with proper traffic pattern procedures. CA.III.B.S2

3. Maintain proper spacing from other aircraft. CA.III.B.S3

4. Correct for wind drift to maintain the proper ground track. CA.III.B.S4

5. Maintain orientation with the runway/landing area in use. CA.III.B.S5

6. Maintain traffic pattern altitude, ±100 feet, and the appropriate airspeed, 

±10 knots. 

CA.III.B.S6

7. Maintain an awareness of the position of other aircraft in the pattern. CA.III.B.S7

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. Collision avoidance. CA.III.B.R1

2. Scanning. CA.III.B.R2

3. Wake turbulence. CA.III.B.R3

4. Situational awareness. CA.III.B.R4

5. Aircraft separation. CA.III.B.R5

6. Operating considerations of various aircraft types. CA.III.B.R6

7. Go-around or rejected takeoff, if appropriate. CA.III.B.R7
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single-Engine, Multiengine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA 20

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

IV. Takeoffs, Landings, and Go-Arounds

Task A. Normal Takeoff and Climb

Reference FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23; POH/AFM

Objective

To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with a normal takeoff, climb operations, and rejected takeoff procedures.

NOTE: If a crosswind condition does not exist, the applicant’s knowledge of crosswind elements 

shall be evaluated through oral testing.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Takeoff distance. CA.IV.A.K1

2. Takeoff power. CA.IV.A.K2

3. Atmospheric conditions. CA.IV.A.K3

4. Minimum safe altitude. CA.IV.A.K4

5. Headwind, tailwind, crosswind component. CA.IV.A.K5

6. Application of VX or VY and variations with altitude. CA.IV.A.K6

7. Emergency procedures during takeoff and climb. CA.IV.A.K7

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Verify ATC clearance and no aircraft is on final before crossing the Hold 

Line. 

CA.IV.A.S1

2. Verify aircraft is on the assigned/correct runway. CA.IV.A.S2

3. Ascertain wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators. CA.IV.A.S3

4. Determining if crosswind component exceeds pilot ability or is beyond 

aircraft manufacture limitations. 

CA.IV.A.S4

5. Position the flight controls for the existing wind conditions. CA.IV.A.S5

6. Clear the area; taxi into the takeoff position and align the airplane on the 

runway center/takeoff path. 

CA.IV.A.S6

7. Confirm takeoff power, and proper engine and flight instrument indications 

prior to rotation. (ASEL, AMEL); Retracts the water rudders, as appropriate, 

confirm takeoff power, and proper engine instrument indications prior to 

rotation, establishes and maintains the most efficient planning/lift-off 

attitude, and corrects for porpoising and skipping (ASES, AMES). 

CA.IV.A.S7

8. Rotate and lift off at the recommended airspeed and accelerates to VY (or 

other speeds as appropriate for transport aircraft). 

CA.IV.A.S8

9. Establish a pitch attitude that will maintain VY ±5 knots (or other speeds as 

appropriate for transport aircraft). 

CA.IV.A.S9

10. Retract the landing gear and flaps in accordance with manufacturer’s 

guidance or good operating practice. 

CA.IV.A.S10

11. Maintain takeoff power and VY ±5 knots to a safe maneuvering altitude. CA.IV.A.S11

12. Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout the 

takeoff and climb. 

CA.IV.A.S12

13. Comply with noise abatement and published departure procedures. CA.IV.A.S13

14. Complete the appropriate checklist. CA.IV.A.S14

15. Comply with manufacturer’s recommended emergency procedures relating

to the takeoff sequence. 

CA.IV.A.S15

Task continued on next page.
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single Engine, Multi Engine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

21 FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task A. Normal Takeoff and Climb

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. Selection of runway based on wind, pilot capability, and aircraft limitations CA.IV.A.R1

2. Determining if crosswind component exceeds pilot ability or aircraft 

capability. 

CA.IV.A.R2

3. Windshear. CA.IV.A.R3

4. Tailwind. CA.IV.A.R4

5. Wake turbulence. CA.IV.A.R5

6. Go/no go decision making. CA.IV.A.R6

7. Task management. CA.IV.A.R7

8. Low-altitude maneuvering. CA.IV.A.R8

9. Wire strikes. CA.IV.A.R9

10. Situational awareness of obstacles on departure path. CA.IV.A.R10

11. Recognition of need for rejected takeoff and predetermines takeoff abort 

point. 

CA.IV.A.R11

12. Handling engine failure during takeoff and climb. CA.IV.A.R12

13. Criticality of takeoff distance available. CA.IV.A.R13

14. Plans for engine failure after takeoff. CA.IV.A.R14

15. Sterile cockpit environment. CA.IV.A.R15
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single-Engine, Multiengine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA 22

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task B. Normal Approach and Landing

Reference FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23; POH/AFM

Objective

To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with a normal approach and landing with emphasis on proper use and coordination of 

flight controls.

NOTE: If a crosswind condition does not exist, the applicant’s knowledge of crosswind elements 

shall be evaluated through oral testing.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Available landing distance. CA.IV.B.K1

2. Stabilized approach. CA.IV.B.K2

3. Energy management. CA.IV.B.K3

4. Atmospheric conditions. CA.IV.B.K4

5. Headwind, tailwind, crosswind component. CA.IV.B.K5

6. Emergency procedures during approach and landing. CA.IV.B.K6

7. Land and hold short operations (LAHSO) or option to refuse LAHSO 

restriction.

CA.IV.B.K7

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Ensure the aircraft is on the correct/assigned runway. CA.IV.B.S1

2. Scan the landing runway/areas and adjoining areas for possible wildlife, 

vehicular or other aircraft to avoid collision. 

CA.IV.B.S2

3. Complete the appropriate checklist. CA.IV.B.S3

4. Consider the wind conditions, landing surface, obstructions, and selects a 

suitable touchdown point prior to the 1000 foot distance markers (if 

available), or within the first 1/3 of the runway length. 

CA.IV.B.S4

5. Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration and 

airspeed, and adjusts pitch attitude and power as required. 

CA.IV.B.S5

6. Maintain a stabilized approach and recommended airspeed, or in its 

absence, not more than 1.3 VSO, with wind gust factor applied +10/-5 knots, 

or as recommended for the aircraft type and gust velocity. 

CA.IV.B.S6

7. Make smooth, timely, and correct control application during the round out 

and touchdown (ASEL, AMEL); Make smooth, timely, and correct control 

application during the round out and touchdown to contact the water at the 

proper pitch attitude (ASES, AMES). 

CA.IV.B.S7

8. Touch down smoothly at a speed that provides little or no aerodynamic lift. CA.IV.B.S8

9. In Part 23 aircraft, touch down within the available runway, within 200 feet 

beyond a specified point with no drift, and with the airplane’s longitudinal 

axis aligned with and over the runway centerline. 

CA.IV.B.S9

10. Maintain crosswind correction and directional control throughout the 

approach and landing sequence. 

CA.IV.B.S10

11. Execute a timely go-around decision when the approach cannot be made 

within the tolerances specified above or for any other condition that that 

may result in an unsafe approach or landing. 

CA.IV.B.S11

12. Utilize after landing runway incursion avoidance procedures. CA.IV.B.S12

Task continued on next page.
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single Engine, Multi Engine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

23 FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task B. Normal Approach and Landing

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. Selection of runway based on wind, pilot capability and aircraft limitations—

including possible necessity of selecting a runway at a different airport. 

CA.IV.B.R1

2. Determining whether crosswind component exceeds pilot ability or is 

beyond aircraft manufacturer limitations. 

CA.IV.B.R2

3. Windshear. CA.IV.B.R3

4. Tailwind. CA.IV.B.R4

5. Wake turbulence. CA.IV.B.R5

6. Task management. CA.IV.B.R6

7. Low altitude maneuvering. CA.IV.B.R7

8. Wire strikes. CA.IV.B.R8

9. Collision avoidance. CA.IV.B.R9

10. Right-of-way. CA.IV.B.R10

11. Situational awareness of obstacles on approach and departure paths. CA.IV.B.R11

12. Recognition of need for go-around/rejected landing. CA.IV.B.R12

13. Stall/spin awareness. CA.IV.B.R13

14. Land and hold short operations. CA.IV.B.R14

15. Sterile cockpit. CA.IV.B.R15
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single-Engine, Multiengine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA 24

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task C. Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb (ASEL)

Reference FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3; POH/AFM

Objective To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with a soft-field takeoff, climb operations, and rejected takeoff procedures.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Importance of weight transfer from wheels to wings. CA.IV.C.K1

2. Awareness of additional turning-factor induced turning tendencies. CA.IV.C.K2

3. Effects of aircraft configuration. CA.IV.C.K3

4. Effects of runway surface. CA.IV.C.K4

5. Takeoff distance. CA.IV.C.K5

6. Takeoff power. CA.IV.C.K6

7. Wind conditions and effects. CA.IV.C.K7

8. Density altitude. CA.IV.C.K8

9. Headwind, tailwind, crosswind component. CA.IV.C.K9

10. Application of VX or VY. CA.IV.C.K10

11. Emergency procedures during takeoff and climb. CA.IV.C.K11

12. Hazards of other than hard surfaced runway. CA.IV.C.K12

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Verify ATC clearance and no aircraft is on final before crossing the Hold 

Line. 

CA.IV.S.S1

2. Ensure the aircraft is properly configured. CA.IV.C.S2

3. Ensure the aircraft is on the correct takeoff runway. CA.IV.C.S3

4. Ascertain wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators. CA.IV.C.S4

5. Calculate the crosswind component and determine if it is above his or her 

ability or that of the aircraft’s capability. 

CA.IV.C.S5

6. Position the flight controls for the existing wind conditions. CA.IV.C.S6

7. Clear the area; taxi into the takeoff position and align the airplane on the 

runway center without stopping while advancing the throttle smoothly to 

takeoff power. 

CA.IV.C.S7

8. Confirm takeoff power, and proper engine and flight instrument indications 

prior to rotation. 

CA.IV.C.S8

9. Establish and maintain a pitch attitude that will transfer the weight of the 

airplane from the wheels to the wings as rapidly as possible. 

CA.IV.C.S9

10. Lift off at the lowest possible airspeed consistent with safety and remains in 

ground effect while accelerating to VX or VY, as appropriate. 

CA.IV.C.S10

11. Establish a pitch attitude for VX or VY, as appropriate, and maintain selected 

airspeed ±5 knots during the climb. 

CA.IV.C.S11

12. Retract landing gear and flaps after a positive rate of climb has been 

verified or in accordance with aircraft manufacturer’s guidance. 

CA.IV.C.S12

13. Maintain takeoff power and VX or VY ±5 knots to a safe maneuvering 

altitude. 

CA.IV.C.S13

14. Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout the 

takeoff and climb. 

CA.IV.C.S14

15. Comply with noise abatement and published departure procedures. CA.IV.C.S15

16. Complete the appropriate checklist. CA.IV.C.S16

17. Comply with manufacturer’s recommended emergency procedures relating 

to the takeoff sequence. 

CA.IV.C.S17

Task continued on next page.
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single Engine, Multi Engine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

25 FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task C. Soft-Field Takeoff and Climb (ASEL)

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. Selection of runway based on wind, pilot capability, and aircraft limitations. CA.IV.C.R1

2. Determining whether crosswind component exceeds pilot ability or is 

beyond aircraft manufacturer limitations. 

CA.IV.C.R2

3. Operating from other than hard-surfaced runway. CA.IV.C.R3

4. Windshear. CA.IV.C.R4

5. Tailwind. CA.IV.C.R5

6. Wake turbulence. CA.IV.C.R6

7. Go/no go decision making. CA.IV.C.R7

8. Task management. CA.IV.C.R8

9. Low-altitude maneuvering. CA.IV.C.R9

10. Wire strikes. CA.IV.C.R10

11. Minimum safe altitude for climb. CA.IV.C.R11

12. Situational awareness of obstacles on departure path. CA.IV.C.R12

13. Possible need for rejected takeoff and identification of takeoff abort point. CA.IV.C.R13

14. Handling engine failure during takeoff and climb. CA.IV.C.R14

15. Determining when a soft-field takeoff technique is required. CA.IV.C.R15

16. Takeoff distance available. CA.IV.C.R16

17. Engine failure after takeoff. CA.IV.C.R17

18. Sterile cockpit. CA.IV.C.R18
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single-Engine, Multiengine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA 26

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task D. Soft-Field Approach and Landing (ASEL)

Reference FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3; POH/AFM

Objective

To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with a soft-field approach and landing with emphasis on proper use and coordination 

of flight controls.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Landing distance. CA.IV.D.K1

2. Hazards of other than hard surfaced runway. CA.IV.D.K2

3. Stabilized approach. CA.IV.D.K3

4. Energy management. CA.IV.D.K4

5. Wind conditions and effects. CA.IV.D.K5

6. Density altitude. CA.IV.D.K6

7. Headwind, tailwind, crosswind component. CA.IV.D.K7

8. Emergency procedures during approach and landing. CA.IV.D.K8

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Ensure the aircraft is on the correct/assigned runway. CA.IV.D.S1

2. Scan the landing runway and adjoining areas for possible wildlife, vehicular 

or other aircraft to avoid collision. 

CA.IV.D.S2

3. Complete the appropriate checklist. CA.IV.D.S3

4. Consider the wind conditions, landing surface, obstructions, and selects a 

suitable touchdown point. 

CA.IV.D.S4

5. Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration and 

airspeed, and adjusts pitch attitude and power as required. 

CA.IV.D.S5

6. Maintain a stabilized approach and recommended airspeed, or in its 

absence, not more than 1.3 VSO, with wind gust factor applied, ±5knots. 

CA.IV.D.S6

7. Make smooth, timely, and correct control application during the round out 

and touchdown and, for tricycle gear airplanes, keep the nose wheel off the 

surface until loss of elevator effectiveness. 

CA.IV.D.S7

8. Touch down softly with minimum sink rate and no drift, with the airplane’s 

longitudinal axis aligned in the runway center. 

CA.IV.D.S8

9. Maintain full up elevator during rollout and exit the “soft” area at a speed 

that would preclude sinking into the surface.

CA.IV.D.S9

10. Maintain crosswind correction and directional control throughout the 

approach and landing sequence.

CA.IV.D.S10

11. Execute a timely go-around decision when the approach cannot be made 

within the tolerances specified above or for any other condition that that 

may result in an unsafe approach or landing. 

CA.IV.D.S11

12. Maintain proper position of the flight controls and sufficient speed to taxi on 

the soft surface. 

CA.IV.D.S12

Task continued on next page.
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single Engine, Multi Engine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

27 FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task D. Soft-Field Approach and Landing (ASEL)

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. Selection of runway based on wind, pilot capability and aircraft limitations—

including possible necessity of selecting a runway at a different airport. 

CA.IV.D.R1

2. Determining if crosswind component exceeds pilot ability or is beyond 

aircraft manufacturer limitations. 

CA.IV.D.R2

3. Operating from other than hard-surfaced runway. CA.IV.D.R3

4. Losing elevator control, sinking into the soft surface, or striking the prop if 

moving too slowly.

CA.IV.D.R4

5. Windshear avoidance. CA.IV.D.R5

6. Tailwind. CA.IV.D.R6

7. Wake turbulence. CA.IV.D.R7

8. Task management. CA.IV.D.R8

9. Low-altitude maneuvering. CA.IV.D.R9

10. Wire strikes. CA.IV.D.R10

11. Collision avoidance. CA.IV.D.R11

12. Right-of-way. CA.IV.D.R12

13. Situational awareness of obstacles on approach and departure paths. CA.IV.D.R13

14. Recognition of need for go-around/rejected landing. CA.IV.D.R14

15. Stall/spin awareness. CA.IV.D.R15

16. Performing a soft-field landing without the use of power in power failure 

situation. 

CA.IV.D.R16

17. Sterile cockpit. CA.IV.D.R17
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single-Engine, Multiengine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA 28

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task E. Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb (ASEL, AMEL)

Reference FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3; POH/AFM

Objective

To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with a short-field takeoff, maximum performance climb operations, and rejected 

takeoff procedures.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Effects of aircraft configuration. CA.IV.E.K1

2. Effects of runway surface. CA.IV.E.K2

3. Takeoff distance. CA.IV.E.K3

4. Takeoff power. CA.IV.E.K4

5. Obstruction clearance. CA.IV.E.K5

6. Wind conditions and effects. CA.IV.E.K6

7. Minimum safe altitude. CA.IV.E.K7

8. Density altitude. CA.IV.E.K8

9. Headwind, tailwind, crosswind component. CA.IV.E.K9

10. Application of VX or VY. CA.IV.E.K10

11. Emergency procedures during takeoff and climb. CA.IV.E.K11

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Verify proper aircraft configuration. CA.IV.E.S1

2. Verify ATC clearance and ensure that no conflicting traffic before crossing 

the Hold Line. 

CA.IV.E.S2

3. Ensure the aircraft is on the correct takeoff runway. CA.IV.E.S3

4. Ascertain wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators. CA.IV.E.S4

5. Determining if crosswind component exceeds pilot ability or is beyond 

aircraft manufacturer’s limitations. 

CA.IV.E.S5

6. Position the flight controls for the existing wind conditions. CA.IV.E.S6

7. Clear the area; taxi into takeoff position utilizing maximum available takeoff 

area and align the airplane on the runway center line. 

CA.IV.E.S7

8. Apply brakes (if appropriate), while configuring aircraft power setting to 

achieve maximum performance.

CA.IV.E.S8

9. Confirm takeoff power prior to brake release and proper engine and flight 

instrument indications prior to rotation. 

CA.IV.E.S9

10. Rotate and lift off at the recommended airspeed, and accelerate to the 

recommended obstacle clearance airspeed or VX. 

CA.IV.E.S10

11. Establish a pitch attitude that will maintain the recommended obstacle 

clearance airspeed, or VX, +5/-0 knots, until the obstacle is cleared, or until 

the airplane is 50 feet above the surface. 

CA.IV.E.S11

12. After clearing the obstacle, establish the pitch attitude for VY, accelerate to 

VY, and maintain VY, ±5 knots, during the climb. 

CA.IV.E.S12

13. Retract landing gear and flaps after a positive rate of climb has been 

verified or in accordance with aircraft manufacturer’s guidance. 

CA.IV.E.S13

14. Maintain takeoff power and VX or VY ±5 knots to a safe maneuvering 

altitude. 

CA.IV.E.S14

15. Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout the 

takeoff and climb. 

CA.IV.E.S15

16. Comply with noise abatement and published departure procedures. CA.IV.E.S16

17. Complete the appropriate checklist. CA.IV.E.S17

18. Comply with manufacturer’s recommended emergency procedures relating 

to the takeoff sequence.

CA.IV.E.S18

Task continued on next page.
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single Engine, Multi Engine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

29 FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task E. Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb (ASEL, AMEL)

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. Selection of runway based on wind, pilot capability, and aircraft limitations. CA.IV.E.R1

2. Determining if crosswind component exceeds pilot ability or is beyond 

aircraft manufacturer limitations. 

CA.IV.E.R2

3. Operating from other than hard-surfaced runway. CA.IV.E.R3

4. Obstruction clearance, climb attitude, and stall awareness. CA.IV.E.R4

5. Windshear. CA.IV.E.R5

6. Tailwind. CA.IV.E.R6

7. Wake turbulence. CA.IV.E.R7

8. Go/no-go decision making. CA.IV.E.R8

9. Task management. CA.IV.E.R9

10. Low-altitude maneuvering. CA.IV.E.R10

11. Wire strikes. CA.IV.E.R11

12. Minimum safe altitude for climb. CA.IV.E.R12

13. Situational awareness of obstacles on departure and arrival paths. CA.IV.E.R13

14. Recognition of need for rejected takeoff and identification of takeoff abort 

point. 

CA.IV.E.R14

15. Strategies for handling engine failure during takeoff and climb, including 

recognition that climb at VX (vs. VXSE) may result in loss of directional 

control if an engine fails. 

CA.IV.E.R15

16. Criticality of takeoff distance available. CA.IV.E.R16

17. Possibility of engine failure after takeoff. CA.IV.E.R17

18. Sterile cockpit. CA.IV.E.R18
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single-Engine, Multiengine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA 30

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task F. Short-Field Approach and Landing (ASEL, AMEL)

Reference FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3; POH/AFM

Objective

To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with a short-field approach and landing with emphasis on proper use and coordination 

of flight controls.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Landing distance. CA.IV.F.K1

2. Hazards of other than hard-surfaced runways. CA.IV.F.K2

3. Obstruction clearance. CA.IV.F.K3

4. Stabilized approach. CA.IV.F.K4

5. Energy management. CA.IV.F.K5

6. Wind conditions and effects. CA.IV.F.K6

7. Density altitude. CA.IV.F.K7

8. Headwind, tailwind, crosswind component. CA.IV.F.K8

9. Emergency procedures during approach and landing. CA.IV.F.K9

10. Land and hold short operations. CA.IV.F.K10

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Ensure the aircraft is on the correct/assigned runway. CA.IV.F.S1

2. Scan the landing runway and adjoining areas for possible wildlife, vehicular 

traffic or other aircraft to avoid collision. 

CA.IV.F.S2

3. Complete the appropriate checklist. CA.IV.F.S3

4. Consider the wind conditions, landing surface, obstructions, and select a 

suitable touchdown point. 

CA.IV.F.S4

5. Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration and 

airspeed, and adjust pitch attitude and power as required. 

CA.IV.F.S5

6. Maintain a stabilized approach and recommended airspeed, or in its 

absence, not more than 1.3 VSO, with wind gust factor applied, ±5knots. 

CA.IV.F.S6

7. Make smooth, timely, and correct control application during the round out 

and touchdown. 

CA.IV.F.S7

8. Touch down smoothly at manufacturer’s recommended airspeed. CA.IV.F.S8

9. Touch down within the available runway, at or within 100 feet beyond a the 

approach end of the runway, threshold markings or runway numbers, with 

no side drift, minimum float, and with the airplane’s longitudinal axis aligned 

with and over the runway center line. 

CA.IV.F.S9

10. Maintain crosswind correction and directional control throughout the 

approach and landing sequence. 

CA.IV.F.S10

11. Execute a timely go-around decision when the approach cannot be made 

within the tolerances specified above or for any other condition that that 

may result in an unsafe approach or landing. 

CA.IV.F.S11

12. Apply brakes as necessary, to stop in the shortest distance consistent with 

safety. 

CA.IV.F.S12

Task continued on next page.
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single Engine, Multi Engine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

31 FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task F. Short-Field Approach and Landing (ASEL, AMEL)

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. Selection of runway based on wind, pilot capability and aircraft limitations—

including possible necessity of selecting a runway at a different airport. 

CA.IV.F.R1

2. Determining whether crosswind component exceeds pilot ability or is 

beyond aircraft manufacture limitations. 

CA.IV.F.R2

3. Other than hard surfaced runway. CA.IV.F.R3

4. Obstruction clearance. CA.IV.F.R4

5. Windshear. CA.IV.F.R5

6. Tailwind. CA.IV.F.R6

7. Wake turbulence. CA.IV.F.R7

8. Task management. CA.IV.F.R8

9. Low-altitude maneuvering. CA.IV.F.R9

10. Wire strikes. CA.IV.F.R10

11. Collision avoidance. CA.IV.F.R11

12. Right-of-way. CA.IV.F.R12

13. Situational awareness of obstacles on approach and departure paths. CA.IV.F.R13

14. Recognition of need for go-around/rejected landing. CA.IV.F.R14

15. Stall/spin awareness. CA.IV.F.R15

16. Land and hold short operations. CA.IV.F.R16

17. Sterile cockpit. CA.IV.F.R17
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single-Engine, Multiengine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA 32

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task G. Confined Area Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb (ASES, AMES)

Reference FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23; POH/AFM

Objective

To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with a confined area takeoff, maximum performance climb operations, and rejected 

takeoff procedures.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Effects of aircraft configuration. CA.IV.G.K1

2. Effects of water surface. CA.IV.G.K2

3. Takeoff distance. CA.IV.G.K3

4. Takeoff power. CA.IV.G.K4

5. Obstruction clearance. CA.IV.G.K5

6. Wind conditions and effects. CA.IV.G.K6

7. Minimum safe altitude. CA.IV.G.K7

8. Density altitude. CA.IV.G.K8

9. Headwind, tailwind, crosswind component. CA.IV.G.K9

10. Application of 150- or VY. CA.IV.G.K10

11. Emergency procedures during takeoff and climb. CA.IV.G.K11

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Verify proper aircraft configuration. CA.IV.G.S1

2. Verify ATC clearance and ensure that no aircraft is on final before crossing 

the Hold Line. 

CA.IV.G.S2

3. Ensure the aircraft is on the correct takeoff center path. CA.IV.G.S3

4. Ascertain wind direction with or without visible wind direction indicators. CA.IV.G.S4

5. Determine if crosswind component exceeds pilot ability or is beyond aircraft 

manufacturer limitations. 

CA.IV.G.S5

6. Position the flight controls for the existing wind conditions. CA.IV.G.S6

7. Clear the area and select an appropriate takeoff path for the existing 

conditions; taxi into takeoff position utilizing maximum available takeoff area 

and align the airplane on the takeoff path. 

CA.IV.G.S7

8. Configure aircraft power to achieve maximum performance and confirm 

takeoff power and proper engine and flight instrument indications prior to 

rotation.

CA.IV.G.S8

9. Establish and maintain the most efficient planning/lift-off attitude and correct 

for porpoising and skipping. 

CA.IV.G.S9

10. Rotate and lift off at the recommended airspeed, and accelerate to the 

recommended obstacle clearance airspeed or VX.

CA.IV.G.S10

11. Establish a pitch attitude that will maintain the recommended obstacle 

clearance airspeed, or VX, +5/-0 knots, until the obstacle is cleared, or until 

the airplane is 50 feet above the surface. 

CA.IV.G.S11

12. After clearing the obstacle, establish the pitch attitude for VY, accelerate to 

VY, and maintain VY, +10/-5 knots, during the climb. 

CA.IV.G.S12

13. Retract flaps after a positive rate of climb has been verified or in 

accordance with aircraft manufacturer’s guidance. 

CA.IV.G.S13

14. Maintain takeoff power and VX or VY ±5 knots to a safe maneuvering 

altitude. 

CA.IV.G.S14

15. Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout the 

takeoff and climb. 

CA.IV.G.S15

16. Comply with noise abatement and published departure procedures. CA.IV.G.S16

17. Complete the appropriate checklist. CA.IV.G.S17

18. Comply with manufacturer’s recommended emergency procedures relating 

to the takeoff sequence.

CA.IV.G.S18

Task continued on next page.
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single Engine, Multi Engine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

33 FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task G. Confined Area Takeoff and Maximum Performance Climb (ASES, AMES)

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. Selection of appropriate takeoff path based on wind, pilot capability, and 

aircraft limitations. 

CA.IV.G.R1

2. Determining if crosswind component exceeds pilot ability or is beyond 

aircraft manufacturer limitations. 

CA.IV.G.R2

3. Water conditions. CA.IV.G.R3

4. Obstruction clearance. CA.IV.G.R4

5. Obstruction clearance, climb attitude, and stall awareness. CA.IV.G.R5

6. Windshear. CA.IV.G.R6

7. Tailwind. CA.IV.G.R7

8. Wake turbulence. CA.IV.G.R8

9. Go/no-go decision making. CA.IV.G.R9

10. Task management. CA.IV.G.R10

11. Low-altitude maneuvering. CA.IV.G.R11

12. Wire strikes. CA.IV.G.R12

13. Minimum safe altitude for climb. CA.IV.G.R13

14. Situational awareness of obstacles on departure and arrival paths. CA.IV.G.R14

15. Recognition of need for rejected takeoff and predetermines takeoff abort 

point. 

CA.IV.G.R15

16. Handling engine failure during takeoff and climb. CA.IV.G.R16

17. Criticality of takeoff distance available. CA.IV.G.R17

18. Plans for engine failure after takeoff. CA.IV.G.R18

19. Sterile cockpit. CA.IV.G.R19

20. Confirming of gear retraction in amphibious aircraft. CA.IV.G.R20
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single-Engine, Multiengine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA 34

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task H. Confined Area Approach and Landing (ASES, AMES)

Reference FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23; POH/AFM

Objective

To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with a confined area approach and landing with emphasis on proper use and 

coordination of flight controls.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Landing distance. CA.IV.H.K1

2. Hazards of a confined area. CA.IV.H.K2

3. Obstruction clearance. CA.IV.H.K3

4. Stabilized approach. CA.IV.H.K4

5. Energy management. CA.IV.H.K5

6. Wind conditions and effects. CA.IV.H.K6

7. Density altitude. CA.IV.H.K7

8. Headwind, tailwind, crosswind component. CA.IV.H.K8

9. Emergency procedures during approach and landing. CA.IV.H.K9

10. Land and hold short operations. CA.IV.H.K10

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Ensure the aircraft is on the correct/assigned runway and adequately 

survey the intended landing area. 

CA.IV.H.S1

2. Scan the landing area and adjoining areas for possible wildlife, vehicular or 

other aircraft to avoid collision. 

CA.IV.H.S2

3. Complete the appropriate checklist. CA.IV.H.S3

4. Consider the wind conditions, landing surface, obstructions, and select the 

proper landing path. 

CA.IV.H.S4

5. Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration and 

airspeed, and adjust pitch attitude and power as required. 

CA.IV.H.S5

6. Maintain a stabilized approach and recommended airspeed, or in its 

absence, not more than 1.3 VSO, with wind gust factor applied, ±5knots. 

CA.IV.H.S6

7. Make smooth, timely, and correct control application during the round out 

and touchdown. 

CA.IV.H.S7

8. Contact the water at the minimum safe airspeed with the proper pitch 

attitude for the surface conditions. 

CA.IV.H.S8

9. Touch down within the available water landing area, at or within 100 feet 

beyond a specified point, with no side drift, minimum float, and with the 

airplane’s longitudinal axis aligned with and over the landing center area. 

CA.IV.H.S9

10. Maintain crosswind correction and directional control throughout the 

approach and landing sequence. 

CA.IV.H.S10

11. Execute a timely go-around decision when the approach cannot be made 

within the tolerances specified above or for any other condition that that 

may result in an unsafe approach or landing. 

CA.IV.H.S11

12. Apply elevator control as necessary, to stop in the shortest distance 

consistent with safety. 

CA.IV.H.S12

Task continued on next page.
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single Engine, Multi Engine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

35 FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task H. Confined Area Approach and Landing (ASES, AMES)

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. Selection of landing area based on wind, pilot capability and aircraft 

limitations—considering possibility of selecting an area at a different 

location. 

CA.IV.H.R1

2. Determining whether crosswind component exceeds pilot ability or is 

beyond aircraft manufacture limitations 

CA.IV.H.R2

3. Water conditions. CA.IV.H.R3

4. Obstruction clearance, climb attitude, and stall awareness. CA.IV.H.R4

5. Windshear. CA.IV.H.R5

6. Tailwind. CA.IV.H.R6

7. Wake turbulence. CA.IV.H.R7

8. Task management. CA.IV.H.R8

9. Low-altitude maneuvering. CA.IV.H.R9

10. Wire strikes. CA.IV.H.R10

11. Collision avoidance. CA.IV.H.R11

12. Right-of-way. CA.IV.H.R12

13. Situational awareness of obstacles on approach and departure paths. CA.IV.H.R13

14. Recognition of need for go-around/rejected landing. CA.IV.D.R14

15. Stall/spin awareness. CA.IV.H.R15

16. Land and hold short operations. CA.IV.H.R16

17. Sterile cockpit. CA.IV.H.R17
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single-Engine, Multiengine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA 36

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task I. Glassy Water Takeoff and Climb (ASES, AMES)

Reference FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-23; POH/AFM

Objective

To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with a glassy water takeoff and climb.

NOTE: If a glassy water condition does not exist, the applicant shall be evaluated by simulating 

the Task.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Water effects on operations. CA.IV.I.K1

2. Effects of glassy water on acceleration and lift-off. CA.IV.I.K2

3. When and why to use the glassy water takeoff and climb technique. CA.IV.I.K3

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Position the flight controls and flaps for the existing conditions. CA.IV.I.S1

2. Clear the area; select an appropriate takeoff path considering surface 

hazards and/or vessels and surface conditions. 

CA.IV.I.S2

3. Retract the water rudders as appropriate; advance the throttle smoothly to 

takeoff power. 

CA.IV.I.S3

4. Establish and maintain an appropriate planning attitude, directional control, 

and correct for porpoising, skipping, and increase in water drag. 

CA.IV.I.S4

5. Utilize appropriate techniques to lift seaplane from the water considering 

surface conditions. 

CA.IV.I.S5

6. Establish proper attitude/airspeed, and accelerate to VY ±5 knots during the 

climb. 

CA.IV.I.S6

7. Retract flaps after a positive rate of climb has been verified or in 

accordance with aircraft manufacturer’s guidance. 

CA.IV.I.S7

8. Maintain takeoff power VY ±5 to a safe maneuvering altitude. CA.IV.I.S8

9. Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout 

takeoff and climb. 

CA.IV.I.S9

10. Complete the appropriate checklist. CA.IV.I.S10

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. Selection of appropriate takeoff path based on wind, pilot capability, and 

aircraft limitations. 

CA.IV.I.R1

2. Determining whether crosswind component exceeds pilot ability or is 

beyond aircraft manufacturer limitations. 

CA.IV.I.R2

3. Water conditions. CA.IV.I.R3

4. Obstruction clearance. CA.IV.I.R4

5. Obstruction clearance climb attitude and stall awareness. CA.IV.I.R5

6. Windshear. CA.IV.I.R6

7. Tailwind. CA.IV.I.R7

8. Wake turbulence. CA.IV.I.R8

9. Go/no-go decision making. CA.IV.I.R9

10. Task management. CA.IV.I.R10

11. Low-altitude maneuvering. CA.IV.I.R11

12. Wire strikes. CA.IV.I.R12

13. Minimum safe altitude for climb. CA.IV.I.R13

14. Situational awareness of obstacles on departure and arrival paths. CA.IV.I.R14

15. Recognition of need for rejected takeoff and predetermines takeoff abort 

point. 

CA.IV.I.R15

16. Strategies for handling engine failure during takeoff and climb. CA.IV.I.R16

17. Criticality of takeoff distance available. CA.IV.I.R17

18. Plans for engine failure after takeoff. CA.IV.I.R18

19. Sterile cockpit. CA.IV.I.R19

20. Confirmation of gear retraction in amphibious aircraft. CA.IV.I.R20
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single Engine, Multi Engine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

37 FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task J. Glassy Water Approach and Landing (ASES, AMES)

Reference FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-23; POH/AFM

Objective

To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with a glassy water approach and landing.

NOTE: If a glassy water condition does not exist, the applicant shall be evaluated by simulating 

the Task.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. When and why glassy water techniques are used. CA.IV.J.K1

2. How a glassy water approach and landing is executed. CA.IV.J.K2

3. Landing distance. CA.IV.J.K3

4. Stabilized approach. CA.IV.J.K4

5. Energy management. CA.IV.J.K5

6. Wind conditions and effects. CA.IV.J.K6

7. Density altitude. CA.IV.J.K7

8. Headwind, tailwind, crosswind component. CA.IV.J.K8

9. Emergency procedures during approach and landing. CA.IV.J.K9

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Adequately survey the intended landing area. CA.IV.J.S1

2. Consider the wind conditions, water depth, hazards, surrounding terrain, 

and other watercraft. 

CA.IV.J.S2

3. Select the most suitable approach path and touchdown area. CA.IV.J.S3

4. Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration and 

airspeed, and adjust pitch attitude and power as required. 

CA.IV.J.S4

5. Maintain a stabilized approach and the recommended approach airspeed, 

±5 knots and maintain a touchdown pitch attitude and descent rate from the 

last altitude reference until touchdown. 

CA.IV.J.S5

6. Make smooth, timely, and correct power and control adjustments to 

maintain proper pitch attitude and rate of descent to touchdown. 

CA.IV.J.S6

7. Contact the water in the proper pitch attitude, and slow to idle taxi speed. CA.IV.J.S7

8. Maintain crosswind correction and directional control throughout the 

approach and landing sequence. 

CA.IV.J.S8

9. Complete the appropriate checklist. CA.IV.J.S9

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. Performing a go-around/rejected landing. CA.IV.J.R1

2. Importance of landing in direction of momentum, with wheels pointed 

forward on touchdown. 

CA.IV.J.R2

3. Stall/spin awareness. CA.IV.J.R3

4. Windshear. CA.IV.J.R4

5. Tailwind. CA.IV.J.R5

6. Wake turbulence. CA.IV.J.R6

7. Task management. CA.IV.J.R7

8. Low-altitude maneuvering. CA.IV.J.R8

9. Wire strikes. CA.IV.J.R9

10. Collision avoidance. CA.IV.J.R10

11. Right-of-way. CA.IV.J.R11

12. Situational awareness of obstacles on approach and departure paths. CA.IV.J.R12

13. Sterile cockpit. CA.IV.J.R13
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single-Engine, Multiengine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA 38

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task K. Rough Water Takeoff and Climb (ASES, AMES)

Reference FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-23; POH/AFM

Objective

To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with a rough water takeoff and climb.

NOTE: If a rough water condition does not exist, the applicant shall be evaluated by simulating 

the Task.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Water effects on operations. CA.IV.K.K1

2. Effects of rough water on acceleration and lift-off. CA.IV.K.K2

3. When and why to use the rough water takeoff and climb technique. CA.IV.K.K3

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Position the flight controls and flaps for the existing conditions. CA.IV.K.S1

2. Clear the area; select an appropriate takeoff path considering surface 

hazards and/or vessels and surface conditions. 

CA.IV.K.S2

3. Retract the water rudders as appropriate; advance the throttle smoothly to 

takeoff power. 

CA.IV.K.S3

4. Establish and maintain an appropriate planning attitude, directional control, 

and correct for porpoising, skipping, and increase in water drag. 

CA.IV.K.S4

5. Lift off at minimum airspeed and accelerate to VY, ±5 knots before leaving 

ground effect. 

CA.IV.K.S5

6. Retract flaps after a positive rate of climb has been verified or in 

accordance with aircraft manufacturer’s guidance. 

CA.IV.K.S6

7. Maintain takeoff power VY ±5 to a safe maneuvering altitude. CA.IV.K.S7

8. Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout 

takeoff and climb. 

CA.IV.K.S8

9. Complete the appropriate checklist. CA.IV.K.S9

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. Selection of appropriate takeoff path based on wind, pilot capability, and 

aircraft limitations. 

CA.IV.K.R1

2. Determining whether crosswind component exceeds pilot ability or is 

beyond aircraft manufacturer limitations. 

CA.IV.K.R2

3. Water conditions. CA.IV.K.R3

4. Obstruction clearance. CA.IV.K.R4

5. Obstruction clearance climb attitude and stall awareness. CA.IV.K.R5

6. Windshear. CA.IV.K.R6

7. Tailwind. CA.IV.K.R7

8. Wake turbulence. CA.IV.K.R8

9. Go/no-go decision making. CA.IV.K.R9

10. Task management. CA.IV.K.R10

11. Low-altitude maneuvering. CA.IV.K.R11

12. Wire strikes. CA.IV.K.R12

13. Minimum safe altitude for climb. CA.IV.K.R13

14. Situational awareness of obstacles on departure and arrival paths. CA.IV.K.R14

15. Recognition of need for rejected takeoff and identification of takeoff abort 

point. 

CA.IV.K.R15

16. Handling engine failure during takeoff and climb. CA.IV.K.R16

17. Criticality of takeoff distance available. CA.IV.K.R17

18. Possibility of engine failure after takeoff. CA.IV.K.R18

19. Sterile cockpit. CA.IV.K.R19

20. Confirmation of gear retraction in amphibious aircraft. CA.IV.K.R20
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single Engine, Multi Engine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

39 FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task L. Rough Water Approach and Landing (ASES, AMES)

Reference FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-23; POH/AFM

Objective

To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with a rough water approach and landing.

NOTE: If a rough water condition does not exist, the applicant shall be evaluated by simulating 

the Task.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. When and why rough water techniques are used. CA.IV.L.K1

2. How a rough water approach and landing is executed. CA.IV.L.K2

3. Landing distance. CA.IV.L.K3

4. Stabilized approach. CA.IV.L.K4

5. Energy management. CA.IV.L.K5

6. Wind conditions and effects. CA.IV.L.K6

7. Density altitude. CA.IV.L.K7

8. Headwind, tailwind, crosswind component. CA.IV.L.K8

9. Emergency procedures during approach and landing. CA.IV.L.K9

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Adequately survey the intended landing area. CA.IV.L.S1

2. Consider the wind conditions, water depth, hazards, surrounding terrain, 

and other watercraft. 

CA.IV.L.S2

3. Select the most suitable approach path and touchdown area. CA.IV.L.S3

4. Establish the recommended approach and landing configuration and 

airspeed, and adjust pitch attitude and power as required. 

CA.IV.L.S4

5. Maintain a stabilized approach and the recommended approach airspeed, 

or in its absence not more than 1.3 Vso ±5 knots with wind gust factor 

applied. 

CA.IV.L.S5

6. Make smooth, timely, and correct power and control adjustments to 

maintain proper pitch attitude and rate of descent to touchdown. 

CA.IV.L.S6

7. Contact the water in the proper pitch attitude, considering the type of rough 

water. 

CA.IV.L.S7

8. Maintain crosswind correction and directional control throughout the 

approach and landing sequence. 

CA.IV.L.S8

9. Complete the appropriate checklist. CA.IV.L.S9

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. Performing a go-around/rejected landing. CA.IV.L.R1

2. Importance of landing in direction of momentum, with wheels pointed 

forward on touchdown. 

CA.IV.L.R2

3. Stall/spin awareness. CA.IV.L.R3

4. Windshear. CA.IV.L.R4

5. Tailwind. CA.IV.L.R5

6. Wake turbulence. CA.IV.L.R6

7. Task management. CA.IV.L.R7

8. Low-altitude maneuvering. CA.IV.L.R8

9. Wire strikes. CA.IV.L.R9

10. Collision avoidance. CA.IV.L.R10

11. Right-of-way. CA.IV.L.R11

12. Situational awareness of obstacles on approach and departure paths. CA.IV.L.R12

13. Sterile cockpit. CA.IV.L.R13
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single-Engine, Multiengine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA 40

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task M. Power-Off 180° Accuracy Approach and Landing (ASEL, ASES)

Reference

FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3; POH/AFM

NOTE: This maneuver may be combined with Steep Spiral at the evaluator’s discretion.

Objective To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with a power-off 180deg accuracy approach and landing.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Power-off approach. CA.IV.M.K1

2. Energy management. CA.IV.M.K2

3. Available landing distance (ALD). CA.IV.M.K3

4. Hazards of other than hard surfaced runway. CA.IV.M.K4

5. Wind conditions and effects. CA.IV.M.K5

6. Density altitude. CA.IV.M.K6

7. Headwind, tailwind, crosswind component. CA.IV.M.K7

8. Emergency procedures. CA.IV.M.K8

9. Communications. CA.IV.M.K9

10. ATC clearance deviations. CA.IV.M.K10

11. Selecting a landing location and an appropriate touchdown point. CA.IV.M.K11

12. Emergency Locator Transmitters (ELT) and/or other emergency 

locating devices. 

CA.IV.M.K12

13. Transponder. CA.IV.M.K13

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Analyze the situation and select an appropriate course of action. CA.IV.M.S1

2. Plan and follow a flight pattern to the selected landing area 

considering aircraft performance capabilities, altitude, wind, terrain, 

and obstructions.

CA.IV.M.S2

3. Position airplane on downwind leg, parallel to landing runway, and not 

more than 1,000 feet Above Ground Level (AGL). 

CA.IV.M.S3

4. Completes final airplane configuration accounting for glide speed and 

distance to the intended touchdown point. 

CA.IV.M.S4

5. Touch down in a normal landing attitude, -0/+200 feet from the 

specified touchdown point. 

CA.IV.M.S5

6. Follow the appropriate checklist. CA.IV.M.S6

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate 

risks, encompassing:

1. Wind effects. CA.IV.M.R1

2. Exceeding airframe and/or airspeed limitations. CA.IV.M.R2

3. Inadvertent stall/spin. CA.IV.M.R3

4. Visual scanning and collision avoidance. CA.IV.M.R4

5. Selecting a landing area. CA.IV.M.R5

6. Task management. CA.IV.M.R6

7. Low-altitude maneuvering. CA.IV.M.R7

8. Obstacle clearance. CA.IV.M.R8

9. Wire strike avoidance. CA.IV.M.R9

10. Situational awareness. CA.IV.M.R10
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single Engine, Multi Engine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

41 FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task N. Go-Around/Rejected Landing

Reference FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-23; POH/AFM

Objective

To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with a go-around/rejected landing with emphasis on factors that contribute to landing 

conditions that may require a go-around.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Available landing distance (ALD). CA.IV.N.K1

2. Stabilized approach. CA.IV.N.K2

3. Energy management. CA.IV.N.K3

4. Wind conditions and effects. CA.IV.N.K4

5. Headwind, tailwind, crosswind component. CA.IV.N.KI5

6. Emergency procedures during approach and landing. CA.IV.N.K6

7. Communication procedures. CA.IV.N.K7

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Make a timely decision to discontinue the approach to landing. CA.IV.N.S1

2. Apply takeoff power immediately and transitions to climb pitch attitude for 

VX or VY as appropriate +5 knots and/or appropriate pitch attitude.

CA.IV.N.S2

3. Configure aircraft power settings to achieve maximum performance. CA.IV.N.S3

4. Retract the landing gear in accordance with manufacturer’s guidance. CA.IV.N.S4

5. Maneuver to the side of the runway/landing area when necessary to clear 

and avoid conflicting traffic.

CA.IV.N.S5

6. Maintain takeoff power VY +5 to a safe maneuvering altitude. CA.IV.N.S6

7. Maintain directional control and proper wind-drift correction throughout the 

climb.

CA.IV.N.S7

8. Complete the appropriate checklist. CA.IV.N.S8

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. Timeliness for making and executing decision. CA.IV.N.R1

2. Task management. CA.IV.N.R2

3. Low altitude maneuvering. CA.IV.N.R3

4. Slow flight. CA.IV.N.R4

5. Wire strikes. CA.IV.N.R5

6. Collision avoidance. CA.IV.N.R6

7. Right-of-way. CA.IV.N.R7

8. Situational awareness of obstacles on approach and departure paths. CA.IV.N.R8

9. Spin awareness. CA.IV.N.R9

10. Elevator trim stalls. CA.IV.N.R10

11. Pilot changing mind regarding the go-around decision. CA.IV.N.R11

12. Sterile cockpit. CA.IV.N.R12
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single-Engine, Multiengine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA 42

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

V. Performance Maneuvers

Task A. Steep Turns

Reference FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3; POH/AFM

Objective To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with steep turns.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Coordinated flight. CA.V.A.K1

2. Attitude control at various airspeeds. CA.V.A.K2

3. Maneuvering speed, including changes in weight. CA.V.A.K3

4. Controlling rate and radius of turn. CA.V.A.K4

5. Accelerated stalls. CA.V.A.K5

6. Overbanking tendencies. CA.V.A.K6

7. Use of trim in a turn. CA.V.A.K7

8. Aerodynamics associated with steep turns. CA.V.A.K8

9. Aerobatic requirements and limitations. CA.V.A.K9

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Establish the manufacturer’s recommended airspeed or if one is not stated, 

a safe airspeed not to exceed VA. 

CA.V.A.S1

2. Rolls into a coordinated 360° steep turn with at least a 50° bank, followed 

immediately by a 360° steep turn in the opposite direction. 

CA.V.A.S2

3. Perform the task in the opposite direction, as specified by the evaluator. CA.V.A.S3

4. Maintain the entry altitude, ±100 feet, airspeed, ±10 knots, bank, and ±5°; 

and roll out on the entry heading, ±10°. 

CA.V.A.S4

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. Dividing attention between airplane control and orientation. CA.V.A.R1

2. Task management. CA.V.A.R2

3. Energy management. CA.V.A.R3

4. Stall/spin awareness. CA.V.A.R4

5. Situational awareness. CA.V.A.R5

6. Rate and radius of turn with confined area operations. CA.V.A.R6
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single Engine, Multi Engine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

43 FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task B. Steep Spiral (ASEL, ASES)

Reference

FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3; POH/AFM

NOTE: This maneuver may be combined with the Power-Off 180 Accuracy Approach and 

Landing task.

Objective To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with steep spirals.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Fire in flight. CA.V.A.K1

2. Smoke in cockpit. CA.V.A.K2

3. Energy management. CA.V.A.K3

4. Maintaining a constant radius about a point. CA.V.A.K4

5. Wind conditions and effects. CA.V.A.K5

6. Emergency procedures. CA.V.A.K6

7. Communications. CA.V.A.K7

8. ATC clearance deviations. CA.V.A.K8

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Analyze the situation and select an appropriate course of action. CA.V.A.S1

2. Establish and maintain a steep spiral, not to exceed 60° angle of bank, to 

maintain a constant radius about a suitable ground reference point. 

CA.V.A.S2

3. Select an altitude sufficient to continue through a series of at least three 

360° turns. 

CA.V.A.S3

4. Apply wind-drift correction to track a constant radius circle around selected 

reference point with bank not to exceed 60° at steepest point in turn. 

CA.V.A.S4

5. Divide attention between airplane control and ground track, while 

maintaining coordinated flight. 

CA.V.B.S5

6. Maintain the specified airspeed, ±10 knots, rolls out toward object or 

specified heading, ±10°. 

CA.V.B.S6

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. Wind effects. CA.V.A.R1

2. Exceeding airframe and/or airspeed limitations. CA.V.A.R2

3. Inadvertent stall/spin. CA.V.A.R3

4. Visual scanning and collision avoidance. CA.V.A.R4

5. Task management. CA.V.A.R5

6. Low-altitude maneuvering. CA.V.A.R6

7. Obstacle clearance. CA.V.A.R7

8. Wire strike avoidance. CA.V.A.R8

9. Situational awareness. CA.V.A.R9
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single-Engine, Multiengine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA 44

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task C. Chandelles (ASEL, ASES)

Reference FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3; POH/AFM

Objective To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with chandelles.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Purpose and practical applications of chandelle maneuver. CA.V.C.K1

2. Positioning of flaps and gear for maximum performance climb. CA.V.C.K2

3. Importance of aircraft coordination. CA.V.C.K3

4. Phases of chandelle maneuver from entry to recovery. CA.V.C.K4

5. Aircraft maneuvering speed, wing loading, and changes in weight. CA.V.C.K5

6. Accelerated stalls. CA.V.C.K6

7. Overbanking tendencies. CA.V.C.K7

8. Proper pitch control required for continually decreasing airspeed. CA.V.C.K8

9. Use of trim. CA.V.C.K9

10. Aerodynamics associated with chandelles. CA.V.C.K10

11. Effects of non-standard conditions on aircraft performance. CA.V.C.K11

12. Considerations of performing chandelles to both the left and the right. CA.V.C.K12

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Select an altitude that will allow the maneuver to be performed no 

lower than 1,500 feet AGL. 

C.V.C.S1

2. Establish the appropriate entry configuration, power, and airspeed. C.V.C.S2

3. Establish the angle of bank at approximately 30°. C.V.C.S3

4. Simultaneously apply power and pitch to maintain a smooth, 

coordinated climbing turn, in either direction, to the 90° point, with a 

constant bank and continually decreasing airspeed. 

C.V.C.S4

5. Begin a coordinated constant rate rollout from the 90° point to the 180° 

point maintaining power and a constant pitch attitude. 

C.V.C.S5

6. Complete rollout at the 180° point, ±10° just above a stall airspeed, 

and maintaining that airspeed momentarily avoiding a stall. 

C.V.C.S6

7. Resume straight-and-level flight with minimum loss of altitude. C.V.C.S7

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate 

risks, encompassing:

1. Dividing attention between airplane control and orientation. CA.V.C.R1

2. Task management. CA.V.C.R2

3. Energy management. CA.V.C.R3

4. Stall/spin awareness. CA.V.C.R4

5. Situational awareness. CA.V.C.R5

6. Rate and radius of turn with confined area operations. CA.V.C.R6

7. CFIT avoidance. CA.V.C.R7

8. Visual scanning and collision avoidance. CA.V.C.R8
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single Engine, Multi Engine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

45 FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task D. Lazy Eights (ASEL, ASES)

Reference FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3

Objective To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with lazy eights.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Aircraft coordination. CA.V.D.K1

2. Performance and limitation airspeeds. CA.V.D.K2

3. Smooth, deliberate control applications. CA.V.D.K3

4. Accelerated stalls. CA.V.D.K4

5. Effects of pitch and roll control on airspeed. CA.V.D.K5

6. Aerodynamics associated with lazy eights. CA.V.D.K6

7. Phases of the lazy eight maneuver from entry to recovery. CA.V.D.K7

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Select an altitude that will allow the task to be performed no lower than 

1,500 feet AGL. 

CA.V.D.S1

2. Establish the recommended entry configuration, power, and airspeed. CA.V.D.S2

3. Maintain coordinated flight throughout the maneuver. CA.V.D.S3

4. Achieve the following throughout the maneuver— CA.V.D.S4

a. approximately 30° bank at the steepest point. CA.V.D.S4a

b. constant change of pitch and roll rate and airspeed. CA.V.D.S4b

c. altitude tolerance at 180° point, ±100 feet from entry altitude. CA.V.D.S4c

d. airspeed tolerance at the 180° point, plus ±10 knots from entry 

airspeed. 

CA.V.D.S4d

e. heading tolerance at the 180° point, ±10°. CA.V.D.S4e

5. Continue the maneuver through the number of symmetrical loops 

specified and resume straight-and-level flight. 

CA.V.D.S5

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate 

risks, encompassing:

1. Dividing attention between airplane control and orientation. CA.V.C.R1

2. Task management. CA.V.C.R2

3. Energy management. CA.V.C.R3

4. Stall/spin awareness. CA.V.C.R4

5. Situational awareness. CA.V.C.R5

6. CFIT avoidance. CA.V.C.R6

7. Visual scanning and collision avoidance. CA.V.C.R7
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single-Engine, Multiengine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA 46

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task E. Eights on Pylons (ASEL, ASES)

Reference FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3

Objective To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with eights on pylons.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Function of pivotal altitude and factors that affect it. CA.V.E.K1

2. Aircraft coordination. CA.V.E.K2

3. Effect of wind on ground track. CA.V.E.K3

4. Proper control inputs for conducting the maneuver. CA.V.E.K4

5. Phases of eights on pylons from entry to recovery. CA.V.E.K5

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Determine the approximate pivotal altitude. CA.V.E.S1

2. Select suitable pylons that will permit straight-and-level flight between 

the pylons. 

CA.V.E.S2

3. Enter the maneuver at the appropriate altitude and airspeed and at a 

bank angle of approximately 30° to 40° at the steepest point. 

CA.V.E.S3

4. Apply the necessary corrections so that the line-of-sight reference line 

remains on the pylon. 

CA.V.E.S4

5. Divide attention between accurate coordinated airplane control and 

outside visual references. 

CA.V.E.S5

6. Hold pylon using appropriate pivotal altitude avoiding slips and skids. CA.V.E.S6

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate 

risks, encompassing:

1. Dividing attention between airplane control and orientation. CA.V.E.R1

2. Task management. CA.V.E.R2

3. Situational awareness. CA.V.E.R3

4. CFIT avoidance. CA.V.E.R4

5. Visual scanning and collision avoidance. CA.V.E.R5

6. Emergency landing considerations. CA.V.E.R6

7. Low-altitude maneuvering. CA.V.E.R7
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single Engine, Multi Engine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

47 FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

VI. Navigation

Task A. Pilotage and Dead Reckoning

Reference 14 CFR part 61; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-25; Navigation Charts

Objective To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with pilotage and dead reckoning.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Navigation process selection. CA.VI.A.K1

2. Determining heading, speed, and course. CA.VI.A.K2

3. Estimating time, speed, and distance. CA.VI.A.K3

4. True airspeed and density altitude. CA.VI.A.K4

5. Wind correction angle. CA.VI.A.K5

6. Checkpoint selection. CA.VI.A.K6

7. Planned vs. actual flight plan calculations and required corrections. CA.VI.A.K7

8. Topography. CA.VI.A.K8

9. Plotting a course. CA.VI.A.K9

10. Magnetic compass errors. CA.VI.A.K10

11. Route selection. CA.VI.A.K11

12. Altitude selection. CA.VI.A.K12

13. Power setting selection. CA.VI.A.K13

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Prepare a document or electronic equivalent to be used in flight for 

comparisons with planned fuel usages and times over waypoints while 

dead reckoning. 

CA.VI.A.S1

2. Follow the preplanned course by reference to landmarks. CA.VI.A.S2

3. Identify landmarks by relating surface features to chart symbols. CA.VI.A.S3

4. Navigate by means of pre-computed headings, groundspeeds, and elapsed 

time. 

CA.VI.A.S4

5. Demonstrate use of magnetic direction indicator in navigation, to include 

turns to headings. 

CA.VI.A.S5

6. Correct for and record the differences between preflight groundspeed, fuel 

consumption, and heading calculations and those determined en route. 

CA.VI.A.S6

7. Verify the airplane’s position within 2 nautical miles of the flight-planned 

route. 

CA.VI.A.S7

8. Arrive at the en route checkpoints within 3 minutes of the initial or revised 

ETA and provide a destination estimate. 

CA.VI.A.S8

9. Maintain the selected altitude, ±100 feet and headings, ±10°. CA.VI.A.S9

10. Determine compass heading based on wind, magnetic variation, and 

deviation. 

CA.VI.A.S10

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. CFIT risk avoidance plan. CA.VI.A.R1

2. Avoiding/recovering from misidentification of landmarks. CA.VI.A.R2

3. Bracketing strategy. CA.VI.A.R3

4. Selecting an alternate. CA.VI.A.R4

5. Situational awareness. CA.VI.A.R5

6. Task management. CA.VI.A.R6

7. Actual vs. planned fuel consumption. CA.VI.A.R7

8. Exit strategies. CA.VI.A.R8

9. Preflight pilot/operation risk assessment and planning. CA.VI.A.R9

10. Determining the impact of corrected groundspeed, time enroute and fuel 

consumption on the overall safety of flight to destination. 

CA.VI.A.R10
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single-Engine, Multiengine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA 48

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task B. Navigation Systems and Radar Services

Reference FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-6, FAA-H-8083-25; Navigation Equipment Manual; 

AIM

Objective To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with navigation systems and radar services.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Ground-based navigation (orientation, course determination, equipment, 

tests and regulations). 

CA.VI.B.K1

2. Global Positioning System (GPS) or Global Navigation Satellite System 

(GNSS) (equipment, regulations, databases authorized use, Receiver 

Autonomous Integrity Monitoring (RAIM). 

CA.VI.B.K2

3. Radar assistance to VFR aircraft (operations, equipment, available 

services, traffic advisories). 

CA.VI.B.K3

4. Transponder (Mode(s) A, C, and S). CA.VI.B.K4

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Demonstrate the ability to use installed electronic navigation system. CA.VI.B.S1

2. Locate the airplane’s position using the navigation system. CA.VI.B.S2

3. Intercept and track a given course, radial, or bearing, as appropriate. CA.VI.B.S3

4. Recognize and describe the indication of station passage, if appropriate. CA.VI.B.S4

5. Recognize signal loss and take appropriate action. CA.VI.B.S5

6. Use proper communication procedures when utilizing radar services. CA.VI.B.S6

7. Maintain the appropriate altitude, ±100 feet and headings ±10°. CA.VI.B.S7

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. Automation management. CA.VI.B.R1

2. Task management. CA.VI.B.R2

3. Situational awareness. CA.VI.B.R3

4. Limitations of the navigation system in use. CA.VI.B.R4

5. Avoidance of automation distractions. CA.VI.B.R5
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single Engine, Multi Engine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

49 FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task C. Diversion

Reference FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-25; AIM; Navigation Charts

Objective To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with diversion.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Selecting divert destination. CA.VI.C.K1

2. Deviating from ATC instructions and/or the flight plan. CA.VI.C.K2

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Select an appropriate diversion airport and route. CA.VI.C.S1

2. Make an accurate estimate of heading, groundspeed, arrival time, and fuel 

consumption to the divert airport. 

CA.VI.C.S2

3. Maintain the appropriate altitude, ±100 feet and heading, ±10°. CA.VI.C.S3

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. Selection of appropriate airport. CA.VI.C.R1

2. Timely decision to divert. CA.VI.C.R2

3. Improving situation by diversion. CA.VI.C.R3

4. Maintaining airmanship during diversion. CA.VI.C.R4

5. Collision avoidance. CA.VI.C.R5

6. CFIT avoidance. CA.VI.C.R6

7. Task management. CA.VI.C.R7

8. Situational awareness. CA.VI.C.R8

9. Crew resource management (CRM), utilizing all available resources 

(automation, ATC, cockpit planning aids). 

CA.VI.C.R9
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single-Engine, Multiengine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA 50

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task D. Lost Procedures

Reference FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-25; AIM; Navigation Charts

Objective

To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with lost procedures and taking appropriate steps to achieve a satisfactory outcome if 

lost.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Understands value of recording time at waypoints. CA.VI.D.K1

2. Assistance available if lost (radar services, communication procedures). CA.VI.D.K2

3. Responsibility and authority of PIC. CA.VI.D.K3

4. Deviation from ATC instructions. PA.VI.D.K4

5. Declaring an emergency. CA.VI.D.K5

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Select an appropriate course of action. CA.VI.D.S1

2. Maintain an appropriate heading and climbs, if necessary. CA.VI.D.S2

3. Identify prominent landmarks. CA.VI.D.S3

4. Use navigation systems/facilities and/or contacts an ATC facility for 

assistance, as appropriate. 

CA.VI.D.S4

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. Recording times over waypoints. CA.VI.D.R1

2. Task management. CA.VI.D.R2

3. Situational awareness. CA.VI.D.R3

4. CFIT avoidance. CA.VI.D.R4

5. Collision avoidance. CA.VI.D.R5

6. Recognizing a deteriorating situation and seeking assistance. CA.VI.D.R6

7. Declaring an emergency. CA.VI.D.R7
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single Engine, Multi Engine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

51 FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

VII. Slow Flight and Stalls

NOTE: In accordance with FAA policy, all stalls for the Commercial rating will be taken to the “onset” (buffeting) 

stall condition.

Task A. Maneuvering During Slow Flight

Reference FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3; POH/AFM

Objective To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with maneuvering during slow flight.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Maneuver relative to a real-life portion of a flight. CA.VII.A.K1

2. Relationship between angle of attack (AOA), airspeed, load factor, aircraft 

configuration, aircraft weight, and aircraft attitude. 

CA.VII.A.K2

3. Importance of reliance on aircraft performance indications (aircraft buffet) 

instead of artificial warning systems (stall horn). 

CA.VII.A.K3

4. The difference between angle of attack and aircraft attitude during all flight 

conditions and how it relates to aircraft performance. 

CA.VII.A.K4

5. How environmental elements affect aircraft performance. CA.VII.A.K5

6. Importance of the 1,500 foot AGL (SEL) or 3,000 foot AGL (MEL) minimum 

altitude. 

CA.VII.A.K6

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Select an entry altitude that will allow the task to be completed no lower 

than 1,500 feet AGL (ASEL, ASES) OR 3,000 feet AGL (AMEL, AMES). 

CA.VII.A.S1

2. Establish and maintain an airspeed at which any further increase in angle of 

attack, increase in load factor, or reduction in power, would result in an 

immediate stall. 

CA.VII.A.S2

3. Accomplish coordinated straight-and-level flight, turns, climbs, and 

descents with landing gear and flap configurations specified by the 

evaluator. 

CA.VII.A.S3

4. Divide attention between airplane control, traffic avoidance and orientation. CA.VII.A.S4

5. Maintain the specified altitude, ±50 feet; specified heading, ±10°; airspeed, 

+5/-0 knots; and specified angle of bank, ±5°. 

CA.VII.A.S5

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. Relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, load factor, aircraft 

configuration, aircraft weight, and aircraft attitude. 

CA.VII.A.R1

2. Reliance on aircraft performance indications, such as aircraft buffet instead 

of artificial warning systems such as a stall horn. 

CA.VII.A.R2

3. The effect of environmental elements on aircraft performance. CA.VII.A.R3
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single-Engine, Multiengine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA 52

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task B. Power-Off Stalls

Reference FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3; AC 61-67; POH/AFM

Objective To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with power-off stalls.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Importance of the 1,500 (SEL) or 3,000 (MEL) foot AGL minimum altitude. CA.VII.B.K1

2. Relating the maneuver to a real-life portion of a flight. CA.VII.B.K2

3. Components of a stabilized descent. CA.VII.B.K3

4. Approach to stall indications. CA.VII.B.K4

5. Full stall indications. CA.VII.B.K5

6. Determining which aircraft inputs are required to meet heading or bank 

angle requirements. 

CA.VII.B.K6

7. Determining the most efficient stall recovery procedure. CA.VII.B.K7

8. Importance of establishing the correct aircraft configuration during the 

recovery process and the consequences of failing to do so. 

CA.VII.B.K8

9. Aerodynamics associated with stalls and spins in various aircraft 

configurations and attitudes. 

CA.VII.B.K9

10. Circumstances that can lead to an inadvertent stall or spin. CA.VII.B.K10

Skills

NOTE: When published, the aircraft manufacturer’s procedures for the specific 

make/mode/series aircraft take precedent over the identification and recovery 

procedures described in skill elements 5 and 6 below

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Select an entry altitude that will allow the task to be completed no lower 

than 1,500 feet AGL (ASEL, ASES) OR 3,000 feet AGL (AMEL, AMES). 

CA.VII.B.S1

2. Establish a stabilized descent in the approach or landing configuration, as 

specified by the evaluator. 

CA.VII.B.S2

3. Transition smoothly from the approach or landing attitude to a pitch attitude 

that will induce a stall. 

CA.VII.B.S3

4. Maintain a specified heading, ±10°, if in straight flight; maintain a specified 

angle of bank not to exceed 20°, ±5°; if in turning flight, while inducing the 

stall. 

CA.VII.B.S4

5. Recognize and recover promptly at the “onset” (buffeting) stall condition. CA.VII.B.S5

NOTE: Evaluation criteria for a recovery from an approach to stall should not 

mandate a predetermined value for altitude loss and should not mandate 

maintaining altitude during recovery. Proper evaluation criteria should consider 

the multitude of external and internal variables which affect the recovery 

altitude.

6. Retract the flaps to the recommended setting; retract the landing gear, if 

retractable, after a positive rate of climb is established. 

CA.VII.B.S6

7. Execute stall recovery in accordance with procedures set forth in the POH. CA.VII.B.S7

8. Accelerates to VX or VY speed before the final flap retraction; returns to the 

altitude, heading and airspeed specified by the examiner. 

CA.VII.B.S8

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. Dynamic aerodynamic relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, load 

factor, aircraft configuration, aircraft weight, and aircraft attitude. 

CA.VII.B.R1

2. Reliance on aircraft performance indications such as aircraft buffet instead 

of artificial warning systems such as a stall horn. 

CA.VII.B.R2

3. The effect of environmental elements on aircraft performance. CA.VII.B.R3

4. Required actions for aircraft maximum performance and the consequences 

of failing to implement these actions. 

CA.VII.B.R4
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single Engine, Multi Engine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

53 FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task C. Power-On Stalls

Reference FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3; AC 61-67; POH/AFM

Objective

To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with power-on stalls.

NOTE: In some high performance airplanes, the power setting may have to be reduced below 

the practical test standards guideline power setting to prevent excessively high pitch attitudes 

(greater than 30° nose up).

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Importance of the 1,500 (SEL) or 3,000 (MEL) foot AGL minimum altitude. CA.VII.C.K1

2. Relating the maneuver to a real-life portion of a flight. CA.VII.C.K2

3. Rationale for power setting variances. CA.VII.C.K3

4. Approach to stall indications. CA.VII.C.K4

5. Full stall indications. CA.VII.C.K5

6. Determining which aircraft inputs are required to meet heading or bank 

angle requirements. 

CA.VII.C.K6

7. Determining the most efficient stall recovery procedure. CA.VII.C.K7

8. Importance of establishing the correct aircraft configuration during the 

recovery process and the consequences of failing to do so. 

CA.VII.C.K8

9. Aerodynamics associated with stalls and spins in various aircraft 

configurations and attitudes. 

CA.VII.C.K9

10. Circumstances that can lead to an inadvertent stall or spin. CA.VII.C.K10

11. Circumstances that can lead to an accelerated stall. CA.VII.C.K11

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Select an entry altitude that will allow the task to be completed no lower 

than 1,500 feet AGL (ASEL, ASES) OR 3,000 feet AGL (AMEL, AMES). 

CA.VII.C.S1

2. Establish the takeoff, departure, or cruise configuration as specified by the 

evaluator. 

CA.VII.C.S2

3. Set power (as assigned by evaluator) to no less than 65 percent available 

power. 

CA.VII.C.S3

4. Transition smoothly from the takeoff or departure attitude to the pitch 

attitude that will induce a stall. 

CA.VII.C.S4

5. Maintain a specified heading, ±10°, if in straight flight; maintain a specified 

angle of bank not to exceed 20°, ±10°, if in turning flight, while inducing the 

stall. 

CA.VII.C.S5

NOTE: Evaluation criteria for a recovery from an approach to stall should not 

mandate a predetermined value for altitude loss and should not mandate 

maintaining altitude during recovery. Proper evaluation criteria should consider 

the multitude of external and internal variables which affect the recovery 

altitude.

6. Recognize and recover promptly at the “onset” (buffeting) stall condition. CA.VII.C.S6

7. Retract the flaps to the recommended setting; retract the landing gear if 

retractable, after a positive rate of climb is established. 

CA.VII.C.S7

8. Accelerate to VX or VY speed before the final flap retraction; return to the 

altitude, heading, and airspeed specified by the evaluator. 

CA.VII.C.S8

Task continued on next page.
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single-Engine, Multiengine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA 54

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task C. Power-On Stalls

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. Dynamic aerodynamic relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, load 

factor, aircraft configuration, aircraft weight, and aircraft attitude. 

CA.VII.C.R1

2. Reliance on aircraft performance indications such as aircraft buffet instead 

of artificial warning systems such as a stall horn. 

CA.VII.C.R2

3. The effect of environmental elements on aircraft performance. CA.VII.C.R3

4. Required actions for aircraft maximum performance and the consequences 

of failing to implement these actions. 

CA.VII.C.R4

5. Avoiding accelerated stalls. CA.VII.C.R5
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single Engine, Multi Engine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

55 FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task D. Accelerated Stalls (ASEL)

Reference FAA-H-8083-3; AC 61-67; POH/AFM

Objective

To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

related to accelerated (power on or power off) stalls.

NOTE: In accordance with FAA policy, Accelerated Stalls for the Commercial certificate will 

be taken to the “onset” of the stall warning horn or other imminent stall indication.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Relating the maneuver to a realistic flight scenario. CA.VII.D.K1

2. Approach to stall indications. CA.VII.D.K2

3. Full stall indications. CA.VII.D.K3

4. Aircraft inputs required to maintain heading or bank angle. CA.VII.D.K4

5. Efficient stall recovery procedure so that a minimum loss of altitude 

occurs. 

CA.VII.D.K5

6. Importance of establishing the correct aircraft configuration during the 

recovery process and the consequences of failing to do so, as 

applicable. 

CA.VII.D.K6

7. Aerodynamics associated with stalls and spins in various aircraft 

configurations and attitudes. 

CA.VII.D.K7

8. Circumstances that can lead to an inadvertent stall or spin. CA.VII.D.K8

9. Importance of the 5,000 foot AGL minimum altitude. CA.VII.D.K9

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Select an entry altitude that will allow the task to be completed no 

lower than 5,000 feet AGL. 

CA.VII.D.S1

2. Establish and maintain a coordinated turn in a 30-degree bank. 

Reduce speed by steadily and progressively tightening the turn with 

the elevator until the airplane is stalled. The rate of speed should be 

constant at approximately 3-5 knots per second with steadily 

increasing normal acceleration. 

CA.VII.D.S2

3. The entry speed for the accelerated stall maneuver should not exceed 

the maneuvering speed (VA), flap extension speed (VFE), landing 

gear extended speed (VLE), whichever is lower in the takeoff, 

approach and landing configuration. 

CA.VII.D.S3

4. Recognize and recover promptly at the onset of the accelerated stall. CA.VII.D.S4

5. Returns to the altitude, heading, and airspeed specified by the 

evaluator. 

CA.VII.D.S5

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate 

risks, encompassing:

1. Dynamic aerodynamic relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, 

load factor, aircraft configuration, aircraft weight, and aircraft attitude. 

CA.VII.D.R1

2. Reliance on aircraft performance indications such as aircraft buffet 

instead of artificial warning systems such as stall horn. 

CA.VII.D.R2

3. Environmental element effects on aircraft performance. CA.VII.D.R3

4. Required actions for aircraft maximum performance and the 

consequences of failing to do so. 

CA.VII.D.R4

5. Scenarios during which an accelerated stall can occur. CA.VII.D.R5

6. Inadvertent stall/spin entry. CA.VII.D.R6
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single-Engine, Multiengine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA 56

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task E. Spin Awareness

Reference FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3; AC 61-67; POH/AFM

Objective

To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with spins, flight situations where unintentional spins may occur and procedures for 

recovery from unintentional spins.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Aerodynamics associated with stalls and spins in various aircraft 

configurations and attitudes. 

CA.VII.D.K1

2. Circumstances that can lead to an inadvertent stall or spin. CA.VII.D.K2

3. Different spin types, causes, recovery strategies. CA.VII.D.K3

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Assess and avoid situations where unintentional spins may occur. CA.VII.D.S1

2. Explain procedures for recovery from unintentional spins. CA.VII.D.S2

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. Dynamic aerodynamic relationship between angle of attack, airspeed, load 

factor, aircraft configuration, aircraft weight, and aircraft attitude. 

CA.VII.D.R1

2. Reliance on aircraft performance indications such as aircraft buffet instead 

of artificial warning systems such as stall horn. 

CA.VII.D.R2

3. The effect of environmental elements on aircraft performance. CA.VII.D.R3

4. Required actions for aircraft maximum performance and the consequences 

of failing to implement these actions. 

CA.VII.D.R4

5. Uncoordinated flight. CA.VII.D.R5

6. Hazards associated with the improper application of flight control inputs 

during the spin recovery.

CA.VII.D.R6
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single Engine, Multi Engine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

57 FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

VIII. Emergency Operations

NOTE (AMEL, AMES): Examiners shall select an entry altitude that will allow the single-engine demonstrations 

task to be completed no lower than 3,000 feet AGL or the manufacturer’s recommended altitude, whichever is 

higher. At altitudes lower than 3,000 feet AGL, engine failure shall be simulated by reducing throttle to idle and 

then establishing zero thrust.

Task A. Power Failure at Altitude (Simulated)

Reference FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3; POH/AFM

Objective

To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with a power failure at altitude and associated emergency approach and landing 

procedures.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Glide speed, distance. CA.VIII.A.K1

2. Available landing distance (ALD). CA.VIII.A.K2

3. Hazards of other than hard surfaced runway. CA.VIII.A.K3

4. Stabilized approach. CA.VIII.A.K4

5. Energy management. CA.VIII.A.K5

6. Wind conditions and effects. CA.VIII.A.K6

7. Density altitude. CA.VIII.A.K7

8. Headwind, tailwind, crosswind component. CA.VIII.A.K8

9. Emergency procedures. CA.VIII.A.K9

10. Communications. CA.VIII.A.K10

11. Regulations pertaining to emergencies safe altitudes. CA.VIII.A.K11

12. Air Traffic Control (ATC) clearance deviations. CA.VIII.A.K12

13. Minimum fuel. CA.VIII.A.K13

14. Selecting a landing location. CA.VIII.A.K14

15. ELTs and/or other emergency locating devices. CA.VIII.A.K15

16. Radar assistance to VFR aircraft. CA.VIII.A.K16

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Analyze the situation and select an appropriate course of action. CA.VIII.A.S1

2. Establish and maintain the recommended best-glide airspeed, ±10 

knots. 

CA.VIII.A.S2

3. Plan and follow a flight pattern to the selected landing area 

considering altitude, wind, terrain, and obstructions. 

CA.VIII.A.S3

4. Prepare for landing, or go-around, as specified by the evaluator. CA.VIII.A.S4

5. Follow the appropriate checklist. CA.VIII.A.S5

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate 

risks, encompassing:

1. Wind. CA.VIII.A.R1

2. Selecting a suitable landing area. CA.VIII.A.R2

3. Planning and following a flight pattern to the selected landing area 

considering altitude, wind, terrain, and obstructions. 

CA.VIII.A.R3

4. Task management. CA.VIII.A.R4

5. Low-altitude maneuvering. CA.VIII.A.R5

6. Obstacle and wire strike avoidance. CA.VIII.A.R6

7. Collision avoidance. CA.VIII.A.R7

8. Right-of-way. CA.VIII.A.R8

9. Situational awareness. CA.VIII.A.R9

10. Stall/spin awareness. CA.VIII.A.R10

11. Difference between best glide speed (L/D) and minimum sink speed, 

and when each one is appropriate.

CA.VIII.A.R11
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single-Engine, Multiengine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA 58

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task B. Emergency Descent

Reference FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3; POH/AFM

Objective To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with an emergency descent.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Glide speed, distance. CA.VIII.B.K1

2. Stabilized approach. CA.VIII.B.K2

3. Energy management. CA.VIII.B.K3

4. Wind conditions and effects. CA.VIII.B.K4

5. Situations, such as depressurization, cockpit smoke and/or fire that require 

an emergency descent. 

CA.VIII.B.K5

6. Emergency procedures. CA.VIII.B.K6

7. Communications. CA.VIII.B.K7

8. Regulations pertaining to emergencies safe altitudes. CA.VIII.B.K8

9. ATC clearance deviations. CA.VIII.B.K9

10. ELTs and/or other emergency locating devices. CA.VIII.B.K10

11. Radar assistance to VFR aircraft. CA.VIII.B.K11

12. Transponder. CA.VIII.B.K12

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Analyze the situation and select an appropriate course of action. CA.VIII.B.S1

2. Establish and maintain the appropriate airspeed and configuration for the 

emergency descent. 

CA.VIII.B.S2

3. Exhibit orientation, division of attention and proper planning. CA.VIII.B.S3

4. Maintain positive load factors during the descent. CA.VIII.B.S4

5. Maintain appropriate airspeed +0/-10 knots, and level off at specified 

altitude, +/- 100 feet.

CA.VIII.B.S5

6. Follow the appropriate checklist. CA.VIII.B.S6

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks,

encompassing:

1. Wind. CA.VIII.B.R1

2. Selecting a suitable landing area. CA.VIII.B.R2

3. Planning and following a flight pattern to the selected landing area 

considering altitude, wind, terrain, and obstructions. 

CA.VIII.B.R3

4. Task management. CA.VIII.B.R4

5. Low-altitude maneuvering. CA.VIII.B.R5

6. Obstacle and wire strike avoidance. CA.VIII.B.R6

7. Collision avoidance. CA.VIII.B.R7

8. Right-of-way. CA.VIII.B.R8

9. Situational awareness. CA.VIII.B.R9

10. Stall/spin awareness. CA.VIII.B.R10

11. Difference between best glide speed (L/D) and minimum sink speed, and 

when each one is appropriate. 

CA.VIII.B.R11
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single Engine, Multi Engine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

59 FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task C. Systems and Equipment Malfunctions

Reference FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3; POH/AFM

Objective

To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with system and equipment malfunctions appropriate to the airplane provided for the 

practical test and analyzing the situation and take appropriate action for simulated emergencies.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Elements related to system and equipment malfunctions appropriate to the 

airplane, including the following—

CA.VIII.C.K1

a. partial or complete power loss. CA.VIII.C.K1a

b. engine roughness or overheat. CA.VIII.C.K1b

c. carburetor or induction icing. CA.VIII.C.K1c

d. loss of oil pressure. CA.VIII.C.K1d

e. fuel starvation. CA.VIII.C.K1e

f. electrical malfunction. CA.VIII.C.K1f

g. vacuum/pressure, and associated flight instruments malfunction. CA.VIII.C.K1g

h. pitot/static system malfunction. CA.VIII.C.K1h

i. landing gear or flap malfunction. CA.VIII.C.K1i

j. inoperative trim. CA.VIII.C.K1j

k. inadvertent door or window opening. CA.VIII.C.K1k

l. structural icing CA.VIII.C.K1l

m. smoke/fire/engine compartment fire. CA.VIII.C.K1m

n. any other emergency appropriate to the airplane. CA.VIII.C.K1n

2. Supplemental oxygen. CA.VIII.C.K2

3. Load factors. CA.VIII.C.K3

4. High drag versus low drag. CA.VIII.C.K4

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Analyze the situation and take appropriate action for simulated 

emergencies appropriate to the airplane provided for at least three of the 

system and equipment malfunctions listed in the knowledge elements. 

CA.VIII.C.S1

2. Completes appropriate checklist or procedure. CA.VIII.C.S2

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. Avoiding hazardous attitudes. CA.VIII.C.R1

2. Preflight inspections. CA.VIII.C.R2

3. Maintenance. CA.VIII.C.R3

4. Checklist usage. CA.VIII.C.R4

5. Recognizing situations, such as depressurization (if applicable), cockpit 

smoke, and/or fire that require an emergency descent. 

CA.VIII.C.R5

6. Orientation, division of attention, and proper planning. CA.VIII.C.R6

7. Energy management. CA.VIII.C.R7
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single-Engine, Multiengine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA 60

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task D. Emergency Equipment and Survival Gear

Reference FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3; POH/AFM

Objective

To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with emergency equipment, personal, and survival gear appropriate to the airplane 

and environment encountered during flight and identifying appropriate equipment that should be 

onboard the airplane.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Emergency equipment. CA.VIII.D.K1

2. Climate extremes (hot/cold). CA.VIII.D.K2

3. Mountainous terrain. CA.VIII.D.K3

4. Overwater operations. CA.VIII.D.K4

5. Gear to meet basic physical needs until rescue. CA.VIII.D.K5

6. ELT operation, limitations and testing requirements. CA.VIII.D.K6

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Identify appropriate equipment that should be onboard the airplane. CA.VIII.D.S1

2. Identify appropriate personal gear to meet physical needs until rescue. CA.VIII.D.S2

3. Brief the proper use of the fire extinguisher, if installed. CA.VIII.D.S3

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. Meeting basic needs (water, clothing, shelter) for 48 to 72 hours until 

search and rescue is made. 

CA.VIII.D.R1

2. Survival techniques, to include being located by search and rescue. CA.VIII.D.R2
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single Engine, Multi Engine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

61 FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task E. Engine Failure During Takeoff Before VMC (Simulated) (AMEL, AMES)

Reference FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3; FAA-P-8740-19; POH/AFM

Objective

To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with an engine failure during takeoff before VMC.

NOTE: Engine failure (simulated) shall be accomplished before reaching 50 percent of the 

calculated VMC.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. VMC. CA.VIII.E.K1

2. Runway distances. CA.VIII.E.K2

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Close the throttles smoothly and promptly when simulated engine failure 

occurs. 

CA.VIII.E.S1

2. Maintain directional control and apply brakes, as necessary. CA.VIII.E.S2

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. Emergency planning and communications. CA.VIII.E.R1

2. Task management. CA.VIII.E.R2

3. Low-altitude maneuvering. CA.VIII.E.R3

4. Wire strike avoidance. CA.VIII.E.R4

5. Collision avoidance. CA.VIII.E.R5

6. Right-of-way. CA.VIII.E.R6

7. Situational awareness of obstacles on approach and departure paths. CA.VIII.E.R7

8. Stall/Spin Awareness. CA.VIII.E.R8
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single-Engine, Multiengine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA 62

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task F. Engine Failure After Lift-Off (Simulated) (AMEL, AMES)

Reference FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3; FAA-P-8740-19; POH/AFM

Objective

To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with an engine failure after lift-off.

NOTE: Simulated engine failure of the most critical engine shall be demonstrated after lift-off. 

However, the failure of an engine shall not be simulated until attaining at least VSSE/VXSE/VYSE and 

at an altitude not lower than 400 feet AGL.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. VMC. CA.VIII.F.K1

2. Runway distances. CA.VIII.F.K2

3. Drag reduction. CA.VIII.F.K3

4. How to identify the inoperative engine. CA.VIII.F.K4

5. Aircraft configuration for best performance during single-engine operations. CA.VIII.F.K5

6. Feathering and zero-thrust procedures. CA.VIII.F.K6

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Recognize a simulated engine failure promptly, maintain control and utilize 

appropriate emergency procedures. 

CA.VIII.F.S1

2. Reduce drag, identify and verify the inoperative engine after simulated 

engine failure. 

CA.VIII.F.S2

3. Simulate feathering the propeller on the inoperative engine. Evaluator shall 

then establish a zero-thrust on the inoperative engine. 

CA.VIII.F.S3

4. Establish VYSE; if obstructions are present, establish VXSE or VMC +5 knots, 

whichever is greater, until obstructions are cleared. Then transition to VYSE. 

CA.VIII.F.S4

5. Bank toward the operating engine as required for best performance. CA.VIII.F.S5

6. Monitor operating engine and make adjustments as necessary. CA.VIII.F.S6

7. Recognize the airplane’s performance capabilities. If a climb is not possible 

at VYSE, maintain VYSE and return to the departure airport for landing, or 

initiate an approach to the most suitable landing area available. 

CA.VIII.F.S7

8. Simulate securing the inoperative engine. CA.VIII.F.S8

9. Maintain heading +/-10 degrees, and airspeed ±5 knots. CA.VIII.F.S9

10. Complete appropriate emergency checklist. CA.VIII.F.S10

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. Emergency planning and communications. CA.VIII.F.R1

2. Task management. CA.VIII.F.R2

3. Low altitude maneuvering. CA.VIII.F.R3

4. Wire strike avoidance. CA.VIII.F.R4

5. Collision avoidance. CA.VIII.F.R5

6. Right-of-way. CA.VIII.F.R6

7. Situational awareness of obstacles on approach and departure paths. CA.VIII.F.R7

8. Stall/spin Awareness. CA.VIII.F.R8
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single Engine, Multi Engine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

63 FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task G. Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated) (AMEL, AMES)

Reference FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3; FAA-P-8740-19; POH/AFM

Objective

To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with an approach and landing with an engine inoperative, including engine failure on 

final approach.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. VMC. CA.VIII.G.K1

2. Runway distances. CA.VIII.G.K2

3. Drag reduction. CA.VIII.G.K3

4. How to identify the inoperative engine. CA.VIII.G.K4

5. Aircraft configuration for best performance during single-engine operations. CA.VIII.G.K5

6. Feathering and zero-thrust procedures. CA.VIII.G.K6

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Recognize engine failure and take appropriate action, maintain control, and 

utilize manufacturer’s recommended emergency procedures. 

CA.VIII.G.S1

2. Bank toward the operating engine, as required, for best performance. CA.VIII.G.S2

3. Monitor the operating engine and make adjustments as necessary. CA.VIII.G.S3

4. Maintain the manufacturer’s recommended approach airspeed +10/-5, and 

landing configuration with a stabilized approach, until landing is assured. 

CA.VIII.G.S4

5. Make smooth, timely, and correct control applications, during round out and 

touchdown. 

CA.VIII.G.S5

6. Touch down on the first one-third of available runway, with no drift and the 

airplane’s longitudinal axis aligned with and over the runway center path. 

CA.VIII.G.S6

7. Maintain crosswind correction and directional control throughout the 

approach and landing sequence. 

CA.VIII.G.S7

8. Complete appropriate checklists. CA.VIII.G.S8

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. Accounting for wind. CA.VIII.G.R1

2. Selecting a suitable landing area. CA.VIII.G.R2

3. Planning and following a flight pattern to the selected landing area 

considering altitude, wind, terrain, and obstructions. 

CA.VIII.G.R3

4. Task management. CA.VIII.G.R4

5. Low-altitude maneuvering. CA.VIII.G.R5

6. Wire strike avoidance. CA.VIII.G.R6

7. Collision avoidance. CA.VIII.G.R7

8. Right-of-way. CA.VIII.G.R8

9. Situational awareness of obstacles on approach and departure paths. CA.VIII.G.R9

10. Stall/spin Awareness. CA.VIII.G.R10
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single-Engine, Multiengine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA 64

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

IX. High Altitude Operations

Task A. Supplemental Oxygen 

Reference 14 CFR part 91; FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-25; AC 61-107; AIM; POH/AFM

Objective To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

for flight at higher altitudes where supplemental oxygen is required or recommended.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Regulatory requirements for supplemental oxygen use for flight crew 

and passengers. 

CA.IX.A.K1

2. Physiological impairment and symptoms of hypoxia. CA.IX.A.K2

3. Time of useful consciousness (TUC) times without supplemental 

oxygen.

CA.IX.A.K3

4. Operational characteristics, limitations, and applicability of continuous 

flow, demand, and pressure-demand oxygen systems. 

CA.IX.A.K4

5. Differences between and identification of “aviator’s breathing oxygen” 

and other types. 

CA.IX.A.K5

6. The necessary precautions when using supplemental oxygen systems. CA.IX.A.K6

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Operate the installed or portable oxygen equipment in the aircraft, if 

equipment is installed.

CA.IX.A.S1

2. Determine the quantity of supplemental oxygen required. CA.IX.A.S2

3. Accurately assess the adequacy of the oxygen supply for a planned 

flight. 

CA.IX.A.S3

4. Brief passengers on the use of the supplemental oxygen equipment. CA.IX.A.S4

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate 

risks, encompassing:

1. Flight planning to assess the potential need for supplemental oxygen. CA.IX.A.R1

2. Compressed gas container hazards with portable systems. CA.IX.A.R2

3. Combustion hazards in an oxygen-rich environment. CA.IX.A.R3
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single Engine, Multi Engine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

65 FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task B. Pressurization 

Reference FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-H-8083-25; AC 61-107; AIM; POH/AFM.

Objective To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

for flight in pressurized aircraft at high altitudes.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Fundamental concepts of aircraft pressurization system. CA.IX.B.K1

2. Supplemental oxygen requirements when operating airplanes with 

pressurized cabins. 

CA.IX.B.K2

3. Physiological hazards associated with high altitude flight and 

decompression. 

CA.IX.B.K3

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Operate the pressurization system, if equipment is installed. CA.IX.B.S1

2. React appropriately to simulated pressurization malfunctions. CA.IX.B.S2

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate 

risks, encompassing:

1. High altitude flight. CA.IX.B.R1

2. Supplemental oxygen quantities and systems before flight. CA.IX.B.R2

3. Briefing passengers on use of supplemental oxygen systems in the 

case of pressurization malfunction. 

CA.IX.B.R3

4. Physiological factors associated pressurized environments. CA.IX.B.R4
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single-Engine, Multiengine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA 66

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

IX. Multiengine Operations

NOTE: If the applicant does not hold an instrument rating airplane, Tasks C and D need not be accomplished. All 

other Tasks must to be completed.

Task A. Maneuvering with One Engine Inoperative (AMEL, AMES)

Reference FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-P-8740-19; POH/AFM

Objective

To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with one engine inoperative.

NOTE: The feathering of one propeller shall be demonstrated in flight, unless the manufacturer 

prohibits the intentional feathering of the propellers during flight. The maneuvers shall be 

performed at altitudes above 3,000 feet AGL or the manufacturer’s recommended altitude, 

whichever is higher, and positions where safe landings on established airports can be readily 

accomplished. In the event a propeller cannot be unfeathered during the practical test, it shall be 

treated as an emergency.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. VMC. CA.X.A.K1

2. Drag reduction. CA.X.A.K2

3. How to identify the inoperative engine. CA.X.A.K3

4. Aircraft configuration for best performance during single-engine operations. CA.X.A.K4

5. Feathering and zero-thrust procedures. CA.X.A.K5

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Recognize engine failure and maintain control. CA.X.A.S1

2. Set the engine controls, reduce drag, identify and verify the inoperative 

engine, and feather appropriate propeller. 

CA.X.A.S2

3. Establish and maintain a bank toward the operating engine as required for 

best performance in straight and level flight. 

CA.X.A.S3

4. Follow the manufacturer’s prescribed checklists to verify procedures for 

securing the inoperative engine. 

CA.X.A.S4

5. Monitor the operating engine and make necessary adjustments. CA.X.A.S5

6. Demonstrate coordinated flight with one engine inoperative (propeller 

feathered). 

CA.X.A.S6

7. Restart the inoperative engine using appropriate manufacturer’s restart 

procedures.

CA.X.A.S7

8. Maintain altitude ±100 feet or minimum sink as appropriate and heading 

±10 degrees. 

CA.X.A.S8

9. Complete the appropriate checklist. CA.X.A.S9

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks,

encompassing:

1. Collision avoidance. CA.X.A.R1

2. CFIT avoidance. CA.X.A.R2

3. Task management. CA.X.A.R3

4. Wire strike avoidance. CA.X.A.R4

5. Situational awareness. CA.X.A.R5
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single Engine, Multi Engine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

67 FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task B. VMC Demonstration (AMEL, AMES)

Reference FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-P-8740-19; POH/AFM

Objective

To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with a VMC demonstration.

NOTE: An applicant seeking an airplane-multiengine land rating, “Limited to Center Thrust,” is 

not required to be evaluated on this Task.

NOTE: Airplane with normally aspirated engines will lose power as altitude increases because of 

the reduced density of the air entering the induction system of the engine. This loss of power will 

result in a VMC lower than the stall speed at higher altitudes. Therefore, recovery should be made 

at the first indication of loss of directional control, stall warning, or buffet. Do not perform this 

maneuver by increasing the pitch attitude to a high angle with both engines operating and then 

reducing power on the critical engine. This technique is hazardous and may result in loss of 

airplane control.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. VMC and factors affecting VMC. CA.X.B.K1

2. Cause of loss of directional controls at airspeeds less than VMC. CA.X.B.K2

3. Safe recovery procedures. CA.X.B.K3

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Configure the airplane in accordance with the manufacturer’s 

recommendation, in the absence of the manufacturer’s recommendations, 

then at VSSE/VYSE, as appropriate. 

CA.X.B.S1

a. Landing gear retracted. CA.X.B.S1a

b. Flaps set for takeoff. CA.X.B.S1b

c. Cowl flaps set for takeoff. CA.X.B.S1c

d. Trim set for takeoff. CA.X.B.S1d

e. Propellers set for high RPM. CA.X.B.S1e

d. Power on critical engine reduce to idle. CA.X.B.S1f

g. Power on operating engine set to takeoff or maximum available power. CA.X.B.S1g

2. Establish a single-engine climb attitude with the airspeed at approximately 

10 knots above VSSE. 

CA.X.B.S2

3. Establish a bank toward the operating engine, as required for best 

performance and controllability. 

CA.X.B.S3

4. Increase the pitch attitude slowly to reduce the airspeed at approximately 1 

knot per second while applying rudder pressure to maintain directional 

control until full rudder is applied. 

CA.X.B.S4

5. Recognize indications of loss of directional control, stall warning, or buffet. CA.X.B.S5

6. Recover promptly by simultaneously reducing power sufficiently on the 

operating engine while decreasing the angle of attack as necessary to 

regain airspeed and directional control. Recovery SHOULD NOT be 

attempted by increasing the power on the simulated failed engine. 

CA.X.B.S6

7. Recover within 20 degrees of the entry heading. CA.X.B.S7

8. Advance power smoothly on operating engine and accelerate to VSSE/VYSE, 

as appropriate, +10/-5 knots, during the recovery. 

CA.X.B.S8

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. Collision avoidance. CA.X.B.R1

2. CFIT avoidance. CA.X.B.R2

3. Task management. CA.X.B.R3

4. Wire strike avoidance. CA.X.B.R4

5. Situational awareness. CA.X.B.R5
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single-Engine, Multiengine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA 68

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task C. Engine Failure During Flight (by reference to instruments) (AMEL, AMES)

Reference FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-P-8740-19; POH/AFM

Objective To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with instrument flight with one engine inoperative.

Knowledge The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Instrument procedures used with one engine inoperative. CA.X.C.K1

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Recognize engine failure, set the engine controls, reduce drag, identify and 

verify the inoperative engine, and feather appropriate engine propeller. 

CA.X.C.S1

2. Establish and maintain a bank toward the operating engine as required for 

best performance in straight-and-level. 

CA.X.C.S2

3. Follow the prescribed checklists to verify procedures for securing the 

inoperative engine. 

CA.X.C.S3

4. Monitor the operating engine and make necessary adjustments. CA.X.C.S4

5. Demonstrate coordinated flight with one engine inoperative. CA.X.C.S5

6. Maintain altitude ±100 feet, or minimum sink as appropriate and heading 

±10 degrees bank, bank ±5 degrees, and levels off from climbs and 

descents within ±100 feet. 

CA.X.C.S6

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. Collision avoidance. CA.X.C.R1

2. CFIT avoidance. CA.X.C.R2

3. Task management. CA.X.C.R3

4. Wire strike avoidance. CA.X.C.R4

5. Situational awareness. CA.X.C.R5
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single Engine, Multi Engine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

69 FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task D. Instrument Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated) by 

Reference to Instruments (AMEL, AMES)

Reference FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3, FAA-P-8740-19; POH/AFM

Objective To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with executing a published instrument approach with one engine inoperative.

Knowledge The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Instrument approach procedures used with one engine inoperative. CA.X.D.K1

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Recognize engine failure, set the engine controls, reduce drag, identify and 

verify the inoperative engine, and feather appropriate engine propeller. 

CA.X.D.S1

2. Establish and maintain a bank toward the operating engine, as required for 

best performance in straight-and-level flight. 

CA.X.D.S2

3. Follow the manufacturer’s prescribed checklists to verify procedures for 

securing the inoperative engine.

CA.X.D.S3

4. Monitor the operating engine and make necessary adjustments. CA.X.D.S4

5. Request and receive an actual or a simulated ATC clearance for an 

instrument approach. 

CA.X.D.S5

6. Follow the actual or a simulated ATC clearance for an instrument approach. CA.X.D.S6

7. Maintain altitude within 100 feet, the airspeed within ±10 knots if within the 

aircraft’s capability, and heading +-10 degrees. 

CA.X.D.S7

8. Establish a rate of descent that will ensure arrival at the MDA or DH/DA, 

with the airplane in a position from which a descent to a landing, on the 

intended runway can be made, either straight in or circling as appropriate. 

CA.X.D.S8

9. On final approach segment, no more than three-quarter-scale deflection of 

the CDI/glide slope indicator. For RMI or Automatic Direction Finder (ADF) 

indicators, within 10 degrees of the course. 

CA.X.D.S9

10. Avoid loss of aircraft control, or attempted flight contrary to the engineinoperative operating limitations of the aircraft. CA.X.D.S10

11. Comply with the published criteria for the aircraft approach category when 

circling. 

CA.X.D.S11

12. Complete landing and appropriate manufacturer’s checklists. CA.X.D.S12

Risk

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. Collision avoidance. CA.X.D.R1

2. CFIT avoidance. CA.X.D.R2

3. Task management. CA.X.D.R3

4. Wire strike avoidance. CA.X.D.R4

5. Situational awareness. CA.X.D.R5
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single-Engine, Multiengine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA 70

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

XI. Postflight Procedures

Task A. Parking and Securing (ASEL, AMEL)

Reference FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-3; POH/AFM

Objective To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with after landing, parking, and securing procedures.

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Positioning aircraft controls for wind. CA.XI.A.K1

2. Familiarity with airport markings (including hold short lines), signs, and 

lights. 

CA.XI.A.K2

3. Aircraft lighting. CA.XI.A.K3

4. Towered and non-towered airport operations. CA.XI.A.K4

5. Visual indicators for wind. CA.XI.A.K5

6. Airport information resources (A/FD, airport diagram). CA.XI.A.K6

7. Good cockpit discipline during taxi. CA.XI.A.K7

8. Appropriate taxi speeds. CA.XI.A.K8

9. Exhibiting procedures for appropriate cockpit activities during taxiing 

including taxi route planning, briefing the location of HOT SPOTS, 

communicating and coordinating with ATC. 

CA.XI.A.K9

10. Procedures unique to night operations. CA.XI.A.K10

11. Hazards of low visibility operations. CA.XI.A.K11

12. Importance of documenting any in-flight/post-flight discrepancies. CA.XI.A.K12

13. National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) accident/incident reporting. CA.XI.A.K13

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Utilize after landing runway incursion avoidance procedures after landing. CA.XI.A.S1

2. Park in an appropriate area, considering the safety of nearby persons and 

property. 

CA.XI.A.S2

3. Plan the taxi route to the ramp. CA.XI.A.S3

4. Follow the appropriate procedure for engine shutdown. CA.XI.A.S4

5. Complete the After Landing checklist after the airplane is stopped. CA.XI.A.S5

6. Complete the Engine Shutdown Checklist. CA.XI.A.S6

7. Disembark passengers safely and remain aware of passenger movement 

while on the ramp area. 

CA.XI.A.S7

8. Record aircraft discrepancies and notes for possible service needs before 

next flight. 

CA.XI.A.S8

9. Conduct an appropriate post flight inspection, secure the aircraft. CA.XI.A.S9

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. Distractions during aircraft taxi and parking. CA.XI.A.R1

2. Proximity of other aircraft/vehicles/people when operating on airport 

surfaces. 

CA.XI.A.R2

3. Propeller safety. CA.XI.A.R3

4. Proper workload management. CA.XI.A.R4

5. Confirmation or expectation bias. CA.XI.A.R5

6. Automation management. CA.XI.A.R6

7. Airport security. CA.XI.A.R7
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single Engine, Multi Engine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

71 FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Task B. Seaplane Post-Landing Procedures (ASES, AMES)

Reference FAA-H-8083-2, FAA-H-8083-23; POH/AFM

Objective

To determine that the applicant exhibits satisfactory knowledge, skills and risk management 

associated with anchoring, docking, mooring, and ramping/beaching.

NOTE: The examiner shall select at least one after-landing procedure (anchoring, docking and 

mooring, or ramping/beaching).

Knowledge

The applicant demonstrates understanding of:

1. Mooring. CA.XI.B.K1

2. Docking. CA.XI.B.K2

3. Anchoring. CA.XI.B.K3

4. Ramping/beaching. CA.XI.B.K4

5. Post-landing procedures. CA.XI.B.K5

Skills

The applicant demonstrates the ability to:

1. Select a suitable area for anchoring, considering seaplane movement, 

water depth, tide, wind, and weather changes. 

CA.XI.B.S1

2. Use an adequate number of anchors and lines of sufficient strength and 

length to ensure the seaplane’s security. 

CA.XI.B.S2

3. Approach the dock or mooring buoy in the proper direction considering 

speed, hazards, wind, and water current. 

CA.XI.B.S3

4. Approach the ramp/beach considering persons and property, in the proper 

attitude and direction, at a safe speed, considering water depth, tide, 

current, and wind. 

CA.XI.B.S4

5. Ensure seaplane security in a manner that will protect it from the harmful 

effect of wind, waves, and changes in water level. 

CA.XI.B.S5

Risk 

Management

The applicant demonstrates the ability to identify, assess and mitigate risks, 

encompassing:

1. Distractions during aircraft taxi and parking. CA.XI.B.R1

2. Proximity of other aircraft/vehicles/people when operating on airport 

surfaces. 

CA.XI.B.R2

3. Propeller safety. CA.XI.B.R3

4. Proper workload management. CA.XI.B.R4

5. Confirmation or expectation bias. CA.XI.B.R5

6. Automation Management. CA.XI.B.R6

7. Airport security. CA.XI.B.R7

8. Water and environmental impacts on securing a seaplane. CA.XI.B.R8
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Single-Engine, Multiengine Land and Sea Areas of Operation

FAA-S-8081-ACS-PA 72

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

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Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Appendix 1: Flight Simulation 

1-1 FAA-S-8081-XX

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

APPENDIX 1: FLIGHT SIMULATION

AIRPLANE SINGLE-ENGINE, MULTIENGINE LAND AND SEA

Task vs. Simulation Device Credit

Examiners conducting the Commercial Pilot–Airplane Practical Tests with flight simulation devices should 

consult appropriate documentation to ensure that the device has been approved for training, testing, or 

checking. The documentation for each device should reflect that the following activities have occurred:

1. The device must be evaluated, determined to meet the appropriate standards, and assigned the 

appropriate qualification level by the National Simulator Program Manager. The device must 

continue to meet qualification standards through continuing evaluations as outlined in the 

appropriate advisory circular (AC) or 14 CFR part 60. For airplane flight training devices (FTD), 

AC 120-45 (as amended), Airplane Flight Training Device Qualifications, will be used. For 

simulators, AC 120-40 (as amended), Airplane Simulator Qualification or part 60 will be used.

2. The FAA must approve the device for training, testing, and checking the specific flight Tasks 

listed in this appendix.

3. The device must continue to support the level of student or applicant performance required by 

this ACS.

NOTE: Users of the following chart are cautioned that use of the chart alone is incomplete. The 

description and objective of each Task as listed in the body of the ACS, including all notes, must also be 

incorporated for accurate simulation device use.

Use of Chart

X Creditable.

A Creditable if appropriate systems are installed and operating.

* Asterisk items require use of FTD or simulator visual reference.

NOTE: Use of Level 1, 2 or Level 3 FTDs is not authorized for the practical test required by this ACS.

For practical tests, not more than 50 % of the maneuvers may be accomplished in an FTD or simulator 

UNLESS:

a. Each maneuver has been satisfactorily accomplished for an instructor, in the appropriate 

airplane, not less than three (3) times,

OR

b. the applicant has logged not less than 500 hours of flight time as a pilot in airplanes.

NOTE: Not all Areas of Operation (AOO) and Tasks required by this ACS are listed in the appendix. The 

remaining AOO and Tasks must be accomplished in an airplane.
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Appendix 1: The Knowledge Test 

FAA-S-8081-XX 1-2

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Flight Simulation Device Level

Areas of Operation Flight Simulation Device Level

4 5 6 7 A B C D

II. Preflight Procedures

A. Preflight Assessment A A X X X X X X

B. Cockpit Management A A X X X X X X

C. Engine Starting A A X X X X X X

D. Taxiing (ASEL, AMEL) _ _ _ _ _ _ X X

F. Before Takeoff Check A A X X X X X X

IV. Takeoffs, Landings, and Go-Arounds

A. Normal Takeoff and Climb _ _ _ _ _ _ X X

B. Normal Approach and Landing _ _ _ _ _ _ X X

E. Short-Field Takeoff and Maximum 

Performance Climb (ASEL, AMEL) _ _ _ _ X X X X

F. Short-Field Approach and Landing

(ASEL, AMEL) _ _ _ _ _ _ X X

N. Go-Around/Rejected Landing _ _ X X X X X X

V. Performance Maneuvers

A. Steep Turns _ _ X X X X X X

VI. Navigation

B. Navigation Systems and Radar Services _ A X X X X X X

C. Diversion _ A X X X X X X

D. Lost Procedures _ A X X X X X X

VII. Slow Flight and Stalls

A. Maneuvering During Slow Flight _ _ X X X X X X

VIII. Emergency Operations

B. Emergency Descent _ _ X X X X X X

C. Systems and Equipment Malfunction A A X X X X X X

E. Engine Failure During Takeoff Before VMC

(Simulated) (AMEL, AMES) _ _ _ _ X X X X

F. Engine Failure After Lift-Off (Simulated)

(AMEL, AMES) _ _ _ _ X X X X

G. Approach and Landing with an Inoperative 

Engine (Simulated) (AMEL, AMES) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

IX. Multiengine Operations

C. Engine Failure During Flight (by reference 

to instruments) (AMEL, AMES) _ _ X X X X X X

D. Instrument Approach and Landing with an

Inoperative Engine (Simulated) by 

Reference to Instruments (AMEL, AMES) _ _ _ _ X X X X

X. High Altitude Operations

B. Pressurization A A X X X X X X

XI. Postflight Procedures

A. Parking, and Securing A A X X X X X X
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Appendix 2: The Knowledge Test 

2-1 FAA-S-8081-XX

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

APPENDIX 2: THE KNOWLEDGE TEST

The knowledge test is an important part of the airman certification process. Applicants must pass the 

knowledge test before taking the practical test.

Knowledge Test Description

The knowledge test consists of objective, multiple-choice questions. There is a single correct response for 

each test question. Each test question is independent of other questions. A correct response to one 

question does not depend upon, or influence, the correct response to another.

Test 

Code Test Name Number of Questions

Allotted 

Time

Passing 

Score

CAX Commercial Pilot 

Airplane 100 3.0 70%

CCP Commercial Pilot 

Canadian Conversion 40 2.0 70%

Eligibility Requirements

For information concerning eligibility for Commercial Pilot certification, please refer to:

• Medical Certificates: Requirement and Duration: 14 CFR 61.23

• Knowledge Test: Prerequisites and Passing Grades: 14 CFR 61.35

• Eligibility: 14 CFR 61.123, 61.125, 61.127, 61.129

Knowledge Test Centers

The FAA authorizes hundreds of knowledge testing center locations that offer a full range of airman 

knowledge tests. For information on authorized testing centers and to register for the knowledge test, 

contact one of the providers listed at www.faa.gov.

Knowledge Test Registration

When you contact a knowledge testing center to register for a test, please be prepared to select a test 

date, choose a testing center, and make financial arrangements for test payment when you call. You may 

register for test(s) several weeks in advance, and you may cancel in accordance with the testing center’s 

cancellation policy. 

Test Authorization

In order to take the Commercial Pilot knowledge test, you must provide proper identification. To verify 

your eligibility to take the test, you must also provide one of the following:

• Graduation certificate issued by a Federal Aviation Administration (FAA) certificated pilot school 

(14 CFR 61.71), or a

• Written statement or logbook endorsement from an authorized instructor certifying that the 

applicant completed an applicable ground training or home study course and is prepared for the 

knowledge test (14 CFR 61.35, 61.96(b)(3) or 61.103(d)(2)).
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Appendix 2: The Knowledge Test 

FAA-S-8081-XX 2-2

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Acceptable forms of authorization for PCP only: 

• Confirmation of Verification Letter issued by the Airmen Certification Branch (AFS-760).

Acceptable forms of retest authorization for ALL Commercial Pilot tests:

• Original failed, passing, or expired Airman Knowledge Test Report, provided the applicant still 

has the test report in his or her possession.

NOTE: If the applicant no longer possesses the original test report, he or she may present an 

‘expired test/credit’ letter issued by AFS-760.

• An applicant retesting AFTER FAILURE is required to submit the applicable test report indicating 

failure, along with an endorsement from an authorized instructor who gave the applicant the 

required additional training. The endorsement must certify that the applicant is competent to pass 

the test. The test proctor must retain the original failed test report presented as authorization and 

attach it to the applicable sign-in/out log.

Knowledge Test Procedures and Tips

Before starting the actual test, the testing center will provide an opportunity to practice navigating through 

the test. This practice or tutorial session may include sample questions to familiarize the applicant with 

the look and feel of the software. (e.g., selecting an answer, marking a question for later review, 

monitoring time remaining for the test, and other features of the testing software).

The applicant may use the following aids, reference materials, and test materials, as long as the material 

does not include actual test questions or answers:

Acceptable Materials Unacceptable Materials Notes

Supplement book provided by 

proctor

Written materials that are 

handwritten, printed, or 

electronic

Testing centers may provide 

calculators and/or deny the 

use of personal calculators

All models of aviation-oriented 

calculators or small electronic 

calculators that perform only 

arithmetic functions

Electronic calculators 

incorporating permanent or 

continuous type memory circuits 

without erasure capability

Unit Member (proctor) may 

prohibit the use of your 

calculator if he or she is 

unable to determine the 

calculator’s erasure capability

Calculators with simple 

programmable memories, which 

allow addition to, subtraction from, or 

retrieval of one number from the 

memory; or simple functions, such 

as square root and percentages

Magnetic cards, magnetic tapes, 

modules, computer chips, or any 

other device upon which prewritten programs or information 

related to the test can be stored 

and retrieved

Printouts of data must be 

surrendered at the completion 

of the test if the calculator 

incorporates this design 

feature.

Scales, straightedges, protractors, 

plotters, navigation computers, blank 

log sheets, holding pattern entry 

aids, and electronic or mechanical 

calculators that are directly related to 

the test

Dictionaries Before, and upon completion 

of the test, while in the 

presence of the Unit Member, 

actuate the ON/OFF switch or 

RESET button, and perform 

any other function that ensures 

erasure of any data stored in 

memory circuits

Manufacturer’s permanently 

inscribed instructions on the front 

and back of such aids, e.g., 

formulas, conversions, regulations, 

signals, weather data, holding 

pattern diagrams, frequencies, 

weight and balance formulas, and air 

traffic control procedures

Any booklet or manual 

containing instructions related to 

use of test aids

Unit Member makes the final 

determination regarding aids, 

reference materials, and test 

materials 
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Appendix 2: The Knowledge Test 

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140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

When taking a knowledge test, please keep the following points in mind:

• Carefully read the instructions provided with the test.

• Answer each question in accordance with the latest regulations and guidance publications.

• Read each question carefully before looking at the answer options. You should clearly 

understand the problem before trying to solve it.

• After formulating a response, determine which answer option corresponds with your answer. The 

answer you choose should completely solve the problem.

• Remember that only one answer is complete and correct. The other possible answers are either 

incomplete or erroneous. 

• If a certain question is difficult for you, mark it for review and return to it after you have answered 

the less difficult questions. This procedure will enable you to use the available time to maximum 

advantage.

• When solving a calculation problem, be sure to read all the associated notes. 

• For questions involving use of a graph, you may request a printed copy that you can mark in 

computing your answer. This copy and all other notes and paperwork must be given to the testing 

center upon completion of the test.

FAA Knowledge Test Question Coding

Each task in the Airman Certification Standard includes an Airman Certification Standards (ACS) code. 

This ACS code is displayed on the airman test report to indicate what task element was proven deficient 

on the Knowledge Exam. Instructors can then provide remedial training in the deficient areas and 

evaluators can re-test this element during the practical exam. 

The ACS coding consists of 4 elements. For example: this code is deciphered as follows:

CA.I.C.K1:

CA = Applicable ACS (Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane)

I = Area of Operation (Preflight Preparation)

C = Task (Weather Information);

K1 = Knowledge Task element 1 (Acceptable sources of weather data for flight planning purposes)

Every question is correlated to a specific ACS task/element. This coding methodology will be useful to all 

involved with airman certification―the applicant, the evaluator, and the flight instructor. It indicates what 

test subjects (tasks) were satisfactorily passed and what tasks need to be reviewed prior to the practical 

test.

Testing Procedures for Applicants Requesting Special Accommodations

An applicant with a learning or reading disability may request approval from AFS-630 through the local 

Flight Standards District Office (FSDO) or International Field Office/International Field Unit (IFO/IFU) to 

take an airman knowledge test using one of the three options listed below, in preferential order:

Option 1: Use current testing facilities and procedures whenever possible.

Option 2: Use a self-contained, electronic device which pronounces and displays typed-in words (e.g., 

the Franklin Speaking Wordmaster®) to facilitate the testing process.

NOTE: The device should consist of an electronic thesaurus that audibly pronounces typed-in words and 

presents them on a display screen. The device should also have a built-in headphone jack in order to 

avoid disturbing others during testing.
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Appendix 2: The Knowledge Test 

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140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Option 3: Request the proctor's assistance in reading specific words or terms from the test questions 

and/or supplement book. To prevent compromising the testing process, the proctor must be an individual 

with no aviation background or expertise. The proctor may provide reading assistance only (i.e., no 

explanation of words or terms). When an applicant requests this option, the FSDO or IFO/IFU inspector 

must contact the Airman Testing Standards Branch (AFS-630) for assistance in selecting the test site and 

assisting the proctor. Before approving any option, the FSDO or IFO/IFU inspector must advise the 

applicant of the regulatory certification requirement to be able to read, write, speak, and understand the 

English language.

Cheating or Other Unauthorized Conduct

Computer testing centers must follow strict security procedures to avoid test compromise in accordance 

with FAA Order 8080.6 (as amended), Conduct of Airman Knowledge Tests. Testing centers will 

terminate a test any time the test proctor suspects an occurrence of cheating.

The FAA will conduct an investigation of the incident. If the investigation determines that cheating or 

unauthorized conduct occurred, any airman certificate or rating the applicant holds may be revoked. In 

addition, the applicant may be prohibited from applying for or taking any test for a certificate or rating 

under 14 CFR part 61 for a period of one year.

Airman Knowledge Test Report

Immediately upon completion of the knowledge test, the applicant receives a printed Airman Knowledge 

Test Report documenting the score with the testing center's raised, embossed seal. The applicant must 

retain the original Airman Knowledge Test Report. The instructor must provide instruction in each area of 

deficiency and provide a logbook endorsement certifying that the applicant has demonstrated satisfactory 

knowledge in each area. When taking the practical test, the applicant must present the original Airman 

Knowledge Test Report to the evaluator, who is required to assess the noted areas of deficiency during 

the oral portion of the practical test.

An Airman Knowledge Test Report expires 24-calendar months from the month the applicant completes 

the knowledge test. If the Airman Knowledge Test Report expires before completion of the practical test, 

the applicant must retake the knowledge test.

To obtain a duplicate Airman Knowledge Test Report due to loss or destruction of the original, the 

applicant can send a signed request accompanied by a check or money order for $1.00, payable to the 

FAA to:

Federal Aviation Administration

Airmen Certification Branch, AFS-760

P.O. Box 25082

Oklahoma City, OK 73125
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Appendix 3: The Practical Test 

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140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

APPENDIX 3: THE PRACTICAL TEST

The evaluator must conduct the practical test in accordance with this ACS. The evaluator must assess 

the applicant on the Skill elements of all Tasks in each Area of Operation of the ACS unless otherwise 

noted. The evaluator should also assess at least one Knowledge element and one Risk Management

element in each Area of Operation, with special focus on any task element(s) the applicant missed on the 

knowledge exam.

NOTE: The applicant must pass the knowledge test before taking the practical test, and the applicant

must pass the oral portion of the practical test before beginning the flight portion.

For an applicant who holds at least a commercial pilot certificate and seeks an additional airplane 

category and/or class rating at the private pilot level, the examiner shall evaluate that applicant in the 

Areas of Operation and Tasks listed in the Additional Rating Task Table. Please note, however, that the 

evaluator has the discretion to evaluate the applicant’s competence in the remaining Areas of Operation 

and Tasks.

If the applicant holds two or more category or class ratings at least at the commercial level, and the 

ratings table indicates differing required Tasks, the “least restrictive” entry applies. For example, if “ALL” 

and “NONE” are indicated for one Area of Operation, the “NONE” entry applies. If “B” and “B, C” are 

indicated, the “B” entry applies.

Conduct of the Practical Test

The evaluator must develop a written Plan of Action to conduct the practical test, which includes all 

required Areas of Operation and Tasks. The Plan of Action will include a scenario that evaluates as many 

of the required Areas of Operation and Tasks as possible. As the scenario unfolds during the test, the 

examiner will interject problems and emergencies the applicant must manage.

The evaluator has the discretion and flexibility to change the Plan of Action in order to accommodate 

unexpected situations as they arise. The evaluator will evaluate any selected Task in its entirety. The 

evaluator may elect to suspend a scenario and then resume the scenario in order to assess certain tasks.

If performing aspects of a given maneuver, such as emergency procedures, would jeopardize safety, the 

evaluator will ask the applicant to simulate that portion of the maneuver.

Removal of the “Airplane Multiengine VFR Only” Limitation

The removal of the “Airplane Multiengine VFR Only” limitation, at the commercial pilot certificate level, 

requires an applicant to satisfactorily perform the following Area of Operation and Tasks from the 

Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane ACS in a multiengine airplane that has a manufacturer’s published VMC

speed.

X. Multiengine Operations

Task C: Engine Failure During Flight (by Reference to Instruments) (AMEL, AMES)

Task D: Instrument Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated) (by 

Reference to Instruments) (AMEL, AMES)
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Appendix 3: The Practical Test 

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Removal of the “Limited to Center Thrust” Limitation

The removal of the “Limited to Center Thrust” limitation at the commercial pilot certificate level requires an 

applicant to satisfactorily perform the following Areas of Operation and Tasks from the Commercial Pilot ‒

Airplane ACS in a multiengine airplane that has a manufacturer’s published VMC speed. An applicant that 

holds an airplane instrument rating and has not demonstrated instrument proficiency in a multiengine 

airplane with a published VMC shall complete the additional Tasks listed under the Removal of the 

“Airplane Multiengine VFR Only” Limitation section of this Appendix.

I. Preflight Preparation

Task J: Principles of Flight – Engine Inoperative (AMEL, AMES)

VIII. Emergency Operations

Task E: Engine Failure During Takeoff Before VMC (Simulated) (AMEL and AMES)

Task F: Engine Failure After Lift-Off (Simulated) (AMEL, AMES)

Task G: Approach and Landing with an Inoperative Engine (Simulated) (AMEL, AMES)

X. Multiengine Operations

Task A: Maneuvering with One Engine Inoperative (AMEL, AMES)

Task B: VMC Demonstration (AMEL and AMES)

Use of FAA-Approved Flight Simulation Training Device (FSTD)

An airman applicant for Commercial Pilot-Airplane Certification is authorized to use a full flight simulator 

(FFS) qualified by the National Simulator Program as level A ‒ D and/or a flight training device (FTD) 

qualified by the National Simulator Program as level 4 ‒ 7 to complete certain flight Task requirements 

listed in this ACS. In order to do so, such devices must be used pursuant to and in accordance with a 

curriculum approved for use at a 14 CFR part 141 pilot school or 14 CFR part 142 training center. 

Practical tests or portions thereof, when accomplished in an FSTD may only be conducted by FAA 

aviation safety inspectors, designees authorized to conduct such tests in FSTDs for part 141 pilot school 

graduates, or appropriately authorized part 142 Training Center Evaluators (TCE).

When flight Tasks are accomplished in an aircraft, certain Task elements may be accomplished through 

“simulated” actions in the interest of safety and practicality, but when accomplished in a flight simulator or 

flight or flight training device, these same actions would not be “simulated.” For example, when in an 

aircraft, a simulated engine fire may be addressed by retarding the throttle to idle, simulating the 

shutdown of the engine, simulating the discharge of the fire suppression agent, if applicable, simulating 

the disconnection of associated electrical, hydraulic, and pneumatics systems. However, when the same 

emergency condition is addressed in a FSTD, all Task elements must be accomplished as would be 

expected under actual circumstances.

Similarly, safety of flight precautions taken in the aircraft for the accomplishment of a specific maneuver or 

procedure (such as limiting altitude in an approach to stall or setting maximum airspeed for an engine 

failure expected to result in a rejected takeoff) need not be taken when a FSTD is used. It is important to 

understand that, whether accomplished in an aircraft or FSTD, all Tasks and elements for each maneuver 

or procedure shall have the same performance standards applied equally for determination of overall 

satisfactory performance. Training devices other than Flight Simulation Training Devices (FSTDs) may be 

used in accordance with AC 61-136 (current edition), FAA Approval of Basic Aviation Training Devices 

(BATD) and Advanced Aviation Training Devices (AATD).
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Appendix 3: The Practical Test 

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Use of Checklists

Throughout the practical test, the applicant is evaluated on the use of an approved manufacturer’s 

checklist or equivalent.

NOTE: If there is no published manufacturer's checklist, the applicant may use the appropriate FAA 

handbook or equivalent checklist.

Assessing proper checklist use depends upon the specific Task. In all cases, the evaluator should 

determine whether the applicant appropriately divides attention and uses proper visual scanning. In some 

situations, reading the actual checklist may be impractical or unsafe. In such cases, the evaluator should 

assess the applicant's performance of published or recommended immediate action "memory" items 

along with his or her review of the appropriate checklist once conditions permit.

Use of Distractions

Research and accident analysis indicate that pilot distraction during critical phases of flight is a factor in 

many accidents. The evaluator will cause realistic distractions during the flight portion of the practical test 

in order to evaluate the applicant's ability to use and maintain proper control technique while dividing 

attention both inside and/or outside the cockpit.

Positive Exchange of Flight Controls

There must always be a clear understanding of who has control of the aircraft. Prior to flight, the pilots 

involved should conduct a briefing that includes reviewing the procedures for exchanging flight controls. 

The FAA recommends a positive three-step process for exchanging flight controls between pilots:

• When one pilot seeks to have the other pilot take control of the aircraft, he or she will say, "You 

have the flight controls."

• The second pilot acknowledges immediately by saying, "I have the flight controls."

• The first pilot again says, "You have the flight controls."

Pilots should follow this procedure during any exchange of flight controls, including any occurrence during 

the practical test. The FAA also recommends that both pilots use a visual check to verify that the 

exchange has occurred. There must never be any doubt as to who is flying the aircraft.

Stall and Spin Awareness

During flight training and testing, the applicant and the instructor or evaluator must always recognize and

avoid operations that could lead to an inadvertent stall or spin.

Possible Outcomes of the Practical Test

There are three possible outcomes of the practical test: (1) satisfactory, (2) unsatisfactory, or (3) 

discontinuance.

Satisfactory

Satisfactory performance requires the applicant:

• Perform the Tasks specified in the Areas of Operation for the certificate or rating sought within the 

approved standards;

• Demonstrate mastery of the aircraft by performing each Task successfully;

• Demonstrate proficiency and competency in accordance with the approved standards;

• Demonstrate sound judgment and exercise aeronautical decision-making/risk management;

• Demonstrate single-pilot competence if the aircraft is type certificated for single-pilot operations.

Satisfactory performance will result in the issuance of a temporary certificate.
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Appendix 3: The Practical Test 

FAA-S-8081-XX 3-4

140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

NOTE: The tolerances listed in the ACS represent the performance expected in good flying conditions. 

Unsatisfactory

If, in the judgment of the evaluator, the applicant does not meet the standards for any Task, the applicant 

fails the Task and associated Area of Operation, the test is unsatisfactory, and the examiner issues a 

Notice of Disapproval. When the examiner issues a Notice of Disapproval, he or she shall list the Area of 

Operation in which the applicant did not meet the standard. The Notice of Disapproval must also list the 

Area(s) of Operation not tested, and the number of practical test failures.

The examiner or the applicant may end the test if the applicant fails a Task. The examiner may continue 

the test only with the consent of the applicant, and the applicant is entitled to credit for only those Areas of 

Operation and the associated Tasks performed satisfactorily. Though not required, the examiner has 

discretion to reevaluate any Task, including those previously passed, during the retest.

Typical areas of unsatisfactory performance and grounds for disqualification include:

• Any action or lack of action by the applicant that requires corrective intervention by the examiner 

to maintain safe flight.

• Failure to use proper and effective visual scanning techniques to clear the area before and while 

performing maneuvers.

• Consistently exceeding tolerances stated in the Skill elements of the Task.

• Failure to take prompt corrective action when tolerances are exceeded.

• Failure to exercise Risk Management.

NOTE: If a performance standard is not definitively established for a Task element it should not be 

used as the basis for a judgment of unsatisfactory. Instead, perceived deficiencies in areas without 

specific performance parameters should be provided as feedback to the applicant’s instructor(s) 

and/or flight school(s) to focus more on those areas in the future. In addition, the perceived 

deficiencies should be highlighted during the practical exam debrief to encourage the applicant to 

work on attempting to further incorporate those skills into their airmanship.

Discontinuance

When it is necessary to discontinue a practical test for reasons other than unsatisfactory performance 

(e.g., equipment failure, weather, illness), the evaluator returns all the test paperwork to the applicant. 

The evaluator must prepare, sign, and issue a Letter of Discontinuance that lists those Areas of Operation 

the applicant successfully completed and the time remaining to complete the test. The evaluator should 

advise the applicant to present the Letter of Discontinuance to the evaluator when the practical test 

resumes in order to receive credit for the items successfully completed. The Letter of Discontinuance 

becomes part of the applicant's certification file.
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Appendix 3: The Practical Test 

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140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Prerequisites for the Test

In accordance with 14 CFR part 61, an applicant for the Commercial Pilot Practical Test must:

• Be at least 18 years of age;

• Be able to read, speak, write, and understand the English language as detailed in AC 60-28;

• Possess a private pilot certificate with an airplane rating, if a commercial pilot certificate with an 

airplane rating is sought, or meet the flight experience required for a private pilot certificate 

(airplane rating) and pass the private airplane knowledge and practical test;

• Possess an instrument rating (airplane) or the following limitation shall be placed on the 

commercial pilot certificate: “Carrying passengers in airplanes for hire is prohibited at night or on 

cross-country flights of more than 50 nautical miles;”

• Have passed the appropriate commercial pilot knowledge test since the beginning of the 24th 

month before the month in which he or she takes the practical test;

• Have satisfactorily accomplished the required training and obtained the prescribed aeronautical 

experience;

• Possess at least a current third class medical certification (unless Practical Test is conducted in a 

simulator) or, when a military pilot of the U.S. Armed Forces, show and present evidence of an 

up-to-date medical examination by the U.S. Armed Forces authorizing pilot status;

• Have an endorsement from an authorized instructor certifying that the applicant has received and 

logged training time within two (2) calendar months preceding the date of application in 

preparation for the practical test, and is prepared for the practical test;

• Receive and log ground training from an authorized instructor or complete a home-study course 

on the aeronautical knowledge areas of 14 CFR part 61.105 paragraph (b) that apply to the 

aircraft category and class rating sought; and

• Have an endorsement certifying that the applicant has demonstrated satisfactory knowledge of 

the subject areas in which the applicant was deficient on the airman knowledge test (not required 

for power aircraft to non-power aircraft or power aircraft to power aircraft for additional category or 

class rating).

Aircraft and Equipment Required for the Practical Test

The Commercial Pilot—Airplane applicant is required by 14 CFR 61.45 to provide an airworthy, 

certificated aircraft for use during the practical test. This section states that the aircraft must:

• Be of U.S., foreign, or military registry of the same category, class, and type, if applicable, for the 

certificate and/or rating for which the applicant is applying;

• Have fully functioning dual controls, except as provided for in 14 CFR 61.45(c) and (e); and

• Be capable of performing all Areas of Operation appropriate to the rating sought and have no 

operating limitations which prohibit its use in any of the Areas of Operation required for the 

practical test.

• Be a complex airplane furnished by the applicant, unless the applicant currently holds a 

commercial pilot certificate with a single-engine or multiengine class rating as appropriate, for the 

performance of takeoffs, landings, and appropriate emergency procedures. A complex landplane 

is one having retractable landing gear, flaps, and controllable propeller or turbine-powered. A 

complex seaplane is one having flaps and controllable propeller.
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Appendix 3: The Practical Test 

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Instructor Responsibilities

Instructors are responsible for training the applicant to acceptable standards in knowledge, skills, and risk 

management elements/procedures in all the Tasks, even if the applicant is simply adding an additional 

Commercial Pilot certificate.

Evaluator Responsibilities

The evaluator who conducts the practical test is responsible for determining the applicant meets the 

acceptable standards of aeronautical knowledge, skills, and risk management for each Task in the 

appropriate ACS.

The evaluator must test at least one item in each of the Knowledge and Risk Management elements for 

every Task, emphasizing the topics (if any) the applicant missed on the Knowledge Test. The evaluator 

must test each item in the Skills elements unless otherwise noted in the Task.

Applicants must complete the oral portion of the practical test before the flight portion; however, oral 

questioning will continue throughout the flight. To the greatest extent practicable, evaluators shall test the 

applicant’s ability to apply and correlate information, and only use rote questions when appropriate for the 

material being tested.

If the evaluator determines that a Task is incomplete, or the outcome is uncertain, the evaluator may 

require the applicant to repeat that Task, or portions of that Task. The FAA made this provision in the 

interest of fairness, but it does not mean that instruction, practice, or the repetition of an unsatisfactory 

task is permitted during the practical test.

On multiengine practical tests, where the failure of the most critical engine after liftoff is required, the 

examiner must give consideration to local atmospheric conditions, terrain, and type of aircraft used. 

However, the failure of an engine shall not be simulated until attaining at least VSSE/VXSE/VYSE and at an 

altitude not lower than 400 feet AGL.

During simulated engine failures on multiengine practical tests, the examiner shall set zero thrust after the 

applicant has simulated feathering the propeller. The examiner shall require the applicant to demonstrate 

at least one landing with a simulated-feathered propeller with the engine set to zero thrust. The feathering 

of one propeller shall be demonstrated in flight, unless the manufacturer prohibits the intentional 

feathering of the propellers during flight.

The evaluator will assess the applicant’s use of visual scanning and collision avoidance procedures 

throughout the entire test.
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Appendix 4: Additional Rating Task Tables

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APPENDIX 4: ADDITIONAL RATING TASK TABLES

Addition of an Airplane Single-Engine Land Rating to an existing Commercial Pilot Certificate

Required Tasks are indicated by either the Task letter(s) that apply(s) or an indication that all or none of 

the Tasks must be tested based on the notes in each Area of Operation.

COMMERCIAL PILOT RATING(S) HELD

AREAS OF 

OPERATION ASES AMEL AMES RH RG Glider Balloon Airship

I F,G F,G F,G F,G F,G F,G F,G F,G

II D D D A,C,D, 

F A,D,F A,B,C,D,F A,B,C,D,F A,B,C,D,F

III B NONE B B NONE B B B

IV A,B,C,

D,E,F

A,B,C,

D,E,F

A,B,C,

D,E,F

A,B,C,

D,E,F, 

M

A,B,C,

D,E,F, M

A,B,C,

D,E,F,M

A,B,C,

D,E,F, M

A,B,C,

D,E,F,M

V NONE B,C,D B,C,D ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL

VI NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE ALL ALL NONE

VII NONE NONE NONE ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL

VIII A,B,C A,B,C A,B,C ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL

IX NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE

X NONE NONE NONE ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL

XI A NONE A A A A A A
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Appendix 4: Additional Rating Task Tables 

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140624 COM ACS DRAFT vFR

Addition of an Airplane Single-Engine Sea Rating to an existing Commercial Pilot Certificate

Required Tasks are indicated by either the Task letter(s) that apply(s) or an indication that all or none of the 

Tasks must be tested based on the notes in each Area of Operation.

COMMERCIAL PILOT RATING(S) HELD

AREAS OF 

OPERATION ASEL AMEL AMES RH RG Glider Balloon Airship

I F,G,I F,G,I F,G F,G,I F,G,I F,G,I F,G,I F,G,I

II E E E A,B,C,E A,B,E,

F A,B,C,E,F A,B,C,E,F A,B,C,E,F

III B B NONE B B B B B

IV A,B,G,

H,J,K,L

A,B,G,

H,I,J,K,L

A,B,G,

H,I,J,K,L

A,B,G,

H,I,J,K,L,

M,N

A,B,G,

H,I,J,K,L,

M,N

A,B,G,

H,I,J,K,L,

M,N

A,B,G,

H,I,J,K,L,

M,N

A,B,G,

H,I,J,K,L,

M,N

V NONE B,C,D B,C,D ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL

VI NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE ALL ALL NONE

VII NONE NONE NONE ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL

VIII A,B,C A,B,C A,B,C ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL

IX NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE

X NONE NONE NONE ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL

XI B B NONE B B B B B
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Appendix 4: Additional Rating Task Tables

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Addition of an Airplane Multiengine Land Rating to an existing Commercial Pilot Certificate

Required Tasks are indicated by either the Task letter(s) that apply(s) or an indication that all or none of the 

Tasks must be tested based on the notes in each Area of Operation.

COMMERCIAL PILOT RATING(S) HELD

AREAS OF

OPERATION ASEL ASES AMES RH RG Glider Balloon Airship

I F,G,J F,G,J F,G F,G,J F,G,J F,G,J F,G,J F,G,J

II ALL ALL D ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL

III NONE B B B NONE B B B

IV A,B,C,D A,B,C,D A,B,C,D A,B,C,D,N A,B,C,D,N A,B,C,D,N A,B,C,D,N A,B,C,D,N

V ALL ALL NONE ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL

VI NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE ALL ALL NONE

VII ALL ALL NONE ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL

VIII A,C,D,

E,F,G

A,C,D,

E,F,G C,E,G A,C,D,

E,F,G

A,C,D,

E,F,G

A,C,D,

E,F,G

A,C,D,

E,F,G

A,C,D,

E,F,G

IX ALL ALL NONE ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL

X NONE NONE NONE ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL

XI NONE A A A A A A A
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Appendix 4: Additional Rating Task Tables 

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Addition of an Airplane Multiengine Sea Rating to an existing Commercial Pilot Certificate

Required Tasks are indicated by either the Task letter(s) that apply(s) or an indication that all or none of the 

Tasks must be tested based on the notes in each Area of Operation.

COMMERCIAL PILOT RATING(S) HELD

AREAS OF 

OPERATION ASEL ASEL AMES RH RG Glider Balloon Airship

I F,G,I F,G,I,J F,G,J F,G,I,J F,G,I,J F,G,I,J F,G,I,J F,G,I,J

II E ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL

III B B NONE B B B B B

IV A,B,G,

H,J,K,L

A,B,G,

H,I,J,K,L

A,B,G,

H,I,J,K,L ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL

V NONE ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL

VI NONE NONE NONE NONE NONE ALL ALL NONE

VII NONE ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL

VIII C,E,G A, C, D, 

E, F, G

A, C, D, 

E, F, G

A, C, D, 

E, F, G

A, C, D, 

E, F, G

A, C, D, 

E, F, G

A, C, D, 

E, F, G

A, C, D, 

E, F, G

IX NONE ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL

X NONE NONE NONE ALL ALL ALL ALL ALL

XI B B NONE ALL B ALL ALL ALL
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Appendix 5: Practical Test Checklist

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APPENDIX 5: PRACTICAL TEST CHECKLIST

Applicant’s Practical Test Checklist

Appointment with Evaluator

Evaluator’s Name: __________________________________

Location: __________________________________________

Date/Time: _________________________________________

ACCEPTABLE AIRCRAFT

 Aircraft Documents:

 Airworthiness Certificate

 Registration Certificate

 Operating Limitations

 Aircraft Maintenance Records:

 Logbook Record of Airworthiness Inspections and AD Compliance

 Pilot’s Operating Handbook, FAA-Approved Aircraft Flight Manual

PERSONAL EQUIPMENT

 View-Limiting Device 

 Current Aeronautical Charts (Printed or Electronic)

 Computer and Plotter

 Flight Plan Form

 Flight Plan Form and Flight Logs (printed or electronic)

 Airport Facility Directory, Airport Diagrams and Appropriate Publications

 Current AIM

PERSONAL RECORDS

 Identification—Photo/Signature ID

 Pilot Certificate

 Current Medical Certificate

 Completed FAA Form 8710-1, Airman Certificate and/or Rating Application with Instructor’s Signature 

 Original Knowledge Test Report

 Pilot Logbook with appropriate Instructor Endorsements

 FAA Form 8060-5, Notice of Disapproval (if applicable)

 Letter of Discontinuance (if applicable)

 Approved School Graduation Certificate (if applicable)

 Evaluator’s Fee (if applicable) 
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Appendix 5: Practical Test Checklist 

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Appendix 6: References 

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APPENDIX 6: REFERENCES

This ACS is based on the following 14 CFR parts, FAA guidance documents, manufacturer’s publications, 

and other documents.

14 CFR part 39 Airworthiness Directives

14 CFR part 43 Maintenance, Preventive Maintenance, Rebuilding, and Alteration

14 CFR part 61 Certification: Pilots, Flight Instructors, and Ground Instructors

14 CFR part 71 Designation of Class A, B, C, D and E Airspace Areas; Air Traffic Service 

Routes; and Reporting Points

14 CFR part 91 General Operating and Flight Rules

14 CFR part 93 Special Air Traffic Rules

14 CFR part 119

AC 00-6 Aviation Weather

AC 60-28 English Language Skill Standards Required by 14 CFR Parts 61, 63 and 65

AC 00-45 Aviation Weather Services

AC 00-63 Use of Cockpit Displays of Digital Weather and Aeronautical Information

AC 61-67 Stall and Spin Awareness Training

AC 61-107 Aircraft Operations at Altitudes Above 25,000 Feet Mean Sea Level or Mach 

Numbers Greater Than .75

AC 61-136 FAA Approval of Basic Aviation Training Devices (BATD) and Advanced 

Aviation Training Devices (AATD)

AC 90-66 Recommended Standard Traffic Patterns and Practices for Aeronautical 

Operations at Airports Without Operating Control Towers

AC 91-13 Cold Weather Operation of Aircraft

AC 91-21.1 Use of Portable Electronic Devices Aboard Aircraft

AC 91-55 Reduction of Electrical System Failures Following Aircraft Engine Starting

AC 91-73 Part 91 and 135 Single-Pilot Procedures During Taxi Operations

AC 150/5340-18 Standards for Airport Sign Systems

A/FD Airport/Facility Directory

AIM Aeronautical Information Manual

FAA-H-8083-1 Aircraft Weight and Balance Handbook

FAA-H-8083-2 Risk Management Handbook

FAA-H-8083-3 Airplane Flying Handbook

FAA-H-8083-6 Advanced Avionics Handbook

FAA-H-8083-23 Seaplane, Skiplane, and Float/Ski Equipped Helicopter Operations Handbook

FAA-H-8083-25 Pilot’s Handbook of Aeronautical Knowledge

FAA-P-8740-19 Flying Light Twins Safely

NOTAMs Notices to Airmen 

POH/AFM Pilot’s Operating Handbook/FAA-Approved Airplane Flight Manual

Other Navigation Charts

Navigation Equipment Manual 

USCG Navigation Rules, International-Inland
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Appendix 6: References 

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NOTE: Users should reference the current edition of the reference documents listed above. The current 

edition of all FAA publications can be found at www.faa.gov.

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Appendix 7: Abbreviations and Acronyms 

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APPENDIX 7: ABBREVIATIONS AND ACRONYMS

The following abbreviations and acronyms are used in this ACS.

14 CFR Title 14 of the Code of Federal Regulations

AATD Advanced Aviation Training Devices

AC Advisory Circular

ACS Airman Certification Standards

ADC Air Data Computer

ADF Automatic Direction Finder

ADM Aeronautical Decision-Making

A/FD Airport/Facility Directory

AFM Airplane Flight Manual

AFS Flight Standards Service

AGL Above Ground Level

ADAHRS Air Data and Heading Reference System

AIM Aeronautical Information Manual

AMEL Airplane Multiengine Land

AMES Airplane Multiengine Sea

AOA Angle of Attack

AOO Area of Operation

ASEL Airplane Single-Engine Land

ASES Airplane Single-Engine Sea

ATC Air Traffic Control

BATD Basic Aviation Training Device

CAX Commercial Pilot Airplane

CCP Commercial Pilot Canadian Conversion

CFIT Controlled Flight Into Terrain

CG Center of Gravity

ELT Emergency Locator Transmitter

FAA Federal Aviation Administration

FADEC Full Authority Digital Engine Control

FFS Full Flight Simulator

FSDO Flight Standards District Office

FSTD Flight Simulation Training Device

FTD Flight Training Device

GNSS Global Navigation Satellite System

GPS Global Positioning System

IFO International Field Office

IFU International Field Unit

IFR Instrument Flight Rules

IMC Instrument Meteorological Conditions

KOEL Kinds of Operation Equipment List
Commercial Pilot ‒ Airplane Airman Certification Standards

Appendix 7: Abbreviations and Acronyms

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LAHSO Land and Hold Short Operations

MEL Minimum Equipment List

NAS National Airspace System

NOTAMs Notices to Airmen

NTSB National Transportation Safety Board

POH Pilot’s Operating Handbook

PTS Practical Test Standards

RAIM Receiver Autonomous Integrity Monitoring

SFRA Special Flight Rules Area

SRM Safety Risk Management

SMS Safety Management System

SUA Special Use Airspace

TFR Temporary Flight Restrictions

TUC Time of Useful Consciousness

USCG United States Coast Guard

UTC Coordinated Universal Time

VFR Visual Flight Rules

VA Maneuvering Speed

VFE Flap Extension Speed

VLE Landing Gear Extended Speed

VMC Minimum control speed with critical engine inoperative

VSSE Safe, intentional one-engine-inoperative speed. 

Originally known as safe single-engine speed

VXSE Best angle of climb speed with one engine inoperative

VX Best Angle of Climb Speed

VY Best Rate of Climb Speed

VYSE Best rate-of-climb speed with one engine inoperative

VS0 Stalling Speed or the Minimum Steady Flight Speed in the 

Landing Configuration

VMC Visual Meteorological Conditions