[Cite as Cozad v. Ohio Elections Comm., 2023-Ohio-839.]

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS OF OHIO

TENTH APPELLATE DISTRICT

Dr. Douglas Cozad, :

Appellant-Appellant, : No. 22AP-312

 (C.P.C. No. 20CV0032)

v. :

 (REGULAR CALENDAR)

Ohio Elections Commission, : 

Appellee-Appellee. :

D E C I S I O N

Rendered on March 16, 2023

On brief: Subashi, Wildermuth & Justice, Nicholas E. 

Subashi, and Zachary J. Cloutier for appellant.

On brief: Dave Yost, Attorney General, Julie M. Pfeiffer, and 

Andrew D. McCartney for appellee.

APPEAL from the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas

BOGGS, J.

{¶ 1} Appellant, Dr. Douglas Cozad, appeals the decision of the Franklin County 

Court of Common Pleas, which dismissed Cozad’s administrative appeal from a decision by 

appellee, the Ohio Elections Commission (“the commission”), denying his motion for a 

protective order. Because the trial court correctly determined that it lacked subject-matter 

jurisdiction to hear Cozad’s appeal, we affirm the trial court’s judgment. 

I. FACTS AND PROCEDURAL BACKGROUND

{¶ 2} In September 2019, John M. Stafford, an elector and resident of the 

Bellbrook-Sugarcreek School District, filed with the commission a complaint against 

Citizens for Bellbrook-Sugarcreek Schools—a political action committee formed to promote 

the passage of a tax levy on the May 2019 primary and special elections ballot—its treasurer, 
No. 22AP-312 2

Andy Lowrey, and its campaign chair, Cozad, who is also the Superintendent of the 

Bellbrook-Sugarcreek School District. Stafford alleged that the political action committee 

had violated Ohio election laws by failing to disclose in its campaign finance filings the value 

of in-kind contributions it had received from the school district. 

{¶ 3} Upon receipt of a complaint, the commission or a panel of the commission’s 

members performs a preliminary review of the pleadings, evidence, and motions to 

determine jurisdiction, sufficiency of the complaint, and whether probable cause exists for 

the full commission to determine whether a violation of Ohio election law has occurred.

Ohio Adm.Code 3517-1-11(A). Here, following its preliminary review of Stafford’s 

complaint, the commission concluded that there was probable cause, and scheduled the 

matter for a hearing.

{¶ 4} In December 2019, several months before the scheduled hearing on Stafford’s 

complaint, Cozad filed with the commission a motion for a protective order, pursuant to 

Civ.R. 26(C). Ostensibly to protect himself and the other respondents from annoyance, 

embarrassment, and oppression, Cozad requested an order broadly prohibiting Stafford 

from:

(1.) Issuing any public comments about this action in any form 

whatsoever, including, but not limited to social media (e.g. 

Facebook);

(2.) Disseminating, disclosing or commenting to the public any 

information, documents or other things gleaned through 

discovery or from subpoenas issued to third-parties;

(3.) Disseminating, disclosing or commenting to the public any 

information, documents or testimony from any depositions; 

and

(4.) Directly or indirectly attempting to influence the Ohio 

Elections Commission or public opinion regarding this action 

through any public comments, including, but not limited to, the 

use of social media (e.g. Facebook).

(Jan. 30, 2020 Record of Proceedings at 0F022-L23, Ex. A.) Cozad attached to his motion 

copies of posts from a Facebook page, allegedly run by Stafford, for “Vote NO On BellbrookSugarcreek Schools Levy.” (Record of Proceedings at 0F022-L34, Ex. 1.) The attached 

posts contain criticisms of the school district, its officials and attorneys (who now represent 
No. 22AP-312 3

Cozad), and the levy. Cozad argued that Stafford had used the Facebook page to influence 

public opinion and the commission’s decision-making process. 

{¶ 5} The commission’s staff attorney, who has authority pursuant to Ohio 

Adm.Code 3517-1-09(B) to handle discovery disputes arising in matters before the 

commission, issued a letter denying Cozad’s motion for a protective order. In the letter, the 

staff attorney stated: “The Commission cannot and in my experience does not consider 

matters that are not presented to it at the hearing before the Commission. The Commission 

will not consider information released in any other medium or format outside the hearing 

that might impact the Commission’s consideration of that evidence.” (Record of 

Proceedings at 0F022-L64, Ex. B.) The staff attorney cautioned the parties and their 

attorneys to “refrain from any activity that will keep this Commission from having a proper 

and unbiased consideration of the evidence in this case.” Id. Finally, the staff attorney 

stated that the commission would not impede rights guaranteed to Stafford by the First 

Amendment to the United States Constitution and Article I, Section 11 of the Ohio 

Constitution. In other words, although the staff attorney declined to restrict Stafford’s 

ability to speak or share information about the case, he assured the parties that statements 

made outside the confines of the hearing would not affect the commission’s consideration. 

{¶ 6} Cozad filed a notice of appeal to the Franklin County Court of Common Pleas 

from the denial of his motion for a protective order. The commission responded by moving 

the court to dismiss Cozad’s appeal for lack of jurisdiction and for failure to state a claim 

upon which relief could be granted. The commission argued that the trial court lacked 

subject-matter jurisdiction to consider Cozad’s appeal because the denial of Cozad’s motion 

for a protective order was an interlocutory order and not a “final determination” from which 

an administrative appeal could be taken. (Feb. 13, 2020 Mot. to Dismiss Appeal at 1.) The 

trial court agreed with the commission and dismissed Cozad’s appeal for lack of subjectmatter jurisdiction. 

{¶ 7} Cozad filed a timely notice of appeal to this court and, as his sole assignment 

of error, argues, “The common pleas court erred in granting the commission’s motion to 

dismiss Dr. Cozad’s administrative appeal.” (Appellant’s Brief at i.) Cozad argues that the 

trial court erred in dismissing his appeal because he had a statutory right to appeal, the 
No. 22AP-312 4

denial of his motion for a protective order was a final appealable order, and his appeal 

stated a claim upon which relief could be granted. 

II. STANDARD OF REVIEW

{¶ 8} We review de novo a trial court’s decision granting a motion to dismiss for 

lack of subject-matter jurisdiction. Brady v. Youngstown State Univ., 10th Dist. No. 20AP444, 2022-Ohio-353, ¶ 12; Ashenhurst v. Ohio State Elections Comm., 10th Dist. No. 15AP184, 2016-Ohio-777, ¶ 9.

III. ANALYSIS

{¶ 9} There is no inherent right to appeal a decision of an administrative agency. 

Midwest Fireworks Mfg. Co. v. Deerfield Twp. Bd. of Zoning Appeals, 91 Ohio St.3d 174, 

177 (2001). A common pleas court has only “ ‘such powers of review of proceedings of 

administrative officers and agencies as may be provided by law.’ “ Clifton Care Ctr. v. Ohio 

Dept. of Job & Family Servs., 10th Dist. No. 12AP-709, 2013-Ohio-2742, ¶ 9, quoting 

Article IV, Section 4, Ohio Constitution; see also R.C. 2505.03(A) (providing for appellate 

review of “the final order of any administrative officer, agency, board, department, tribunal, 

commission, or instrumentality” only “when provided by law.”). Accordingly, a common

pleas court’s jurisdiction over an administrative appeal depends on whether R.C. 119.12 or 

another statutory provision has conferred it with jurisdiction. Ikemefuna Nkanginieme v. 

Ohio Dept. of Medicaid, 10th Dist. No. 14AP-596, 2015-Ohio-656, ¶ 15, citing Abt v. Ohio 

Expositions Comm., 110 Ohio App.3d 696, 699 (10th Dist.1996). 

{¶ 10} Appeals from decisions of the elections commission are governed by 

R.C. 3517.157(D) and 119.12. Gwinn v. Ohio Elections Comm., 187 Ohio App.3d 742, 2010-

Ohio-1587, ¶ 10 (10th Dist.). R.C. 3517.157(D) states, “A party adversely affected by a final 

determination of the commission may appeal from the determination under section 119.12

of the Revised Code.” R.C. 119.12(B), in turn, permits a party adversely affected by an 

agency order “issued pursuant to [an] * * * adjudication” to appeal to the Franklin County 

Court of Common Pleas. R.C. 119.01(D) defines “adjudication” as “the determination by 

the highest or ultimate authority of an agency of the rights, duties, privileges, benefits, or 

legal relationships of a specified person.” The crux of this case then is whether the denial 

of Cozad’s motion for a protective order was a “final determination” of the commission 

“issued pursuant to [an] * * * adjudication.” R.C. 3517.157(D); R.C. 119.12(B). 
No. 22AP-312 5

{¶ 11} This court has previously considered what types of commission orders give

rise to a right to appeal under R.C. 3517.157(D). In Billis v. Ohio Elections Comm., 146 Ohio 

App.3d 360, 364 (10th Dist.2001), for example, we held that the commission’s dismissal of 

an action for lack of probable cause during its preliminary review was not an adjudication 

and therefore did not give rise to a right to appeal. We cited with approval a case in which 

we held that an order of the Ohio Real Estate Commission, determining not to proceed 

further on a complaint, was not an adjudication because it “ ‘did not determine the rights, 

duties, privileges, or legal relationships of anyone.’ “ Id., quoting Goldberger v. Weiler, 

10th Dist. No. 98AP-1097, 1999 Ohio App. LEXIS 3528, *5 (Aug. 3, 1999). This court stated 

in Goldberger, “The commission’s determination not to proceed further with appellant’s 

complaint is akin to the decision of a county prosecutor not to seek an indictment based on 

a citizen’s report of a crime,” a decision that is “executive[,] rather than * * * adjudicative.” 

Id. at *5, citing Boieru v. State Emp. Relations Bd., 54 Ohio App.3d 23, 27 (8th Dist.1988). 

We held that the commission’s dismissal in Billis, like the dismissal at issue in Goldberger, 

“was merely an executive decision and not an adjudication from which an appeal lies.” Billis 

at 364. 

{¶ 12} The year after Billis, we again considered whether certain commission orders 

were subject to appeal under R.C. 3517.157(D). See Common Cause/Ohio v. Ohio Elections 

Comm., 150 Ohio App.3d 31, 2002-Ohio-5965 (10th Dist.). Common Cause/Ohio was a 

consolidated appeal arising from the commission’s orders in three separate actions. In the 

first action, a panel of the commission dismissed the complaint at the preliminary-review 

stage for lack of probable cause. The second and third actions were submitted to the full 

commission following a finding of probable cause during the preliminary review, but before

any hearings were held the commission granted a motion for judgment on the pleadings in 

one case and a motion for summary judgment in the other, both in favor of the respondents. 

The complainant citizen groups appealed all three decisions to the Franklin County Court 

of Common Pleas. Relying in part on Billis to conclude that the commission’s decisions 

were not appealable, the trial court dismissed the appeals for lack of jurisdiction. Id. at ¶ 4. 

{¶ 13} As to the first action at issue in Common Cause/Ohio, which the commission 

had dismissed for lack of probable cause at the preliminary-review stage, this court 

affirmed the trial court’s dismissal of the appeal for lack of jurisdiction, based on Billis. Id.
No. 22AP-312 6

at ¶ 11. But as to the second and third actions, this court reversed the trial court’s dismissal. 

Id. at ¶ 20. We distinguished Billis, stating that, by the time the dispositive motions were 

filed, the commission “had moved beyond its executive function, and was acting in its 

adjudicative role.” Id. at ¶ 12. We then considered specifically whether the commission’s 

decisions granting judgment on the pleadings and summary judgment were “

‘adjudications’ giving rise to a right of appeal.” Id. at ¶ 14. To answer that question, we

considered how those types of judgment are treated in civil practice: 

It is axiomatic in civil practice that the decision of a trial court 

granting a motion on the pleadings or a motion for summary 

judgment operates as an adjudication, resulting in a final 

appealable order. We find nothing in R.C. Chapters 119 or 3517 

which would indicate that the granting of such motions by an 

administrative body does not operate as a final determination 

of the action, so long as, in doing so, the administrative body is 

acting in its adjudicative role.

Id. We emphasized that the determination of the issue presented in the motions—the

appropriate legal standard to be applied—was not a preliminary matter, such as 

jurisdiction, sufficiency of the complaint, and probable cause, but was a legal question “at 

the heart of the action” before the commission. Id. at ¶ 18. We stated that “a disposal of an 

action on this basis must be viewed as a judgment on the merits.” Id. We therefore 

concluded that the commission’s decisions as to the second and third actions in Common 

Cause/Ohio were “final determinations” which adversely affected the appellants, giving 

them the right to appeal. Id. at ¶ 20. 

{¶ 14} Cozad aptly notes that this court has differentiated between the commission’s 

executive and adjudicative roles and has held that the right to appeal under 

R.C. 3517.157(D) arises only in response to an adjudicative order. See id. at ¶ 10, citing 

Billis, 146 Ohio App.3d 360. But contrary to Cozad’s suggestion, this court has never held 

that every action taken by the commission after completion of its preliminary review 

constitutes an adjudication and a final determination that gives rise to a right to appeal. 

Indeed, the analysis in Common Cause/Ohio plainly reveals the flaw in Cozad’s suggestion. 

{¶ 15} If every act taken by the commission after its preliminary review of a 

complaint constitutes an adjudication and a final determination, then the timing of the 

commission’s rulings on the motions for judgment on the pleadings and for summary 
No. 22AP-312 7

judgment in Common Cause/Ohio would have been determinative of whether the

appellants had a right to appeal. Yet our determination that the commission had moved 

from its executive role into an adjudicative role by the time those motions had been filed

was only the first step in our analysis. It was only after stating that the commission was 

acting in its adjudicative role that we considered whether the commission’s decisions were 

adjudications and final determinations. See id. at ¶ 12, ¶ 14. We recognized that, in civil 

practice, judgments on the pleadings and summary judgments operate as adjudications, 

resulting in final appealable orders. Id. at ¶ 14. We then analogized that a grant of judgment 

on the pleadings or summary judgment by the commission, while acting in its adjudicative 

role, is a “final determination” for purposes of R.C. 3517.157(D). Id. Those considerations 

would have been wholly unnecessary had the commission’s finding of probable cause upon 

its preliminary review been sufficient to transform all subsequent actions by the 

commission into appealable final determinations. 

{¶ 16} Common Cause/Ohio held that, when an administrative agency acts in its 

adjudicative role to grant a dispositive motion, the agency’s order is a “final determination”

for purposes of R.C. 3517.157(D). Id. The decisions on the motions for judgment on the 

pleadings and summary judgment in Common Cause/Ohio were final judgments on the 

merits, which completely adjudicated and resolved the complaints before the commission. 

The denial of Cozad’s motion for a protective order, on the other hand, did not decide the 

merits or otherwise dispose of any claim presented in Stafford’s complaint. The staff 

attorney simply refused to restrain Stafford’s speech by prohibiting him from commenting

about the pending action or disclosing information obtained through the discovery process. 

{¶ 17} Orders concerning discovery “have long been considered interlocutory” and 

neither final nor appealable. State ex rel. Steckman v. Jackson, 70 Ohio St.3d 420, 438 

(1994); Nami v. Nami, 10th Dist. No. 17AP-265, 2017-Ohio-8330, ¶ 18. An interlocutory 

order is one “that relates to some intermediate matter in the case.” Black’s Law Dictionary

1123 (7th Ed.1999). An order that “does not determine the action, but instead establishes 

only a preliminary matter” is not a final order. Ohio Historical Soc. v. State Emp. Relations 

Bd., 48 Ohio St.3d 45, 47 (1990). An interlocutory order remains subject to revision while 

the case remains pending. Nami at ¶ 18, citing State v. Colon, 8th Dist. No. 103150, 2016-

Ohio-707, ¶ 10; Civ.R. 54(B). Because the denial of Cozad’s motion for a protective order
No. 22AP-312 8

was an interlocutory order that did not finally determine any claim before the commission, 

it was not a “final determination,” subject to appeal under R.C. 3517.157(D). 

{¶ 18} Finally, we reject Cozad’s related argument that the commission’s denial of 

his motion for a protective order qualifies as a “final order,” as defined in R.C. 2505.02(B). 

As stated above, R.C. 2505.03(A) authorizes a common pleas court to review “the final 

order of any * * * commission” when such authority is otherwise “provided by law.” The 

Supreme Court of Ohio has recognized that the requirement of a “final order” under 

R.C. 2505.03(A) applies to various statutory schemes that permit appeals of orders to the 

common pleas courts, including appeals pursuant to R.C. 119.12. Hamilton Cty. Bd. of 

Mental Retardation & Dev. Disabilities v. Professionals Guild of Ohio, 46 Ohio St.3d 147, 

152 (1989) (holding that orders by the State Employment Relations Board must comply 

with R.C. 2505.02 to be appealable under R.C. 119.12.). 

{¶ 19} Under the current version of R.C. 2505.02, a discovery order may constitute 

a final and appealable order if it falls within one of the categories of “final order” set out in

R.C. 2505.02(B). State ex rel. Thomas v. McGinty, 164 Ohio St.3d 167, 2020-Ohio-5452, 

¶ 43. For example, R.C. 2505.02(B)(4) defines as final orders certain orders granting or 

denying a provisional remedy, including the “discovery of privileged matter.” R.C. 

2505.02(A)(3). As Cozad’s motion for a protective order did not seek to prevent the 

discovery of privileged matter, Cozad instead maintains that the denial of his motion for a 

protective order was a “final order” under R.C. 2505.02(B)(2), which states, “An order is a 

final order that may be reviewed, affirmed, modified, or reversed, with or without retrial, 

when it is * * * [a]n order that affects a substantial right made in a special proceeding or 

upon a summary application in an action after judgment.” We disagree. 

{¶ 20} A substantial right is “a right that the United States Constitution, the Ohio 

Constitution, a statute, the common law, or a rule of procedure entitles a person to enforce 

or protect.” R.C. 2505.02(A)(1). For purposes of R.C. 2505.02(B)(2), though, an order 

affects a substantial right “only if ‘in the absence of immediate review of the order [the 

appellant] will be denied effective relief in the future.’ “ Thomasson v. Thomasson, 153 

Ohio St.3d 398, 2018-Ohio-2417, ¶ 10, quoting Bell v. Mt. Sinai Med. Ctr., 67 Ohio St.3d 

60, 63 (1993). 
No. 22AP-312 9

{¶ 21} Denying Cozad the right to immediately appeal the commission’s denial of 

his motion for a protective order will not effectively deny Cozad relief in the future. Because 

its denial of Cozad’s request for a broad order prohibiting Stafford from speaking about this 

case was an interlocutory order, the commission may revisit its ruling at any time before 

final judgment. While both Cozad’s motion for a protective order and his brief filed with

this court cite caselaw suggesting that a tribunal has authority to restrain dissemination of 

information provided in discovery in advance of litigation, see, e.g., Seattle Times Co. v. 

Rhinehart, 467 U.S. 20 (1984), the order that Cozad requested was not limited to 

maintaining confidentiality of discovery materials. Instead, Cozad asked the court to

broadly prohibit Stafford “from issuing any public comments about this action in any form 

whatsoever.” (Record of Proceedings at 0F022-L31.) Should Cozad make a more limited 

request, the commission would be free to grant it should it find it well-taken. There is also 

nothing to prevent Cozad from pursuing other avenues of relief. For example, should he

believe that Stafford’s comments cross the line into defamation, there are civil remedies 

available to address those concerns. See Wilhelm-Kissinger v. Kissinger, 129 Ohio St.3d 

90, 2011-Ohio-2317, ¶ 9-11 (holding that denial of a motion to disqualify opposing counsel 

did not require immediate appeal to protect a substantial right because the “order may be 

revisited throughout trial, and the party seeking disqualification may pursue other avenues, 

such as disciplinary proceedings, to address any improprieties that occur.”). Accordingly, 

the denial of Cozad’s motion for a protective order did not affect a substantial right and is 

not a “final order” under R.C. 2505.02(B)(2). 

{¶ 22} Having concluded that the trial court appropriately dismissed Cozad’s appeal 

for lack of jurisdiction, we need not address Cozad’s remaining contention that his appeal 

stated a claim upon which relief can be granted. 

IV. CONCLUSION

{¶ 23} For these reasons, we affirm the judgment of the Franklin County Court of 

Common Pleas.

Judgment affirmed.

LUPER SCHUSTER and EDELSTEIN, JJ., concur.