p. 1


# OAR Box 

# 1846 Prepped by Ollie Stewart



### Document

Number: 

# 80 ) IV-A- 2 Docket Number: 

# A-90-0 7

Printed 11/18/20087:30:17

AM Sheet 80of 93P. 2

' - 

# /t-yo-ojSwR I 08-5374-00

3 TESTIN G AN D ANALYTICA L SUPPOR T FOR REGULATIO N O F MOTO R VEHICLES , ENGINES , FUELS , AN D FUE L ADDITIVE S 

## MOTO R VEHICL E FUE L AN D FUE L ADDITIV E EMISSION S GENERATIO N AN D SPECIATIO N COST S

FINA L REPOR T

CONTRAC

T NUMBE R 

## 68-C2-014

4 WOR KASSIGNMEN T NUMBE R 0- 3

PREPARE D FO R OFFIC E O F MOBIL E SOURCE S U.S . ENVIRONMENTA L PROTECTIO N AGENC Y

JUN E 199 3 

# fpJXD/TD ] il x u . ' 

# ii!.!: 1 

# Mjim l\4 EPA/..f t DOCKE T 

## SOUTHWES T RESEARC H INSTITUT E SA N ANTONI O HOUSTO N DETROI T WASHINGTON , D CP. 3

SwR I 08-5374-00 3
TESTIN G AN D ANALYTICA L SUPPOR T FO R REGULATIO N O F MOTO R VEHICLES , ENGINES , FUELS , AN D FUE L ADDITIVE S 

## MOTO R VEHICL E FUE L AN D FUE L ADDITIV E EMISSION S GENERATIO N AN D SPECIATIO N COST S

FINA L REPOR T

CONTRAC T NUMBE R 

## 68-C2-014 4 WOR KASSIGNMEN T NUMBE R 0-3

PREPARE D FO R OFFIC E O F MOBIL E SOURCE S U.S . ENVIRONMENTA L PROTECTIO N AGENC Y

JUN E 199 3 , ; _ , M



# I/3I
Approved :

Charle s T
. Har e Departmen t o f Emission s Researc h Automotiv e Product s an d Emissio n Researc h Divisio nP. 4

INTRODUCTIO N Th e objectiv e o

f thi s Wor k Assignmen t

wa s fo r Southwes t

Researc h Institut e (SwRI ) t o gathe r cos t dat at o assis t

th e U.S
. Environmenta l Protectio n Agency (EPA ) i n thei r estimatio n o

f th e cos t o f implementatio n o

f rule s propose dunde r

sectio n 211(bX2) o

f th e Clean Air

Act
. Thi s sectio n o

f th e Act wil l requir e fue

l an dfue

l additiv e (F/FA ) manufacturer s t o tes t

an dsubmi t

informatio n o n th e emission s o f moto r vehicl e fuel s an d additive s an dthei r

effects on publi c healt h an dwelfare , an do n vehicl e emissio n contro l performance
. Th e testin g programi s expecte dt o requir e tha t F/F A combustio n an dnon combustio n evaporativ e emission s b e generate dunde r controlle dcondition s usin g appropriat e vehicles , engines , and/o r chambers , an dtha t

th e chemical conten t

o f th e emission s b e characterize daccordin g t o method s prescribe db y th e EPA
. Th e programmay furthe r requir e tha t suc h generate demission s b e delivere di n apre-define dmanne r t o anima l exposure chamber s over

extende dperiod s o

f tim e t o asses s th e healt h effects o f prolonged , low-level exposure t o thes e F/FA emissions
. SwR I wa s t o gathe r

informatio n o n th e cos t

o f performin g th e variou s task s involve di n generation , dilutio n an ddelivery , an d measurement/characterizatio n o f emission s b y contactin g laboratorie s capabl e o f performin g a t leas t some o f th e tasks
. The cost s involve dwit h th e anima l testin g were no t t o b e evaluated
.P. 5

METHOD S USED : PROCEDURE S AN D STRATEG Y Becaus e thi s programdepende don th e voluntar y participatio n o f expert s i n th e field o f automotiv e emission s measurement , carefu l consideratio n wa s require dfo r prope r desig n o f th e contac t

strategy , participan t

selectio n criteria , an dsurve y packag e t o b e sen t t o th e participants
. Constraint s place don th e stud y include dalimi t o f nin e laboratorie s t o b e contacte dan dalimite dperio dt o collect th e data
. Several list s o

f candidat e laboratorie s were first collated , the n given a n informal rankin g internall y base don SwRF s assumption s o f th e capabilitie s possesse db y eac h laboratory
. Thi s wa s followe dby telephon e interviews , i n whic h th e programwa s explaine d an dth e capabilitie s o

f th e laboratory an dwillingnes s t o participat e wer e assessed
. Laboratorie s were selecte dbase do n th e capability o f performin g a s man y require dtask s a s possible
. Afte r th e laboratorie s were selected , asurve y packag e consistin g o f acove r lette r (presente di n Appendi x A) , alette r o f introductio n fro

mth e EP A (Appendi x B) , arespons e for m(Appendi x C) , an dapostage-pai dretur n envelop e wa s prepare dan dsen t t o eac h participant
. Th e cove

r lette r explaine dth e F/F

A testin g programan dreiterate dinformatio n supplie ddurin g th e initia l telephon e communications
. I t requeste dthei r

participatio n an d include dname s o

f telephon e number s fo

r contac t person s a t

th e EP A an dSwRI
. I t

wa s state di n th e lette r

tha t th e dat awoul dno t

b e associate dwith compan y name s whe n presented , an dtha t

th e cos t dat aprovide dwoul dno t b e considere dofficia

l busines s quotations
. A lette r

o f introductio n wa s prepare db y th e EP A t o assur e th e participant s o f th e authenticit y o

f SwRF s reques t

fo r cos t dat a(som

e respondent s migh t

hav e bee n reluctan t t o suppl y cos t

dat abecause , i n som

e instances , SwR

I i s thei r competitor)
. Th e respons e for

mwa s designe dt o incorporat e al l th e task s liste di n Appendi x 1 o f th e Statemen t

o f Work , presentin g th e task s an drelate dinformatio n a s concisely a s possible
. I t request s identificatio n o f commercia

l price s tha t

woul dreasonabl y or

customaril y b e charge dfo

r eac h liste dservice
. Th e basi c categorie s fo r whic h cost s were requeste dare : 1 ) vehicle/engin e mileag e accumulation , 2 ) emission s generation , collection , an d characterization , 3 ) emissio n generatio n fo r biologica l testing , an d4 ) miscellaneou s testing
. Considerabl e effor

t wen t int o refinemen t

o f thes e document s t o ensur e tha t the y include denoug h detai l t o allo w correc t interpretatio n o

f th e questions , ye t

were concise , t o reliev e th e respondent s froma s muc h burde n a s possible
. Initially , eigh t supplementar y document s were t o b e sen t with th e packag e t o provid e complete detail s on th e propose d legislatio n an dmethod s t o b e employe dfo r th e emission s generatio n an dmeasurement . Investigator s a t

SwRI , wit h th e Wor

k Assignmen t

Monito r a t th e EPA , however , conclude d tha t i t woul db e preferabl e t o make i t know n tha t

thi s informatio n wa s availabl e an dt o offe r i t rathe r tha n includ e i t

i n th e initia l mailing
.P. 6

Afte r th e respons e form s wer

e sen t out , eac h responden t

wa s contacte dt o confir

m receip t an ddetermin e if

an y item s neede dimmediat e clarification
. Th e respondent s were the n contacte dweekly t o check th e statu s o

f thei r response s an dt o offe

r furthe r backgroun d information
. Followin g receip t o f th e respons e for

mfro mth e participant , additiona l call s were necessary i n som

e case s t o clarif

y aresponse . I n additio n t o collectin g cos t informatio n fro

mth e participatin g laboratories , SwR I wa s als o responsibl e fo

r evaluatin g th e cost s supplie dfo r eac h tas k

an ddeterminin g th e mos t reasonabl e pric e o

r rang e o f prices
. Many o

f th e price s given were base do n different assumption s regardin g suc h thing s a s se t u p costs , calibration , an dmaintenance
. Thes e assumption s were considere dwhe n developin g areasonabl e pric e estimate
. SwR I has , t o th e exten t possible , accounte dfo

r significant

difference s i n th e cost s provided
. N o judgemen t i s mad e whethe r

an y pric e i s to o hig h or

low
. Th e mos t

reasonabl e pric e i s relate dt o th e mea n price , after

accountin g i s mad e fo

r different assumption s an dfo

r obviou s outliers
. Th e goa l fo r thi s projec t

wa s t o obtai n a t

leas t si x price s pe r

category ; if

les s tha n si x price s were obtained , th e reason s ar e presented
. Where n o price s were obtaine dfo r aparticula r

category , SwRI ha s provide da n estimate , an dindicate di t a s such
. SwR I wa s als o assigne dth e tas k o f estimatin g facilit

y modificatio n cost s an d compihn g price s o

f new , American-mad e engines
. Estimatio n o f facilit y modificatio n cost s wa s achieve db y interviewin g personne l withi n SwR I an dfromothe r

companie s who hav e experienc e i n equippin g facultie s fo r emission s measurement . Price s fo r ne w engine s were gathere db y contactin g manufacturers ' retai l outlet s o r distributors
. Th e result s ar e discusse dbelow
.P. 7

RESULT S AN D DISCUSSIO N Eac h o f th e nin e laboratorie s contacte dreturne dth e surve y an dal l responde dt o a t leas t som e o f th e categories
. Th e informatio n provide db y th e respondent s i s presente di n table s below
. Accompanying eac h tabl e ar e footnote s fo r caveat s supplie db y eac h laboratory o r explanation s to clarif

y assumption s mad e i n arrivin g a t th e costs . I n som

e case s arang e o f price s wa s reported
. I n suc h cases , th e midpoin t pric e wa s use di n th e tabl e an dth e rang e o f price s wa s indicate di n th e footnote
. Wher e appropriate , price s were rounde dt o th e neares t $ 5 fo r th e averag e an dreasonabl e price
. Th e identit y o f th e laboratory supplyin g a pric e ha s bee n conceale dby randoml y assignin g anumbe r t o eac h o f th e nin e participants
. Th e footnote s with eac h tabl e ar e numbere dt o relat e themt o th e laboratory supplyin g th e data
. Tha t

is , afootnot

e beginnin g with th e numbe r 5 refer s t o th e Un

e o f dat ai n th e tabl e abov e correspondin g t o Laborator y 5
. Th e dat aar e presente di n th e orde r requeste don th e respons e form
. Th e colum n heading s i n th e table s ar e abbreviate dan dar e intende dto concisely relat e th e dat ai n tha t colum n t o th e questio n on th e survey . T o clarif y thos e abbreviations , th e question s ar e liste d i n tex t befor e presentatio n o

f th e dat atable
. Discussio n o f th e dat afollows
. VEHICLE/ENGIN

E MILEAG

E ACCUMULATION COST S Respondent s were aske dt o provid e th e cos t pe r mil e o f operatin g avehicl e o n ates t trac k with ahire ddrive r

an dth e cos t

pe r mil e o r mile-equivalen t

fo r accumulatin g mileag e usin g achassi s dynamomete r an da n engin e dynamometer
. They were als o aske di f thes e rate s vary dependin g on numbe r o f mile s (an di f

so , how) , an dt o lis t

maintenanc e an dfue

l cost s if the y were no t

included
. Th e result s ar e presente di n Tabl e 1 fo r Light-duty Vehicle s an di n Tabl e 2 fo

r Heavy-dut

y Vehicles
. Light-duty Mileage Accumulation Discussion s with th e respondent s indicate dtha t severa l were familia

r with operatin g o n ase t drivin g rout e rathe r

tha n ates t

track
. Thes e dat awere judge dt o b e comparabl e an d ar e reporte dwithou t

distinction
. Th e tota l cos t range dfrom$0.70/mil e t o $1.25/mile
. Althoug h th e pric e reporte db y Laboratory 9 for mileag e accumulatio n withou t fuel an d maintenanc e wa s significantl y lowe r tha n th e others , thei r

fue l cos t wa s almos t

five time s highe r tha n th e othe r

laboratorie s reportin g fuel cost , bringin g thei r tota l cos t quit e clos e t o th e media n cost . Th e variou s laboratorie s use dslightl y different assumption s t o arriv e a t fue l an dmaintenanc e costs ; bu t becaus e no t

al l respondent s reporte dfue l an dmaintenanc e cost s a s separat e items , onl y th e tota l cos t

ca n b e compared
. Th e cos t fo r mileag e accumulatio n on ates t

trac k wa s reporte dby on e laboratory a s arang e fro m$0.5 0 t o $1.0 0 pe r mil e dependin g on th e natur e o f th e program . On e discounte dthei r rat e from$1.0 0 pe r mil e t o $0.6 0 pe r

mil e ove r 40 0 miles
. Anothe r

offereda10% discoun t

after 50 0 miles
. Assumin g tha t

th e mile s accumulate dfo r thi s progra mwill b e relate dt o conditionin g th eTABL E 1 . LIGH T DUT Y MILEAG E ACCUMULATIO N COST S

L n LA B NUMBE R 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 MI N PRIC E MAX PRIC E AV G PRIC E REASONABL E TES T TRACK , (S/MILE )

MILEAG E ACCU M 0.7 0 1.0 0 N R N R 1.0 0 0.5 0 0.7 5 0.8 0 0.3 3 MAINT X

COS T N R N R N R N R 0.0 5 0.1 0 inc l N R 0.1 8 FUE L

COS T 0.1 3 N R N R N R 0.07 5 0.1 0 inc l inc l 0.4 7 •viTQTAL-;:,: .

COS T 0.8 3 1.0 0 N R N R 1.12 5 0.7 0 0.7 5 0.8 0 0.9 8 0.7 5 1.12 5 0.8 8 0.7 9 CHASSI S DYNO , ($/MILE ) MILEAG E ACCU M 1.6 0 N R N R 1.0 0 1.2 5 1.0 0 0.7 5 N R 6.0 0 MAINT .

COS T N R N R N R inc l 0.0 5 0.1 0 inc l N R 0.1 8 FUE L

COS T 0.1 3 N R N R inc l 0.07 5 0.1 0 inc l N R 0.4 7 TOTA L

COS T 1.7 3 N R N R 1.0 0 1.37 5 1.2 0 0.7 5 N R 6.6 5 0.7 5 6.6 5 2.1 2 1.2 1 ENGIN E DYNO . ($/MILE ) MILEAG E ACCU M 1.7 5 N R N R 2.0 0 1.0 0 0.5 0 1.6 0 N R 5.0 0 MAINT .

COS T N R N R N R inc l 0.0 7 0.1 0 inc l N R 0.1 8 FUE L

COS T 0.1 3 N R N R inc l 0.07 5 0.1 0 inc l N R 0.4 7 TOTA L

COS T 1.8 8 N R N R 2.0 0 1.12 5 0.7 0 1.6 0 N R 5.6 5 0.7 0 5.6 5 2.1 6 1.4 6 N R = NO T REPORTE D inc l = include d i n mileag e accumulatio n pric e (1 ) Rates wer

e quote d o n hourl ybasis ; conversion s wer e mad e b yusin g 3 0 mp h fo rtest track , an d 5 0 mp h fo rchassi s an d 4 0 mp h fo rengin e dynos
. (2 ) Rat e drop s t o $0.60/mil e fo r400-50,00 0 miles
. Rate doe s no t includ e fuel , maintenance , an d insuranc e costs
. Fue l rat e dependen t o n fue l selected
. Maintenanc e i s charge d a t $75/h rplu s parts
. (4) Fo rth e engin e dyn o prices , thi s rat e assumes a 50,00 0 mil e minimu m tes t plu s a se t u p fe e o f $5000

. (5 ) Cos t wil l decreas e wit h increasin g time/mile s (amoun t no t specified)

. Fue l cos t base d o n $1.50/ga l a t 2 0 mpg . (6 ) Price s base d o n 5 0 mp h fo rmileag e accumulation , 4 0 mp h fo rmaintenance
. Fue l cos t base d o n $1.00/ga l an d 2 0 mpg . Preparatio n charge s depen d o n vehicle , engine , etc
. (7) Price s liste d fo rtest trac k an d chassi s dyn o ar

e considere d media n prices ; price s wil l rang e fro m $0.5 0 t o 1.0 0 pe rmil e dependin g o n nature o f program . Also , th e cost fo r runnin g o n th e chassi s dyn o wil l no t b e les s tha n th e road cost
. Cost s decreas e 10-30 % wit h increasin g time/miles

. Fo rengin e dyno , rat e doe s no t includ e engin e installation , whic h woul d cost $2,50 0 t o $16,00 0 dependin g o n th e complexityo f th e engin e an d modification s require d o f th e tes t cell
. (9 ) Price s ar

e discounte d 10 % afte r50 0 miles
. Price s fo rtest trac k ar e base d o n $10/hour , 3 0 mph , plu s fue l cost s figure d a t 1 5 mpg , $7.00/gal

. L D chassi s price s base d o n $300/hr , 5 0 mph
. L D engin e price s base d o n $200/h r@ 4 0 mph
.TABL E 2
. HEAV Y DUT Y MILEAG E ACCUMULATIO N COST S

a\ LA B NUMBER 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 MI N PRIC E MA X PRIC E AV G PRIC E REASONABL E TES T TRACK , ($/mile )

MILEAG E ACCU M 0.7 0 N R 4.0 0 N R 1.0 0 1.0 0 1.2 5 N R N R MAINT 

### cos t N R N R 0.0 5 N R 0.1 0 0.1 5 inc l N R N R FUE L

COS T 0.4 0 N R 0.4 0 N R 0.3 0 0.2 0 inc l N R N R TOTA L

COS T 1.1 0 N R 4.4 5 N R 1.4 0 1.3 5 1.2 5 N R N R 1.1 0 4.4 5 1.9 1 1.2 8 ENGIN E DYNO

. ($/mile ) MILEAG E ACCU M 1.75 N R 2.7 5 2.5 0 1.0 0 1.0 0 2.3 0 N R N R MAINT
.

COS T N R N R 0.0 5 inc l 0.1 5 0.1 5 inc l N R N R FUE L

COS T 0.4 0 N R 0.4 0 inc l 0.3 0 0.2 0 inc l N R N R TOTA L

COS T 2.1 5 N R 3.2 0 2.5 0 1.45 1.2 8 2.3 0 N R N R 1.2 8 3.2 0 2.1 5 2.1 5 N R = NO T REPORTE D inc l = include d i n mileag e accumulatio n rat e (1 ) Rat e fo rtes t trac k

i s base d o n $21/h r@ 3 0 mph
. Fo rengin e dyno , rat e i s base d o n $70/hr , 4 0 mph
. Fue l cos t i s base d o n $2/ga l an d 5 mpg . (3 ) Tes t trac k

rat e i s decrease d t o $3.50/mil e fo rgreate rtha n 10,00 0 miles
. Fo rengin e dyno , rat e fo rlight - an d heavy-H D i s $3.00/mi

. (4 ) Fo rth e H D engin e dyn o rate , thi s assume s 50,00 0 mile s pe rtest ; th e rat e therefor e include s $10,00 0 se t u p fee

. (5 ) H D fue l cos t i s base d o n $1.50/ga l at 5 mpg . (6 ) Mileag e accumulatio n cos t i s base d o n 5 0 mp h equivalent
. Fue l cos t i s base d o n $1/ga l a t 1 0 mpg . Preparatio n charge s ar e dependen t o n vehicle/engine

. Engin e dyn o rate s rang e fro m $0.5 0 t o $1.5 0 pe rmile ; rat e show n i s average . (7 ) Fo rth e H D engin e dyno , th e rate s varytremendousl ydependin g o n natur e o f th e research
. Fo rth e followin g classe s of o f heavy-dut yengines , th e rate s rang e a s follows : Ligh t H D 0.85-2.75 , Mediu m H D 1.00-3.25 , Heav yH D 1.15-3.7 5 Engin e installatio n i s extr a an d ca n rang e fro m $2,50 0 t o $16,00 0 dependin g o n complexity
. Rate s fo rtes t trac k rang e fro m $1.0 0 t o $1.5 0 pe rmile
. Rate s show n ar e averages .P.1 0

engine/fue l syste mfo

r th e particula r

F/F A to b e use dfo

r emissio n generation , th e rate s fo r program s o n th e orde r

o f 400 0 mile s ar e mos t

appropriat e fo

r estimatin g th e reasonabl e cost . O n tha t basis , one ca n selec t

th e low pric e fro

mth e range s reporte d(or appl y th e discount s offered ) t o arriv e a t

$0.79/mil e a s areasonabl e cost . Ther e wa s avery larg e variatio n i n cost s reporte dfo r mileag e accumulatio n usin g a chassi s dynamometer , rangin g fro m$0.75/mil e t o $6.6 5 pe r mile
. Laboratory 9 reporte d $6.6 5 pe r mile , whic h wa s base don $300/hour a t 5 0 mile s pe r

hou r (mph)
. Thei r

fue l an d maintenanc e cost s were als o rathe r high
. Thei r

reporte dfuel pric e wa s $7.0 0 pe r gallon , whic h suggest s the y wer e likel y assumin g th e us e o f specialty fuels
. Becaus e th e cos t reporte db y Laboratory 9 i s more tha n tw o standar ddeviation s greate r tha n th e media n price , i t wa s no t use di n formulatin g th e reasonabl e price
. Factorin g i n th e variou s discount s fo r 400 0 miles , $1.2 1 pe r

mil e i s estimate dt o b e areasonabl e price
. Price s fo r engin e dynamomete r

mileag e accumulatio n followedasimilar pattern : cost s reporte db y Laboratory 9 were more tha n tw o standar ddeviation s greate r tha n th e mea n price
. Tha t

cos t i s agai n considere da n outlie r an dwa s no t

considere di n arrivin g a t th e reasonabl e pric e o

f $1.4 6 pe r mile
. Heavy-duty Mileage Accumulation Only five laboratorie s reporte dprice s fo r thi s category . A s wa s see n abov e fo r chassi s an dengin e dynamometers , fo r heavy-duty mileag e accumulatio n vi ates t track , ther e wa s on e pric e whic h wa s tw o standar ddeviation s highe r tha n th e mea n fo

r th e group . Rate s ca n var y tremendousl y with th e programrequirements
. However , ther e bein g n o othe r explanation , th e $4.4 5 pric e wa s excluded
. A reasonabl e pric e fo r heavy-duty mileag e accumulatio n b y tes t trac k o f $1.28/mil e wa s estimate db y selectin g price s base do n 4,00 0 miles , a s above
. Th e pric e sprea dfo

r heavy-duty engin e dynamomete r mileag e accumulatio n wa s large , bu t no t s o grea t a s th e previou s thre e cases . Whil e ther e were cost s greate r an dles s tha n on e standar ddeviatio n abov e an dbelo w th e mean , th e cost s were distribute dsuc h tha t ther e were non e which were obviou s outliers
. Thus , b y selectin g price s base don 4,00 0 miles , th e averag e pric e o

f $2.15/mil e wa s estimate dto b e areasonabl e pric e fo r heavy-duty engin e dynamomete r

mileag e accumulation
.P.1 1

EMISSIO N GENERATION AN D COLLECTION Light-duty Combustion Emission Generation Respondent s were requeste dt o suppl y th e following :

• Pric e t o perfor

mone drivin g cycle (LA-4 + 505) , collect thre e bag s o

f emission s • Pric e t o ru n consecutiv e moda l cycle s reasonabl y equivalen t t o th e LA-4 an d collec t emission s • Pric e t o perfor

mmodifiedFT P (Federa l Tes t Procedure ) t o allo w fo

r th e collectio n o

f particulat e an dsemi-volatil e emission s fo r subsequen t measuremen t

o f particulat e matte r

an danalysi s o

f PA H (polynuclea

r aromati c hydrocarbons ) an dNPAH (nitrogenatedpolynuclea r aromati c hydrocarbons )
• Pric e t o generat e emission s a t stead y stat e an dcollec t emission s fo

r subsequen t

analysis
. Th e response s ar e presente di n Tabl e 3
. Price s t o perfor

mon e drivin g cycle consistin g o f th e LA- 4 + 50 5 (labele dFT P i n th e table ) range dfro

m$35 0 t o $1,045 , th e averag e bein g $790
. Th e maximu mpric e wa s thre e time s th e minimum
. However , five o f th e remainin g si x sample s were reasonabl y clos e t o th e averag e o f $790
. Laboratory 7 reporte darang e o f $400-$600
. I f

th e tw o extreme s ar e dropped , the n th e averag e shift s to $820 , whic h i s judge dt o b e areasonabl e price
. To ru n consecutiv e moda

l cycle s o n a n engin e dynamomete r reasonabl y equivalen t

t o th e LA-4 , th e price s range dfrom$250/hour t o $1,200 , wit

h mos t o f th e price s groupe daroun d $900- $ 1,100
. Th e low figure wa s th e only on e tha t wa s quote dper

hour
. Laboratory 7 reporte d$500 , whic h wa s als o substantiall y lower tha n th e mai n group ; however , thi s wa s reporte da s arang e o

f $400-$600
. Th e pric e use dfo r Laboratory 6 i s thei r

rat e fo r th e sixth an dsubsequen t

test s (th e first

throug h fifth test s cos t

significantl y more)
. Laboratorie s 4 , 6 , 7 , an d8 charg e asubstantia l additiona l su mt o instal l an dse t u p th e engin e o n th e tes t stand
. Droppin g th e $25 0 pric e a s a n outher , th e averag e shift s t o $930 , whic h i s considere d areasonabl e price
. Th e cas e fo

r th e FT P modifiedt o allo w collectio n o f particulat e an dsemi-volatil e emission s fo

r subsequen t

measuremen t

o f PM , PAH , an dNPAH i s similar t o tha t fo r th e unmodifie dFTP
. Tha t

is , wit h th e exceptio n o

f th e highes t

an dlowes t

price , th e remainde r group s closely together
. Deletio n o f th e tw o extreme s shift s th e averag e only slightly , makin g $1,14 5 areasonabl e price
. Reporte dcost s fo

r generatin g emission s a t

stead y stat e an dcollectin g emission s fo r subsequen t

analysi s varie dtremendousl y - from$7 5 t o $1,000
. Th e $7 5 figure wa s adefinit e outhe r (thi s pric e wa s verified)
. Th e $1,00 0 pric e wa s als o deeme da n outlier
. Deletin g thos e1 0 TABL E 3 . EMISSIO N GENERATION AN D COLLECTIO N COST S
LA B NUMBE R 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 MI N PRIC E MA X PRIC E AV G PRIC E REASONABL E LIGHT-DUT Y COMBUSTIO N GENERATIO N

FT P $1,04 5 $98 5 N R $80 0 $90 0 $87 5 $50 0 $35 0 $86 5 $35 0 $1,04 5 $79 0 $82 0 MODA L CYCLE S

(Engin e Dyno)

$89 5 N R N R $1,00 0 $1,05 0 $1,20 0 $50 0 $25 0 N R $25 0 $1,20 0 $81 5 $93 0 MOD . FT P PM . PAH . NPA H N R $1,40 0 N R $1,15 0 $1,25 0 $1,00 0 $62 0 $1,17 5 N R $62 0 $1,40 0 $1,10 0 $1,14 5 STEAD Y STAT E

($/HOUR ) $22 5 $32 0 N R $70 0 $7 5 $1,00 0 $55 0 $40 0 $80 0 $7 5 $1,00 0 $51 0 $400-$60 0 LIGHT-DUT Y

EVAP . GE N MO D FT P 4 BAG S

$33 0 $45 0 N R $40 0 $1,35 0 $50 0 $50 0 $54 0 $1,50 0 $33 0 $1,50 0 $70 0 $45 0 HEAVY-DUT Y COMBUSTIO N

FT P N R N R $1,00 0 N R N R N R $2,10 0 $3,00 0 N R $1.00 0 $3,00 0 $2,03 0 $1215-$285 0 MOD . FT P

PM , PAH , NPA H N R N R $2,00 0 N R N R N R $2,22 5 $3,10 0 N R $2,00 0 $3,10 0 $2,44 0 $1970-$292 0 N R = NO T REPORTE D (2 ) Pric e fo r FT P o n L D combustio n include s methan e analysis , wit h test bein g performe d usin g emissio n tes t gasoline . (3 ) H D combustio n cos t doe s no

t includ e setu p cos

t o f $4,000 . (4 ) Fo r engin e dyno , ad d $10,000-20,00 0 setu p pe r powertrain ; aut o transmissio n only . (6 ) FT P include s analysi s o f CO , C02 , HC , NOx , fue l economy . Pric e t o ru n moda l cycles : $2,00 0 fo r first , $1,50 0 fo r 2nd-5th , $1,20 0 fo r subsequent ; engin e setu p extra . (7 ) Price s var

y wit h complexity an d lengt h o f program , an d assum e engin e i s alread y mounted , checke d out , etc . Price s liste d are midpoints o

f pric e ranges : $400-$60 0 fo r FT P an d Moda l Cycles , $520-$72 0 fo r modifie d FTP , $450-$65 0 fo r Stead y State , $1,500-$2,70 0 fo r H D FTP , an d $1,600-$2,85 0 fo r H D modifie d particulate . Ad d $2,500-$16,00 0 to instal l engine . (8 ) Fo r engin e dyno , ad d $300 0 se t u p fee ; th e pric e o

f $25 0 i s pe r hour . •P.1 3

tw o extreme s shifte dth e mea n pric e only $10
. However , becaus e th e variabiUt y i n th e reporte dprice s wa s s o great , th e reasonabl e pric e i s uncertai n an di s expresse da s th e rang e $400-$600
. Evaporative Emission Generation (Light-duty Only) Respondent s wer e aske dt o repor t apric e t o generat e evaporativ e emission s accordin g t o specifie dprocedures : SHED t o b e equippe dwith samplin g por t an dsamplin g pump fo

r collectio n o

f emission s int o Tedlar ® bags , an dfou r bag s o f emission s collecte dfo

r analysi s (one ba g eac h collecte da t

th e beginnin g an den do

f th e diurna l tes t

an dho t soa k test)
. Th e response s t o th e abov e ar e presente di n Tabl e 3
. Fo r th e light-dut y evaporativ e generation , ther e wa s atremendou s sprea di n th e reporte dcosts . Yet , i n thi s case , th e distributio n o f reporte dcost s indicate s tha t th e to p tw o cost s ar e separate dfro

mth e thir dhighes t

b y $810
. If

th e tw o to p price s ar e excluded , th e averag e cos t

drop s t o $45 0 an dth e standar ddeviatio n i s drasticall y reduce da s well
. Thus , areasonabl e pric e i s estimate da t $450
. I t shoul db e note dtha t

one responden t

remarke d tha t th e logistic s o

f handlin g th e fue

l fo r th e evaporativ e generatio n coul deasil y becom e a major undertakin g i n itself

, becaus e th e procedure woul dgenerat e larg e quantitie s o f wast e fuel
. Thi s wast e fue

l woul dhav e altere dcompositio n an dvapo r pressur e an dwoul dlikel y hav e t o b e re-blende do r

re-refined
. Heavy-duty Combustion Emission Generation Respondent s wer e aske dt o repor t th e following : • Pric e t o perfor

mexhaus t

portio n o f FTP , a s describe di n 4 0 CF R8 6 subpar t

N , an dcollec t

one ba g an don e filter

o f combustio n emission s durin g th e coldstar t segmen t an don e ba g an done filte r durin g th e ho t

star t segmen t o f th e transien t cycle • Pric e t o perfor

mmodification s o

f abov e procedur e t o collect particulat e an d semi-volatil e emission s fo r PA H an dNPA H measurement s (a s describe dfo r light-duty above ) Th e respons e t o th e abov e sectio n i s als o presente di n Tabl e 3
. Price s t o perfor

mth e FT P fo

r heavy-duty combustio n emission s were reporte db y only thre e laboratorie s an drange dfrom$1,00 0 t o $3,000 , wit h th e middl e laboratory reportin g arang e o f $l,500-$2,700
. Thi s reflect s th e tru e variabiUty o f actua l cost s t o perfor

mthi s procedure
. ReaUsticall y then , areasonabl e pric e fo r thi s procedur e i s i n th e rang e $l,215-$2,85 0 (th e mea n ± on e standar ddeviation)
. Th e modifiedFT P fo

r heavy-duty combustio n emission s t o allo w fo r coUectio n o f particulat e an dsemi-volatil e emissions , fo r subsequen t

analysi s o

f PM , PAH , an dNPAH , range dfrom$2,000-$3,000 , wit h one laboratory reportin g arang e o f $l,600-$2,850
. Becaus e 1 0P.1 4

th e variabiUt

y o f th e tru e cost s t o perfor

mthes e procedure s i s dependen t on anumbe r

o f differen t factors , i t

i s realisti c t o repor t

arang e o

f $l,970-$2,92 0 (th e mea n pric e ± one standar ddeviation ) fo

r th e reasonabl e price
. CHEMICA

L CHARACTERIZATIO

N Combustion and

Evaporative Emissions Characterization Th e respondent s were asked , fo r th e sample s coUectedabove , t o giv e price s fo r performin g chemical analyse s fo r th e foUowin

g parameters : • Concentratio n o

f regulate demission s (4 0 CF RPar t 86 ) fo r vapo r phas e an d particulat e phas e emission s fo r gasolin e vehicles , Diese l vehicles , an dmethano l vehicles
. • Individua l specie s o f hydrocarbon s wit

h 1 2 o r fewe r carbo n atoms . • Individua l specie s o f aldehyde s an dketone s with 7 o r fewe r carbo n atoms . • Individua l specie s o f alcoho l an dethe r

compound s wit h 6 o r

fewe r carbo n atoms . • Individua l specie s o f PA H (semi-volatil e an dparticulat e phases )
• Tota l NPA H (semi-volatil e an dparticulat e phases ) Th e result s ar e presente di n Tabl e 4 fo r th e vapo r an dsemi-volatil e phases , an dTabl e 5 fo r th e particulat e phase
. Vapor Phase Cost s fo r regulate demission s i n th e vapo r phas e fo r gasolin e engine s range dfrom $150-$1,200 , averagin g $800
. Th e $15 0 pric e wa s a n obviou s outher , $45 0 les s tha n th e nex t highes t price
. Excludin g i t

drive s th e averag e t o $930 , areasonabl e price
. Regulate demission s fo

r Diese l engine s were price dfrom$500- $ 1,400
. Th e distributio n wa s suc h tha t price s were separate dby $225-$25 0 increments
. Fo r tha t reason , n o price s were exclude dan dth e averag e pric e o f $99 5 i s deeme dreasonable
. Fo r methanol-fuele dengines , regulate demissio n characterizatio n cost s were reporte d from$450-$l,600 , averagin g $1,065
. Th e pric e reporte db y Laborator y 7 include s tota l hydrocarbons , carbo n monoxide , carbo n dioxide , oxide s o f nitrogen , methanol , an d aldehydes/ketones
. Th e $45 0 pric e wa s significantl y lower tha n it s neares t

neighbor
. Excludin g i t

yield s a n averag e o

f $1,170 , areasonabl e price
. Th e distributio n o

f cost s fo r hydrocarbo n speciatio n indicate don e possibl e outher
. Th e to p cos t o f $1,500 wa s $30 0 highe r

tha n th e nex t

lower price
. Th e overa

U rang e wa s $80 0 t o $1,500 , averagin g $1,075
. I f th e to p pric e i s excluded , the n th e mea n shift s only $7 0 downward
. A reasonabl e pric e i s estimate dt o b e $1,005
. 1 1hf TABL E 4 . EMISSIO N CHARACTERIZATION . VAPO R AN D SEMIVOLATIL E PHASE S
LA B NUMBE R 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 MI N PRIC E MA X PRIC E AV G PRIC E REASONABL E VAPO R PHAS E REGULATE D EMISSION S GASOLIN E N R $98 5 $1,00 0 X .7 : NRX :: 7 : $15 0

•: ••$87 5 X X $600 •V:..::NR-' :- : ;X " $1,20 0 ; v :•:•' * $15 0 •.".x$i : ;20 0 $80 0 $93 0 DIESE L

N R $1,25 0 $1,00 0 N R $50 0 $1,47 5 $75 0 N R N R $50 0 $1,47 5 $99 5 $99 5 METHANO L

NR $1,51 0 $1,00 0 N R $45 0 $95 0 $1,60 0 $75 0 $1,20 0 $45 0 $1,60 0 $1,06 5 $1,17 0 H C

$1,16 0 $1,10 0 N R N R $1,50 0 $97 5 $80 0 $1,20 0 $80 0 $80 0 $1,50 0 $1,07 5 $1,00 5 ALDEHYDE S

KETONE S N R $36 5 N R N R $50 0 $50 0 $60 0 $95 0 $80 0 $36 5 $95 0 $62 0 $62 0 ALCOHOL S

ETHER S N R $40 0 $1,00 0 N R $42 5 $40 0 $40 0 $75 0 $80 0 $40 0 $1,00 0 $59 5 $53 0 SEM I VO L PHAS E

PA H N R N R N R N R $50 0 N R $70 0 $95 0 N R $50 0 $95 0 $71 5 $77 5 NPA H

N R N R N R N R $90 0 N R $70 0 $90 0 N R $70 0 $90 0 $83 0 $77 5 N R = NO T REPORTE D (1 ) Pric e fo r H C speciatio n pe r ba g i s $290 . Thi s assume s fou r bags . (2 ) Methan e analysi s include d i n regulate d emission s fo r gasoline . (3 ) Pric e fo r regulate d emission s include s analysi s o f particulat e phase . (7 ) 'Methano l include s HC , CO , C02 , NOx , CH30H , an d Aldehydes/Ketones . Price s var

y greatl y wit h nature o

f program . Price s rang e fro m $400- $ 1,00 0 fo r PAH , NPAH . •

•. -H * TABL E 5 . EMISSIO N CHARACTERIZATION , PARTICULAT E PHAS E
LA B NUMBE R 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 MI N PRIC E MAX PRIC E AV G PRIC E REASONABL E PARTICULAT E PHAS E REGULATE D EMISSION S GASOLIN E N R $26 5 N R N R $35 0 $40 0 $18 9 $50 0 N R $18 9 $50 0 $34 0 $34 0 DIESE L

N R $26 5 N R N R $35 0 $40 0 $18 9 N R N R $18 9 $40 0 $30 0 $34 0 METHANO L

N R $26 5 N R N R $35 0 $40 0 $18 9 $50 0 N R $18 9 $50 0 $34 0 $34 0 PA H

N R N R N R N R $50 0 N R $70 0 $95 0 N R $50 0 $95 0 $71 5 $78 5 NPA H

N R N R N R N R $90 0 N R $70 0 $95 0 N R $70 0 $95 0 $85 0 $78 5 N R = NO T REPORTE D (7 ) Pric e i s pe r sample . Price s var y wit h natur e o

f program . Price s liste d ar e midpoint s o f pric e ranges : $50-$7 5 fo r particulate s (assume s thre e sample s required) , $400-$1,00 0 fo r PA H an d NPAH .P.1 7

Analysi s o

f aldehyde s an dketone s wa s price dfrom$365-$900
. Th e distributio n o f price s wa s fairly regular
. Eve n i f th e tw o extreme s ar e dropped , th e media n pric e doe s no t shif t appreciably
. A pric e o f $62 0 i s deeme dreasonabl e fo r analysi s o

f aldehyde s an d ketones
. Price s fo r analysi s o

f alcohol s an dether s range dfro m$400-$l,000
. However , thre e laboratorie s reporte d$40 0 an done reporte d$425 , indicatin g abia s towar dth e lower en do f thi s range . Excludin g th e to p price , which i s separate dfro mit s neares t

neighbo r by $200 , th e averag e become s $530
. Thi s coul db e considere dareasonabl e pric e becaus e th e secon d an dthir dhighes t

price s were clustere da t

$80 0 an d$75 0 an dwer e thu s included
. Fo r th e remainde r

o f th e procedure s t o b e discussed , excep t Ught-dut y preconditioning , th e goa l o f si x response s wa s no t

met . Th e non-respondin g laboratorie s chos e no t to suppl y o r projec t price s fo r thes e categorie s becaus e the y felt the y di dno t

hav e sufficien

t experienc e t o respond
. Semi-Volatile Phase Price s fo r PAH range dfrom$500-$950 , with Laboratory 7 reportin g arang e $400

- $1,000
. The situatio n fo

r NPAH wa s sinular , with arang e o f $700-$900
. Laboratory 7 agai n reporte dth e rang e $400-$l,000
. Becaus e ther e were s o fe w dat apoints , i t

wa s no t considere d appropriat e t o exclud e an y price
. I n addition , th e analyse s fo r PAH an dNPAH shoul dno t diffe r significantly
. To addres s th e discrepanc y i n th e averag e price s fo r th e tw o categories , a U price s wer

e factore dtogethe r

t o arriv e a t

amedian , reasonabl e pric e o f $775
. Particulate Phase Fo r gasoline , Diesel , an dmethano l fueledengines , th e price s t o evaluat e particulat e emission s foUowe

dasimilar

pattern . Th e price s were space dfairl y evenl y fro m$18 9 t o $500
. (Fo r Diese l th e rang e wa s $189-$400 ; one les s laboratory reporte dprices. ) Becaus e ther e i s n o obviou s outlier , no r

asubstantia l differenc e i n procedure , th e averag e pric e o f $34 0 fo r gasolin e an dmethano l i s reporte da s th e reasonabl e pric e fo r _d l thre e categories
. SwR

I doe s no t beUev e th e pric e fo

r Diese l particulat e measurement s shoul db e lower tha n fo r gasolin e o r methanol
. Th e situatio n fo

r PAH an dNPAH i n th e particulat e phas e wa s nearl y identica l t o tha t fo r th e semi-volatil e phase
. Th e rang e o f price s fo r NPAH range dfrom$750-$950
. Th e sam e logi c wa s use dto arriv e a t th e reasonabl e price
. Tha t valu e shifte dupwar dby $1 0 becaus e o f th e broade r

rang e fo r NPAH fo r th e particulat e phase
. Th e reasonabl e pric e fo r PAH an d NPAH fo r th e particulat e phas e i s estimate da t $785
.

1 4P.1 8

Special Analysis for

Atypical Fuels and

Fuel Additives A hypothetical situatio n wa s presente di n whic h th e respondent s were aske dt o assiun e the y ha dasampl e o f gasolin e fue

l mixe dwith a n additiv e containin g coppe r an d chlorine
. They were the n asked :

• What

kind of procedure would

be needed

to detect and measure copper

and chlorine? What

is the cost?
• Once detected, what procedures might

be used to identify the actual

chemical compounds which contain these elements. What is the cost? Onl y fou r o f th e nin e respondent s repUe dt o thi s section
. Thei r response s foUo

w below : Respons e One : "Fo r th e chlorin e we wi

U us e a"U.O.P
. 77 9 Method " an dfo r copper w e woul dpossibly us e eithe r U V o r spectromete r

methodology
. However , aspecifi c metho di s neede di n orde r t o detennin e betwee n thes e tw o theories
. Fo r chlorine , th e cos t

i s $12 5 pe r sample , an daperio do

f 3- 5 workin g day s i s neede dfo r results
. Metho dinformatio n i s neede dfo

r th e copper

detectio n cos t

proposal
.

" A typical equatio n base don th e reactio n o f oxyge n an dit' s [sic ] reactio n to th e associate delements
. Cos t i s $100-15 0 pe r

sample , base do n necessary element s i n th e result. " Respons e Two : "Fo r coppe r us e sam e metho da s particulat e trapping , an dIC P fo r copper analyses
. Fo r chlorin e ru n mas s spec , on ba g sampl e t o obtai n tota l chlorine
. Particulat e trappin g $35 0 fo

r FTP
. IC P on sample s $8 0 pe r phase
. Mas s spe c -$300 t o $50 0 pe r bag
. "Coppe r - Io n chromatograph y o

f trappe dparticulates
. $42 0 fo r a U thre e phases
. Organi c Chlorin e - Mas s spec . $300-$50 0 pe r bag
. Inorgani c chloride s - Io n chromatograph y o

f trappe dparticulates
. $42 0 fo r a U thre e phases. " Respons e Three : "Analysi s o

f coppe r an dchlorin e b y X-ra

y fluorescence
. Collectio n cos t a s particulat e o n Pallflex filters run s $4 0 + $6 0 weighin g fo r particulat e matte r

confirmation
. Analysi s cost s $50-$72 , dependin g o n quantity
. Tota l cos t i s the n $150-$172
. "Severa l method s woul dhav e t o b e trie dt o identif y th e actua l chemical compound s whic h contai n thes e elements
. PossibiUtie s includ e mas s spectroscopy , PIX E (Proton

induce dX-ra

y Emission , IR(infra-red) , an dwet chemical methods
. Cos t coul dru n fro m$150-$1,00 0 pe r

sampl e dependin g on metho dselecte dan dquantity. "

1 5P.1 9

Respons e Four : "Several method s ar e currentl y availabl e fo r analysi s o

f trac e metals
. Inductiv e [sic ] couple dplasm a(ICP ) i s amatur e methodolog y an dwi U accomplis h detectio n o

f thes e metal s a t pp mlevels
. Detectio n itsel f i s inexpensive , however , successfully collectin g th e emissio n can increas e th e cos t o f th e procedure
. "GC-Ha U detecto r

o f GCMS wil l identif

y th e actua l chemical compounds
. Th e cos t i s somewhat more involve dt o predict
. Rang e ($20 0 - $600). "
EMISSIO N GENERATION FORBIOLOGICA L TESTIN G Th e respondent s were aske dt o provid e th e potentia l tota l cost s fo r performin g th e task s describe dpreviously , given th e variou s hardwar e scenario s describe da s foUows : Emission s ar e t o b e generate dover alength y period , passe dthroug h adilutio n system , an ddelivere dt o anima l inhalatio n exposure cages . All part s o f th e dilutio n syste mshoul db e constructe do f stainles s steel
. Eithe r

aconstan t volume samplin g (CVS ) syste m(4 0 CF RPar t 86 ) o r aconstan t

concentratio n sampUn g (CCS ) syste mmigh t b e used
. Combustio n emission s ar e t o b e generate dusin g chassi s o r engin e dynamometers
. Evaporativ e emission s ar e t o b e simulate db y heatin g achambe r containin g th e fuel o r

additive/fue l mixture (rathe r

tha n usin g avehicl e an dSHED) , suc h tha t th e evaporate d emission s ar e withdraw n a t aconstan t

rate . Th e stream s ar e the n dilute d with clean filteredai r

an dadministere dto tes t animal s vi athre e branches , eac h flowing a t

adifferent

dilutio n rate . A contro l strea mconsistin g o f clean air , shal l als o b e administeredto th e tes t animals
. Estimate s were requeste dfo r th e tota l combine dcos t

o f generation , dilution , an ddeliver y o f th e emission s t o th e anima l cages . Respondent s were instructe dno t t o attemp t estimatio n o f th e anima l exposure costs . Th e response s ar e presente di n Tabl e 6 fo r Ught-dut y an d Tabl e 7 fo

r heavy-duty an devaporativ e generation
. I n general , th e price s fo r th e categorie s unde r

emissio n generatio n fo

r biologica l testin g showe daver

y larg e range . I t

i s likel y tha t

thi s i s du e t o lac k

o f experienc e i n performin g suc h procedures
. Only abou t hal f th e respondent s addresse dth e Ught-dut y portio n o f thi s section ; eve n fewe

r repUe dt o th e heavy-duty an devaporativ e generatio n sections
. One responden t dechne dto respon dbecaus e o f stron g communit

y oppositio n t o anima l testing
. The y di dno t wis h t o eve n approximat e cost s fo r thi s section
. Th e response s fro mlaboratory 9 ar e projections
. T o ru n consecutiv e cycle s o n th e light-duty chassi s dynamometer , reporte dcost s range dfrom$720- $ 1,88 0 pe r day
. Thre e o

f th e price s clustere daroun d$75 0 pe r day an dth e 1 6y-j TABL E 6 . EMISSION S GENERATIO N FO R BIOLOGICA L TESTING . LIGH T DUT Y

LA B NUMBE R 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 MI N PRIC E MAX PRIC E AV G PRIC E REASONABL E LIGH T DUTY COMBUSTIO N EMISSION S

CHASSI S DYNO , CONSECUTIV E CYCLE S X PAJLY- X COS T $75 0 $1,88 0 N R N R $72 0 N R $75 0 N R $1,56 0 $72 0 $1,88 0 $1,13 0 $880-$1,38 0 5-DA Y

WEE K N R N R N R N R N R N R N R N R N R •' : 7^DAY i

WEE K N R $13,56 0 N R N R N R N R N R N R N R
: CHASSI S DYNO , ON E SPEE D ENGIN E OU T

DAIL Y COS T $1,35 0 $1,20 0 N R N R $30 0 N R $60 0 N R $1,56 0 $30 0 $1,56 0 $1,00 0 $750-$1,25 0 5-DA Y

WEE K N R N R N R N R N R N R N R N R N R 7-DA Y

WEE K N R $8,80 0 N R N R N R N R N R N R N R ENGIN E DYNO , CONSECUTIV E CYCLE S

DAIL Y COS T $61 5 N R N R N R $30 0 N R $60 0 N R $1,56 0 $30 0 $1,56 0 $77 0 $880- $ 1,38 0 5-DA Y

WEE K N R N R N R N R N R N R N R N R N R 7-DA Y

WEE K N R N R N R N R N R N R N R N R N R

N R = NO T REPORTE D Cost s fo r 5 - an d 7-da y week s reporte d onl y i

f differen t fro m multipl e dail y cost . (1 ) Engin e dyn o pric e i s averag e o f rang e o

f $480-$75 0 pe r day . (5 ) Plu s fue l & setu p costs (7 ) Assume s n o exoti c fuels , n o larg e consumptio n engine , facility calibrate d & approved ; doe s no t includ e facility amortization . (9 ) Thi s i s a projection . -TABL E 7 . EMISSION S GENERATIO N FO R BIOLOGICA L TESTING , HEAV Y DUT Y & EVAPORATIV E

o o LA B

NUMBE R 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 MI N PRIC E MA X PRIC E AV G PRIC E REASONABL E HEAVY DUTY COMBUSTIO N EMISSION S ENGIN E DYNO , TRANSIEN T DAIL Y COS T $75 0 N R N R N R XVNR- X N R $1,00 0 N R N R $75 0 $1,00 0 $87 5 $750-$1,00 0 5-DA Y

WEE K N R N R N R N R N R N R N R N R N R 7^-pA

Y WEE K N R N R N R N R : 7.- : --NR'XS . N R N R N R N R ENGIN E DYNO , ON E SPEE D ENGIN E OU T

DAIL Y COS T $48 0 N R N R N R $30 0 N R $70 0 N R N R $30 0 $70 0 $49 5 $330-$65 5 5-DA Y

WEE K N R N R N R N R N R N R N R N R N R 7-DA Y

WEE K N R N R N R N R N R N R N R N R N R EVAP . EMISSION S GENERATIO N

EVAP . GENERATIO N CHAMBE R DAIL Y COS T $1,05 0 $60 0 N R N R $15 0 N R $1,00 0 N R N R $15 0 $1,05 0 $70 0 $680-$1,08 5 5-DA Y

WEE K N R N R N R N R N R N R N R N R N R 7-DA Y

WEE K N R $4,60 0 N R N R N R N R N R N R N R

N R = NO T REPORTE D Cost s fo r5 - an d 7-da yweek

s reporte d onl yi f differen t fro m multipl e dail ycost
. (5 ) Plu s fue l & setu p cost s (7) Assumes n o exoti c fuels , n o larg e consumptio n engine , facilit ycalibrate d & approved ; doe s no t includ e facilit yamortization
. Pric e fo r engin e dyn o on e spee d i s midpoin t o f $600-$80 0 range .

h oP.2 2

othe r tw o were mor

e tha n twic e that , a t

$1,56 0 an d$1,88 0 pe r

day
. Obviously tw o laboratorie s fel

t thi s woul db e muc h more expensiv e tha n th e othe r three
. Laboratory 7 , whic h wa s one o

f th e lowe r three , di dno t

includ e long-ter

mfaciUt y costs . Ther e bein g n o obviou s outliers , an ds o littl e experienc e i n thi s work , th e reasonabl e cos t i s reporte da s a range . Th e standar ddeviatio n fo r th e cost s reporte dwa s almos t $500
. A rang e base don th e media n pric e ± one standar ddeviatio n thi s larg e woul dno t b e very useful
. Therefore , th e rang e limit s wer

e se t base don th e media n ± one hal f th e standar ddeviation , yieldin g a reasonabl e rang e o

f $880-$l,38 0 pe r

day
. Th e distributio n o

f cost s fo r steady-stat e chassi s dynamomete r range dfrom$300

- $1,56 0 pe r

day
. I n thi s cas e thre e price s were clustere dtogethe r a t th e hig h en d(bu t

stil l wit h significant

sprea dbetwee n them)
. Again , becaus e ther e i s Uttl e experienc e i n thi s area , th e reasonabl e pric e i s reporte da s th e rang e $750- $ 1,25 0 pe r day
. A s i n th e previou s case , th e standar ddeviatio n wa s abou t $500 , s o th e rang e wa s agai n compute da s th e median ± on e hal f th e standar ddeviation
. Cost s reporte dfo

r th e engin e dynamomete r runnin g consecutiv e cycle s foUowe dth e sam e rang e a s th e previou s case , from$300-$l,56 0 pe r day
. Th e averag e wa s lower , however , becaus e one les s laboratory reporte dapric e fo r thi s category . SwRI doe s no t beUev e tha t a n engin e dynamometer

can b e ru n les s expensivel y tha n achassi s dynamometer , s o th e reasonabl e cos t

wa s judge dt o b e th e sam e a s fo r achassi s dynamomete r

runnin g consecutiv e cycles , $880-$l,38 0 pe r

day
. S o fe w laboratorie s reporte dcost s fo r heavy-dut

y dynamometer , transien t o r stead y state , tha t

th e reasonabl e price s ar e reporte da s arang e o f media n pric e ± one standar d deviation
. Fo r

heavy-dut

y engin e dynamomete r

transien t cycles , th e reasonabl e rang e i s $750- $ 1,00

0 an dfo r heavy-duty engin e dynamomete r on e speed , th e rang e i s $330-$65 5 pe r day
. Th e rang e o

f cost s fo r th e evaporativ e generatio n chambe r i s eve n larger , from$15 0 pe r day t o $1,05 0 pe r

day
. Becaus e th e $15 0 pric e wa s les s tha n one-fourt h th e nex t

highe r price , i t wa s exclude da s a n outher
. Th e reasonabl e cos t i s reporte da s th e rang e $680-$l,08 5 pe r day , base don th e median pric e ± on e standar ddeviation
. MISCELLANEOU S COS T ITEM S Th e respondent s were aske dt o provid e apric e t o complete on e pre-conditionin g sequenc e fo

r light-duty an dheavy-duty vehicles/engines , an dt o perfor maRei dVapor Pressur e (RVP

) measuremen t

o n a n additive/fue l mixture
. Result s ar e presente di n Tabl e 8
. Light-duty preconditionin g price s range dfrom$60-$500
. Th e tw o extreme s were exclude da s outlier s becaus e the y were s o far awa y fromth e remainin g costs . Th e reasonabl e 1 9TABL E 8 . MISCELLANEOU S COS T ITEM S LA B NUMBE R 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 MI N PRIC E MA X PRIC E AV G PRIC E REASONABL E PRE-CONDITIONIN G

LIGH T DUT Y

$16 5 $15 0 N R N R $13 0 $35 0 $20 0 $6 0 $50 0 $6 0 $50 0 $22 0 $20 0 HEAV Y DUT Y

$16 5 N R N R N R N R N R N R $250/h r N R $16 5 $25 0 $20 5 $20 5 RV P $8 0

N R N R N R $4 7 $6 8 $3 1 $4 0 N R $4 0 $8 0 $5 3 $4 7 PORTABL E DYN O RENTA L L D CHASSI S $1,680/DA Y N R N R N R N R N R N R N R N R H D CHASSI S

N R N R N R N R N R N R N R N R N R

t o O N R = NO T REPORTE D (6 ) Pric e fo rpre-conditionin g dependen t upo n procedure selected ; pric e i s midpoin t o f $200-$50 0 range . RVP price s rang e fro m $5 0 (Grobner ) t o $85 (Herzog) , midpoin t pric e i s used
. (7 ) Pric e fo rpre-conditionin g dependen t upo n procedure selecte d an d range s fro m $100-$300 , midpoin t pric e i s used
.P.2 4

pric e i s thu s th e revise daverage , $200 , whic h i s no t to o fa r fro mth e averag e o

f al l samples
. Price s fo r heavy-dut

y preconditionin g di dno t

rang e s o greatly
. Th e reasonabl e pric e i s th e sam e a s th e average , $205
. Price s fo r Rei dvapo r

pressur e range dfro

m$31-$80
. Th e $8 0 appeare dt o b e a n outher
. Excludin g i t

brough t th e reasonabl e pric e t o $47
. Th e respondent s wer

e furthe r aske di f the y ha dever

ha dreaso n t o ren t

aportabl e light-duty chassi s dynamometer o r aportabl e heavy-duty engin e dynamometer , an di f so , wha t th e cos t was . Only one laboratory ha dan y experienc e i n rentin g suc h equipment
. They reporte d$1,68 0 pe r

da y fo r th e portabl e chassi s dynamometer
. Acquisition and

Construction Costs for

Emissions Testing Systems SwR I researche dth e cos t

o f purchasing , fabricating , an dconstructin g equipmen t an d system s neede dfo

r variou s task s tha t

ma y b e require dunde r

th e F/F A testin g program . Thes e dat aar e presente di n th e following paragraphs , startin g with th e cos t fo r new , American-mad e engines , continuin g wit h portabl e dynamometer s an dportabl e tes t cells , an d concludin g with faciUt

y modificatio n costs . Dealer s i n th e South-Centra l Texa s are awere contacte dt o obtai n pric e estimate s fo r new , highway-certifie dengines
. Base don five pric e estimates , th e averag e pric e o f anew , heav y heavy-dut

y Diese l engin e i s $18,550
. Usin g estimate s fromeac h o f th e "Big Three, " th e averag e pric e fo

r amid-siz e Ught-dut

y gasolin e engin e i s $3,438
. Th e figures ar e presente di n Tabl e 9
. Several manufacturer s o

f dynamometer s were contacte dt o determin e availabiht y o f portable Ught-dut

y chassi s an dheavy-duty engin e dynamometers
. I t mus t b e state dtha t

th e us e o f th e ter m"portable " convey s only transportable i n thi s case . Th e systems , alon g wit h th e contro l equipment , dilutio n an dsamplin g trains , an ddat aacquisitio n equipment , woul d b e very large , extremel y heavy , an dwoul drequir e connectio n t o externa l utihties
. Th e maker s d o no t generaU y marke t thei r system s a s portable , ye t

the y provide destimates
. One make r ha done tha t

couldb e mounte don asemi tracto r traile r if stiffenin g support s were added
. I t ha s acapacit

y o f 25 0 roa dhorsepower

an d12 0 mph , with apurchas e pric e o f approximatel y $20,00 0 (no t includin g th e pric e o

f th e semi tracto r

trailer)
. A syste m configure dwit

h variabl e inerti aflywheels woul db e substantiaU y more , on th e orde r o f $90,000 , an dwoul dnee dasubstructur e t o support it
. Anothe r

make r estimate d$45,00 0 to $57,00 0 fo r aportabl e chassi s dynamometer , dependin g o n dat aacquisitio n equipment
. Thi s manufacture r

estimate dfrom$6,00 0 t o $21,00 0 fo r engin e dynamometer s (no controls ) with capacity rangin g from600 t o 150 0 horsepower
. Another manufacture r

whic h i s marketin g "I

M 24 0 machines " wa s contacted
. Thes e machine s ar e light-weight , above-floo r rol l dynamometer s designe dspecificaU y fo r us e i n 2 1TABL E 9 . NE W ENGIN E COST S MID MANUFACTURE R CHRYSLE R FOR D GENERA L MOTO R AVERAG E PRIC E SIZ E LIGHT-DUT Y GASOLINE MODE L 3. 5 L V- 6 3. 0 L V- 6 3. 1 L V- 6 HORSEPOWE R

RATIN G 21 4 14 0 14 0 A - PRIC E X ESTIMAT E $4;29 0 $3,20 0 $2,82 5 $3,43 8 HEAVY , HEAVY-DUT Y DIESE L

MANUFACTURE R CUMMIN S CUMMIN S CUMMIN S DETROI T DIESE L DETROI T DIESE L AVERAG E PRIC E MODE L

33 E SELEC T N1 4 SELEC T N1 4 SELEC T SERIE S 6 0 6V92 A HORSEPOWE R

RATIN G 33 0 33 0 43 0 300-45 0 300-37 5 PRIC E

ESTIMAT E $18,00 0 $19,50 0 $21,25 0 $18,00 0 $16,00 0 $18,55 0

t o t oP.2 6

Stat e emission s testin g programs . A pric e rang e o f $25,00 0 t o $40,000 , dependin g o n quantity , wa s reported
. The y als o produc e asmaller , Ughte r machin e fo

r repai r shop s t o us e whic h wi U se U fo r unde r $10,000
. I t

i s asimple r

machin e wit h limite dcapabiUties
. N o technica l detail s were availabl e yet . Thi s company estimate dtha t aportabl e heavy-dut

y chassi s dynamomete r

coul db e produce dfo

r $40,000
. Conversation s with firms havin g experienc e with operatin g an ddesignin g transportabl e tes t

ceU s (complet e system s includin g dynamometer , CVS , dat aacquisition , etc. ) yielde dth e foUowin

g information
. Fo r

aturn-key , transportable , steady-stat e engin e tes t ceU , th e cos t

woul db e approximatel y $1. 7 million
. Transien t capabiUtie s woul ddriv e th e cos t t o abou t $2. 7 milUon
. Interview s hel dwit h acompany tha t acquire don e i n th e 1971-7 3 tim e frame reveale dtha t

i t cos t i n exces s o

f $ 1 milUon a t

tha t time
. Thus , th e estimate s t o buil d on e today see mplausible , if no t low
. SwR I wa s als o assigne dt o formulat e aroug h cos t estimat e fo

r th e faciUt

y modification s necessary t o equi p abiologica l testin g laboratory with emissio n generation/dilution/deUver y capabiUties
. Th e foUowin g estimate s ar e base do n previou s experienc e o

f SwR I i n constructin g emissio n tes t facUities
. Fo r

instaUatio n o

f acomplete , "full y dressed " transien t

engin e tes t

ce U includin g dilutio n tunnel , dynamometer , controllers , etc. , an dth e dilutio n an ddeliver y se t up , (no t includin g th e animals , cages , o r anima l care ) th e cos t woul db e approximatel y $1.3'million
. Fo r asteady-stat e tes t

faciUty , cos t

woul db e approximatel y $0. 8 milUon
. Thes e estimate s assum e tha t th e buildin g alread y exist s an dth e equipmen t

i s t o b e instaUe dadjacen t t o th e anima l area . Als o no t include di s th e cos t

o f th e engine
. Tha t

add s abou t

$21,000 , i n additio n t o $4,00 0 t o $16,00 0 t o instal l th e engine , caUbrate an dapprov e th e tes t ceU
.

2 3P.2 7

CLOSIN G SwR I ha s collecte dan dcompiledth e cos t dat afo r th e task s requeste di n th e statemen t o f work
. Th e dat awa s collate dan dreporte dto account for, a s muc h a s possible , an y difference s i n th e underlyin g assumption s associate dwit h thos e prices
. Th e cos t

dat afo r eac h categor

y were the n reviewe dan dwher e i t seeme dappropriate , certai n cost s were exclude dt o formulat e areasonabl e cos t o r range . I t

i s ou r hop e tha t

thes e dat awU

l b e helpfu l t o th e Agency i n achievin g it s goals
.

2 4P.2 8

APPENDDX A SwR I Cove r Lette rP.2 9



# SOUTHWES T RESEARC H INSTITUT E

622 0 CULEBR A ROA D • POS T OFFIC E DRAWE R 2851 0 • SA N ANTONIO

. TEXAS

. US A 78228-051 0 • (210)684-511 1 • TELE X 24484 6
Dat e Nam e Addres s Cit y Subject : Reques t

fo r participatio n i

n "Moto r Vehicle Fuel an

dFuel Additiv e Emission s Generation an

dSpeciation Costs, " SwR

I Project 08-5374-003 , Wor

k Assignmen

t 0- 3 unde r Contrac t 68-C2-0144
Dea r As I discusse dwit

h yo u during ou

r telephone conversatio n on March _th , Southwes t Research Institut

e (SwRI ) i s working unde

r contract t o the U.S
. Environmenta

l Protectio n Agency (EPA) t o gathe r datao n cost s fo r performin

g variou s task s which ma y b e includedin a

n upcoming EP

A final rule
. The objective o f th e contrac t i s t o gathe r sufficien t datato allow the EP A t o estimat e the cos t t o implemen

t the rule s proposedunde

r sectio n 21 1 (b)(2 ) o

f the Clea n Ai r Act
. Th e EP A ha s prepare dalette

r o f introduction tha

t explain s the progra

man drequest s you r cooperation
. The letter

fro mthe EP A i s attached
. Th e proposedrule s will requir e fue l an dfue l additiv e (F/FA) manufacturer s t o tes t an d submit information on the emission s o f moto r vehicl e fuel s an

dadditives , their

effects on publi c healt h an dwelfare , an

dtheir effects o n vehicle emission contro l performance
. The testin g progra mi s expectedt

o requir e th e generation o

f F/F A combustion an

dnoncombustion evaporativ e emission s unde r controlledconditions , using appropriat e vehicles , engines , and/o

r chambers
. I

n addition , th

e chemica l conten t o f the emission s will b e characterize daccording t o method s prescribe db

y th e EPA
. Th

e progra mma y furthe r involv e the deliver

y o f suc h generated emission s i

n apre-definedmanne

r t o anima l exposur e chamber s ove

r extende dperiod s o

f tim e (i.e. , 6 hours pe

r da y fo r u p t o two years ) t

o asses s the healt

h effects o

f prolonged , low-level exposur e t o thes e F/F

A emissions
. W e acknowledg e tha

t th e preparation o

f arepl y will b e tim

e consuming
. To encourag e companie s to provide refinedcos t data , acopy o

f the EP A approve dfinal repor

t will b e give

n t o each participating compan y a t th e conclusion o

f the wor k assignmen

t (th e participatin g companie s will no

t b e identifiedi

n th e report)
. Thi s repor

t will provide a

n equa l se t o f datat o all participants
.

S A N ANTONIO . TEXA S HOUSTON

. TEXA S • OETROIT

. MICHIGA N • WASHINGTON

. D CSouthwes t Research Institut

e i s a n independent , not-for-profi t organizatio n providin g researc h an

ddevelopmen

t service s i n avariet y o f area s o n acontrac t

basis
. W e ar e accustomed to providin g confidentiaUt

y i n all aspect s o

f ou r wor k an dwill handl e the pric e information gathere din thi s progra

maccordingly
. Neithe

r the EP A o r SwR I will mak e publi c the name s o

f an y include dcompanie s i

n connection wit

h an y specific pric e information , nor will the price s supplie db e considere dofficia l busines s quote s o

r estimates
. Thi s packag e contain s a"fil l i n the blank " for

mo n which yo

u ar e to provide you

r responses . Backgroundinformation ca n b e provide da

t you r request . Copie s o

f the draf t rule s anddetaile ddescription s o

f the method s an

dequipmen

t calledfo r i n the procedure s ar

e available
. Finally , ther

e i s apostage-pai denvelop e i n which t o retur n you r respons e form
. The EP A realize s tha

t few , i f any , laboratorie s wil

l b e able t

o provide all the service s require dby the proposedrules
. Therefore , we reques t tha t yo u focu s you

r respons e on the section s fo r which yo u ca n provid e service s presently o

r ma y potentiaU

y provide a

t afutur e date
. I f you do not

provide aservic e fo

r whic h acos t estimat e i s requested , but

you ar e abl e to project wha t yo u migh t reasonabl y charg e fo

r the additiona

l procedur e shoul dyou obtain the needed equipment an dexpertise , pleas e d

o s o an dindicat e tha t it i s aprojection
. Shoul dyo u have an y question s or

comment s fo

r me , pleas e ca

U m e a t 210/522-542 2 (8:00-5:0 0 Centra

l Time) I f I a mnot a t m y desk , kindl

y leave adetaile dmessag e on m y voic e mail
. The representative s within the EP A t o contact ar e Sher i Dunatchik

(313/668-4387 ) an

d Rober t Johnso n (313/668-4393)
. I will greatly appreciat e i t i f yo u ca n retur n you r respons e withi n one week
. Pleas e le t m e know i f ther e i s anything I ca

n d o t o help
. Than

k yo u fo r you r participation
.

Ver y trul y yours ,
Patrick M
. Merrit t Research Scientis t Departmen

t o f Emission s Researc h

enclosure s (3 )P.3 1



### APPENDI

X B EP A Letter o f Introductio nP.3 2

^ *«>«•*

_ 

# w UNITE D STATE S ENVIRONMENTA L PROTECTIO N AGENC Y AN N ARBOR . MICHIGA N 4810 5 %«*** > » ^ AN N AKBUK . MILHIbA N 4B1U 3 CC D 1 7 PQ O
OFFIC E O F T o Who mI t Ma yConcern : AWA^^AD-ATIO N Th e Unite d State s Environmenta l Protectio n Agenc y(EPA ) i s i n th e proces s o f developin g fina l regulation s fo r th e registratio n o f moto r vehicl e fuel s an d fue l additive s (F/FAs ) a s require d b y Sectio n 21 1 (b ) (2 ) o f th e Clea n Ai r Ac t (CAA ) . Thi s sectio n require s F/FAmanufacturer s t o tes t and submi t informatio n o n th e emission s o f moto r vehicl e fuel s an d additive s and thei r effect s o n publi c health , publi c welfare , and vehicl e emissio n contro l performance . ANotic e o f Propose d Rulemakin g wa s previousl y publishe d i n th e Federa l Registe r o n Apri l 15 , 199 2 (5 7 F R 13168) . Th e testin g progra mt o b e promulgate d unde r Sectio n 211(b)(2 ) may possibl yinvolv e th e controlle d generatio n o f F/F Acombustio n an

d non-combustio n ("evaporative" ) emission s usin g appropriat e vehicles , engines , and/o r chambers , and th e characterizatio n o f th e chemica l conten t o f thes e emission s accordin g t o method s prescribe d byEPA . A s par t o f th e fina l rulemaking , EP Ai s require d t o asses s an d mak e publi c th e estimate d cost s o f th e program . T o assis t thi s effort , w e hav e requeste d Southwes t Researc h Institut e (SwRI ) t o identif ytypica l commercia l price s associate d wit h variou s aspect s o f th e generatio n an d characterizatio n o f combustio n an d evaporativ e emissions , a s wel l a s th e controlle d dilutio n an d direc t deliver yo f suc h emission s t o anima l exposur e chamber s fo r healt h effect s testing . Th e laborator yservice s fo r whic h w e hav e requeste d commercia l price s ar e currentl yonl yunde r consideratio n fo r inclusio n i n th e program , and wil l no t necessaril yb e require d unde r th e fina l regulations . We wis ht o emphasiz e tha t SwR I i s conductin g thi s wor k at ou

r reques t Tinde

r an existin

g contrac t wit hEPA (Contrac t No . 68-C2 - 0144 , Wor k Assignmen t 0-3 ) . SwR I i s no t attemptin g t o obtai n thi s information fo r it s ow n busines s interest . A cop y o f the EPA approved fina l repor t wil l b e distribute d t o participatin g companies ; however , the participating companie s wil l no t b e identifie d b

y name . You r company' s cooperatio n i n thi s projec t i s entirel y voluntary , bu t woul d hel p t o improv e th e accurac yo f ou r program cos t estimate s and woul d b e greatl yappreciated . I f ther e ar e an y question s o r concern s relate d t o thi s matter , pleas e contac t Sher i Dunatchi k (313-668-4387 ) o r Rober t Johnso n (313-663-4393 ) o f th e U.S . EP ANationa l Vehicl e an d Fue l Emission s Laboratory . Sincerel yyours ,
Chester/J . France , Directo r Regulatio n Developmen t and Suppor t Divisio nP.3 3

APPEND K

C Respons e FormP.3 4

RESPONS E FOR M Moto r Vehicl e Fue l an d Fue l Additiv e Emission s Generatio n an d Speciatio n Costs

Th e task s fo rwhic h th e EP

A has requeste d SwR I t o obtai n cos t estimate s are liste d below
. "Cost estimate " mean s th e commercia l price whic h woul d reasonabl yo rcustomaril yb e charge d t o a custome rrequestin g th e particula r service
. A pric e rang e ma yb e give n wher

e appropriate
. An yassumption s underlyin g th e cos t estimate s shoul d b e indicated
. I n som e cases , separat e cost estimate s ar e requeste d fo rdifferen t basi c scenarios , e.g. , light-dut yv s heavy-dut

y vehicles , and/o rchassi s v s engin e dynamometers
. I f th e pric e o f a give n tas k

i s unaffecte d b

ythes e differen t scenarios , onl yon e se t o f dat a shoul d b e given
. However , pleas e indicat e i f thi s i s th e case . Th e basi c task

s are organize d into thre e categories : 1 ) vehicle/engin e mileag e accumulatio n requirements , 2 ) emissio n generatio n an d chemica l characterizatio n procedures , an d 3 ) emissio n generatio n requirements fo rbiologica l testin g purposes . I n addition , a fourt h categor yo f miscellaneou s cost dat a i s requested
. A tabl e o f contents i s presente d belo

w t o ai d i n locatin g section s o f interest
. Vehicle/Engin e Mileag e Accumulatio n Light-Duty

2 Heavy-Duty

2 Associated

Costs 3 Emissio n Generatio n an d Chemica l Characterizatio n Light-Duty

Combustion

Emission

Generation

4 Heavy-Duty

Combustion

Emission

Generation

4 Evaporative

Emission

Generation

(Light-Duty

Only) 5 Emissions

Characterization

6 Special Analysis for Atypical Fuels and Fuel Additives

7 Emissio n Generatio n fo r Biologica l Testin g Combustion

Emissions

fl Evaporative

Emissions

fl Miscellaneou s Cos

t Item s 9P.3 5

pag e 2
VEHICLE/ENGIN E MILEAG E ACCUMULATIO N (Pleas e provid e cos t t o accumulat e mile s o n vehicle/engin e fo rmethod proposed ) A. Light

Duty (Gasoline) 1
. Vehicl e operate d o n a tes t track , hire d drive r a . Cost/mil e

b
. Doe s thi s rat e var

ydependin g o n th e numbe ro f miles ? I f so , how ?

2
. Chassi s o rengin e dynamomete r a . Cost/mil e o rcos t pe rmile-equivalen t (specif ymetho d use d t o conver t fro m hourl yrate ) Chassis : Engine : b
. Doe s thi s rat e varydependin g o n th e numbe rof miles ? I f so , how ? Chassis : Engine : S

. Heavy

Duty (Diesel) 1
. Vehicl e operate d o n a tes t track , hire d drive r a . Cost/mil e

b
. Doe s thi s rat e var

ydependin g o n th e numbe rof mile s o rth e heavy-dut yengin e class? 1 I f so , how ?

2
. Engin e dynamomete r a . Cost/mil e equivalen t (specifymethod use d t o conver t fro m hourl yrate )

'Th e thre e diese l heavy-dut yengin e classe s are : 1 ) ligh t heavy-dut y(usefu l life = 110,00 0 miles) , 2 ) mediu m heavy-dut y(usefu l lif e = 185,00 0 miles) , an d 3 ) heav yheavy-dut

y(usefu l lif e = 290,00 0 miles)

.P.3 6

pag e 3 b
. Doe s thi s rat e var

ydependin g o n th e numbe ro f mile s o rth e heavy-dut

yengin e class ? (Se e footnot e 1. ) I f so , how

?

C. Associated

Costs 1
. Are maintenance and/o rfue l costs include d i n th e mileag e accumulatio n costs give n above ? yes/n o (circl e one ) 2
. I f so , whic h cost s ar e included ? Maintenance/fuel/bot h (circl e one ) 3
. Fo rthos e cost s not included , pleas e fil l i n th e char t below
. (Fo rfue l costs , i n additio n t o providin g cost/mile , pleas e als o provid e th e miles/gallo n an d $/galio n rates. )

Cos t Mileag e Accumulatio n Metho d Vehicl e (Tes t Track )

Chassi s Dynamomete r
Engin e Dynamomete r Maintenanc e Cos t (Cost/mile ) Light-Dut y Heavy-Dut y

77.-.\.y-. : , i

A;AA7,]7- Fue l Cos t

(Cost/mile , mile/gallon , $/gallon ) Light-Dut y Heavy-Dut y

. •Ss*' 1

. ; " •

» '|x x",* „ ,'" ^

\XJSJ&P.3 7

pag e 4 EMISSIO N GENERATIO N AN D CHEMICA L CHARACTERIZATIO N /

. Emission

Generation A. Light-Duty

Vehicle Combustion

Emission

Generation: 1
. Pric e t o perfor m on e drivin g cycle , consistin g of th e standar d LA- 4 + 50 5 portion s of th e FTP , an d collec t thre e sampl e bag s of emission s fo rsubsequen t analysis
. (Chassi s Dynamometer )

2
. Pric e t o ru n consecutiv e moda l cycle s reasonabl yequivalen t t o th e LA-4 , an d collec t emission s fo r subsequen t analysis
. (Engin e Dynamometer )

Pric e t o perfor m a modifie d F P t o allo wfo rth e collectio n o f particulat e an d semi-volatil e emission s fo rsubsequen t measuremen t o f particulat e matte r(PM) 2 an d fo ranalysi s of PA H an d NPAH 3

. Th e P M collectio n metho d specifie d i n th e F P i s t o b e used , wit h th e additio n o f a porou s polyme rbe d immediatel ydownstrea m fro m th e particulat e filte rfo rcaptur e o f semivolatil e emissions
.

4
. Pric e t o generat e emission s a t stead ystat e an d collec t emission s fo rsubsequen t analysis
. (Specif y tim e period , e.g . pe rhour. )

B. Heavy-Duty

Engine Combustion

Emission

Generation 1
. Pric e t o perfor m th e exhaus t portio n of th e F P a s describe d i n 4 0 CF R 8 6 subpar t N , collectin g on e ba g an d on e filte ro f combustio n emission s durin g th e col d star t segmen t an d on e ba g an d on e filte r durin g th e ho t star t segmen t of th e transien t cycle
.

2 Measuremen t o

f particulat e matte ri n light-dut yexhaust emission s wil l becom e standar d beginnin g i n 1994 ;

3 Polycycli caromati chydrocarbon s (PAH ) mean s th e clas s o f hydrocarbon s whos e molecula rstructure include s mor e tha n on e aromati cring
. Nitrate d polycycli caromatic.hydrocarbon s (NPAH ) mean s th e clas s o f compound s whos e molecula rstmcture i s th e sam e as that o

f PA H except fo rth e additio n o f on e o rmor

e nitroge n compound s o n th e molecule
.P.3 8

pag e 5 2
. Pric e t o perfor m th e modification s o f th e abov

e procedur

e t o collec

t th e particulat e an d semi-volatil e emission s fo rPA H an d NPA H measurements , as describe d i n #3 abov e fo rlight-duty
.

C. Evaporative

Emission

Generation

(Light-Duty

Only) Price t o generat e evaporative emission s accordin g t o th e FP , wit h th e followin g modifications : 1 ) Th e vehicle' s evaporative emissio n contro l equipmen t shai l b e disconnecte d an d unplugge d whe n i t i s insid e th e SHED

. 2 ) Fou rTedla rbag s o f emission s shal l b e collecte d fo ranalysis : on e ba g eac h collecte d a t th e beginnin g an d en d o

f th e diurna l test an d ho

t soa k test
. Thi s wil l requir

e that th e SHE D b e equippe d wit h a samplin g por

t an d samplin g pum p (preferably , a teflo n diaphrag m pump)

.P.39

_

pag e 6 //. Emission

Characterization Th e require d analyse s includ e th e determinatio n o f th e emissio n rat e o

f regulate d emission s (includin g P M fo rbot h light - an d heavy-duty

) an d th e speciatio n o

f volatil e hydrocarbon s (HCs) , aldehydes , ketones , ethers , alcohols , polycycli c aromati c hydrocarbon s (PAH) , an d nitrate d polycycli c aromati c hydrocarbon s (NPAH)

. I n addition , fo rfuel s an d additive s containin g atypica l elements4 , th e chemica l fate 5 o f th e atypica l component s mus t b e determined
. Pleas e provid e a cost estimat e fo rspeciatin g emission s (to b e performe d o n th e sample s collecte d i n I , above ) fo rth e following :
•A TI^AAKA. TMQM^^%
1 ) Regulate d Emission s a ) Gasolin e Vehicle s (Tota l HC , NO x , CO ) b ) Diese l Vehicle s (Tot . HC , NO x , CO , PM ) c ) Methano l Vehicle s (OMHCE , NO, , CO ) 2 ) Hydrocarbo n Speciatio n (C1 2 an d less ) 3 ) Aldehyde s an d Ketone s (C 7 an d less ) 4 ) Alcohol s an d Ether s (C 6 an d less ) 5 ) PA H Speciatio n 6 ) NPA H (Total ) Vapo r Phas e Emission s

'; . : XX, \

[ " "* "'*\ 7t % " x Semivolatil e Phas e

Emission s Particulat e Phas e Emission s

4 Atypica l element s ar e generall y define d a s thos e othe r tha n carbon , hydrogen , oxygen , nitrogen , an d sulfur . determinin g th e chemica l fat e o fatypica l element s mean s determinin g th e identity an d concentratio n o findividua l emissio n product s containin g suc h atypica l elements .P.4 0

pag e 7 C. Special

Analyses

for "Atypical"

F/FAs (see Footnote

4)

1
. Assum e a n additiv e containin g coppe ran d chlorin e i s adde d t o gasoline
. a ) Wha t kin d o f procedure s woul d b e neede d t o detec t th e presence o

f an d measur

e th e emissio n rate s o f thes e elements i n th e combustio n emissions ?

b ) Wha t i s th e cost fo rthes e procedures ?

2
. Onc e th e coppe ran d chlorin e hav e bee n detecte d i n th e emissions , wha t kind s o f procedure s migh t b e use d t o identif

yth e actua l chemica l compound s whic h contai n thes e elements ? Wha t i s th e cost ?P.4 1

pag e 8 EMISSIO N GENERATIO N FO R BIOLOGICA L TESTIN G Emission s ar

e t o b e generate d ove ra length yperio d o f time , passe d throug h a dilutio n system , an d delivere d t o anima l inhalatio n exposur e cages . AH ' parts o

f th e syste m shoul d b e constructe d ou t o f stainles s steel , no

t plastic , PVC , o rothe rsimila rmaterials
. Eithe ra constan t volum e samplin g (CVS ) syste m (4 0 CF R Par t 86 ) o r a constan t concentratio n samplin g (CCS ) syste m migh t b e used
. Combustio n emission s ar e t o b e generate d usin g chassi s o rengin e dynamometer s as indicate d below
. Th e exhaust strea m i s the n dilute d wit h clea n filtere d ai ran d administere d t o tes t animal s vi a thre e branches , eac h flowin g a t a differen t dilutio n rate
. I n addition , a contro l strea m (consistin g o f clea n air

) shal l b e administere d t o tes t animals
. Th e generatio n o

f evaporative emission s i s t o b e simulate d byheatin g a n evaporative emissio n generatio n chambe rcontainin g th e fue l o radditive/fue l mixture , rathe rtha n usin g a vehicl e an d SHED

. Th e dilution/deliver y syste m shoul d b e designe d suc h that th e evaporate d emission s are withdraw n a t a constan t rate , dilute d wit h ai ran d directe d int o thre e separat e bu t paralle l stream s fo rdeliver yt o tes t animals
. Estimate s ar

e requeste d fo rth e tota l combine d cos t o f generation , dilution , an d deliver yo f th e emission s t o th e anima l cages . Do not attempt t o estimat e th e anima l exposur e costs
.

COMBUSTIO N EMISSION S LIGH TDUT

Y chassi s dynamometer , runnin g consecutiv e (automated ) UDD S drivin g cycle s (LA-4 ) chassi s dynamometer , on e spee d engin e ou t engin e dynamomete r consecutiv e moda l cycle s equivalen t t o LA- 4 HEAVYDUT

Y engin e dynamometer , runnin g consecutiv e transien t cycle s engin e dynamometer , runnin g a t on e spee d EVAPORATIV E EMISSION S evaporativ e emissio n generatio n chambe r COS TPE R DAY 6 Assum e 6 Hr s o f emissio n generatio n pe rday COS TPE R WEE K(Onl yi f differen t fro m multipl e dail ycost ) 5-da yweek s 7-da yweek s TTMMIA^ 

### \- T IA '. " XX-.' " ^^x&'-x x TAT'ATA '•AAATTA

' •

'.A. '

' " —, ' • >! " " ~A '

* <

* " •

- \ < ~ . : - X ~ X ' - " " •* ' < - X*X- X *

C A 7*. , - ;7

Specif yweekda yvs . weekend rate

s if differentP.4 2

pag e 9 MISCELLANEOU S COS T ITEM S
I
. Cost o

f intermediat e pre-conditionin g fo rlight-dut yan d heavy-dut

yvehicles/engines , t o permi t on e vehicl e t o b e use d t o generat e emission s fo rmor e tha n on e F/FA

. Light-dut ycost : Heavy-dut

ycost:
_ II
. Cost fo rRei d Vapo rPressur e (RVP ) measuremen t fo rfuels/fue l additives :

I f yo u hav

e eve rha d reaso n t o ren t an yo f th e followin g items , pleas e indicat e wha t i t wa s use d fo ran d ho

w muc h i t cost
. 1
. portabl e light-dut

ychassi s dynamomete r

2
. portabl e heavy-dut

yengin e dynamomete r