c) Advise residents that if the appliance passes inspection, but the CO
problem recurs, then a qualified contractor or service person should
investigate the appliance while it is being operated in the home. This
may help identify why elevated CO levels are in the home and what is
causing elevated CO levels.

4) If you believe that misuse is the cause of CO (for example, using a
charcoal grill or a gas oven to heat a home during a power outage), then
educate the resident about the causes and dangers of CO and the proper
use of appliances.

5) If you cannot find an apparent source of elevated levels of CO, then
follow your jurisdiction's guidelines or advise the resident to call a
heating, ventilating, or air conditioning (HVAC) company immediately to
identify and correct the conditions causing the elevated CO levels.

6) Advise residents that they can return to the home after it is cleared of
CO. When your equipment shows levels of CO below 30 ppm, residents
can return to the home. If your equipment shows a CO level below 30
ppm and if a household CO alarm is still sounding, then remove the alarm
and advise the consumer to replace it as soon as possible.

7) Advise residents to have their fuel-burning appliances inspected
immediately and maintained once a year by qualified professionals.

8) Advise residents to use a CO alarm manufactured to one of the following
standards: Canadian Standards Association (CSA) 6.19-01, 2001;
Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL) 2034, Second Edition, October 1998;
or International Approval Services (IAS) 6-96, Second Edition, June 1,
1998,

9) Advise all residents to call again if their CO alarm sounds - particularly if
they have followed the above recommendations.

CO Levels: Between 30 ppm and 70 ppm
1) If the source of these CO levels appears to be a vehicle or an appliance,
such as a lawn mower or generator, in a garage, then:

a) Turn off the engine if it is still on.

b) If you suspect that an appliance or a generator or a vehicle engine
that had been idling in a garage several hours earlier is the cause of
elevated CO levels, then advise the consumer that engines should not
be left idling in an attached garage, even with the garage door open.

2) If the source of these CO levels appears to be a permanently-installed
appliance or a portable appliance, then:

a) Turn off the appliance.

b) Advise residents that “potentially dangerous levels of CO have been
detected and that they should not use the appliance until the cause of
elevated CO levels has been identified and corrected. Advise residents
that a condition in the home may be the cause and that a qualified

13


CO INCIDENTS: GUIDELINES FOR DISPATCHERS

Dispatchers are the first contact when residents call for help about a CO
incident. You can use these guidelines to decide what kind of help is needed
and what type of equipment should be sent to the residence.

What is caller's name, address, and telephone number?

v

Is anyone unconscious, nauseous, lightheaded, having headaches, having
chest pains?

y oY

Yes No

1 v
Send ambulance Is a CO alarm sounding?
and _

Ao ptme— Oe mde

Send responder vehicle equipped with trained Record caller's
personnel and a professional CO meter. reasons to
suspect CO
Advise caller and all other residents to go out- incident and
side or to a neighbor's home immediately. DO determine if
NOT TAKE TIME TO VENTILATE THE HOME, UNLESS CO investigation
someone is unconscious or cannot leave. Once is needed. If so,
outside, residents should not re-enter the home then
until response personnel have inspected the con-

ditions inside the home and have authorized re- |
entry.

In extreme weather conditions and when neighbors
are far away, advise residents that they can stay in
one room with a door or window open to the out-
side. There should not be any vehicles idling in

the garage or any fuel-burning appliances operating
in the room where the residents stay. Advise caller
to open all the windows in the room and to close
any doors that go to other parts of the house. If
there is an exhaust fan in the room,

turn it on to help bring in fresh air more quickly.



To learn more about CO and CO poisoning, contact the
U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC)
Washington, DC 20207
toll-free hotline: 1-800-638-2772

Web site: www.cpsc.gov
July 2002

7


5) Type of residence: Apartment Single-family Townhouse Duplex
Commercial Establishment Other

6) Today's Date

7) Time and Date of Call

8) Time and Date Alarm Sounded (if applicable)

Step 6: Advice and Follow-up
A) Read CO Levels: Advice to Give, Actions to Take, page 11.

B) Give residents written advice based on this and on the information you
gathered in your investigation. Use the section in "Advice for Residents,”
page 15.

C) Write here for your files the advice you gave to the resident:

D) Tell occupant that regular maintenance of fuel-burning appliances is the
first line of defense against CO poisoning.

E) Keep a copy of this report (including the CO Measurement Form) for your
files.

Your Name (Print):

Your Signature:



3) Record the outside reading on the CO Measurement Form, page 10. This
will be the baseline reading.

4) Before entering the home (standing in the doorway), take a second CO
reading.

5) Record this reading on the CO Measurement Form, page 10.

6) Make sure you continue to be properly protected until safe CO levels are
attained. Leave windows and doors open or closed - just as you found
them - until you begin Step 3 of this investigation.

7) Take all residents outside. Occupants should remain outside until you
have inspected conditions inside the home and authorized re-entry.

8) Determine the medical condition of all of the residents by following part
A) above. This should be done by appropriately trained EMS/firefighter
personnel.

Step 2: Identify Potential Sources of Elevated CO in the Home and
Attached Garage

Potential sources of CO include: automobiles; motorcycles; trucks; golf carts;
RV's; gasoline, propane, or diesel-fueled appliances; lawn mowers; power
generators; furnaces; water heaters; clothes dryers; natural gas or propane
refrigerators; ranges; ovens; space heaters; fireplaces; gas logs; wood and
coal stoves; charcoal or gas grills; kerosene heaters; wood stoves; and any
other equipment or appliance that burns fuel.

A) List on the next page the potential sources of elevated CO in the home
that were in operation at the time of the call or were in use in the 24 hours
before the call. Note their location in the home, and if they are vented or
unvented to the outside of the home.

These potential sources can be improperly installed, used, or maintained,
leading to elevated levels of CO. Improper home remodeling can cause CO
problems by interfering with combustion air supplies, for example. It is
important to note whether you see any indication of this. For example,
gasoline generators improperly used indoors and gas ovens improperly used
for heating or lined tightly on the bottom with aluminum foil can increase CO
emissions and lead to CO buildup in homes.


CO INCIDENT REPORTING FORM

The following CO measurement procedures can help you and any subsequent
investigators identify the cause of the resident's request for help. It can also
help you assess when it is safe for a resident to re-enter the home.

When you arrive on the scene to investigate a call about CO, follow the steps
listed below. Plan to make multiple copies of this form, so you can fill out
separate forms for each separate investigation. Be sure to keep a copy of
each completed investigation form.

Step 1: Determine the Level of Care Needed by Household Members

A) If residents are inside the house, go to Part B below. If residents are
outside the house, find out the following information:

= Are any members of the household feeling ill? Yes No
= Which symptoms are they experiencing?
Headache Nausea Dizziness Confusion
Shortness of Breath Chest Pains

Other (describe)

Note: Cardiac patients are the most susceptible to CO poisoning and
may experience chest pains.

Note: The symptoms of moderate CO poisoning are similar to those of
the flu and CO poisoning can be misdiagnosed.

It is important that residents who show symptoms of CO poisoning be
examined on the scene by EMS or appropriately trained personnel. If medical
treatment is indicated, then the residents should be taken to the appropriate
medical facility. Residents should not be allowed to drive themselves to a
doctor's office or a hospital. Residents should not go back inside until you
have inspected the conditions inside the home and authorized re-entry.

B) If residents are inside the house, then follow your local procedures for

safe entry before determining the condition of the residents. If no local safe

entry procedures for a CO incident exist, then:

1) Have Self-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA) available and ready for
use. Follow your jurisdiction's guidelines for using this equipment. If
there is any doubt about CO levels, use SCBA.

2) Using your CO meter and following the manufacturer's instructions, take a
CO reading outside. Make sure you are standing away from any vehicle
exhaust or other source of CO.


2)

3)

4)

5)

Close all windows and doors. Turn on the fuel-burning appliances and
other CO sources that have been in operation in the past 24 hours and let
them reach operating temperature (about 15 minutes). Keep them on
during the measurements. Be sure to put pots with water in them on all
range-top burners that have been used in the past 24 hours because cold
pots on the burner can elevate CO readings.

Measure and record indoor CO levels throughout the house. IMPORTANT:
Take measurements in the ambient air in the center of each room,

standing back approximately 5 feet from any potential CO source. Do
NOT take measurements in or near vents or flue pipes.

Check for proper draft in a natural draft furnace by using a smoke test.
Hold a lit match near the draft hood of the appliances that you turned on.
Blow the match out. The smoke will be drawn into the hood if there is
proper draft.

When you have finished taking all measurements and if you measured
elevated CO levels, then open all doors and windows of the residence so
that the home will be ventilated.

Step 4: Evaluate Information
A) Consider all of the information gathered in the investigation. Review the

CO measurements you recorded.

B) Consider whether a vehicle was left idling near the home or in an

attached garage (even with the garage door open).

C) Consider whether a portable propane, diesel, or gasoline-powered

appliance was in use.

D) Consider whether any ventilation equipment or exhaust fans were used

in the past 24 hours before the call.

Step 5: Complete the Investigation

Gather the following information:
1) Resident's Name

2) Address

3) Phone Number
4) Incident Location (if different than address)



RESPONDING TO
RESIDENTIAL
CARBON MONOXIDE
INCIDENTS

GUIDELINES
FOR
FIRE AND OTHER EMERGENCY RESPONSE
PERSONNEL

U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission
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CO MEASUREMENT FORM

Record levels of CO found throughout the home. Take measurements in the
center of each room under the conditions specified in the CO Incident
Reporting Form.

Draw diagram of house (on the next page) showing locations of rooms and
possible sources of CO.

Measurements (CO ppm)

Outdoors (baseline)

Entrance (doorway)

Measurements m) with Recentt
Used Potential CO Sources Turned
On and Doors and Windows Closed

Attached Garage
Basement
Utility Room
Recreation Room
Den

Living Room
Dining Room
Kitchen

Family Room
Powder Room
Bedroom 1
Bedroom 2
Bedroom 3
Bedroom 4
Bedroom 5
Bathroom 1
Bathroom 2
Bathroom 3
Bathroom 4
Other Rooms

10


Potential Source Li ion Vented or Unvented

(Example) Kerosene Heater Living Room x

B) Examine flues, vents, and chimneys for blockage by birds’ or other
animals’ nests or by debris, such as chipped or cracked masonry. Note any
loose or disconnected vent or chimney connections, any loose or missing
furnace panels, and any debris or soot in the chimney. Advise occupants to
have flues, vents, and chimneys professionally serviced if problems are
indicated.

C) If there is an attached garage, answer the following questions:
Were any vehicles in the garage in the last 12 hours? Yes No

Were any vehicles’ engines on in the last 12 hours? Yes No

Step 3: Take Indoor CO Measurements

A) Before taking indoor CO measurements,

1) Plan to take one set of CO measurements in areas or rooms of the house
where there are potential sources of elevated CO that were in operation at
the time of the call or were in use in the 24 hours before the call.

2) Plan to record your measurements on the CO Measurement Form, page
10.

3) To complete the entire investigation, you will need to take one set of
measurements. These measurements will help you assess whether there
are elevated levels of CO in the home and what the source(s) of those
elevated levels might be.

B)Taking indoor measurements

1) If you have not already taken (and recorded) a CO reading outside and at
the entry to the home, then return to Step 1, parts B)1 through B)5, and
follow those instructions. After taking indoor readings, you will need to
subtract the outdoor reading from the indoor reading in order to
determine the contribution that indoor sources make to any measured CO
indoors. For example, if the outdoor reading is 25 ppm and the indoor
reading is 40 ppm, then the contribution from indoor sources is 15 ppm.


WHAT YOU NEED TO KNOW BEFORE
YOU RESPOND TO A CO INCIDENT CALL

= Emergency response procedures for CO incidents are most effective when
coordinated with local medical personnel, poison contro! centers, utilities, and
heating and ventilating contractors.

» For your own protection, it is essential to establish a "Safe Entry Procedure" when
entering a home where there is a reported CO incident.

= It is important to know what the potential sources of elevated CO are in a home.
See pages 6 - 7 of this document for a list of these sources and page 15 for
background references about CO.

* It is important to be familiar with the various types of residential CO alarms and
how they work, including the differences among alarm, low-battery, malfunction,
and error and warning signals. Manufacturers’ product literature provides this
information.

= CO incident calls may be made when a CO alarm has sounded or because the
occupants suspect possible CO exposure due to illness or strange odors. A CO
alarm signal should never be ignored. CO alarm signals require a different
response than smoke alarms. CO alarms are designed to activate at exposures
below those at which symptoms occur, while occupants still have time to take
action to protect themselves. However, CO levels can build up quickly, so the CO
alarm might be responding to a high level. Immediate evacuation is necessary
when a CO alarm sounds. CO alarms should not alarm below 30 ppm.

* There have been instances where CO alarms activated and neither a CO elevation
nor source could be identified. Changes in the voluntary standard for CO alarms,
effective October 1, 1998, have reduced the occurrence of unexplained alarms.
If a resident has an alarm manufactured before October 1, 1998, and a CO
elevation or CO source cannot be located, the resident should be advised to
purchase a new CO alarm. The new alarm should meet one of the following
standards: Canadian Standards Association (CSA) 6.19-01, 2001; Underwriters
Laboratories Inc. (UL) 2034, Second Edition, October 1998; or International
Approval Services (IAS) 6-96, Second Edition, June 1, 1998.

= Professional CO detection equipment, and training in its use, is essential in
finding the source of elevated CO. Use, maintenance, and periodic calibration
procedures should be established. Manufacturers of such equipment generally
provide recommendations and instructions for maintenance and re-calibration;
follow these instructions carefully.

= In most cases where a CO incident is reported, a professional CO monitor that
measures room CO concentrations will help you assess the immediate risk.
Finding the reason for the CO alarm can be time-consuming and difficult,
particularly if the elevated CO levels are the result of a transient condition such
as downdrafting from an exhaust flue. Heating, ventilating, and air conditioning
(HVAC) contractors may be needed to assess conditions in the residence and
provide advice to the resident.


3)

4)

5)

6)

7)

8)

contractor or serviceperson may need to be in the home while the
appliance is in operation to identify and repair the CO source.

If you believe that misuse is the cause of CO (for example, using a
charcoal grill or a gas oven to heat a home during a power outage), then
educate the resident about the causes and dangers of CO and about the
proper use of appliances.

If you cannot find an apparent source of elevated levels of CO, then
follow your jurisdiction's guidelines or advise the resident to call a
heating, ventilating, and air conditioning (HVAC) company immediately.

Advise residents that they can return to the home after it is cleared of
CO. When your equipment shows levels of CO below 30 ppm, residents
can return to the home. If your equipment shows a CO level below 30
ppm and a household CO alarm is still sounding, then remove the alarm
and advise the consumer to replace it as soon as possible.

Advise residents to have their fuel-burning appliances inspected
immediately and maintained once a year by qualified professionals.

Advise residents to use a CO alarm manufactured to the requirements of
one of these standards: Canadian Standards Association (CSA) 6.19-01,
2001; Underwriters Laboratories Inc. (UL) 2034, Second Edition, October
1998; or International Approval Services (IAS) 6-96, Second Edition,
June 1, 1998.

Advise residents to call again if their CO alarm sounds — even if they have
followed the above recommendations.

CO Levels: Less than 30 ppm

1)
2)

Advise residents that you did not find high levels of CO.

If the call was the result of a sounding CO alarm, advise the resident to
review the manufacturer's instructions about a sounding CO alarm and to
contact the manufacturer if necessary. If the alarm was manufactured
before October 1, 1998, advise residents that they may want to purchase
a new alarm that meets the requirements of one of these standards;
Canadian Standards Association (CSA) 6.19-01, 2001, Underwriters
Laboratories Inc. (UL) 2034, Second Edition, October 1998, or
International Approval Services (IAS) 6-96, Second Edition, June 1, 1998.
Alarms made before that time were subject to nuisance alarming; the new
standards reduce the possibility of nuisance alarming. Advise residents
that CO alarms have a limited life and that their alarm may need to be
replaced. Advise residents never to ignore a sounding CO alarm and to
call you again if the alarm activates.

(For information about why 30 ppm and 70 ppm are used as benchmark
levels, please read: "A Note about Benchmark CO Levels", page 16.)

14


A Note about Benchmark CO Levels
You may have read or heard about standards or recommendations for allowable (or safe)
CO levels. Usually, these apply to particular environments, such as outdoors or the
workplace. There is no U.S. federal government standard that sets an allowable
residential indoor level for carbon monoxide; however, there are industry standards for
allowable CO emissions from individual indoor appliances, such as furnaces or ovens.

Varying levels of CO exposure may cause varying health effects; there are levels that are
not likely to cause adverse health effects in healthy adults, higher exposure levels that can
be potentially life threatening, and levels so high as to cause death. The effects of CO
exposure depend on the length of time that a person has been exposed to CO, how high
the CO concentration is, how physically active the person is at the time of exposure, and
the person's general state of health. When a person breathes in CO, the CO combines with
oxygen in the blood to form poisonous carboxyhemoglobin (COHb). The amount of
COHb in a person's blood is expressed as a percent. For example, a person exposed to
CO might be described as having eight percent COHb. Heavy smokers may have
baseline levels of ten percent COHb.

A ten percent COHb level is a reference value that is widely regarded by physicians as
confirmation of CO poisoning, even if there are no symptoms; when used as an upper
limit, it is widely recognized as protecting healthy adults against the harmful effects of
CO. At this level, a person generally is still able to take action to alleviate a potentially
life-threatening CO exposure. This benchmark is built into industry standards for CO
alarms; a CO alarm MUST sound at exposures predicted to reach ten percent COHb in
heavily exercising individuals. This will occur at concentrations and times of 70 ppm CO
for slightly more than three hours, a level of 150 ppm for 50 minutes, or a level of 400
ppm for approximately 15 minutes. At these same exposures, less active individuals will
have less than ten percent COHb. At levels less than 30 ppm, it is unlikely that adverse
health effects will occur in healthy adults. This is a second benchmark level in the
industry standards for CO alarms; alarms cannot sound at 30 ppm or less. This helps
prevent false or nuisance alarms from temporary "spikes" in CO that may occur when
there is an outdoor air inversion or when an appliance is turned on and used for a
relatively short time.

For the reasons described above, CPSC uses two benchmarks in this document as the
basis for advice on what actions a resident should take when CO is present in the home.
The first is the false alarm resistance level of 30 ppm. The second is 70 ppm, the lowest
level that can cause COHb to exceed ten percent.

The benchmark levels in this document, and the resulting advice, are suggested
guidelines and do not constitute a standard. As noted earlier, these benchmark levels do
not constitute a standard. The benchmark levels are conservative in that they recommend
action BEFORE potentially life-threatening CO exposure occurs. You may already be
using or have come across other published Standard Operating Procedures (SOP's) that
use different CO ppm levels as a benchmark. If your jurisdiction has an SOP that works
well for your needs and resources, and if the benchmark levels of that SOP, based on
your experience and that of medical personnel in your community, adequately provide for
the safety of residents, then you may want to continue using that SOP.

16


RESPONDING TO CARBON MONOXIDE
INCIDENTS

This guide is intended to help people like you -- public emergency response
personnel -- act quickly and accurately when you receive a call that may
concern carbon monoxide (CO). Your response, and those of others like you,
can save lives and reduce injuries caused by CO poisoning every year.

CO is associated with about 500 unintentional non-fire-related deaths each
year. About 60 percent of these deaths are from motor vehicle exhaust, and
about 40 percent are associated with consumer products. CO in its pure
form is colorless and odorless; however, other gases that do have an odor
often accompany it.

Whether you're part of a fire department or a public emergency response
organization, you'll find information here that will help you:

= determine how much assistance occupants need,

ensure your own protection from CO when entering a home,

confirm whether a CO hazard exists,

make a preliminary assessment of the potential sources of elevated CO,
give advice to the resident on how to make the home safe for re-entry.

To use this guide most effectively, please follow these steps:

» read "What to Know Before You Respond to a CO Incident Call,” page 3,

* become familiar with "CO Incidents: Guidelines for Dispatchers," page 4,

* follow the steps in the "CO Incident Reporting Form," beginning on page
5. This includes the "CO Measurement Form,” where you record the
readings from your CO meter/measuring equipment.

= read "CO Levels: Advice to Give, Actions to Take," page 12.

» fill in the form "Advice for Residents," page 15, and give a copy of this to
occupants.

As you use this guide, please feel free to adopt all or part of it for your
particular organization or community. If you have suggestions for future
editions, let us know at the U.S, Consumer Product Safety Commission. You
can contact us by calling our toll-free hotline at 1-800-638-2772 or visiting
our Web site at www.cpsc.gov.


DISCLAIMER

This guide has been developed for use by public emergency response
organizations such as_ professional and volunteer fire departments,
emergency community service units, and other organizations delegated to
respond to carbon monoxide (CO) incident calls; it is not directed toward
non-emergency organizations that might receive CO incident calls.

These guidelines consist of procedures that emergency response personnel
can use to help residents who call and report a suspected CO incident. The
procedures are designed to help responders provide for their own safety
when answering a call, determine the level of care needed by the residents,
make a preliminary assessment of the CO condition in the residence, and
determine when it is safe for occupants to re-enter the home. These
procedures can help in finding a significant source of CO in the home; in
some circumstances, it is possible that other professionals with technical
expertise will need to be called to find the cause of hard-to-trace elevated CO
levels in the home.

These guidelines assume that the responder has a basic Jevel of familiarity
with CO: how it is generated, how it can become abnormally elevated, how it
is distributed through a home, and what the exposure symptoms are.
References for background material are cited on page 15 of this document.

Finally, these guidelines are not a CPSC standard and are not mandatory
requirements. CPSC believes that this document contains the basic
information needed to provide a first emergency response to consumers.
State and local fire departments and emergency response organizations can
choose to adopt all or part of this material to meet their own needs and
resources.


CO LEVELS: ADVICE TO GIVE, ACTIONS
TO TAKE

During the investigation process, residents should be evacuated from the
home. After the investigation is complete, it is time to assess the
information you have and provide advice to the residents, including whether
they can safely re-enter their home. The final decision on re-entry may need
to be made by someone other than the first responder.

The CO levels you measured in various rooms of the residence should have
been taken in the center of the room in ambient air, making sure you were
about 5 feet away from any appliance. Based on those measurements and
your evaluation of the information you gathered in your investigation,
identify any areas of the house with measured CO levels of: 1) 70 ppm or
higher, 2) between 30 ppm and 70 ppm, or 3) less than 30 ppm. Then use
the guidelines below to give advice to residents.

CO Levels: 70 ppm or higher
1) If the source of these CO levels appears to be a vehicle or an appliance,
such as a lawn mower or generator, in a garage, then:

a) Turn off the engine if it is still on.

b) If you suspect that an appliance or a generator or a vehicle engine that
was idling in a garage several hours earlier is the cause of elevated CO
levels, then advise the consumer that engines should not be left idling
in an attached garage, even with the garage door open.

2) If the source of these CO levels appears to be a permanently installed
appliance, then:

a) Turn off the appliance.

b) If the fuel supply can be shut off, do so. Where appropriate, contact
the fuel supplier and advise it of the possible need to “red tag” the
appliance.

c) Advise residents that dangerous levels of CO have been detected and
that they should not use the appliance until the cause of the elevated
CO has been identified and corrected by a qualified technician.

The appliance may not need to be repaired or replaced; it is possible
that an adjustment to exhaust fans or some other house situation may
need attention.

3) If the source of these CO levels appears to be a portable appliance, then:
a) Turn off the appliance.
b) Advise residents that dangerous levels of CO have been detected and
the appliance must be inspected and repaired or replaced before being
used again.

12


ADVICE FOR RESIDENTS

Based on my investigation of CO levels in your home, I recommend that the
following actions be taken:

Information provided by:

Name/Organization/Phone/Date:

MORE INFORMATION ABOUT CO .
To learn more about CO and CO poisoning, contact the U.S. Consumer
Product Safety Commission (CPSC) at our toll-free hotline: 1-800-638-2772
or visit our Web site at: www.cpsc.gov.

To obtain a free copy of the following information, visit www.cpsc.gov, or send
your name and address on a postcard to: CPSC, Washington, DC 20207 and
mention the publication you want.

The Senseless Killer - Can You Tell What It Is?

Carbon Monoxide Questions and Answers

Combustion Appliances and Indoor Air Pollution

CO Poisoning with Camping Equipment

Portable Generator Safety Tips

Preventing Carbon Monoxide Poisoning from Small Gasoline-Powered
Engines and Tools

Indoor Air Pollution: An Introduction for Health Professionals

Another source of information about CO and CO response procedures is:

National Fire Protection Association, Quincy, Massachusetts, Nationa/ Fuel
Gas Code Handbook, 1999, Supplement 3, "Technical Background for
Residential Carbon Monoxide Responders”.

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