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U.S. Trade and Investment with Sub-Saharan Africa

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U.S. Trade and Investment with Sub-Saharan

Africa—Fifth Annual Report
U.S. International Trade Commission

Washington, DC 20436

December 2004

www.usitc.gov

Publication 3741

U.S. Trade and Investment With

Sub-Saharan Africa

Fifth Annual Report

Investigation No. 332-415
This report was principally prepared by

Arona Butcher, Chief, Country and Regional Analysis Division

Nannette Christ, Project Leader

Laura Polly, Deputy Project Leader

Office of Economics

Edward Wilson, William Greene, and Selamawit Legesse

Office of Industries

Laura Bloodgood, Cynthia Foreso, Alfred Forstall, John Fry, Amanda Horan,

Eric Land, Christopher Mapes, and Laura Rodriguez

Office of Investigations

Andrew Rylyk and Barbara Bryan

Office of Information Services

Patricia Augustine, Barbara Bobbitt, Patricia Holland, and Peggy Verdine

Student Interns

Kieshan Edwards, Joshua Finfrock, Melissa Ginsberg, Rebecca Havey, Kelly Kowalczyk,

Richard Qualters, Rikki Roullier, Danielle Rust, Jonathan Miner, Katherine Nunley,

and Shakira Van Savage

Office of Pubishing

Reviewers

Catherine DeFilippo

Donnette Rimmer

Supporting assistance was provided by:

Cecelia Allen, Office of Economics

Patricia Thomas, Office of Economics
i

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

This report is the fifth in a 5-year series documenting U.S.-sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)

trade and investment flows. The U.S. International Trade Commission (Commission or

USITC) compiled this report at the request of the United States Trade Representative

(USTR). In a letter dated April 12, 2000,1 the USTR asked the Commission to submit a

report that provides: an analysis of U.S.-SSA merchandise trade and services flows;

country-by-country profiles of the economies of each SSA country, including

information on major trading partners and a summary of the trade and investment

climates in each SSA country; a summary of U.S. foreign and total direct investment

and portfolio investment in SSA; information on SSA privatization efforts; updates on

progress in regional integration in SSA, including statistics onU.S. trade with the major

regional groupings; and a summary of multilateral and U.S. bilateral assistance to

SSA countries.

In a supplemental letter dated July 10, 2002, the USTR requested that the Commission

provide the following additional information: the value of U.S. importsfrom SSA under

the African Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA) including its Generalized System of

Preferences (GSP) provisions, by beneficiary country and major product categories;

information on investment developments related to AGOA; a description and analysis

of major SSA export sectors; expanded information on regional integration in SSA,

including information on the Communauté Economique et Monétaire de l’Afrique

Centrale (CEMAC); a description of major U.S. trade capacity-building initiatives

related to SSA; and a description of major non-U.S. trade preference programs for

SSA countries.

The U.S.-SSA trade data included in this report generally cover full year 2003,

depending on data availability. When possible, data for Africa are provided when

SSA data are not available. In cases where it is useful to show a trend, data for 1999

through 2003 are provided. In addition, when possible, up-to-date developments in

economic, social, trade, and commercial policies are included for the period January

2004 through June 2004. Data sources include the U.S. Department of Commerce, the

Economist Intelligence Unit, the World Bank, the United Nations, and industry-specific

data sources. In addition to the above-mentioned sources, qualitative discussions also

rely on articles sourced from databases such as All Africa and Newsedge.

U.S.-Sub-Saharan Africa Trade

S In 2003, U.S.-SSA merchandise trade rose to $32.1 billion, from $24.1 billion

in 2002. This was a result of an increase in both U.S. exports to and U.S.

1 Copies of the request letters are in app. A.
ii

imports from the region. U.S. exports to SSA increased by 13.1 percent in

2003 to approximately $6.7 billion, from $5.9 billion in 2002. Similarly, U.S.

imports from SSA increased by 39.9 percent to approximately $25.5 billion in

2003 from $18.2 billion in 2002.

S The increase in U.S. exports to SSA was attributed primarily to increased

exports of transportation equipment, agricultural products, and electronic

products and increased exports to Ethiopia, South Africa, and Equatorial

Guinea. The increase in U.S. imports from SSA was largely because of an

increase in energy-related products from Nigeria. Nonenergy-related

imports increased by 20.0 percent to $7.8 billion in 2003.

S In 2002, the United States recorded a $2.2-billion surplus in services trade

with Africa. The primary U.S. cross-border service exports to Africa included

tourism and passenger transport, business services, education, and freight

transport and port services. U.S. service imports from Africa were mainly in

the tourism, passenger transport, business services, and freight transport

sectors.

Foreign Direct Investment in Sub-Saharan Africa

S In 2003, SSA received $8.5 billion in new foreign direct investment (FDI), or

6.3 percent of global foreign investment flows to developing countries.

Political crises, poor weather conditions, and the HIV/AIDS pandemic

continued to affect the investment climate.

S Net inward portfolio equity flows to SSA totaled $500 million in 2003. As in

prior years, South Africa accounted for virtually all foreign portfolio

investment flows to SSA in 2003.

S U.S. net direct investment flows to Africa totaled $1.4 billion in 2003,

representing less than 1 percent of total U.S. direct investment abroad.

Equatorial Guinea and Nigeria attracted the largest amounts of U.S. FDI

flows, with $823 million and $340 million, respectively. Of the nonpetroleum

exporting countries, South Africa and Cameroon attracted the largest

amounts of U.S. FDI, with $89 million and $73 million, respectively.

S Reflecting the historically higher level of investment by European countries,

many European countries have concluded a number of bilateral investment

agreements with SSA countries.

S Given the important role of investment in long-term economic development, a

number of international investment initiatives focusing on SSA have emerged.

Such initiatives include an effort by Standard & Poor’s, working with the

United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), to secure long-term

sovereign ratings2 for SSA countries.

2 “A sovereign credit rating provides [general credit worthiness] as it signifies a country’s overall

ability to provide a secure investment environment.” Reem Heakal, “What is a Corporate Credit Rating,”

found at Internet address http://www.investopedia.com, retrieved Oct. 7, 2004.
iii

African Growth and Opportunity Act

S Total U.S. imports from SSA countries eligible for AGOA benefits (including

GSP provisions) totaled almost $14.1 billion in 2003, an increase of 36.3

percent from $9.0 billion in 2002. The largest share of U.S. imports under

AGOA came from Nigeria (66.3 percent), followed by South Africa (11.8

percent) and Gabon (8.3 percent). Other major suppliers included Lesotho,

Republic of the Congo, Madagascar, and Kenya.

S U.S. purchases of energy-related products in 2003 represented 79.5 percent

of total AGOA imports in 2003, up from their 75.9-percent share in 2002.

Significant value increases were recorded, however, for textiles and apparel,

which accounted for 8.5 percent of the total in 2003, down from an

8.9-percent share in 2002, and transportation equipment, which represented

a 5.2-percent share in 2003, compared with a 6.1-percent share in 2002.

S AGOA III amended the textile provisions of AGOA to clarify language in the

prior legislation and to expand and extend a number of provisions to provide

AGOA countries with additional sourcing flexibility. The extension of the least

developed beneficiary country third-country fabric provision was viewed by

many as the most important feature of AGOA III, as this provision had been

scheduled to expire.

S In anticipation of the AGOA III legislation and its subsequent passage in July

2004, AGOA-eligible SSA countries continued to receive investment

supported, in part, by their access to trade preferences under the AGOA

program.

S Although a substantial portion of investments continued to target the apparel

sector, increased investment has also occurred in the textile, mining, and

motor vehicle industries. Investment patterns also highlight the extension of

AGOA-related investment into small- and medium-sized businesses and

efficiency-enhancing technology investment.

Regional Integration

S In 2003, the nine regional organizations in SSA continued to focus efforts on

promoting economic and monetary integration. They also worked toward

policy harmonization in the telecommunications, transportation, and

agricultural sectors. In addition to common investment policies, the regional

organizations also continued to work toward eliminating regional tariffs in

order to increase intra-SSA trade. Moreover, the creation of export

processing zones has encouraged diversification from agricultural to

industrial production. The nine regional organizations are:

- the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS);

- the Union Economique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine (UEMOA);

- the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA);
iv

- the Southern African Development Community (SADC);

- the Southern African Customs Union (SACU);

- the East African Community (EAC);

- the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD);

- the Indian Ocean Commission (IOC);

- the Communauté Economique et Monétaire de l’Afrique Centrale

(CEMAC).

S Regional organizations continued to work toward increased economic

integration, although progress has been slow. ECOWAS continued efforts to

establish a customs union by 2007. In addition, ECOWAS and UEMOA

began coordinating monetary union efforts. COMESA continued to expand

trade opportunities by launching FTA discussions with the EU. SADC worked

toward establishing regulations, such as single-digit inflation requirements,

that would foster more stable integration. The United States and SACU

continued FTA negotiations, as SACU has continued to expand its list of

potential FTA partners. The EAC committed to establishment of a common

external tariff by September 2004. IGAD focused on food and security issues;

and IOC focused on transportation and communication issues. A regional

passport scheme for CEMAC was implemented in early 2003, and CEMAC

inaugurated a new stock exchange in mid-2003.

S Current African Union3 (AU) policies focus on economic and export

diversification. The AU is also seeking to develop an African Common Market.

Other AU policies promote peace, economic stability, and regional security

as part of the AU’s poverty reduction efforts.

Multilateral and U.S. Bilateral Assistance

S In 2003, the World Bank lending commitments to SSA totaled $3.7 billion. Of

the total funding, over 21 percent ($811 million) was for human development

(primarily HIV/AIDS-related initiatives), 15 percent was for social protection,

and 11 percent was for education. The International Finance Corporation

(IFC) committed $164 million to support the expansion of SSA banks and

financial institutions in FY 2004. Likewise, the World Bank’s Multilateral

Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) issued investment guarantees or

coverage for nine projects in Africa totaling $953 million.

S In 2003, the African Development Bank (AfDB) Group approved 16 new

projects and programs with a combined value of $465.1 million. The AfDB

also signed 118 loan and grant agreements valued at $2.6 billion. The

International Monetary Fund (IMF) committed $1.9 billion in grants to 23 SSA

countries. In FY 2003, the IMF approved Poverty Reduction and Growth

3 The AU is a successor to the Organization of African Unity.
v

S Facility arrangements for the Democratic Republic of Congo, The Gambia,

Senegal, and Uganda.

S Export-Import Bank (Ex-Im Bank) provided loan guarantees and insurance to

SSA totaling $572 million. As of September 2003, Ex-Im Bank’s total

exposure in SSA was $3.6 billion. Democratic Republic of the Congo

accounted for 24 percent, Nigeria made up 23 percent, and South Africa

represented 16 percent of total regional Ex-Im Bank exposure. U.S. Trade and

Development Agency (TDA) obligations in SSA decreased to $5.9 million in

FY 2003 from $9.9 million in FY 2002. TDA’s SSA funding accounted for 11.2

percent of all TDA funding in 2003. Overseas Private Investment Corporation

(OPIC) invested $384 million in FY 2003. The United States Agency for

International Development’s (USAID) Development Assistance and other

Economic Assistance Program obligation for SSA totaled $1.4 billion in FY

2003 compared to $1.1 billion in FY 2002. USAID continued to support

several programs that started in 2002 including the Initiative to End Hunger in

Africa, the African Education Initiative, and the Anti-Corruption Initiative.

U.S. Trade Capacity-Building Initiatives

S U.S. government agencies continued to fund and implement a broad range of

trade capacity-building initiatives in SSA. SSA received $132.7 million in FY

2003, representing 17.4 percent of total U.S. funding for trade

capacity-building initiatives. The level was a 19.3-percent increase over FY

2002.

S Numerous individual countries received less direct trade capacity-building

funding in FY 2003 as funding increasingly targeted regional organizations

in SSA such as COMESA and SACU. The percent share of the top five funding

recipients declined from 54.1 percent in FY 1999 to 32.1 percent in FY 2003.

S The primary funding categories were “Human Resources and Labor

Standards,” which accounted for 29 percent of FY 2003 total SSA funding,

followed by “Trade Facilitation” and “Trade-related Agriculture,” which

accounted for 25 percent and 15 percent, respectively. The subcategory

“Export Promotion” accounted for 32 percent of “Trade Facilitation.”

Industry Sector Profiles

The six industry sectors discussed below are: agriculture,fisheries, andforest products;

chemicals; petroleum and energy-related products; minerals and metals; textiles and

apparel; and certain transportation equipment. These sectors account for the major

items traded between the United States and SSA. Figure ES-1 provides an overview of

U.S. trade and FDI positions in these sectors.
Agriculture, Petroleum, &

Fisheries, and Energy-related Minerals and Textiles and 

Forest Products Chemicals Products Metals Apparel 

S Côte d’lvoire, South S South Africa, S Nigeria, Angola S South Africa S Lesotho, South 

Africa, Madagascar Equatorial Guinea Africa, Mauritius

Madagascar, Ken

S Cocoa beans, S Methanol, certain S Crude petroleum S Plantinum-group S Woven cotton vanilla beans, organic chemicals, metals, diamonds pants/shorts, cotttobacco, coffee, natural rubber topsbeans, cocoa pasteS South Africa, S South Africa S Nigeria, Gabon S South Africa S Lesotho, 

Côte d’lvoire, Malawi Madagascar, Ken

Mauritius, SouthAfrica, Swaziland

S Citrus, tobacco, cane S Silicon, titanium S Crude petroleum S Ferroalloys, S Woven cotton 

sugar, cocoa powder, dioxide pigments, aluminum products pants/shorts, cottmacadamia nuts car tires topsS Nigeria, South S South Africa S South Africa, S South Africa S South Africa, 

Africa, Ethiopia Nigeria Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Nigeria 

Angola, Nigeria

S Cereals S Fertilizers, misc. S Refined petroleum S Precious metals S Used clothing 

medicaments, productsisocyanates

S South Africa S South Africa S Equatorial Guinea, S Ghana, Zambia, S Not available 

Chad, Gabon, KenyaNigeria

Figure ES-1SSA sector profiles summary data, 2003

Source: Data compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce (tade data) and Bureau of Economic Analysis (investment data).

Primary Sources

Primary Products

Primary Sources

Primary Products

Primary Markets

Primary Products

Primary FDI

Countries

U.S. Exports AGOA Imports U.S. Imports

0

U.S. importsAGOA importsU.S. exportsU.S. FDI position

Million dollars

198

131

17,674

11,224

4,754

2,996

vi

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,00012,000

14,000

16,00018,000

198

1,235

274

1,277

598

177

717

492

166

11,224

413

269

47

1,552

1,202
vii

Agriculture, Fisheries, and Forest Products S SSA represents a relatively small market for U.S. exports of agriculture,

fisheries, and forest products, totaling $1.2 billion, or approximately 1 percent

of total U.S. sector exports in 2003. Sector exports to SSA increased by 17

percent in 2003 compared with 2002. Primary SSA markets for such exports

continued to be Nigeria (27 percent of the total value), South Africa (20

percent), and Ethiopia (13 percent). Cereals such as nondurum wheat and

milled rice accounted for approximately 54 percent of total U.S. sector

exports to SSA in 2003. Food shortages throughout SSA account for the

increasing demand for U.S. cereal exports.

S U.S. sector imports from SSA totaled $1.3 billion in 2003, up by 30 percent

from the previous year. SSA accounted for about 1 percent of total U.S. sector

imports in 2003, the same share as the previous year. The high price of cocoa

during most of 2003 was the primary contributor to the increase in import

value. In 2003, the top five import commodities accounted for 57 percent of

total U.S. sector imports from SSA, and included cocoa beans, vanilla beans,

tobacco, coffee beans, and cocoa paste.

S In 2003, the value of U.S. sector imports from SSA under AGOA (including

GSP) was $274 million, representing an increase of 13 percent over the

previous year. Such imports accounted for about 2 percent of total AGOA

imports and 21 percent of total sector imports from SSA in 2003. South Africa,

Côte d’Ivoire, and Malawi supplied 85 percent of all AGOA imports from

SSA in 2003, up from 82 percent in 2002. Principal products included fresh

citrus, unmanufactured tobacco, raw cane sugar, cocoa powder, and

macadamia nuts.

S This sector accounts for a relatively minor share of the total U.S. FDI in the

region in 2003. U.S. FDI in the SSA food sector increased by one-third in

2003, reaching $198 million. South Africa continued to be the primary SSA

location for U.S. sector FDI in the region.

Chemicals S The South African chemical industry accounts for approximately 77 percent

of SSA chemical production. This industry remains among the largest

manufacturing sectors of the South African economy, maintaining its

5-percent share of gross domestic product. The sector is essentially composed

of producers of petrochemical products produced in the four petroleum

refineries, producers of agricultural chemicals, pharmaceutical

manufacturers, and various small firms producing chemical products for the

domestic/regional market.

S The most significant development in the SSA chemical industry during

2003-04 was the development of SSA pharmaceutical production capacity

along with the ability to produce active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs) for

use in generic pharmaceutical products. Aspen Pharmacare, the largest

pharmaceutical manufacturer in Africa, received clearance from South

Africa’s Competition Commission to vertically integrate using the recently
viii

purchased Fine Chemicals Corp. facility. Aspen released a statement assuring

the public that they would be using the plant to produce APIs, such as the

retrovirals that treat HIV/AIDS.

S U.S. chemical sector imports from SSA reached $598 million in 2003, up by

one-third from the previous year. U.S. sector imports from SSA accounted for

less than 1 percent of total U.S. imports in 2003. Principal SSA sources

included South Africa (58 percent of the total) and Equatorial Guinea (23

percent), with Liberia accounting for 9 percent. The three largest U.S. sector

imports from SSA in 2003 were methanol; organic chemicals used as

feedstocks for producing chemical intermediates and chemical products,

including unsaturated acyclic hydrocarbons; and natural rubber. In 2003,

U.S. chemical sector imports under AGOA (including GSP) totaled $177

million, an increase of 30 percent over 2002. These imports represented

approximately 30 percent of total U.S. imports of these products from the

SSA. Nearly all the U.S. chemical imports under AGOA(including GSP) came

from South Africa.

S In 2003, U.S. chemical sector exports to SSA totaled $717 million, an increase

of nearly 3 percent compared with 2002. SSA accounted for less than 1

percent of total U.S. sector exports in 2003. The top three SSA markets for

U.S. chemical exports in 2003 were South Africa, which accounted for 62

percent of U.S. chemical exports, followed by Nigeria (8 percent) and Kenya

(5 percent). These shares were similar to those in 2002. The United States

exported a diverse selection of chemical items to SSA in 2003; the leading

export items – fertilizers, other nonspecified medicaments, and isocyanates –

each only accounted for 4 to 5 percent of total U.S. sector exports to SSA.

S The U.S. FDI position in the chemicals sector increased by 11 percent to $492

million in 2003. South Africa accounted for 91 percent of the total.

Petroleum and Energy-Related Products S Crude petroleum in Nigeria and Angola, and coal in South Africa continue to

be the primary petroleum and energy-related products produced in SSA.

Nigeria and Angola are the region’s first- and second-largest producers of

crude petroleum, respectively. Coal continues to be the primaryfuel produced

and consumed in South Africa and is its largest source of foreign exchange.

South Africa accounts for about 4 percent of the world’s recoverable reserves

of coal and is the second-largest net exporter of coal to the world market.

S Crude petroleum is the primary export product from SSA. In 2003, the United

States was the primary market for SSA exports of petroleum and

energy-related products, while the EU accounted for most of the remainder.

Refined petroleum products are the major products imported into the SSA

region, followed by crude petroleum; the United States and Western Europe

are major sources of SSA imports of refined petroleum products.

S Nigeria, one of the world’s leading exporters of crude petroleum, has the

potential to increase its production of crude petroleum significantly in the next

few years as recent discoveries come onstream. Several joint ventures
ix

between the Nigerian government and multinational petroleum companies

are expected to yield additional production of crude petroleum and natural

gas. In addition, recent discoveries of crude petroleum in Angola are

becoming attractive to the world’s leading production companies.

S The U.S. FDI position in the SSA mining sector (the most comparable sector to

petroleum and energy-related products) increased by 20 percent to $4.8

billion in 2003. Equatorial Guinea, Chad, Gabon, and Nigeria accounted for

83 percent of the regional total.

Minerals and Metals S The minerals and metals sector remains a dominant sector for many SSA

countries. Pricesfor several minerals and metals continued to recoverfrom the

extreme lows during 1997 to early 2003, reflecting declining inventories

arising from a combination of worldwide production shutdowns and rising

consumption. These price increases contributed to the improving economies of

the SSA metal-producing countries and attracted additional international

investment interest.

S In 2003, the U.S. minerals and metals trade deficit with SSA increased by 12

percent, to $2.7 billion, with U.S. imports increasing by 11 percent, to $3.0

billion. Sixty-eight percent of U.S. imports from SSA in 2003 were

platinum-group metals (PGMs), which were almost all from South Africa, and

diamonds, mostly from South Africa, Democratic Republic of the Congo

(DROC), and Angola. U.S. imports of iron and steel products also increased,

reflecting the continued growth in the iron and steel industries in South Africa,

Tanzania, and neighboring countries. AGOA imports (including GSP) totaled

$413 million in 2003, up by 11 percent from the previous year. Imports under

AGOA accounted for 14 percent of total sector imports from SSA in 2003. The

bulk was supplied by South Africa (96 percent) and Namibia (under 4

percent), with iron and steel products, primarily ferroalloys, accounting for

59 percent, and aluminum products increasing by 16 percent by value to 21

percent of the total.

S The U.S. Clean Diamond Trade Act and the United Nation’s Kimberley

Process Certification Scheme (KPCS) continued to affect diamond trade. The

Central African Republic joined the 61 member-countries of the KPCS in

August 2003. DROC was suspended by the United Nations from world trade

in diamonds in July 2004. Separately, DeBeers pled guilty to price fixing in

U.S. District Court and agreed to pay $10 million to settle a 10-year-old

indictment. This settlement should allow DeBeers to re-establish a direct

marketing presence in the United States.

S U.S. sector exports to the region increased marginally (up by 1 percent) to

$269 million in 2003, but increased markedly to Equatorial Guinea, Angola,

and South Africa. Many countries recorded double-digit declines, largely as

a result of economic and political instability. Chad recorded the largest

decline, at $22 million. In the iron and steel sector, exports of oil and gas

tubular and ancillary products declined the most in value, reflecting less
x

exploration drilling. U.S. exports of structural commodities (steel structures,

towers, and masts; and lime and cement products) registered the largest

increase, and were largely to support the oil and gas recovery and refining

facilities.

S The South African President signed the Broad-Based Black Empowerment Act

into law in January 2004. Coupled with other laws (Mineral Law, Money Bill,

Health and Safety Act) passed within the last few years that were intended to

restructure the country, it has caused significant valuation and financial risk

issues, delaying mine investment in South Africa. To counteract these effects, a

Beneficiation Bill has been proposed that aims to promote South Africa’s

minerals industry by giving South Africans the opportunity to own basic forms

of gold (e.g., bullion), diamonds, and PGMs. This bill is expected to stimulate

downstream processing and fabrication of these basic forms in South Africa

by providing producer incentives for locally-manufactured products. South

African investment in newly committed South African mineral-related projects

increased by 29 percent in 2003, but exploratory investment decreased by 10

percent. Eighty-eight percent of exploratory investment, or approximately

$2.3 billion, was earmarked for primary mineral production.

S The U.S. FDI position in the SSA primary and fabricated metals sector

decreased by 30 percent to $47 million in 2003. Ghana was the leading

recipient of U.S. FDI in the region.

Textiles and Apparel S SSA production and exports of textiles and apparel continue to be

concentrated in Mauritius, South Africa, Lesotho, Madagascar, and Kenya.

Other countries such as Ethiopia, Ghana, Tanzania, and Swaziland are

increasing activity in the sector, owing to factors such as SSA government

initiatives, increased foreign investment, intra-SSA country partnerships, and

trade preferences such as AGOA. The AGOA program has stimulated

numerous foreign investment projects in several SSA textile-producing

countries. Most of the investment has come from Asian sources.

S U.S. sector imports from SSA rose by 37 percent in 2003, reaching $1.6

billion. SSA represented 2 percent of total U.S. sector imports. Principal SSA

suppliers included Lesotho, South Africa, Mauritius, Madagascar, and

Kenya. Primary items included cotton pants and cotton tops. U.S. sector

imports under AGOA totaled $1.2 billion in 2003, up by 50 percent over the

2002 level and representing just over three-fourths of total U.S. sector imports

from SSA and 9 percent of total imports under AGOA. Principal AGOA

suppliers included Lesotho, Madagascar, Kenya, Mauritius, South Africa,

and Swaziland.

S The growth of the textile and apparel industries in SSA countries continues to

be constrained by widespread shortages of raw materials and textile inputs,

high production costs relative to Asian suppliers, obsolete equipment, and

capacity underutilization. The influx of used clothing and inexpensive

smuggled goods that compete with local production is also a factor in
xi

numerous countries. In addition, the export competitiveness of SSA countries

in the global textile and apparel market has been hampered by high taxes,

utility and input costs, and for some SSA countries, currency appreciation. The

continued strength of the South African rand (to which the currencies of

Swaziland and Lesotho are pegged) relative to the U.S. dollar weakened the

competitiveness of textile and apparel exports from these countries in 2003.

S U.S. sector exports to SSA in 2003 rose by 5 percent to $131 million. Such

exports accounted for a negligible share of the U.S. sector total. Primary SSA

markets included South Africa, Ghana, and Nigeria; used clothing was byfar

the major export item.

Certain Transportation Equipment S South Africa is the dominant producer of, and market for, motor vehicles and

motor-vehicle parts in the SSA region, accounting for 95 percent of SSA

motor vehicle production and 60 percent of motor vehicle sales in 2003. The

automotive industry in South Africa accounts for nearly 6 percent of the

country’s gross domestic product, is the largest manufacturer, and is the

largest manufacturing exporter.

S U.S. imports of certain transportation equipment from SSA reached $742

million in 2003, an increase of $182 million, or 33 percent. SSA accounted for

less than 1 percent of the value of total U.S. sector imports in 2003. Virtually all

U.S. sector imports from SSA in 2003 were supplied by South Africa, with

passenger cars accounting for 84 percent of sector imports from South

Africa. Leading components imported from South Africa in 2003 included

road wheels, miscellaneous auto parts, and miscellaneous engine parts. U.S.

transportation equipment imports under AGOA (including GSP) increased by

34 percent in 2003, reaching $716 million; the majority of such imports were

from South Africa. In 2003, imports under AGOA accounted for 97 percent

of total U.S. sector imports from SSA.

S In 2003, U.S. transportation equipment exports to SSA reached $412 million,

up by 36 percent from the previous year. South Africa accounted for

two-thirds of U.S. sector exports to SSA, and SSA accounted for less than 1

percent of the value of total U.S. sector exports in 2003.

S The U.S. FDI position in the SSA transportation equipment sector decreased by

13 percent to $343 million in 2003. South Africa was the primary location for

U.S. FDI in the region.

Country Profiles

S In 2003, SSA’s average GDP growth rate was 3.6 percent, up from 3.2

percent in 2002. The increase was attributed to higher investment levels, rising

global commodity prices, increased agricultural production, and increasing
xii

regional stability stemming from negotiations launched by the regional

organizations to reduce civil unrest. The HIV/AIDS pandemic, however,

continued to curb economic development for many SSA countries by lowering

productivity, inhibiting investment, and increasing social costs.

S Additional barriers to economic growth for many countries in SSA included

lower than expected economic growth in the EU, a major trading partner for

SSA countries; a slowdown in tourism for many countries that are seeking to

diversify into this sector; and large current account deficits.

S SSA countries’ efforts to increase their level of integration into the global

trading economy continued to be hampered by a number of obstacles. In

addition to social and political conflict, inadequate infrastructure, such as

dilapidated road networks, congested ports, inefficient customs services, and

prohibitively expensive air transport, hampered the national and

international transport of merchandise. Many SSA countries continued to

depend heavily on exports of primary commodity products, such as

petroleum, minerals, and agricultural products.

S For many SSA countries, economic development continued to be hindered by

social unrest. For example, in 2003, Burundi, Central African Republic, Côte

d’Ivoire, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Guinea-Bissau, Republic of the

Congo, Somalia, and Zimbabwe experienced social and political instability

that undermined economic development efforts. The political and social

instability stemming from government land redistribution and economic

policies in Zimbabwe resulted in another year of negative economic growth.

S For many other SSA countries, however, economic development continued to

focus on attempts to diversify the economy. For example, initiatives in Angola,

Gabon, Nigeria, and São Tomé and Principe focus on diversifying within and

away from the petroleum and energy-related sector; Botswana’s Export

Development and Investment Authority announced plans to encourage

nontraditional products such as textiles and apparel, light manufacturing,

and tourism; Kenya experienced some success in efforts to encourage

diversification into horticultural products; Madagascar, Mauritius, and São

Tomé and Principe are using export processing zones to encourage

diversification into aquaculture and tourism (Madagascar), light

manufacturing and information and communication technology (Mauritius),

and fishing (São Tomé and Principe); and Namibia has experienced initial

success in promoting local fish processing.

S Several SSA countries established policies that countered the general trend

toward trade liberalization in SSA. For example, trade barriers increased

when Angola required that all trade pass through government-controlled

posts; Nigeria banned the import of more than 40 products, including certain

textiles, men’s footwear, soap, furniture, assembled bicycles, toothpaste,

certain plastic products, vegetable oil, and certain meat products; the

Government of Zambia increased the number of products subject to quality

monitoring from 12 to 24, including bottled water, varnishes, hair oils and

creams, asbestos, and glycerine; and Zimbabwe announced an alternate

methodfor calculating import duties, which is expected to increase the applied

duties on inputs used by the manufacturing and mining industries.
xiii

S Given the importance of inadequate infrastructure in hindering trade and

investment, many SSA countries increased efforts to improve transportation

infrastructure. The instability in Côte d’Ivoire had a significant impact on trade

in western Africa, further highlighting the general vulnerability of many SSA

countries to limited transport options. Examples of such infrastructure efforts

include: construction of the Cotonou (Benin) fishing port, construction of the

Burkina Faso-Ghana railway, Cameroon’s oil platform repair yard

construction, Cape Verde’s port expansion, the Mali-Niger railway

extension, the Dubai Port (Djibouti) expansion, port and railway linking and

expansion in Kenya, rehabilitation of the Beira and Nacala ports in

Mozambique, development of the Walvis Bay Corridor and port in Namibia,

and modernization of the port in Senegal.

S Although privatization efforts continued in many SSA countries, progress has

been hampered by the lack of transparency and corruption (Angola,

Cameroon, Comoros, and Guinea), lack of interested parties (Angola,

Cameroon, Gabon, and Guinea), and political resistance or social instability

(Ethiopia, Guinea, Mauritius, South Africa, Tanzania, Togo, and Zambia).

S In an effort to increase investment, many SSA countries have pursued

regulatory reform. For example, Botswana passed initiatives to encourage

joint ventures between foreign investors and domestic partners; The Gambia

passed the Money Laundering Bill to improve the transparency of financial

institutions; Ghana introduced the Foreign Exchange Bill, the Long-Term

Savings Bill, the Credit Union Bill, and the Insurance Bill aimed at attracting

foreign investment in the financial sector; Kenya passed the Anti-Corruption

and Economic Crimes Bill in mid-2003; Namibia’s new mining policy

increased security of tenure for holders of mining rights and created a

standard licensing scheme; and in late 2003, Republic of the Congo adopted

a bill that streamlines licensing procedures and reduces the state’s equity

share in mining companies.

xv

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

Executive Summary ............................................ i

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms ............................... xxv

Introduction .................................................. xxvii

Purpose and organization of the report xxvii ........................

Approach xxviii ...............................................

Scope of the report xxix .......................................

Chapter 1. U.S. trade and investment with sub-Saharan Africa .......... 1-1

U.S. merchandise trade 1-1 ....................................

U.S. merchandise exports 1-3 ................................

U.S. merchandise imports 1-5 ................................

Merchandise trade balance 1-11 ...............................

U.S.-Africa services trade 1-14 ..................................

Foreign investment in sub-Saharan Africa 1-20 ......................

Global investment in sub-Saharan Africa 1-20 ....................

U.S. investment in sub-Saharan Africa 1-21 ......................

Investment by country and by sector 1-21 ........................

Investment agreements between sub-Saharan African countries

and foreign investment partners 1-24 ........................

International investment initiatives focused on sub-Saharan

Africa 1-26 ............................................

Chapter 2. AGOA-related imports and investment ................... 2-1

African Growth and Opportunity Act 2-1 .........................

AGOA Forum 2-3 .........................................

U.S. imports under AGOA 2-4 ..................................

AGOA-related investment 2-8 ..................................

Chapter 3. Regional integration in sub-Saharan Africa ................ 3-1

Regional integration in 2003 3-1 ................................

Economic Community of West African States 3-5 ...................

Union Economique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine 3-7 ................

Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa 3-9 ................

Southern African Development Community 3-11 .....................

Southern African Customs Union 3-13 .............................

East African Community 3-15 ....................................
xvi

TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued

Page

Chapter 3. Regional integration in sub-Saharan Africa–Continued

Intergovernmental Authority on Development 3-17 ...................

Indian Ocean Commission 3-19 ..................................

Communauté Economique et Monétaire de l’Afrique Centrale 3-21 ......

Chapter 4. Multilateral assistance, U.S. bilateral assistance, and other

trade-related initiatives ......................................... 4-1

Sources of multilateral assistance to sub-Saharan Africa 4-1 ..........

The World Bank Group 4-1 ..................................

The World Bank/International Development Association 4-1 .....

Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency 4-8 ................

International Finance Corporation 4-9 .......................

The African Development Bank Group 4-11 ........................

International Monetary Fund 4-12 ................................

New Partnership for African Development 4-14 .....................

Trade capacity-building initiatives of U.S. government agencies 4-17 .....

Country coverage 4-17 ......................................

Types of trade capacity-building initiatives 4-18 ...................

The Export-Import Bank of the United States 4-31 ....................

U.S. Trade and Development Agency 4-31 .........................

Overseas Private Investment Corporation 4-34 ......................

U.S. Agency for International Development 4-35 .....................

Chapter 5. Industry sector profiles 5-1 ................................

Agricultural, fisheries, and forest products 5-3 .....................

Overview 5-3 .............................................

Trade 5-5 ................................................

Key U.S. import developments 5-7 ..........................

Key AGOA trade developments 5-7 ........................

Key U.S. export developments 5-7 ..........................

Investment 5-8 ............................................

Chemicals 5-11 ..............................................

Overview 5-11 .............................................

Trade 5-12 ................................................

Key U.S. import developments 5-14 ..........................

Key AGOA trade developments 5-14 ........................

Key U.S. export developments 5-14 ..........................

Investment 5-15 ............................................
xvii

TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued

Page

Chapter 5. Industry sector profiles–Continued

Petroleum and energy-related products 5-17 ........................

Overview 5-17 .............................................

Trade 5-18 ................................................

Key U.S. import developments 5-20 ..........................

Key AGOA trade developments 5-20 ........................

Key U.S. export developments 5-20 ..........................

Investment 5-21 ............................................

Minerals and metals 5-23 ......................................

Overview 5-23 .............................................

Trade 5-25 ................................................

Key U.S. import developments 5-27 ..........................

Key AGOA trade developments 5-27 ........................

Key U.S. export developments 5-27 ..........................

Investment 5-29 ............................................

Textiles and apparel 5-33 ......................................

Overview 5-33 .............................................

Trade 5-35 ................................................

Key U.S. import developments 5-37 ..........................

Key AGOA trade developments 5-37 ........................

Key U.S. export developments 5-37 ..........................

Investment 5-38 ............................................

Certain transportation equipment 5-41 ............................

Overview 5-41 .............................................

Trade 5-43 ................................................

Key U.S. import developments 5-45 ..........................

Key AGOA trade developments 5-45 ........................

Key U.S. export developments 5-45 ..........................

Investment 5-46 ............................................

Chapter 6. Country profiles ..................................... 6-1

Regional overview 6-1 ........................................

Tariff structure 6-3 ...........................................

Technical notes 6-5 ..........................................

Profiles of 48 sub-Saharan African countries 6-9 ...................

Angola 6-9 ...............................................

Benin 6-11 ................................................

Botswana 6-13 .............................................
xviii

TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued

Page

Chapter 6. Country profiles–Continued

Profiles of 48 sub-Saharan African countries—Continued

Burkina Faso 6-15 ..........................................

Burundi 6-17 ..............................................

Cameroon 6-19 ............................................

Cape Verde 6-21 ...........................................

Central African Republic 6-23 .................................

Chad 6-25 ................................................

Comoros 6-27 .............................................

Côte d’Ivoire 6-29 ..........................................

Democratic Republic of the Congo 6-31 ..........................

Djibouti 6-33 ..............................................

Equatorial Guinea 6-35 ......................................

Eritrea 6-37 ...............................................

Ethiopia 6-39 ..............................................

Gabon 6-41 ...............................................

The Gambia 6-43 ...........................................

Ghana 6-45 ...............................................

Guinea 6-47 ...............................................

Guinea-Bissau 6-49 .........................................

Kenya 6-51 ................................................

Lesotho 6-53 ...............................................

Liberia 6-55 ...............................................

Madagascar 6-57 ..........................................

Malawi 6-59 ...............................................

Mali 6-61 .................................................

Mauritania 6-63 ............................................

Mauritius 6-65 .............................................

Mozambique 6-67 ..........................................

Namibia 6-69 ..............................................

Niger 6-71 ................................................

Nigeria 6-73 ..............................................

Republic of the Congo 6-77 ...................................

Rwanda 6-79 ..............................................

São Tomé and Principe 6-81 ..................................

Senegal 6-83 ..............................................

Seychelles 6-85 ............................................

Sierra Leone 6-87 ..........................................
xix

TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued

Page

Chapter 6. Country profiles–Continued

Profiles of 48 sub-Saharan African countries—Continued

Somalia 6-89 ..............................................

South Africa 6-91 ...........................................

Sudan 6-95 ...............................................

Swaziland 6-97 ............................................

Tanzania 6-99 .............................................

Togo 6-101 .................................................

Uganda 6-103 ..............................................

Zambia 6-105 ..............................................

Zimbabwe 6-107 ............................................

Primary nongovernment sources for country profiles 6-109 ............

Appendices

A. Request letters from the U.S. Trade Representative A-1 ...............

B. Trade data B-1 ..............................................

Figures

ES-1. SSA sector profiles summary data, 2003 vi .......................

1. Map of sub-Saharan Africa xxx ..................................

1-1. U.S. trade with sub-Saharan Africa, 1999-2003 1-2 ..................

1-2. U.S. nonenergy-related trade with sub-Saharan Africa,

1999-2003 1-4 .............................................

1-3. U.S. exports to sub-Saharan Africa by trading partners,

by shares, 2003 1-4 .........................................

1-4. U.S. exports to sub-Saharan Africa by commodity sectors,

by shares, 2003 1-6 .........................................

1-5. U.S. exports to sub-Saharan Africa: Annual growth rate, by

commodity sectors, 2002-03 1-6 ...............................

1-6. U.S. imports from sub-Saharan Africa by trading partners,

by shares, 2003 1-10 .........................................

1-7. U.S. imports from sub-Saharan Africa by commodity sectors,

by shares, 2003 1-10 .........................................

1-8. U.S. imports from sub-Saharan Africa: Annual growth rate,

by commodity, 2002-03 1-14 ..................................

1-9. U.S. cross-border trade in services with Africa: Exports, imports,

and trade balance, 1999-2002 1-15 .............................

4-1. U.S. trade capacity-building initiatives, by funding categories and

subcategories, FY 2003 4-20 ...................................

6-1. Gross national income per capita, 2002 6-4 .......................
xx

TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued

Page

Boxes

1-1. Services trade in sub-Saharan Africa, selected investments 1-17 .........

4-1. USAID and trade capacity-building initiatives 4-29 ...................

Tables

1-1. Sub-Saharan Africa: U.S. exports of domestic merchandise, imports for

consumption, and merchandise trade balance, by major commodity

sectors, 1999-2003 1-7 .....................................

1-2. Sub-Saharan Africa: U.S. exports by major commodity items,

1999-2003 1-8 ............................................

1-3. Sub-Saharan Africa: U.S. imports by major commodity items,

1999-2003 1-12 ............................................

1-4. Total Africa and South Africa: U.S. cross-border services exports,

1997 and 2002 1-15 ........................................

1-5. Total Africa and South Africa: U.S. cross-border services imports,

1997 and 2002 1-19 ........................................

1-6. Global investment flows to sub-Saharan Africa and developing

countries, 1999-2003 1-21 ....................................

1-7. U.S. direct investment abroad: Capital flows, 1999-2003 1-22 ..........

1-8. U.S. direct investment position on a historical cost basis,

1999-2003 1-22 ............................................

1-9. Bilateral investment treaties with sub-Saharan Africa, by selected

investment partner country, 2004 1-25 ..........................

2-1. Sub-Saharan African countries designated as beneficiary countries of

AGOA as of December 31, 2003 2-2 ..........................

2-2. U.S. imports under AGOA, by sources, 2002, 2003, Jan.-June 2003,

and Jan.-June 2004 2-5 .....................................

2-3. Major U.S. imports under AGOA, by major commodity sectors, 2002,

2003, Jan.-June 2003, and Jan.-June 2004 2-7 ..................

2-4. Leading U.S. imports under AGOA, by HTS descriptions, 2002, 2003,

Jan.-June 2003, and Jan.-June 2004 2-9 ........................

2-5. Selected examples of recent AGOA-related investment and events,

2003 to mid-2004 2-12 ......................................

4-1. Summary of general developments in multilateral and U.S. bilateral

assistance for sub-Saharan Africa, 2003 4-2 ....................

4-2. World Bank/IDA: Eligible borrowers in sub-Saharan Africa (37) 4-3 ....

4-3. World Bank (IDA and IBRD) lending commitments in sub-Saharan Africa,

by theme and sector, average FY 1998-99 and FY 2000-03 4-5 ......
xxi

TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued

Page

Tables–Continued

4-4. World Bank projects approved in sub-Saharan Africa, FY 2003 4-6 ....

4-5. Sub-Saharan African MIGA members and countries in the process

of fulfilling membership requirements, 2003 4-9 ..................

4-6. MIGA guarantees issued in sub-Saharan Africa, FY 2003 4-10 .........

4-7. Total ADF and AfDB projects and programs approved during 2003,

by country 4-13 ............................................

4-8. U.S. support for building trade capacity, by geographic region,

FY 1999-FY 2003 4-18 .......................................

4-9. Trade capacity-building initiatives, leading sub-Saharan African

country recipients, FY 1999-FY 2003 4-19 ........................

4-10. Examples of trade capacity-building initiatives in sub-Saharan Africa,

FY 2003 4-21 ..............................................

4-11. Sub-Saharan Africa: Export-Import Bank exposure, authorizations,

and availability for further support as of December 14, 2003 4-32 ....

4-12. U.S. Trade and Development Agency funds obligated for program

activities in Africa, FY 2003 4-33 ...............................

4-13. Sub-Saharan Africa: Selected OPIC investment projects, 2003 4-35 ......

4-14. USAID funds allocated for sub-Saharan Africa, by major

project categories, FY 2003 4-37 ...............................

6-1. Aggregate governance index, selected sub-Saharan African countries,

1996 and 2002 6-3 ........................................

6-2. Tariffs in sub-Saharan African countries, various years 6-6 ...........

B-1. U.S. exports, imports, and trade balance, with sub-Saharan Africa,

by trading partners, 1999-2003 B-3 ...........................

B-2. U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity

sectors, 1999-2003 B-7 .....................................

Angola B-7 ...............................................

Benin B-8 ................................................

Botswana B-9 .............................................

Burkina Faso B-10 ..........................................

Burundi B-11 ..............................................

Cameroon B-12 ............................................

Cape Verde B-13 ...........................................

Central African Republic B-14 .................................

Chad B-15 ..............................................

Comoros B-16 .............................................

Côte d’Ivoire B-17 ..........................................
xxii

TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued

Page

Tables–Continued

Democratic Republic of the Congo B-18 ..........................

Djibouti B-19 ..............................................

Equatorial Guinea B-20 ......................................

Eritrea B-21 ...............................................

Ethiopia B-22 ..............................................

Gabon B-23 ...............................................

The Gambia B-24 ...........................................

Ghana B-25 ...............................................

Guinea B-26 ...............................................

Guinea-Bissau B-27 .........................................

Kenya B-28 ................................................

Lesotho B-29 ...............................................

Liberia B-30 ...............................................

Madagascar B-31 ..........................................

Malawi B-32 ...............................................

Mali B-33 .................................................

Mauritania B-34 ............................................

Mauritius B-35 .............................................

Mozambique B-36 ..........................................

Namibia B-37 ..............................................

Niger B-38 ................................................

Nigeria B-39 ..............................................

Republic of the Congo B-40 ...................................

Rwanda B-41 ..............................................

São Tomé and Principe B-42 ..................................

Senegal B-43 ..............................................

Seychelles B-44 ............................................

Sierra Leone B-45 ..........................................

Somalia B-46 ..............................................

South Africa B-47 ...........................................

Sudan B-48 ...............................................

Swaziland B-49 ............................................

Tanzania B-50 .............................................

Togo B-51 .................................................
xxiii

TABLE OF CONTENTS—Continued

Page

Tables–Continued

Uganda B-52 ..............................................

Zambia B-53 ..............................................

Zimbabwe B-54 ............................................

B-3. Leading changes in sectoral trade, by sectors, 1999 and 2003 B-55 .....

Angola B-55 ...............................................

Côte d’Ivoire B-56 ..........................................

Equatorial Guinea B-57 ......................................

Gabon B-58 ...............................................

Ghana B-59 ...............................................

Kenya B-60 ................................................

Mauritius B-61 .............................................

Nigeria B-62 ..............................................

Republic of the Congo B-63 ...................................

South Africa B-64 ...........................................

B-4. U.S. imports under AGOA and GSP, 2002, 2003, Jan.-June 2003,

and Jan.-June 2004 B-65 .....................................

xxv

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms

ADB Asian Development Bank

ADF African Development Fund

AfDB African Development Bank

AGOA African Growth and Opportunity Act

ATIA African Trade Insurance Agency

ATRIP African Trade and Investment Policy Program

AU African Union

BEA Bureau of Economic Analysis (U.S. Department of Commerce)

BIT Bilateral investment treaty

CACEU Central African Customs and Economic Union

CEMAC Communauté Economique et Monétaire de l’Afrique Centrale

CFA Communauté Financière Africaine

CMA Common Monetary Area

COMESA Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa

DROC Democratic Republic of the Congo

EAC East African Community

ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States

EU European Union

Ex-Im Bank Export-Import Bank of the United States

FDI Foreign direct investment

FTA Free trade agreement or free trade area

GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade

GDP Gross domestic product

GSM Global system for mobile communications

GSP U.S. Generalized System of Preferences

HIPC Heavily Indebted Poor Countries

HTS Harmonized Tariff Schedule

IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development

IDA International Development Association

IFC International Finance Corporation

IGAD Intergovernmental Authority on Development

IMF International Monetary Fund

IOC Indian Ocean Commission

JSE Johannesburg Stock Exchange

LDBC Least developed beneficiary country

MOU Memorandum of Understanding

MIGA Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency

NEPAD New Partnership for African Development

NGO Nongovernmental organization

NTF Nigerian Trust Fund

OAU Organization of African Unity

OPIC Overseas Private Investment Corporation
xxvi

List of Abbreviations and Acronyms-Cont.

PRGF Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility

PRSC Poverty Reduction Support Credit

PRSP Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper

ROC Republic of the Congo

SACU Southern African Customs Union

SADC Southern African Development Community

SDR Special Drawing Rights

SSA Sub-Saharan Africa

TDA U.S. Trade and Development Agency

TRIPS Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual

Property Rights

UDEAC L’Union Douanière Et Economique

UEMOA Union Economique Et Monétaire Ouest Africaine

UN United Nations

UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development

UNDP United Nations Development Programme

UNECA United Nations Economic Commission for Africa

UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization

URA Uruguay Round Agreements

USAID U.S. Agency for International Development

USDA U.S. Department of Agriculture

USDOC U.S. Department of Commerce

USITC U.S. International Trade Commission

USTR United States Trade Representative

WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization

WTO World Trade Organization
xxvii

INTRODUCTION

Purpose and Organization of the Report

This is the fifth report in a 5-year series documenting U.S.-sub-Saharan Africa (SSA)

trade and investment flows.1 In a letter dated April 12, 2000,2 the United States Trade

Representative (USTR) asked the United States International Trade Commission

(Commission or USITC) to submit, annually for 5 years, a report that provides:

S an analysis of U.S.-SSA merchandise trade and services trade flows;

S country-by-country profiles of the economies of each SSA country, including

information on major trading partners, and a summary of the trade and

investment climates in each;

S a summary of U.S. foreign and total direct investment and portfolio investment

in SSA;

S information on SSA privatization efforts;

S updates on progress in regional integration in SSA, including statistics on U.S.

trade with the major regional groupings; and

S a summary of multilateral and U.S. bilateral assistance to SSA countries.

In a supplementary letter dated July 10, 2002,3USTR asked the Commission to provide

the following additional information:

S the value of U.S. imports from SSA under the African Growth and

Opportunity Act (AGOA), including the Generalized System of Preferences

(GSP) provisions, by beneficiary country and major product categories;

S information on investment developments related to AGOA;

S a description and analysis of major SSA export sectors;

1 In a letter dated June 5, 1996, the USTR asked the Commission to submit, annually for 5 years, the

specified report. A first series of reports resulted from section 134 of the Uruguay Round Agreements Act

(URAA), which directed the President to develop a comprehensive trade and development policy for the

countries of Africa, and to report to the Congress annually for 5 years on the steps taken to carry out that

mandate. The Statement of Administrative Action approved by the Congress in the URAA broadly

outlined the Administration’s plans for this work, and the assistance needed from the Commission for the

President to fulfill this assignment. The series consisted of five reports, produced over the period

1995–1999. See USITC, U.S.–Africa Trade Flows and Effects of the Uruguay Round Agreements and U.S.

Trade and Development Policy, Fifth Annual Report, USITC pub. 3250, Oct. 1999.

2 Copy of the request letter is in app. A

3 Copy of the supplemental letter is in app. A.
xxviii

S expanded information on regional integration in SSA, including information

on the Communauté Economique et Monétaire de l’Afrique Centrale

(CEMAC);

S a description of major U.S. trade capacity-building initiatives related to SSA;

and

S a description of major non-U.S. trade preference programs for SSA

countries.

The request letter acknowledged that the information included in the USITC reports

would be useful in USTR’s work and in meeting additional reporting requirements

stemming from AGOA.

This report contains six chapters and two appendices. Chapter 1 presents information

on U.S. merchandise and services trade with SSA. The services trade analysis includes

information on cross-border and affiliate transactions. Chapter 1 also addresses

foreign investment (direct and portfolio investment) in the SSA region. Chapter 2

presents information on AGOA-related imports and investment. Chapter 3 updates

the coverage of integration initiatives in the SSA region provided in the previous series

of USITC reports.4Chapter 4 is a compilation of information on multilateral assistance,

U.S. bilateral assistance, and other trade-related initiatives related to the SSA region

in 2003. Chapter 5 contains a description and analysis of major SSA export sectors:

agriculture, fisheries, and forest products; chemicals; petroleum and energy-related

products; minerals and metals; textiles and apparel; and certain transportation

equipment. These profiles present information on production, trade, and investment.

Chapter 6 contains country profiles for each of the 48 countries of SSA including basic

economic data as well as an update of economic, trade, and investment and

privatization events for each country. The formal request letter and supplemental letter

from the USTR to the Commission for this study are included in appendix A. Relevant

statistics on U.S.-SSA trade are in appendix B.

Approach

The data included in this report generally cover either calendar or fiscal year (FY)

2003, depending on data availability. In cases where it is useful to show a trend, data

for 1999 through 2003 are provided. Developments in economic, trade, and

commercial policies cover the period from January 2003 through mid-2004, where

possible.

4 In addition, the previous series of five reports included information on progress on regional

integration in SSA. See, for example, USITC, U.S.–Africa Trade Flows and Effects of the Uruguay Round

Agreements and U.S. Trade and Development Policy, Fifth Annual Report, USITC pub. 3250, Oct. 1999,

pp. 2–22 through 2–34.
xxix

Online webpages dedicated to U.S.-SSA trade data are available at the USITC

websitehttp://reportweb.usitc.gov/africa. These tables provide year-to-date statistics

that update the information contained in certain tables of this report. The website is

automatically updated with quarterly data as they become available from the U.S.

Department of Commerce (USDOC).

Various sources were used to compile the data in this report. Annual data on the value

of U.S. exports to and imports from SSA were obtained from the USDOC. Unless

otherwise indicated, “AGOA” trade data reported in this publication includes trade

under AGOA’s GSP provisions. Data on U.S. investment flows to SSA were obtained

from USDOC and the U.S. Department of the Treasury. Information on major

developments in the WTO likely affecting U.S.-SSA trade flows was collected from the

WTO and other public data sources. Information on U.S. trade and economic activities

potentially affecting U.S.-SSA trade and investment flows was collected from USDOC;

the U.S. Departments of State, Treasury, and Agriculture; the U.S. Agency for

International Development; the Export-Import Bank of the United States; the Overseas

Private Insurance Corporation; the U.S. Trade and Development Agency; and other

relevant U.S. agencies.

Data on trade and economic policy changes in countries in SSA, as well as information

on multilateral project lending, were obtained from USDOC, the U.S. Department of

State, the World Bank, the African Development Bank, the International Monetary

Fund, and the Economist Intelligence Unit. In addition, U.S. embassies in the SSA

region provided important trade and investment information.

Scope of the Report

As requested by USTR, the 48 countries that form the SSA region are covered by this

report. Figure 1 shows the 48 countries in SSA covered in this investigation. The

countries are:

Angola Madagascar

Benin Malawi

Botswana Mali

Burkina Faso Mauritania

Burundi Mauritius

Cameroon Mozambique

Cape Verde Namibia

Central African Republic Niger

Chad Nigeria

Comoros Republic of the Congo

Côte d’Ivoire Rwanda

Democratic Republic of the Congo São Tomé and Principe

Djibouti Senegal
Figure 1

Map of sub-Saharan Africa

Angola

Zambia

Eritrea

Ethiopia

Kenya

Tanzania

Democratic Republic

of the Congo

Somalia

Sudan

Niger

Chad

Mali

Mauritania

The Gambia

GuineaBissauGuinea

Liberia

Côte

d’Ivoire

Cape Verde

Ghana

Benin

Togo

Sierra Leone

Nigeria

Burkina Faso Cameroon

Central

African Republic

Rwanda

Burundi

Uganda

Gabon

Madagascar

Namibia Botswana

South Africa

Zimbabwe

Mozambique

Malawi

Swaziland

Lesotho

Djibouti

Mauritius

Comoros

Senegal

São Tomé &

Principe

Equatorial

Guinea

Republic of the Congo Seychelles

The illustration of the map in this figure is an artistic

representation of the countries of sub-Saharan Africa. It is

not drawn to scale, nor is it intended to depict political or

geographical boundaries.

xxx
xxxi

Equatorial Guinea Seychelles

Eritrea Sierra Leone

Ethiopia Somalia

Gabon South Africa

The Gambia Sudan

Ghana Swaziland

Guinea Tanzania

Guinea-Bissau Togo

Kenya Uganda

Lesotho Zambia

Liberia Zimbabwe

All 48 SSA countries are classified by the World Bank as developing countries.

However, although the countries of SSA share many common characteristics, they

vary widely in terms of population, size, geography, natural resources, stage of

development, and political stability.

At the request of the USTR, this report also covers U.S. trade flows with the following

SSA regional and subregional organizations: the Economic Community of West

African States (ECOWAS), the Union Economique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine

(UEMOA), the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA), the

Southern African Development Community (SADC), the Southern African Customs

Union (SACU), the East African Community (EAC), the Intergovernmental Authority on

Development (IGAD), the Indian Ocean Commission (IOC), and the Communauté

Economique et Monétaire de l’Afrique Centrale (CEMAC).

1-1

CHAPTER 1

U.S. Trade and Investment With Sub-Saharan

Africa

This chapter discusses the pattern of U.S.-SSA merchandise trade from 1999-2003,1

and services trade from 1999-2002 (the most recent years for which services trade

data are available). The pattern of merchandise trade is presented for the SSA region

as a whole, by major trading partners, and by commodity sectors. This chapter also

discusses the pattern of foreign investment flows to sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) from

1999-2003 (or most recent data available). Foreign investment flows are presented

for the SSA region, by source, country, and sector, where available. An overview of

bilateral investment agreements and international investment initiatives is also

provided. Trade statistics beginning with 1990 are available in prior Commission

reports.2 For additional information regarding specific sectors or countries, see sector

or country profiles in chapter 5 or 6, respectively.

U.S. Merchandise Trade3

Figure 1-1 shows the trend in U.S.-SSA merchandise trade from 1999-2003. Total

merchandise trade between the United States and SSA increased by 33.3 percent in

2003 to $32.1 billion, from $24.1 billion in 2002.4 This increase was the result of a

39.9-percent increase in imports, from $18.2 billion in 2002 to $25.5 billion in 2003;

and a 13.1-percent increase in exports, from $5.9 billion in 2002 to $6.7 billion in

2003. The increase in U.S. imports from SSA was primarily the result of a $5.9-billion,

or 50.9-percent, increase in the energy-related products sector. Nigeria accounted

for most of the increase in U.S. imports from the region. U.S. imports from Nigeria

increased by $4.3 billion, or 73.8 percent, with most of the increase concentrated in

the energy sector (up by $4.3 billion or by 73.7 percent).

1 Merchandise trade data were compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of

Commerce.

2 For data series beginning in 1990, see USITC, U.S.-Africa Trade Flows and Effects, First Report,

USITC pub. 2938, Jan. 1996, table 2-1, p. 2-2.

3 See app. B, table B-2 for complete data listing by country and sector.

4 This report analyzes changes in U.S. merchandise trade on a value basis because aggregate trade

data by quantity are generally not available or meaningful. Consequently, it is possible (if prices change

significantly) for the value of trade to change considerably, but the quantity of trade to remain the same.
1-2

-20

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Billion dollars

U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

Figure 1-1

U.S. trade with sub-Saharan Africa, 1999-2003

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

The overall increase in U.S. imports from SSA was partly offset by decreased imports

from Ghana and Zimbabwe. U.S. imports from Ghana decreased by $32.0 million, or

by 27.7 percent, mostly in agricultural products (down by $17.0 million or 58.5

percent) and minerals and metals (down by $17.3 million or 86.1 percent) sectors; lack

of infrastructure (such as cold-storage facilities) and regional instability have

contributed to the decline. U.S. imports from Zimbabwe decreased by $32.5 million, or

by 32.7 percent, primarily in the miscellaneous manufactures (down by $15.0 million

or 53.1 percent) and agricultural products (down by $11.2 million or 33.3 percent)

sectors; this decline was primarily because of continued social and political instability,

which has resulted in the expropriation of numerous firms and closure of many

factories.

U.S. exports increased primarily because of increases in transportation equipment (up

by $407.9 million or by 21.7 percent), agricultural products (up by $166.6 million or

by 17.9 percent), and electronic products (up by $140.8 million or by 22.1 percent).

Ethiopia, South Africa, and Equatorial Guinea accounted for most of the increase in

U.S. exports to SSA. The increase in U.S. exports to Ethiopia (up by $347.2 million or

by 577.5 percent) was primarily because of an increase in the transportation

equipment sector (up by $196.6 million or by more than 3,000 percent). U.S. exports to

South Africa increased by $252.0 million, or by 10.3 percent, also largely because of

increased exports of transportation equipment (up by $106.6 million or by 14.3

percent). U.S. exports to Equatorial Guinea increased by $228.3 million, or by 212.1

percent, also primarily because of increased exports of transportation equipment (up

by $115.3 million or by 158.8 percent).
1-3

The increase in total U.S. exports to the region was partly offset by decreased exports

to Kenya, Cameroon, and Chad. U.S. exports to Kenya decreased by $75.0 million, or

by 28.0 percent, primarily because of decreased exports of transportation equipment

(down by $59.6 million or by 48.1 percent). U.S. exports to Cameroon decreased by

$65.9 million, or by 42.5 percent, also primarily because of a decrease in

transportation equipment (down by $67.1 million or by 70.7 percent). U.S. exports to

Chad decreased by $63.4 million, or by 50.0 percent, primarily because of decreased

exports of machinery (down by $33.2 million or by 78.4 percent) and minerals and

metals (down by $22.4 million or by 77.6 percent).

In 2003, the U.S. trade deficit with SSA reached $18.8 billion, 19.8-percent larger than

in 2002. Following a decline of 4.3 percent to $6.5 billion in 2002, U.S. nonpetroleum

imports increased by 20.0 percent to $7.8 billion in 2003. U.S. nonenergy-related

trade with SSA is presented in figure 1-2.

U.S. Merchandise Exports5

Figure 1-3 presents U.S. exports to SSA by major trading partners. In 2003, South

Africa remained the largest SSA market for U.S. products, accounting for 40.5

percent of U.S. merchandise exports to the region, down slightly from 41.5 percent in

2002. Other leading SSA markets were Nigeria (15.0 percent), Angola (7.2 percent),

Ethiopia (6.1 percent), Equatorial Guinea (5.0 percent), Ghana (3.1 percent), and

Kenya (2.9 percent).

In 2003, 26 countries in the region increased purchases of U.S. merchandise exports,

whereas the other 22 recorded a decrease. The largest increases in 2003 were

recorded by Ethiopia (up by $347.2 million or by 577.5 percent), South Africa (up by

$252.0 million or by 10.3 percent), and Equatorial Guinea (up by $228.3 million or by

212.1 percent). The largest decreases in U.S. exports to the region in 2003 were

recorded by Kenya (down by $75.0 million or by 28.0 percent), Cameroon (down by

$65.9 million or by 42.5 percent), and Chad (down by $63.4 million or by 50.0

percent).

Transportation equipment accounted for the largest share of U.S. merchandise

exports to SSA, accounting for 34.3 percent of the total in 2003, compared with 31.9

percent of the total in 2002 (figure 1-4). U.S. exports of agricultural products

accounted for 16.5 percent of the total in 2003, up from 15.8 percent in 2002;

electronic products accounted for 11.7 percent of the total in 2003, compared to 10.8

percent in 2002; chemicals and related products accounted for 10.8 percent in 2003,

down from 11.9 percent in 2002; and machinery products decreased to 10.7 percent

of the total in 2003, down from 11.4 percent in 2002.

5 See app. B, table B-2 for complete data listing by country and sector.
1-4

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Billion dollars

U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Figure 1-2

U.S. nonenergy-related1 trade with sub-Saharan Africa, 1999-2003

1 Nonenergy-related trade excludes trade classified under “Energy-related products” as defined

by the USITC Office of Industries.

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Figure 1-3

U.S. exports to sub-Saharan Africa trading partners, by shares, 2003

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Other 20.2%

Angola 7.2%

Ethiopia 6.1%

South Africa

40.5%

Nigeria 15.0%

Kenya 2.9%

Equatorial Guinea 5.0%

Ghana 3.1%
1-5

In absolute terms, U.S. merchandise sectors with large export increases to SSA in 2003

included transportation equipment (up by $407.9 million or by 21.7 percent),

agricultural products (up by $166.6 million or by 17.9 percent), and electronic

products (up by $140.8 million or by 22.1 percent). Only U.S. exports of

energy-related products (down by $27.0 million or by 14.0 percent) and special

provisions6 (down by $21.9 million or by 7.6 percent) decreased. Figure 1-5 presents

U.S. export growth rates by commodity sector for 2002-03; table 1-1 provides data on

U.S.-SSA exports, imports, and merchandise trade balance by major commodity

sectors for 1999-2003; and table 1-2 shows the major U.S. commodity exports to SSA

at the 6-digit level of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule (HTS) for the same period.

U.S. Merchandise Imports7

Figure 1-6 shows U.S. imports from SSA by major trading partner. In 2003, Nigeria

remained the largest supplier of U.S. imports from SSA, with $10.1 billion in sales

(primarily crude petroleum) to the United States, representing 39.7 percent of U.S.

imports from the region. South Africa ranked second, with $4.9 billion in sales and a

19.2-percent share. Third was Angola, with $4.2 billion in sales, representing a

16.4-percent share. U.S. imports from Gabon totaled $1.9 billion, and imports from

Equatorial Guinea were approximately $918.5 million. For additional data, see

appendix B, table B-3.

A total of 30 countries in SSA increased their sales to the United States in 2003,

whereas the other 18 decreased their sales. The largest increases in U.S. imports in

2003 were from Nigeria (up by $4.3 billion or by 73.8 percent), Angola (up by

$945.2 million or by 29.3 percent), and South Africa (up by $652.0 million or by 15.4

percent). The largest decreases in 2003 were from Ghana (down by $32.0 million or

by 27.7 percent), and Zimbabwe (down by $32.5 million or by 32.7 percent).

U.S. imports of SSA energy-related products totaled $17.7 billion in 2003, and

accounted for 69.4 percent of all U.S. imports from the region (figure 1-7), up from

$11.7 billion (64.3 percent) in 2002 primarily because of increased imports of crude

petroleum from Nigeria. The second-largest import commodity sector was minerals

and metals ($2.9 billion), which accounted for an 11.8-percent share in 2003,

compared with a 14.9-percent share in 2002. Textiles and apparel ($1.6 billion)

represented 6.1 percent of the total in 2003.

6 The “special provisions” sector represents a number of ad hoc categories of goods whose

treatment is set forth in HTS chapters 98 and 99. For SSA, the two largest categories are “U.S. goods

returned without having been advanced in value or improved in condition while abroad” (HTS

9801.00.10) and “estimated imports of low valued transactions” (HTS 9999.95.00).

7 See app. B, table B-2 for complete data listing by country and sector.
1-6

Figure 1-4

U.S. exports to sub-Saharan Africa by commodity sectors, by shares,

2003

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Other 16.1%

Machinery 10.7%

Electronic products 11.7%

Transportation

equipment

34.3%

Chemicals and related products 10.8%

Agriculture 16.5%

--20 --10 0 10 20 30

Percent

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S.Department of Commerce.

Miscellaneous manufactures

Transportation equipment

Footwear

Agricultural products

Forest produts

Machinery

Textiles and apparel

Chemicals and related products

Minerals and metals

Special provisions

Energy-related products

Total exports

Figure 1-5

U.S. exports to sub-Saharan Africa: Annual growth rate, by commodity

sectors, 2002-03
1-7

Table 1-1

Sub-Saharan Africa: U.S. exports of domestic merchandise, imports for consumption,

and merchandise trade balance, by major commodity sectors, 1999-20031

(Thousand dollars)

Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

U.S. exports of domestic merchandise:

Agricultural products . . 727,753 768,773 657,105 932,923 1,099,524

Forest products . . . . . . . 154,984 158,992 147,568 119,775 135,137

Chemicals and related

products . . . . . . . . . . 610,074 709,665 779,700 699,251 716,527

Energy-related

products . . . . . . . . . . 150,167 157,501 149,189 193,098 166,078

Textiles and apparel . . . 146,319 136,098 130,527 124,419 130,687

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . 16,736 14,183 10,114 12,630 15,167

Minerals and metals . . . 221,514 218,889 250,059 265,172 268,525

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . 527,463 560,731 669,414 671,827 714,357

Transportation

equipment . . . . . . . . 1,695,035 1,795,702 2,856,218 1,876,597 2,284,489

Electronic products . . . . 767,724 703,141 700,353 636,918 777,683

Miscellaneous

manufactures . . . . . . 69,141 73,292 99,214 69,486 88,762

Special provisions . . . . 244,786 266,317 300,703 289,663 267,777

Total . . . . . . . . . . . 5,331,697 5,563,285 6,750,164 5,891,760 6,664,711

U.S. imports for consumption:

Agricultural products . . 832,665 874,843 835,736 911,645 1,137,866

Forest products . . . . . . . 109,640 140,706 119,394 120,745 139,309

Chemicals and related

products . . . . . . . . . . 849,130 1,453,521 659,999 448,054 598,217

Energy-related

products . . . . . . . . . . 8,000,648 15,016,274 14,271,302 11,712,706 17,674,388

Textiles and apparel . . . 621,955 789,240 997,995 1,136,316 1,552,021

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . 3,423 686 1,497 1,378 1,476

Minerals and metals . . . 2,637,108 3,200,500 3,081,792 2,705,009 2,995,478

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . 127,736 178,434 263,718 231,298 182,289

Transportation

equipment . . . . . . . . 200,773 185,206 399,384 621,041 823,193

Electronic products . . . . 56,393 58,339 52,706 49,697 66,302

Miscellaneous

manufactures . . . . . . 99,488 97,422 108,558 117,551 123,429

Special provisions . . . . 210,755 217,477 268,417 152,605 176,374

Total . . . . . . . . . . . 13,749,714 22,212,649 21,060,499 18,208,044 25,470,342

U.S. merchandise trade balance:

Agricultural products . . (104,912) (106,070) (178,631) 21,278 (38,342)

Forest products . . . . . . . 45,344 18,286 28,174 (971) (4,172)

Chemicals and

related products . . . . (239,056) (743,856) 119,701 251,198 118,310

Energy-related

products . . . . . . . . . . (7,850,481) (14,858,773) (14,122,113) (11,519,608) (17,508,310)

Textiles and apparel . . . (475,636) (653,142) (867,468) (1,011,897) (1,421,334)

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . 13,314 13,497 8,617 11,252 13,690

Minerals and metals . . . (2,415,594) (2,981,612) (2,831,734) (2,439,837) (2,726,953)

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . 399,727 382,297 405,695 440,530 532,068

Transportation

equipment . . . . . . . . 1,494,262 1,610,496 2,456,834 1,255,556 1,461,295

Electronic products . . . . 711,331 644,802 647,646 587,221 711,381

Miscellaneous

manufactures . . . . . . (30,348) (24,129) (9,343) (48,065) (34,667)

Special provisions . . . . 34,031 48,840 32,285 137,058 91,403

Total . . . . . . . . . . . (8,418,018) (16,649,364) (14,310,335) (12,316,284) (18,805,632)

1 Import values based on customs value; export values based on f.a.s. value, U.S. port of export.

Note.-Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown.

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
1-8

Table 1-2Sub-Saharan Africa: U.S. exports by major commodity items, 1999-2003

(Dollars)

Schedule BNo. Description 1999 2000 2001 8431.43 Parts for boring or sinking machinery, nesoi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275,529,016 302,866,705 454,715,848 5871001.90 Wheat (other than durum wheat), and meslin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250,978,937 300,270,976 287,165,536 3608802.40 Airplanes and other aircraft nesoi, of an unladen weight

exceeding 15,000 kg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 422,581,019 539,629,241 1,147,073,529 360

9880.00 Estimate of non-Canadian low value export shipments;

compiled low value shipments to Canada; and shipments notidentified by kind to Canada ......................... 170,295,762 182,989,298 229,079,132 188

8703.23 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal

combustion reciprocating piston engine, cylinder capacityover 1,500 cc but not over 3,000 cc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,432,411 38,974,540 120,942,312 99

8802.30 Airplanes and other aircraft nesoi, of an unladen weight

exceeding 2,000 kg but not exceeding 15,000 kg . . . . . . . . . 126,941,978 79,701,250 72,176,955 96

8803.30 Parts of airplanes or helicopters, nesoi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133,636,982 127,299,144 94,188,886 948473.30 Parts and accessories for automatic data processing machines

and units thereof, magnetic or optical readers, transcribingmachines, etc., nesoi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83,915,736 70,864,522 61,677,829 60

8479.89 Machines and mechanical appliances having individual

functions, nesoi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,121,242 36,741,319 36,425,071 33

2713.12 Petroleum coke, calcined . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,529,148 58,276,265 65,273,651 80

1006.30 Rice, semi-milled or wholly milled, whether or not polished or

glazed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66,826,292 53,468,799 47,107,455 54

8525.20 Transmission apparatus incorporating reception apparatus for

radiotelephony, radiotelegraphy, radio broadcasting ortelevision . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,256,427 49,111,582 57,064,271 35

8704.10 Dumpers (dump trucks) designed for off-highway use . . . . . . . . 34,551,607 33,802,382 58,235,525 476309.00 Worn clothing and other worn textile articles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67,197,046 60,404,283 61,652,761 580207.14 Chicken cuts and edible offal (including livers) frozen . . . . . . . . 18,047,189 30,226,265 30,480,808 398431.49 Parts and attachments, nesoi, for derricks, cranes, selfpropelled bulldozers, graders etc. and other grading,

scraping, etc. machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,965,382 41,368,008 50,541,811 44
1-9

Table 1-2—ContinuedSub-Saharan Africa: U.S. exports by major commodity items, 1999-2003

(Dollars)

Schedule BNo. Description 1999 2000 2001 8701.20 Road tractors for semi-trailers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,563,549 30,751,285 30,591,017 148708.99 Parts and accessories for motor vehicles, nesoi . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,465,301 89,422,963 206,131,715 35

1901.90 Malt extract; food products of flour, meal, etc. with cocoa

(if any) under 40% and milk or cream products with cocoa(if any) under 50%, nesoi ............................ 10,510,181 21,151,923 17,078,629 13

8802.12 Helicopters of an unladen weight exceeding 2,000 kg . . . . . . . 4,180,000 0 11,863,690 8704.22 Motor vehicles for goods transport nesoi, with compressionignition internal combustion piston engine (diesel), gvw

over 5 but not over 20 metric tons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,898,625 18,383,732 17,532,064 18

8401.30 Fuel elements (cartridges), non-irradiated, for nuclear reactors,

and parts thereof . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,702 0 23,496,871 34

8701.90 Tractors, nesoi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,052,864 18,557,284 15,788,873 258703.33 Passenger motor vehicles with compression-ignition internal

combustion piston engine (diesel), cylinder capacity over2,500 cc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,221,793 362,738 9,654,378 23

3100.00 Fertilizers (exports only; includes crude fertilizers from other

areas) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,245,848 42,599,378 49,930,451 35

Subtotal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,021,953,037 2,227,223,882 3,255,869,068 2,442

All other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,309,743,670 3,336,060,651 3,494,295,167 3,449

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

5,331,696,707 5,563,284,533 6,750,164,235 5,891

Note.—Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbr Note. Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation “nesoi” stands for “not elsewhere specified or included.” eviation nesoi stands for not elsewhere specified or included.Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
1-10

Figure 1-6

U.S. imports from sub-Saharan Africa by trading partners, by shares,

2003

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Other 11.6%

Gabon 7.6%

Angola 16.4%

Nigeria 39.7%

South Africa 19.2%

Cote d’lvoire 1.9%

Equatorial Guinea 3.6%

Figure 1-7

U.S. imports from sub-Saharan Africa by commodity sectors, by shares,

2003

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

Other 2.7%

Agricultural products 4.5%

Textiles and apparel 6.1%

Energy-related products 69.4%

Minerals and metals 11.8%

Transportation equipment 3.2%

Chemicals and related products 2.3%
1-11

In absolute terms, significant increases in U.S. imports from the region were recorded

for energy-related products (up by $6.0 billion or by 50.9 percent), textiles and

apparel (up by $415.7 million or by 36.6 percent), agricultural products (up by

$226.2 million or by 24.8 percent), and transportation equipment (up by $202.2

million or by 32.6 percent). The only decrease in U.S. importsfrom SSA in 2003 was in

the machinery sector (down by $49.0 million or by 21.2 percent). Table 1-3 shows

major U.S. commodity imports from SSA at the HTS six-digit level for 1999-2003.

Growth rates by commodity sectors are shown in figure 1-8.

Merchandise Trade Balance8

In 2003, the U.S. merchandise trade deficit with SSA increased by $6.5 billion to $18.8

billion, compared with deficits of $12.3 billion in 2002 and $14.3 billion in 2001.

Excluding energy-related products, the U.S. trade deficit with the region increased by

$500.7 million, from $796.7 million in 2002 to $1.3 billion in 2003.

The SSA country with which the United States had the largest trade deficit in 2003

remained Nigeria, at $9.1 billion, up from $4.8 billion in 2002; followed by Angola

($3.7 billion, up from $2.9 billion in 2002); South Africa ($2.2 billion, up from $1.8

billion in 2002); and Gabon ($1.8 billion, up from $1.6 billion in 2002). The United

States had trade surpluses with many SSA countries, including Ethiopia ($376.9

million), Ghana ($120.8 million), Senegal ($94.6 million), and Mozambique ($53.6

million).

On a sectoral basis, the largest U.S. trade deficit with SSA occurred in energy-related

products, with a deficit of $17.5 billion, up from $11.5 billion in 2002. Second was

minerals and metals, with a deficit of $2.7 billion, compared to $2.4 billion in 2002.

The U.S. trade deficit in textiles and apparel increased to $1.4 billion in 2003, from

$1.0 billion in 2002. Several sectors exhibited a U.S. trade surplus with the region. The

U.S. surplus in transportation equipment was $1.5 billion, up from $1.3 billion in 2002.

Electronic products registered a $711.4-million surplus, up from $587.2 million in

2002. Other significant U.S. trade surpluses were in machinery products ($532.1

million) and chemicals and related products ($118.3 million).

8 See app. B, table B-2 for complete data listing by country and sector.
1-12

Table 1-3Sub-Saharan Africa: U.S. imports by major commodity items, 1999-2003

(Dollars)

HTS Description 1999 2000 2001 2709.00 Petroleum oils and oils from bituminous minerals, crude . . . . . . 5,001,603,197 8,723,257,287 11,763,116,582 10,770

7110.11 Platinum, unwrought or in powder form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 548,919,598 744,737,163 802,297,889 7162710.19 Petroleum oils & oils (not light) from bituminous minerals or

preps nesoi 70%+ by wt. from petroleum oils or bitum. ..... 28,862,683 83,101,215 79,507,811 589

7102.31 Diamonds, nonindustrial, unworked or simply sawn,

cleaved or bruted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 284,056,284 272,590,846 339,710,363 433

1801.00 Cocoa beans, whole or broken, raw or roasted . . . . . . . . . . . . 296,213,426 270,307,532 246,750,210 2656204.62 Women’s or girls’ trousers, bib and brace overalls,

breeches and shorts of cotton, not knitted or crocheted ..... 111,721,076 116,430,404 195,983,989 205

8703.23 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal

combustion reciprocating piston engine, cylinder capacityover 1,500 cc but not over 3,000 cc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,545 22,245,447 54,427 339

8703.24 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition internal

combustion reciprocating piston engine, cylinder capacityover 3,000 cc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82,066 1,022,134 255,636,991 13

6110.20 Sweaters, pullovers, sweatshirts, vests and similar articles

of cotton, knitted or crocheted ........................ 90,608,399 139,655,644 214,516,754 241

6203.42 Men’s or boys’ trousers, bib and brace overalls, breeches

and shorts of cotton, not knitted or crocheted ............. 153,515,459 192,883,121 202,121,753 209

2711.11 Natural gas, liquefied . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,809 41,071,084 176,129,032 21

0905.00 Vanilla beans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,950,548 32,746,566 90,245,008 1252710.11 Light oils and preparations from petroleum oils & oils from

bituminous min. or preps 70%+ by wt. from petro. oilsor bitum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,540,036 91,499,457 85,131,841 75

7110.21 Palladium, unwrought or in powder form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277,486,130 409,020,685 403,801,756 2617102.39 Diamonds, nonindustrial, worked, including polished or

drilled ........................................... 83,240,870 150,116,206 169,989,767 140

9801.00 Imports of articles exported and returned, not advanced in

value or condition; imports of animals exported andreturned within 8 months . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194,089,224 194,542,730 238,519,496 129

2620.99 Ash and residues (other than from the manufacture of iron

or steel), containing metals or their compounds, nesoi ...... 0 0 0 159

7110.31 Rhodium, unwrought or in powder form . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116,393,462 252,476,583 217,579,069 1252905.11 Methanol (methyl alcohol) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 25,255,933 5

7202.41 Ferrochromium, containing more than 4% (wt.) carbon . . . . . . . 104,030,754 121,185,776 57,821,989 45

7606.12 Aluminum alloy rectangular (including square) plates,

sheets and strip, over 0.2 mm thick .................... 9,997,112 44,760,229 56,293,882 70

2901.29 Acyclic hydrocarbons, unsaturated, nesoi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,106,809 75,367,179 77,156,835 556110.30 Sweaters, pullovers, sweatshirts, vests and similar articles

of manmade fibers, knitted or crocheted ................ 10,961,052 14,410,254 23,574,038 41

2401.20 Tobacco, partly or wholly stemmed/stripped 63,060,117 58,641,003 53,627,470 59
1-13

Table 1-3—ContinuedSub-Saharan Africa: U.S. imports by major commodity items, 1999-2003

(Dollars)

HTS Description 1999 2000 2001 2614.00 Titanium ores and concentrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51,959,802 58,468,622 61,110,160 57,4

Subtotal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,513,416,458 12,110,537,167 15,835,933,045 15,325,9

All other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,236,297,961 10,102,111,716 5,224,566,127 2,882,

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,749,714,419 22,212,648,883 21,060,499,172 18,208,0

Note.—Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation “nesoi” stands for “not elsewhere specified or included.”

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
1-14

--40 --20 0 20 40 60

Percent

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S.Department of Commerce.

Energy-related products

Textiles and apparel

Chemicals and related products

Electronic products

Transportation equipment

Agricultural products

Special provisions

Forest products

Minerals and metals

Footwear

Miscellaneous manufactures

Machinery

Total imports

Figure 1-8

U.S. imports from sub-Saharan Africa: Annual growth rate, by

commodity, 2002-03

U.S.-Africa Services Trade9

The United States recorded a cross-border services trade surplus with Africa of $2.2

billion in 2002 (figure 1-9),10 reflecting U.S. cross-border services exports of $4.8

billion, and cross-border imports of $2.5 billion. Following steady growth in

U.S.-Africa services trade during 1997-2001, U.S. services imports and exports to

Africa fell by 12.1 percent and 5.7 percent, respectively, in 2002. Declines largely

reflected sharply reduced tourism and passenger transport trade. Despite the decline

in tourism, the industry continued to account for the largest share of U.S. cross-border

service exports to Africa in 2002, followed by business services, education, andfreight

transport and port services (table 1-4).11 Tourism generated $1.1 billion in U.S. exports

in 2002, or 23.3 percent of all U.S. exports of services to Africa.

9 Services are provided to foreign consumers through cross-border trade and affiliate transactions.

Cross-border sales of services occur when a service, or the providers or purchasers of a service, cross

national borders. When a service provider establishes a commercial presence (an affiliate) in a foreign

market, sales are recorded as affiliate transactions.

10 Data regarding cross-border services trade with the African continent are available through

2002. There are no data specific to the SSA region, or to individual countries other than South Africa.

11 USDOC, BEA, Survey of Current Business, Oct. 2003, pp. 80-101, and Nov. 2001, pp. 66-77.
1-15

1

2

3

4

5

6

1999 2000 2001 2002

Billion dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

Figure 1-9

U.S. cross-border trade in services with Africa: Exports, imports, and

trade balance, 1999-2002

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Survey of

Current Business, Oct. 2003, pp. 80-81.

Table 1-4

Total Africa and South Africa: U.S. cross-border services exports, 1997 and 2002

Africa South Africa

Service 1997 2002

Average

annual

growth 1997 2002

Average

annual

growth

(Million dollars) (Percent) (Million dollars) (Percent)

Business1 ...................... 825 991 3.7 117 178 8.8

Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 826 15.6 36 55 8.8

Financial services ................ 128 143 2.2 27 58 16.5

Freight transport and port services . . 389 562 7.6 132 121 -1.7

Insurance2 ..................... 7 14 14.9 4 3 -5.6

Passenger transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 19 -21.8 0 9 (3)

Royalties and license fees . . . . . . . . . 232 305 5.6 160 196 4.1

Telecommunications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 143 158 2.0 60 57 -1.0

Tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,054 1,114 1.1 370 248 -7.7

Other4 ........................ 238 639 21.8 88 205 18.4

Total5 ....................... 3,481 4,771 6.5 994 1,130 2.4

1 Data also reflect professional and technical services.

2 Insurance exports are defined as the difference between premiums received from foreign policy-holders and

claims collected by foreign policy-holders.

3 Not a meaningful number.

4 Includes intracorporate transactions, i.e., U.S. parent firms’ receipts from foreign-based affiliates, and

U.S.-based affiliates’ receipts from foreign parent firms. Large shares of these receipts are in exchange for financial,

computer and information, and transportation services. Also includes expenditures of foreign governments and

international organizations in the United States, and expenditures of foreign residents employed temporarily in the

United States.

5 Due to rounding or suppression of individual company data, figures may not add to totals shown.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Survey of Current Business, Oct. 2003,

pp. 80-101, and Nov. 2001, pp. 66-77.
1-16

Tourism also figured prominently among imports, accounting for $1.0 billion or 41.2

percent of U.S. service imports from Africa (table 1-5). Passenger fares, business

services, and freight transport and port services accounted for significant shares of

U.S. imports from Africa as well, representing 17.9 percent, 14.5 percent, and 8.5

percent, respectively, of total services imports from Africa in 2002.

South Africa remained the largest U.S. services trading partner in Africa in 2002,

accounting for 23.7 percent of U.S. exports to and 30.7 percent of U.S. imports from

the continent. Tourism accounted for the largest share of U.S. cross-border exports to

South Africa (21.9 percent), followed by royalties and license fees (17.3 percent), and

business services (15.8 percent). Financial services registered the most rapid growth

rate of U.S. cross-border services exports to South Africa during 1997-2002,

increasing 16.5 percent on an average annual basis, compared to 2.4 percent for all

service exports. The largest component of U.S. cross-border service imports from

South Africa was tourism services (32.0 percent), followed by passenger transport

(29.0 percent). Business services registered the fastest growth, with average annual

growth of 39.4 percent during 1997-2002, compared to 1.5-percent average annual

growth for all services imports.12

In 2001, majority-owned affiliates of U.S. firms in Africa recorded sales of services

totaling $3.3 billion. In South Africa, such firms recorded sales of $1.1 billion, or 34.6

percent of total sales of services. Data on purchases from African-owned affiliates

operating in the United States, as well as South African-owned affiliates, are not

publicly available for 2001, the data having been suppressed or withheld to avoid

disclosure of individual company information.13

12 USDOC, BEA, Survey of Current Business, Oct. 2003, pp. 80-101, and Nov. 2001, pp. 66-77.

13 Ibid., p. 114.
1-17

Box 1-1

Services Trade in Sub-Saharan Africa, Selected

Investments

In 2002, trade in services accounted for more than 20 percent of total merchandise

and services trade with SSA. As a net exporter of energy, the petroleum sector remains

one of the largest in SSA, resulting in investment opportunities for foreign service

providers, particularly in the areas of construction services and pipeline transport

services. Firms may construct oil or natural gas pipelines, or facilities where gas is

treated and compressed for transport. In addition, they may manage the pipeline

transport of petroleum products. For example, an international consortium consisting

of ExxonMobil (U.S.), Petronas (Malaysia), and Chevron Texaco (U.S.) invested

approximately $3.5 billion in the Chad-Cameroon Development Project. In

cooperation with the Governments of Chad and Cameroon, and the World Bank, the

consortium developed oil fields in the Doba region of Chad, and constructed a pipeline

to the coast of Cameroon.14 The project came online in October 2003, and is expected

to produce approximately 1 billion barrels of oil during its 25-30 year expected life

span. ExxonMobil has the largest equity stake in the project with 40 percent, and

Petronas and Chevron Texaco have 35 percent and 25 percent, respectively.

ExxonMobil (EssoChad) is the operator.15 Since coming online, the project has

exported 50 million barrels of oil, resulting in royalties of $109 million for Chad.16

Similar investments include Sasol Limite Group’s (South Africa) $80-million investment

in Mozambique’s petroleum industry in 2003, which created two wholly South

African-owned firms: Sasol Petroleum Temane Limitada and Mozambique Pipeline

Investment Company Ltd. These firms will develop the Temane and Pande gas fields,

and build a treatment plant and pipeline to South Africa.17

Trade liberalization and privatization have also resulted in various investment

opportunities. Privatization of state-owned service providers, such as

telecommunications firms, utilities, and banks, has increased as countries are

becoming unable or unwilling to manage debt-riddenfirms in light of decliningforeign

aid and new economic policies.18 For example, in 2001, Tanzania sold Tanzania

14 The World Bank Group, “The Chad-Cameroon Petroleum Development and Pipeline Project:

Project Overview,” Apr. 10, 2003, found at Internet address

http://www.worldbank.org/afr/ccproj/project/pro_overview.htm/, retrieved July 20, 2004.

15 EssoChad, “ExxonMobile Announces Change of Consortium,” Apr. 3, 2000, found at Internet

address

http://www.essochad.com/Chad/Library/News./Chad_NW_030400.asp/, retrieved Aug. 9, 2004;

and EssoChad, “Chad/Cameroon Development Project - News Media Fact Sheet,” Oct. 2003, found at

Internet address http://www.essochad.com/, retrieved Aug. 9, 2004.

16 EssoChad, “Chad/Cameroon Development Project, Report No. 16, Third Quarter 2004,” found

at Internet address http://www.essochad.com/Chad/Files/Chad/16_allchapters.pdf/, retrieved

Nov. 21, 2004.

17 MIGA, 2003 Annual Report, “Guarantee Activities: Sub-Saharan Africa,” found at Internet

address http://www.miga.org/screens/pubs/annrep03/regions.htm#5/, retrieved July 20, 2004.
1-18

Box 1-1

Services Trade in Sub-Saharan Africa, Selected

Investments—Continued

Telecommunications Corporation Ltd. to Detecom (Germany) and MSI

(Netherlands).19 By 2000, Cameroon had privatized all of its banks and insurance

companies.20 In 2000, the International Finance Corporation, Enterprise Insurance

Company (Ghana), and African Life Assurance Company (South Africa) established a

joint venture creating Enterprise Life Assurance Company in Ghana.21 In addition,

Telenor Management Partners (Norway) contracted to manage Ghana Telecom in

2003,22 and the Uganda Communications Commission stated its intention to open the

country’s fixed line market duopoly to full competition by the end of 2005.23

18 The World Bank Group, “Privatization in Sub-Saharan Africa: Regional Fact Sheet,” found at

Internet address http://www.ipanet.net/documents/worldbank/databases/plink/factshe.../, retrieved

July 20, 2004.

19 Privatization Link, “Privatization in Tanzania, Country Fact Sheet,” found at Internet address

http://www.ipanet.net/documents/WorldBank/databases/plink/factsheets/tanzania.htm/, retrieved

Aug. 10, 2004.

20 Ibid.

21 Ghana Homepage, “Enterprise Insurance in Joint Venture,” Nov. 1, 2000, found at Internet

address http://www.ghanaweb.com/GhanaHomePage/economy/artikel.php?ID=11798/, retrieved

Aug. 10, 2004; and The World Bank Group, World Bank Brief, “Africa: A Regional Perspective,”

Apr. 2002, found at Internet address http://www.worldbank.org/afr/africabrief.pdf/, retrieved July

20, 2004.

22 “GT Announces Major Network Expansion to Compete on International Stage,”Communications

Update, June 25, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.primetrica.com, retrieved July 28, 2004.

23 “Wireline Duopoly to End Next Year,” Communications Update, July 20, 2004, found at Internet

address http://www.primetrica.com, retrieved July 20, 2004.
1-19

Table 1-5

Total Africa and South Africa: U.S. cross-border services imports, 1997 and 2002

Africa South Africa

Service 1997 2002

Average

annual

growth 1997 2002

Average

annual

growth

(Million dollars) (Percent) (Million dollars) (Percent)

Business1 ....................... 171 368 16.6 21 111 39.4

Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 62 13.4 4 15 30.3

Financial services ................. 37 29 -4.8 9 19 16.1

Freight transport and port services . . . 147 217 8.1 29 51 12.0

Insurance2 ...................... 50 (3) -1 0 (3)

Passenger transport . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435 455 0.9 239 227 -1.0

Royalties and license fees . . . . . . . . . . 18 9 -12.9 12 4 -19.7

Telecommunications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 161 -14.1 54 16 -21.6

Tourism . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,269 1,048 -3.8 272 250 -1.7

Other4 ......................... 90 197 17.0 87 89 0.5

Total5 ........................ 2,550 2,546 0.0 726 782 1.5

1 Data also reflect professional and technical services.

2 Insurance imports are defined as the difference between premiums paid to foreign insurers and claims received

by U.S. policy-holders. Imports are entered as credits on the balance of payments when claims received by U.S. policyholders exceed premiums paid to foreign insurers.

3 Not a meaningful number.

4 Includes intracorporate transactions, i.e., U.S. parent firms’ payments to foreign-based affiliates, and U.S.-based

affiliates’ payments to foreign parent firms. Also includes earnings of foreign residents who are employed temporarily

in the United States.

5 Due to rounding or suppression of individual company data, figures may not add to totals shown.

Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis, Survey of Current Business, Oct. 2003,

pp. 80-101, and Nov. 2001, pp. 66-77.
1-20

Foreign Investment in Sub-Saharan Africa

Global Investment in Sub-Saharan Africa

In 2003, SSA attracted an estimated $8.5 billion in newforeign direct investment (FDI)

from all sources, an increase of 9.0 percent over the previous year (table 1-6). FDI as a

percentage of GDP, however, declined slightly to 2.2 percent from 2.5 percent.

Angola, Nigeria, and Sudan together accounted for approximately one-half of all

inbound FDI to SSA, which was destined for new investment in the petroleum sector.24

Although the region attracted just 6.3 percent of total FDI to the world’s developing

countries in 2003, its share of FDI directed toward developing countries represents an

increase of 18.9 percent over the 2002 level.25 According to the World Bank, returns

from FDI in the SSA region were higher than anywhere else in the world in 2002, with

U.S. investors in the region reporting average annual investment returns of 25 percent,

compared with 12 percent worldwide.26

Foreign portfolio investment flows to SSA measured $500 million in 2003, reversing a

$400-million net outflow of portfolio investment flows in 2002,27 but fell well below

the 1999 and 2000 levels of $9.0 billion and $4.1 billion, respectively. South Africa is

the only SSA country among the top 20 recipients of portfolio equity flows worldwide,

and accounts for virtually all portfolio equity flows to the region.28 In 2003, the

privatization of Telecom SA Ltd. attracted $502 million in portfolio equity flows to

South Africa, and a stock offering by Steinhoff International Holdings Ltd., a retail and

consumer products firm, attracted $156 million.29

The low level of FDI in SSA, compared with FDI in other developing country regions,

reportedly reflects investor perceptions of the African investment climate, affected by

concerns regarding political crises and the HIV/AIDS pandemic.30 Investors have also

cited taxation, labor laws, and excessive regulation as factors that discourage

investment in the region.31 South Africa, Angola, and Tanzania were cited by investors

in one survey as the three most favorable destinations for FDI in SSA, with FDI

prospects for Africa expected to improve between 2004 and 2007.32

24 World Bank, Global Development Finance 2004, vol. 1, p. 81.

25 Ibid., pp. 184 and 198.

26 “Funding the Technology Dream,” African Investor Magazine, Mar.-May 2002, p. 54.

27 During 1999-2002, South Africa accounted for almost all portfolio equity inflows to SSA. It is

likely that this is also the case in 2003, but country-specific data for 2003 are not yet available. World

Bank, Global Development Finance 2004, vol. 2, p. 472.

28 World Bank, Global Development Finance 2004, vol. 1, pp. 91 and 184.

29 Ibid., p. 101.

30 “Funding the Technology Dream,” African Investor Magazine, Mar.-May 2002, p. 54.

31 World Bank, Global Development Finance 2004, vol. 1, p. 30.

32 UNCTAD, “New Take-Off Predicted for FDI,” press release, UNCTAD/PRESS/PR/2004/005,

Apr. 14, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.unctad.org/Templates/, retrieved July 2, 2004.
1-21

Table 1-6

Global investment flows to sub-Saharan Africa and developing countries, 1999-2003

Country/Region 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 (est.)

Value (Billion dollars)

SSA:

Net inward FDI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.3 5.8 14.3 7.8 8.5

Net inward portfolio equity flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.0 4.1 -1.0 -0.4 0.5

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.3 9.9 13.3 7.4 9.0

Developing countries:

Net inward FDI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181.7 162.2 175.0 147.1 135.2

Net inward portfolio equity flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.6 12.6 4.4 4.9 14.3

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194.3 174.8 179.4 152.0 149.5

Share of total (Percent)

Share of SSA:

Net inward FDI . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.1 3.6 8.2 5.3 6.3

Net inward portfolio equity flows . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71.4 32.5 -22.7 -8.2 3.5

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4 5.7 7.4 4.9 6.0

Source: The World Bank, Global Development Finance 2004, vol. 1: Analysis and Summary Tables, Washington, D.C.,

2004, pp. 184 and 198.

U.S. Investment in Sub-Saharan Africa

Net U.S. direct investment flows to SSA measured $1.4 billion in 2003, which was less

than 1 percent of total U.S. direct investment abroad (table 1-7). Equatorial Guinea,

Nigeria, and Gabon, all petroleum-exporting countries, together accounted for 94

percent of total U.S. direct investment flows into SSA. Investment flows into South Africa

totaled $89 million in 2003.33 The continuation of positive flows of U.S. direct

investment into SSA yielded an increase of 37.2 percent in the U.S. direct investment

position, which measured $11.4 billion in 2003 (table 1-8). South Africa accounted for

$3.9 billion, or 34.4 percent of the overall U.S. direct investment position in SSA. The

four largest petroleum-exporting countries, Angola, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and

Nigeria, together accounted for $6.2 billion, or 54.9 percent of the overall U.S. direct

investment position.34

Investment by Country and by Sector

According to one survey of existing investors in SSA, the largest number of investments

in the region originate with European parent companies, although new investment

from Europe has lagged behind new investment from African and Asian investors

33 USDOC, BEA, “U.S. Direct Investment Abroad: Country Detail for Selected Items,” found at

Internet address http://www.bea.gov, retrieved July 26, 2004.

34 USDOC, BEA, “U.S. Direct Investment Abroad: Country Detail for Selected Items.”
1-22

Table 1-7

U.S. direct investment abroad: Capital flows,1 1999-2003

(Million dollars)

Country/Region 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

All countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209,392 142,627 124,873 115,340 151,884

All SSA2 ..................... 1,766 249 37 788 1,379

Petroleum-exporting countries:

Equatorial Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . 261 -48 114 -462 823

Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . -524 137 -192 1,440 340

Gabon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 73 2 -42 139

Angola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 79 342 120 39

Nonpetroleum-exporting

countries:

South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,155 346 -86 103 89

Cameroon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 -68 -120 -6 73

Côte d’Ivoire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 -8 -64 40 34

Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 -19 (3) (3) 9

Mauritius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 -9 29 -121 -34

ROC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 -48 -8 5 -78

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 -186 22 -287 -55

1 Negative numbers indicate inflows of capital into the United States.

2 Includes data for Libya, which could not be removed due to suppression of data.

3 Suppressed to avoid disclosure of data for individual companies.

Source: USDOC, BEA, “U.S. Direct Investment Abroad: Country Detail for Selected Items,” found at Internet address

http://www.bea.gov, retrieved July 26, 2004.

Table 1-8

U.S. direct investment position on a historical cost basis, 1999-2003

(Million dollars)

Country/Region 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

All countries . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,215,960 1,316,247 1,460,352 1,601,414 1,788,911

All SSA1 ...................... 8,431 6,969 8,350 8,274 11,355

Petroleum-exporting countries:

Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 470 260 1,753 2,082

Equatorial Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . 1,249 1,144 2,316 1,127 1,949

Angola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,535 585 1,220 1,493 1,524

Gabon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 546 555 528 680

Nonpetroleum-exporting

countries:

South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,474 3,562 3,070 3,366 3,902

Côte d’Ivoire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 194 136 194 237

Cameroon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 313 257 148 135 217

Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 66 (2) 73 92

ROC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 222 133 126 152 74

Mauritius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119 97 124 (3) -28

Other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 522 -85 399 -544 626

1 Includes data for Libya, which could not be removed due to suppression of data.

2 Not available.

3 Less than $500,000 (+/-).

Source: USDOC, BEA, “U.S. Direct Investment Abroad: Country Detail for Selected Items,” found at Internet address

http://www.bea.gov, retrieved July 26, 2004.
1-23

since 2000.35 African companies, most notably South African, represent the

second-largest source of investment in SSA. According to one estimate, since sanctions

were lifted in 1994, South African firms have invested approximately $1 billion

annually, on average, in other African countries.36 In 2002, for example, South

African Airways paid $20 million for a 49-percent stake in Air Tanzania, and is

expected to invest an additional $410 million in the Tanzanian airline.37 Nigeria’s

state-owned oil company, NNPC, has also announced plans to invest in oil exploration

outside of the country, with Angola, Gabon, and Equatorial Guinea cited as likely

destinations.38

In 2002, the primary sector39 accounted for 53 percent of all African inbound foreign

direct investment stock,40 followed by services with 29 percent, and manufacturing

with 19 percent.41 Primary sector investment is concentrated in petroleum, followed by

agriculture. Service sector investment in SSA is wide ranging. In telecommunications,

for example, EconetWireless announced plans to invest approximately $100 million in

Kenya’s third mobile phone company.42 Nigerian government officials have

estimated that investment in the country’s telecommunications industry had reached $3

billion in December 2003.43 In the tourism industry, IFA Hotels & Resorts announced

plans in 2003 to build luxury hotel and beach resorts in South Africa and Zanzibar,

Tanzania.44 In the banking industry, Tanzania, Zambia, and Kenya all have plans to

privatize their national banks, which are expected to draw millions of dollars in

foreign investment. Standard Chartered and HSBC, two of the world’s largest private

commercial banks, have also recently opened new branches focused on commercial

lending in South Africa, with a view to funding new investment throughout the SSA

region.45

35 UNIDO, “Africa Foreign Investor Survey 2003,” p. 17, found at Internet address

http://www.unido.org, retrieved May 2004.

36 “Opportunities, Mostly Missed,” The Economist, Jan. 17, 2004, p. 11, found at Internet address

http://web5.epnet.com/, retrieved July 16, 2004.

37 Economist Intelligence Unite (EIU), “What’s New in Your Industry,” Business Africa, Oct. 16th-31st,

2002, p. 10.

38 “Nigerian Oil Giant Plans to Buy Oil Blocs,” Business Day (Johannesburg), found at Internet

address http://www.bday.co/za/bday/content/direct/1,3523,1657513-6078-0,00.html, retrieved

July 14, 2004.

39 Primary sector includes agriculture and extractive industries.

40 Separate data for SSA were not available.

41 World Bank, Global Development Finance 2004, vol. 1, p. 82.

42 “Econet Increases Stake in Kenya,” Emerging Markets Economy, Jan. 21, 2004, found at Internet

address http://web5.epnet.com/, retrieved July 16, 2004.

43 Cletus Akwaya, “$3BN Invested in Telecoms, Says Adebayo,” This Day (Lagos), May 18, 2004,

found at Internet address http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200405180230.html, retrieved

July 22, 2004.

44 “IFA Aims High with Major Growth Plan,” Hotels, June 2004, p. 18, found at Internet address

http://web5.epnet.com/, retrieved July 17, 2004.

45 Philip Moore, “Setting Standards for Africa,” Euromoney, May 2004, p. 140, found at Internet

address http://web5.epnet.com/, retrieved July 16, 2004.
1-24

Most manufacturing sector investment in SSA is aimed at production for the local

market, rather than for export. This situation is beginning to change, however, in large

part because of the U.S. AGOA legislation passed in 2000,46 which reduces barriers

to U.S. imports from a number of African countries.47 In the apparel sector, for

example, investors from Mauritius, Germany, and Pakistan have invested in textile

and footwear manufacturing for export from Mozambique.48 In the agro-processing

sector, export opportunities linked to foreign investment exist in seafood canning and

freezing. Several agricultural crops also present investment opportunities linked to

exports, including peanuts in Senegal, and cotton, citrus, and tea in Mozambique.49 In

Ghana, the government removed the state monopoly on cocoa production in 1999, a

main export industry, which has drawn investment from at least one Swiss company.50

Investment Agreements Between Sub-Saharan African

Countries and Foreign Investment Partners

Potential foreign investors cite trade agreements as an important consideration in their

choice of investment destination.51 A number of free trade agreements (FTAs), as well

as trade initiatives such as AGOA, have helped to create investment opportunities for

export-oriented industries.52 Consistent with the high level of European direct

investment in SSA, European countries have concluded the largest number of bilateral

investment treaties (BITs) with SSA countries (table 1-9). For instance, Germany,

Switzerland, and the Netherlands have concluded 33, 25, and 18 BITs, respectively,

with SSA countries. By contrast, the United States has concluded BITs with only 4 SSA

countries, and Japan has not concluded any such agreements. SSA countries have

concluded 34 BITs with other SSA countries.53 The lack of a BIT can act as a disincentive

to foreign investment, as these treaties provide a framework of investment regulations

and protections of investor rights. Establishment of a BIT is particularly important in

developing countries, where the legislative framework surrounding foreign investment

may not be highly developed, and the investment climate is perceived to be unstable.

The closer investment relationship between SSA and Europe likely reflects both the

historic political and trading relationships and the geographic proximity of the two

regions.

46 UNIDO, “Africa Foreign Investor Survey 2003,” p. xix.

47 Ibid., pp. 14-15.

48 MIGA, “Shedding New Light on Africa’s Investment Opportunities,” p. 14, found at Internet

address http://www.ipanet.net/, retrieved July 12, 2004.

49 Ibid., pp. 12-14.

50 Ibid., p. 11.

51 UNIDO, “Africa Foreign Investor Survey 2003,” p. xix.

52 MIGA, “Shedding New Light on Africa’s Investment Opportunities,” p. 6.

53 Compiled by the Commission based on data obtained from UNCTAD, found at Internet address

http://www.unctadxi.org/templates/DocSearch.aspx?id=779, retrieved Aug. 2, 2004.
1-25

Table 1-9

Bilateral investment treaties with sub-Saharan Africa, by selected investment partner

country, 2004

China France Germany Netherlands Switzerland

United

Kingdom

United

States

Angola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X

Benin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X X X X

Botswana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X X X

Burkina Faso . . . . . . . . . . . . X X X

Burundi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X X

Cameroon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X X X X X X

Cape Verde . . . . . . . . . . . . X X X

Central African Republic . . . X X

Chad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X X

Côte d’Ivoire . . . . . . . . . . . . X X X

Democratic Republic of the

Congo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

XX X X X

Djibouti ................ X X

Eritrea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X

Ethiopia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X X X

Equatorial Guinea . . . . . . . . X

Gabon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X

The Gambia . . . . . . . . . . . . X X

Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X X X X X

Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X X X

Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X X

Lesotho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X X

Liberia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X X X

Madagascar . . . . . . . . . . . . X X X

Mali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X X

Mauritania . . . . . . . . . . . . . X X

Mauritius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X X

Mozambique . . . . . . . . . . . . X X

Namibia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X X X X

Niger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X X

Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X X X X

Republic of the Congo . . . . . na na na na na X

Rwanda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X

Senegal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X X X X X

Sierra Leone . . . . . . . . . . . . X

Somalia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X

South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . X X X X X

Sudan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X X X X

Swaziland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X X X

Togo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X X

Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X X X X X

Zambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . X X X

Zimbabwe .............. X X X X

Note.—“na” = information not available in UNCTAD database.

Source: Compiled by the Commission using information obtained from the UNCTAD database on bilateral investment

treaties, found at Internet address http://www.unctadXi.org/templates/DocSearch.aspX?id=779, retrieved Aug. 2,

2004, and Export.gov, “Bilateral Investment Treaties,” found at Internet address http://www.tcc.mac.doc.gov, retrieved

Dec. 2004.
1-26

International Investment Initiatives Focused on

Sub-Saharan Africa

Several investment-related initiatives by multilateral organizations54 also act to

facilitate private sector investment. Under the New Partnership for African

Development (NEPAD), African leaders are endeavoring to improve civil and

corporate governance and to enhance regulatory transparency and political stability,

all important factors in attracting foreign investment and other types of assistance to

the region.55 A joint initiative between NEPAD and the International Chamber of

Commerce to promote private investment in SSA has resulted in Business for Africa, a

coalition of business organizations focused on boosting private sector investment in the

region. Business for Africa has launched a website (www.africaplc.com) that supplies

country information and promotes dialogue among private sector investors, and is

working with NEPAD to stimulate investment flows to the region.56

The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA), part of the World Bank

Group,57 provides investment guarantees and political risk insurance to facilitate

private sector investment in developing countries. Such investment guarantees can act

as essential catalysts to foreign investment, particularly in developing countries where

the risk of war or civil disturbance is an important deterrent. MIGA has made

concerted efforts to increase its operations in Africa. The African share of MIGA’s

trade portfolio of guarantees was 17 percent in 2002, with MIGA providing

guarantees for $793 million in African investments by the end of its 2002 fiscal year.

MIGA’s highest exposure levels in the region are in Tanzania, Mozambique, Kenya,

and Nigeria, which together account for 67 percent of its total African exposure.58

Political risk insurance is also available on the private insurance market, but often at

higher rates that may be prohibitive for smaller investors; therefore, MIGA’s

involvement fulfills a need that might otherwise not be met.

54 For further detail on the involvement of multilateral government organizations in Africa, see

chapter 4 of this report.

55 See OECD, “The First Advisory Board Meeting of the OECD-Africa Investment Initiative for

Growth and Development,” DAFFE/IME/RD(2003)19, Sept. 16, 2003; and NEPAD Annual Report 2002,

found at Internet address http://www.nepad.org/, retrieved July 16, 2004. For additional information

on NEPAD, see chapter 4 of this report.

56 Maria Livanos Cattaui, “Africa Aims to Blend into Global Economy,” Business Day (South Africa),

Feb. 5, 2003, found at Internet address http://www.uscib.org/index.asp?DocumentID=2482, retrieved

June 23, 2004; and International Chamber of Commerce, “Business Counterpart to Africa’s NEPAD

Development Initiative Launched,” Mar. 19, 2002.

57 See chapter 4 of this report for more information on the World Bank Group and MIGA.

58 Separate data for SSA are not available. MIGA, “Shedding New Light on Africa’s Investment

Opportunities,” p. 15.
1-27

Because the lack of available information on the investment environment in SSA

countries is likely a deterrent to foreign investment, the UNDP is working with SSA

countries and Standard & Poor’s (S&P) to help the countries secure long-term

sovereign ratings from the international ratings agency. As of June 2004, eight SSA

countries had been rated by S&P, with additional ratings expected soon.59 S&P

ratings are widely used by investors to assess risk levels and to price bonds and other

sovereignfinancial instruments. The existence of the ratings helps to integrate countries

into the international financial markets, even if they do not immediately use them to

issue bonds or other financial instruments.60

59 Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Ghana, Madagascar, and Mali have been rated as a result of

the joint UNDP/S&P initiative. Senegal and South Africa had previously received S&P ratings. Kenya is

among the countries expected to be rated in the near future. “Sub-Saharan: Ratings Mark Progress,”

Emerging Markets Monitor, June 7, 2004, p. 17, found at Internet address http://web5.epnet.com/,

retrieved July 16, 2004.

60 Philip Moore, “Setting Standards for Africa.”

2-1

CHAPTER 2

AGOA-Related Imports and Investment

This chapter provides information on U.S. trade with SSA beneficiaries of the African

Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), including its GSP provisions. U.S. trade under

AGOA is presented by major trading partner and commodity sector, as well as for the

SSA region as a whole. Trade data were compiled from official statistics of the U.S.

Department of Commerce. The chapter also discusses the AGOA legislation and

recent changes, as well as investment developments related to AGOA. Information on

AGOA-related investment was obtained primarily from various publications, such as

the EIU Viewswire, and article databases, such as All Africa.com. AGOA-related

investment examples represent reported information from the above-referenced

sources, and are not Commission statements, opinions, or assessments.

African Growth and Opportunity Act

The African Growth and Opportunity Act was enacted in May 2000.1 The Act

amended the GSP program and authorized the President to provide duty-free and

quota-free treatment for certain African products until September 30, 2008, if, after

receiving advice from the USITC, the President determines that such products are not

import sensitive. On August 2, 2002, President Bush signed the Trade Act of 2002,

modifying certain provisions of AGOA and expanding preferential access for imports

from SSA beneficiary countries.2 Table 2-1 lists the 37 SSA countries designated as

eligible for AGOA trade preferences on December 31, 2003.3

On July 13, 2004, President Bush signed the AGOA Acceleration Act of 2004 (AGOA

III) into law (Public Law 108-274).4 AGOA III extends the overall program from 2008

to 2015. A substantial focus of AGOA III relates to provisions regarding textile and

apparel imports. AGOA III extended the regional fabric provision for 7 more years,

1 Trade and Development Act of 2000, Pub. L. 106-200, Title I, May 18, 2000, 114 Stat. 252.

2 For additional information, see USITC, U.S. Trade and Investment With Sub-Saharan Africa, Third

Annual Report, USITC pub. 3552, chapter 2, pp. 19-21.

3 Unless otherwise indicated, AGOA trade data include the 38 countries designated as eligible for

trade benefits during 2003 under general note 16 to the HTS. In December 2003, Angola became eligible

for AGOA trade preferences, and Eritrea and the Central African Republic were removed from the

eligibility list. For detailed information on AGOA eligibility requirements, see Internet address

http://www.agoa.gov/eligibility/country_eligibility.html. 4 “Summary of AGOA III,” found at Internet address

http://www.agoa.gov/agoa_legislation/agoa_legislation3.html, retrieved Aug. 19, 2004.
2-2

through September 30, 2015, and the third-country fabric provision for least

developed beneficiary countries (LDBCs) for 3 more years, through September 30,

2007. The extension of the LDBC third-country fabric provision was “considered by

many to be the most important feature” of AGOA III.5 The cap on duty-free benefits for

LDBC apparel made with third-country fabrics will remain at 2.3571 percent of total

U.S. apparel imports in the 1-year period beginning October 1, 2003, rise to about 2.6

percent and 2.9 percent in the first two 1-year periods of the extension, and then

decline by almost one-half to 1.6 percent in the third and final 1-year period. AGOA III

reduced the cap on duty-free benefits for apparel of regional fabrics for the 1-year

period beginning on October 1, 2003, from 4.7931 percent to 4.747 percent of total

U.S. apparel imports; however, the cap will increase annually in equal increments to 7

percent for the 1-year period beginning on October 1, 2007, and remain at that level

for the duration of AGOA.

AGOA III amended the textile provisions of AGOA to grant duty-free benefits to

apparel made with certain nonoriginating, or third-country, components (namely,

collars, cuffs, drawstrings, waistbands, belts attached to garments, patches, straps

using elastic, and padding and shoulder pads). This provision is in addition to an

existing AGOA rule that permits the use of third-country findings and trimmings (e.g.,

zippers) if their value is not more than 25 percent of the cost of the components of the

article. AGOA III also amended the textile provisions of AGOA to increase the de

minimis level for nonoriginating, or third-country, fibers and yarns in apparel from the

Table 2-1

Sub-Saharan African countries designated as beneficiary countries of AGOA as of

December 31, 2003

Angola Guinea-Bissau São Tomé & Principe

Benin Kenya Senegal

Botswana Lesotho Seychelles

Cameroon Madagascar Sierra Leone

Cape Verde Malawi South Africa

Chad Mali Swaziland

Côte d’Ivoire Mauritania Tanzania

Djibouti Mauritius Uganda

DROC1 Mozambique Zambia

Ethiopia Namibia

Gabon Niger

The Gambia Nigeria

Ghana ROC

Guinea Rwanda

1 On Dec. 31, 2002, DROC was added to the eligibility list with delayed implementation of AGOA duty-free trade

benefits. On Oct. 31, 2003, DROC was granted AGOA trade preferences.

Note.—Angola became eligible for trade preferences in Dec. 2003, effective 2004. Eritrea and the Central African

Republic were designated as eligible for AGOA benefits during 2003, but removed from eligibility in 2004.

Source: USDOC, “AGOA Eligibility: Country Eligibility,” found at Internet address

http://www.agoa.gov/eligibility/country_eligibility.html, retrieved Mar. 31, 2004.

5U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Ways and Means,AGOA Acceleration Act of 2004:

Report to Accompany H.R. 4103, 108th Cong., 2nd sess., H. Rept. 108-501, p. 19.
2-3

original level of 7 percent to not more than 10 percent of the total weight of the article,

which would provide AGOA countries with additional sourcing flexibility.6 AGOA III

clarifies that AGOA duty-free benefits apply to apparel made in SSA from a

combination of U.S. and AGOA fabrics or components. It also clarifies that AGOA

benefits apply to African ethnic printed fabric, even if made by machine, provided

such fabric meets certain criteria. In addition, AGOA III extends duty-free benefits

retroactively to the date of enactment of AGOA on October 1, 2000, for apparel

knit-to-shape in AGOA-eligible countries (the Trade Act of 2002 extended duty-free

benefits to such apparel, but only on a prospective basis).

AGOA III also expressed the sense of Congress that the Executive Branch, including the

Bureau of Customs and Border Protection, the Committee for the Implementation of

Textile Agreements, and the U.S. Department of Commerce, should implement and

enforce the textile and apparel provisions of AGOA “broadly to expand trade by

maximizing opportunities for imports of such articles” from eligible SSA countries.

In addition to the textile and apparel-related provisions, AGOA III mandates a number

of additional, trade-facilitating provisions.7 The legislation encourages SSA countries

to support international trade liberalization efforts, particularly WTO negotiations,

and encourages the U.S. government and SSA countries to pursue U.S.-SSA bilateral

investment agreements. AGOA III also addresses the need for increased trade

capacity-building by encouraging the development of infrastructure projects that

support the ecotourism industry. Further, the legislation mandates the promotion of

infrastructure investment to improve and expand roads, railways, and ports. The

legislation also identifies the expansion of information and communications

technology infrastructure in SSA as an important objective. The U.S. government is

also mandated to encourage the expansion of the agriculture sector in SSA countries.

To reinforce the attainment of this goal, another legislation provision requires the U.S.

government to assign personnel to SSA to provide assistance in increasing agriculture

exports to the United States and to advise countries on meeting sanitary and

phytosanitary standards. Tofurther SSA countries’ access to the U.S. market, AGOA III

mandates increased coordination between U.S. and SSA customs services in order to

reduce transit time and to increase efficiency and safety procedures.

AGOA Forum

The African Growth and Opportunity Act also established an annual U.S.-Africa

Trade and Economic Cooperation Forum (AGOA Forum). The AGOA Forum provides

an opportunity for regular dialogue to strengthen the economic and political relations

between the United States and SSA. The inaugural meeting of the Forum was hosted by

6 U.S. House of Representatives, Committee on Ways and Means,AGOA Acceleration Act of 2004,

p. 20.

7 “Summary of AGOA III.”
2-4

the Secretaries of State, Treasury, and Commerce, and the USTR on October 29-30,

2001, in Washington, D.C. The second Forum was held from January 15-17, 2003, in

Mauritius. The USTR led the U.S. delegation of senior officials from the Departments of

Commerce, Treasury, Agriculture, and State. Trade, finance, and economic ministers

from the 38 AGOA-eligible countries also participated, along with representatives

from African regional organizations. The second AGOA Forum focused on trade,

investment, and socio-economic development issues, including measures that the

United States and SSA countries can jointly take to stimulate trade and investment

flows, to enhance democracy and good governance, and to combat HIV/AIDS.

AGOA mandates increased contact between senior-level officials of the United States

and SSA governments. Accordingly, the third annual AGOA Forum took place on

December 9, 2003. Ministers discussed how to strengthen AGOA, as well as market

access and regulatory issues. Forum workshops also addressed small- and

medium-enterprise financing in Africa, infrastructure development, initiatives to end

hunger, and transportation security. In his opening remarks, Secretary of State Colin

Powell indicated that President Bush had requested that the Congress extend AGOA

beyond 2008 to support long-term investments in SSA countries. Secretary Powell

estimated that, in the 3 years since AGOA was implemented, direct benefits included

the creation of 190,000 jobs and the attraction of $340 million in new investment to

SSA.8

U.S. Imports under AGOA

U.S. imports under AGOA (including its GSP provisions) totaled over $14.1 billion in

2003, an increase of 36.3 percent from almost $9.0 billion in 2002 (table 2-2). In

2003, Nigeria ($9.4 billion or 66.3 percent), South Africa ($1.7 billion or 11.8

percent), and Gabon ($1.2 billion or 8.3 percent) accounted for 86.4 percent of total

AGOA imports. Other major SSA AGOA suppliers included Lesotho ($372.7 million),

ROC ($340.8 million), Madagascar ($187.9 million), and Kenya ($184.4 million).

During the first half of 2004, combined imports from Nigeria, Angola, Gabon, and

South Africa accounted for 89.2 percent of the total, and other countries including

Lesotho, Chad, Kenya, Cameroon, and Madagascar continued to increase their

exports under the AGOA program.

AGOA (including GSP) imports continued to be dominated by U.S. purchases of

energy-related products ($11.2 billion), which represented 79.5 percent of the total in

2003, compared to 75.9 percent in 2002 (table 2-3). The second-largest import sector

under AGOA (including GSP) was textiles and apparel ($1.2 billion), which

8 U.S. Department of State, “Sec. Powell and Foreign Minister of Mauritius Cuttaree Open Third

AGOA Forum,” Dec. 9, 2003, found at Internet address http://www.usinfo.state.gov, retrieved Sept. 23,

2004.
2-5

Table 2-2U.S. imports under AGOA,1 by sources, 2002, 2003, Jan.-June 2003, and Jan.-June 2004

(1,000 dollars)

2002 2003 Jan.-June 2003 

Country Name AGOA1 GSP AGOA1 GSP AGOA1 GSP Angola . . . . . . . . . . . . (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) (2) Benin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 Botswana . . . . . . . . . . . 4,578 871 6,324 0 2,209 0 Cameroon . . . . . . . . . . 115,804 262 147,011 265 33,862 78 Cape Verde . . . . . . . . . 51 51 2,465 13 870 13 Central African

Republic . . . . . . . . . . 192 192 43 43 0 0 

Chad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 14,478 40 36 36 Congo (DROC) . . . . . . 0 0 119,471 119,471 60,257 60,257 Congo (ROC) . . . . . . . . 106,633 2,825 340,790 2,891 163,090 2,881 Côte d’Ivoire . . . . . . . . 49,733 22,468 88,037 41,676 25,585 20,013 Djibouti . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 23 27 27 9 9 Eritrea . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 11 0 0 0 0 Ethiopia . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,320 1,001 2,885 1,113 1,448 642 Gabon . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,145,627 149 1,177,458 26 499,642 8 The Gambia . . . . . . . . 0 0 20 20 7 7 Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,830 11,829 40,586 11,429 25,718 5,095 Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 68 194 194 99 99 Guinea-Bissau . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129,210 4,873 184,441 3,842 89,661 2,124 Lesotho . . . . . . . . . . . . 318,029 226 372,674 130 166,497 77 Madagascar . . . . . . . . 79,728 3,890 187,879 1,692 60,870 753 Malawi . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,904 5,584 59,256 23,420 19,232 4,624 Mali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 342 341 262 262 112 112 Mauritania . . . . . . . . . 35 35 3 3 0 0 Mauritius . . . . . . . . . . . 114,292 7,764 143,077 7,966 64,238 1,886 Mozambique . . . . . . . . 5,916 5,729 7,917 5,401 1,707 14 Namibia . . . . . . . . . . . 1,717 174 46,755 14,623 9,203 56 Niger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 21 63 61 60 60 Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,409,660 483 9,356,012 2,098 4,634,726 1,603 Rwanda . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 10 6 6 0 0 São Tomé & Principe . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 Senegal . . . . . . . . . . . . 499 499 720 709 472 465 See footnotes at end of table.
2-6

Table 2-2—ContinuedU.S. imports under AGOA,1 by sources, 2002, 2003, Jan.-June 2003, and Jan.-June 2004

(1,000 dollars)

2002 2003 Jan.-June 2003 

Country Name AGOA1 GSP AGOA1 GSP AGOA1 GSP Seychelles . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 3 3 3 3 Sierra Leone . . . . . . . . . 217 217 75 75 0 0 South Africa . . . . . . . . . 1,342,594 553,042 1,668,573 670,152 744,904 295,345 Swaziland . . . . . . . . . . . 81,252 6,939 133,975 6,970 53,914 140 Tanzania . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,293 654 1,569 459 769 157 Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 19 1,509 67 487 25 Zambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 31 510 510 104 104 

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,991,705 630,283 14,105,065 915,656 6,659,792 396,685 11

1 AGOA including GSP.

2 Not AGOA eligible.

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
2-7

Table 2-3Major U.S. imports under AGOA1, by major commodity sectors, 2002, 2003, Jan.-June 2003, and Jan.-June 200

2002 2003 Jan.-June 2003 

Sector AGOA1 GSP AGOA1 GSP AGOA1 GSP 

(1,000 dollars)

Energy-related

products . . . . . . . . . 6,824,776 0 11,223,684 119,220 5,413,882 60,127 

Textiles and apparel . . 803,332 3,638 1,202,077 4,807 513,121 2,082 Transportation

equipment . . . . . . . . 544,711 61,358 731,637 97,251 326,412 40,350 

Minerals and metals . . 372,961 234,429 412,519 293,364 185,890 118,875 Agricultural products . . 212,436 103,523 240,932 119,243 80,807 40,886 Chemicals and related

products . . . . . . . . . 136,164 131,459 176,786 167,319 91,062 87,085 

Miscellaneous

manufactures . . . . . . 40,593 39,712 59,188 57,372 21,440 20,716 

Forest products . . . . . . 29,771 29,515 33,370 33,110 15,968 15,777 Electronic products . . . 8,832 8,828 12,934 12,834 4,790 4,786 Machinery . . . . . . . . . . 17,828 17,820 11,140 11,137 6,003 6,003 Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . 300 0 800 0 419 0 

Total . . . . . . . . . . . 8,991,704 630,282 14,105,067 915,657 6,659,794 396,687 

AGOA imports as a percentage of total sector imports from SSA

Energy-related

products . . . . . . . . . 66.33 0.00 70.82 2.51 72.30 2.82 

Textiles and apparel . . 64.82 0.83 71.20 0.98 68.06 0.86 Transportation

equipment . . . . . . . . 29.13 4.42 32.82 6.10 31.72 5.43 

Minerals and metals . . 12.42 8.19 12.40 9.15 11.74 7.84 Agricultural products . . 13.36 6.99 12.22 6.44 9.11 4.83 Chemicals and related

products . . . . . . . . . 6.48 6.27 7.04 6.69 7.28 6.98 

Miscellaneous

manufactures . . . . . . 1.72 1.68 1.95 1.89 1.74 1.69 

Forest products . . . . . . 2.77 2.75 2.69 2.67 2.75 2.72 Electronic products . . . 0.78 0.78 1.31 1.30 1.04 1.04 Machinery . . . . . . . . . . 1.30 1.30 0.69 0.69 0.87 0.87 Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . 12.85 0.00 30.91 0.00 28.78 0.00 

Total . . . . . . . . . . 34.55 3.57 40.92 4.30 41.74 4.09 1 AGOA including GSP.

Note.-Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown.Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
2-8

accounted for an 8.5-percent share of the total in 2003, compared with an

8.9-percent share in 2002. Transportation equipment ($731.6 million) represented

5.2 percent of total AGOA imports in 2003, down from 6.1 percent in 2002; minerals

and metals ($412.5 million) accounted for 2.9 percent in 2003, compared to 4.1

percent in 2002; and the share of agricultural products decreased to 1.7 percent in

2003, from 2.4 percent in 2002. The remaining AGOA (including GSP) imports

consisted of smaller quantities of chemicals, miscellaneous manufactures, forest

products, and machinery equipment.

During the first half of 2004, U.S. imports under AGOA (including GSP) increased by

$5.0 billion, or by 74.8 percent, to $11.6 billion as compared to the first half of 2003,

primarily because of a significant increase in energy-related qualifying imports from

Nigeria and Angola. During the first half of 2004, AGOA imports of energy-related

products totaled $10.1 billion, or 86.8 percent of the total, compared to $5.4 billion or

82.0 percent during the first half of 2003. Significant increases were also recorded for

AGOA imports of textiles and apparel (up by $187.9 million, or by 36.6 percent),

minerals and metals (up by $88.8 million, or by 74.8 percent), and agricultural

products (up by $22.4 million, or by 27.7 percent) during this period. Chapter 5

provides additional details on production, trade, and investment for six sectors:

agriculture, fisheries, and forest products; chemicals; petroleum and energy-related

products; minerals and metals; textiles and apparel; and certain transportation

equipment. Table 2-4 shows the major commodity items imported under AGOA

(including GSP) at the HTS six-digit level.

AGOA-Related Investment

As government officials, companies, and international firms become more familiar

with the advantages of AGOA, SSA continues to benefit from investment driven by

country access to AGOA benefits. In addition to tariff and quota reductions, the

program provides for various facilitating services. For example, trade

capacity-building initiatives facilitate SSA exports to the United States by reducing

information barriers, and the AGOA Forum provides networking opportunities by

bringing SSA suppliers and U.S. purchasers together. For example, the East and

Central Africa Hub sponsored 13 SSA handicrafts firms to attend the AGOA Forum on

December 2003. In addition to exposure to the U.S. market, the firms also met with

buyers. As a result, the companies’ orders from and business relations with U.S.

companies increased, including several companies supplying the Smithsonian African

Art Museum with merchandise, such as candle holders, ebony carvings, paper mache

animal sculptures, and letter openers.9

9 USAID, “Trade for African Development and Enterprise (TRADE) Initiative,” found at Internet

address http://www.usaid.gov/locations/sub-saharan_africa/initiatives/trade.html, retrieved July 14,

2004.
2-9

Table 2-4Leading U.S. imports under AGOA1, by HTS descriptions, 2002, 2003, Jan.-June 2003, and Jan.-June 2004

(1,000 dollars)

2002 2003

Jan.-June

2003

HTS6 Description AGOA1 GSP AGOA1 GSP AGOA1 GSP 2709.00 Petroleum oils and oils obtained from

bituminous minerals, crude . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,453,099 - 10,620,548 76,482 5,079,797 29,321 

2710.19 Oils and preparations from petroleum oils and

oils from bituminous minerals, minimum70 percent by weight of such products, notlight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316,497 - 444,733 42,728 251,551 30,797 

8703.23 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition

internal-combustion reciprocating pistonengine, cylinder capacity over 1,500 but notover 3,000 cc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 338,959 - 319,362 - 281,040 - 

8703.24 Passenger motor vehicles with spark-ignition

internal-combustion reciprocating pistonengine, cylinder capacity over 3,000 cc . . . . 132,784 - 303,862 - - - 

6204.62 Women’s or girls’ trousers, etc., of cotton, not

knitted or crocheted .................... 153,938 - 254,654 - 122,320 - 

6110.20 Sweaters, pullovers, sweatshirts, waistcoats

(vests) and similar articles, knitted orcrocheted, of cotton .................... 160,695 - 233,464 - 86,319 - 

6203.42 Men’s or boys’ trousers, bib and brace overalls,

breeches and shorts not knitted orcrocheted, of cotton .................... 161,721 - 214,197 - 98,755 - 

2710.11 Light oils and preparations from petroleum oils

and oils from bituminous minerals, minimum70 percent by weight of such products . . . . . 55,180 - 158,394 - 82,524 - 

7606.12 Rectangular plates, sheets and strip, over

0.2 mm thick, of aluminum alloy . . . . . . . . . . 70,519 70,519 79,790 79,790 35,693 35,693 

7202.41 Ferrochromium, containing by weight more than

4 percent of carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,531 36,531 72,549 72,549 30,947 30,947 

6110.30 Sweaters, pullovers, sweatshirts, waistcoats

(vests) and similar articles, knitted orcrocheted, of man-made fibers ........... 39,547 - 60,677 - 14,941 - 

7202.30 Ferrosilicon manganese . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50,749 50,749 49,910 49,910 16,526 16,526 6109.10 T-shirts, singlets, tank tops, and similar

garments, of cotton, knitted or crocheted .... 30,350 - 46,343 - 30,160 - 

6205.20 Men’s or boys’ shirts of cotton, not knitted or

crocheted ........................... 29,657 - 45,845 - 18,667 - 

7113.19 Articles of jewelry and parts thereof, of precious

metal (excluding silver) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,612 30,612 43,319 43,319 15,038 15,038 

See footnotes at end of table.
2-10

Table 2-4—ContinuedLeading U.S. imports under AGOA1, by HTS descriptions, 2002, 2003, Jan.-June 2003, and Jan.-June 2004

(1,000 dollars)

2002 2003

Jan.-June

2003

HTS6 Description AGOA1 GSP AGOA1 GSP AGOA1 GSP 

6104.62 Women’s or girls’ trousers, bib and brace

overalls, breeches and shorts, of cotton,knitted or crocheted .................... 25,209 - 43,026 - 18,988 - 

7202.11 Ferromanganese, containing by weight more

than 2 percent of carbon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,305 - 39,394 - 16,552 - 

8708.70 Road wheels and parts and accessories thereof,

for motor vehicles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,423 18,423 35,527 35,527 14,571 14,571 

2804.69 Silicon, containing by weight less than

99.99 percent of silicon ................. 22,753 22,753 32,314 32,314 16,926 16,926 

2401.20 Tobacco, partly or wholly stemmed/stripped . . . 31,193 1,729 30,482 19,226 7,976 4,624 1701.11 Cane sugar, raw, in solid form, not containing

added flavoring or coloring matter ........ 43,774 43,774 30,211 30,211 3,293 3,293 

6103.43 Men’s or boys’ trousers, bib and brace overalls,

breeches and shorts of synthetic fibers,knitted or crocheted .................... 11,952 - 25,237 - 10,966 - 

0802.90 Nuts, nesio, fresh or dried whether or not

shelled . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,109 2,702 24,360 5,587 7,283 4,388 

0805.10 Oranges, fresh or dried . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,335 - 23,612 - 1,797 - 1805.00 Cocoa powder, not containing added sugar or

other sweetening matter ................ 11,399 11,399 23,589 23,589 10,847 10,847 

Subtotal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,297,292 289,193 13,255,399 511,231 6,273,477 212,971 

All other . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694,413 341,090 849,667 404,425 386,314 183,714 

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,991,705 630,283 14,105,065 915,656 6,659,792 396,685 

1 AGOA i l di GSP 1 AGOA including GSP 1 AGOA including GSP.

Note.—Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown. The abbreviation ”nesoi” stands for ”not elsewhere specified or included.”

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
2-11

Table 2-5 provides selected examples of investments that have, at least in part, been

attributed to AGOA program benefits. A substantial portion of new investment

continues to target the apparel sector. For example, apparel-related and

AGOA-related investment has begun in Ghana and Ethiopia, and continued in Kenya,

Madagascar, Mali, and Namibia. Recent examples also underscore increasing

investment in the textile industry. Textile firms have been investing in Cameroon, Côte

d’Ivoire, and Mali. Sectors outside the textile and apparel sector have also attracted

AGOA-related investment. For example, AGOA has been credited with increasing

mining sector investment in Cameroon, coffee industry investment in Kenya, and motor

vehicle industry investment in South Africa. Recent investments, such as in the shea

butter and banana crisps industries in Uganda, also highlight the extension of

AGOA-related investment into small- and medium-sized businesses in SSA.

Particularly encouraging for long-term economic development is AGOA-related

technology investment. For example, a Kenyan firm’s installation of a satellite-based

link is not only expected to increase the firm’s efficiency, but could also provide an

example to other firms on the benefits of increased technology use.
2-12

Table 2-5

Selected examples of recent AGOA-related investment and events, 2003 to mid-2004

Country Examples

Cameroon “The major AGOA related investment has been in the mining sector. A U.S. firm, Geovic

Ltd., has obtained a mining permit to extract nickel and cobalt in the eastern part of the

country. Once this project gets underway in 2007, Geovic expects exports in the range of

8,000 tons of minerals a year. ... Of equal importance to Cameroon’s overall trade ability

is the new operations by two shipping companies [with direct links to New York,] which

reduces costs and delivery time to the United States.”1

“The first Cameroonian venture to take advantage of the [AGOA] provisions is about to be

realized. The foundation stone of a textile industrial complex was laid in the little locality of

Balevonli near Dschang in the Menoua Division.... The complex, GICATIC-Texile...

represents a veritable breakthrough for Cameroon in the AGOA project. ...

GICATIC-Textile comprises a knitting mill, a dyeing and finishing section, a garment

component producing section, a garment sewing factory and an embroidery section. The

project when completed is estimated to cost 10 billion frs and will create 36,000 jobs.”2

Côte d’Ivoire A Chinese/Ivoirian joint venture has invested $9 million in a textile factory to export under

AGOA.3

Ethiopia “Ethiopia’s textile sector has benefitted from easier access to US markets under the terms of

the Africa Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), passed in the US in 2001. The

government is encouraging investment in export-oriented textile plants at the Addis

Industrial Village, and in 2003 gave the go-ahead to nine local investors to establish

enterprises on the site.”4

Menbere Alemayehu is one of several women taking advantage of AGOA to export

traditional woven fabrics to the United States. She has also established a partnership with

an American entrepreneur, and they “now have their products in about 35 stores

throughout the united states (sic).”5

Ghana “Impact Clothing Ghana Ltd has acquired 20 acres of land within the Presidential Special

Initiative (PSI) Garment Village for the construction of a garment factory. A lease

agreement was signed...for the project aimed at taking advantage of the Africa Growth

and Opportunity Act (AGOA). ...An estimate of over three billion cedis is to be generated

in export revenue over 5 years [from the Garment Village]. The [Impact Clothing] project is

estimated to bring into the economy an investment capital of US$3-4 million and also bring

export revenue of US$20 million. The company, expected to start operations from July

2004 would bring employment opportunities for over 1000 people.”6

Belin Textiles International, a Ghana-Mauritius partnership company established to export

products to the United States under the AGOA program, opened its first factory in July

2004. The Ghanaian President added that, “another company from Mauritius had

expressed the desire to invest about $100 million in sugar production in the Northern part

of Ghana.”7

Kenya AGOA has stimulated approximately $12.8 million in FDI in Kenya.8

According to government officials, Kenya is expected to start exporting coffee to the United

States under AGOA. As a result of the agreement signed between Kenya and the United

States, “plans were underway to give the Kenya Planters Cooperative Union the capacity to

roast, grade and pack coffee for export” in order to get the higher returns associated with

processed coffee.9

See footnotes at end of table.
2-13

Table 2-5—Continued

Selected examples of recent AGOA-related investment and events, 2003 to mid-2004

Country Examples

Kenya—Continued According to the EPZ management, investment is expected to increase by Sh20 billion

(approximately $263 million) over the next 2 years, increasing the number of workers from

just over 45,000 to 52,000. The manager “attributed the steady growth in the apparels

industry to improved access of Kenyan exports in the US market under the African Growth

and Opportunity Act.”10

“Jar Kenya (EPZ) Limited has installed an SH8 million [approximately $105,000] advanced

satellite based link for its local operations. The move comes ahead of the anticipated

extension of the African Growth and Opportunity Act (Agoa). Mr. Michel Mouyart, the

company’s general manager, said the satellite link would help improve the firm’s efficiency.

... This, he said, would facilitate faster communication between its warehouse in the United

States and the local factory.”11

Madagascar A significant example of U.S.-origin AGOA-related investment is the Cottonline apparel

factory, formally opened in January 2003 as part of the Groupe Socota-Cotona fabric

and apparel complex in Antsirabe. A U.S. investor is a one-quarter joint venture partner in

the Cottonline factory, along with Madagascar-based Groupe Socota and two Sri Lankan

textile firms. The factory is a model of vertical integration and remains unique in

Madagascar.12

As a result of the political crisis in 2002, “there was, understandably, a sharp dip in the

number of firms engaged in EPZ exports to the US under the terms of AGOA in 2002. But

as of July 2003 some 37 companies were active in such exports, compared with 30 in

December 2001, before the political crisis. Moreover, export sales to the US under AGOA

doubled from US$93m in 2001 to US$186m in 2003.”13

Malawi Malawi’s benefit under AGOA has mainly been in the textiles and garment sector. Over

7,045 jobs have been created as a result of AGOA-related expansion.14

Mali In February 2004, the President of Mali opened a new spinning factory. It represents a

$10.7-million investment by Malian, Mauritian, and French entrepreneurs. The facility is

“one of the few outside of South Africa capable of producing quality thread for use in

manufacturing apparel for export to the United States under AGOA... The factory, the first

of its kind in Mali, created 200 new jobs.”15

Mauritius AGOA has stimulated approximately $78 million in FDI in Mauritius.16

Namibia The $300 million “Ramatex, Tai Wah and Rhino [textile and apparel company] investments

currently employ some 8,000 Namibians and produce exports worth US$100 million under

the terms of the AGOA.”17

The U.S. Embassy in Namibia, USAID, and the Namibian government have sponsored

various workshops focused on helping Namibian handicraft companies benefit under

AGOA. Among the companies that attended the workshop, one company that produces

Karakul wool carpets will export its first AGOA shipment in 2004.18

Nigeria “One of the largest shoe manufacturers in Italy, Filanto s.p.a, has announced its intention

to set up a plant in Kano [Nigeria] with an initial capacity of between 2,000 and 3,000

shoes per day. ... [The plant would] provide export opportunities for Africa, America and

Europe. ... [This] is an important step towards diversification of the economy away from

over-dependence on oil.... [Nigeria’s AGOA advisor] said the footwear industry in the

United States alone stands at $40 billion [and the] AGOA tariff advantage on footwear

and foot wear parts are as high as 51 percent.”19

South Africa DaimlerChrysler SA plans to invest in the assembly of left-hand-drive cars at its East

London plant. “Large scale assembly of the C-Class... would attract several billion rands’

worth of investment.” An attractive aspect of the proposal is duty-free access into the United

States under AGOA. If the group’s South African arm wins the contract, foreign direct

investment in South Africa could total 2 billion rand (approximately $230 million) for

retooling requirements at the East London Plant, with additional investment of up to 6

billion rand (approximately $695 million) for supplier operations.20

See footnotes at end of table.
2-14

Table 2-5—Continued

Selected examples of recent AGOA-related investment and events, 2003 to mid-2004

Country Examples

Tanzania A factory producing garments for export under AGOA opened in Tanzania. “After

investing nearly $2 million in machinery and training, production began in December

2003. The factory now has 600 machines operated by 650 workers, who can produce up

to 6,000 garments per day. By the end of 2004, Korff said, the factory expects to have

hired over 1,000 employees with a potential to produce $4 million worth of apparel per

year.” The company is supplying Wal-Mart and plans to supply J.C. Penney.21

Uganda “[The] presidential assistant on AGOA, told Parliament on Tuesday that Tri-Star had signed

a new agreement with Sunquest Apparel, a US firm to supply garments worth nearly

$10m. She said Sunquest had made a commitment to build a weaving and spinning plant

in Uganda to utilise local cotton.”22

“RED House Company, Ltd, a Hong Kong firm plans to set up a state-of-the-art spinning

mill in Uganda. The mill will process raw cotton and blend polyester to produce garments

for export to the regional and international markets. It will also manufacture garments and

fabrics. ... $Our customers from the US chain stores are interested in working with Africa to

benefit from imports under AGOA.’ ”23

“After experimenting with Shea Nut Butter for over four years, [the Ugandan company] is

targeting the American markets, whose doors have been opened by the African Growth

and Opportunity Act.”24

“[The] Kagugube women’s group in Kampala Central, who have organized themselves in a

group of 20 to make banana crisps for local and foreign markets [stated that their] aim is

to export to the AGOA market. ... The women use local tools in Katwe. Their business has

boosted the local banana market.”25

Zambia According to the executive director of the Export Board of Zambia, “Unity Garments has a

substantial order from the US which is being serviced. Zambia-China Mulungushi Textiles

has ordered machinery to facilitate production of export quality garments under

AGOA.”26

SSA “Consequently, many African countries are set to benefit from AGOA, for instance Kenya

estimates that AGOA will create 50,000 new jobs directly and more than 100,000 jobs

indirectly. South Africa anticipates about 100 million dollars in investment in its textile and

apparel factories creating 13,000 jobs. Lesotho, one of the smallest countries in

sub-Saharan Africa, has become one of the biggest beneficiaries of AGOA, attracting

over 120 million dollars in new investment.”27

“[The United Nations Industrial Development Report shows that there] has been an

encouraging increase in the inflow of large export-driven investors, one-third of which

were established during the past four years. One key explanation for this is the US’s Africa

Growth and Opportunity Act (AGOA), which has stimulated new foreign direct investment

(FDI), in the clothing and textiles sector particularly. ... A growing number of

AGOA-related investors are focusing on exports, but clothing is one of only two industries

– the other being agribusiness – to export upward of 75% of output.”28

“A local thread manufacturer has bagged licensing rights for a key American brand in its

efforts to crack the Agoa market. The deal...will enable [Fine Spinners] to sell thread to

local garment manufacturers, which sell exclusively to the US under the tariff-free terms of

the African Growth and Opportunity Act (Agoa). ... $For the first time we’re giving the 38

EPZ manufacturers, who have hitherto relied on imports for their stitching thread, a local

option,’ [said the managing director]. ... Under the terms of the partnership,... Fine

Spinners will manufacture threads for the rest of the region....”29

See footnotes at end of table.
2-15

Table 2-5—Continued

Selected examples of recent AGOA-related investment and events, 2003 to mid-2004

1 U.S. Department of State telegram, “Cameroon: USITC Study on U.S.-Sub-Saharan African Trade and

Investment,” message reference No. YAOUND01060, prepared by U.S. Embassy, Yaounde, July 2004.

2 Lukong Pius Nyuylime, “New Textile Firm Commissioned,” Cameroon Tribune (Yaounde), Nov. 21,

2003, found at Internet address http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200311210581.html, retrieved Feb.

23, 2004.

3 U.S. Department of State telegram, “USITC Study on U.S. Sub-Saharan African Trade and Investment,”

message reference No. ABIDJAN 002218, prepared by U.S. Embassy, Abidjan, Sept. 2003.

4 EIU, “Ethiopia: Business: Industry overview: Manufacturing,” Feb. 20, 2004, found at Internet address

www.viewswire.com, retrieved Aug. 25, 2004.

5 Muluneh Gebre, “Introducing Local Products with Foreign Tastes and Preferences,” Addis Tribune

(Addis Ababa), May 28, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved Aug. 25,

2004.

6 Martin Luther Otu, “Ghana to Export Garments to the International Market,” Public Agenda (Accra),

Nov. 3, 2003, found at Internet address http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200311031059.html,

retrieved Feb. 23, 2004.

7 “First Textile and Garments Factory Inaugurated,” July 6, 2004, Accra Mail (Accra), found at Internet

address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved Aug. 25, 2004.

8 EIU, “Business Africa: Foreign investment: picking up,” September 16th-30th, 2003.

9 Silas Nthiga, “Country Signs Coffee Deal with US,” The Nation (Nairobi), June 10, 2003, found at

Internet address http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200206100157.html, retrieved June 18, 2003.

10 All Africa, “EPZs Target Sh20 Billion Worth of New Investments,” Apr. 15, 2004, found at Internet

address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved Aug. 25, 2004.

11 James Anyanzwa, “Garment Company Upgrades Operations,” The East African Standard (Nairobi),

found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved Aug. 25, 2004.

12 U.S. Department of State telegram, “USITC Study on U.S.-Sub-Saharan African Trade and Investment,”

message reference No. ANTANANARIVO 000949, prepared by U.S. Embassy, Antananarivo, Sept. 2003.

13 EIU, “Madagascar: Business: Industry overview: Manufacturing,” Aug. 6, 2004, found at Internet

address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved Aug. 25, 2004.

14 U.S. Department of State telegram, “Malawi: USITC Information Request,” message reference No.

LILONG 00664, prepared by U.S. Embassy, Lilongwe, July 2004.

15 EIU, “Mali: Regulations: News analysis,” May 4, 2004, found at Internet address

http://viewswire.com, retrieved Aug. 25, 2004.

16 EIU, “Business Africa: Foreign investment: picking up.”

17 “IPPR Sees More that 4 % Economic Growth this Year,” Namibia Economist, Mar. 26, 2004, found at

Internet address http://www.economist.com.na/2004/26mar/03-26-22.htm, retrieved Aug. 18, 2004.

18 U.S. Department of State telegram, “2004 USITC Study on U.S.-Sub-Saharan Trade: Namibian

Update,” message reference No. WINDHOEK 000561, prepared by U.S. Embassy, Windhoek, Aug. 2004.

19 Reuben Yunana, “Italian Shoe Firm to Establish Plant in Kano,” Daily Trust (Nigeria), May 13, 2004,

found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved Aug. 25, 2004.

20 Carli Lourens, “SA Vies for a Bigger Slice of Daimlerchrysler Pie,” Business Day (Johannesburg), May

26, 2003, found at Internet address http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200305260321.html, retrieved

June 18, 2003.

21 Jim Fisher-Thompson, “Factory Opening in Tanzania Proves Success of AGOA,” found at Internet

address http://japan.usembassy.gov/e/p/tp-20040728-22.html, retrieved Sept. 20, 2004.

22 Mary Karugba and Irene Nabusoba, “Tri-Star Scoops Fresh $10m US Garment Contract,” New Vision

(Kampala), Jan. 30, 2004, found at Internet address

http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200401300628.html, retrieved Feb. 4, 2004.
2-16

Table 2-5—Continued

Selected examples of AGOA-related investment and events, 2003 to mid-2004

23 Stephen Ilungole, “Hong Kong Firm Eyes Local Textile Potential,” New Vision (Kampala), Nov. 21,

2003, found at Internet address http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200311210624.html, retrieved Feb.

23, 2004.

24 James Oloch, “Guru Nanak to Export Shea Oil to Agoa Markets,” Apr. 22, 2004, found at Internet

address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved Aug. 25, 2004.

25 Pidson Kareire, “Chips for Agoa Market!” New Vision (Kampala), July 6, 2004, found at Internet

address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved Aug. 25, 2004.

26 Kingsley Kaswende, “Agoa Isn’t Only About Textiles – Michelo,” Aug. 3, 2004, The Post (Lusaka),

found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved Aug. 25, 2004.

27 Yohannes Ruphael, “Tapping the US Market,” Addis Tribune (Addis Ababa), Jan. 23, 2004, found at

Internet address http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200402200798.html, retrieved Feb. 23, 2004.

28 EIU, “Tempting Investors,” EIU Viewswire, Dec. 24, 2003, found at Internet address

http://viewswire.com, retrieved Feb. 4, 2004.

29 Washington Akumu, “Thread Firm Seals Licensing Deal,” The Nation (Nairobi), Jan. 13, 2004, found

at Internet address http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200401130370.html, retrieved Feb. 4, 2004.
3-1

CHAPTER 3

Regional Integration in Sub-Saharan Africa

This chapter provides information on the African Union (AU), as well as background,

recent developments, and trade and investment information for the nine regional

organizations that operate in sub-Saharan Africa:

S the Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS);

S the Union Economique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine (UEMOA);

S the Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa (COMESA);

S the Southern African Development Community (SADC);

S the Southern African Customs Union (SACU);

S the East African Community (EAC);

S the Intergovernmental Authority on Development (IGAD);

S the Indian Ocean Commission (IOC); and

S the Communauté Economique et Monétaire de l’Afrique Centrale (CEMAC).

The data presented have been taken primarily from the U.S. Department of Commerce

(trade statistics) and the World Bank (FDI). Qualitative information was drawn from a

variety of sources, including the Economist Intelligence Unit, United Nations Integrated

Regional Information Network, AllAfrica.com articles, and official regional

organizations websites. The analysis presented focuses, whenever possible, on

developments that occurred from the beginning of 2003 to mid-2004.

Regional Integration in 2003

In September 1999, the heads of state and government for the Organization of

African Unity (OAU) declared their intent to accelerate regional integration efforts

that seek to provide solutions to regional economic, political, and social problems. In

July 2002, the AU, successor to the OAU, was launched at a meeting of heads of state

in South Africa. The stated purpose of the AU is to support socio-economic integration

within the continent and to promote peace, security, and stability. Primary goals

include the creation of an African Common Market, to be phased in six stages, the

promotion of peace and economic stability through conflict resolution, and the

improvement of humanitarian conditions.1 The AU has 53 member states, and is

headquartered in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.

The AU seeks to harmonize domestic policies and to renew focus on diversification of

Africa’s agricultural sector through the 2004-2007 Strategic Framework of the
3-2

African Union Commission that was developed in October 2003. Other activities

include a project with the UNDP Regional Bureau for Africa that was signed in May

2004.2 The project, with an estimated cost of $4.3 million, seeks to improve trade

capacity building, to reduce poverty, and to encourage sustainable development. The

AU also signed an agreement with the Government of the Republic of Finland in

December 2003 and received approximately $848,000 to be used for conflict

prevention and peace building. This contribution will also help the Protocol on Peace

and Security Council, which entered into force in early December 2003. In July 2003,

the AU voted to integrate NEPAD into its framework.3

Regional trade agreements within SSA focus on common sectoral policies that will lead

to the creation of customs unions and a common currency. One way to achieve this

goal is to create a common external tariff and to remove existing tariffs between

regional trading members. Intra-regional trade and common investment policies have

been increasing and can be attributed to such regional agreements. For example,

ECOWAS members are seeking to merge by July 1, 2005, into the CFA Franc Zone

created by members of UEMOA, and South Africa is coordinating finance and

investment decisions for SADC members.4 Various regional organizations have

received outside assistance for such efforts. For example, the EU, through the WTO’s

trade-related technical assistance program, granted ECOWAS $1.8 million to be used

to accelerate the elimination of tariffs for the creation of an economic union by 2005

and a common customs union by 2007. The EU also granted $1.9 million to CEMACfor

a macroeconomic surveillance program to be completed by July 2006. The program

activities include studies, workshops, and staff training on customs union

harmonization policies.5

Conflict management is an important policy area for SSA regional organizations. For

example, CEMAC has hosted numerous summits to examine conflict management and

to propose solutions to the civil unrest in Chad and Sudan.6 SADC has also pledged to

reduce civil unrest within member states and in the Southern African region.Within the

SADC Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan, common policies include the

Protocol on Politics, Defense, Security and Cooperation. Objectives include the

protection of people, promotion of political cooperation, and promotion of democratic

institutions and practices. In August 2003, the SADC member states signed a mutual

defense pact that facilitates interaction, joint operations, and a collective response for

security in southern Africa.7 IGAD has set a July 2004 deadline for the establishment

of a transitional federal government for Somalia as part of its efforts to resolve

regional conflict and to provide security and a stable environment for attracting

foreign investment into member states. In May 2004, IGAD also played a central role

in conflict resolution when it chaired peace talks between rebels and the government in

the ongoing conflict in Sudan. The peace talks led to the signing of three accords

between the Sudan People’s Liberation Army and the existing government, which will

together form an interim government for 6 years before devolving power to the

states.8
3-3

The United Nations Economic Commission for Africa (UNECA) has participated in

numerous regional organization meetings and provided technical assistance for the

intergovernmental bodies through five subregional offices. These subregional offices

promote dialogue and support initiatives for harmonization in a number of different

sectors, including poverty reduction, infrastructure development, employment and

labor market growth, export diversification, and the attraction of private sector

investment. In 2003, UNECA participated in various heads-of-state summits related to

policy planning, including the SADC Annual Summit, the 13th Meeting of Trade and

Customs Committee of COMESA, the NEPAD Chief Executives Meeting, and the 16th

Meeting of the Council of Ministers of COMESA. UNECA also provides technical

assistance. For example, the subregional office in southern Africa provided technical

assistance to SADC and COMESA during the development stage of the SSA Transport

Program Inter-REC Task Force.9 UNECA helped develop terms of reference for the

African countries undertaking institutional reforms and staff trainingwithin civil service

roles. Other efforts have included assisting the SADC Mining Program and offering

recommendations to facilitate implementation.10

Status and Structure:

ECOWAS was established in 1975 to promote regional economic integration in the transport, telecom,energy,commerce,and agriculture

sectors,and to foster trade among its 15 member states.ECOWAS seeks to reduce intra-regional customs duties, to establish an external

common tariff, to harmonize economic and financial policies,and to create a monetary union within West Africa.

The Office of the Chairman of ECOWAS is headed by an elected official from a member state.This position is currently held by Dr.Mohamed Ibn

Chambas,a former minister from Ghana.The Secretariat and the Fund for Cooperation,Compensation,and Development are the two main

institutions designed to implement policies and to ensure progressive development in the member states.

ECOWAS has a 115-member parliament that convenes twice per year to consider issues regarding economic cooperation;and includes a

community court of justice aimed at peaceful settlement of disputes and a Council of Ministers.

In March 2001, the West African Monetary Institute was created to provide technical assistance that will allow member states to harmonize

monetary policies as they establish a common West African Central Bank to pave the way for a second monetary zone in West Africa.

General Developments:

Although progress has been hampered by political instability in a handful of member states such as Côte d’Ivoire,progress has been made in

the transportation sector with many projects near completion.For example, the West African highway network,one of many priority road

transport programs, is 83-percent completed,and the trans-Sahelian highway is 87-percent completed.

The deadline to merge with the CFA Franc Zone has been rescheduled for July 1,2005, to allow member states to fully comply with

requirements for their financial sectors.

ECOWAS members have pledged to form a common customs union by 2007.

A joint ECOWAS/World Bank task force is to be created to help implement programs as agreed under NEPAD.

ECOWAS

Members: Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Côte d’Ivoire, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Niger, Nigeria,

Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Togo.11

Population: 249.4 million

GDP: $102.2 billion

Goals: To establish an economic union within West Africa by July 1, 2005, and to focus on transport and communication networks in order

to facilitate the free movement of people, goods, and services.

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

U.S. Trade with ECOWAS

Billion dollars

U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

3-5

Economic Community of West African States
3-6

Economic Community of West African States

Trade and Investment:

In 2003, the EU pledged approximately $12 million in

loans for the private sector and governments to increase

exports from the West African region to European

markets.

The World Bank pledged $4.9 billion for projects aimed at

improving infrastructure and capacity building in the

energy and communications sectors.

AGOA Imports from ECOWAS:

ECOWAS member countries that were AGOA eligible in

2003 were Benin,Cape Verde,Côte d’Ivoire,The Gambia,

Ghana,Guinea,Guinea-Bissau,Mali,Niger,Nigeria,

Senegal,Sierra Leone,and Togo.

In 2003,AGOA imports from ECOWAS totaled $9.5 billion,

an increase of 73 percent from 2002.

Imports from Cape Verde increased substantially, from

$50,599 in 2002 to $2.5 million in 2003.Imports from

Sierra Leone totaled $74,756 in 2003,a decrease of 66

percent compared to 2002 levels.

Imports of transportation equipment also increased

substantially, from $4,303 in 2002 to $220,600 in 2003.

U.S.minerals and metals sector imports decreased by

nearly 50 percent, from $568,946 in 2002 to $291,080

in 2003.

ECOWAS Net Foreign Direct Investment, 1998-2002

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Million dollars

3076.6

2265.0

1792.9 1886.7

1292.7

AGOA Imports in 2003

By Sector

By Country

Nigeria (98.6%)

Energy-related

(99.3%)

Ghana (30.6%) Côte d’lvoire

(66.5%)

All other (3.2%)

All other (1.0%)

Forest

(10.3%)

Cape Verde (1.9%)

Agricultural

(75.7%)

Textiles and

apparel

(10.9%)

$9.5 Billion

All other (0.7%)

All other (1.4%)
3-7

Union Economique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine

Status and Structure:

UEMOA was established in 1994 to develop a competitive market based on the free flow of goods,persons, services,and capital.

UEMOA is recognized by the WTO as a regional trade agreement.

In December 1995,UEMOA member countries concluded a preferential trade agreement that was a precursor to the establishment of a

customs union and common external tariff in early 2000.

Members share a common currency, the CFA franc,pegged to the euro.

General Developments:

In early 2004,UEMOA members planned to merge their monetary union with the six members of the ECOWAS monetary union.The date for

this merger has been delayed indefinitely.

At a March 2004 summit with ECOWAS ministers,UEMOA ministers declared a shift in priorities to focus on privatization of the energy sector

through the elimination of monopolies.

UEMOA’s common external tariff system will serve as the basis for the ECOWAS common external tariff system,which is anticipated to be in

place by 2007.

UEMOA

Members: Benin, Burkina Faso, Côte d’Ivoire, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Niger, Senegal, and Togo.12

Population: 77.7 million

GDP: $36.3 billion

Goals: To increase economic and financial competitiveness through a common market, and to coordinate national policies relating to the

agriculture, environment, transport, infrastructure, telecommunications, energy, industry, and mining sectors.

-300

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Million dollars

U.S. Trade with UEMOA U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance
3-8

Union Economique et Monétaire Ouest Africaine

AGOA Imports in 2003

By Sector

By Country

Energy-related

(52.0%)

Agricultural

(46.4%)

All other

(0.9%) Chemicals

(0.7%)

Côte d’lvoire

(98.8%)

Senegal

(0.8%)

All other

(0.4%)

Trade and Investment:

In April 2002, the United States signed a Trade and Investment

Framework Agreement with the eight UEMOA members to promote

trade, investment,and economic reform.

In June 2003,a common strategy was adopted by commerce and

agriculture ministers from the member countries to promote cotton

production in the UEMOA zone.UEMOA members anticipate that,by

2010,raw cotton processing will increase by 25 percent,creating

50,000 new jobs,and focus on thread production.

The World Bank has committed $408 million to the Capital Market

Development Project.The goal of the project is to create a more stable

economic environment for investors.Activities include mobilizing public

and private sector financing for infrastructure improvement and

providing technical assistance.

AGOA Imports from UEMOA:

UEMOA member countries that were AGOA eligible in 2003 were Benin,

Burkina Faso,Côte d’Ivoire,Guinea-Bissau,Mali,Niger,and Senegal.

In 2003,AGOA imports from UEMOA totaled $89.1 million,a 76-percent

increase from 2002.

Niger experienced the largest percentage change, increasing AGOA

exports to the United States by more than 100 percent from 2002 to

2003 (from $21,803 to $62,517).

In 2003,AGOA imports of transportation equipment from UEMOA more

than tripled from the level in 2002 (from $4,303 to $16,016),while

minerals and metals sector imports decreased by more than 80 percent

(from $211,000 to $39,372).

UEMOA Net Foreign Direct Investment, 1998-2002

0

250

500

750

1000

1250

1500

1750

2000

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Million dollars

1626.9

587.8 536.1 570.2 558.4

$89.1 Million
3-9

Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa

Status and Structure:

COMESA was founded in 1994 as a stepping stone for a regional trade area to replace the Preferential Trade Agreement that had been

established in 1981; an FTA has been in place since 2000.

COMESA is recognized as a regional trade agreement by the WTO. The current chairman is emphasizing the export of processed products

from the COMESA region.

The Authority of Heads of State and Government formulates general policy for all COMESA members. Interdisciplinary Committees are

responsible for the development and implementation of programs within the following sectors: trade and customs, transport and

communications, industry and investment, legal affairs, peace and security, and administrative and budgetary matters. A Court of Justice has

also been established to arbitrate trade disputes in a peaceful manner.

COMESA hopes to achieve a common monetary area by 2025. As adopted in 1992, a formal exchange rate union will be established along

with a central bank by 2004. Between 2005 and 2010, each member state will be required to fix its exchange rate within a given margin

under the COMESA Exchange Rate Mechanism Plan.

During a meeting of the Council of Ministers in 2001, trade remedy regulations such as safeguard, anti-dumping, subsidy, and countervailing

measures were adopted.

General Developments:

In mid-2004, Namibia withdrew from COMESA, deciding to focus on its SADC membership commitments.

In February 2003, COMESA launched negotiations with the EU to form an Economic Partnership Agreement (EPA).

In January 2003, the EU agreed to provide $2.4 million in grants to support capacity building for trade agreements throughout the region.

In June 2004, COMESA business leaders announced their support for common external tariff implementation by May 2005.

comesa

Members: Angola, Burundi, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Djibouti, Egypt, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Madagascar, Malawi,

Mauritius, Namibia, Rwanda, Seychelles, Sudan, Swaziland, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.13

Population: 310.5 million (SSA countries only)

GDP: $91.5 billion (SSA countries only)

Goals: To implement a free trade area; to create a harmonized and competitive economic community for southern and eastern African nations through stronger communications and transport links; to coordinate regional monetary and macroeconomic policies, such as the creation of an FTA and a unified customs network; and to improve the movement of goods, services, and people across borders.

-5

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Billion dollars

U.S. Trade with COMESA U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance
3-10

Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa

AGOA Imports in 2003

By Sector

By Country

Agricultural

(5.9%)

Congo (DROC)

(13.6%)

All other (5.9%)

Energy-related

(13.6%)

Swaziland (15.2%)

Kenya (21.0%)

Mauritius (16.3%)

Textiles and

apparel

(77.5%)

All other (3.1%)

Malawi (6.7%)

Madagascar (21.4%)

Trade and Investment:

In March 2003,COMESA signed a Memorandum of Understanding

(MOU) with the African Regional Intellectual Property Organization to

facilitate capacity building in the pharmaceutical industry.

In 2003,a Ugandan-owned garment company,with $1 million in

capital investment,opened in Kampala and aims to produce men’s

and women’s clothing to be shipped predominantly to the COMESA

market.

In January 2004,Rwanda and Burundi became members of the

COMESA FTA.They continue,however, to impose their own national

tariff rates on goods imported from outside the COMESA region.

COMESA is to share a $24-million EU grant with EAC,IOC,and IGAD.

Funding will enable the members to remove regulatory barriers and

to improve communications technology connectivity.

AGOA Imports from COMESA:

COMESA member countries that were AGOA eligible in 2003 were

Democratic Republic of the Congo,Djibouti,Eritrea,Ethiopia,Kenya,

Madagascar,Malawi,Mauritius,Namibia,Rwanda,Seychelles,

Swaziland,Uganda,and Zambia.

In 2003,AGOA imports from COMESA totaled $879.8 million,an

increase of 46 percent from 2002.

The largest percentage increase in 2003 was in imports from

Uganda,which increased from $31,886 in 2002 to $1.5 million in

2003.Imports from Eritrea decreased the most, falling to zero in

2003.

AGOA imports of miscellaneous manufactures more than tripled in

2003 (from $1.7 million in 2002 to $6.1 million in 2003).Minerals

and metals imports increased substantially in 2003 (from $865,188

in 2002 to $15 million in 2003).AGOA imports of footwear,however,

registered the largest percentage decline, falling 51.9 percent (from

$17,904 in 2002 to $8,604 in 2003).

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

COMESA Net Foreign Direct Investment, 1998-2002

Million dollars

3201.4

3756.7

2567.0

2790.4

3590.2

$879.8 Million
3-11

Southern African Development Community

Status and Structure:

SADC was launched in 1980 by the governments of nine southern African nations.Five-year Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plans

include development of the agriculture sector,creation of a common market,harmonization of macroeconomic policies,promotion of

democratic governance,and improvement in the quality of health and social welfare.

In 2002,SADC created four “clusters” to centralize the promotion of trade and investment:Trade,Industry,Finance and Investment;

Infrastructure and Services;Food,Agriculture and Natural Resources;and Social and Human Development and Special Programs.Final

transfer of activities to the clusters was completed by mid-2004.

The SADC Protocol on Trade was signed in 1996,and was implemented by 11 countries by 2000.The Protocol aims to enhance the

environment for domestic,cross-border,and foreign investment within the SADC region.The Protocol’s specific goals include creating an FTA

by 2008,a customs union and,ultimately,a common market by 2012.To date,all 14 countries have reduced tariffs under the Trade Protocol,

including Angola,which was not an original signatory to the Protocol.In addition,common rules of origin were adopted in 2002,and members

are currently adopting harmonized standards for customs and sanitary and phytosanitary regulations.

General Developments:

In 2004, the SADC Trade Protocol is set for a midterm review regarding the progress of tariff and nontariff barrier reduction.This review will

also seek SADC member country central banks to achieve single digit inflation between 2004 and 2008 in the lead up to the creation of the

FTA.

In early 2003,guidelines for reforming legislation in the transportation,communications,and meteorology sectors were finalized.The

guidelines address legislative harmonization, the streamlining of licensing procedures and processes,and the promotion of small- to

medium-sized enterprises.

In August 2003,Seychelles requested to withdraw from SADC,citing financial reasons.

In March 2004,SADC announced the launch of a Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan to attract foreign investment in the mining

and agricultural sectors.

sadc

Members: Angola, Botswana, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Lesotho, Malawi, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Seychelles, South

Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.14

Population: 215.4 million

GDP: $221.5 billion

Goals: To eliminate poverty, to promote economic development and growth while integrating political and social values, and to maximize

employment through collective self-reliance policies and interdependence among member states while defending peace, security, and protection of the environment.

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Billion dollars

U.S. Trade with SADC U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance
3-12

Southern African Development Community

AGOA Imports in 2003

By Sector

By Country

Transportation

equipment

(28.6%)

Minerals

and metals

(16.1%)

Agricultural

(7.2%)

Chemicals

(6.9%) Textiles and

apparel

(32.4%)

South Africa

(65.2%)

All other

(4.8%)

All other

(4.1%)

Swaziland (5.2%)

Lesotho (14.6%)

Energy-related

(4.8%)

Mauritius (5.6%)

Congo (DROC)

(4.7%)

$2.6 Billion

0

1750

3500

5250

7000

8750

10500

12250

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Trade and Investment:

In August 2003, the Summit of SADC Heads of State explored the

possibility of imposing a higher tariff scheme for products of South Africa

until a free trade zone is achieved in 2008, to allow other member states

to develop their manufacturing sectors.

In late 2002, the EU granted SADC $17 million for a 5-year Investment

Promotion Program that will identify potential growth industries or

sectors and encourage investment.

During 2000-05, the EU and SADC ministers are negotiating a potential

EU-SADC FTA to begin after 2010.

In July 2004, the EU proposed an Economic Partnership Agreement with

seven of the SADC members to promote trade and development.Initial

talks will establish rules to remove the remaining EU trade barriers for

these SADC countries.South Africa will participate as an observer.

AGOA Imports from SADC:

SADC member countries that were AGOA eligible in 2003 were

Botswana,Democratic Republic of the Congo,Lesotho,Malawi,

Mauritius,Mozambique,Namibia,Seychelles,South Africa,Swaziland,

Tanzania,and Zambia.

In 2003,AGOA imports from SADC totaled $2.6 billion,a 24-percent

increase from 2002.

In 2003,AGOA imports increased by more than 25 percent from six

SADC countries:Botswana,Malawi,Mauritius,Mozambique,Swaziland,

and Zambia.AGOA imports from Namibia increased the most (from $1.7

million in 2002 to $46.8 million in 2003).

The footwear sector accounted for the greatest percentage gain in

AGOA imports, increasing by more that 150 percent in 2003 (from

$303,547 in 2002 to $789,389 in 2003).AGOA imports of

miscellaneous manufactures were the second-highest gainer,with a

nearly 50-percent increase (from $38.3 million in 2002 to $57.2 million

in 2003).AGOA imports of machinery registered the greatest decline in

2003,decreasing by 38 percent (from $17.8 million in 2002 to $1.0

million in 2003).

SADC Net Foreign Direct Investment, 1998-2002

Million dollars

3441.6

5589.3

3380.6

10699.8

3350.2
3-13

Southern African Customs Union

Status and Structure:

SACU is the oldest regional agreement in southern Africa,dating back to 1910.In October 2002,after 8 years of negotiations between

members,a revised framework for SACU was signed that would allow joint decision making for tariff and excise duty policies for all members,

establish institutions to promote fair competition,and facilitate economic development through common policies.

SACU is recognized as a regional agreement by the WTO.

The Council of Ministers,which consists of one minister from each member,ratifies any change to external trade policy for the regional

agreement that has been recommended by the SACU Tariff Board.A tribunal arbitrates disputes arising from changes in trade policy.

Botswana,Lesotho,Namibia,and Swaziland each will develop national tariff bodies that will conduct tariff and trade remedy investigations and

present findings to the SACU Tariff Board.

Because Botswana,Lesotho,Namibia,and Swaziland are significantly smaller and collect a larger portion of revenue from customs and excise

duties, the 2002 agreement created a new Revenue Sharing Formula that changed the value of tariff revenue allocated them.

The 2002 agreement also maintains protection for infant industries in Botswana,Lesotho,Namibia,and Swaziland,allowing these countries to

impose duties on imports from South Africa if they are also imposed on goods from outside the SACU region.16 This protection is limited to 8

years,but may be extended by the Council of Ministers or coupled with additional measures.

General Developments:

In July 2003, the WTO released a trade policy review report emphasizing the importance of economic reform programs for the SACU region.

The report commends the SACU members for continued policy harmonization,economic reform,and prudent fiscal policies that have led to a

stable environment for investment.

sacu

Members: Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia, South Africa, and Swaziland.15

Population: 52.4 million

GDP: $172.4 billion

Goals: To create a free trade area among member countries; to promote growth through common economic strategies for industry development, agricultural sector, competition policy; and to establish policies to address unfair trade practices.

-3000

-2000

-1000

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Million dollars

U.S. Trade with SACU U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance
3-14

Southern African Customs Union

Trade and Investment:

In November 2002, the United States notified Congress of its intent to

launch FTA negotiations with SACU.17 Negotiations began in June 2003

and should conclude by December 2004.In addition to addressing

tariffs, the FTA is expected to cover services, investment,government

procurement,electronic commerce, labor,and environment.In the June

2004 talks,SACU noted its concerns regarding investment, intellectual

property rights,and services.

In January 2004,South Africa proposed that SACU initiate FTA talks

with India and China,as well as consider such negotiations with other

African and Middle Eastern nations.

In March 2004,SACU concluded its third round of negotiations with the

EU regarding a potential FTA.SACU is seeking greater access for its

agricultural exports to the EU market.

SACU and Mercosur expect that the framework of their FTA will be

signed in 2004.Further talks regarding rules of origin will continue to

take place.SACU is seeking to increase market access for industries

such as engineering,agro-processing,and steel.

The United States is providing technical assistance to the SACU

countries to help implement commitments under various WTO

agreements.

AGOA Imports from SACU:

All SACU members were AGOA eligible in 2003.

In 2003,AGOA imports from SACU members totaled $2.2 billion,an

increase of 27 percent from 2002.AGOA imports from Namibia

experienced the greatest increase in 2003 at over 2,600 percent (from

$1.7 million in 2002 to $46.8 million in 2003);Swaziland showed the

second-largest increase,at 65 percent (from $81.3 million in 2002 to

$134.0 million in 2003).

AGOA imports of energy-related products registered the largest

percentage increase,over 200 percent (from $866,196 in 2002 to

$2.8 million in 2003), followed by the footwear sector with growth in

AGOA imports of 170 percent (from $289,997 in 2002 to $789,389 in

2003).AGOA imports of machinery registered the greatest percentage

decline,decreasing by 38 percent (from $17.8 million in 2002 to $11.0

million in 2003).

0

1050

2100

3150

4200

5250

6300

7350

8400

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

SACU Net Foreign Direct Investment, 1998-2002

Million dollars

1161.5

1824.0

1415.5

7844.3

1042.2

AGOA Imports in 2003

By Sector

By Country

Agricultural All other (4.5%)

(6.3%)

Chemicals

(7.9%)

South Africa

(74.9%)

All other

(2.4%)

Minerals and

metals (18.5%)

Transportation

equipment

(32.8%)

Textiles and

apparel

(30.0%)

Lesotho

(16.7%)

Swaziland

(6.0%)

$2.2 Billion
3-15

East African Community

Status and Structure:

The EAC has its roots in the Agreement for Division of Assets and Liabilities of the East African Community,which was dissolved in 1977.In

1993,an agreement to establish the Tripartite Commission for East African Cooperation was signed.

The EAC is recognized as a regional trade agreement by the World Trade Organization.

The EAC operates on 5-year Development Strategies that detail policy guidelines,programs to be implemented,and timelines for their

completion.A primary goal of EAC is sequentially creating a customs union,a common market,a monetary union,and a political federation.

Collaboration with other regional organizations such as the AU,COMESA,IGAD,and SADC help EAC realize its goals of regional cooperation

and integration.

General Developments:

In March 2004,Burundi requested membership in the EAC.No affirmative date has been set for Burundi to make a formal application.

Uganda,Tanzania,and Kenya have agreed to a common external tariff, to enter into force in September 2004.The agreement, signed in

March 2004,establishes duty-free imports of raw materials,a 10-percent tariff rate on intermediate goods,and a 25-percent tariff rate on

finished goods entering the EAC markets.An agreement has also been reached on rules of origin.

Within the common external tariff scheme,Uganda and Tanzania will receive revenue from surcharges placed on goods from Kenya,which has

a greater level of industrialization and development than its partners.Kenya will also allow duty-free access for imports from Uganda and

Tanzania.

EAC

Members: Kenya, Tanzania, and Uganda.18

Population: 94.7 million

GDP: $28.8 billion

Goals: To create a framework for regional cooperation and integration; to establish partnerships with the public sector; and to coordinate

activities in a wide range of areas including trade, investment, industrial development, monetary and fiscal affairs, infrastructure, human

resources, science and technology, agriculture and food security, environment and natural resources management, tourism, and wildlife

management.

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

U.S. Trade with EAC U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Million dollars Trade balance
3-16

East African Community

Trade and Investment:

The EAC received a grant of approximately $670,000 from Germany to

aid in the construction of new headquarters in Arusha,Tanzania.

Efforts are currently underway to create a joint stock market among EAC

members.

The EAC has designated the Victoria basin as an economic zone.The

EAC has plans to invest $600 million to improve fishing, to develop

tourism facilities,and to improve transportation networks.The Swedish

International Development Agency has also committed $160 million for

development of the economic zone.

The World Bank has approved a loan of between $400 and $500 million

that will help fund road transportation projects designed to link Tanzania,

Kenya,and Uganda.

In July 2004,EAC member states representatives met to develop

standards for goods and services originating from the common area.

The project is to be funded by PTB (Germany),a national metrology

institute,and will help improve the competitiveness of EAC goods and

services.

AGOA Imports from EAC:

All EAC members were AGOA eligible in 2003.

In 2003,AGOA imports from the EAC totaled $187.5 million,an

increase of over 40 percent from 2002.

The largest percentage increase was from Uganda;AGOA imports from

Uganda increased from $31,886 in 2002 to $1.5 million in 2003.

AGOA imports of electronic products registered an increase of over 500

percent (from $7,878 in 2002 to $48,890 in 2003),and AGOA imports

of agricultural products,and textiles and apparel grew by 58 percent and

46 percent,respectively (from $3.7 million in 2002 to $5.8 million in

2003,and from $122.0 million in 2002 to $178.6 million in 2003,

respectively).AGOA imports of chemicals and related products declined

by 79 percent (from $734,224 in 2002 to $152,919 in 2003).

EAC Net Foreign Direct Investment, 1998-2002

0

200

400

600

800

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Million dollars

424.3

698.9 751.5

522.3

440.7

AGOA Imports in 2003

By Sector

By Country

Textiles

and

apparel

(95.2%)

Agricultural

(3.1%) All other

(0.7%)

Forest

(1.0%)

Kenya

(98.4%)

All other

(1.6%)

$187.5 Million
3-17

Intergovernmental Authority on Development

Status and Structure:

The original agreement, the Intergovernmental Authority on Drought and Development (IGADD),was established to focus on drought and

desertification issues.Members favoring the expansion of this mandate adopted the IGAD charter following a meeting of Heads of State and

Government in 1996.

In keeping with the objective of ensuring peace and security in support of economic stability and eventual integration,Somalia and Sudan

have established subcommittees to oversee conflict prevention and resolution.These committees are also focused on reducing illegal arms

flows within the region.

IGAD was revitalized in 1996 as a regional political,economic,development,and trade entity that would mirror other regional agreements

such as ECOWAS and SADC.

General Developments:

IGAD chaired negotiations between the Sudanese government and the Sudan People’s Liberation Army that led to an agreement to create

an integrated governing entity for a period of 6 years before granting power to the states.

To reduce dependence on imported food,IGAD plans to increase investment in the agriculture sector to ensure sustainable food

production.IGAD also plans to promote the management of fresh water resources.

IGAD is currently implementing a 5-year strategy (beginning in 2004 and running through the end of 2008) to manage natural resources,

including increasing crop production, food marketing efforts,water resources management,and environmental protection.Funding for

sectoral projects has been requested from NEPAD.

The EU Development Fund has provided funding for infrastructure development projects, such as modernization of the railway between

Kenya and Uganda, improvement and expansion of the Ethiopian railways container terminals,and rehabilitation of ports throughout the

region.

igad

Members: Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Somalia, Sudan, and Uganda.19

Population: 177.6 million

GDP: $42.2 billion

Goals: To resolve regional conflict, to provide regional security, to restore regional peace, to develop communications and transportation

infrastructure, to protect the environment, and to ensure food security.

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Million dollars

U.S. Trade with IGAD U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance
3-18

Intergovernmental Authority on Development

AGOA Imports in 2003

By Sector

By Country

Textiles

and

apparel

(95.0%)

Agricultural

(3.3%)

All other

(1.6%)

Kenya

(97.7%)

Ethiopia

(1.5%)

All other

(0.8%)

Trade and Investment:

In February 2004,IGAD participated in a meeting to launch the first

session on Economic and Partnership Agreement (EPA) negotiations

between 16 eastern and southern African countries and the EU.

Negotiations with the EU regarding the EPA will proceed in three phases.

Phase I of the negotiations with the EU (March - August 2004) targeted a

number of sectors for regional cooperation and policy harmonization.Phase

II (September 2004 - December 2005) will include negotiations on the

removal of tariffs and greater market access.The final phase, to begin in

January 2006,will cover implementation of the EPA in 2008.IGAD plans to

use the EPA to mobilize private sector investment in the region,and to

increase its competitiveness in sectors such as tourism and agriculture.

AGOA Imports from IGAD:

The IGAD member countries that were AGOA eligible in 2003 were Djibouti,

Eritrea,Ethiopia,Kenya,and Uganda.

In 2003,AGOA imports from IGAD totaled $188.9 million,a 44-percent

increase from 2002.

AGOA imports from Uganda registered the greatest percentage gain,

increasing from $31,886 in 2002 to $1.5 million in 2003).

AGOA imports of electronic products accounted for the greatest

percentage increase,with an 18-fold increase (from $7,878 in 2002 to

$146,690 in 2003).AGOA imports of agricultural products also increased

by over 50 percent and such textiles and apparel imports increased by 46

percent (from $3.9 million in 2002 to $6.3 million in 2003,and from

$123.2 million in 2002 to $179.5 million in 2003,respectively).

IGAD Net Foreign Direct Investment, 1998-2002

0

105

210

315

420

525

630

735

840

945

1050

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Million dollars

1035.4

709.6

846.4

792.8

933.0

$188.9 Million
3-19

Indian Ocean Commission

-800

-600

-400

-200

0

200

400

600

800

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Status and Structure:

The IOC was created in 1984,and original members included Madagascar,Mauritius,and Seychelles.Initially formed to strengthen links

among the peoples of the member states and to improve the standard of living, the focus of the IOC is currently on promoting cooperation on

social,economic,cultural,agricultural,and scientific policies.

The foreign ministers of the five member states meet annually to discuss IOC policy direction.A council ratifies or vetoes any proposals

submitted by the Committee of the Permanent Officers of Connection,which develops and coordinates policies.

General Developments:

As part of its focus on promoting social,economic,and cultural cooperation, the IOC is a member of the inter-regional Committee on

Coordination that seeks to implement programs in the transportation and communication sectors,as well as to improve existing national

education programs.

The EU provides a substantial part of IOC financing,and as mandated by the Lome Convention guidelines, funds are dispersed by the European

Development Fund (EDF).Since 1975, the EDF has funded projects totaling 118 million or (approximately $134 million).

iOC

Members: Comoros, France (representing the French Overseas Department of Reunion), Madagascar, Mauritius, and Seychelles.20

Population: 19.4 million (SSA countries only)

GDP: $12.1 billion (SSA countries only)

Goals: To promote cooperation between members states in the areas of diplomacy, economy, trade, agriculture, maritime fishing, conservation of natural resources, education, and culture; and to promote tourism and conservation in coastal and coral reef regions.

Million dollars

U.S. Trade with IOC U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance
3-20

Indian Ocean Commission

Trade and Investment:

The ninth EDF plan is promoting economic integration among member

states,natural resources development and conservation,and

modernization of transport and communications.IOC also uses EDF

funds for poverty reduction efforts.

The IOC is also involved in the Cross Border Initiative with COMESA,EAC,

and SADC.The program seeks to identify and remove barriers to

intra-regional trade and investment,and is funded by the African

Development Bank, the EU,and the IMF.

AGOA Imports from IOC:

IOC members that were AGOA eligible in 2003 were Madagascar,

Mauritius,and Seychelles.

In 2003,AGOA imports from IOC totaled $331.0 million,an increase of

71 percent from 2002.

The largest percentage increase in AGOA imports in 2003 was from

Madagascar,with a 136-percent increase (from $79.7 million in 2002

to $187.9 million in 2003).

The sector with the largest percentage gain in AGOA imports in 2003

was miscellaneous manufactures,with a fivefold increase (from $1.0

million in 2002 to $5.3 million in 2003).The largest decline was

registered by the agricultural sector,with AGOA imports declining by

more than 80 percent in 2003 (from $7.4 million in 2002 to $1.4

million in 2003).

IOC Net Foreign Direct Investment, 1998-2002

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Million dollars

85.2

163.3

373.8

124.8

98.8

AGOA Imports in 2003

By Sector

By Country

Textiles

and

apparel

(97.1%)

Miscellaneous

manufactures

(1.6%) All other

(1.3%)

Madagascar

(56.8%)

Mauritius

(43.2%)

$331.0 Million
3-21

Communauté Economique et Monétaire de ľAfrique Centrale

Status and Structure:

CEMAC,one of Africa’s oldest regional agreements,became an economic and monetary union in 1994.

CEMAC is composed of two unions, the Economic Union of Central Africa (UEAC) and the Monetary Union of Central Africa (UMAC).A

Conference of Heads of State determines policy for member states,and a council of ministers develops CEMAC policies.

General Developments:

As regional infrastructure and collective security are priorities for CEMAC, in January 2003, the council of ministers stated its intent to create

an airline to serve the CEMAC region.

In December 2003,a meeting of the council of ministers proposed a nonaggression pact and the provision of mutual assistance during periods

of civil unrest.

A CEMAC-wide passport scheme was proposed in January 2003,although progress has been slow.

CEMAC ministers are attempting to harmonize education policy.In January 2004,UNESCO organized a workshop for all education ministers

from the CEMAC member states.The primary goal was to encourage education ministers to coordinate and integrate policies on new

technology,HIV/AIDS education in schools,and teacher training.

Regulations governing money laundering have been adopted for the financial sector.

In early 2003, the World Bank announced a $100-million Regional Integration Assistance Strategy for CEMAC.The strategy aims to provide

technical assistance for reforming customs practices and transit processes.Other investment projects to be funded include the improvement

of existing road networks and the creation of new links to facilitate the flow of goods, services,and people.

cemac

Members: Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, and Gabon.21

Population: 45.5 million

GDP: $30.1 billion

Goals: To promote the national markets of member states, to encourage regional and monetary integration through trade liberalization,

to establish a common external tariff scheme, to harmonize development policies, and to facilitate the free movement of goods, services, and

people.

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Billion dollars

U.S. Trade with CEMAC U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance
3-22

Communauté Economique et Monétaire de ľAfrique Centrale

AGOA Imports in 2003

By Country

All other

(9.6%)

Gabon

(70.1%)

Energy-related

(99.8%)

By Sector

All other

(4.7%)

Forest

(8.0%)

Agricultural

(87.3%)

Congo (ROC)

(20.3%)

All other (0.2%)

Trade and Investment:

Petroleum is the primary CEMAC export.Many members rely on

this commodity for nearly 80 percent of revenues, followed by

agricultural products such as wood,coffee,and cocoa.The

Executive Secretariat has recognized the need to diversify exports

and has encouraged members to diversify into the manufacturing

sector.

Formal regional trade remains relatively low because of high tariff

rates between member countries.

In August 2003,work began on two bridges across the Ntem

River and a highway section linking Equatorial Guinea,Cameroon,

and Gabon.The project is scheduled for completion in 2006.

In May 2003, the management concession for the Transgabonais

railway was awarded to Comilog (France).In September 2003,a

Spanish firm was awarded a contract to manage the deepwater

ports for Gabon,a key port for the Transgabonais railway.

In June 2003,CEMAC inaugurated a small stock exchange,with

trading expected to begin in mid-2004.The new exchange is

expected to merge in late 2004 with another stock exchange that

was opened in April 2003 in Cameroon.

AGOA Imports from CEMAC:

All CEMAC members were AGOA eligible in 2003.

In 2003,AGOA imports from CEMAC totaled $1.7 billion,an

increase of 23 percent from 2002.AGOA imports from the

Republic of the Congo registered the greatest percentage

increase,over 200 percent (from $106.6 million in 2002 to

$340.8 million in 2003);the second-largest increase,27 percent,

was in imports from Cameroon (from $115.8 million in 2002 to

$147.0 million in 2003).

AGOA imports of energy-related products registered the largest

increase,at over 22 percent (from $1.4 billion in 2002 to 1.7

billion in 2003),while miscellaneous manufactures sector imports

registered the largest decline, falling by 70 percent (from

$296,599 in 2002 to $86,651 in 2003).

CEMAC Net Foreign Direct Investment, 1998-2002

0

250

500

750

1000

1250

1500

1750

2000

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Million dollars

542.8

378.3

1263.9

1769.0

703.2

$1.7 Billion
3-23

1 African Union, “Advent of the AU,” found at Internet address

http://www.african union.org, retrieved July 2004.

2 UNDP, Annual Report 2003, found at Internet address

http://www.undp.org/rba, retrieved July 2004.

3 For more information on NEPAD, see the NEPAD section in

chapter 4 of this report.

4 ECOWAS press release, “Summit of Second Monetary Zone for

September,” Aug. 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.ecowas.int, retrieved Aug. 2004.

5 CEMAC, “Les Bulletins Officiels de la CEMAC,” found at Internet

address http://www.izf.net/izf/Documentation/Journal

Officiel/Index%20CEMAC.htm, retrieved July 2004.

6 Ibid.

7 SADC, “Regional Indicative Strategic Development Plan,” found

at Internet address http://sadc.int, retrieved July 2004.

8 “Another Step Towards Lasting Peace,” May 28, 2004, found at

Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved July 2004.

9 Reform programs under the SSATP Task Force include road

management, railway management, urban transport, trade and

transport, and rural travel transport programs.

10 UNECA, Annual Report 2004, May 2004, found at Internet

address http://www.uneca.org, retrieved July 2004.

11 U.S. Department of State, Bureau of African Affairs Fact

Sheet, “Economic Community of West African States,” found at

Internet address http://www.state.gov, retrieved June 2004.

12 U.S. Department of State, Bureau of African Affairs, “Fact

Sheet: West African Economic and Monetary Union,” found at

Internet address http://www.state.gov, retrieved June 2004.

13 U.S. Department of State, Bureau of African Affairs, “Fact

Sheet: Common Market for Eastern and Southern Africa,” found at

Internet address http://www.state.gov, retrieved June 2004. As

Burundi and Rwanda did not become members of COMESA until

2004, and as Egypt is not classified as a part of SSA for this report,

these countries’ data are not included in trade and investment

figures. As Namibia withdrew membership in mid-2004, it is

included in 2003 data figures.

14 U.S. Department of State, Bureau of African Affairs, “Fact

Sheet: Southern African Development Community,” found at Internet

address http://www.state.gov, retrieved June 2004.

15 U.S. Department of State, Bureau of African Affairs,

“Southern African Customs Union,” found at Internet address

http://www.state.gov, retrieved June 2004.

16 An infant industry is defined by SACU as having been

established for no more than 8 years.

17 The Commission conducted a classified study at the request

of USTR concerning the probable economic effect of a U.S.-SACU

FTA, USITC, U.S. Southern African Customs Union Free Trade

Agreement: Advice Concerning the Probable Economic Effect, Inv.

Nos. TA-131-23 and TA-2104-003, Apr. 2003.

18 EAC, “EAC Membership,” found at Internet address

http://www.eac.int, retrieved June 2004.

19 U.S. Department of State, Bureau of African Affairs,

“Southern African Development Community,” found at Internet

address http://www.state.gov, retrieved June 2004.

20 IOC, “IOC Membership,” found at Internet address

http://www.coi info.org/memberstates, retrieved June 2004.

21 Secretariat of the Central African Economic and Monetary

Union, “CEMAC Membership,” found at Internet address

http://www.izf.net, retrieved June 2004.

TRADE-Continued

ENDNOTES

4-1

CHAPTER 4

Multilateral Assistance, U.S. Bilateral Assistance,

and Other Trade-Related Initiatives

U.S. trade and investment with SSA is influenced by a number of factors, including

programs that provide multilateral assistance, bilateral assistance, and other

trade-related initiatives. U.S. trade and investment with countries in SSA are affected

by the policies and programs of the Export-Import Bank (Ex-Im Bank), U.S. Trade and

Development Agency (TDA), Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC), and

various programs operated by the U.S. Agency for International Development

(USAID) and the U.S. Department of Agriculture.

Multilateral assistance, through the International Development Association of the

World Bank and the African Development Fund of the African Development Bank

(AfDB), is a significant source of financing for economic development programs in the

region. The United States, as a shareholder in both theWorld Bank and the AfDB, is an

important voice in the operations of these banks, and U.S. companies are eligible to

bid on their funded procurement opportunities.

This chapter summarizes developments in multilateral assistance, U.S. bilateral

assistance to SSA, and other trade-related initiatives. Table 4-1 provides a summary of

these activities.

Sources of Multilateral Assistance to Sub-Saharan Africa

The World Bank Group and the African Development Bank Group are two major

sources of multilateral assistance for SSA. Lending by the World Bank and AfDB

finances specific projects, and therefore, can be generally classified by sector. In

addition, the International Monetary Fund provides concessional loans to countries

with balance-of-payments problems. These loans, however, are not classified by

sector.

The World Bank Group

The World Bank/International Development Association

The World Bank is the leading multilateral institution dedicated to providing

development assistance. The Bank’s main goals are to strengthen the investment

climate and to invest in poverty reduction. While focusing on project quality, the Bank
4-2

Table 4-1

Summary of general developments in multilateral and U.S. bilateral

assistance for sub-Saharan Africa, 2003

Institution/activity

2003 assistance levels for

sub-Saharan Africa Other developments

The World Bank Group:

International Development

Association

Lending commitments made by

the World Bank to countries in

sub-Saharan Africa remained

constant at $3.7 billion in 2002

and 2003.

Over 21 percent ($811 million)

of the Bank’s lending was for

human development (notably

HIV/AIDS), 15 percent for

social protection, and 11

percent for education.

The World Bank Group:

Multilateral Investment

Guarantee Agency (MIGA)

In FY 2003, MIGA issued

investment guarantees or

coverage for nine projects in

Africa totaling $953 million.

In conjunction with the Foreign

Advisory Service, UNCTAD,

and UNIDO, MIGA launched a

Multi-Agency Initiative to

increase investment in SSA.

The World Bank Group:

International Finance

Corporation (IFC)

The IFC committed to invest

$164 million to support the

expansion of SSA banks and

financial institutions in FY 2003.

The IFC invested in a cellular

operator in the Democratic

Republic of the Congo and a

bank in Angola.

African Development Bank

Group (AfDB)

In 2003, the AfDB approved 16

new projects and programs

with a combined value of

$465.1 million.

In 2003, AfDB also signed 118

loan and grant agreements

valued at $2.6 billion.

International Monetary Fund

(IMF)

As of April 30, 2003, the IMF

had committed $1.9 billion in

grants to 23 SSA countries.

In FY 2003, the IMF approved

Poverty Reduction and Growth

Facility arrangements for the

Democratic Republic of the

Congo, The Gambia, Senegal,

and Uganda.

Export-Import Bank of the

United States (Ex-Im Bank)

In FY 2003, Ex-Im Bank support

to SSA consisted of loan

guarantees and insurance

totaling $572 million. As of

September 2003, Ex-Im Bank’s

total exposure in SSA was $3.6

billion.

The Democratic Republic of the

Congo accounted for 24

percent, Nigeria represented

23 percent, and South Africa

represented 16 percent of Ex-Im

Bank’s total SSA exposure.

U.S. Trade and Development

Agency (TDA)

TDA’s obligation in

sub-Saharan Africa decreased

to $5.9 million in FY 2003 from

$9.9 million in FY 2002.

SSA funding accounted for 11.2

percent of all TDA funding in

2003.

Overseas Private Investment

Corporation (OPIC)

In FY 2003, total investments in

SSA were $384 million.

OPIC participated in increasing

housing projects in South Africa

and Kenya.

U.S. Agency for International

Development (USAID):

Development Assistance and

other economic assistance

programs

USAID obligation for SSA

totaled

$1.4 billion in FY 2003,

compared to $1.1 billion in FY

2002.

USAID continued to support

several programs that it started

in 2002, including the Initiative

to End Hunger in Africa, the

African Education Initiative,

and Anti-Corruption Initiative.

Source: Compiled by the Commission from tables and information detailed in this chapter.
4-3

seeks to improve procurement and financial management, and to reduce structural

constraints to poverty reduction. The International Development Association (IDA), the

Bank’s concessional lending arm, provides long-term loans at no interest to eligible

borrowers from developing countries. There are 37 countries in SSA that are eligible

for World Bank loans.1 The World Bank reports that aid flows to Africa declined by 40

percent per capita in the past decade. The Bank is, however, attempting to reverse this

trend.2 In 2003, SSA received $3.7 billion in interest-free loans, or 33 percent of the

Bank’s total lending to developing countries ($11.2 billion).

Whereas the World Bank raises funds through selling securities globally, the IDA is

funded through donations from member countries. The IDA is an integral part of the

Bank’s poverty reduction mission, lending to and assisting those countries with limited

access to capital.3 To be eligible for an IDA loan, a country must be a member of the

Bank and have an annual per capita income of less than $865. Eligible countries are

ranked on the basis of their policy performance and effective use of financial aid. The

IDA allocates more funds to the poorest eligible countries, with consideration for a

country’s level of policy performance and institutional capacity. The IDA provides less

developed countries zero-interest rate loans with a 10-year grace period and

maturities of 35 to 40 years.4 SSA countries eligible to borrow from the IDA are listed

in table 4-2.

Table 4-2

World Bank/IDA: Eligible borrowers in sub-Saharan Africa (37)

Angola Ethiopia Niger

Benin The Gambia Rwanda

Burkina Faso Ghana São Tomé and Principe

Burundi Guinea Senegal

Cameroon Guinea-Bissau Sierra Leone

Central African Republic Kenya Somalia

Chad Lesotho Sudan

Comoros Liberia Tanzania

Congo (DROC) Madagascar Togo

Congo (ROC) Malawi Uganda

Côte d’Ivoire Mali Zambia

Djibouti Mauritania

Eritrea Mozambique

Source: World Bank, World Bank Annual Report 2003, p. 132.

In 1999, the Poverty Reduction Strategy Program (PRSP) was launched by the World

Bank. This program was designed to increase government participation in projects that

use foreign aid. The Bank and IMF perform joint staff assessments on these plans to

ensure that they are designed to move the country toward international development

goals such as applying sound macroeconomic and sectoral policies, protecting the

1 World Bank, “Countries of the Sub-Saharan Africa,” found at Internet address

http://www.worldbank.org/afr/countries.htm, retrieved Aug. 2, 2004. 2 World Bank, The World Bank Annual Report 2003, p. 88.

3 World Bank, The World Bank Annual Report 2003, p. 19.

4 IDA, “International Development Association,” found at Internet address

http://www.worldbank.org/ida/eligible.htm, retrieved Aug. 9, 2004.
4-4

environment, and strengthening social sectors. The Bank then allocates Poverty

Reduction Support Credits (PRSC) to assist these low-income countries in implementing

their reforms.

IDA lending for SSA was valued at $3.7 billion in FY 2003 in support of 60 projects

and 10 supplemental credits; this funding represented 21 percent of its total new

commitments to all regions for the year.5 In FY 2003, the IDA committed over 21

percent of its funds to SSA for human development, particularly the prevention and

treatment of communicable diseases such as HIV/AIDS. IDA expects its SSA funding to

increase to the point that SSA will eventually account for 50 percent of its resources.

At present, there are 95 projects under implementation in conflict-affected areas of

SSA. For example, DROC received a grant of $50 million from the IDA to help stabilize

its economy and to help address issues such as HIV/AIDS. To provide a framework for

disarmament, demobilization, and re-integration, the Bank administers the

multi-donor Trust Fund for Demobilization and Reintegration for the Great Lakes

Region. Table 4-3 presents IDA’s SSA commitments by theme, sector, and credits

during FY 1998-2003. In terms of theme, human development received the largest

loan commitment for FY 2003, with loans totaling $811.4 million, or 21.7 percent of

total SSA loans. By sector, health and other social services received the largest

allocation, totaling $775.9 million, or 20.8 percent of total loans to SSA.

Table 4-4 shows World Bank projects approved for SSA in FY 2003. There were 71

IDA projects undertaken in 27 African countries in 2003. The five countries that

borrowed the most were DROC, Uganda, Ethiopia, Nigeria, and Ghana. DROC

borrowed $454 million, which included $44 million in grants for economic recovery

projects. Uganda borrowed $230 million, mostly for poverty reduction and local

government development. Ethiopia borrowed $304 million for energy projects, road

development, pastoral community development, drought recovery, social

rehabilitation, and capacity building. Nigeria borrowed $230 million for basic

education, Lagos urban transport projects, and polio eradication. Ghana’s $215

million loan was designated for poverty reduction and health.

The Heavily Indebted Poor Countries (HIPC) Initiative, a joint effort of the IMF and the

World Bank, plays an important role in ensuring and maintaining long-term debt

sustainability in eligible countries. According to the World Bank, African economies

have improved in recent years because they were supported by improved

microeconomic polices and debt relief under the HIPC initiative. In order to qualify for

the HIPC Initiative, countries must maintain a satisfactory track record in adopting

World Bank and IMF adjustment and reform programs. Thirteen countries are in the

process of meeting these criteria,6 and nine countries have encountered difficulties in

implementing these requirements.7 Only Burkina Faso, Mali, Mauritania,

5 Ibid.

6 The 13 countries are Cameroon, Chad, Ethiopia, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau,

Madagascar, Malawi, São Tomé and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, and Zambia.

7 These countries are Burundi, Central African Republic, Côte d’Ivoire, DROC, Liberia, ROC,

Somalia, Sudan, and Togo.
4-5

Table 4-3

World Bank (IDA and IBRD) lending commitments in sub-Saharan Africa,

by theme and sector, average FY 1998-99 and FY 2000-03

(Million dollars)

h

1998-99

Theme:

1998 99

(Average) 2000 2001 2002 2003

Human Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267.7 208.5 399.4 739.0 811.4

Social Protection and Management .... 117.2 140.5 376.4 98.3 543.7

Public Sector Governance ........... 291.7 495.3 429.6 851.9 432.4

Urban Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 253.8 154.9 206.1 279.6 425.5

Social Development, Gender, and

Inclusion . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

167.6 210.5 491.8 347.4 420.0

Rural Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 393.6 151.8 296.3 329.2 384.1

Financial and Private Sector

Development . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

509.0 466.7 625.8 780.7 383.6

Environmental and Natural Resource

Management

156.0 172.4 110.0 159.9 227.0

Economic Management ............ 165.0 78.2 138.5 138.7 37.8

Trade and Integration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120.5 53.7 261.5 46.4 37.2

Rule of Law . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.0 26.7 34.0 22.5 34.5

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,463.2 2,159.1 3,369.6 3,793.5 3,737.2

Sector:

Health and Other Social Services . . . . . 273.6 183.1 889.9 616.6 775.9

Law and Justice and Public

Administration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

610.9 834.9 880.8 906.9 721.8

Transportation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 533.5 263.9 229.8 491.1 690.5

Education . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 304.4 189.8 209.5 472.6 423.6

Energy and Mining . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244.0 176.3 198.0 490.3 324.4

Agriculture, Fishing, and Forestry . . . . . 170.0 111.5 212.0 210.4 303.4

Water, Sanitation, and Flood

Protection . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

142.0 155.9 357.8 112.2 296.3

Industry and Trade . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94.3 104.7 170.6 266.7 92.7

Finance ......................... 53.7 121.7 200.1 192.8 67.2

Information and Communication . . . . . . 36.7 17.3 21.1 33.8 41.4

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,463.2 2,159.1 3,369.6 3,793.5 3,737.2

Note.–Because of rounding, figures may not add to the totals shown.

Source: World Bank, The World Bank Annual Report, 2003, Vol. 1, table 5.1.

Mozambique, Tanzania, and Uganda have met the requirements and received most

of their assistance under the HIPC Initiative. As of April 30, 2003, the Bank had

committed $1.9 billion (SDR 1.4 billion) to 22 SSA countries. 8 In FY 2003, however, the

global economic slowdown and a significant decline in many primary commodity

prices weakened economic growth contributing to the deterioration of many countries’

external debt indicators.9 Furthermore, the United Nations reports that the HIPC

Initiative is a costly process.10

8 IMF, Annual Report 2003, found at Internet address

http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/ar/2003/eng/pdf/filed.pdf, retrieved Aug. 9, 2004. 9 World Bank, “The Enhanced HIPC Initiative and the Achievement of Long-Term External Debt

Sustainability,” found at Internet address

http://www.worldbank.org/hipc/hipc-review/Long-Term.pdf, retrieved Aug. 9, 2004. 10 United Nations, “Debt relief needs a bolder approach,” found at Internet address

http://www.un.org/ecosocdev/geninfo/afrec/vol14no4/htm/debt_boxes.html, retrieved July 10,

2003.
4-6

Table 4-4

World Bank projects approved in sub-Saharan Africa, FY 20031

Country/project name

Date of

approval

Maturity

dates

Principle

amount

Million

dollars

Angola

Emergency Demobilization and Reintegration Grant March 27, 2003 n.a. 33.0

Economic Management Technical Assistance Credit March 27, 2003 2013/2042 16.6

Benin

Pubic Expenditure Reform Supplemental Credit October 27, 2003 2013/2042 10.0

Burkina Faso

Transport Sector Investment Credit/Grant April 8, 2003 n.a. 92.1

Utility Reform and Investment Credit March 4, 2003 2013/2042 30.7

Learning Center and Innovation Credit July 29, 2002 2012/2042 2.3

Poverty Reduction Support Credit July 11, 2002 2012/2042 35.0

Burundi

Social Action Supplemental Grant April 8, 2003 n.a. 14.2

Health and Population Supplemental Grant January 16, 2003 n.a. 9.5

Economic Rehabilitation Credit August 29, 2003 2013/2042 54.0

Cameroon

Railway Investment Credit July 18, 2002 2012/2042 21.4

Structural Adjustment Credit June 6, 2003 2008/2038 3.3

Douala Infrastructure Investment Credit July 18, 2003 2012/2042 56.4

Cape Verde

Growth and Competitiveness Credit May 13, 2003 n.a. 11.5

Structural Adjustment Supplemental Credit December 12, 2002 2013/2042 4.0

Chad

Education Sector Reform Investment Credit/Grant March 18, 2003 2013/2042 42.3

Structural Adjustment Credit March 18, 2003 2013/2043 40.0

Electricity and Water Service Rehabilitation Credit October 10, 2002 2013/2042 54.8

Democratic Republic of the Congo

Multi-sector Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Credit August 6, 2002 2012/2042 454.0

Republic of the Congo

Recovery and Community Support Credit/Grant June 24, 2003 2013/2043 41.0

Eritrea

Education Sector Credit June 19, 2003 2013/2043 45.0

Emergency Reconstruction Supplemental Grant June 19, 2003 n.a. 15.0

Ethiopia

Road Sector Development Phase I Grant June 17, 2003 n.a. 126.8

Pastoral Community Development Grant May 20, 2003 n.a. 30.0

Drought Recovery Grant March 27, 2003 n.a. 60.0

Social Rehabilitation and Development Fund I Credit December 17, 2002 2013/2042 28.3

Energy Access Investment Credit September 19, 2002 2012/2042 132.7

Capacity Building for Service Delivery Credit July 23, 2002 2013/2042 26.2

Ghana

Poverty Reduction Support Credit/Grant June 24, 2003 2013/2043 125.0

Health Program Specific Credit/Grant February 6, 2003 2013/2042 89.6

Guinea

Multi-sector AIDS Grant December 13, 2002 n.a. 20.3

Rural Electrification Learning and Innovation Credit July 2, 2002 2012/2042 5.0

See footnote at end of table.
4-7

Table 4-4—Continued

World Bank projects approved in sub-Saharan Africa, FY 20031

Country/project name

Date of

approval

Maturity

dates

Principle

amount

Million

dollars

Kenya

Arid Lands Resource Management Phase 2 Credit June 19, 2003 2013/2043 60.0

Free Primary Education Support Credit June 19, 2003 n.a. 50.0

Economic and Public Sector Reform Credit June 5, 2003 2010/2040 0.5

Madagascar

Mineral Resources Governance Credit May 13, 2003 n.a. 32.0

Emergency Economic Recovery Credit November 11, 2002 2013/2042 50.0

Rural Transport Adaptable Program Credit November 14, 2003 2012/2042 80.0

Malawi

Social Action Fund Adaptable Program Credit/Grant June 10, 2003 2013/2043 60.0

Financial Management, Transparency Credit/Grant March 16, 2003 2013/2043 23.7

Drought Recovery Credit/Grant November 15, 2002 2013/2042 50.0

National Water Development Credit August 8, 2002 2005/2035 3.2

Mozambique

HIV/AIDS Response Grant March 28, 2003 n.a. 55.0

Public Sector Reform Adjustable Program Grant March 18, 2003 n.a. 25.6

Economic Management-Private Sector Credit August 29, 2002 2012/2042 120.0

Niger

Multi-sectoral STI/HIV/AIDS Support Grant April 4, 2004 n.a. 25.0

Community Action Program Adjustment Grant March 20, 2003 n.a. 35.0

Nigeria

Polio Eradication Credit April 29, 2003 n.a. 28.7

Lagos Urban Transport Investment Credit November 21, 2002 2013/2037 100.0

Basic Education Investment Credit September 12, 2002 2013/2037 101.0

Rwanda

Multi-country AIDS Grant March 31, 2003 n.a. 30.5

Institutional Reform Credit December 3, 2002 2013/2042 85.0

Senegal

Private Investment Promotion Credit May 20, 2003 n.a. 46.0

Sierra Leone

Economic Rehabilitation and Recovery Credit May 20, 2003 n.a. 30.0

National Social Action Credit April 24, 2003 n.a. 35.0

Health Sector Grant February 25, 2003 n.a. 20.0

Basic Education Specific Investment Grant February 25, 2003 n.a. 20.0

South Africa

Municipal Financial Management Assistance Loan September 12, 2002 2007/2011 15.0

Tanzania

Programmatic Structural Adjustment Credit June 27, 2003 2010/2040 0.4

Agricultural Development and Empowerment Credit May 27, 2003 2013/2043 56.6

Dar es Salaam Water and Sanitation Credit May 27, 2003 2013/2043 61.5

Uganda

Local Government Development Credit/Grant May 29, 2003 2013/2043 125.0

Northern Uganda Social Action Investment Credit July 23, 2002 2012/2042 100.0

Poverty Reduction Support Credit July 23, 2002 2012/2042 150.0

Protected Areas Investment Credit July 9, 2002 2012/2042 27.0

Lake Victoria Supplemental Credit July 9, 2002 2012/2042 4.5

See footnote at end of table.
4-8

Table 4-4—Continued

World Bank projects approved in sub-Saharan Africa, FY 20031

Country/project name

Date of

approval

Maturity

dates

Principle

amount

Million

dollars

Zambia

Economic Recovery and Investment Credit June 17, 2003 2013/2043 10.0

Copperbelt Environment Investment Credit/Grant March 20, 2003 2013/2043 40.0

ZANARA HIV/AIDS Grant December 30, 2002 n.a. 42.0

Emergency Drought Recovery Grant/Credit November 19, 2002 2013/2042 50.0

Economic Recovery and Investment Credit September 19, 2002 2012/2042 7.5

Total ...................................... 3,585.7

1 July 2002 to June 2003

n.a. = not available

Source: World Bank, World Bank Annual Report 2003, pp.141-149.

Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency

The Multilateral Investment Guarantee Agency (MIGA) was established in 1998 as a

member of the World Bank Group to address the issue of political instability for

investors. The purpose of MIGA is to encourage foreign direct investment in

developing countries by providing investment guarantees and technical assistance.

Investment guarantees act as insurance for investors against situations in a host

country considered too risky to be profitable by private-sector insurance firms.

Examples of economic and social risks include expropriation, breach of contract, and

war and civil disturbance. In addition, MIGA provides technical assistance, online

dissemination of information on investment opportunities, and investment dispute

mediation services.

In 2003, MIGA’s membership included 154 industrialized and developing countries.11

Table 4-5 lists those countries in SSA that are currently members of MIGA and those

that are in the process of fulfilling membership requirements. MIGA issued investment

guarantees to cover eight projects in Africa totaling $953 million during FY 2003, an

increasefrom$272million in 2002.12 Table 4-6 outlines these projects, which typically

involve privatization efforts and capacity-building activities. In 2003, MIGA allocated

over 19 percent of its outstanding portfolio to the SSA region.13 In order to help

investors benefit from recent economic reforms, MIGA opened several mobile offices

in central, western, and southern Africa. In addition, the agency organized a

U.S.-Africa Business Summit to attract new investment and to build greater institutional

capacity in the region. MIGA also actively supports the New Partnership for Africa’s

Development (NEPAD).14

11 MIGA, “Miga Membership,” found at Internet address

http://www.miga.org/screens/pubs/annrep01/members.pdf, retrieved June 3, 2002.

12 World Bank Fact Sheet, “Heavily Indebted Poor Countries Initiative,” March 2003.

13 Ibid.

14 For additional details, see following section of this chapter on NEPAD.
4-9

Table 4-5

Sub-Saharan African MIGA members and countries in the process of fulfilling

membership requirements, 2003

MIGA Member countries

Angola Gabon Seychelles

Benin The Gambia Sierra Leone

Botswana Ghana South Africa

Burkina Faso Guinea Sudan

Burundi Kenya Swaziland

Cameroon Lesotho Tanzania

Cape Verde Madagascar Togo

Central African Republic Malawi Uganda

Chad Mali Zambia

Congo (DROC) Mauritania Zimbabwe

Congo (ROC) Mauritius

Côte d’Ivoire Mozambique

Equatorial Guinea Namibia

Eritrea Nigeria

Ethiopia Senegal

Countries in the Process of Fulfilling Membership Requirements

Guinea-Bissau Niger

Liberia Rwanda

Source: MIGA, “MIGA Member Countries,” found at Internet address

http://www.miga.org/screens/pubs/annrep01/members.pdf, retrieved Aug. 1, 2004.

MIGA initiated assistance programs in 16 of the 40 SSA MIGA member countries

during FY 2003. Ghana, Mozambique, Senegal, and Tanzania have been selected

for prioritized technical assistance programs, focusing on capacity-building efforts in

these nations to enable investors to take advantage of increased access to the U.S.

market through AGOA, and the EU market through the Cotonou Agreement.15 MIGA,

with the Foreign Investment Advisory Service, United Nations Conference on Trade

and Development, and United Nations Industrial Development Organization,

launched a multiagency initiative to assist Mali, Mozambique, Tanzania, and Uganda

to attract more FDI. Projects in Benin, Mauritania, Nigeria, and Senegal received

first-time coverage from MIGA.

International Finance Corporation

The International Financial Corporation (IFC) was founded in 1956 as a legally and

financially independent member of the World Bank Group. The main objective of the

IFC is to promote sustainable private sector investments.16 The IFC’s strategy,

developed in 1998, emphasizes three areas: strengthening the financial sector,

expanding private investment in infrastructure, and supporting indigenous

entrepreneurship.17

15 MIGA, “Miga Membership,” p. 49.

16 IFC, “Introduction,” found at Internet address http://www.ifc.org/ar2003/annual/intro.html,

retrieved Aug. 9, 2004.

17 IFC, Annual Report 2003, p. 32.
4-10

Table 4-6

MIGA guarantees issued in sub-Saharan Africa, FY 2003

Country Investor Investor country

Guarantee

amount

(Million dollars) Sector

Angola . . . . . . . . . Barlows Tractor United Kingdom 18.4 Manufacturing

Cameroon . . . . . . . Societe Internationale de

Plantations d’Hevas

France 5.4 Agribusiness

Equatorial Guinea . UMC Equatorial Guinea Corp. United States 24.0 Oil and gas

Ghana . . . . . . . . . . Unatrac International Egypt 18.0 Services

Guinea . . . . . . . . . Agro-Industrial Investment and

Development

Panama 9.0 Flour Milling

Kenya . . . . . . . . . . Mersey Docks and Harbour

Company

United Kingdom 4.7 Services

Madagascar . . . . Hydelec France 2.1 Thermal peaking power

station

Mauritania . . . . . . Tunisie Télécom Tunisia 68.3 Telecommunication

services

Mozambique . . . . . Industrial Development

Corporation

South Africa 40.0 Aluminum Smelter

Mozambique . . . . . Industrial Development

Corporation

South Africa 40.0 Agribusiness

Mozambique/

Swaziland . . . . . . . Eskom South Africa 69.4 Power

Nigeria . . . . . . . . . MTN International Mauritius 50.0 Telecommunications

South Africa . . . . . Harsco Corp., Multiserv

International

United States,

Netherlands

4.5 Manufacturing

Habib Bank AG Switzerland 12.3 Financial

Tanzania . . . . . . . . Barrick Gold Corp. Canada 56.3 Mining

Uganda . . . . . . . . . g Starlight Telecommunications United States 2.6 Telecommunications

Clovergem AG Switzerland 0.4 Manufacturing

Source: MIGA, 2003 Annual Report, found at Internet address http://www.miga.org, retrieved Aug. 2004.

In 2003, 47 SSA countries in sub-Saharan Africa were members of the IFC. The

number of IFC projects approved for SSA increased from 27 in 2002 to 37 in 2003,18

but the value of financial commitments signed by the IFC declined, from $256 million in

FY 2002 to $167 million in FY 2003.19 The IFC’s total commitment to the SSA region

also declined, from $1.8 billion in FY 2002 to $1.7 billion in FY 2003.20 IFC-supported

lending in areas of Africa beset by violence include Angola, where it funded a new

micro-finance bank, and DROC, where it funded a cellular telephone operator. The

IFC also assisted Kenyan Airways to enlarge its fleet of aircraft, and the Government of

Tanzania to privatize Air Tanzania.

18 IFC, “Sub-Saharan Africa, Building Local Capacity and Regional Businesses,” found at Internet

address http://www.ifc.org/ar2003/pdf/Africa.pdf, retrieved July 2, 2003.

19 IFC, Annual Report 2003, p. 31.

20 Ibid.
4-11

The IFC also supports small and medium enterprises in Africa by allowing smallerfirms

to provide intermediary financial support for direct investments. For example, the IFC

assisted in the establishment of a regional holding company to acquire banks through

privatization that will, in turn, establish micro-finance networks on a national level. In

Chad, the IFC provided funding for two commercial banks, a new micro-finance bank,

and assisted in the implementation of Chad’s small- and medium-enterprises initiative.

The African Development Bank Group

The African Development Bank Group (AfDB Group) consists of the African

Development Bank (AfDB), the African Development Fund (ADF), and the Nigerian

Trust Fund (NTF). Shareholders include 53 African and 24 non-African countries. The

main goals of the AfDB Group are to promote sustainable economic growth and to

reduce poverty in Africa through capital resources and funds raised from capital

markets. In addition to dispersing loans, the AfDB Group plays a catalyst role for large

capital flows into Africa through cofinancing, and increases development

effectiveness through project preparation and supervision. The AfDB offers financial

assistance on nonconcessional terms directed towards low-risk African countries, such

as the northern African countries, South Africa, and Gabon. To complement AfDB, the

ADF and NTF lend on concessional terms to low-income regional member countries.

In 2003, the AfDB Group approved 16 new projects and programs valued at

approximately $473 million, and it signed 118 loan and grant agreements totaling

$2.6 billion. The AfDB attributes this decrease to fewer countries qualifying for the

HIPC debt relief program; sociopolitical disruption in Côte d’Ivoire, its host country;

and a delay in replenishing the ADF’s reserves which, in turn, led to a decline in ADF

operations in 2002.21 However, the AfDB Group states that its total reserve has

consistently grown.22

The AfDB Group mandate emphasizes a rigorous development effort in debt relief,

health, education, regional integration, agriculture, and rural issues. The largest share

of loans (40 percent) went to the finance sector; 24 percent to water supply and

sanitation; 16 percent to power supply; and 15 percent to the transportation sector. In

addition, AfDB contributed $370 million to NEPAD projects in 2003.23

The AfDB Group agenda addresses human capital-building needs and private sector

development. Projects in these areas aim to facilitate the integration of African

economies with the global economy and enhance African workers’ employment

prospects. To this end, several mechanisms, including venture capital funds,

21 AfDB, 2002 Annual Report, p. 26.

22 AfDB, “Financial and Operation Analysis, 2002,” p. 17, found at Internet address

http://www.afdb.org/financial/pdf/adb_financial_presentation_june2003e.pdf, retrieved July 2,

2003.

23 AfDB, “ADB to provide US $600 million in support for NEPAD projects,” Press Release, No.

SEGL3/B/63/04, July 8, 2004, found at

http://www.afdb.org/knowdlege/pressreleases2004/adb_63_2004e.htm, retrieved Aug. 11, 2004.
4-12

infrastructure funds, and development financial institutions are devoted to expanding

and cultivating various segments of the private sector. Additionally, ADF technical

assistance operations continue to assist countries in project-related activities such as

feasibility studies, environmental impact assessments, sector and multisector studies,

and detailed engineering studies.

The AfDB Group is actively involved in the movement to provide African countries with

debt relief. The AfDB Group’s collaboration with the World Bank and IMF on the

Enhanced HIPC Initiative complements its efforts in that area. Under the Enhanced

HIPC Initiative, the AfDB Group relieves regional member countries of up to 80 percent

of their annual debt. The AfDB Group uses the PRSPs to monitor projects, and poverty

reduction strategies are implemented with available funds.24

Table 4-7 summarizes AfDB and ADF approvals of loans and grants for SSA projects

in 2003 (including multinational projects). In 2003, the AfDB Group authorized

funding for 16 projects at a total cost of $473 million. South Africa received the single

largest amount of loans and grants, $158 million, with 67 percent designated for a line

of credit for the Development Bank of South Africa. In 2003, over $2 million was

authorized for drought relief and $169 million for lines of credit.

International Monetary Fund

The IMF is composed of several lending facilities that tailor their assistance to respond

to specific balance-of-payments problems and to help cushion the impact of structural

adjustment. Stand-By Arrangements (SBA) and the Extended Fund Facility (EFF) are

two traditional examples of such assistance. Member countries requiring a line of

credit on a short-term basis rely on the SBA; member countries requiring long-term

funding (at least 3 years) rely on the EFF. In FY 2001, the IMF changed the repurchase

schedule for the EFF. Payments must still begin in 4.5 years, but must be repaid after 7

years instead of 10. The Supplemental Reserve Facility and the Contingent Credit Lines,

established in 1999, provide additional resources to prevent loss of market confidence

in a member country or to sustain those experiencing abrupt reversals of investment

flows.25

The IMF has two mechanisms through which it addresses protracted payments arrears:

the HIPC Initiative and the Poverty Reduction and Growth Facility (PRGF). In 1996, the

World Bank and the IMF combined their resources to provide debt relief more

effectively through the HIPC Initiative. In 1999, the World Bank and IMF governing

boards adopted the Enhanced HIPC Initiative to shorten the time it takes for a country to

qualify for relief. The PRGF is the most recent incarnation of the IMF’s concessional

24 AfDB, 2001 Annual Report, pp. 37-40.

25 IMF, Annual Report 2001, pp. 38-40.
4-13

Table 4-7

Total ADF and AfDB projects and programs approved during 2003, by country

ADF and AfDB

Loan & Grant Amounts

(Million dollars)

Country Sector Project Total cost

Loan & grant

amounts

Cape Verde Social Assistance to Drought Victims n.a. 0.52

Djibouti Transportation Bulk Terminal Project n.a. 10.30

Eritrea Social Relief to victims of 2002 Drought n.a. 0.53

Ethiopia Social Relief to victims of 2002 Drought n.a. 0.53

The Gambia Social Relief to flood victims n.a. 0.53

Kenya Finance Line of Credit to CFC Bank PLC n.a. 7.28

Social Assistance to 2002 Drought

Victims

n.a. 0.53

Liberia Social Assistance to Civil War Victims n.a. 0.52

Mozambique Industry Moma Mineral Sands Project 252.91 42.90

Republic of the

Congo

Social Fight Against Ebola Fever Epidemic n.a. 0.53

South Africa Finance Line of Credit to Development Bank

of Southern Africa

n.a. 106.10

Finance Line of Credit to Industrial

Development Corporation

n.a. 51.90

Sudan Social Relief for 2003 Flood Victims n.a. 0.52

Swaziland Agriculture and

rural development

Lower Usuthu Smallholder

Irrigation Project Phase I

86.04 14.80

Transportation Mbabane Bypass Road 49.60 59.40

Togo Finance Line of Credit to Ecobank

Transnational Inc.

n.a. 21.60

Multinational

(PTA Bank)

Finance Line of Credit to PTA Bank n.a. 30.90

Multinational

(EADB)

Finance Line of Credit to East African

Development Bank (EADB)

n.a. 41.30

Multinational

(South Africa/

Mozambique)

Power Supply Sasol Natural Gas Project 858.88 82.50

Multinational

(South Africa/

Mauritius)

Finance Line of Credit to First Rand Bank

Limited and RMB (Mauritius)

Limited

n.a. 53.54

n.a. = Not available.

Note.–Total does not include multicountry programs and projects approved by the AfDB Group in 2000.

Source: Derived from data in AfDB, Annual Report 2003. U.S. dollar figures calculated by the Commission using a

Unit of Account (1AU=US$1.43958).
4-14

lending facility (formerly known as the Structural Adjustment Facility (SAF) in 1986,

and the Enhanced SAF in 1987). Launched in November 1999, the PRGF reflects the

new primary objective of the IMF’s concessional lending arm–poverty reduction in

low-income countries. Loan approvals are linked to anti-poverty programs developed

by the recipient country in its PRSP.26 To qualify for support, the anti-poverty programs

must be developed by member countries in collaborationwith civil society and bilateral

and multilateral donors.27

As of April 30, 2003, the IMF had committed $1.9 billion in grants to Benin, Burkina

Faso, Cameroon, Chad, Côte d’Ivoire, Ethiopia, The Gambia, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau,

Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mozambique, Niger, Rwanda, São Tomé

and Principe, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania, Uganda, and Zambia. In FY 2003,

the IMF approved new PRGF arrangements for DROC, The Gambia, Senegal, and

Uganda, and it also established regional Africa Technical Assistance Centers in

Tanzania and Mali.

New Partnership for African Development

NEPAD was launched in 2001 as a comprehensive, integrated, strategic framework

for African socioeconomic development. The primary goals of NEPAD are to promote

accelerated growth and sustainable development, to eradicate widespread and

severe poverty, and to increase Africa’s participation in the globalization process. To

achieve these goals, NEPAD has undertaken a number of initiatives during 2003 and

early 2004.

NEPAD launched a major policy initiative to increase social and food security on the

continent. In May 2004, it announced a plan to promote cassava and nerica (a new

rice variety for Africa) as part of its food security initiative. The intended effect of the

program is wider distribution of these foods to increase crop and seed production

yields and provide stable food sources. One of the constraints to food security in Africa

is low levels of production, a result of the AIDS pandemic.28 NEPAD adopted a new

health strategy in July 2003 in which African governments agreed to allocate 15

percent of their national budgets to health concerns, including the prevention and

treatment of HIV/AIDS. Additional funding for health initiatives came from the World

Health Organization and the Global AIDS Fund.29

One of NEPAD’s goals is to facilitate relations between Africa and industrialized

countries, especially with respect to development assistance and market access. In

June 2004, the G8 countries reaffirmed their commitments to NEPAD. The United

States has renewed AGOA through 201530 and provided assistance to eight African

26 The PRSP is a tool first used by the World Bank as part of its strategy to increase the effectiveness of

financial assistance. For more information, see the World Bank Group section of this chapter.

27 IMF, Annual Report 2001, p. 38.

28 “Nepad in Food Security Bid,” found at Internet address

http://www.news24.com/News24/Africa/News/0,,2-11-1447_1553041,00.html, retrieved July 15,

2003.

29 Ibrahim A. Gambari, “Progress in the Implementation of NEPAD: Issues and Perspectives,”

speech presented to the Council on Foreign Relations, Mar. 25, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.un.org/esa/africa/speeches/council.htm, retrieved July 19, 2004.

30 “G8 Reaffirms Support for NEPAD, African Action Plan,” The Daily Champion (Lagos), found at

Internet address http://allafrica.com/storeies/printable/200407090760.html, retrieved July 19,

2004.
4-15

countries through the Millennium Challenge program.31 France pledged to increase its

development assistance to Africa by 50 percent and pledged support for NEPAD’s

development objectives. Germany also pledged greater support and expressed an

interest in providing greater market access to the OECD market for African

countries.32 Ties between the Asian economies and Africa were also strengthened;

India committed $200 million to the NEPAD Secretariat in the form of loans to be used

toward NEPAD objectives.33 In addition, Japan continued to support development

work, and a forum on China-Africa cooperation in late 2003 generated over $460

million in business partnerships.34

Strengthening intra-African relations and market development is another of NEPAD’s

goals. The African Union (AU) adopted a plan for continental integration with NEPAD

programs at its core.35 NEPAD is also supporting efforts to integrate Africa’s scientific

community through the creation of a Center of Excellence with a priority in researching

high yield, disease resistant crops.36 Additionally, NEPAD has served as a forum for

interested groups to cooperate across African borders. For example, the Kenyan and

South African investment agencies signed an MOU on joint ventures and exchanges of

employees between the two countries.37

Central to the African integration efforts of NEPAD has been the improvement of

infrastructure, with special emphasis on transportation, communication, and

technological infrastructure. NEPAD has 20 priority infrastructure projects on the

continent.38 In November 2003, the World Bank approved $1.2 billion in funding for

two energy sector projects under the NEPAD short-term action plan for

infrastructure.39 A road network project in East Africa was also initiated with $500

million from the World Bank over the next 3 years.40 NEPAD also adopted an action

plan for science and technology, with member countries pledging to commit 1 percent

of GDP to science and technology funding.41 Funding also came from the AfDB, which

31 “US Ties Aid Boost to Policy,” Business Day (Johannesburg), found at Internet address

http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200405100638.html, retrieved July 2004. The eight countries

eligible for Millennium Challenge funding are Benin, Cape Verde, Ghana, Lesotho, Madagascar,

Mozambique, Mali, and Senegal.

32 “German Leader, At ECOWAS Parliament, Backs NEPAD,” Vanguard (Lagos), found at Internet

address http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200404260307.html, retrieved July 19, 2004.

33 “France to Increase Her Development Assistance,” General News (Accra), found at Internet

address http://www.ghanaweb.com, retrieved July 23, 2004.

34 “Asia Seizing New Opportunities in Africa,” The Japan Times, found at Internet address

http://www.japantimes.co.jp/cgi-bin/geted.pl5?eo20040717a1.htm, retrieved July 23, 2004.

35 “African Leaders Endorse Integration Plan, Balk at 1.7b dollar budget,” found at Internet address

http://www.channelnewsasia.com/stories/afp_world/view/94473/1/.html, retrieved July 23, 2004.

36 “Preparations on to Establish SADC Center of Excellence,” Daily News Online, found at Internet

address http://www.gov.bw/cgi-bin/news.cgi?d=20040629&i=Preparations_on_to_establish_SADC

_centre_of_excellence, retrieved July 23, 2004.

37 “Investment Agencies Sign Agreement,” The Nation (Nairobi), found at Internet address

http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200404230026.html, retrieved July 23, 2004.

38 NEPAD’s infrastructure development plans include electricity power supply, water, gas pipelines,

and transportation.

39 Ibrahim A. Gambari, “Progress in the Implementation of NEPAD: Issues and Perspectives.”

40 “NEPAD Highlights Infrastructure Needs,” Inter Press Services, found at Internet address

http://ipsnews.net/interna.asp?idnews=24578, retrieved July 23, 2004.

41 “NEPAD Adopts Science, Tech Action Plan,” I.T. Web, found at Internet address

http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200311110274.html, retrieved July 23, 2004.
4-16

provided $300 million for NEPAD infrastructure projects in 2003, and earmarked

$600 million for 2004 to fund NEPAD’s short-term action plan, especially in the areas

of agriculture, power, tourism, industry, and rural development.42

Increasing the flow of investment into SSA is one of NEPAD’s central development

goals. This goal dovetails with NEPAD’s infrastructure development efforts, as basic

infrastructure is necessary to increase investment levels.43 In November 2003, NEPAD

and the OECD jointly launched the African Investment Initiative to attract private

investment to the continent.44 To date, NEPAD’s 20 priority infrastructure projects

have not attracted private funding.45 NEPAD has, however, contributed to increasing

investment in the energy sector. In August 2003, Chevron/Texaco announced plans to

invest $20 billion in African projects; the company cited changes in the investment

climate and infrastructure development resulting from NEPAD efforts as factors in its

decision.46

A significant deterrent to investing in Africa has been political instability. To address

this concern, NEPAD has supported the expansion of the African Peer Review

Mechanism (APRM) of the AU. The APRM is a self-monitoring, voluntary mechanism

designed to ensure that the Declaration on Democracy, Political, Economic, and

Corporate Governance is enforced.47 There are now 23 APRM countries.48 In 2003,

the process of reviewing all member countries was initiated, and each member country

agreed to fund the APRM with a minimum of $100,000.49 By December 2004, the first

two reviews (Rwanda and Mozambique) under the APRM are expected to be

completed.50 The APRM is considered by NEPAD and many industrialized countries as

42 Omar Kabbaj, “Statement to the 11 Heads of State and Government Implementation Committee

on ADB Support to NEPAD,” July 7, 2004 (Addis Ababa, Ethiopia), found at Internet address

http://www.afdb.org/knowledge/speeches2004/pdt_speech_nepad_addis_7jul2004e.doc,

retrieved Aug. 2, 2004.

43 “Poor Infrastructure Scares Off Investors, Says NEPAD Official,” New Vision, found at Internet

address http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200308210329.html, retrieved July 23, 2004.

44 “Initiative to Attract Investment into Africa,” Bau News, found at Internet address

http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200311200486.html, retrieved July 23, 2004.

45 “Access to Capital: Financing Infrastructure Development,” Africa Economic Summit 2004, found

at Internet address

http://www.weforum.org/site/knowledgenavigator.nsf/Content/B2F2CE68972109B7C1256EA8003

877CBopen&event_id=1166&year_id=2004&PreviewStyle=B4BAD35E15AF148BC1256AC5002CD32

1&Preview=1, retrieved July 19, 2004. 46 U.S. Department of State, “Chevron Texaco President Points to New Projects for Investment

Opportunities,” found at Internet address http://allafrica.com/stories/printable/200308150591.html,

retrieved July 23, 2004.

47 African Union, “38th Ordinary Session of the Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the

OAU,” found at Internet address http://www.au2002.gov.za/docs/summit_council/aprm.htm,

retrieved July 27, 2004.

48 Listed in order of ascension, the APRM countries are Algeria, Burkina Faso, Republic of the

Congo, Ethiopia, Ghana, Kenya, Cameroon, Gabon, Mali, Mauritius, Mozambique, Nigeria, Rwanda,

Senegal, South Africa, Uganda, Egypt, Benin, Malawi, Lesotho, Tanzania, Angola, and Sierra Leone.

49 Ibrahim A. Gambari, “Progress in the Implementation of NEPAD: Issues and Perspectives.”

50 “Africa Sees First Political Report Cards by December,” Reuters, found at Internet address

http://www.alertnet.org/printable.htm?URL=/thenews/newsdesk/L07372671.htm, retrieved July 23,

2004.
4-17

a strong sign of Africa’s commitment to reform and an important prerequisite to

increased investment.

Trade Capacity-Building Initiatives of U.S. Government

Agencies

The United States is one of the largest providers of trade capacity-building assistance

in the world, implementing a broad range of trade capacity-building initiatives with the

goal of increasing economic growth and reducing poverty through competition,

human resources development, technology transfer, and technological innovation.

USAID surveys and maintains a database of U.S. government agencies’ trade

capacity-building initiatives in developing and transitional economies.51 The survey

includes data covering FY 1999 through FY 2003. In FY 2003, U.S. government

agencies distributed $761 million toward trade capacity-building efforts, an increase

of 19.3 percent over FY 2002. Table 4-8 illustrates that SSA received $133 million in FY

2003, which represents 17.4 percent of total U.S. trade capacity-building funding.

SSA funding in FY 2003 increased by 25.7 percent from FY 2002.

Country coverage

The number of countries receiving trade capacity-building funding declined in 2003

with 12 countries no longer receiving country-specific funding.52 For the most part, this

change can be attributed to a restructuring of funding, with increased allocations to

regional trading blocs and a redistribution of funds to include many countries that

received little in the past. Of the 12 countries that lost funding in 2003, half are

members of regional blocs that received funding. Funding to regional blocs increased

nearly tenfold, from $765,000 in FY 2002 to $7 million in FY 2003.53 As table 4-9

indicates, in FY 2003, the top five recipients represented 32.1 percent; Mali received

the largest share in FY 2003 with 10.9 percent. The table shows that since FY 1999, the

top five recipients’ combined percent of total funding has fallen from 54.1 percent to

32.1 percent. The countries that received the largest percent increase from FY 2002 to

FY 2003 are Burkina Faso, Sierra Leone, Botswana, Benin, and Malawi.54 Four of the

topfive recipients offunding in previous years received a significantly reduced amount

in 2003, including Tanzania, Mozambique, Ghana, and Rwanda.55

51 For a discussion and analysis of FY 1999 through FY 2003 trade capacity-building initiatives, see

USITC,U.S. Trade and Investment With Sub-Saharan Africa 2002,USITC pub. 3552, Dec. 2002, chapter

4; and USITC, U.S. Trade and Investment With Sub-Saharan Africa 2003, USITC pub. 2650, Dec. 2003,

chapter 4.

52 USAID, “Trade and Investment - Trade Capacity Building Activities,” found at Internet address

http://esdb.cdie.org/cgi-bin2/broker.exe?_service=default&_program=tcbprogs.cty_2b.sas&group=

reg&cocode=_0SSA+&output=1, retrieved May 14, 2004.

53 USAID, Trade Capacity-Building Database, found at Internet address

http://esdb.cdie.org/cgi-bin2/broker.exe?_service=default&_program=tcbprogs.cty_2b.sas&group=

reg&cocode=_0SSA+&output=1, retrieved May 17, 2004.

54 USAID, Trade Capacity-Building Database.

55 Ibid.
4-18

Table 4-8

U.S. support for building trade capacity, by geographic region, FY 1999-FY 2003

(Million dollars)

Region/Country FY 1999 FY 2000 FY 2001 FY 2002 FY 2003

Middle East and North Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.1 110.4 118.3 147.1 179.1

Asia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48.5 69.7 114.3 109.9 94

SSA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80.8 94.7 64.1 105.5 132.7

Former Soviet Republics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97.4 84 97.6 72.1 85

Central and Eastern Europe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56.6 29.4 38.9 63.4 66.2

Latin America and the Caribbean . . . . . . . . . . 52.4 65 61.6 90.8 150.2

Nontargeted Global Funding2 ............. 12.3 51.3 104 49 53.4

All Developing and Transition Countries . . . . . 369.1 504.5 598.8 637.8 760.6

1 Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals shown.

2 Assistance programs involving countries from two or more regions and for which country and regional

breakdowns were not feasible.

Source: USAID Trade Capacity-Building Database, found at Internet address http://qesdb.cdie.org/tcb/overview.html,

retrieved May 17, 2004.

Types of Trade Capacity-Building Initiatives

U.S. government agencies’ trade capacity-building initiatives cover a broad spectrum

of categories. The primary funding category, “Human Resources and Labor

Standards,” registered the greatest growth from FY 2002 to FY 2003, representing

substantial increases in HIV/AIDS education projects and child labor prevention

programs.56 “Human Resources and Labor Standards” includes activities such as

programs to decrease child labor, to combat HIV/AIDS, and to promote labor rights.

These types of activities indirectly affect trade through increasing productivity levels.

“Trade Facilitation” includes numerous activities such as e-commerce development,

customs operations improvement, export promotion, business services and training

provision, and regional trade agreement support. Figure 4-1 provides percentages of

total funding by category for FY 2003 as well as a breakdown of trade facilitation

subcategories. In FY 2003, “Trade Facilitation” and “Human Resources and Labor

Standards” represented over 50 percent of funding. The “Export Promotion” and

“Support of Regional Trade Agreements” subcategories represented 50 percent of

“Trade Facilitation” funding. Table 4-10 provides illustrative examples of U.S. trade

capacity-building initiatives in SSA.

56 USAID, “Trade and Investment - Trade Capacity Building Activities.”
4-19

Table 4-9Trade capacity-building initiatives, leading sub-Saharan African country recipients, FY 1999-FY 2003

FY 1999 FY 2000 FY 2001 FY 2002 

Recipient

Share

of total Recipient

Share

of total Recipient

Share

of total Recipient

Share

of total Recipie

Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . 27.2 Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . 19.1 Ghana . . . . . . . . . . 11 Mozambique . . . . . 10.3 Mali . Mozambique . . . . . . 10 Mozambique . . . . . . 9.7 Tanzania . . . . . . . . 9.2 Ghana . . . . . . . . . . 10 Ugand

Tanzania . . . . . . . . . 6 Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . 8 Nigeria . . . . . . . . . 9.1 Tanzania . . . . . . . . 9.1 Nigeria 

Mali . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Mali . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 Zambia . . . . . . . . . 9 Uganda . . . . . . . . . 8.3 South A

Zambia . . . . . . . . . . 4.9 Zimbabwe . . . . . . . . 4.1 Uganda . . . . . . . . . 4.9 Rwanda . . . . . . . . . 4.9 SADC 

Top 5 total . . . . . . 54.1 Top 5 total . . . . . 48.9 Top 5 total . . . . 43.2 Top 5 total . . . . 42.6 Top 

Notes.–Percentages based on countries for which funding agency can be attributed and category breakouts are available as of May 2004. As a result recategorization, percentages may have changed from those reported in previous publications. Because of rounding, figures may not add to totals show

Source: USAID Trade Capacity-Building Database, found at Internet address http://qesbd.cdie.org/tcb/index.html, retrieved May 14, 2004.
Business services

and training10%

Other tradefacilitation20%

Figure 4-1U.S. trade capacity-building initiatives, by funding categories and subcategories, FY 2003

Trade-related agriculture15%

Trade facilitation25%

Other14%

WTO agreements5%

Physical infrastucturedevelopment12%

Human resources andlabor standards29%

Regional tradeagreements18%

Source: USAID Trade Capacity-Building Database, found at Internet address http://qesdb.cdie.org/tcb/index.html, retrieved May 14, 2004.

Trade Capacity-Building Initiatives Trade Facilitation S

4-20
4-21

Table 4-10

Examples of trade capacity-building initiatives in sub-Saharan Africa, FY 20031

Country Category Title Description

Funding

(Million dollars)

Benin Human Resources &

Labor Standards

Combating Child

Trafficking Through

Education

The program aims to combat

child labor by providing access

to quality education.

2.0

Burkina Faso Human Resources &

Labor Standards

Combating Child

Labor Through

Education

The program aims to combat

child labor by providing access

to quality education. Funded by

the U.S. Department of Labor.

3.0

Ghana Multiple Trade and Investment

Reform Program (TIRP)

TIRP focuses on three major

components: macro, trade &

financial sector policy and

institutional reform; capacity of

firms to export selected

non-traditional exports including

tourism; and technical assistance

for countries negotiating the west

African gas pipeline. TIRP is a

5-year activity aimed at

expanding Ghana’s economy.

3.5

Madagascar Multiple Biologically Diverse

Ecosystems Conserved

Natural Products Promotion and

Ecotourism Development are two

activities carried out to achieve

Biologically Diverse Forest

Ecosystem conservation and

sustainable economic

development. Natural Products

Promotion consists of assistance

in product certification that

enables buyers to be guaranteed

high quality products

corresponding to international

norms. In addition, USAID

provides technical assistance to

the Malagasy professional

organization of operators in

agribusiness of natural and

biological products (PRONABIO).

Ecotourism Development is

directly tied to the National Park

Network.

1.0

See footnote at end of table.
4-22

Table 4-10–Continued

Examples of trade capacity-building initiatives in sub-Saharan Africa, FY 20031

Country Category Title Description

Funding

(Million dollars)

Madagascar Multiple Critical Private Markets

Expanded

Activities under this Strategic

Objective mostly consist of

supporting agribusiness, art and

craft, and other selected

commodities to increase

efficiency of selected

agribusiness and trade flows.

Assistance will focus on:

(1) improving business skills

development, (2) increasing

access to domestic and

international markets,

(3) increasing business

opportunities for new ventures,

and (4) creating a favorable

environment for trade-related

activities through policy analysis

and trade integration.

1.0

Malawi Multiple National Smallholder

Farmers’ Association

(NASFAM)

Strengthening Project

The NASFAM Strengthening

Project aims to increase

agricultural production of certain

crops for the domestic and

export markets. NASFAM goals

include: (1) a rural business

development system as a fully

independent input and output

marketing company; (2) private

sector agribusiness

expansion—expanding linkages

with the private sector to address

export and value adding

production services; (3) providing

access to market

systems—forming strategic

alliances and setting up regional

markets; (4) adoption of

diversified crops, improved

practices to commercialize new

crops, and introduction of higher

value crops; (5) providing

technical support to farmers’

associations to ensure production

and delivery of quality crops; (6)

providing training in business

planning; and (7) participating in

policy dialogue to facilitate

regional markets for farmers

products.

2.7

See footnote at end of table.
4-23

Table 4-10–Continued

Examples of trade capacity-building initiatives in sub-Saharan Africa, FY 20031

Country Category Title Description

Funding

(Million dollars)

Mali Business Services &

Training

Trade-Related

Agriculture

Agriculture and

Livestock Promotion

The overall objective of this

activity is to increase the

production of agricultural and

livestock products for which Mali

has a comparative advantage in

the domestic and exports

markets. The activity will consist

of: (1) promoting irrigated

agriculture for rice and

horticultural crops production,

and (2) improving the availability

and accessibility to quality

animal feed to increase the

competitiveness of Mali’s

livestock sector.

5.0

Mali Human Resources &

Labor Standards

Combating Child

Labor Through

Education

The program aims to combat

child labor by providing access

to quality education.

3.0

Mali Multiple Financial Services

Support to

Agribusiness

The overall objective of this

activity is to facilitate the access

of Malian agribusinesses to

financial services. The activity will

consist of: (1) improving access to

commercial credit, (2) improving

the availability and accessibility

of microfinance services, and (3)

improving the policy and

institutional environment for

investment.

3.0

Mali Multiple Mali Trade Promotion

Program

The overall objective of this

activity is to increase Malian

exports to the regional and

global markets. The program

goals of this activity are to

improve the policy and

institutional environment for

trade and investment and

improve the competitiveness of

Mali’s private sector. Through

this activity, USAID/Mali will

provide technical assistance and

training to the public and private

sectors.

2.8

Mozambique Export Promotion

Business Services &

Training

Physical

Infrastructure

Development

Rural Group Enterprise

Development

Approximately 50% of

USAID/Mozambique’s support to

Rural Enterprise Development

directly builds capacity in trade.

This occurs under three separate

cooperative agreements.

1.2

See footnote at end of table.
4-24

Table 4-10–Continued

Examples of trade capacity-building initiatives in sub-Saharan Africa, FY 20031

Country Category Title Description

Funding

(Million dollars)

Nigeria Human Resources &

Labor Standards

Promoting Democracy

Through Fundamental

Principles and Rights at

Work

The objective of this project is to

strengthen democracy and social

and economic development in

Nigeria by promoting

fundamental principles and

rights of men and women at

work and tripartism among

government, employers, and

workers’ organizations. Activities

include: (1) facilitating a review

of existing labor legislation;

(2) equipping and training

officials on survey methods and

statistical gathering and

reporting; (3) creating a

computerized database for labor

inspection reports; (4) training

trainers in labor inspection;

(5) training trainers in collective

bargaining; and (6) training

trainers in gender mainstreaming

and developing gender-sensitive

policies.

1.0

Nigeria Physical

Infrastructure

Development

Support for

Infrastructure: Nigeria

Holdings

This project is for an electricity

generating plant in Nigeria.

8.1

Rwanda Trade-Related

Agriculture

Agribusiness

Development Activity in

Rwanda (ADAR)

The activity supports: (1) adding

value to key agriculture

commodities targeted for export;

(2) building efficiency and

expanding employment with

agriculture commodity chains;

(3) upgrading managerial and

technical capability in

agribusiness enterprises;

(4) improving product quality

and expand access to markets;

and (5) developing financing

options to support agribusiness

growth.

1.5

Senegal Human Resources &

Labor Standards

Senegal Timebound

Program to Combat

the Worst Forms of

Child Labor

The goal of the Timebound

Program in Senegal is to combat

the worst forms of child labor

within a specified period of time.

2.0

See footnote at end of table.
4-25

Table 4-10–Continued

Examples of trade capacity-building initiatives in sub-Saharan Africa, FY 20031

Country Category Title Description

Funding

(Million dollars)

Senegal Multiple Trade and Investment

Policy Environment

Strengthened

The activity is designed to support

Senegal’s Integrated Framework

Matrix of Actions. The support

will primarily focus on:

(1) promoting nontraditional

exports; (2) strengthening

Senegal’s capacity to engage in

beneficial international trade

negotiations; and (3) improving

access to competitively-priced

telecommunication services.

1.1

South Africa Trade-Related

Agriculture

AGRILINK II:

Agricultural Marketing

Project

The agricultural marketing

activity for commercialization of

emerging black farmers and

agribusinesses supports: (1)

market development (domestic,

regional and international

trade); (2) access to finance; and

(3) technology transfer.

1.0

Uganda Human Resources &

Labor Standards

Combating Child

Labor Through

Education

The project aims to combat child

labor in Northern Uganda by

providing access to quality

education.

3.0

Uganda Human Resources &

Labor Standards

Combating HIV/AIDS

in Ugandan

Workplaces:

Community/Faithbased Org.

This project will provide a $1

million grant to one or more

”intermediary” organizations to

develop and implement a project

to stem the spread of HIV/AIDS

infection in Uganda, focusing on

the workplace and surrounding

communities. Eligible

”intermediaries” are those

nonprofit, community, and/or

faith-based organizations with

established working relationships

to grassroots faith-based and

community organizations in

Uganda working in the field of

HIV/AIDS.

1.0

See footnote at end of table.
4-26

Table 4-10–Continued

Examples of trade capacity-building initiatives in sub-Saharan Africa, FY 20031

Country Category Title Description

Funding

(Million dollars)

Uganda Export Promotion

Trade-Related

Agriculture

Investment in

Developing Export

Agriculture (IDEA)

USAID’s Investment in

Developing Export Agriculture

(IDEA) activity seeks to strengthen

the value chain for nontraditional

high and low value crops. Areas

of focus include flowers, vanilla,

maize, beans, chilies,

papaya/pepine, and sesame.

IDEA works with the whole value

chain for crops, many of which

are exported, and continually

addresses issues such as

assistance with export promotion,

business services for trade

facilitation, regional trade

agreements, and foreign

investment- especially

trade-related agricultural

development.

3.9

Uganda Business Services &

Training

Trade-Related

Agriculture

Gov/ Transparency

& Inter-Agency

Coord.

Support for Private

Enterprise Expansion

and Development

(SPEED)

The SPEED project is designed to

address micro, small, and

medium enterprise (MSME)

finance and business needs in

Uganda. Through SPEED, USAID

seeks to increase access to

financial services, to create and

expand agricultural and

non-agricultural enterprises, and

to strengthen legal and

regulatory frameworks for

business development in the

small-and medium-size business

and finance service sectors.

1.5

SSA Trade-Related

Agriculture

Association for

Strengthening

Agricultural Research

in

Eastern and Central

Africa

ASARECA is a regional,

nonpolitical organization that

brings together National

Agricultural Research Institutes

from 10 countries in eastern and

central Africa. ASARECA’s main

objective is to promote regional

economic growth by developing,

introducing, and disseminating

agricultural technologies.

ASARECA also focuses on

harmonization of policies

affecting agricultural trade.

2.9

SSA Multiple East and Central

Africa Global

Competitiveness Hub

Technical assistance will be

provided through the eastern

and central Africa Global

Competitiveness Hub to promote

the six main themes of the Trade

for African Development and

Enterprise (TRADE) initiative.

3.5

See footnote at end of table.
4-27

Table 4-10–Continued

Examples of trade capacity-building initiatives in sub-Saharan Africa, FY 20031

Country Category Title Description

Funding

(Million dollars)

SSA Multiple Energy Program for

Legal, Regulatory &

Policy Assistance to

SADC Countries

The main objective of the energy

sector assistance program is to

provide an enabling framework

that reduces legal, institutional,

and political barriers to

commercial energy markets.

1.7

SSA Multiple Increased Competition

& Liberalization in

Information &

Communication

Technologies: SADC

This activity is part of a broader

strategy to assist countries within

SADC to create a harmonized

framework of policies,

regulations and procedures for

the purpose of promoting

equitable regional integration

and economic growth, building

on results of two previous phases

of a project funded by USAID’s

Regional Centre for Southern

Africa.

2.0

SSA Export Promotion

Regional Trade

Agreements

Trade-Related

Agriculture

Regional Agriculture

Trade Expansion

Support (RATES)

The objective of RATES is to

increase the volume and value of

trade in selected agricultural

commodities within the eastern

and southern Africa region. The

RATES Center will address

agricultural trade facilitation

activities in close collaboration

with regional intergovernmental

and private sector organizations.

3.0

SSA Other Trade

Facilitation

Human Resources &

Labor Standards

Physical

Infrastructure

Development

Safe Skies for Africa -

Transportation Project

The purpose of this Presidential

initiative is to promote

sustainable improvements in

aviation safety and security in

Africa, and to create the

environment necessary to foster

the growth of aviation services

between Africa and the United

States. The initiative recognizes

that safe skies are a prerequisite

for increased trade, investment,

and long-term economic

development in Africa. Specific

goals include increasing the

number of SSA countries that

meet International Civil Aviation

Organization safety standards,

improving airport security within

the region within 3 years, and

improving regional air

navigation services.

8.0

See footnote at end of table.
4-28

Table 4-10–Continued

Examples of trade capacity-building initiatives in sub-Saharan Africa, FY 20031

Country Category Title Description

Funding

(Million dollars)

SSA Human Resources &

Labor Standards

Southern Africa

Regional Project to

Combat the Worst

Forms of Child Labor

The Regional Project to Combat

the Worst Forms of Child Labor

in Southern Africa includes a

Timebound Program in South

Africa and capacity- building

activities in Botswana, Lesotho,

Namibia, and Swaziland.

5.0

SSA Multiple Southern African

Global

Competitiveness Hub

This activity establishes the

Southern African Global

Competitiveness Hub to enhance

the region’s trade

competitiveness and thereby take

greater advantage of the

increased trading opportunities

provided through AGOA and

other global trade initiatives.

4.5

SSA Human Resources &

Labor Standards

Strengthening Labor

Systems in Southern

Africa

This project is designed to

increase labor law compliance in

Botswana, Lesotho, Namibia,

and Swaziland by strengthening

the capacity of labor ministries to

enforce national labor laws and

increase the knowledge and

capacity of employers and

workers to apply those laws.

4.2

1 July 2002 to June 2003.

Note.–Listed are initiatives for which activity total funds equaled or exceeded $1 million. “Multiple” refers to initiatives

that targeted more than three trade capacity-building categories.

Source: USAID Trade Capacity Building Database, Country Trade Reports, found at Internet address

http://esdb.cdie.org/cgi-bin/broker.exe?_service=default&_program=tcbprogs.act_cty_1.sas, retrieved May 18, 2004.
4-29

Box 4-1 USAID and Trade Capacity-Building Initiatives

USAID’s multi-year trade capacity-building initiative, Trade for African Development

and Enterprise (TRADE), was inaugurated in 2002. TRADE promotes regional

integration and cooperation by strengthening export capabilities. Trade initiatives are

aimed at reducing costs and increasing the efficiency of trade-related transportation,

and facilitating information flow among traders, investors, and financial institutions.

TRADE operates through three Regional Hubs for Global Competitiveness located at

USAID’s three regional missions in Nairobi, Kenya; Accra, Ghana; and Gaborone,

Botswana. To increase regional trade, the hubs will also work with regional economic

organizations, such as SADC, COMESA, and ECOWAS.57

The East and Central Africa (ECA) Hub, based in Nairobi, Kenya, has three

components: trade capacity building, AGOA business development, and

transportation. The ECA Hub offers training to increase the capacity of countries in the

ECA region to effectively participate in multilateral trade negotiations, such as the

WTO Doha Development Agenda. The Hub also seeks to expand understanding of

AGOA in order to increase trade under the program. To further increase trade, the

ECA Hub also supports trade initiatives focused on increased participation of countries

in the COMESA FTA. Examples of ECA Hub accomplishments include:58

S The ECA Hub funded nine Kenyan companies to participate in the ASAP

Global Sourcing Show in Las Vegas in August 2003, leading to negotiations

for possible sales of approximately $10 million, which could boost Kenyan

AGOA exports by 9 percent.

S A Kenyan company attended a trade show in the United States and acquired

additional business. The deals provided employment for 40 new workers,

offering steady income to poor rural female workers.

The Southern Africa Hub’s primary objective is to enhance the competitiveness of

southern Africa’s products and services. The hub promotes customs and trade

facilitation and transport efficiency. Examples of the hub’s accomplishments include:59

S In October 2003, Tanzania, Malawi, and Zambia signed the Dar es Salaam

Committee Constitution. The agreement seeks to reduce costs and

transportation delays along the corridor, to increase road safety through

harmonized systems of traffic control, and to unify transit fees along the

corridor through three countries.

57 USAID, “Trade for African Development and Enterprise (TRADE) Initiative,” found at Internet

address http://www.usaid.gov/locations/sub-saharan_africa/initiatives/trade.html, retrieved July 14,

2004.

58 Ann Karara, Representative of Chemonics International, “Executive Summary,” e-mail

communication to USITC staff, received May 25, 2004.

59 USAID, “Southern African Global Competitiveness Hub,” found at Internet address

http://www.satradehub.org/TradeIssues/SuccessStories.aspx, retrieved July 11, 2004; and Karen

Roland, “Rosecraft Success Story,” e-mail communication to USITC staff, received June 10, 2004.
4-30

Box 4-1 USAID and Trade Capacity-Building

Initiatives—Continued

S The hub sponsored 13 local handicrafts firms to attend the AGOA Forum on

December 2003. In addition to exposure to the U.S. market, the firms had the

chance to meet buyers one-on-one. As a result, the companies’ orders from

and business relations with U.S. companies increased. Some supplied the

Smithsonian National Museum of African Art with merchandise, including

candle holders, ebony carvings, paper mache animal sculptures, and letter

openers.

S During President Bush’s tour of the South African Hub, hand-loom textile

producer Rosecraft and others presented their products to the President. The

event generated new business, including a recent deal with the Smithsonian

Institution. The increased production generated additional demand for labor,

and the company is now employing 120 local workers.

The West Africa Trade Hub (WATH), located in Accra, Ghana, focuses on four areas:

trade capacity building in areas such as harmonizing sanitary and phytosanitary

measures, working with ECOWAS and UEMOA to increase regional trade,

eliminating corruption, and reducing transit time for cross border movement of goods.

AGOA Support Services offer trade facilitation through 13 AGOA Resource Centers.

AGOA Export Business Development supports producers of hand-loomed goods,

cashews, and shea butter to meet U.S. market requirements, and expands potential

trade opportunities for indigenous textiles and agricultural commodities within the

continent and in major U.S. and European markets. Examples of projects include:60

S WATH created general guidelines for successful trade show participation,

available in French and English. The guidelines are being used by ECA Hub,

South African Hub, and West Africa International Business Linkages to

prepare local producers interested in exposure to U.S. markets through trade

shows.

S WATH developed 15 training modules to assist local producers in meeting

U.S. Customs regulations. The modules are in English and French and

available on a WATH-created website, with a database of searchable

technical assistance and capacity-building initiatives.

60 Charles Nornoo, USAID official, “One Pager,” e-mail communication to USITC staff, received

May 26, 2004.
4-31

The Export-Import Bank of the United States

Ex-Im Bank is an independent U.S. government agency that assists the sale of U.S.

exports, primarily to emerging markets, through loan financing and other credit

measures. Specifically, Ex-Im Bank assists exporters by providing fixed-rate loans to

creditworthy international buyers, both private and public sector, for purchases of U.S.

goods and services. Medium- and long-term financing is available. Military and

defense items are generally not eligible, nor are most sales to military buyers.61

Ex-Im Bank supported $14.3 billion in U.S. exports to markets worldwide in FY 2003,62

assisting 2,516 U.S. export sales.63 Ex-Im Bank can consider project financing in every

SSA country except Sudan.64 In SSA, Ex-Im Bank’s medium- and long-term loan

guarantee and direct loan programs, and short- and medium-term insurance

programs, are available in 39 countries.65 Countries benefitting from financing in

2003 included Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Cape Verde,

Chad, Congo, Côte d’Ivoire, Djibouti, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon,

The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar,

Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria,

Rwanda, São Tomé & Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, South Africa, Swaziland,

Tanzania, Togo, Uganda, and Zambia.

In addition, Ex-Im Bank signed new master guarantee agreements with Standard Bank

of South Africa and the Bank of Africa to broaden its ability to finance the purchase of

U.S. goods and services in Africa.66 Ex-Im Bank also actively participated in the third

AGOA Forum, which afforded an opportunity for SSA governments to discuss ways to

enhance trade relationships between the United States and SSA.67 As of September

2003, Ex-Im Bank’s total exposure in SSA was $3.5 billion. DROC accounted for 24

percent of total regional Ex-Im Bank exposure, Nigeria, 23 percent, and South Africa,

16 percent. Table 4-11 lists Ex-Im Bank exposure, FY 2003 authorizations, and

availability of financing in SSA.

U.S. Trade and Development Agency

U.S. Trade and Development Agency (TDA) is an independent agency that assists U.S.

firms by identifying major development projects in developing countries offering large

export potential, and funding U.S. private sector involvement in project planning

activities which, in turn, helps to position U.S. firms for follow-up activities during the

61 Ex-Im Bank, “Direct Loan,” found at Internet address,

http://www.exim.gov/products/directloan.html, retrieved Aug. 5, 2004. 62 Ex-Im Bank, 2003 Annual Report, p. 14.

63 Ibid.

64 Ex-Im Bank, “Country Limitation Schedule,” found at Internet address

http://www.exim.gov/tools/country _limits.html, retrieved July 7, 2004. 65 Ex-Im Bank Press Release, “Ex-Im Bank Short-Term Insurance Now Available in 39 Sub-Saharan

African Countries,” Apr. 1, 2003.

66 Standard Bank of South Africa is a leading international bank in southern Africa. Bank of Africa

has its headquarters in Cotonou, Benin. Ex-Im Bank Press Release, “Ex-Im Bank Signs Master Guarantee

Agreements with African Banks,” May 28, 2003.

67 The third AGOA Forum is discussed in chapter 2 of this report.
4-32

Table 4-11

Sub-Saharan Africa: Export-Import Bank exposure, authorizations, and availability for

further support as of December 14, 2003

(Dollars)

Country Exposure1 2003 Authorizations Availability2

Angola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103,633,322 (

3) P.A.

Benin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,998,663 135,000 P.A.

Burkina Faso . . . . . . . . . . . 2,004,047 2,004,047 Yes

Congo (ROC) . . . . . . . . . . . 22,864,759 (3) P.A.

Congo (DROC) . . . . . . . . . 838,694,509 (3) No

Côte d’Ivoire . . . . . . . . . . . 152,555,702 (3) P.A.

Djibouti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157,500 157,500 P.A.

Ethiopia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 226,139,713 226,139,713 No

Gabon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,549,842 (3) P.A.

The Gambia . . . . . . . . . . . 482,551 (3) No

Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178,149,372 7,491,761 P.A.

Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,100,114 300,000 P.A.

Guinea-Bissau . . . . . . . . . . 10,000,000 10,000,000 P.A.

Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159,277,827 78,466,497 P.A.

Liberia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,980,110 (3) P.A.

Madagascar . . . . . . . . . . . 38,871,691 (3) P.A.

Mali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,028,789 3,084,000 P.A.

Mauritania . . . . . . . . . . . . 470,750 225,000 P.A.

Mauritius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,948,634 (3) P.A.

Namibia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,219,337 (3) Yes

Niger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,154,758 (3) P.A.

Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813,287,705 62,543,202 P.A.

Rwanda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 559,569 (3) P.A.

Senegal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,662,766 5,682,811 P.A.

South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . 569,656,759 173,410,800 P.A.

Sudan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,246,331 (3) P.A.

Tanzania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,818,328 (3) P.A.

Togo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,820 (3) P.A.

Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,646,732 2,054,145 P.A.

Zambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150,824,497 (3) No

Zimbabwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,154,829 (3) P.A.

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,555,142,326 571,694,476

1 Exposure is defined as authorization of all forms of support minus repayment and cancellations.

2 Yes = Available for all six types of financing: short-, medium-, and long-term for both private and public buyers of

U.S. goods and services; No = Country is opened for specifically financed transactions but short-term, medium-term, and

long-term sectors are not open; P.A. = Partially available for some of the six types of financing.

3 Not available.

Source: Ex-Im Bank, 2003 Annual Report, pp. 17-22, and Country Limitation Schedule.

implementation phase. Specifically, TDA promotes economic development by funding

feasibility studies, consultancies, trading programs, and other project planning

services for over 360 development activities each year in emerging markets. TDA’s

obligations in SSA totaled $6 million in FY 2003 (table 4-12), a 37-percent decrease

from the 2002 obligation of $10 million. The agency invested in key trade

capacity-building activities. For example, TDA assisted regional initiatives, such as the

free trade negotiation with SACU; the expanding trade relationship envisioned by

AGOA; and projects supported by NEPAD.
4-33

Table 4-12

U.S. Trade and Development Agency funds obligated for program activities in Africa,

FY 2003

Country Title Activity

Funds obligated

(Dollars)

Botswana Coal Bed Methane Desk Study 4,000

Botswana Coal Bed Methane Feasibility Study 525,000

Cameroon Nickel-Cobalt Mining Third Party Review Technical Assistance 5,300

Cameroon Polyclinique Bonanjo Technical Assistance 289,180

Cameroon Channel Africa Desk Study 2,500

Ethiopia AGOA Manufacturing Orientation Visit 99,610

Ghana AGOA Manufacturing Orientation Visit 777

Ghana Rural Fixed Wireless Desk Study 3,590

Ghana Rural Fixed Wireless Feasibility Study 275,000

Ghana Biomass Power Generation Desk Study 2,500

Ghana Biomass Power Generation Feasibility Study 245,686

Kenya Kenyatta National Hospital Definitional Mission 24,990

Namibia Fishing Sector Orientation Visit 5,516

Namibia Walvis Bay Airport Upgrade Feasibility Study 381,260

Namibia Trans Kalahari Corridor Desk Study 2,495

Namibia Trans Kalahari Corridor Feasibility Study 294,900

Nigeria Port Sector Definitional Mission 250

Nigeria Akwa Ibom State Fertilizer Complex Desk Study 1,500

Nigeria Agricultural Sector Definitional Mission 250

Nigeria River State Fixed Wireless Project Feasibility Study 200,000

Nigeria River State Fixed Wireless Project Desk Study 2,500

Nigeria River State Fixed Wireless Project Technical Assistance 131,854

Nigeria Aluminum Can Manufacturing Desk Study 2,500

Nigeria Aluminum Can Manufacturing Feasibility Study 251,080

Nigeria NITEL Expansion of Digital Network Training 123,600

Nigeria Kano State Agro-Processing Feasibility Study 116,000

Nigeria Mining Sector Definitional Mission 29,200

Nigeria Small Oil Refinery - Anambra Desk Study 2,500

Nigeria Port and Supply Chain Security and Customs Desk Study 4,000

Nigeria Port Harcourt Hospital Development Desk Study 4,000

Rwanda Lake Kivu Methane Gas Desk Study 5,000

Senegal Food Supplement Plant Feasibility Study 143,967

South Africa Forest Oil Offshore Gas - Ibhubesi 3rd Party Review Feasibility Study 10,000

South Africa Entertainment Park Desk Study 4,000

Tanzania Mtibwa Sugar Estate Desk Study 2,500

Togo Sea Point Africa Container Facility Feasibility Study 364,687

Tunisia Vessel Traffic System Desk Study 2,500

Uganda Entebbe Airport Development Desk Study 2,500

Uganda Sukulu Hills Phosphate Desk Study 3,800

Uganda Sukulu Hills Phosphate Desk Study 360,000

Zambia Bus Transportation Desk Study 3,500

African/ME Reg’l North Africa/Middle East Aviation Sector Technical Assistance 1,972

African/ME Reg’l Project Analyst Technical Assistance 51,135

African/ME Reg’l SSA Regional Trade and Devlopment Offfice Technical Assistance 110,490

African/ME Reg’l CNS/ATM Transition Plan Desk Study 2,500

African/ME Reg’l Air Cargo Transport Part I Orientation Visit 1,000

African/ME Reg’l Global Positioning System Desk Study 3,900

African/ME Reg’l Global Positioning System Feasibility Study 460,000
4-34

Table 4-12–Continued

U.S. Trade and Development Agency funds obligated for program activities in Africa,

FY 2003

Country Title Activity

Funds obligated

(Dollars)

African/ME Reg’l ASECNA U.S. Opportunities Desk Study 2,500

African/ME Reg’l Ethiopia/Djibouti Multi-Sector Definitional Mission 39,690

African/ME Reg’l GNSS Project for East Africa Community Desk Study 2,500

African/ME Reg’l GNSS Project for East Africa Community Technical Assistance 199,960

African/ME Reg’l Regional Trade Negotiation Study Tour Orientation Visit 232,380

African/ME Reg’l Integrated Deepwater System Definitional Mission 39,787

African/ME Reg’l CCA U.S.-Africa B.S. Log. & Aviation Workshop Technical Symposium 125,077

African/ME Reg’l CCA U.S.-Africa Bus. Summit NEPAD Workshop Technical Assistance 29,800

African/ME Reg’l Chipata Rail Extension Desk Study 2,500

African/ME Reg’l Chipata Rail Extension Feasibility Study 210,450

African/ME Reg’l Gabon/São Tomé and Principe Definitional Mission 34,998

African/ME Reg’l Atlantic Africa Hydrocarbon and Power Definitional Mission 40,000

African/ME Reg’l Transportation and Trade Security Forum Technical Symposium 406,311

Total 5,928,445

Source: U.S. Trade and Development Agency, 2003 Annual Report.

The agency also continues to build its AGOA-related project portfolio through

orientation visits, project studies, and capacity-building technical assistance in several

manufacturing and agriculture subsectors in numerous countries.68 The agency

financed and assisted the early phase of the Trans Kalahari Corridor project

connecting Namibia, Botswana, and South Africa. TDA also supported a

NEPAD-designated priority project, the Nacala Corridor, by funding a study of the

corridor’s extension from Malawi and Mozambique into Zambia.69 In September

2003, TDA, with the Ethio-American Trade and Investment Council, sponsored an

Ethiopian manufacturing orientation visit to increase trade under AGOA and business

contacts between the United States and Ethiopia. In addition, the TDA focused on

renewable energy projects to help African global competitiveness, including the

Biomass Generation Project in Ghana, the East Africa Geothermal Conference, and

the coal bed methane development projects in Botswana.

Overseas Private Investment Corporation

Overseas Private Investment Corporation (OPIC) is a self-sustaining U.S. government

agency that provides investment funds, project finance, and political risk insurance to

U.S. businesses investing in developing nations and emerging markets around the

world (table 4-13). OPIC supports small- and medium-size businesses in Africa. OPIC

68 TDA, “Winter 2003 update,” found at Internet address

http://tda.gov/trade/updatewinter2003/africamiddleeast.html, retrieved July 4, 2004. 69 TDA, 2003 Annual Report, p. 24.
4-35

Table 4-13

Sub-Saharan Africa: Selected OPIC investment projects, 2003

Country Project Description Support Type

Value

(Dollars)

Angola Flour mill and commodity trading operations Insurance 5,990,962

Ghana Poultry production and distribution Insurance 16,977,600

Dara Salam estate developers Finance 1,200,000

Kenya Housing construction Insurance 4,860,000

Mozambique Resort Insurance 3,668,850

Nigeria Telecommunications

l

g Insurance 200,000,000

Telecommunications Insurance 2,000,000

Sierra Leone Development and expansion of rutile mine Finance 25,000,000

South Africa Financial services Finance 250,000,000

Game park and guest lodge resort Insurance 742,500

Africa Regional African regional on-lending facility Finance 125,000,000

Total 635,439,912

Source: OPIC, 2003 Annual Report, p.16.

investments in SSA totaled $635 million in 2003 and $149 million in 2002.70 OPIC

funded several humanitarian-related projects in 2003, such as the project to increase

housing for low-income and HIV-infected South Africans.71 OPIC also pledged to

assist the Government of Kenya build 150,000 new residential units as a major step

towards solving its housing shortage. An OPIC loan also will help a U.S.-owned

company complete 24 of an anticipated 60 paretically constructed houses in the

Ghanaian capital city of Accra.

Reflecting the importance of transportation infrastructure is an important ingredient in

economic development, OPIC signed an agreement with a pan-African consortium to

support the Nacala Port and Railway Initiative.72 OPIC also aims to enhance mediumto long-term capital availability in SSA. To that end, the agency provided a

$125-million guaranty facility to Citibank, so the bank could provide U.S. dollar and

local currency project and corporate loans throughout the region.73

U.S. Agency for International Development

U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID) implements U.S. foreign

economic assistance programs that address sustainable broad-based economic

development and the promotion of democratic ideals and values. USAID’s program

and management challenges in SSA include responding to the HIV/AIDS pandemic,

addressing the effects of violent conflicts and instability, providing greater access to

education and health services, reducing poverty, and increasing food security.

70 OPIC, “OPIC Investment Funds list,” found at Internet address

http://www.opic.gov/investmentfunds/, retrieved July 9, 2003. 71 OPIC Press Release, “OPIC Project In South Africa will Enable HIV+ Homeowners to Get

Treatment, Keep Homes,” Feb. 3, 2003.

72 OPIC, 2003 Annual Report, p. 10.

73 OPIC, 2003 Annual Report, p. 7.
4-36

In FY 2003, USAID obligations for SSA totaled $2.2 billion. USAID’s assistance

consisted of $1.2 billion for Public Law 480, Title II (U.S. emergency and

nonemergency food aid program), $485 million for child survival and disease

programs, $463 million for development assistance programs, and $48 million in

economic support funds, which provide food assistance and poverty alleviation

through nonprofit, charitable organizations.74 Table 4-14 contains the FY 2003

allocation of USAID funds in SSA.

In 2003, USAID continued to support programs initiated in 2002 designed to combat

poverty, hunger, and corruption, and to improve education. One such program is the

Initiative to End Hunger in Africa (IEHA), which aims to halve hunger in Africa by 2015.

In FY 2003, a $28-million IEHA initiative will focus on promoting agricultural

production.75 There are also plans for a $53-million project to help SSA farmers

harness science and technology. IEHA also increased investment in small-scale

farming, from $25 million to $37 million in FY 2003.76 The $185-million Africa

Education Initiative, “Strengthening Basic Education in Africa,” is designed to improve

basic education for children in Africa. The initiative challenges African educational

professionals to find new ways to provide children with opportunities to learn and to

become productive members of society. The initiative will also ensure that enough

teachers are trained to address the wide variety of student needs.77 A new 5-year

Anti-Corruption Initiative aims to reduce corruption in SSA by addressing corruption

issues. To achieve this goal, the initiative will promote public access to information,

encourage civic participation in government action, and emphasize transparent and

efficient government oversight institutions. Other regional programs in which USAID

participates include the Congo Basin Forest Partnership, which promotes economic

development and poverty alleviation in Cameroon, Central African Republic, DROC,

Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, and ROC through natural resource conservation; and the

West African Water Initiative, a partnership to provide potable drinking water and

sanitation to villages in Ghana, Mali, and Niger.78

74 USAID, “FY 2003 Country Allocation Summary,” found at Internet address

http://www.usaid.gov/pubs/cbj2003/fy03_table4c.html, retrieved July 8, 2003.

75U.S. Department of State Fact Sheet, “Initiative to End Hunger in Africa,” found at Internet address

http://www.state.gov/g/oes/rls/fs/2003/18796pf.htm, retrieved July 8, 2003.

76 U.S. Department of State Fact Sheet, “Initiative to End Hunger in Africa.”

77 USAID Fact Sheet, “Strengthening Basic Education in Africa,” found at Internet address

http://www.usaid.gov/press/releases/2002/02fs_afreducation.html, retrieved July 8, 2003.

78 For information on the Generalized System of Preferences and the Everything But Arms

programs, see USITC, U.S. Trade and Investment With Sub-Saharan Africa 2002, USITC pub. 3552,

Dec. 2002, pp. 108-111.
4-37

Table 4-14

USAID funds allocated for sub-Saharan Africa,1 by major project categories, FY 2003

(Thousand dollars)

Country

Child Survival

and Disease

Development

Assistance for

Africa P.L. 480 Title II

Economic

Support

Funds Total

Angola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,825 4,584 104,545 3,550 119,504

Benin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,638 9,360 4,292 350 20,640

Burkina Faso . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (

2) (2) 6,493 (2) 6,493

Burundi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 750 3,949 23,838 1,150 29,687

Cameroon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (

2) (2) 100 (2) 100

Cape Verde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (

2) (2) 3,682 (2) 3,682

Central African Republic . . . . . (

2) (2) 204 (2) 204

Chad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (

2) (2) 5,050 (2) 5,050

Congo (ROC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (

2) (2) 655 (2) 655

Congo (DROC) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,443 11,374 43,530 3,300 75,647

Côte d’Ivoire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (

2) (2) 6,296 (2) 6,296

Djibouti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (

2) 2,000 3,348 1,999 7,347

Eritrea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,600 4,710 66,245 950 77,505

Ethiopia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,452 20,774 352,248 5,250 407,724

The Gambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (

2) (2) 1,475 (2) 1,475

Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,990 20,740 20,345 530 57,605

Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,860 16,703 9,809 (2) 33,372

Guinea-Bissau . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (

2) (2) 1,670 (2) 1,670

Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,663 15,075 34,664 6,200 92,602

Liberia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,246 1,333 17,684 570 22,833

Madagascar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,293 10,500 10,381 3,595 32,769

Malawi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,480 9,918 3,202 400 31,000

Mali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,321 26,559 (2) 350 39,230

Mauritania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (

2) (2) 16,252 (2) 16,252

Mozambique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,801 27,542 16,166 750 64,259

Namibia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,601 4,850 (2) 1,600 14,051

Niger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (

2) (2) 9,548 (2) 9,548

Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,528 19,640 (2) 2,650 65,818

Rwanda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,168 6,750 16,089 1,050 40,057

Senegal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,667 15,447 2,146 (2) 32,260

Sierra Leone . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 874 2,999 19,486 593 23,952

Somalia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 3,122 19,128 1,250 23,750

South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,550 34,775 (2) 939 64,264

Sudan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254 13,994 111,316 1,500 127,064

Tanzania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,464 12,763 22,535 800 59,562

Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,334 27,181 75,896 500 142,911

Zambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,904 15,667 (2) (2) 53,571

Zimbabwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,300 1,924 (2) 1,800 9,024

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405,256 344,233 1,028,318 41,620 1,819,433

1 Only SSA countries receiving direct USAID bilateral assistance are included in this table. These and other SSA

countries may receive USAID assistance indirectly through regional programs.

2 Not available.

Source: Compiled from USAID data found at Internet address http://www.usaid.gov/policy/budget/cbj2004/summary_tables_table4.pdf, retrieved July 2, 2003.
4-38

USAID is a partner in the $15-billion President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief that

was announced by President Bush in 2003. The initiative aims to provide at least 2

million HIV-positive people with anti-retroviral therapy, to provide care for 10 million

persons infected with HIV, and to prevent new infections in 11 countries in Africa. The

countries that are eligible for this program are Botswana, Côte d’Ivoire, Ethiopia,

Mozambique, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Tanzania, Uganda, and

Zambia.79 Additionally, the agency assisted the Government of Eritrea in conducting

a comprehensive HIV/AIDS study and developing prevention and treatment plans. In

2003, USAID allocated $2.3 million for these activities, up from $1.5 million in 2001.80

79 USAID Overview, “The U.S. Government in the World Leader in Responding to the Global

Pandemic of AIDS,” found at Internet address

http://www.usaid.gov/our_work/global_health/aids/index.html#, retrieved Aug. 2, 2004. 80 USAID, “Country Profile, HIV/AIDS: Eritrea,” found at Internet address

http://www.synergyaids.com/Profiles_Web/Profiles_PDFs/Eritrea_profile_2004_rev2.pdf, retrieved

Aug. 2, 2004.
5-1

CHAPTER 5

Industry Sector Profiles

This chapter provides information and analysis on production, trade, and investment

for various industry sectors in SSA. The sectors include agriculture,fisheries, andforest

products; chemicals; petroleum and energy-related products; minerals and metals;

textiles and apparel; and certain transportation equipment.1 These sectors account for

the major items traded between the United States and SSA. Each sector discussion

provides overview information, including sector production, industry and sector issues,

and economic and trade policy developments. Trade information is also provided,

including U.S.-SSA trade and global SSA trade. Investment information includes

major SSA sector policy developments, U.S. foreign direct investment position in SSA,

major investments, and investment issues. The information and analysis generally

focus on developments that occurred during 2003 and early 2004.2

Data on SSA industry sector production were compiled from numerous sources,

including the U.S. Department of Commerce, the U.S. Department of Energy, the U.S.

Geological Survey, the United Nations, various U.S. and international industry trade

associations, and various industry-specific statistical publications. Data on SSA global

trade were compiled from statistics of the United Nations. Data on U.S.-SSA trade

were compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce. Data on

U.S. foreign direct investment in SSA were compiled from statistics of the U.S.

Department of Commerce, Bureau of Economic Analysis. Unless otherwise indicated,

“AGOA” trade data includes its GSP provisions.

1 The sectors generally are in the order of the chapters of the Harmonized Tariff Schedule of the

United States (HTS). Sector coverage may have changed somewhat from last year’s report.

2 In some cases, the latest available data are for 2002.

5-3

• Food security continues to be a concern in SSA.The United Nations

identified 24 countries facing food emergencies as of April 2004,

owing to civil strife,drought,widespread hunger,economic

disruption because of government policies in Zimbabwe,and civil

unrest in western Sudan.In 2003,an estimated 59 percent of the

population (381 million people) in SSA were inadequately nourished.

Countries in SSA with the largest food needs during 2003 included

DROC,Ethiopia,Somalia,Tanzania,Uganda,and Zimbabwe.6

• The economy of Zimbabwe continues to suffer from government

land redistribution policies that have lowered agricultural

productivity,caused shocks to the financial system,and created a

black market for goods.The United Nations estimates that more

than one-third of the population (4.8 million people) will need food aid

during 2004.7

• Many farmers in Zimbabwe who have lost their lands under the

government’s controversial land redistribution program are

relocating to other countries in SSA.The Governments of

Mozambique,Nigeria,and Zambia,among others,have encouraged

these farmers to relocate with the hope that increased commercial

farming will support food security and economic development.

Zimbabwean farmers in Nigeria reportedly are signing 25-year

leases on 1,000-hectare plots in central Nigeria’s state of Kwara.8

• Sugar production in Zimbabwe increased by more than 3 percent in

marketing year (MY) 2003/04 because of favorable weather

conditions.To obtain foreign currency through the export of certain

goods such as sugar, the Government of Zimbabwe has instituted

daily currency auctions that are permitted to trade freely and are

not pegged to the official exchange rate.However,estimates are

that Zimbabwe did not fill any of its U.S.sugar quota in MY

2003/04.9

• Swarms of desert locusts affected many areas of northwest Africa

during the 2004 growing season,particularly Chad,Mali,

Mauritania,Niger,and Senegal,and extending into Sudan.The

expected outbreak is considered to be the most serious locust

plague in the region since 1987-89,when agricultural damage and

pest control costs totaled $300 million and affected 28

countries.10

• Cereal food aid pledges to SSA totaled about 2.1 million metric tons

(mmt) for MY 2003/04,down from 2.3 mmt in MY 2002/03.

Principal recipients included Zimbabwe (17 percent),Mozambique

(15 percent),Angola (11 percent),and Ethiopia (7 percent).

Principal donors included the World Food Program of the United

Nations (51 percent of the total), the United States (40 percent),

and the EU (5 percent).11

• Although biotechnology in agriculture (e.g.,genetically modified

organisms) has yielded benefits for producers around the world in

terms of greater yields and new crops, farmers in only a few

developing countries are employing such technology.In general, few

biotechnology research funds are spent on basic food crops such

as cassava,potato,rice,wheat,cowpea,millet,and sorghum.

Inadequate regulatory procedures,complex intellectual property

issues,and poorly functioning markets also inhibit biotechnology

progress in most developing countries of SSA.

agriculture, fisheries, and

OVERVIEW

1

forest products

Source: United Nations, FAOSTAT database.

Share of total (percent)

Source: United Nations, FAOSTAT database.

SSA sector production, by country, 2002

(948 million metric tons)

SSA sector production, by product, 2002

(948 million metric tons)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Crops

Forest products

Livestock

Fish

South Africa 12%

All other

46%

Nigeria 19%

Ethiopia 9%

Congo (DROC) 8% Uganda 6%

• Although the agriculture, fisheries,and forest products sector is a

major component of the SSA economy,its relative importance has

been gradually declining.In 2002, the value added by this sector

accounted for 18 percent of SSA GDP,down from 19 percent in

1998.2

• Sector production rose moderately in 2002,increasing about 1

percent,by quantity,over the previous year.Nigeria and South Africa

accounted for 31 percent,and the top five SSA countries accounted

for 54 percent of the total quantity of SSA production in 2002.3

• Agricultural crops again accounted for the largest share of sector

production,about 53 percent of the total,by quantity,in 2002.The

leading crops produced in SSA during 2002 included cassava,sugar

cane,yams,corn,plantains,and sorghum.Forest products

production was the second-leading sector category,accounting for

about 43 percent of the total.Fuel wood accounted for 86 percent of

forest products production,by quantity,and 37 percent of total

sector production in SSA.4 Livestock and fishery products accounted

for the remaining 4 percent of sector production.5

53

43

3

1
5-4

AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES, AND FOREST PRODUCTS-CONTINUED

OVERVIEW-Continued

• Commodity prices for certain major SSA export commodities

such as coffee,sugar cane,and cotton increased in 2003.In

particular, the price of cotton,as represented by the Cotlook A

Index,rebounded from 46 cents per pound in 2002 to 63

cents per pound in 2003.However,continuing civil strife in

Côte d’Ivoire,a major cocoa,coffee,cotton,and sugar cane

producer,is expected to dampen that country’s cotton

production and exports.Cocoa prices declined in 2003 after

record prices the previous year,although the average annual

price for cocoa in 2003 was only slightly below the average

cocoa price in 2002.12

• HIV/AIDS continues to adversely affect the SSA agriculture

sector,with an estimated 3 million newly infected people and

2.2 million AIDS-related deaths in SSA during 2003.Botswana

and Swaziland have HIV-infection rates of 37.3 percent and

38.8 percent,respectively;Lesotho,Zimbabwe,South Africa,

and Namibia have HIV-infection rates over 20 percent.The

epidemic has contributed to a food crisis in parts of southern

Africa.Vulnerability assessments conducted during 2002 and

2003 showed that farming families with adults that have

chronic illnesses such as HIV/AIDS suffer from lower

agricultural production and lower incomes.13
5-5

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Cereals (10)

Fats and oils (15)

Sugar (17)

Dairy, eggs, honey (4)

All other

SSA sector global exports,

by HTS chapter, 2002

($16.3 billion)

SSA sector global imports, by country, 2002

($9.9 billion)

TRADE

SSA sector global imports,

by HTS chapter, 2002

($9.9 billion)

Source: United Nations.

Share of total (percent)

SSA sector global exports, by country, 2002

($16.3 billion)

Source: United Nations.

South Africa 17% All other 51%

Nigeria 16%

Ghana 4%

Angola 7%

Source: United Nations.

South Africa 24%

All other 41%

Côte d’lvoire 18%

Kenya 6% Zimbabwe 6%

Ghana 5%

0 10 20 30 40 50

Cocoa (18)

Fruits and nuts (8)

Fish (3)

Coffee, tea, spices (9)

Tobacco (24)

All other

Source: United Nations.

Share of total (percent)

Major Share of Major Import Share of

Import Total Item Total

Source (2002) (percent) (6-digit HTS) (2002) (percent)

EU15 39 Wheat,not durum (1001.90) 8 ................. ........

United States 9 Cane or beet sugar (1701.99) 6 .......... .......

South Africa 8 Semi-milled or milled rice (1006.30) 5 ............ ..

Brazil 7 Cigarettes (2402.20) 4 ................. ..............

India 4 Palm oil (1511.90) 4 .................. ................

Argentina 4 Corn (1005.90) 3 .............. ...................

Source: United Nations. Source: United Nations.

Major Share of Major Export Share of

Export Total Item Total

Market (2002) (percent) (6-digit HTS) (2002) (percent)

EU15 60 Cocoa beans (1801.00) 16 ................. ...........

United States 6 Tobacco (2401.20) 6 ........... ................

Japan 4 Cotton (5201.00) 5 ................. .................

India 2 Cane sugar (1701.11) 4 .................. .............

Russia 2 Coffee (0901.11) 3 ................. ..................

Hong Kong 2 Tuna (1604.14) 3 ............. ...................

18

10

9

7

7

49

20

14

12

7

7

40

Côte d’lvoire 5%

AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES, AND FOREST PRODUCTS-CONTINUED

Beverages, spirits,

vinegar (22)
5-6

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce. Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Cocoa (18)

Coffee, tea, spices (9)

Wood products (44)

Fruit and nuts (8)

Tobacco (24)

Fish (3)

All other

U.S. sector imports from

SSA, by source, 2003

($1.3 billion)

U.S. sector imports from SSA,

by HTS chapter, 2003

($1.3 billion)

Share of total (percent)

U.S. sector imports under AGOA

(including GSP), by source, 2003

($274 million)

U.S. sector imports under AGOA

(including GSP), by HTS chapter, 2003

($274 million)

South Africa 57%

All other 11%

Malawi 13%

Ghana 4%

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Fruit and nuts (8)

Cocoa (18)

Tobacco (24)

Wood products (44)

Sugar (17)

Beverages, spirits, vinegar (22)

All other

Share of total (percent)

South Africa 21%

All other 32%

Madagascar 14%

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

37

21

8

6

5

19

24

15

12

11

17

Côte d’lvoire 15%

Côte d’lvoire 33%

AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES, AND FOREST PRODUCTS-CONTINUED

TRADE-Continued

4

11

10
5-7

U.S. sector exports to SSA,

by market, 2003

($1.2 billion)

Angola 5%

U.S. sector exports to SSA,

by HTS chapter, 2003

($1.2 billion)

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

South Africa 20%

All other 30%

Nigeria 27%

Ghana 5%

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

Key U.S. Import Developments

• U.S.sector imports from SSA totaled $1.3 billion in 2003,up

30 percent from the previous year.SSA accounted for about

1 percent of total U.S.sector imports in 2003, the same

share as in the previous year.Large shipments of cocoa

during 2003 were the primary contributor to the increase in

import value.The sector accounted for about 5 percent of

total U.S.imports from SSA in 2003,down from 6 percent

the previous year.

• In 2003, the top five import commodities at the 6-digit HTS

level accounted for 57 percent of total imports,by value.

Cocoa beans (HTS 1801.00) accounted for 30 percent;

vanilla beans (HTS 0905.00),16 percent;stemmed and

stripped tobacco (HTS 2401.20),5 percent;coffee beans

(HTS 0901.11),4 percent;and cocoa paste (HTS 1803.10),

3 percent.

• Côte d’Ivoire and South Africa supplied 54 percent of all U.S.

sector imports from SSA in 2003,up from 51 percent in

2002.Sector imports from Côte d’Ivoire are highly

concentrated,with 82 percent accounted for by cocoa beans

(HTS 1801).Imports from South Africa are more evenly

distributed,with major items including fresh citrus (HTS 0805,

14 percent of the total value);wine (HTS 2204,8 percent);

wood doors (HTS 4418,7 percent); fruit juices (HTS 2009,7

percent);processed fruits and nuts (HTS 2008,5 percent);

leather (HTS 4113,4 percent);and sugar (HTS 1701,4

percent).

Key AGOA Trade Developments

• In 2003, the value of U.S.sector imports under AGOA was

$274 million,an increase of 13 percent over the previous

year.Such imports accounted for about 2 percent of total

AGOA imports and 21 percent of total sector imports from

SSA in 2003.South Africa was the largest source for sector

imports under AGOA in 2003,accounting for 57 percent of

such imports.In aggregate,South Africa,Côte d’Ivoire,and

Malawi supplied 85 percent of all AGOA sector imports from

SSA in 2003,up from 82 percent in 2002.

• The principal AGOA products in 2003 were fresh citrus (HTS

0805),at $37 million,representing 14 percent of the total;

unmanufactured tobacco (HTS 2401),$30 million,or 11

percent;raw cane sugar (HTS 1701),$30 million,or 11

percent;certain nuts (HTS 0802),$24 million,or 9 percent;

and cocoa powder (HTS 1805),$24 million,or 9 percent.

• AGOA imports of raw cane sugar decreased by $14 million,or

31 percent,in 2003.The major supplier was South Africa (33

percent by value).Virtually all U.S.imports of sugar from

AGOA-eligible countries entered under the U.S.quota program.

The quota for these suppliers was only about 66 percent filled

in FY 2003,leaving room for future expansion.14 U.S.imports

of sugar are subject to a prohibitive over-quota tariff rate.

• Other major AGOA products that showed substantial import

growth in 2003 include cocoa paste (HTS 1803),up $6

million,or 65 percent;wood doors (HTS 4418.20),up $6

million,or 40 percent,almost entirely from South Africa;and

undenatured ethyl alcohol (HTS 2207.10),up $4 million,or 45

percent.

Key U.S. Export Developments

• U.S.sector exports to SSA totaled $1.2 billion in 2003,up 17

percent from the previous year.SSA accounted for about 1

percent of total U.S.sector exports in 2003,approximately the

same share as 2002.

• The agriculture, fisheries,and forest products sector

accounted for about 19 percent of total U.S.exports to SSA in

2002,up from 18 percent the previous year.The primary SSA

markets for U.S.sector exports in 2003 continued to be

Nigeria (27 percent by total value) and South Africa (20

percent).The share of U.S.exports accounted for by these

markets declined relative to the previous year.

• In 2003, the leading four export commodities at the 6-digit

HTS level accounted for 55 percent of total exports,by value.

These included wheat other than durum (HTS 1001.90,40

percent),milled rice (HTS 1006.30,6 percent), frozen chicken

cuts and offal (HTS 0207.14,5 percent),and certain food

preparations (HTS 1901.90,4 percent).

• U.S.cereal exports to SSA countries totaled about $642

million in 2003,an increase of 16 percent over 2002.Nigeria

was the primary SSA market,accounting for 42 percent of

total U.S.cereal exports to SSA.Other markets included

Ethiopia (15 percent),South Africa (11 percent),and

Mozambique (5 percent).About 82 percent of the value of U.S.

grain exports to the region in 2003 consisted of wheat,11

percent was rice,and the remainder was mostly corn and

sorghum.

• The SSA export markets for cereals showing the largest

annual percentage increases included Ethiopia (2,718

percent),Mauritania (475 percent),Uganda (407 percent),

Central African Republic (291 percent),Sudan (211 percent),

and Tanzania (166 percent).Annual shifts in U.S.cereal

exports to SSA largely reflect patterns in food aid.

Ethiopia 13%

Share of total (percent)

52

10

5

5

4

24

AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES, AND FOREST PRODUCTS-CONTINUED

TRADE-Continued

Certain edible food

preparations (19)

Wood pulp and recovered

paper (47)

Cereals (10)

Fats and oils (15)

Meat (2)

All other
5-8

0

30

60

90

120

150

180

210

240

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

0 30 60 90 120 150 180 210 240

South Africa

Kenya

Botswana

Total

INVESTMENT

• The U.S.FDI position in the SSA food sector totaled $198

million in 2003,up from $148 million the previous year.South

Africa continued to be the primary SSA destination for U.S.FDI

in the sector,accounting for 11 percent of the regional total.

The food sector accounts for a minor share of the total U.S.

FDI position in SSA,and SSA continued to host a minor share

of the global U.S.FDI position in the food sector.15

• Privatization efforts appear to be slowing in South Africa.The

South African government announced in June 2004 that,with

the possible exception of forestry operations,it is no longer

planning to sell off several large,state-owned companies.A

proposal by the Ministry of Agriculture and Land Affairs would

ban the sale of land to foreigners in South Africa;if

implemented, foreign investors in South Africa’s high-value fruit,

vegetable,and flower export sectors would be unable to expand

operations.16

• The International Finance Corporation (IFC),part of the World

Bank Group,developed a new initiative during 2003 to aid

small businesses in SSA.As part of this effort,IFC created

commercial microfinance institutions in Chad and Mali to

provide loans to small businesses in many sectors,including

agriculture, forestry,and fisheries.IFC also invested in a fishing

operation in Namibia and provided technical assistance to help

Ghanaian agricultural producers increase sales to a major

European grocery chain.17

Millions of U.S. dollars

U.S. sector SSA FDI position, 1999-2003

Millions of U.S. dollars

U.S. sector SSA FDI position, by country, 2003

Note.—Data for some countries are not disclosed owing to

confidentiality. U.S. FDI position may be negative for some

countries. Industry classification basis changed from SIC to

NAICS in 2002.

Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of

Commerce. Data are for sector defined as “Food.”

Note.—Industry classification changed from SIC to NAICS in 2002;

data from 1999 to 2001 have been converted to NAICS. Data for

2001 and 2002 have been revised from previous estimates.

Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of

Commerce. Data are for sector defined as “Food.”

191

21

AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES, AND FOREST PRODUCTS-CONTINUED

9

3

198

150 152 148

198
5-9

1 This sector includes items classified in Harmonized Tariff Schedule

chapters 01 through 24,35,41,43,44 through 49,51,and 52.

2 The World Bank Group, “Sub-Saharan Africa Data Profile,” found at

Internet address http://devdata.worldbank.org/external/CPProfile.

asp?SelectedCountry=SSA&CCODE=SSA&CNAME=Sub Saharan+Africa

&PTYPE=CP,retrieved July 27,2004.

3 Based on data of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of

the United Nations.

4 Ibid.

5 Ibid.

6 Stacey Rosen, “Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA),” U.S.Department of

Agriculture (USDA),Economic Research Service (ERS),Food Security

Assessment,GFA-15,May 2004,p.14;FAO,Global Information and

Early Warning System on Food and Agriculture,Food Supply Situation

and Food Prospects in Sub-Saharan Africa,No.1,Apr.2004,p.2, found

at Internet address http://www.fao.org,retrieved July 26,2004;and

Shahla Shapouri and Stacey Rosen, “Global Food Security:Prospects and

the Role of Food Aid,” USDA,ERS,Food Security Assessment,GFA-15,

May 2004,p.3.

7 “The method behind Mugabe’s madness,” The Economist,June 24,

2004,pp.1-2, found at Internet address http://www.economist.com,

retrieved July 28,2004.

8 “White Zimbabweans strike deal to farm in Nigeria,” South China

Morning Post,July 29,2004,pp.1-2, found at Internet address

http://www.scmp.com,retrieved July 29,2004.

9 USDA,Foreign Agricultural Service (FAS),Zimbabwe,Sugar Report

Update,2004,GAIN Report #RH4002,May 5,2004,pp.1-2.

10 FAO, “Locust swarms invade West Africa,” July 5,2004, found at

Internet address http://www.fao.org,retrieved July 26,2004.

11 FAO,Global Information and Early Warning System on Food and

Agriculture,Food Supply Situation and Food Prospects in Sub-Saharan

Africa,No.1,Apr.2004,p.9, found at Internet address

http://www.fao.org,retrieved July 26,2004.

12 The World Bank Group, “Commodity Price Data,” July 2004,

found at Internet address http://www.worldbank.org/prospects/

pinksheets/pink0703.pdf,retrieved July 22,2004;and USDA,FAS,Côte

d’Ivoire,Cotton and Products Annual,2004,GAIN Report #IV4009,

May 14,2004,pp.4-5.

13 WTO,Committee on Agriculture,WTO Negotiations on

Agriculture,Poverty Reduction:Sectoral Initiative in Favour of Cotton,

TN/AG/GEN/4,May 16,2003;and “African Countries Agree To

Negotiate Cotton in WTO Agriculture Talks,” Inside U.S.Trade,July 23,

2004, found at Internet address http://www.insidetrade.com,retrieved

July 23,2004.

14 In FY 2003,10 countries held U.S.raw sugar import quotas

totaling 119,593 mt,of which they exported 78,477 mt,valued at $38

million.Sugar and Sweeteners Yearbook,2003, table 23c, found at

Internet address http://www.ers.usda.gov/Briefing/Sugar/Data/

data.htm,retrieved July 20,2004;and Sugar and Sweeteners Outlook,

Jan.2004, table 10, found at http://ers.usda.gov/publications/so/

view.asp?f=specialty/sss bb/,retrieved July 29,2004.

15 USDOC,BEA,Direct Investment Position Abroad on a

Historical-Cost Basis:Country Detail by Industry,provided to USITC staff,

Sept.16,2004.

16 “On hold?” The Economist,June 24,2004,pp.1-2, found at

Internet address http://www.economist.com,retrieved July 28,2004.

17 International Finance Corporation,IFC Regional Reports,

“Sub-Saharan Africa:Seeking Sustainable Economic Growth,” pp.31-33,

found at Internet address http://www.ifc.org,retrieved July 29,2004.

AGRICULTURE, FISHERIES, AND FOREST PRODUCTS-CONTINUED

ENDNOTES
5-10
5-11

0 10 20 30 40 50

Organic chemicals

Rubber and plastics

Inorganic chemicals

Pharmaceuticals

Specialty chemicals

Fertilizers

Miscellaneous chemical products

Source: USITC estimates based on information from Mbendi,

Chemical & Engineering News, Statistics South Africa, and

U.S. Department of Commerce.

S Dow Chemical has a major presence in the SSA plastics industry,

with its primary facility in Sasolburg,South Africa producing

polypropylene and polyethylene base materials.These materials are

used for pipe fabrication,packaging,and other industrial

applications.Other major plastics base materials are imported

from global Dow sites.Dow also produces agricultural chemicals in

South Africa at the former Sentrachem and Sanachem facilities,

which Dow purchased in 1997 (the purchase was effective in

2000).4

S A significant development in the SSA chemical industry during

2003-04 has been the development of pharmaceutical production

capacity and the ability to produce active pharmaceutical

ingredients (APIs) for use in generic pharmaceutical products.

Aspen Pharmacare, the largest pharmaceutical manufacturer in

Africa,received clearance from South Africa’s Competition

Commission to integrate vertically with the recently purchased Fine

Chemicals Corp. facility.Aspen released a statement assuring the

public that it would use the plant to produce APIs,specifically the

anti-retrovirals that treat HIV/AIDS.5

S Other SSA pharmaceutical companies include Eli Lilly,which

operates in South Africa and Kenya,and Thembalami,a joint

venture between Ranbaxy,India’s largest producer of

pharmaceutical products,and Adcock-Ingram,a South African

health care firm.Thembalami also is registered to produce five

anti-retrovirals and is actively trying to register an additional seven

HIV/AIDS medications.6

S Recent changes in the SSA chemical industry include a

restructuring of Sasol’s chemicals portfolio.7 Changes in product

mix and plant operations include a new Sasol acrylates complex at

Sasolburg,South Africa, from which Sasol has already begun

exporting some acrylic products.8 However,Sasol has delayed

plans to build a propylene oxide plant utilizing new technology;

company officials stated that they needed available capital for other

investment opportunities.9 Sasol also plans to build two new

polymer plants to produce low density polyethylene (scheduled for

startup in late 2005) and polypropylene (scheduled for startup in

early 2006).10

S Growth in plastics exports bolstered Uganda’s exports,which

increased by nearly 12 percent in 2003,primarily because of

increased exports to EAC and COMESA member countries.An

evaluation by the Ugandan government states that structural

supply-side inadequacies pose challenges,because Ugandan

exporters often cannot guarantee consistent supplies and are

unable to adjust rapidly to changing technical quality and standards

requirements.11

OVERVIEW

1

CHEMICALS

Share of total (percent)

Source: USITC estimates based on information from

Mbendi, Chemical & Engineering News, Statistics

South Africa, and U.S. Department of Commerce.

SSA sector production, by country, 2003

($15.0 billion)

SSA sector production, by product, 2003

($15.0 billion)

South Africa 77%

All other 23%

• The South African chemical industry accounted for approximately 77

percent of SSA chemical production in 2003.The South African

chemical industry remains among the largest manufacturing sectors

of the South African economy,maintaining its 5-percent share of the

gross domestic product.The sector is composed of the four

petroleum refineries,producers of agricultural chemicals,

pharmaceutical manufacturers,and various small firms producing

chemical products for the domestic and regional markets.2

• There are approximately 70 producers of plastics products in Kenya,

most located in Nairobi and Mombasa.Increased domestic

production of these materials resulted from both technological

advances and a general shift in demand to the use of plastics

products in lieu of more traditional materials.The Kenyan industry

produces PVC pipes and fittings,polyethylene packaging,and

miscellaneous plastics products such as shoes,crates, floor tiles,

household plasticware,and containers.Its products are marketed

predominantly within COMESA.Most of the inputs are imported,

mainly from European and Asian sources.3

40

27

9

7

4

2

11
5-12

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

SSA sector global exports,

by HTS chapter, 2002

($3.5 billion)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

SSA sector global imports, by country, 2002

($9.9 billion)

SSA sector global imports,

by HTS chapter, 2002

($9.9 billion)

Source: United Nations.

Share of total (percent)

SSA sector global exports, by country, 2002

($3.5 billion)

Source: United Nations.

South Africa 36% All other 37%

Nigeria 14%

Kenya 5%

Source: United Nations.

South Africa 68% All other 15%

Kenya 3%

Senegal 6%

Source: United Nations.

Share of total (percent)

Major Share of Major Import Share of

Import Total Item Total

Source (2002) (percent) (6-digit HTS) (2002) (percent)

EU15 46 Pharmaceuticals (3004.90) 13 ................. ........

South Africa 8 Flavorings (3302.10) 5 ............ ..............

United States 7 Bus and truck tires (4011.20) 3 ........... .......

India 6 Insecticides (3808.10) 2 .................. .............

China 6 Miscellaneous chemical ..................

mixtures (3824.90) 2 ................

Source: United Nations. Source: United Nations.

21

20

10

31

9

22

15

13

12

28

Côte d’lvoire 4%

Côte d’lvoire 5%

Inorganic chemicals (28)

Organic chemicals (29)

Rubber and articles

thereof (40)

Plastics and articles

thereof (39)

All other

Ghana 4%

9

Guinea 3%

Miscellaneous chemical

products (38)

10

Major Share of Major Export Share of

Export Total Item Total

Market (2002) (percent) (6-digit HTS) (2002) (percent)

EU15 24 Phosphoric and polyphosphoric .................

United States 12 acids (2809.20) 8 .......... ................

Zimbabwe 10 Natural rubber (4001.22) 3 ............. ..........

India 10 Acyclic hydrocarbons (2901.29) 3 ................. .....

Zambia 5 Aluminum oxide (2818.20) 3 ................ ..........

Swaziland 4 Nonspecific metallic compounds ..............

(and amalgams) (2843.90) 2 .......

Supported catalysts with metal

components (3815.12) 2 ...........

Pharmaceuticals (30)

Plastics and articles

thereof (39)

Essential oils, cosmetics,

toiletries (33)

Rubber and articles

thereof (40)

Miscellaneous chemical

products (38)

All other

chemicals-CONTINUED

TRADE
5-13

0 10 20 30 40 50

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

U.S. sector imports from

SSA, by source, 2003

($598 million)

U.S. sector imports from SSA,

by HTS chapter, 2003

($598 million)

Share of total (percent)

U.S. sector imports under AGOA

(including GSP), by source, 2003

($177 million)

U.S. sector imports under AGOA

(including GSP), by HTS chapter, 2003

($177 million)

South Africa 99%

All other 1%

Share of total (percent)

South Africa 58%

All other 10%

Liberia 9%

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

49

15

14

22

39

22

13

9

17

Inorganic chemicals (28)

Organic chemicals (29)

Plastics and articles

thereof (39)

Dyes and pigments (32)

All other

Equatorial Guinea 23%

CHEMICALS-CONTINUED

TRADE-Continued

Rubber and articles

thereof (40)

Inorganic chemicals (28)

Organic chemicals (29)

All other
5-14

U.S. sector exports to SSA,

by market, 2003

($717 million)

U.S. sector exports to SSA,

by HTS chapter, 2003

($717 million)

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

South Africa 62%

All other 22%

Nigeria 8%

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

Key U.S. Import Developments

S U.S.chemical sector imports from SSA reached $598 million in

2003,up one-third from the previous year.U.S.sector imports from

SSA accounted for less than 1 percent of total U.S.chemical

imports in 2003.Principal SSA sources included South Africa (58

percent of the total),Equatorial Guinea (23 percent),and Liberia (9

percent).These shares shifted slightly from the previous year,when

South Africa,Equatorial Guinea,and Liberia accounted for 60

percent,16 percent,and 10 percent,respectively.

S The three largest U.S.sector imports from SSA in 2003 were

methanol (HTS subheading 2905.11,16 percent of the total);

organic chemicals used as feedstocks for producing chemical

intermediates and chemical products,including unsaturated acyclic

hydrocarbons (HTS subheading 2901.29,12 percent);and natural

rubber (HTS subheading 4001.10,9 percent).

S The leading U.S.chemical imports from individual SSA nations are

unsaturated acyclic hydrocarbons (HTS subheading 2901.29),

uranium (HTS subheading 2844.10),and titanium dioxide pigments

(HTS subheading 3206.11) from South Africa;and methanol (HTS

subheading 2905.11) and propylene (HTS subheading 2901.22)

from Equatorial Guinea.

Key AGOA Trade Developments

S In 2003,U.S.chemical sector imports under AGOA totaled

$177 million,an increase of 30 percent over 2002.Nearly all

U.S.chemical imports under AGOA came from South Africa.

S The principal sector items imported under AGOA in 2003

included silicon (HTS subheading 2804.69,18 percent of

total sector imports under AGOA), titanium dioxide pigments

(HTS subheading 3206.11,8 percent),carbides (HTS

subheading 2849.90,7 percent),and car tires (HTS

subheading 4011.10,5 percent).

S Despite the fact that U.S.sector imports under specific AGOA

provisions (excluding GSP) more than doubled in 2003,such

imports accounted for just 5 percent of the AGOA (including

GSP) total in 2003.

S None of the non-AGOA-eligible SSA countries has significant

chemicals production.

Key U.S. Export Developments

S In 2003,U.S.chemical sector exports to SSA totaled $717

million,an increase of nearly 3 percent compared with 2002.

SSA accounted for less than 1 percent of total U.S.sector

exports in 2003.

S The top three SSA markets for U.S.chemical exports in 2003

were South Africa,which accounted for 62 percent of U.S.

chemical exports, followed by Nigeria (8 percent),and Kenya

(5 percent).These shares were similar to those in 2002.

S The United States exported a diverse selection of chemical

items to SSA in 2003; the leading exports items – fertilizers,

other nonspecified medicaments,and isocyanates – each only

accounted for 4-5 percent of total U.S.sector exports to SSA.

Share of total (percent)

25

21

10

27

Kenya 5%

TRADE-Continued

CHEMICALS-CONTINUED

Côte d’lvoire 4%

10

7

Organic chemicals (29)

Plastics and articles thereof (39)

Pharmaceuticals (30)

All other

Miscellaneous chemical

products (38)

Essential oils, cosmetics,

toiletries (33)
5-15

S The U.S.FDI position in the SSA chemicals sector totaled

$492 million in 2003,up from $442 million the previous

year.South Africa continued to be the primary SSA location

for U.S.FDI in the sector,accounting for 91 percent of the

regional total.The chemicals sector accounted for 4

percent of the total U.S.FDI position in SSA,and SSA

accounted for less than 1 percent of the global U.S.FDI

position in the sector during 2003.12

S A major goal of the South African government is to

increase foreign investment in its already strong chemical

industries.Since 2002, there have been extensive efforts to

reform tariffs,increase trade and investment promotion,

and implement regulatory reforms including incentives to

establish new businesses.13

S Although Kenya currently imports all of its industrial

chemicals,primarily from suppliers in Belgium,Switzerland,

and Germany,it plans to encourage U.S.investment in

chemical production facilities to supply growing eastern and

central African markets.14

0

60

120

180

240

300

360

420

480

540

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Millions of U.S. dollars

U.S. sector SSA FDI position, 1999-2003

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

South Africa

Kenya

Zambia

Total

Millions of U.S. dollars

U.S. sector SSA FDI position, by country, 2003

Note.-Data for some countries are not disclosed owing to

confidentiality. U.S. FDI position may be negative for some

countries. Industry classification basis changed from SIC to NAICS

in 2002.

Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of

Commerce. Data are for sector defined as “Chemicals.”

Note.- Industry classification changed from SIC to NAICS in 2002;

data from 1999 to 2001 have been converted to NAICS. Data for

2001 and 2002 have been revised from previous estimates.

Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of

Commerce. Data are for sector defined as “Chemicals.”

448

349

chemicals-CONTINUED

INVESTMENT

10

5

492

448 434

492

442
5-16

1 This sector includes items classified in Harmonized Tariff

Schedule chapters 28 through 40.

2 U.S.Department of Commerce (USDOC),U.S.& Foreign

Commercial Service (USFCS),South Africa Country Commercial Guide

FY 2004:Investment Climate, found at Internet address

http://buyusainfo.net/info.cfm,retrieved July 15,2004.

3 Republic of Kenya,Ministry of Trade and Industry,Sector Profile:

Plastics Sub-sector,found at Internet address

http://www.tradeandindustry.go.ke/downloads.asp,retrieved July 25,

2004.

4 Dow Chemical Company, found at Internet address

http://www.dow.com/facilities/africa/southsfrica/index.htm,

retrieved July 13,2004.

5 InPharma.com,Africa’s Top Pharma Buys API Facility,July 15,

2004,found at Internet address http://www.inpharma.com/news/

printnews NG.asp?id=53561,retrieved Aug.3,2004;and “Aspen

Buyout of FCC Approved,” Business Day (Johannesburg), found at

Internet address http://www.bday.co.za/bday/content/

1,3523,1657318 6078 0,00.html,retrieved Aug.3,2004.

6 Eli Lilly and Company, found at Internet address

http://www.lilly.co.za/About/index.html,retrieved July 29,2004;and

“Merck,Thembalami in AIDS Tie-up,” Business Day (Johannesburg),July

14,2004, found at Internet address http://www.journ aids.org/

reports/20040714c.htm,retrieved July 29,2004.

7 “Sasol Begins Restructuring,” Chemical & Engineering News,

Nov.3,2003,p.16.

8 “Sasol Starts Up Acrylates Complex,” Chemical Week,Apr.7/14,

2004,p.40.

9 “Sasol Shelves PO Project in South Africa,” Chemical Week,

Apr.7/14,2004,p.41.

10 “Sasol Invests in Polymers,” European Chemical News,Mar.22,

2004,p.28.

11 Uganda Export Promotion Board,Export Policy Review 2003,

found at Internet address http://www.ugandaexportsonline.com/

export_review.htm,retrieved Aug.2,2004.

12 USDOC,BEA,Direct Investment Position Abroad on a

Historical-Cost Basis:Country Detail by Industry,provided to USITC staff,

Sept.16,2004.

13 USDOC,USFCS,South Africa Country Commercial Guide FY

2004:Investment Climate, found at Internet address

http://buyusainfo.net/info.cfm,retrieved July 15,2004.

14 USDOC,USFCS,Kenya Country Commercial Guide FY 2004:

Leading Sectors for U.S.Exports and Investment, found at Internet

address http://buyusainfo.net/info.cfm,retrieved July 15,2004.

CHEMICALS-CONTINUED

ENDNOTES
5-17

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

ENERGY-RELATED PRODUCTS

flared.Despite President Obasanjo’s announcement that Nigeria

would cease the flaring of natural gas in 2004,it is unlikely that

the practice will stop in the near term because Nigeria lacks the

necessary infrastructure (e.g.,pipelines,separators,and storage

facilities) to utilize the gas.13 However,in the long term, the

situation could change if proposed liquified natural gas projects

come onstream.14

S Production from joint ventures with multinational petroleum

companies accounts for 95 percent of Nigeria’s crude petroleum

production.The largest joint venture,operated by Shell (with a

45-percent share) and the Nigerian National Petroleum

Corporation (NNPC) (55-percent share),accounts for nearly 50

percent of Nigeria’s total crude petroleum production.The other

joint ventures,in which the NNPC holds at least a 60-percent

share,are operated by ExxonMobil,ChevronTexaco,AGIP,and

TotalFinaElf.15

S Nigeria’s energy sector faces significant obstacles,such as

insufficient government funding of its joint ventures and political

and ethnic strife in the Niger Delta region,including violence,

kidnapping,sabotage,siphoning of fuel products,and seizure of

petroleum facilities.This instability has resulted in major

disruptions in the production of crude petroleum.ChevronTexaco,

Shell,and TotalFinaElf suspended production and removed

nonessential personnel from the Niger Delta region beginning in

March 2003,which resulted in a loss of 817,500 barrels per day

of crude petroleum production.16 Although some of the personnel

have returned, facilities reportedly remain substantially

understaffed.

S Coal continues to be the primary fuel produced and consumed in

South Africa and is its largest source of foreign exchange.South

Africa accounts for about 4 percent of the world’s recoverable

reserves of coal and is the world’s second-largest net exporter of

coal to the world,with the EU as its principal market.

S South Africa is the second-largest refining center in SSA,with a

total capacity of 519,547 barrels of crude petroleum per day.In

2003, the capacity expansion at the South African Natref refinery

came onstream,producing low-sulfur diesel fuels.17

S South Africa has a highly developed synthetic fuels industry,which

takes advantage of the abundant coal reserves and offshore

natural gas and condensate production.Rising crude petroleum

prices have benefited Sasol, the world’s largest manufacturer of

oil from coal,as consumers turn to alternative energy sources.18

S Angola is the region’s second-largest producer of crude

petroleum,accounting for 6 percent of the region’s reserves and

less than 1 percent of the world’s reserves.Angola has one small

operating refinery that primarily produces diesel fuels.The

Angolan economy is highly dependent on its crude petroleum

sector,which accounts for 50 percent of GDP and over 90

percent of total export revenues.19

S Crude petroleum is the primary export product from SSA.Nigeria

is a major exporter of crude petroleum.Angola was the

second-largest SSA exporter and the ninth-largest world supplier

of crude petroleum.In 2003, the United States was the primary

market for SSA exports of petroleum and energy-related products,

while the EU accounted for most of the remainder.20

S Refined petroleum products are the major sector products

imported into the SSA region, followed by crude petroleum.The

United States and western Europe are major sources of refined

petroleum product imports,particularly diesel fuels and other

bunker fuels.Most refineries in the region are small facilities that

do not produce these products.

PETROLEUM AND

OVERVIEW

1

Source: U.S. Department of Energy and the American Petroleum

Institute.

Share of total (percent)

Source: U.S. Department of Energy and the American Petroleum

Institute.

SSA sector production, by country, 2003

($76.6 billion)

SSA sector production, by product, 2003

($76.6 billion)

South Africa 49%

All other 8%

Nigeria 43%

S Crude petroleum in Nigeria and Angola,as well as coal in South

Africa,continue to be the primary petroleum and energy-related

products produced in SSA.All three countries have recoverable

reserves of the products and have developed export-oriented

industries.

S Nigeria’s economy remains heavily dependent on the petroleum

sector,which accounted for nearly 80 percent of government

revenues,90 to 95 percent of export revenues,and over 90

percent of foreign exchange earnings in 2003.In 2003,Nigeria,a

member of OPEC,accounted for about 2 percent of the world’s total

recoverable reserves of crude petroleum and 3 percent of the

world’s reserves of natural gas.Nigeria accounted for 3 percent of

the world’s production and 8 percent of OPEC’s production of crude

petroleum in 2003;crude petroleum production averaged 2.12

million barrels per day.2

S Nigeria’s four state-owned refineries have a combined capacity to

refine 438,750 barrels of crude petroleum per day,or less than 1

percent of the world’s total refining capacity.3 During 2003,

sabotage, fire,and lack of maintenance resulted in sharply

decreased production.Repair work scheduled for completion in

2003 has yet to begin.4

S Nigeria’s reserves of natural gas ranked ninth in the world in 2003;

however,it flares,or burns onsite,75 percent of its natural gas and

uses most of the remainder to reinject into wells for enhanced oil

recovery.Nigeria accounted for 12.5 percent of the world’s total gas

54

40

4

2

Crude petroleum

Coal

Natural gas

Refined petroleum

products
5-18

0 20 40 60 80 100

SSA sector global exports,

by HTS heading, 2002

($34.8 billion)

0 20 40 60 80 100

SSA sector global imports, by country, 2002

($2.6 billion)

TRADE

SSA sector global imports,

by HTS heading, 2002

($2.6 billion)

Source: United Nations.

Share of total (percent)

SSA sector global exports, by country, 2002

($34.8 billion)

Source: United Nations.

South Africa 20%

Nigeria 22% All other 39%

Source: United Nations.

South Africa 8%

All other 16%

Nigeria 44%

Angola 21%

Gabon 6%

Source: United Nations.

Share of total (percent)

Major Share of Major Import Share of

Import Total Item Total

Source (2002) (percent) (6-digit HTS) (2002) (percent)

EU15 39 Refined petroleum products .................

South Africa 15 (2710.00,2713.12,& 3811.21) 78 ........... .

Kenya 12 Crude petroleum (2709.00) 5 ................ .........

United States 7 Coal (2701.12 & 2701.19) 4 ........... .........

Brazil 7 ..................

Source: United Nations. Source: United Nations.

Major Share of Major Export Share of

Export Total Item Total

Market (2002) (percent) (6-digit HTS) (2002) (percent)

United States 35 Crude petroleum (2709.00) 85 .......... ........

EU15 27 Refined petroleum products .................

China 8 (2710.00,2713.12 & 3811.21) 4 .................. ..

Japan 5 Coal (2701.12 & 2701.19) 6 ................. .........

Brazil 4 Liquefied natural gas (2711.11) 1 .................. ......

81

5

4

85

7

4

2

Senegal 7%

10

Refined petroleum products

(2710, 2713, & 3811)

Coal (2701)

Crude petroleum (2709)

All other

Refined petroleum products

(2710, 2713, & 3811)

Crude petroleum (2709)

Coal (2701)

Natural gas (2711)

All other 2

PETROLEUM AND ENERGY-RELATED PRODUCTS-CONTINUED

Uganda 7% Mozambique 5%

Congo (ROC) 5%
5-19

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce. Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

0 20 40 60 80 100

U.S. sector imports from

SSA, by source, 2003

($17.7 billion)

U.S. sector imports from SSA,

by HTS heading, 2003

($17.7 billion)

Share of total (percent)

U.S. sector imports under AGOA

(including GSP), by source, 2003

($11.2 billion)

U.S. sector imports under AGOA

(including GSP), by HTS heading, 2003

($11.2 billion)

All other 7%

0 20 40 60 80 100 120

Share of total (percent)

Nigeria 57%

All other 20%

Angola 23%

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

92

5

3

95

5

Nigeria 83%

Refined petroleum products

(2710 & 2713)

Crude petroleum (2709)

All other

Crude petroleum (2709)

Refined petroleum products

(2710)

Gabon 10%

PETROLEUM AND ENERGY-RELATED PRODUCTS-CONTINUED

TRADE-Continued
5-20

U.S. sector exports to SSA,

by market, 2003

($166 million)

U.S. sector exports to SSA,

by HTS heading, 2003

($166 million)

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

South Africa 68% All other 19%

Nigeria 13%

0 20 40 60 80 100

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

Key U.S. Import Developments

S U.S.imports of petroleum and energy-related products from

SSA accounted for about 10 percent of total U.S.imports of

these products from all sources in 2003.Crude petroleum

from Nigeria and Angola was the primary U.S.import in this

sector from SSA.

S U.S.imports of petroleum and energy-related products from

SSA increased from $11.7 billion in 2002 to $17.7 billion in

2003.The increase was primarily because of a $5-per-barrel

rise in the price of crude.In addition, the quantity of U.S.

imports of crude petroleum from Nigeria increased by about

41 percent, from 215 million barrels in 2002 to 304 million

barrels in 2003,as a result of OPEC production quota

increases in 2003.

Key AGOA Trade Developments

S U.S.imports of crude petroleum from Nigeria accounted

for 90 percent of total sector AGOA imports from the

region in 2003; the other nations accounted for the

remainder of the region’s crude petroleum imports.

Key U.S. Export Developments

S The United States is a major world producer and consumer

of petroleum and petroleum-related products.It accounts

for 2 percent of the world’s estimated proven reserves of

crude petroleum,3 percent of natural gas reserves,26

percent of coal reserves,and 22 percent of the world’s

refinery capacity.13

S SSA accounts for less than 1 percent of U.S.exports of the

products in this sector.14 U.S.exports of petroleum and

energy-related products to SSA declined from $193 million

in 2002 to $166 million in 2003.This decline is primarily a

result of decreased exports of refined petroleum products,

particularly distillate and residual fuel oils, to South Africa.

Expanded refinery capacity in South Africa in early 2003

negated the need for such imports.15

Share of total (percent)

80

10

Primary aromatic petrochemicals

(2707)

All other

Refined petroleum products

(2710, 2713, & 3811)

10

PETROLEUM AND ENERGY-RELATED PRODUCTS-CONTINUED

TRADE-Continued
5-21

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000

Equatorial Guinea

Chad

Gabon

Nigeria

Total

Millions of U.S. dollars

Note.—Data for some countries not disclosed owing to

confidentiality. U.S. FDI position may be negative for some

countries. Industry classification basis changed from SIC to

NAICS in 2002.

Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of

Commerce. Data are for sector defined as “Mining.”

INVESTMENT15

S The U.S.FDI position in the SSA petroleum and energy-related

products sector16 totaled $4.8 billion in 2003,up from nearly $4.0

billion the previous year.17 Equatorial Guinea,Chad,Gabon,and

Nigeria were major SSA locations for U.S.FDI in the sector in 2003,

together accounting for 83 percent of the regional total.The sector

continued its lead,accounting for 41 percent of the total U.S.FDI

position in SSA in 2003.However,SSA accounted for only about 5

percent of the global U.S.FDI position in the sector that year.18

S Nigeria is one of the world’s leading exporters of crude petroleum.

Nigeria’s existing and potential reserves make it attractive for joint

ventures,despite vandalism to pipelines,infrastructure,and

production facilities;and the siphoning of fuel products for the black

market.As a result, there is the potential to increase its production

of crude petroleum significantly in the next few years as recent

discoveries come onstream.

S ExxonMobil holds a 56.25-percent share in a deepwater field;Shell

is the other partner in the development under a production-sharing

contract with NNPC.The $1.1-billion field development is expected

to include a floating production storage and offloading vessel,15

producing wells,5 water injection wells,and 4 gas injection wells.

S ExxonMobil holds a 40-percent share in the development of a field;

NNPC holds the other 60 percent.The $1.2-billion field

development is expected to be onstream by late 2004.Associated

natural gas will be reinjected in order to maintain field pressure and

eliminate the need to flare the gas.

S In February 2003,ChevronTexaco announced a joint venture with

NNPC for a $4-billion development of three deepwater crude

petroleum and natural gas fields.Production is expected to come

onstream by late 2005.

S In March 2003,NNPC announced that repairs to refineries would

continue.NNPC signed an agreement whereby Venezuela’s

state-owned petroleum company (PDVSA) would help maintain

Nigeria’s refineries;in addition,ChevronTexaco signed an

agreement with NNPC to take over the management of the

refineries.NNPC will retain ownership with only the maintenance

and day-to-day management signed over to PDVSA and

ChevronTexaco.

S Angola’s production of crude petroleum is predicted to double by

2008 as new deepwater sites are developed.ExxonMobil is the

most dominant presence in Angola;it will invest about $4 billion in

six new deepwater projects by 2007.Three of the new fields

operated by ExxonMobil are expected to begin producing 80,000

barrels per day by the end of 2004.

S ChevronTexaco,which accounts for about 15 percent of Angola’s

production of crude petroleum,announced a joint venture with the

Angolan government that is expected to produce 100,000 barrels

of crude per day by 2007.

Millions of U.S. dollars

U.S. sector SSA FDI position, 1999-2003

U.S. sector SSA FDI position, by country, 2003

Note.—Industry classification changed from SIC to NAICS in 2002;

data from 1999 to 2001 have been converted to NAICS. Data for

2001 and 2002 have been revised from previous estimates.

Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, Department of Commerce.

Data are for sector defined as “Mining.”

1,949

4,186

PETROLEUM AND ENERGY-RELATED PRODUCTS-CONTINUED

732

648

610

4,754

3,040

4,724

3,989

4,754
5-22

1 This sector primarily covers crude petroleum,refined petroleum

products,natural gas and its components,and coal and coal chemicals

(chapter 27 of the HTS).Also included are nuclear fuels (HTS 2844 and

2845) and certain octane-enhancing chemicals (HTS 3403,3606,

3811,and 3819).

2 “Worldwide Report,” Oil & Gas Journal,Dec.22,2003,p.47.

3 Ibid.,pp.64-70;and official statistics of the U.S.Department of

Energy.

4 “Worldwide Report,” Oil & Gas Journal,Dec.22,2003,pp.64-70;

and official statistics of the U.S.Department of Energy.

5 Official statistics of the U.S.Department of Energy;and U.S.

Department of Energy,Country Reports-Nigeria,Mar.2003.

6 Economist Intelligence Unit, “Nigeria:Business:Outlook,” June 9,

2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com,retrieved

Sept.1,2004.

7 Official statistics of the U.S.Department of Energy;and U.S.

Department of Energy,Country Reports-Nigeria,Mar.2003.

8 Official statistics of the U.S.Department of Energy;and U.S.

Department of Energy,Country Reports-Nigeria,Mar.2003.

9 “Worldwide Report,” Oil & Gas Journal,Dec.22,2003,p.47 and

64-70;official statistics of the U.S.Department of Energy;and U.S.

Department of Energy,Country Reports-South Africa,Dec.2003.

10 U.S.Department of Energy,Country Reports-South Africa,Dec.

2003;and “Sasol Out from Under the Barrel,” Financial Times,July 13,

2004.

11 Official statistics of the U.S.Department of Energy;and U.S.

Department of Energy,Country Reports-Angola,Feb.2004.

12 Official statistics of the U.S.Department of Energy.

13 Official statistics of the U.S.Department of Energy.

14 U.S.exports of crude petroleum have been prohibited since

1973,except as approved by the U.S.government.

15 Official statistics of the U.S.Department of Energy and industry

sources.

16 Information provided in this section is derived from industry

contacts,company websites,and official statistics of the U.S.

Department of Energy.

17 Data are provided by U.S.Department of Commerce,Bureau of

Economic Analysis,and are for the sector defined as “Mining.”

18 Although this BEA classification covers products not included in

this sector, the bulk of the FDI position is believed to be accounted for by

sector products such as petroleum,natural gas,and coal.

19 USDOC,BEA,Direct Investment Position Abroad on a

Historical-Cost Basis:Country Detail by Industry,provided to USITC staff,

Sept.16,2004.

PETROLEUM AND ENERGY-RELATED PRODUCTS-CONTINUED

ENDNOTES
5-23

S SSA is a major producer of many of the world’s most important

minerals and metals,including platinum-group metals (PGMs),gold,

diamonds,uranium,manganese,chromium,nickel,bauxite (aluminum

raw material),and cobalt.SSA’s production of the world’s major

nonferrous metals (copper,lead,and zinc) is less significant,although

copper mining and processing is an important industry for several SSA

countries.Silver production is also low because silver is largely a

byproduct of processing these metals.Approximately 11 percent of

the world’s bauxite production comes from SSA,but less than half is

converted to alumina (intermediate aluminum oxide material) or

aluminum locally.3 Although underexplored,SSA has about 30 percent

of the world’s known mineral reserves,including 40 percent of the

world’s gold,60 percent of the world’s cobalt,and 90 percent of the

world’s PGMs.4 SSA also continues to produce much of the world’s

mine supply of chromite,vanadium,zirconium, titanium,and other

specialty metals and ores.

S Gemstones account for a large share of SSA mineral production,with

diamonds accounting for 8 percent of the overall sector (and

approximately two-thirds of the $24.8 billion in overall gemstone

production).Normally,South Africa is the dominant producer,because

of its large diamond mining industry.However,according to the

International Monetary Fund,DROC ($7.4 billion) outproduced South

Africa ($6.2 billion) in diamonds in 2003.Seventy-eight percent of

DROC’s production total was artisanal and not production by Société

Minière de Bakwanga,which is the majority producer historically and is

80-percent owned by the government.5 As a result of the United

Nations’ review of DROC’s diamond trade, the country was suspended

from world trade in diamonds in July 2004.6 Significant production of

other gemstones in SSA includes agate (notably Namibia),amethyst,

beryl (including emerald),chrysocholla (primarily in DROC and Zambia),

emerald,garnet,rose quartz (from Mozambique and Namibia),

tourmaline,and topaz (predominantly Nigeria).

S SSA also produces a large portion of the world’s supply of several

industrial minerals (IMs),such as fluorspar,vermiculite,and various

specialty alumino-silicates.Other major IM production targeted for

export includes specialty clays (e.g.,kaolin and brickmaking clay),

cement,limestone,dolomite,phosphate,and dimension stone (e.g.,

marble and granite).IM production consumed locally includes all the

major construction materials,such as aggregates (e.g.,sand and

gravel),silica (and some glassmaking operations),and clays.Most

production comes from numerous smaller scale facilities geared

toward meeting local demand.For example,of South Africa’s 707

mines and quarries,7 531 produce IMs.8 Total 2003 IM production in

SSA was estimated at $4.1 billion,of which $2.4 billion came from

South Africa.9

S The iron and steel industry is a significant part of the minerals and

metals sector in SSA,largely due to the natural endowment and

proximity of major alloying metals,and the existence of a developed

South African metals industry that is capable of producing multiple

types and forms of steel products,including stainless.South Africa

produced 9.5 million metric tons of crude steel in 2003 (81 percent

of SSA’s total);Zimbabwe,Tanzania,and Nigeria are also notable

producers of both ferroalloys and steel mill products.10 Iron and steel

production is estimated to have accounted for 19 percent of the

$100-billion minerals and metals manufacturing industry in South

Africa in 2003.11 Including iron making, ferroalloy production,and

stainless steel production,approximately 65 percent ($24.3 billion) of

SSA’s nonmining ferrous industry is in South Africa.

OVERVIEW

1

MINERALS AND METALS

Note.—Data are for mining and refining for reporting countries.

Source: Unpublished data and estimates of the U.S. Geological

Survey; and MBendi, Infomine Africa, and the Department of

Minerals & Energy (South Africa).

Share of total (percent)

Note.—Data are for mining and refining for reporting countries.

Source: Unpublished data and estimates of the U.S. Geological

Survey; and MBendi, Infomine Africa, and the Department of

Minerals & Energy (South Africa).

SSA sector production, by country, 2003

($195.1 billion)

SSA sector production, by product, 2003

($195.1 billion)

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Fabricated forms

Gemstones

Steel

Iron (ore & metal)

Gold

All other

South Africa 63%

All other 25 %

DROC 7%

Nigeria 5%

S There are substantial minerals and metals industries in numerous

African countries.South Africa,Nigeria,Ghana,Zimbabwe,

Tanzania,Zambia,Namibia,and DROC are the largest minerals

and metals producers in SSA,and,with many smaller scale

producers (e.g.,Botswana,Sierra Leone,Mozambique,and

Namibia),derive the majority of export earnings from the sector.

As a result, the sector constitutes a large portion of the GDP and

employment for many SSA countries.2

53

13

5

3

3

23
5-24

S In mid-2003 and into 2004,prices for several minerals and

metals continued to recover from the extreme lows of the

1997-early 2003 period,reflecting declining inventories arising

from a combination of worldwide production shutdowns and

cutbacks,and rising consumption.In 2003,aluminum,which

had declined to $0.62 per pound,averaged $0.67 per pound;

gold,which had declined to $294 per troy ounce,averaged

$350 per troy ounce;and copper,which had reached a low of

$0.59 per pound,averaged $0.82 per pound.The Producer

Price Index for steel mill products rose over 6 percent in 2003

and was up almost 8 percent over the 2001 level.12 These

price increases contributed to the improving economies of the

metal-producing SSA countries and attracted additional FDI,

notably from Australasian (Australian and Chinese) and North

American (Canadian and U.S.) sources.13

S Prices of most PGMs have increased over the last decade

because of strong demand from the transportation equipment

sector,which uses these metals in catalytic converters,and

also because of uncertainty regarding Russian supplies of these

metals.14 As a major producer of PGMs,South Africa has

benefited from the price increases.However,palladium,

rhodium,and ruthenium continued their 2-year price decline in

2003, thus negatively affecting South Africa’s PGM industry.15

S South African gold production decreased by 35 percent in the

past decade (from 578 tons in 1993 to 376 tons in 2003),

with a corresponding decrease in producing companies (from

50 gold producers listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange

Securities Exchange to 14).Employment in the sector also

declined significantly.Some analysts expect gold output to

maintain the current level until 2006,and drop by 25 tons per

year thereafter.Because of the long lead time and costliness of

discovering and developing new mines,production increases

are not predicted for the near future.16

S Several SSA countries,such as Botswana,Mozambique,and

DROC,17 are continuing to implement investment-friendly

regulatory protocols.However,South Africa’s Black

Empowerment initiatives,coupled with a new mining law that

took effect in 2003 (ceding land ownership back to the state),

and the 2004 Mineral and Petroleum Royalty Bill (referred to as

the “Money Bill,” this legislation instituted royalties of 3 percent

on gold,4 percent on platinum,and 8 percent on diamonds),18

have created significant valuation and financial risk issues that

are delaying sector investment in South Africa.19 Further, the

proposed new Mine Health and Safety Acts are expected to

increase production costs.20 To counteract these effects,a

Beneficiation Bill has been proposed to promote South Africa’s

minerals industry by granting South Africans the opportunity to

own basic forms of gold,diamonds,and PGMs,and possibly

other minerals as well.21 This bill is expected to stimulate

downstream processing and fabrication of these basic forms in

South Africa by providing producer incentives such as remission

of mining royalties for locally manufactured products.22

S The Geita gold mine in Tanzania became fully operational in late

2002.Owned by Geita Gold Mining Limited and operated by

Ashanti Goldfields (Ghana) and AngloGold (South Africa) under a

joint-venture agreement,Geita now produces about one-half of

Tanzania’s gold,making it one of Africa’s largest gold-producing

mines.Approximately 655,000 ounces of gold were produced

during 2003.23

MINERALS AND METALS-CONTINUED

OVERVIEW-Continued

S The United States enacted the Clean Diamond Trade Act (Public

Law 108-19) on April 25,2003,which was initiated by

Congress in response to the use of diamonds to fund conflict

and human rights violations in parts of Africa.The Act bans the

importation of rough diamonds from any nonparticipant in the

Kimberley Process Certification Scheme (KPCS).Presidential

Executive Order 13312,effective July 30,2003,which amends

prior orders on the subject to reflect provisions of the new Act,

bans all rough diamonds from Liberia,even if they originated

elsewhere,and removes the prior ban on all rough diamonds

from Sierra Leone that are controlled through the KPCS.24 The

Central African Republic joined the 61 member-countries of the

KPCS in August 2003.25 As noted above,DROC was suspended

by the United Nations from world trade in diamonds in July

2004.26

S On July 13,2004,DeBeers pled guilty to price fixing and agreed

to pay $10 million to settle a 10-year-old indictment in U.S.

District Court.This settlement is widely anticipated to increase

South African diamond exports to the U.S.market by allowing

DeBeers to re-establish a direct marketing presence in the

United States,which would increase U.S.imports from South

Africa,because Anglo-American, the largest South African

mining company,is a subsidiary of DeBeers.27
5-25

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

SSA sector global exports,

by HTS chapter, 2002

($22.0 billion)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

SSA sector global imports, by country, 2002

($7.1 billion)

TRADE

SSA sector global imports,

by HTS chapter, 2002

($7.1 billion)

Source: United Nations.

Share of total (percent)

SSA sector global exports, by country, 2002

($22.0 billion)

Source: United Nations.

South Africa 32% All other 40%

Angola 4%

Source: United Nations.

South Africa 68%

All other 15%

Mozambique 2%

Congo (DROC) 5%

Botswana 7%

Source: United Nations.

Share of total (percent)

Source: United Nations. Source: United Nations.

27

19

11

57

13

12

7

Kenya 4%

Nigeria 16%

7

6

30

Major Share of Major Import Share of

Import Total Item Total

Source (2002) (percent) (6-digit HTS) (2002) (percent)

EU15 42 Nonindustrial diamonds (7102.31) ................. .......... 7

South Africa 8 Certain portland cement (2523.29) 4 ............ .........

China 7 Iron or steel structures (7308.90) 3 .................. ...........

India 5 Refined copper cathodes (7403.11) 2 .................. .........

Japan 4 Glazed ceramic tiles (6908.90) 2 ................. .............

Major Share of Major Export Share of

Export Total Item Total

Market (2002) (percent) (6-digit HTS) (2002) (percent)

EU15 48 Nonindustrial diamonds (7102.31) 26 ................. .........

United States 13 Gold (7108.12) 12 .......... .........................

Japan 9 Platinum (7110.11) 9 ................. .......................

India 9 Aluminum (7601.10) 6 .................. ......................

China 4 Iron ore (2601.11) 4 .................. .......................

Guinea 3%

3

8

Articles of iron

or steel (73)

Iron and steel (72)

Diamonds and precious

metals (71)

Ceramic products (69)

Industrial minerals (25)

All other

Iron and steel (72)

Diamonds and precious

metals (71)

Copper (74)

Metal ores and

concentrates (26)

Aluminum (76)

All other

MINERALS AND METALS-CONTINUED

Mozambique 4%
5-26

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce. Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

U.S. sector imports from

SSA, by source, 2003

($3.0 billion)

U.S. sector imports from SSA, by

HTS chapter, 2003

($3.0 billion)

Share of total (percent)

U.S. sector imports under AGOA

(including GSP), by source, 2003

($413 million)

U.S. sector imports under AGOA

(including GSP), by HTS chapter, 2003

($413 million)

All other 4%

Share of total (percent)

South Africa 91%

All other 4%

Guinea 2%

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

68

11

10

4

South Africa 96%

3

8 8

8

21

59 Precious stones and

metals (71)

Aluminum (76)

All other

Metal ores and

concentrates (26)

Iron and steel (72)

Iron and steel (72)

Aluminum (76)

Articles of iron

or steel (73)

Zinc (79)

All other

MINERALS AND METALS-CONTINUED

TRADE-Continued

Congo (DROC) 1%

Namibia 2%
5-27

U.S. sector exports to SSA,

by market, 2003

($269 million)

U.S. sector exports to SSA, by

HTS chapter, 2003

($269 million)

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

South Africa 39%

All other 24%

Angola 11%

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

Key U.S. Import Developments

S The U.S. trade deficit with SSA in minerals and metals

increased $287 million (12 percent) to $2.7 billion in 2003.

U.S.imports increased by $290 million (11 percent) to $3.0

billion.South Africa is the leading SSA sector supplier,

accounting for 91 percent of U.S.sector imports from SSA in

2003.Almost all PGMs are from South Africa,and the

country is the primary mine source for a majority of specialty

metals (including PGMs) consumed by the U.S.high-tech and

transportation industries.For some of these metals,such as

chrome, there are few alternative sources available.

S The largest U.S.import increases,by value,were in diamonds,

other gemstones,and precious metals (HTS chapter 71,an

increase of $252 million,or 14 percent);and iron and steel

(HTS chapter 72,an increase of $24 million,or 8 percent)

reflecting the continued growth in the iron and steel industries

in South Africa,Tanzania,and neighboring countries).SSA

lead,zinc,ceramic,and copper product exports to the United

States also rose significantly because of improved metal

prices,increased raw material production volume,and

increased downstream product manufacturing.

S Sixty-eight percent of U.S.sector imports from SSA in 2003 were

PGMs,which are almost all from South Africa,and diamonds,

mostly from South Africa,DROC,and Angola.U.S.PGM imports

increased to $1.3 billion,11 percent by value, to 44 percent of all

sectoral imports.U.S.imports of diamonds,of which 97 percent

were natural gemstones, totaled $735 million in 2003,or 25

percent of the sector import total.Gold and silver imports (which

are less than 1 percent of the total U.S.sectoral imports from

SSA) decreased by 67 percent,largely in nonmonetary powder and

other unwrought forms,offset slightly by increases in

semi-manufactured forms.

S The increase in U.S.sector imports in 2003 was largely a result of

higher gold,platinum,and diamond prices,and the corresponding

production increases.The strengthening U.S.economy increased

discretionary income,which likely promoted increased consumption

of precious jewelry and increased importation of rough diamonds

for finishing.Twelve SSA countries reported increases in sector

exports to the United States.

Key AGOA Trade Developments

S U.S.sector imports under AGOA totaled $413 million in 2003,up

11 percent from 2002.Imports under AGOA accounted for 14

percent of total sector imports from SSA in 2003,similar to the

previous year.

S The bulk of U.S.imports of minerals and metals under AGOA were

supplied by South Africa (96 percent) and Namibia (under 4

percent), totaling $412 million in 2003.Iron and steel products,

primarily ferroalloys,accounted for 59 percent of sector imports

under AGOA in 2003,with aluminum products increasing 16

percent,by value, to 21 percent of the total.Varied base metal

articles (mostly manganese for alloying steel) and zinc products

(mostly unwrought forms,largely used for galvanizing steel)

recorded the largest percentage increases.

Key U.S. Export Developments

S U.S.sector exports to the region increased by $3 million (1

percent) in 2003.By value,U.S.exports increased markedly to

Equatorial Guinea (an increase of $27 million,or 189 percent,

largely to support oil and gas production),Angola (an increase of

$15 million,or 103 percent, to support oil and gas processing),

and South Africa (an increase of $14 million,or 16 percent).On a

percentage basis,Lesotho,Madagascar,Djibouti,and Eritrea

posted the largest percentage increases in purchases of U.S.

products.Several countries recorded double-digit declines,largely

as a result of economic problems (e.g.,Swaziland,down 92

percent;and Tanzania,down 87 percent) and geopolitical issues

(e.g.,DROC,down 98 percent;and Chad,down 78 percent).Chad

recorded the largest decline,by value,at $22 million.

S U.S.exports reflect the significant oil exploration and oilfield

development that is underway in SSA,primarily in Nigeria,Angola,

and surrounding areas.U.S.suppliers are heavily involved,and steel

mill products are the major exports.However, the drilling

operations leveled off in 2002 and began decreasing in 2003,

causing the exports of drilling commodities,such as pipe and tube,

tools,mesh,and drilling muds, to decline.The iron and steel articles

group (HTS chapter 73) recorded the largest dollar-value decline

($4 million),yet remained the largest subsector,accounting for 46

percent of U.S.sector exports to SSA.Structural commodities,

which are largely semi-fabricated plate,sheet,and strip products,

recorded the largest value increase ($12 million,or 167 percent).

In particular,steel structures, towers,masts,as well as lime and

cement products,showed significant increases.Most of those

were directed toward oil and gas recovery and refining facilities

construction.

Share of total (percent)

46

15

8

Nigeria 11%

Equatorial Guinea 15%

7

5

19

Articles of iron

or steel (73)

Base metal tools

and cutlery (82)

Stone, plaster, etc. (68)

Aluminum (76)

Iron and steel (72)

All other

MINERALS AND METALS-CONTINUED

TRADE-Continued
5-28

S U.S.sector exports to South Africa totaled $104 million,or 39

percent of U.S.sector exports to SSA.The largest value increase

was in precious metals,up $8 million,primarily

semi-manufactured forms of platinum and waste and scrap of all

PGMs.Although South Africa has significant precious-metals

refining capacity for unwrought forms (e.g.,doré,bullion,bars,

and grains),it must rely on imports of semi-manufactured forms

(e.g.,sheets and wire) for the manufacture of downstream

products,particularly precious jewelry,coins,and electronic

conductors.In contrast,U.S.exports of cut diamonds declined by

$6.6 million,or by 97 percent).28

MINERALS AND METALS-CONTINUED

TRADE-Continued
5-29

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

-30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Ghana

Zambia

Kenya

Zimbabwe

South Africa

Total

INVESTMENT

Millions of U.S. dollars

U.S. sector SSA FDI position, 1999-2003

Millions of U.S. dollars

U.S. sector SSA FDI position, by country, 2003

Note.—Does not include mining and certain

processing operations or industrial minerals.

Industry classification basis changed from SIC to

NAICS in 2002.

Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S.

Department of Commerce. Data are for sector

defined as “Primary and Fabricated Metals.”

Note.—Does not include mining and certain processing

operations or industrial minerals. Industry classification basis

changed from SIC to NAICS in 2002; data from 1999 to 2001

have been converted to NAICS. Data for 2001 and 2002 have

been revised from previous estimates.

Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department of

Commerce. Data are for sector defined as “Primary and

Fabricated Metals.”

51

50

MINERALS AND METALS-CONTINUED

S The U.S.FDI position in the nonmining29 SSA minerals and

metals sector totaled $47 million in 2003,down from $67

million in 2002.Ghana continued to be the major SSA country for

U.S.FDI in the sector in 2003.The sector accounted for less

than 1 percent of the total U.S.FDI position in SSA in 2003,and

SSA accounted for less than 1 percent of the global U.S.FDI

position in the sector that year.30

S The recent increase in exploration and mine development in SSA

has been largely directed toward gold and diamonds.Major new

mines opening or under development in SSA are in South Africa,

Ghana,Namibia,Botswana,Tanzania,and Gabon,primarily to

produce gold,diamonds,niobium products,PGMs,chrome,and

various base metals.Major discoveries over the last year include

several potential diamond-bearing ores in Mauritania,and

potential offshore diamond deposits in southern Namibia.31

S The Ghanaian government granted Newmont Mining Corp. (U.S.)

a 30-year mining lease for two gold mining operations – Ahafo

and Akyem.Newmont later announced its intent to invest $350

million to develop the Ahafo mine, targeting annual production of

approximately 500,000 ounces (providing approximately 1,400

jobs) in 2006.32

S The J&W Investment Group acquired Luanshya Copper Mines

Plc and Chambishi Metals Plc (Zambia) from Avmin in 2003 and

spent approximately $50 million to rehabilitate the mine facility

(scheduled to reopen by 2005).33 Metorex (South Africa)

operates the mine.34

S On June 20,2004,Metorex reached an agreement with the

Government of DROC,Gecamines,and Sentinelle Global

Investments to mine and treat the high-grade copper-cobalt

orebody and stockpiles in the Katanga Province of DROC.Phase I

is expected to cost $15-18 million.Phase II,pending a feasibility

study,is estimated to cost $150-180 million,with a resulting

production of 120,000 metric tons per month.35

S Metorex continued significant exploratory drilling at Burkina

Faso’s Perkoa Zinc Project,delineating almost 7 million metric

tons of ore containing 18 percent zinc.A financial feasibility study

is expected in 2004.36

S On May 13,2004,Alcoa World Alumina LLC (U.S.) and Alcan Inc.

(Canada) signed a Memorandum of Understanding to jointly

assess the feasibility of constructing an alumina refinery in

Guinea.37

S Although Konkola Copper Mines Plc (KCI,Zambia) was projected

to close in early 2003 (the previous owner,Anglo American,

pulled out in 2002), the government has maintained operations.

In August 2004,Zambia sold a 51-percent controlling stake to

Vedanta Resources (India) for $48 million,subject to KCI

shareholder approval in October.38

S According to the South African government, the total estimated

investment in newly committed mineral-related projects in South

Africa in 2003 was R68.5 million (approximately $9.1 billion),up

29 percent over 2002.The expected investment in potential

mineral-related projects in South Africa was R19.6 million

(approximately $2.6 billion),down 10 percent.39 Of that total,88

percent was earmarked for primary mineral production.Platinum

accounts for 61 percent of that total and is led by Impala

Platinum’s investment of R5 billion (approximately $661 million),

Anglo Platinum/Royal Bafokeng’s R4 billion (approximately $529

million) investment,and Anglo Platinum’s R3.7 billion

(approximately $489 million) investment.Gold represents 34

percent of the total in newly committed primary mineral projects.

This expenditure is led by the Placer Dome/Western Areas’ R5

billion (approximately $661 million) joint venture,AngloGold’s

R3.8 billion (approximately $502 million) investment,and

Goldfield’s R2.9 billion (approximately $377 million) investment.In

potential project development,gold accounts for 98 percent of

the total,platinum accounts for less than 2 percent,and other

minerals account for 0.3 percent (substantially lower than the

77-percent share held in 2002).

9

5

4

-21

47

40

71 67

47
5-30

1 This sector includes items classified in Harmonized Tariff

Schedule chapters 25,26,68 through 76,and 78 through 83.

2 The minerals and metals sector includes clays and earths,sand

and gravel,stone,cement and plaster,and nonmetallic minerals;

metal-bearing ores,concentrates,ash,and residues;ceramic,glass,and

fiberglass articles;gemstones;iron and steel,base metals,precious

metals,and metal alloys in unwrought and scrap forms; ferrous and

nonferrous mill products (shaped by casting, forging,machining,rolling,

drawing,or extrusion operations);and certain fabricated metal products

(e.g.,containers,wire cables,chain,industrial fasteners,certain kitchen

and sewing implements,cutlery,nonpowered hand tools,construction

components,builders’ hardware,etc.).

3 World Bureau of Metal Statistics,World Metal Statistics 2004

(Ware,England:World Bureau of Metal Statistics,May 7,2004),

pp.9-12.

4 “Africa:Mining,” MBendi, found at Internet address

http://www.mbendi.co.za/indy/ming/af/p0005.htm,retrieved

June 16,2004.

5 Derived from “Democratic Republic of the Congo:Selected Issues

and Statistical Appendix,” International Monetary Fund,Country Report

No.03/175,June 2003, found at Internet address

http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/scr/2003/cr03175.pdf,

retrieved Aug.31,2004.

6 Daniel Balint-Kurti, “Congo Suspended FromWorld Diamond

Trade,” Associated Press,July 10,2004, found at Internet address

http://www.mercurynews.com/mld/mercurynews/news/world/912

5827.htm1,retrieved July 13,2004.

7 “Minerals,” Infomine Africa Newsletter,Sept.2003, found at

Internet address http://www.infomine africa.com/news.asp#Most,

retrieved Sept.16,2003.

8 Infomine Africa, found at Internet address http://infomine

africa.com/afrinfogen.asp,retrieved 2001.

9 Data derived from unpublished statistics and estimates of the U.S.

Geological Survey,MBendi,Infomine Africa,and the Department of

Minerals and Energy (South Africa).

10 International Iron and Steel Institute,World Steel in Figures,

2004 Edition, found at Internet address http://www.worldsteel.org/

media/wsif/wsif2004.pdf,retrieved Sept.15,2004.

11 Department of Minerals and Energy,Republic of South Africa,

available at Internet address http://www.dme.gov.za/home.

asp?menu=main,retrieved July 26,2004.

12 U.S.Geological Survey, “Minerals Information,” found at Internet

address http://minerals.usgs.gov/minerals,retrieved July 26,2004.

13 U.S.Geological Survey,Mineral Commodity Summary 2004:Iron

and Steel, found at Internet address http://minerals.usgs.gov/

minerals/pubs/commodity/iron_&_steel/festmcs04.pdf,retrieved

Sept.15,2004.

14 There have been 3 significant worldwide shifts during the last

decade in the platinum and palladium markets that are expected to

cause continued industry restructuring and market shakeups.First,

worldwide efforts to control pollution have caused many developing

countries to mandate use of catalytic technology,which requires

platinum-group metals.Second,Russian export controls have created

upward price pressures on the world market.Third, the dual reversal of

prices between platinum and palladium (platinum values increased

dramatically in the late 1990s,causing many consumers to switch to

palladium,which then increased palladium prices to the point that

consumers began to switch back to platinum) has caused many

catalytic converter producers to implement technologies allowing for

either metal to be used.In the long run, this should stabilize the market.

15 U.S.Geological Survey, “Minerals Information.”

16 According to the Chamber of Mines of South Africa,as reported

in “Gold Production in SA in Decline,” Mining e-News,Dec.2003.

17 “A New Dawn for the DRC?” Metal Bulletin,July 24,2003,p.9.

18 “The South African Government Releases Mining Royalty Bill,”

Werkmans UK Limited,Mar.2003, found at Internet address

http://www.werksmans.co.za/uk/alert_20030326.pdf,retrieved

July 27,2004.

19 “Perceived Empowerment Risks Discourage U.S.Investors,”

Business Day (South Africa),Aug.18,2003,via NewsEdge Corporation,

retrieved Aug.19,2003;and Daniel Thole, “Resources Take a Pounding,”

Moneyweb (Johannesburg), found at Internet address http://allafrica.

com/stories/printable/200308180609.htm,retrieved Aug.28,2003.

20 According to the Chief Inspector of Mines,as reported in “Most

Small Miners Unable to Comply with Health and Safety Act,” Mining

e-News,Feb.2004.

21 See Internet address http://www.polity.org.za/pdf/

DraftPrecMet&DiaGenAmenBill.pdf for the bill in its present form;and

“Rediscovering SA mineral beneficiation tradition,” Polity,at Internet

address http://www.polity.org.za/pol/opinion/?show=49446 for a

discussion.

22 “Beneficiation Bill to Encourage Economic Growth,” Infomine Africa

Newsletter,Oct.2003, found at Internet address

http://www.infomine africa.com/news.asp#Most,retrieved Nov.2003.

23 “Geita Mine One of Africa’s Largest Gold Mines,” Mining e-News,

Feb.2004.

24 Sheryl Katz, “Bush Bans Conflict Diamonds,” DIAMONDS.NET,

found at Internet address http://www.diamonds.net/news/

newsitem.asp?num=8317&type=all,retrieved Aug.8,2003.

25 “CAR Joins the Kimberley Process,” Mining e-News,Aug.2003.

26 Daniel Balint-Kurti, “Congo Suspended FromWorld Diamond

Trade,” Associated Press,July 10,2004, found at Internet address

http://www.mercurynews.com/mld/mercurynews/news/world/9125

827.htm1,retrieved July 13,2004.

27 Margaret Webb Pressler, “DeBeers Pleads to Price-Fixing:Firm

Pays $10 Million,Can Fully Reenter U.S.,” Washington Post,July 14,

2004,p.E01.

28 U.S.Geological Survey commodity specialists, telephone interview

by USITC staff,Aug.5,2004.

29 The BEA data does not separate mineral and metal mining from

fuel production.Therefore, the FDI number in this section does not include

mining activities.These are included in the Petroleum and Energy-Related

Products sector profile.Additionally,data for varied countries,notably

ROC,Ghana,Kenya,and Zambia,are not disclosed owing to confidentiality.

U.S.FDI position is negative for some countries.

30 USDOC,BEA,Direct Investment Position Abroad on a

Historical-Cost Basis:Country Detail by Industry,provided to USITC staff,

Sept.16,2004.

31 “Africa:Mining,” MBendi, found at Internet address

http://www.mbendi.co.za/indy/ming/af/p0005.htm,retrieved June 16,

2004.

32 “Newmont investing $350M in Ghana project,” Denver Business

Journal,Dec.19,2003, found at Internet address http://denver.

bizjournals.com/denver/stories/2003/12/15/daily52.html,retrieved

Jan.21,2004.

33 Data and reference provided by George Coakley,U.S.Geological

Survey,Minerals Information Team,International Minerals Division,

Dec.16,2003.

34 Metorex Limited, found at Internet address http://www.meto

rexgroup.com/Chibuluma.htm,retrieved Dec.17,2003.

MINERALS AND METALS-CONTINUED

ENDNOTES
5-31

35 Metorex Limited, found at Internet address

http://www.metorexgroup.com/RuashiHoldings.htm,July 29,2004.

36 Metorex Limited, found at Internet address

http://www.metorexgroup.com/MtxBurkinaFasoProj.htm,retrieved

Dec.17,2003.

37 Alcoa press release,May 13,2004, found at Internet address

http://www.alcoa.com/global/en/news/news_detail.asp?pageID=24

1344825&newsYear=2004,retrieved May 17,2004.Bauxite ores

are mined for their aluminum oxide,or alumina,content.After cleaning

and processing, the alumina is refined to produce pure aluminum metal.

38 “Vedanta pays $48m for Konkola mines,” India Times,Economic

Times News Network,Aug.21,2004, found at Internet address

http://economictimes.indiatimes.com/articleshow/822314.cms,

retrieved Sept.15,2004.

39 Directorate:Mineral Economics, “Investment in South Africa’s

Mineral Sector,” Second Ed.,2003, found at Internet address

http://www.dme.gov.za/publications/pdf/annual_reports/R39%20in

vest_in_sa_2004.pdf,retrieved July 2004.

MINERALS AND METALS-CONTINUED

ENDNOTES
5-32
5-33

OVERVIEW

1

TEXTILES AND APPAREL

S SSA accounted for less than 1 percent of world exports of textiles

and apparel and incurred a $1.9-billion trade deficit in such goods in

2002, based on imports of $4.7 billion and exports of $2.8 billion.

SSA’s major textile and apparel export markets were the United

States (43 percent) and the EU (39 percent); the major import

sources were China (29 percent of SSA imports), the EU (21

percent), and India (13 percent). SSA sector exports were

concentrated in apparel and among a few countries – Mauritius,

South Africa, Lesotho, Madagascar, and Kenya – which together

accounted for 85 percent of the total in 2002.

S Prompted by AGOA preferences, the textile and apparel sectors in

SSA countries have launched numerous new projects as a result of

SSA government initiatives and loans, increased intra-SSA country

partnerships, and initiatives by foreign investors.

S Lesotho is the largest SSA supplier of sector goods to the United

States with total shipments of $393 million in 2003, an increase of

22 percent from the 2002 level. Its textile and apparel sector has

grown steadily as a result of AGOA, with employment expanding from

19,000 workers in April 2001 to over 54,000 in May 2004, making

it the country’s second-largest employer after the government.2

Lesotho’s first denim mill, Formosa Textiles, began denim and yarn

production for local and regional markets in April 2004. The mill

imports most of the cotton used in its production from Malawi and

Zambia; small amounts are also imported from Ethiopia and

Zimbabwe.3 Lesotho has an estimated 40-60 textile and apparel

plants, most of which are owned by firms in Taiwan and other Asian

countries. The competitiveness of Lesotho largely reflects its low

labor costs and designation as a least developed country, which

allows apparel producers there to use lower cost third-country

(mainly Asian) fabrics in the production of apparel for export to the

United States. Trade sources also report that Lesotho requires less

paperwork for work permits and has fewer challenges with labor

unions than other SSA countries. Apparel producers in Lesotho

reportedly sell garments to such U.S. firms as Gap, Wal-Mart, and

Target.4

S Mauritius, compared with many other SSA countries, has a skilled

workforce and an established industry that reportedly is focusing on

higher value-added goods to help offset its higher wages.5 In the

spinning and weaving sector, for example, the average hourly wage

(including fringe benefits) of production workers is $1.33, compared

with $0.62 in Kenya and Ethiopia.6 The move to higher valued goods

is evident, as U.S. imports of sector goods from Mauritius in 2003

fell by 4 percent by quantity to 45 million square meter equivalents

(SMEs), but rose 6 percent by value, to $269 million. However, U.S.

imports of sector goods from Mauritius that entered free of duty

under AGOA rose by 29 percent in 2003 to $135 million. Currently,

49 textile and apparel companies are registered with the

Government of Mauritius Ministry of Commerce and Cooperatives

for export to the United States under AGOA. These companies

employ about 50,000 workers and have a production capacity of 15

million pieces per month.7 Several new yarn spinning projects were

launched in 2003 as result of initiatives by foreign investors.

S Textile and apparel manufacturing is increasingly important to

Ethiopia’s economy; the textile and apparel sectors account for 26

percent and 4 percent, respectively, of the country’s total

manufacturing sector.8 In Ethiopia, in early 2003, the government

earmarked 1.5 billion birr (approximately $174 million) for a loan to

upgrade and improve the country’s textile and apparel sector. The

government has also established an export-processing zone and has

rented the land and manufacturing facilities to the private sector in

an effort to encourage textile and apparel exports to the United

States.9 A new firm, the Basic Yarn Ethiopia Plc, began to produce

textiles and apparel in 2003.10

S The Government of Ghana, under its Presidential Special Initiative,

announced plans to construct a garment village with a large

industrial park. The project will include a garment factory that, in its

first phase, will have an annual production capacity of 3.6 million

jeans, pants, shorts, and dresses for export; 70 percent of

production will be exported to the United States and 30 percent to

Europe. A new textile firm in Ghana, worth $70 million and planned

for the Tema Free Zones, is expected to begin production of raw

materials for the country’s textile and apparel industry in July 2004

and employ 1,000 workers on three shifts.11 Ghana’s largest

apparel production facility currently in operation is an AGOA-initiated

U.S.-Ghanaian joint-venture project that produces socks.12

S An example of an intra-SSA country partnership prompted by AGOA

is the establishment, with investment by Mauritius, of a $1.2-million

factory located in Accra, Ghana, to produce fabric, trousers, and

T-shirts. The factory began trial production in August 2003 and now

produces about 3,000 T-shirts per day.13 Mauritius investors have

also purchased a declining textile firm in Mozambique, Textile do

Pungue, and reportedly plan to invest $3 million in renovating the

facility. They expect to employ 600 workers and produce 7,000

pairs of jeans per day for the U.S. market under AGOA.14

S In Tanzania, a new factory, Star Apparels, opened in early 2004 as a

direct result of AGOA and the Government of Tanzania’s export

processing zone policies. The factory has hired 700 employees and

expects to export more than $1 million worth of apparel, more than

doubling its exports under AGOA in 2003. Star Apparel’s first order

of shirts for Wal-Mart was reportedly produced with yarn imported

from the United States.15

S Although AGOA has prompted numerous new textile and apparel

projects in the SSA countries, some industry sources have voiced

concerns that the impact of AGOA has been uneven,

disproportionately benefitting just a few countries.16 Since the

implementation of AGOA in 2000, there reportedly have been no

capital expenditures in the textile industries in Mozambique,

Seychelles, and DROC. In contrast, capital expenditures to upgrade,

expand, and build new mills in other SSA countries have ranged from

$0.5 million in Botswana to about $50 million in Swaziland to as

much as $150 million in South Africa.17

S The growth of the textile and apparel sectors in SSA countries

reportedly continues to be constrained by widespread shortages of

raw materials and textile inputs, high production costs relative to

Asian suppliers, and capacity underutilization. Industry sources at a

Chinese-owned mill in Lesotho claim that their salary costs, exclusive

of productivity differences, are almost three times greater than

what they would pay at a comparable facility in China.18 Kenya’s

cotton supply reportedly falls short of demand and is viewed as both

expensive and of insufficient quality.19 The cotton industry in

Zimbabwe, which is not an AGOA beneficiary, operates at only

slightly more than 50 percent of capacity.20 Textile industry sources

in Malawi expressed concern that, if the AGOA third-country fabric

provision had not been extended in 2004 for another 3 years,

continued production would have become difficult because of

inadequate domestic supply of yarns and fabrics.

S Even with the extension of the AGOA third-country fabric provision,

SSA countries are still concerned about the potential negative

impact that the quota elimination will have on their textile and

apparel industries.21 In early July 2004, Mauritius became the first

country to publicly call for a special WTO meeting to investigate the

impact of pending elimination of all remaining textile and apparel

quotas among WTO members.22
5-34

S Further hampering the growth of the textile and apparel

industries in numerous SSA countries has been the influx of

used clothing and inexpensive smuggled goods.Sources in

Uganda state that imports of used clothing,which reportedly

account for as much as 85 percent of the Ugandan domestic

clothing market,discourage investors.23 In Kenya,many

untaxed garments are reportedly entering the local market

and competing with local production.24

S SSA countries such as South Africa that had been supplying

textiles to eastern and southern Africa,have had difficulty in

producing enough textile inputs to meet regional demand and

have not been able to attract investors to offset the

insufficient volume.25 Furthermore,although some SSA

countries produce sufficient domestic supplies of raw

materials and textile inputs, the quality of these products falls

short of standards sought in the international marketplace.In

Uganda, for example,a leading textile firm,Apparel Tri-Star,

which had been sourcing fabric from Sri Lanka because of

concerns about the quality of raw materials used in local

production,only recently announced plans to start using

fabric produced domestically.26

S Some SSA governments claim that obsolete machinery,

which limits their productivity and competitiveness,prevents

their textile and apparel industries from taking full advantage

of AGOA preferences.There appears to be a pressing need

to modernize factories throughout the region.27 Industry

sources in Senegal, for example,report that virtually no mill

operates at capacity and that most mills use outmoded

equipment for sporadic,noncompetitive production runs of

simple products such as towels and blankets.Although a

number of companies are reportedly involved in Senegal’s

yarn and textiles market,some of these firms have been

largely inactive in recent years and data on capacity are

unreliable.None can be considered to have up-to-date

equipment or a skilled workforce.28

S The export competitiveness of SSA countries in the global

textile and apparel market reportedly has been hampered by

high taxes,high utility and input costs,and, for some SSA

countries,currency appreciation.Industry sources in Ghana

report that a certain fabric produced in Ghana costs at least

three times more than a comparable fabric made in China.29

Producers in Ghana assert that taxes account for 30 to 40

percent of the cost of their textiles and create the significant

price differential between their products and those of other

suppliers.30 In 2003, textile firms in Nigeria feared the loss of

50,000 employees because of a 300-percent rise in the

price of crude oil used by the textile industry.31 Niger and

Kenya reportedly have relatively high utility costs.Kenya’s

electric power costs are an estimated $0.07 per kilowatt

hour,compared with $0.016 for South Africa;power costs in

Kenya reportedly account for as much as 30 percent of its

apparel component costs versus 15 percent for those in

Egypt and European countries.32

S The strength of some SSA countries’ currencies relative to

the U.S.dollar,particularly that of the South African rand (to

which other SSA currencies such as that of Swaziland are

pegged),weakened the competitiveness of textile and apparel

exports from these countries in 2003 and reportedly led to

an influx of imports of yarns, fabrics,and garments into SSA

countries from Asian suppliers.33 Lesotho’s currency, the

maloti,is pegged one-to-one with the South African rand,and

dollar costs have been increasing.Industry sources in

Lesotho speculated that,if the South African rand continues

to strengthen against the U.S.dollar,investors may

significantly slow,if not drop,plans to build a spinning and

weaving mill in Lesotho.34 Kenya’s apparel producers

reported revenue losses in 2003 because of the almost

10-percent appreciation of the Kenyan shilling against the

U.S.dollar.35

TEXTILES AND APPAREL-CONTINUED

OVERVIEW-Continued
5-35

0 10 20 30 40 50

Cotton textiles (52)

Used clothing & made-up textiles (63)

Woven apparel (62)

Man-made staple fibers (55)

Man-made filaments (54)

All other

SSA sector global exports,

by HTS chapter, 2002

($2.8 billion)

SSA sector global imports, by country, 2002

($4.7 billion)

TRADE

SSA sector global imports,

by HTS chapter, 2002

($4.7 billion)

Source: United Nations.

Share of total (percent)

SSA sector global exports, by country, 2002

($2.8 billion)

Source: United Nations.

South Africa 23%

All other 44%

Togo 5%

Nigeria 15%

Source: United Nations.

South Africa 25%

All other 15%

Kenya 6%

Madagascar 9%

0 10 20 30 40 50

Knit apparel (61)

Woven apparel (62)

Cotton textiles (52)

Wool textiles (51)

Man-made filaments (54)

All other

Source: United Nations.

Share of total (percent)

Source: United Nations. Source: United Nations.

24

13

11

42

35

Benin 7%

10

32

Major Share of Major Import Share of

Import Total Item Total

Source (2002) (percent) (6-digit HTS) (2002) (percent)

China 29 Used clothing (6309.00) 8 ................. ...................

EU15 21 Cotton fabrics (5208.52) 4 ................. ..................

India 13 Dyed cotton fabrics of satin or .................

Indonesia 8 twill weave (5208.39) 4 .............. ..................

Korea 5 Badges, etc. of man-made .................

fiber (5810.92) 2 .......................

Cotton T-shirts (6109.10) 2 ..................

Major Share of Major Export Share of

Export Total Item Total

Market (2002) (percent) (6-digit HTS) (2002) (percent)

United States 43 Cotton sweaters (6110.20) 12 .......... ...............

EU15 39 Cotton men’s trousers (6203.42) 11 ................. ..........

Zimbabwe 2 Cotton T-shirts (6109.10) 10 .............. .................

South Africa 2 Cotton women’s trousers (6204.62) 9 ............ .........

Mauritius 2 Men’s/boys’ cotton woven shirts (6205.20) 4 .............. ..

Lesotho 12%

9

4

7

Mauritius 33%

Mauritius 6%

TEXTILES AND APPAREL-CONTINUED

10 3
5-36

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce. Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Woven apparel (62)

Knit apparel (61)

All other

U.S. sector imports from

SSA, by source, 2003

($1.6 billion)

U.S. sector imports from SSA, by

HTS chapter, 2003

($1.6 billion)

Share of total (percent)

U.S. sector imports under AGOA

(including GSP), by source, 2003

($1.2 billion)

U.S. sector imports under AGOA

(including GSP), by HTS chapter, 2003

($1.2 billion)

All other 6%

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Knit apparel (61)

Woven apparel (62)

All other

Share of total (percent)

South Africa 17%

All other 16%

Kenya 12%

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

49

48

50

1

South Africa 11%

3

Lesotho 25%

Mauritius 17%

Madagascar 13%

49

Mauritius 11%

Lesotho 31%

Madagascar 15%

Kenya 15%

TEXTILES AND APPAREL-CONTINUED

TRADE-Continued

Swaziland 11%
5-37

U.S. sector exports to SSA,

by market, 2003

($131 million)

U.S. sector exports to SSA,

by HTS chapter, 2003

($131 million)

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

South Africa 21%

All other 34%

Tanzania 9%

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

Key U.S. Import Developments

S In 2003,U.S.sector imports from SSA countries rose by 37

percent to $1.6 billion.Such imports accounted for 2 percent of

total U.S.sector imports in 2003,up from 1 percent in the previous

year.SSA shipments consisted almost entirely of apparel,

particularly cotton goods.Almost 60 percent of shipments were

woven cotton pants and shorts for women and girls (HTS

subheading 6204.62),cotton tops and related goods (6110.20),

and woven cotton pants and shorts for men and boys (6203.42).

The shipments came mostly from Lesotho (25 percent of the total),

South Africa (17 percent),Mauritius (17 percent),and Madagascar

(13 percent).For the second consecutive year,Lesotho was the

largest SSA supplier of sector imports in 2003,and has been a

major AGOA beneficiary for sector goods to date.

Key AGOA Trade Developments

S SSA shipments of sector goods under AGOA in 2003 rose 50

percent over the 2002 level to $1.2 billion,representing just over

three-fourths of total U.S.sector imports from SSA and 9

percent of total imports under AGOA.AGOA sector shipments

consisted primarily of apparel,which came mainly from Lesotho

(31 percent of AGOA apparel imports),Madagascar (15

percent),Kenya (15 percent),Mauritius (11 percent),South

Africa (11 percent),and Swaziland (11 percent).

S Most AGOA apparel imports in 2003 entered under a special

provision (HTS subheading 9819.11.12) that allows apparel from

least-developed beneficiary countries (LDBC) to be made of

third-country fabrics (fabrics of other than U.S.or SSA origin),a

provision that originally covered AGOA’s first 4 years through

September 2004.36 Imports of such apparel totaled $914

million,of which 41 percent ($373 million) came from Lesotho,

whose sector shipments of $393 million consisted almost

entirely of such goods.Other major SSA suppliers of apparel

under HTS subheading 9819.11.12 were Kenya ($176 million),

Madagascar ($172 million),and Swaziland ($127 million).All but

two (Mauritius and South Africa) of the 25 SSA countries that

have met the additional statutory requirements to qualify for

AGOA apparel preferences are eligible for the LDBC benefits.

S The rest of the AGOA apparel imports in 2003 consisted

primarily of apparel made from “regional fabrics” produced in

SSA countries from U.S.or SSA yarns.SSA shipments of such

apparel totaled $226 million in 2003 and came almost entirely

from South Africa ($121 million) and Mauritius ($103 million).

These two countries generally must use yarns and fabrics made

in SSA or in the United States to qualify for AGOA apparel

preferences.

S AGOA sets an annual limit,or cap,on the quantity of U.S.imports

of qualifying apparel articles made from regional or third-country

fabrics that is eligible for duty-free entry.For the 12-month period

ending on September 30,2003, the cap was equal to 4.8

percent of the total quantity of U.S.apparel imports in the

preceding 12-month period,or 736 million SMEs,of which not

more than 2.1 percent,or 359 million SMEs,can be apparel

made in LDBCs from third-country fabrics.SSA countries filled 36

percent of the cap,or 264 million SMEs; the LDBCs filled 62

percent of the cap on apparel of third-country fabrics.Most

apparel entered under the cap was made from third-country

fabric (84 percent of the total).

Key U.S. Export Developments

S U.S.exports of sector goods to SSA increased by 5 percent in

2003 to $131 million,or less than 1 percent of total U.S.sector

exports.The major SSA markets for sector exports were South

Africa (21 percent of the total),Ghana (10 percent),and Nigeria

(10 percent).The principal U.S.sector exports to SSA are used

clothing and other used textile articles (HTS headings 6309 and

6310).U.S.exports of such goods to SSA in 2003 totaled $69

million,of which $59 million were used clothing.The rest of the

exports consisted mainly of textile materials such as yarn and

fabric.

Share of total (percent)

58

8

7

Nigeria 10%

Kenya 6%

Angola 5%

5

22

Ghana 10%

Used clothing and

made-up textiles (63)

Man-made filaments/

woven fabrics (54)

Nonwovens; rope (56)

Cotton yarns/fabrics (52)

All other

TEXTILES AND APPAREL-CONTINUED

TRADE-Continued

Congo (ROC) 5%
5-38

INVESTMENT

S FDI prompted by AGOA has continued to come primarily from

Asia.Most of the investment has gone into expanding apparel

production capacity and building yarn and fabric mills.Local

textile production will enable apparel producers in the lesser

developed SSA countries to continue to qualify for preferential

treatment following the scheduled expiration of the third-country

fabric provision on September 30,2007.37

S Taiwanese-owned Lesotho Fancy Garments Group,which

invested $7 million in apparel production,employs 3,000

workers,and produces 1.4 million garments per month,has

reportedly announced plans to increase its investment to $50

million and build its own fabric mill.38 The Nien-Shing Group, the

largest textile investor in Lesotho,which currently has three

factories producing 1 million pairs of jeans per month and

employs 7,000 workers,plans to expand its denim production by

building additional factories.The company is expected to

eventually increase its investment to $2 billion in an operation

that would employ up to 15,000 people.Country sources indicate

that this firm could ultimately create 1 million indirect and direct

jobs.39

S The Mauritius Board of Investment has approved two spinning

mill proposals by Indian and Pakistani investors; the first project is

a $20-million joint venture between an Indian textile group and a

major Mauritian firm to set up a spinning unit to produce cotton

yarn.The second project involves the Rasheed Group (TOPTEX),a

cotton-spinning unit with an installed capacity of 24,288 spindles,

to produce about 5,000 tons of cotton yarn per year.40 China’s

first cotton spinning mill in Mauritius (Tianli Spinning Co.) became

operational in March 2003;it presently produces 2,500 tons of

combed and carded yarn and employs 230 people.A second

phase expansion of this mill is planned for 2005.41 Other

projects being planned include the construction of a cotton

spinning mill by CMT Ltd.,one of Mauritius’ leading apparel

manufacturers,which is expected to produce about 8,000 tons

of combed cotton yarn annually.42

S The first Cameroonian venture designed to take advantage of the

AGOA textile and apparel provisions for this sector was

reportedly launched in late 2003.Industry sources report that

GICATIC-Textile,which is working with a U.S. firm,AF-AM Knitting,

Inc.,is expected to establish a vertically integrated operation that

will house a knitting mill,a dyeing and finishing section,a garment

component production section,a garment sewing facility,and an

embroidery section.The project will reportedly cost 10 billion CFA

francs (approximately $17 million) and create 36,000 jobs.43 In

addition,as part of efforts to promote AGOA and boost

Cameroon’s capacity to take advantage of AGOA benefits, the

Cameroonian Federation for Fashion and Ready-To-Wear Apparel

(FECCAP) was launched in August 2003 to improve linkages

between textile producers,designers,and apparel producers.44

S Ethiopia’s textile and apparel sector has received a grant of 90

million birr (approximately $10 million) from Italy to renovate

several garment and textile factories so they can increase their

exports to Europe, the United States,and Canada.45 A new

clothing firm,Umar Textiles,was established in Maputa,

Mozambique,by a Pakistani investor, to export exclusively to the

United States under the AGOA program.46 A new garment plant,

the result of a joint venture between Kenya and Qatar,was

inaugurated by Kenya’s president in December 2003.The plant

employs 2,000 workers and has an installed capacity of 7.2

million pieces that are targeted for export.47

S Revival Fabrics,a joint venture between Chinese investors and a

company in Zimbabwe (which currently is not eligible for AGOA

textile and apparel trade benefits) to create a multimillion-dollar

vertically integrated clothing project,was reportedly set to open

in early 2003.The project,which initially involves the construction

of a weaving plant spanning 1,000 acres and costing $10 million,

is expected to employ 2,500 people.Spinning and dyeing plants

will be constructed later at an estimated cost of $30 million.48

S Leading Ugandan textile producer,Tri-Star,signed an agreement

with the U.S. firm Sunquest Apparel to supply $10 million worth

of garments to the U.S.market.Sunquest has committed to

building a weaving and spinning plant in Uganda that will use local

cotton.49

S Investors from Mali,Mauritius,and France formed a venture that

established a new cotton thread factory,Fitina,near Bamako,

Mali.The factory supports 200 new jobs,and is expected to

process 5,000 metric tons of cotton each year during its first

five years,and up to 15,000 metric tons in subsequent years.

The cotton thread will be exported to several SSA countries,

including Mauritius, for use in apparel that could be exported to

the United States, thereby enabling Mali to take advantage of the

trade preferences granted by AGOA.Plans are also underway to

build a $7.5-million blue jean production facility that will produce

15 million SMEs of denim fabric annually.50

TEXTILES AND APPAREL-CONTINUED
5-39

ENDNOTES

1 This sector includes items classified in Harmonized Tariff

Schedule chapters 39,40,42,43,50-63,65,70,and 94.

2 “Lesotho:Textile Conference in May,” Apr.28,2004, found at

Internet address http://www.bharattextile.com/newsitems/

198989703,retrieved July 9,2004.

3 Originally,it was intended that this mill would also import cotton

from the United States,however,U.S.cotton suppliers have been

shipping their cotton to China.See U.S.Department of State telegram,

“AGOA III:Information on Textile and Apparel Capabilities,” message

No.000144,prepared by U.S.Embassy,Maseru,Mar.4,2004;and

U.S.Department of State telegram, “Lesotho (Mostly) Welcomes

Senate Passage of AGOA III,But Fears the Strong Rand,” message No.

000388,prepared by U.S.Embassy,Maseru,July 3,2004.

4 “Lesotho:Textile Industry Provides Skein of Jobs,” Aug.5,2003,

found at Internet address http://www.bharattextile.com/

newsitems/1984679,retrieved July 9,2004.

5 U.S.Department of State telegram, “Mauritius Input for 2004

President’s Report on AGOA,” message No.000136,prepared by

U.S.Embassy,Port Louis,Feb.26,2004.

6 Werner International Management Consultants, “Spinning and

Weaving Labor Cost Comparisons,2002,” Werner International

2003.

7 U.S.Department of State telegram, “AGOA III:Information on

Textile and Apparel Production Capabilities for Mauritius,” message

No.000159,prepared by U.S.Embassy,Port Louis,Mar.5,2004.

8 U.S.Department of State telegram, “AGOA III:Textile and

Apparel Production Capabilities in Ethiopia,” message No.000706,

prepared by U.S.Embassy,Addis Ababa,Mar.4,2004.

9 Ibid.;and “Ethiopia:Government Earmarks 1.5 Billion Birr for

Textile Industry,” Feb.14,2003, found at Internet address

http://www.bharattextile.com/newsitems/1986410,retrieved

July 7,2004.

10 “Ethiopia:Fabrics,Textile Company Established,” Nov.15,

2003, found at Internet address http://www.bharattextile.com/

newsitems/1986410,retrieved July 7,2004.

11 “Ghana:Textile Company to Be Set Up at Tema Free Zones,”

June 19,2003, found at Internet address

http://www.bharattextile.com/newsitems/1983872,retrieved

July 7,2004.

12 U.S.Department of State telegram, “Ghana:AGOA III

Information on Textile and Apparel Production Capabilities,” message

No.000441,prepared by U.S.Embassy,Accra,Mar.2,2004.

13 “Ghana:First Textile and Garments Factory under PSI

Inaugurated,” July 5,2005, found at Internet address

http://www.bharattextile.com/newsitems/1990853,retrieved July

7,2004.

14 “Mozambique:Mauritians to Invest $3 Million in Clothing

Factory,” Aug.9,2004, found at Internet address

http://just style.com/news,retrieved Aug.9,2004.

15 U.S.Department of State telegram, “AGOA III:Textile and

Apparel Production Capabilities in Tanzania,” message No.000407,

prepared by U.S.Embassy,Dar Es Salaam,Mar.5,2004.

16 U.S.Department of State telegram, “AGOA III:Textile and

Apparel Production Capabilities in Cameroon,” message No.000334,

prepared by U.S.Embassy,Yaounde,Mar.4,2004.

17 Joop de Voest, “Third Party Yarn and Fabric Capacity in

Southern and Eastern Africa and Garment Production,” Zambia Trade

and Investment Enhancement Project (ZAMTIE),Contract No.

690-C-00-00-00283-00,Apr.2004.

18 U.S.Department of State telegram, “Lesotho (Mostly)

Welcomes Senate Passage of AGOA III,but Fears the Strong Rand,”

message No.000388,prepared by U.S.Embassy,Maseru,July 3,

2004.

19 “Kenya:Export Zones Increase Their Textile Sales to U.S.,”

Nov.22,2003, found at Internet address http://www.bharattextile.

com/newsitems/1986528,retrieved July 8,2004.

20 “Zimbabwe:Need to Fully Utilize Ginning Capacity,” June 22,

2004, found at Internet address http://www.bharattextile.com/

newsitems/1990663,retrieved July 20,2004.

21 For more information about the impact of the ATC and the

impact of the elimination of quotas on January 1,2005 on the

competitiveness of the SSA countries,see Textiles and Apparel:

Assessment of the Competitiveness of Certain Foreign Suppliers to

the U.S.Market,vol.I,chapter 3,and appendix K,inv.No.332-448,

USITC Publication 3671,Jan.2004.

22 “Mauritius Calls for WTO Meeting on Quota Phase-Out,”

WorldTrade/Interactive,July 2,2004, found at Internet address

http://www.strtrade.com,retrieved July 2,2004.

23 “Uganda:Textile Sector Not Developing Due to Second Hand

Clothes,” Sept.4,2003, found at Internet address

http://www.bharattextile.com/newsitems/1985169,retrieved

July 20,2004;and “Uganda:High Interest Affecting Textile Sector,”

Feb.21,2004, found at Internet address http://www.bharattextile.

com/newsitems/1988587,retrieved July 20,2004.

24 “Kenya:Untaxed Asian Textiles Threatens Local Industry,”

Mar.30,2004, found at Internet address http://www.bharattextile.

com/newsitems/1989210,retrieved July 7,2004.

25 “Malawi:AGOA Deadline Worries Textile Industry,” June 6,

2003, found at Internet address http://www.bharattextile.com/

newsitems/1983660,retrieved July 7,2004.

26 “Uganda:Apparel Manufacturer to Source Local Fabric,”

Apr.2,2004, found at Internet address http://www.bharattextile.

com/newsitems/1989274,retrieved July 20,2004.

27 “Mozambique:Local Clothing Industry Facing Crisis,” May 3,

2003, found at Internet address http://www.bharattextile.com/

newsitems/1983055,retrieved July 20,2004;and “Zimbabwe:

Textile Sector Seeks Government Support,” May 26,2004, found at

Internet address http://www.bharattextile.com/newsitems/

1990187,retrieved July 20,2004.

28 U.S.Department of State telegram, “AGOA III:Senegal Textile

and Apparel Production Capabilities,” message No.000375,

prepared by U.S.Embassy,Dakar,Feb.18,2004.

29 “Ban on Textile Imports Would be a Mistake,” Dec.2,2003,

found at Internet address http://www.bharattextile.com/

newsitems/1986875,retrieved July 7,2004.

30 “Ghana:Textile Sector Seeks Check on Imported Textiles,”

Dec.12,2003, found at Internet address http://www.bharattextile.

com/ newsitems/1986875,retrieved July 7,2004.

31 “Nigeria:Rise in Black Oil Prices Affecting Textile Jobs,” Oct.

29,20003, found at Internet address http://www.bharattextile.

com/newsitems/1986113,retrieved July 9,2004.

32 “Kenya:Export Zones Increase Their Textile Sales to U.S.,”

Nov.22,2003, found at Internet address

http://www.bharattextile.com/ newsitems/1986258,retrieved

July 8,2004.

TEXTILES AND APPAREL-CONTINUED
5-40

ENDNOTES

33 ”Swaziland:Textile Sector Facing Crisis,” Apr.1,2004, found at

Internet address http://www.bharattextile.com/

newsitems/1989256,retrieved July 9,2004;and Joop de Voest,

“Third Party Yarn and Fabric Capacity in Southern and Eastern Africa

and Garment Production,” Zambia Trade and Investment

Enhancement Project (ZAMTIE),Contract No.

690-C-00-00-00283-00,Apr.2004.

34 U.S.Department of State telegram, “Lesotho (Mostly)

Welcomes Senate Passage of AGOA III,But Fears the Strong Rand,”

message No.000388,prepared by U.S.Embassy,Maseru,July 3,

2004.

35 “Kenya:Apparel Exporters Hit by Shilling’s Free Float Policy,”

June 24,2003, found at Internet address http://www.bharattextile.

com/newsitems/1983963,retrieved July 9,2004.

36 AGOA III extended this provision for an additional 3 years,

which ends on September 30,2007.See discussion in section on

AGOA III legislation in chapter 2.

37 The third-country provision was originally set to expire on

September 30,2004,but was extended by AGOA III until September

30,2007.See chapter 2 of this report for additional information on

the AGOA III legislation.

38 “Lesotho:Textile Industry Provides Skein of Jobs,” Aug.5,

2003, found at Internet address http://www.bharattextile.

com/newsitems/1984679,retrieved July 9,2004.

39 Ibid.

40 U.S.Department of State telegram, “Mauritius Input for 2004

President’s Report on AGOA,” message No.000136,prepared by

U.S.Embassy,Port Louis,Feb.26,2004.

41 U.S.Department of State telegram, “AGOA III:Information on

Textile and Apparel Production Capabilities for Mauritius,” message

No.000159,prepared by U.S.Embassy,Port Louis,Mar.5,2004.

42 Ibid.

43 “Cameroon:New Textile Firm Commission,” Nov.22,2003,

found at Internet address http://www.bharattextile.com/

newsitems/1986516,retrieved July 7,2004.

44 U.S.Department of State telegram, “AGOA III:Textile and

Apparel Production Capabilities in Cameroon,” message No.000334,

prepared by U.S.Embassy,Yaounde,Mar.4,2004.

45 “Ethiopia:Italy to Support Textile Sector,” Nov.22,2003, found

at Internet address http://www.bharattextile.com/

newsitems1986527,retrieved July 7,2004.

46 “Mozambique:Local Clothing Industry Facing Crisis,”

May 3,2004, found at Internet address http://www.bharattextile.

com/newsitems/1983055,retrieved July 20,2004.

47 “Kenya:President Opens New Garment Plant,” Dec.20,2003,

found at Internet address http://www.bharattextile.com/

newsitems/1987011,retrieved July 9,2004.

48 “Zimbabwe:Revival Fabrics to Open Multimillion Dollar Project,”

Dec.19,2002, found at Internet address http://www.bharattextile.

com/newsitems/1980434,retrieved July 20,2004.

49 “Uganda:Tri-Star to Supply Garments to U.S.Firm,”

Jan.31,2004, found at Internet address http://www.bharattextile.

com/newsitems/1988232,retrieved July 20,2004.

50 U.S.Department of State telegram, “Mali:Update Information

for 2004 Report on AGOA,” message No.000273,prepared by U.S.

Embassy,Bamako,Feb.25,2004;and U.S.Department of State

telegram, “Mali:AGOA III - Textile and Apparel Production Capabilities,”

message No.000319,prepared by U.S.Embassy,Bamako,Mar.4,

2004.

TEXTILES AND APPAREL-CONTINUED
5-41

SSA sector production, by country, 2003

458,629 vehicles

SSA sector production, by product, 2003

458,629 vehicles

S South Africa is the dominant producer of motor vehicles and

motor-vehicle parts in the SSA region,accounting for 95 percent of

SSA production in 2003.Nigeria was the second-leading producer

with 2 percent,and all others accounted for the remaining 3 percent.

Other SSA countries with some motor vehicle production or

assembly include Ethiopia,Ghana,Côte d’Ivoire,Kenya,Mozambique,

Tanzania,and Zambia; these countries assemble trucks on a very

small scale.South Africa ranks as the 19th-largest motor vehicle

producer in the world.

S The automotive industry in South Africa accounts for nearly 6

percent of the country’s gross domestic product,2 and it is the

largest manufacturer,and the largest manufacturing exporter.3

South African motor vehicle industry strengths include competitive

manufacturing costs,particularly on low-volume runs; the ability to

manufacture to high-quality specifications;strategic location in the

Southern Hemisphere;expertise in right-hand drive manufacturing;

and technological competence in specific areas.4

Source: Automotive News Market Data Book 2004.

South Africa 95%

All other 3%

Nigeria 2%

0 15 30 45 60 75

Passenger cars

Trucks

Share of total (percent)

69

31

Source: Automotive News Market Data Book 2004.

S Total motor vehicle production in South Africa has increased steadily

over the past few years.Passenger car production increased by 5

percent from 290,500 units in 2002 to 303,500 units in 2003.

Truck production also grew steadily, from 127,942 units in 2002 to

130,600 units in 2003.5 Most motor vehicle production is from

completely knocked down (CKD) kits,incorporating some locally

produced components.Duties for CKD components are currently 30

percent ad valorem,but will decline to 25 percent in 2007 and to 20

percent in 2012,as is further discussed below.6

S The automotive industry in South Africa consists of foreign

subsidiaries and local-foreign joint venture operations.Leading South

African passenger vehicle producers include BMW South Africa,

DaimlerChrysler SA,Ford Motor Company of Southern Africa,

General Motors South Africa,Nissan South Africa,Toyota South

Africa,and Volkswagen of South Africa.Leading commercial vehicle

producers include ERF South Africa,Iveco South Africa,MAN Truck

and Bus SA,Nissan Diesel,Scania South Africa (Pty) Ltd.,and Tyco

Truck Manufacturers.

S South Africa is the leading market for motor vehicle sales in the SSA

region,accounting for 54 percent of SSA motor vehicle sales in

2003.Nigeria was the second-largest market (6 percent), followed

by Zambia (3 percent),Côte d’Ivoire (3 percent),and Sudan (3

percent).Total motor vehicle sales in SSA reached 681,195 units in

2003.7

S In 2003, total vehicle sales in South Africa reached 371,189 units.

The factors contributing to growth in the South African motor vehicle

market included lower interest rates,improved vehicle affordability,

increased disposable income,higher consumer and business

confidence,intense competition resulting in competitive pricing,and

the prospect of legislation to lower inflation and allow private

leasing.8 Interest rates were cut last year by 5.5 percent, to 11.5

percent – the lowest level in over 20 years.9

S In the first half of 2004,South Africa’s new vehicle sales reportedly

rose by almost 20 percent, to 206,046 units.Motor vehicle sales

are a leading indicator of economic growth in South Africa,and sales

are projected to top 400,000 units for 2004.The strong rand is

likely to encourage vehicle price stability,and interest rates are

expected to remain at current levels.10

S In 2003,Toyota garnered the most South African total vehicle sales

with 96,087 units.Toyota also led passenger vehicle sales with

60,605 units.Volkswagen was the second-leading passenger vehicle

seller with 57,323 units, followed by DaimlerChrysler (28,238 units),

and Ford (26,074 units).Toyota also dominated 2003 commercial

vehicle sales selling 35,482 units, followed by Nissan (24,373 units),

Ford (21,593 units),and GM (19,640 units).11

S There are more than 220 dedicated automotive component

suppliers in South Africa,and another 150 that supply the

automotive industry as well as other industries.The automotive

component industry is highly concentrated,with only 14 firms

accounting for more than one-half of the industry’s employment and

output.Export growth rates have remained high,at over 40 percent

over the past 10 years.Catalytic converters make up approximately

50 percent of component exports;other key exports include stitched

leather car seat covers, tires,mufflers/exhaust pipes,and road

wheels and parts.Germany is the main market for South African

component exports;other major export markets include the United

Kingdom, the United States,Belgium,Spain,and Zimbabwe.12

OVERVIEW

CERTAIN TRANSPORTATION

EQUIPMENT1
5-42

Certain Transportation Equipment-continued

S Capacity utilization in the South African motor vehicle industry

averages 73 percent and remained stable during 2001-03,

increasing by only 1 percent.In 2003,passenger car capacity

utilization was 77 percent;light commercial vehicles,70 percent;

medium commercial vehicles 61 percent;and heavy commercial

vehicles,86 percent.13

S The motor vehicle industry in South Africa,including the retail

business,employs an estimated 304,000 workers.During the last 5

years,South African motor vehicle manufacturing employment has

remained fairly constant at around 32,000;however, jobs in the

component industry increased from 67,200 in 1999 to 75,000 in

2003.14

S Results of the South African government-sponsored Motor Industry

Development Program (MIDP) have been positive;motor vehicle

exports have increased from 16,000 to 127,000 units per year, the

value of parts exports has tripled,and the volume of vehicles

produced has doubled.The government is presently conducting a

wide-ranging study into the effect of the MIDP,concentrating on the

effect of free trade agreements on the program’s objectives,as well

as the effect the MIDP has had on employment levels.Results of this

study are to be released in late 2004.15

S At the start of the MIDP in 1995, the tariff on cars and light

commercial vehicles was 65 percent; the current tariff level is 40

percent and will be reduced to 30 percent by 2007 and 25 percent

by 2012.For CKD components, the tariff at the start of the MIDP

was 49 percent ad valorem; the current tariff level is 30 percent

and will be reduced to 25 percent in 2007 and 20 percent by

2012.The tariff on medium and heavy commercial vehicles,which

was 40 percent at the start of the MIDP,decreased to 20 percent

in 2000 and will remain at that level through 2007.Most

components for medium and heavy commercial vehicles,excluding

tires,are free of duty.16 The MIDP allows international companies

that import and export motor vehicles and parts to reduce their

import duties via export credits.17

S Both exports and imports have increased rapidly.By 2008, total

vehicle exports from South Africa are expected to exceed cars built

for its domestic market.The largest export markets will likely be

Australia,New Zealand,and Asia.18

S Current competitive pressures felt by the South African automotive

industry include increasing price competition in the global

marketplace,rising logistical and distribution costs,rising domestic

inflationary pressures,a strengthening exchange rate,and

increasing competition from other low-cost manufacturing countries

that have potentially large or growing markets.

S Shipping problems,both by air and by sea,have reportedly posed a

threat to South Africa’s competitive future in the automotive

industry.The air transport system is not efficient enough to meet

the demand for last-minute specification changes to new vehicles.In

addition,shipping ports have been at a disadvantage because of

labor problems,delays,and security issues.South Africa reportedly

plans to address its relatively high port costs and abundance of

unnecessary ports.19

OVERVIEW-Continued
5-43

Certain Transportation Equipment-continued

0 20 40 60 80 100

SSA sector global imports,

by HTS chapter, 2002

($4.5 billion)

Share of total (percent)

SSA sector global imports, by country, 2002

($4.5 billion)

Source: United Nations.

South Africa 61%

All other 23%

Ghana 2%

Kenya 2%

0 20 40 60 80 100

Source: United Nations.

78

Major Share of Major Import Share of

Import Total IIem Total

Source (2002 (percent) (6-digit HTS) (2002) (percent)

EU15 62 Passenger motor vehicles (8703.23) 29 ................. .......

Japan 16 Miscellaneous motor vehicle parts (8708.99) ................ 21

United States 5 Certain motor vehicle body parts (8708.29) 8 ........... ...

South Africa 3 Passenger motor vehicles (8703.24) 7 ............ ........

Oman 3 Gasoline-powered engines over .................

Brazil 2 1,000 cc (8407.34) 6 .................. ....................

Miscellaneous engine parts (8409.99) 5 .......

Tanzania 2%

22

Nigeria 10%

Source: United Nations.

SSA sector global exports,

by HTS chapter, 2002

($2.3 billion)

Source: United Nations.

South Africa 99%

All other 1%

91

9

Source: United Nations.

Major Share of Major Export Share of

Export Total Item Total

Market (2002) (percent) (6-digit HTS) (2002) (percent)

EU15 42 Passenger motor vehicles (8703.23) 64 ................. .......

Japan 20 Passenger motor vehicles (8703.24) 9 ................ ........

United States 16 Road wheels and parts (8708.70) 4 .......... ...........

Australia 9 Certain motor vehicle body parts (8708.29) 4 ............... ...

Hong Kong 2 Miscellaneous motor vehicle parts (8708.99) 3 ............. .

Singapore 1 Gasoline-powered engines over ..............

1,000 cc (8407.34) 3 ....................

Source: United Nations.

SSA sector global exports, by country, 2002

($2.3 billion)

Share of total (percent)

TRADE

Motor vehicles and parts (87)

Motor vehicle engines and

parts (84)

Motor vehicles and parts (87)

Motor vehicle engines and

parts (84)
5-44

Certain Transportation Equipment-continued

TRADE-Continued

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce. Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department Commerce.

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

0 20 40 60 80 100

Passenger vehicles (8703)

Motor vehicle parts (8708)

All other

U.S. sector imports from

SSA, by source, 2003

($742 million)

U.S. sector imports from SSA,

by HTS heading, 2003

($742 million)

Share of total (percent)

U.S. sector imports under AGOA

(including GSP), by source, 2003

($716 million)

U.S. sector imports under AGOA

(including GSP), by HTS heading, 2003

($716 million)

0 20 40 60 80 100

Passenger vehicles (8703)

Motor vehicle parts (8708)

Engine parts (8709)

All other

Share of total (percent)

South Africa 99%

All other 1%

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

84

12

87

1

South Africa 99%

4

10

2

All other 1%
5-45

Certain Transportation Equipment-continued

TRADE-Continued

S Virtually all U.S.sector imports from SSA in 2003 were supplied by

South Africa.Passenger cars accounted for 84 percent of total U.S.

sector imports from South Africa in 2003.Leading components

imported from South Africa in 2003 included road wheels,

miscellaneous auto parts,and miscellaneous engine parts.

S There were sizeable increases in U.S.imports of passenger motor

vehicles with an engine cylinder capacity exceeding 3,000 cc (an

increase of $171 million or 129 percent),road wheels and their

parts (an increase of $16 million or 79 percent),and miscellaneous

motor vehicle parts (an increase of $10 million or 99 percent).In

contrast,decreases were registered in U.S.imports of passenger

motor vehicles with an engine cylinder capacity between 1,501 and

3,000 cc (a decrease of $18 million or 5 percent) and mufflers and

exhaust pipes (a decrease of $2 million or 24 percent).

Key AGOA Trade Developments

S U.S. transportation equipment imports under AGOA increased by 34

percent in 2003,reaching $716 million; the majority of such

imports were from South Africa.In 2003,imports under AGOA

accounted for 97 percent of total U.S.sector imports from SSA.The

leading U.S.sector import items under AGOA in 2003 included

passenger motor vehicles (87 percent of the total value) and motor

vehicle parts (10 percent).

Key U.S. Export Developments

S In 2003, the United States ran a $304-million deficit with SSA in

certain transportation equipment.In 2002, the U.S.deficit was

$257 million;in 2001, the United States ran a $153-million trade

surplus in the sector with SSA.

S In 2003,U.S.exports of certain transportation equipment to SSA

reached $412 million,up 36 percent from the previous year.South

Africa accounted for two-thirds of U.S.sector exports to SSA,and

SSA accounted for less than 1 percent of the value of total U.S.

sector exports in 2003.

S The major U.S.sector export items to SSA in 2003 included motor

vehicles with an engine cylinder capacity between 1,501 and 3,000

cc (HTS subheading 8703.23,33 percent of the total value);road

tractors for semi-trailers (HTS 8701.20,11 percent);and trucks

with gross vehicle weight over 5 metric tons but not over 20 metric

tons (HTS 8704.22,10 percent).

S In contrast to sizeable increases in U.S.exports of certain

passenger vehicles (HTS 8703.23,an increase of $34 million,or 34

percent) and road tractors for semi-trailers (HTS 8701.20,an

increase of $32 million,or 211 percent),large decreases were

registered in chassis fitted with engines (HTS 8706.00,a decrease

of $4.3 million,or 51 percent);oil or fuel filters (HTS 8421.23,a

decrease of $3.9 million,or 40 percent);and heavy-duty trucks (HTS

8704.32,a decrease of $2.7 million,or 52 percent).U.S.exports of

these products may have been replaced by increased local

production.

TRADE-Continued

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department Commerce.

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the

U.S. Department of Commerce.

0 20 40 60 80 100

U.S. sector exports to SSA,

by market, 2003

($412 million)

U.S. sector exports to SSA, by

HTS heading, 2003

($412 million)

Share of total (percent)

South Africa 67%

All other 16%

54

12

23

Nigeria 14%

Ghana 3%

11

Passenger vehicles (8703)

Road tractors (8701)

Trucks (8704)

All other

Key U.S. Import Developments

S U.S.imports of certain transportation equipment

from SSA reached $742 million in 2003,an

increase of $182 million over 2002,or 33

percent.SSA accounted for less than 1 percent of

the value of total U.S.sector imports in 2003.

S The principal sector import items that year

included passenger motor vehicles with an engine

cylinder capacity between 1,501 and 3,000 cubic

centimeters (cc) (HTS subheading 8703.23,43

percent of the total value);and passenger motor

vehicles with an engine cylinder capacity exceeding

3,000 cc (HTS subheading 8703.24,41 percent).

Almost all of these imports were BMW vehicles.
5-46

Certain Transportation Equipment-continued

U.S. sector SSA FDI position,

by country, 2003

Millions of U.S. dollars

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350

South Africa

Nigeria

DROC

Total

Note.-Industry classification changed from SIC to NICS

in 2002; data from 1999-2001 have been converted to

NAICS. Data for 2001 and 2002 have been revised

from previous estimates.

Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department

of Commerce. Data are for sector defined as

“Transportation equipment.”

330

INVESTMENT

Note.-Data for some countries are not disclosed owing

to confidentiality. Industry classification basis changed

from SIC to NAICS in 2002.

Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, U.S. Department

of Commerce. Data are for sector defined as

“Transportation equipment.”

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

343

Millions of U.S. dollars

U.S. sector SSA FDI position,

1999-2003

S U.S.FDI in the SSA transportation equipment

sector totaled $343 million in 2003,down from

$394 million the previous year.South Africa was

the primary SSA location for U.S.sector FDI in

2003.The transportation equipment sector

accounted for about 3 percent of the total U.S.FDI

position in SSA in 2003,and SSA accounted for

nearly 1 percent of the global U.S.FDI position in

the sector that year.20

S Capital expenditures in the South African automotive

industry increased rapidly during 2000-02, from R1.6 billion

(approximately $186 million) to R2.7 billion (approximately

$256 million),before declining slightly to R2.3 billion

(approximately $304 million) in 2003.21

S Free trade agreements with the EU and within SADC;

potential agreements with Mercosur,China,Japan, the

United States,and India;an economic agreement with

Thailand;and AGOA are creating new investment

opportunities in the South African automotive industry.22

S DaimlerChrysler South Africa,which currently produces

42,000 cars per year at its East London facility,is aiming to

nearly double its capacity to 80,000 vehicles per year.

Currently, the plant focuses on right-hand-drive markets,

exporting 45 percent of its output to the United Kingdom,

11 percent each to Japan and Australia,and 25 percent

for domestic consumption.The company plans to target the

U.S.market, through the AGOA program,with its increased

capacity.23

S In 2003,GM was granted South African government

approval to purchase the remaining 51 percent of Delta to

create General Motors South Africa (GMSA).The plant

manufactures Suzuki,Isuzu,and Opel brand vehicles.24

GMSA will invest R500 million (approximately $66 million)

to produce Isuzu pickup trucks,and the company plans to

spend R500 million (approximately $66 million) per year

procuring locally produced components.Over the next 5

years,GMSA reportedly will invest an estimated R1.5 billion

(approximately $198 million) to increase production and

exports,and upgrade the company’s two production

facilities.25

S In 2003,Ford announced its plan to invest in export

capacity in South Africa, joining DaimlerChrysler,BMW,

Volkswagen,and Toyota in making South Africa a global

manufacturing base.The company announced an estimated

R1 billion (approximately $132 million) investment for the

production of a commercial vehicle by late 2004 and a

passenger vehicle in early 2005,both for export.Ford’s

capacity will reach 2,700 commercial vehicles and 30,000

passenger vehicles per year.26

S Nissan South Africa won a R1 billion (approximately $148

million) contract to produce single cab pickup trucks for

export.Nissan estimates production at 4,600 units per

year,with about 65 percent local content.The vehicles will

be exported to Europe,Singapore,Australia,and New

Zealand.27

S In 2003,Toyota increased its holding in Toyota South Africa

from 35.7 percent to 74.9 percent.Toyota is beginning to

export vehicles to Australia,and recently opened a R168

million (approximately $22 million) stamping facility.28

S Volkswagen South Africa recently won a R12 billion

(approximately $1.6 billion),6-year contract to build a total

of 440,000 cars for export to Germany.Volkswagen has

undergone a R750 million (approximately $99 million)

factory upgrade.29

S The Gauteng government in South Africa is close to

securing R800 million (approximately $106 million) in

private funding for a new automotive supplier park in

Pretoria.The park would serve BMW,Fiat,Ford,and

Nissan.30

4

4

343

171

144

270

394
5-47

ENDNOTES

1 For the purposes of this chapter,certain transportation

equipment is defined as motor vehicles (cars, trucks,and buses),

engines,and certain motor vehicle parts.These products account for

over 90 percent of all transportation equipment imports from SSA.

This sector includes portions of Harmonized Tariff Schedule chapters

84 and 87.

2 Ayako Doi, “Nissan To Export Pickups From South African Plant,”

The Japan Automotive Digest,Mar.1,2004,p.8.

3 SouthAfrica.info reporter, “SA vehicle exports make inroads,”

Oct.8,2003, found at Internet address http://www.southafrica.

info.com,retrieved June 6,2004.

4 Chris Wright and Anthony Lewis, “South Africa’s auto industry

at a crossroads,” July 2004, found at Internet address

http://just auto.com,retrieved July 6,2004.

5 Automotive News,2004 Market Data Book,p.44;and

Automotive News,2003 Market Data Book,p.44.

6 Just-auto.com editorial team, “Where next for South Africa’s

automotive industry?” May 14,2004, found at Internet address

http://just auto.com,retrieved May 20,2004.

7 Automotive News,2004 Market Data Book,p.47.

8 Just-auto.com editorial team, “Optimists foresee more South

Africa growth,” Jan.15,2004, found at Internet address

http://just auto.com,retrieved Jan.29,2004.

9 Just-auto.com editorial team, “New vehicle sales on track for

best year since 1983,” July 5,2004, found at Internet address

http://just auto.com,retrieved July 6,2004.

10 Ibid.

11 Data supplied by Ward’s Communications.

12 Chris Wright and Anthony Lewis, “South Africa’s auto industry

at a crossroads,” July 2004, found at Internet address

http://just auto.com,retrieved July 6,2004.

13 NAAMSA, “Quarterly Review of Business Conditions:Motor

Vehicle Manufacturing Industry:4th Quarter,2003,” found at Internet

address http://www.naamsa.co.za,retrieved July 20,2004.

14 Chris Wright and Anthony Lewis, “South Africa’s auto industry

at a crossroads,” July 2004, found at Internet address

http://just auto.com,retrieved July 6,2004.

15 Automotive Industry Development Centre,May 10,2004,

found at Internet address http://www.aidc.co.za,retrieved June 3,

2004.

16 NAAMSA,Annual Report 2003 and Annual Report

2001/2002.

17 Office of the United States Trade Representative,2004

National Trade Estimate Report, “South Africa,” found at Internet

address http://www.ustr.gov,retrieved Aug.3,2004.

18 South Africa Automotive Conference 2004 press release,

“Hub ports the way forward,conference told,” May 6 2004, found at

Internet address http://www.saac2004.com,retrieved June 3,

2004.

19 Chris Wright and Anthony Lewis, “South Africa’s auto industry

at a crossroads,” July 2004, found at Internet address

http://just auto.com,retrieved July 6,2004.

20 USDOC,BEA,Direct Investment Position Abroad on a

Historical-Cost Basis:Country Detail by Industry,provided to USITC

staff,Sept.16,2004.

21 NAAMSA, “New Vehicle Manufacturing Industry:Capital

Expenditure 2000 – 2004,” Mar.16,2004, found at Internet

address http://www.naamsa.co.za,retrieved June 4,2004.

22 SouthAfrica.info reporter, “SA auto industry rides MIDP

wave,” Oct.8,2003, found at Internet address

http://www.southafrica.info,retrieved June 4,2004.

23 Just-auto.com editorial team, “DaimlerChrysler plant hoping

for USA C-class deal,” July 29,2004, found at Internet address

http://just auto.com,retrieved July 29,2004.

24 Brian Corbett, “GM to Add Dealers in South Africa,” Ward’s

Automotive Report,Feb.2,2004,p.5.

25 Just-auto.com editorial team, “GM to invest in pickup

production,” July 6,2004, found at Internet address

http://just auto.com,retrieved July 6,2004.

26 Just-auto.com editorial team, “South Africa:Ford plans billion

rand export programme,” Sept.2,2003, found at Internet address

http://just auto.com,retrieved Sept.2,2003.

27 Ayako Doi, “Nissan To Export Pickups From South African

Plant,” The Japan Automotive Digest,Mar.1,2004,p.8.

28 SouthAfrica.info reporter, “SA vehicle exports make inroads,”

Oct.8,2003, found at Internet address

http://www.southafrica.info.com,retrieved June 6,2004.

29 Chris Wright and Anthony Lewis, “South Africa’s auto

industry at a crossroads,” July 2004, found at Internet address

http://just auto.com,retrieved July 6,2004.

30 Ibid.

Certain Transportation Equipment-continued

6-1

CHAPTER 6

Country Profiles

This chapter presents economic data on the 48 countries of SSA and consists of four

sections. The first section gives a brief overview of the region and identifies common

economic trends as it broadly compares the countries. The second section discusses the

tariff structure of the SSA region. The third section consist of technical notes related to

data collection and information sources. The final section contains the 48 country

profiles.

Regional Overview

In 2003, the average growth rate for SSA nations was 3.6 percent, up from 3.2

percent in 2002.1 This increase is attributed to high prices for certain commodities;

progress toward the restoration of peace and stability in countries such as Burundi,

Liberia, and Sudan; and the regional focus on improving the infrastructure for trade.

However, the reliance on primary commodities such as coffee, cotton, petroleum, and

mineral products, combined with fluctuating prices, have contributed to deficits and

little or negative economic growth in some SSA countries. In 2003, other obstacles to

economic growth and poverty reduction in SSA included civil unrest, social costs from

HIV/AIDS, and a slowdown in economic growth in the region’s primary trading

partners.

In the western African region, high prices for gold, cocoa, and petroleum from

Nigeria and Ghana contributed substantially to the 3.6-percent regional growth. The

growth rate in central Africa declined slightly from 4 percent in 2002 to 3.7 percent in

2003. Higher world prices for petroleum, the primary export for Chad and Equatorial

Guinea, tempered this decline.2 In July 2003, petroleum began flowing through the

Chad-Cameroon Petroleum and Pipeline Development Project, a project launched by

theWorld Bank Group, ExxonMobil, Petronas, and Chevron Texaco.3 The growth rate

in the eastern African region also declined, from 3.6 percent in 2002 to 2.5 percent in

2003. Much of the economic slowdown in this region can be attributed to a decline in

the construction industry in Uganda.4 However, as part of its commitment under the

1 United Nations, Economic Report on Africa 2004 (Kampala: Uganda, 2004) found at Internet

address http://www.uneca.org, retrieved June 2004.

2 Ibid.

3 World Bank, “Chad-Cameroon Pipeline Represents New Approach,” Press Release, Oct. 10,

2003, found at Internet address http://worldbank.org, retrieved June 2004.

4 United Nations, Economic Report on Africa 2004 (Kampala: Uganda, 2004) found at Internet

address http://www.uneca.org, retrieved June 2004.
6-2

EAC regional framework, Uganda is seeking to modernize infrastructure through

private sector investment. The growth rate in the southern African regions was 2.5

percent. The Southern African region introduced a tighter monetary policy in 2003 in

an attempt to control inflation. Public utilities, particularly power companies, have

contributed strongly to growth in southern Africa.5

GDP in SSA grew 3 percent, reaching $319 billion in 2003.6 Several countries

recorded high rates of growth. For example, Angola’s GDP increased by 15 percent in

2003 because of a reduction in civil unrest, an increase in petroleum production, and

high international petroleum prices. Chad’s GDP grew by 13 percent in 2003 because

of increased petroleum production. Equatorial Guinea’s GDP grew by 16 percent in

2003, driven by booms in the petroleum, gas, and construction sectors.7

Madagascar’s GDP, however, fell by 13 percent in 2003 because of slow growth in

export markets and declining export prices, and Guinea-Bissau’s economy contracted

by 7 percent in 2003 because of civil unrest in late 2003, which affected the country’s

agriculture, forestry, and fishing industries. SSA countries with low economic growth

were also affected by lower than expected growth in exports to the EU, the main

destination for SSA exports.

The existence of capable institutions to support macroeconomic policies is important

for countries in SSA because they create an attractive investment climate by protecting

property rights, encouraging transparency, and reducing corruption. In mid-2003,

the World Bank published governance indicators for the period 1996 to 2002.8 The

rankings, shown in table 6-1, indicate improvement for countries such as Nigeria,

Tanzania, and Cameroon. Zimbabwe, DROC, and Côte d’Ivoire have, however,

declined in terms of the quality of their institutions, as denoted by the negative

percentage change in their performance from 1996 to 2002. Zimbabwe saw the

largest decline, 79 percent, followed by Côte d’Ivoire, with a decline of 66 percent.

Despite numerous FTAs in the region, intra-regional trade remains relatively low.

Inadequate infrastructure, a lack of diversification in export products, and the inability

of the governments within SSA to provide adequate protection for foreign investors

restrict intra-regional trade.

Gross national income (GNI) for SSA in 2002 was $307 billion, up from $305 billion

in 2001.9 South Africa had the highest GNI for 2002 ($102 billion), followed by

Nigeria with $41 billion (figure 6-1). The top ranking countries in terms of per capita

GNI were Seychelles, Mauritius, Gabon, Botswana, and South Africa. Countries with

the lowest per capita GNI were DROC, Burundi, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, and Malawi.

5 Ibid.

6 World Bank, Development Indicators Database, 2004.

7 EIU Viewswire, “Country Outlook,” May 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved June 2004.

8 World Bank, Governance Dataset, July 2003, found at Internet address

http://www.worldbank.org, retrieved Aug. 2004.

9 World Bank Group, World Development Indicators database. Gross National Income (formerly

Gross National Product) is defined as the sum of all value added by all resident producers plus any

product taxes (less subsidies) not included in the valuation of output plus net receipts of primary income

(compensation of employees and property income) from abroad. Data are in current U.S. dollars.
6-3

Tariff Structure

Most of the SSA countries are WTO members or are involved as WTO observers.10

Thirty-eight governments in SSA are WTO members, four have established accession

working parties, and two others have requested accession working parties.11 In

addition, three governments have typically been granted observer status during

ministerial conferences.12

Prior to the advent of theWorld Integrated Trade Solution database, tariff information

for SSA was not readily available. Where tariff data are available, however,

information can be inaccurate. Available information typically indicates high tariffs

that likely hinder rather than facilitate trade. In addition to high tariffs, extra import

charges, taxes, or fees are common, making the trade environment nontransparent.

Table 6-1

Aggregate governance index, selected sub-Saharan African countries, 1996

and 2002

2002

Rank Country 1996 2002

Percent

change

1 Botswana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74.56 74.21 -0.5

2 Mauritius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76.18 73.61 -3.4

3 South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.16 63.16 3.3

4 Namibia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72.55 62.65 -13.6

5 Madagascar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43.93 51.48 17.2

6 Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45.63 48.69 6.7

7 Senegal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37.37 48.54 29.9

8 Malawi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.44 36.94 10.5

9 Mozambique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.52 36.94 34.2

10 Tanzania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24.39 33.24 36.3

11 Zambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35.44 30.11 -15.0

12 Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31.22 28.96 -7.2

13 Ethiopia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.75 24.82 -10.6

14 Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27.70 21.47 -22.5

15 Cameroon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13.60 18.30 34.6

16 Côte d’Ivoire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50.71 17.09 -66.3

17 Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.10 11.17 37.9

18 Zimbabwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42.51 8.99 -78.9

19 Angola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.23 7.60 22.0

20 DROC . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3.83 1.43 -62.7

Source: World Bank, Governance Dataset, July 2003, found at Internet address http://www.worldbank.org, retrieved Aug. 2004.

10 The following 10 SSA governments are not WTO members: Cape Verde, Comoros, Equatorial

Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Liberia, São Tomé and Principe, Seychelles, Somalia, and Sudan.

11 WTO accession working parties have been established for the following SSA countries: Cape

Verde (July 2000), Ethiopia (February 2003), Seychelles (July 1995), and Sudan (October 1994).

Equatorial Guinea (April 2002) and São Tomé and Principe (January 2001) have requested and have

been granted observer status in the WTO, indicating each country’s intention to begin the accession

process within 5 years.

12 The three countries are Comoros, Eritrea, and Liberia.
0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000

Figure 6-1

Gross national income per capita, 2002

Ethiopia

Burundi

Guinea-Bissau

Eritrea

Niger

Liberia

Chad

Mozambique

Mali

Madagascar

Rwanda

Nigeria

Burkina Faso

Tanzania

Angola

Central African Republic

Togo

Uganda

Gambia, The

Sudan

Comoros

Kenya

Benin

Ghana

Zambia

Mauritania

Guinea

Lesotho

Cameroon

Senegal

Djbouti

Swaziland

Namibia

Bostwana

Gabon

Cape Verde

Mauritius

Seychelles

South Africa

Note.—Because of lack of data, Equatorial Guinea, Somalia, and Zimbabwe have not been included.

Source: World Bank, African Development Indicators, found at Internet address http://www.worldbank.org,

retrieved June 2004.

Malawi

Sierra Leone

DROC

São Tomé and Principe

Côte d’lvoire

ROC

SSA average

6-4
6-5

Table 6-2 shows recent tariff rates for SSA countries across several groupings. The first

category shows most-favored-nation (MFN)13 tariff rates for 35 of the 38 SSA WTO

members. The average MFN tariff rate for these countries was about 16.8 percent ad

valorem for agriculture and 13.1 percent ad valorem for industrial goods. A second

category reports only bound tariff rates for the other three WTO members during

2003, for which no MFN or applied tariff data were available. The average bound

tariff rate for these three countries was 68.1 percent ad valorem for agriculture and

38.8 percent ad valorem for industrial goods. Lastly, a third group shows tariff rates

for 4 of the 10 non-WTO member countries that maintain a de facto application of the

General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade14 or that have applied for WTO accession.

This third group of countries indicates “MFN-like” tariffs of 29.2 percent ad valorem

for agriculture and 21.4 percent ad valorem for industrial goods. All three groupings

are exclusive of other duties and charges.

Technical Notes

Attempts have been made to provide standard and consistently defined measures for

each country profile, but information may vary among the 48 countries and among

sources because of varying statistical methods and data limitations, coverages, and

practices. Consequently, full comparability cannot be assured. In general, the

statistical information should be treated as indicative, and emphasis placed on broad

trends over time. To facilitate cross-country comparisons, values of many national

currencies have been converted from the national currencies into U.S. dollars, using

the World Bank Atlas methodology.15 Data series are expressed in constant U.S.

dollars and exchange rates use a base year of 1995. Most group averages are

weighted according to the relative importance of the countries in the group total where

appropriate, and shares and ratios are calculated using current price series.16 Some

data based on estimates in previous editions have been updated or replaced with

actual data or improved estimates. In situations where official exchange rates diverge

by an exceptional margin from the rate effectively applied to international

transactions and a more appropriate conversion factor is estimated, the dollar value

of GDP may not match the local currency GDP value multiplied by the exchange rate.

13 Also called “Normal Trade Relations” duty rates in the United States.

14 The General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) consists of the multilateral rules governing

international trade, which were first agreed in 1947 (GATT 1947), and which continue in the form of the

GATT 1994 (although essentially identical in substance, GATT 1947 and GATT 1994 are nonetheless

legally distinct documents). The World Trade Organization (WTO) was established in 1995 to oversee the

GATT 1994.

15 World Bank, Development Indicators Database, 2004.

16 Ibid.
6-6

Table 6-2

Tariffs in sub-Saharan African countries, various years

Country Agriculture Industry Source Year

Percent ad valorem

WTO members (MFN tariff rates)

Angola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.4 8.7 UNCTAD TRN 2002

Botswana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1 5.3 WTO IDB 2002

Burkina Faso . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.3 11.6 UNCTAD TRN 2003

Burundi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33.0 21.9 UNCTAD TRN 2002

Cameroon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.0 17.5 UNCTAD TRN 2002

Central African Republic . . . 22.0 17.5 UNCTAD TRN 2002

Chad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.0 17.5 UNCTAD TRN 2002

Congo (DROC). . . . . . . . . . . 13.0 11.9 UNCTAD TRN 2003

Congo (ROC). . . . . . . . . . . . 22.0 17.5 UNCTAD TRN 2002

Côte d’Ivoire . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.3 11.6 UNCTAD TRN 2003

Djibouti . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20.5 32.6 UNCTAD TRN 2002

Gabon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22.0 17.5 UNCTAD TRN 2002

Ghana . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.9 13.8 UNCTAD TRN 2000

Guinea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6.6 6.4 WTO IDB 1998

Guinea-Bissau . . . . . . . . . . . 14.3 11.6 UNCTAD TRN 2003

Kenya . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23.1 18.5 UNCTAD TRN 2001

Lesotho . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1 5.3 WTO IDB 2002

Madagascar . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.8 4.4 UNCTAD TRN 2001

Malawi . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.9 12.8 UNCTAD TRN 2001

Mali . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.6 10.6 WTO IDB 1999

Mauritania . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.6 10.6 UNCTAD TRN 2001

Mauritius . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19.5 18.3 UNCTAD TRN 2002

Mozambique . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.4 11.4 UNCTAD TRN 2003

Namibia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1 5.3 WTO IDB 2002

Niger . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.3 11.6 UNCTAD TRN 2003

Nigeria . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52.4 26.6 UNCTAD TRN 2002

Rwanda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.6 9.5 UNCTAD TRN 2003

Senegal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.3 11.6 UNCTAD TRN 2003

South Africa . . . . . . . . . . . . 8.8 7.9 UNCTAD TRN 2001

Swaziland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9.1 5.3 WTO IDB 2002

Tanzania . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.1 12.9 UNCTAD TRN 2003

Togo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14.3 11.6 UNCTAD TRN 2003

Uganda . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12.1 8.1 UNCTAD TRN 2003

Zambia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18.7 13.2 UNCTAD TRN 2003

Zimbabwe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25.5 18.7 UNCTAD TRN 2001

Average . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16.8 13.1

WTO members (bound tariff rate ceilings)

Benin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61.8 11.5 UNCTAD TRN 2003

The Gambia . . . . . . . . . . . . 102.2 56.4 UNCTAD TRN 2003

Sierra Leone . . . . . . . . . . . . 40.3 48.5 UNCTAD TRN 2003

Average . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68.1 38.8

See footnotes at end of table.
6-7

Table 6-2—Continued

Tariffs in Sub-Saharan Africa countries, various years

Country Agriculture Industry Source Year

Percent ad valorem

Non-WTO members (MFN* tariff rates)

Cape Verde . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1

) (1)

Comoros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1

) (1)

Equatorial Guinea . . . . . . . . 22.0 17.5 UNCTAD TRN 2002

Eritrea . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1

) (1)

Ethiopia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21.7 18.4 UNCTAD TRN 2002

Liberia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1) (1)

São Tomé and Principe . . . . (1

) (1)

Seychelles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38.4 26.8 UNCTAD TRN 2001

Somalia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (1

) (1)

Sudan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34.6 22.9 UNCTAD TRN 2002

Average . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29.2 21.4

1 Not available.

Note.–Harmonized System (HS) chapters 1 to 24 constitute agricultural goods, and HS 25 to 97

comprise industrial goods. MFN* indicates MFN-like tariff rates of non-WTO members that maintain a de facto application of the rules of the GATT or that have applied for WTO accession. UNCTAD TRN indicates the Trade Analysis Information System (TRAINS) database of the United Nations

Conference on Trade and Development, taken from the World Bank’s WITS database. WTO IDB

indicates the Integrated Database of the World Trade Organization, taken from the World Bank’s

WITS database. Data shown from the most recent year available; data from the WTO IDB supplements that of the UNCTAD TRN database where multiple entries are available for the same year.

Source: World Bank, World Integrated Trade Solution Database, Aug. 2004.
6-8

Statistical data for the 48 countries were sourced from the most recent data available

from the Economist Intelligence Unit (EIU) (economic and world trade indicators),17

World Bank Africa database (FDI),18 and the U.S. Department of Commerce

(U.S.-SSA trade data).19 Some countries’ “Composition of GDP” charts are divided

into primary, secondary, and tertiary sector aggregations used by the EIU. These

sectors are defined as: primary (agriculture, fisheries, mining, and quarrying);

secondary (manufacturing, construction, electricity, water, and other utilities); tertiary

(primarily services activities, such as retail, financial, real estate, and government

services). As a result of rounding, “Composition of GDP” charts may not add to 100.

Text references to the “formal” sector indicate activity that is linked to official

administrative entities (such as through tax collection); and text references to the

“informal sector” indicate activity primarily unmonitored by administrative entities

(such as cash payments to employees). In addition, some country profiles refer to

“Article IV” consultations with the IMF. This term refers to “Articles of Agreement of the

International Monetary Fund, Article IV – Obligations Regarding Exchange

Arrangements.”20 Where U.S. dollar equivalents were not provided in the source

material, IMF exchange rates for relevant years were used to provide estimated U.S.

dollar equivalent values.21 Textual update information was drawn from numerous

sources, including the Economist Intelligence Unit country profiles and Viewswire

articles, Newsedge articles, Allafrica articles, and U.S. Department of State.22 All

country profile text discussions represent reported information from the

above-referenced sources, and are not Commission opinion or assessment.

17 Economist Intelligence Unit, “Sub-Saharan African Countries’ Economic Structure Profiles,”

2003. EIU data include both official government data and EIU estimates when official source information

is unavailable.

18 World Bank, Development Indicators Database, 2004, retrieved July 2004.

19 Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.

20 For more information, see IMF, “Articles of Agreement of IMF,” found at Internet address

http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/aa/aa04.htm, retrieved Sept. 23, 2003.

21 IMF, IFS Database, found at Internet address http://www.imfStatistics.org, retrieved May 2004.

22 For a more detailed list of primary nongovenmental information sources, see source list at the end

of this chapter.
6-9

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2002 2003 Difference

GDP (nominal, Kz bn) 525.7 954.4 428.7

GDP (US$ bn) 12.1 12.7 0.6

CPI Inflation (annual average, %) 106.0 76.6 -29.4

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 8,333.4 9,618.5 1,285.1

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 3,709.0 4,079.9 370.9

Trade Balance (US$ mn) 4,624.4 5,538.6 914.2

Current Account Balance (US$ mn) -632.6 -495.2 137.4

Foreign Exchange Reserves (US$ mn) 375.6 845.0 469.4

Total External Debt (US$ bn) 9.4 9.2 -0.2

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 17.2 17.5 0.3

Exchange Rate (Kz/US$) 43.5 75.0 31.5

Origins of GDP (1999)

Agriculture

(6.9%)

Oil

(61.4%)

Other

(12.5%)

Manufacturing

(3.5%)

Services

(7.0%)

Mining

(8.7%)

S Unrest in the Angolan countryside,drought,and relocation

contributed to a decrease in agriculture production in

2003.The decline in the agricultural sector contributed to

increased food imports in 2003.

S Production in Angola’s fishing industry continues to decline

because of government intervention and insufficient

investment and technology.

S As the second-largest oil exporter in SSA,Angola’s

petroleum sector has continued to expand rapidly.

S Despite rapid economic growth,Angola remains

underdeveloped according to socioeconomic indicators.In

late 2003,efforts began to improve inadequate

infrastructure hampered by civil unrest in previous years.

S Angola is the world’s fourth-largest diamond producer.

S Production within the manufacturing industry continues to

be hampered by high costs, corruption, inadequate

services,and ineffective laws.

S Major government initiatives for 2003 included growth in

nonpetroleum sectors, specifically agriculture and livestock,

and improvement of land and water transportation;energy,

water, supply and sanitation;and housing and public

services, including schools and health clinics.

S Government plans for privatization, tax reforms,and budget

reforms are progressing slowly.

S Post-war rehabilitation continued to improve in early 2004

with the third phase of the World Bank’s reconstruction

program.Co-founded by the World Bank/International

Development Association,EU,Norwegian government,U.S.

Agency for International Development,and ChevronTexaco

(U.S.),Angola received a social action fund of $137 million

to rehabilitate its social and economic infrastructure over

the next four years.

S Continued macroeconomic instability,oil-backed lending,

and corruption contributed to Western donor and foreign

aid agency reluctance to offer financial assistance for

reconstruction after the recent civil unrest.Because of

decreased financial assistance, the government expressed

interest in establishing a new program with the IMF in

March 2003.In April 2004, the World Bank granted

Angola $33 million to facilitate societal reintroduction of

140,000 soldiers.In October 2003,Angola and

neighboring São Tomé,& Principe signed agreements

regarding oil, tourist activity,and financial responsibility.In

early 2004,DROC and Angola signed cooperation

agreements focusing on construction of new roads;

rehabilitation of railways;and cooperation in the areas of

legal, social,and political communication.

S In April 2004,Angola and Morocco signed a cooperation

protocol focused on the petroleum sector.

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

ANGOLA

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Percent
6-10

Main Trade Partners, percent of total

Markets (2002) Sources (2001)

United States 35.8 Portugal 26.0

China 11.6 South Africa 15.9

France 6.9 United States 17.9

Belgium 5.4 France 8.6

Main Trade Commodities, US$ millions

Exports (1999) Imports (1996)

Crude oil 4,305.0 Consumer

goods (excl

food)

712.0

Diamonds 577.0 Capital goods 327.0

Refined

Petroleum

75.0 Intermediate

goods

299.0

Liquefied

petroleum gas

10.0 Food 295.0

ANGOLA

Trade Update

S Passenger and freight use of air travel within Angola has

increased because civil unrest in the countryside has

hampered ground-based transportation.

S Crown Agents (UK) continued efforts to reform customs

procedures.These efforts contributed to an increase in state

revenue in early 2003.

S In late 2003,Angola announced plans to explore the

exportation of liquified natural gas (LNG) as a means of

reducing the flaring of gas,a by-product of oil production.

Inadequate infrastructure investment has prevented Angola’s

export of LNG thus far.

S Efforts to eliminate investment and trade barriers and move

toward a market-based economy experienced a setback

when the government required all imports to pass through

government-controlled posts.

S In 2003,U.S.exports to Angola consisted primarily of

machinery and mechanical appliances,aircraft and parts

thereof,and meat.U.S.imports from Angola consisted

primarily of mineral fuels and oils,precious or semiprecious

stones or metals,and organic chemicals.In 2004,Angola

was designated an AGOA beneficiary country.

Investment and Privatization Update

• Representing over 50 percent of the foreign investment in

Angola in 2003, the United States’ investment level was

approximately $10 billion and is anticipated to reach $20

billion by 2008.

S Investment continued to focus primarily on the energy sector

to help alleviate the frequent power outages caused by an

inadequately maintained and inefficiently integrated electricity

grid.

• In June 2003, investment in the Angolan oil sector,

specifically LNG and refinery operations,was expected to

increase by $23 billion over the next 5 years.A $15-billion

investment by ExxonMobil (U.S.),after making its seventeenth

discovery in Angola’s deepwater Block 15, contributed to the

expected increase.

• Investment in Angola’s diamond mining industry also

increased.In June 2003, three kimberlite ore deposits

containing diamonds were found at Alto Cuilo by Petra

Diamond mine (South Africa).In December 2003,Russian

Alrosa began building a $45-million hydroelectric power

plant,due to be completed by mid-2006.The power plant will

help to increase the number of ore-dressing facilities on the

Chikapa River and increase the mine’s diamond output.Also

in December 2003,Empresa de Diamantes (Endiama)

announced its partnership with local companies Gelton,

Prodminas,and Saccir and Makitara to mine the Cacolo

region for alluvial diamonds.

S Investment in the telecommunications sector increased early

in 2004 when Telecom Namibia bought 44 percent of

Mundo Startel with a commitment of $14 million over the

next 3 years and plans for a national network structure by

mid-2006.

S Private sector weakness,a lack of financial and

administrative capacity,and inadequate interest in potential

buyers continued to constrain the government’s privatization

program.The privatization of the state banks, initially

supported by the IMF,experienced a setback when a tender

for a consultancy contract was cancelled.The contract

included plans to oversee the sale of over 50 percent of BCI,

the first state bank.

-4500

-3600

-2700

-1800

-900

0

900

1800

2700

3600

4500

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Millions of U.S. Dollars

U.S. Trade Balance

U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars

Net Foreign Direct Investment
6-11

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2002 2003 Difference

GDP (nominal, CFAfr bn) 1,959.0 2,125.0 166.0

GDP (US$ bn) 2.8 3.7 0.9

CPI Inflation (annual average, %) 2.4 2.8 0.4

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 424.0 484.0 60.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 582.0 726.0 144.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -158.0 -242.0 -84.0

Current Account Balance (US$ mn) -88.0 -147.0 -59.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves (US$ mn) 615.7 631.0 15.3

Total External Debt (US$ mn) n/a n/a n/a

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) n/a n/a n/a

Exchange Rate (CFAfr/US$) 697.0 518.2 -115.8

Origins of GDP (2002)

Primary

(36.0%)

Secondary

(14.0%)

Tertiary

(50.0%)

S Benin continued to experience substantial economic growth

in 2003.

S The government continues to implement social services

projects in areas such as health and education.

S The government’s primary macroeconomic strategy

includes accelerated growth,poverty reduction,and

financial stability.Government revenue is expected to

increase from the computerization of the customs and

excise department.Customs revenue represents

approximately 50 percent of domestic revenue.The efforts,

however, continue to be hampered by lack of efficient

implementation.

S Benin plans to modernize the Adjaralla dam on the Mono

River in order to increase power supplies.This is a joint

project with Togo and is estimated to cost $162 million.

S In December 2003,Benin received its first international

credit rating, receiving a B+ long-term and B short-term

sovereign credit rating.

S Millennium Challenge Corporation (U.S.) designated Benin

as a country eligible to receive assistance in 2004.

S Benin continued to follow the IMF PRGF program first

initiated in July 2000.The PRGF’s fifth review was

completed in October 2003.In addition, the IMF approved

disbursement of $3.7 million towards the PRGF.PRGF

targets for 2003 were expected to be largely met.

S In October 2003, the African Development Bank

announced an $18-million loan to finance a rural

electrification project costing a total of $23 million.The

project will provide electricity for 57 rural areas.The

government aims to provide electricity to 29 percent of the

population by 2008.

S In February 2004, the West African Development Bank and

Benin signed a complementary debt relief agreement worth

$8.9 million towards Benin’s poverty eradication efforts and

HIV/AIDS alleviation.

S The World Bank/IDA is preparing a PRSC of $20 million.

The aim is to support the country’s poverty reduction

strategy.

S The EU allocated a 30 million euro (approximately $39

million) grant to support urban road maintenance and road

improvement policy.

S Nigeria shut down its border with Benin for 2 weeks in

August 2003 in an attempt to reduce cross-border crime.

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

BENIN

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Percent
6-12

Main Trade Partners, percent of total

Markets (2002) Sources (2001)

European Union 24.6 European Union 38.1

India 24.2 China (incl Hong

Kong)

31.8

Italy 10.8 France 15.6

China (incl Hong

Kong)

7.3 United Kingdom 4.7

Main Trade Commodities, US$ millions, 2002

Exports Imports

Re-exports 168.8 Food 160.6

Cotton 141.2 Petroleum

products

130.4

Capital

goods

104.8

benin

Trade Update

S During 2003,Benin’s major port,Cotonou,experienced a

large surge in activity,as Côte d’Ivoire’s Abidjan port activity

was restricted because of civil unrest.

S The IMF and Benin authorities evaluated the requirements of

the customs administration for pre-shipment inspection.

Specifically, the team examined the monitoring of customs

valuation and ”special regimes,” including audit coverage and

transparency of customs procedures.

S France is the largest source of imports for goods including

food,mineral fuels, chemicals,machinery,and transport

equipment.Imports from China have increased substantially.

S Nigeria is the largest re-export market for Benin’s goods.

Benin’s low tariffs and good port facilities,and its large

border with Nigeria, create an informal market for trade.

S In recent years,production of crops such as palm oil, cashew

nuts, coffee, cocoa,groundnuts,and shea nuts has increased

substantially in northern and central Benin.

S Construction of the Cotonou fishing port is scheduled to be

completed in mid 2004.The modernization project, funded

by Japan and the United States, included installation of a

refrigeration plant and the construction of two unloading

docks and boat-repair and storage facilities.Also planned are

an electricity generating plant,a laboratory,and research

offices.

S In 2005,Benin and UEMOA plan to establish a full economic

union.

S In 2003,U.S.exports to Benin consisted primarily of motor

vehicles and parts thereof,machinery and mechanical

appliances,and used clothing and textiles.U.S.imports from

Benin consisted primarily of live animals, cotton yarn or

fabric,and wood and articles of wood.In 2003 and 2004,

Benin was designated an AGOA beneficiary country, including

qualifying for apparel benefits in 2004.

Investment and Privatization Update

S Libercom,a state-owned mobile phone operator and the

largest mobile phone operator in Benin,plans to increase its

customer base from 69,000 in 2002 to 140,000 in 2003.

S The telecommunications industry is still slated for

privatization.In addition,privatization of Continental Bank is

still planned,while two hotels were put up for sale July 2003.

S In July 2003, the government offered for sale ginneries

owned by the state-owned cotton marketing and processing

company.The company’s processing plants were to be sold

in four parts:Bembereke and Glazoue ginneries,Bohicon 1

and 2 and Kandi ginneries,Banikoara and Hagoume

ginneries,and Parakou 1 and 2 and Savalou ginneries.

S During 2003, the government continued plans to privatize

the Cotonou port.

0

10

20

30

40

50

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Trade Balance

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Net Foreign Direct Investment

Millions of U.S. Dollars
6-13

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2002 2003 Difference

GDP (nominal, P bn) 35.9 41.2 5.3

GDP (US$ bn) 5.7 8.3 2.6

CPI Inflation (annual average, %) 8.0 9.2 1.2

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 2,368.0 2,544.0 176.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 1,704.0 1,753.0 49.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) 664.0 791.0 127.0

Current Account Balance (US$ mn) 540.0 591.0 51.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves (US$ bn) 5.5 5.8 0.3

Total External Debt (US$ mn) 383.3 417.8 34.5

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 1.9 1.8 -0.1

Exchange Rate (P/US$) 6.3 5.0 -1.3

Origins of GDP (2000)

Agriculture

(2.5%)

Services (incl. gov.) (43.7%)

Manufacturing

(4.1%)

Construction, water

and electricity

(8.0%)

Mining

(36.5%)

Miscellaneous

(5.2%)

S In June 2004, the World Economic Forum ranked

Botswana as Africa’s top competitive economy because of

the quality of its public institutions and the openness of the

economy.

S Botswana earns 80 percent of its foreign exchange from

the mining sector.Botswana is the world’s largest diamond

producer by value.Diamond production is not labor

intensive and accounts for only 5 percent of employment in

the formal sector.A substantial proportion of output is

mined by the DeBeers Botswana Mining Company,also

known as Debswana,a joint venture between De Beers and

the Government of Botswana.Botswana is expected to

maintain a current account surplus through 2004 because

of increased output from the mining sector.

S Botswana continues to be hampered by a small consumer

market,and its landlocked location limits the supply of

usable water and also results in high transport costs.

S The spread of HIV/AIDS continues to hinder economic

development,accounting for continued increasing social

costs.In early 2004, the Central Statistics Office was

tasked with conducting a national AIDS impact study.

S In 1999, the Mining and Minerals Act was revised to

increase private sector investment in mining exploration in

remote regions.A new policy proposed for 2004 is

expected to reduce investor risk by providing baseline

geological data,as well as streamlining the production

process for the mining of raw materials such as diamonds,

copper-nickel, soda ash,and coal.

S In February 2004, the finance minister announced

immediate plans to devalue the local currency, the pula.The

devaluation is aimed at improving Botswana’s competitive

position in international markets for the mining sector and

establishing a competitive edge for nonmining activities.

S The government has indicated its intent to decrease the

current budget deficit through the sale of the Public Debt

Service Fund loan book and a reduction in public spending.

S The Ninth National Development Plan was launched in April

2003 and will be completed in March 2009.This plan will

explore opportunities to promote investment and to

increase activity in nonmining sectors in order to diversify

the economy away from its reliance on diamond mining.

S The government announced plans to fund a development

plan to achieve global competitiveness through diversified

development.Sectors identified by the Botswana Export

Development and Investment Authority include textile and

garment production,glass manufacturing, jewelry

manufacturing, leather tanning, tourism,public sector

reform,and meat products.

S A new diamond mine opened in October 2003 and is

expected to contribute 25,000 carats to the national

output level.

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

BOTSWANA

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Percent
6-14

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2000

Markets Sources

European Free

Trade Area

87.0 Southern African

Customs Union

74.0

Southern African

Customs Union

7.0 European Free

Trade Area

17.0

Zimbabwe 4.0 Zimbabwe 4.0

Main Trade Commodities, US$ millions, 2000

Exports Imports

Diamonds 2,231.0 Machinery &

electrical goods

462.0

Copper &

nickel

163.0 Food, beverages &

tobacco

293.0

Vehicles 53.0 Vehicles & transport

equipment

258.0

Meat & meat

products

52.0 Chemical & rubber

products

203.0

botswana

Trade Update

S In May 2003, the Botswana Meat Commission’s abattoirs

were temporarily closed because of foot-and-mouth

disease.Exports to the EU,Botswana’s largest market,

and South Africa were temporarily halted.In July 2003,

beef exports to the EU were resumed.Beef is the primary

agricultural export from Botswana,with exports totaling

more than $300 million per year.

S A Tourism Board was established in late 2003 after the

passage of the Tourism Bill.The board’s role will be to

promote tourism with the aid of a development fund.

Tourism has dwindled because of civil unrest in the region

and political instability in neighboring Zimbabwe.

S In August 2002,Botswana was granted the right under

AGOA to source raw materials from third-party countries

for apparel production because of its limited domestic

resources.

S Improved production processes in the mining industry

have increased diamond output,which reached 28.4

million carats in 2002 and 30.3 million in 2003.

S In 2003,U.S.exports to Botswana consisted primarily of

aircraft and parts thereof,electrical machinery and

equipment,and machinery and mechanical appliances.

U.S.imports from Botswana consisted primarily of

precious or semiprecious stones or metals,apparel,and

footwear.In 2003 and 2004,Botswana was designated

an AGOA beneficiary country, including qualifying for

apparel benefits.AGOA (including GSP) imports from

Botswana totaled $6.3 million in 2003.

Investment and Privatization Update

S Major government initiatives encouraging joint ventures

between foreign investors and domestic partners include

facilitating the issuance of trade licenses, streamlining the

process for issuing work permits,and allowing tax

write-offs for employee training.

S Although Botswana allows for free repatriation of profits,

has one of the lowest corporate tax rates in the region at

25 percent,and has a special corporate tax rate (15

percent) for certain categories of manufacturing, the slow

progress of privatization and the slow adoption of

competition policy legislation continues to hamper

investment.

S Gallery Gold (Australia) has signed separate joint venture

agreements with De Beers Prospecting (Botswana) and

Albidon (Australia) that cover exploration work in

Botswana’s Tati greenstone belt.

S An 18-month exploration program was announced for the

kimberlite region by African Diamonds (Ireland) and is to

be funded through the Alternative Investment Market (UK).

The firm,which was also awarded a prospecting license

for the Damtshaa mine that opened in October 2003,has

indicated its intent to explore ancient river systems in the

hope of discovering diamond deposits.

S The original target sale date of the national airline,Air

Botswana,was postponed to 2003 from 2001.In late

2003, the privatization was further halted because of the

decision of Comair and Air Mauritius to withdraw their

bids.Comair expressed concern over the current state of

the international airline industry,and Air Mauritius has

undergone changes in senior management.

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

0

20

40

60

80

100

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars
6-15

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2002 2003 Difference

GDP (nominal, CFAfr bn) 2,004.0 2,157.0 153.0

GDP (US$ bn) 2.9 3.7 0.8

CPI Inflation (annual average, %) 2.3 2.0 -0.3

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 236.0 324.0 88.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 548.0 699.0 151.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -312.0 -375.0 -63.0

Current Account Balance (US$ mn) -313.0 -381.0 -68.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves (US$ mn) 213.0 341.0 128.0

Total External Debt (US$ bn) n/a n/a n/a

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) n/a n/a n/a

Exchange Rate (CFAfr/US$) 697.0 581.2 -115.8

Origins of GDP (2002)

Livestock (Primary)

(9.6%)

Other primary

(4.4%)

Other

(0.9%) Agriculture (Primary)

(17.8%)

Other

secondary

(5.9%)

Mining and manufacturing

(Secondary) (12.6%)

Tertiary

(48.8%)

S Agriculture remains an important sector of the economy.

Approximately 90 percent of the population derives its

livelihood from agriculture and livestock,with over 80

percent depending on subsistence agriculture.

S Gold is Burkina Faso’s main mineral resource and limited

amounts are sold commercially.It is the third-largest

source of export receipts,after cotton and livestock.

Although Burkina Faso has some manganese deposits, the

country has yet to invest in their development.

S The government has announced biotech cotton trials as

part of a cooperative agreement with Monsanto (U.S.) and

has agreed to co-host a regional biotech conference.

S In April 2003,along with Mali,Benin,and Chad,Burkina

Faso introduced a plan to end cotton subsidies.

S Government economic policy is expected to focus on

making primary education compulsory and free,giving local

communities greater authority and resources,monitoring

the PRSP process, increasing financial support of private

enterprise,and coordinating donor support.

S The most recent PRGF was approved by the IMF on June

11,2003.PRGFs have placed significant emphasis on

social expenditure and rural development.IMF supported

goals for development under the 2003-06 PRGF include

minimizing the budget deficit,protecting social spending,

improving tax collection efficiency,promoting private sector

and rural development,opening the cotton sector to private

markets,promoting good governance, fighting corruption,

encouraging debate,and facilitating privatization.

S Nine donor agencies, including the World Bank and

European Development Bank,have agreed to provide $105

million for the construction of a power line between

Ouagadougou, the capital,and Bobo-Dioulasso.

S Grants represent 70 percent of the $2 billion secured to

reduce poverty by funding initiatives in education,

healthcare,and the campaign against HIV/AIDS.

S In early 2004, the AfDB pledged 3 million euro

(approximately $4 million) to Burkina Faso to support land

reform efforts.

S India pledged $500 million in low-interest loans in early

2004 to help Burkina Faso,Chad,Côte d’Ivoire,Equatorial

Guinea,Ghana,Guinea-Bissau,Mali,and Senegal create the

Techno-Economic Approach for Africa India Movement,

which will focus on generating employment,and promoting

pharmaceuticals production and healthcare, information

technology and telecommunications,and agriculture.

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

BURKINA FASO

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Percent
6-16

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2002

Markets Sources

France 45.3 France 19.6

Côte d’Ivoire 9.2 Côte d’Ivoire 18.8

Indonesia 5.0 Japan 9.3

Mali 4.1 Germany 6.0

Main Trade Commodities, US$ millions, 2002

Exports Imports

Cotton 127.7 Capital goods 178.6

Animal products 49.3 Petroleum

products

101.9

Gold 5.7 Food 69.6

burkina faso

Trade Update

S Despite significant investments in recent years, the

transport system remains inadequately developed.The

government is implementing a transport sector

adjustment program with funding of $92 million from

the World Bank.Main focal points of this project include

developing a policy and regulatory framework and

improving the road and rail networks.

S In September 2003, the border with Côte d’Ivoire was

reopened to commercial and private traffic.Before its

closing,Burkina Faso extensively used the Abidjan port

for worldwide trade.Route interference,however,

contributed to economic hardships in the western part

of the country.While the ports were closed, shippers

diverted trade to ports in Ghana and elsewhere in Africa.

To alleviate the situation, the government lifted all taxes

and duties on the importation of 100 new trucks to be

used in the transport of internationally traded goods.

S Plans exist to construct a $750-million railway line from

Burkina Faso to Ghana’s ports on the Atlantic.This

project would provide alternative trade transport options

for the landlocked country other than the Abidjan port in

Côte d’Ivoire.

S In 2003,U.S.exports to Burkina Faso consisted

primarily of electrical machinery and equipment,

machinery and mechanical appliances,and cereals.U.S.

imports from Burkina Faso consisted primarily of works

of art;edible fruit and nuts;and coffee, tea,mate,and

spices.

Investment and Privatization Update

S A PRSP progress report released in early 2004

delineates steps to improve the country’s business

environment and encourage investment.The

government has shortened the time required to

establish a new business from 3 months to 15 days.

Plans were developed in meetings with the private

sector with goals to relax bonded warehouse regimes;

to fund technical education,occupational training,and

apprenticeships;and to provide companies with

computer equipment.The government is also making

efforts to reduce the cost of electricity,water, telecom,

and transport.

S Twenty-six state enterprises were privatized between

1992 and 2003,with several on offer and more than a

dozen placed in liquidation.Most liquidation has taken

place in the manufacturing sector because of stiff

competition from imports.Onatel (telecommunications),

Sonabel (electricity),Sonabhy (energy provider),Onea

(water),Cnea (agriculture sector parastatal),a hotel,

and the Ougadougou and Bobo-Dioulasso airports still

await privatization.

S In March 2003, the government announced the sale of

all equipment owned by cotton parastatal Sofitex.It

launched the partial privatization of Onatel,a telecom

parastatal, in May 2003.The process is expected to be

completed by 2009.

S In mid-2004,Burkina Faso passed legislation to

encourage and provide protection for German FDI.

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars
6-17

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2002 2003 Difference

GDP (nominal, Bufr bn) 567.0 617.0 50.0

GDP (US$ mn) 609.2 599.0 -10.2

CPI Inflation (annual average, %) -1.4 10.2 11.6

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 30.0 40.0 10.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 106.0 128.0 22.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -76.0 -88.0 -12.0

Current Account Balance (US$ mn) -35.0 -47.0 -12.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves (US$ mn) 58.8 63.3 4.5

Total External Debt (US$ mn) n/a n/a n/a

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) n/a n/a n/a

Exchange Rate (Bufr/US$) 930.8 1,030.0 99.2

Origins of GDP (2001)

Agriculture

(50.0%)

Industry

(19.0%)

Services

(31.0%)

S Subsistence farming remains predominant.Civil unrest,

sanctions, import shortages,and inadequate domestic

demand hamper development of the industrial sector.

S The coffee sector continues to be affected by inadequate

agricultural inputs,weak prices,and long-term international

price decline.

S In December 2003, the government passed a budget that

broadly conforms with performance criteria specified by the

post conflict emergency program.

S The government’s economic policy aims to reduce poverty,

promote recovery, increase GDP growth,and improve

delivery of public services.The government pledged to

reduce the fiscal deficit by promoting price stability,

pursuing structural reforms,and increasing expenditures

on poverty relief.

S The IMF broadly approved Burundi’s economic progress

despite civil unrest and decreased economic activity.

S In early 2004, the IMF and the Burundi government signed

an agreement for $104 million to support the economic

reform program for 2004-07.

S Burundi is expected to receive debt relief under the HIPC

initiative upon the IMF’s approval of the PRGF and poverty

reduction strategy in late 2004.

S The World Bank pledged to provide a loan of $26 million for

macroeconomic support,and $33 million to assist the

socioeconomic reintegration of displaced combatants.

S The World Bank approved an $84-million credit to improve

access to agricultural production centers, social services,

and national and international markets.

S In June 2003, the Burundi External Relations and

Cooperation minister and the Chinese Ambassador to

Burundi signed a $4-million aid agreement.

S In April 2004, the Government of Italy canceled debt owed

by Burundi and committed to efforts to restructure

Burundi’s remaining international debt.

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

BURundi

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Percent
6-18

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2002

Markets Sources

Switzerland 28.8 Belgium 12.4

Germany 20.2 Saudi Arabia 12.3

Belgium 9.5 Tanzania 9.3

Kenya 7.7 Kenya 7.7

Main Trade Commodities, US$ millions, 1999

Exports Imports

Coffee 44.1 Intermediate

goods

50.2

Tea 10.3 Consumer

goods

37.4

Manufactures 1.0 Capital goods 30.0

Hides 0.1 Food 10.0

burundi

Trade Update

S Civil unrest, instability,and sanctions contributed to an

increase in unrecorded exports and imports.Years of

social unrest have also substantially reduced Burundi’s

imports of manufactured goods.The expected reduction in

civil unrest should support an environment conducive to

increased trade.

S The government has committed to exchange rate reforms

in an attempt to decrease the gap between official and

parallel exchange rates.

S The government liberalized regulations for sugar imports

and exports because of supply shortages driven by price

discrepancies with neighboring countries.

S The government has continued to diversify the country’s

export base.For example,nontraditional exporters are

exempt from customs duties and are eligible for a 10-year

tax holiday.

S In 2003,U.S.exports to Burundi consisted primarily of

vegetables, cereals,and machinery and mechanical

appliances.U.S.imports from Burundi consisted primarily

of coffee, tea,mate,and spices; fish, crustaceans,and

molluscs;and live animals.

Investment and Privatization Update

S The government announced plans to privatize the

telecommunications parastatal in early 2001;however,

political unrest continues to delay completion of the sale.

S Although the privatization minister has indicated the

government’s commitment to privatizing a variety of

enterprises, resistance from public sector workers has

slowed the process.

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

Millions of U.S. Dollars

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
6-19

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2002 2003 Difference

GDP (nominal, CFAfr bn) 7,132.0 7,581.0 449.0

GDP (US$ bn) 9.7 12.1 2.4

CPI Inflation (annual average,%) 2.7 2.3 -0.4

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 1,884.0 2,170.0 286.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 1,858.0 2,247.0 389.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) 26.0 -77.0 -103.0

Current Account Balance (US$ mn) -550.0 -563.0 -13.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves (US$ mn) 629.7 680.7 51.0

Total External Debt (US$ bn) 7.4 7.3 -0.1

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 14.9 9.7 -5.2

Exchange Rate (CFAfr/US$) 697.0 581.2 -115.8

Origins of GDP (2002)

Agriculture

(28.3%)

Other

industry

(23.4%)

Services

(41.4%)

Oil (Industry)

(6.9%)

S In 2003,agriculture, including forestry, livestock,and

fishing,was the most important sector of the Cameroonian

economy.Cocoa, coffee, cotton,palm oil, rubber,bananas,

and pineapples are the country’s primary commodity crops.

Most of the farming,with the exception of rubber and palm

oil, is semi-subsistence and carried out on approximately

15 percent of the land.

S The forestry sector continues to play a significant role in the

Cameroonian economy because of its direct and indirect

contribution to employment,exports,and GDP.

S Cameroon is expected to fall to fifth place in oil production

in the Central African Franc Zone in 2004 after Chad’s oil

production reaches full capacity.

S The Government of Cameroon is forecasting that the

country’s oil reserves will be depleted by 2010 unless new

reserves are found.

S Parliament passed a law in 2003 to establish an

independent audit court as provided for under the 1996

constitution.

S Because of a decline in oil revenue, the government plans to

reform its tax codes to boost nonoil revenue by 2005.The

reforms include a broader tax base, improved efficiency of

value-added tax and public expenditure, improved

transparency,a restructuring of the personal income tax,

and initialization of a property tax.A computerized

expenditure tracking system was implemented in

September 2003.

S The government remained committed to addressing the

country’s rising poverty level.Because of the HIPC

initiative’s focus on the national debt,debt-related savings

are being spent on improving healthcare,primary

education,and HIV prevention.However,much of the

money freed by the HIPC initiative remained unspent in

2003 because of inefficient processes.Less strict controls

and improved efficiencies are expected in 2004, so that

funds can be spent on public projects and poverty

alleviation.

S Poverty alleviation initiatives in 2004 include developing a

stable economy,enhancing growth through diversification

and privatization, improving infrastructure,enacting

environmental protection measures,and improving

governance.

S In August 2003, the government presented its PRSP to the

IMF andWorld Bank,which specifies the country’s goal of

halving the number of Cameroon inhabitants living below

the poverty line by 2015.

S In December 2003,after finishing its review of the

government’s reforms and economic policies, the IMF

granted $23 million to the country and an extension of the

PRGF program to December 2004.Cameroon received an

additional $4 million because of the current HIPC initiative.

The country’s recent economic stability was applauded,but

the IMF encouraged further structural reform and

improved governance.

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

CAMEROON

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Percent
6-20

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2002

Markets Sources

Italy 16.5 France 28.4

Spain 15.9 Nigeria 12.8

France 12.7 United

States

8.0

United

States

8.3 Germany 5.8

Main Trade Commodities, US$ millions, 2002

Exports Imports

Crude oil 827.1 Food &

consumer

goods

1,335.9

Timber 254.3 Capital goods 369.7

Cocoa 243.0 Intermediate

goods

61.3

Cotton 94.2

cameroon

Trade Update

S Inadequate transport infrastructure continues to hamper

the international competitiveness of,and trade with,

Cameroon.Many areas of the country remain nearly

inaccessible.

S In May 2003, the government announced plans for

construction of a $200-million oil platform repair yard.

S In July 2003, the Chad-Cameroon oil pipeline, the country’s

largest construction project,was finished nearly 7 months

earlier than expected.Two U.S. firms,ExxonMobil and

ChevronTexaco,and one Malaysian firm,Petronas,own

the pipeline.Loans from the World Bank and IFC

contributed to its timely construction.

S By subcontracting port operations to international

companies, the Cameroonian government improved

efficiency at the port of Douala, its busiest port.Les

Abeilles (France) was hired in October 2003 to control

towing and anchoring operations,and a consortium of

Bollore (France) and Maersk (Denmark) was hired in

December 2003 to administer the container terminal.

S In 2003,U.S.exports to Cameroon consisted primarily of

machinery and mechanical appliances, cereals,and optical

or measuring equipment and parts thereof.U.S.imports

from Cameroon consisted primarily of mineral fuels and

oils, cocoa and cocoa preparations,and wood and articles

of wood.In 2003 and 2004,Cameroon was designated

an AGOA beneficiary country, including qualifying for

apparel benefits.AGOA (including GSP) imports from

Cameroon totaled $147.0 million in 2003.

Investment and Privatization Update

S Unstable electricity supply and frequent power outages

continue to hinder Cameroon’s investment environment.

Investment in the telecommunications sector remained

low because of factors such as outdated equipment and

inefficient service.

S In 2003,government policy continued to focus on

improved governance.The government established an

Audit Chamber of the Supreme Court in April 2003,and

anti-corruption units in the ministerial departments in

August 2003.

S In April 2003, the government granted Geovic Cameroon

(U.S.) permission to mine the eastern province of

Cameroon for cobalt-nickel deposits,which could make the

country the leading producer of cobalt in the world.

S In general,privatization efforts have been successful over

the past 5 years with the privatization of Camtel Mobile,a

division of the telephone company;railway transportation;

electricity parastatals;parastatal firms in rubber and palm

products;and the tea division of the Cameroon

Development Corporation.However,privatization efforts

have recently slowed, contributing to decreased

investment levels.

S Numerous other parastatals are slated for privatization,

but progress has been hampered by lack of interest

among potential buyers, financial and legal problems,and

the need for restructuring.Companies to be privatized

include Camair, the national airline;Sodecoton,a cotton

parastatal;and the nontea divisions of the Cameroon

Development Corporation.Government efforts to privatize

Camair have been hindered by increasing debt and lack of

potential investors.

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

-120

-90

-60

-30

0

30

60

90

120

150

180

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

Millions of U.S. Dollars

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
6-21

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2002 2003 Difference

GDP (nominal, CVEsc bn) 73.3 80.0 6.7

GDP (US$ mn) 625.3 819.7 194.4

CPI Inflation (annual average, %) 1.8 2.0 0.2

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 41.8 43.0 1.2

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 278.0 282.0 4.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -236.2 -239.0 -2.8

Current Account Balance (US$ mn) -71.5 -65.0 6.5

Foreign Exchange Reserves (US$ mn) 79.8 89.4 9.6

Total External Debt (US$ mn) 338.0 n/a n/a

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 13.0 n/a n/a

Exchange Rate (CVEsc/US$) 117.2 97.6 -19.6

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Origins of GDP (2001)

Agriculture

(9.4%)

Services

(72.8%)

Industry

(16.9%)

Fishing

(0.9%)

S Per capita GDP was estimated at $1,438 in 2003,one of

the highest in Africa.

S Services accounted for over 70 percent of GDP in 2002.

Agriculture and fishing represented a small percent of GDP,

but employed 53 percent of the workforce.Tourism

contributes substantially to employment and economic

growth, representing 10 percent of GDP in 2001.

S Cape Verde’s small domestic market,geographic isolation,

and lack of natural resources continue to hinder economic

development.

S The government’s main economic goals include increased

privatization, control of public spending, increased

competitiveness,and improved social services.PRSP

policies will be designed to promote growth, to increase

social sector investment,and to attract private investment

to labor-intensive,export-oriented industries.

S As part of a wide series of fiscal reforms, the government

introduced a value-added tax in January 2004.

S A new ferry service between Santo Antao and São Vicente,

inaugurated in August 2003,dramatically reduces travel

time between the two islands.

S In October 2003, the AfDB released a review of Cape

Verde’s 2002-04 Country Strategy Paper,noting that

economic growth is uneven as the country deals with a

large fiscal deficit and macroeconomic instability.The

report praised government efforts to lower inflation and

stabilize the economy.

S OPEC’s development fund announced plans to finance the

construction of health centers in Maio,Boa Vista,Santa

Cruz,Tarrafal,and Mosteiros.This $6-million project is

expected to begin in 2004.

S In May 2004, the Millennium Challenge Corporation voted

to make Cape Verde eligible for assistance.

Real GDP Growth Rate

CAPE VERDE

Economic Update

Percent
6-22

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2001

Markets Sources

Portugal 90.7 Portugal 52.1

United States 6.3 Netherlands 14.9

Germany 0.7 Belgium 7.0

Main Trade Commodities, US$ millions, 2001

Exports Imports

Fuel

(bunkering)

26.0 Food 90.4

Clothing &

footwear

11.3 Capital goods 46.3

Fish & fish

products

0.4 Fuels 15.4

Trade Update

S Although the country’s transportation infrastructure is

very good by regional standards,Cape Verde’s

government continued efforts to improve further the

country’s roads and port.

S In an effort to boost air traffic,a government initiative of

$25 million will be used to upgrade airports,encourage

tourism,and improve air safety.

S Although the port of Praia was modernized recently, the

government has plans for further expansion.Praia also

has a new international airport that is due to open in

2004;ECOWAS will provide $7 million to construct a VIP

terminal at the airport and a road serving the terminal.

S New maritime routes established to Portugal,Spain,

northern Europe,and mainland Africa are expected to

encourage exports.Cape Verde has also expanded ties

with Asian countries, including Macao.

S In November 2003,TACV, the state airline,and Cabo

Verde Time,an Italian travel agency,publicized plans to

create a new air charter company in response to growing

tourist demand.In addition, the Tourist Promotion,

Investment and Export Centre signed an agreement with

Portugal and the Canary Islands to encourage tourism in

Maio and Boa Vista.

S In 2003,U.S.exports to Cape Verde consisted primarily of

cereals,aircraft and parts thereof,and machinery and

mechanical appliances.U.S.imports from Cape Verde

consisted primarily of apparel,electrical machinery and

equipment,and optical or measuring equipment and parts

thereof.In 2003 and 2004,Cape Verde was designated

an AGOA beneficiary country, including qualifying for

apparel benefits.AGOA (including GSP) imports from Cape

Verde totaled $2.5 million in 2003.

Investment and Privatization Update

S Cape Verde maintains strong links with Portugal and the

EU and receives investment from Angola,China,Cuba, the

Gulf States,Israel,Luxembourg,and South Africa.Foreign

investment is expected to exceed $36 million in 2003.

The government hopes to attract investment in the fishing

and tourism sectors.

S Although speculators believe there may be oil reserves in

Cape Verde’s waters, substantial investment has not been

undertaken.

S In October 2003,work began on a $370,000

satellite-based Internet service that will eliminate the need

for Internet users to have a telephone line.

S More than 30 state-owned enterprises have been

divested into the private sector.Operators are mostly

foreign.ENAPOR (the port authority),EMPROFAC

(pharmaceuticals distribution),CABNAVE (the ship yard),

INTERBASE (cold storage facilities),and TACV (the

national airline) are scheduled for upcoming privatization.

TACV is currently undergoing restructuring,a process the

government expects to take 12-18 months,and is

scheduled to be privatized in 2005.

cape verde

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Millions of U.S. Dollars

U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

Millions of U.S. Dollars

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
6-23

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2002 2003 Difference

GDP (nominal, CFAfr bn) 709.3 746.9 37.6

GDP (US$ mn) 1,017.6 1,285.1 267.5

CPI Inflation (annual average, %) 2.3 7.0 4.7

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 142.0 127.0 -15.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 109.0 105.0 -4.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) 33.0 22.0 -11.0

Current Account Balance (US$ mn) -27.0 -25.0 2.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves (US$ mn) 123.0 123.0 0.0

Total External Debt (US$ mn) n/a n/a n/a

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) n/a n/a n/a

Exchange Rate (CFAfr/US$) 697.0 581.2 -115.8

Origins of GDP (2002)

Primary

(57.9%)

Services

(29.5%)

Secondary

(12.6%)

Economic Update

S The Central African Republic is primarily a rural economy,

with only one significant urban center.Farming, forestry,

fishing,and herding are important to the Central African

Republic’s economy and supply the livelihood for most of the

population.

S Civil unrest continued in the Central African Republic.An

IMF andWorld Bank assessment in early 2004 stated that

the Central African Republic was in a state of crisis,with

most economic sectors in decline and state institutions

experiencing difficulties.

S In September 2003, the government announced that it was

unable to pay public salaries because of revenue shortfalls.

Salaries account for 90 percent of the nation’s budget.

S Military rebellion and rioting throughout 2003 contributed

to a rise in inflation and disrupted supply and distribution

networks.

S Principal government policy goals include economic

stabilization,economic cooperation with foreign donors,

paying salaries for state employees,and resuming normal

state administration.

S The government is continuing its anti-corruption campaign

launched in 2003.The campaign focuses on overhauling

the timber and mining sectors,where licenses were

previously granted personally and exclusively by the

president.In addition, the new code allows for the

exploitation of gold and other commodities.The

government has extended the use of mining brigades to

help curb the level of diamond smuggling.

S Many western countries have closed their embassies in the

Central African Republic and withdrawn aid, citing years of

political and economic instability.

S The IMF is expected to introduce a 6-month Staff Monitored

Program in an effort to establish economic policies that

would allow for resumption of formal assistance from the

IMF and other international financial organizations.

Real GDP Growth Rate

CENTRAL

AFRICAN REPUBLIC

Percent

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
6-24

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2002

Markets Sources

Belgium 66.8 France 29.9

Spain 6.4 United States 5.1

Kazakhstan 4.0 Cameroon 4.5

Main Trade Commodities, US$ millions, 2002

Exports Imports

Timber 71.2 Oil 11.0

Diamonds 52.1 Nonfactor

services

86.0

Cotton 9.2

Coffee 1.4

Trade Update

S The Central African Republic’s main export market is

Belgium and the leading export item is diamonds.The

growing timber trade may increase Asia’s importance as

an export market.Despite the expanding industry,high

transportation costs have inhibited development of the

forestry sector.For example, transportation

infrastructure remains inadequate,with less than 3

percent of the road network paved.Imports come

primarily from France,Cameroon,and Belgium.Regional

trade is substantial,but is not fully recorded in official

accounts.In addition, regional trade remained disrupted

by high levels of social unrest and insecurity.Ongoing

security problems have also limited safari tourism and

revenue.

S The government has encouraged exports of veneer, sawn

board,and plywood.However, the wood-processing

industry faces high transportation costs, limited workers,

and energy supply shortfalls.

S At a workshop to overhaul the mining industry in July

2003, the government announced participation in the

Kimberly process.It is estimated that, currently, two-thirds

of diamond production is smuggled out of the Central

African Republic.The government is considering working

with Diamcare (UK) to monitor the production of diamond

collectors.

S In 2003,U.S.exports to the Central African Republic

consisted primarily of cereals,machinery and mechanical

appliances,and organic or inorganic chemicals and

compounds.U.S.imports from the Central African

Republic consisted primarily of precious or semiprecious

stones or metals,electrical machinery and equipment,

and machinery and mechanical appliances.In 2003, the

Central African Republic was designated an AGOA

beneficiary country;however,AGOA eligibility was

retracted in 2004.AGOA (including GSP) imports from

the Central African Republic totaled $43,000 in 2003.

Investment and Privatization Update

S Inadequate utility services, such as sporadic power

outages, continued to hamper the investment

environment.

S Minimal progress was made in privatization plans for

Enerca, the national electric company.Further activity is

not expected to take place until economic and political

stability is resumed.

central african republic

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

-2

0

2

4

6

8

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

Millions of U.S. Dollars

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
6-25

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2002 2003 Difference

GDP (nominal, CFAfr bn) 1,288.0 1,510.0 222.0

GDP (US$ mn) 1,847.9 2,598.1 750.2

CPI Inflation (annual average, %) 5.2 6.0 0.8

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 168.0 296.0 128.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 570.0 770.0 200.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -402.0 -474.0 -72.0

Current Account Balance (US$ mn) -444.0 -554.0 -110.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves (US$ mn) 219.0 287.0 68.0

Total External Debt (US$ mn) n/a n/a/ n/a

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) n/a n/a/ n/a

Exchange Rate (CFAfr/US$) 697.0 581.2 -115.8

Origins of GDP (2002)

Agiculture

(35.0%)

Industry

(15.0%)

Services

(50.0%)

S Current and expected petroleum revenue continues to drive

economic growth in Chad.The main oil pipeline was

completed in June 2003,a year ahead of schedule.In July,

oil production began on the Doba fields.Revenue from this

field contributed to an improved economic outlook in late

2003.Petroleum production is expected to increase

migration to centralized cities and production locations.

S Chad’s economic diversification continued to be hindered by

inadequate infrastructure and transportation services,

inefficient governance,high utility costs,and social unrest.

S In the agriculture sector,unpredictable weather patterns

have contributed to recurrent food shortages.As oil

production increases revenue,Chad’s government expects

to use funds to modernize agriculture methods.

S Government economic policies broadly follow strategies

outlined in the PRSP.These strategies include

strengthening governance,achieving sustainable economic

growth,developing human capital, improving social

conditions,and protecting ecosystems.

S Increased petroleum production contributed to a shift in the

predominance of Chad’s agriculture sector,and is expected

to alleviate pressure on the country’s public finances.The

government’s economic policy in 2004 continues to focus

on enhancing administrative capacity to manage the influx

of petroleum revenue.

S By October 2003, the Miandoum oilfield held 90 drilled

wells.Kome and Bolobo, the remaining two fields,will be the

next sites for drilling.

S In 2004,petroleum production is anticipated to double,

contributing to over 40 percent of Chad’s GDP.The

revenue is expected to decline after 2009 unless further

reserves are found.

S In mid-2003,Chad’s PRSP,detailing plans for economic

policy,poverty alleviation,and debt relief under the HIPC

initiative,was accepted by the IMF and international aid

agencies.

S The 2002-03 PRGF, funded by the IMF and extended until

January 2004, focuses on improving the tax efficiency and

customs administration efficiency,as well as the

management of revenue generated by petroleum

production.However, inefficient administration of reforms

and an increase in Chad’s military-related expenditures may

have contributed to the IMF’s cancellation of a board review

scheduled in early 2004 to approve the last payment of

funds to Chad under the PRGF in January 2004.

S In early 2004,India offered $500 million in loans to Chad

and other countries in western Africa as part of the

formation of Team-9, the Techno-Economic Approach for

Africa India Movement.The funds will focus on improving

agriculture-related and small business industries.

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

CHAD

Percent

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
6-26

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2002

Markets Sources

Portugal 28.0 France 38.0

Germany 14.0 United States 38.0

United States 8.0 Germany 7.0

Czech Republic 7.0 Nigeria 6.0

Main Trade Commodities, US$ millions, 2002

Exports Imports

Livestock

& meat

75.0 Oil sector 498.0

Cotton 48.0 Nonoil

sector

98.0

Trade Update

S Inadequate transportation facilities continue to hinder

Chad’s international trade performance.Chad has no

sufficient methods of transportation over long distances,

with limited domestic air transportation and no railway

system.

S Inadequate irrigation systems and transportation

structure continue to hinder Chad’s cotton industry,a

principal export crop for the country.

S Because cotton and cattle have historically been Chad’s

largest sources of export revenue, commodity prices and

variations on agricultural production broadly determined

export performance.According to the IMF,oil exports,

however,are expected to represent 86 percent of Chad’s

total exports in 2004.

S In 2003,U.S.exports to Chad consisted primarily of

machinery and mechanical appliances, iron or steel,and

electrical machinery and equipment.U.S.imports from

Chad consisted primarily of mineral fuels and oils;lac,

gums,and resins;and electrical machinery and

equipment.In 2003 and 2004,Chad was designated an

AGOA beneficiary country.AGOA (including GSP) imports

from Chad totaled $14.5 million in 2003.

Investment and Privatization Update

S Petroleum production on the Doba fields contributed to an

increase in FDI;FDI was estimated at less than $50

million in 1999,but increased to estimates of $700

million to $900 million in 2002.

S The Doba oil fields project represents the largest

investment ever in SSA by the U.S.private sector.

S Improved telecommunications services are expected to

improve nonpetroleum-related investment.High prices,

inadequate services,and frequent outages in electricity

provision continued to dissuade nonpetroleum-related

investment.

S Although the government is expected to continue

privatization efforts, it has been reluctant to privatize

parastatals in the cotton,electricity,and

telecommunications industries.Most other state-owned

enterprises have been sold or liquidated.

S Privatization of Soteltchad,a parastatal firm holding a

monopoly on the fixed and international

telecommunications sector,was hindered by the

government’s granting of a license to a second cellular

company.

S A private consulting firm was hired to privatize the ginning

and cotton-export divisions of CottonTchad.In early 2003,

a new company was formed from the oil and soap

production divisions of the large enterprise.

chad

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Millions of U.S. Dollars

U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars
6-27

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2002 2003 Difference

GDP (nominal, Cfr bn) 128.4 140.5 12.1

GDP (US$ mn) 245.6 322.3 76.7

CPI Inflation (annual average, %) 3.7 7.0 3.3

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 18.9 16.4 -2.5

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 47.5 53.4 5.9

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -28.6 -37.0 -8.4

Current Account Balance (US$ mn) -23.3 -28.0 -4.7

Foreign Exchange Reserves (US$ mn) 79.9 83.0 3.1

Total External Debt (US$ mn) 233.0 243.0 10.0

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 5.9 6.5 0.6

Exchange Rate (Cfr/US$) 522.7 435.9 -86.8

Origins of GDP (2002)

Agriculture, fishing & forestry

(35.4%)

Industry

(10.6%)

Services

(54.0%)

Economic Update

S Agriculture and trade are the primary components of

Comoros’ economy.Agriculture accounts for approximately

40 percent of GDP and is the main source of livelihood.

Seventy percent of the population works in rural areas,

primarily in subsistence farming.

S Comoros is highly indebted.Interest arrears on long-term

debt totaled $21 million in 2001,with principal arrears

totaling $64 million.High levels of grant aid come from

Belgium, France, the World Bank, the EU, the UNDP,and

the AfDB.The Comorian government has also solicited aid

from Arab states.

S In July 2003, the World Bank calculated that 691,000

euro (approximately $780,000) was needed to fully restore

power to the country.The Arab League has allocated $2

million to help rehabilitate the electricity grid.

S In May 2003,a World Bank mission found major

impediments to establishing a cooperative long-term

development strategy and expressed concern that it would

have difficulty soliciting donor assistance.

S In March 2004, the World Bank/IDA announced plans to

grant a $20-million aid package to Comoros.The package

is intended to promote infrastructure development,

including the restoration of water supply;assist business

development in rural zones;and support NGOs working to

improve education and healthcare.

Real GDP Growth Rate

COMOROS

Percent

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
6-28

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2001

Markets Sources

France 31.3 France 25.0

United States 18.8 South Africa 16.7

Singapore 18.8 Kenya 6.7

Germany 6.3 Pakistan 3.4

Main Trade Commodities, US$ millions, 2002

Exports Imports

Vanilla 12.6 Petroleum

products

9.2

Cloves 3.8 Rice 5.9

Ylang-ylang 2.0 Vehicle

parts

5.0

Trade Update

S Main export crops include vanilla, cloves,and ylang-ylang.

Comoros is the world’s largest producer of ylang-ylang.The

government fixed the price of vanilla in 2003 to prevent

fluctuation.Major imports include rice,petroleum products,

meat, cement,and iron and steel.Primary trading partners

are France, the United States,and Germany.

S Inadequate transportation infrastructure hinders trade.

Comoros has no railway system and inadequate domestic

and international shipping networks.Most freight to

Comoros is routed through South Africa.In recent years,

the government has undertaken a program to upgrade

roads and improve access to rural areas.

S In late 2003, the French construction firm Bouygues

expressed interest in renovating and managing the Moroni

port.The firm has also expressed interest in developing a

second international port in the country,which could expand

trade.

S In 2003,U.S.exports to Comoros consisted primarily of

chemical products,organic chemicals,and plastics and

articles thereof.U.S.imports from the Comoros consisted

primarily of coffee, tea,mate,and spices;essential oil and

resinoids;and live animals.

Investment and Privatization Update

S Comoros has found it difficult to attract investors because

of the small size of the economy and political instability.

S The fishing sector is largely underdeveloped.The EU and

Comoros entered into an agreement under which the EU

may catch tuna in Comorian waters.Proceeds from this

arrangement, totaling $411,000,are expected to fund

development of the domestic fishing industry.

S In late 2003,China agreed to finance renovation of the

Prince Said Ibrahim airport,building a new terminal and

access roads.The airport is expected to boost tourism in

Comoros.

S SNPT, the state post and telecommunications company,

aims to increase telephone communications.In conjunction

with Alcatel (France), the parastatal plans to build the

infrastructure for a wireless telecommunications system.

S Although the government has continued efforts to privatize

a number of hotels owned by Comotel, lack of transparency

in the privatization process has hindered progress.

comoros

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

0

1

2

3

4

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars
6-29

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2002 2003 Difference

GDP (nominal, CFAfr bn) 8,167.0 8,047.0 -120.0

GDP (US$ bn) 11.7 13.8 2.1

CPI Inflation (annual average, %) 3.1 3.3 0.2

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 5,167.0 5,300.0 133.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 2,432.0 2,776.0 344.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) 2,735.0 2,524.0 -211.0

Current Account Balance (US$ mn) 767.0 551.0 -216.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves (US$ mn) 1,863.0 2,100.0 237.0

Total External Debt (US$ bn) 11.0 10.9 -0.1

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 13.8 13.5 -0.3

Exchange Rate (CFAfr/US$) 697.0 581.2 -115.8

Origins of GDP (2001)

Tertiary

(49.4%)

Primary

(29.1%)

Secondary

(21.6%)

Economic Update

S Despite the implementation of a UN peacekeeping mission

in April 2004, instability in Côte d’Ivoire continues to hinder

economic growth.

S Agriculture,petroleum,and mining are important

components of Côte d’Ivoire’s economy.Côte d’Ivoire has

reserves of 100 million barrels of oil and 1.1 trillion cu

meters of gas,along with substantial deposits of gold, iron,

and nickel.

S Although Côte d’Ivoire’s road network is one of the most

developed in western Africa, it is fraught with security

checkpoints and tolls.The World Bank renewed CI-PAST,a

transport sector adjustment program,until July 2004,

which is expected to enable maintenance and renovation of

the road network through transport sector financing.

S Under the 2002 PRGF, the government expressed plans to

achieve better public expenditure control, tighter fiscal

control,measures to streamline the tax structure,and a

program to pay off debts.

S Minimal progress towards a political settlement has

delayed the release of $369 million for reconstruction

committed by donors at January 2003 peace talks.

Because of instability,only emergency funds have been

made available.

S The AfDB,which had maintained its headquarters in

Abidjan,has moved most of its personnel and operations to

Tunisia because of political instability.

S In April 2002, the Paris Club restructured Côte d’Ivoire’s

public external debt, suspending payments until the end of

2004,after the government lapsed on payments to nearly

all creditors aside from the World Bank and IMF.By early

2004,Côte d’Ivoire also failed to pay debt servicing arrears

of $21 million to the World Bank.The World Bank halted

the disbursement of further loans.

S The World Bank and the EU have pledged $57 million and

30 million euro (approximately $39 million), respectively, to

assist in stabilizing the education system.

S India pledged $500 million in low-interest loans in early

2004 to help Burkina Faso,Chad,Côte d’Ivoire,Equatorial

Guinea,Ghana,Guinea Bissau,Mali,and Senegal create the

Techno-Economic Approach for Africa India Movement,

which will focus on generating employment.

Real GDP Growth Rate

CÔTE D’IVOIRE

Percent

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
6-30

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2002

Markets Sources

France 14.5 France 23.1

Netherlands 12.9 Nigeria 16.9

United

States

7.6 China 8.0

Germany 5.2 Italy 4.2

Main Trade Commodities, US$ millions, 2002

Exports Imports

Cocoa &

products

2,257.0 Capital

equipment &

raw materials

836.0

Petroleum &

products

690.0 Foodstuffs 595.0

Timber 225.0 Petroleum &

products

532.0

Coffee &

products

119.0 Consumer

goods

505.0

Trade Update

S The reopening of the border with Burkina Faso in

September 2003 is expected to restore regional trade

to its pre-2002 level,allowing neighboring landlocked

countries access to the port of Abidjan.While it was

closed, these countries diverted their trade through

ports in Ghana,Togo,and Senegal.Historically, the port

of Abidjan has been the busiest port in francophone

western Africa.Activity at Abidjan,which accounted for

nearly 90 percent of Côte d’Ivoire’s exports before 2002,

had fallen by almost two-thirds.

S Plans to extend the railway line to Mali and Niger are

expected to make freight transport more reliable.

S In March 2002, the government implemented a price

stabilization system that raised taxes on cocoa exports

and provided for forward selling.

S In 2003,U.S.exports to Côte d’Ivoire consisted primarily

of machinery and mechanical appliances, cereals,and

plastics and articles thereof.U.S.imports from Côte

d’Ivoire consisted primarily of cocoa and cocoa

preparations,mineral fuels and oils,and wood and

articles of wood.In 2003 and 2004,Côte d’Ivoire was

designated an AGOA beneficiary country, including

qualifying for apparel benefits.AGOA (including GSP)

imports from Côte d’Ivoire totaled $88.0 million in 2003.

Investment and Privatization Update

S The government hopes to focus investment efforts on

basic health,primary education, roads,and rural

electrification.

S A contract awarded to build a new terminal in Abidjan is

expected to double Abidjan’s container-handling capacity.

Operation of the already existing Vridi container terminal

was awarded to Bollore (France) in January 2004.

S A number of offshore gas and oil fields have been

discovered in recent years, contributing to increased

petroleum-related investment in Côte d’Ivoire.In early

2004,Côte d’Ivoire signed two petroleum

production-sharing agreements with Tullow Oil (Ireland)

and Africa Petroleum (U.S.).

S In October 2001,Air France purchased a 51-percent

stake in Nouvelle Air Ivoire,a previously state-owned

domestic carrier.The remaining 49-percent share is still

state owned.The state also holds a 49-percent share in

Côte d’Ivoire Telecom.

S In 2003, the government announced plans to sell its

47-percent stake in SIR,an oil processing company.

Gestoci,a petrol storage company,and Petroci,a

hydrocarbons company,are also slated for privatization.

The government hopes to divest 80 percent of

CIDT-Nouvelle,a textile parastatal, to a farmers’

cooperative.The cooperative has thus far been unable to

raise the necessary capital.

S In early 2004, the government officially ended the

telecommunication parastatal’s monopoly.The

government instituted a transition period before other

providers can enter the market, in order to enact

additional legislation.

CÔTE D’IVOIRE

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

-500

-400

-300

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

0

100

200

300

400

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars
6-31

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2002 2003 Difference

GDP (nominal, FC bn) 1,911.0 2,309.0 398.0

GDP (US$ bn) 5.5 5.7 0.2

CPI Inflation (annual average, %) 25.0 6.0 -19.0

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 1,109.0 1,260.0 151.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 1,405.0 1,489.0 84.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -296.0 -229.0 67.0

Current Account Balance (US$ mn) -150.0 -45.0 105.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves (US$ mn) n/a n/a n/a

Total External Debt (US$ mn) n/a n/a n/a

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) n/a n/a n/a

Exchange Rate (FC/US$) 346.5 405.0 58.5

Origins of GDP (2001)

Agriculture & forestry

(57.1%)

Mining

(9.8%)

Secondary

(9.2%)

Services

(23.8%)

Economic Update

S After more than 5 years of civil unrest that has

discouraged economic development,an early 2004 IMF

assessment projected GDP growth for DROC of 6.7

percent annually to 2006.

S Timber production grew in 2003.The World Bank has

announced plans to encourage the exploitation of timber

resources to support government expenditures and public

welfare programs.Timber is potentially a richer source of

state income than the mining sector.

S In July 2003,DROC became the 27th country to qualify for

the HIPC initiative.The World Bank expects to provide

$1.03 billion and the IMF another $472 million.Debt relief

is expected to amount to approximately $10 billion,which is

nearly 80 percent of DROC’s total external debt.

S The World Bank has agreed to provide $1.08 billion in

2004 and $1.2 billion in 2005 to development projects in

DROC;70 percent of these funds are allocated toward

infrastructure development,while 30 percent is intended to

improve social sector services.The World Bank also

approved a $200-million IDA Credit in March 2004 to help

pay domestic arrears, to pay utility suppliers,and to initiate

civil service reform.

S A 3-year PRGF of $786 million was approved in June 2002,

of which the government has already drawn more than

$569 million.An IMF review encouraged liquidating

insolvent banks and ending the lack of government

transparency in the use of petroleum revenue.

S The EU has pledged $230 million to aid the new transitional

government.European Development Fund funds were

suspended from 1992 to 2002 because of political

instability.The funds are intended to be used for debt relief,

rebuilding the health system,and building government

institutions.

S The African Development Fund has appropriated a

$64-million loan and a $4.32-million grant to finance

economic recovery.These funds are to be used to establish

macroeconomic stability and increase the efficiency and

transparency of public expenditure management.

S In November 2003,Switzerland forgave $23.7 million of

debt owed to it by DROC.

S DROC signed a $10-billion agreement with South Africa in

early 2004 aimed at improving defense and security, the

economy and finance,and agriculture and infrastructural

development.

S In early 2004, the Government of Belgium pledged 1.5

million euro (approximately $2 million) for the rehabilitation

of the Nyemba bridge.This rehabilitation is expected to

facilitate internal agricultural trade and distribution.

Real GDP Growth Rate

DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC

of the congo

Percent

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
6-32

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2002

Markets Sources

Belgium 64.2 South Africa 16.2

United States 13.4 Belgium 14.4

Zimbabwe 6.6 Nigeria 10.2

Finland 4.9 France 9.3

Main Trade Commodities, US$ millions

Exports (2000) Imports (1999)

Diamonds 437.0 Consumer

goods

263.0

Crude oil 141.0 Raw

materials

115.0

Cobalt 97.0 Capital

goods

110.0

Copper 45.0

Trade Update

S In early 2004,South Africa surpassed Belgium to become

DROC’s largest source of imports.Increased ties between

the two countries in foreign investment, commerce,and

travel have contributed to the growth in trade.

S In May 2004,DROC signed an economic and social

cooperation agreement with Angola.The countries plan to

build new roads along the border and a railway linking the

two countries.

S International and internal trade is hindered by inadequate

infrastructure networks.DROC has almost no paved roads

and relies heavily on river transport.Civil unrest has limited

trade to air transport in many locations.

S In 2003,U.S.exports to DROC consisted primarily of

machinery and mechanical appliances,electrical machinery

and equipment,and cereals.U.S.imports from DROC

consisted primarily of mineral fuels and oils,precious or

semiprecious stones or metals,and works of art.In 2003

and 2004,DROC was designated an AGOA beneficiary

country.AGOA (including GSP) imports from DROC totaled

$119.5 million in 2003.

Investment and Privatization Update

S More than 100 investment applications worth $2.3 billion

were approved in 2002-03,of which 33 percent were filed

by domestic investors.These projects reportedly created

over 14,000 local jobs.For one project,Klaxon Power

(South Africa) has agreed to construct two dams worth

more than $23 million.

S Mobile telephone firms have set up relays on a mountain

near Kinshasa, lowering the cost of phone calls and

facilitating communication between different parts of the

country.Vodacom (South Africa, in which Vodafone (UK) has

a large stake) is planning to invest $250 million to expand

its mobile-phone network.Rutel (Canada) has invested $3

million to establish a satellite-based telecommunications

service.

S DROC has significant deposits of gold,diamonds, copper,

uranium,and other minerals that may encourage

investment in the country.DROC signed a $8.4-million

agreement with the South African Chamber of Commerce

to aid Gecamines,a DROC-owned mining corporation, to

explore mining opportunities.

S Ashanti Goldfields (Ghana, recently purchased by South

Africa’s Anglogold) could invest up to $200 million to launch

production at Mongbwalu,where reserves are thought to be

in excess of 100 tons of gold worth $1.2 billion.

S The World Bank has announced plans to harmonize and

codify mining laws in a dozen African states, including DROC.

Streamlined rules are expected to encourage mineral

exploration and investment.

S In October 2003, the UN Security Council called for two

large state-owned mineral resource firms to be broken up,

in an effort to end illegal resource exploitation.

S In December 2003, the national coffee office launched a

$100-million plan to recapitalize the industry,extend the

area under cultivation,and increase input supply.

S As suggested by the IMF,SNPC, the national oil company,

has reorganized its corporate structure to become a

holding company with seven subsidiaries in order to provide

greater autonomy and improve transparency.

democratic republic of THE CONGO

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

-240

-180

-120

-60

0

60

120

180

240

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Millions of U.S. Dollars

U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

Millions of U.S. Dollars

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
6-33

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2002 2003 Difference

GDP (nominal, Dfr bn) 105.2 111.0 5.8

GDP (US$ mn) 592.0 624.6 32.6

CPI Inflation (annual average, %) 1.5 2.0 0.5

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 83.0 86.0 3.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 287.0 310.0 23.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -204.0 -224.0 -20.0

Current Account Balance (US$ mn) -15.0 -13.0 2.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves (US$ mn) 73.7 85.0 11.3

Total External Debt (US$ mn) 335.0 n/a n/a

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) n/a n/a n/a

Exchange Rate (Dfr/US$) 177.7 177.7 0.0

Origins of GDP (2002)

Primary (3.5%)

Construction & public works

(Secondary)

(6.9%)

Other secondary

(9.1%)

Other tertiary

(52.9%) Transport & communications

(Tertiary)

(27.6%)

Economic Update

S Djibouti’s close proximity to the Indian Ocean makes it a

base for military operations for the United States and

France.As compensation,over the next decade, the

government expects to receive $34 million per year from

France and $31 million per year from the United States.

S The services industry is the largest contributor to GDP.

Activities include loading and unloading at the port,

government civil service activities,and services provided to

the French Military Garrison.

S The port of Djibouti is an important source of revenue for

the country,accounting for almost one-third of GDP.

Somalia,Ethiopia,and Eritrea rely heavily on the Djibouti

port for trade.

S In mid-December 2003, the IMF began discussions with the

Government of Djibouti for a new PRGF program.

Successful implementation of the PRGF program is

expected to facilitate admittance to the IMF-World Bank

HIPC initiative.

S The AfDB is granting a $10-million loan to help finance a

new terminal, including a 42,000 grain and wheat storage

and processing facility,at the Djibouti port.

S In March 2003, the joint Ethio-Djiboutian Commission

agreed to regular meetings to discuss liberalization of

Ethiopia’s export trade in the agriculture sector.

S Djibouti is the top recipient for aid from the United States

within SSA,and will receive $90 million in FY 2003 and

2004.

Real GDP Growth Rate

DJIBOUTI

Percent

0

1

2

3

4

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
6-34

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2002

Markets Sources

Somalia 62.0 Saudi Arabia 18.1

Yemen 22.0 Ethiopia 10.5

Pakistan 5.2 United States 9.2

Ethiopia 4.8 France 8.5

Main Trade Commodities, US$ millions

Exports (2002) Imports (2000)

Manufactures 52.9 Food &

beverages

75.3

Food & live

animals

6.8 Machinery &

electrical

equipment

49.1

Coffee &

derivatives

6.5 Petroleum

products

40.0

Qat 26.7

Trade Update

S Manufactured goods represent the majority of

merchandise exports,and livestock is the second-largest

export.In early 2004, construction began on a regional

center for export of livestock in Damerjog.Management of

the regional center will be carried out by a private firm.

S Dubai Port International,which holds a 20-year contract

for the management of Djibouti’s port and international

airport,began work in June 2003 on a container port at

Doraleh,which is set to be ready for use by September

2004.There are also plans to construct an oil terminal

and commercial and industrial free zone,but no target

date has been set.

S In 2003,U.S.exports to Djibouti consisted primarily of

cereals,books or other printed products,and fertilizers.

U.S.imports from Djibouti consisted primarily of animal or

vegetable fats and oils,machinery and mechanical

appliances,and milling industry products.In 2003 and

2004,Djibouti was designated an AGOA beneficiary

country.AGOA (including GSP) imports from Djibouti

totaled $27,000 in 2003.

Investment and Privatization Update

S Djibouti is seeking to diversify its trade infrastructure by

increasing access to other ports in the region.For

example,Djibouti is seeking to attract investment from

Independent Petroleum Group (Kuwait) as part of plans to

construct an oil pipeline from Djibouti to Addis Ababa.The

project is expected to attract $300 million in investment

from international,African,and Arab financial institutions.

S The Government of Djibouti has signed with several

donors to help modernize infrastructure and reduce

poverty.In March 2003, the Arab Fund granted a loan of

$10 million to Electricite de Djibouti for the purchase and

installation of equipment;during the same period, the

Kuwait Fund agreed to lend $5 million to establish the

Djibouti Economic Development Fund.

S In April 2003, the UNDP committed $4.5 million for

capacity building and poverty reduction,and OPEC

announced plans to lend $4.5 million to update the

nationalized printing company and develop the educational

research institute.In May 2003, the Saudi Development

Fund agreed to a loan of $4 million for development of a

rural water supply;in addition, the World Bank/IDA

provided $6 million to support work on the EU-funded

International Road Corridor Rehabilitation Project

between Djiboutiville and Ethiopia.

S For FY 2004 and 2005, the government proposes the

privatization of public utilities including state-owned

Djibouti Telecom,as well as Electricite de Djibouti, the

state electricity company.The airport and port have

already been privatized.

S The EU is funding a $52-million rehabilitation of the joint

Djibouti-Ethiopia railway.The Governments of Djibouti and

Ethiopia are seeking a private sector partner for the

management of the railway under a 25-year contract to

begin in June 2005.The EU is also planning to invest $15

million to increase container handling facilities beginning

in June 2004.

djibouti

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

0

1

2

3

4

5

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars
6-35

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2002 2003 Difference

GDP (nominal, CFAfr bn) 1,523.9 1,507.8 -16.1

GDP (US$ mn) 2,186.0 2,602.0 416.0

CPI Inflation (annual average, %) 7.6 6.0 -1.6

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 2,216.0 2,586.0 370.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 501.0 1,163.0 662.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) 1,715.0 1,423.0 -292.0

Current Account Balance (US$ mn) -294.0 -863.0 -569.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves (US$ mn) 88.6 176.0 87.4

Total External Debt (US$ mn) n/a n/a n/a

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) n/a n/a n/a

Exchange Rate (CFAfr/US$) 697.0 579.5 -117.5

Origins of GDP (2002)

Secondary

(91.6%)

Primary

(4.3%)

Tertiary

(4.1%)

S The discovery of petroleum in the 1990s accelerated

economic growth and spurred urbanization.Petroleum

accounted for over 80 percent of GDP in 2002.Although

petroleum has become the principal foreign-exchange

earner, timber is still a profitable sector.

S The government has announced plans to create a

petroleum reserve fund to secure future income,and it paid

$259 million into the fund in 2002.By the end of 2003, the

fund contained $733 million.

S Government revenue from the petroleum sector is used in

part to rehabilitate the country’s infrastructure.In

November 2003, the government announced a program to

improve the road network and to rehabilitate the airport at

Bata.

S In early 2003, the government implemented a two-tier

system creating separate wages for all private sector

workers.

S The government has taken steps to increase transparency

for petroleum-related transactions in an effort to improve

the country’s relationship with the IMF.

S UNDP is cooperating with the government to provide $5.2

million over 4 years to encourage increased access to

primary school.

S In July 2003,Spain agreed to write off $80 million of

Equatorial Guinea’s $134-million debt to Spain.The

countries also agreed to establish procedures to protect

Spanish investment in Equatorial Guinea.

S India pledged $500 million in low-interest loans in early

2004 to help Burkina Faso,Chad,C“te d’Ivoire,Equatorial

Guinea,Ghana,Guinea Bissau,Mali,and Senegal create the

Techno-Economic Approach for Africa India Movement,

which will focus on generating employment,pharmaceutical

production and healthcare, information technology and

telecommunications,and agriculture.

Real GDP Growth Rate

EQUATORIAL

GUINEA

Economic Update

Percent

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
6-36

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2002

Markets Sources

United States 28.3 Yugoslavia 29.1

Spain 25.3 United

Kingdom

15.9

China 17.4 United Sates 14.8

Cameroon 4.9 France 10.4

Main Trade Commodities, US$ millions, 2002

Exports Imports

Petroleum

including

gas

2,103.0 Petroleum

sector

356.2

Timber 95.3 Public

investment

52.6

Coffee 6.6 Petroleum

products

16.0

Cocoa 4.4

-600

-400

-200

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Trade Update

S Incat (UK) is building a port at Luba,and will operate it upon

completion.The port is expected to expand trade.The

government is also planning a facility in the capital that will

serve as a port and service center for the oil sector.

S Agriculture for export,primarily cocoa and coffee,has been

declining in recent years.

S In 2003,U.S.exports to Equatorial Guinea consisted

primarily of machinery and mechanical appliances,aircraft

and parts thereof,and articles of iron or steel.U.S.imports

from Equatorial Guinea consisted primarily of minerals,

fuels and oils,organic chemicals,and machinery or

mechanical appliances.

Investment and Privatization Update

S Large deposits of petroleum and gas continue to draw

investment into the country.During 1995-2003, such

investments totaled more than $5 billion.Crude oil

production now exceeds 265,000 barrels per day.

Petroleum sector growth has spurred a construction boom

in Malabo and expansion in the services sector.

S Growing demand from Asia has contributed to increased

investment in the forestry sector.

S Equatorial Guinea may possess substantial deposits of gold,

diamonds,bauxite, iron ore, titanium, copper,manganese,

and uranium that could lead to increased investment and

development of the mining sector.

S In October 2003,a new terminal opened at the Malabo

airport.Iberia (Spain),Spanair (Spain),and KLM

(Netherlands) are actively involved in the air travel market.

In addition,GEPetrol, the state oil company,agreed with

World Airways (U.S.) to provide weekly scheduled flights

between Houston and Malabo.

S In 2003,Marathon (U.S.),a main player in the energy

sector, received approval to develop a $1-billion liquid

natural gas plant,which is expected to be completed in

2007.GEPetrol announced in early 2004 that it was close

to securing a $400-million loan to finance its 20-percent

share in the project.

S The government has expressed interest in privatizing the

electric utility and GETESA,a telecommunications

parastatal.

equatorial guINEA

U.S. Trade Balance

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

800

900

1000

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars

Net Foreign Direct Investment
6-37

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2002 2003 Difference

GDP (nominal, Nfa bn) 9.3 10.7 1.4

GDP (US$ mn) 669.1 764.3 95.2

CPI Inflation (annual average, %) 17.4 12.3 -5.1

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 52.0 56.0 4.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 533.0 600.0 67.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -481.0 -544.0 -63.0

Current Account Balance (US$ mn) -167.0 -161.0 6.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves (US$) n/a n/a n/a

Total External Debt (US$ mn) 508.0 552.0 44.0

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) n/a n/a n/a

Exchange Rate (Nfa/US$) 13.9 14.0 0.1

Origins of GDP (2002)

Agriculture

(11.7%)

Industry

(25.0%)

Other services

(29.2%)

Distribution services

(34.1%)

Economic Update

S Although domestic agricultural production covers just 20

percent of the country’s food needs,70 percent of the

population relies on agriculture,pastoralism,or fishing for

income.Lack of irrigation, soil erosion,outmoded

technology,and a lack of financial services,however,

constrain agricultural development.

S Main government goals include developing infrastructure

and improving food security.

S War with Ethiopia has left the road network and other

infrastructure inadequate.The link fromMassawa to

Asmara is the only fully paved road.The government plans

to pave the coastal road fromMassawa to Assab in

mid-2004 to improve and increase intra-country trade and

transport.

S The World Bank has 10 ongoing projects in Eritrea.Over

$200 million was disbursed during 2000-03.Current

programs include an emergency demobilization program

($60 million) and an emergency reconstruction project

($90 million).The World Bank also has allocated $45

million to support investment in education,and plans to

provide $50 million for rural electrification and $30 million

to develop roads.

S A June 2003 IMF report notes Eritrea’s unsustainably high

fiscal deficits.The IMF has noted that lack of consistent and

reliable economic data inhibits coherent policy formation.

S In late 2003, the Arab Bank for Economic Development in

Africa agreed to a $15-million loan for a water development

project.The project, including dams and a water purifying

facility,will cost $80 million.The Abu Dhabi Development

Fund, the Saudi Development Fund,and OPEC are also

expected to contribute.

S Italy, the United States,and Denmark are significant

bilateral aid donors.In 2002,however,Denmark

announced that it would stop development assistance by

2005 because of human rights violations.

S In August 2003, the United States agreed to provide $6.4

million in assistance to improve healthcare and increase Real GDP Growth Rate employment in rural areas.

ERITREA

Percent

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
6-38

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2002

Markets Sources

Sudan 83.0 United Arab

Emirates

17.3

Italy 4.9 Saudi Arabia 14.7

Djibouti 2.1 Italy 14.2

Germany 1.1 Germany 4.0

Main Trade Commodities, US$ millions, 2002

Exports Imports

Food & live

animals

30.0 Machinery &

transport

equipment

115.0

Raw materials 5.0 Food & live

animals

103.0

Manufactured

goods

4.0 Manufactured

goods

88.0

Chemical &

chemical

products

29.0

Trade Update

S Food and live animals accounted for over 70 percent of

exports in 2002.

S A trade embargo imposed by Ethiopia has made hard

currency scarce and hindered investment.Prior to the

conflict,Ethiopia was Eritrea’s main export partner.

S Apart from food,primary imports include machinery and

transport equipment,manufactured goods,and

construction materials.

S In 2003,U.S.exports to Eritrea consisted primarily of

aircraft and parts thereof, cereals,and animal or vegetable

fats or oils.U.S.imports from Eritrea consisted primarily of

apparel,electrical machinery and equipment,and works of

art.In 2003,Eritrea was designated an AGOA beneficiary

country.Eritrea was removed from AGOA eligibility in 2004.

Investment and Privatization Update

S A new airport is being built in Massawa.Eritrean Airlines,

the national carrier,made its first flight in April 2003.

S Petroleum exploration has begun with no major

announcements of discovery to date.

S Gold reserves are estimated at 17,000 kilograms,which

could spur investment in the sector.In 2003,Sub-Sahara

Resources (Australia) and Sunridge Gold (Canada)

announced plans to jointly explore the Asmara area.

S Eritel, the state phone company, is working with Tecore

Wireless Systems (U.S.) to implement a GSM service.

S The government has divested 3 of its 11 hotels.

eritrea

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

0

20

40

60

80

100

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars
6-39

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2002 2003 Difference

GDP (nominal, Birr bn) 51.8 56.2 4.4

GDP (US$ bn) 6.0 6.4 0.4

CPI Inflation (annual average, %) 1.5 12.6 11.1

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 480.0 537.0 57.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 1,700.0 1,903.0 203.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -1,220.0 -1,366.0 -146.0

Current Account Balance (US$ mn) -382.0 -473.0 -91.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves (US$ mn) 882.0 920.0 38.0

Total External Debt (US$ bn) 6.0 6.2 0.2

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 7.4 7.4 0.0

Exchange Rate (Birr/US$) 8.6 8.8 0.2

Origins of GDP (2002/2003)

Agriculture & allied activities

(39.4%)

Industry

(11.9%)

Services

(48.7%)

S Agriculture is a key component of the economy,with

roughly 85 percent of the population deriving its livelihood

from agriculture production.Water shortages and

seasonal flooding have limited agricultural productivity.The

industrial sector grew over 20 percent during 1996-2003,

and is expected to become a larger part of the economy.

S Transportation infrastructure is inadequate and hinders

economic growth.Only 12 percent of roads are paved,

which makes access to ports,markets,and services

difficult.The first Road Sector Development Program ran

from 1997-02 and received $1.5 billion in funding.The

second program is expected to run during 2003-07 and

cost $219 million,with $127 million supplied by the World

Bank.

S The World Bank is expected to approve a $25-million loan

for information and communication technology in 2004.

The Ethiopian government has established the Ethiopian

Telecommunications Authority in an effort to link federal,

regional,and local governments in a single network to

improve service to local communities.

S The World Bank’s Country Assistance Strategy pledged

$1.5 billion to reform the judiciary and civil service,promote

private sector development,and develop transportation and

energy infrastructure during 2003-06.

S In August 2003, the IMF released $14.6 million after the

fourth PRGF review;the program is expected to be

completed in mid-2004.Financial sector reform is a

primary goal of the PRGF.

S Ethiopia is expected to complete participation in the HIPC

initiative in 2004.In April 2004, the IMF andWorld Bank

approved the reduction of Ethiopia’s debt to $2 billion.

S The AfDB awarded $1.5 million to Ethiopia to promote

women’s rights.Key goals include equal rights for women

and maternal health care.

S The United States granted Ethiopia $18 million for the

campaign against HIV/AIDS.

S In June 2004, the United States announced support for

Ethiopia’sWTO candidacy.

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

ETHIOPIA

Percent

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
6-40

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2002

Markets Sources

Djibouti 11.1 Saudi Arabia 28.8

Italy 7.3 Italy 5.9

Japan 6.5 India 4.8

Saudi Arabia 6.5 United States 3.8

Main Trade Commodities, US$ millions, 2000/2001

Exports Imports

Coffee 171.0 Consumer goods 459.0

Qat 60.0 Capital goods 436.0

Oilseeds 30.0 Fuel 403.0

Pulses 8.0 Semi-finished

goods

278.0

Trade Update

S Coffee and livestock are important export products.The

Livestock Marketing Authority is developing a 20-year plan

with the AfDB to promote livestock development.Although

coffee prices are expected to rise,Ethiopia may be

vulnerable to overproduction.

S Conflict with Eritrea blocked access to the port of Assab,

Ethiopia’s principal port of entry and exit for trade before

1998.Trade has been rerouted through Djibouti,with the

help of a $6-million World Bank loan to build a road that was

completed in October 2003.Djibouti currently handles the

majority of Ethiopia’s trade.

S The railway link between Ethiopia and Djibouti has

deteriorated in recent years.The EU provided funds for

rehabilitation contingent on reforms, such as the

introduction of private management,but the two countries

have been slow in implementing requested changes.

S In 2003,U.S.exports to Ethiopia consisted primarily of

aircraft and parts thereof, cereals,and electrical machinery

and equipment.U.S.imports from Ethiopia consisted

primarily of coffee, tea,mate,and spices;seeds,grains,and

fruit;and apparel.In 2003 and 2004,Ethiopia was

designated an AGOA beneficiary country, including qualifying

for apparel benefits.AGOA (including GSP) imports from

Ethiopia totaled $2.9 million in 2003.

Investment and Privatization Update

S In April 2003,Ethiopia amended its foreign investment

rules.The required minimum level of investment by foreign

firms was reduced,minimal capital requirements were lifted,

and a 3-year tax break was extended.

S Ethiopia has significant mineral deposits.International

interest in mining for gold and other metals and petroleum

and gas exploration has increased in recent years.

S Ethiopian Airlines received a $350-million commercial loan

to purchase 12 new Boeings by mid-2005.The first two

planes were received in November 2003.The airline also

has plans to build a new cargo terminal, securing $19

million from the Commercial Bank of Ethiopia for this

project.

S The Ethiopian Electric Power Company has plans to build a

series of dams on the Blue andWhite Nile.These include a

300-mw hyrdroelectric plant that will be built by a Chinese

consortium for $350 million.

S In late 2003,SI Tech International (Jordan) signed an

agreement to develop the hydrocarbon sector in Ethiopia.

The 25-year,$1.5 million contract includes the construction

of a gas-to-liquids plant with a capacity of 34,000 barrels

per day of petroleum products.

S The Bank of Scotland has agreed to provide management

support to the Commercial Bank of Ethiopia,after agreeing

to a 2-year deal for $2.5 million.

S Privatization is overseen by the Ethiopian Investment

Authority and the Ethiopian Privatization Agency.By 1998,

163 privatization projects had been approved,but the

divestment of larger state farms and agro-industrial plants

was delayed by the conflict with Eritrea during 1998-2000.

Over 100 enterprises,primarily hotels, state farms,and

plantations,are awaiting privatization.

ethiopia

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars
6-41

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2002 2003 Difference

GDP (nominal, CFAfr trn) 4.3 4.3 0.0

GDP (US$ bn) 6.1 7.5 1.4

CPI Inflation (annual average, %) 0.2 0.5 0.3

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 2,608.0 2,891.0 283.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 885.0 1,079.0 194.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) 1,723.0 1,812.0 89.0

Current Account Balance (US$ mn) -169.0 -99.0 70.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves (US$ mn) 140.0 149.0 9.0

Total External Debt (US$ bn) 3.4 3.3 -0.1

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 10.8 9.2 -1.6

Exchange Rate (CFAfr/US$) 697.0 579.3 -117.7

Origins of GDP (2002)

Oil (Secondary)

(41.3%)

Other secondary

(13.7%)

Primary

(7.4%)

Tertiary

(37.6%)

S Petroleum production continues to decline as reserves are

becoming less productive.In 2003,Equatorial Guinea

surpassed Gabon as the third-largest petroleum producer

in SSA.Gabon’s reserves are expected to be depleted by

2010 unless new sources are discovered.

S Petroleum production accounts for 20 to 50 percent of

GDP, represents over 70 percent of exports,and funds

over 50 percent of government spending.

S Aside from the petroleum sector, the forestry and

manganese sectors continue to contribute greatly to the

Gabonese economy.Forestry is the nation’s second-largest

source of export revenue after petroleum.The government

hopes to offset the decline in petroleum production and to

boost employment by increasing timber activity,but efforts

continue to be hindered by inadequate transportation

infrastructure and administrative disagreements by various

interested parties.In 2003,disagreements between the

government and the logging companies,an increase in the

surface tax to be implemented in 2004,and a buildup of

payment arrears by the national timber firm negatively

affected the timber sector.

S Manganese production is expected to increase from 1.9

million tons in 2002 to 2.05 million tons in 2004 after

Trois Rivieres,a subsidiary mining company of CVRD

(Brazil),discovered a rich ore deposit near an existing

source in eastern Gabon.Gabon is the third-largest

producer of manganese,possessing 25 percent of the

world’s known reserves.

S Manufacturing in Gabon continues to progress slowly,

hindered by high costs, inadequate skills in the labor force,

underdeveloped infrastructure,and a small domestic

market.Government policies in 2003 continued to focus on

improving economic diversity in nonpetroleum sectors.

Diversification efforts,however, continue to be hindered by

inadequate infrastructure and high utility costs.Major

government initiatives to abate unemployment caused by

privatization, include diversifying exports, increasing timber

processing,promoting ecological tourism,and establishing

a duty-free zone in Mandji.

S In December 2003, the regional bank, the BEAC,

decreased the rediscount rate from 6.3 percent to 6.0

percent and began encouraging the use of treasury bills to

decrease transaction costs and improve administration

efficiency within the country.

S In an effort to secure IMF funds,Gabonese government

policies continued to focus on improving transparency and

governance.In mid-2003, the government requested IMF

aid to alleviate the effects of reduced oil revenue,public

debt,and poverty through restructuring the judiciary

system and other public reforms,advancing privatization,

and diversifying the economy.

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

GABON

Percent

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
6-42

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2002

Markets Sources

United States 44.6 France 50.9

France 11.1 United States 6.2

China 7.4 Belgium 3.6

Netherlands

Antilles

5.9 Netherlands 3.6

Main Trade Commodities, US$ millions

Exports (2002) Imports (2001)

Crude petroleum 2,052.5 Consumer goods 290.7

Timber 302.5 Prepared

foodstuffs &

beverages

160.8

Manganese 135.6 Machinery &

mechanical

appliances

157.4

Trade Update

S In early 2004,China and Gabon signed an oil deal that

guarantees oil exports to China.

S Gabon strengthened its ties with the United States,Canada,

Russia,China,and Islamic countries with the goal of

improving the efficiency of its petroleum production and

nonpetroleum exports.

S The government is initiating policies to reform and

restructure the agriculture sector to offset decreased oil

production.

S A regional stock exchange, the BVMAC,was established in

June 2003 among the six member countries of CEMAC,

with plans to begin operation in early 2004.

S In 2003,U.S.exports to Gabon consisted primarily of

machinery and mechanical appliances,articles of iron or

steel,and mineral fuels or oils and products.U.S.imports

from Gabon consisted primarily of mineral fuels and oils;

ores, slag,and ash;and wood and articles of wood.In 2003

and 2004,Gabon was designated an AGOA beneficiary

country.AGOA (including GSP) imports from Gabon totaled

$1.2 billion in 2003.

Investment and Privatization Update

S In an effort to increase foreign investment,Gabon became a

member of MIGA,which guarantees foreign investment

coverage.

S In February 2003, the World Bank granted a $100-million

loan to Gabon to improve the current transportation

infrastructure.In August 2003, construction of two bridges

across the Ntem River and a highway connecting Gabon,

Cameroon,and Equatorial Guinea began;the projects are

being financed by the EU and are scheduled for completion

by 2006.

S High oil prices in 2003 and increased interest from the U.S.

companies in Gabon’s petroleum sector contributed to

increased investment in 2003 and early 2004.Shell (U.S.)

increased investment in the Rabi-Kounga oilfield.Increased

exploration and higher efficiency of production on marginal

fields have also contributed to increased investment.

S In late 2003,Southernera Resources (Canada) announced

that it would begin exploratory drilling for diamonds in

northern, central,and southern Gabon.

S Mining activity is expected to increase in 2004 because of

increased capacity in the manganese sector.The European

Commission granted Gabon $33 million in January 2003 to

reduce the environmental impact of mining.Kumba

Resources (South Africa) expressed interest in mining the

iron-ore deposits in Gabon.Investment in exploiting large

deposits remains hindered by inadequate infrastructure.

S Privatization efforts continue to progress albeit slowly.

Companies still slated for privatization include the

state-owned rubber and palm-oil enterprises.The farming

parastatal has not yet been scheduled for privatization.

S High production costs and financial difficulties continue to

delay the privatization of Agripog, the state horticulture

company.

S Because of a lack of investor interest in Sogadel and SIAEB,

the state-owned meat companies,privatization efforts were

halted in 2003 and the firms were liquidated.

gabon

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

Millions of U.S. Dollars

-2500

-2000

-1500

-1000

-500

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

-200

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars
6-43

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2002 2003 Difference

GDP (nominal, D bn) 7.8 10.9 3.1

GDP (US$ mn) 391.0 401.0 10.0

CPI Inflation (annual average, %) 4.9 10.0 5.1

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 138.0 129.0 -9.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 225.0 220.0 -5.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -87.0 -91.0 -4.0

Current Account Balance (US$ mn) -22.0 -24.0 -2.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves (US$ mn) 107.0 107.0 0.0

Total External Debt (US$ mn) 501.3 585.0 83.7

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 5.4 n/a n/a

Exchange Rate (D/US$) 19.9 27.2 7.3

Origins of GDP (2000)

Agriculture

(38.0%)

Industry

(13.0%)

Services

(49.0%)

S Drought and decreased tourist activity hindered real GDP

growth in 2003.Increased activity in the agriculture and

tourism sectors are expected to contribute to improved

growth in 2004.

S Energy shortages, inadequate fiscal management, small

growth rates, inflation,and inappropriate expenditures

continue to hinder The Gambia’s economy and continue to

upset progress of the PRGF established by the IMF.

S Government reforms with respect to expenditure reporting

and transparency are continuing.

S As indicated under the current PRGF, the government

increased domestic revenue in the 2004 budget by

increasing fuel prices, road taxes, fees for firearms,driving

and fishing licences,and customs documents.Also, the

2004 budget indicates that development expenditure is

expected to decline because of decreased investor support.

S The third phase of the UNDP’s Economic Management and

Capacity Building for Private Sector Development project

was announced in May 2003.By granting $1.9 million to

the government’s Vision 2020 plan, this project will work in

conjunction with the AfDB, the World Bank,and bilateral

projects to improve government efficiency and policy

effectiveness.The project will also promote the provision of

information to foreign investors and the improvement of

regulation and services for export-oriented firms.

S In mid-2003, the AfDB announced plans to give The Gambia

$25 million over the next 3 years to support education,

balance-of-payments,expenditure management skills,and

public aid.

S As part of the 2003-05 country assistance strategy

established by the World Bank,major government policies

include improving public expenditure management,

promoting growth in the private sector,and improving

public services.

Economic Update

the gambia

Percent

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Real GDP Growth Rate
6-44

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2002

Markets Sources

France 21.6 China (incl.

Hong Kong)

25.7

United Kingdom 18.8 Senegal 9.5

Italy 10.9 Brazil 7.9

Germany 7.6 United Kingdom 6.7

Main Trade Commodities, US$ millions, 1999

Exports Imports

Re-exports 104.0 Food &

beverages

89.4

Groundnut

products

10.0 Manufactures 53.8

Fish & fish

preparations

3.1 Machinery &

transport

equipment

46.5

Minerals &

fuel

12.4

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Trade Balance

Trade Update

S Groundnuts continued to be The Gambia’s leading export

product in 2003.Re-exported manufactured goods

continued to represent a significant portion of The Gambia’s

trade profile.

S To improve the inadequate transport infrastructure in The

Gambia, the OPEC Fund for International Development

loaned $2.8 million in May 2003 to construct an additional

road that will reduce the export of goods via the airport,

thereby reducing transport costs.

S In 2003,U.S.exports to The Gambia consisted primarily of

meat, cotton yarn or fabric,and machinery and mechanical

appliances.U.S.imports from The Gambia consisted

primarily of optical or measuring equipment and parts

thereof, toy or game equipment and parts thereof,and

cotton yarn or fabric.In 2003 and 2004,The Gambia was

designated an AGOA beneficiary country.AGOA (including

GSP) imports from The Gambia totaled $20,000 in 2003.

Investment and Privatization Update

S For 1999-2001,The Gambia was ranked 12th out of 140

countries,and second in Africa for FDI performance by the

2003World Investment Report by the UNCTAD.The

country’s active tourist sector and liberal investment

climate contributed to the high ranking.

S In June 2003,Clemessy (Germany) and Norelec (France)

signed contracts with the government to construct

transmission and distribution lines for the national grid as

the second phase of the rural electrification project.The

AfDB financed the $3.3-million project.

S The government created an Insurance Bill to improve the

regulation and effectiveness of the insurance industry.The

bill also transfers governance of the industry to the central

bank.

S A Money Laundering Bill was passed in 2003 to improve

transparency of financial institutions by providing support

for firms reporting suspicious transactions.This regulation

is expected to decrease corruption and increase foreign

investor confidence.

S In early 2003,D.Blankevoort (Netherlands) began a project

funded by the AfDB and OPEC to ease coastal erosion.This

project is expected to improve the coastal transportation

infrastructure and increase tourism.

S As part of the 5-year Global Expansion Project of Gamtel,

the state telecommunications agency,$53.9 million will be

invested in increasing fixed-line capacity in 2004.In addition,

Alcatel (France) will install 35,500 new lines under a

$37.2-million contract,and Airspan Networks (U.S.) will

supply 2,000 wireless telephones to remote locations.

S Privatization of state-owned enterprises is expected to

continue despite slow progress.

the gambia

Net Foreign Direct Investment

0

10

20

30

40

50

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars
6-45

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2002 2003 Difference

GDP (nominal, C trn) 44.7 59.7 15.0

GDP (US$ bn) 5.6 6.9 1.3

CPI Inflation (annual average, %) 14.8 26.8 12.0

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 2,015.2 2,641.1 625.9

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 2,705.1 3,239.0 533.9

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -689.9 -597.9 92.0

Current Account Balance (US$ mn) -30.6 214.0 244.6

Foreign Exchange Reserves (US$ mn) 539.7 950.0 410.3

Total External Debt (US$ bn) 7.0 7.4 0.4

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 11.7 9.4 -2.3

Exchange Rate (C/US$) 7,932.7 8,676.4 743.7

Origins of GDP (2001)

Agriculture, forestry

& fishing

(35.2%)

Services

(39.4%)

Other industry

(16.1%)

Manufacturing

(Industry)

(9.3%)

S Agriculture represents approximately 30 to 40 percent of

GDP and employs approximately 60 percent of the

workforce.

S The leading export is cocoa, followed by timber,horticulture

products, fish/seafoods,and pineapple.Removal of price

controls and increased prices paid to cocoa farmers has

contributed to growth in the cocoa industry in Ghana.

During the 2002-03 growing season,production of cocoa

reached an estimated 490,000 tonnes,one of the highest

levels recorded in 40 years.Further reform efforts for the

sector include increasing the price paid to cocoa producers

to 70 percent of the F.O.B.price,as well as establishing a

revolving credit fund for farmers.

S The Ministry of Food and Agriculture has set aside $50

million to modernize the agriculture sector in an effort to

reduce imports and increase food security.Strategies also

include providing incentives for small businesses and

greater access to capital.

S In January 2003, the government increased fuel prices by

an average of 90 percent in an effort to reduce the level of

debt of the country’s sole refinery.

S In 2003, foreign exchange reserves for the country

reached a 30-year high.Cocoa exports recovered, reaching

an estimated $772 million in 2003,up from $381 million

in 2001.Gold earnings also increased to $770 million in

2003 from $618 million in 2002, in part because of rising

global gold prices.This contributed to the growth in foreign

reserves.Ghana also receives revenue from worker

remittances from Ghanaians abroad.

S The government has entered into a new 3-year agreement

with the IMF to fund poverty reduction initiatives.The

program, for which the IMF would provide $258 million,

requires the government to reduce public expenditure,

implement reforms in the financial sector to allow private

sector development,and increase certain utility prices.

S Much of Ghana’s debt has been reduced through the World

Bank’s HIPC initiative.

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

GHANA

Percent

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
6-46

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2002

Markets Sources

Netherlands 15.0 Nigeria 21.4

United Kingdom 10.0 United

Kingdom

7.2

United States 7.1 United States 6.6

Germany 6.3 China 6.2

Main Trade Commodities, US$ millions, 2002

Exports Imports

Gold 689.1 Nonoil 2,197.0

Cocoa beans &

products

463.4 Oil 508.1

Timber &

products

182.7

Trade Update

S Ghana’s ports are being developed as regional trade hubs;a

current project to dredge the port in the city of Tema to

build a container terminal is already underway.Further

plans include warehousing facilities,export processing

zones,packaging facilities,and haulage zones.

S Under the Industry Revival Scheme,efforts are being made

to diversify exports by focusing on the services and mining

sectors.Gold and manganese are potential export

products.The diamond sector experienced a setback in

September 2003 when the government was banned from

exporting diamonds after it failed to ratify an international

agreement against the illegal diamond trade.

S In 2003, the Government of Ghana announced its

intentions to extend the rail network to link with Burkina

Faso,Côte d’Ivoire,and Togo for both passenger and freight

travel.This project should help improve access for private

buyers within the cocoa industry, the largest sector of the

economy.

S Presidential Special Initiatives were established in 2003 for

the garment, cassava,and palm oil industries using training

and technical assistance to increase exports and to allow

Ghana to take advantage of benefits offered under the U.S.

AGOA program.

S In 2003,U.S.exports to Ghana consisted primarily of

machinery and mechanical appliances, cereals,and vehicles

and parts thereof.U.S.imports from Ghana consisted

primarily of wood and articles of wood,mineral fuels and

oils,and cocoa and cocoa preparations.In 2003 and 2004,

Ghana was designated an AGOA beneficiary country,

including qualifying for apparel benefits.AGOA (including

GSP) imports from Ghana totaled $40.6 million in 2003.

Investment and Privatization Update

S The city of Accra has outlined plans to reform the financial

sector by introducing four new pieces of legislation that aim

to attract foreign investment: the Foreign Exchange Bill, the

Long-Term Savings Bill, the Credit Union Bill,and the

Insurance Bill.The proposed legislation will bring Ghana in

line with current international guidelines.

S African Gold (Ireland) purchased a $4-million,70-percent

stake in the Konongo Owere gold reserve.In October 2003,

the government also approved the $1.4-billion acquisition of

Ashanti Goldfields by AngloGold (South Africa),allowing it to

become the largest producer with output of 7.5 million

ounces of gold per year.

S The expansion of the country’s largest international airport

was completed in early 2003 at a cost of $100 million;60

percent of the project was financed by the Ghana Civil

Aviation Authority,and the remainder by private institutions.

However,plans to privatize the domestic carrier have been

placed on hold indefinitely because of the apparent failure of

the potential partner to meet its obligations.

S Privatization slowed in 2003,with key assets still awaiting

buyers.Proposed sales include the Volta River Authority, the

primary electricity producer and provider;the Ghana Water

Company;and the Tema Oil Refinery.

ghana

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

0

50

100

150

200

250

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars
6-47

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2002 2003 Difference

GDP (nominal, Gnf bn) 6,350.0 7,064.0 714.0

GDP (US$ mn) 3,215.0 3,506.0 291.0

CPI Inflation (annual average, %) 6.1 14.8 8.7

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 700.0 705.0 5.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 650.0 625.0 -25.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) 50.0 80.0 30.0

Current Account Balance (US$ mn) -208.0 -225.0 -17.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves (US$ mn) 171.0 120.0 -51.0

Total External Debt (US$ mn) n/a n/a n/a

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) n/a n/a n/a

Exchange Rate (Gnf/US$) 1,976.0 1,990.0 14.0

Origins of GDP (2002)

Primary

(18.3%)

Secondary

(31.1%)

Indirect taxes

(4.2%)

Tertiary

(46.3%)

S Guinea is rich in natural resources such as bauxite,gold,

aluminum,and diamonds.These mineral deposits were the

principal exports for the country in 2002,and the top

earners of foreign exchange.However,declining

international prices and reduced foreign investment have

resulted in decreased output,and taxes have been raised to

recover the lost revenue.

S Agriculture is another important sector for the economy,

much of which is subsistence farming.Paddy rice is the

dominant crop.Output has declined mainly because of civil

unrest across the border in Sierra Leone.

S In 2002,GDP growth was driven by a strong harvest and

growth in the construction sector.

S In July 2003, the IMF completed its Article IV consultation

report.The report highlighted a slowdown in privatization

because of presidential elections held in 2003.

S In March 2004, the World Bank proposed the

harmonization of mining laws within a number of countries

in sub-Saharan Africa, including Guinea.The new codes are

aimed at stimulating investment by increasing the ease of

obtaining mineral title deeds.

S The World Bank/IDA announced in mid-June 2004 that it

was suspending further loans and halting field projects

because of Guinea’s failure to pay off debt servicing arrears

of $2.4 million.The IDA had supported Guinea with loans of

$30 million per year.Guinea had previously lost support

from the IMF in 2002 because of financial

mismanagement, corruption,and improper economic

practices.

S In 2001, the IMF granted a $81.3-million loan to reduce

poverty,promote GDP growth, improve social services,and

support economic stability.The IMF granted only $17

million of the total loan in 2002,however,because of

limited progress by the government in implementing

programs.

S In June 2003,$3.6 million was given to Guinea under the

HIPC initiative.

S Guinea sources much of its power through hydroelectric

plants.In 2003, the plants experienced frequent power

outages,which in turn affected water supply.To combat

power shortages, the Islamic Development Bank

announced approval of a $15-million loan to Guinea to

replace an aging generator.Varsila (France) also proposed

plans to build a power station at Tombo.

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

guinea

Percent

0

1

2

3

4

5

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
6-48

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2002

Markets Sources

Spain 10.5 France 19.6

Belgium 10.1 Côte d’Ivoire 11.6

Cameroon 10.1 United States 8.6

United States 9.6 Belgium 7.9

Main Trade Commodities, US$ millions

Exports (2002) Imports (2001)

Bauxite 305.0 Mineral

products

186.0

Gold 144.0 Chemicals &

plastic

74.0

Alumina 128.0 Foodstuffs,

beverages &

tobacco

60.0

Diamonds 35.0 Machinery 51.0

Trade Update

S Guinea is a member of the West African Monetary Zone,

the second monetary area to be created in western Africa.

The monetary zone is scheduled to be introduced in July

2005,with the intention of integrating with the West

African Economic Monetary Union’s CFA Zone to create a

single West African currency by 2007.

S In October 2003,a dispute between the mining companies

and the finance ministry over the VAT that was not

reimbursed was resolved.The arrangement between the

mining firms and the government enumerates that the

firms pay VAT and collect a reimbursement within 45 days.

The firms claimed that approximately $17 million in funds

had been held back.

S In 2003,U.S.exports to Guinea consisted primarily of

machinery and mechanical appliances,vehicles and parts

thereof,and cereals.U.S.imports from Guinea consisted

primarily of ores, slag,and ash;precious or semiprecious

stones or metals;and electrical machinery and equipment.

In 2003 and 2004,Guinea was designated an AGOA

beneficiary country.AGOA (including GSP) imports from

Guinea totaled $194,000 in 2003.

Investment and Privatization Update

S The banking sector in Guinea has undergone reforms to

promote financial activities.The surge in mining activity has

helped increase medium-term lending, increasing

confidence in the banking sector specifically,and improving

the general investment climate.

S In 2003, foreign investment in the bauxite mining sector

strengthened.Russkiy Aluminiy (Russia) proposed financing

an aluminum smelter after it won the right to mine bauxite

at Dian-Dian.In early 2003, the company bought a majority

of the 85-percent stake reserved for foreign investors in the

state-owned Guinea Alumina Company.

S GAPCO,a joint venture between Marubeni (Japan),

Mitsubishi (Japan),and a U.S.capital venture firm,bought

the Boke Alumina Corporation and plans to invest $2 billion

to add an aluminum refinery and a bauxite mine.

Construction is expected to begin in mid-2004 with

operations starting in 2007.

S Gold mining and investment in the sector has increased in

recent years.In 2003,Kenor (Norway),which has an

85-percent share in Societe Miniere de Dinguiraye (SMD),

was awarded an additional exploration permit for a location

adjacent to the existing SMD mine.

S In 2000,Guinea began substantial privatization efforts,but

many investors have pulled out of the process citing

interference from government officials.Many of the public

utilities that were scheduled for privatization returned to

state control, including the electricity company,Sogel.

S In June 2004, the state liberalized the telecommunications

sector by opening it up to competition.However, there is

currently only one GSM provider,Sotelgui.

S In May 2003, the national telecommunications company,

Sotelgui, signed a contract with Telekom Applied Business

(Malaysia) to supply a prepaid fixed line telephone service.

guinea

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

-90

-60

-30

0

30

60

90

120

150

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Millions of U.S. Dollars

U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars
6-49

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2002 2003 Difference

GDP (nominal, CFAfr bn) 150.9 146.0 -4.9

GDP (US$ mn) 216.3 251.2 34.9

CPI Inflation (annual average, %) 4.0 4.0 0.0

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 50.7 40.0 -10.7

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 67.9 59.0 -8.9

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -17.2 -19.0 -1.8

Current Account Balance (US$ mn) -32.6 -52.6 -20.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves (US$ mn) 102.7 148.5 45.8

Total External Debt (US$ mn) n/a n/a n/a

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) n/a n/a n/a

Exchange Rate (CFAfr/US$) 696.9 581.2 -115.7

Origins of GDP (2000)

Agriculture, forestry,

& fishing

(58.8%)

Industry

(10.0%)

Services

(31.2%)

S Much of the economy relies on the agriculture sector for

GDP growth,with cashew production dominating the export

sector.Much of the country is rural and underdeveloped,

with little diversification occurring in crop production.The

mining sector is relatively undeveloped,although the

construction industry has begun to show signs of economic

recovery.

S Given recent political activity,economic policy remains

uncertain.In September 2003,Guinea-Bissau experienced

a military coup that replaced the elected President with a

legislative council.

S Macroeconomic instability resulting from the coup

contributed to a decline in the services sector and a

contraction in GDP growth for 2003.

S A budget for 2004 was drafted before the legislative

elections,and transitional authorities were working with the

IMF,World Bank, the UN, the African Development Fund,

and bilateral donors such as Portugal, the Netherlands,and

France, to establish an aid ”trust fund” to support the

budget.Budget implementation is expected to begin in the

second half of 2004 after the elections.Budget

management would be shared by donor agencies and the

local government.

S The IMF is working with Guinea-Bissau to reestablish a

PRGF,possibly in 2005,and resume technical assistance

that was suspended in May 2001 after emergency

assistance was allegedly used for unauthorized

expenditures.

S In December 2003,Portugal provided a $1-million grant to

Guinea-Bissau to help pay civil servant salaries.While the

EU has also proposed assistance to the country, it is barred

under the Cotonou Convention from providing assistance to

a government that has taken power by force.

S In March 2003,India pledged to provide eight west African

nations, including Guinea Bissau,with technical assistance

and low-interest loans totaling $500 million for the

development of agricultural and other emerging industries.

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

guinea-Bissau

Percent

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
6-50

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2002

Markets Sources

India 50.4 Senegal 19.6

Uruguay 19.1 Portugal 19.1

Thailand 19.0 India 15.4

Italy 2.6 China 4.3

Main Trade Commodities, US$ millions, 2001

Exports Imports

Cashew nuts 45.1 Foodstuffs 18.1

Cotton 1.1 Petroleum

products

6.0

guinea-bissau

Trade Update

S Guinea-Bissau is a member of several regional frameworks,

including the Cotonou Convention, the community of

Portuguese speaking countries (CPLP), the AU,ECOWAS, the

Franc Zone,and UEMOA.

S Senegal is an important import source.Principal imports

include foodstuffs and petroleum.India is an important export

market for Guinea-Bissau.

S In July 2004, the Government of Guinea-Bissau began to

import rice from neighboring Senegal to ease the shortage

driven by farmers who diversified away from staple crops

toward cash crops.

S In 2003,U.S.exports to Guinea-Bissau consisted primarily of

optical or measuring equipment and parts thereof,machinery

and mechanical appliances,and cereals.U.S.imports from

Guinea-Bissau consisted primarily of mineral fuels and oils,

edible fruits and nuts,and live animals.In 2003 and 2004,

Guinea-Bissau was designated an AGOA beneficiary country.

Investment and Privatization Update

S Inadequate infrastructure continues to hinder investment,as

much of the transportation networks were neglected during

periods of civil unrest.

S In early 2004, three firms-Caelux (Portugal),Dataport

(Morocco),and Inestcom Holdings

(Lebanon/Luxembourg)-completed the bidding process that

will lead to the introduction of mobile phone services for the

country.The bids are currently being evaluated,but no

timetable has been issued.

S Champion Resources (Canada) is planning to invest $120

million to build a phosphate mine in the northwest region of

the country,near the Senegal border.

S The former Government of Guinea-Bissau had begun the

process of divesting several state-owned public utility firms to

private investors.Portugal Telecom currently has a

51-percent stake in Guinea-Telecom,and the government

anticipated further liberalization of the sector.In 2003, the

government also announced plans to introduce a cellular

telephone service and extend the telephone network to the

rural areas.Plans are also under consideration for the

privatization of the state power utility,EAGB,but progress has

been slow.The state-owned timber company,Socotram,has

been divided into four entities as the government prepares to

diversify it.

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars
6-51

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2002 2003 Difference

GDP (nominal, KSh bn) 969.4 1,003.0 33.6

GDP (US$ bn) 12.3 13.2 0.9

CPI Inflation (annual average, %) 1.9 9.8 7.9

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 2,169.0 2,513.9 344.9

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 3,181.0 3,704.6 523.6

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -1,012.0 -1,190.7 -178.7

Current Account Balance (US$ mn) -57.0 -315.5 -258.5

Foreign Exchange Reserves (US$ mn) 1,068.0 1,400.0 332.0

Total External Debt (US$ bn) 5.6 5.9 0.3

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 10.6 9.1 -1.5

Exchange Rate (KSh/US$) 78.8 75.9 -2.9

Origins of GDP (2002)

Agriculture, forestry & fishing

(24.3%)

Manufacturing

(13.0%) Government services

(10.5%)

Trade, restaurants & hotels

(12.7%) Transport, storage & communications

(6.3%)

Other

(33.2%)

S The agriculture sector is the primary source of employment

and accounts for nearly 50 percent of employment in the

informal sector.Agriculture has also been the driving force

for GDP growth in 2003.Farming and cattle rearing are

the leading activities.Kenya also relies on primarily tea,

horticultural products,and coffee.

S Output of horticulture export crops increased in 2003

because of the development of new markets such as Asia,

the United States,and Australia.

S Flower and plant production is expected to benefit from an

agreement between the Dutch certification body,Milie

Project Sterteelt,and the Kenya Flower Council that will

improve compliance with international environmental

standards.

S In November 2003,Kenya developed a 3-year Economic

Recovery Strategy for Wealth and Employment Creation

program to run from 2003 to 2006.The program allows

Kenya to be approved for a $253-million loan from the IMF.

This loan represents the first loan given to Kenya since

2000 when the IMF,along with the World Bank, froze

lending to Kenya over widespread corruption and lax

economic reform.The action plan details eight target

areas, including reducing the domestic burden, tightening

regulatory controls of commercial banks,widening the tax

base, reforming the minimum wage rate, introducing

anti-corruption measures, lowering tariffs,and

restructuring the telecommunications sector.This has

encouraged foreign donors to pledge up to $4.1 billion to

help revive the economy,with 90 percent of the funds

directed to reducing government budget deficits.

S In April 2003, two anti-corruption bills were enacted: the

Anti-Corruption and Economic Crimes Bill,which applied to

the public and private sector,and the Public Officer Ethics

Bill,which introduced a code of conduct for all civil servants.

S In June 2003, the Global Fund Against AIDS,Tuberculosis

and Malaria allocated $55 million to the Kenya National

AIDS Control Council.

S Progress has been made in rehabilitating transportation

infrastructure, such as improvements to the main road

between Mombasa and Kisumu;however,many projects

are affected by alleged corruption within the government.

S The government is faced with insufficient resources as it

tries to balance care for AIDS patients against other health

demands.The rapid rate of the spread of HIV/AIDS (13

percent of the population was affected in 2003) is an

increasing economic and social cost for the government.

S The European Development Fund remains the primary

source of multilateral aid for Kenya.In October 2003, the

EU approved a $265-million assistance package for a

variety of long-term development projects within Kenya,

including macroeconomic development,agriculture sector

modernization, transport and infrastructure improvement,

small business expansion,export promotion, tourism,and

nongovernmental organizations support.

Economic Group

Real GDP Growth Rate

KENYA

Percent

-1

0

1

2

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
6-52

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2002

Markets Sources

United Kingdom 13.5 United

Kingdom

12.0

Tanzania 12.5 United Arab

Emirates

9.8

Uganda 12.0 Japan 6.5

Netherlands 6.5 India 4.4

Main Trade Commodities, US$ millions, 2002

Exports Imports

Tea 439.0 Industrial

machinery

484.0

Horticultural

products

253.0 Crude

petroleum

397.0

Petroleum

products

157.0 Refined

petroleum

products

331.0

Coffee 95.0 Motor

vehicles

185.0

kenya

Trade Update

S Kenya currently has 37 export processing zones,of which

only two are government owned.An export processing zone

is planned for the Lake Victoria basin,which will allow cotton

farmers to take advantage of AGOA.Tea factories are being

considered for export processing zone status as the Kenya

Tea Development Authority plans to spend $326,800 on

tea-blending facilities in the hope of penetrating the U.S.

specialty tea market.

S In January 2004, fish exports to the EU resumed.A 2-year

export ban had been introduced after the EU found Kenya

had not met the sanitary conditions of the EU’s committee

on food chain and animal health.

S Kenya Ports Authority is working in conjunction with Kenya

Railways to establish a cargo transport system between

Mombasa and Kampala,Uganda.A proposal has been put

forward to purchase 200 rail wagons to increase existing

services between the two cities.The World Bank has

agreed to fund a $39.2-million plan to expand Kenya’s

airports at Nairobi and Kisumu.

S In 2003,U.S.exports to Kenya consisted primarily of

aircraft and parts thereof,machinery and mechanical

appliances,and fertilizers.U.S.imports from Kenya

consisted primarily of apparel;coffee, tea,mate,and spices;

and lac,gums,and resins.In 2003 and 2004,Kenya was

designated an AGOA beneficiary country, including qualifying

for apparel benefits.AGOA (including GSP) imports from

Kenya totaled $184.4 million in 2003.

Investment and Privatization Update

S Woodside Petroleum (Australia) has agreed to fund 80

percent of new seismic surveys that are to begin in

mid-2004.Dana Petroleum, the current offshore license

holder in the area,will retain a 40-percent stake in the

project andWoodside will keep 40 percent,with Star

Petroleum of Kenya taking the remaining 20 percent.In late

2003,Woodside signed a farm-in agreement that allows it

to explore for oil and fund a $1.3-million seismic survey in

exchange for earning a 50-percent stake in the area and

becoming the sole operator.

S A new mining code is being proposed that is expected to be

introduced in December 2004.The legislation is expected

to include lower taxes for investors and to simplify the

licensing process.Tiomin (Canada) has purchased a

21-year mining lease to mine titanium near Mombasa.The

mining company paid $150 million for the lease,and

construction is expected to begin in 2006.The Athi River

Mining company plans to invest $6.5 million to open 2 new

plants to be operational by late 2005 and early 2006.

Diamondworks (Canada) has purchased a 55-percent stake

for $2 million in Spectre International,an ethanol fuel

additive plant.

S Coca-Cola (U.S.) entered the market in early 2004 by

introducing its Dasani brand of noncarbonated beverages.

South Africa Bottling Company (Sabco) is looking to

consolidate its Kenya operations,and announced plans to

buy a local firm for $20 million.

S The government has proposed a new timetable for the

privatization of Telkom Kenya.In 2005,a 25-percent stake

will be offered to a private investor,with an additional 20

percent to be offered on the Nairobi Stock Exchange.A

second national operator is expected to be licensed by June

2005.

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

500

550

600

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars
6-53

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2002 2003 Difference

GDP (nominal, M mn) 7,731.0 8,650.0 919.0

GDP (US$ mn) 736.3 1,138.2 401.9

CPI Inflation (annual average, %) 13.2 6.1 -7.1

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 399.0 450.0 51.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 840.0 750.0 -90.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -441.0 -300.0 141.0

Current Account Balance (US$ mn) -138.0 -88.0 50.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves (US$ mn) 406.0 460.0 54.0

Total External Debt (US$ mn) 600.0 610.0 10.0

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 11.0 10.2 -0.8

Exchange Rate (M/US$) 10.5 7.6 -2.9

Origins of GDP (2002)

Agriculture

(17.7%)

Construction (Industry)

(14.9%)

Services

(41.0%) Manufacturing

(Industry)

(17.6%)

Other inudustry

(8.8%)

S Lesotho’s economy is closely tied to that of South Africa,

with South Africa supplying as much as 85 percent of

Lesotho’s imports.Migrant mining workers employed in

South Africa and livestock contribute to a large share of the

GDP.In addition, revenues from the sale of water and

hydroelectric power to South Africa also contribute to GNP.

Droughts,which began in early 2003,hindered agricultural

production.In general, inadequate physical infrastructure

and lack of access to bank credit continue to hinder

economic development and diversification.

S Government policy in 2003 focused on land tenure system

reform to increase the security and protection of private

property.The Central Bank of Lesotho is committed to

increasing access to financial services for underserved

rural areas.In August 2003, the central bank approved the

Rural Credit Guarantee Fund for banks to back commercial

banks servicing rural communities.

S The HIV/AIDS pandemic may reportedly reduce the GDP

growth rate by up to 3 percentage points over the next

decade.The HIV/AIDS pandemic has led to decreased

agricultural production,and increasing the national

employment rate continues to be an important objective.

Unemployment levels have been estimated at 40-45

percent.

S In recent years,Lesotho has substantially increased

exports,especially of clothing and footwear, to the United

States and South Africa.The AGOA program has

contributed significantly to this increase.

S The value-added tax of 14 percent,up from 10 percent,

was introduced in July 2003 after the establishment of the

Lesotho Revenue Authority.As a result, revenues are

expected to increase by 15 percent.

S The government produced an interim PRSP (I-PRSP) to

prepare for a full PRSP in November 2003.The IMF

reviewed the paper and expressed approval of the country’s

progress,but noted concern regarding the budget deficit,

future loss of trade possibilities,and the impact of

HIV/AIDS.

S In October 2003, the government’s auditor-general could

not verify the 2001-02 accounts because of outdated

information and lax reporting standards.This deficiency

also contributed to waivers of the September 2002

performance condition with the IMF relating to the

requirements of the Central Bank of Lesotho.

S Lesotho was among the eight African countries who

became eligible in 2004 for the U.S.-sponsored Millennium

Challenge Account assistance.

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

LESOTHO

Percent

0

1

2

3

4

5

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
6-54

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2002

Markets Sources

United States 76.4 Southern African

Customs Union

73.5

Southern

African

Customs Union

22.9 Asia 23.7

European Union 0.2 European Union 1.1

Main Trade Commodities, US$ millions

Exports (2002) Imports (1995)

Clothing 260.0 Capital goods 368.0

Foodstuffs 19.0 Food 328.0

Footwear 13.0 Fuel energy 216.0

Livestock

materials

6.0

lesotho

Trade Update

S After Mauritius,Lesotho is SSA’s second-largest exporter of

clothing and textiles.Approximately 90 percent of exports go

to the United States;the remainder go to other southern

African markets.In addition to textiles,apparel,and footwear,

Lesotho has increased its exports of handicrafts, furniture,

pottery,and tapestries.

S Textiles, clothing, footwear,and leather production

contributed to the increase in the manufacturing sector’s

share of GDP,which grew from 8 percent in 1980 to 18

percent in 2002.Three-quarters of Lesotho’s total exports

are clothing and footwear sent to the United States under the

AGOA program.This export growth is largely driven by the

relocation of Asian textile manufacturers to Lesotho because

of AGOA.

S The government has contributed funds for construction of

AfriSki,a ski resort collaboration between Uraban Dynamics,

Group 5,Standard Bank Lesotho,and HSP Alpine Service of

Austria.The ski resort is expected to increase tourism and,

subsequently, foreign exchange receipts.

S The Lesotho government anticipates increased mineral

exports and revenue after the reopening of Letseng-la-Terae

diamond mine in 2004.Aided by a loan from South Africa’s

Industrial Development Corporation, full production is

expected by late 2004.

S In 2003,U.S.exports to Lesotho consisted primarily of

machinery and mechanical appliances,animal or vegetable

fats and oils,and vegetables.U.S.imports from Lesotho

consisted primarily of apparel,plastics and articles thereof,

and used clothing or textiles.In 2003 and 2004,Lesotho was

designated an AGOA beneficiary country, including qualifying

for apparel benefits.AGOA (including GSP) imports from

Lesotho totaled $372.7 million in 2003.

Investment and Privatization Update

S Aside from the textile and apparel sector,Lesotho continues

to have difficulty in attracting foreign investment.Contributing

factors include lack of government transparency,alleged

corruption,and the HIV/AIDS pandemic.

S Lesotho has benefitted from foreign investment because of

the AGOA program.For example, the Nien Hsing Company

constructed a $100-million denim rolling mill in Maseru and

anticipates building a $50-million yarn spinning plant.

S With support from the World Bank, the AfDB,and the EU,a

private management company is working to privatize the

Lesotho Electricity Corporation (LEC).In 2002,15 companies

expressed interest in purchasing shares of LEC.The

immediate goal of privatization is to increase electricity

availability from 100,000 to 400,000 residents.In May

2003, the government announced the possibility of offering

LEC as a public service concession in lieu of full privatization.

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

-400

-300

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

400

500

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars
6-55

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2002 2003 Difference

GDP (nominal, L$ bn) 34.7 34.4 -0.3

GDP (US$ mn) 561.8 687.4 125.6

CPI Inflation (annual average, %) 14.2 18.0 3.8

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 147.2 100.0 -47.2

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 172.8 250.0 77.2

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -25.6 -150.0 -124.4

Current Account Balance (US$ mn) -50.0 -140.0 -90.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves (US$ mn) 3.3 1.0 -2.3

Total External Debt (US$ mn) n/a n/a n/a

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) n/a n/a n/a

Exchange Rate (L$/US$) 61.8 50.0 -11.8

Origins of GDP (2002)

Agriculture & fisheries

(51.0%)

Forestry

(25.9%)

Services

(17.7%)

Manufacturing

(5.4%)

S Although GDP has grown, it remains less than half of what

it was in 1989,before the period of substantial civil unrest

in Liberia .Agriculture and fisheries are the largest

component of GDP,but their share has decreased.

Approximately 75 percent of the workforce derives its

income from subsistence agriculture.

S Transportation infrastructure is inadequate.There are few

main roads, less than 7 percent of roads are paved,and

there is no passenger railway.

S Banks began to open in August 2003 after the resumption

of some stability.The first bank to reopen was state-owned

Liberian Bank for Development and Investment.The closure

of the nation’s banks had discouraged commercial activity.

S Despite some improvements, the IMF’s September 2003

Article IV report found that economic recovery has stalled,

and that growth has been hindered by low productive

capacity, inadequate governance,and minimal foreign

investment and assistance.Liberia’s IMF voting rights were

suspended in March 2003.

S In late 2003, the UN appealed to the international

community for $69.1 million to cover Liberia’s immediate

needs:$22 million for food,$9 million for refugees,$8.5

million for health,and the remainder for rehabilitation.

S In February 2004,donors pledged $520 million to help

reconstruct infrastructure and to rehabilitate fighters in

Liberia.Initial funding will focus on disarmament and

demobilization efforts,but funds have also been earmarked

for healthcare,education facilities, communication,and

transport.

S EU assistance helped to resume water supply to some

areas of Monrovia in August 2003.The rehabilitation of the

water system is expected to have significant public health

benefits.

S In April 2004, the United States pledged an additional

$19.5 million in humanitarian assistance for Liberia.The

funds are to be used to repatriate and reintegrate internally

displaced persons,and provide essential medical services,

water and sanitation programs, safe transport for

returning refugees,and rehabilitation programs in

conflict-affected areas.

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

LIBERIA

Percent

0

5

10

15

20

25

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
6-56

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2002

Markets Sources

Germany 55.8 South Korea 25.5

Poland 8.9 Japan 17.9

France 8.5 Germany 17.5

China 4.6 France 10.2

Main Trade Commodities, US$ millions, 2002

Exports Imports

Timber 84.9 Food & live

animals

56.6

Rubber 57.4 Fuels &

lubricants

34.5

Miscellaneous

manufactured

goods

27.7

Machinery 17.5

liberia

Trade Update

S Rubber and timber accounted for 96 percent of exports in

2002.However, the UN Security Council has extended the

ban on timber exports, imposed in May 2003, to the end of

2004.The UN Security Council has also banned the

importation of diamonds from Liberia as control over

diamond-producing areas contributed to increased conflict.

S Liberia is the world’s second-largest flags of convenience (a

foreign flag under which a merchant vessel is registered for

purposes of reducing operating costs or avoiding

government regulations),after Panama, in terms of

tonnage.Shipping revenue is the primary source of foreign

earnings.

S In 2003,U.S.exports to Liberia consisted primarily of

articles of iron or steel, cereals,and used clothing or

textiles.U.S.imports from Liberia consisted primarily of

rubber and articles thereof,mineral fuels and oils,and

precious or semiprecious stones or metals.

Investment and Privatization Update

S Liberia has significant endowments of iron ore,diamonds,

gold, timber,and rubber that have not been fully exploited

because of social unrest, inadequate infrastructure, social

instability,and lack of governance.

S The forestry sector has attracted significant amounts of

foreign direct investment.Over 30 percent of the country is

forested,with wooded land accounting for another 20

percent.

S The National Port Authority has indicated that rehabilitation

of the port would require a $40-million investment.

S In October 2003, the first act of the National Transitional

Government of Liberia was to cancel the import monopolies

on rice and petroleum products.Monopolies covering the

importation and wholesaling of petroleum products have

also been removed,and the Liberia Petroleum Refining

Company has awarded import licenses to five companies.

The price structure has not yet been established.

U.S. Trade Balance

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

Millions of U.S. Dollars

-500

-400

-300

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
6-57

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2002 2003 Difference

GDP (nominal, Mgfr bn) 30,058.0 34,266.0 4,208.0

GDP (US$ bn) 4.4 5.5 1.1

CPI Inflation (annual average, %) 15.9 -1.2 17.1

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 486.0 700.0 214.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 603.0 920.0 317.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -117.0 -220.0 -103.0

Current Account Balance (US$ mn) -298.0 -265.0 33.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves (US$ mn) 363.3 450.2 86.9

Total External Debt (US$ mn) 3,942.0 3,825.0 -117.0

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 8.0 7.0 -1.0

Exchange Rate (Mgfr/US$) 6,832.0 6,210.0 -622.0

Origins of GDP (2001)

Primary

(34.3%)

Secondary (incl. manuf.)

(13.3%)

Tertiary

(52.4%)

S Agriculture, in the form of subsistence farming, is one of

the largest sources of GDP,employing approximately

four-fifths of workers.Rice is the main crop,but production

techniques are traditional and yields-per-hectare remain

low.Much of the arable land remains underutilized.

Underperformance in the agriculture sector has

contributed to poverty in rural areas.

S Light industry is emerging as an alternative source of

employment and foreign exchange for urban areas.

Tourism is also recovering after a slowdown because of civil

unrest and a decline in the global travel market.

S In January 2004, the government outlined three key policy

priorities as part of the 2004-06 PRSP, including restoring

the rule of law and good governance,promoting economic

growth, reducing poverty levels,providing human and

material security,and protecting the environment.The 15

programs identified for implementation are estimated to

cost the government and donors $1.9 billion.

S In July 2003,donors pledged $2.3 billion to help implement

the latest stage of the PRSP.The government is aiming to

reduce inflation through controlled monetary policy.Donors

are encouraging the government to adopt tougher

measures that will conserve Madagascar’s environment

such as tightening controls on logging.

S Legislation to reform the banking sector would allow land to

be used as collateral for loans,establish tougher bank

supervision,and develop new rules for micro-finance

lending.This reform is coupled with the continued

privatization of state-owned banks.

S Madagascar will benefit from the HIPC initiative under the

IMF.An additional $16 million was also granted to

Madagascar after the IMF determined it had increased

investment for basic social services,health,and education.

S In April 2003, the French and Madagascan economy

ministers reached an agreement to cancel $55 million in

commercial debt owed by Madagascar.

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

MADAGASCAR

Percent

-15

-10

-5

0

5

10

15

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
6-58

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2002

Markets Sources

France 33.6 France 16.7

United States 24.3 Hong Kong 6.7

Germany 6.2 China 5.8

Japan 3.9 Singapore 2.8

Main Trade Commodities, US$ millions, 2001

Exports Imports

EPZ products

(mainly

textiles)

344.0 Fuel products 170.0

Vanilla 166.0 Capital goods 166.0

Cloves 97.0 Consumer

goods

134.0

Shellfish 94.0 Raw materials 133.0

madagascar

Trade Update

S In early 2004,a cyclone destroyed much of the nation’s

agricultural resources, including shrimp, rice,and vanilla farms

on the north of the island,negatively affecting export earnings.

The IMF released an additional $35 million for damage

recovery,bringing total lending to $100 million.

S Madagascar has established export processing zones across

the country that have encouraged export diversification into

aqua-culture, such as modern prawn fishing and traditional fish

farming in rice paddies;tourism;and textiles and apparel.

S In mid-2003, the IMF agreed to extend the deadline for

Madagascar’s current PRGF from February 2004 to November

2004, in part because of damage resulting from cyclone Gafilo.

The government also outlined plans to extend growth, to reduce

poverty,and to increase income in rural areas that satisfy the

IMF-supported PRGF program.The government also outlined a

medium-term plan that will diversify its current export base

away from raw agricultural commodities,as well as develop the

sector.Other elements include incentives for staff training and

high quality recruitment for export sectors,and reform of the

cotton sector through the removal of existing protectionist

barriers to take advantage of benefits offered under AGOA.

S In 2003,U.S.exports to Madagascar consisted primarily of

aircraft and parts thereof,animal or vegetable fats and oils,and

machinery and mechanical appliances.U.S.imports from

Madagascar consisted primarily of coffee, tea,mate,and

spices;apparel;and salt, sulfur,earths,and stone.In 2003 and

2004,Madagascar was designated an AGOA beneficiary

country, including qualifying for apparel benefits.AGOA

(including GSP) imports fromMadagascar totaled $187.9

million in 2003.

Investment and Privatization Update

S Infrastructure improvement, in particular the road networks to

and from the capital,are a priority for the government.Many of

the transport links were damaged during cyclones in 2000 and

2004,and further destroyed during periods of civil unrest in

early 2002.

S In mid-2005,Rio Tinto (UK) plans to begin construction on a

mine at Fort Dauphin.Rio Tinto is also seeking to enter into a

public-private partnership to build a port at Fort Dauphin to

support activities at the mine.Investment for both projects

would total $400 million.The World Bank has pledged to

provide the bulk of the government’s share.

S In January 2004, the president announced plans to liberalize

the fuel trading sector in an attempt to introduce competition

and keep prices at affordable levels.

S The state-owned firm responsible for Madagascar’s petroleum

and gas licensing has recruited TGS-NOPEC in a bid to promote

deep offshore exploration for natural resources.Vanco (U.S.) is

also conducting research to determine potential deposit sites.

S In June 2003, the World Bank agreed to lend $32 million over

a 5-year period to the Government of Madagascar to support

the national mineral resources management project.The

government will sponsor the remaining $5.4 million needed to

complete the project.

S An April 2004 deadline was set by the government for private

investors to submit bids for operation of the national water and

power company.The government would like to privatize the

company by the end of 2004.

S Sectors targeted for privatization include the state-owned

railway network, seaport,and national telecommunications

company.

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

-400

-300

-200

-100

0

100

200

300

400

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Millions of U.S. Dollars

U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

Millions of U.S. Dollars

0

20

40

60

80

100

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
6-59

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2002 2003 Difference

GDP (nominal, MK bn) 139.4 154.8 15.4

GDP (US$ bn) 1.8 1.6 -0.2

CPI Inflation (annual average, %) 14.7 9.5 -5.2

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 422.4 457.1 34.7

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 573.2 505.4 -67.8

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -150.8 -48.3 102.5

Current Account Balance (US$ mn) -200.7 -56.4 144.3

Foreign Exchange Reserves (US$ mn) 162.0 150.0 -12.0

Total External Debt (US$ bn) 2.8 3.0 0.2

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 9.3 9.4 0.1

Exchange Rate (MK/US$) 76.7 97.5 20.8

Origins of GDP (2001)

Small-scale agriculture

(19.4%)

Other industry

(5.0%)

Services

(48.1%) Other agriculture

(14.6%)

Manufacturing (Industry)

(12.9%)

S The agricultural sector accounts for over 90 percent of

export earnings and 35-45 percent of GDP.All arable land

is currently under cultivation.Farming in marginal areas

and land degradation have contributed to flooding,which

impedes agricultural growth.Small scale agriculture

employs 85 percent of the workforce.The government has

scaled back the starter program that distributes seed and

fertilizer packs to smallholder farmers.Typically, the packs

include maize and other seeds in an effort to encourage

farmers to grow cash crops other than tobacco.

S The manufacturing sector consists primarily of agricultural

processing, textiles, clothing, footwear,and building and

construction materials.Ongoing power disruptions,partly

because of environmental degradation along the River

Shire,have contributed to significant productivity losses in

mid-2004.

S After consultation with the IMF, the government decided to

increase revenue by doubling taxes on petroleum products

to compensate for the fall in international oil prices and

increasing the excise rate on alcohol products.The

government has also pledged to impose fiscal discipline and

increase transparency.

S In October 2003, the IMF resumed dispensing funds under

Malawi’s PRGF,which had been frozen since December

2000.PRGF funds totaled $9.2 million and assistance

under the HIPC initiative amounted to $6.6 million.Other

donors also began to dispense previously frozen funds

because of increased stability.

S The EU has provided ongoing assistance since 1998 to

construct and rehabilitate roads in Malawi.In May 2004,

OPEC agreed to lend Malawi $5 million to upgrade a road

that may boost economic growth in the northern area.The

current road system is inadequate.

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

MALAWI

Percent

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
6-60

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2002

Markets Sources

United States 17.4 South Africa 43.9

Germany 13.5 Zambia 12.6

South Africa 10.2 United States 5.5

Egypt 6.3 India 4.2

Main Trade Commodities, US$ millions, 2002

Exports Imports

Tobacco 249.0 Intermediate

goods

373.0

Tea 33.0 Fuels oils 76.0

Sugar 32.0 Capital goods 75.0

Textiles 2.0 Consumer

goods

66.0

malawi

Trade Update

S Malawi is landlocked and thus most of its trade is routed

through Mozambique.Much of Mozambique’s transportation

infrastructure was destroyed during recent periods of civil

unrest and has not been fully rehabilitated.

S Tobacco accounts for 50-70 percent of foreign exchange

earnings;however, low prices and static production have

decreased tobacco-generated export revenue in recent

years.Steps have been taken to reduce farmers’ selling

costs at auctions.For example, for the 2004 season, the

Tobacco Control Commission reduced levies and took over

the role of classifying leaf quality at auctions.Some reports

suggest that production,especially of flue-cured tobacco,as

well as prices,may rise in 2004.

S The Sugar Corporation of Malawi (Sucoma),Malawi’s sole

sugar producer,uses quota access to the U.S.and EU

markets through several trade agreements.Sucoma’s sugar

production increased more than 20 percent for the

2002-03 season.

S Malawi has increased textile and apparel sector exports to

the United States under the AGOA program.

S In 2003,U.S.exports to Malawi consisted primarily of

machinery and mechanical appliances,animal or vegetable

fats and oils,and milling industry products.U.S.imports from

Malawi consisted primarily of tobacco;apparel;and coffee,

tea,mate,and spices.In 2003 and 2004,Malawi was

designated an AGOA beneficiary country, including qualifying

for apparel benefits.AGOA (including GSP) imports from

Malawi totaled $59.3 million in 2003.

Investment and Privatization Update

S Although Malawi has exploitable deposits of bauxite,

asbestos,graphite,and uranium, it has not yet developed

large-scale mining activity.The government has created the

Mining Investment and Development Corporation,which held

its first conference in 2000.Paladin Resources (Australia)

began a mining project at Kayelekera.A full study examining

the feasability of mineral exploitation will be completed in

2004.

S Tourism is growing rapidly.Significant investment is

underway to increase the number of hotel beds, improve

hotel services,and establish better transport infrastructure.

Cresta Hospitality plans to take over management of the

Cresta Crossroads hotel in Lilongwe.

S Expanding investment is improving access to electricity.For

example,progress has been made to link Malawi’s electricity

grid to that of Mozambique.The full connection is expected to

be completed in 2006 at a cost of $87 million.

S Between the start of the privatization program in 1995 and

the end of June 2001,42 parastatals were privatized,

generating $22 million in revenue.Privatization has been

slow;remaining parastatals employ 500,000 people and

account for 20 percent of GDP.The government suspended

the privatization program in July 2001 because of concern

over selling strategic areas of the economy to foreigners.

S The Agricultural Development and Marketing Corporation

recently began divesting some of its subsidiaries.S&A

Beefmasters bought the Blantyre abbattoir for $230,000 in

October 2003.The sales of an integrated textile producer

and a cereal milling firm are still underway.

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

-80

-60

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars
6-61

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2002 2003 Difference

GDP (nominal, CFAfr mn) 2,346.0 2,549.0 203.0

GDP (US$ mn) 3,366.0 4,386.0 1,020.0

CPI Inflation (annual average, %) 5.0 -1.3 -6.3

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 916.0 929.0 13.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 715.0 900.0 185.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) 201.0 29.0 -172.0

Current Account Balance (US$ mn) -132.0 -285.0 -153.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves (US$ mn) 595.0 770.0 175.0

Total External Debt (US$ mn) 2,505.0 2,833.0 328.0

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) n/a n/a n/a

Exchange Rate (CFAfr/US$) 697.0 581.2 -115.8

Origins of GDP (2002)

Primary

(46.1%)

Tertiary

(33.8%)

Secondary

(20.1%)

S The agricultural sector is an important determinant of

economic performance,as 80 percent of the population is

employed or supported by this sector.The Niger River

provides irrigation,hydropower,and a transportation

system for Mali.

S Mali’s inadequate transportation infrastructure was

improved in recent years as Mali prepared to host the

African Nations Cup soccer tournament.Roads were

extended and rehabilitated,and new airstrips were built in

areas of the country that had previously been isolated.In

March 2003, the Governments of Mali and Senegal agreed

to sell a 25-year concession to Canac-Getmar (Canada) to

run a railway line between the two countries.

S The government’s general economic policy for 2003-07

aims to reduce the proportion of the population living in

poverty and improve access to social services.

S A 4-year PRGF, calling for increased liberalization,

strengthened fiscal performance and management,and

increased expenditure on poverty reduction programs was

completed in August 2003.Mali also completed

participation in the HIPC initiative in 2003.

S In mid-2004, the World Bank announced efforts to

harmonize and codify mining law in willing countries,

including Mali.This streamlining process is expected to

encourage investment in the mining sector.Also in

mid-2004, the World Bank approved an IDA grant of $15

million to assist in the campaign against HIV/AIDS.

S The UN launched a $350,000 initiative in mid-2004 to help

Mali reduce damage from natural disasters.The funds will

cover experts, training,and equipment.

S Mali became eligible for Millennium Challenge Account

assistance in mid-2004.

S India pledged $500 million in low-interest loans in early

2004 to help Burkina Faso,Chad,Côte d’Ivoire,Equatorial

Guinea,Ghana,Guinea Bissau,Mali,and Senegal create the

Techno-Economic Approach for Africa India Movement,

which will focus on generating employment,and developing

the pharmaceuticals,healthcare, information technology,

telecommunications,and agriculture sectors.

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

MALI

Percent

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
6-62

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2002

Markets Sources

Thailand 13.9 Côte d’Ivoire 17.5

Italy 9.9 France 13.9

India 7.7 Senegal 4.2

Brazil 5.6 Germany 3.9

Main Trade Commodities, US$ millions, 2002

Exports Imports

Gold 589.9 Capital goods 263.1

Cotton 208.8 Petroleum

products

124.4

Livestock &

products

39.4 Food 93.0

mali

Trade Update

S Mali is the largest cotton producer in SSA.Malian cotton is

of fairly high quality and production costs are low.Early

2004 figures indicate that Mali could overtake Egypt to

become largest cotton producer on the African continent.

S Mali is the third-largest gold producer in SSA.In recent

years,gold has been a rapidly growing contributor to the

economy,overtaking cotton as Mali’s largest export earner

in 2000.However,gold exports began to decline in early

2004.

S In early 2004,Mali met the requirements that allow it to

receive preferential access to the U.S.market under AGOA.

The country’s AGOA textile and apparel visa system was

implemented in December 2003.It is expected that

expanded export opportunities will increase investment in

the textile industry.

S The closure of the road between Abidjan (Côte d’Ivoire) and

Bamako because of civil unrest in Côte d’Ivoire hindered

trade, forcing importers to reroute goods to other western

African ports.

S In 2003,U.S.exports to Mali consisted primarily of optical

or measuring equipment and parts thereof,machinery and

mechanical appliances,and electrical machinery and

equipment.U.S.imports fromMali consisted primarily of

electrical machinery and equipment,works of art,and

machinery and mechanical appliances.In 2003 and 2004,

Mali was designated an AGOA beneficiary country, including

qualifying for apparel benefits.AGOA (including GSP) imports

fromMali totaled $262,000 in 2003.

Investment and Privatization Update

S The government is reviewing its Petroleum Code to

encourage investment in hydrocarbon exploration.Mali

borders some proven reserves in Algeria,opening the

possibility for petroleum to be found in Mali as well.

S Telecommunications services have expanded rapidly.Malitel,

a subsidiary of Sotelma,a telecommunications parastatal, is

investing $50 million to upgrade its mobile phone service.

S Air Mali,a former parastatal,was liquidated in April 2003.

The water and power parastatal was privatized in 2000,

and generation of power from the Manantali hydroelectric

dam began in January 2002.The Manantali dam is a

$600-million collaboration between Mali,Senegal,and

Mauritania.

S Donors have put pressure on Mali to reform and privatize

CMDT,a vertically organized cotton parastatal that controls

all aspects of cotton production.Liberalization of the sector

is planned for 2006,and would ultimately limit CMDT to its

core activities of ginning and marketing.Additionally,CMDT

will be split into three or four regional companies,each with

exclusive rights to purchase cotton in its region.

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars
6-63

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2002 2003 Difference

GDP (nominal, UM bn) 269.1 293.6 24.5

GDP (US$ mn) 990.0 1,105.0 115.0

CPI Inflation (annual average, %) 3.8 3.5 -0.3

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 330.0 330.0 0.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 418.0 472.0 54.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -88.0 -142.0 -54.0

Current Account Balance (US$ mn) -51.2 -190.0 -138.8

Foreign Exchange Reserves (US$ mn) 396.0 360.0 -36.0

Total External Debt (US$ mn) n/a n/a n/a

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) n/a n/a n/a

Exchange Rate (UM/US$) 271.7 263.0 -8.7

Origins of GDP (2002)

Primary

(18.3%)

Secondary

(23.7%)

Tertiary

(49.7%)

Indirect taxes

(8.4%)

S Mauritania has limited agrarian resources,as 80 percent

of the country is desert and less than 1 percent of the land

is arable.Weather volatility contributes to productivity

fluctuation;ongoing droughts in some parts of the country

have decreased agricultural productivity.

S The manufacturing sector is dominated by fish processing;

however, the sector remains hindered by a small domestic

market.

S Mauritania’s PRSP is set to be completed in 2004.Key

objectives are to reduce the number of people living in

poverty, to accelerate economic growth, to focus public

expenditure on sectoral development, to improve access to

healthcare and education,and to improve governance.

Priority goals are to improve housing, to achieve universal

schooling, reduce child mortality rates,and improve the

water supply.

S The IMF initiated a new PRGF in late 2003,with a variety of

macroeconomic targets for the 2003-04 period.

S In July 2003, the United States provided $100 million to

help Mauritania combat international terrorism.

S In July 2003, the EU granted $50.7 million for road

construction.The European Development Fund, the AfDB,

OPEC,and the Mauritanian government have also

contributed funds towards road development.

S The Islamic Development Bank (IDB) has agreed to fund a

petroleum production capacity-building project.The IDB will

provide $2.5 million to be used for technical assistance.

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

MAURITANIA

Percent

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
6-64

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2002

Markets Sources

Italy 14.7 France 20.8

France 14.4 Belgium 8.8

Spain 12.1 Spain 6.7

Germany 10.8 Germany 5.6

Main Trade Commodities, US$ millions, 2002

Exports Imports

Iron ore 183.8 Private sector 270.3

Fish & fish

products

143.5 Societe Nationale

Industrielle et Miniere

103.8

Others 2.9 Oil exploration

equipment

22.0

Public investment & aid 21.9

mauritania

Trade Update

S Mining and fishing account for nearly all of Mauritania’s

export revenue.Overfishing in the past has contributed to

the introduction of government-mandated annual rest

periods during the spawning season.

S Mauritania withdrew from ECOWAS at the end of 2000,

and initiated efforts to expand ties and increase trade with

North Africa and Europe.

S In 2003,U.S.exports to Mauritania consisted primarily of

vehicles and parts thereof,machinery and mechanical

appliances,and electrical machinery and equipment.U.S.

imports fromMauritania consisted primarily of fish,

crustaceans,and molluscs;apparel;and machinery and

mechanical appliances.In 2003 and 2004,Mauritania was

designated an AGOA beneficiary country.AGOA (including

GSP) imports fromMauritania totaled $3,000 in 2003.

Investment and Privatization Update

S Mauritania has significant reserves of iron ore, copper,

cobalt,diamonds,gold,gypsum,and phosphates.Reserves

have yet to be fully surveyed and only iron ore is industrially

exploited.Recent exploration has indicated that there are

petroleum reserves off Nouakchott.Additionally,Dana

Petroleum (UK) discovered natural gas reserves in early

2004.

S To promote investment, the government adopted a new

code in 2002 that exempts foreign investors from customs

duties on equipment and goods imported for a start-up or

export-oriented project,permits the transfer of convertible

currencies earned from new investments,provides for

national or international arbitration,and simplifies

administrative procedures.Mauritania has also granted

free trade-zone status for companies that are producing

finished goods for export.

S In mid-2004, the World Bank announced efforts to

harmonize and codify mining law in willing countries,

including Mauritania.This streamlining process is expected

to encourage investment in the mining sector.

S A $26-million project to build mining sector capacity is

expected to strengthen the government’s ability to facilitate

and regulate mining activities, increase private investment,

improve the country’s capacity to monitor new mining

developments,and promote local development and

economic diversification.The project began in May 2003.

S Petroleum production from a field estimated to hold

reserves of 110 million barrels is expected to begin in

2005.The $100-million investment project is spearheaded

by Woodside Petroleum,Hardman Resources, Fusion

Investments,and Roc Oil (all from Australia).Woodside has

pledged an additional $600 million for drilling exploration

and production wells in Chinguetti.Petroleum pumping is

expected to begin in March 2006.Total (France) signed a

petroleum exploration contract with the government in June

2003.Most exploration is taking place in offshore areas.

S Privatization has been fairly successful,with

telecommunications and electricity privatizations underway

under supervision of the World Bank;and privatization of the

national airline completed.Somelec, the state electricity and

water utility, still remains government-owned after a failure

to sell shares in mid-2002.The government expects to

divest some shares in 2004.

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

0

10

20

30

40

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars
6-65

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2002 2003 Difference

GDP (nominal, MRs bn) 141.6 156.8 15.2

GDP (US$ bn) 4.7 5.6 0.9

CPI Inflation (annual average, %) 6.7 4.2 -2.5

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 1,830.2 1,941.3 111.1

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 2,018.3 2,093.9 75.6

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -188.1 -152.6 35.5

Current Account Balance (US$ mn) 259.3 260.5 1.2

Foreign Exchange Reserves (US$ mn) 1,277.4 1,577.3 299.9

Total External Debt (US$ bn) 1.8 1.7 -0.1

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 5.5 5.0 -0.5

Exchange Rate (MRs/US$) 30.0 27.9 -2.1

Origins of GDP (2002)

Wholesale & retail trade

(11.7%)

Other

(12.6%)

Financial & business

services (18.9%)

Agriculture, construction &

electricity (14.6%)

Transport &

communications (13.8%)

Manufacturing

(22.4%)

Restaurants & hotels

(6.0%)

S Mauritius’ economy is fairly diversified relative to most SSA

countries.Export-processing zones (EPZ) have contributed

to growth throughout the 1990s and have driven the shift

from agriculture to manufacturing.Current economic

debate centers over how to diversify the industrial base

within the EPZs.

S Sugar production in 2003 was less than expected,partly

because of poor weather, including heavy rains and two

cyclones.

S Political crisis in Madagascar in 2002 and early-2003,

where a number of Mauritian companies have investments,

contributed to low GDP growth.

S Tourism revenues are increasing.Tourist arrivals for the

first 9 months of 2003 were up 3.8 percent compared to

the same period 2002.

S The 2003-04 budget places significant emphasis on social

programs, such as housing and education for the poor,

social welfare payments,and increased service provision

for vulnerable groups.

S The government plans to develop information and

communications technology.Thirty-two local and foreign

firms have booked space at the Cyber Tower for call

centers,business process outsourcing,disaster recovery

centers, training,and software development.A number of

Indian firms are assisting Mauritius in this project.The

government’s efforts to reorient the economy toward more

value-added, service-based activities is hindered by the lack

of people trained in information and communication

technology.

S In early 2004,Mauritius and Madagascar signed an

agreement to cooperate on investment protection,

technology,and tourism.

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

MAURITIUS

Percent

0

2

4

6

8

10

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
6-66

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2002

Markets Sources

United Kingdom 26.3 France 18.8

France 24.3 South Africa 13.8

United States 15.6 India 8.0

Madagascar 5.9 China 5.7

Main Trade Commodities, US$ millions, 2002

Exports Imports

EPZ products 1,207.0 Manufactures 914.0

Sugar 278.0 Machinery &

transport

equipment

1,047.0

mauritius

Trade Update

S Mauritius has invested heavily in Madagascar’s textile and

apparel industry in order to access lower-cost labor and

special import designation under the AGOA program.

Consequently, in recent years,a significant amount of textile

production has shifted to Madagascar away fromMauritius.

S The government has introduced a special incentive

program to encourage investment in spinning mills to

benefit from the AGOA program.

S Pakistan has expressed interest in using Mauritius as a

base for increasing trade with the rest of Africa.

S In 2003,U.S.exports to Mauritius consisted primarily of

machinery and mechanical appliances,electrical machinery

and equipment,and optical or measuring equipment and

parts thereof.U.S.imports fromMauritius consisted

primarily of apparel,precious or semiprecious stones or

metals,and live animals.In 2003 and 2004,Mauritius was

designated an AGOA beneficiary country, including qualifying

for apparel benefits.AGOA (including GSP) imports from

Mauritius totaled $143.1 million in 2003.

Investment and Privatization Update

S Most investment into Mauritius targets the EPZ sector,

with Hong Kong, France, the United Kingdom,Germany,

Taiwan,and China as main sources.Chinese multinationals

account for 50-60 percent of EPZ exports.

S Kali Steel & Engineering (India) is expected to build a

kitchenware and appliances plant in Mauritius that will be

operative by the end of 2004.

S The World Bank is assisting Mauritius in obtaining private

sector participation in the water and wastewater sectors.

Privatization and parastatal reform are,however, subject to

substantial political debate.

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

-300

-250

-200

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Millions of U.S. Dollars

U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

-50

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars
6-67

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2002 2003 Difference

GDP (nominal, MT bn) 82,747.0 102,111.0 19,364.0

GDP (US$ bn) 3.6 4.3 0.7

CPI Inflation (annual average, %) 16.8 14.0 -2.8

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 682.0 795.0 113.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 1,263.0 1,270.0 7.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -581.0 -475.0 106.0

Current Account Balance (US$ mn) -421.0 -565.0 -144.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves (US$ mn) 819.0 818.0 -1.0

Total External Debt (US$ mn) 966.0 n/a n/a

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) n/a n/a n/a

Exchange Rate (MT/US$) 23,678.0 23,774.0 96.0

Origins of GDP (2002)

Services

(50.1%)

Manufacturing

(Industry)

(20.2%)

Agriculture, fishing

& forestry

(15.6%)

Other industry (14.1%)

S Agriculture, fishing,and forestry employ approximately 90

percent of the active population.

S Inadequate road infrastructure has hindered agricultural

development.Areas in the north with food surpluses remain

isolated,while the south imports food from South Africa.In

2003,a road linking Inchope to Caia was upgraded to

all-weather standard and became part of the national road

connecting the north and south.The government is seeking

financing to build a bridge over the Zambezi river and

indicates it has secured 60 percent of the necessary

$70-$90 million.

S In April 2004, the government announced the creation of

the Tax Administration,an autonomous body that replaced

the National Tax and Audit Directorate.The Tax

Administration aims to prevent tax fraud and evasion,and

analyze the effect of tax policy on the economy.

S Economic policy is guided by the government’s Plan for the

Reduction of Absolute Poverty.Key goals include improving

education,health,and basic infrastructure;developing

agriculture and rural areas;and improving governance,and

macroeconomic and financial management.

S Market reform has been ongoing since the implementation

of the first structural adjustment program in 1987.

Mozambique is considered one of the most successful

reformers in Africa and has received extensive assistance

from donors.Current policy objectives under the PRSP

include rapid,private sector-led growth to achieve

macroeconomic stability;improved basic public services;

reformation of the legal system;and implementation of

fiscal reforms.In March 2004, the IMF found that the

government needed to implement second generation

reforms to increase government revenue, remove

obstacles to private sector development,and use public

expenditure more efficiently.

S In October 2003,Mozambique secured pledges of $790

million for 2004 from the Consultative Group conference of

foreign donors;75 percent of these funds will be in the

form of grants.Mozambique is attempting to reduce its use

of foreign assistance;such assistance is expected to

account for 48 percent of government spending in 2004,

compared with approximately 60 percent in recent years.

S Mozambique became eligible for Millennium Challenge

Account assistance in May 2004.

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

MOZAMBIQUE

Percent

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
6-68

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2002

Markets Sources

Belgium 25.0 South Africa 27.7

South Africa 9.4 France 9.0

Germany 5.6 United States 7.1

Spain 3.5 Australia 7.0

Main Trade Commodities, US$ millions

Exports (2001) Imports (1997)

Aluminum 335.0 Machinery &

equipment

139.0

Prawns 92.4 Vehicles,

transport equip.

& parts

113.8

Electricity 57.3 Fuel 92.3

Cotton 18.3 Textiles 43.4

mozambique

Trade Update

S Coastal shipping capacity makes Mozambique a trade

center.Rehabilitation of the Beira and Nacala ports is

expected to increase trade volume.Additionally, in May

2004,an Indian consortium won a contract for the

reconstruction of the Beira railway line.The World Bank has

pledged a loan of $120 million for the 25-year project.

S A $600-million gas pipeline connecting Mozambique to

South Africa was completed in early 2004.The pipeline

exports 85 million gigajoules of gas per year and is expected

to rise to approximately 120 million gigajoules by 2008.

Sasol (South Africa) built the pipeline and distributes the gas

in South Africa.

S Mozambique was once the world’s largest cashew producer.

Cashew production is expected to decline by 20 percent for

2003/2004,which could impact Mozambique’s export

earnings.Irregular rainfall and fungal infections have

contributed to the decline.

S In 2003,U.S.exports to Mozambique consisted primarily of

cereals,mineral fuels or oils and products,and machinery

and mechanical appliances.U.S.imports fromMozambique

consisted primarily of sugars and sugar confectionery,

apparel,and edible fruits and nuts.In 2003 and 2004,

Mozambique was designated an AGOA beneficiary country,

including qualifying for apparel benefits.AGOA (including

GSP) imports fromMozambique totaled $7.9 million in

2003.

Investment and Privatization Update

S Mozambique offers favorable tax and duty incentives in

industrial free-zones to encourage investment.Investors are

also encouraged by inexpensive electricity,natural resource

availability,and a variety of opportunities.South Africa is the

largest investor in Mozambique.

S Hydroelectricity is a significant resource and has attracted

foreign investment.Additionally,Mozambique has confirmed

reserves of natural gas that are undergoing exploration.

S VodacomMozambique (VM),a subsidiary of Vodafone South

Africa,won a contract to expand telecommunications

coverage in June 2002,but was unable to start operating

until late 2003 because of interconnection fees disputes.

VM is expected to invest $567 million in the project.If

passed,a telecom bill presented to parliament in April 2004

could increase competition and investment in the sector.

S The Maputo Port Development Company assumed

management of the port from the state port authority in

April 2003.The 15-year contract includes investment of

$50-$100 million to improve the port and linking

infrastructure.

S In 2004, the Nordic Development Bank,with the World Bank

and the AfDB,agreed to finance an inventory of

Mozambique’s geological potential.A number of investors

believe that Mozambique holds significant undiscovered

mining resources.

S Mozambique has privatized over 1,200 smaller companies

and 37 large enterprises since privatization began 10 years

ago.Firms awaiting privatization include TDM

(telecommunications parastatal),LAM (state airline),EDM

(electricity utility),ENH (energy utility),HCP (electricity

producer),an insurance company,an oil and gas exploration

company,a port and rail authority,a number of airports,and

water supply overseers.

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

0

20

40

60

80

100

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Millions of U.S. Dollars

U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

450

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars
6-69

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2002 2003 Difference

GDP (nominal, N$ bn) 29.3 32.6 3.3

GDP (US$ bn) 2.8 4.3 1.5

CPI Inflation (annual average, %) 11.3 7.3 -4.0

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 1,072.0 1,090.0 18.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 1,251.0 1,371.0 120.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -179.0 -281.0 -102.0

Current Account Balance (US$ mn) 96.0 63.0 -33.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves (US$ mn) 323.0 345.0 22.0

Total External Debt (US$ mn) 635.0 716.0 81.0

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 2.5 2.9 0.4

Exchange Rate (N$/US$) 10.5 7.6 -3.0

Origins of GDP (2002)

Mining & quarrying

(15.0%)

Financial, real estate &

business services

(12.9%)

Other

(16.2%)

Manufacturing incl.

fish processing (10.9%)

Government

(22.1%)

Agriculture & fishing

(10.6%)

Wholesale & retail trade

(12.3%)

S Namibia is abundant in natural resources including large

concentrations of diamonds,zinc,uranium,gold,and

marble,particularly along the coastal regions.This has led

to the establishment of a large marine mining industry.In

2003, the mining sector was the largest foreign exchange

earner,accounting for 56 percent of all exports.There is

also a large fishing and processing industry.

S Government services are the largest contributor to GDP.

Other sectors contributing notably to GDP include mining,

wholesale and retail trading, financial services,

manufacturing,and offshore fish processing.

S The general decline in global prices for raw material

commodities and appreciation of the currency have

negatively affected foreign exchange earnings.Increased

imports of production inputs such as fuel and lubricants,

and consumer products,have resulted in trade deficits.

S Tourism is a growth sector for Namibia,generating 6

percent of GDP in 2003.The largest source of tourism

revenue is Germany, followed by the United Kingdom.

S In December 2003, the government announced plans to

import a 6-month supply of food aid because of a shortfall in

the staple crop,millet.The shortfall is a result of a dry

growing season.The food aid is in addition to a $37-million

relief program provided by the government that will support

activities such as transporting livestock to better grazing

areas.

S Government long-term economic policy is embodied in the

Vision 2030 goals.Long-term goals are to be implemented

through 5-year national development plans.The country

entered the second 5-year development plan in 2001.

Targets include reducing poverty, increasing the annual

growth rate to 4 percent,and promoting small and medium

enterprises to reduce unemployment.The development

program also includes $1.2 billion for infrastructure

projects, such as building railroads and upgrading road

networks.The government also introduced medium-term

expenditure frameworks (MTEF) to control spending and

reduce the budget deficit.The current MTEF,which runs

during 2004-07, focuses on reducing expenditures on

many public sector services.

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

NAMIBIA

Percent

0

1

2

3

4

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
6-70

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2002

Markets Sources

United Kingdom 48.0 South Africa 80.0

South Africa 23.0 United States 5.0

Spain 15.0 Germany 3.0

France 4.0 Russia 1.0

Main Trade Commodities, US$ millions, 2001

Exports Imports

Diamonds 485.0 Transport

equipment

230.0

Prepared &

preserved fish

287.0 Chemical

products,

rubber & plastic

products

211.0

Metal ores, incl.

uranium ore

156.0 Refined

petroleum

products

204.0

Beverages,

other food

products

80.0 Machinery &

equipment

166.0

-120

-80

-40

0

40

80

120

160

200

240

280

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

namibia

Trade Update

S All petroleum in Namibia is imported.Electricity is derived

from hydropower plants,and during times of drought,

electricity is imported from South Africa.

S The Walvis Bay Corridor Transport project is expected to be

completed by mid-2004.The SADC-sponsored project will

connect Namibia to central African markets via an

all-weather highway connection.

S In July 2003,Namibia announced that it was withdrawing its

membership from COMESA, stating that it was not

benefitting from the free trade area as imports from

COMESA countries were 10 times greater than exports.

S In 2003,U.S.exports to Namibia consisted primarily of

cereals,machinery and mechanical appliances,and articles

of base metal.U.S.imports from Namibia consisted

primarily of apparel, copper and articles thereof,and organic

or inorganic chemicals and compounds.In 2003 and 2004,

Namibia was designated an AGOA beneficiary country,

including qualifying for apparel benefits.AGOA (including

GSP) imports from Namibia totaled $46.8 million in 2003.

Investment and Privatization Update

S The government is promoting FDI in priority sectors such as

tourism and nontraditional manufacturing.As part of the

national development plan, for 2004-07 the government has

set aside $34.5 million for the ”green valley” irrigation

system to help support farmers as they diversify farming

into new crops such as grapes,melons,and other citrus

fruit.The EU is the primary market for these new crops.The

fishing industry has also succeeded in diversifying by

promoting local fish processing;$79.3 million has been

invested in a hake processing plant by Pescanova (Spain).

S The Namibian Ports Authority (Namport) has launched a

strategic investment program that is seeking to create

business opportunities in the port.Projects include a new

container terminal,and the deepening of the harbor.

S A new mining policy is to be introduced in late 2004,

incorporating certain amendments to the 1992 Minerals

Act.The amendments include guaranteeing security of

tenure for holders of mining rights and creating of a

standard licensing regime.

S The mining industry has grown rapidly because of renewed

investment and the discovery of mineral deposits.In early

2004, the Leviev Group (Israel) proposed a $46-million

investment project scheduled to last 3 years.Paladin

Resources (Australia) completed a prefeasability study in the

Namib desert and has proposed the development of a

commercial mining operation to boost production in the

uranium industry.

S In early 2004, the government outlined plans to expropriate

farms that were underutilized or owned by absentee foreign

persons.

S In July 2004, the Namibian power utility NamPower and the

National Petroleum Company of Namibia have entered into

an agreement with Energy Africa (South Africa) to develop

gasfields in Kudu.In May 2004,Tullow (Ireland) took over

Energy Africa.Feasability studies are being conducted,with

production expected to begin in late 2009.

S The partial privatization of the national airline,Air Namibia,

has been placed on hold indefinitely because of financial

losses.The airline received an additional $52.6 million for FY

2004 from the government to help repay the $80 million in

accumulated debt,and pay for the lease of its Boeing

aircraft.

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

0

50

100

150

200

250

300

350

400

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars
6-71

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2002 2003 Difference

GDP (nominal, CFAfr bn) 1,355.0 1,387.0 32.0

GDP (US$ bn) 1.9 2.4 0.5

CPI Inflation (annual average, %) 2.6 -1.6 -4.2

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 280.0 352.0 72.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 366.0 477.0 111.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -86.0 -125.0 -39.0

Current Account Balance (US$ mn) -159.0 -206.0 -47.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves (US$ mn) 133.9 80.0 -53.9

Total External Debt (US$ mn) n/a n/a n/a

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) n/a n/a n/a

Exchange Rate (CFAfr/US$) 697.0 581.2 -115.8

Origins of GDP (2002)

Secondary

(15.0%)

Tertiary

(42.0%)

Primary

(43.0%)

S Niger does not have a historically strong agricultural base

because of the harsh climate and lack of rainfall.During

2001-02,high rainfall levels increased output of millet,

sorghum,and corn;however,Niger still depended on food

imports in both years.

S Natural resources include uranium,gold, copper,and

lithium.Petroleum reserves are also being explored.The

primary energy sources are wood fuel and thermal energy,

with the possibility of a switch to hydroelectric power.

S The government is promoting the President’s Special

Program to reform the economic and social infrastructure.

The transportation network is the primary focus.Goals

include expanding and improving access to the seaports,

and improving the current road link to Burkina Faso,which

will facilitate trade.Much of the current account deficit is

because of high transportation costs.

S Civil service reforms and privatization face the challenges of

financial malpractice and a lack of institutional

transparency.Niger is also focusing on improving regional

security after civil unrest in Côte d’Ivoire negatively affected

economic growth in previous years.

S The government is also seeking to reform its tax system.

Beginning in 2003, taxes on individuals and corporations

are to be harmonized within 3 years to a uniform rate of 35

percent.

S Much of the economic policies and reforms outlined by the

government have been developed in conjunction with the

IMF and the World Bank.In 2000,Niger signed a PRGF for

$74 million.In 2003,a new set of policy targets was

outlined for FY 2004, including an increase in revenue to

nearly 11 percent of GDP,an increase in basic

expenditures on social services,and progress toward the

privatization of the state-owned electric company.The IMF

also suggested introducing an excise tax on various

consumer products and public utilities.As a result of

improved macroeconomic stability, the IMF approved a

further $16 million to help implement policies aimed at

achieving Millennium Development goals.

S In early 2004, the World Bank approved a loan of $14.8

million, to be disbursed over 4 years, to reform the financial

sector.This technical assistance focuses on banks

providing microfinance services, the postal bank,and

services provided by the insurance sector.

S In 2002, the IMF andWorld Bank assessed the PRSP,

which is set to expire at the end of 2004.Priorities under

the framework include improving budget management,

developing and managing natural resources,and

maintaining roads.

S In 2001, the Paris Club agreed to cancel $48 million of

Niger’s debt.An additional $123 million was cancelled by

France in April 2003.In March 2004,Niger was preparing

to complete the HIPC initiative.

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

NIGER

Percent

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
6-72

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2002

Markets Sources

Nigeria 41.2 France 20.1

France 37.5 United States 14.7

Belgium 6.2 Côte d’Ivoire 10.4

Japan 2.5 Nigeria 7.2

Main Trade Commodities, US$ millions, 2002

Exports Imports

Uranium 89.9 Food products 97.4

Livestock 45.9 Capital goods 82.4

Cowpeas 20.2 Petroleum 41.7

Trade Update

S Niger has engaged a private customs monitoring company

to monitor trade along the western and southern borders,

resulting in increased customs receipts.

S Niger is a member of UEMOA.UEMOA has outlined reforms

that Niger must complete by 2005 to ensure continued

integration with UEMOA.These reforms include balancing

the budget to reduce government debt to less than 70

percent of GDP, reducing inflation to less than 3 percent

annually,and increasing domestically-financed investment.

S In November 2003, the AfDB agreed to lend $12.5 million

to help SML (Niger) finance a mining project to exploit gold

and build a processing plant.

S Access to the AGOA program increased exports of gum

arabic.

S In 2003,U.S.exports to Niger consisted primarily of

paperboard,pharmaceutical products,and electrical

machinery and equipment.U.S.imports from Niger

consisted primarily of animal or vegetable fats and oils,

optical or measuring equipment and parts thereof,and

pharmaceutical products.In 2003 and 2004,Niger was

designated an AGOA beneficiary country, including qualifying

for apparel benefits.AGOA (including GSP) imports from

Niger totaled $63,000 in 2003.

Investment and Privatization Update

S Niger’s relatively small domestic market, inadequate

infrastructure,high energy costs,and a lack of skilled labor

hinder investment.

S Vivendi has proposed plans to invest $5 million to upgrade

facilities and increase the drinking water supply.

S In early 2004,Tamoil (Libya) purchased the Niger

operations of Exxon Mobil (U.S.), including distribution and

storage facilities.

S In 2003,Exxon Mobil (U.S.) and Petronas (Malaysia),along

with a consortium of other oil companies, continued

exploratory efforts.

S In September 2003, the government announced plans to

withdraw a concession awarded to TGWorld (Canada) for

oil exploration and extraction.TGWorld began proceedings

at the World Bank’s International Center for the Settlement

of Investment Disputes, to which Niger is a signatory,as the

contract was not due to expire until April 2004.

S The national electric power company Nigelec is targeted for

privatization in 2004.The company signed an agreement in

2002 with Morocco’s state-owned power utility to

collaborate on distribution of electricity in Niger.

S Other sectors have been earmarked for privatization.In

2004, the state-owned company that controls the

importation, storage,and distribution of petroleum into

Niger is slated for privatization,with the government to

maintain a 34-percent stake.The Gaweye Hotel is targeted

for private investment,with bids by Le Meridien (France) and

Ingra (Croatia) already offered.A mortgage company,Credit

du Niger, is also targeted for privatization in 2004.

niger

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

Millions of U.S. Dollars

0

5

10

15

20

25

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance
6-73

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2002 2003 Difference

GDP (nominal, N bn) 5,634.0 6,833.0 1,199.0

GDP (US$ bn) 46.7 52.8 6.1

CPI Inflation (annual average, %) 13.6 13.5 -0.1

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 18,016.0 21,796.0 3,780.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 12,954.0 14,538.0 1,584.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) 5,062.0 7,258.0 2,196.0

Current Account Balance (US$ mn) -76.0 1,047.0 1,123.0

Foreign Exchange Reserve (US$ mn) 7,331.0 7,057.0 -274.0

Total External Debt (US$ bn) 29.7 30.7 1.0

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 16.8 8.2 -8.6

Exchange Rate (N/US$) 120.6 129.4 8.8

Origins of GDP (2002)

Livestock

(5.1%)

Manufacturing

(6.0%)

Agriculture

exc. livestock

(36.1%)

S Petroleum is an important part of the economy;it is

estimated that up to 80 percent of federal government

revenue is derived from the sector,and that petroleum

products account for 90 percent of export earnings.

Agriculture is still the primary activity for the majority of

Nigerians,and accounts for approximately 40 percent of

GDP.There is also a large informal agricultural sector.

S Economic diversification has been hindered by inadequate

infrastructure,energy shortages,and low consumer

income.

S The National Economic Empowerment Development

Strategy is expected to be formally unveiled in 2004.The

plan identifies petroleum,gas,agriculture, solid minerals,

manufacturing,and tourism development as key sectors for

growth and investment.Additionally, it calls for an

acceleration of the privatization program, improvement of

governance and increased transparency,and reform of the

pension system.

S Trade unions have been weakened throughout the 1990s

by unemployment and declining real wages.In late 2003,

parliament considered a bill to restrict sources of funding

and limit membership.The unions called for a general strike

in October 2003,after the government eliminated the price

caps on petrol,diesel,and kerosene.

S In 2004, construction is expected to begin on a

mass-transit rail system for Lagos.The $135-million Lagos

Urban Transportation Project plans to include a rapid light

rail mass-transit system, improved bus services, increased

water and nonmotorized forms of transport, increased

efficiency of urban roads,and better institutions.

S In early 2004,Nigeria’s health minister announced a

$172-million healthcare development program.The World

Bank is expected to provide $127 million and the AfDB,

$45 million.The program’s goals are to build basic

healthcare capacity, increase health service delivery,and

expand access to maternal care and reproductive health.

S The World Bank plans to launch a program to assist in

providing social services in the Niger Delta, the petroleum

producing region of Nigeria.The UNDP is also exploring the

possibility of cooperating with Shell on social development

projects in the same region.The region has experienced

substantial social unrest in recent years.

S In March 2004, the World Bank announced plans to invest

$75 million in the solid minerals sector, supporting

government efforts to diversify the economy.The plan

encourages the government to increase long-term

institutional and technical capacity to manage mineral

resources and establish poverty reduction and rural

economic renewal programs in selected areas of the

country.

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

NIGERIA

Percent

0

1

2

3

4

5

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Crude petroleum

and gas

(31.7%)

Finance &

insurance

(9.8%)

Wholesale &

retail trade

(11.3%)
6-74

nigeria

Economic Update—Continued

S At the end of 2003,bilateral agreements for debt

rescheduling had been signed with 14 of the 15 Paris Club

members.Negotiations have been ongoing since December

2000,and Italy has yet to sign an agreement.

S Nigeria is ineligible for participation in the HIPC initiative

because its debt burden does not meet the established

criteria.

S USAID plans to provide $50 million to promote sustainable

development and economic development activities during

2004-09.Additionally,USAID, in conjunction with the Shell

Petroleum Development Corporation,has committed $1

million to be used to address the threat of cassava mosaic

disease and to develop markets for cassava products.
6-75

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2002

Markets Sources

United States 37.4 United Kingdom 15.7

Brazil 9.4 United States 15.4

Spain 8.3 China 15.3

France 6.4 France 14.3

Main Trade Commodities, US$ millions, 2002

Exports Imports

Oil 13,680.0 Manufactured

goods

2,990.0

Gas 1,097.0 Machinery &

transport

2,471.0

Chemicals 2,297.0

Food & live

animals

1,160.0

nigeria

U.S. Trade Balance

Trade Update

S Petroleum has dominated Nigerian trade since the early

1970s,and accounts for 95 percent of total exports of

goods.Although Europe has been Nigeria’s traditional export

market,petroleum production in the North Sea has shifted

exports towards the United States.Nigeria has made efforts

to diversify its export base,and has had some success with

the export of LNG.

S Imports of more than 40 products are banned, including

textiles,men’s footwear, soap, furniture,assembled bicycles,

flowers, toothpaste,pencils,plastic products,vegetable oil,

and meat products.Import prohibitions may contribute to

increased smuggling across Nigeria’s borders.

S The government reduced port taxes in 2001 and 2003,and

has removed other administrative obstacles to efficient

trade operations.

S In November 2003, the Department of Petroleum

Resources issued new guidelines for fuel importation,

requiring that firms obtain importation permits,display

prices prominently, submit quality certificates,and distribute

only approved products.

S In late 2003, the government approved the implementation

of an incentive scheme to boost exports of textiles and other

products.The Export Expansion Grant enables firms

exporting at least $3,495 to claim a grant equivalent of 40

percent of their total annual exports.Exporters of

unprocessed agricultural commodities and minerals may

receive a grant of 5 percent of their annual exports.

S The Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation signed

production-sharing contracts with ChevronTexaco,

Petrobras (Brazil),and local firms Famfa,Heritage,and Oil

and Gas Company to develop three deepwater oilfields.It is

expected that greater petroleum production capacity will

expand exports.

S Nigeria is engaged in an ongoing territorial dispute with

Cameroon over the Bakassi Peninsula,which has significant

petroleum resources.In December 2003,Nigeria began to

hand over some areas involved in the dispute,not including

the proper Bakassi.Nigeria also has disputed maritime

borders with Equatorial Guinea and São Tomé and Principe,

which affect access to offshore petroleum reserves.

S Nigeria is offering no taxation,no duty,and no restrictions on

the repatriation of profits to businesses that invest in the

development of a leisure resort in an effort to improve

recognition of its free trade zone.The $131-million Tinapa

project, conceived in August 2002, is intended to encourage

trade among African states.The zone allows companies to

set up businesses within two weeks and is linked to the

Calabar port,which is being expanded to carry bigger ships.

As of March 2004, the free trade zone had 80

manufacturing companies,with plans for additional

companies to establish business.Billions of dollars have

been used to develop zone-related infrastructure such as

roads,water,electricity, telecommunication,and sanitation.

S In 2003,U.S.exports to Nigeria consisted primarily of

cereals,machinery and mechanical appliances,and

electrical machinery and equipment.U.S.imports from

Nigeria consisted primarily of mineral fuels and oils, cocoa

and cocoa preparations,and organic chemicals.In 2003

and 2004,Nigeria was designated an AGOA beneficiary

country.AGOA (including GSP) imports from Nigeria totaled

$9.4 billion in 2003.

-12000

-9000

-6000

-3000

0

3000

6000

9000

12000

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance
6-76

Investment and Privatization Update

S Political uncertainty,alleged corruption, inadequate

infrastructure,and low per capita income have deterred both

new and replacement investment.

S The Brass LNG project is expected to be operative by 2008.It

is a joint venture between the Nigeria National Petroleum

Corporation,Eni,ChevronTexaco,and ConocoPhillips,and is

expected to expand access to natural gas resources.Slower

progress is being made on the West African Gas Pipeline,

which will carry Nigerian gas to Benin,Ghana,and Togo.

S In mid-2003, the government signed a deal with Solgas

Energy Nigeria to rehabilitate the Delta steel plant and

manage the plant for 10 years.The steel industry has

suffered from inadequate maintenance,despite roughly $10

billion in public investment and Russian assistance to build the

centerpiece of the plant, the Ajaokuta complex.In its 20 years

of operation, the Delta steel plant has rarely operated at

greater than 20 percent of capacity.

S The state-owned Nigeria Airways was liquidated in May 2003,

after years of financial mismanagement,misappropriation of

funds,and large debts.In October 2003, the government

introduced a new national carrier,Nigerian Eagle Airlines.

South African Airways was chosen in early 2004 as a partner

for the national carrier,and owns 30 percent of the firm.

Delays have extended the start of the operation beyond the

original date of April 2004.

S A new telecommunications law enacted in 2003,and the

recent licensing of operators to offer FixedWireless Services

on a regional basis,may allow for expansion of the

telecommunication sector.Over the last 2 years,

telecommunications investment has totaled over $4 billion

and is expected to continue.Vodacom indicated that it was

exploring operations in Nigeria’s market.In early 2004,

Econet Wireless Nigeria signed a $110-million contract with

Ericsson (Sweden) to boost geographic coverage and to

increase network capacity.

S The Bureau of Public Enterprises (BPE) has outlined three

stages for privatization.The first stage could be completed in

2004,and involves the sale of stakes in industrial companies,

refineries,and some infrastructure operators.The second

phase, to be completed in 2005, calls for the sale of three

paper mills,motor vehicle assembly plants,and fertilizer

companies.The government also intends to sell some

infrastructure providers, such as the port authority, the

airport authority,and energy companies, in the second phase.

The third phase, to be completed after 2005, involves the sale

of the sugar companies, refineries, the National Electric

Power Authority,and Nigerian Railways.

S In October 2003, the government eliminated domestic fuel

subsidies,announcing that it would no longer set fuel prices

and that the market was deregulated.The government

indicated that it would sell off four domestic refineries owned

by the Nigerian National Petroleum Corporation and

encourage investment in privately-owned enterprises.

S In early 2004,more than 110 companies expressed interest

in taking over the management of the Nigeria Ports Authority

after the government announced it would be privatized.

nigeria

Net Foreign Direct Investment

Millions of U.S. Dollars

0

500

1000

1500

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
6-77

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2002 2003 Difference

GDP (nominal, CFAfr bn) 2,225.0 2,297.0 72.0

GDP (US$ bn) 3.2 4.0 0.8

CPI Inflation (annual average, %) 3.8 2.0 -1.8

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 2,325.0 2,599.0 274.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 706.0 724.0 18.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) 1,619.0 1,875.0 256.0

Current Account Balance (US$ mn) 66.0 180.0 114.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves (US$ mn) 31.6 31.0 -0.6

Total External Debt (US$ mn) n/a n/a n/a

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) n/a n/a n/a

Exchange Rate (CFAfr/US$) 696.9 581.2 -115.7

Origins of GDP (2000)

Petroleum

(43.5%)

Other

(8.9%)

Services

(37.4%)

Agriculture & fishing

(8.2%)

Forestry

(2.0%)

S Petroleum is a key component of the economy,accounting

for over 40 percent of the Republic of the Congo’s (ROC)

economy.Sixty percent of the population earns a livelihood

from the agricultural sector,which benefits from relatively

predictable rainfall.ROC is rich in natural resources.

S Inadequate road and railway systems have made airlines an

important part of internal transportation.The EU offered to

provide $37 million to rehabilitate the road from Brazzaville

to Kinkala,but the funds have yet to be released because of

civil unrest that began in March 2002.The government

signed a peace agreement with the last rebel group in

March 2003,and the political situation is now viewed as

stable.

S Approximately 50 percent of the land is covered in dense

forest.ROC is eligible for a $90-million fund to protect land

in the region by joining the World Bank’s Congo Basin

Forest Partnership.The project’s primary objective is to

limit illegal and uncontrolled logging.

S In an October 2003 mission, the IMF discovered $100

million in unaccounted funds indicating that little progress

had been made toward achieving financial transparency.

The IMF called off further talks and declined to initiate steps

toward introducing a PRGF.

S In July 2003,a conference in Paris resulted in donor

pledges of $221 million in new financing for ROC’s

reconstruction,provided that government performance is

satisfactory.

S In December 2003, the AfDB granted ROC $1.2 million to

fight an Ebola outbreak.

S In May 2004, the International Fund for Agricultural

Development agreed to provide a loan of $11.9 million.ROC

is expected to use the funds to boost agricultural output

and enhance food security.

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

CONGO

Percent

REPUBLIC OF THE

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
6-78

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2002

Markets Sources

South Korea 20.3 France 22.1

China 9.4 Italy 8.5

United States 8.4 China 6.2

Germany 6.6 Belgium 6.0

Main Trade Commodities, US$ millions

Exports (2000) Imports (1998)

Petroleum 2,294.0 Petroleum

sector

423.7

Timber 95.2 Other capital

goods

64.9

Sugar 12.6

Other 47.9

republic of the congo

Trade Update

S The petroleum industry accounts for over 90 percent of

export earnings.

S Increasing stability is contributing to renewed transport

networks.For example, in early 2004, the rail service known

as ”Air Pool” commenced services between Brazzaville and

Loutete.This service will provide the local population with

access a larger variety of products.

S The reopening of the Brazzaville-Pointe-Noire railway has

supported timber production,which is expected to increase

to 1.2 million cubic meters in 2004.Timber has the

potential to become an important generator of export

revenue.

S In 2003,U.S.exports to ROC consisted primarily of

machinery and mechanical appliances, cereals,and

electrical machinery and equipment.U.S.imports from ROC

consisted primarily of mineral fuels and oils,precious or

semiprecious stones or metals,and sugars and sugar

confectionery.In 2003 and 2004,ROC was designated an

AGOA beneficiary country.AGOA (including GSP) imports

from ROC totaled $340.8 million in 2003.

Investment and Privatization Update

S Petroleum exploration has moved further offshore and

deeper as existing reserves are exploited.If further

exploration does not find large reserves in these areas,

investment in the petroleum sector may decline.ROC has

significant reserves of potash and iron ore that have not yet

been developed.

S In November 2003, the government adopted a bill that

streamlines licensing procedures and lowers the state’s

equity share in mining companies’ investments to 10

percent.This bill is expected to encourage foreign

investment in the sector.

S A Chinese consortium is promoting the construction of a

hydroelectric dam at Imboulou dam,which would cost $280

million.Magnesium Alloy Corporation (Canada) has

proposed constructing a link to the Inga dam.

S SIAT (France) is making efforts to revive tobacco production,

partly by involving local farmers in the production process.

S The government published plans to privatize management of

CFCO, the railway parastatal.In November 2003, the

government released the terms for bidding.Final selection is

expected to take place in September 2004.A $34-million

investment program has been developed for the company,

and the World Bank has earmarked funds to restructure

the workforce.

S The government has announced plans to commercialize the

management of SNE, the state electricity utility.The

government has released a privatization schedule for 2004

that includes completing the sale of downstream activities of

Hydro-Congo, completing the sale of SNDE (a water utility),

opening ONPT (postal and telecommunications service) to

bids,organizing a sale tender for CFCO (the railway),and

selling river ports and transport facilities.

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

-600

-400

-200

0

200

400

600

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars
6-79

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2002 2003 Difference

GDP (nominal, Rwfr bn) 825.0 916.0 91.0

GDP (US$ bn) 1.7 1.6 -0.1

CPI Inflation (annual average, %) 2.0 7.5 5.5

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 67.3 61.8 -5.5

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 233.7 247.4 13.7

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -166.4 -185.6 -19.2

Current Account Balance (US$ mn) -127.4 -110.0 17.4

Foreign Exchange Reserves (US$ mn) 243.7 215.9 -27.8

Total External Debt (US$ mn) 1,409.6 n/a n/a

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) n/a n/a n/a

Exchange Rate (Rwfr/US$) 476.3 566.0 89.7

Origins of GDP (2001)

Agriculture

(40.5%)

Industry

(21.6%)

Services

(37.9%)

S Agriculture contributes just under one-half of GDP, yet over

90 percent of the population works in the agricultural

sector.Rwanda experienced rapid economic growth from

1998 to 2002,but the rate of growth slowed in 2003.In

2003,agricultural production registered almost no growth,

mining production fell by 28 percent,and manufacturing fell

by over 5 percent.Most manufacturing is agricultural

processing; food,beverages,and tobacco accounted for 80

percent of manufacturing production.

S Because its primary source of export revenue is coffee and

tea,Rwanda’s economy is significantly affected by changes

in world prices in these products and weather variation.

S During 2004-05, the government plans to achieve rapid,

labor-intensive,poverty-reducing growth through the

implementation of the PRSP completed in 2002.PRSP

goals include achieving GDP growth of at least 5 percent,

stabilizing prices and other macroeconomic indicators,

recapitalizing rural areas, raising rural incomes,and

improving public services.

S In late 2003, the IMF suspended a PRGF program, stating

that Rwanda failed to meet key targets because of

overspending.This statement reduced aid flow from donors

in early 2004.The IMF has requested that the government

cut expenditures in order to balance its budget.The

suspended PRGF aimed to reduce poverty,develop human

resources,promote the private sector,build state capacity,

and improve governance.

S Other policies recommended by the IMF andWorld Bank

include increasing trade liberalization, continuing

privatization,and facilitating foreign investment.

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

rwanda

Percent

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
6-80

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2002

Markets Sources

Indonesia 30.8 Kenya 34.5

Germany 14.6 Germany 13.2

China 11.6 Belgium 12.5

South Africa 5.5 United States 5.5

Main Trade Commodities, US$ millions, 2002

Exports Imports

Tea 22.0 Consumption

goods

120.5

Coffee 14.6 Raw materials 44.6

Coltan 14.0 Energy products 36.7

Hides 2.6 Capital goods 35.5

rwanda

Trade Update

S Rwanda has been slowly opening to increased trade,

reducing its average tariff to 11 percent in 2002.In

January 2004,Rwanda joined COMESA.

S Nearly all Rwanda’s exports and imports are transported by

land through Kenya or Tanzania.Although,Rwanda’s road

network is fairly well developed,Rwanda has no railways,and

transportation significantly increases overall import costs.

S A free trade zone is expected to begin operations in June

2004, creating an estimated 2,000 jobs.Rwanda has

offered duty relief, tax breaks, repatriation of dividends,and

increased security in an effort to attract investors to the

zone.

S In March 2004,Kenya and Rwanda launched an initiative to

improve market access for their agricultural products in

their respective countries.The two countries will cooperate

in research, training, technical assistance,and crop and

animal production.

S In 2003,U.S.exports to Rwanda consisted primarily of

animal or vegetable fats and oils,vegetables,and cereals.

U.S.imports from Rwanda consisted primarily of coffee, tea,

mate,and spices;ores, slag,and ash;and machinery and

mechanical appliances.In 2003 and 2004,Rwanda was

designated an AGOA beneficiary country, including qualifying

for apparel benefits.AGOA (including GSP) imports from

Rwanda totaled $6,000 in 2003.

Investment and Privatization Update

S South Africa is a major source of investment in

telecommunications,aviation,and tourism in Rwanda.There

is significant potential for expansion of Rwanda’s tourism

sector.

S The government has indicated that it is prepared to privatize

the 44 remaining parastatals.The Rwanda Privatization

Secretariat (RPS) has thus far privatized 30 parastatals;

most of these were relatively small,generating revenue of

$7 million by the end of 2003.

S Rwandatel, the state telecommunications company,began

the privatization process in September 2003,with the sale

of two-thirds of its 28-percent stake in MTN-Rwandacell, the

monopoly mobile phone company.The full privatization of

Rwandatel is expected to take place in 2004.Eighty percent

of its shares are to be divested to a multinational investor,

18 percent are expected to go to Rwandan investors,and 2

percent to Rwandatel staff.

S The management of Electrogaz, the energy parastatal,has

been transferred to a consortium of private firms that

includes Lahmayer International and Hamburger

Wasserwerke (both of Germany).

S Privatization of BCR, the state bank, is moving slowly despite

recapitalization financed by the World Bank.

S Technical offers have been made for the purchase of the

Pfunda and Mulindi tea estates,but RPS has indicated that

it is waiting for financial offers.

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

0

10

20

30

40

50

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

0

2

4

6

8

10

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars
6-81

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2002 2003 Difference

GDP (nominal, Db bn) 478.0 530.6 52.6

GDP (US$ mn) 52.6 56.8 4.2

CPI Inflation (annual average, %) 7.0 9.0 2.0

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 5.5 5.7 0.2

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 24.8 26.3 1.5

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -19.3 -20.6 -1.3

Current Account Balance (US$ mn) -5.0 -6.3 -1.3

Foreign Exchange Reserves (US$ mn) 318.0 n/a n/a

Total External Debt (US$ mn) n/a n/a n/a

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 17.4 24.5 7.1

Exchange Rate (Db/US$) 9,088.3 9,342.6 254.3

Origins of GDP (2000)

Fisheries

(3.7%)

Manufacturing & energy

(5.5%)

Services

(62.6%)

Agriculture

(16.4%)

Other (11.8%)

S São Tomé & Principe has long been one of the poorest

nations in Africa.Economic development has been hindered

by inadequate infrastructure, civil unrest,and a lack of

foreign investment.The recent discovery of petroleum

reserves provides an opportunity for substantial economic

growth and for the government to develop and implement

reform measures.

S The primary export for São Tomé & Principe is cocoa,

accounting for almost 85 percent of GDP.In 2003, the

value of exports of cocoa was above average because of

relatively high global prices.Despite being small sectors,

agriculture and fishing contribute significantly to GDP

growth.Services,predominantly the tourism sector,has

expanded to be the second-largest revenue earner for the

country.

S In 2001, the government finalized a Priority Action Plan

that outlined development strategies to be implemented

until 2005.Policy focus areas include private sector

promotion,diversification of productive activities, support of

small- and medium-sized farms,and reform of public

institutions.

S In 2003, the IMF determined that government

performance had improved.Overspending, lack of

transparency,and stalled structural reforms had led to the

suspension of the PRGF.The PRGF is due to be reviewed in

mid-2004 and, if resumed,would allow the country to

benefit from the HIPC initiative.A condition stipulated by the

IMF for a return of the PRGF is legislation for the improved

and transparent management of petroleum revenue.

S São Tomé & Principe is heavily dependent on foreign aid,

receiving one of the largest amounts of aid per capita.

Portugal is the primary bilateral donor for the country.

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

SÃO TOMé &

PRINCIPE

Percent

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
6-82

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2002

Markets Sources

Netherlands 34.6 Portugal 51.4

Canada 10.9 Germany 10.2

Germany 8.4 United

Kingdom

7.7

Main Trade Commodities, US$ millions

Exports (2000) Imports (1999)

Cocoa 2.9 Capital

goods

11.8

Other 0.3 Food 4.5

Fuel 4.0

Trade Update

S The discovery of petroleum is expected to alter significantly

the country’s economy and trade profile.

S The government is continuing efforts to diversify the

economy in nonpetroleum sectors.The government is

encouraging increased production in the exclusive

economic zone established for the fishing sector.The

government hopes the diversification of agricultural

activities will lead to a reduction of imported food aid,which

is irregular in delivery because of a lack of the deepwater

port at the main harbor.

S The government has renewed efforts to create a free trade

zone and to attract foreign investment into the area

through contracts from the petroleum sector.No date has

been established for the completion of the project.São

Tomé & Principe previously attempted to create a free

trade zone with a South African company,but little progress

was made and the project remains incomplete.

S In 2003,U.S.exports to São Tomé & Principe consisted

primarily of electrical machinery and equipment,machinery

and mechanical appliances,wood and articles of wood.U.S.

imports from São Tomé & Principe consisted primarily of

vehicles and parts thereof, furniture and miscellaneous

furnishings,and books or other printed products.In 2003

and 2004,São Tomé & Principe was designated an AGOA

beneficiary country.

Investment and Privatization Update

S In October 2003,São Tomé & Principe accepted bids from

foreign oil companies worth $500 million for offshore

exploration blocks;$200 million is to be provided by the

government.

S In June 2004, the government and the Rivers State

Government (Nigeria) announced they would expand a joint

development zone to include petroleum exploration and

tourism.The agreement incorporates full disclosure of all

transactions and activities of the companies within the

zone, such as bids and other proprietary data, in

compliance with the Extractive Industries Transparency

Initiative, created in 2002 at the World Summit on

Sustainable Development.The first of nine oil fields was sold

to Chevron Texaco (U.S.) in October 2003 for $123 million.

The company will operate 51 percent of the zone.Exxon

Mobil (U.S.) will operate in 41 percent of the development

zone,with Equity Energy Resources (Norway) extracting oil

from the remaining 9 percent of the designated area.

Nigeria will receive 60 percent of the revenue and São

Tomé & Principe will collect the remaining 40 percent.

Production is expected to begin by 2005-06.

S The World Bank has recommended privatization of the

state water and electricity company.There are currently 12

entities that remain under state ownership and

management,with 4, including the water and electricity

supplier, targeted for privatization.

S International telephone links for the recently privatized CST

telephone company are being upgraded with foreign aid and

technical assistance.

SÃO TOMÉ AND PRINCIPE

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

Millions of U.S. Dollars

0

1

2

3

4

5

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002
6-83

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2002 2003 Difference

GDP (nominal, CFAfr bn) 3,512.8 3,648.5 135.7

GDP (US$ bn) 5.0 6.3 1.3

CPI Inflation (annual average, %) 2.3 0.1 -2.2

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 1,108.6 1,233.4 124.8

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 1,513.3 1,765.0 251.7

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -404.7 -531.6 -126.9

Current Account Balance (US$ mn) -264.5 -302.1 -37.6

Foreign Exchange Reserves (US$ mn) 637.4 650.0 12.6

Total External Debt (US$ bn) 3.1 3.0 -0.1

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 12.7 8.0 -4.7

Exchange Rate (CFAfr/US$) 697.0 581.2 -115.8

Origins of GDP (2001)

Secondary

(20.9%)

Primary

(18.7%) Tertiary

(60.4%)

S Agricultural products such as cotton,groundnuts,and

horticulture contribute substantially to GDP.Large scale

agriculture,however, is limited to industrial sugar

production.After agriculture, the industrial sector is the

second-largest source of export earnings, including

industries such as phosphates and derived chemicals.A

drop in agricultural production,weak prices for mineral

exports,and a new method of calculating GDP led to a

downturn in economic growth for 2002 and into 2003.

S Agricultural diversity is a priority of rural development

initiatives proposed by the government.Strategies include

increasing the number of irrigation schemes,using high

yield varieties,and improving water retention basins.The

government plans to construct 50 additional water

retention basins at a cost of $1.7 million.Agricultural

training schools and colleges are to be established in rural

areas.In 2003,maize farmers received a boost when

donor funding gave $15.5 million to the industry that

allowed imported hybrid seeds to be used.Japan granted

Senegal $5 million in early 2004 to help improve food

security and to reduce dependence on imported rice.

S Economic reforms for the country are concentrated in four

areas: fiscal policy, structural reforms including

privatization,poverty alleviation,and the promotion of the

private sector.UEMOA’s survey of the Senegal economy

found a slowdown in economic activity in the primary

sector, specifically agriculture and fishing.These sectors

require modernization of existing equipment and farming

techniques to support sector exports,which are a

significant source of revenue for the country.

S Reform efforts are also concentrated in reducing the public

sector expenditure and improving the revenue collection

system to meet goals outlined by UEMOA.In March 2003,

UEMOA extended Senegal’s time to meet certain criteria,

including a balanced budget, reduced annual inflation to

less than 3 percent,and reduced total government debt to

less than 70 percent of GDP.

S The IMF approved a new 3-year PRGF in April 2003 that

will support economic reform until 2005.The $33-million

grant will support the government’s reform programs

aimed at macroeconomic stability and economic

development priorities.The approval allowed Senegal to

draw $5 million of the allocated funds immediately,as well

as receive an additional $1.6 million in debt relief under the

HIPC initiative.In February 2004, the IMF completed a

review of the new PRGF and approved the immediate

release of $5.2 million.The review advised Senegal to

continue improving tax and customs procedures,and focus

on agriculture sector reform.

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

SENEGAL

Percent

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
6-84

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2002

Markets Sources

France 16.0 France 24.7

India 13.6 Nigeria 14.5

Italy 13.1 Germany 6.5

Mali 6.9 Italy 5.4

Main Trade Commodities, US$ millions, 2001

Exports Imports

Fish & fish

products

240.0 Food

products

359.0

Phosphates

& fertilsers

117.0 Petroleum

products

317.0

Groundnuts

& product

100.0 Capital

goods

242.0

senegal

Trade Update

S The port at Dakar is an important regional and international

hub.The port authority is proposing the modernization and

expansion of existing facilities, including a new container

terminal.

S A new airport is also planned outside of Dakar,and will double

the existing air traffic capacity.

S Road rehabilitation plans are underway, including roads linking

Mali and The Gambia with Senegal.The Senegal portion of the

Dakar-Bamako railway linking Senegal and Mali was postponed

in 1998.The government accepted a bid from Canac-Getmar

(Canada),valued at $26.7 million, to manage the railway for 25

years.Management of the railway was transferred to

Canac-Getmar in August 2003.

S Tourism is expanding.Visitors originate primarily from

continental Europe, including France,Belgium,Germany,and

Switzerland.The government’s goal is to attract 1.5 million

visitors by 2010.

S In 2003,U.S.exports to Senegal consisted primarily of vehicles

and parts thereof,machinery and mechanical appliances,and

electrical machinery and equipment.U.S.imports from Senegal

consisted primarily of machinery and mechanical appliances;

articles of feather,down, flowers,or human hair.In 2003 and

2004,Senegal was designated an AGOA beneficiary country,

including qualifying for apparel benefits.AGOA (including GSP)

imports from Senegal totaled $720,000 in 2003.

Investment and Privatization Update

S In early 2004, the government officially launched the

$46-million investment promotion program aimed at

increasing the private investment necessary to reach an

8-percent growth rate.The 5-year project is financed by the

World Bank,and will focus on improving the investment

climate, targeting sector-specific investments,and supporting

economic reform initiatives.

S In an effort to encourage the private sector under its long-term

economic growth plan, the government plans to reform the

legal and judicial systems to remove administrative barriers to

investment and improving infrastructure;increase productivity

in the economy;and stimulate investment in public sectors

such as petroleum,postal services,and pensions services.In

April 2004, the government submitted revisions of the current

tax code to the national assembly, including a reduction in the

corporate tax rate from 35 percent to 33 percent,and the

exclusion of certain capital goods from customs duties.

S The government is also focused on increasing the

competitiveness of the manufacturing and industrial sectors,

with priorities for investment focused on the chemicals, textiles,

and agro-processing sectors.

S In September 2003, the first vehicle assembly plant was

opened through a joint venture between Senegalese investors

and Tata International (India).

S In May 2004,Senegal was 1 of 16 countries designated as

eligible for Millennium Challenge Account assistance.

S Privatization of state-owned companies is a key component of

Senegal’s new PRGF.In January 2004,a total of 6 state-owned

enterprises had been privatized.The government also plans to

sell a majority stake in Sonacos, the state owned groundnut

factory,by mid-2004.In January 2004,potential bidders for

Sonacos were given the final tender document,with buyer

selection to be completed by mid-2004.

S In 2003, the government announced it would no longer

subsidize the state-owned cotton plant.

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

-40

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars
6-85

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2002 2003 Difference

GDP (nominal, SRs mn) 3,830.0 3,856.0 26.0

GDP (US$ mn) 696.4 701.1 4.7

CPI Inflation (annual average, %) 0.2 3.7 3.5

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 237.0 241.0 4.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 376.0 366.0 -10.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -139.0 -125.0 14.0

Current Account Balance (US$ mn) -130.0 -74.0 56.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves (US$ mn) 69.7 66.5 -3.2

Total External Debt (US$ mn) 207.0 206.0 -1.0

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 2.3 2.1 -0.2

Exchange Rate (SRs/US$) 5.5 5.5 0.0

Origins of GDP (2002)

Agriculture & fishing

(2.9%)

Manufacturing

(18.2%)

Finance

(5.6%)

Other (4.4%)

Construction

(10.0%)

Transport, communications &

distribution (37.0%)

Hotels & restaurants

(9.9%)

Government services

(12.0%)

S Services, including transport, communications, commerce,

and tourism, is the predominant sector in the Seychelles

economy.

S In 2003, the government engaged in a macroeconomic

policy review and appointed a committee that devised the a

medium-termMacroeconomic Reform Program,

announced on July 1,2003.The program aims to restore

fiscal sustainability and undertake structural reform.

S The government imposed a 12-percent tax on goods and

services,which is expected to boost government revenue

and to help restore fiscal stability.

S Seychelles Breweries, the largest private company after

Indian Ocean Tuna, continues to experience difficulties

because of a scarcity of foreign exchange.As one of

Seychelles’ largest taxpayers, the company’s difficulties may

significantly impact government revenue.

S Seychelles withdrew from the SADC in mid-2004, stating

that the SADC has failed to meet significant goals.

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

SEYCHELLES

Percent

-4

-3

-2

-1

0

1

2

3

4

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
6-86

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2002

Markets Sources

United Kingdom 31.6 Saudi Arabia 25.4

Germany 23.8 South Africa 9.2

Italy 14.9 Spain 8.3

France 13.8 France 7.2

Main Trade Commodities, US$ millions, 2002

Exports Imports

Canned tuna 154.0 Food & live

animals

104.5

Re-exports of

petroleum

48.0 Machinery &

transport goods

84.1

Frozen & fresh

fish

3.3 Manufactured

goods

80.7

Frozen prawns 1.6 Fuel 50.9

seychelles

Trade Update

S Canned tuna and tourism are the two most important

sources of foreign exchange.

S Stimulated by an increase in international prices,a rapid

expansion in prawn production may increase prawn exports.

S In 2003,U.S.exports to Seychelles consisted primarily of

machinery and mechanical appliances,aircraft and parts

thereof,and optical or measuring equipment and parts

thereof.U.S.imports from Seychelles consisted primarily of

mineral fuels and oils,optical or measuring equipment and

parts thereof,and pharmaceutical products.In 2003 and

2004,Seychelles was designated an AGOA beneficiary

country.AGOA (including GSP) imports from Seychelles

totaled $3,000 in 2003.

Investment and Privatization Update

S The Seychelles Investment Bureau was created in July

2004 as a one-stop shop for foreign investors to the

country.

S The government plans to open a new terminal at the Pointe

Larue airport in 2007.Increased access to the country may

support government efforts to attract investment.

S To encourage expansion of the financial services sector,

Seychelles has signed double taxation treaties with South

Africa,China,Indonesia,Thailand,Zimbabwe,and Oman.

Double taxation treaties have been negotiated,but not yet

signed,with Russia,Vietnam,Malaysia,Egypt,and

Botswana.Talks are underway with other countries,

including Tunisia,Cyprus,Mauritius,Burundi,and the Czech

Republic.

S Although, foreign investment in luxury hotels continued to

increase,Cosproh, the hotel parastatal, retains ownership

of a number of hotels and plans to open a new resort on

Cerf Island.In late 2003,Seychelles won awards at the

World Travel Market in London.

S A $10-million recent investment to create new ponds in

Coetivy Island has contributed to an increase in prawn

production.Investment has totaled $30 to $40 million since

the farm was established in 1994.

S Indian Ocean Tuna is expected to invest in storage facilities

over the next few years in an effort to smooth seasonal

supply shortages and to increase production.

S Seychelles Petroleum Corporation (oil trading),Seychelles

Marketing Board (agriculture),and the Island Development

Corporation await privatization.

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

-20

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

180

200

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars
6-87

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2002 2003 Difference

GDP (nominal, Le bn) 1,491.2 1,707.4 216.2

GDP (US$ mn) 710.4 727.2 16.8

CPI Inflation (annual average, %) -3.2 8.0 11.2

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 48.5 60.2 11.7

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 264.3 284.5 20.2

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -215.8 -224.3 -8.5

Current Account Balance (US$ mn) -142.0 -153.2 -11.2

Foreign Exchange Reserves (US$ mn) 84.7 64.4 -20.3

Total External Debt (US$ mn) n/a n/a n/a

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) n/a n/a n/a

Exchange Rate (Le/US$) 2,099.0 2,347.9 248.9

Origins of GDP (1999)

Other industry

(3.9%)

Manufacturing (Industry)

(12.7%)

Services

(21.9%)

Agriculture

(58.4%)

Import duties

(3.1%)

S Mining and agriculture are the leading components of the

economy.More than 65 percent of the population depends

on agriculture for its livelihood.

S Transportation infrastructure is inadequate.Roads are

dilapidated, the airport and ports require repairs,and there

is no railway network.

S The Truth and Reconciliation Commission was launched in

April 2003 with the goal of contributing to the development

of political stability.

S The 2004 budget highlights security, the social sector,and

the procurement of goods and services as key areas.To

increase revenue, the government intends to increase staff

levels at the National Revenue Authority, re-establish border

posts, introduce more efficient guidelines,and accelerate

the taxing and clearing of imported goods.To spur

economic growth, the government will focus on developing

the private sector, improving the agricultural sector,

reviving the mining industry, improving infrastructure,and

building human capital.

S Sierra Leone began participation in the HIPC initiative in

March 2002.The money saved in debt service has been

directed to expenditures on education,healthcare,and

rural development,under the requirements of the

government’s interim PRSP.In June 2003, the EU

announced that it pledged $257 million to Sierra Leone

over 5 years, in support of the government’s PRSP.In early

2004, the IMF approved a $22-million loan as an advance

under the HIPC initiative.

S In May 2003, the World Bank approved a $30-million loan

as part of the Economic Rehabilitation and Recovery Credit.

These funds complement loans from the AfDB, the UK’s

Department for International Development, the EU,and the

IMF.They are to be used to consolidate progress made in

governance, to support the institutional and policy reform

agenda,and to fund the import of essential commodities.

S China committed $266 million in mid-2004 to reconstruct

the ocean-front Lumlea Beach area near Freetown.The

construction project is expected to create thousands of

jobs and boost tourism to the country.

S The United States provided $272 million in 2003 to help

Sierra Leone’s recovery and reconstruction.Funds were

used for school and hospital construction,police training,

humanitarian assistance,economic development projects,

UN peacekeeping operations,and debt relief.In April 2003,

the United States signed a debt-forgiveness agreement

with Sierra Leone covering payments owed between

October 1,2001 and September 30,2004,on obligations

contracted prior to June 20,1999.

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

SIERRA LEONE

Percent

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
6-88

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2002

Markets Sources

Belgium 42.0 Germany 25.0

Germany 28.2 United

Kingdom

10.9

United Kingdom 3.7 Netherlands 7.5

Italy 2.9 United States 5.7

Main Trade Commodities, US$ millions, 2001

Exports Imports

Diamonds 26.3 Food 51.9

Others 2.9 Fuel &

lubricants

43.3

Machinery &

transport

equipment

37.2

Manufactured

goods

21.5

sierra Leone

Trade Update

S The government has been cooperating with the World Bank

to end diamond smuggling.It will attempt to enforce

existing diamond mining and trading legislation and

increase transparency in the sector.Additionally, it will

participate in the Kimberley Process,which is expected to

decrease smuggling by mandating diamond authentication.

S Bangladesh has expressed interest in investing in the textile

and pharmaceutical industries to produce for export.

S In 2003,U.S.exports to Sierra Leone consisted primarily of

electrical machinery and equipment,machinery and

mechanical appliances,and cereals.U.S.imports from

Sierra Leone consisted primarily of precious or

semiprecious stones or metals,apparel,and machinery

and mechanical appliances.In 2003 and 2004,Sierra

Leone was designated an AGOA beneficiary country,

including qualifying for apparel benefits in 2004.AGOA

(including GSP) imports from Sierra Leone totaled $75,000

in 2003.

Investment and Privatization Update

S There is evidence of petroleum and gas reserves off the

shores of Bonthe and Sulima.In July 2003, the government

announced that three oil companies,Respol (Spain),Oranto

Petroleum (Nigeria),and 8Investments (U.S.), submitted

bids to explore for oil in coastal waters.The government

expects exploratory drilling to begin in 2005.

S In mid-2004, the World Bank announced efforts to

harmonize and codify mining law in willing countries,

including Sierra Leone.This streamlining process is

expected to encourage investment in the mining sector.

S In March 2003,OPIC announced that it would provide $25

million as an investment guarantee to allow Sierra Rutile

(U.S.) to engage in mining operations in Mobimbi.

S In July 2003,DiamondWorks (Canada) agreed to partner

with Magma Diamond Resources (Canada) and invest

$14.5 million to reestablish mining operations at the Koidu

kimberlite project.Drilling began in August 2003.

S In early 2004,Datatel GSM,a joint venture between

Gateway Communications (South Africa) and a Sierra

Leone operator,was awarded a GSM wireless license.The

company expects to construct a wireless network that will

offer mobile, fixed wireless,and data services.

S In late 2002, the government announced that it intended to

privatize 24 state-owned enterprises.The government

plans to divest those through the stock market,which has

not yet been created.The firms to be privatized include the

Guma Valley Water Company,National Development Bank,

the National Power Authority,Sierra Leone Airports’

Authority, the Sierra Leone Commercial Bank,Sierra Leone

Forest Industries, the Sierra Leone Ports’ Authority, the

Sierra Leone Road Transport Corporation,and the Sierra

Leone State Lottery.

Net Foreign Direct Investment

Millions of U.S. Dollars

U.S. Trade Balance

Millions of U.S. Dollars

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

2

4

6

8

10

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance
6-89

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

S Commerce and trade are hindered by factionalization and

the use of multiple currencies.

S In 2003,agreement was reached on a 351-member

Federal Transitional Parliament and a Transitional National

Charter;the Somali National Salvation Council subsequently

signed an accord in January 2004 to reduce the number of

seats to 275.Somaliland has refused to partake in any of

these negotiations.Creation of the Federal Transitional

Parliament may lead to increased stability and security in

the country and facilitate economic development.

S In January 2004, the World Bank, the UNDP,and several

other UN agencies launched a series of projects to collect

data on Somalia.These data are expected to provide

information about the economy and trade,and will serve as

an important part of the economic policy development

process.Somalia’s current data and statistics are

unreliable.

S Livestock and agriculture are key components of the

economy.Cattle husbandry is the main source of food and

foreign-exchange earnings.Droughts in early 2004

contributed to livestock deaths, loss of normal income

sources through milk and meat sales,price increases for

water trucking, increased indebtedness,and limited access

to food.

S In April 2003, the World Bank announced that it was

resuming operations in Somalia, through its Low-Income

Countries Under Stress initiative.World Bank operations in

Somalia were suspended in 1990.

Economic Update

somalia

Origins of GDP

Real GDP Growth Rate

Data not available

Data not available

Data not available
6-90

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2001

Markets Sources

Saudi Arabia 32.0 Djibouti 28.0

United Arab

Emirates

32.0 Kenya 13.0

Yemen 17.0 India 10.0

Thailand 2.0 Brazil 6.0

Main Trade Commodities, US$ millions, 1990

Exports Imports

Livestock 43.0 Manufactures 204.0

Bananas 28.0 Nonfuel

primary

products

104.0

Hides & skins 3.0 Fuels 52.0

somalia

Trade Update

S In February 2003, the European Commission approved

funding to rehabilitate Somaliland’s core road network.

S Saudi Arabia maintains a ban on livestock imports from

Somalia,which was originally imposed in 1998.By late

2003,however, the other Gulf States lifted a similar ban.

Livestock was an important earner of export revenue for

Somalia before the ban,and exports of livestock are

expected to grow as a result of reinstated market access to

most of the Gulf States.

S Somaliland’s planning minister has been exploring the

possibility of exporting livestock to Ethiopia.

S In 2003,U.S.exports to Somalia consisted primarily of

milling industry products,vegetables,and organic

chemicals.U.S.imports from Somalia consisted primarily of

essential oils and resinoids;lac,gums,and resins;and

animal or vegetable fats or oils.

Investment and Privatization Update

S In September 2003,Somaliland placed an order with a

U.S.-based company to install a GSM network.This

telecommunications system will connect the region under

one network operator.

S Rovagold (UK) and two Chinese firms were given permission

to explore possible petroleum reserves off the coast of

Somaliland.

S In April 2003,discussions began to establish a Somali

Livestock Board that would regulate the industry.A

hygiene-conscious slaughterhouse opened in Burao in

2003.

S In mid-2004, construction began on a veterinary school,

with funds of $2 million pledged by Italy.

U.S. Trade Balance

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

-1.0

-0.5

0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars

Net Foreign Direct Investment
6-91

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2002 2003 Difference

GDP (nominal, R bn) 1,098.7 1,185.9 87.2

GDP (US$ bn) 104.5 156.9 52.4

CPI Inflation (annual average, %) 9.2 5.9 -3.3

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 31,085.0 36,773.4 5,688.4

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 26,712.0 33,901.3 7,189.3

Trade Balance (US$ mn) 4,373.0 2,872.1 -1,500.9

Current Account Balance (US$ mn) 289.0 -1,267.0 -1,556.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves (US$ mn) 5,904.0 6,496.0 592.0

Total External Debt (US$ bn) 24.4 25.9 1.5

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 10.1 8.5 -1.6

Exchange Rate (R/US$) 10.5 7.6 -3.0

Origins of GDP (2002)

Manufacturing

(20.2%)

Financial services

(19.5%)

Other (44.1%)

Construction

(3.0%)

Electricity, gas & water

(3.5%)

Agriculture, forestry & fishing

(4.3%) Mining & quarrying

(5.4%)

S South Africa is probably the most economically diverse

country in SSA.Gold,diamonds, iron,platinum-group

metals,and coal are important to the economy.

Manufacturing accounts for approximately 20 percent of

GDP and is the largest employer,but companies have faced

challenges since the opening of the economy to global

competition.

S The role of the agriculture, forestry,and fishing sector in

the economy has been shrinking;it represents

approximately 5 percent of GDP.Maize is a key crop and

the staple food for many rural residents.Recent

discussions have included the possibility of reintroducing

price controls in the agricultural sector.

S The energy sector accounts for 15 percent of GDP and

employs 250,000 people.In late 2003, the Minister of

Minerals and Energy announced that the government will

restructure the electricity sector to improve access for the

poor.

S South Africa has a well-developed transportation

infrastructure network.Sizeable and efficient ports,an

extensive road network,and air links encourage both

domestic and foreign trade.

S Investment in the tourism sector has been growing,with

arrivals up 1.2 percent in 2003 according to the World

Tourism Organization.South Africa was one of a few

destinations to experience positive growth in 2003.The

South African Tourism Board indicated that the growth

took place in all its primary tourism markets.The opening of

Civair,a new airline, in late 2004, is expected to increase

tourism.A consortium led by International Financial

Advisors (Kuwait) has purchased a 50-percent stake in the

Zimbali Coastal Resort and plans to invest $100 million

over the next 10 years.South Africa is cooperating with

Mozambique and Swaziland to encourage tourist

accessibility of the Lubombo Mountain Range,which the

three countries share.Additionally,South Africa’s

government offers low-income loans and grants to

communities that plan sustainable tourism projects.

S The Broad-Based Black Empowerment (BEE) bill went into

effect in early 2004.The law aims to redistribute capital

toward traditionally disadvantaged groups and to

accelerate skill acquisition by these same groups.The

finance minister has also allocated 10 billion rand

(approximately $1.3 billion) to finance black-owned

companies.

S A December 2003 budget policy statement increased

spending on HIV/AIDS-related initiatives, labor-based

infrastructure, crime reduction,and employment

generation.The government has expressed plans to

increase spending on social welfare projects and

infrastructure, rather than implementing tax cuts.

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

SOUTH AFRICA

Percent

0

1

2

3

4

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
6-92

south africa

Economic Update—Cont.

S The Johannesburg Stock Exchange plans to open the first

alternative exchange that would allow for the listing of small

and medium companies.Companies would be required to

have a share capital of approximately $256,140.

Participation requires disclosure of company information.

S In late 2003, the South African arm of GlaxoSmithKline

agreed to allow a second manufacturer to produce generic

versions of its antiretroviral AIDS medications.It also

indicated that it would accept applications from other firms

to produce the generic version.

S The Addo Elephant Park is expected to receive $5.5 million

from the World Bank in 2004,bringing total investment up

to $40 million.The park has an area of 145,000 hectares

and is expected to grow by another 236,000 hectares.The

government has made an effort to increase the number of

terrestrial and marine protected areas.

S The United States Secret Service donated 2.5 million rand

(approximately $331,000) worth of electronic equipment to

South African law enforcement to help crime fighting

efforts.The Secret Service has also agreed to provide

training in interviewing skills and report writing.This aid is

expected to reduce financial crime in South Africa.
6-93

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2002

Markets Sources

United States 11.8 Germany 15.6

United Kingdom 11.3 United States 11.7

Germany 8.6 United

Kingdom

8.9

Japan 6.8 Japan 6.1

Main Trade Commodities, US$ millions, 1997

Exports Imports

Metals & metal

products

6.3 Machinery &

appliances

8.9

Gold 5.6 Mineral

products

3.7

Diamonds 2.9 Chemicals 3.4

Machinery &

transport

equipment

2.6 Transport &

equipment

1.7

south africa

Trade Update

S Trade accounts for more than 50 percent of South Africa’s

GDP.South Africa is moving towards a WTO-compliant

system after its history of import substitution policies.South

Africa has committed to a maximum tariff of 15 to 30

percent for most items and is halving average tariffs on

textiles.Import permits are currently used primarily to collect

information, rather than restrict trade.

S Mining is an important foreign-exchange earner,with gold

accounting for over one-third of all exports.South Africa holds

80 percent of the world’s reserves of manganese,56

percent of platinum-group metals,35 percent of the world’s

gold,and 68 percent of the world’s reserves of chromium.

The Mineral and Petroleum Resources Development Act of

2002 transferred ownership of the country’s mineral

resources to the state.

S The Airports Company of South Africa may delay the

construction of the $305.6-million King Shaka International

Airport.Construction of the airport is expected to aid the

industrial development zone and encourage trade.The airport

is due to be operational by 2006.

S In March 2004,South Africa signed a pact with India and

Brazil to boost trade,aimed at countering the industrialized

countries and promoting policies beneficial to developing

countries.

S The motor vehicle sector has become an important export

sector.There are plans to improve the South African ports to

facilitate increased automotive exports.

S An early-2004 tax change law may encourage South African

corporations to repatriate profits earned offshore.The law

exempts companies holding more than 25 percent of the

total equity share capital of a foreign company from taxes on

dividends declared by those entities.South Africa is also

expected to contribute to international efforts to discourage

foreign tax havens.

S In 2003,U.S.exports to South Africa consisted primarily of

machinery and mechanical appliances,vehicles and parts

thereof,and aircraft and parts thereof.U.S.imports from

South Africa consisted primarily of precious or semiprecious

stones or metals,vehicles and parts thereof,and iron and

steel.In 2003 and 2004,South Africa was designated an

AGOA beneficiary country, including qualifying for apparel

benefits.AGOA (including GSP) imports from South Africa

totaled $1.7 billion in 2003.

-3000

-2000

-1000

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Trade Balance
6-94

south africa

Investment and Privatization Update

S The EU accounts for 90 percent of FDI in South Africa.The

government has used industrial development zones as a

mechanism for attracting FDI.FDI currently accounts for less

than 6 percent of total investment.

S In April 2003, the government selected Sasol to supply gas to

Gauteng,Witbank,Middleburg,and KwaZulu-Natal for 25

years under a government-controlled pricing regime.

Construction of a pipeline fromMozambique is underway and

is expected to be operational in 2004.Forest Oil announced

plans to drill appraisal wells,a $30-million project, in the

Ibhusbesi gasfield.Petro SA,a domestic oil company,has

plans to build a west coast pipeline,which should allow Forest

Oil to more efficiently reach consumers.The cost of the

pipeline,processing plant,and associated infrastructure is

$1.2 billion.

S Avmin Alloys began construction of a $17.5-million Allavoy

facility in early 2004 that will provide high-performance alloys

for the Rolls-Royce aerospace division.

S JP Morgan Chase (U.S.) is expected to purchase Tasc,South

Africa’s largest third-party fund administrator.The purchase

would give JP Morgan Chase $48.5 billion worth of assets

and an opportunity to expand its local investor services.

S Aquarius Platinum (Australia) is cooperating with GB Mining

& Exploration and Sylvania South Africa to establish a

$4.0-million chromite tailings project at the Kroondal mine.In

its first year, the project is expected to yield more than

20,000 ounces of platinum-group metals.Construction was

expected to begin in March 2004 and production is expected

to begin in October 2004.

S In late 2003,Mvelaphanda Resources secured $659 million

to finance its 15-percent stake in Gold Fields.In early 2004,

Norilsk Nickel (Russia) purchased a 20-percent stake in Gold

Fields at $1.16 billion, to become Gold Fields’ largest share

holder.Norilsk is the world’s largest producer of nickel and

palladium.

S In early 2004,General Motors (GM) (U.S.) purchased the 50

percent of Delta Motor Corporation,South Africa’s

fourth-largest motor vehicle manufacturer, that it did not

already own.GM is expected to invest $218.2 million in the

country over the next few years to promote exports and to

increase market share.

S Restructuring of the Transnet group,which consists of rail,

roads,ports,and air interests,and full privatization of port

operations was expected to be completed by the end of

2004.In May 2003,Duran’s container terminal was to be

the first of 13 terminals in 7 commercial ports to be sold to

the private sector.By May 2004, the government announced

that privatization plans would be delayed indefinitely.The

government also indicated that privatization of Eskom,an

electricity parastatal that was undergoing restructuring,

would be delayed.The slow privatization process has also

contributed to low privatization revenue and decreased

investment potential.

S Firms still awaiting privatization are Sentech (commercial

signal distributor),MTN (cell phone operator),Telkom

(network operator),Mintek (mining and minerals),Durban (a

container terminal),and Old Mutual (network operator).

0

1000

2000

3000

4000

5000

6000

7000

8000

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars

Net Foreign Direct Investment
6-95

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2002 2003 Difference

GDP (nominal, SD bn) 3,559.2 4,130.3 571.1

GDP (US$ bn) 13.5 15.8 2.3

CPI Inflation (annual average, %) 8.4 8.8 0.4

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 1,949.1 2,449.9 500.8

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 2,152.8 2,382.6 229.8

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -203.7 67.3 271.0

Current Account Balance (US$ mn) -960.4 -560.5 399.9

Foreign Exchange Reserves (US$ mn) 440.7 736.0 295.3

Total External Debt (US$ bn) 15.8 16.1 0.3

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 1.9 1.7 -0.2

Exchange Rate (SD/US$) 263.3 261.1 -2.2

Origins of GDP (1999)

Agriculture

(42.6%)

Construction

(6.4%)

Industry & mining

(9.8%)

Trade, transport, &

communications

(25.9%)

Other services

(15.3%)

S Agriculture is the most important sector of the economy,

employing two-thirds of the population.Consequently, the

economy is vulnerable to climatic conditions.Moreover,

inadequate transportation facilities leave some regions with

food shortages,even as others have surpluses.

S The Al-Gezira program allows for more than 100,000

tenant farmers to cooperate with the Sudan Gezira Board,

which provides administration, credit,and marketing

services.The Al-Gezira scheme is the world’s largest

irrigated agricultural scheme under single management.

S Economic development and data acquisition are hindered

by a history of social unrest.Negotiations between

Khartoum and the Sudan People’s Liberation Army are

underway,with the United States facilitating the process.

Civil unrest continues in the western part of the country.

The peace plan provides for the northern and southern

regions to share petroleum revenues.

S Sudan’s road infrastructure is inadequate,with many of the

roads unpaved.The Islamic Development Bank, the Arab

Monetary Fund,and other Arab development organizations

have provided funding for the construction of asphalt roads.

In 2002, the Kuwait Fund agreed to provide $110 million

for a road linking Port Sudan to Atbara,but construction

has not yet begun.

S The EU provided $14.5 million to support the African Union

peacekeeping mission in Darfur, the western part of the

country.

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

SUDAN

Percent

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
6-96

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2002

Markets Sources

China 54.5 China 20.6

Japan 13.9 Saudi Arabia 7.2

Saudi Arabia 5.4 India 5.7

South Korea 3.8 United Kingdom 5.6

Main Trade Commodities, US$ millions, 2002

Exports Imports

Crude oil 1,510.9 Machinery &

equipment

620.8

Livestock 117.0 Manufactured

goods

555.0

Sesame 74.6 Transport

equipment

255.8

Cotton 62.2 Wheat & wheat

flour

221.3

sudan

Trade Update

S A $1.5-billion railroad linking Port Sudan to Addis Ababa,

Ethiopia,was proposed in late 2000.Funding for the project

has not yet become available.The railway would facilitate

trade between the two countries.

S Livestock is the fastest growing sector and became the

leading nonpetroleum generator of export revenues in

2002.Petroleum generated over 80 percent of export

revenue in 2003,but cotton and sesame remain important

export commodities.

S Increasing petroleum production capacity and high prices in

late 2003 contributed to a rise in petroleum export

revenues.

S In 2003,U.S.exports to Sudan consisted primarily of

cereals,animal or vegetable fats and oils,and vegetables.

U.S.imports from Sudan consisted primarily of lac,gums,

and resins;articles of iron or steel;and tools, implements,

cutlery,and parts of base metal.

Investment and Privatization Update

S Harbin Power Engineering Company (China) has invested in

a gas-fired power station north of Khartoum.Although the

project was due to be completed by the end of 2003, it was

not yet operating in early 2004.Dar Ikhtisas (Malaysia) has

plans to fund a separate diesel power station that is

scheduled to be operational in 2004.

S In January 2004, several Gulf Arab development funds

signed agreements to provide $600 million for the

construction of a hydroelectric plant at Merowe.The plant

would double Sudan’s power generation capacity.Work

started in 2004 and the first unit is expected to be

operational in July 2007.

S In August 2003, the China National Petroleum Corporation

won a contract to upgrade the Al-Jeili refinery,doubling its

output capacity.The refinery has been operational since

2000.

S In 2002, the Sudan Telecommunications Company (Sudatel)

sold shares worth $300 million.The funds have been used

to support development, including the installation of a

fiber-optic network and the expansion of more services to

rural areas.Sudatel is cooperating with Thuraya Satellite

Telecommunications Company (UAE) to form a new

company,Thuraya-Sudatel,which will provide services for

Thuraya in Sudan.Initial capital in the new venture has been

set at $2.5 million.

S The government has committed itself to privatizing

state-owned enterprises.The Privatization of State

Corporations Act in 1992 earmarked 190 public

corporations for sale,but by 1995,only 17 had been sold.

Most sales have been of small firms, including the

divestment of the Atbara cement factory in late 2001 and

the privatization of the Sudan Duty-Free Zone Company and

the Bridges and Road Corporation in late 2002.The

government has listed the Sudan Railway Corporation as

one of the assets it wishes to privatize in the coming years.

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

0

10

20

30

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Millions of U.S. Dollars

U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

700

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars
6-97

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators 2002 2003 Difference

GDP (nominal, E mn) 12,287.0 13,474.0 1,187.0

GDP (US$ bn) 1.2 1.8 0.6

CPI Inflation (annual average, %) 11.8 7.4 -4.4

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 955.0 900.0 -55.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 1,034.0 1,080.0 46.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -79.0 -180.0 -101.0

Current Account Balance (US$ mn) -46.0 -78.0 -32.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves (US$ mn) 276.0 278.0 2.0

Total External Debt (US$ mn) 315.0 320.0 5.0

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 2.9 3.1 0.2

Exchange Rate (E/US$) 10.5 7.6 -2.9

Origins of GDP (2001)

Other industry

(10.8%)

Manufacturing (Industry)

(34.4%)

Agriculture & forestry

(9.6%)

Government (Services)

(16.1%)

Other services

(29.1%)

S Swaziland’s economy relies primarily on agriculture and

agro-industry,particularly sugar, citrus,and wood pulp.

Soft-drink concentrates, food products, textiles,and paper

products represent potential growth sectors.

S The government is considering a Competition Bill,which

would control anti-competitive trade practices,protect

consumer welfare,and promote economic growth.The bill,

if passed,will establish a Competition Commission.

S In April 2004, the Swaziland Senate passed the Industrial

Relations Act,which removed clauses in earlier editions

criminalizing union activity.The new act is designed to

honor trade treaty obligations and to provide protection for

workers’ rights.

S The government is considering changes to labor legislation

that would provide for the Conciliation,Mediation,and

Arbitration Commission,which is expected to streamline

and shorten the labor arbitration process.

S Garment and textile workers began to strike in early 2004,

demanding salary increases of up to 20 percent.The

industry employs more than 30,000 people in Swaziland.

S In November 2003, the IMF published preliminary findings

of its 2003 Article IV Consultation.The IMF advised

Swaziland to adopt a fiscal policy that ensures

macroeconomic stability, to maintain the currency’s peg to

the rand, to reform the Swaziland Development and Savings

Bank, to develop strategies to deal with HIV/AIDS, to

increase food security,and to improve governance.

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

SWAZILAND

Percent

0

1

2

3

4

5

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
6-98

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2000

Markets Sources

South Africa 57.9 South Africa 95.6

United States 8.8 European Union 0.9

European Union 8.0 Japan 0.9

Mozambique 6.2 Singapore 0.3

Main Trade Commodities, US$ millions

Exports (2002) Imports (2001)

Miscellaneous

edibles

400.0 Machinery &

transport

equipment

282.0

Textiles 149.0 Manufactured

goods

251.0

Wood pulp 76.0 Food & live

animals

168.0

Sugar 56.0 Chemicals 144.0

-200

-150

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

200

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

swaZILAND

Trade Update

S In August 2003, the governor of the Central Bank of

Swaziland announced that manufacturing sector activity had

increased because of export opportunities under the AGOA

program.

S The government began construction of a new airport in late

2003,with hopes that it would boost tourism to Swaziland.

The Swaziland aviation industry has registered losses for the

past 30 years.

S In 2003,U.S.exports to Swaziland consisted primarily of

machinery and mechanical appliances,essential oils and

resinoids,and optical or measuring equipment and parts

thereof.U.S.imports from Swaziland consisted primarily of

apparel, sugars and sugar confectionery,and iron and steel.

In 2003 and 2004,Swaziland was designated an AGOA

beneficiary country, including qualifying for apparel benefits.

AGOA (including GSP) imports from Swaziland totaled

$134.0 million in 2003.

Investment and Privatization Update

S The Central Bank of Swaziland announced in August 2003

that it supports the efforts of the Swaziland Investment

Promotion Authority to attract foreign investment.In

particular, the Bank called for timely action on threats to

preferential market access under the GSP and AGOA

programs.

S The Swaziland Electricity Board has received a $9.3-million

loan from the European Investment Bank to construct a

hydroelectric power station at the Maguga dam.The total

cost of the project is estimated at $23.6 million.

S In the FY 2003-04 budget, the government commissioned a

study to examine the process of parastatal privatization.

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

Millions of U.S. Dollars

0

25

50

75

100

125

150

175

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars

U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance
6-99

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2002 2003 Difference

GDP (nominal, TSh bn) 9,071.8 9,978.2 906.4

GDP (US$ bn) 9.4 9.6 0.2

CPI Inflation (annual average, %) 4.6 4.4 -0.2

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 902.5 978.0 75.5

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 1,511.3 1,673.7 162.4

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -608.8 -695.7 -86.9

Current Account Balance (US$ mn) -251.3 -502.9 -251.6

Foreign Exchange Reserves (US$ mn) 1,528.8 2,100.0 571.2

Total External Debt (US$ bn) 6.5 6.5 0.0

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 7.9 6.6 -1.3

Exchange Rate (TSh/US$) 966.6 1,038.2 71.6

Origins of GDP (2002)

Manufacturing

(7.4%)

Services

(32.7%)

Other (9.4%)

Construction

(4.5%)

Agriculture, forestry

& fishing (44.0%)

Mining

(2.0%)

S Agriculture is an important part of the economy,and

employs two-thirds of the labor force.Because reliance on

subsistence farming makes the economy vulnerable to

price fluctuations and climatic conditions, the government

has taken steps to reduce the impact of external shocks by

fostering diversification.Mining is a growing sector of the

economy,as are the hotel and tourism sectors.Tanzania is

eastern Africa’s leading tourism destination.

S The government plans to reform the agricultural sector to

improve the role of government in managing the framework

in which the sector operates;improve the delivery of

support services;boost investment in the sector;and

reform the agricultural marketing system, the legal

framework, the land tenure system,and agriculture-related

taxation.

S In June 2003, the government agreed to a new PRGF.This

stage of reforms will include the implementation of

agricultural and rural development strategies, improvement

of local government structures, increased spending on

social services, reform of the civil service,and continued

privatization of infrastructure.In July 2003, the IMF

approved a disbursement of $21 million,and in early 2004,

approved a $4.2-million loan to support the PRGF.

S In early 2004, the World Bank agreed to provide $9.47

million to repair and upgrade the runway at Zanzibar

airport.

S In mid-2004, the World Bank announced efforts to

harmonize and codify mining law in willing countries,

including Tanzania.This streamlining process is expected to

encourage investment in the mining sector.

S In mid-2004, the World Bank approved $150 million in

International Development Association financing to

promote secondary education in Tanzania.The funds will

rehabilitate and construct classrooms and schools,provide

water and sanitary facilities in new and existing schools,

and expand public schools to rural and poor areas.

S In November 2003, the EU agreed to provide $125 million

to support basic education, to improve primary healthcare,

to improve rural roads, to provide cleaner water, to support

the campaign against HIV/AIDS, to support agriculture,

and to improve the judiciary system.

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

TANZANIA

Percent

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
6-100

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2002

Markets Sources

United Kingdom 17.9 South Africa 11.4

France 16.8 Japan 8.3

India 7.1 Kenya 6.7

Netherlands 6.0 India 6.4

Main Trade Commodities, US$ millions, 2002

Exports Imports

Gold 383.0 Consumer

goods

369.0

Cashew nuts 47.0 Machinery 368.0

Coffee 35.0 Industrial raw

materials

208.0

Tea 30.0 Petroleum

products

196.0

tanzania

Trade Update

S A decline in world prices for coffee and cotton have lowered

export revenues in recent years.Increased exports of

cashew nuts and tobacco have only partly offset the effects

of diminishing coffee and cotton revenue.

S In early 2004, the government passed the Anti-Dumping

and Countervailing Measures Act,partly as a result of

pressure from the textile and apparel industry to find a way

to limit the ability of traders to import and sell second-hand

clothes.

S The government plans to upgrade the Mwanza airport by

extending the runway so that large aircraft can land.The

airport is well placed to serve the Lake Victoria region and

its improvement could boost fishing industry exports.

S In March 2004, the government decided to lift the ban on

exports of sea fish and fish products sourced from its Indian

Ocean waters.Licenses have been granted to 20 marine

fishing vessels that are now permitted to export prawns,

crabs,and lobsters.

S In 2003,U.S.exports to Tanzania consisted primarily of

used clothing or textiles,machinery and mechanical

appliances,and aircraft and parts thereof.U.S.imports from

Tanzania consisted primarily of precious or semiprecious

stones or metals; fish, crustaceans,and molluscs;and

coffee, tea,mate,and spices.In 2003 and 2004,Tanzania

was designated an AGOA beneficiary country, including

qualifying for apparel benefits.AGOA (including GSP) imports

from Tanzania totaled $1.6 million in 2003.

Investment and Privatization Update

S There are proven reserves of natural gas in the Songo

Songo field and work on a pipeline is underway.Gas from

Songo Songo is expected to be usable for electricity

production by 2005.

S GoldstreamMibango,a consortium including Goldstream

Mining (Australia) and Lonmin (UK), is opening a platinum

mine on the eastern shores of Lake Tanganyika.In 2003,

the company spent $3.7 million on test drilling.The tests

suggest that the area has large platinum deposits.The

proposed platinum mine is expected to be open in 2009.

S Lakota Resources (Canada) signed an agreement with

Shanta Mining (a local firm owned in part by Sable Gold of

Mauritius) to develop a mine.Shanta will pay $245,000 and

fund $500,000 worth of exploration over the next 5 years.

S Coeur d’Alene Mines (U.S.), the world’s largest primary silver

producer,has acquired 10 mineral properties covering 815

square kilometers in Tanzania.It began exploration activities

in mid-2004.This exploration represents the company’s

first African venture.

S Foreign investment is actively courted and a number of

state-owned enterprises have been privatized.The

government has sold majority stakes in the national

telecommunications firm and the national airline.Private

investors manage the state electricity and water companies.

S The Parastatal Sector Reform Commission has called for

preliminary expressions of interest in the National

Microfinance Bank.CDC Actis (UK) and the African

American Employee Partnership Corporation (U.S.) have

expressed interest.In early 2004,however,parliament

voiced opposition to the sale of the bank,and privatization

may be delayed.

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

0

100

200

300

400

500

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars
6-101

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2002 2003 Difference

GDP (nominal, CFAfr bn) 1,021.0 1,030.0 9.0

GDP (US$ mn) 1,465.0 1,772.0 307.0

CPI Inflation (annual average, %) 3.1 -1.0 -4.1

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 419.0 597.0 178.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 590.0 746.0 156.0

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -171.0 -149.0 22.0

Current Account Balance (US$ mn) -155.0 -140.0 15.0

Foreign Exchange Reserves (US$ mn) 205.1 257.0 51.9

Total External Debt (US$ mn) 1,491.0 1,548.0 57.0

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) n/a n/a n/a

Exchange Rate (CFAfr/US$) 697.0 581.2 -115.8

Origins of GDP (2002)

Primary

(41.0%)

Secondary

(24.0%)

Tertiary

(35.0%)

S Togo contains several distinct geographic zones, including a

coastal plain,a plateau,a hilly region,and a savannah.

These differences, in conjunction with a varying climate,

allow for a variety of economic activity. Coffee and cocoa

production continued to fall in 2004 because of decreased

rainfall and aging plants.

S The manufacturing sector accounts for less than 10

percent of GDP and consists predominantly of small- and

medium-size enterprises.

S Main government economic goals include directing public

spending towards poverty reduction and meeting IMF

guidelines.The government is taking steps to resume

external financial support and negotiate a deal with the IMF

that may allow for debt relief.

S Togo’s road network and railroads, though extensive,

require rehabilitation.AWorld Bank-funded $50-million

project was launched in 1997,but funds were suspended

in 1998 because of tensions in the relationship with

donors.The Islamic Development Bank provided $9.3

million to pave a road in August 2002.

S Donors have provided financing for the re-laying and

widening of the main north-south route in Togo.The road is

a regional artery and will facilitate traffic from Burkina Faso

and northern Ghana.AFD, the French development agency,

approved the financing in September 2003.In April 2004,

Togo conducted talks with the EU in an attempt to end the

freeze on aid and promised to take various steps toward

democracy.In June 2004,an EU team arrived in Lome to

evaluate the progress on measures taken thus far.The EU

fact finding mission found that Togo exhibited good faith

toward reform,but did not recommend immediately

resuming aid.

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

TOGO

Percent

-1

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
6-102

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2002

Markets Sources

Ghana 17.7 China (incl

Hong Kong)

21.6

Benin 13.3 France 20.3

Burkina Faso 8.2 Netherlands 6.2

Taiwan 6.7 Germany 5.1

Main Trade Commodities, US$ millions, 2002

Exports Imports

Re-exports 110.2 Petroleum

products

161.1

Cotton 67.0 Capital goods 87.3

Phosphates 42.3 Food 80.2

togo

Trade Update

S Togo is an important transshipment center;roughly 25

percent of its imports are re-exported to Nigeria,Ghana,

and Burkina Faso.Traffic through the Lome Port has

increased in recent years because of civil unrest in Côte

d’Ivoire and an increase in cotton exports from Burkina Faso

and Mali.A new container terminal built by Sea Point (U.S.)

and a West African private consortium for $100 million is

expected to be completed by the end of 2004.

S Below average world cotton prices in mid-2003 reduced

Togo’s export earnings.Cotton is a significant cash crop and

typically accounts for 20-25 percent of export earnings.

Increasing cotton prices in late 2003 and early 2004 have

boosted cotton production and exports.

S Phosphate production has risen under private management

of the International Fertiliser Group Togo (IFG-Togo),but EU

restrictions on its import may hinder phosphate exports in

the near future.Togo is the world’s third-largest producer of

phosphate.

S In 2003,U.S.exports to Togo consisted primarily of

machinery and mechanical appliances,vehicles and parts

thereof,and used clothing or textiles.U.S.imports from

Togo consisted primarily of precious or semiprecious stones

or metals;live animals;and seeds,grains,and fruit.

Investment and Privatization Update

S When completed, the West Africa Gas Pipeline, traveling

from Nigeria to Ghana, is expected to supply gas to Togo for

industrial use and gas-fired power stations.

S BIA-Togo was purchased by Bank of Africa in January 2004,

giving Bank of Africa a presence in all UEMOA member

states.

S The government recently amended the Mining Code to

encourage exploration,exploitation,and trade of precious

stones and metals, such as gold and diamonds,by private

companies.

S The Ibis-Lome Centre hotel opened in early 2004,after

renovation by Accor (France) to increase the number of

rooms and conference sections.The new hotel is expected

to increase tourism.

S The government announced plans to privatize SNCT, the

national rail company.A Canadian company expressed

interest,but no further progress has been made.

S The privatization of Togo Telecom is expected to be

completed in 2004.

S Attempts to privatize Sotoco, the state cotton company,

have been unsuccessful.Sotoco lost its monopoly on cotton

processing in 1995,but the government is reluctant to sell

Sotoco because it is the main source of income for 2,000

cotton-producing farms.

S The national water agency was restructured in 2002 in

preparation for privatization.The privatization process

includes a 10-year management concession and the

introduction of private marketing and financial management

systems.

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars
6-103

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2002 2003 Difference

GDP (nominal, NUSh trn) 10.5 11.8 1.3

GDP (US$ bn) 5.8 6.0 0.2

CPI Inflation (annual average, %) -0.3 7.9 8.2

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 480.7 496.3 15.6

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 1,113.5 1,181.9 68.4

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -632.8 -685.6 -52.8

Current Account Balance (US$ mn) -421.4 -474.7 -53.3

Foreign Exchange Reserves (US$ mn) 934.0 1,080.3 146.3

Total External Debt (US$ bn) 3.8 3.9 0.1

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 19.3 19.7 0.4

Exchange Rate (NUSh/US$) 1,797.6 1,963.7 166.1

Origins of GDP (2001)

Services

(38.4%)

Monetary agriculture

(23.0%)

Industry

(19.6%)

Non-monetary

agriculture

(19.0%)

S Agriculture is the most important sector in the economy

and employs 80 percent of the labor force.More than 75

percent of Uganda’s land is arable,and up to

three-quarters of it may be underutilized.Agricultural

production has grown consistently over the past 5 years.

S Most manufacturing is based on the processing of

agricultural commodities;production is almost entirely for

domestic consumption.

S Although no comprehensive mineralogical survey of Uganda

has been undertaken, the government believes that Uganda

holds significant exploitable mineral deposits,and has

expanded efforts to engage in geological mapping and

evaluation.The Government of Uganda also reduced fees

for exploration licenses in order to encourage interest.

Additionally, the AfDB agreed in May 2004 to provide a

$7.7-million credit to fund mineral development programs.

Areas have been identified as possibly holding gold,zinc,

copper, lead, carbonatite,and nickel.Uganda Gold Mining

(Canada) also claims that diamond reserves exist.

S The IMF andWorld Bank have endorsed the government’s

poverty reduction and action plan and have provided two,

3-year grants under Uganda’s PRGF.In September 2002,

the IMF provided a grant of $17.8 million and in late 2003

it released an additional $3 million.These funds are to be

used to increase the ability of the poor to raise their

income, improve the quality of life of the poor, create an

environment for economic growth,and ensure good

governance and security.

S Debt is expected to decline from $3.1 billion in 2003 to

$2.9 billion in 2004 as Uganda participates in the HIPC

initiative.

S Three Middle Eastern firms have submitted bids to upgrade

roads in Uganda.Construction is expected to begin in late

2004.

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

UGANDA

Percent

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
6-104

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2002

Markets Sources

Belgium 16.3 Kenya 44.8

Netherlands 13.8 South Africa 6.7

Germany 7.2 India 5.6

Spain 5.6 United

Kingdom

5.4

Main Trade Commodities, US$ millions, 2001

Exports Imports

Coffee 98.0 Machinery incl

electrical

310.0

Fish 73.0 Petroleum 158.0

Tea 27.0 Chemicals 130.0

Cotton 15.0 Food 124.0

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Trade Update

S Most of Uganda’s trade passes through Kenya.The

government plans to diversify its import transit sources,and

is exploring the development of road and rail links through

Tanzania.Uganda is also exploring the possibility of

developing a route through Sudan.

S Although coffee is currently the primary export, fish exports

are expected to become Uganda’s leading generator of

export revenue.International fish prices have historically

been less volatile than coffee prices.

S A feasability study concluded that a petroleum pipeline from

Kenya to Kampala would be viable.The pipeline would reduce

the cost of petroleum imports and reduce damage to roads.

The pipeline is expected to be operational by 2005.

S Research has suggested that Uganda’s ability to capitalize on

access to the AGOA program has been inhibited by

inadequate infrastructure, lack of capital,and limited

entrepreneurial skill capacity.

S In 2003,U.S.exports to Uganda consisted primarily of

machinery and mechanical appliances,electrical machinery

and equipment,and animal or vegetable fats and oils.U.S.

imports from Uganda consisted primarily of coffee, tea,

mate,and spices; fish, crustaceans,and molluscs;and

apparel.In 2003 and 2004,Uganda was designated an

AGOA beneficiary country, including qualifying for apparel

benefits.AGOA (including GSP) imports from Uganda totaled

$1.5 million in 2003.

Investment and Privatization Update

S In late 2003, the government waived the compulsory

investment fee of $135,000 for foreign investors and the

$50,000 initial capital requirement for local investors.It is

expected that this new flexibility will encourage investment in

the country.

S Rhodia Chimie (France) has been granted a license to mine

phosphates in eastern Uganda.The group plans to

manufacture a phosphate detergent by 2006.

S Heritage Oil (Canada) has completed an exploratory study

that indicates there may be petroleum reserves in Uganda.

Hardman Resources (Australia) has also begun work on an

exploratory block.

S Seatankec (Norway) and Polino Holdings (Uganda) have

engaged in a joint venture to invest in fish farming.East

Africa Fish Farming is expected to invest $15 million to

establish a hatchery, fish farms,a feed mill,and a processing

plant.

S British American Tobacco and Universal Leaf Tobacco are

investing $35 million to create a tobacco-processing plant in

Uganda.

S The government has stated that all 142 parastatals would

be privatized;to date, two-thirds have been sold.

S Privatization of the railways was scheduled for completion by

the end of 2004.The government is considering advice from

Canarail,a consortium of four Canadian firms,on how the

privatization should be implemented.In April 2004,

Bombardier Transportation (Canada) declined to renew a

management contract, slowing the privatization process.

S The Uganda Electricity Board was separated into three

companies in 2002 that are currently undergoing

privatization.

S Serena Hotels Group (Kenya) took over Uganda’s Nile Hotel

in early 2004.The $19-million deal includes 6 months of

renovation and a 30-year concession agreement.

uganda

Net Foreign Direct Investment

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

U.S. Trade Balance

0

50

100

150

200

250

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars
6-105

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2002 2003 Difference

GDP (nominal, ZK trn) 18.0 23.0 5.0

GDP (US$ bn) 4.2 4.9 0.7

CPI Inflation (annual average, %) 22.2 21.5 -0.7

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 920.0 1,003.0 83.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 1,157.0 1,173.9 16.9

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -237.0 -170.9 66.1

Current Account Balance (US$ mn) -265.0 -339.9 -74.9

Foreign Exchange Reserves (US$ mn) 535.1 247.7 -287.4

Total External Debt (US$ bn) 5.9 5.2 -0.7

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 43.0 40.9 -2.1

Exchange Rate (ZK/US$) 4,307.0 4,733.8 426.8

Origins of GDP (2003)

Manufacturing

(Industry)

(10.9%)

Other industry

(2.6%)

Services

(56.9%)

Construction,

electricity, gas

& water

(6.5%)

Agriculture

(15.3%)

Mining

(Industry)

(7.8%)

S Although the services sector is the largest component of

GDP,most Zambians work in agriculture.Less than 50

percent of arable land is cultivated.Zambia is prone to

droughts,which make the size of the yearly harvest

extremely variable.Small farmers have expressed interest

in cash crops such as coffee and tobacco.

S Transportation costs are high,estimated at approximately

60 percent of the total production costs,and contribute to

production inefficiencies.

S Zambia’s PRSP aims to boost school attendance and to

improve educational quality by expanding the Basic

Education Sub-Sector Investment Programme, increasing

teacher salaries and improving working conditions,and

raising female participation in education.The paper also

supports increasing healthcare expenditure.Specifically, the

government plans to undertake a campaign to combat

malaria, to improve its HIV/AIDS strategy,and to improve

reproductive and child health.The PRSP also aims to

improve consultation between the government and people,

to create more transparent government,and to make the

justice system more accessible.Zambia’s PRSP has a cost

of $1.2 billion.

S In mid-2004, the IMF provided $320 million following the

country’s accession to the PRGF.Funds are to be used to

encourage macroeconomic stability.Additionally, the EU

announced a $125-million grant for development projects

under the program.

S In February 2003, the World Bank announced financial

guarantees to develop hydroelectric projects at the Kafue

Gorge Lower,at a cost of $600-$750 million,and

Itezhi-Tezhi,at a cost of $100-$150 million.

S In early 2004, the World Bank/IDA agreed to loan Zambia

$50 million to rehabilitate and expand its road network.The

funds are part of a $190-million World Bank support

program designed to cover 10 years.

S The World Bank and the Norwegian Agency for

Development Cooperation agreed in early 2004 to finance

a $6.3-million development program at Kafue National

Park.

S In November 2003, the United States waived $34 million of

Zambia’s debt.It also pledged $350 million in funds over

the next 7 years to help fight HIV/AIDS, to promote smalland medium-sized enterprises, to improve and expand

education, to increase access to healthcare,and to improve

good governance.

S China released $2 million to Zambia in December 2003.

The funds are part of a $6-million grant to improve the

economy and to reduce poverty.

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

ZAMBIA

Percent

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
6-106

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2002

Markets Sources

Malawi 10.2 South Africa 64.1

Thailand 9.2 United States 3.7

Japan 9.0 China 3.6

South Africa 7.8 Tanzania 3.5

Main Trade Commodities, US$ millions

Exports (2002) Imports (2003)

Copper 594.0 Metals 292.0

Cobalt 54.0 Others 1,092.0

zambia

Trade Update

S Although mining is the largest generator of export revenue,

the sector has experienced setbacks because of declining

world prices.Copper and cobalt account for approximately

90 percent of mining production and approximately 65

percent of exports.

S In July 2003, the government increased the number of

imported products subject to quality monitoring and control

from 12 to 22.The new list includes bottled water,paint,

varnishes,hair oils,hair creams,glycerine,and asbestos

roofing sheets.

S In early 2004, the Export and Import Bank of India agreed to

purchase a 20-percent stake in the Zambian Development

Bank at a cost of $1.4 million.India is encouraging increased

exports to Zambia.

S Zambia finalized a deal with Iran for 600,000 tons of crude

oil,Zambia’s entire annual requirement, in 2004.The Indeni

petroleum refinery is to be the sole purchaser of crude oil

from the Naftiran Intertrade Company.The deal is intended

to lower costs for consumers.

S In August 2003, the United States approved imports of

handmade folklore products from Zambia under the AGOA

program.

S In 2003,U.S.exports to Zambia consisted primarily of

machinery and mechanical appliances, chemical products,

and aircraft and parts thereof.U.S.imports from Zambia

consisted primarily of base metals;coffee, tea,mate,and

spices;and wood and articles of wood.In 2003 and 2004,

Zambia was designated an AGOA beneficiary country,

including qualifying for apparel benefits.AGOA (including GSP)

imports from Zambia totaled $510,000 in 2003.

Investment and Privatization Update

S In 2001,a joint British Geological Survey and Geological

Survey of Zambia found significant reserves of barium,

calcium, chromium,manganese,nickel,uranium,and zinc.

These minerals have yet to be exploited on a large

commercial scale.

S Chambishi,a former part of the Zambia Consolidated Copper

Mines parastatal, restarted production in July 2003 after a

$150-million rehabilitation program.A further investment of

$100 million that would double production capacity over 5

years is being considered.

S By April 2002,330 state companies had been privatized.In

recent years, the privatization program has been slow and

inconsistent,particularly with respect to Zambia Telecom

and the Tazara railway.A contributing factor to recent delays

has been public criticism of the government’s economic

liberalization programs.

S In May 2003, the government announced that Zesco,an

energy parastatal,would be commercialized,but would

remain under state ownership and management.This policy

is a change from the previous year,when the government

pledged to unbundle Zesco into separate energy generation,

distribution,and transmission utilities under private

management.

S In late 2003, the government selected Sterlite Industries

(India) as the preferred bidder for a 51-percent stake in

Konkola Copper Mines (KCM).Sterlite purchased an

80-percent stake in KCM in December.

S The government has announced plans to privatize Tazama,a

petroleum pipeline from Tanzania,and Indeni,a petroleum

refinery.

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

-30

-20

-10

0

10

20

30

40

50

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

0

50

100

150

200

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars
6-107

Economic Overview

Economic Indicators

2002 2003 Difference

GDP (nominal, Z$ bn) 1,067.4 4,508.9 3,441.5

GDP (US$ bn) 4.3 4.0 -0.3

CPI Inflation (annual average, %) 134.5 384.7 250.2

Goods Exports (US$ mn) 1,534.5 1,389.5 -145.0

Goods Imports (US$ mn) 1,822.2 1,704.4 -117.8

Trade Balance (US$ mn) -287.7 -314.9 -27.2

Current Account Balance (US$ mn) -361.7 -325.9 35.8

Foreign Exchange Reserves (US$ mn) 83.4 60.0 -23.4

Total External Debt (US$ bn) 3.5 3.4 -0.1

Debt Service Ratio, paid (%) 13.8 11.1 -2.7

Exchange Rate (Z$/US$) 55.0 727.9 672.8

Origins of GDP (2001)

Transport & communications

(10.6%)

Manufacturing

(14.0%)

Other

(25.0%)

Agriculture, hunting & fishing

(25.1%)

Mining & quarrying

(1.5%)

Distribution, hotels & resturants

(17.1%)

Education

(6.7%)

S Zimbabwe continued to experience negative economic

growth resulting from increasing political unrest and social

instability,with inflation reaching over 700 percent at the

end of 2003.Government reform has been a result of ad

hoc actions in response to crises.The collapse of the

economy has led to illegal emigration to neighboring

countries such as Botswana and Mozambique,and an

exodus of skilled professionals to Europe and South Africa.

In addition, the spread of HIV/AIDS in Zimbabwe has

caused concern.

S Land redistribution policies negatively affected farming

operations,and have resulted in large food shortages.The

government is also reviewing legislation to facilitate

additional redistribution.Estimates predict a food shortfall

of 900,000 tonnes in the coming year,with 5 million people

requiring food aid.

S Tobacco production,once the largest earner of foreign

exchange,has been affected because of forced evictions of

white tobacco farmers.In July 2004, the government

announced that $10 billion had been injected into the

tobacco industry by the Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe for the

year to date.The funds have been specifically aimed at

small scale tobacco farmers to increase exports and gain

foreign exchange.

S In August 2004, the government announced various

policies to combat the persistent cash crisis.Individuals and

merchants will not be allowed to hold more than $6,250 in

cash;any surplus must be deposited.Local currency

travelers cheques were also introduced.Plans to abolish

the highest denomination of the local currency were

postponed because of cash shortages and the fear of

hoarding.

S Given the increasing inflation, falling currency value,and

unstable economic environment, local Zimbabweans have

been investing in assets,particularly the stock exchange

and real estate.In early 2004, several commercial banks

faced liquidity problems when the Reserve Bank of

Zimbabwe announced plans to raise the lending rate

because of increasing housing prices and a rapidly

increasing stock market.The banks were,however,bailed

out by the Troubled Bank Fund established by the central

bank.

S By December 2003,Zimbabwe had accumulated $275

million in debt to the IMF,with little policy change made to

implement the recommended economic reform program.

Voting rights were suspended and the IMF began

proceedings to have Zimbabwe suspended from the IMF.In

January 2004,Zimbabwe appeared to make efforts at

reconciliation by repaying $1.5 million to the IMF.

Subsequently, in July 2004, the IMF announced it would not

expel Zimbabwe and had negotiated a payment schedule

with the government.

Economic Update

Real GDP Growth Rate

ZIMBABWE

Percent

-16

-14

-12

-10

-8

-6

-4

-2

0

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
6-108

Main Trade Partners, percent of total, 2002

Markets Sources

China 5.8 South Africa 47.7

South Africa 5.6 DROC 5.7

Germany 5.6 Mozambique 5.3

United Kingdom 4.8 United

Kingdom

3.1

Main Trade Commodities, US$ millions, 2000

Exports Imports

Tobacco 561.9 Machinery &

transport

equipment

538.1

Gold 291.9 Manufactures 308.8

Ferro-alloys 127.3 Chemicals 306.9

Nickel 81.2 Petroleum

products &

electricity

205.2

zimbabwe

Trade Update

S Exports are dominated by agricultural products such as

tobacco, sugar, cotton,and maize,as well as minerals and

manufactured goods.Imports primarily include machinery,

passenger cars,and production inputs such as fuels.

S Prior to the economic crisis, the country had a diversified

economy with activities in manufacturing,agriculture,mineral

resources,and tourism.Until 2002, tobacco was the leading

export,however,gold has since surpassed tobacco as the

leading export commodity.

S In February 2004, the government announced plans to alter

the method used to calculate import duties.Duties will be

calculated using the Zimbabwe dollar valuation of the

imported product at the auction exchange rate, instead of the

previous method of using the exporters’ rate.This new

method will lead to an increase in the duties applied to

manufacturing and mining production inputs.

S In 2003,U.S.exports to Zimbabwe consisted primarily of

machinery and mechanical appliances,motor vehicles and

parts thereof,and precious or semiprecious stones or metals.

U.S.imports from Zimbabwe consisted primarily of tobacco,

iron and steel,and precious or semiprecious stones or

metals.

Investment and Privatization Update

S The exchange rate regime implemented at the end of 2003

has led to investment flight from the mining industry.In April

2004,Anglo American (UK) announced plans to accelerate its

withdrawal and the sale of its 52.9-percent stake in Bindura

Nickel.Construction industry activity has also declined

because of the high cost of building materials resulting from

price control power outages.

S Despite the withdrawal of several key investors in the mining

industry, certain sectors, such as platinum,have received

some investment.

S In August 2003,Zimbabwe signed an investment protection

agreement with the OPEC Fund for International Development.

The agreement is aimed at protecting investors from OPEC

member countries.

S In late 2003,domestic oil prices were deregulated and private

retailers were allowed to import fuel to combat the fuel

shortages faced since 2001.Lack of foreign exchange and

high international prices have led to erratic supply.The

government plans to continue to import and sell petroleum to

the public transport sectors at controlled prices.

S The state-owned power generating and distribution company

ZESA has been hindered by growing debt and the inability to

provide power to meet growing demand.As a result,

Zimbabwe has become more reliant on imported energy from

Mozambique and South Africa.In early 2004, the government

granted ZESA the authority to charge select customers in

foreign currencies to help reduce the debt burden.

S Because of financial constraints and lost revenue, the

government has proposed privatizing the state-owned

Zimbabwe Iron and Steel Company.Two parties have

expressed interest in purchasing shares in Zisco:China’s

Export Import Bank,which had previously loaned Zisco $42

million,and Iscor (South Africa).

U.S. Trade Balance

Net Foreign Direct Investment

-100

-50

0

50

100

150

1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Millions of U.S. Dollars U.S. exports

U.S. imports

Trade balance

0

150

300

450

1998 1999 2000 2001 2002

Millions of U.S. Dollars
6-109

Primary nongovernment sources for country profiles

Angola

Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile Angola 2003, July 2003.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Key developments,” Apr. 24, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Move that could weaken IMF leverage,” Apr. 21, 2004, found at

Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “New commercial code introduced,” Apr. 1, 2004, found at Internet

address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Business climate overview,” Apr. 1, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “No going back,” Jan. 22, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Phase three of World Bank’s reconstruction programme,” Dec. 23,

2003, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

“Angola, Morocco sign oil agreement,” BBC Monitoring International Reports, May 3, 2004 found

at Internet address http://www.newedge.com, retrieved May 3, 2004.

“Angola is rich in oil, but its people remain poor,” Toronto Star, Feb. 3, 2004 found at Internet

address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Feb. 3, 2004.

“IMF Wants Angolan Oil Co-Audited Before Giving Loans,” Dow Jones News Service,

Nov. 13, 2003 found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Nov.13, 2003.

“World Bank Impressed With Goverment Strategy Against Poverty,” Africa News Service, Aug.

19, 2003, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Aug. 19, 2003.

“Angola, DR Congo Sign Economic Development Projects,” Angola Press Agency (Luanda), May

7, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved May 7, 2004.

“ChevronTexaco And Social Partners Invest USD 40 Million in Agriculture,” Angola Press Agency

(Luanda), Apr. 14, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved Apr. 14,

2004.

Wezi Tjaronda, “Telecom Namibia Goes Cross-Border,” AllAfrica.com, Feb. 27, 2004, found at

Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved Feb. 27, 2004.

Benin

Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile Benin 2003, June 2003.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “IMF’s latest performance review,” Feb. 12, 2004, found at Internet

address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “PRGF arrangements,” Nov. 17, 2003, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Cotton privatisation inches forward,” Aug. 26, 2003, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “HIPC completion point is reached,” Aug. 26, 2003, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.
6-110

Economist Intelligence Unit, “IMF completes fourth review under PRGF,” Aug. 26, 2003, found

at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

“West Africa bank cuts Benin’s debt by 4.5 billion FCFA,” Panafrican News Agency (PANA) Daily

Newswire, Feb. 5, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Feb.

5, 2004.

“EU allots Benin 30-million Euro for urban roads,” Panafrican News Agency (PANA) Daily Newswire, Jan. 28, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Jan. 28,

2004.

“Outlook for 2004-05/Policy trends,” Country Report Benin, Jan. 13, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Jan. 13, 2004.

“IMF board grins at Benin’s performance,” Panafrican News Agency (PANA) Daily Newswire,

Apr. 1, 2004, found at http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Apr. 1, 2004.

“Nigeria and Benin agree to re-open border,” AFP English Wire, Aug. 15, 2003, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Aug. 15, 2003.

Charles Cobb, Jr. And Reed Kramer, “Eight African Nations Eligible For Millennium Challenge Account Assistance,” allafrica.com, May 7, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved May 7, 2004.

Botswana

Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile Botwana 2004, January 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Key developments,” Apr. 27, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Air Botswana privatization stalls,” Apr. 1, 2004, found at Internet

address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Tight ship,” Feb. 23, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Mining,” Feb. 20, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Botswana economy: Fiscal squeeze looms,” Feb. 12, 2004, found

at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

“Diamonds Are Not Forever,” Africa News Service, Mar. 28, 2004 found at Internet address

http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Mar. 28, 2004.

“Botswana is Africa’s Most Globalized Nation,” Mmegi/The Reporter (Gaborone), Feb. 26, 2004,

found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved Feb. 27, 2004.

Kabo Mokoagone, “World Bank Recommends New Investment Laws for Botswana,” Mmegi/The

Reporter (Gaborone), Mar. 12, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved May 7, 2004.

Burkina Faso

Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile Burkina Faso 2003, July 2003.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Attracting private enterprise,” Apr. 20, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.
6-111

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Worsening poverty spurs policy re-examination,” Jan. 27, 2004,

found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Mining,” Sept. 18, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Region joins claim against cotton subsidies,” Jul. 15, 2004, found

at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Anti-poverty programme progress is satisfactory,” Jul. 15, 2004,

found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Cote d’Ivoire crisis encroaches,” Jul. 15, 2004, found at Internet

address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

“New Delhi pledges US$500 million in aid to West African nations,” AP WorldStream English,

Mar. 2, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Mar. 2, 2004.

“Burkina Faso-Ghana: New Rail Line Planned to Link Burkina Faso to the Coast,” UN Integrated

Regional Information Networks, June 11, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved June 11, 2004.

“Development Partners Pledge $2 Billion for Burkina Faso’s Anti-Poverty Efforts,” United Nations

Development Programme (New York), Mar. 12, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved Mar. 12, 2004.

Burundi

Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile Burundi 2003, June 2003.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Real GDP growth was negative during 2003,” Apr. 22, 2004, found

at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Economic policy outlook,” Apr. 22, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Stabilising the economy is the main objective,” Dec. 23, 2003,

found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Government faces contradictory fiscal pressure,” Sept. 10, 2003,

found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Sharp downturn in real GDP growth expected,” Sept. 10, 2003,

found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

“Burundi receives 3.6 m-dollar grant from China,” BBC Monitoring International Reports, Jul. 4,

2003, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Jul. 4, 2004.

“Italy to cancel debt owed by Burundi,” Agence France-Presse English Wire, Apr. 16, 2004,

found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Apr. 16, 2004.

“World Bank to assist Burundi’s economic recovery,” Panafrican News Agency (Pana) Daily

Newswire, Feb. 10, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Feb.

10, 2004.

“IMF praises Burundi’s “remarkable” handling of budget despite war,” AFP English Wire, Oct.

30, 2003 found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Feb. 10, 2004.

“Burundi: World Bank Approves US$84 Million Credit for Reconstruction,” UN Integrated Regional Information Networks, Mar. 22, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com,

retrieved Mar. 22, 2004.
6-112

Cameroon

Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile Cameroon 2003, September 2003.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Construction and telecoms sectors boost FDI,” May 4, 2004, found

at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “IMF approves three-year US$164m PRGF,” May 4, 2004, found at

Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Key developments,” Apr. 13, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Government completes poverty reduction paper,” Dec. 23, 2003,

found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “HIPC funds will affect economic growth,” Sept. 10, 2003, found at

Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

“The domestic economy/The Chad-Cameroon pipeline is completed,” Country Report Cameroon,

Aug. 14, 2003 found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Aug. 14, 2003.

“Forestry Products to Boost Economy,” All Africa Global Media, Dec. 31, 2003 found at Internet

address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Dec. 31, 2004.

Georgewill Fombe, “Growth Reassured,” Cameroon Tribune (Yaounde), June 10, 2004, found at

Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved June 10, 2004.

Lukong Pius Nyuylime, “IMF/World Bank Mission at Work,” Cameroon Tribune (Yaounde), Apr.

29, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved Apr. 29, 2004.

Cape Verde

Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile Cape Verde 2004, January 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “INE report states that poverty has increased,” Feb. 12, 2004,

found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “AfDB notes economic progress,” Feb. 12, 2004, found at Internet

address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Government attempts to control public spending,” Feb. 12, 2004,

found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “OPEC development fund to finance health centres,” Feb. 3, 2004,

found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Air transport infrastructure upgraded,” Dec. 9, 2003, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Charles Cobb, Jr. and Reed Kramer, “Eight African Nations Eligible For Millennium Challenge Account Assistance,” allafrica.com, May 7, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved May 7, 2004.

Central African Republic

Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile Central African Republic 2003, Oct. 2003.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Local economy contracted in 2003,” May 4, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.
6-113

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Local economy in state of crisis,” May 4, 2004, found at Internet

address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Mining code introduced,” Feb. 18, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Government has financial trouble,” Dec. 23, 2003, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Diamond regulation outlined,” Sept. 16, 2003, found at Internet

address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “State administration is key,” Sept. 10, 2003, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Chad

Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile Chad 2003, Oct. 2003.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “First payment of oil revenue issued,” May 4, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “PRGF lapses Chad economy: IMF cancelled board,” May 4, 2004,

found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Chad’s poor await oil riches,” Apr. 9, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Region prepares to manage oil revenue,” Dec. 23, 2003, found at

Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

“As Oil Eludes Ghana, It Attracts FDI to Chad and Sudan,” Africa News Services, Sept. 9, 2003,

found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Sept. 9, 2003.

“New Delhi pledges US$500 million in aid to West African nations,” AP WorldStream English,

Mar. 2, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Mar. 2, 2004.

Comoros

Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile Comoros 2003, Oct. 2003.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Central Bank reports deterioration in trade deficit,” Dec. 23, 2003,

found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Comoros US20m aid package on its way in March 2004,” Dec. 23,

2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “IMF to send new mission,” Dec. 23, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Cellphone service starts up locally,” Sept. 10, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Debt relief is not forthcoming,” Sept. 23, 2004, found at Internet

address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Côte d’Ivoire

Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile Côte d’Ivoire 2004, June 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Key developments,” May 19, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.
6-114

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Economy probably contracted in 2003,” May 49, 2004, found at

Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Donor support programmes to be relaunched,” May 4, 2004,

found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

“New Delhi pledges US$500 million in aid to West African nations,” AP WorldStream English,

Mar. 2, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Mar. 2, 2004.

“World Bank suspends payments to Ivory Coast over unpaid arrears,” Agence France-Presse

English Wire, June 17, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved

June 17, 2004.

“Budget for 2004 shows Ivory Coast on the road to recovery/economy minister,” Agence

France-Presse English Wire, Feb. 4, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Feb. 4, 2004.

Democratic Republic of the Congo

Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile Democratic Republic of the Congo 2003, June 2003.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “South Africa now largest source of imports,” May 4, 2004, found

at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Rise in export figures,” May 4, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Donors pledge US$3.9bn,” May 4, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Investment planned for mobile phone sector,” May 4, 2004, found

at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Too good to be true?” Apr. 19, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

“DR Congo qualifies for 10 billion dollars debt relief,” AFP English Wire, July 29, 2004, found at

Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved July 29, 2004.

“DR Congo lands USD$4 billion aid from donors,” Panafrican News Agency (Pana) Daily Newswire, Dec. 23, 2003, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Dec. 23,

2003.

Clive Rubin, “Africa’s New Gold Rush,” Mail & Guardian (Johannesburg), Mar. 3, 2004, found at

Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved Mar. 4, 2004.

Djibouti

Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile Djibouti 2003, May 2003.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Region is main recipient of US aid in Africa,” May 4, 2004, found

at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Port and transport sectors contribute to GDP growth,” May 4,

2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Economic policies expected to remain intact 2004-05, ” May 4,

2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Growth expands in service sector,” Dec. 23, 2003, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.
6-115

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Port efficiency improves,” Oct. 22, 2003, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “IMF talks,” Oct. 22, 2003, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Government signs several agreements with donors,” July 15,

2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Equatorial Guinea

Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile Equatorial Guinea 2004, Feb. 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Mixed view of oil prospects,” Feb. 24, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Budget discipline restored in 2003,” Feb. 24, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “IMF praises reformed fiscal habits,” Feb. 24, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Spain cancels 60% of region’s debt,” Nov. 26, 2003, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

“New Delhi pledges US$500 million in aid to West African nations,” AP WorldStream English,

Mar. 2, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Mar. 2, 2004.

“$5.2 Million Investment in Equatorial Guinea Aims At Early Achievement of Millennium Education Goal,” United Nations Development Programme (New York), Mar. 1, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Mar. 1, 2004.

Eritrea

Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile Eritrea 2004, Apr. 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “A US$15m loan is agreed for Keren water project,” May 4, 2004,

found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Mobile phone services to be launched,” May 4, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “US removes region from AGOA list,” May 4, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Region faces another year of severe food shortage,” May 4, 2004,

found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Growth prospects are dim,” May 4, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Ethiopia

Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile Ethiopia 2004, February 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Economy in reverse following worst drought in years,” May 18,

2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Region struggles to attract FDI,” May 4, 2004, found at Internet

address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.
6-116

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Region invests in air transport sector,” May 4, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Poverty reduction programme off to slow start,” May 4, 2004,

found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Coffee trade dominates trade deficit,” May 4, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “IMF obligations remain as economic focus,” May 4, 2004, found at

Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

“Ethiopia Textile, Garment And Leather Manufacturers to Visit USA,” Addis Tribune (Addis Ababa), Jul. 2, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved Jul. 26, 2004.

Helina Megersa, “World Bank, IMF Approve Ethiopia’s $2bln Debt Reduction,” Addis Tribune

(Addis Ababa), Apr. 22, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved

Apr. 22, 2004.

Gabon

Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile Gabon 2004, January 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Business climate overview,” Apr. 28, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Time runs out,” Apr. 20, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Oil production forecast is raised,” Mar. 22, 2004, found at Internet

address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “IMF sees signs of economic improvement,” Mar. 22, 2004, found

at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “IMF outlines policy tasks facing government,” Mar. 22, 2004,

found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004. “French envoy has

Gabon’s mining potential,” Panafrican News Agency (Pana) Daily Newswire, Oct. 3, 2003, found

at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Oct. 3, 2003.

“The domestic economy/Manganese output will rise but problems remain,” Country Report Gabon, Jan. 29, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Jan. 29,

2004.

“China signs new energy deal with Gabon to fuel booming Chinese economy,” AP WorldStream

English, Feb. 3, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Feb. 3,

2004.

The Gambia

Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile The Gambia 2003, Feb. 2003.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Major expansion in telephone capacity planned,” Mar. 22, 2004,

found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Worsening imbalances,” Mar. 22, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Region ranked 12th in FDI index by UNCTAD,” Mar. 22, 2004,

found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.
6-117

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Region scores higher in WEF’s index,” Mar. 22, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Gamtel investing in new fixed-line capacity,” Feb. 3, 2004, found

at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Off-track,” Dec. 23, 2003, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “World Bank publishes country assistance strategy,” Mar. 22, 2004,

found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

“Revelations On Gambia-Australia Mining Deal,” Africa News Service, June 10, 2003, found at

Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved June 10, 2003.

“Gambia’s Economic Situation Worriesome for IMF,” All Africa Global Media, Dec. 23, 2003,

found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Dec. 23, 2003.

“Gambians express mixed feelings over oil discovery,” Panafrican News Agency (Pana) Daily

Newswire, Feb. 20, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Feb.

20, 2004.

Ghana

Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile Ghana 2003, Oct. 2003.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “AngloGold, Ashanti Goldfields to formally launch soon,” Apr. 29,

2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “World Bank to fund work on roads in Accra,” Apr. 29, 2004, found

at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Financial sector development targeted,” Apr. 21, 2004, found at

Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Slow route to prosperity,” Feb.2, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Current-account deficit has narrowed,” Nov. 25, 2003, found at

Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Fiscal performance good in first half of 2003,” Nov. 25, 2003,

found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

“Cocoa Exports Soar?” Africa News Service, Aug. 12, 2003, found at Internet address

http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Aug. 12, 2003.

“Industrial Performance Disappointing - Reports,” Africa News Service, Aug. 12, 2003, found at

Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Aug. 12, 2003.

“Gold brings growth for Ghana,” Business Day (South Africa), Dec. 9, 2003, found at Internet

address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Dec. 9, 2003.

Clive Rubin, “Africa’s New Gold Rush,” Allafrica.com, Mar. 3, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved Mar. 4, 2004.

Charles Cobb, Jr. and Reed Kramer, “Eight African Nations Eligible For Millennium Challenge Account Assistance,” Allafrica.com, May 7, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved May 7, 2004.
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Guinea

Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile Guinea 2003, Oct. 2003.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Economic policy implementation on hold,” Apr. 22, 2004, found at

Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “VAT dispute rumbles on,” Dec. 30, 2003, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Outlook for Guinea poor,” Oct. 6, 2003, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Mining and agriculture drive economic growth,” Aug. 26, 2003,

found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Clive Rubin, “Africa’s New Gold Rush,” Allafrica.com, Mar. 3, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved Mar. 4, 2004.

Guinea-Bissau

Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile Guinea-Bissau 2004, Jan. 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Economy contracting,” Feb. 24, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Restoration of international aid is priority,” Feb. 24, 2004, found at

Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Bidding complete for mobile phones services,” Feb. 3, 2004, found

at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

“New Delhi pledges US$500 million in aid to West African nations,” AP WorldStream English,

Mar. 2, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Mar. 2, 2004.

“Guinea Bissau records sharp fall in economy,” Panafrican News Agency (Pana) Daily Newswire,

Oct. 29, 2003, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Oct. 29, 2003.

Kenya

Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile Kenya 2003, Aug. 2003.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Which comes first, politics or the economy?” Aug. 7, 2003, found

at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Business climate overview,” Sept. 15, 2003, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, ”IMF resumes funding,” Nov. 25, 2003, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Kenya Tea Development Agency adds value in-country,” Nov. 6,

2003, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “US$4.1bn in donor pledges announced,” Dec. 5, 2003, found at

Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Dirt out, cash in,” Dec. 2, 2003, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “What’s at the end of the rainbow?” Jan. 22, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.
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Economist Intelligence Unit, “Road to recovery,” Feb. 18, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “BOC Kenya to expand regional operations,” Mar. 8, 2004, found at

Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “World Bank to help finance water-supply privatisation,” Apr. 29

2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Certification to boost flower exports,” Apr. 21, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Mining code will standardise royalties,” May 18, 2004, found at

Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

“Kenya industries fear collapse in massive trade liberalisation,” Panafrican News Agency (PANA)

Daily Newswire, May 10, 2004, found at Internet address http:///www.newsedge.com, retrieved

May 10, 2004.

“Still No Turnaround in Kenyan Economy,” All Africa Global Media, Apr. 29, 2004, found at Internet address http:///www.newsedge.com, retrieved Apr. 29, 2004.

”Kenya 2004 - Enriching and Improving Kenya’s Investment Environment,” All Africa Global Media, Mar. 18, 2004, found at Internet address http:///www.newsedge.com, retrieved Mar. 18,

2004.

“Kenya’s road to recovery,” Business Africa, Feb. 18, 2004, found at Internet address

http:///www.newsedge.com, retrieved Feb. 18, 2004.

“Kenya’s Economy Likely to Improve in 2004,” East African (Kenyan) - AAGM, Jan. 7, 2004,

found at Internet address http:///www.newsedge.com, retrieved Jan. 7, 2004.

“Export Zones Increase Their Textile Sales to US,” The Nation (Kenyan) - AAGM, Nov. 19, 2003,

found at Internet address http:///www.newsedge.com, retrieved Nov. 19, 2003.

Akumu Washington, “Textile Industry Benefited from AGOA,” The Nation (Nairobi), May, 28,

2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved May 28, 2004.

Noel Wandera, “Resilient Tourism Sector Rakes in Sh25.8 Billion,” The East African Standard

(Nairobi), May, 28, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved May 28,

2004.

Isaac Esipisu, “Kenya Given EU Trade Access,” The Nation (Nairobi), May 19, 2004, found at

Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved May 19, 2004.

Isaac Esipisu, “Economic Recovery Strategy Outlined,” The Nation (Nairobi), Mar. 10, 2004,

found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved Mar. 10, 2004.

Catherine Riungu, “Flowers: A Growing Sector Amid Recession,” The East African Standard (Nairobi), Feb. 16, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved Feb. 17,

2004.

Lesotho

Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile Lesotho 2004, Jan. 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Letseng-la-Terae diamond mine to resume operations,” Nov. 25,

2003, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “The impact of HIV/AIDS,” Apr. 1, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.
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Economist Intelligence Unit, “Growth patterns,” Apr. 1, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Monetary policy affected by widening fiscal deficit,” Feb. 24, 2004,

found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

“Lesotho/Growth pattern,” Business Africa, Mar. 30, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Mar. 30, 2004.

“Lesotho sees fast trade growth on US plan,” All Africa Global Media, Feb. 23, 2004, found at

Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Feb. 23, 2004.

“Lesotho/GDP Has Grown But Challenges Lay Ahead, IMF,” All Africa Global Media, Feb. 13,

2004, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Feb. 13, 2004.

“Lesotho/IMF Grants Concessional Loan,” All Africa Global Media, Jan. 23, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Jan. 23, 2004.

Charles Cobb, Jr. and Reed Kramer, “Eight African Nations Eligible For Millennium Challenge Account Assistance,” Allafrica.com, May 7, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved May 7, 2004.

Liberia

Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile Liberia 2003, Oct. 2003.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Plans made to help reconstruct region,” May 4, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, ”Aid-dependent,” Apr. 21, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Petroleum liberalisation continues,” Mar. 18, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Fighting in Monrovia damages economy,” Nov. 11, 2003, found at

Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, :IMF released 2003 Article IV Consultation report,” Nov. 11, 2003,

found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

“Liberia/UN Maintains Diamond And Timber Sanctions,” All Africa Global Media, June 14, 2004,

found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved June 14, 2004.

“Rejuvenating the Liberian Economy,” All Africa Global Media, Jan. 12, 2004, found at Internet

address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Jan. 12, 2004.

“US Gives Liberia $19.5 Million More in Humanitarian Assistance,” United States Department of

State (Washington, DC), Apr. 14, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved Apr. 15, 2004.

Madagascar

Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile Madagascar 2003, Aug. 2003.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Cyclone setback to recovery hopes,” Apr. 20, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Region’s corruption rate improves,” Jan. 27, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.
6-121

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Economic recovery gets into stride,” Jan. 27, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Government to promote broad economic growth,” Jan. 27, 2004,

found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “PRSP aims to halve poverty rate in a decade,” Jan. 27, 2004,

found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Government completes poverty reduction,” Jan. 27, 2004, found

at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Export performanc maintains steady recovery,” Jan. 27, 2004,

found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Economy expected to recover slowly,” Jan. 27, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

“False alarm for sagging economy,” Africa Analysis, Apr. 30, 2003, found at Internet address

http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Apr. 30, 2003.

“Regulatory watch/Madagascar,” Business Africa, Mar. 19, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Mar. 19, 2004.

“Madagascar/ADF Approves Loan for Economic Recovery,” Africa News Service, Sept. 22, 2003,

found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Sept. 22, 2003.

“France writes off debt owed by Madagascar,” Agence France Presse, Apr. 30, 2003, found at

Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Apr. 30, 2003.

“World Bank grants 32m dollars to Madagascar’s mineral resources project,” BBC Monitoring

International Reports, June 25, 2003, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com,

retrieved June 25, 2003.

“US Signs Open Skies Agreement With Madagascar,” United States Department of State (Washington, DC) Press Release, Mar. 10, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com,

retrieved Mar. 10, 2004.

Clive Rubin, “Africa’s New Gold Rush,” Mail & Guardian (Johannesburg), Mar. 3, 2004, found at

Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved Mar. 4, 2004.

Charles Cobb, Jr. and Reed Kramer, “Eight African Nations Eligible For Millennium Challenge Account Assistance,” Allafrica.com, May 7, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved May 7, 2004.

Malawi

Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile Malawi 2004, Jan. 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Tobacco-selling mechanisms altered,” Apr. 29, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Progress made with power grid project,” Feb. 24, 2004, found at

Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “PRSP spending targets not achieved,” Feb. 24, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “IMF resumes lending to region,” Feb. 24, 2004, found at Internet

address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.
6-122

“IMF weighs resumption of aid to Malawi,” Agence France-Presse English Wire, June 8, 2004,

found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved June 8, 2004.

“Economy-Malawi/Farewell to the Golden Leaf,” English IPS News, Dec. 22, 2003, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Dec. 22, 2003.

“Malawi: IMF Welcomes Commitment to Fiscal Discipline,” UN Integrated Regional Information

Networks, June 7, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved June 7,

2004.

“Malawi: OPEC gives $5m for Road Upgrade,” UN Integrated Regional Information Networks,

May 13, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved May 13, 2004.

Mali

Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile Mali 2003, July 2003.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Region adopts AGOA visa,” May 4, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Foreign investment is the key,” Feb. 12, 2004, found at Internet

address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Reform of cotton sector still on policy agenda,” Jan.27, 2004,

found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Business climate outlook,” Oct. 6, 2003, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

“New Delhi pledges US$500 million in aid to West African nations,” AP WorldStream English,

Mar. 2, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Mar. 2, 2004.

Clive Rubin, ”Africa’s New Gold Rush,” Mail & Guardian (Johannesburg), Mar. 3, 2004, found at

Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved Mar. 4, 2004.

Charles Cobb, Jr. and Reed Kramer, “Eight African Nations Eligible For Millennium Challenge Account Assistance,” Allafrica.com, May 7, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved May 7, 2004.

Mauritania

Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile Mauritania 2003, Sept. 2003.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Encouraging oil exploration reports,” Mar. 22, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “IMF happy with gains achieved to date,” Mar. 22, 2004, found at

Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “PRGF sets out macroeconomic targets,” Nov. 25, 2003, found at

Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Oil benefits may flow,” Oct. 29, 2003, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Joe Sambou, “Mauritania Oil a Reality,” The Independent (Banjul), June 11, 2004, found at Internet address http://allafrica.com, retrieved June 11, 2004.

Clive Rubin, “Africa’s New Gold Rush,” Mail & Guardian (Johannesburg), Mar. 3, 2004, found at

Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved Mar. 4, 2004.
6-123

Mauritius

Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile Mauritius 2003, July 2003.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Business climate overview,” Mar. 16, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Tourism holds up in tough environment,” Jan. 27, 2004, found at

Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Estimate for GDP growth in 2003 cut,” Jan. 20, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “No changes to economic policy expected,” Jan. 20, 2004, found at

Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Trade preferences on way out?” Nov. 20, 2003, found at Internet

address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Growth prospectst,” Nov. 20, 2003, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Tourism holds up a tough enviroment,” Nov. 11, 2003, found at

Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Domestic private investors are still reticent,” Nov. 11, 2003, found

at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

“Stategic networking/Mauritius/S Africa/where do they go from here?” Country Forecast Africa,

Nov. 11, 2003, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Nov. 11, 2003.

A. Bodo, “Madagascar-Maurice: nouvel accord de coop,ration conclu aprŠs deux siŠcles!” Midi

Madagasikara (Antananarivo), Apr. 7, 2004, found at Internet address http://allafrica.com, retrieved Apr. 7, 2004.

Patrick Hilbert, “Nouvelles technologies: quand la formation ne suit pas la demande,” L’Express

(Port Louis), Apr. 9, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved Apr. 9,

2004.

Mozambique

Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile Mozambique 2004, July 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “The South African influx,” Apr. 28, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Investor-friendly?” Apr. 28, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “US$790m pledged at Consultative Group,” Mar. 22, 2004, found at

Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Efforts to restructure the debt burden,” Mar. 22, 2004, found at

Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Duty exemptions for manufacturers,” Sept.16, 2003, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Growing peace dividend,” Aug. 21, 2003, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.
6-124

“Mozambique-South Africa/Investment Climate Generally Favourable - New Report,” All Africa

Global Media, June 3, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved

June 3, 2004.

“Resettled white Zimbabwe farmers create 4,000 jobs in Mozambique/official,” Agence FrancePresse English Wire, Jan. 14, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Jan. 14, 2004.

“World Bank pledges US$600 million support to Mozambique,” Panafrican News Agency (Pana)

Daily Newswire, Jan. 30, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved

Jan. 30, 2004.

“Resettled white Zimbabwe farmers create 4,000 jobs in Mozambique/official,” Agence FrancePresse English Wire, Jan. 14, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Jan. 14, 2004.

“Mozambique to sign three-year fishing accord with EU/minister,” AFP Wire, Oct. 20, 2003,

found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Oct. 20, 2003.

Charles Cobb, Jr. and Reed Kramer, “Eight African Nations Eligible For Millennium Challenge Account Assistance,” Allafrica.com, May 7, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved May 7, 2004.

Namibia

Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile Namibia 2004, June 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Air Namibia to receive further US$2.6m bailout,” May 18, 2004,

found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Business climate overview,” Feb. 18, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Air Namibia’s part privatisation remains stalled,” Dec. 23, 2003,

found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Drought relief programme launched,” Dec. 23, 2003, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Additional budget raises 2003/04 deficit,” Dec. 23, 2003, found at

Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Siyumbwa Muyunda, “Imports passing through Namibia cost less,” The Times of Zambia, May

3, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved May 3, 2004.

“Namibia to pull out of COMESA, regional free trade area,” AFP English Wire, July 25, 2003,

found at Internet address http://www.www.newsedge.com, retrieved July 25, 2003

“Namibia slips in global competitiveness ranking,” The Namibian, Nov. 7, 2003, found at Internet address http://www.www.newsedge.com, retrieved Nov. 7, 2003

Niger

Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile Niger 2003, July 2003.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Debt relief in sight,” Mar. 26, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Another good harvest season,” Jan. 20, 2004, found at Internet

address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.
6-125

Economist Intelligence Unit, “New airline to fly regional and internal routes,” Oct. 6, 2003,

found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “IMF approves US$16m disbursement,” July 15, 2003, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Mike Oduniyi and Josephin Lahor, “Niger Delta: Chevron Suspends Production,” This Day (Lago

& Abuja), Apr. 26, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved Apr. 26,

2004.

Nigeria

Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile Nigeria 2004, Dec. 2003.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Business environment at a glance,” May 14, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “NNPC signs several production-sharing deals,” Apr. 29, 2004,

found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Shell to boost investment in natural-gas pipelines,” Apr. 19, 2004,

found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “World Bank in Niger Delta development project,” Mar. 23, 2004,

found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “South African team in talks on new national airline,” Mar. 53,

2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Nigeria set for rapid telecom growth,” Feb. 4, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Import bans introduced,” Feb. 3, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Window of opportunity,” Jan. 22, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Textile incentive approved,” Dec. 30, 2003, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Government unfolds new economic blueprint,” Dec. 23, 2003,

found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

“Nigeria woos investors,” Panafrican News Agency (Pana) Daily Newswire, June 7, 2004, found

at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved June 7, 2004.

“Economy Yet on Crutches,” All Africa Global Media, June 1, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved June 1, 2004.

“Nigeria’s Economy Still Uncompetitive, Says Unido,” All Africa Global Media, Apr. 29, 2004,

found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Apr. 29, 2004.

“Oiling the Economy Through Foreign Investment,” This Day (Nigeria) - AAGM, Apr. 2, 2004,

found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Apr. 2, 2004.

“Nigeria Rate Low On Economic Growth,” All Africa Global Media, Jan. 9, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Jan. 9, 2004.

“China to Invest $1bn in Nigeria,” All Africa Global Media, Dec. 16, 2003, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Dec. 16, 2003.
6-126

“Country Vows to Make Privatization an Engine of Growth,” All Africa Global Media, Nov. 27,

2003, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Nov. 27, 2003.

“Nigeria keen to boost trade ties,” Pakistan Press International, Nov. 3, 2003, found at Internet

address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Nov. 3, 2003.

“ADB wants Nigeria to correct growing macroeconomic imbalances,” Panafrican News Agency

(Pana) Daily Newswire, Oct. 29, 2003, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com,

retrieved Oct. 29, 2003.

“Nigeria and Benin agree to re-open border,” AFP English Wire, Aug. 15, 2003, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Aug. 15, 2003.

Adaobi Okafor, “China Moves to Establish 50 Factories in Nigeria,” Vanguard (Lagos), May 10,

2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved May 10, 2004.

“Seven U.S. Firms Eye Nigeria,” Daily Champion (Lagos), May 5, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved May 5, 2004.

Hamisu Muhammad, “NEPC Moves to Implement EPB Scheme,” Daily Trust, (Abuja), Apr. 27,

2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved Apr. 27, 2004.

Babajide Komolafe, “Import Ban, Port Congestion Cripple Fortex Market N137 to $1,” Vanguard

(Lagos), Apr. 19, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved Apr. 19,

2004.

Nneoma Ukeje-Eloagu, “Nigeria, Second Largest Economy in Africa - World Bank,” This Day (Lagos), Apr. 15, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved Apr. 15,

2004.

Emma Ujah, “World Bank Unveils Plan for Nigeria’s Solid Minerals Sector,” Vanguard (Lagos),

Mar. 31, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved Mar. 31, 2004.

Mike Oduniyi and Onyebuchi Ezigbo, “Offshore Field: NNPC, US firm Sign Pact,” This Day (Lago

& Abuja), Mar. 22, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved Mar. 22,

2004.

Emeka Ugwuanyi and Chinazo Onwuaso, “FG, World Bank Move to LPG Market...Sets Up Steering Committee,” Vanguard (Lagos), Mar. 16, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved Mar. 16, 2004.

Hector Igbikiowubo, “Liquefied Natural Gas Begins Gas Export to US,” Vanguard (Lagos), June

27, 2003, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved June 27, 2003.

Republic of the Congo

Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile Congo (Brazzaville) 2004, July 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Railway privatisation schedule released,” Feb. 24, 2004, found at

Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Relations with IMF reach impasse,” Feb. 24, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Mining sector to be liberalised,” Feb. 3, 2004, found at Internet

address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

“Congo oil revenues exceed expectations by more than 12 million euros,” Agence France-Presse

English Wire, May 6, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved May

6, 2004.
6-127

“Investment Prospects in Congo Brighten,” Africa News Service, Sept. 17, 2003, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Sept. 17, 2003.

“Congo gets 11.9-million-dollar loan for agricultural projects,” Agence France-Presse English,

May 23, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved May 23, 2004.

“Congo: Accord Signed for Safe Passage of Rail Traffic in Pool,” UN Integrated Regional Information Networks, Mar. 1, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved

Mar. 1, 2004.

Rwanda

Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile Rwanda 2004, Apr. 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Privatisation of Rwandatel launched,” May 18, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Privatisation programme has mixed results,” Apr. 22, 2004, found

at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Real GDP growth lowest since 1994,” Apr. 22, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Expansionary budget announced for 2004,” Apr. 22, 2004, found

at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Economic objectives set,” Apr. 22, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

“Renewed Hope As Recovery Path is Paved,” All Africa Global Media, Apr. 12, 2004, found at

Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Apr. 12, 2004.

“Rwanda to Focus on the Economy in 2004,” East African (Kenya) - AAGM, Jan. 2, 2004, found

at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Jan. 2, 2004.

“Rwanda’s Economic Growth,” East African (Kenya) - AAGM, Dec. 12, 2003, found at Internet

address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Dec. 12, 2003.

Esther Nakkazi, “$4m Rwanda Free Trade Zone to Be Ready By June,” The East African (Nairobi), May 3, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved May 4, 2004.

“Rwanda And Kenya Sign Trade Pact,” The Nation (Nairobi), Mar. 17, 2004, found at Internet

address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved Mar. 17, 2004.

São Tomé and Pr¡ncipe

Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile São Tomé, and Pr¡ncipe 2004, Jan. 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Oil exploration auction concluded,” Feb. 24, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Free-trade zone project revisited,” Feb. 24, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “IMF, World Bank assess performance,” Feb. 24, 2004, found at

Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “The oil era begins,” Feb. 24, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Good oil fortune to transform region,” Feb. 24, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.
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Economist Intelligence Unit, “US may upgrade oil-rich area’s port,” Feb. 19, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Lere Ojedokun, “Chevron, Mobil, Dangote Seal São Tomê, and Pr¡ncipe Oil Deal,” Daily Champion (Lagos), May 5, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved May

5, 2004.

Mike Oduniyi, “JDZ: Nigeria, São Tomê, and Pr¡ncipe Target $500m Revenue,” This Day (Lagos), Apr. 21, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved Apr. 21,

2004.

Senegal

Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile Senegal 2004, May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Tax and investment revisions,” Apr. 21, 2004, found at Internet

address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Senelec may build two new power stations, ”Apr. 1, 2004, found

at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Qualified support from IMF,” Feb. 16, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

“New Delhi pledges US$500 million in aid to West African nations,” AP WorldStream English,

Mar. 2, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Mar. 2, 2004.

“Senegal basks in stable socio-economic state, says ADB,” Panafrican News Agency (Pana) Daily

Newswire, Oct. 29, 2003, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Oct.

29, 2003.

“Economic Trends/Senegal - Economic Future Brighter?” Africa Research Bulletin (ARBE), June

13, 2003, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved June 13, 2003.

“IMF/IMF approves US$33 million PRGF arrangement for Senegal,” M2 PRESSWIRE, May 1,

2003, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved May 1, 2003.

“Senegal: Japan Helps to Reduce Dependency On Rice Imports,” UN Integrated Regional Information Networks, Mar. 31, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved

Mar. 31, 2004.

Charles Cobb, Jr. and Reed Kramer, “Eight African Nations Eligible For Millennium Challenge Account Assistance,” Allafrica.com, May 7, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved May 7, 2004.

Seychelles

Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile Seychelles 2003, July 2003.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Prawn production on the rise,” Jan. 20, 2004, found at Internet

address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Tuna production climbs,” Jan. 20, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Goods and services tax to boost revenue,” Jan. 20, 2004, found at

Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Economy to shrink by 5.1%,” Jan. 20, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.
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Economist Intelligence Unit, “Double taxation avoidance treaties signed,” Jan. 20, 2004, found

at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “2003 ends on disappointing economic note,” Jan. 20, 2004, found

at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Government introduces economic reform programme,” Jan. 20,

2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Kabo Mokgoabone, “Seychelles to Pull out of SADC by July,” Mmegi/The Reporter (Gaborone),

Apr. 29, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved Apr. 30, 2004.

Sierra Leone

Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile Sierra Leone 2003, Oct. 2003.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Local mine to resume full operation by June,” May 4, 2004, found

at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “IMF completes fourth review under the PRGF,” May 4, 2004, found

at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Main issues of the 2004 budget,” May 4, 2004, found at Internet

address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Aid runs into millions of dollars,” Nov. 11, 2003, found at Internet

address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Oil firms submit bid for offshore licenes,” Nov. 11, 2003, found at

Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “At the bottom of the human development index,” Nov. 11, 2003,

found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Sierra Rutile receives US investment guarantee,” Aug. 18, 2003,

found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

“China committing 266 million to developing Sierra Leone beachfront,” Agence France-Presse

English Wire, May 7, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved May

7, 2004.

“IMF approves release of nearly 200 mn dollars for Sierra Leone,” Agence France-Presse English, Feb. 26, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Feb. 26,

2004.

“ADB commends Sierra Leone’s economic recovery measures,” Panafrican News Agency (PANA)

Daily Newswire, Oct. 29, 2003, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved

Oct. 29, 2003.

“Sierra Leone/Re-Emergence of the Gem of Africa,” Africa News Service, Aug. 13, 2003, found

at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Aug. 13, 2003.

Rodney Weidemann, “Gateway JV Wins Sierra Leone GSM Licence,” ITWeb (Johannesburg),

Mar. 18, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved Mar. 18, 2004.

Clive Rubin, “Africa’s New Gold Rush,” Mail & Guardian (Johannesburg), Mar. 3, 2004, found at

Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved Mar. 4, 2004.
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Somalia

Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile Somalia 2004, Mar. 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Veterinary school to be built in Somaliland,” May 18, 2004, found

at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Livestock exports increase at Berbera port,” May 4, 2004, found at

Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Humanitarian agencies express concern,” May 4, 2004, found at

Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

“Somalia: Hundreds of Thousands Threatened By Drought,” UN Integrated Regional Information

Networks, Mar. 1, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved Mar. 1,

2004.

South Africa

Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile South Africa 2003, Aug. 2003.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Trade regulations,” May 14, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Investment regulations,” Apr. 27, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Tourism thriving,” Apr. 21, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Business environment at a glance,” Apr. 12, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Business environment ranking summary,” Apr. 12, 2004, found at

Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “More ships take to seas in global boom,” Mar. 17, 2004, found at

Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “DeBeers polishing its image,” Feb. 27, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Steady as she goes,” Feb. 19, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Foreigners can raise funds on capital markets,” Feb. 19, 2004,

found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Revving up,” Feb. 13, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Land restitution bill passed,” Feb. 2, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, ”Africa’s engine needs to do better,” Jan. 16, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Look for double-digit growth in 2004 car sales,” Dec. 30, 2003,

found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, ”Growth targets out of reach,” Dec. 24, 2003, found at Internet

address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.
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Economist Intelligence Unit, “FDI laggard,” Dec. 24, 2003, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “The grand rand,” Dec. 15, 2003, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Quick view - Economy picks up momentum,” Nov. 25, 2003, found

at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Strategic economic infrastructure investment,” Nov. 6, 2003,

found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Promoting BEE via tax breaks,” Oct. 21, 2003, found at Internet

address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Mining updates,” Oct. 21, 2003, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Ties with Germany strengthened,” Sept. 4, 2003, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Ford to invest up to US$136.8m in exports,” Aug. 27, 2003, found

at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

“IMF Gives SA Thumbs Up, But,” All Africa Global Media, June 15, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved June 15, 2004.

Moyiga Nduru, “Environment/South Africa Widens Its Appeal For Tourists,” English IPS News,

June 11, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved June 11, 2004.

“SA Courting More Foreign Investment,” All Africa Global Media, June 8, 2004, found at Internet

address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved June 8, 2004.

“SA ’can be top manufacturing economy,’” Business Day (South Africa), Feb. 23, 2004, found at

Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Feb. 23, 2004.

“SA’s Agoa-Protected Exports to US Thriving,” All Africa Global Media, Nov. 21, 2003, found at

Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Nov. 21, 2003.

“Longest Unbroken expansion in SA’s history,” Business Day (South Africa), Oct. 27, 2003,

found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Oct. 27, 2003.

”Brazil/WTO-2/South Africa Wants Trade Deal With Mercosur,” The Nikkei English News Service,

Sept. 8, 2003, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Sept. 8, 2003.

”Agoa Gives Strong Boost to South African Exports to US,” Africa News Service, Aug. 11, 2003,

found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Aug. 11, 2003.

“AIDS threatens South Africa economy/World Bank,” The Times of India, Jul. 24, 2003, found at

Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Jul. 24, 2003.

Jabulani Tshindane, “US Boosts SA Fight Against Financial Crime,” BuaNews (Pretoria), Jul. 20,

2004 found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved Jul.10, 2004.

Nene Samanhyia, “AngloGold Ashanti Now Eyes the Future with Confidence,” Accra Mail (Accra), Apr. 13, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved Apr. 13, 2004

Carli Lourens, “Hard to Float When Shipping Costs Inflate,” Business Day (Johannesburg), Mar.

16, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved Mar. 16, 2004.
6-132

John Fraser, “Country Takes Lion Share of Nonenergy Exports Under Agoa,” Business Day (Johannesburg), July 15, 2003, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved July

15, 2003.

Peter Draper, “SA And Brazil Find Common Ground On Trade Strategy,” Business Day (Johannesburg), June 25, 2003, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved June

25, 2003.

Sudan

Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile Sudan 2004, Feb. 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Africa’s biggest country is in flames,” May 14, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Trade account shows a surplus,” Mar. 26, 2004, found at Internet

address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Peace audit,” Mar. 26, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “South wins its share of oil wealth,” Mar. 26, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “More oil,” Feb. 18, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

”As Oil Eludes Ghana, It Attracts FDI to Chad and Sudan,” Africa News Services, Sept. 9, 2003,

found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Sept. 9, 2003.

“Sudan: IGAD Trying to Break Peace -Talks Impasse,” UN Integrated Regional Information Networks, Apr. 21, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved Apr. 21,

2004.

Swaziland

Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile Swaziland 2003, May 2003.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Swaziland prepares Competition Bill,” May 18, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “IMF publishes preliminary findings,” Dec. 23, 2003, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “The central bank’s annual report,” Dec. 23, 2003, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Amendments planned to labour law,” Dec. 12, 2003, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Economic background,” Oct. 16, 2003, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Construction on new airport begins,” Sept. 10, 2003, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Government expenditure spirals,” Sept. 10, 2003, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

“Economic Recovery Tied to Political Reform,” Africa News Services, Sept. 16, 2003, found at

Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Sept. 16, 2003.
6-133

“Swaziland: New Labour Legislation Passed to Retain Agoa,” UN Integrated Regional Information Networks, Apr. 22, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved

Apr. 22, 2004.

Tanzania

Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile Tanzania 2003, May 2003.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Country risk summary,” Apr. 30, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Improving port security,” Mar. 8, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Coeur d’Alene’s first venture,” Mar. 8, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Island of (in)stability,” Jan. 22, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Regional tourism is a mixed picture,” Dec. 23, 2003, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Bidding extended for Tanzania Railway Corporation,” Nov. 20,

2003, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Aminex begins drilling at offshore Nyuni prospect,” Oct. 21, 2003,

found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Government courts foreign investors,” Sept. 30, 2003, found at

Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Oil exploration moves ahead,” Sept. 30, 2003, found at Internet

address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “New PRGF agreed with the IMF,” Sept. 30, 2003, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Government presents 2003/04 budget,” Sept. 30, 2003, found at

Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Tanzanite export restrictions soon,” Sept. 16, 2003, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

“Tanzanian economy fails to hit target in 2003 because of drought,” Agence France-Presse English Wire, June 1, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved June

1, 2004.

“Export Market/Ghana, Tanzania Lead,” This Day (Nigeria) - AAGM, Apr. 30, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Apr. 30, 2004.

“Tanzanian Still Fastest Growing Economy in Ea,” East African (Kenya) - AAGM, Jan. 28, 2004,

found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Jan. 28, 2004.

“Tanzanian experiments formalising informal sector,” Panafrican News Agency (PANA) Daily

Newswire, Sept. 11, 2003, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved

Sept. 11, 2003.

“World Bank Credit of US$100 Million to Promote Secondary Education Development in Tanzania,” World Bank (Washington, DC), June 8, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved June 9, 2004.
6-134

Abduel Kenge, “Tanzania Plans to Lift Export Ban On Sea Fish,” The East African (Nairobi), Mar.

8, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved Mar. 9, 2004.

Clive Rubin, “Africa’s New Gold Rush,” Mail & Guardian (Johannesburg), Mar. 3, 2004, found at

Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved Mar. 4, 2004.

“Tanzania: IMF Clears Way for US $4.2 Million Loan,” UN Integrated Regional Information Networks, Feb. 26, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved Feb. 26,

2004.

Togo

Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile Togo 2003, June 2003.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Business climate overview,” May 18, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “New ownership for private bank, BIA-Togo,” Mar. 22, 2004, found

at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Phosphate production rose steadily in 2003,” Mar. 22, 2004, found

at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Cotton production rose rapidly in 2003/04,” Mar. 22, 2004, found

at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Growth expected to exceed 3% for 2003,” Mar. 22, 2004, found at

Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Ecomarine starts operations,” Nov. 17, 2003, found at Internet

address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Failure to meet UEMOA’s convergence criteria,” Nov. 17, 2003,

found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “EU maintains freeze on financial assistance,” Nov. 17, 2003, found

at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “West African gas pipeline makes further progress,” Sept. 30, 2003,

found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

“Togo ready to end decade-long rift with European Union,” Agence France-Presse English Wire,

Apr. 13, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Apr. 13, 2004.

“Benin, Togo to boost joint hydroelectric power supply,” Agence France-Presse English Wire,

Feb. 24, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Feb. 24, 2004.

Ebow Godwin, “EU Fact-Finding Mission Says Togo Shows Faith, Ghanaian Chronicle (Accra)

June 8, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved June 8, 2004.

Uganda

Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile Uganda 2004, Feb. 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Fish farming JV formed,” Apr. 21, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Key developments,” Apr. 7, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Thabex licensed to explore for minerals in west,” Mar. 8, 2004,

found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.
6-135

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Business climate outlook,” Mar. 8, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “External debt has risen,” Feb. 24, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Foreign investment rules liberalised,” Feb. 24, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Minimum investment waived,” Dec. 12, 2003, found at Internet

address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

“Uganda’s non-traditional export sector dips,” Panafrican News Agency (PANA) Daily Newswire,

Apr. 27, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Apr. 27, 2004.

“Uganda’s Gets 5-Year Transition Period to New Tariffs,” New Vision (Uganda) - AAGM, Mar. 8,

2004, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Mar. 8, 2004.

“Rail System to Lift Trade,” Africa News Services, July 22, 2003, found at Internet address

http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved July 22, 2003.

Silvia Juuko, “Flowers Industry Threatened,” The Monitor (Kampala), May 11, 2004, found at

Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved May 11, 2004.

Caroline Arinaitwe, “Uganda, India Seal Double Taxation Pact,” New Vision (Kampala), May 4,

2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved May 4, 2004.

Esther Nakkazi and David Kaiza, “Uganda Wants New Sea Outlet in Port Sudan,” The East African (Nairobi), May 3, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved May

4, 2004.

Emmy Olak, “Uganda Honey for EU,” New Vision (Kampala), May 3, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved May 3, 2004.

Christopher Kiwawulo, “Demand for Organic Exports Soars in US,” New Vision (Kampala), Apr.

5, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.allafrica.com, retrieved Apr. 5, 2004.

Zambia

Economist Intelligence Unit, Country Profile Zambia 2003, Aug. 2003.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Key developments,” May 19, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Privatisation update,” Apr. 21, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Banking update,” Apr. 21, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Promises, promises,” Feb. 20, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Trials and tribulations,” Jan. 22, 2004, found at Internet address

http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Free land offered to foreign farmers,” Jan. 20, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “New power projects are unveiled,” Jan. 20, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.
6-136

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Spending controls unveiled,” Jan. 20, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

Economist Intelligence Unit, “Broad-based window further liberalises exchange rate,” Nov. 25,

2003, found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

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http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

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found at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

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http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

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at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

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at Internet address http://www.viewswire.com, retrieved May 2004.

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Zimbabwe, Mar. 10, 2004, found at Internet address http://www.newsedge.com, retrieved Mar.

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retrieved Feb. 3, 2004.

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3, 2004.
APPENDIX A

Request Letters From the U.S. Trade

Representative
A-2
A-3
A-4
A-5
A-6
APPENDIX B

Trade Data
B-2
B-3

Table B-1

U.S. exports, imports, and trade balance, with sub-Saharan Africa, by trading partners, 1999-2003

Country 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Dollars

Angola

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . 251,380,604 224,914,281 274,794,271 370,825,854 482,611,741

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,348,605,815 3,343,375,089 2,775,669,515 3,231,265,752 4,176,429,424

Trade balance . . . . . . . -2,097,225,211 -3,118,460,808 -2,500,875,244 -2,860,439,898 -3,693,817,683

Benin

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,956,269 26,281,015 31,731,531 34,619,048 29,385,541

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,830,197 2,237,065 1,286,336 680,272 602,399

Trade balance . . . . . . . 13,126,072 24,043,950 30,445,195 33,938,776 28,783,142

Botswana

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,399,297 31,165,348 43,017,365 31,500,507 24,681,865

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,939,523 40,509,805 21,117,620 29,731,569 13,641,988

Trade balance . . . . . . . 16,459,774 -9,344,457 21,899,745 1,768,938 11,039,877

Burkina Faso

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,886,863 15,669,781 4,432,168 18,742,362 10,611,915

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,770,684 2,446,360 5,000,753 2,914,195 892,528

Trade balance . . . . . . . 8,116,179 13,223,421 -568,585 15,828,167 9,719,387

Burundi

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,266,400 1,667,697 5,295,802 1,710,961 2,943,654

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,003,849 7,994,937 2,788,774 689,333 5,870,408

Trade balance . . . . . . . -4,737,449 -6,327,240 2,507,028 1,021,628 -2,926,754

Cameroon

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,723,807 58,963,050 184,053,753 155,269,697 89,341,517

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,572,705 145,819,782 101,627,151 172,057,111 193,319,382

Trade balance . . . . . . . -39,848,898 -86,856,732 82,426,602 -16,787,414 -103,977,865

Cape Verde

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,234,012 7,137,034 7,467,167 8,926,221 7,872,243

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . 75,600 4,213,567 1,495,949 1,810,742 5,639,660

Trade balance . . . . . . . 7,158,412 2,923,467 5,971,218 7,115,479 2,232,583

Central African Republic

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,726,770 1,752,964 3,671,103 6,243,575 7,342,800

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,895,754 2,903,654 2,363,674 2,003,797 1,959,194

Trade balance . . . . . . . 831,016 -1,150,690 1,307,429 4,239,778 5,383,606

Chad

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,683,811 10,779,527 136,466,758 126,971,198 63,522,584

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,911,149 4,780,131 5,653,051 5,700,194 22,434,101

Trade balance . . . . . . . -4,227,338 5,999,396 130,813,707 121,271,004 41,088,483

Comoros

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . 243,437 699,150 1,371,714 143,891 508,436

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,051,202 3,513,130 10,568,080 5,308,145 4,003,092

Trade balance . . . . . . . -1,807,765 -2,813,980 -9,196,366 -5,164,254 -3,494,656

Congo (DROC)

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,033,972 9,982,446 18,508,084 26,612,248 30,383,928

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . 231,913,414 212,239,435 147,713,471 189,691,644 173,867,468

Trade balance . . . . . . . -210,879,442 -202,256,989 -129,205,387 -163,079,396 -143,483,540

Congo (ROC)

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,823,518 81,199,774 89,343,835 51,792,696 78,601,102

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . 410,518,438 507,942,861 457,900,881 223,823,987 407,186,135

Trade balance . . . . . . . -363,694,920 -426,743,087 -368,557,046 -172,031,291 -328,585,033

Côte d’Ivoire

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . 98,882,021 92,045,617 93,441,070 74,589,695 100,049,914

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . 343,487,218 367,002,332 319,823,279 381,859,529 490,247,570

Trade balance . . . . . . . -244,605,197 -274,956,715 -226,382,209 -307,269,834 -390,197,656
B-4

Table B-1—Continued

U.S. exports, imports, and trade balance, with sub-Saharan Africa, by trading partners, 1999-2003

Country 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Dollars

Djibouti

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,555,057 16,609,378 18,573,432 55,945,016 34,287,450

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . 110,152 419,099 950,571 1,915,270 615,451

Trade balance . . . . . . . 26,444,905 16,190,279 17,622,861 54,029,746 33,671,999

Equatorial Guinea

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . 221,050,338 94,672,721 79,557,987 107,681,184 336,019,227

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,600,986 154,716,660 395,609,104 572,618,644 918,503,060

Trade balance . . . . . . . 180,449,352 -60,043,939 -316,051,117 -464,937,460 -582,483,833

Eritrea

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,697,562 16,236,047 21,428,884 28,591,422 86,488,062

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . 479,950 203,163 88,586 368,930 251,414

Trade balance . . . . . . . 3,217,612 16,032,884 21,340,298 28,222,492 86,236,648

Ethiopia

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . 164,297,080 165,015,512 60,659,106 60,122,513 407,353,835

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,210,775 28,659,924 29,041,095 25,658,988 30,495,628

Trade balance . . . . . . . 134,086,305 136,355,588 31,618,011 34,463,525 376,858,207

Gabon

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,967,438 63,270,100 74,089,203 65,175,555 61,855,819

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,512,945,075 2,037,921,091 1,731,671,117 1,622,020,949 1,927,714,991

Trade balance . . . . . . . -1,467,977,637 -1,974,650,991 -1,657,581,914 -1,556,845,394 -1,865,859,172

The Gambia

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,495,993 8,866,814 8,163,538 9,102,842 10,588,092

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . 186,020 341,939 232,353 562,533 134,172

Trade balance . . . . . . . 9,309,973 8,524,875 7,931,185 8,540,309 10,453,920

Ghana

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . 231,045,490 178,711,739 179,472,853 186,601,016 204,426,210

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . 209,330,416 206,431,143 185,391,288 115,640,877 83,603,492

Trade balance . . . . . . . 21,715,074 -27,719,404 -5,918,435 70,960,139 120,822,718

Guinea

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,435,468 66,809,924 77,619,498 62,489,353 35,280,407

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . 115,410,504 88,363,076 87,832,253 71,599,652 69,226,213

Trade balance . . . . . . . -61,975,036 -21,553,152 -10,212,755 -9,110,299 -33,945,806

Guinea-Bissau

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . 816,074 283,849 869,909 2,558,586 1,202,972

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . 72,430 41,534 18,933 35,140 1,912,498

Trade balance . . . . . . . 743,644 242,315 850,976 2,523,446 -709,526

Kenya

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . 187,089,428 235,412,958 573,818,982 267,971,746 193,008,700

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . 106,143,711 109,394,035 128,582,454 189,156,457 249,137,247

Trade balance . . . . . . . 80,945,717 126,018,923 445,236,528 78,815,289 -56,128,547

Lesotho

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . 733,027 836,981 816,942 1,817,585 5,097,676

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . 110,813,785 140,149,739 217,165,247 321,475,459 393,055,901

Trade balance . . . . . . . -110,080,758 -139,312,758 -216,348,305 -319,657,874 -387,958,225

Liberia

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,584,887 42,396,828 36,807,432 27,517,221 32,982,617

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,522,939 45,408,107 42,558,194 45,810,442 59,485,404

Trade balance . . . . . . . 14,061,948 -3,011,279 -5,750,762 -18,293,221 -26,502,787
B-5

Table B-1—Continued

U.S. exports, imports, and trade balance, with sub-Saharan Africa, by trading partners, 1999-2003

Country 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Dollars

Madagascar

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . 106,056,294 15,397,173 20,947,283 15,217,288 45,487,961

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,213,560 157,736,805 271,791,293 215,923,206 383,328,790

Trade balance . . . . . . . 25,842,734 -142,339,632 -250,844,010 -200,705,918 -337,840,829

Malawi

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,355,532 13,626,516 14,334,452 28,626,023 16,507,002

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,604,188 68,125,752 71,800,334 68,109,315 80,075,679

Trade balance . . . . . . . -51,248,656 -54,499,236 -57,465,882 -39,483,292 -63,568,677

Mali

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,585,582 29,740,418 31,818,350 11,031,293 29,915,614

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,866,656 8,438,175 6,205,376 2,582,737 2,394,273

Trade balance . . . . . . . 19,718,926 21,302,243 25,612,974 8,448,556 27,521,341

Mauritania

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,596,940 15,865,546 25,125,619 22,651,540 34,190,677

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . 753,861 354,181 293,539 928,891 929,050

Trade balance . . . . . . . 22,843,079 15,511,365 24,832,080 21,722,649 33,261,627

Mauritius

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,102,550 15,447,506 22,022,185 19,397,952 23,688,707

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . 258,342,946 286,007,589 275,127,009 280,433,293 298,096,092

Trade balance . . . . . . . -226,240,396 -270,560,083 -253,104,824 -261,035,341 -274,407,385

Mozambique

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,847,182 57,913,095 28,326,902 97,868,588 62,339,910

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,286,577 24,377,489 7,060,058 8,160,331 8,710,859

Trade balance . . . . . . . 23,560,605 33,535,606 21,266,844 89,708,257 53,629,051

Namibia

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . 194,822,292 78,447,596 249,334,301 53,687,889 26,667,849

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,984,085 42,191,114 37,844,581 57,352,723 123,248,646

Trade balance . . . . . . . 164,838,207 36,256,482 211,489,720 -3,664,834 -96,580,797

Niger

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,394,487 35,670,555 62,886,272 39,319,731 32,365,067

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,836,858 6,971,702 1,426,658 897,131 4,034,239

Trade balance . . . . . . . 13,557,629 28,698,853 61,459,614 38,422,600 28,330,828

Nigeria

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . 624,161,311 712,599,944 947,613,868 1,046,908,082 996,453,350

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,172,321,584 9,680,127,636 8,916,476,316 5,819,603,288 10,113,618,145

Trade balance . . . . . . . -3,548,160,273 -8,967,527,692 -7,968,862,448 -4,772,695,206 -9,117,164,795

Rwanda

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,489,832 18,921,730 17,385,659 10,162,227 7,913,959

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,685,527 5,061,286 7,220,871 3,086,211 2,622,754

Trade balance . . . . . . . 43,804,305 13,860,444 10,164,788 7,076,016 5,291,205

São Tomé & Principe

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . 510,189 961,908 10,613,575 1,921,158 1,242,995

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,693,288 513,147 322,306 391,360 91,319

Trade balance . . . . . . . -2,183,099 448,761 10,291,269 1,529,798 1,151,676

Senegal

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,808,134 80,183,024 78,334,256 71,961,766 98,888,156

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,473,416 4,230,914 102,344,504 3,798,831 4,326,445

Trade balance . . . . . . . 45,334,718 75,952,110 -24,010,248 68,162,935 94,561,711
B-6

Table B-1—Continued

U.S. exports, imports, and trade balance, with sub-Saharan Africa, by trading partners, 1999-2003

Country 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Dollars

Seychelles

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,547,023 6,971,295 175,959,266 8,204,220 6,947,089

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,197,403 8,097,349 23,700,765 26,291,014 15,324,113

Trade balance . . . . . . . 2,349,620 -1,126,054 152,258,501 -18,086,794 -8,377,024

Sierra Leone

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,984,791 17,790,697 27,790,772 25,005,766 27,465,663

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,334,540 3,806,067 4,640,463 3,832,840 6,477,645

Trade balance . . . . . . . 2,650,251 13,984,630 23,150,309 21,172,926 20,988,018

Somalia

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,813,019 4,861,939 6,591,251 6,161,431 7,012,577

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . 191,956 442,986 343,295 348,030 183,182

Trade balance . . . . . . . 2,621,063 4,418,953 6,247,956 5,813,401 6,829,395

South Africa

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,393,997,972 2,829,545,616 2,822,353,542 2,446,169,057 2,698,200,796

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,192,768,012 4,203,656,562 4,429,539,186 4,235,974,093 4,887,962,416

Trade balance . . . . . . . -798,770,040 -1,374,110,946 -1,607,185,644 -1,789,805,036 -2,189,761,620

Sudan 8,821,290 16,882,033 17,119,103 10,854,119 26,058,541

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,235 1,808,412 3,385,389 1,350,050 2,775,261

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,764,055 15,073,621 13,733,714 9,504,069 23,283,280

Trade balance . . . . . . .

Swaziland

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,747,598 7,740,519 7,437,663 11,039,914 8,075,049

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,849,249 52,576,931 65,036,011 114,464,222 162,032,709

Trade balance . . . . . . . -34,101,651 -44,836,412 -57,598,348 -103,424,308 -153,957,660

Tanzania

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,682,250 44,548,068 63,740,539 61,799,503 63,639,421

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,495,270 35,287,568 27,229,207 25,343,176 24,234,441

Trade balance . . . . . . . 26,186,980 9,260,500 36,511,332 36,456,327 39,404,980

Togo

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,620,176 10,480,118 16,154,125 13,008,326 13,018,883

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,170,462 5,975,284 12,582,819 2,659,268 5,619,964

Trade balance . . . . . . . 22,449,714 4,504,834 3,571,306 10,349,058 7,398,919

Uganda

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,518,306 26,766,160 32,150,057 22,635,364 42,239,520

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,255,757 29,064,087 17,835,352 15,196,982 34,883,237

Trade balance . . . . . . . 4,262,549 -2,297,927 14,314,705 7,438,382 7,356,283

Zambia

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,699,845 18,769,600 15,487,076 35,490,629 19,001,559

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,857,016 17,726,954 15,584,310 7,789,882 12,468,802

Trade balance . . . . . . . -18,157,171 1,042,646 -97,234 27,700,747 6,532,757

Zimbabwe

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,525,489 52,772,942 31,165,732 49,116,013 40,942,142

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . 135,072,682 113,043,235 90,559,801 99,127,252 66,675,507

Trade balance . . . . . . . -77,547,193 -60,270,293 -59,394,069 -50,011,239 -25,733,365

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
B-7

Table B-2

Angola: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1999-2003

Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Change

2002-03

Percent

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,083 54,767 27,960 46,288 65,325 41.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 3 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Forest products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,706 1,873 924 645 275 -57.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Chemicals and related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,398 5,823 15,110 11,612 24,155 108.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,103 10,431 250 19,552 13,702 -29.9

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Energy-related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,318 1,126 1,453 3,060 3,332 8.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,319,748 3,321,320 2,768,666 3,204,081 4,136,580 29.1

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 2,008,608 2,843,469 2,510,654 2,826,108 3,882,922 37.4

Textiles and apparel

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,758 4,182 4,402 5,881 6,541 11.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 2 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Footwear

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 336 174 617 1,002 62.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Minerals and metals

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,705 11,265 20,004 14,570 29,650 103.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,286 6,929 0 39 20,647 52,705.6

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 205 0 6 0 -100.0

Machinery

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,698 33,080 36,195 21,909 31,362 43.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 6 77 53 64 19.9

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 3 3 0 17 na

Transportation equipment

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126,921 78,523 147,604 241,499 279,951 15.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 32 3 2,571 5 -99.8

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Electronic products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,996 27,169 14,580 15,609 26,622 70.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 109 480 334 452 35.3

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 364 7 9 18.5

Miscellaneous manufactures

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 883 690 983 662 1,998 201.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 58 329 5 100 1,893.3

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Special provisions

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,634 6,079 5,406 8,473 12,400 46.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,162 4,489 5,865 4,630 4,876 5.3

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

All sectors

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251,381 224,914 274,794 370,826 482,612 30.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,348,606 3,343,375 2,775,670 3,231,266 4,176,429 29.3

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 2,008,608 2,843,677 2,511,022 2,826,122 3,882,948 37.4

See footnote at end of table.
B-8

Table B-2-Continued

Benin: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1999-2003

Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Change

2002-03

Percent

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,322 3,949 4,488 5,165 4,084 -20.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,269 597 707 517 313 -39.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 9,572 0 0 0 0 na

Forest products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 378 96 149 116 -22.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 142 266 67 94 41.3

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 110 0 178 0 0 na

Chemicals and related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,635 3,626 3,041 2,543 1,923 -24.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Energy-related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 0 48 14 6 -58.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,106 1,410 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 2,106 1,410 0 0 0 na

Textiles and apparel

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,172 11,122 7,392 6,101 4,668 -23.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 5 33 1 159 22,603.9

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Footwear

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 93 86 225 132 -41.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Minerals and metals

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112 140 4,835 4,329 517 -88.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 176 4 0 78 7 -90.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 4 0 0 0 na

Machinery

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,747 1,555 1,217 4,021 3,618 -10.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Transportation equipment

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,474 1,866 3,177 7,653 11,831 54.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Electronic products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,288 2,231 6,696 3,534 1,486 -57.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 5 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Miscellaneous manufactures

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 683 178 173 133 160 21.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 24 23 18 29 55.6

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Special provisions

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,360 1,143 482 753 844 12.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 51 258 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

All sectors

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,956 26,281 31,732 34,619 29,386 -15.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,830 2,237 1,286 680 602 -11.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 11,788 1,414 178 0 0 na

See footnote at end of table.
B-9

Table B-2-Continued

Botswana: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1999-2003

Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Change

2002-03

Percent

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,345 1,301 1,026 20 8 -58.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 29 122 180 23 -87.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 10 28 19 38 0 -100.0

Forest products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 824 1,157 160 401 150.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 10 11 3 34 903.1

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 11 5 0 0 0 na

Chemicals and related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 292 431 701 300 403 34.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 2 6 4 -29.3

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 2 0 0 na

Energy-related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 10 0 55 55 1.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Textiles and apparel

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 378 53 82 10 -87.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,763 7,941 2,936 6,353 7,144 12.5

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 (1

) 0 3,707 6,324 70.6

Footwear

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 18 0 -100.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 91 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Minerals and metals

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 614 459 1,257 106 -91.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,337 1,201 15,580 21,453 6,037 -71.9

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 98 0 -100.0

Machinery

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 962 273 472 457 496 8.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 272 76 0 27 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 8 0 0 na

Transportation equipment

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,545 5,189 13,766 6,862 5,076 -26.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 2 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Electronic products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,412 6,895 6,944 5,664 5,443 -3.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 8 0 0 42 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Miscellaneous manufactures

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 309 141 172 121 -29.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,295 2,980 1,742 1,414 8 -99.5

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 4,804 2,889 1,191 735 0 -100.0

Special provisions

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,163 14,940 18,297 16,454 12,562 -23.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 498 28,068 649 322 230 -28.6

GSP/AGOA imports 0 0 0 0 0 na

All sectors

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,399 31,165 43,017 31,501 24,682 -21.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,940 40,510 21,118 29,732 13,642 -54.1

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 4,824 2,922 1,221 4,578 6,324 38.1

See footnote at end of table.
B-10

Table B-2-Continued

Burkina Faso: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1999-2003

Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Change

2002-03

Percent

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,006 5,025 1,427 7,228 2,927 -59.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,455 1,839 79 55 449 718.7

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 1,839 8 0 67 na

Forest products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 192 130 74 25 -66.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 112 41 39 60 54.6

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 17 96 33 37 33 -11.3

Chemicals and related products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 114 51 110 1,120 916.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 32 5 2 0 -100.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Energy-related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 46 52 162 212.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Textiles and apparel

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,871 1,821 706 1,295 1,329 2.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 39 9 120 5 -95.6

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 7 8 3 0 (1

) na

Footwear

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 66 0 0 268 na

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Minerals and metals

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 37 447 48 84 76.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 58 13 2,274 25 -98.9

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 5 3 0 5 0 -100.0

Machinery

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 518 659 171 4,420 1,049 -76.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 2 0 17 71 324.9

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Transportation equipment

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 6,397 121 106 150 41.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 3 0 -100.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Electronic products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 634 656 849 1,099 2,116 92.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 4 3 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Miscellaneous manufactures

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 40 143 133 9 -93.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 273 120 297 249 -16.1

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 47 24 50 11 5 -53.1

Special provisions

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 482 662 343 4,177 1,373 -67.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 86 4,731 107 32 -70.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

All sectors

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,887 15,670 4,432 18,742 10,612 -43.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,771 2,446 5,001 2,914 893 -69.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 76 1,970 94 52 105 101.3

See footnote at end of table.
B-11

Table B-2-Continued

Burundi: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1999-2003

Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Change

2002-03

Percent

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 400 86 2,650 20 1,627 7,979.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,913 7,791 2,454 678 5,843 761.8

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 7 0 0 0 0 na

Forest products:

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 15 72 35 0 -100.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 2 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Chemicals and related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 86 89 60 16 188 1,094.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 29 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Energy-related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 17 38 0 -100.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 833 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Textiles and apparel

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 241 17 61 28 54 96.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 8 (1

) 8 1 -89.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Footwear

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 3 0 -100.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Minerals and metals

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 4 20 62 3 -95.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 12 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Machinery

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 40 175 181 64 -64.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Transportation equipment

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 1,064 915 359 39 -89.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Electronic products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293 315 377 409 303 -25.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 48 57 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Miscellaneous manufactures

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 7 20 138 37 -72.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 46 0 1 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Special provisions

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 909 30 929 422 628 48.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 106 229 3 25 620.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

All sectors

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,266 1,668 5,296 1,711 2,944 72.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,004 7,995 2,789 689 5,870 751.6

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 7 0 0 0 0 na

See footnote at end of table.
B-12

Table B-2-Continued

Cameroon: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1999-2003

Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Change

2002-03

Percent

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,033 5,596 1,600 4,044 10,512 160.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,319 8,354 3,881 15,880 19,301 21.5

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 424 2,646 164 8 38 359.1

Forest products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 970 2,281 1,369 472 429 -9.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,169 10,020 8,015 8,270 9,476 14.6

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 64 71 160 168 194 15.3

Chemicals and related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,830 8,288 6,772 7,236 11,451 58.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,026 3,028 2,199 3,127 5,219 66.9

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 25 48 0 0 na

Energy-related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,308 6,011 5,635 7,817 4,720 -39.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48,906 118,415 83,031 138,811 146,746 5.7

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 36,731 115,542 146,746 27.0

Textiles and apparel

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813 434 645 833 881 5.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,097 2,740 1,842 1,133 346 -69.5

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 1 0 -100.0

Footwear

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 888 635 499 386 -22.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,401 141 14 192 123 -35.9

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Minerals and metals

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 563 1,100 3,835 4,053 4,701 16.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724 71 201 242 233 -3.8

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 9 23 5 4 -20.0

Machinery

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,331 5,851 8,880 25,688 12,459 -51.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 202 117 295 243 -17.7

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 7 0 0 0 0 na

Transportation equipment

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,418 21,483 143,917 94,984 27,866 -70.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 15 18 2 33 1,515.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Electronic products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,861 5,559 6,842 6,349 11,172 76.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,159 968 268 1,225 3,684 200.7

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 15 0 0 0 0 na

Miscellaneous manufactures

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 267 276 2,878 1,563 453 -71.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,473 1,048 800 1,484 2,637 77.7

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 64 52 48 79 29 -63.8

Special provisions

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,226 1,197 1,046 1,733 4,312 148.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 815 1,240 1,395 5,280 278.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

All sectors

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,724 58,963 184,054 155,270 89,342 -42.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,573 145,820 101,627 172,057 193,319 12.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 574 2,804 37,174 115,804 147,011 26.9

See footnote at end of table.
B-13

Table B-2-Continued

Cape Verde: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1999-2003

Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Change

2002-03

Percent

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,578 1,794 995 2,009 3,247 61.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 92 249 83 127 53.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 49 0 152 51 60 17.8

Forest products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 46 4 0 53 na

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Chemicals and related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164 7 94 6 23 288.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 6 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Energy-related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 590 249 -57.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 2,760 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Textiles and apparel

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 0 5 57 9 -83.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 877 1,201 1,651 2,892 75.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . (1

) 0 0 0 2,405 na

Footwear

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 63 na

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 3 23 606.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Minerals and metals

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 79 4 0 0 na

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 11 0 6 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Machinery

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 901 24 4 49 19 -61.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 7 49 572.6

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Transportation equipment

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 720 3,856 5,556 5,163 2,652 -48.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 16 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Electronic products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 557 520 262 469 188 -59.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 0 31 24 880 3,530.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Miscellaneous manufactures

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 19 15 5 3 -39.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 414 0 38 3 -92.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Special provisions

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,213 792 528 579 1,366 136.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 64 3 3 1,644 48,666.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

All sectors

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,234 7,137 7,467 8,926 7,872 -11.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 4,214 1,496 1,811 5,640 211.5

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 49 0 152 51 2,465 4,771.5

See footnote at end of table.
B-14

Table B-2-Continued

Central African Republic: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1999-2003

Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Change

2002-03

Percent

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 260 0 16 1,875 2,244 19.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,589 1,928 458 337 0 -100.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 14 0 0 0 0 na

Forest products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 269 493 71 185 160.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 34 69 3 -95.5

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Chemicals and related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 100 98 455 1,245 173.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 8 127 133 79 -40.8

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 21 8 0 0 0 na

Energy-related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 20 4 42 1,079.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Textiles and apparel

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 59 48 65 134 103.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 39 188 21 2 -91.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Footwear

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 5 6 26.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Minerals and metals

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 363 354 31 811 125 -84.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 640 1,414 1,107 946 -14.6

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 5 0 0 0 na

Machinery

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,066 262 296 804 652 -18.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 4 26 48 99 106.7

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Transportation equipment

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 345 68 716 713 905 27.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 0 15 0 39 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Electronic products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 898 374 1,519 676 443 -34.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 18 38 62 514 726.9

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Miscellaneous manufactures

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 13 170 326 91.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 65 0 197 165 -16.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 49 0 0 192 43 -77.5

Special provisions

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534 267 423 594 1,037 74.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 177 202 64 29 111 286.5

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

All sectors

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,727 1,753 3,671 6,244 7,343 17.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,896 2,904 2,364 2,004 1,959 -2.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 83 13 0 192 43 -77.5

See footnote at end of table.
B-15

Table B-2-Continued

Chad: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1999-2003

Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Change

2002-03

Percent

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,188 2,614 2,521 1,743 1,355 -22.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,638 4,633 4,683 5,250 3,971 -24.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Forest products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 64 135 549 86 -84.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 719 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Chemicals and related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 5,351 6,352 8,725 1,404 -83.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 172 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Energy-related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 1,049 537 0 -100.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 19 17,872 93,938.8

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 14,438 na

Textiles and apparel

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 132 726 1,138 293 -74.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 37 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Footwear

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 30 73 95 0 -100.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Minerals and metals

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 76 12,857 28,851 6,458 -77.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 13 3 -74.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Machinery

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 220 733 37,108 42,362 9,164 -78.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 46 0 7 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 7 na

Transportation equipment

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 189 46,604 27,102 36,134 33.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Electronic products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714 1,187 4,403 9,661 5,885 -39.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 23 4 63 89 42.7

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 33 na

Miscellaneous manufactures

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 65 21,064 2,401 858 -64.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 63 0 0 73 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Special provisions

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 337 3,575 3,807 1,886 -50.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 24 29 355 419 17.9

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

All sectors

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,684 10,780 136,467 126,971 63,523 -50.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,911 4,780 5,653 5,700 22,434 293.6

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 14,478 na

See footnote at end of table.
B-16

Table B-2-Continued

Comoros: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1999-2003

Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Change

2002-03

Percent

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 0 17 0 0 na

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,653 3,232 10,367 5,223 3,895 -25.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Forest products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 9 na

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 6 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Chemicals and related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 180 189 29 450 1,464.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 71 274 168 25 94 278.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Energy-related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 40 0 -100.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 316 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Textiles and apparel

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 4 0 14 0 -100.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 13 0 -100.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 13 0 -100.0

Footwear

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Minerals and metals

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 3 5 0 -100.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Machinery

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 199 50 31 12 -61.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Transportation equipment

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105 302 116 0 4 na

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Electronic products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 3 967 5 24 377.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 3 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Miscellaneous manufactures

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 11 0 -100.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 18 0 -100.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Special provisions

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 11 29 9 9 1.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 6 27 29 12 -59.1

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

All sectors

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 699 1,372 144 508 253.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,051 3,513 10,568 5,308 4,003 -24.6

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 13 0 -100.0

See footnote at end of table.
B-17

Table B-2-Continued

Côte d’Ivoire: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1999-2003

Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Change

2002-03

Percent

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,508 15,450 12,120 13,038 22,352 71.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293,603 259,264 226,899 279,954 410,382 46.6

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 8,385 21,591 12,595 21,689 41,266 90.3

Forest products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,249 8,278 3,905 606 1,929 218.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,999 12,673 9,669 10,214 10,178 -0.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 243 447 456 500 127 -74.6

Chemicals and related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,522 14,160 21,987 22,299 30,690 37.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,779 4,446 2,940 3,569 2,109 -40.9

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 4 5 2 0 -100.0

Energy-related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 213 6,377 821 249 -69.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,166 84,220 72,040 78,762 61,128 -22.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 27,258 46,347 70.0

Textiles and apparel

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,275 3,023 5,481 4,532 2,294 -49.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,054 593 527 604 721 19.3

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 481 173 115 187 204 9.1

Footwear

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 175 830 661 1,596 141.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 81 46 0 -100.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Minerals and metals

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,928 2,047 2,468 3,154 7,334 132.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 733 854 1,442 373 -74.1

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 2 0 10 3 28 836.8

Machinery

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,374 13,284 11,045 10,202 7,767 -23.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 273 12 151 187 23.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 9 0 0 0 0 na

Transportation equipment

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,416 22,411 15,316 10,846 15,628 44.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 26 24 219 633 188.8

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 2 4 16 272.2

Electronic products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,484 10,137 11,261 5,818 6,474 11.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655 2,036 2,968 2,634 363 -86.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 71 10 39 0 0 na

Miscellaneous manufactures

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 596 541 907 619 953 53.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,559 2,044 2,283 1,641 2,364 44.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 92 91 99 90 49 -45.6

Special provisions

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,808 2,326 1,745 1,993 2,784 39.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 932 693 1,526 2,621 1,810 -30.9

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

All sectors

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98,882 92,046 93,441 74,590 100,050 34.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343,487 367,002 319,823 381,860 490,248 28.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 9,284 22,317 13,321 49,733 88,037 77.0

See footnote at end of table.
B-18

Table B-2-Continued

Democratic Republic of the Congo: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors,

1999-2003

Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Change

2002-03

Percent

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,249 1,713 6,430 6,568 10,206 55.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,432 1,830 995 1,536 2,030 32.1

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 501 334 517 671 94 -86.0

Forest products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 350 1,327 1,792 452 -74.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 300 943 343 872 154.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 6 17 26 15 17 16.2

Chemicals and related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 714 753 1,141 2,144 1,314 -38.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,196 504 148 56 114 102.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Energy-related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 0 10 0 24 na

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106,548 168,656 108,302 152,986 131,572 -14.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 97,883 164,361 108,302 143,982 119,210 -17.2

Textiles and apparel

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,399 2,420 1,759 2,045 2,753 34.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 6 4 0 1 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 (1

) 0 0 0 na

Footwear

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 78 0 0 67 na

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Minerals and metals

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 633 406 545 944 24 -97.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122,291 39,616 34,807 30,987 34,513 11.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 15,408 9,074 9,674 196 108 -44.9

Machinery

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,713 446 861 1,054 1,398 32.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 24 69 64 0 -100.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Transportation equipment

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,269 1,183 587 1,542 1,806 17.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 9 0 5 0 -100.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Electronic products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,081 2,138 1,500 3,946 10,273 160.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 476 162 142 93 -34.5

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Miscellaneous manufactures

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 60 3,531 12 177 1,427.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 494 2,159 3,248 4,545 39.9

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 4 0 7 21 42 105.5

Special provisions

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826 435 817 6,567 1,892 -71.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 325 125 325 128 -60.7

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

All sectors

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21,034 9,982 18,508 26,612 30,384 14.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231,913 212,239 147,713 189,692 173,867 -8.3

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 113,803 173,787 118,527 144,885 119,471 -17.5

See footnote at end of table.
B-19

Table B-2-Continued

Djibouti: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1999-2003

Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Change

2002-03

Percent

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,816 2,908 1,981 40,667 12,642 -68.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 26 79 54 27 -49.9

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 23 27 16.3

Forest products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 26 48 3,389 4,967 46.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 4 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Chemicals and related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,980 5,276 7,867 760 5,639 641.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 86 74 2 90 4,956.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 86 0 0 0 na

Energy-related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 20 26 4 0 -100.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Textiles and apparel

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,115 2,941 1,568 1,627 827 -49.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Footwear

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 12 0 18 na

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Minerals and metals

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257 182 560 72 377 426.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 5 0 9 0 -100.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Machinery

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,131 951 856 870 2,404 176.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 0 7 4 0 -100.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 6 0 0 0 0 na

Transportation equipment

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,691 1,210 4,329 5,586 2,173 -61.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Electronic products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 771 2,458 307 1,491 2,706 81.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 3 91 36 -60.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Miscellaneous manufactures

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 936 4 18 112 622 453.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 3 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Special provisions

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 713 632 1,002 1,367 1,912 39.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 303 783 1,756 459 -73.9

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

All sectors

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,555 16,609 18,573 55,945 34,287 -38.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110 419 951 1,915 615 -67.9

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 6 86 0 23 27 16.3

See footnote at end of table.
B-20

Table B-2-Continued

Equatorial Guinea: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1999-2003

Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Change

2002-03

Percent

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589 307 1,147 1,110 1,099 -0.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 11 0 27 51 91.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Forest products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,136 93 42 38 191 405.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724 690 16 48 556 1,068.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Chemicals and related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,469 8,181 1,253 1,355 3,334 146.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,465 0 37,251 71,219 136,922 92.3

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 24,954 49,390 93,574 89.5

Energy-related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 329 1,328 495 1,382 179.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,822 152,534 355,083 495,987 773,612 56.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 7,845 136,280 90,985 352,108 670,396 90.4

Textiles and apparel

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 145 63 333 387 16.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Footwear

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 38 16 50 53 5.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Minerals and metals

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,416 10,991 10,991 14,372 41,510 188.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 35 0 16 6 -63.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Machinery

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,281 10,001 7,408 12,340 77,510 528.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 10 646 6,558.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 3 na

Transportation equipment

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167,099 59,210 54,674 72,596 187,886 158.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Electronic products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682 3,017 954 1,035 7,327 608.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 18 6 26 8 -67.9

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 4 6 0 3 na

Miscellaneous manufactures

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456 333 405 2,141 10,742 401.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 51 0 548 0 -100.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Special provisions

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,666 2,028 1,277 1,818 4,597 152.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576 1,378 3,253 4,737 6,701 41.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

All sectors

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221,050 94,673 79,558 107,681 336,019 212.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,601 154,717 395,609 572,619 918,503 60.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 7,845 136,284 115,945 401,498 763,976 90.3

See footnote at end of table.
B-21

Table B-2-Continued

Eritrea: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1999-2003

Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Change

2002-03

Percent

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 12,091 14,451 23,022 37,652 63.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 43 38 35 17 -52.5

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Forest products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 55 17 100 90 528 484.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 36 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Chemicals and related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 78 870 699 438 -37.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 38 4 59 3 -94.6

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 11 0 -100.0

Energy-related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 15 na

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Textiles and apparel

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 140 32 347 370 6.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 80 (1

) 2 47 2,380.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Footwear

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 0 0 0 0 na

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Minerals and metals

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 488 52 580 83 404 388.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 0 17 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Machinery

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 382 289 649 435 2,042 369.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 20 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Transportation equipment

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,062 200 630 286 36,428 12,623.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 4 0 2 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Electronic products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,151 754 2,029 1,987 5,910 197.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 4 5 28 42 50.1

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Miscellaneous manufactures

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 65 18 92 182 99.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 2 0 24 28 18.3

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Special provisions

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440 2,551 2,070 1,550 2,519 62.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 (1

) 0 221 112 -49.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

All sectors

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,698 16,236 21,429 28,591 86,488 202.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 480 203 89 369 251 -31.9

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 11 0 -100.0

See footnote at end of table.
B-22

Table B-2-Continued

Ethiopia: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1999-2003

Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Change

2002-03

Percent

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,522 113,990 26,274 10,624 154,581 1,355.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27,241 25,668 25,336 22,043 26,616 20.7

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 488 888 655 1,004 918 -8.6

Forest products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 701 371 318 1,119 1,536 37.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 36 9 20 30 55.9

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 7 26 0 12 16 29.5

Chemicals and related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,728 9,772 17,276 5,646 4,191 -25.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 299 453 180 169 383 127.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 4 2 0 4 25 566.6

Energy-related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 126 201 81 55 -31.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Textiles and apparel

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 629 946 223 142 1,791 1,159.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 30 735 1,324 1,765 33.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 163 1,297 1,751 35.0

Footwear

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 29 5 0 0 na

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 (1

) 1(1) 0 -100.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 (1

) 0 -100.0

Minerals and metals

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 309 387 163 385 294 -23.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,573 2,024 1,911 8 30 298.1

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 3 0 0 27 na

Machinery

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,878 1,808 2,833 2,134 2,624 22.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 3 18 41 121.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 2 30 1,143.7

Transportation equipment

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 105,407 16,108 6,311 6,487 203,141 3,031.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 0 0 0 14 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 12 na

Electronic products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,161 6,606 3,148 5,238 26,422 404.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 88 69 2 156 6,321.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 3 0 104 na

Miscellaneous manufactures

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 373 151 201 141 688 388.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 158 186 16 85 431.5

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 18 7 0 0 3 na

Special provisions

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,572 14,721 3,706 28,126 12,031 -57.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 517 203 611 2,059 1,375 -33.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

All sectors

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164,297 165,016 60,659 60,123 407,354 577.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,211 28,660 29,041 25,659 30,496 18.8

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 516 927 822 2,320 2,885 24.3

See footnote at end of table.
B-23

Table B-2-Continued

Gabon: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1999-2003

Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Change

2002-03

Percent

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,443 4,967 4,416 4,383 2,174 -50.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601 347 638 512 90 -82.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Forest products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 609 576 454 103 -77.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,676 6,217 5,517 6,032 6,963 15.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 65 149 18 -87.6

Chemicals and related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,920 1,965 2,236 2,118 3,298 55.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104,129 116,917 18,172 17,480 1,898 -89.1

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Energy-related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 1,282 1,526 441 3,340 658.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,320,410 1,884,421 1,680,342 1,570,697 1,893,711 20.6

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 938,695 1,145,478 1,177,431 2.8

Textiles and apparel

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,145 942 1,495 1,298 1,841 41.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 2 13 337 0 -100.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Footwear

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 345 582 368 1,660 351.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Minerals and metals

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,041 2,529 3,709 2,918 6,956 138.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,213 27,200 21,593 19,013 19,272 1.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Machinery

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,541 6,825 8,064 8,173 7,941 -2.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 50 2 0 54 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 10 0 0 0 na

Transportation equipment

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,799 38,567 46,564 40,700 29,274 -28.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,127 13 30 59 8 -86.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 8 na

Electronic products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,372 2,668 2,874 2,534 3,834 51.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 53 2 26 29 11.9

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Miscellaneous manufactures

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 1,049 389 493 123 -75.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,162 912 2,998 1,774 2,346 32.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Special provisions

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,091 1,523 1,658 1,295 1,311 1.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,541 1,790 2,365 6,092 3,344 -45.1

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

All sectors

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,967 63,270 74,089 65,176 61,856 -5.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,512,945 2,037,921 1,731,671 1,622,021 1,927,715 18.8

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 10 938,760 1,145,627 1,177,458 2.8

See footnote at end of table.
B-24

Table B-2-Continued

The Gambia: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1999-2003

Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Change

2002-03

Percent

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,095 3,709 3,002 3,292 4,792 45.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 196 134 237 5 -98.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 7 0 0 0 na

Forest products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 70 121 67 74 10.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 12 3 24 25 2.5

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 3 5 0 21 13 -38.1

Chemicals and related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 344 270 469 518 860 65.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 0 35 0 -100.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Energy-related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 10 51 83 39 -52.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Textiles and apparel

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,295 1,597 1,677 1,631 1,826 11.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 90 65 29 25 -13.5

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . (1

) (1) 1 0 0 -100.0

Footwear

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 39 55 88 160 81.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 (1

) 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Minerals and metals

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 674 187 146 614 321.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 6 0 0 3 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Machinery

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 529 59 189 660 337 -48.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 4 6 86 0 -100.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Transportation equipment

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 306 250 566 1,527 730 -52.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 6 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Electronic products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,951 836 1,555 841 911 8.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 22 87 46 -46.8

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Miscellaneous manufactures

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 289 55 102 173 69.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 30 0 7 24 229.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 8 12 0 2 7 171.3

Special provisions

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 728 1,063 236 147 71 -51.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 3 3 57 1 -98.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

All sectors

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,496 8,867 8,164 9,103 10,588 16.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186 342 232 563 134 -76.1

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 12 24 1 24 20 -17.6

See footnote at end of table.
B-25

Table B-2-Continued

Ghana: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1999-2003

Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Change

2002-03

Percent

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,586 39,815 41,896 47,651 54,749 14.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,361 70,890 58,093 29,042 12,033 -58.6

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 2,902 2,951 2,271 3,368 4,696 39.4

Forest products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,857 5,560 2,848 5,258 2,535 -51.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,966 28,700 31,263 35,108 31,539 -10.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 2,626 7,448 6,863 7,301 6,150 -15.8

Chemicals and related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,209 16,378 29,426 22,220 24,597 10.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 826 8,458 524 690 1,575 128.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 5 1 2 4 190.8

Energy-related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,389 10,825 5,863 1,377 991 -28.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,020 46,063 56,145 24,750 29,067 17.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 33,086 22,657 24,871 9.8

Textiles and apparel

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,059 6,404 6,863 8,863 12,726 43.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,619 508 413 550 4,508 719.1

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 3 8 5 336 4,261 1,167.3

Footwear

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,273 538 857 841 813 -3.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 2 (1

) 5 3 -32.9

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 1 0 -100.0

Minerals and metals

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,795 6,868 4,758 4,574 4,041 -11.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115,472 46,021 32,482 20,128 2,798 -86.1

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 3,308 2,605 222 350 167 -52.1

Machinery

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,448 24,484 14,937 25,479 16,665 -34.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 67 74 58 15 -74.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Transportation equipment

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,765 39,328 40,905 40,998 52,378 27.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 153 215 267 46 -82.6

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 2 0 0 na

Electronic products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,032 15,624 16,711 15,087 18,201 20.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 34 45 26 60 127.7

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 2 0 12 na

Miscellaneous manufactures

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,243 3,821 3,195 4,092 5,350 30.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,384 1,268 1,026 1,490 1,342 -9.9

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 798 523 437 815 425 -47.8

Special provisions

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,390 9,067 11,212 10,161 11,379 12.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,399 4,266 5,112 3,526 615 -82.6

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

All sectors

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231,045 178,712 179,473 186,601 204,426 9.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209,330 206,431 185,391 115,641 83,603 -27.7

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 9,637 13,539 42,889 34,830 40,586 16.5

See footnote at end of table.
B-26

Table B-2-Continued

Guinea: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1999-2003

Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Change

2002-03

Percent

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,458 14,534 7,706 9,114 6,777 -25.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,143 378 3,565 1,217 454 -62.7

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 30 0 0 10 63 543.0

Forest products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,202 947 792 818 466 -43.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 94 401 164 339 107.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 23 70 113 35 61 76.6

Chemicals and related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,637 9,225 21,058 7,066 3,241 -54.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 155 24 143 20 -86.1

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Energy-related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,184 5,806 2,249 11,380 398 -96.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,155 7 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Textiles and apparel

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,454 2,250 2,306 2,572 1,836 -28.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 171 39 61 20 -66.6

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Footwear

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 309 162 123 171 38.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 (1

) 1 1 1 42.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Minerals and metals

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,226 2,288 3,851 1,670 1,550 -7.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107,206 85,097 82,144 69,398 66,913 -3.6

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 3 3 0 12 na

Machinery

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,328 6,119 9,656 3,978 4,669 17.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 36 28 7 13 101.5

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 22 0 0 na

Transportation equipment

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,507 15,013 14,009 12,233 7,166 -41.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 117 88 64 5 -91.6

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Electronic products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,830 2,061 2,439 4,186 1,935 -53.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 405 74 21 755 3,413.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Miscellaneous manufactures

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 574 564 1,028 254 270 6.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 618 280 531 67 270 303.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 32 26 53 24 57 142.6

Special provisions

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,914 7,694 12,363 9,096 6,803 -25.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 923 1,623 937 459 435 -5.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

All sectors

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,435 66,810 77,619 62,489 35,280 -43.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115,411 88,363 87,832 71,600 69,226 -3.3

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 84 100 191 68 194 184.0

See footnote at end of table.
B-27

Table B-2-Continued

Guinea-Bissau: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1999-2003

Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Change

2002-03

Percent

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 694 48 50 846 352 -58.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 3 27 55 103.6

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Forest products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 6 0 49 6 -87.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 16 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Chemicals and related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 22 733 27 -96.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Energy-related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 1,812 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Textiles and apparel

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 9 0 8 na

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Footwear

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Minerals and metals

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 18 40 0 -100.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 20 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Machinery

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 0 0 10 127 1,220.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Transportation equipment

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 126 0 519 0 -100.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Electronic products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 98 359 302 664 120.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 7 0 8 0 -100.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Miscellaneous manufactures

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 22 0 -100.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 11 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Special provisions

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 5 412 38 19 -49.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 4 0 0 46 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

All sectors

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816 284 870 2,559 1,203 -53.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 42 19 35 1,912 5,342.5

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

See footnote at end of table.
B-28

Table B-2-Continued

Kenya: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1999-2003

Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Change

2002-03

Percent

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,167 27,141 18,762 42,698 32,848 -23.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,247 34,994 41,055 40,012 41,906 4.7

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 650 833 3,016 2,860 5,309 85.6

Forest products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,601 4,252 3,933 3,214 2,834 -11.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,741 2,476 2,511 3,358 1,810 -46.1

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 2,584 1,997 2,317 2,448 1,582 -35.4

Chemicals and related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,392 28,197 41,364 32,604 32,447 -0.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,203 1,238 3,099 2,394 1,552 -35.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 352 16 1,148 734 153 -79.2

Energy-related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 412 234 188 258 36.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 236 101 0 76 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Textiles and apparel

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,854 6,160 9,047 7,594 7,260 -4.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,633 44,089 64,623 126,488 188,148 48.7

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 172 1 51,556 121,881 176,286 44.6

Footwear

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 194 210 87 242 178.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 35 7 33 10 -70.1

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 6 9 42.8

Minerals and metals

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,429 5,439 9,979 10,805 8,521 -21.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,725 2,437 1,430 1,592 1,236 -22.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 584 228 162 530 247 -53.4

Machinery

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,913 13,464 16,833 10,071 15,162 50.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 1,104 259 503 297 -41.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 9 14 45 39 -14.5

Transportation equipment

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67,137 122,495 442,175 123,895 64,246 -48.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 875 319 413 179 183 2.5

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 19 0 0 0 na

Electronic products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,420 20,007 17,873 23,217 18,871 -18.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,421 9,925 5,912 4,357 6,128 40.6

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 37 29 29 8 43 444.4

Miscellaneous manufactures

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 917 1,197 2,622 1,907 1,388 -27.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,032 2,943 3,874 2,333 2,508 7.5

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 704 785 630 698 774 10.9

Special provisions

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,647 6,456 10,788 11,692 8,932 -23.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,992 9,598 5,298 7,906 5,282 -33.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

All sectors

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187,089 235,413 573,819 267,972 193,009 -28.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106,144 109,394 128,582 189,156 249,137 31.7

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 5,082 3,919 58,873 129,210 184,441 42.7

See footnote at end of table.
B-29

Table B-2-Continued

Lesotho: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1999-2003

Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Change

2002-03

Percent

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 492 30 614 2,631 328.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Forest products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 0 7 3 27 761.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 27 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 23 0 0 na

Chemicals and related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 12 0 0 0 na

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 144 274 326 18.8

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 39 226 74 -67.3

Energy-related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Textiles and apparel

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 221 166 -24.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110,748 140,060 216,776 321,049 392,490 22.3

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 129,523 317,803 372,600 17.2

Footwear

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Minerals and metals

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 6 0 3 na

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 0 31 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 8 0 0 na

Machinery

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 112 16 31 1,714 5,487.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Transportation equipment

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 74 350 365 333 -8.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Electronic products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 525 128 354 525 141 -73.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 4 0 9 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Miscellaneous manufactures

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 3 20 3 4 50.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 55 0 39 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Special provisions

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 16 34 56 78 40.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 90 127 152 193 26.7

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

All sectors

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 733 837 817 1,818 5,098 180.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110,814 140,150 217,165 321,475 393,056 22.3

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 129,592 318,029 372,674 17.2

See footnote at end of table.
B-30

Table B-2-Continued

Liberia: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1999-2003

Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Change

2002-03

Percent

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,013 12,320 8,683 9,294 11,832 27.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 294 64 18 59 34 -43.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Forest products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 347 548 333 302 29 -90.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 816 78 142 77 128 67.1

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Chemicals and related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,499 1,700 1,978 1,586 2,096 32.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,606 43,374 41,158 43,424 55,719 28.3

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Energy-related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 331 235 204 95 60 -36.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 0 0 0 2,174 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Textiles and apparel

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,417 3,514 2,970 1,900 3,405 79.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 7 3 18 11 -40.5

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Footwear

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165 150 143 201 140 -30.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Minerals and metals

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,837 9,810 10,278 7,403 6,073 -18.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 586 92 211 781 270.9

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Machinery

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,317 2,449 1,725 478 1,362 185.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 100 52 250 7 -97.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Transportation equipment

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,248 1,887 2,423 1,274 1,681 32.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 655 2 55 43 -21.6

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Electronic products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,833 3,225 2,132 836 1,168 39.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 231 130 208 90 -56.6

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Miscellaneous manufactures

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 474 296 697 145 167 15.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 17 317 558 170 -69.5

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Special provisions

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,105 6,262 5,243 4,004 4,969 24.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 308 298 643 950 328 -65.5

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

All sectors

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,585 42,397 36,807 27,517 32,983 19.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30,523 45,408 42,558 45,810 59,485 29.9

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

See footnote at end of table.
B-31

Table B-2-Continued

Madagascar: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1999-2003

Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Change

2002-03

Percent

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,587 4,962 4,785 7,407 7,384 -0.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,090 39,599 83,969 121,478 181,276 49.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 3,229 2,598 2,484 2,360 76 -96.8

Forest products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 87 239 128 88 -31.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,004 2,177 2,054 1,526 1,566 2.6

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 863 1,006 1,140 873 1,243 42.3

Chemicals and related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,100 1,104 2,630 1,455 2,017 38.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 413 501 1,470 200 733 265.9

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 4 0 3 0 -100.0

Energy-related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 12 50 36 4 -89.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 2 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Textiles and apparel

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 670 432 744 234 626 167.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,068 109,907 178,750 89,998 196,375 118.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 338 239 92,558 76,128 186,181 144.6

Footwear

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 0 0 0 0 na

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 3 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Minerals and metals

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 310 379 812 38 420 1,005.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,929 3,111 1,926 1,454 1,542 6.1

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 120 164 231 104 34 -67.1

Machinery

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,087 566 2,635 973 1,211 24.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 7 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Transportation equipment

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98,050 5,894 5,917 2,707 29,306 982.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 3 5 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Electronic products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,706 1,572 2,500 1,507 3,441 128.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 416 360 72 19 -73.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 302 370 307 42 0 -100.0

Miscellaneous manufactures

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 51 116 76 81 6.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 648 880 2,305 396 617 56.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 221 339 385 217 345 59.0

Special provisions

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 375 338 519 656 909 38.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 610 1,133 949 799 1,201 50.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

All sectors

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106,056 15,397 20,947 15,217 45,488 198.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80,214 157,737 271,791 215,923 383,329 77.5

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 5,073 4,720 97,105 79,728 187,879 135.6

See footnote at end of table.
B-32

Table B-2-Continued

Malawi: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1999-2003

Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Change

2002-03

Percent

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133 2,013 578 12,426 4,356 -64.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,274 60,616 59,317 56,565 56,811 0.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 24,660 23,216 30,561 35,499 36,858 3.8

Forest products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 366 560 956 944 714 -24.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 4 12 4 22 433.5

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 2 0 9 na

Chemicals and related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 931 195 948 252 995 295.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 3 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 3 0 0 0 na

Energy-related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24 0 0 0 0 na

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Textiles and apparel

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 419 812 862 337 342 1.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,204 7,326 12,385 11,432 23,173 102.7

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 4,799 11,405 22,389 96.3

Footwear

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 13 18 22 0 -100.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 (1

) 0 1 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Minerals and metals

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 31 48 206 157 -23.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 0 19 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 42 0 0 0 0 na

Machinery

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 402 1,576 2,273 1,528 1,698 11.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 9 0 0 0 0 na

Transportation equipment

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 1,344 284 509 1,864 266.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Electronic products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,077 1,195 3,076 6,480 2,131 -67.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 119 2 67 22 -67.3

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Miscellaneous manufactures

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 25 53 110 7 -94.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 2 22 0 1 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Special provisions

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,708 5,862 5,238 5,811 4,243 -27.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 57 42 42 46 8.3

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

All sectors

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,356 13,627 14,334 28,626 16,507 -42.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58,604 68,126 71,800 68,109 80,076 17.6

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 24,711 23,218 35,362 46,904 59,256 26.3

See footnote at end of table.
B-33

Table B-2-Continued

Mali: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1999-2003

Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Change

2002-03

Percent

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,760 5,160 1,774 1,461 1,431 -2.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,734 410 618 184 99 -46.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 15 16 0 -100.0

Forest products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 1,173 73 68 25 -63.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 389 123 241 80 80 -0.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 262 123 153 48 65 35.6

Chemicals and related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,031 6,679 5,461 4,000 7,436 85.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 79 1 7 61 795.9

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 58 0 6 0 -100.0

Energy-related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37 0 20 10 0 -100.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Textiles and apparel

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,133 1,166 285 573 384 -33.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 218 261 108 122 155 26.9

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 4 5 4 1 2 73.5

Footwear

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 20 72 21 31 44.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 18 0 (1

) (1) 19.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Minerals and metals

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 291 993 573 107 123 14.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 148 398 252 101 -59.8

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 21 0 81 208 11 -94.6

Machinery

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,092 1,313 1,879 1,509 4,829 220.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 32 51 20 234 1,062.9

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Transportation equipment

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,161 8,091 11,230 1,484 2,313 55.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 46 5 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Electronic products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,351 4,439 7,710 1,562 10,011 540.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 1,815 484 584 604 3.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Miscellaneous manufactures

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 126 18 15 183 1,080.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,342 4,241 1,946 872 617 -29.3

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 19 200 40 63 184 191.1

Special provisions

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 577 580 2,723 220 3,150 1,334.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 817 1,265 2,353 460 443 -3.8

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

All sectors

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,586 29,740 31,818 11,031 29,916 171.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,867 8,438 6,205 2,583 2,394 -7.3

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 306 387 293 342 262 -23.3

See footnote at end of table.
B-34

Table B-2-Continued

Mauritania: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1999-2003

Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Change

2002-03

Percent

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,076 1,886 2,216 1,418 5,547 291.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 49 26 131 546 317.8

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Forest products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 5 9 15 0 -100.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Chemicals and related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130 155 261 427 85 -80.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Energy-related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 84 3 174 273 56.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 3 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Textiles and apparel

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 215 240 361 319 -11.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 40 1 30 89 197.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Footwear

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 0 0 6 0 -100.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 387 0 -100.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Minerals and metals

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,249 2,244 2,154 269 308 14.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170 0 0 15 0 -100.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Machinery

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,152 4,728 4,577 6,608 13,093 98.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 42 3 -91.8

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 3 na

Transportation equipment

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,415 4,458 12,103 11,727 8,913 -24.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 3 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Electronic products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 913 1,821 2,920 1,053 4,771 353.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 537 15 131 139 136 -2.7

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 2 0 35 0 -100.0

Miscellaneous manufactures

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 19 40 63 0 -100.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 4 40 0 4 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Special provisions

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 552 252 602 531 881 65.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 243 95 185 148 -19.9

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

All sectors

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,597 15,866 25,126 22,652 34,191 50.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 754 354 294 929 929 0.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 2 0 35 3 -90.3

See footnote at end of table.
B-35

Table B-2-Continued

Mauritius: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1999-2003

Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Change

2002-03

Percent

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 920 274 550 508 -7.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,351 23,382 13,941 10,079 9,554 -5.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 3,274 4,836 10,162 5,061 1,302 -74.3

Forest products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716 781 610 420 475 13.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 63 117 368 244 -33.8

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 5 6 0 5 na

Chemicals and related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,129 1,570 1,816 1,490 1,712 14.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 374 762 1,882 1,286 1,074 -16.5

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 13 9 37 12 -66.9

Energy-related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 99 126 168 120 -28.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Textiles and apparel

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405 453 2,865 1,501 2,208 47.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232,109 244,863 238,345 254,653 269,155 5.7

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 17 0 38,925 106,528 135,162 26.9

Footwear

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 6 5 0 -100.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 75 0 2 0 -100.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Minerals and metals

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 444 299 877 744 -15.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,622 6,946 7,001 6,689 6,790 1.5

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 48 50 18 16 21 30.6

Machinery

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,799 4,327 4,415 3,434 3,751 9.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 166 620 517 577 11.6

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Transportation equipment

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,837 1,536 3,149 2,821 2,190 -22.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 1,757 110 102 365 258.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 2 0 49 na

Electronic products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,312 3,940 6,837 6,338 10,152 60.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,685 3,571 4,155 3,630 3,964 9.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 3,211 2,928 2,945 1,854 1,611 -13.1

Miscellaneous manufactures

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,507 441 705 790 708 -10.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,107 3,544 4,796 1,771 5,496 210.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 2,740 1,825 1,908 795 4,914 517.8

Special provisions

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,483 935 920 1,003 1,121 11.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,973 876 4,159 1,338 878 -34.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

All sectors

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,103 15,448 22,022 19,398 23,689 22.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258,343 286,008 275,127 280,433 298,096 6.3

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 9,291 9,658 53,975 114,292 143,077 25.2

See footnote at end of table.
B-36

Table B-2-Continued

Mozambique: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1999-2003

Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Change

2002-03

Percent

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,274 30,311 14,979 66,136 39,178 -40.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,403 23,901 6,594 6,656 5,576 -16.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 78 10,688 5,253 5,713 5,385 -5.7

Forest products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 151 80 81 34 -58.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 7 61 64 27 -57.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 2 8 16 16 -1.5

Chemicals and related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,952 1,338 720 958 1,807 88.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 (1

) 0 14 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 (1

) 0 0 na

Energy-related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 6,076 2,805 15,791 9,141 -42.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Textiles and apparel

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,758 4,495 2,193 1,742 2,357 35.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44 -1 179 193 2,528 1,208.3

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 186 2,516 1,251.7

Footwear

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 175 93 307 676 120.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Minerals and metals

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,821 1,074 166 412 952 131.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,065 159 19 952 21 -97.8

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 17 11 16 0 0 na

Machinery

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,390 4,709 1,462 5,833 2,981 -48.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 0 0 48 10 -79.6

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Transportation equipment

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 924 1,473 1,412 3,983 3,165 -20.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Electronic products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,444 2,287 1,520 1,574 1,125 -28.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 71 8 157 109 -30.7

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Miscellaneous manufactures

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83 28 504 39 117 198.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60 46 34 69 52 -24.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Special provisions

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,079 5,798 2,393 1,013 806 -20.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 592 194 165 22 373 1,609.7

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

All sectors

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,847 57,913 28,327 97,869 62,340 -36.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,287 24,377 7,060 8,160 8,711 6.7

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 95 10,701 5,278 5,916 7,917 33.8

See footnote at end of table.
B-37

Table B-2-Continued

Namibia: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1999-2003

Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Change

2002-03

Percent

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 2,414 4,928 5,651 5,662 0.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,406 18,883 12,495 6,456 10,043 55.6

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 341 1 26 0 5 na

Forest products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 420 187 468 575 23.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173 186 76 189 155 -17.6

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 76 134 67 161 142 -11.9

Chemicals and related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 946 1,481 4,169 9,315 4,894 -47.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 197 404 48 1 748 57,899.1

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . (1

) (1) 0 0 0 na

Energy-related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 120 138 86 203 136.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 13,432 11,302 30,694 18,349 -40.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Textiles and apparel

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 77 84 157 582 271.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 192 118 6,713 41,972 525.3

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 8 0 0 1,552 32,135 1,971.0

Footwear

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 3 0 8 na

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Minerals and metals

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141 259 676 5,794 2,481 -57.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,638 6,968 12,138 11,344 49,639 337.6

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 14,465 na

Machinery

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,508 1,064 2,420 2,253 1,392 -38.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94 220 34 79 8 -90.5

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Transportation equipment

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 182,338 57,993 176,282 3,287 2,105 -36.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 2 0 6 0 -100.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Electronic products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,944 3,012 10,260 13,601 2,228 -83.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200 6 10 27 12 -56.5

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Miscellaneous manufactures

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 725 597 1,688 958 -43.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 105 52 71 112 59.5

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 2 18 0 4 7 83.1

Special provisions

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,417 10,882 49,591 11,388 5,581 -51.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,173 1,795 1,571 1,775 2,211 24.6

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

All sectors

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194,822 78,448 249,334 53,688 26,668 -50.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,984 42,191 37,845 57,353 123,249 114.9

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 427 154 93 1,717 46,755 2,622.8

See footnote at end of table.
B-38

Table B-2-Continued

Niger: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1999-2003

Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Change

2002-03

Percent

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 432 2,357 4,759 7,184 5,823 -18.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152 146 6 16 1,999 12,527.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Forest products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 1,252 2,732 4,090 4,194 2.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 51 273 3 10 274.5

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 11 0 0 3 0 -100.0

Chemicals and related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,896 2,806 20,006 5,791 5,704 -1.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121 56 204 94 309 228.1

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 16 42 0 36 na

Energy-related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 5 5 11 129.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,455 4,770 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Textiles and apparel

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,172 4,287 4,708 3,227 3,222 -0.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 128 42 54 100 129 28.7

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 (1

) na

Footwear

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 5 0 0 0 na

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 0 0 (1

) na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Minerals and metals

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 195 490 947 953 925 -3.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 578 126 32 234 625.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 4 0 0 0 0 na

Machinery

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,838 5,533 7,626 2,166 1,874 -13.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 599 810 55 167 104 -37.8

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 254 0 0 0 0 na

Transportation equipment

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,065 1,865 8,217 5,451 3,511 -35.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 12 112 211 74 -65.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Electronic products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,855 14,032 11,365 7,955 5,306 -33.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 318 139 240 29 481 1,534.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 4 0 -100.0

Miscellaneous manufactures

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 773 584 168 321 277 -13.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199 24 13 201 171 -14.6

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 11 0 0 15 26 66.7

Special provisions

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 938 2,459 2,352 2,177 1,518 -30.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 813 344 342 43 522 1,120.7

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

All sectors

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,394 35,671 62,886 39,320 32,365 -17.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,837 6,972 1,427 897 4,034 349.7

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 280 16 42 22 63 186.7

See footnote at end of table.
B-39

Table B-2-Continued

Nigeria: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1999-2003

Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Change

2002-03

Percent

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172,699 178,734 245,911 303,482 324,575 7.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,277 5,227 10,529 16,015 48,058 200.1

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 58 153 464 1,767 280.5

Forest products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,493 14,667 20,944 14,817 12,027 -18.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,138 875 477 421 453 7.6

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 10 19 13 36 169.3

Chemicals and related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43,156 55,631 61,726 60,008 60,573 0.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 429,134 943,895 258,960 12,966 20,717 59.8

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 (1

) 0 0 na

Energy-related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,321 16,568 24,335 36,515 21,963 -39.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,720,249 8,706,166 8,627,161 5,772,765 10,027,991 73.7

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 5,688,030 5,409,167 9,353,913 72.9

Textiles and apparel

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,817 8,384 13,647 15,053 12,464 -17.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801 572 453 111 455 310.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 (1

) 0 1 na

Footwear

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 738 728 1,391 3,590 2,528 -29.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 106 186 5 4 -27.7

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 71 1 1 91.4

Minerals and metals

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,272 25,355 37,884 42,235 29,095 -31.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 972 16,187 12,107 1,108 437 -60.6

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 2 73 2,934.1

Machinery

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,239 124,234 151,764 140,803 95,107 -32.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,693 55 296 487 48 -90.1

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Transportation equipment

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194,092 228,238 284,261 311,616 285,846 -8.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 23 72 1,075 266 -75.3

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 56 0 205 na

Electronic products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,304 42,039 86,934 96,832 133,911 38.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 92 318 830 157 -81.1

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 46 3 0 -100.0

Miscellaneous manufactures

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,969 3,590 7,583 8,986 6,984 -22.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,710 2,969 1,463 1,635 1,858 13.6

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 3 85 10 16 67.6

Special provisions

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,061 14,432 11,234 12,971 11,379 -12.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,194 3,961 4,454 12,185 13,176 8.1

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

All sectors

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624,161 712,600 947,614 1,046,908 996,453 -4.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,172,322 9,680,128 8,916,476 5,819,603 10,113,618 73.8

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 71 5,688,461 5,409,660 9,356,012 73.0

See footnote at end of table.
B-40

Table B-2-Continued

Republic of the Congo: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1999-2003

Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Change

2002-03

Percent

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,487 16,369 14,325 4,251 13,057 207.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,423 3,053 1,196 3,560 4,661 30.9

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 3,083 2,456 0 2,786 2,813 1.0

Forest products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 6,078 417 158 228 44.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,063 1,227 682 461 1,731 275.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 21 27 2 0 48 na

Chemicals and related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,345 6,365 1,380 1,633 2,347 43.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,847 29,720 666 1,675 3,341 99.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Energy-related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 348 91 114 138 21.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367,338 445,822 438,808 200,766 383,446 91.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 128,746 103,808 337,899 225.5

Textiles and apparel

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,778 4,949 4,191 3,580 6,244 74.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 2 4 7 1 -89.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 2 0 0 na

Footwear

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 349 22 13 0 -100.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 2 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Minerals and metals

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836 4,182 5,601 6,972 3,516 -49.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,057 24,840 14,525 16,437 10,341 -37.1

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 3,160 1,847 1,410 14 15 9.7

Machinery

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,538 8,437 8,441 6,335 4,860 -23.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 76 22 5 24 399.3

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Transportation equipment

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,393 23,666 46,299 23,914 40,807 70.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 9 0 38 11 -70.7

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Electronic products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,446 7,460 5,778 2,233 4,761 113.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 419 138 40 33 -16.7

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 3 0 0 0 0 na

Miscellaneous manufactures

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 342 227 69 104 50.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,124 1,994 1,115 692 1,136 64.1

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 51 50 74 26 15 -41.9

Special provisions

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,612 2,655 2,573 2,522 2,539 0.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,642 780 747 142 2,461 1,632.9

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

All sectors

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,824 81,200 89,344 51,793 78,601 51.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410,518 507,943 457,901 223,824 407,186 81.9

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 6,319 4,380 130,235 106,633 340,790 219.6

See footnote at end of table.
B-41

Table B-2-Continued

Rwanda: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1999-2003

Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Change

2002-03

Percent

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,796 10,186 8,404 7,543 5,652 -25.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,007 2,301 3,668 1,899 1,789 -5.8

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Forest products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,111 3,917 117 22 85 282.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 20 10 6 -36.8

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 20 10 6 -36.8

Chemicals and related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 128 324 136 210 53.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 294 0 41 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 265 0 0 na

Energy-related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Textiles and apparel

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 201 166 124 125 0.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 23 0 2 3 25.8

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Footwear

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Minerals and metals

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116 82 196 37 23 -37.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,422 2,552 3,134 991 622 -37.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 154 324 33 0 0 na

Machinery

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135 280 91 37 38 3.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 33 68 103.7

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Transportation equipment

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 1,020 50 284 533 88.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Electronic products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,550 2,537 6,990 1,491 738 -50.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 150 66 119 32 -73.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Miscellaneous manufactures

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 17 75 54 66 22.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 20 18 54 202.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Special provisions

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,538 554 973 434 444 2.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 36 20 14 8 -43.7

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

All sectors

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,490 18,922 17,386 10,162 7,914 -22.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,686 5,061 7,221 3,086 2,623 -15.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 154 324 318 10 6 -36.8

See footnote at end of table.
B-42

Table B-2-Continued

São Tomé & Principe: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1999-2003

Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Change

2002-03

Percent

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12 28 318 64 46 -28.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 21 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Forest products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 319 63 0 190 191 0.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 272 9 -96.7

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Chemicals and related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 65 63 91 134 46.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 10 (1

) 11 0 -100.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Energy-related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 16 38 0 8 na

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,616 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Textiles and apparel

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 108 24 119 0 -100.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 3 19 2 1 -67.5

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Footwear

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Minerals and metals

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 91 37 53 3 -94.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 46 9 34 2 -93.3

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Machinery

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 137 43 50 203 307.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 758 245 247 12 7 -44.6

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Transportation equipment

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 190 9,921 1,068 71 -93.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 9 0 0 47 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Electronic products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 106 135 203 103 -49.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 142 116 32 37 16 -58.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Miscellaneous manufactures

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 123 4 24 4 -83.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 5 0 3 10 242.3

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Special provisions

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 34 29 59 481 718.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 59 15 19 (1

) -98.5

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

All sectors

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 510 962 10,614 1,921 1,243 -35.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,693 513 322 391 91 -76.7

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

See footnote at end of table.
B-43

Table B-2-Continued

Senegal: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1999-2003

Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Change

2002-03

Percent

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,388 16,895 8,166 9,452 12,591 33.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 994 1,015 6,346 583 442 -24.3

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 2 50 27 -47.3

Forest products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175 498 878 184 1,036 463.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 227 154 184 47 -74.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 16 38 58 22 40 78.5

Chemicals and related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,617 15,773 17,377 11,206 10,154 -9.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,040 767 474 464 772 66.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 699 691 407 376 608 61.6

Energy-related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 185 535 2,299 4,548 97.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,263 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Textiles and apparel

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,570 4,102 4,142 4,125 3,743 -9.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 171 299 91 158 74 -53.3

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 1 11 3 (1

) 1 202.7

Footwear

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 97 124 103 152 47.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 2 14 14 8 -42.5

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 (1

) 1 139.3

Minerals and metals

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 140 1,976 4,853 1,672 3,238 93.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156 0 11 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Machinery

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,494 6,801 7,740 6,018 7,364 22.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 14 0 4 16 299.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 8 na

Transportation equipment

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,997 21,551 18,861 26,741 42,489 58.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 26 6 0 44 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Electronic products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,172 9,289 8,463 6,917 8,783 27.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,453 204 2,576 571 774 35.5

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 9 na

Miscellaneous manufactures

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 711 363 1,431 870 1,746 100.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,337 1,138 1,376 1,116 974 -12.8

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 24 41 97 50 27 -46.4

Special provisions

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,311 2,653 5,765 2,376 3,045 28.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,863 539 91,297 704 1,177 67.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

All sectors

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,808 80,183 78,334 71,962 98,888 37.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,473 4,231 102,345 3,799 4,326 13.9

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 740 781 567 499 720 44.2

See footnote at end of table.
B-44

Table B-2-Continued

Seychelles: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1999-2003

Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Change

2002-03

Percent

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 346 363 246 240 311 29.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 96 1,035 15,639 20,179 1,978 -90.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Forest products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 326 261 65 87 33.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 166 10 24 45 3 -93.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 93 0 0 0 3 na

Chemicals and related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 953 656 858 1,804 933 -48.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1 3 47 2,381 4,920.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Energy-related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 5,087 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Textiles and apparel

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145 711 1,035 303 228 -24.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,041 156 25 (1

) 90 23,781.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Footwear

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Minerals and metals

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,523 391 295 383 412 7.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 291 355 220 113 -48.7

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 10 0 0 0 0 na

Machinery

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,063 535 6,613 676 381 -43.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46 0 36 54 45 -17.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Transportation equipment

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 280 188 155,029 2,272 1,550 -31.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 32 0 31 3 -91.1

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Electronic products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,071 3,490 10,888 1,886 2,493 32.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,277 5,172 4,880 3,327 3,699 11.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 2,497 4,662 4,230 0 0 na

Miscellaneous manufactures

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 854 32 357 274 356 29.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 34 11 0 26 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Special provisions

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283 278 376 300 196 -34.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 454 1,366 2,728 2,388 1,900 -20.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

All sectors

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,547 6,971 175,959 8,204 6,947 -15.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,197 8,097 23,701 26,291 15,324 -41.7

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 2,600 4,662 4,230 0 3 na

See footnote at end of table.
B-45

Table B-2-Continued

Sierra Leone: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1999-2003

Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Change

2002-03

Percent

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,720 5,527 13,893 13,184 8,803 -33.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 153 291 209 526 281 -46.7

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 10 18 48 22 -54.9

Forest products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99 153 316 666 694 4.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 25 3 0 87 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 25 3 0 0 na

Chemicals and related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491 787 1,015 963 1,734 80.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82 262 454 311 304 -2.1

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 3 60 1 145 48 -67.2

Energy-related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 117 41 390 104 124 19.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Textiles and apparel

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,971 1,256 1,567 1,248 1,692 35.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 193 335 1,374 466 833 78.7

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 25 0 0 0 0 na

Footwear

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 49 111 170 204 20.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,776 134 854 140 196 39.9

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Minerals and metals

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 536 1,039 459 412 -10.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,529 2,044 537 1,515 3,861 154.9

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 119 226 6 0 -100.0

Machinery

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302 860 1,030 554 1,532 176.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81 80 150 53 56 6.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 29 44 10 6 -44.7

Transportation equipment

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 336 2,489 1,165 2,333 2,490 6.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107 55 189 48 99 105.5

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Electronic products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,573 2,422 2,767 2,478 3,774 52.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151 45 180 112 403 261.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 4 0 95 0 0 na

Miscellaneous manufactures

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 389 542 288 621 115.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213 512 680 277 278 0.3

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 8 0 -100.0

Special provisions

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,141 3,282 3,958 2,558 5,385 110.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 23 10 385 79 -79.5

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

All sectors

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,985 17,791 27,791 25,006 27,466 9.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,335 3,806 4,640 3,833 6,478 69.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 31 245 387 217 75 -65.5

See footnote at end of table.
B-46

Table B-2-Continued

Somalia: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1999-2003

Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Change

2002-03

Percent

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,936 1,776 3,193 1,609 4,001 148.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67 14 82 192 55 -71.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Forest products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 6 8 21 177.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 5 5 7 0 -100.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Chemicals and related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 100 25 808 1,143 41.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35 56 151 39 80 107.3

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Energy-related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 12 5 0 -100.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Textiles and apparel

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 4 454 304 234 -23.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28 9 69 5 1 -82.1

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Footwear

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Minerals and metals

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 138 0 5 137 525 282.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 324 6 6 2 -65.3

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 324 0 0 0 na

Machinery

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 276 126 51 18 276 1,433.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 7 4 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Transportation equipment

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 517 550 44 45 2.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 8 11 0 -100.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Electronic products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 2,137 778 3,062 671 -78.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 6 3 79 3 -96.6

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Miscellaneous manufactures

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 10 53 0 -100.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 20 2 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Special provisions

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 201 1,518 117 96 -17.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 2 (1

) 5 42 801.8

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

All sectors

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,813 4,862 6,591 6,161 7,013 13.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 443 343 348 183 -47.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 324 0 0 0 na

See footnote at end of table.
B-47

Table B-2-Continued

South Africa: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1999-2003

Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Change

2002-03

Percent

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186,131 132,718 100,678 150,899 149,169 -1.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161,980 199,584 173,169 192,160 207,742 8.1

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 29,006 41,229 78,750 123,723 132,655 7.2

Forest products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102,848 98,146 96,753 75,009 94,413 25.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,158 66,461 48,456 44,302 66,403 49.9

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 8,889 8,789 9,141 17,467 22,849 30.8

Chemicals and related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 401,563 481,668 460,718 446,993 440,889 -1.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225,449 283,500 283,066 267,343 344,660 28.9

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 97,971 118,967 126,011 134,334 175,348 30.5

Energy-related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94,429 107,317 94,076 110,362 112,981 2.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,678 62,926 66,489 42,385 45,164 6.6

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 291 0 2,136 866 2,830 226.7

Textiles and apparel

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,680 37,633 28,712 26,439 27,418 3.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126,978 175,579 212,457 214,957 269,531 25.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 1,737 2,242 33,621 88,292 131,188 48.6

Footwear

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,069 7,674 2,101 1,037 1,336 28.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 59 217 461 910 97.3

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 171 290 789 172.2

Minerals and metals

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109,057 118,611 97,323 89,056 103,545 16.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,109,370 2,841,397 2,783,624 2,456,462 2,722,387 10.8

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 199,174 268,102 316,565 371,501 397,226 6.9

Machinery

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259,829 253,428 286,541 302,035 353,685 17.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121,632 174,431 258,817 227,713 179,030 -21.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 15,168 31,500 22,899 17,771 11,048 -37.8

Transportation equipment

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534,725 958,392 1,097,239 744,639 851,297 14.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145,474 181,882 398,018 615,636 821,189 33.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 72,265 76,812 300,476 544,706 731,347 34.3

Electronic products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493,454 455,730 394,615 347,703 398,843 14.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,780 30,995 28,223 22,957 41,869 82.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 17,021 13,499 5,476 6,887 11,083 60.9

Miscellaneous manufactures

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,692 53,895 46,389 35,190 45,653 29.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,929 48,939 56,841 62,218 76,900 23.6

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 7,862 22,037 27,997 36,756 52,210 42.0

Special provisions

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124,521 124,335 117,209 116,806 118,971 1.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173,250 137,904 120,163 89,380 112,179 25.5

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

All sectors

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,393,998 2,829,546 2,822,354 2,446,169 2,698,201 10.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,192,768 4,203,657 4,429,539 4,235,974 4,887,962 15.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 449,384 583,176 923,243 1,342,594 1,668,573 24.3

See footnote at end of table.
B-48

Table B-2-Continued

Sudan: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1999-2003

Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Change

2002-03

Percent

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,399 16,869 16,557 8,984 24,949 177.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 1,688 3,337 1,308 2,734 109.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Forest products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 56 0 0 70 54 -23.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Chemicals and related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 122 629 641 1.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Energy-related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Textiles and apparel

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 11 na

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 (1

) 2 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Footwear

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Minerals and metals

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27 0 6 8 6 -14.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 31 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Machinery

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58 4 116 5 33 560.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 42 0 -100.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Transportation equipment

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19 0 20 12 20 69.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Electronic products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 0 41 10 156 1,507.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26 4 8 0 10 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Miscellaneous manufactures

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 11 24 124.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 116 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Special provisions

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 9 255 1,125 165 -85.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 0 39 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

All sectors

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,821 16,882 17,119 10,854 26,059 140.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 1,808 3,385 1,350 2,775 105.6

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

See footnote at end of table.
B-49

Table B-2-Continued

Swaziland: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1999-2003

Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Change

2002-03

Percent

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 749 73 398 364 1,248 243.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,297 12,539 6,891 7,286 7,641 4.9

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 7,744 11,935 6,487 6,779 6,996 3.2

Forest products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155 321 80 256 33 -87.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,122 3,015 2,382 4,449 1,727 -61.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 70 0 3 270 52 -80.7

Chemicals and related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 881 807 2,110 1,672 2,412 44.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,452 1,866 839 886 1,332 50.3

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 2 22 85 283 478 69.0

Energy-related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 4 0 0 na

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Textiles and apparel

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 160 159 16 80 390.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,318 31,898 48,091 89,088 140,510 57.7

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 8,195 73,901 126,369 71.0

Footwear

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 5 0 0 0 na

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Minerals and metals

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 43 384 6,134 499 -91.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147 207 126 102 5,144 4,939.8

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 120 0 0 19 47 149.5

Machinery

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367 2,542 138 362 1,784 392.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 539 61 2,256 421 241 -42.7

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Transportation equipment

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 459 1,240 1,023 502 195 -61.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124 3 3 443 59 -86.7

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Electronic products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 640 2,312 2,716 1,421 1,110 -21.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 157 152 258 7,212 387 -94.6

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 28 0 0 0 34 na

Miscellaneous manufactures

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 44 216 70 520 643.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,429 2,482 3,897 4,217 4,510 7.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Special provisions

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 192 194 209 242 194 -19.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 264 355 294 359 483 34.5

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

All sectors

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,748 7,741 7,438 11,040 8,075 -26.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,849 52,577 65,036 114,464 162,033 41.6

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 7,964 11,957 14,770 81,252 133,975 64.9

See footnote at end of table.
B-50

Table B-2-Continued

Tanzania: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1999-2003

Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Change

2002-03

Percent

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,548 3,704 9,797 11,672 13,607 16.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,165 13,739 12,301 13,253 11,595 -12.5

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 1,026 1,134 636 811 474 -41.5

Forest products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,095 875 895 523 1,379 163.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 190 561 499 355 347 -2.1

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 75 200 224 239 203 -15.1

Chemicals and related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,539 2,269 5,506 1,722 3,830 122.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 341 554 236 122 1,776 1,354.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 21 0 0 na

Energy-related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 79 170 198 53 -73.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Textiles and apparel

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,262 10,881 9,780 10,236 12,045 17.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,658 242 487 371 1,942 423.1

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 6 19 1 127 867 581.7

Footwear

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,377 1,106 1,757 2,572 3,087 20.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 3 1 -59.8

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 2 0 -100.0

Minerals and metals

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,253 1,047 5,280 7,499 1,010 -86.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,771 14,586 11,528 8,263 7,483 -9.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 2,007 13 10 105 10 -91.0

Machinery

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,905 4,174 3,935 5,945 4,878 -18.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 30 200 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Transportation equipment

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,284 10,324 16,624 9,076 12,699 39.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 2 8 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Electronic products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11,529 5,269 7,050 6,593 6,449 -2.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 51 265 10 36 266.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 2 0 6 na

Miscellaneous manufactures

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 296 1,830 449 367 486 32.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,384 2,927 273 268 259 -3.5

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 25 5 8 9 15.2

Special provisions

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,502 2,989 2,497 5,397 4,116 -23.7

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 981 2,596 1,432 2,699 796 -70.5

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

All sectors

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 60,682 44,548 63,741 61,800 63,639 3.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,495 35,288 27,229 25,343 24,234 -4.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 3,114 1,392 899 1,293 1,569 21.4

See footnote at end of table.
B-51

Table B-2-Continued

Togo: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1999-2003

Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Change

2002-03

Percent

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,020 380 1,212 2,979 300 -89.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,081 1,259 1,246 1,510 767 -49.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 1,442 233 145 4 4 -11.1

Forest products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36 269 68 90 42 -53.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 14 11 9 7 -22.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 3 0 11 9 7 -22.2

Chemicals and related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,040 507 1,435 1,409 1,506 6.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 4,568 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Energy-related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 33 33 13 1,115 8,688.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 3,118 3,819 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 3,118 3,819 0 0 na

Textiles and apparel

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,031 2,098 3,165 2,234 1,708 -23.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 23 4 6 43 627.9

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . (1

) 3 0 0 0 na

Footwear

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 275 596 429 745 308 -58.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Minerals and metals

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 619 74 21 63 202.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 5 3 8 606 7,373.6

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 2 3 0 6 na

Machinery

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,687 1,341 4,855 1,096 1,438 31.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 10 0 13 0 -100.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Transportation equipment

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,842 2,367 966 2,484 3,418 37.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Electronic products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,563 1,252 3,203 1,585 2,566 61.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120 14 2 55 0 -100.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Miscellaneous manufactures

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 228 96 126 38 168 347.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 378 247 534 295 102 -65.5

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Special provisions

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 746 924 589 314 387 23.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 543 1,286 2,396 763 4,095 437.1

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

All sectors

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,620 10,480 16,154 13,008 13,019 0.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,170 5,975 12,583 2,659 5,620 111.3

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 1,445 3,355 3,977 14 17 25.5

See footnote at end of table.
B-52

Table B-2-Continued

Uganda: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1999-2003

Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Change

2002-03

Percent

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,901 6,214 8,984 3,942 12,223 210.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,225 21,124 15,723 13,738 32,774 138.6

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 26 0 0 13 30 136.0

Forest products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 671 316 637 596 704 18.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 14 27 19 95 405.1

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 10 14 27 14 39 187.4

Chemicals and related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,281 1,942 3,328 1,431 2,694 88.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 133 24 20 40 103.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Energy-related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20 43 5 0 10 na

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Textiles and apparel

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,466 2,419 2,386 2,494 2,371 -4.9

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 16 13 1 1,631 158,988.1

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 4 0 0 1,433 na

Footwear

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 4 11 14 27 88.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Minerals and metals

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50 3,733 266 213 285 33.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 742 1,415 1,776 870 117 -86.6

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 59 114 0 3 na

Machinery

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,639 2,425 2,457 2,120 4,230 99.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 4 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Transportation equipment

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,919 1,075 1,453 1,511 9,664 539.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 2 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Electronic products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,330 6,949 9,597 7,275 8,189 12.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 292 9 7 10 44.6

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 3 0 0 0 0 na

Miscellaneous manufactures

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70 260 237 612 200 -67.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 45 23 51 84 60 -28.6

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 6 2 0 6 4 -33.7

Special provisions

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,172 1,386 2,788 2,427 1,643 -32.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180 6,046 206 459 157 -65.8

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

All sectors

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,518 26,766 32,150 22,635 42,240 86.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,256 29,064 17,835 15,197 34,883 129.5

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 45 78 141 32 1,509 4,631.9

See footnote at end of table.
B-53

Table B-2-Continued

Zambia: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1999-2003

Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Change

2002-03

Percent

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 500 485 765 14,092 1,629 -88.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,004 1,385 1,213 1,200 1,341 11.8

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 134 229 95 60 53 -11.9

Forest products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,266 400 231 295 418 41.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,231 852 1,261 494 678 37.3

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 2 132 677 20 435 2,047.4

Chemicals and related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 961 2,913 2,208 3,434 3,008 -12.4

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 6 11 103.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Energy-related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 67 0 37 0 -100.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Textiles and apparel

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 933 929 935 1,133 455 -59.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 258 227 5 14 174.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Footwear

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106 53 139 146 28 -80.8

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 2 0 0 0 na Imports

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Minerals and metals

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132 427 156 187 73 -61.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,955 14,031 12,384 5,819 10,180 74.9

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 185 98 2 0 21 na

Machinery

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,175 1,798 2,060 3,340 2,429 -27.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 6 0 -100.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Transportation equipment

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,970 4,189 3,915 7,819 3,478 -55.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 14 0 -100.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Electronic products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,397 4,306 3,124 2,601 3,284 26.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 3 1 65 7 -88.8

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Miscellaneous manufactures

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 233 57 196 81 344 324.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93 97 18 15 6 -60.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 6 0 2 0 -100.0

Special provisions

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,016 3,146 1,758 2,325 3,856 65.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 566 1,099 481 166 231 39.3

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

All sectors

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,700 18,770 15,487 35,491 19,002 -46.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,857 17,727 15,584 7,790 12,469 60.1

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 321 466 775 83 510 515.3

See footnote at end of table.
B-54

Table B-2-Continued

Zimbabwe: U.S. exports, imports, and GSP/AGOA imports, by major commodity sectors, 1999-2003

Sector 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003

Change

2002-03

Percent

1,000 dollars

Agricultural products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,893 3,813 317 16,620 11,456 -31.1

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37,179 21,376 27,369 33,714 22,480 -33.3

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 10,535 14,076 10,247 13,337 2,784 -79.1

Forest products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,294 1,465 2,346 1,259 362 -71.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,192 3,213 2,942 3,647 3,501 -4.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 2,442 2,362 2,872 0 3,464 na

Chemicals and related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,889 4,751 6,082 10,840 5,136 -52.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 609 1,476 18 216 17 -92.2

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 11 70 7 115 0 -100.0

Energy-related products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 9 28 16 7 -56.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Textiles and apparel

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,121 1,695 651 277 419 51.5

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,727 19,872 15,332 8,132 5,031 -38.1

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 2 10 11 15 7 -50.7

Footwear

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 0 0 0 8 na

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 104 122 86 105 22.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 3,386 0 -100.0

Minerals and metals

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 551 538 395 898 368 -59.0

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49,549 51,971 27,460 24,425 21,992 -10.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 41,088 35,034 18,750 11,551 13,627 18.0

Machinery

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,869 6,825 6,611 2,294 4,674 103.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 46 50 11 0 -100.0

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 34 50 11 0 -100.0

Transportation equipment

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,078 20,604 8,916 7,019 9,039 28.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 0 36 0 0 na

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

Electronic products

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,860 10,876 4,150 4,038 4,168 3.2

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 13 73 204 42 -79.4

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 5 0 0 5 0 -100.0

Miscellaneous manufactures

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 208 300 655 3,874 4,351 12.3

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,826 13,938 16,576 28,153 13,197 -53.1

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 21,185 9,665 12,100 26,461 11,836 -55.3

Special provisions

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,702 1,897 1,014 1,981 954 -51.8

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,913 1,034 583 540 311 -42.5

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 na

All sectors

Exports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57,525 52,773 31,166 49,116 40,942 -16.6

Imports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135,073 113,043 90,560 99,127 66,676 -32.7

GSP/AGOA imports . . . . . . . . . . 75,268 61,251 44,037 54,881 31,720 -42.2

1 Positive value less than $500.

na = Value is undefined (divided by 0).

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
B-55

Table B-3

Angola: Leading changes in sectoral trade, by sectors, 1999 and 2003

Change, 2003 from 1999

Sector 1998 2002 Absolute Percent

1,000 dollars

U.S. imports:

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18 452 434 2,369

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,162 4,876 3,714 320

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,286 20,647 11,361 122

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,319,748 4,136,580 1,816,831 78

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . . 18,103 13,702 -4,401 -24

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . 206 100 -107 -52

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 5 -63 -93

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 0 -15 -100

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 3 3 na

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 2 2 na

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 na

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 64 64 na

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,348,606 4,176,429 1,827,824 78

U.S. exports:

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 1,002 723 259

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,083 65,325 42,241 183

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,634 12,400 7,765 168

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,318 3,332 2,014 153

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,758 6,541 3,783 137

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . . 10,398 24,155 13,756 132

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . 883 1,998 1,114 126

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 126,921 279,951 153,030 121

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,705 29,650 12,944 77

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,996 26,622 8,626 48

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,698 31,362 -10,336 -25

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,706 275 -4,431 -94

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251,381 482,612 231,231 92

Total trade:

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 279 1,002 723 259

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,796 17,275 11,479 198

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,083 65,327 42,244 183

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,758 6,543 3,785 137

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 126,989 279,956 152,967 120

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25,991 50,297 24,306 94

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . 1,090 2,097 1,008 92

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,321,067 4,139,912 1,818,845 78

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,014 27,074 9,060 50

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . . 28,501 37,857 9,356 33

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41,698 31,426 -10,272 -25

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,721 275 -4,446 -94

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,599,986 4,659,041 2,059,055 79
B-56

Table B-3—Continued

Côte d’Ivoire: Leading changes in sectoral trade, by sectors, 1999 and 2003

Change, 2003 from 1999

Sector 1998 2002 Absolute Percent

1,000 dollars

U.S. imports:

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 633 612 2,897

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 932 1,810 878 94

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,166 61,128 26,962 79

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,999 10,178 4,180 70

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . 1,559 2,364 805 52

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293,603 410,382 116,779 40

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 332 373 41 12

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,054 721 -333 -32

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 655 363 -292 -45

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 387 187 -200 -52

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . . 4,779 2,109 -2,670 -56

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 na

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 343,487 490,248 146,760 43

U.S. exports:

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,928 7,334 5,406 280

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 1,596 1,171 276

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . 596 953 358 60

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . . 19,522 30,690 11,167 57

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,508 22,352 1,844 9

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,416 15,628 212 1

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,808 2,784 -24 -1

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,484 6,474 -1,010 -13

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 298 249 -48 -16

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,374 7,767 -6,607 -46

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,275 2,294 -3,980 -63

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,249 1,929 -7,319 -79

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 98,882 100,050 1,168 1

Total trade:

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 1,596 1,171 276

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,260 7,707 5,447 241

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34,464 61,377 26,913 78

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . 2,155 3,317 1,163 54

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 314,111 432,734 118,623 38

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . . 24,302 32,799 8,497 35

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,740 4,594 854 23

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,437 16,261 824 5

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,139 6,837 -1,302 -16

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,247 12,108 -3,140 -21

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,761 7,954 -6,808 -46

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,329 3,015 -4,313 -59

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 442,369 590,297 147,928 33
B-57

Table B-3—Continued

Equatorial Guinea: Leading changes in sectoral trade, by sectors, 1999 and 2003

Change, 2003 from 1999

Sector 1998 2002 Absolute Percent

1,000 dollars

U.S. imports:

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . . . . . 5,465 136,922 131,457 2,405

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,822 773,612 739,789 2,187

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 576 6,701 6,124 1,063

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 724 556 -168 -23

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 6 -7 -53

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 51 51 na

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 na

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 na

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 646 646 na

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 na

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 8 8 na

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 na

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40,601 918,503 877,902 2162

U.S. exports:

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456 10,742 10,286 2,256

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 53 49 1,289

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 1,382 1,279 1,245

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,281 77,510 71,229 1,134

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682 7,327 6,645 974

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 387 238 160

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . . . . . 1,469 3,334 1,866 127

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589 1,099 511 87

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167,099 187,886 20,787 12

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,416 41,510 3,094 8

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,666 4,597 -70 -1

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,136 191 -945 -83

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 221,050 336,019 114,969 52

Total trade:

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 456 10,742 10,286 2,256

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33,925 774,994 741,069 2,184

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . . . . . 6,934 140,256 133,322 1,923

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 53 49 1,289

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,281 78,156 71,875 1,144

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 682 7,336 6,654 975

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149 387 238 160

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,243 11,298 6,055 115

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 589 1,151 562 95

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 167,099 187,886 20,787 12

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38,429 41,516 3,087 8

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,861 748 -1,113 -60

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 261,651 1,254,522 992,871 379
B-58

Table B-3—Continued

Gabon: Leading changes in sectoral trade, by sectors, 1999 and 2003

Change, 2003 from 1999

Sector 1998 2002 Absolute Percent

1,000 dollars

U.S. imports:

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13 54 41 312

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,541 3,344 1,803 117

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,676 6,963 2,287 49

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,320,410 1,893,711 573,301 43

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,162 2,346 183 8

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,213 19,272 -6,941 -26

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 29 -44 -60

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 601 90 -511 -85

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . . . . . 104,129 1,898 -102,231 -98

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,127 8 -53,118 -100

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 na

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 na

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,512,945 1,927,715 414,770 27

U.S. exports:

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 1,660 1,572 1,789

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 3,340 3,098 1,278

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 103 64 163

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,541 7,941 3,400 75

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . . . . . 1,920 3,298 1,378 72

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17,799 29,274 11,475 64

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,145 1,841 696 61

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,041 6,956 1,915 38

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,091 1,311 220 20

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,372 3,834 -3,538 -48

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 123 -122 -50

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,443 2,174 -3,269 -60

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,967 61,856 16,888 38

Total trade:

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 88 1,660 1,572 1,789

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,632 4,655 2,023 77

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,554 7,994 3,440 76

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,145 1,841 696 61

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,715 7,066 2,351 50

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,320,653 1,897,051 576,399 44

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,408 2,469 61 3

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,254 26,228 -5,026 -16

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,445 3,863 -3,582 -48

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70,926 29,282 -41,644 -59

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,044 2,264 -3,780 -63

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . . . . . 106,049 5,196 -100,853 -95

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,557,913 1,989,571 431,658 28
B-59

Table B-3—Continued

Ghana: Leading changes in sectoral trade, by sectors, 1999 and 2003

Change, 2003 from 1999

Sector 1998 2002 Absolute Percent

1,000 dollars

U.S. imports:

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21 46 25 118

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . . . . . 826 1,575 749 91

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,020 29,067 9,047 45

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22,966 31,539 8,574 37

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,619 4,508 889 25

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,384 1,342 -42 -3

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 123 60 -63 -51

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42,361 12,033 -30,328 -72

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,399 615 -1,784 -74

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 15 -124 -89

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115,472 2,798 -112,674 -98

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 3 3 na

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 209,330 83,603 -125,727 -60

U.S. exports:

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,243 5,350 3,108 139

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,032 18,201 6,169 51

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,059 12,726 3,668 40

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,857 2,535 678 37

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53,586 54,749 1,163 2

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,448 16,665 -2,783 -14

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,765 52,378 -10,388 -17

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,390 11,379 -3,011 -21

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . . . . . 31,209 24,597 -6,611 -21

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,795 4,041 -2,754 -41

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,273 813 -1,460 -64

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,389 991 -14,398 -94

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231,045 204,426 -26,619 -12

Total trade:

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,627 6,693 3,066 85

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,156 18,261 6,106 50

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24,823 34,075 9,252 37

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,678 17,235 4,557 36

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,587 16,680 -2,907 -15

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35,409 30,059 -5,350 -15

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62,787 52,424 -10,362 -17

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . . . . . 32,034 26,173 -5,862 -18

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,789 11,994 -4,795 -29

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95,947 66,782 -29,165 -30

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,273 816 -1,457 -64

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122,267 6,839 -115,428 -94

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 440,376 288,030 -152,346 -35
B-60

Table B-3—Continued

Kenya: Leading changes in sectoral trade, by sectors, 1999 and 2003

Change, 2003 from 1999

Sector 1998 2002 Absolute Percent

1,000 dollars

U.S. imports:

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15 76 61 423

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39,633 188,148 148,515 375

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . . . . . 1,203 1,552 349 29

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 250 297 46 18

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,247 41,906 5,659 16

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 10 -1 -9

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,992 5,282 -710 -12

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,032 2,508 -523 -17

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,741 1,810 -930 -34

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,421 6,128 -7,292 -54

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,725 1,236 -1,489 -55

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 875 183 -692 -79

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106,144 249,137 142,994 135

U.S. exports:

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,429 8,521 4,091 92

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 917 1,388 471 51

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,647 8,932 2,285 34

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 201 242 41 20

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28,167 32,848 4,680 17

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 18,420 18,871 452 2

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,913 15,162 249 2

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . . . . . 32,392 32,447 55 0

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 67,137 64,246 -2,891 -4

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,854 7,260 -594 -8

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 411 258 -153 -37

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,601 2,834 -2,767 -49

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 187,089 193,009 5,919 3

Total trade:

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47,488 195,409 147,921 311

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,154 9,757 2,603 36

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 211 251 40 19

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64,414 74,753 10,340 16

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,639 14,215 1,576 12

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15,163 15,459 295 2

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . . . . . 33,595 33,999 403 1

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,949 3,896 -53 -1

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68,012 64,429 -3,583 -5

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31,840 25,000 -6,841 -21

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 425 334 -92 -22

Forest products 8,341 4,644 -3,697 -44

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293,233 442,146 148,913 51
B-61

Table B-3—Continued

Mauritius: Leading changes in sectoral trade, by sectors, 1999 and 2003

Change, 2003 from 1999

Sector 1998 2002 Absolute Percent

1,000 dollars

U.S. imports:

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 115 365 250 217

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . . . . . 374 1,074 700 187

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,107 5,496 1,389 34

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232,109 269,155 37,046 16

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,351 9,554 1,204 14

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,685 3,964 279 8

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6,622 6,790 168 3

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,973 878 -2,095 -70

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 0 -8 -100

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 244 244 na

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 na

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 577 577 na

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 258,343 298,096 39,753 15

U.S. exports:

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 120 117 3,738

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 405 2,208 1,803 445

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 469 744 275 59

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . . . . . 1,129 1,712 583 52

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,799 3,751 952 34

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 443 508 66 15

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,837 2,190 -647 -23

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,483 1,121 -362 -24

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716 475 -241 -34

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,312 10,152 -10,161 -50

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,507 708 -799 -53

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 na

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,103 23,689 -8,414 -26

Total trade:

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 120 117 3,738

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . . . . . 1,503 2,786 1,283 85

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,799 4,328 1,529 55

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 232,513 271,362 38,849 17

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,793 10,063 1,269 14

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,614 6,204 590 11

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,091 7,534 443 6

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 716 719 3 0

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,952 2,554 -397 -13

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23,997 14,116 -9,881 -41

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,455 1,999 -2,457 -55

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 0 -8 -100

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 290,445 321,785 31,339 11
B-62

Table B-3—Continued

Nigeria: Leading changes in sectoral trade, by sectors, 1999 and 2003

Change, 2003 from 1999

Sector 1998 2002 Absolute Percent

1,000 dollars

U.S. imports:

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,277 48,058 39,781 481

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,194 13,176 8,982 214

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,720,249 10,027,991 6,307,742 170

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97 157 60 62

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 801 455 -346 -43

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 972 437 -535 -55

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,138 453 -684 -60

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,710 1,858 -2,852 -61

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 4 -53 -93

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . . . . 429,134 20,717 -408,417 -95

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,693 48 -2,645 -98

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 266 266 na

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,172,322 10,113,618 5,941,297 142

U.S. exports:

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 738 2,528 1,790 242

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,304 133,911 81,606 156

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172,699 324,575 151,876 88

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19,272 29,095 9,823 51

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194,092 285,846 91,755 47

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8,493 12,027 3,535 42

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . . . . 43,156 60,573 17,418 40

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74,239 95,107 20,868 28

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,061 11,379 1,318 13

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12,817 12,464 -353 -3

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26,321 21,963 -4,358 -17

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,969 6,984 -2,985 -30

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 624,161 996,453 372,292 60

Total trade:

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 796 2,532 1,737 218

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,746,570 10,049,953 6,303,384 168

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,401 134,067 81,666 156

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 180,977 372,633 191,656 106

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,255 24,555 10,300 72

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 194,092 286,112 92,020 47

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 20,244 29,532 9,288 46

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,630 12,480 2,850 30 Forest products

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76,932 95,155 18,223 24

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,618 12,919 -699 -5

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,679 8,842 -5,837 -40

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . . . . 472,289 81,290 -390,999 -83

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,796,483 11,110,071 6,313,589 132
B-63

Table B-3—Continued

Republic of Congo: Leading changes in sectoral trade, by sectors, 1999 and 2003

Change, 2003 from 1999

Sector 1998 2002 Absolute Percent

1,000 dollars

U.S. imports:

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 33 30 929

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 24 20 548

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 11 7 198

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1,642 2,461 819 50

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4,423 4,661 238 5

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367,338 383,446 16,108 4

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,063 1,731 -332 -16

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,057 10,341 -5,716 -36

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,124 1,136 -988 -47

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . . . . . 16,847 3,341 -13,505 -80

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14 1 -13 -94

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 na

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 410,518 407,186 -3,332 -1

U.S. exports:

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 836 3,516 2,679 320

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,393 40,807 26,414 184

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 228 133 141

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 59 138 79 133

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . . . . . 1,345 2,347 1,002 74

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,446 4,761 1,315 38

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,487 13,057 3,570 38

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,778 6,244 466 8

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104 104 0 0

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,612 2,539 -1,072 -30

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,538 4,860 -2,678 -36

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 0 -129 -100

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 46,824 78,601 31,778 68

Total trade:

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14,397 40,818 26,422 184

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,449 4,794 1,345 39

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13,911 17,719 3,808 27

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,792 6,245 452 8

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 367,397 383,584 16,187 4

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,254 5,000 -254 -5

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,158 1,958 -199 -9

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16,893 13,857 -3,036 -18

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7,542 4,884 -2,658 -35

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,228 1,240 -988 -44

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . . . . . 18,192 5,688 -12,504 -69

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129 0 -129 -100

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 457,342 485,787 28,445 6
B-64

Table B-3—Continued

South Africa: Leading changes in sectoral trade, by sectors, 1999 and 2003

Change, 2003 from 1999

Sector 1998 2002 Absolute Percent

1,000 dollars

U.S. imports:

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 910 819 901

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 145,474 821,189 675,715 464

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9,678 45,164 35,485 367

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 126,978 269,531 142,553 112

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36,929 76,900 39,971 108

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . . . . . 225,449 344,660 119,211 53

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 121,632 179,030 57,399 47

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29,780 41,869 12,089 41

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,109,370 2,722,387 613,017 29

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 161,980 207,742 45,762 28

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52,158 66,403 14,245 27

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 173,250 112,179 -61,070 -35

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,192,768 4,887,962 1,695,194 53

U.S. exports:

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 534,725 851,297 316,573 59

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 259,829 353,685 93,857 36

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94,429 112,981 18,552 20

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . . . . . 401,563 440,889 39,326 10

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 44,692 45,653 961 2

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124,521 118,971 -5,550 -4

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109,057 103,545 -5,512 -5

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 102,848 94,413 -8,435 -8

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32,680 27,418 -5,263 -16

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 493,454 398,843 -94,611 -19

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186,131 149,169 -36,962 -20

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,069 1,336 -8,732 -87

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,393,998 2,698,201 304,203 13

Total trade:

Transportation equipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 680,199 1,672,486 992,287 146

Textiles and apparel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 159,658 296,948 137,290 86

Energy-related products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 104,107 158,145 54,037 52

Miscellaneous manufactures . . . . . . . . . . . . . 81,621 122,552 40,931 50

Machinery . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 381,460 532,716 151,255 40

Minerals and metals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2,218,427 2,825,932 607,505 27

Chemicals and related products . . . . . . . . . . . 627,012 785,549 158,536 25

Forest products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 155,006 160,816 5,810 4

Agricultural products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 348,111 356,911 8,801 3

Electronic products . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 523,234 440,712 -82,522 -16

Special provisions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 297,771 231,151 -66,620 -22

Footwear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10,160 2,246 -7,914 -78

Total . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5,586,766 7,586,163 1,999,397 36

na = Value is undefined (divided by 0).

Note.-Calculations based on unrounded data.

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.
B-65

Table B–4

U.S. imports under AGOA1 and GSP, 2002, 2003, Jan.–June 2003, and Jan.–June 2004

2002 2003 Jan.–June 2003 Jan.–June 2004

Sector/Country AGOA GSP AGOA GSP AGOA GSP AGOA GSP

Dollars

Agricultural products

South Africa . . 123,722,536 47,160,024 132,655,151 29,322,997 43,190,667 8,587,384 50,769,548 12,977,404

Côte d’Ivoire . . 21,688,834 21,681,834 41,265,664 41,251,664 19,761,150 19,747,150 19,817,076 19,799,176

Malawi . . . . . . 35,499,271 5,583,659 36,858,262 23,411,165 8,715,457 4,624,029 19,459,529 13,020,829

Swaziland . . . . 6,779,206 6,573,302 6,995,610 6,746,023 152,166 0 122,981 0

Mozambique . . 5,713,206 5,713,206 5,384,711 5,384,711 0 0 0 0

Kenya . . . . . . . 2,860,074 1,247,514 5,309,129 1,032,977 1,447,629 682,221 4,339,381 1,328,790

Ghana . . . . . . 3,368,470 3,355,642 4,695,699 4,666,569 1,815,625 1,815,625 2,710,307 2,694,467

Congo (ROC) . 2,785,829 2,785,829 2,812,979 2,812,979 2,812,979 2,812,979 2,305,165 2,305,165

Nigeria . . . . . . 464,454 464,454 1,767,052 1,767,052 1,341,846 1,341,846 133,746 133,746

Mauritius . . . . . 5,061,297 5,061,297 1,301,974 1,301,974 492,807 492,807 837,811 837,811

Ethiopia . . . . . . 1,004,377 982,656 917,767 896,473 471,925 467,275 903,850 763,570

Tanzania . . . . . 811,319 300,653 474,274 215,195 344,815 97,736 564,395 101,597

Congo (DROC) 0 0 93,750 93,750 93,750 93,750 22,000 22,000

Madagascar . . 2,360,377 2,360,377 75,698 75,698 35,164 35,164 64,912 64,912

Guinea . . . . . . 9,850 9,850 63,340 63,340 34,431 34,431 4,190 4,190

Cape Verde . . 50,599 50,599 59,608 12,500 45,608 12,500 0 0

Zambia . . . . . . 60,328 8,678 53,140 53,140 11,000 11,000 0 0

Cameroon . . . . 8,324 8,324 38,213 38,213 8,851 8,851 7,974 6,924

Uganda . . . . . 12,506 0 29,512 21,144 4,888 0 1,007,766 1,007,766

Djibouti . . . . . . 23,035 23,035 26,779 26,779 8,616 8,616 33,208 33,208

Senegal . . . . . . 50,376 50,376 26,539 21,979 13,929 9,369 38,809 38,809

Sierra Leone . . 47,826 47,826 21,549 21,549 0 0 60,855 60,855

Namibia . . . . . 0 0 4,744 4,744 2,923 2,923 5,992 5,992

Botswana . . . . 38,250 38,250 0 0 0 0 0 0

Mali . . . . . . . . 15,700 15,700 0 0 0 0 0 0

Total . . . . . . 212,436,044 103,523,085 240,931,144 119,242,615 80,806,226 40,885,656 103,209,495 55,207,211

Chemical and related products

South Africa . . 134,334,265 130,446,977 175,347,572 166,189,264 90,314,565 86,337,427 106,561,962 96,666,384

Senegal . . . . . . 376,332 376,332 608,020 608,020 417,220 417,220 207,800 207,800

Swaziland . . . . 282,582 95,713 477,565 169,005 135,131 135,131 232,120 232,120

Kenya . . . . . . . 734,224 103,555 152,919 152,919 105,382 105,382 370,136 370,136

Lesotho . . . . . . 226,014 226,014 73,836 73,836 42,160 42,160 91,144 91,144

Sierra Leone . . 145,232 145,232 47,620 47,620 0 0 0 0

Niger . . . . . . . 0 0 36,445 36,445 36,445 36,445 0 0

Ethiopia . . . . . . 3,800 3,800 25,331 25,331 1,651 1,651 0 0

Mauritius . . . . . 37,369 37,369 12,355 12,355 9,839 9,839 968 968

Ghana . . . . . . 1,503 1,503 4,371 4,371 0 0 0 0

Côte d’Ivoire . . 2,080 2,080 0 0 0 0 2,440 2,440

Eritrea . . . . . . . 11,250 11,250 0 0 0 0 NAE NAE

Madagascar . . 3,267 3,267 0 0 0 0 68,868 68,868

Mali . . . . . . . . 6,048 6,048 0 0 0 0 1,200 1,200

Malawi . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 750 750

Rwanda . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,164 4,164

Uganda . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 600 600

Total . . . . . . 136,163,966 131,459,140 176,786,034 167,319,166 91,062,393 87,085,255 107,542,152 97,646,574

See footnote at end of table.
B-66

Table B–4—Continued

U.S. imports under AGOA1 and GSP, 2002, 2003, Jan.–June 2003, and Jan.–June 2004

2002 2003 Jan.–June 2003 Jan.–June 2004

Sector/Country AGOA GSP AGOA GSP AGOA GSP AGOA GSP

Dollars

Electronic products

South Africa . . 6,886,799 6,884,587 11,083,132 11,016,595 3,676,374 3,672,243 6,929,287 6,919,927

Mauritius . . . . . 1,853,755 1,853,755 1,611,446 1,611,446 962,197 962,197 756,022 756,022

Ethiopia . . . . . . 0 0 103,800 103,800 103,800 103,800 0 0

Kenya . . . . . . . 7,878 5,600 42,890 42,890 3,312 3,312 18,000 18,000

Swaziland . . . . 0 0 33,567 0 0 0 0 0

Chad . . . . . . . . 0 0 32,940 32,940 29,242 29,242 0 0

Ghana . . . . . . 0 0 11,636 11,636 0 0 0 0

Senegal 0 0 8,730 8,730 8,730 8,730 0 0

Tanzania . . . . . 0 0 6,000 6,000 6,000 6,000 0 0

Madagascar . . 42,075 42,075 0 0 0 0 0 0

Mauritania . . . 35,298 35,298 0 0 0 0 0 0

Niger . . . . . . . 3,625 3,625 0 0 0 0 0 0

Nigeria . . . . . . 2,648 2,648 0 0 0 0 14,100 14,100

Total . . . . . . 8,832,078 8,827,588 12,934,141 12,834,037 4,789,655 4,785,524 7,717,409 7,708,049

Energy–related products

Nigeria . . . . . . 5,409,166,504 0 9,353,913,106 0 4,633,121,265 0 6,931,934,358 0

Gabon . . . . . . 1,145,478,260 0 1,177,431,094 0 499,634,297 0 800,107,543 0

Congo (ROC) . 103,308,158 0 337,898,690 0 160,209,221 0 98,603,514 0

Cameroon . . . . 115,542,306 0 146,745,936 0 33,784,083 0 124,911,152 0

Congo (DROC) 0 0 119,210,156 119,210,156 60,117,369 60,117,369 47,473,797 47,473,797

Côte d’Ivoire . . 27,257,725 0 46,346,627 0 5,558,091 0 45,002,250 0

Ghana . . . . . . 22,657,164 0 24,870,591 0 18,627,906 0 18,785,413 0

Chad . . . . . . . . 0 0 14,438,044 0 0 0 187,055,718 95,663,670

South Africa . . 866,196 0 2,829,584 9,630 2,829,584 9,630 0 0

Angola . . . . . . NAE NAE NAE NAE NAE NAE 1,858,095,512 1,375,154,53

0

Total . . . . . . 6,824,276,313 0 11,223,683,828 119,219,786 5,413,881,816 60,126,999 10,111,969,257 1,518,291,997

Footwear

South Africa . . 289,997 0 789,389 0 411,410 0 412,373 0

Kenya . . . . . . . 6,024 0 8,604 0 6,860 0 24,631 0

Senegal . . . . . . 450 0 1,077 0 0 0 3,368 0

Nigeria . . . . . . 522 0 999 0 999 0 0 0

Ethiopia . . . . . . 320 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Ghana . . . . . . 1,190 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Tanzania . . . . . 1,990 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

Côte d’Ivoire . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,160 0

Total . . . . . . 300,493 0 800,069 0 419,269 0 442,532 0

Forest products

South Africa . . 17,467,365 17,442,803 22,849,058 22,827,022 11,152,577 11,140,354 10,044,460 10,026,659

Ghana . . . . . . 7,301,451 7,297,460 6,149,819 6,149,819 2,904,082 2,904,082 2,770,346 2,770,346

Kenya . . . . . . . 2,447,583 2,447,583 1,581,797 1,575,384 796,927 790,514 663,534 663,270

Madagascar . . 873,360 650,848 1,242,597 1,014,302 580,947 410,371 503,130 292,147

Zambia . . . . . . 20,278 20,278 435,457 435,457 93,241 93,241 254,027 254,027

Tanzania . . . . . 239,229 239,229 203,190 203,190 51,032 51,032 98,979 98,979

Cameroon . . . . 168,009 168,009 193,752 193,752 43,170 43,170 81,208 81,208

Namibia . . . . . 161,491 161,491 142,345 142,345 46,061 46,061 82,410 82,410

Côte d’Ivoire . . 499,563 499,563 126,991 126,991 95,917 95,917 62,320 62,320

See footnote at end of table.
B-67

Table B–4—Continued

U.S. imports under AGOA1 and GSP, 2002, 2003, Jan.–June 2003, and Jan.–June 2004

2002 2003 Jan.–June 2003 Jan.–June 2004

Sector/Country AGOA GSP AGOA GSP AGOA GSP AGOA GSP

Dollars

Forest products–cont.

Mali . . . . . . . . 48,025 48,025 65,137 65,137 41,412 41,412 31,925 31,925

Guinea . . . . . . 34,640 34,640 61,171 61,171 21,370 21,370 12,500 12,500

Swaziland . . . . 270,049 270,049 52,245 51,550 2,877 2,182 2,080 2,080

Congo (ROC) . 0 0 48,129 48,129 48,129 48,129 0 0

Senegal . . . . . . 22,209 22,209 39,653 37,953 9,716 9,716 41,340 41,340

Uganda . . . . . 13,621 13,621 39,146 39,146 20,785 20,785 16,575 16,575

Nigeria . . . . . . 13,248 8,586 35,672 35,672 8,631 8,631 8,711 8,711

Gabon . . . . . . 149,133 149,133 18,432 18,432 0 0 0 0

Congo (DROC) 0 0 16,920 16,920 12,200 12,200 0 0

Ethiopia . . . . . . 12,485 12,485 16,169 16,169 13,709 13,709 0 0

Mozambique . . 16,273 16,273 16,025 16,025 13,883 13,883 0 0

Gambia . . . . . 0 0 13,000 13,000 7,000 7,000 14,000 14,000

Malawi . . . . . . 0 0 9,304 8,413 891 0 0 0

Rwanda . . . . . 10,100 10,100 6,385 6,385 0 0 0 0

Mauritius . . . . . 0 0 4,800 4,800 0 0 0 0

Seychelles . . . . 0 0 2,967 2,967 2,967 2,967 0 0

Niger . . . . . . . 2,774 2,774 0 0 0 0 4,999 4,999

Sierra Leone . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 4,552 4,552

Central African

Republic . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 NAE NAE

Benin . . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 3,000 3,000

Total . . . . . . 29,770,886 29,515,159 33,370,161 33,110,131 15,967,524 15,776,726 14,700,096 14,471,048

Machinery

South Africa . . 17,770,826 17,762,797 11,047,660 11,044,283 5,965,980 5,965,980 5,646,452 5,643,277

Kenya . . . . . . . 45,052 45,052 38,520 38,520 0 0 0 0

Ethiopia . . . . . . 2,381 2,381 29,613 29,613 21,473 21,473 0 0

Senegal . . . . . . 0 0 8,496 8,496 8,496 8,496 0 0

Chad . . . . . . . . 0 0 6,616 6,616 6,616 6,616 0 0

Sierra Leone . . 10,104 10,104 5,587 5,587 0 0 26,677 26,677

Mauritania . . . 0 0 3,433 3,433 0 0 0 0

Mauritius . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 20,500 20,500

Nigeria . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 245,900 245,900

Total . . . . . . 17,828,363 17,820,334 11,139,925 11,136,548 6,002,565 6,002,565 5,939,529 5,936,354

Minerals and metals

South Africa . . 371,500,868 233,199,174 397,226,057 278,118,061 185,405,096 118,403,533 241,717,911 198,878,320

Namibia . . . . . 0 0 14,465,416 14,465,416 0 0 32,206,076 32,206,076

Kenya . . . . . . . 530,105 320,957 247,025 247,025 148,827 148,827 37,389 37,389

Ghana . . . . . . 349,542 349,542 167,323 167,323 157,276 157,276 47,971 42,787

Congo (DROC) 0 0 108,331 108,331 5,500 5,500 485,231 485,231

Nigeria . . . . . . 2,398 0 72,757 72,757 41,571 41,571 22,874 22,874

Swaziland . . . . 18,648 0 46,522 2,282 15,753 2,282 0 0

Madagascar . . 103,947 103,947 34,203 31,203 31,203 31,203 96,286 96,286

Côte d’Ivoire . . 3,000 3,000 28,103 28,103 28,103 28,103 0 0

Ethiopia . . . . . . 0 0 26,623 26,623 19,050 19,050 0 0

Zambia . . . . . . 0 0 20,930 20,930 0 0 0 0

Mauritius . . . . . 15,998 15,998 20,891 20,891 0 0 0 0

See footnote at end of table.
B-68

Table B–4—Continued

U.S. imports under AGOA1 and GSP, 2002, 2003, Jan.–June 2003, and Jan.–June 2004

2002 2003 Jan.–June 2003 Jan.–June 2004

Sector/Country AGOA GSP AGOA GSP AGOA GSP AGOA GSP

Dollars

Minerals and metals–cont.

Congo (ROC) . 13,740 13,740 15,076 15,076 15,076 15,076 0 0

Guinea . . . . . . 0 0 11,628 11,628 11,628 11,628 0 0

Mali . . . . . . . . 208,000 208,000 11,269 11,269 6,274 6,274 0 0

Tanzania . . . . . 105,271 105,271 9,500 9,500 0 0 0 0

Cameroon . . . . 5,405 5,405 4,324 4,324 4,324 4,324 2,247 2,247

Uganda . . . . . 0 0 3,000 3,000 0 0 13,057 0

Botswana . . . . 97,778 97,778 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sierra Leone . . 6,006 6,006 0 0 0 0 60,567 60,567

Niger . . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 3,249 3,249

Angola . . . . . . NAE NAE NAE NAE NAE NAE 6,198 6,198

Total . . . . . . 372,960,706 234,428,818 412,518,978 293,363,742 185,889,681 118,874,647 274,699,056 231,841,224

Miscellaneous manufactures

South Africa . . 36,755,871 35,892,077 52,210,175 50,432,512 20,013,586 19,313,438 25,981,965 24,651,733

Mauritius . . . . . 795,401 795,401 4,914,206 4,914,206 372,073 372,073 930,190 930,190

Kenya . . . . . . . 698,272 692,590 774,185 744,154 405,477 386,247 545,601 405,629

Ghana . . . . . . 814,703 813,191 425,110 423,050 215,311 213,251 235,998 233,428

Madagascar . . 217,149 217,149 345,259 345,259 215,288 215,288 587,870 587,870

Mali . . . . . . . . 63,298 61,827 184,274 183,924 62,786 62,436 0 0

Guinea . . . . . . 23,700 23,700 57,490 57,490 31,860 31,860 17,439 17,439

Côte d’Ivoire . . 90,306 90,306 49,115 49,115 9,504 9,504 9,604 9,604

Central African

Republic . . . 191,774 191,774 43,097 43,097 0 0 NAE NAE

Congo (DROC) 0 0 42,312 42,312 28,177 28,177 15,624 15,624

Cameroon . . . . 79,276 79,276 28,706 28,706 21,834 21,834 36,479 36,479

Senegal . . . . . . 49,746 49,746 26,666 22,653 12,753 10,683 4,755 4,755

Niger . . . . . . . 15,404 15,004 25,672 23,872 23,872 23,872 13,770 13,770

Nigeria . . . . . . 9,834 7,462 16,486 16,486 5,943 5,943 2,900 2,900

Congo (ROC) . 25,549 25,549 14,848 14,848 4,823 4,823 7,000 7,000

Tanzania . . . . . 7,838 6,348 9,029 9,029 2,024 2,024 9,903 9,903

Namibia . . . . . 3,953 0 7,237 7,237 7,237 7,237 12,300 12,300

Gambia . . . . . 0 0 6,783 6,783 0 0 0 0

Uganda . . . . . 5,759 5,759 3,820 3,820 3,820 3,820 4,644 4,644

Ethiopia . . . . . . 0 0 3,095 3,095 3,095 3,095 0 0

Botswana . . . . 734,987 734,987 0 0 0 0 0 0

Sierra Leone . . 7,810 7,810 0 0 0 0 0 0

Zambia . . . . . . 2,209 2,209 0 0 0 0 0 0

Seychelles . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 2,750 2,750

Total . . . . . . 40,592,839 39,712,165 59,187,565 57,371,648 21,439,463 20,715,605 28,418,792 26,946,018

Transportation

South Africa . . 544,706,434 61,353,875 731,346,848 96,960,977 326,138,713 40,076,543 287,707,790 53,522,045

Nigeria . . . . . . 0 0 204,584 204,584 204,584 204,584 0 0

Mauritius . . . . . 0 0 48,916 48,916 48,916 48,916 0 0

Côte d’Ivoire . . 4,303 4,303 16,016 16,016 0 0 0 0

Ethiopia . . . . . . 0 0 12,000 12,000 12,000 12,000 0 0

Gabon . . . . . . 0 0 8,047 8,047 8,047 8,047 0 0

Sierra Leone . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 44,667 44,667

Tanzania . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 6,615 6,615

Total . . . . . . 544,710,737 61,358,178 731,636,411 97,250,540 326,412,260 40,350,090 287,759,072 53,573,327

See footnote at end of table.
B-69

Table B–4—Continued

U.S. imports under AGOA1 and GSP, 2002, 2003, Jan.–June 2003, and Jan.–June 2004

2002 2003 Jan.–June 2003 Jan.–June 2004

Sector/Country AGOA GSP AGOA GSP AGOA GSP AGOA GSP

Dollars

Textiles and apparel

Lesotho . . . . . . 317,803,078 0 372,600,486 56,592 166,455,175 34,704 198,097,397 74,664

Madagascar . . 76,127,920 511,965 186,181,046 225,090 60,007,522 60,829 120,494,469 160,027

Kenya . . . . . . . 121,880,573 10,386 176,286,039 8,178 86,746,363 7,858 125,773,879 31,568

Mauritius . . . . . 106,527,814 0 135,162,249 51,311 62,352,183 0 73,167,285 0

South Africa . . 88,292,479 2,899,363 131,188,156 4,231,055 55,805,149 1,838,866 54,564,440 2,288,244

Swaziland . . . . 73,901,023 0 126,369,084 726 53,608,211 0 72,535,057 0

Namibia . . . . . 1,551,705 12,402 32,135,107 2,973 9,147,198 0 24,192,180 0

Malawi . . . . . . 11,404,806 295 22,388,748 0 10,515,846 0 13,743,578 0

Botswana . . . . 3,707,452 0 6,323,660 0 2,209,170 0 7,936,328 0

Ghana . . . . . . 336,248 12,093 4,261,311 6,721 1,997,301 4,431 4,091,966 8,850

Mozambique . . 186,167 0 2,516,333 0 1,693,291 0 803,464 0

Cape Verde . . 0 0 2,405,300 0 824,034 0 1,160,264 0

Ethiopia . . . . . . 1,297,077 0 1,750,717 0 801,454 0 1,812,677 680

Uganda . . . . . 0 0 1,433,346 0 457,163 0 1,585,203 0

Tanzania . . . . . 127,180 2,824 866,991 16,159 365,174 0 950,260 16,439

Côte d’Ivoire . . 187,077 187,077 204,041 204,041 131,830 131,830 72,303 72,303

Mali . . . . . . . . 979 979 1,699 1,699 1,699 1,699 721 721

Nigeria . . . . . . 0 0 1,393 1,393 858 858 300 300

Senegal . . . . . . 375 375 1,135 1,135 1,135 1,135 0 0

Niger . . . . . . . 0 0 400 400 0 0 0 0

Cameroon . . . . 525 525 0 0 0 0 0 0

Zambia . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 367 367

Nigeria . . . . . . 0 0 0 0 0 0 300 300

Total . . . . . . 803,332,478 3,638,284 1,202,077,241 4,807,473 513,120,756 2,082,210 700,982,438 2,654,463

Grand total . 8,991,204,903 630,282,751 14,105,065,497 915,655,686 6,659,791,608 396,685,277 11,643,379,828 2,014,276,265

1 AGOA includes the GSP provisions.

NAE = “Not AGOA Eligible”

Note.—Calculations based on unrounded data.

Source: Compiled from official statistics of the U.S. Department of Commerce.