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The Honorable Henry E. Autrey, United States District Judge for the Eastern

District of Missouri.

United States Court of Appeals

FOR THE EIGHTH CIRCUIT

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No. 06-2696

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United States of America, *

*

Plaintiff - Appellee, *

* Appeal from the United States

v. * District Court for the Eastern

* District of Missouri.

Emilio Jose Saenz, * 

* 

Defendant - Appellant. * 

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Submitted: December 11, 2006

Filed: January 29, 2007

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Before LOKEN, Chief Judge, MURPHY, and SHEPHERD, Circuit Judges.

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MURPHY, Circuit Judge.

A jury convicted Emilio Jose Saenz of one count of conspiracy to distribute and

possess with the intent to distribute more than five kilograms of cocaine, in violation

of 21 U.S.C. § § 841 (a)(1) and 846. The district court1

 sentenced Saenz to 210

months imprisonment. Saenz appeals, claiming that the evidence resulting from a

vehicle search should have been suppressed. We affirm.
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In June 2005 the St. Charles police began investigating a series of money orders

sent by a city resident, Simon Hernandez, to individuals in Albuquerque, New

Mexico. They then discovered that on July 5, 2005 Hernandez sent a moneygram in

the amount of $3125 to a Melissa Saenz in Texas (Melissa is the sister of appellant

Emilio Saenz). A confidential source informed the police on September 27, 2005 that

Melissa was staying in the St. Charles area and that a vehicle registered to Emilio

Saenz was parked outside the residence of Simon Hernandez. The police initiated

surveillance on the house, and observed a red pickup truck with Texas license plates

parked outside. A record check revealed that the truck was registered to Emilio Saenz.

During the course of the surveillance on September 27, officers observed two

individuals, later identified as Emilio and Melissa Saenz, arrive at the Hernandez

house at approximately 1:30 p.m. in a blue Ford F150 truck with temporary Texas

license plates. At approximately 6:30 p.m. the blue truck was backed into the garage.

Thirty minutes later Emilio Saenz drove it out with Melissa sitting in the passenger

seat. The police tracked the truck to a gas station, where Melissa moved into the

driver seat. Officers then followed the blue truck as it drove onto eastbound interstate

70, and turned onto southbound interstate 270 and then westbound interstate 44, a

route the police knew was often used for drug trafficking. Officers observed the truck

make improper lane changes and arranged to have a uniformed officer stop it. 

Officer David Doyle was informed that Emilio and Melissa Saenz were being

investigated for drug trafficking and that their truck had made improper lane changes

and was asked to pull over the vehicle. Officer Doyle identified the truck and

followed it until he reached a spot where it was safe to stop it. Several detectives from

the investigative team soon arrived at the scene and separated Melissa and Emilio for

questioning. Both of them told officers that they had traveled to Missouri to sell the

red pickup truck to Hernandez. Emilio said he did not know the sale price of the

vehicle and denied that the money from the sale was in the blue truck. Melissa also
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did not know the sale price but indicated that she thought the proceeds were in the

truck. 

The officers asked the suspects to move the truck to an exit ramp to avoid

interrupting traffic. Officers David Senter and Gary Sodoma each asked Emilio Saenz

if they could search the vehicle; Emilio consented both at the original stop and after

the truck was moved. Melissa also gave her consent to the search. Detective Sodoma

then obtained Emilio's permission to use his drug dog, and the dog alerted to the back

of the truck. The officers observed that the spare tire appeared to have been recently

removed so they picked it up, tapped it, and rolled it. It appeared to them that

something solid was inside the tire. When they cut it open, they found several bundles

of currency which amounted to $128,160 when counted. Melissa and Emilio Saenz

were arrested. At Emilio's booking, $3500 in cash was seized from his person. 

Special agents from the Drug Enforcement Administration, Steve Hofer and Jim

McHugh, were notified of the stop and arrived at the scene after the tire had been cut

open. They took the cash into custody, and Agent Hofer obtained a search warrant for

Hernandez's house. A search of his home pursuant to the warrant discovered

approximately six kilograms of cocaine. The agents also found a money counter and

rolls of packing tape like that used to seal the bundles of cash hidden in the truck. 

Emilio Saenz and three other defendants were charged in an indictment with

conspiracy to distribute and possess with the intent to distribute more than five

kilograms of cocaine, in violation of 21 U.S.C. § § 841(a)(1) and 846. He moved to

suppress the evidence seized in the blue truck, and an evidentiary hearing was held

before a magistrate judge who issued a report and recommendation finding that Emilio

and Melissa Saenz voluntarily consented to the search of the truck. The district court

adopted the report and recommendation and denied the motion to suppress. A jury

trial was held in March 2006 during which Officers Doyle, Senter, and Sodoma

described their investigation. Senter and Sodoma testified that Emilio Saenz had

consented to the search, and Simon Hernandez, who had been indicted as a
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codefendant, also testified against Emilio. The jury found him guilty as charged. On

his appeal Saenz argues that the district court erred in finding that he voluntarily

consented to the search and in denying his motion to suppress. 

Saenz first argues that the officers were not justified in stopping his truck

because there was no proof of a traffic violation and there were insufficient grounds

for a stop based on reasonable suspicion. He points out that the police video on

Doyle's squad car did not show any traffic violation, that no traffic ticket was issued

until the next day, and that the government abandoned its reliance on the traffic

violation to focus on reasonable suspicion midway through the prosecution,

suggesting pretext. He argues that the officers did not have reasonable suspicion

because a $3125 money transfer was not a large enough amount to be consistent with

drug trafficking and the money was sent too early for it to have been related to the

Saenzs' trip to St. Charles. Emilio also contends that if the officers had reasonable

suspicion to make the initial stop, it expired before they cut open the spare tire, citing

United States v. Watts, 7 F.3d 122, 126 (8th Cir. 1993). He argues that the

government's reliance on the inconsistent stories told by him and Melissa to justify use

of the drug dog is misplaced and that the inconsistencies in their answers could be

reconciled. 

 

The government responds that the traffic stop was justified because the officers

had reasonable suspicion that the Saenzs were involved in drug trafficking and

because they had observed lane change violations. The government points out that the

officers followed the truck onto three different highways, two officers testified during

trial that they witnessed lane violations, and Doyle's camera only recorded the truck's

movement for one minute prior to its being pulled over. The government also asserts

that the primary reason for the stop was the officers' reasonable suspicion that Emilio

and Melissa were involved in drug trafficking. That suspicion was based on the money

transfer, the information from the confidential source, and the thirty minute stop inside

Hernandez's garage before the truck departed on a common drug route.
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The denial of a motion to suppress is reviewed de novo with the underlying

factual determinations reviewed for clear error. United States v. Carpenter, 422 F.3d

738, 744 (8th Cir. 2005). An officer is allowed to stop and briefly detain a person for

investigative purposes if the officer has a reasonable suspicion supported by

articulable facts that criminal activity may be afoot. Terry v. Ohio, 392 U.S. 1, 30

(1968). Here, the officers had more than a mere hunch to justify the stop. See Terry,

392 U.S. at 27. The officers knew of the wire transfer from Hernandez to Melissa

Saenz, they had received information from a confidential source that she was visiting

St. Charles, and they confirmed the presence of Emilio Saenz's vehicle at Hernandez's

house. The officers also witnessed the blue pickup truck enter the garage and leave

thirty minutes later, consistent with the unloading or loading of drugs or drug profits.

We conclude that the officers had reasonable suspicion to pull over the truck.

Moreover, that suspicion did not dissolve after they talked with Emilio and Melissa

Saenz because neither could name the sale price of the red truck which they both said

they had sold to Hernandez and they gave conflicting responses about the location of

the money they claimed to have received from the vehicle sale. We conclude the

district court did not err in denying the motion to suppress.

Saenz contends that the district court erred by finding that he gave voluntary

consent to search the truck. He argues that he and Melissa were coerced when they

were asked to moved the truck to an isolated road and were confronted by multiple

officers. He complains that he was not given his Miranda warning until after the

search and that the officers should have given him a written consent form.

Furthermore, he asserts that the use of the drug dog suggests the officers did not think

they had received voluntary consent. 

The voluntariness of a consent to a search is a factual question that is reviewed

for clear error. United States v. Hines, 387 F.3d 690, 694 (8th Cir. 2004). A consent

is voluntary if the consenting individual had "a reasonable appreciation of the nature

and significance of his actions." United States v. Rambo, 789 F.2d 1289, 1297 (8th
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Cir. 1986). Consent can be given orally or in writing, and it is not necessary to use

a written consent form. United States v. Siwek, 453 F.3d 1079, 1084 (8th Cir. 2006).

We have not required an officer to provide Miranda warnings before requesting

consent to search or held that an absence of Miranda warnings would make an

otherwise voluntary consent involuntary. United States v. Payne, 119 F.3d 637, 643

(8th Cir. 1997). The government must prove by a preponderance of the evidence that

the consent was voluntary. United States v. Czeck, 105 F.3d 1235, 1239 (8th Cir.

1997).

We examine the totality of the circumstances to evaluate whether consent was

voluntary. United States v. Chaidez, 906 F.2d 377, 380-81(8th Cir. 1990). The

following factors are relevant to determining whether Emilio's consent was voluntary:

1) his age; 2) his general intelligence and education; 3) whether he was intoxicated at

the time; 4) whether he consented after being informed of his Miranda rights; and 5)

whether he was aware of his rights and protections due to previous arrests. See id. at

381. Other relevant circumstances include: 1) the length of time the subject was

detained; 2) whether the officers acted in a threatening manner; 3) whether any

promises or misrepresentations were made; 4) whether the subject was in custody or

under arrest at the time; 5) whether the consent occurred in public; and 6) whether the

subject was silent as the search was conducted. Id.

Here, Emilio was in his thirties, did not seem to be under the influence of drugs

or alcohol, and appeared to be of normal intelligence. The officers' request to move

the truck to a safer area with less traffic was not coercive, nor did they use threats,

offer improper promises, or suggest that Emilio could not refuse consent. His

detention was for a short period of time, and Emilio gave his consent to at least two

officers. During the search he was silent and did not complain or question the

officers, but instead offered oral consent again when Officer Sodoma asked if the

officers could use the drug dog. Even though no Miranda warning was given until

after the search was completed, this does not nullify his otherwise voluntary consent.

The district court properly weighed the factors identified in United States v. Chaidez,
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and we conclude it did not clearly err by finding that Emilio Saenz voluntarily

consented to the search of the truck. 

Accordingly, we affirm the judgment of the district court.

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