2023

Instructions for Form 8606

Nondeductible IRAs

Department of the Treasury

Internal Revenue Service

Section references are to the Internal Revenue Code 

unless otherwise noted.

Future Developments

For the latest information about developments related to 

2023 Form 8606 and its instructions, such as legislation 

enacted after they were published, go to IRS.gov/

Form8606.

What's New

SEP IRAs and SIMPLE IRAs. Section 601 of the Secure 

2.0 Act of 2022 allows for the creation of Roth accounts for 

SEP IRAs and SIMPLE IRAs beginning January 1, 2023. 

As a result, accounts we had previously referred to as 

“SEP IRAs” and “SIMPLE IRAs” in these instructions will 

now be called traditional SEP and traditional SIMPLE 

IRAs, respectively. We will refer to the newly enacted Roth 

accounts as “Roth SEP IRAs” and “Roth SIMPLE IRAs,” 

respectively. See SEP IRAs: Traditional and Roth and 

SIMPLE IRAs: Traditional and Roth, later.

References to 2023 Form 8915-F. References to 2023 

Form 8915-F in these instructions are to 2023 Form 

8915-F (2021 disasters), 2023 Form 8915-F (2022 

disasters), and 2023 Form 8915-F (2023 disasters), as 

described below.

Form 8915-F is called Form 8915-F (2021 disasters) 

when the qualified disasters began in 2021. 2023 Form 

8915-F (2021 disasters) is used to report qualified 2021 

disaster distributions made in 2023 and repayments of 

those distributions made for 2023.

Form 8915-F is called Form 8915-F (2022 disasters) 

when the qualified disasters began in 2022. 2023 Form 

8915-F (2022 disasters) is used to report qualified 2022 

disaster distributions made in 2023, qualified distributions 

received in 2023 for the purchase or construction of a 

main home in the area of a 2022 disaster and reportable 

in 2023 on Part IV of 2023 Form 8915-F (2022 disasters), 

and repayments of those distributions made for 2023.

Form 8915-F is called Form 8915-F (2023 disasters) 

when the qualified disasters began in 2023. 2023 Form 

8915-F (2023 disasters) is used to report qualified 2023 

disaster distributions made in 2023, qualified distributions 

received in 2023 for the purchase or construction of a 

main home in the area of a 2023 disaster and reportable 

in 2023 on Part IV of 2023 Form 8915-F (2023 disasters), 

and repayments of those distributions made for 2023.

2023 Forms 8915-F are relevant to the calculations on 

Form 8606, lines 6, 7, 15b, 19, and 25b. The instructions 

for those lines have been updated as needed.

Certain corrective distributions not subject to 10% 

early distribution tax. Beginning with distributions made 

on December 29, 2022, and after, the 10% additional tax 

on early distributions will not apply to a corrective IRA 

distribution, which consists of an excessive contribution (a 

contribution greater than the IRA contribution limit) and 

any earnings (the portion of the distribution subject to the 

10% additional tax) allocable to the excessive 

contribution, as long as the corrective distribution is made 

on or before the due date (including extensions) of the 

income tax return. See Pub. 590-B, Distributions from 

Individual Retirement Arrangements (IRAs), for more 

details.

Coronavirus-related distributions. Coronavirus-related 

distributions don't appear on 2023 Form 8606 and aren't 

mentioned in these instructions, as they can't be made 

after December 30, 2020.

Modified AGI limit for Roth IRA contributions increased. You can contribute to a Roth IRA for 2023 only if 

your 2023 modified adjusted gross income (AGI) for Roth 

IRA purposes is less than:

• $228,000 if married filing jointly or qualifying surviving 

spouse;

• $153,000 if single, head of household, or married filing 

separately and you didn’t live with your spouse at any time 

in 2023; or

• $10,000 if married filing separately and you lived with 

your spouse at any time in 2023.

See Roth IRAs, later.

Due date for contributions. The due date for making 

contributions for 2023 to your IRA for most people is 

Monday, April 15, 2024.

General Instructions

Purpose of Form

Use Form 8606 to report:

• Nondeductible contributions you made to traditional 

IRAs;

• Distributions from traditional, traditional SEP, or 

traditional SIMPLE IRAs, if you have a basis in these IRAs;

• Conversions from traditional, traditional SEP, or 

traditional SIMPLE IRAs to Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth 

SIMPLE IRAs; and

• Distributions from Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE 

IRAs.

Additional information. For more details on IRAs, see 

Pub. 590-A, Contributions to Individual Retirement 

Arrangements; Pub. 590-B; and Pub. 560, Retirement 

Plans for Small Business.

If you received distributions from a traditional, 

traditional SEP, or traditional SIMPLE IRA in 2023 

and you have never made nondeductible 

contributions (including nontaxable amounts you rolled 

over from a qualified retirement plan) to these IRAs, don’t 

report the distributions on 2023 Form 8606. Instead, see 

TIP

Jan 5, 2024 Cat. No. 25399E
Lines 4a and 4b in the 2023 Instructions for Form 1040 or 

the 2023 Instructions for Form 1040-NR. Also, to find out if 

any of your contributions to traditional IRAs are deductible, 

see the instructions for Schedule 1 in the Instructions for 

Form 1040.

Who Must File

File Form 8606 if any of the following apply.

• You made nondeductible contributions to a traditional 

IRA for 2023, including a repayment of a qualified disaster, 

a qualified reservist, or a qualified birth or adoption 

distribution.

• You received distributions from a traditional, traditional 

SEP, or traditional SIMPLE IRA in 2023 and your basis in 

these IRAs is more than zero. For this purpose, a 

distribution doesn’t include a distribution that is rolled over 

(other than a repayment of a qualified disaster distribution 

(see 2023 Form 8915-F)), qualified charitable distribution, 

one-time distribution to fund an HSA, conversion, 

recharacterization, or return of certain contributions.

• You or your spouse transferred all or part of their 

traditional, traditional SEP, or traditional SIMPLE IRA in 

2023 to the other spouse under a divorce or separation 

agreement where the transfer resulted in a change in the 

basis of the IRA of either spouse.

• You converted an amount from a traditional, traditional 

SEP, or traditional SIMPLE IRA to a Roth, Roth SEP, or 

Roth SIMPLE IRA in 2023.

• You received distributions from a Roth, Roth SEP, or 

Roth SIMPLE IRA in 2023 (other than a rollover, 

recharacterization, or return of certain contributions—see 

the instructions for Part III, later).

• You received a distribution from an inherited traditional, 

traditional SEP, or traditional SIMPLE IRA that has a basis, 

or you received a distribution from an inherited Roth, Roth 

SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRA that wasn’t a qualified 

distribution. You may need to file more than one Form 

8606. See IRA with basis under What if You Inherit an 

IRA? in Pub. 590-B for more information.

Note. If you recharacterized a 2023 Roth IRA contribution 

as a traditional IRA contribution, or vice versa, treat the 

contribution as having been made to the second IRA, not 

the first IRA. See Recharacterizations, later.

You don’t have to file Form 8606 solely to report 

regular contributions to Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth 

SIMPLE IRAs. But see What Records Must I 

Keep, later.

When and Where To File

File 2023 Form 8606 with your 2023 Form 1040, 

1040-SR, or 1040-NR by the due date, including 

extensions, of your return.

If you aren’t required to file an income tax return but are 

required to file Form 8606, sign Form 8606 and send it to 

the IRS at the same time and place you would otherwise 

file Form 1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR. Be sure to include 

your address on page 1 of the form and your signature 

and the date on page 2 of the form.

TIP

Definitions

Deemed IRAs

A qualified employer plan (retirement plan) can maintain a 

separate account or annuity under the plan (a deemed 

IRA) to receive voluntary employee contributions. If in 

2023 you had a deemed IRA, use the rules for either a 

traditional IRA or a Roth IRA depending on which type it 

was. See Pub. 590-A for more details.

Traditional IRAs

For purposes of Form 8606, a traditional IRA is an 

individual retirement account or an individual retirement 

annuity other than a traditional SIMPLE, Roth, Roth SEP, 

or Roth SIMPLE IRA. A traditional SEP IRA is a traditional 

IRA to which contributions under a SEP plan are made.

Contributions. An overall contribution limit applies to 

traditional IRAs. See Overall Contribution Limit for 

Traditional and Roth IRAs, later. Contributions to a 

traditional IRA may be fully deductible, partially 

deductible, or completely nondeductible.

Basis. Your basis in traditional, traditional SEP, and 

traditional SIMPLE IRAs is the total of all your 

nondeductible contributions and nontaxable amounts 

included in rollovers made to these IRAs minus the total of 

all your nontaxable distributions, adjusted if necessary 

(see the instructions for line 2, later).

Keep track of your basis to figure the nontaxable 

part of your future distributions.

SEP IRAs: Traditional and Roth

Prior to January 1, 2023, traditional SEP IRAs 

were called SEP IRAs in these instructions. The 

term "traditional" was added to the name to 

distinguish them from Roth SEP IRAs, which were 

introduced in section 601 of the Secure 2.0 Act of 2022 

and effective beginning January 1, 2023.

A simplified employee pension (SEP) plan is an 

employer-sponsored plan under which an employer can 

make contributions to a traditional IRA (traditional SEP 

IRA) or a Roth IRA (Roth SEP IRA) for its employees. If 

you make contributions to a traditional SEP IRA (excluding 

employer contributions you make if you are 

self-employed), they are treated as contributions to a 

traditional IRA and may be deductible or nondeductible. 

Traditional SEP IRA distributions are reported in the same 

manner as traditional IRA distributions.

Beginning January 1, 2023, employers can contribute 

to Roth SEP IRAs under a SEP plan. Contributions to a 

Roth SEP IRA are nondeductible and includible in income. 

Roth SEP IRA distributions are reported in the same 

manner as Roth IRA distributions.

CAUTION

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2 Instructions for Form 8606 (2023)
SIMPLE IRAs: Traditional and Roth

Prior to January 1, 2023, traditional SIMPLE IRAs 

were simply called SIMPLE IRAs in these 

instructions. The term "traditional" was added to 

the name to distinguish them from Roth SIMPLE IRAs, 

which were introduced in section 601 of the Secure 2.0 

Act of 2022 and effective beginning January 1, 2023.

A SIMPLE IRA plan is a tax-favored retirement plan 

under which certain small employers (including 

self-employed individuals) can make contributions to 

traditional IRAs (traditional SIMPLE IRAs) or Roth IRAs 

(Roth SIMPLE IRAs) for their employees. Your employer's 

contributions to a SIMPLE IRA plan don't prevent you from 

making contributions to a traditional IRA or Roth IRA. 

SIMPLE IRA plans are also known as Savings Incentive 

Match Plans for Employees.

Beginning January 1, 2023, certain small employers 

(including self-employed individuals) can contribute to 

Roth SIMPLE IRAs under a SIMPLE IRA plan. 

Contributions to a Roth SIMPLE IRA are nondeductible 

and includible in income.

Roth IRAs

A Roth IRA is similar to a traditional IRA, but has the 

following features.

• Contributions are never deductible.

• No minimum distributions are required during the Roth 

IRA owner's lifetime.

• Qualified distributions aren’t includible in income.

Qualified distribution. Generally, a qualified distribution 

is any distribution from your Roth IRA that meets the 

following requirements.

1. It is made after the 5-year period beginning with the 

first year for which a contribution was made to a Roth IRA 

(including a conversion or a rollover from a qualified 

retirement plan) set up for your benefit.

2. The distribution is made:

a. On or after the date you reach age 591/2,

b. After your death,

c. Due to your disability, or

d. For qualified first-time homebuyer expenses.

Contributions. You can contribute to a Roth IRA for 2023 

only if your 2023 modified AGI for Roth IRA purposes is 

less than:

• $228,000 if married filing jointly or qualifying surviving 

spouse;

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• $153,000 if single, head of household, or married filing 

separately and you didn’t live with your spouse at any time 

in 2023; or

• $10,000 if married filing separately and you lived with 

your spouse at any time in 2023.

Use the Maximum Roth IRA Contribution Worksheet to 

figure the maximum amount you can contribute to a Roth 

IRA for 2023. If you are married filing jointly, complete 

the worksheet separately for you and your spouse.

If you contributed too much to your Roth IRA, see 

Recharacterizations, later.

Modified AGI for Roth IRA purposes. First, figure your 

AGI (2023 Form 1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR, line 11). 

Then, refigure it by:

1. Subtracting:

a. Roth IRA conversions included on Form 1040, 

1040-SR, or 1040-NR, line 4b; and

b. Roth IRA rollovers from qualified retirement plans 

included on Form 1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR, line 5b; 

and

2. Adding:

a. IRA deduction from Schedule 1 (Form 1040), 

line 20;

b. Student loan interest deduction from Schedule 1 

(Form 1040), line 21;

c. Reserved for future use;

d. Exclusion of interest from Form 8815, Exclusion of 

Interest From Series EE and I U.S. Savings Bonds Issued 

After 1989;

e. Exclusion of employer-provided adoption benefits 

from Form 8839, Qualified Adoption Expenses;

f. Foreign earned income exclusion from Form 2555, 

Foreign Earned Income; and

g. Foreign housing exclusion or deduction from Form 

2555.

When figuring modified AGI for Roth IRA 

purposes, you may have to refigure items based 

on modified AGI, such as taxable social security 

benefits and passive activity losses allowed under the 

special allowance for rental real estate activities. See Can 

You Contribute to a Roth IRA? in Pub. 590-A for details.

Distributions. See the instructions for Part III, later.

CAUTION

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CAUTION

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Instructions for Form 8606 (2023) 3
Overall Contribution Limit for Traditional and 

Roth IRAs

If you aren’t married filing jointly, your limit on contributions 

to traditional and Roth IRAs is generally the smaller of 

$6,500 ($7,500 if age 50 or older at the end of 2023) or 

your taxable compensation (defined below).

If you are married filing jointly, your contribution limit is 

generally $6,500 ($7,500 if age 50 or older at the end of 

2023) and your spouse's contribution limit is $6,500 

($7,500 if age 50 or older at the end of 2023) as well. But if 

the combined taxable compensation of both you and your 

spouse is less than $13,000 ($14,000 if one spouse is age 

50 or older at the end of 2023; $15,000 if both spouses 

are age 50 or older at the end of 2023), see Kay Bailey 

Hutchison Spousal IRA Limit in Pub. 590-A for special 

rules.

This limit doesn’t apply to employer contributions to a 

traditional SEP, traditional SIMPLE, Roth SEP, or Roth 

SIMPLE IRA.

Note. Rollovers, Roth IRA conversions, Roth IRA 

rollovers from qualified retirement plans, and repayments 

of qualified disaster distributions, qualified reservist 

distributions, and qualified birth or adoption distributions 

don’t affect your contribution limit.

The amount you can contribute to a Roth IRA may 

also be limited by your modified AGI (see 

Contributions, earlier, and the Maximum Roth IRA 

Contribution Worksheet).

Difficulty of care payments. For contributions for 2023, 

you may elect to increase the nondeductible IRA 

contribution limit by some or all of the amount of difficulty 

of care payments, which are a type of qualified foster care 

payment, received. For details, see 2023 Pub. 590-A.

Taxable compensation. Taxable compensation includes 

the following.

• Wages, salaries, tips, etc. If you received a distribution 

from a nonqualified deferred compensation plan or 

nongovernmental section 457 plan that is included in 

box 1 of Form W-2 or in box 1 of Form 1099-NEC, don’t 

include that distribution in taxable compensation. The 

distribution should be shown in (a) box 11 of Form W-2, 

(b) box 12 of Form W-2 with code Z, or (c) box 14 of Form 

1099-MISC. If it isn’t, contact your employer for the 

amount of the distribution.

• Nontaxable combat pay if you were a member of the 

U.S. Armed Forces.

• Self-employment income. If you are self-employed (a 

sole proprietor or a partner), taxable compensation is your 

net earnings from your trade or business (provided your 

personal services are a material income-producing factor) 

CAUTION

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Maximum Roth IRA Contribution Worksheet Keep for Your Records

Caution: If married filing jointly and the combined taxable compensation (defined below) for you and your spouse is 

less than $13,000 ($14,000 if one spouse is age 50 or older at the end of 2023; $15,000 if both spouses are age 50 or 

older at the end of 2023), don’t use this worksheet. Instead, see Pub. 590-A for special rules.

1. If married filing jointly, enter $6,500 ($7,500 if age 50 or older at the end of 2023). All 

others, enter the smaller of $6,500 ($7,500 if age 50 or older at the end of 2023) or 

your taxable compensation (defined below) .................................... 1.

2. Enter your total contributions to traditional IRAs for 2023 ......................... 2.

3. Subtract line 2 from line 1 ..................................................... 3.

4. Enter $228,000 if married filing jointly or qualifying surviving spouse; $10,000 if 

married filing separately and you lived with your spouse at any time in 2023. All 

others, enter $153,000 ....................................................... 4.

5. Enter your modified AGI for Roth IRA purposes (discussed earlier) ............... 5.

6. Subtract line 5 from line 4. If zero or less, stop here; you may not contribute to a 

Roth IRA for 2023. See Recharacterizations, later, if you made Roth IRA 

contributions for 2023 ........................................................ 6.

7. If line 4 above is $153,000, enter $15,000; otherwise, enter $10,000. If line 6 is more 

than or equal to line 7, skip lines 8 and 9 and enter the amount from line 3 on 

line 10 ...................................................................... 7.

8. Divide line 6 by line 7 and enter the result as a decimal (rounded to at least 3 

places) ...................................................................... 8.

9. Multiply line 1 by line 8. If the result isn’t a multiple of $10, increase it to the next 

multiple of $10 (for example, increase $490.30 to $500). Enter the result, but not 

less than $200 ............................................................... 9.

10. Maximum 2023 Roth IRA Contribution. Enter the smaller of line 3 or line 9. See 

Recharacterizations, later, if you contributed more than this amount to Roth IRAs 

for 2023 .................................................................... 10.

4 Instructions for Form 8606 (2023)
reduced by your deduction for contributions made on your 

behalf to retirement plans and the deductible part of your 

self-employment tax.

• Alimony and separate maintenance pursuant to a 

divorce or separation agreement entered into before 

January 1, 2019, unless that agreement was changed 

after December 31, 2018, to expressly provide that 

alimony received isn't included in the recipient's income.

• Certain non-tuition fellowship and stipend payments. 

For details, see Pub. 590-A.

See What Is Compensation? under Who Can Open a 

Traditional IRA? in chapter 1 of Pub. 590-A for details.

Recharacterizations

Generally, you can recharacterize (correct) an IRA 

contribution by making a trustee-to-trustee transfer from 

one IRA to another type of IRA. Trustee-to-trustee 

transfers are made directly between financial institutions 

or within the same financial institution. You must generally 

make the transfer by the due date of your return (including 

extensions) and reflect it on your return. However, if you 

timely filed your return without making the transfer, you 

can make the transfer within 6 months of the due date of 

your return, excluding extensions. If necessary, file an 

amended return reflecting the transfer (see Amending 

Form 8606, later). Enter “Filed pursuant to section 

301.9100-2” on the amended return.

No recharacterizations of conversions made in 2018 

or later. A conversion of a traditional IRA to a Roth IRA, 

and a rollover from any other eligible retirement plan to a 

Roth IRA, made in tax years beginning after December 

31, 2017, cannot be recharacterized as having been made 

to a traditional IRA.

Reporting recharacterizations. Treat any 

recharacterized IRA contribution as though the amount of 

the contribution was originally contributed to the second 

IRA, not the first IRA. For the recharacterization, you must 

transfer the amount of the original contribution plus any 

related earnings or less any related loss. In most cases, 

your IRA trustee or custodian figures the amount of the 

related earnings you must transfer. If you need to figure 

the related earnings, see How Do You Recharacterize a 

Contribution? in chapter 1 of Pub. 590-A. Treat any 

earnings or loss that occurred in the first IRA as having 

occurred in the second IRA. You can’t deduct any loss that 

occurred while the funds were in the first IRA. Also, you 

can’t take a deduction for a contribution to a traditional 

IRA if you later recharacterize the amount. The following 

discussion explains how to report the two different types 

of recharacterizations, including the statement that you 

must attach to your return explaining the 

recharacterization.

1. You made a contribution to a traditional IRA and 

later recharacterized part or all of it in a trustee-to-trustee 

transfer to a Roth IRA. If you recharacterized only part of 

the contribution, report the nondeductible traditional IRA 

portion of the remaining contribution, if any, on Form 8606, 

Part I. If you recharacterized the entire contribution, don’t 

report the contribution on Form 8606. In either case, 

attach a statement to your return explaining the 

recharacterization. If the recharacterization occurred in 

2023, include the amount transferred from the traditional 

IRA on 2023 Form 1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR, line 4a. If 

the recharacterization occurred in 2024, report the amount 

transferred only in the attached statement, and not on 

your 2023 or 2024 tax return. See Example next.

Example. You are single, covered by an employer 

retirement plan, and you contributed $4,000 to a new 

traditional IRA on May 26, 2023. On February 23, 2024, 

you determine that your 2023 modified AGI will limit your 

traditional IRA deduction to $1,000. The value of your 

traditional IRA on that date is $4,400. On the same date, 

you recharacterize $3,000 of the traditional IRA 

contribution as a Roth IRA contribution, and have $3,300 

($3,000 contribution plus $300 related earnings) 

transferred from your traditional IRA to a Roth IRA in a 

trustee-to-trustee transfer. You deduct the $1,000 

traditional IRA contribution on your 2023 Form 1040. You 

don’t file a 2023 Form 8606. You attach a statement to 

your 2023 return explaining the recharacterization. The 

statement indicates that you contributed $4,000 to a 

traditional IRA on May 26, 2023; recharacterized $3,000 

of that contribution on February 23, 2024, by transferring 

$3,000 plus $300 of related earnings from your traditional 

IRA to a Roth IRA in a trustee-to-trustee transfer; and 

deducted the remaining traditional IRA contribution of 

$1,000 on your 2023 Form 1040. You don’t report the 

$3,300 distribution from your traditional IRA on your 2023 

Form 1040 because the distribution occurred in 2024. You 

don’t report the distribution on your 2024 Form 1040 

because the recharacterization related to 2023 and was 

explained in an attachment to your 2023 return.

2. You made a contribution to a Roth IRA and later 

recharacterized part or all of it in a trustee-to-trustee 

transfer to a traditional IRA. Report the nondeductible 

traditional IRA portion of the recharacterized contribution, 

if any, on Form 8606, Part I. Don’t report the Roth IRA 

contribution (whether or not you recharacterized all or part 

of it) on Form 8606. Attach a statement to your return 

explaining the recharacterization. If the recharacterization 

occurred in 2023, include the amount transferred from the 

Roth IRA on your 2023 Form 1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR, 

line 4a. If the recharacterization occurred in 2024, report 

the amount transferred only in the attached statement, 

and not on your 2023 or 2024 tax return. See Example 

next.

Example. You are single, covered by an employer 

retirement plan, and you contributed $4,000 to a new Roth 

IRA on June 16, 2023. On December 29, 2023, you 

determine that your 2023 modified AGI will allow a full 

traditional IRA deduction. On that same date, you 

recharacterize the Roth IRA contribution as a traditional 

IRA contribution and have $4,200, the balance in the Roth 

IRA account ($4,000 contribution plus $200 related 

earnings), transferred from your Roth IRA to a traditional 

IRA in a trustee-to-trustee transfer. You deduct the $4,000 

traditional IRA contribution on your 2023 Form 1040. You 

don’t file a Form 8606. You attach a statement to your 

return explaining the recharacterization. The statement 

indicates that you contributed $4,000 to a new Roth IRA 

on June 16, 2023; recharacterized that contribution on 

December 29, 2023, by transferring $4,200, the balance in 

the Roth IRA, to a traditional IRA in a trustee-to-trustee 

transfer; and deducted the traditional IRA contribution of 

$4,000 on your 2023 Form 1040. You include the $4,200 

Instructions for Form 8606 (2023) 5
distribution from your Roth IRA on your 2023 Form 1040, 

line 4a.

Return of IRA Contributions

If, in 2023, you made traditional IRA contributions or Roth 

IRA contributions for 2023 and you had those 

contributions returned to you with any related earnings (or 

minus any loss) by the due date (including extensions) of 

your 2023 tax return, the returned contributions are 

treated as if they were never contributed. Don’t report the 

contribution or distribution on Form 8606 or take a 

deduction for the contribution. However, you must include 

the amount of the distribution of the returned contributions 

you made in 2023 and any related earnings on your 2023 

Form 1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR, line 4a. Also include 

the related earnings on your 2023 Form 1040, 1040-SR, 

or 1040-NR, line 4b. Attach a statement explaining the 

distribution. Also, if you were under age 591/2 at the time of 

a distribution with related earnings, you are generally 

subject to the additional 10% tax on early distributions 

(see Form 5329, Additional Taxes on Qualified Plans 

(Including IRAs) and Other Tax-Favored Accounts, and its 

instructions).

If you timely filed your 2023 tax return without 

withdrawing a contribution that you made in 2023, you can 

still have the contribution returned to you within 6 months 

of the due date of your 2023 tax return, excluding 

extensions. If you do, file an amended return for your 2023 

tax year with “Filed pursuant to section 301.9100-2” 

entered at the top. Report any related earnings on the 

amended return and include an explanation of the 

withdrawn contribution. Make any other necessary 

changes on the amended return (for example, if you 

reported the contributions as excess contributions on your 

original return, include an amended Form 5329 reflecting 

that the withdrawn contributions are no longer treated as 

having been contributed).

In most cases, the related earnings that you must 

withdraw are figured by your IRA trustee or custodian. If 

you need to figure the related earnings on IRA 

contributions that were returned to you, see Contributions 

Returned Before Due Date of Return in chapter 1 of Pub. 

590-A. If you made a contribution or distribution while the 

IRA held the returned contribution, see Pub. 590-A.

If you made a contribution for 2022 and you had it 

returned to you in 2023 as described above, don’t report 

the distribution on your 2023 tax return. Instead, report it 

on your 2022 original or amended return in the manner 

described above.

Example. On May 23, 2023, you contributed $4,000 to 

your traditional IRA that has a basis. The value of the IRA 

was $18,000 prior to the contribution. On December 29, 

2023, when you are age 57 and the value of the IRA is 

$23,600, you realize you can’t make the entire contribution 

because your taxable compensation for the year will be 

too small. You decide to have $1,000 of the contribution 

returned to you and withdraw $1,073 from your IRA 

($1,000 contribution plus $73 earnings). You didn’t make 

any other withdrawals or contributions. You don’t file a 

2023 Form 8606. You deduct the $3,000 remaining 

contribution on your 2023 Schedule 1 (Form 1040), 

line 20. You include $1,073 on your 2023 Form 1040, 

line 4a, and $73 on line 4b. You attach a statement to your 

tax return explaining the distribution. Because you 

properly removed the excess contribution with the related 

earnings by the due date of your tax return, you aren’t 

subject to the additional 6% tax on excess contributions, 

reported on Form 5329. Because the distribution of the 

$73 in earnings was made after December 28, 2022, and 

by the due date of your return, you also aren't subject to 

the additional tax on early distributions even though you 

were under age 591/2 at the time of the distribution.

Return of Excess Traditional IRA 

Contributions

The return (distribution) in 2023 of excess traditional IRA 

contributions for years prior to 2023 isn’t taxable if all three 

of the following apply.

1. The distribution was made after the due date, 

including extensions, of your tax return for the year for 

which the contribution was made (if the distribution was 

made earlier, see Return of IRA Contributions, earlier).

2. No deduction was allowable (without regard to the 

modified AGI limitation) or taken for the excess 

contributions.

3. The total contributions (excluding rollovers) to your 

traditional and traditional SEP IRAs for the year for which 

the excess contributions were made didn’t exceed the 

amounts shown in the following table.

Year(s) Contribution

 limit

Contribution limit if 

age 50 or older at 

the end of the year

2019 through 2022 $6,000 $7,000

2013 through 2018 $5,500 $6,500

2008 through 2012 $5,000 $6,000

2006 or 2007 $4,000 $5,000

2005 $4,000 $4,500

2002 through 2004 $3,000 $3,500

1997 through 2001 $2,000 —

before 1997 $2,250 —

If the excess contribution to your traditional IRA for the 

year included a rollover and the excess occurred because 

the information the plan was required to give you was 

incorrect, increase the contribution limit amount for the 

year shown in the table above by the amount of the excess 

that is due to the incorrect information.

If the total contributions for the year included employer 

contributions to a traditional SEP IRA, increase the 

contribution limit amount for the year shown in the table 

above by the smaller of the amount of the employer 

contributions or:

6 Instructions for Form 8606 (2023)
2022 $61,000

2021 $58,000

2020 $57,000

2019 $56,000

2018 $55,000

2017 $54,000

2015 or 2016 $53,000

2014 $52,000

2013 $51,000

2012 $50,000

2009, 2010, or 2011 $49,000

2008 $46,000

2007 $45,000

2006 $44,000

2005 $42,000

2004 $41,000

2002 or 2003 $40,000

2001 $35,000

before 2001 $30,000

Include the total amount distributed on 2023 Form 

1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR, line 4a; and attach a 

statement to your return explaining the distribution. See 

Example, later.

If you meet these conditions and are otherwise required 

to file Form 8606:

• Don’t take into account the amount of the withdrawn 

contributions in figuring line 2 (for 2023 or for any later 

year), and

• Don’t include the amount of the withdrawn contributions 

on line 7.

Example. You are single, you retired in 2020, and you 

had no taxable compensation after 2020. However, you 

made traditional IRA contributions (that you didn’t deduct) 

of $3,000 in 2021 and $4,000 in 2022. In December 2023, 

a tax practitioner informed you that you had made excess 

contributions for those years because you had no taxable 

compensation. In December 2023, you withdrew the 

$7,000 and filed amended returns for 2021 and 2022 

reflecting the additional 6% tax on excess contributions on 

Form 5329. You include the $7,000 distribution on your 

2023 Form 1040, line 4a; enter -0- on line 4b; and attach a 

statement to your return explaining the distribution, 

including the fact that you filed amended returns for 2021 

and 2022, and paid the additional 6% tax on the excess 

contributions for those years. The statement indicates that 

the distribution isn’t taxable because (a) it was made after 

the due dates of your 2021 and 2022 tax returns, including 

extensions; (b) your total IRA contributions for 2021 and 

2022 didn’t exceed $6,500 ($7,500 if age 50 or older at 

the end of that year); and (c) you didn’t take a deduction 

for the contributions, and no deduction was allowable 

because you didn’t have any taxable compensation for 

those years. The statement also indicates that the 

distribution reduced your excess contributions to -0-, as 

reflected on your amended 2021 and 2022 Forms 5329. 

Don’t file a 2023 Form 8606. If you are required to file 

Form 8606 in a year after 2023, don’t include the $7,000 

you withdrew in 2023 on line 2.

Amending Form 8606

Generally, after you file your return, you can change a 

nondeductible contribution to a traditional IRA to a 

deductible contribution or vice versa if you make the 

change within the time limit for filing Form 1040-X, 

Amended U.S. Individual Income Tax Return (see the 

Form 1040-X instructions). You may also be able to make 

a recharacterization (discussed earlier). If necessary, 

complete a new Form 8606 showing the revised 

information and file it with Form 1040-X.

Penalty for Not Filing

If you are required to file Form 8606 to report a 

nondeductible contribution to a traditional IRA for 2023 but 

don’t do so, you must pay a $50 penalty, unless you can 

show reasonable cause.

Overstatement Penalty

If you overstate your nondeductible contributions, you 

must pay a $100 penalty, unless you can show reasonable 

cause.

What Records Must I Keep?

To verify the nontaxable part of distributions from your 

IRAs, including Roth, Roth SEP, and Roth SIMPLE IRAs, 

keep a copy of the following forms and records until all 

distributions are made.

• Page 1 of Forms 1040 or 1040-SR (or Forms 1040A, 

1040-NR, or 1040-T) filed for each year you made a 

nondeductible contribution to a traditional IRA.

• Forms 8606 and any supporting statements, 

attachments, and worksheets for all applicable years.

• Forms 5498, IRA Contribution Information, or similar 

statements you received each year showing contributions 

you made to a traditional IRA or Roth IRA.

• Forms 5498 or similar statements you received showing 

the value of your traditional IRAs for each year you 

received a distribution.

• Forms 1099-R or W-2P you received for each year you 

received a distribution.

Note. Forms 1040-T, 1040A, and W-2P are forms that 

were used in prior years.

Specific Instructions

Name and social security number (SSN). If you file a 

joint return, enter only the name and SSN of the spouse 

whose information is being reported on Form 8606.

More than one Form 8606 required. If both you and 

your spouse are required to file Form 8606, file a separate 

Form 8606 for each of you. If you are required to file Form 

8606 for IRAs inherited from more than one decedent, file 

a separate Form 8606 for the IRA from each decedent.

Instructions for Form 8606 (2023) 7
Part I—Nondeductible Contributions 

to Traditional IRAs and Distributions 

From Traditional, Traditional SEP, and 

Traditional SIMPLE IRAs

Line 1

If you used the IRA Deduction Worksheet in the Form 

1040 instructions or as referred to in the Form 1040-NR 

instructions, subtract line 12 of the worksheet (or the 

amount you chose to deduct on Schedule 1 (Form 1040), 

line 20, if less) from the smaller of line 10 or line 11 of the 

worksheet. Enter the result on line 1 of Form 8606. You 

can’t deduct the amount included on line 1.

If you used the worksheet Figuring Your Reduced IRA 

Deduction for 2023 in Pub. 590-A, enter on line 1 of Form 

8606 any nondeductible contributions from the 

appropriate lines of that worksheet.

If you didn’t have any deductible contributions, you can 

make nondeductible contributions up to your contribution 

limit (see Overall Contribution Limit for Traditional and 

Roth IRAs, earlier). Enter on line 1 of Form 8606 your 

nondeductible contributions.

Include on line 1 any repayment of a qualified reservist 

distribution or a qualified birth or adoption distribution.

Don’t include on line 1 contributions that you had 

returned to you with the related earnings (or less any 

loss). See Return of IRA Contributions, earlier.

Line 2

Generally, if this is the first year you are required to file 

Form 8606, enter -0-. Otherwise, use the Total Basis Chart 

to find the amount to enter on line 2.

However, you may need to enter an amount that is 

more than -0- (even if this is the first year you are required 

to file Form 8606) or increase or decrease the amount 

from the chart if your basis changed because of any of the 

following.

• You had a return of excess traditional IRA contributions 

(see Return of Excess Traditional IRA Contributions, 

earlier).

• Incident to divorce, you transferred or received part or 

all of a traditional, traditional SEP, or traditional SIMPLE 

IRA (see the last bulleted item under Line 7, later).

• You rolled over any nontaxable portion of your qualified 

retirement plan to a traditional, traditional SEP, or 

traditional SIMPLE IRA that wasn’t previously reported on 

Form 8606, line 2. Include the nontaxable portion on 

line 2.

Line 4

If you made contributions to traditional IRAs for 2023 in 

2023 and 2024 and you have both deductible and 

nondeductible contributions, you can choose to treat the 

contributions made in 2023 first as nondeductible 

contributions and then as deductible contributions, or vice 

versa.

Example. You made contributions for 2023 of $2,000 in 

May 2023 and $2,000 in January 2024, of which $3,000 

are deductible and $1,000 are nondeductible. You choose 

$1,000 of your contribution in 2023 to be nondeductible. 

You enter the $1,000 on line 1, but not line 4, and it 

becomes part of your basis for 2023.

Although the contributions to traditional IRAs for 2023 

that you made from January 1, 2024, through April 15, 

2024, can be treated as nondeductible, they aren’t 

included in figuring the nontaxable part of any distributions 

you received in 2023.

Line 6

Enter the total value of all your traditional, traditional SEP, 

and traditional SIMPLE IRAs as of December 31, 2023, 

plus any outstanding rollovers. A statement should be sent 

to you by January 31, 2024, showing the value of each 

IRA on December 31, 2023. However, if you 

recharacterized any amounts originally contributed, enter 

on line 6 the total value, taking into account all 

recharacterizations of those amounts, including 

recharacterizations made after December 31, 2023.

For purposes of line 6, a rollover is a tax-free 

distribution from one traditional, traditional SEP, or 

traditional SIMPLE IRA that is contributed to another 

traditional, traditional SEP, or traditional SIMPLE IRA. The 

rollover must be completed within 60 days after receiving 

the distribution from the first IRA. An outstanding rollover 

is generally the amount of any distribution received in 

2023 after November 1, 2023, that was rolled over in 

2024, but within the 60-day rollover period. A rollover 

between a traditional SIMPLE IRA and a qualified 

retirement plan or an IRA (other than a traditional SIMPLE 

IRA) can only take place after your first 2 years of 

participation in the traditional SIMPLE IRA. See Pub. 

590-A for more details.

Pursuant to Rev. Proc. 2020-46 in Internal Revenue 

Bulletin 2020-45, available at IRS.gov/irb/

2020-45_IRB#REV-PROC-2020-46, you may make a 

written certification to a plan administrator or an IRA 

trustee that you missed the 60-day rollover contribution 

deadline because of one or more of the 12 reasons listed 

in Rev. Proc. 2020-46. See Rev. Proc. 2020-46 for 

information on how to self-certify for a waiver. Also see 

Time Limit for Making a Rollover Contribution under Can 

You Move Retirement Plan Assets? in Pub. 590-A for more 

information on ways to get a waiver of the 60-day rollover 

requirement.

Note. Don’t include an outstanding rollover from a 

traditional, traditional SEP, or traditional SIMPLE IRA to a 

qualified retirement plan.

Include, on line 6, qualified distributions from Part 

IV of your 2023 Form(s) 8915-F, if any, you repaid 

in 2023 no later than the deadline for repayment.

Repayments in 2023 of Qualified Disaster 

Distributions

Do not reduce line 6 by qualified disaster distribution 

repayments that were made in 2023 for qualified disaster 

distributions made in years before 2023.

CAUTION

!

8 Instructions for Form 8606 (2023)
The amount you would otherwise enter on line 6 should 

be reduced by the total amount of qualified disaster 

distribution repayments that were made in 2023 for 

qualified disaster distributions made in 2023. If the result 

is zero or less, enter -0-.

Example. You received a $20,000 qualified disaster 

distribution on May 2, 2023, from your traditional IRA. On 

November 21, 2023, you made a repayment of $10,000 to 

your traditional IRA. The value of all of your traditional, 

traditional SEP, and traditional SIMPLE IRAs as of 

December 31, 2023, was $50,000. You had no 

outstanding rollovers. You would enter $40,000 ($50,000 

minus $10,000 repayment) on line 6.

Line 7

If you received a distribution in 2023 from a 

traditional, traditional SEP, or traditional SIMPLE 

IRA, and you also made contributions for 2023 to 

a traditional IRA that may not be fully deductible because 

of the income limits, you must make a special computation 

before completing the rest of this form. For details, 

including how to complete Form 8606, see Are 

Distributions Taxable? in chapter 1 of Pub. 590-B.

Don’t include any of the following on line 7.

• Distributions that you converted to a Roth IRA, Roth 

SIMPLE IRA, or Roth SEP IRA.

• Recharacterizations of traditional IRA contributions to 

Roth IRA contributions.

• Distributions you rolled over to another traditional, 

traditional SEP, or traditional SIMPLE IRA (whether or not 

the distribution is an outstanding rollover included on 

line 6).

• Distributions you rolled over to a qualified retirement 

plan.

• A one-time distribution to fund an HSA. For details, see 

Pub. 969, Health Savings Accounts and Other 

Tax-Favored Health Plans.

• Distributions that are treated as a return of contributions 

under Return of IRA Contributions, earlier.

• Qualified charitable distributions (QCDs). For details, 

see Are Distributions Taxable? in chapter 1 of Pub. 590-B.

• Distributions that are treated as a return of excess 

contributions under Return of Excess Traditional IRA 

Contributions, earlier.

• Qualified distributions from Part IV of your 2023 Form(s) 

8915-F, if any, you repaid in 2023 no later than the 

deadline for repayment.

• Distributions that are incident to divorce. The transfer of 

part or all of your traditional, traditional SEP, or traditional 

SIMPLE IRA to your spouse under a divorce or separation 

CAUTION

!

agreement isn’t taxable to you or your spouse. If this 

transfer results in a change in the basis of the IRA of either 

spouse, both spouses must file Form 8606 and show the 

increase or decrease in the amount of basis on line 2. 

Attach a statement explaining this adjustment. Include in 

the statement the character of the amounts in the IRA, 

such as the amount attributable to nondeductible 

contributions. Also, include the name and SSN of the 

other spouse.

Qualified disaster distributions. Be sure to 

include on line 7 all qualified disaster distributions 

made in 2023, even if they were later repaid.

Line 8

If, in 2023, you converted any amounts from traditional, 

traditional SEP, or traditional SIMPLE IRAs to a Roth, Roth 

SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRA, enter on line 8 the net amount 

you converted.

Line 15b

If you have no qualified disaster distributions in 2023 from 

a traditional, traditional SEP, or traditional SIMPLE IRA, 

enter -0- on line 15b. If all your distributions in 2023 from 

those IRAs are qualified disaster distributions, enter the 

amount from line 15a on line 15b. If you have distributions 

in 2023 unrelated to qualified disasters, as well as 

qualified disaster distributions, you will need to multiply 

the amount on line 15a by a fraction. The numerator of the 

fraction is your total qualified disaster distributions, and 

the denominator is the amount from Form 8606, line 7.

Example 1. Your main home was in Delaware during 

the Delaware Remnants of Hurricane Ida (DR-4627-DE), 

which began September 1, 2021. You sustained an 

economic loss because of that disaster. The end date for 

making distributions for this disaster is June 26, 2023. In 

January 2023, a qualified disaster distribution was made 

to you from your traditional IRA in the amount of $22,000 

that you reported on 2023 Form 8915-F (2021 disasters). 

$22,000 was the maximum amount of qualified disaster 

distributions that could be made for that disaster. In July 

2023, an $11,000 distribution, unrelated to a qualified 

disaster, was made to you from your traditional IRA (that 

you did not roll over). You will report total distributions of 

$33,000 on Form 8606, line 7. You will then complete lines 

8 through 14 as instructed. Form 8606, line 15a, shows an 

amount of $30,000. You will enter $20,000 ($30,000 × 

$22,000/$33,000) on line 15b. You will also enter $20,000 

on 2023 Form 8915-F (2021 disasters), line 18.

CAUTION

!

Total Basis Chart

IF the last Form 8606 you filed was for . . . THEN enter on line 2 . . .

a year after 2000 and before 2023 the amount from line 14 of that Form 8606.

a year after 1992 and before 2001 the amount from line 12 of that Form 8606.

a year after 1988 and before 1993 the amount from line 14 of that Form 8606.

1988 the total of the amounts on lines 7 and 16 of that Form 8606.

1987 the total of the amounts on lines 4 and 13 of that Form 8606.

Instructions for Form 8606 (2023) 9
Example 2. In September 2023, an $2,500 

distribution, unrelated to a qualified disaster, was made to 

you from your traditional IRA (that you did not roll over). 

Your main home was in California during the California 

Severe Winter Storms, Flooding, Landslides, and 

Mudslides (DR-4683-CA), which began December 27, 

2022. You sustained an economic loss because of that 

disaster. The end date for making distributions for this 

disaster is July 12, 2023. On January 29, 2023, qualified 

disaster distributions were made to you from your 

traditional IRA in the amount of $7,500 that you reported 

on 2023 Form 8915-F (2022 disasters). You will report 

total distributions of $10,000 on Form 8606, line 7. You will 

then complete lines 8 through 14 as instructed. Form 

8606, line 15a, shows an amount of $8,000. You will enter 

$6,000 ($8,000 × $7,500/$10,000) on line 15b. You will 

also enter $6,000 on 2023 Form 8915-F (2022 disasters), 

line 18.

Example 3. Your main home was in California during 

the California Wildfires (DR-4610-CA), which began July 

14, 2021; and the California Severe Winter Storms, 

Flooding, Landslides, and Mudslides (DR-4683-CA), 

which began December 27, 2022. You sustained 

economic losses because of each of those disasters. The 

end dates for making distributions for those disasters are 

June 26, 2023, and July 12, 2023, respectively. On May 

26, 2023, and June 29, 2023, qualified disaster 

distributions were made to you from your traditional IRA in 

the amount of $22,000 and $11,000 that you reported on 

2023 Form 8915-F (2021 disasters) and 2023 Form 

8915-F (2022 disasters), respectively. $22,000 was the 

maximum amount of qualified disaster distributions that 

could be made for the 2021 disaster. After those 

distributions, in September 2023, a $5,500 distribution, 

unrelated to a qualified disaster, was made to you from 

your traditional IRA (that you did not roll over). You will 

report total distributions of $38,500 on Form 8606, line 7. 

You will then complete lines 8 through 14 as instructed. 

Form 8606, line 15a, shows an amount of $35,000. You 

will enter $30,000 ($35,000 × $33,000/$38,500) on 

line 15b. You will also enter $20,000 ($30,000 × 

$22,000/$33,000) on 2023 Form 8915-F (2021 disasters), 

line 18; and $10,000 ($30,000 × $11,000/$33,000) on 

2023 Form 8915-F (2022 disasters), line 18.

Line 15c

If you were under age 591/2 at the time you received 

distributions from your traditional, traditional SEP, or 

traditional SIMPLE IRA, there is generally an additional 

10% tax on the portion of the distribution that is included 

in income (25% for a distribution from a traditional 

SIMPLE or Roth SIMPLE IRA during the first 2 years of 

your participation in the plan). See the instructions for 

Schedule 2 (Form 1040), line 8; and the Instructions for 

Form 5329.

Part II—2023 Conversions From 

Traditional, Traditional SEP, or 

Traditional SIMPLE IRAs to Roth, Roth 

SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRAs

Complete Part II if you converted part or all of your 

traditional, traditional SEP, or traditional SIMPLE IRAs to a 

Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRA in 2023.

Line 16

If you didn’t complete line 8, see the instructions for that 

line. Then, enter on line 16 the amount you would have 

entered on line 8 had you completed it.

Line 17

If you didn’t complete line 11, enter on line 17 the amount 

from line 2 (or the amount you would have entered on 

line 2 if you had completed that line) plus any 

contributions included on line 1 that you made before the 

conversion.

Line 18

If your entry on line 18 is zero or less, don’t include the 

result on 2023 Form 1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR, line 4b. 

Include the full amount of the distribution on 2023 Form 

1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR, line 4a.

Part III—Distributions From Roth, 

Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRAs

Complete Part III to figure the taxable part, if any, of your 

2023 Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRA distributions.

Line 19

Don’t include on line 19 any of the following.

• Distributions that you rolled over, including distributions 

made in 2023 and rolled over after December 31, 2023 

(outstanding rollovers).

• Recharacterizations.

• Distributions that are a return of contributions under 

Return of IRA Contributions, earlier.

• Distributions made on or after age 591/2 if you made a 

contribution (including a conversion or a rollover from a 

qualified retirement plan) for any year from 1998 through 

2018.

• A one-time distribution to fund an HSA. For details, see 

Pub. 969.

• Qualified charitable distributions (QCDs). For details, 

see Are Distributions Taxable? in chapter 1 of Pub. 590-B.

• Distributions made upon death or due to disability if a 

contribution was made (including a conversion or a 

rollover from a qualified retirement plan) for any year from 

1998 through 2018.

• Qualified distributions from Part IV of your 2023 Form(s) 

8915-F, if any, you repaid in 2023 no later than the 

deadline for repayment.

• Distributions that are incident to divorce. The transfer of 

part or all of your Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRA to 

your spouse under a divorce or separation agreement isn’t 

taxable to you or your spouse.

10 Instructions for Form 8606 (2023)
Qualified disaster distributions. Be sure to 

include on line 19 all qualified disaster 

distributions made in 2023, even if they were later 

repaid, unless they fall under the 4th or 7th bullet above.

If, after considering the items above, you don’t have an 

amount to enter on line 19, don’t complete Part III; your 

Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRA distribution(s) isn’t 

taxable. Instead, include your total Roth, Roth SEP, or 

Roth SIMPLE IRA distribution(s) on 2023 Form 1040, 

1040-SR, or 1040-NR, line 4a.

Line 20

If you had a qualified first-time homebuyer distribution 

from your Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRA and you 

made a contribution (including a conversion or a rollover 

from a qualified retirement plan) to a Roth IRA for any year 

from 1998 through 2018, enter the amount of your 

qualified expenses on line 20, but don’t enter more than 

$10,000 reduced by the total of all your prior qualified 

first-time homebuyer distributions. For details, see Are 

Distributions Taxable? in chapter 2 of Pub. 590-B.

Line 22

Figure the amount to enter on line 22 as follows.

• If you didn’t take a Roth IRA distribution before 2023 

(other than an amount rolled over or recharacterized or a 

returned contribution), enter on line 22 the total of all your 

regular contributions to Roth or Roth SIMPLE IRAs for 

1998 through 2023 (excluding rollovers from other Roth, 

Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRAs and any contributions 

that you had returned to you), adjusted for any 

recharacterizations.

• If you did take such a distribution before 2023, see the 

Basis in Regular Roth IRA Contributions Worksheet to 

figure the amount to enter.

• Increase the amount on line 22 by any amount rolled in 

from a designated Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE 

account that is treated as investment in the contract.

• Increase or decrease the amount on line 22 by any 

basis in regular contributions received or transferred 

incident to divorce. Also attach a statement similar to the 

one explained in the last bulleted item under Line 7, 

earlier.

• Increase the amount on line 22 by the amounts 

received as a military gratuity or Servicemembers’ Group 

Life Insurance (SGLI) payment that was rolled over to your 

Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRA.

Line 23

Generally, there is an additional 10% tax on 2023 

distributions from a Roth or Roth SEP IRA (25% tax on 

distributions from a Roth SIMPLE IRA) that are shown on 

line 23. You will need to complete lines 1 through 4 of 

Form 5329 to determine the amounts from the Roth, Roth 

SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRAs that are subject to the 

additional tax. See the instructions for Form 5329, Part I, 

for details and exceptions.

Line 24

Figure the amount to enter on line 24 as follows.

• If you have never made a Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth 

SIMPLE IRA conversion or rolled over an amount from a 

CAUTION

!

qualified retirement plan to a Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth 

SIMPLE IRA, enter -0- on line 24.

• If you took a Roth IRA distribution (other than an 

amount rolled over or recharacterized or a returned 

contribution) before 2023 in excess of your basis in regular 

Roth IRA contributions, see the Basis in Roth IRA 

Conversions and Rollovers From Qualified Retirement 

Plans to Roth IRAs chart to figure the amount to enter on 

line 24.

• If you didn’t take such a distribution before 2023, enter 

on line 24 the total of all your conversions to Roth IRAs. 

These amounts are shown on line 14c of your 1998, 1999, 

and 2000 Forms 8606 and line 16 of your 2001 through 

2022 Forms 8606. Also include on line 24 any amounts 

rolled over from a qualified retirement plan to a Roth, Roth 

SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRA for 2008, 2009, and 2011 

through 2023 reported on your Form 1040, Form 

1040-SR, Form 1040A, or Form 1040-NR, and for 2010 

reported on line 21 of your Form 8606. Don’t include 

amounts rolled in from a designated Roth, Roth SEP, or 

Roth SIMPLE account because these amounts are 

included on line 22.

• Increase or decrease the amount on line 24 by any 

basis in conversions to Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE 

IRAs and amounts rolled over from a qualified retirement 

plan to a Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRA received or 

transferred incident to divorce. Also attach a statement 

similar to the one explained in the last bulleted item under 

Line 7, earlier.

Line 25b

If you have no qualified disaster distributions in 2023 from 

a Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRA, enter -0- on 

line 25b. If all your distributions in 2023 from Roth, Roth 

SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRAs are qualified disaster 

distributions, enter the amount from line 25a on line 25b. If 

you have distributions in 2023 unrelated to qualified 

disasters, as well as qualified disaster distributions, you 

will need to multiply the amount on line 25a by a fraction. 

The numerator of the fraction is your total qualified 

disaster distributions, and the denominator is the amount 

from Form 8606, line 21.

Example 1. Your main home was in Delaware during 

the Delaware Remnants of Hurricane Ida (DR-4627-DE), 

which began September 1, 2021. You sustained an 

economic loss because of that disaster. The end date for 

making distributions for this disaster is June 26, 2023. In 

January 2023, a qualified disaster distribution was made 

to you from your Roth IRA in the amount of $22,000 that 

you reported on 2023 Form 8915-F (2021 disasters). 

$22,000 was the maximum amount of qualified disaster 

distributions that could be made for that disaster. In May 

2023, an $11,000 distribution, unrelated to a qualified 

disaster, was made to you from your Roth IRA (that you 

did not roll over). You will report total distributions of 

$33,000 on Form 8606, line 19. You have no first-time 

homebuyer expenses reported on line 20, so you would 

also enter $33,000 on line 21. You will then complete lines 

22 through 24 as instructed. Form 8606, line 25a, shows 

an amount of $30,000. You will enter $20,000 ($30,000 × 

$22,000/$33,000) on line 25b. You will also enter $20,000 

on 2023 Form 8915-F (2021 disasters), line 19.

Instructions for Form 8606 (2023) 11
Example 2. Your main home was in California during 

the California Severe Winter Storms, Flooding, 

Landslides, and Mudslides (DR-4683-CA), which began 

December 27, 2022. You sustained economic losses 

because of that disaster. The end date for making 

qualified disaster distributions for this disaster is July 12, 

2023. On January 29, 2023, qualified disaster 

distributions were made to you from your Roth IRA in the 

amount of $7,500 that you reported on 2023 Form 8915-F 

(2022 disasters). In September 2023, a $2,500 

distribution, unrelated to a qualified disaster, was made to 

you from your Roth IRA (that you did not roll over). You will 

report total distributions of $10,000 on Form 8606, line 19. 

You have no first-time homebuyer expenses reported on 

line 20, so you would also enter $10,000 on line 21. You 

will then complete lines 22 through 24 as instructed. Form 

8606, line 25a, shows an amount of $8,000. You will enter 

$6,000 ($8,000 × $7,500/$10,000) on line 25b. You will 

also enter $6,000 on 2023 Form 8915-F (2022 disasters), 

line 19.

Example 3. Your main home was in California during 

the California Wildfires (DR-4610-CA), which began July 

14, 2021; and the California Severe Winter Storms, 

Flooding, Landslides, and Mudslides (DR-4683-CA), 

which began December 27, 2022. You sustained 

economic losses because of each of those disasters. The 

end dates for making distributions for those disasters are 

June 26, 2023, and July 12, 2023, respectively. On May 

26, 2023, and June 29, 2023, qualified disaster 

distributions were made to you from your Roth IRA in the 

amount of $22,000 and $11,000 that you reported on 

2023 Form 8915-F (2021 disasters) and 2023 Form 

8915-F (2022 disasters), respectively. $22,000 was the 

maximum amount of qualified disaster distributions that 

could be made for the 2021 disaster. After those 

distributions, in September 2023, a $5,500 distribution, 

unrelated to a qualified disaster, was made to you from 

your Roth IRA (that you did not roll over). You will report 

total distributions of $38,500 on Form 8606, line 19. You 

have no first-time homebuyer expenses reported on 

line 20, so you would also enter $38,500 on line 21. You 

will then complete lines 22 through 24 as instructed. Form 

8606, line 25a, shows an amount of $35,000. You will 

enter $30,000 ($35,000 × $33,000/$38,500) on line 25b. 

You will also enter $20,000 ($30,000 × $22,000/$33,000) 

on 2023 Form 8915-F (2021 disasters), line 19; and 

$10,000 ($30,000 × $11,000/$33,000) on 2023 Form 

8915-F (2022 disasters), line 19.

Privacy Act and Paperwork Reduction 

Act Notice

We ask for the information on this form to carry out the 

Internal Revenue laws of the United States. We need this 

information to ensure that you are complying with these 

laws and to allow us to figure and collect the right amount 

of tax. You are required to give us this information if you 

made certain contributions or received certain 

distributions from qualified plans, including IRAs and other 

tax-favored accounts. Our legal right to ask for the 

information requested on this form is sections 6001, 6011, 

6012(a), and 6109 and their regulations. If you do not 

provide this information, or you provide incomplete or false 

information, you may be subject to penalties.

You are not required to provide the information 

requested on a form that is subject to the Paperwork 

Reduction Act unless the form displays a valid OMB 

control number. Books or records relating to a form or its 

instructions must be retained as long as their contents 

may become material in the administration of any Internal 

Revenue law. Generally, tax returns and return information 

are confidential, as required by section 6103. However, we 

may give the information to the Department of Justice for 

civil and criminal litigation, and to cities, states, the District 

of Columbia, and U.S. commonwealths and territories to 

carry out their tax laws. We may also disclose this 

information to other countries under a tax treaty, to federal 

and state agencies to enforce federal nontax criminal 

laws, or to federal law enforcement and intelligence 

agencies to combat terrorism.

The average time and expenses required to complete 

and file this form will vary depending on individual 

circumstances. For the estimated averages, see the 

instructions for your income tax return.

If you have suggestions for making this form simpler, 

we would be happy to hear from you. See the instructions 

for your income tax return.

12 Instructions for Form 8606 (2023)
Before you begin, see the line 22 worksheet and line 24 chart below.

Basis in Regular Roth IRA Contributions Worksheet—Line 22

Before you begin: You will need your Form 8606 for the most recent year prior to 2023 when you received a distribution.

Note. Don’t complete this worksheet if you never received a distribution from your Roth IRAs prior to 2023.

1. Enter the most recent year prior to 2023 you reported distributions on 

Form 8606 (for example, 2 0 1 9) ................................... 1.

2. Enter your basis in Roth IRA contributions reported on Form 8606 for the 

year entered on line 1 (see Table 1) ................................... 2.

3. Enter your Roth IRA distributions* reported on Form 8606 for the year 

entered on line 1 (see Table 2) ....................................... 3.

4. Subtract line 3 from line 2. Enter -0- if the resulting amount is zero or 

less ................................................................ 4.

5. Enter the total of all your regular contributions** to Roth IRAs after the 

year entered on line 1 ............................................... 5.

6. Add lines 4 and 5. Enter this amount on your 2022 Form 8606, 

line 22 ............................................................. 6.

* Excluding rollovers, recharacterizations, and contributions that you had returned to you.

** Excluding rollovers, conversions, and any contributions that you had returned to you.

Table 1 for Line 2 Above

IF the year entered on line 1 was . . . THEN enter on line 2 the amount from . . . 

2022, 2021, 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011, 

2009, 2008, 2007, 2006, 2005, or 2004

Form 8606, line 22.

2010 Form 8606, line 29.

2003, 2002, 2001 Form 8606, line 20.

2000 or 1999 Form 8606, line 18d.

1998 Form 8606, line 19c.

Table 2 for Line 3 Above

IF the year entered on line 1 was . . . THEN enter on line 3 the amount from . . .

2022, 2021, 2020, 2019, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, 2012, 2011, 

2009, 2008, 2007, 2006, 2005, 2004, 2003, 2002, or 2001

Form 8606, line 19.

2010 Form 8606, line 26.

2000 or 1999 Form 8606, line 17.

1998 Form 8606, line 18.

Instructions for Form 8606 (2023) 13
Basis in Roth IRA Conversions and Rollovers From Qualified Retirement Plans 

to Roth IRAs—Line 24

IF the most recent year prior to 2023 in 

which you had a distribution1 in excess of 

your basis in contributions was . . .

THEN enter on Form 8606, line 24 . . . PLUS the sum of the amounts on . . .

2022

(your 2022 Form 8606, line 22, was less than 

line 19 of that Form 8606)

the excess, if any, of your 2022 Form 8606, line 24, over 

line 232 of that Form 8606

line 16 of your 2023 Form 8606 and 

certain rollovers3 reported on your 

2023 return.

2021

(your 2021 Form 8606, line 22, was less than 

line 19 of that Form 8606)

the excess, if any, of your 2021 Form 8606, line 24, over 

line 232 of that Form 8606

line 16 of your 2022 Form 8606 and 

certain rollovers3 reported on your 

2022 and 2023 returns.

2020 

(your 2020 Form 8606, line 22, was less than 

line 19 of that Form 8606)

the excess, if any, of your 2020 Form 8606, line 24, over 

line 232 of that Form 8606

line 16 of your 2021 Form 8606 and 

certain rollovers3 reported on your 

2021 through 2023 returns.

2019 

(your 2019 Form 8606, line 22, was less than 

line 19 of that Form 8606)

the excess, if any, of your 2019 Form 8606, line 24, over 

line 232 of that Form 8606

line 16 of your 2020 through 2023 

Forms 8606 and certain rollovers3

reported on your 2020 through 2023 

returns.

2018

(your 2018 Form 8606, line 22, was less than 

line 19 of that Form 8606)

the excess, if any, of your 2018 Form 8606, line 24, over 

line 232 of that Form 8606

line 16 of your 2019 through 2023 

Forms 8606 and certain rollovers3

reported on your 2019 through 2023 

tax returns.

2017 

 (your 2017 Form 8606, line 22, was less than 

line 19 of that Form 8606)

the excess, if any, of your 2017 Form 8606, line 24, over 

line 232 of that Form 8606

line 16 of your 2018 through 2023 

Forms 8606 and certain rollovers3

reported on your 2018 through 2023 

tax returns.

2016

(your 2016 Form 8606, line 22, was less than 

line 19 of that Form 8606)

the excess, if any, of your 2016 Form 8606, line 24, over 

line 232 of that Form 8606

line 16 of your 2017 through 2023 

Forms 8606 and certain rollovers3

reported on your 2017 through 2023 

tax returns.

2015

(your 2015 Form 8606, line 22, was less than 

line 19 of that Form 8606)

the excess, if any, of your 2015 Form 8606, line 24, over 

line 232 of that Form 8606

line 16 of your 2016 through 2023 

Forms 8606 and certain rollovers3

reported on your 2016 through 2023 

tax returns.

2014

(your 2014 Form 8606, line 22, was less than 

line 19 of that Form 8606)

the excess, if any, of your 2014 Form 8606, line 24, over 

line 232 of that Form 8606

line 16 of your 2015 through 2023 

Forms 8606 and certain rollovers3

reported on your 2015 through 2023 

tax returns.

2013

(your 2013 Form 8606, line 22, was less than 

line 19 of that Form 8606)

the excess, if any, of your 2013 Form 8606, line 24, over 

line 232 of that Form 8606

line 16 of your 2014 through 2023 

Forms 8606 and certain rollovers3

reported on your 2014 through 2023 

tax returns.

2012 

 (your 2012 Form 8606, line 22, was less than 

line 19 of that Form 8606) 

the excess, if any, of your 2012 Form 8606, line 24, over 

line 232 of that Form 8606

 line 16 of your 2013 through 2023 

Forms 8606 and certain rollovers3

reported on your 2013 through 2023 

tax returns.

2011 

 (your 2011 Form 8606, line 22, was less than 

line 19 of that Form 8606) 

the excess, if any, of your 2011 Form 8606, line 24, over 

line 232 of that Form 8606

 line 16 of your 2012 through 2023 

Forms 8606 and certain rollovers3

reported on your 2012 through 2023 

tax returns.

2010

(your 2010 Form 8606, line 29, was less than 

line 26 of that Form 8606)

the excess, if any, of your 2010 Form 8606, line 31, over 

line 30 of that Form 8606

(refigure line 30 without taking into account any amount 

entered on Form 8606, line 27)

line 16 of your 2011 through 2023 

Forms 8606 and certain rollovers3

reported on your 2011 through 2023 

tax returns;

OR

 line 16 of your 2011 through 2023 

Forms 8606; lines 16 and 21 of your 

2010 Form 86064 if you didn’t check 

the box on line 19 or 24 of your 2010 

Form 8606; and certain rollovers3

reported on your 2011 through 2023 

tax returns.

2009

(your 2009 Form 8606, line 22, was less than 

line 19 of that Form 8606)

the excess, if any, of your 2009 Form 8606, line 24, over 

line 232 of that Form 8606

line 16 of your 2010 through 2023 

Forms 8606; line 21 of your 2010 Form 

8606;4 and certain rollovers3 reported 

on your 2011 through 2023 tax returns.

2008

(your 2008 Form 8606, line 22, was less than 

line 19 of that Form 8606)

the excess, if any, of your 2008 Form 8606, line 24, over 

line 232 of that Form 8606

line 16 of your 2009 through 2023 

Forms 8606; line 21 of your 2010 Form 

8606;4 and certain rollovers3 reported 

on your 2009 and 2011 through 2023 

tax returns.

1

 Excluding rollovers, recharacterizations, and contributions that you had returned to you.

2

 Refigure line 23 without taking into account any amount entered on Form 8606, line 20.

3

 Amounts rolled over from qualified retirement plans to Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRAs from your Form 1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR, line 5a, for 2020 through 

2023 returns; Form 1040 or 1040-SR, line 4c, for 2019 returns; Form 1040, line 4a, for 2018 returns, and line 16a for 2017 and earlier returns; Form 1040A, line 12a 

(Form 1040A was retired in 2018); or Form 1040-NR, line 17a, for 2019 and earlier returns. Roth SEP and Roth SIMPLE IRAs were introduced on January 1, 2023.

4

 Don’t include any in-plan Roth rollovers entered on line 21.

14 Instructions for Form 8606 (2023)
Basis in Roth IRA Conversions and Rollovers From Qualified Retirement Plans 

to Roth IRAs—Line 24 (continued)

IF the most recent year prior to 2023 in 

which you had a distribution1 in excess of 

your basis in contributions was . . .

THEN enter on Form 8606, line 24 . . . PLUS the sum of the amounts on . . .

2007

(your 2007 Form 8606, line 22, was less than 

line 19 of that Form 8606)

the excess, if any, of your 2007 Form 8606, line 24, over 

line 232 of that Form 8606

line 16 of your 2008 through 2023 

Forms 8606; line 21 of your 2010 Form 

8606;4 and certain rollovers3 reported 

on your 2008, 2009, and 2011 through 

2023 tax returns.

2006

(your 2006 Form 8606, line 22, was less than 

line 19 of that Form 8606)

the excess, if any, of your 2006 Form 8606, line 24, over 

line 232 of that Form 8606

 line 16 of your 2007 through 2023 

Forms 8606; line 21 of your 2010 Form 

8606;4 and certain rollovers3 reported 

on your 2008, 2009, and 2011 through 

2023 tax returns. 

2005

(your 2005 Form 8606, line 22, was less than 

line 19 of that Form 8606)

the excess, if any, of your 2005 Form 8606, line 24, over 

line 232 of that Form 8606

line 16 of your 2006 through 2023 

Forms 8606; line 21 of your 2010 Form 

8606;4 and certain rollovers3 reported 

on your 2008, 2009, and 2011 through 

2023 tax returns.

2004 

(your 2004 Form 8606, line 22, was less than 

line 19 of that Form 8606)

the excess, if any, of your 2004 Form 8606, line 24, over 

line 232 of that Form 8606

 line 16 of your 2005 through 2023 

Forms 8606; line 21 of your 2010 Form 

8606;4 and certain rollovers3 reported 

on your 2008, 2009, and 2011 through 

2023 tax returns. 

2003

(you had an amount on your 2003 Form 8606, 

line 21)

the excess, if any, of your 2003 Form 8606, line 22, over 

line 21 of that Form 8606

 line 16 of your 2004 through 2023 

Forms 8606; line 21 of your 2010 Form 

8606;4 and certain rollovers3 reported 

on your 2008, 2009, and 2011 through 

2023 tax returns. 

2002

(you had an amount on your 2002 Form 8606, 

line 21)

the excess, if any, of your 2002 Form 8606, line 22, over 

line 21 of that Form 8606

 line 16 of your 2003 through 2023 

Forms 8606; line 21 of your 2010 Form 

8606;4 and certain rollovers3 reported 

on your 2008, 2009, and 2011 through 

2023 tax returns. 

2001

(you had an amount on your 2001 Form 8606, 

line 21)

the excess, if any, of your 2001 Form 8606, line 22, over 

line 21 of that Form 8606

 line 16 of your 2002 through 2023 

Forms 8606; line 21 of your 2010 Form 

8606;4 and certain rollovers3 reported 

on your 2008, 2009, and 2011 through 

2023 tax returns. 

2000

 (you had an amount on your 2000 Form 8606, 

line 19)

the excess, if any, of your 2000 Form 8606, line 25, over 

line 19 of that Form 8606

 line 16 of your 2001 through 2023 

Forms 8606; line 21 of your 2010 Form 

8606;4 and certain rollovers3 reported 

on your 2008, 2009, and 2011 through 

2023 tax returns. 

1999

 (you had an amount on your 1999 Form 8606, 

line 19)

the excess, if any, of your 1999 Form 8606, line 25, over 

line 19 of that Form 8606

 line 14c of your 2000 Form 8606; 

line 16 of your 2001 through 2023 

Forms 8606; line 21 of your 2010 Form 

8606;4 and certain rollovers3 reported 

on your 2008, 2009, and 2011 through 

2023 tax returns. 

1998

 (you had an amount on your 1998 Form 8606, 

line 20)

the excess, if any, of your 1998 Form 8606, line 14c, over 

line 20 of that Form 8606

line 14c of your 1999 and 2000 Forms 

8606; line 16 of your 2001 through 

2023 Forms 8606; line 21 of your 2010 

Form 8606;4 and certain rollovers3

reported on your 2008, 2009, and 2011 

through 2023 tax returns. 

Didn’t have such a distribution in excess of 

your basis in contributions the amount from your 2023 Form 8606, line 16

line 14c of your 1998 through 2000 

Forms 8606; line 16 of your 2001 

through 2023 Forms 8606; line 21 of 

your 2010 Form 8606;4 and certain 

rollovers3 reported on your 2008, 2009, 

and 2011 through 2023 tax returns. 

1

 Excluding rollovers, recharacterizations, and contributions that you had returned to you.

2

 Refigure line 23 without taking into account any amount entered on Form 8606, line 20.

3

 Amounts rolled over from qualified retirement plans to Roth, Roth SEP, or Roth SIMPLE IRAs from your Form 1040, 1040-SR, or 1040-NR, line 5a, for 2020 through 

2023 returns; Form 1040 or 1040-SR, line 4c, for 2019 returns; Form 1040, line 4a, for 2018 returns, and line 16a for 2017 and earlier returns; Form 1040A, 

line 12a (Form 1040A was retired in 2018); or Form 1040-NR, line 17a, for 2019 and earlier returns. Roth SEP and Roth SIMPLE IRAs were introduced on January 

1, 2023.

4

 Don’t include any in-plan Roth rollovers entered on line 21.

Instructions for Form 8606 (2023) 15