Third District Court of Appeal

State of Florida 

Opinion filed October 18, 2023.

Not final until disposition of timely filed motion for rehearing.

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No. 3D22-0760

Lower Tribunal No. F20-12699

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Ron Orlando Figueroa,

Appellant,

vs.

The State of Florida,

Appellee.

An Appeal from the Circuit Court for Miami-Dade County, Ellen Sue 

Venzer, Judge.

Carlos J. Martinez, Public Defender, and Susan S. Lerner, Assistant 

Public Defender, for appellant.

Ashley Moody, Attorney General, and David Llanes, Assistant Attorney 

General, for appellee.

Before LINDSEY, GORDO, and LOBREE, JJ. 

LINDSEY, J.
2

Appellant, Ron Figueroa, appeals his conviction following a jury trial.

Figueroa was found guilty of abusing his minor stepdaughter. Pursuant to 

section 92.54, Florida Statutes (2022), Appellee, the State, moved to allow 

the eleven-year-old child to testify through closed-circuit television (“CCTV”)

rather than in open court. Figueroa objected, but the trial court granted the 

motion after explaining its decision on the record. Figueroa argues that the 

trial court’s on-the-record explanation for allowing CCTV testimony fell short

of the constitutional and statutory requirement that the trial court make casespecific factual findings. We affirm because the trial court’s findings were

sufficient and supported by competent substantial evidence.

I. BACKGROUND 

Figueroa was charged with three counts of lewd and lascivious 

molestation, one count of sexual battery, and one count of attempted sexual 

battery. Before trial, the State filed a motion to allow the child to testify via

CCTV pursuant to section 92.54, which provides as follows:

(1) Upon motion and hearing in camera and upon a finding that 

there is a substantial likelihood that a victim or witness under the 

age of 18 . . . will suffer at least moderate emotional or mental 

harm due to the presence of the defendant if such victim or 

witness is required to testify in open court, . . . the trial court may 

order that the testimony of the victim or witness be taken outside 

of the courtroom and shown by means of closed-circuit 

television.

. . . .
3

(5) The court shall make specific findings of fact, on the record, 

as to the basis for its ruling under this section.

(Emphasis added). 

On March 28, 2022, the court held a hearing on the motion. Dr. 

Vanessa Ramirez, a child psychologist who evaluated the child, testified at 

the hearing as an expert. Dr. Ramirez concluded that the child would suffer 

at least moderate emotional harm if she were made to testify in Figueroa’s 

presence. Dr. Ramirez testified that she came to this conclusion because of

the child’s “very emotional” responses whenever the child was confronted 

with discussing the alleged abuse or the possibility of seeing Figueroa in 

court. 

Based on this evidence, the trial court concluded that the child should 

testify via CCTV:

[B]ased upon not only the testimony of the expert but also the 

evaluation that was done and provided to the Court . . . I believe 

that . . . there is significant likelihood of at least . . . moderate

emotional harm. . . . [F]rom the report, the child seems to be 

scared of the Defendant and I am concerned for her emotional 

safety. 

I am distressed, frankly, that she’s only received one 

therapy session . . . .

(Emphasis added).

Figueroa objected to allowing the CCTV testimony, arguing that the 

child would not suffer emotional harm if made to testify in open court. The 
4

trial court acknowledged this objection before going on to explain why 

Figueroa’s right to confront the victim was outweighed by the important public 

policy interest in protecting the child in this case.

The jury found Figueroa guilty on all five counts. This timely appeal 

follows.

II. ANALYSIS

Our standard of review is mixed when considering the trial court’s 

ruling over an objection based on the Confrontation Clause. See Hernandez 

v. State, 946 So. 2d 1270, 1277 (Fla. 2d DCA 2007). The trial court’s findings

of fact are “subject to reversal only if not supported by competent, substantial 

evidence in the record.” Id. Meanwhile, legal conclusions are reviewed de 

novo. Id.; see also Calloway v. State, 210 So. 3d 1160, 1187 (Fla. 2017)

(“We review challenges based on the Confrontation Clause de novo.”); 

Murphy v. State, 317 So. 3d 1255, 1257-58 (Fla. 3d DCA 2021) (explaining 

that although a trial court has wide latitude when ruling on evidentiary 

matters, its discretion is constrained by the Sixth Amendment; therefore,

review of a trial court’s ruling over a Confrontation Clause objection is de 

novo).

The United State Supreme Court has long recognized that “the 

Confrontation Clause guarantees the defendant a face-to-face meeting with 
5

witnesses.” Coy v. Iowa, 487 U.S. 1012, 1016 (1988).1 This right, however, 

is not absolute. Maryland v. Craig, 497 U.S. 836, 844 (1990). Indeed, the 

right to confront “must occasionally give way to considerations of public 

policy,” such as allowing minors to testify outside of the courtroom if the 

minor’s “well-being” would be affected by testifying in the presence of the 

defendant. Id. at 853, 856. 

In Craig, the United States Supreme Court set forth case-specific 

findings that are required before a trial court permits a child witness to testify 

via CCTV. Id. at 856-57. Our high Court has held that Florida courts must

comply with Craig:

To satisfy Craig, the trial court must: (a) conduct an inquiry 

in which evidence is received on whether the closed-circuit 

procedure is necessary to protect the welfare of the particular 

child; (b) find that the child witness will be traumatized, not by the 

courtroom generally, but by the presence of the defendant; and 

(c) find that the emotional distress suffered by the child witness 

in the presence of the defendant is more than de minimis, i.e., 

more than mere nervousness or excitement or some reluctance 

to testify.

Myles v. State, 602 So. 2d 1278, 1281 (Fla. 1992) (footnote omitted). The 

factual findings required by section 92.54 are necessarily related to the 

1 The Confrontation Clause of the Sixth Amendment provides that, “[i]n all 

criminal prosecutions, the accused shall enjoy the right . . . to be confronted 

with the witnesses against him.” Amend. VI, U.S. Const. This gives the 

accused an opportunity to confront his accusers “face to face.” Crawford v. 

Washington, 541 U.S. 36, 57 (2004) (quoting Mattox v. United States, 156 

U.S. 237, 244 (1895)).
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findings required by Craig.

2

 Hopkins v. State, 632 So. 2d 1372, 1375 (Fla. 

1994).

There are two issues before us: (1) whether the trial court complied 

with the constitutional and statutory requirements to make sufficient casespecific findings on the record before allowing CCTV testimony, and (2) if the 

trial court erred, whether that error constituted fundamental error or harmless 

error.3

Figueroa argues that the trial court did not have enough evidence to 

conclude that the child should testify via CCTV and that the trial court failed 

to make the required case-specific findings. Not so. The trial court’s findings 

are supported by competent substantial evidence, and it complied with the 

constitutional and statutory requirements to make the necessary casespecific findings.

2

In Myles, the Florida Supreme Court observed that the Craig findings were 

not the precisely the same as those in a prior version of section 92.54. Myles, 

602 So. 2d at 1281. For example, section 92.54(1), Florida Statutes (1991), 

did not specify that the harm must be caused by the presence of the 

defendant. Myles, 602 So. 2d at 1281. The current version of the statute, 

however, includes this causation requirement. See § 92.54(1), Fla. Stat. 

(2023) (requiring a finding that “that there is a substantial likelihood that a 

victim or witness under the age of 18 . . . will suffer at least moderate 

emotional or mental harm due to the presence of the defendant” (emphasis 

added)). 

3

 Because we conclude that the trial court did not err, we do not reach this 

issue.
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In arguing that there was insufficient evidence to justify CCTV 

testimony, Figueroa claims that the child’s only expression of fear was about 

having to sit next to Figueroa, a scenario that was never going to happen in 

open court. But this ignores Dr. Ramirez’s testimony that she did not think 

the child victim could testify in open court because “she expressed being 

fearful of . . . seeing [Figueroa].” Moreover, when Dr. Ramirez was asked if 

she clarified for the child that she would not be sitting next to [Figueroa], Dr. 

Ramirez answered that the child understood “she would be able to see him. 

That he would be in the room.”

Dr. Ramirez specifically evaluated the child “to determine under what 

conditions she could testify in court and provide recommendations.” Dr. 

Ramirez learned the child became emotional during her deposition. Indeed, 

the child became so upset that she had to take a break before continuing. 

Dr. Ramirez further testified that “whenever [the child] talked about anything 

related to the upcoming court, she would get emotional.” Moreover, Dr. 

Ramirez testified that the child was “very distressed” and “very avoidant” 

when discussing the possibility of testifying in open court such that Dr. 

Ramirez determined “if [the child] sees [Figueroa] . . . she wouldn’t be able 

to say what happened to her.”

Based on the record before us, we conclude there was competent 

substantial evidence to support the trial court’s findings that the child would 
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suffer at least moderate emotional harm due to the presence of Figueroa if 

made to testify in open court.

Next, Figueroa argues that the trial court did not give adequate casespecific findings on the record to explain why CCTV testimony was 

necessary in accordance with section 92.54(5) and Craig. We disagree. 

Figueroa compares the trial court’s on-the-record explanation to cases

involving insufficient explanations, but these cases are distinguishable. 

In Feller v. State, 637 So. 2d 911, 914 (Fla. 1994), the trial court made 

the following general finding:

I think I’m satisfied that [the psychologist’s] testimony comports

to the statute, that there is at least a substantial likelihood of . . . 

moderate [harm], is sufficient to allow the videotaping of the child; 

and therefore, I'm going to grant the state’s motion to videotape 

the testimony of this child.

The Florida Supreme Court concluded that this “failed to satisfy the 

requirement that the court make specific findings of fact on the record to 

support the ruling.”

4

 Id. Moreover, the Court noted that there were 

“contradictions and conflicts regarding some of the psychologist’s factual 

assertions.” Id.

4 Feller involved section 92.53, which concerns videotaped testimony as 

opposed to CCTV testimony. However, both sections 92.53(7) and 92.54(5),

the CCTV statute relevant here, require “specific findings of fact, on the 

record, as to the basis for [the trial court’s] ruling.”
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Figueroa also relies on Dennis v. State, 782 So. 2d 939, 941 (Fla. 4th 

DCA 2001), where the trial court simply found “it is probable, from the 

evidence available to me, that the child would be harmed by testifying before 

the defendant . . .” The Fourth District held that this was insufficient because 

“[t]he trial court merely adopted and ratified the hearing testimony of the 

psychologist without specifying each evidentiary fact that supported its 

ruling.” Id.

Here, by contrast, the trial court did not merely adopt Dr. Ramirez’s 

testimony but made specific findings as to the likelihood of moderate 

emotional harm and the child’s fear of Figueroa and her emotional safety:

[B]ased upon not only the testimony of the expert but also the 

evaluation that was done and provided to the Court . . . I believe 

that . . . there is significant likelihood of at least . . . moderate

emotional harm. . . . [F]rom the report, the child seems to be 

scared of the Defendant and I am concerned for her emotional 

safety. 

I am distressed, frankly, that she’s only received one 

therapy session . . . .

(Emphasis added).5 And, unlike in Feller, Dr. Ramirez’s testimony did not 

contain contradictions and conflicts. We therefore conclude that the trial 

court did not err because its on-the-record explanation was sufficient. See

5 After the court expressed concern about the child’s therapy, the State 

explained that the child discontinued therapy because she was so 

emotionally distressed by what happened that she didn’t want to talk to 

anybody about it. The court responded, “Right. That’s harm to the child.”
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Feller, 637 So. 2d at 914 (explaining that the purpose of the statute’s 

requirement that courts make case-specific findings on the record is to 

ensure that a reviewing court can “determine which . . . facts the trial court 

relied upon in reaching [its] ultimate conclusion”).

Accordingly, we hold that the trial court did not err in allowing the child 

to testify via CCTV because there was competent substantial evidence in the 

record, and the court made sufficient case-specific findings.

Affirmed.