RENDERED: OCTOBER 30, 2020; 10:00 A.M.

NOT TO BE PUBLISHED

Commonwealth of Kentucky

Court of Appeals

NO. 2019-CA-0425-MR

MITZI SIMPSON AND KAREN HILL, 

AS CO-ADMINISTRATORS OF THE 

NANNIE CATHERINE WETHINGTON ESTATE APPELLANTS

APPEAL FROM MARION CIRCUIT COURT

v. HONORABLE SAMUEL TODD SPALDING, JUDGE

ACTION NO. 17-CI-00071

JEREMY WETHINGTON, INDIVIDUALLY AND

AS THE ADMINISTRATOR OF THE ESTATE OF 

JAMES PATRICK WETHINGTON; AND 

KERRY T. WETHINGTON APPELLEES

OPINION

AFFIRMING

**   **  **

BEFORE: ACREE, CALDWELL, AND K. THOMPSON, JUDGES.

ACREE, JUDGE: The Estate of Nannie Catherine Wethington appeals an order of 

the Marion Circuit Court holding that a transfer of $38,500.00 from Nannie’s

husband, Pat Wethington, to his son by a prior marriage, Kerry Wethington, was a 
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valid inter vivos gift. The circuit court also concluded the gift did not defraud 

Nannie of her statutory spousal share of Pat’s Estate, after which it released the 

funds to Kerry. After careful review, we affirm.

FACTS AND PROCEDURAL HISTORY

Pat and Nannie were married on July 16, 1990. Pat died intestate on 

January 5, 2017, survived by Nannie and his four children: Kerry Thomas 

Wethington; Jeremy Wethington; Valerie Wethington; and James Mills. Nannie 

was appointed administratrix of Pat’s Estate and was awarded the statutory 

$15,000.00 spousal exemption by the Marion District Court. Nannie died intestate 

on September 6, 2017, during the pendency of this litigation. Nannie’s heirs are: 

Karen L. Hill; Mitzi Simpson; and Travis Godbey. Mitzi and Karen are coadministratrices of her Estate. 

This case centers on a blank check Kerry alleges his father, Pat, 

signed and gave to him prior to Pat’s death. Kerry presented the check to Farmers 

National Bank (FNB) on January 3, 2017, two days before Pat died, in the amount 

of $38,500.00. FNB honored the check and deposited the full amount into Kerry’s 

FNB account. After FNB deposited the funds, Nannie told the bank she believed 

the check had been forged. FNB placed a hold on the funds.

1

 

1 Prior to placing a hold on the funds, Kerry testified that he loaned $8,500.00 to Jeff 

Wethington, which was paid back to him in cash. He also testified that he withdrew $5,000.00 to 

purchase gates, $500.00 to loan to Tony Carmichael, and an undisclosed amount for rent and 
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FNB then filed a complaint for interpleader and declaration of rights

on March 29, 2017, against Kerry and Nannie Wethington, as administratrix of 

Pat’s Estate. FNB asked that it be discharged and dismissed from the action while

the circuit court resolved the dispute between Kerry and Nannie. Nannie, on 

behalf of Pat’s Estate, counterclaimed against FNB asserting, in part, that FNB 

negligently honored the check. Before any discovery commenced, Nannie died,

and Jeremy assumed the role of administrator of Pat’s Estate. 

FNB moved for summary judgment as to the counterclaim against it, 

and for authorization to deduct legal fees from the funds. The circuit court granted 

summary judgment in favor of FNB and awarded legal fees in the amount of 

$3,643.00. The court then ordered FNB to deliver the remaining funds,

$22,392.77,

2

to the Clerk of the Marion Circuit Court pending final judgment. 

On May 4, 2018, Jeremy Wethington, as administrator of Pat’s Estate, 

agreed to relinquish any claim to the money. However, Mitzi and Karen, as coadministratrices of Nannie’s Estate, filed a motion to intervene and the motion was 

granted. Pertinent to this appeal, they alleged Kerry fraudulently transferred the 

 

household bills. At the commencement of this action, funds in FNB’s possession totaled 

$26,035.77. 

2

See footnote 1, supra.
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$38,500.00 from Pat’s Estate to himself. A bench trial was held on January 14, 

2019.

The parties presented conflicting evidence as to how, when, and 

where Kerry obtained the check. Kerry testified that, at some point in 2015, Pat 

signed the check at issue and gave it to Jeff Miller as collateral for money Kerry 

owed, or potentially could owe, Miller.3 According to Kerry, Pat signed the check 

at his kitchen table but did not fill in the amount or the payee. Miller corroborated 

Kerry’s testimony to the extent the blank check was originally given to him as 

collateral and confirmed Pat signed the check. But, he said Pat signed the check at 

Miller’s place of business. Subsequently, Miller noted a lien was placed on real 

estate owned by Kerry and, at that point, he returned the check to Pat.

Kerry next testified that he took Pat to a doctor’s appointment on 

November 30, 2016. While driving, Pat allegedly gave Kerry the signed check

and, according to Kerry, told him to “take every dime he had because that is the 

only way you will ever get anything.” Pat was hospitalized on December 27, 2016,

and did not speak with anyone thereafter. Kerry testified that on January 3, 2017, 

he used Pat’s debit card to determine Pat’s account balance. The balance was

$38,501.49. He then dated the check November 30, 2016, made himself the payee, 

filled in $38,500.00, and withdrew that amount from Pat’s account at FNB.

 

3 Kerry was an independent contractor who often purchased gates from Miller. 
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Connie Blandford was the branch manager of FNB at the time Kerry 

presented the check. She testified to having a conversation with Pat in October 

2016, approximately one month before he allegedly gave the check to Kerry. She 

said Pat called her and inquired into making Kerry a joint owner of his bank 

account.4 She told him both parties would need to come to the bank to sign the 

proper documents. Pat said that could be a problem due to his illness. However, 

she testified that Pat stated, “I want Kerry to be able to sign checks,” and asked, “I 

can write Kerry a check, right?” She answered in the affirmative.

Blandford was also present on the day Kerry presented the check to 

FNB. She testified she reviewed the signature card on Pat’s account and did not 

believe it was forged. Likewise, Joseph Jaglowicz, risk manager of FNB, testified 

that although it was an old check, he believed the signature was similar to Pat’s 

signature card at the bank. The circuit court found Blandford’s testimony to be the 

most credible. The court noted she had no interest in the litigation and no motive 

to lie. Based on this, the circuit court found that, in October 2016, Pat was 

contemplating distributing the money in his bank account to Kerry.

Theodore Lavit, former counsel for Pat’s Estate, told a different story 

as to how Kerry received the check. Although his testimony included hearsay, the 

 

4 Nannie and Pat were previously joint owners of the bank account in question. Blandford 

testified that Nannie signed a document on December 27, 2003, removing herself from the 

account.
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circuit court, sitting as factfinder, heard it all. Lavit testified that Pat’s daughter, 

Valerie, told him Miller, not Pat, gave the check to Kerry on January 3, 2017, at 

FNB. Before withdrawing as counsel, he “believed” Pat’s signature on the check 

was valid. Valerie contradicted Lavit’s testimony about the authenticity of Pat’s 

signature. However, the circuit court found Lavit’s testimony more credible 

because it was supported by his office notes. 

Jeremy Wethington testified next. He said he learned of the blank 

check around the time of Pat’s passing. According to his testimony, Kerry told 

him Miller delivered him the check at a Walmart parking lot on January 3, 2017. 

He testified he originally believed the signature on the check was legitimate, but 

now he believes the signature was a forgery.

Wendy Carlson, a handwriting expert, examined the check in question 

and compared it to known signatures of Pat on sixteen checks, a 1984 affidavit, a

1993 deed, a 1993 marriage certificate, a 1991 mortgage, another document dated 

in 1993, and a 1969 marriage certificate. She testified there is “no doubt” Pat did 

not sign the check in question and her degree of certainty on a scale of 1 to 10 was 

a 10. However, she also acknowledged signatures can change as a person ages. 

The circuit court did not find Carlson’s testimony credible. It noted 

the signature on the check in question was different than the documents with which 

it was compared; however, many of Pat’s known signatures also differed 
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substantially from one another. Moreover, the circuit court also noted that the 

majority of Pat’s known signatures used for comparison were from documents 

signed prior to 1993 and, in 2017, Pat was much older and ill.

The circuit court made extensive findings. It concluded the 

allegations that Kerry forged Pat’s signature were not proved by a preponderance 

of the evidence. Additionally, the court believed Kerry’s testimony and found Pat 

intended to gift Kerry money from his bank account. Thus, it concluded the check 

was a valid inter vivos gift. It further concluded there was insufficient evidence to

indicate Pat intended to defraud Nannie of her statutory spousal share of his estate

by making the gift. This appeal followed. 

ANALYSIS

On appeal, Nannie’s Estate asserts the circuit court erred by finding:

(1) that Pat’s transfer of the check to Kerry was an inter vivos gift; and (2) that Pat 

did not intend to defraud Nannie of her statutory spousal share of his estate. 

An appellate court’s review of a bench trial is governed by CR5 52.01, 

which provides in relevant part that “[f]indings of fact, shall not be set aside unless 

clearly erroneous, and due regard shall be given to the opportunity of the trial court 

to judge the credibility of the witnesses.” Factual findings are clearly erroneous if 

unsupported by substantial evidence, which is “[e]vidence that a reasonable mind 

 

5 Kentucky Rules of Civil Procedure.
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would accept as adequate to support a conclusion.” Moore v. Asente, 110 S.W.3d 

336, 354 (Ky. 2003) (citations omitted). The trial court assesses the credibility of 

witnesses and determines the weight of evidence. See, e.g., Barber v. Bradley, 505 

S.W.3d 749, 754 (Ky. 2016). Legal conclusions from a bench trial are reviewed de 

novo. Id.

Nannie’s Estate initially addresses the issue of forgery, arguing the 

circuit court erred in finding Kerry did not forge the check. Because that finding is 

supported by substantial evidence, we disagree. 

Both Kerry and Miller testified the signature on the check was Pat’s.

Although their stories conflicted as to the surrounding circumstances, both 

acknowledged Pat signed the check. The testimony of Blandford and Jaglowicz, 

disinterested FNB employees, was also significant. Both testified the signature on 

the check was similar to Pat’s signature card. We do not ignore the testimony of a 

handwriting expert that it was her strong belief the signature on the check was not 

Pat’s. However, the circuit court found this testimony not credible; this Court 

cannot assign more credibility to it merely because the witness testified with

enthusiasm and conviction. Commonwealth v. Jones, 880 S.W.2d 544, 545 (Ky. 

1994) (citation omitted) (“appellate court cannot reevaluate the evidence or 

substitute its judgment as to the credibility of a witness for that of the trial court”). 

We defer to the circuit court’s credibility findings and, therefore, we are compelled 
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to find substantial evidence supports the conclusion that Pat’s signature was not a 

forgery. 

We also conclude Pat made an inter vivos gift of $38,500.00 to Kerry. 

Our Supreme Court has established the elements of an inter vivos gift as follows: 

(a) [t]hat there must be a competent donor; (b) an intention 

on his part to make the gift; (c) a donee capable to take it; 

(d) the gift must be complete, with nothing left undone; (e) 

the property must be delivered and go into effect at once, 

and (f) the gift must be irrevocable.

Howell v. Herald, 197 S.W.3d 505, 507 (Ky. 2006) (quoting Gernert v. Liberty 

Nat’l Bank & Trust Co. of Louisville, 284 Ky. 575, 145 S.W.2d 522, 525 (1940)). 

Because “gifts of this character [intervivos] [sic] furnish a ready means for the 

perpetration of fraud, the evidence necessary to establish all of the essentials to 

complete them must be clear and convincing.” Id. at 507-08 (citation omitted).

We acknowledge that the circuit court could have given more detail in 

its discussion of the elements of an inter vivos gift. However, we find the facts 

found and inferences from the evidence as articulated in the order sufficient to 

affirm the court’s decision. The court concluded “there was testimony that Pat 

intended to gift Kerry money from the account of which Nannie had removed 

herself years prior. As such, the court concludes the check written to Kerry was a 

gift to him from his father, Pat[.]”
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Nannie’s Estate’s first point of contention is that the circuit court 

failed to apply the clear and convincing evidence standard. Although the circuit 

court did not explicitly express that standard, “judges and justices are presumed to 

know the law[.]” Burton v. Foster Wheeler Corp., 72 S.W.3d 925, 930 (Ky. 2002). 

Because there is no indication the court applied the wrong standard, we presume it

applied the right one. 

Nannie’s Estate then focuses its argument on the elements of an inter 

vivos gift, but challenges only three of the five elements – completeness, delivery, 

and irrevocability. We therefore limit our discussion to these three elements.6 

The Kentucky Supreme Court in Howell, supra, noted under certain 

facts the elements of “completeness, delivery, and irrevocability are so interwoven 

that separate treatment of each would be repetitive.” Id. at 508. And, in such 

circumstances, proper delivery may be dispositive of all three. Id. This is 

especially so in the context of a gift of money by means of a check.

 

6 We note Nannie’s Estate’s argument in its brief that this was not a valid inter vivos gift alludes

in passing to Pat’s waning health and competency (element (a)) and his lack of intention to make 

a gift (element (b)), especially on the day Kerry presented the check to the bank. However, that 

argument does not specifically challenge the circuit court’s explicit and inferential conclusions 

regarding Pat’s competency or intention to make a gift. We consider those arguments thus 

waived regarding the challenge to the validity of the gift. On the other hand, Pat’s intention in 

making the gift is at the very heart of Nannie’s Estate’s subsequent argument that his real 

intention was to defraud Nannie of her statutory spousal share of his estate. Therefore, we 

address the circuit court’s factfinding regarding Pat’s intention in the discussion of that latter 

argument. 
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Inter vivos gifts by check have slightly nuanced rules when it comes 

to delivery. The check itself is not the gift. Rather, a check is merely how the 

grantor memorializes the intent to convey the gift. The gift is the money on 

deposit in a bank account. See Foxworthy v. Adams, 136 Ky. 403, 124 S.W. 381, 

382-83 (1910). Accordingly, “the issuance and delivery of a check for the purpose 

of a gift is not a delivery of the money . . . .” Id. at 383. “The rule is that a gift of 

one’s own check is incomplete until the check has been paid or accepted by the 

bank.” Id. at 382.

One consequence of that rule is that “[a] check, . . . when given 

without consideration, may be countermanded or revoked by the maker so long as 

it remains unacted on in the hands of the payee. Until payment or acceptance there 

is not a complete delivery of the subject-matter such as is essential to constitute a 

valid gift.” Id. at 382-83 (citation omitted). Another is that, “in the absence of 

such payment or acceptance, the death of the drawer [will] operate[] as a 

revocation of the check.” Thogmorton v. Grigsby’s Adm’r, 124 Ky. 512, 99 S.W. 

650, 651 (1907).

From these old, but valid, authorities, we can draw one conclusion – a 

gift in the form of a check becomes complete and irrevocable upon presentment 

and payment by the drawee. As in Howell, supra, these facts present a situation 

where delivery is dispositive of the three contested elements. Here, the check was 
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presented and honored by FNB on January 3, 2017, two days prior to Pat’s death. 

At this point the gift was delivered, rendering it complete in the amount of 

$38,500.00 and irrevocable, satisfying the elements of an inter vivos gift. 

We are cognizant of the concern raised by Nannie’s Estate that the 

check, when given to Kerry, was not dated and did not list a payee or an amount. 

However, we find substantial evidence supports the circuit court’s finding that Pat 

intended for Kerry to withdraw all of the money from his bank account. We 

particularly note the testimony of Blandford, the branch manager of FNB at all 

relevant times. She testified that Pat called approximately one month before giving

the check to Kerry and inquired about making Kerry a joint account holder. He 

ultimately asked her, “I can write Kerry a check, right?” Coupled with Kerry’s 

testimony that Pat told him to “take every dime he had because that is the only way 

you will ever get anything[,]” this is substantial evidence to support the circuit 

court’s finding that Pat wanted Kerry to have the full amount in his bank account. 

Presentment of the check to the bank where it was honored establishes the 

elements of completeness, delivery, and irrevocability. The circuit court did not 

err in concluding the transfer was an inter vivos gift.

Nannie’s Estate’s next argument is that Pat’s true intention when he 

gave Kerry the blank check was to defraud Nannie of her statutory spousal share of
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his estate guaranteed by KRS7 392.020. Pursuant to that statute, a surviving spouse 

is entitled to “an absolute estate in one-half (1/2) of the surplus personalty left by 

the decedent.” We begin by noting this legal truism – the circuit court’s finding 

that Pat intended to make an inter vivos gift to Kerry cannot coexist with a finding 

that Pat intended to defraud Nannie. The former allows Kerry to keep the money, 

but the latter would require him to return it.

We also acknowledge that “dying spouses sometimes attempt to 

defeat the surviving spouse’s statutory share by disposing of property prior to 

death through inter vivos transfer of assets to third parties [and s]uch attempts . . . 

are deemed fraudulent.” Bays v. Kiphart, 486 S.W.3d 283, 287 (Ky. 2016). “The 

rule, stated simply (and traditionally), is that a man may not make a voluntary 

transfer of either his real or personal estate with the intent to prevent his wife, or 

intended wife, from sharing in such property at his death . . . .” Id. (emphasis 

added) (internal quotation marks and citation omitted). Indeed, “intent to defraud 

. . . is a question of fact . . . .” Sims v. Commonwealth, 260 S.W.2d 393, 394 (Ky. 

1953) (emphasis added). Furthermore, “intent to defraud . . . may be inferred . . . 

from the attendant circumstances shown by the evidence . . . .” Id. (citation 

omitted).

 

7 Kentucky Revised Statutes.
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Although the circuit court addressed the relative persuasiveness of 

legal precedent,8it nevertheless retained its focus on factfinding. The bulk of the 

evidence supports the finding that Pat intended to ensure his son was provided for 

after his death. Pat first gave the blank check to Jeff Miller, a vendor Kerry used in 

his business, as collateral for any debt Kerry owed, or may owe in the future. This

is a certain demonstration of caring for his son. Independently of that event, Pat 

contacted FNB as early as October 2016, expressing his desire to make Kerry a 

joint owner of his bank account. Although this didn’t come to fruition, it supports 

the inference Pat wanted Kerry to have unrestricted use, control of, and access to

his bank account. Lastly and significantly, Pat told Kerry, as he gave him the 

check, that this was “the only way you will ever get anything.” The reasonable 

inference to be drawn is that Pat, having made no will, feared Kerry would receive 

nothing upon his death. Taken together, this is substantial evidence supporting the 

circuit court’s finding that Pat’s intention was not to defraud Nannie, but to make a 

valid inter vivos gift to his son.

CONCLUSION

For the foregoing reasons, we affirm the findings of fact, conclusions 

of law, and order of the Marion Circuit Court. 

 

8 The circuit court said it was “most persuaded by” Raichel v. Raichel, 65 S.W.3d 497 (Ky. 

2001). We find that case inapposite. However, that does not affect our conclusion that the 

circuit court’s factfinding on the issue is supported by substantial evidence.
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ALL CONCUR.

BRIEFS FOR APPELLANTS:

E. Gregory Goatley

Springfield, Kentucky

BRIEF FOR APPELLEES:

Dawn L. McCauley

Lebanon, Kentucky