Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data, 

Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, 

Division Keyport, Washington, 2007 and 2008 

Open-File Report 2009–1141

Prepared in cooperation with Department of the Navy, 

Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Northwest

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey

SR

308

SR

303

BROWNSVILLE HIGHWAY

L I B E R T Y B A Y

Dogfish Bay

Shallow

lagoon

Tide

flats

KEYPORT

VIRGINIA

POINT

Landfill

(Operable Unit 1)

P o r t

O r c h a r d

Naval Undersea

Warfare Center,

Keyport

Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data, 

Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, 

Division Keyport, Washington, 2007 and 2008

By R.S. Dinicola and R.L. Huffman

Prepared in cooperation with 

Department of the Navy, Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Northwest

Open-File Report 2009–1141

U.S. Department of the Interior

U.S. Geological Survey
U.S. Department of the Interior

KEN SALAZAR, Secretary

U.S. Geological Survey

Suzette M. Kimball, Acting Director

U.S. Geological Survey, Reston, Virginia: 2009

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Although this report is in the public domain, permission must be secured from the individual copyright owners to 

reproduce any copyrighted materials contained within this report.

Suggested citation:

Dinicola, R.S., and Huffman, R.L., 2009, Selected natural attenuation monitoring data, Operable Unit 1, Naval 

Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 2007 and 2008: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File 

Report 2009–1141, 42 p.
iii

Figures

Figure 1. Map showing location of the Operable Unit 1 study area, Naval Undersea 

Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington .......................................... 3

Figure 2. Map showing location of former landfill, two phytoremediation plantations, 

and data collection sites at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, 

Division Keyport, Washington ............................................................ 6

Contents

Abstract...........................................................................................................................................................1

Introduction.....................................................................................................................................................2

Purpose and Scope ..............................................................................................................................2

Sample Collection and Analysis..................................................................................................................7

Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data.........................................................................................................8

Geochemical Data and Predominant Redox Conditions ................................................................8

Volatile Organic Compounds.............................................................................................................10

Volatile Organic Compound Concentrations Beneath the Phytoremediation 

Plantations.....................................................................................................................10

Volatile Organic Compound Concentrations in the Intermediate Aquifer........................10

Summary........................................................................................................................................................11

Acknowledgments.......................................................................................................................................12

References Cited..........................................................................................................................................12

Appendix A. Quality Assurance and Control of U.S. Geological Survey 2007 and 2008 

Geochemical Sampling .................................................................................................................42

Tables

Table 1. Wells and piezometers sampled and groundwater levels measured at 

Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport,

Washington, June 2007 and June 2008 ................................................... 4

Table 2. Predominant redox conditions at wells and piezometers, and groundwater 

geochemical data collected at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare 

Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1996 to 2008 .................................... 14

Table 3. Concentrations of selected volatile organic compounds in groundwater 

samples from monitoring wells and piezometers collected by the U.S. 

Geological Survey at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, 

Division Keyport, Washington., 1999–2008................................................ 30
iv

Conversion Factors, Datums, and Abbreviations and Acronyms

Conversion Factors

Multiply By To obtain

acre 4,047 square meter (m2)

acre 0.4047 hectare (ha)

foot (ft) 0.3048 meter (m)

Temperature in degrees Celsius (°C) may be converted to degrees Fahrenheit (°F) as follows:

°F=(1.8×°C)+32.

Specific conductance is given in microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius (μS/cm at 25°C).

Concentrations of chemical constituents in water are given either in milligrams per liter (mg/L) or 

micrograms per liter (μg/L).

Datums

Vertical coordinate information is referenced to the North American Vertical Datum of 1988 (NAVD 88).

Horizontal coordinate information is referenced to the North American Datum of 1927 (NAD 27).

Altitude, as used in this report, refers to distance above the vertical datum.

Abbreviations and Acronyms

1,1-DCA 1,1-dichloroethane

1,1-DCE 1,1-dichloroethene

BTEX benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, xylenes

CA chloroethane

cis-DCE cis-1,2-dichloroethene

CO2 carbon dioxide

DO dissolved oxygen

DOC dissolved organic carbon

H2 dissolved hydrogen

nM nanoMolar

NUWC Naval Undersea Warfare Center

NWQL National Water Quality Laboratory (USGS)

ORP oxidation-reduction potential

OU Operable Unit

RSKSOP Robert S. Kerr Standard Operating Procedure

Redox reduction/oxidation

TA TestAmerica Laboratories

TCA 1,1,1-trichloroethane

TCE trichloroethene

USEPA U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

USGS U.S. Geological Survey

VC vinyl chloride

VOC volatile organic compound

YSI Yellow Springs Instruments
Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data, 

Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, 

Division Keyport, Washington, 2007 and 2008

By R.S. Dinicola and R.L. Huffman

Abstract

Previous investigations indicate that natural attenuation 

and biodegradation of chlorinated volatile organic 

compounds (VOCs) are substantial in groundwater beneath 

the 9-acre former landfill at Operable Unit 1 (OU 1), Naval 

Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington. 

Phytoremediation combined with on-going natural attenuation 

processes was the preferred remedy selected by the Navy, 

as specified in the Record of Decision for the site. The Navy 

planted two hybrid poplar plantations on the landfill in spring 

1999 to remove and to control the migration of chlorinated 

VOCs in shallow groundwater. The U.S. Geological Survey 

(USGS) has continued to monitor groundwater geochemistry 

to ensure that conditions remain favorable for contaminant 

biodegradation as specified in the Record of Decision. In this 

report are groundwater geochemical and selected VOC data 

collected at OU 1 by the USGS during June 18–21, 2007, and 

June 16–18, 2008, in support of long-term monitoring for 

natural attenuation.

For 2007 and 2008, strongly reducing conditions 

(sulfate reduction and methanogenesis) most favorable for 

reductive dechlorination of VOCs were inferred for 9 of 

16 upper-aquifer wells and piezometers in the northern and 

southern phytoremediation plantations. Predominant redox 

conditions in groundwater from the intermediate aquifer just 

downgradient from the landfill remained mildly reducing 

and somewhat favorable for reductive dechlorination of 

VOCs. Dissolved hydrogen (H2) concentrations measured 

in the upper aquifer during 2007 and 2008 generally have 

been lower than H2 concentrations measured before 2002. 

However, widespread and relatively high methane and sulfide 

concentrations indicate that the lower H2 concentrations 

measured do not support a trend from strongly to mildly 

reducing redox conditions because no widespread changes 

in groundwater redox conditions were identified that 

should result in less favorable conditions for the reductive 

dechlorination of the chlorinated VOCs.

For the upper aquifer beneath the northern 

phytoremediation plantation, chlorinated VOC concentrations 

in 2007 and 2008 at most piezometers were similar to or 

slightly less than chlorinated VOC concentrations measured in 

previous years. The only chlorinated VOC positively detected 

at piezometers P1-1 and P1-5 was cis-1,2-dichloroethene 

(cis‐DCE); most chlorinated VOC concentrations at 

piezometer P1-3 were at the lowest levels since monitoring 

began in 1999. Most VOC concentrations at piezometer 

P1-4 were similar to VOC concentrations measured in 

previous years except that vinyl chloride (VC) concentrations 

inexplicably increased from 280 micrograms per liter (μg/L) 

in June 2007 to 750 μg/L in June 2008. In 2008, measurement 

of the sum of concentrations of ethane and ethene, reductive 

dechlorination byproducts, was at the highest level at most 

northern plantation wells and piezometers, which is evidence 

of reductive dechlorination of chlorinated VOCs.

For the upper aquifer beneath the southern 

phytoremediation plantation, chlorinated VOC concentrations 

in 2007 and 2008 at the piezometers were most often 

extremely high and they continued to vary considerable 

over space and between years. At piezometer P1-6, the total 

chlorinated VOC concentration increased from 380 μg/L in 

2007 to more than 20,000 μg/L in 2008. At piezometer P1-7 

in 2008, the concentrations of trichloroethene, cis-DCE, 

and VC were the highest to date, but total chlorinated VOC 

concentrations at piezometers P1-8, P1-9, and P1-10 in 

2008 were relatively low compared to historical levels. The 

magnitude and persistence of chlorinated VOC concentrations 

indicate that non-aqueous phase liquid chloroethenes likely are 

beneath the southern plantation, and the temporal variability 

in concentrations likely is a result of variations in precipitation 

and groundwater levels interacting with the non-aqueous 

phase liquid. The reductive dechlorination byproducts ethane 

and ethene were detected at all wells and piezometers in the 

southern plantation, which is reliable evidence of reductive 

dechlorination of dissolved VOCs.
2 Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 2007 and 2008

For the intermediate aquifer, total chlorinated VOC 

concentrations in 2008 at wells MW1-25, MW1-28, and 

MW1-39 were consistent with concentrations from previous 

years. However, concentrations of VC at these wells in 

2008 were the highest measured to date, as were the sum 

of concentrations of ethane and ethene measured at wells 

MW1‐25 and MW1-28. These data suggest that either the rate 

of reductive dechlorination of cis-DCE to create VC may have 

increased, or more non-aqueous phase liquid has dissolved 

into groundwater.

Introduction

Chlorinated volatile organic compounds (VOCs) are in 

groundwater beneath the 9-acre former landfill at Operable 

Unit 1 (OU 1) at the Naval Undersea Warfare Center 

(NUWC), Division Keyport. The NUWC is on a small 

peninsula in Kitsap County, Washington, in an extension of 

Puget Sound called Liberty Bay (fig. 1). The former landfill 

is on the narrow strip of land connecting the peninsula to the 

mainland and is adjacent to tidal flats that are an extension of 

Liberty and Dogfish Bays. The OU 1 landfill was constructed 

in a former marshland and is unlined at the bottom. The 

landfill was the primary disposal area for domestic and 

industrial wastes generated by NUWC Division Keyport from 

the 1930s through 1973. The landfill received paints, thinners, 

solvents, acids, dried sludge from a wastewater-treatment 

plant, and other industrial wastes. The most concentrated 

disposal area for waste paints and solvents was at the southern 

end of the landfill.

Groundwater beneath OU 1 is within a series of aquifers 

that are composed of permeable sand, gravel, or fill materials 

separated by finer grained silt or clay layers. Volatile organic 

compound contamination at OU 1 is only in about the top 60 ft 

of the unconsolidated deposits in the four hydrogeologic units: 

the unsaturated zone, the upper aquifer, the middle aquitard, 

and the intermediate aquifer. Groundwater in the unconfined 

upper aquifer generally flows from the east to the west toward 

Dogfish Bay. Groundwater in the predominately confined 

intermediate aquifer flows toward the landfill from the south 

and from the west, and then flows northwest beneath the 

landfill toward Dogfish Bay (Dinicola and others, 2002). Two 

perennial freshwater creeks drain the marsh adjacent to the 

landfill and discharge into the tide flats of Dogfish Bay.

Chlorinated VOCs are in the upper and intermediate 

aquifers and in surface water at OU 1. The predominant 

contaminants in groundwater beneath OU 1 are trichloroethene 

(TCE) and degradation byproducts cis-1,2-dichloroethene 

(cis-DCE) and vinyl chloride (VC). The compound 

1,1,1-trichloroethane (TCA) and degradation byproducts 

1,1-dichloroethane (1,1-DCA), 1,1-dichloroethene (1,1-DCE), 

and chloroethane (CA) have been detected at concentrations 

of concern at a few locations at OU 1. A need for remedial 

action was identified because these hazardous compounds 

are a potential risk to humans (URS Consultants, Inc., 1998). 

Phytoremediation combined with on-going natural attenuation 

processes was the preferred remedy selected by the Navy, 

as specified in the Record of Decision for the site (URS 

Consultants, Inc., 1998). The Navy planted two hybrid poplar 

plantations on the landfill (fig. 2) in spring 1999 to remove 

and control the migration of chlorinated VOCs in shallow 

groundwater (URS Greiner, Inc., 1999). The landfill between 

the plantations is covered with pavement, although the area 

north of the northern plantation is permeable.

Purpose and Scope

The Navy began a cooperative effort with the U.S. 

Geological Survey (USGS) in 1995 to investigate various 

natural attenuation mechanisms at OU 1. Field and 

laboratory studies from 1996 through 2000 showed that 

natural attenuation and biodegradation of chlorinated VOCs 

in shallow groundwater at OU 1 were substantial (URS 

Consultants, Inc., 1997; Bradley and others, 1998; Dinicola 

and others, 2002). The USGS has continued to monitor the 

geochemistry of groundwater to ensure that conditions remain 

favorable for contaminant biodegradation. Annual monitoring 

from 2001 through 2006 confirmed biodegradation (Dinicola 

and Huffman, 2007). USGS data collected from 1996 through 

2006 are in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003, 2004, 

2006), and Dinicola and Huffman (2004, 2006, 2007).

This report presents two sets of groundwater chemical 

and selected VOC data collected by the USGS at OU 1 

during June 18–21, 2007 and June 16–18, 2008, in support 

of the long-term monitoring for natural attenuation. The 

USGS collected groundwater samples from 14 wells and 

9 piezometers in 2007 and 2008 (table 1 and fig. 2), and 

concentrations of various geochemical constituents used to 

evaluate groundwater redox conditions were determined in all 

samples. Concentrations of VOCs also were determined by the 

USGS in samples collected from seven of nine piezometers 

in 2007, and in samples from all nine piezometers and three 

intermediate aquifer wells in 2008. The Navy determined 

VOC concentrations in samples they collected from other 

OU 1 monitoring wells during June 2007 and 2008; some of 

those data are discussed in this report.
Introduction 3

Figure 1. Location of the Operable Unit 1 study area, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington.

tac09-0378_fig01

SR

308

BROWNSVILLE SR

303

HIGHWAY

37' 122°36'30"

T.

26

N.

T.

25

N.

122°38'20" 38' 37'30"

42'

30"

47°

42'

40"

42'

47°

41'

10"

41'

30"

R.1 E.

1,000 2,000 3,000 FEET

0 900 METERS

0

300 600

Base map modified from URS Consultants, Inc., 1997

Projection: Washington State Plane, North Zone

North American Datum of 1927 (NAD27)

Location of figure 2

WASHINGTON

Seattle

Bremerton

Figure

location

L I B E R T Y

B A Y

Dogfish Bay

Shallow

lagoon

Tide

flats

Pond

Marsh

KEYPORT

VIRGINIA POINT

Landfill

(Operable Unit 1)

P o r t

O r c h a r d

Naval Undersea

Warfare Center,

Division Keyport
4 Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 2007 and 2008

Table 1. Wells and piezometers sampled and groundwater levels measured at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea 

Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, June 2007 and June 2008.

[Well or piezometer site No.: MW, monitoring well; P, piezometer; USGS site No.: Unique number for each site based on latitude and 

longitude of the site. First six digits are latitude, next seven digits are longitude, and final two digits are a sequence number to uniquely 

identify each site. Altitudes of groundwater levels and measuring points are given in feet above or below (-) NAVD88. Groundwater 

level is in feet below measuring point (bmp). Depth of well and screened interval are in feet below land surface. Altitude of measuring 

point: Water levels in wells are usually reported as depths below land surface, although the measuring point can be any convenient fixed 

place near the top of the well. For these wells and piezometers, the measuring points are marked points on the tops of well casings—they 

vary from being near the land surface to a few feet above land surface. The altitude of the measuring point is commonly recorded so that 

static water levels also can be reported as altitudes; VOCs sampled by USGS: Y, yes, N, no. Abbreviations: USGS, U.S. Geological 

Survey; VOC, volatile organic compound; ft, foot; ft bmp, feet below measuring point; –, not measured]

Well or 

piezometer 

site No.

USGS site No. Date and time 

measured

Groundwater 

level altitude 

(ft)

Groundwater 

level 

(ft bmp)

Altitude of 

measuring 

point 

(ft)

Depth of 

well 

(ft)

VOCs 

sampled 

by USGS

1MW-1 474151122373201 06-19-07 16:00 3.36 6.70 10.06 16.5 N

06-17-08 13:40 4.36 5.70 N

MW1-2 474153122373101 06-19-07 14:00 2.37 9.52 11.89 18.5 N

06-17-08 11:20 2.25 9.64 N

MW1-3 474152122372501 06-18-07 16:50 9.30 4.25 13.55 11.5 N

06-16-08 12:20 9.62 3.93 N

MW1-4 474145122372801 06-20-07 12:00 5.51 6.69 12.20 13.0 N

06-18-08 14:20 5.58 6.62 N

MW1-5 474146122373201 06-20-07 16:00 4.13 8.95 13.08 12.0 N

06-18-08 12:00 4.32 8.76 N

MW1-16 474146122372801 06-20-07 13:40 5.31 7.52 12.83 12.0 N

06-18-08 13:15 5.49 7.34 N

MW1-17 474150122373201 06-20-07 17:30 6.12 5.82 11.94 13.5 N

06-18-08 11:00 6.42 5.52 N

MW1-20 474145122372501 06-18-07 16:30 6.44 4.00 10.44 16.0 N

06-18-08 13:30 6.56 3.88 N

MW1-25 474154122373201 06-18-07 14:40 1.63 10.28 11.91 49.0 N

06-17-08 15:00 1.39 10.52 Y

MW1-28 474153122373301 06-18-07 14:40 1.61 11.49 13.10 45.0 N

06-17-08 15:20 1.32 11.78 Y

MW1-33 474140122373201 06-18-07 12:50 10.81 .68 11.49 41.0 N

06-16-08 12:15 10.94 .55 N

MW1-38 474156122373701 06-21-07 14:40 .80 9.03 9.83 50.0 N

06-17-08 11:00 -.68 10.51 N
Introduction 5

Table 1. Wells and piezometers sampled and groundwater levels measured at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea 

Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, June 2007 and June 2008.—Continued

[Well or piezometer site No.: MW, monitoring well; P, piezometer; USGS site No.: Unique number for each site based on latitude and 

longitude of the site. First six digits are latitude, next seven digits are longitude, and final two digits are a sequence number to uniquely 

identify each site. Altitudes of groundwater levels and measuring points are given in feet above or below (-) NAVD88. Groundwater 

level is in feet below measuring point (bmp). Depth of well and screened interval are in feet below land surface. Altitude of measuring 

point: Water levels in wells are usually reported as depths below land surface, although the measuring point can be any convenient fixed 

place near the top of the well. For these wells and piezometers, the measuring points are marked points on the tops of well casings—they 

vary from being near the land surface to a few feet above land surface. The altitude of the measuring point is commonly recorded so that 

static water levels also can be reported as altitudes; VOCs sampled by USGS: Y, yes, N, no. Abbreviations: USGS, U.S. Geological 

Survey; VOC, volatile organic compound; ft, foot; ft bmp, feet below measuring point; –, not measured]

Well or 

piezometer 

site No.

USGS site No. Date and time 

measured

Groundwater 

level altitude 

(ft)

Groundwater 

level 

(ft bmp)

Altitude of 

measuring 

point 

(ft)

Depth of 

well 

(ft)

VOCs 

sampled 

by USGS

MW1-39 474157122373701 06-21-07 14:30 .71 9.14 9.85 33.7 N

06-17-08 11:10 -.80 10.65 Y

MW1-41 474152122372901 06-19-07 11:40 6.67 8.60 15.27 15.0 N

06-16-08 14:30 6.85 8.42 N

P1-1 474153122372801 06-19-07 11:50 5.90 8.46 14.36 15.0 N

06-16-08 14:20 5.75 8.61 Y

P1-3 474153122373102 06-19-07 13:15 3.28 9.51 12.79 15.0 Y

06-17-08 11:00 3.52 9.27 Y

P1-4 474152122373101 06-19-07 15:00 – – 12.55 15.0 Y

06-16-08 15:40 4.31 8.24 Y

P1-5 474152122372801 06-19-07 14:20 6.16 8.90 15.06 15.0 N

06-16-08 14:30 6.12 8.94 Y

P1-6 474146122373001 06-20-07 14:50 5.18 7.58 12.76 15.0 Y

06-18-08 11:30 5.35 7.41 Y

P1-7 474145122373101 06-20-07 15:30 5.09 7.03 12.12 15.0 Y

06-18-08 12:00 5.23 6.89 Y

P1-8 474147122372801 06-20-07 14:20 5.78 6.28 12.06 15.0 Y

06-18-08 14:50 6.05 6.01 Y

P1-9 474145122372901 06-20-07 13:00 5.31 6.60 11.91 15.0 Y

06-18-08 13:10 5.47 6.44 Y

P1-10 474145122372601 06-20-07 11:40 6.33 5.53 11.86 15.0 Y

06-18-08 14:20 6.40 5.46 Y
6 Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 2007 and 2008

tac09-0378_fig02

Keys Road

BROWNSVILLE HIGHWAY

Bradley Road

Shapely Road

SR

308

SR

303

Tide flats

Pond

Marsh

Landfill

Dogfish Bay

Shallow

lagoon

Naval Undersea

Warfare Center,

Division Keyport

(NUWC)

50 100 150 200 250 METERS

200

0

0 400 600 800 FEET

122°37'20"

T.

26

N.

R.1 E.

122°37'40" 30"

47°

42'

41'

50"

47°

41'

40"

MW1-22

MW1-30

PZ1-5

MW1-23

MW1-24

1MW-4

MW1-36

MW1-37

MW1-39

MW1-38

MW1-32

MW1-21

MW1-29

MW1-40

MW1-25

MW1-28

MW1-9

PZ1-2

PZ1-4

MW1-7

MW1-31

MW1-27 MW1-11

MW1-33

N-1

N-2 N-3

N-4

N-5

N-7 N-6

N-8

C-1

C-2

C-3

S-1

S-5

S-5B

S-4

S-4B

S-3

S-3B

S-2

S-2B

S-6

PZ1-3

1MW-5

MW22-7

MW1-19

MW1-18

MW22-6

MW1-3

MW1-17

1MW-1 MW1-15

MW1-2

PZ1-1

Private

Well 1

Private

Well 2

MW1-10

MW1-14

MW1-41

P1-1

P1-2

P1-3

MW1-6 MW1-35

MW22-5

MW3-5

MW22-1

MW1-20

MW22-2 MW1-8

P1-4

P1-5

P1-6

P1-7

P1-8

P1-9

P1-10

MW1-5

MW1-16

MW1-4

MW1-1

DB-14

TF19

MA09

MA11

MA10

MA-12

MA13

SW-S6

Passive-diffusion sampler

Data-collection sites—sampled

 in June 2007 and June 2008 

 are black, not sampled are grey

Surface water 

EXPLANATION

NUWC, Division Keyport 

Former landfill

Phytoremediation plantation

Surface water

Approximate location of former

 waste paint and solvent

 disposal area

Monitoring well or

 piezometer in upper aquifer

Monitoring well or piezometer

 in intermediate aquifer

Base map modified from URS Consultants, Inc., 1997

Projection: Washington State Plane, North Zone

North American Datum of 1927 (NAD27)

P1-1

MW1-28

S-2

MA12

Figure 2. Location of former landfill, two phytoremediation plantations, and data collection sites at Operable Unit 1, 

Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington.
Sample Collection and Analysis 7

Sample Collection and Analysis

Groundwater-level measurements, sample collection 

and processing, and field analyses were in accordance with 

applicable USGS procedures (U.S. Geological Survey, 

variously dated), except that samples were collected 

using a peristaltic pump. Geochemical measurements and 

concentrations determined for all samples included dissolved 

hydrogen (H2), dissolved oxygen (DO), filtered organic 

carbon (referred to as dissolved organic carbon, DOC), filtered 

nitrate plus nitrite, filtered manganese, filtered ferrous iron 

(or iron (II)), filtered sulfate, unfiltered sulfide, dissolved 

methane, dissolved carbon dioxide, pH, specific conductance, 

oxidation-reduction potential (ORP), and filtered chloride. 

Concentrations of 64 VOCs were determined for samples 

from piezometers in 2007 and 2008, and from 3 wells in 2008. 

Concentrations of the dissolved gases ethane and ethene were 

determined for all samples.

After measuring depth to groundwater, all well and 

piezometer samples were collected with a peristaltic pump 

and single-use polyurethane tubing. A stainless-steel weight 

was attached to the bottom of the tubing to accurately collect 

the sample from the mid-screen altitude in each well. Samples 

were collected after approximately three casing-volumes 

of water were purged from the wells and after allowing the 

analytes pH, specific conductance, and DO to stabilize within 

0.1 unit, 5 percent, and 0.3 mg/L, respectively. Those three 

analytes and ORP were measured in a flow-through chamber 

using temperature-compensated sensors from a Yellow Springs 

Instruments (YSI) data sonde. The specific conductance sensor 

was checked daily with standard reference solutions; the pH 

sensor was calibrated daily with two pH standards; and the 

DO sensor was calibrated daily using the water-saturated 

air method and occasionally verified with zero DO solution. 

Dissolved-oxygen analyses were confirmed for most samples 

using 0 to 1 mg/L CHEMets Rhodazine-D colorimetric 

ampoules (manufactured by CHEMetrics, Inc., Calverton, 

Virginia). These ampoules were filled directly from the 

sampling tube after well purging was completed.

Concentrations of iron (II) were measured in the 

field in samples that had been filtered through a 0.45-μm 

membrane filter using a colorimetric 1,10 phenanthroline 

indicator method and a Hach Model 2010 spectrophotometer 

following Hach Method 8146 (Hach Company, 1998; 

adapted from American Public Health Association, 1980). 

Sulfide concentrations were immediately measured in 

the field using a colorimetric methylene-blue indicator 

method using the same spectrophotometer according to 

Hach Method 8131 (Hach Company, 1998; procedure is 

equivalent to U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) 

method 376.2 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 

1983)). Methodologies used to determine iron and sulfide 

concentrations also are described online at http://www.hach.

com/fmmimghach?/CODE%3AIRONFER_AVPP_OTHER_

P1873%7C1 and http://www.hach.com/fmmimghach?/

CODE%3ASULFIDE_NONE_OTHER_M1965%7C1, 

respectively, accessed January 6, 2009. Dissolved carbon 

dioxide (CO2) concentrations were measured in the field 

with Titret-Sodium hydroxide titrant with a pH indicator 

(manufactured by CHEMetrics, Inc., Calverton, Virginia).

Samples for H2 in groundwater were collected using 

the bubble-strip method of Chapelle and others (1997) and 

concentrations were measured in the field using a reduction 

gas analyzer (Trace Analytical model E-001). Initial gas 

samples from each well were collected and analyzed after 

at least 20 minutes of stripping; subsequent samples were 

collected and analyzed at about 5-minute intervals until 

consecutive H2 concentrations stabilized to within 10 percent, 

a process that often required one hour or more.

Samples for analysis of nitrate plus nitrite, manganese, 

sulfate, and chloride concentrations were filtered through a 

0.45-μm membrane filter into polyethylene bottles, chilled, 

and sent to the USGS National Water Quality Laboratory 

(NWQL) in Lakewood, Colorado. Samples for analysis of 

manganese were acidified in the field with nitric acid to a pH 

of less than 2 and then analyzed at NWQL by inductively 

coupled plasma as described by Fishman (1993). Chloride and 

sulfate were analyzed using ion chromatography as described 

by Fishman (1993). Nitrate plus nitrite were analyzed 

colorimetrically by cadmium reduction and diazotization 

as described by Fishman (1993). The results for the nitrate 

plus nitrite analyses are referred to simply as “nitrate” in this 

report because nitrite was not detected historically at the site 

(Dinicola and others, 2002).

Samples for DOC analysis were filtered through a 

0.45-μm filter, collected in amber glass bottles, acidified in 

the field with sulfuric acid to a pH of less than 2, chilled to 

less than 4°C, and shipped to NWQL. DOC concentrations 

were determined using persulfate oxidation and infrared 

spectrometry as described by Brenton and Arnett (1993).

Samples for VOC analysis were collected in pre-acidified 

40-mL glass vials, placed on ice, and shipped to NWQL for 

subsequent analysis at TestAmerica (TA) Laboratories, Inc. 

in Denver, Colorado, using purge and trap capillary-column 

gas chromatography/mass spectrometry according to USEPA 

Method SW846 8260B (U.S. Environmental Protection 

Agency, 1996). Samples for analysis of ethane, ethene, 

and methane were collected in pre-acidified 40-mL glass 

vials, placed on ice, and shipped to NWQL for subsequent 

analysis at TA Laboratories, using gas chromatography with a 

flame-ionization detector according to USEPA Method RSK 

SOP‐175 (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1994). The 

reporting limit for a given compound often differed between 
8 Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 2007 and 2008

wells because of different degrees of sample dilution by TA 

Laboratories. The VOC and dissolved gas samples were 

collected in pre-acidified vials supplied by TA Laboratories; 

consequently, the vials could not be overfilled during sampling 

as is recommended in applicable USGS procedures (U.S. 

Geological Survey, variously dated) to avoid aeration of the 

sample.

Quality control of geochemical and contaminant 

sampling for 2007 included the collection of one duplicate 

sample for selected redox-sensitive analytes and one duplicate 

sample for VOCs, and for 2008 quality control included 

the collection of two duplicate samples for redox-sensitive 

analytes and one duplicate sample for VOCs. A field blank 

for redox-sensitive analytes and VOCs was collected in 2007 

and a field blank was collected for VOCs and organic carbon 

in 2008. No substantial quality issues were identified in those 

samples (appendix A). 

Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data

The groundwater chemistry data are grouped with regard 

to location and aquifer of the well or piezometer. Upgradient 

sites are the two upper aquifer wells (MW1-3 and MW1-20) 

east of the landfill and one intermediate aquifer well (MW1-

33) south of the landfill. Northern plantation sites are all in 

the upper aquifer and include four wells (1MW-1, MW1-2, 

MW1‐17, and MW1-41) and four piezometers (P1-1, P1-3, 

P1-4, and P1-5) in or near the northern phytoremediation 

plantation; piezometer P1-2 generally is dry during June and 

has not been sampled. Southern plantation sites also are all in 

the upper aquifer and include three wells (MW1-4, MW1–5, 

and MW1-16) and five piezometers (P1-6, P1-7, P1-8, 

P1-9, and P1-10) in or near the southern phytoremediation 

plantation. Intermediate aquifer sites include four intermediate 

aquifer wells (MW1-25, MW1-28, MW1-38, and MW1-39) 

that are downgradient of the landfill; no intermediate aquifer 

wells are in the footprint of the former landfill.

Geochemical Data and Predominant Redox 

Conditions

Geochemical data collected by the USGS from 

piezometers and selected wells at OU 1 from 1996 to 2008 are 

shown in table 2 (at back of report). Historical geochemical 

data for wells not sampled in 2007 or 2008 are not included in 

table 2, but are available in Dinicola (2006).

The predominant redox conditions for all samples 

were inferred following guidelines described in detail by 

Dinicola (2006). Redox conditions generally are considered 

either aerobic when DO concentrations are about 1 mg/L, 

or anaerobic when DO concentrations are less than 1 mg/L. 

Anaerobic redox conditions usually can be further specified 

(and are named) according to the inorganic compound 

acting as the predominant electron acceptor in a given 

part of an aquifer. Common anaerobic redox conditions in 

groundwater are nitrate reducing, manganese reducing, iron 

reducing, sulfate reducing, and carbon-dioxide reducing 

(methanogenic). Nitrate reduction, manganese reduction, 

and iron reduction commonly are together referred to as 

mildly reducing conditions, whereas sulfate reduction 

and methanogenesis commonly are referred to as strongly 

reducing conditions. That distinction is made because different 

types of biodegradation processes are favored under mildly 

and strongly reducing conditions. Determination of redox 

conditions in contaminated groundwater is not a simple task 

and no universally accepted procedures are available. Data 

from many OU-1 groundwater samples indicate multiple 

redox conditions near the well or piezometer. The following 

two examples illustrate this point.

The first example is from well MW1-41 during 2007 

and 2008 where manganese, iron (II), and all methane 

concentrations were higher than concentrations in upgradient 

groundwater and were relatively high in comparison to all 

samples. Those data suggest either manganese- or ironreducing or methanogenic redox conditions predominated 

at the time of sampling. No sulfate and very little sulfide 

were detected at MW1-41, indicating that the predominant 

redox condition has moved beyond sulfate reduction to 

methanogenesis. However, the dissolved H2 concentration 

of 0.4 nanomolar (nM) at the well suggests iron-reducing 

conditions (Dinicola, 2006) at the time of sampling. The 

sample was assigned methanogenesis as the predominant 

redox condition. The second example is from well MW1‐16 

during 2007 and 2008 where manganese, iron (II), sulfide, 

and methane concentrations were much higher than 

concentrations in upgradient groundwater and were relatively 

high in comparison to all samples. The sample was assigned 

sulfate-reduction as the predominant redox condition largely 

because sulfide is a short-lived by-product of sulfate reduction 

when high concentrations of reduced iron (II) are available. 

Elevated sulfide concentrations indicate recent and localized 

sulfate reduction. Dissolved H2 could not be measured at well 

MW1-16 in 2007 because of poor well yield, and the dissolved 

H2 concentration in 2008 was only 0.1 nM, indicating ironreducing conditions. These two examples clearly illustrate 

that the assignation of predominant redox conditions has some 

uncertainty.
Natural Attenuation Monitoring Data 9

For 2007 and 2008, predominant redox conditions in 

the upgradient wells in the upper aquifer (wells MW1-3 and 

MW1-20) ranged from aerobic to mildly reducing (nitrate 

reduction, and manganese and iron reduction). These wells 

have varied between aerobic and sulfate reducing during the 

10 years of monitoring (table 2). Concentrations of DOC have 

been consistently 2 mg/L or less. Redox conditions in the 

upgradient well in the intermediate aquifer (well MW1-33) 

have been consistently aerobic.

For the upper aquifer beneath the northern plantation 

in 2007 and 2008, the strongly reducing conditions (sulfate 

reduction and methanogenesis) most favorable for reductive 

dechlorination of VOCs (Bradley, 2003) were inferred for 

five of eight upper-aquifer wells and piezometers (MW1-17, 

MW1-41, P1-1, P1-3, and P1-5). The other upper-aquifer 

wells and piezometers within the plantation had iron-reducing 

or unspecified anaerobic conditions. Well MW1-17 is included 

with the northern plantation sites in table 2, although it 

is between plantations and is not downgradient from any 

known major contaminant sources. Methane concentrations 

ranged from 0.26 mg/L (MW1-2 in 2007) to 14 mg/L (P1-3 

and P1-5 in 2008), indicating that methanogenic (strongly 

reducing) redox conditions are common, but not necessarily 

predominant. Concentrations of DOC, which reflect the 

availability of electron donor needed to sustain biodegradation 

processes, ranged from 6.0 mg/L (MW1-2 in 2007) to 23 mg/L 

(P1-3 in 2008). Concentrations of dissolved carbon dioxide, 

a byproduct from microbial oxidation of organic compounds, 

ranged from 11 mg/L (1MW-1 in 2008) to 350 mg/L (MW1-41 

and P1-5 in 2007, and P1-1 in 2008). Wells and piezometers 

with low chlorinated VOC concentrations (MW1-41, P1-1, 

P1-3, and P1-5), generally had high DOC, dissolved carbon 

dioxide, and methane concentrations. Conversely, wells 

and piezometers with high chlorinated VOC concentrations 

(1MW-1, MW1-2, and P1-4) had low DOC, dissolved 

carbon dioxide, and methane concentrations. Together those 

data are compelling evidence that biodegradation has been 

and continues to be an important process for decreasing 

contaminant concentrations in the upper aquifer beneath the 

northern plantation.

For the upper aquifer beneath the southern plantation 

in 2007 and 2008, the strongly reducing conditions (sulfate 

reduction and methanogenesis) most favorable for reductive 

dechlorination of VOCs (Bradley, 2003) were inferred for 

four of eight upper-aquifer wells and piezometers (MW1-

16, P1-6, P1-8, and P1-10). The other upper-aquifer wells 

and piezometers in the southern plantation had manganese 

and (or) iron reducing conditions. Methane concentrations 

ranged from 0.38 mg/L (P1-6 in 2007) to 7.9 mg/L (P1-8 in 

2008), indicating that methanogenic (strongly reducing) redox 

conditions are common, but not necessarily predominant. 

The concentrations commonly were less than concentrations 

measured at northern plantation wells and piezometers. 

Concentrations of DOC, which reflect the availability of 

electron donor needed to sustain biodegradation processes, 

ranged from 1.4 mg/L (MW1-4 in 2007) to 18 mg/L (MW1-

16 in 2007), and also were less than concentrations of DOC 

measured at northern plantation wells and piezometers. 

Concentrations of dissolved carbon dioxide ranged from less 

than 10 mg/L (P1-6, P1-8, and P1-9 in 2008) to 190 mg/L 

(MW1-16 in 2007), and again were less than concentrations 

of dissolved dioxide measured at northern plantation wells 

and piezometers. The generalized pattern of relatively high 

DOC, dissolved carbon dioxide, and methane concentrations 

at wells and piezometers with relatively low chlorinated 

VOC concentrations is not consistent in the upper aquifer 

beneath the southern plantation, although well MW1-4 is 

highly contaminated with chlorinated VOCs and has DOC 

concentrations about as low as the nearby upgradient well 

MW1-20.

Concentrations of H2 measured in the upper aquifer 

generally have been lower than concentrations measured 

before 2002, and only two upper aquifer wells and 

piezometers (MW1-17 and P1-5) had concentrations greater 

than 1 nM in 2007 or 2008. However, methane and sulfide 

concentrations at most upper aquifer wells and piezometers 

beneath the landfill have been consistently elevated above 

levels measured upgradient, so the lower H2 concentrations do 

not appear to indicate a trend from strongly to mildly reducing 

predominant redox conditions. Organic carbon concentrations 

generally decreased at most wells and piezometers for the 

first few years after pavement was removed in 1999 to install 

the phytoremediation plantations. However, that downward 

trend on organic carbon concentrations has not continued 

beyond about 2004. Overall, except for the apparent trend 

toward lower dissolved H2 concentrations, no widespread 

changes in groundwater redox conditions were identified that 

should result in either more or less efficient biodegradation of 

chlorinated VOCs.

Predominant redox conditions in all intermediate aquifer 

wells downgradient of the landfill have been consistently 

anaerobic (table 2). Mildly reducing conditions (iron 

reduction) were inferred for the intermediate aquifer wells at 

the downgradient margin of the landfill (wells MW1-25 and 

MW1-28) for 2007 and 2008. Methane concentrations in these 

wells ranged from 0.67 to 2.8 mg/L and were about twice 

as high in MW1-25 compared to MW1-28. Concentrations 

of DOC in these wells ranged from 6.4 to 7.1 mg/L, and 

have been consistently greater than concentrations of 

DOC measured in the upgradient intermediate aquifer well 

MW1-33 (0.5 in 2007 and 0.4 mg/L in 2008). The mildly 

reducing conditions are somewhat favorable for reductive 

dechlorination of VOCs (Bradley, 2003).
10 Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 2007 and 2008

Volatile Organic Compounds

Volatile organic carbon and dissolved ethane and 

ethene data collected by the USGS from piezometers and 

selected intermediate aquifer wells at OU 1 from June 

1999 to June 2008 are shown in table 3 (at back of report). 

The VOC data include concentrations of a subset of the 64 

compounds measured using USEPA Method SW846 8260B 

(U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1996). Chemical 

concentrations are reported as less than the reporting level 

for samples in which the analyte was neither identified 

nor detected at concentrations equal to or greater than the 

reporting level. Historical VOC data for wells not sampled 

in 2007 or 2008 and for dates before 1999 are not included 

in table 3, but are in Dinicola (2006) and U.S. Navy (2008). 

The total CVOCs calculated for each sample is the sum 

of chlorinated VOC concentrations that were positively 

detected; concentrations reported as “less than” values were 

not included in the total. Complete analytical results for the 

USGS data for 2007–08 and previous years are available from 

the USGS NWIS web site http://nwis.waterdata.usgs.gov/wa/

nwis/qwdata or Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003, 

2004, 2006), and Dinicola and Huffman (2004, 2006, 2007). 

Complete analytical results for the complimentary Navy VOC 

data from 1995 through 2007 is available in U.S. Navy (2008).

Volatile Organic Compound Concentrations 

Beneath the Phytoremediation Plantations

For the northern plantation in 2007 and 2008, chlorinated 

VOC concentrations at most piezometers were similar to 

or slightly less than concentrations of chlorinated VOC 

measured in previous years. In 2008, chlorinated VOCs were 

not detected at piezometer P1-5, and the only chlorinated 

VOC that was positively detected at piezometer P1-1 was 

cis-DCE at an estimated concentration of 0.18 μg/L in P1-1 

(VOCs were not analyzed at these piezometers in 2007). At 

piezometer P1-3, chlorinated VOC concentrations in 2007 

and 2008 were at the lowest levels since monitoring began 

in 1999. Most VOC concentrations at piezometer P1-4 in 

2007 and 2008 were similar to VOC concentrations measured 

in previous years except that VC concentrations increased 

from 280 μg/L in June 2007 to 750 μg/L in June 2008. Since 

1999, total CVOC concentrations at P1-4 have been at least 

two times greater than CVOC concentrations measured at all 

other piezometers in the northern plantation, including wells 

1MW-1, MW1-2, and MW1-41 that are regularly monitored 

by the Navy (U.S. Navy, 2008). In 2008, measurements of 

the sum of concentrations of the reductive dechlorination 

byproducts ethane and ethene were at the highest levels to 

date at all northern plantation piezometers except P1-1, where 

the compounds were not positively detected. Those byproduct 

concentrations provide evidence of reductive dechlorination of 

chlorinated VOCs.

For the southern plantation in 2007 and 2008, chlorinated 

VOC concentrations measured in piezometers were often 

extremely high and varied widely. At piezometer P1-6, the 

total chlorinated VOC concentration was exceptionally low 

in 2007 at 380 μg/L, and was then exceptionally high in 2008 

at 20,000 μg/L. At piezometer P1-7 in 2008, total chlorinated 

VOCs, and the individual compounds TCE, cis-DCE, and 

VC, were at the highest concentrations to date. In contrast, 

total chlorinated VOC concentrations at piezometers P1-8, 

P1-9 and P1-10 in 2008 were relatively low compared to 

1999–2007 levels. Chlorinated VOC concentrations at wells 

MW1-4 and MW1-16 in the southern plantation also have 

been highly variable over time. Since 1999, total CVOC 

concentrations at P1-7 or P1-9 have been the highest measured 

at all wells and piezometers in the northern plantation. The 

magnitude and persistence of dissolved-phase chlorinated 

VOC concentrations in these piezometers indicate nonaqueous phase chloroethenes beneath the southern plantation. 

The temporal variability in concentrations likely is a result of 

variations in precipitation and groundwater levels interacting 

with the non-aqueous phase liquid. In 2007 and 2008, one 

or both of the reductive dechlorination byproducts ethane 

and ethene were detected at all southern plantation wells and 

piezometers, with an ethene concentration as high as 850 μg/L 

(P1-7 in 2008). Those byproduct concentrations are evidence 

that reductive dechlorination of dissolved VOCs is ongoing, 

although non-aqueous phase liquid chloroethenes are not 

likely to be substantially affected by biodegradation (Dinicola, 

2006). 

Volatile Organic Compound Concentrations in the 

Intermediate Aquifer

In 2007, the reductive dechlorination byproducts ethane 

and ethene were the only VOC concentrations analyzed 

in samples from the intermediate aquifer. The sum of 

concentrations of ethane and ethene were 12.1 and 18 μg/L 

at wells MW1-25 and MW1-28, respectively, indicating 

ongoing reductive dechlorination. Farther downgradient in 

the intermediate aquifer beneath the Highway 308 causeway 

at wells MW1-38 and MW1-39, ethane and ethene were not 

detected.
Summary 11

In 2008, total chlorinated VOC concentrations in wells 

MW1-25, MW1-28, and MW1-39 were consistent with 

previous years. However, VC concentrations in 2008 at 

these wells were the highest measured to date: 510 μg/L at 

MW1-25, 930 μg/L at MW1-28, and 3.0 at MW1-39. Along 

with elevated VC concentrations, the sum of concentrations 

of ethane and ethene in 2008 were somewhat higher than 

concentrations measured to date at wells MW1-25 (24 μg/L) 

and MW1-28 (34 μg/L). These data suggest that either the rate 

of reductive dechlorination of cis-DCE to create VC may have 

increased, or more non-aqueous phase liquid has dissolved 

into groundwater.

Summary

Previous investigations report that natural attenuation 

and biodegradation of chlorinated volatile organic 

compounds (VOCs) are substantial in groundwater beneath 

the 9-acre former landfill at Operable Unit 1 (OU 1), Naval 

Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington. 

Phytoremediation combined with on-going natural attenuation 

processes was the preferred remedy selected by the Navy, as 

specified in the Record of Decision for the site, and the Navy 

planted two hybrid poplar plantations on the landfill in spring 

1999 to remove and to control the migration of chlorinated 

VOCs in shallow groundwater. The U.S. Geological Survey 

(USGS) has continued to monitor groundwater geochemistry 

to ensure that conditions remain favorable for contaminant 

biodegradation as specified in the Record of Decision. This 

report presents groundwater geochemical and selected VOC 

data collected at OU 1 by the USGS during June 18–21, 2007 

and June 16–18, 2008 in support of long-term monitoring for 

natural attenuation.

For 2007 and 2008, strongly reducing conditions 

(sulfate reduction and methanogenesis) most favorable for 

reductive dechlorination of VOCs were inferred for 9 of 

16 upper-aquifer wells and piezometers in the northern and 

southern phytoremediation plantations. Predominant redox 

conditions in groundwater from the intermediate aquifer just 

downgradient from the landfill remained mildly reducing 

and somewhat favorable for reductive dechlorination of 

VOCs. Concentrations of hydrogen (H2) measured in the 

upper aquifer generally have been lower than concentrations 

measured before 2002. However, widespread and relatively 

high methane and sulfide concentrations suggest that the 

lower H2 concentrations measured do not support a trend 

from strongly to mildly reducing redox conditions because no 

widespread changes in groundwater redox conditions were 

identified that should result in less favorable conditions for the 

reductive dechlorination of the chlorinated VOCs.

For the upper aquifer beneath the northern 

phytoremediation plantation, chlorinated VOC concentrations 

in 2007 and 2008 at most piezometers were similar to or 

slightly less than chlorinated VOC concentrations measured 

in previous years. The only chlorinated VOC positively 

detected at piezometers P1-1 and P1-5 was cis-DCE; most 

chlorinated VOC concentrations at piezometer P1-3 were 

at the lowest levels since monitoring began in 1999. Most 

VOC concentrations at piezometer P1-4 were similar to VOC 

concentrations measured in previous years except that vinyl 

chloride (VC) concentrations inexplicably increased from 

280 micrograms per liter (μg/L) in June 2007 to 750 μg/L in 

June 2008. In 2008, the sum of concentrations of the reductive 

dechlorination byproducts ethane and ethene were measured at 

the highest levels to date at most northern plantation wells and 

piezometers, which is evidence of reductive dechlorination of 

chlorinated VOCs. 

For the upper aquifer beneath the southern 

phytoremediation plantation, chlorinated VOC concentrations 

in 2007 and 2008 at the piezometers were most often 

extremely high and they continued to vary widely over 

space and time. At piezometer P1-6, the total chlorinated 

VOC concentration increased from 380 μg/L in 2007 to 

more than 20,000 μg/L in 2008. At piezometer P1-7 in 2008, 

trichloroethene, cis-1,2-dichloroethene (cis-DCE), and VC 

were measured at the highest concentrations to date, but 

total chlorinated VOC concentrations at piezometers P1-8, 

P1-9 and P1-10 in 2008 were relatively low compared to 

historical levels. The magnitude and persistence of chlorinated 

VOC concentrations indicate that non-aqueous phase liquid 

chloroethenes likely are beneath the southern plantation, 

and the temporal variability in concentrations likely is a 

result of variations in precipitation and groundwater levels 

interacting with the non-aqueous phase liquid. The reductive 

dechlorination byproducts ethane and ethene were detected at 

all southern plantation wells and piezometers, which is reliable 

evidence of reductive dechlorination of dissolved VOCs.

For the intermediate aquifer, total chlorinated VOC 

concentrations in 2008 at wells MW1-25, MW1-28, and 

MW1-39 were consistent with previous years. However, 

VC concentrations in 2008 at these wells were the highest 

measured to date, as were the sum of concentrations of ethane 

and ethene measured at wells MW1-25 and MW1-28. These 

data suggest that either the rate of reductive dechlorination 

of cis-DCE to create VC may have increased, or more nonaqueous phase liquid has dissolved into groundwater.
12 Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 2007 and 2008

Acknowledgments

The authors thank Douglas Thelin of the Naval Facilities 

Engineering Command Northwest for his guidance and 

funding for the continued monitoring. Gene Ellis of the Naval 

Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 

provided logistical support for field activities. U.S. Geological 

Survey Washington, Water Science Center staff Stephen Cox, 

Greg Justin, and Karen Payne assisted with data collection and 

analysis.

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14 Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 2007 and 2008

Table 2. Predominant redox conditions at wells and piezometers, and groundwater geochemical data collected at Operable Unit 1, 

Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1996 to 2008.

[All other data were published in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003), and Dinicola (2004); prior to 2000, bicarbonate was calculated from an unfiltered 

sample. Reported concentrations less than the detection limit usually are estimated. A range of dissolved hydrogen concentrations are shown when equilibration 

at a single value was never achieved. Predominant redox conditions: A, aerobic; An, anaerobic, but specific redox condition could not be determined; Fe, 

iron reducing; M, methanogenic; Mn, manganese reducing; N, nitrate reducing; S, sulfate reducing. Abbreviations: nM, nanomolar; mg/L, milligram per liter; 

μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; ORP, oxidation-reduction potential; mV, millivolt. Symbols: E, estimated value; R, data rejected 

(selected 1996 dissolved-oxygen data were rejected because of inadequate well purging; selected 2002 dissolved-hydrogen data were rejected because of 

interference from downhole instruments); <, actual value is less than value shown; >, actual value is greater than value shown; –, not analyzed]

Well or 

piezometer 

No.

Date 

sampled

Predominant 

redox 

condition 

Dissolved 

hydrogen 

(nM)

Dissolved 

oxygen 

(mg/L)

Unfiltered (total) 

organic carbon 

(mg/L)

Filtered 

(dissolved) 

organic carbon 

(mg/L)

Filtered 

nitrate + 

nitrite 

(mg/L as N)

Filtered 

manganese 

(mg/L)

Filtered 

iron (II) 

(mg/L)

Filtered 

sulfate 

(mg/L)

Upgradient

MW1–3 06-09-99 Fe 0.8 0.4 – – – 0.07 <0.01 –

06-20-00 Fe .2 .3 2.0 – 0.99 .08 <.01 13

06-12-01 A – 4.0 2.3 1.1 1.1 .04 .02 14

06-10-02 S 2.7 .4 – 1.4 1.6 .10 .01 11

06-17-03 A – 4.3 – 1.7 1.8 .09 .05 12

06-15-04 Mn/Fe .2 .2 – 1.6 – .09 <.01 12

06-20-05 Mn/Fe <.1 .1 – 1.4 1.6 .10 .01 15

06-12-06 Mn/Fe <.1 .1 – 1.4 1.6 .11 <.01 14

06-18-07 N – .6 – 1.8 1.1 .09 <.01 16

06-16-08 N – .6 – 2.0 1.1 .10 <.01 18

MW1–20 06-08-99 Fe 0.9 0.3 – – – 0.35 0.03 –

06-21-00 Fe .4 <.1 2.2 – <0.05 .24 .11 16

06-13-01 S 2.1 .2 3.0 1.4 <.05 .28 .01 20

06-12-02 An >100R .1 – 1.4 <.05 .16 .01 17

06-17-03 Fe .5 .2 – 1.7 <.06 .24 .05 18

06-15-04 Mn/Fe .1 .9 – 1.6 – .23 .03 18

06-20-05 Mn/Fe .1 .4 – 1.5 <.06 .25 .21 16

06-13-06 Mn/Fe .1 .1 – 1.7 <.06 .21 .08 16

06-18-07 Mn/Fe – .2 – 1.8 <.06 .21 .34 14

06-18-08 A – 3.4 – 1.5 <.04 .19 .06 19

MW1–33 10-07-98 A – 3.3 0.1 – – 0.003 <0.01 –

06-21-00 A – 3.8 .7 – 1.3 <.0002 <.01 7.5

06-11-01 A – 3.8 1.5 1.4 1.1 <.0003 <.01 8.2

06-10-02 A – 3.4 1.2 1.1 <.0002 <.01 7.3

06-17-03 A – 3.0 – .7 .98 <.0004 <.01 7.4

06-15-04 A – – – .6 – <.0008 <.01 6.6

06-20-05 A – 3.5 – .5 1.7 <.0006 <.01 6.3

06-12-06 A 3.9 – .4 1.8 <.0006 .02 5.7

06-18-07 A – 4.1 – .5 1.64 E.0002 – 5.3

06-16-08 A – 4.0 – .4 1.62 <.0004 .03 5.2

Northern plantation

1MW-1 09-17-96 Fe 0.4 2.8R 7.0 – <0.02 0.18 0.24 7.5

04-16-97 Fe .8 .4 – – .11 – 8.0 1.4

03-05-98 Fe/S .2 .1 8.3 – – .39 12 –

10-09-98 Fe .2 .5 – – – .08 .39 –

06-21-00 Mn/Fe .1 .5 12 – <.05 .96 13 .9

06-11-01 Fe .6 .7 13 12 <.05 .24 2.9 2.2

06-10-02 Fe .4 .2 – 14 <.05 .37 7.3 1.7

06-17-03 Fe .1 .1 – 10 <.06 .17 1.2 2.2

06-16-04 Fe .2 .1 – 7.7 – .09 .38 2.0

06-21-05 Fe .1 .1 – 9.5 <.06 .12 1.8 1.7

06-12-06 Mn/Fe <.1 .2 – 8.5 <.06 .12 .8 1.9

06-19-07 An .3 .1 – 6.8 E.05 1.3 .72 6.4

06-17-08 An .2 .2 – 9.6 <.04 .13 1.4 1.3
References Cited 15

Table 2. Predominant redox conditions at wells and piezometers, and groundwater geochemical data collected at Operable Unit 1, 

Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1996 to 2008.—Continued

[All other data were published in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003), and Dinicola (2004); prior to 2000, bicarbonate was calculated from an unfiltered 

sample. Reported concentrations less than the detection limit usually are estimated. A range of dissolved hydrogen concentrations are shown when equilibration 

at a single value was never achieved. Predominant redox conditions: A, aerobic; An, anaerobic, but specific redox condition could not be determined; Fe, 

iron reducing; M, methanogenic; Mn, manganese reducing; N, nitrate reducing; S, sulfate reducing. Abbreviations: nM, nanomolar; mg/L, milligram per liter; 

μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; ORP, oxidation-reduction potential; mV, millivolt. Symbols: E, estimated value; R, data rejected 

(selected 1996 dissolved-oxygen data were rejected because of inadequate well purging; selected 2002 dissolved-hydrogen data were rejected because of 

interference from downhole instruments); <, actual value is less than value shown; >, actual value is greater than value shown; –, not analyzed]

Well or 

piezometer 

No.

Date 

sampled

Predominant 

redox 

condition 

Unfiltered 

sulfide 

(mg/L)

Dissolved 

methane 

(mg/L)

Dissolved 

carbon 

dioxide 

(mg/L)

Filtered 

bicarbonate 

(mg/L)

pH 

(units)

Specific 

conductance 

(μS/cm)

ORP 

(mV)

Filtered 

chloride 

(mg/L)

Upgradient

MW1-3 06-09-99 Fe <0.01 – – 81 6.0 202 – –

06-20-00 Fe <.01 0.02 – 82 5.9 205 180 8.4

06-12-01 A <.01 .12 – 90 6.1 203 220 10

06-10-02 S <.01 .06 140 80 5.8 182 400 9.7

06-17-03 A – .02 80 – 6.0 199 200 10

06-15-04 Mn/Fe <.01 .01 – 73 5.7 205 195 9.1

06-20-05 Mn/Fe <.01 – <50 – 6.0 192 – 7.5

06-12-06 Mn/Fe <.01 .004 40 – 5.5 243 136 7.0

06-18-07 N .01 – 41 – 5.9 209 5.9

06-16-08 N <.01 – 80 – 6.0 198 260 5.1

MW1-20 06-08-99 Fe <0.01 – – 260 6.7 546 – –

06-21-00 Fe <.01 0.01 – 240 6.8 530 79 14

06-13-01 S <.01 .27 – 260 6.4 544 250 33

06-12-02 An <.01 .06 97 250 7.0 701 180 29

06-17-03 Fe – .09 90 – 6.3 491 290 32

06-15-04 Mn/Fe <.01 .03 – 260 6.4 552 98 35

06-20-05 Mn/Fe <.01 – 80 – 6.3 520 87 28

06-13-06 Mn/Fe <.01 .03 60 – 6.3 574 70 31

06-18-07 Mn/Fe <.01 – 40 – 6.8 508 7.2 25

06-18-08 A – – 70 – 6.6 517 74 38

MW1-33 10-07-98 A <0.01 – – 78 6.6 177 – –

06-21-00 A <.01 0.05 – 74 6.7 164 160 4.0

06-11-01 A <.01 .07 – 71 6.2 154 300 3.6

06-10-02 A <.01 .004 31 81 6.5 138 360 3.4

06-17-03 A <.01 .01 25 – 6.3 156 110 3.7

06-15-04 A – <.005 13 – 6.7 165 – 4.0

06-20-05 A – – 18 – 6.6 154 – 4.1

06-12-06 A – .002 18 – 6.7 159 72 4.3

06-18-07 A – – 12 – 6.3 157 – 4.3

06-18-08 A – – 13 – 6.7 153 157 4.3

Northern plantation

1MW-1 09-17-96 Fe <0.01 10 - 640 7.9 – – 43

04-16-97 Fe .01 29 – 1,100 7.2 – – –

03-05-98 Fe/S .06 – – – – – – –

10-09-98 Fe .01 – – 660 7.7 1,080 – –

06-21-00 Mn/Fe <.01 .39 – 590 7.0 1,070 -92 44

06-11-01 Fe <.01 5.6 – 550 7.1 974 -110 50

06-10-02 Fe <.01 14 77 520 7.7 835 -160 54

06-17-03 Fe <.01 7.1 50 – 7.3 847 - 54

06-16-04 Fe .03 1.8 18 – 7.0 843 -184 57

06-21-05 Fe .02 - 20 – 7.1 827 -108 48

06-12-06 Mn/Fe .01 3.4 10 – 7.4 787 -134 48

06-19-07 An .04 1.7 18 – 7.3 753 -164 7.7

06-17-08 An .01 5.4 11 – 7.4 737 40
16 Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 2007 and 2008

Well or 

piezometer 

No.

Date 

sampled

Predominant 

redox 

condition 

Dissolved 

hydrogen 

(nM)

Dissolved 

oxygen 

(mg/L)

Unfiltered (total) 

organic carbon 

(mg/L)

Filtered 

(dissolved) 

organic carbon 

(mg/L)

Filtered 

nitrate + 

nitrite 

(mg/L as N)

Filtered 

manganese 

(mg/L)

Filtered 

iron (II) 

(mg/L)

Filtered 

sulfate 

(mg/L)

Northern plantation—Continued

MW1–2 09-17-96 A 0.5 2.4R 6.0 – <0.02 0.05 0.23 4.6

04-16-97 Fe .7 .2 – – <.02 – .13 4.6

03-02-98 Fe .3 – – – – – .16 –

10-07-98 Fe .1 .1 – – – .05 .14 –

06-09-99 Fe .9 .2 – – – .08 .09 –

06-21-00 Fe .3 .1 6.0 – <.05 .06 .10 4.3

06-12-01 S 3.5 .3 5.3 5.0 <.05 .08 .29 5.4

06-11-02 An >20R .1 – 45 <.05 .09 .27 4.2

06-18-03 Fe .2 .1 – 6.0 <.06 .10 .29 4.3

06-17-04 Fe .2 .2 – 6.7 – .10 1.0 4.3

06-22-05 Fe <.1 <.1 – 20 <.06 .10 .44 4.4

06-12-06 Fe .1 .1 – 5.9 <.06 .10 .76 3.7

06-19-07 Fe .2 <.1 – 6.0 <.06 .11 .84 3.8

06-17-08 Fe <.1 .1 – 6.3 <.04 .11 .64 3.4

MW1–15 09-16-96 Fe 0.2 <0.1 50 – <0.02 5.7 68 0.1

04-16-97 Fe/S .8 <.1 – – <.02 – 77 .1

03-05-98 S 1.2 <.1 33 – – 18 51 –

10-09-98 S 2.9 <.1 – – – 5.8 64 –

06-15-04 S 3.2 .8 – 27 – 6.3 36 <.2

MW1–17 09-17-96 Fe .7 <.1 23 – <.02 1.3 62 4.3

04-16-97 Fe .6 <.1 – – <.02 – 37 68

10-09-98 Fe – <.1 – – – .80 56 –

06-22-00 S 1.2 <.1 11 – – 1.2 68 –

06-12-01 S 2.0–2.7 .4 9.2 8.0 <.05 1.2 48 12

06-17-04 S 2.5 <.1 – 7.5 – .68 >10 18

06-20-05 S 1.5 <.1 – 6.1 <.06 .43 27 7.8

06-20-07 S 1.0 <.1 – 8.1 <.06 .40 22 11

06-18-08 S 1.1 <.1 – 6.1 <.04 .33 17 7.3

MW1–41 06-09-99 S 1.0 0.3 – – – 2.2 60 –

06-21-00 S 1.2 .1 22 – <0.05 3.5 55 <0.3

06-11-01 S 2.0 .3 14 14 <.05 3.7 66 30

06-10-02 S 2.2 .8 – 20 <.05 3.6 52 .4

06-18-03 S 1.9 <.1 – 19 <.06 3.9 50 <.2

06-17-04 S 2.2 .1 – 19 – 4.0 57 <.2

06-20-05 Fe/S .8 .1 – 17 <.06 3.9 73 <.2

06-12-06 Fe/S .7 <.1 – 18 <.06 3.8 28 <.2

06-19-07 M .4 <.1 – 20 <.06 3.8 66 <.18

06-16-08 M .4 <.1 – 20 <.04 3.4 41 <.18

Table 2. Predominant redox conditions at wells and piezometers, and groundwater geochemical data collected at Operable Unit 1, 

Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1996 to 2008.—Continued

[All other data were published in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003), and Dinicola (2004); prior to 2000, bicarbonate was calculated from an unfiltered 

sample. Reported concentrations less than the detection limit usually are estimated. A range of dissolved hydrogen concentrations are shown when equilibration 

at a single value was never achieved. Predominant redox conditions: A, aerobic; An, anaerobic, but specific redox condition could not be determined; Fe, 

iron reducing; M, methanogenic; Mn, manganese reducing; N, nitrate reducing; S, sulfate reducing. Abbreviations: nM, nanomolar; mg/L, milligram per liter; 

μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; ORP, oxidation-reduction potential; mV, millivolt. Symbols: E, estimated value; R, data rejected 

(selected 1996 dissolved-oxygen data were rejected because of inadequate well purging; selected 2002 dissolved-hydrogen data were rejected because of 

interference from downhole instruments); <, actual value is less than value shown; >, actual value is greater than value shown; –, not analyzed]
Table 2 17

Well or 

piezometer 

No.

Date 

sampled

Predominant 

redox 

condition 

Unfiltered 

sulfide 

(mg/L)

Dissolved 

methane 

(mg/L)

Dissolved 

carbon 

dioxide 

(mg/L)

Filtered 

bicarbonate 

(mg/L)

pH 

(units)

Specific 

conductance 

(μS/cm)

ORP 

(mV)

Filtered 

chloride 

(mg/L)

Northern plantation—Continued

MW1-2 09-17-96 A <0.01 1.2 – 510 6.9 – – 50

04-16-97 Fe <.01 2.5 – 1,100 6.7 – – –

03-02-98 Fe – – – – – – – –

10-07-98 Fe <.01 – – 300 6.7 868 – –

06-09-99 Fe <.01 – – 490 6.8 901 – –

06-21-00 Fe <.01 .04 – 460 6.8 870 37 36

06-12-01 S <.01 .78 – 470 6.5 853 27 48

06-11-02 An <.01 .92 200 500 6.6 829 200 37

06-18-03 Fe <.01 .98 160 – 6.4 870 62 41

06-17-04 Fe – .33 50 – 6.6 858 - 40

06-22-05 Fe <.01 – 75 – 6.3 720 -14 35

06-12-06 Fe <.01 .50 115 – 6.5 815 -47 34

06-19-07 Fe <.01 .26 45 – 6.4 820 -50 30

06-17-08 Fe <.01 .43 40 – 6.6 797 26

MW1–15 09-16-96 Fe <0.01 8.8 – 1,200 – – – 18

04-16-97 Fe/S .03 44 – 1,600 6.3 – – -

03-05-98 S <.01 – – – – – – –

10-09-98 S <.01 – – 750 6.3 1,110 – –

06-15-04 S <.01 .22 760 – 6.3 1,200 – 16

MW1–17 09-17-96 Fe <.01 8.9 – 760 6.5 – – 61

04-16-97 Fe .02 23 – 1,200 6.6 – – –

10-09-98 Fe .02 – – 510 6.4 1,740 – –

06-22-00 S .02 2.8 – 450 6.5 1,260 -41 160

06-12-01 S .01 9.4 – 500 6.5 1,200 -280 120

06-17-04 S – .37 70 – 6.5 318 - 150

06-20-05 S .04 – 80 – 6.3 563 -144 74

06-20-07 S .03 2.9 55 – 6.5 635 -123 96

06-18-08 S .04 5.5 26 – 6.6 551 -109 59

MW1–41 06-09-99 S 0.01 – – 860 6.6 1,260 – –

06-21-00 S <.01 1.9 – 1,000 6.5 1,500 -75 8.3

06-11-01 S .02 25 – 980 6.3 1,330 -89 9.9

06-10-02 S .04 21 540 830 6.3 1,190 -68 7.9

06-18-03 S .03 14 500 – 6.3 1,280 93 9.5

06-17-04 S .02 7.4 450 – 6.1 1,300 -165 11

06-20-05 Fe/S .01 – 500 – 6.4 1,300 – 8.7

06-12-06 Fe/S .02 8.5 310 – 6.3 1,240 -103 8.4

06-19-07 M .01 6.3 350 – 6.7 1,280 -124 8.7

06-16-08 M .01 9.9 300 – 6.4 1,240 -93 11

Table 2. Predominant redox conditions at wells and piezometers, and groundwater geochemical data collected at Operable Unit 1, 

Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1996 to 2008.—Continued

[All other data were published in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003), and Dinicola (2004); prior to 2000, bicarbonate was calculated from an unfiltered 

sample. Reported concentrations less than the detection limit usually are estimated. A range of dissolved hydrogen concentrations are shown when equilibration 

at a single value was never achieved. Predominant redox conditions: A, aerobic; An, anaerobic, but specific redox condition could not be determined; Fe, 

iron reducing; M, methanogenic; Mn, manganese reducing; N, nitrate reducing; S, sulfate reducing. Abbreviations: nM, nanomolar; mg/L, milligram per liter; 

μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; ORP, oxidation-reduction potential; mV, millivolt. Symbols: E, estimated value; R, data rejected 

(selected 1996 dissolved-oxygen data were rejected because of inadequate well purging; selected 2002 dissolved-hydrogen data were rejected because of 

interference from downhole instruments); <, actual value is less than value shown; >, actual value is greater than value shown; –, not analyzed]
18 Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 2007 and 2008

Well or 

piezometer 

No.

Date 

sampled

Predominant 

redox 

condition 

Dissolved 

hydrogen 

(nM)

Dissolved 

oxygen 

(mg/L)

Unfiltered (total) 

organic carbon 

(mg/L)

Filtered 

(dissolved) 

organic carbon 

(mg/L)

Filtered 

nitrate + 

nitrite 

(mg/L as N)

Filtered 

manganese 

(mg/L)

Filtered 

iron (II) 

(mg/L)

Filtered 

sulfate 

(mg/L)

Northern plantation—Continued

P1–1 06-09-99 Fe 0.7 0.4 – – – 4.0 59 –

06-11-02 S 1.4 <.1 – 17 <0.05 2.7 40 <0.1

06-18-03 S 1.5 <.1 – 18 <.06 3.4 32 <.2

06-17-04 S 1.9 .1 – 16 – 3.1 39 <.2

06-22-05 Fe/S .6 <.1 – 15 <.06 3.1 68 <.2

06-12-06 Fe/S .3 <.1 – 16 <.06 2.9 54 <.2

06-19-07 S/M .3 <.1 – 15 <.06 2.0 49 <.18

06-16-08 S/M .6 .1 – 14 <.04 2.1 32 <.18

P1–3 06-09-99 Fe 0.4 0.2 – – – 1.0 19 –

06-11-02 Fe .3 <.1 – 45 <0.05 2.6 39 1.0

06-18-03 Fe .3 .1 – 19 <.06 2.0 29 1.8

06-17-04 Fe .7 <.1 – 21 – 2.8 >10 .55

06-22-05 Fe .2 <.1 – 20 <.06 2.8 60 .38

06-12-06 Fe .2 <.1 – 20 <.06 2.5 39 .2

06-19-07 Fe/S .3 <.1 – 22 <.06 2.5 40 .24

06-17-08 S/M .9 <.1 – 23 <.04 2.9 32 <.18

P1–4 06-09-99 Fe 0.7 0.3 – – – 0.34 2.6 –

06-13-01 Fe .1 .5 9.8 8.7 <0.05 .38 3.4 3.8

06-11-02 Fe .2 .1 – 8.0 <.05 2.6 3.7 3.5

06-18-03 Fe .2 .1 – 7.0 <.06 .43 4.1 4.0

06-17-04 Fe .1 .1 – 7.6 – .42 3.0 4.0

06-21-05 Fe .1 .1 – 6.7 <.06 .38 2.3 4.6

06-12-06 Fe .1 <.1 – 6.8 <.06 .35 1.8 4.3

06-19-07 Fe .3 <.1 – 7.1 <.06 .35 3.2 4.7

06-16-08 Fe <.1 <.1 – 7.7 <.04 .35 3.5 4.4

P1–5 06-08-99 S 3.0 0.3 – – – 3.1 72 –

06-10-02 S 1.7 .1 – 25 <0.05 2.6 62 <0.6

06-18-03 S 2.2 .1 – 24 <.06 3.1 54 <.2

06-17-04 S 2.1 <.1 – 23 – 3.1 >10 <.2

06-21-05 Fe/S .8 .1 – 22 <.06 3.5 74 E.1

06-12-06 Fe/S .8 <.1 – 21 <.06 3.6 66 E.1

06-19-07 S/M .3 <.1 – 22 <.06 3.2 48 <.2

06-16-08 S/M 1.0 M – 21 <.04 3.6 44 <.2

Table 2. Predominant redox conditions at wells and piezometers, and ground-water geochemical data collected at Operable Unit 1, 

Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1996 to 2007.—Continued

[All other data were published in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003), and Dinicola (2004); prior to 2000, bicarbonate was calculated from an unfiltered 

sample. Reported concentrations less than the detection limit usually are estimated. A range of dissolved hydrogen concentrations are shown when equilibration 

at a single value was never achieved. Predominant redox conditions: A, aerobic; An, anaerobic, but specific redox condition could not be determined; Fe, 

iron reducing; M, methanogenic; Mn, manganese reducing; N, nitrate reducing; S, sulfate reducing. Abbreviations: nM, nanomolar; mg/L, milligram per liter; 

μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; ORP, oxidation-reduction potential; mV, millivolt. Symbols: E, estimated value; R, data rejected 

(selected 1996 dissolved-oxygen data were rejected because of inadequate well purging; selected 2002 dissolved-hydrogen data were rejected because of 

interference from downhole instruments); <, actual value is less than value shown; >, actual value is greater than value shown; –, not analyzed]
Table 2 19

Well or 

piezometer 

No.

Date 

sampled

Predominant 

redox 

condition 

Unfiltered 

sulfide 

(mg/L)

Dissolved 

methane 

(mg/L)

Dissolved 

carbon 

dioxide 

(mg/L)

Filtered 

bicarbonate 

(mg/L)

pH 

(units)

Specific 

conductance 

(μS/cm)

ORP 

(mV)

Filtered 

chloride 

(mg/L)

Northern plantation—Continued

P1–1 06-09-99 Fe <0.01 – – 930 6.4 1,350 – –

06-11-02 S <.01 29 400 650 6.3 987 -80 9.3

06-18-03 S .02 450 – 6.2 1,030 78 11

06-17-04 S .02 3.7 430 – 6.0 987 -153 9.2

06-22-05 Fe <.01 10 370 – 6.3 847 -72 7.1

06-12-06 Fe/S .01 7.8 225 – 6.2 979 -108 7.2

06-19-07 S/M .02 8.1 160 – 6.1 920 -139 5.7

06-16-08 S/M .02 12 350 – 6.5 914 -76 4.4

P1–3 06-09-99 Fe 0.04 – – 730 6.8 1,470 – –

06-11-02 Fe .03 24 400 820 6.4 1,340 -73 61

06-18-03 Fe .03 – 350 – 6.4 1,400 73 90

06-17-04 Fe <.01 5.7 330 – 6.5 1,350 – 57

06-22-05 Fe .03 8.4 320 – 6.4 1,200 -88 68

06-12-06 Fe .03 7.1 330 6 1,440 -152 51

06-19-07 Fe/S .03 7.1 260 – 6.5 1,420 -136 55

06-17-08 S/M .03 14 200 – 6.4 1,230 31

P1–4 06-09-99 Fe 0.02 – – 450 6.9 867 – –

06-13-01 Fe <.01 0.93 – 390 6.6 761 -78 53

06-11-02 Fe <.01 5.9 90 380 6.7 734 -86 56

06-18-03 Fe .01 4.2 70 – 6.6 778 65 59

06-17-04 Fe .02 1.8 60 – 6.4 782 -163 48

06-21-05 Fe <.01 1.8 42 – 6.6 750 -83 47

06-12-06 Fe <.01 1.7 32 – 6.4 823 -94 44

06-19-07 Fe <.01 2.5 26 – 6.7 745 -99 44

06-16-08 Fe .01 3.1 20 – 6.9 749 -86 40

P1–5 06-08-99 S 0.01 – – 850 6.2 1,320 – –

06-10-02 S .02 23 400 730 6.2 1,200 -59 17

06-18-03 S .02 18 650 – 6.2 1,150 65 16

06-17-04 S – 5.8 450 – 6.4 1,160 - 14

06-21-05 Fe/S .04 9.4 400 – 6.3 1,150 -65 13

06-12-06 Fe/S .05 6.8 370 – 5.8 1,100 -106 9.9

06-19-07 S/M .04 8.5 350 – 6.3 1,030 -104 9.3

06-16-08 S/M .04 14 275 – 6.3 1,080 29 10

Table 2. Predominant redox conditions at wells and piezometers, and groundwater geochemical data collected at Operable Unit 1, 

Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1996 to 2008.—Continued

[All other data were published in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003), and Dinicola (2004); prior to 2000, bicarbonate was calculated from an unfiltered 

sample. Reported concentrations less than the detection limit usually are estimated. A range of dissolved hydrogen concentrations are shown when equilibration 

at a single value was never achieved. Predominant redox conditions: A, aerobic; An, anaerobic, but specific redox condition could not be determined; Fe, 

iron reducing; M, methanogenic; Mn, manganese reducing; N, nitrate reducing; S, sulfate reducing. Abbreviations: nM, nanomolar; mg/L, milligram per liter; 

μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; ORP, oxidation-reduction potential; mV, millivolt. Symbols: E, estimated value; R, data rejected 

(selected 1996 dissolved-oxygen data were rejected because of inadequate well purging; selected 2002 dissolved-hydrogen data were rejected because of 

interference from downhole instruments); <, actual value is less than value shown; >, actual value is greater than value shown; –, not analyzed]
20 Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 2007 and 2008

Well or 

piezometer 

No.

Date 

sampled

Predominant 

redox 

condition 

Dissolved 

hydrogen 

(nM)

Dissolved 

oxygen 

(mg/L)

Unfiltered (total) 

organic carbon 

(mg/L)

Filtered 

(dissolved) 

organic carbon 

(mg/L)

Filtered 

nitrate + 

nitrite 

(mg/L as N)

Filtered 

manganese 

(mg/L)

Filtered 

iron (II) 

(mg/L)

Filtered 

sulfate 

(mg/L)

Southern plantation

MW1–4 09-17-96 Fe 0.5 2.8R 2.0 – <0.02 0.28 1.8 7.1

04-16-97 Fe .6 .4 – – .24 – <.01 8.6

03-03-98 S 1.7 .2 4.0 – – .10 .01 –

10-08-98 Fe .2 .5 – – – – .28 –

06-07-99 Fe .9 .1 – – – .20 1.2 –

06-22-00 Fe .2 .1 8.6 – – .70 – 5.5

06-14-01 S 0.9–3.2 .5 2.9 2.5 .08 .54 1.6 5.4

06-13-02 S 2.4 .1 – 3.8 .08 .47 1.2 5.5

06-20-03 Fe .8 .1 – 2.5 <.06 .53 .22 5.7

06-18-04 Fe .2 .1 – 2.7 – .61 .12 5.9

06-23-05 Mn/Fe .3 .1 – .7 <.06 .14 .03 8.8

06-13-06 Mn/Fe <.1 .1 – 3.9 <.06 .79 .19 5.7

06-20-07 Mn/Fe .1 <.1 – 1.4 <.06 .29 .23 7.5

06-18-08 Mn/Fe <.1 .1 – 2.6 E.03 .42 .19 7.1

MW1–5 09-17-96 S 1.2 <0.1 15 – <0.02 1.6 19 6.4

04-16–97 Fe .5 <.1 – – .08 – 3.1 2.8

03-04-98 Fe .7 <.1 12 – – 1.3 4.5 –

10-08-98 S 2.4 <.1 – – – 1.5 11 –

06-08-99 Fe .6 .3 – – – 1.2 31 –

06-22-00 Fe – <.1 17 – – 1.5 39 6.4

06-13-01 Fe .8 .3 10 9.6 .12 1.5 25 6.0

06-13-02 S 3.4 .5 – 11 .14 1.5 20 6.3

06-20-03 Fe .1 .1 – 11 <.06 1.5 30 6.8

06-18-04 Fe .1 .4 – 7.2 – 1.8 >10 5.6

06-22-05 Fe <.1 <.1 – 8.2 .16 1.2 27 6.7

06-13-06 Fe <.1 .1 – 7.8 .08 1.3 14 6.0

06-20-07 Fe .1 <.1 – 8.0 <.06 .10 21 1.7

06-18-08 Fe <.1 0.3 – 5.9 .15 1.0 16 7.3

Table 2. Predominant redox conditions at wells and piezometers, and groundwater geochemical data collected at Operable Unit 1, 

Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1996 to 2008.—Continued

[All other data were published in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003), and Dinicola (2004); prior to 2000, bicarbonate was calculated from an unfiltered 

sample. Reported concentrations less than the detection limit usually are estimated. A range of dissolved hydrogen concentrations are shown when equilibration 

at a single value was never achieved. Predominant redox conditions: A, aerobic; An, anaerobic, but specific redox condition could not be determined; Fe, 

iron reducing; M, methanogenic; Mn, manganese reducing; N, nitrate reducing; S, sulfate reducing. Abbreviations: nM, nanomolar; mg/L, milligram per liter; 

μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; ORP, oxidation-reduction potential; mV, millivolt. Symbols: E, estimated value; R, data rejected 

(selected 1996 dissolved-oxygen data were rejected because of inadequate well purging; selected 2002 dissolved-hydrogen data were rejected because of 

interference from downhole instruments); <, actual value is less than value shown; >, actual value is greater than value shown; –, not analyzed]
Table 2 21

Well or 

piezometer 

No.

Date 

sampled

Predominant 

redox 

condition 

Unfiltered 

sulfide 

(mg/L)

Dissolved 

methane 

(mg/L)

Dissolved 

carbon 

dioxide 

(mg/L)

Filtered 

bicarbonate 

(mg/L)

pH 

(units)

Specific 

conductance 

(μS/cm)

ORP 

(mV)

Filtered 

chloride 

(mg/L)

Southern plantation

MW1–4 09-17-96 Fe <0.01 1.2 – 130 6.9 – – 15

04-16-97 Fe <.01 .70 – 270 7.3 – – –

03-03-98 S <.01 – – – – – – –

10-08-98 Fe <.01 – – 170 6.7 368 – –

06-07-99 Fe <.01 – – 180 6.6 350 – –

06-22-00 Fe <.01 .56 – 230 6.8 412 -26 19

06-14-01 S <.01 3.7 – 180 6.5 360 -8 22

06-13-02 S <.01 5.2 60 190 6.6 442 -14 20

06-20-03 Fe <.01 3.7 40 – 6.7 324 – 17

06-18-04 Fe <.01 1.1 50 – 6.0 320 91 23

06-23-05 Mn <.01 – <10 – 7.9 203 45 7.3

06-13-06 Mn/Fe .01 2.1 30 – 6.6 362 -1 20

06-20-07 Mn/Fe <.01 .53 14 – 7.0 252 -58 11

06-18-08 Mn/Fe <.01 1.7 12 – 7.2 279 15

MW1–5 09-17-96 S <0.01 2.4 – 410 6.7 – – 21

04-16–97 Fe .03 18 – 1,400 6.6 – – –

03-04-98 Fe <.01 – – – – – – –

10-08-98 S <.01 – – 410 6.4 1,740 – –

06-08-99 Fe .01 – – 510 6.5 855 – –

06-22-00 Fe <.01 1.1 – 460 6.6 790 -80 19

06-13-01 Fe .01 2.4 – 470 6.4 766 -70 12

06-13-02 S .02 7.4 180 740 6.5 608 -77 9.6

06-20-03 Fe .03 4.9 180 – 6.4 711 – 10

06-18-04 Fe – 2.4 200 – 6.5 795 – 9.8

06-22-05 Fe .02 - 70 – 6.3 520 -95 9.5

06-13-06 Fe .02 1.9 50 – 6.5 603 -85 8.5

06-20-07 Fe .03 1.1 100 – 6.5 603 -106 44

06-18-08 Fe .01 1.8 100 – 6.6 562 – 8.4

Table 2. Predominant redox conditions at wells and piezometers, and groundwater geochemical data collected at Operable Unit 1, 

Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1996 to 2008.—Continued

[All other data were published in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003), and Dinicola (2004); prior to 2000, bicarbonate was calculated from an unfiltered 

sample. Reported concentrations less than the detection limit usually are estimated. A range of dissolved hydrogen concentrations are shown when equilibration 

at a single value was never achieved. Predominant redox conditions: A, aerobic; An, anaerobic, but specific redox condition could not be determined; Fe, 

iron reducing; M, methanogenic; Mn, manganese reducing; N, nitrate reducing; S, sulfate reducing. Abbreviations: nM, nanomolar; mg/L, milligram per liter; 

μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; ORP, oxidation-reduction potential; mV, millivolt. Symbols: E, estimated value; R, data rejected 

(selected 1996 dissolved-oxygen data were rejected because of inadequate well purging; selected 2002 dissolved-hydrogen data were rejected because of 

interference from downhole instruments); <, actual value is less than value shown; >, actual value is greater than value shown; –, not analyzed]
22 Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 2007 and 2008

Well or 

piezometer 

No.

Date 

sampled

Predominant 

redox 

condition 

Dissolved 

hydrogen 

(nM)

Dissolved 

oxygen 

(mg/L)

Unfiltered (total) 

organic carbon 

(mg/L)

Filtered 

(dissolved) 

organic carbon 

(mg/L)

Filtered 

nitrate + 

nitrite 

(mg/L as N)

Filtered 

manganese 

(mg/L)

Filtered 

iron (II) 

(mg/L)

Filtered 

sulfate 

(mg/L)

Southern plantation—Continued

MW1–16 09-17-96 S 2.1 <0.1 480 – <0.02 3.9 130 0.2

04-16-97 Fe/S .8 <.1 – – <.02 – 120 2.2

03-04-98 Fe .7 .3 350 – – 18 100 –

10-08-98 M 9.6 <.1 – – – 5.4 180 –

06-07-99 M 6.8 .6 – – – >5 140 –

06-22-00 S – .1 61 – – 1.9 60 1.2

06-14-01 S 1.7 .2 64 66 .33 2.4 56 1.1

06-13-02 M 4.6–7.6 .9 – 71 <.05 3.2 38 .4

06-20-03 S 2.2 .2 – 29 <.6 2.1 37 .6

06-22-04 – – .1 – 36 – 2.1 >10 .1

06-23-05 Fe/S .5 .1 – 20 <.06 2.0 66 .4

06-13-06 – – .1 – 17 <.06 1.7 14 20

06-20-07 S – <.1 – 18 <.06 1.8 44 9.7

06-18-08 S .1 .1 – 17 <.04 2.2 28 10

P1–6 06-08-99 S 1.8 0.1 – – – 0.12 0.02 –

06-14-01 S 1.8 .2 34 34 0.23 .45 .95 4.9

06-13-02 S 1.6 <.1 – 26 <.05 .88 1.0 4.3

06-20-03 Fe .3 .2 – 4.1 <.06 .08 .13 7.5

06-18-04 S 1.5 .1 – 10 – .11 1.0 7.2

06-23-05 Fe/S .3 .1 – 5.8 <.06 .17 .15 6.3

06-13-06 S 1.1 .1 – 26 <.06 .91 1.4 3.4

06-20-07 S .2 <.1 – 3.9 <.06 .08 .08 7.1

06-18-08 S .2 .1 – 10 <.04 .15 .10 5.5

P1–7 06-08-99 S 1.2 0.1 – – – 0.61 2.1 –

06-22-00 Mn/Fe – .1 19 – – 2.6 3.2 24

06-14-01 Mn/Fe .2 .2 11 11 <0.05 2.3 2.0 18

06-14-02 Mn/Fe .2 1.3 – 8.9 <.05 2.2 1.9 12

06-20-03 Mn/Fe .1 .1 – 5.6 <.06 1.9 1.3 7.5

06-18-04 Mn/Fe .1 <.1 – 6.9 – 2.4 2.0 9.8

06-22-05 Mn/Fe <.1 .1 – 8.8 <.06 2.1 1.9 26

06-13-06 Mn/Fe <.1 .5 – 7.6 <.06 2.0 1.8 20

06-20-07 Mn/Fe .2 .1 – 5.7 <.06 2.1 1.18 6.0

06-18-08 Mn/Fe <.1 <.1 – 6.7 <.04 2.1 1.34 6.9

Table 2. Predominant redox conditions at wells and piezometers, and groundwater geochemical data collected at Operable Unit 1, 

Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1996 to 2008.—Continued

[All other data were published in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003), and Dinicola (2004); prior to 2000, bicarbonate was calculated from an unfiltered 

sample. Reported concentrations less than the detection limit usually are estimated. A range of dissolved hydrogen concentrations are shown when equilibration 

at a single value was never achieved. Predominant redox conditions: A, aerobic; An, anaerobic, but specific redox condition could not be determined; Fe, 

iron reducing; M, methanogenic; Mn, manganese reducing; N, nitrate reducing; S, sulfate reducing. Abbreviations: nM, nanomolar; mg/L, milligram per liter; 

μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; ORP, oxidation-reduction potential; mV, millivolt. Symbols: E, estimated value; R, data rejected 

(selected 1996 dissolved-oxygen data were rejected because of inadequate well purging; selected 2002 dissolved-hydrogen data were rejected because of 

interference from downhole instruments); <, actual value is less than value shown; >, actual value is greater than value shown; –, not analyzed]
Table 2 23

Well or 

piezometer 

No.

Date 

sampled

Predominant 

redox 

condition 

Unfiltered 

sulfide 

(mg/L)

Dissolved 

methane 

(mg/L)

Dissolved 

carbon 

dioxide 

(mg/L)

Filtered 

bicarbonate 

(mg/L)

pH 

(units)

Specific 

conductance 

(μS/cm)

ORP 

(mV)

Filtered 

chloride 

(mg/L)

Southern Plantation—Continued

MW1–16 09-17-96 S <0.01 4.3 – 1,400 6.5 – – 150

04-16-97 Fe/S .06 29 – 1,800 6.5 – – –

03-04-98 Fe .01 – – – – – – –

10-08-98 M <.01 – – 1,600 6.3 3,370 – –

06-07-99 M .01 – – 1,200 6.7 1,820 – –

06-22-00 S .02 1.2 – 510 6.7 902 -130 43

06-14-01 S .08 10 – 610 6.4 953 – 40

06-13-02 M .04 24 270 700 6.5 1,400 -140 17

06-20-03 S .06 9.7 240 – 6.5 835 – 6.8

06-22-04 – .50 4.3 230 – 6.3 817 – 6.9

06-23-05 Fe/S .12 – 225 – 6.6 767 -110 3.8

06-13-06 – .06 3.0 70 – 6.7 737 -139 3.5

06-20-07 S .13 2.1 190 – 6.4 763 -124 6.5

06-18-08 S .08 3.3 40 – 6.4 770 -62 16

P1–6 06-08-99 S 0.04 – – 300 6.8 574 – –

06-14-01 S .12 6.3 – 350 6.4 657 -38 47

06-13-02 S .11 11 170 380 6.4 604 -11 37

06-20-03 Fe .07 4.8 40 – 8.1 278 – 13

06-18-04 S .10 .37 <10 – 8.6 268 – 18

06-23-05 Fe/S .12 1.4 24 – 7.1 332 -53 24

06-13-06 S .14 2.6 30 – 6.6 757 -85 35

06-20-07 S .07 .38 16 – 8.3 249 -274 10

06-18-08 S .07 2.2 <10 – 8.3 291 218 22

P1-7 06-08-99 S <0.01 – – 310 6.7 627 – –

06-22-00 Mn/Fe <.01 1.5 – 400 6.8 851 -35 55

06-14-01 Mn/Fe <.01 4.0 – 320 6.5 666 -32 41

06-14-02 Mn/Fe <.01 6.0 87 300 6.6 601 -41 60

06-20-03 Mn/Fe <.01 4.8 50 – 6.6 498 – 42

06-18-04 Mn/Fe <.01 1.7 40 – 6.7 613 – 56

06-22-05 Mn/Fe <.01 2.3 37 – 6.5 637 -20 55

06-13-06 Mn/Fe <.01 2.1 – – 6.6 639 -60 49

06-20-07 Mn/Fe <.01 2.4 12 – 6.6 494 -57 43

06-18-08 Mn/Fe <.01 3.8 14 – 6.7 556 -18.9 49

Table 2. Predominant redox conditions at wells and piezometers, and groundwater geochemical data collected at Operable Unit 1, 

Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1996 to 2008.—Continued

[All other data were published in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003), and Dinicola (2004); prior to 2000, bicarbonate was calculated from an unfiltered 

sample. Reported concentrations less than the detection limit usually are estimated. A range of dissolved hydrogen concentrations are shown when equilibration 

at a single value was never achieved. Predominant redox conditions: A, aerobic; An, anaerobic, but specific redox condition could not be determined; Fe, 

iron reducing; M, methanogenic; Mn, manganese reducing; N, nitrate reducing; S, sulfate reducing. Abbreviations: nM, nanomolar; mg/L, milligram per liter; 

μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; ORP, oxidation-reduction potential; mV, millivolt. Symbols: E, estimated value; R, data rejected 

(selected 1996 dissolved-oxygen data were rejected because of inadequate well purging; selected 2002 dissolved-hydrogen data were rejected because of 

interference from downhole instruments); <, actual value is less than value shown; >, actual value is greater than value shown; –, not analyzed]
24 Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 2007 and 2008

Well or 

piezometer 

No.

Date 

sampled

Predominant 

redox 

condition 

Dissolved 

hydrogen 

(nM)

Dissolved 

oxygen 

(mg/L)

Unfiltered (total) 

organic carbon 

(mg/L)

Filtered 

(dissolved) 

organic carbon 

(mg/L)

Filtered 

nitrate + 

nitrite 

(mg/L as N)

Filtered 

manganese 

(mg/L)

Filtered 

iron (II) 

(mg/L)

Filtered 

sulfate 

(mg/L)

Southern plantation—Continued

P1–8 06-07-99 S 1.8 <0.1 – – – 0.20 0.08 –

06-14-01 Fe .7 .1 5 4.7 0.06 .16 .22 0.1

06-13-02 Fe .6 .3 – 8.8 <.05 .21 .38 .3

06-20-03 Fe .6 .1 – 2.3 <.06 .09 .12 .4

06-18-04 Mn/Fe .3 .4 – 3.0 – .13 .01 .4

06-23-05 Mn/Fe .2 .2 – 14 <.06 .12 .12 <.2

06-13-06 Mn/Fe .3 <.1 – 3.2 <.06 .14 .02 .4

06-20-07 M .3 .1 – 3.9 <.06 .15 .14 <.18

06-18-08 M .1 <.1 – 4.1 <.04 .15 .16 .38

P1–9 06-08-99 M 19 0.3 – – – 0.90 0.03 –

06-22-00 S/M – .1 10 – – .69 .20 6.6

06-14-01 M 6.7 .1 2.3 1.7 <.05 .19 .05 7.6

06-13-02 An – .6 – 9.8 <.05 1.2 .42 5.6

06-20-03 Fe .2 .1 – 3.7 <.06 .24 <.01 7.0

06-18-04 Mn/Fe .2 .1 – 4.0 – .26 .14 7.3

06-23-05 Mn <.1 .1 – 1.4 <.06 .11 .01 8.7

06-13-06 S 4.4 .2 – 9.6 <.06 1.4 .33 5.3

06-20-07 Mn/Fe .2 .1 – 4.5 <.06 .28 .13 7.04

06-18-08 Mn/Fe .1-.5 <.1 – 10 <.04 .17 .07 7.89

P1–10 06-07-99 Fe 0.7 0.3 – – – 0.10 0.11 –

06-22-00 Fe – <.1 7.2 – – .07 .25 <0.3

06-13-01 S 2.0 .2 3.0 4.2 <0.05 .07 .20 .06

06-12-02 Fe .3 .1 – 3.5 <.05 .05 .41 <.1

06-19-03 Fe .2 .1 – 3.5 <.06 .42 .34 2.6

06-18-04 Mn/Fe .1 .1 – 3.5 – .58 .35 <.2

06-22-05 Mn/Fe .1 .1 – 3.3 <.06 .74 .24 <.2

06-13-06 Mn/Fe <.1 .1 – 3.4 <.06 .92 .15 <.2

06-20-07 M E.1 <.1 – 4.2 <.06 .10 .31 <.18

06-18-08 M <.1 <.1 – 4.2 <.04 .12 .23 <.18

Table 2. Predominant redox conditions at wells and piezometers, and groundwater geochemical data collected at Operable Unit 1, 

Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1996 to 2008.—Continued

[All other data were published in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003), and Dinicola (2004); prior to 2000, bicarbonate was calculated from an unfiltered 

sample. Reported concentrations less than the detection limit usually are estimated. A range of dissolved hydrogen concentrations are shown when equilibration 

at a single value was never achieved. Predominant redox conditions: A, aerobic; An, anaerobic, but specific redox condition could not be determined; Fe, 

iron reducing; M, methanogenic; Mn, manganese reducing; N, nitrate reducing; S, sulfate reducing. Abbreviations: nM, nanomolar; mg/L, milligram per liter; 

μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; ORP, oxidation-reduction potential; mV, millivolt. Symbols: E, estimated value; R, data rejected 

(selected 1996 dissolved-oxygen data were rejected because of inadequate well purging; selected 2002 dissolved-hydrogen data were rejected because of 

interference from downhole instruments); <, actual value is less than value shown; >, actual value is greater than value shown; –, not analyzed]
Table 2 25

Well or 

piezometer 

No.

Date 

sampled

Predominant 

redox 

condition 

Unfiltered 

sulfide 

(mg/L)

Dissolved 

methane 

(mg/L)

Dissolved 

carbon 

dioxide 

(mg/L)

Filtered 

bicarbonate 

(mg/L)

pH 

(units)

Specific 

conductance 

(μS/cm)

ORP 

(mV)

Filtered 

chloride 

(mg/L)

Southern Plantation—Continued

P1-8 06-07-99 S 0.01 – – 210 7.6 381 – –

06-14-01 Fe .02 6.9 – 200 7.0 363 -73 18

06-13-02 Fe .02 11 40 104 6.9 482 -46 35

06-20-03 Fe <.01 9.6 <10 – 7.2 285 – 3.3

06-18-04 Mn/Fe .01 1.7 <10 – 7.4 336 -218 5.9

06-23-05 Mn/Fe <.01 3.4 <10 – 7.5 308 -147 4.2

06-13-06 Mn/Fe <.01 4.5 <10 – 7.5 332 -124 8.0

06-20-07 M <.01 6.6 9 – 7.5 348 -149 5.9

06-18-08 M <.01 7.9 <10 – 8.0 358 -136 8.7

P1-9 06-08-99 M <0.01 – – 270 6.6 680 – –

06-22-00 S/M <.01 1.7 – 250 6.8 548 -17 59

06-14-01 M <.01 1.4 – 200 7.8 289 -120 14

06-13-02 An <.01 7.5 91 280 6.5 601 17 71

06-20-03 Fe .01 2.5 27 – 7.0 353 – 23

06-18-04 Mn/Fe <.01 .71 35 – 6.7 330 -97 26

06-23-05 Mn <.01 .02 <10 – 8.3 202 22 12

06-13-06 S .01 3.2 37 – 6.6 728 -9 112

06-20-07 Mn/Fe <.01 1.4 10 – 7.4 325 -110 31

06-18-08 Mn/Fe <.01 .74 <10 – 7.6 235 – 28

P1-10 06-07-99 Fe <0.01 – – 300 6.7 560 – –

06-22-00 Fe <.01 1.3 – 290 7.1 500 -19 15

06-13-01 S <.01 4.9 – 290 7.2 476 -24 15

06-12-02 Fe <.01 18 51 270 6.8 438 8 14

06-19-03 Fe <.01 8.2 30 – 6.6 425 – 16

06-18-04 Mn/Fe <.01 .33 45 – 6.3 422 -69 9.5

06-23-05 Mn/Fe <.01 .71 40 – 6.6 420 4 11

06-13-06 Mn/Fe <.01 6.3 29 – 6.6 437 -15 26

06-20-07 M <.01 6.1 15 – 6.3 391 -21 15

06-18-08 M <.01 4.7 11 – 6.8 358 14 7.3

Table 2. Predominant redox conditions at wells and piezometers, and groundwater geochemical data collected at Operable Unit 1, 

Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1996 to 2008.—Continued

[All other data were published in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003), and Dinicola (2004); prior to 2000, bicarbonate was calculated from an unfiltered 

sample. Reported concentrations less than the detection limit usually are estimated. A range of dissolved hydrogen concentrations are shown when equilibration 

at a single value was never achieved. Predominant redox conditions: A, aerobic; An, anaerobic, but specific redox condition could not be determined; Fe, 

iron reducing; M, methanogenic; Mn, manganese reducing; N, nitrate reducing; S, sulfate reducing. Abbreviations: nM, nanomolar; mg/L, milligram per liter; 

μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; ORP, oxidation-reduction potential; mV, millivolt. Symbols: E, estimated value; R, data rejected 

(selected 1996 dissolved-oxygen data were rejected because of inadequate well purging; selected 2002 dissolved-hydrogen data were rejected because of 

interference from downhole instruments); <, actual value is less than value shown; >, actual value is greater than value shown; –, not analyzed]
26 Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 2007 and 2008

Well or 

piezometer 

No.

Date 

sampled

Predominant 

redox 

condition 

Dissolved 

hydrogen 

(nM)

Dissolved 

oxygen 

(mg/L)

Unfiltered (total) 

organic carbon 

(mg/L)

Filtered 

(dissolved) 

organic carbon 

(mg/L)

Filtered 

nitrate + 

nitrite 

(mg/L as N)

Filtered 

manganese 

(mg/L)

Filtered 

iron (II) 

(mg/L)

Filtered 

sulfate 

(mg/L)

Intermediate aquifer

MW1–25 09-17-96 Fe 0.4 2.7R 7.4 – 0.14 0.16 0.74 16

04-17-97 Fe .8 .1 – – <.02 – .88 15

03-05-98 Fe .3 .3 7.9 – – .20 .73 –

10-05-98 Fe .2 .1 – – – .19 .99 –

06-22-00 Fe .4 .2 6.5 – – .16 .80 13

06-12-01 S 2.8–4.3 .2 7.1 6.8 <.05 .16 .99 13

06-14-02 S 0.7–2.4 .1 – 6.2 <.05 .18 1.1 9.7

06-19-03 Fe .3 .1 – 6.5 <.06 .18 1.1 11

06-16-04 Fe .2 .1 – 6.2 – .17 1.0 10

06-21-05 Fe .1 .1 – 5.9 <.06 .16 1.0 9.5

06-14-06 Fe .1 .1 – 6.3 <.06 .14 .97 8.1

06-18-07 Fe .2 <.1 – 6.6 <.06 .14 .87 7.1

06-17-08 Fe <.1 .1 – 6.4 <.04 .13 .86 6.9

MW1–28 09-16-96 Fe 0.3 2.1R 7.2 – <0.02 0.20 1.0 48

04-17-97 Fe 1.0 <.1 – – .04 – .99 51

03-05-98 Fe .4 .5 7.7 – – .20 .67 –

10-07-98 Fe .6 <.1 – – – .19 1.0 –

06-22-00 Fe .3 <.1 13 – – .16 .66 44

06-12-01 S/M 4.1–5.7 .5 10 6.9 <.05 .16 .90 45

06-14-02 An >100R .1 – 7.0 <.05 .16 .92 39

06-19-03 S 2.5 .1 – 6.8 <.06 .16 .66 39

06-16-04 Mn/Fe .2 .1 – 5.9 – .18 <.01 36

06-21-05 Fe .1 .2 – 6.3 <.06 .16 .98 37

06-14-06 Fe .1 .1 – 6.1 <.06 .16 .78 35

06-18-07 Fe .1 <.1 – 6.7 <.06 .16 .87 33

06-17-08 Fe .1 <.1 – 7.1 <.04 .15 .85 33

MW1–38 10-09-98 Fe – 0.1 – – – 0.20 0.08 –

06-20-00 Fe 0.1 .2 5.6 – <0.05 .08 .10 2.3

06-12-02 S 1.4 <.1 5.0 – <.05 .08 .42 2.9

06-16-04 Mn/Fe .2 .1 – 4.9 – .06 .04 1.2

06-24-05 Fe .3 .1 – 4.4 <.06 .06 .09 3.3

06-14-06 Mn/Fe .1 .1 – 2.4 <.06 .01 .05 1.0

06-21-07 S .2 .6 – 4.7 <.06 .04 .04 3.1

06-17-08 S <.1 .1 – 5.0 <.04 .04 .03 2.5

Table 2. Predominant redox conditions at wells and piezometers, and groundwater geochemical data collected at Operable Unit 1, 

Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1996 to 2008.—Continued

[All other data were published in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003), and Dinicola (2004); prior to 2000, bicarbonate was calculated from an unfiltered 

sample. Reported concentrations less than the detection limit usually are estimated. A range of dissolved hydrogen concentrations are shown when equilibration 

at a single value was never achieved. Predominant redox conditions: A, aerobic; An, anaerobic, but specific redox condition could not be determined; Fe, 

iron reducing; M, methanogenic; Mn, manganese reducing; N, nitrate reducing; S, sulfate reducing. Abbreviations: nM, nanomolar; mg/L, milligram per liter; 

μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; ORP, oxidation-reduction potential; mV, millivolt. Symbols: E, estimated value; R, data rejected 

(selected 1996 dissolved-oxygen data were rejected because of inadequate well purging; selected 2002 dissolved-hydrogen data were rejected because of 

interference from downhole instruments); <, actual value is less than value shown; >, actual value is greater than value shown; –, not analyzed]
Table 2 27

Well or 

piezometer 

No.

Date 

sampled

Predominant 

redox 

condition 

Unfiltered 

sulfide 

(mg/L)

Dissolved 

methane 

(mg/L)

Dissolved 

carbon 

dioxide 

(mg/L)

Filtered 

bicarbonate 

(mg/L)

pH 

(units)

Specific 

conductance 

(μS/cm)

ORP 

(mV)

Filtered 

chloride 

(mg/L)

Intermediate aquifer

MW1-25 09-17-96 Fe <0.01 3.6 – 360 7.1 – – 140

04-17-97 Fe <.01 7.9 – 1,000 7.0 – – –

03-05-98 Fe <.01 – – – – – – –

10-05-98 Fe <.01 – – 450 6.9 1,240 – –

06-22-00 Fe <.01 .79 – 380 6.9 1,230 -49 170

06-12-01 S <.01 4.7 – 440 6.7 1,180 -36 160

06-14-02 S <.01 7.0 83 370 6.7 1,030 -60 170

06-19-03 Fe <.01 8.1 65 – 6.7 1,180 -17 170

06-16-04 Fe <.01 1.4 40 – 7.1 1,210 - 160

06-21-05 Fe <.01 2.1 33 – 6.9 1,150 -9 160

06-14-06 Fe <.01 2.4 27 – 6.9 1,090 -71 140

06-18-07 Fe <.01 1.3 27 – 6.6 1,040 -152 140

06-17-08 Fe <.01 2.8 35 – 6.9 1,040 -45 140

MW1–28 09-16-96 Fe <0.01 1.7 – 350 – – – 380

04-17-97 Fe <.01 5.3 – 1,100 7.4 – – –

03-05-98 Fe <.01 – – – – – – –

10-07-98 Fe .02 – – 320 6.6 2,630 – –

06-22-00 Fe <.01 .45 – 480 7.3 2,460 -87 510

06-12-01 S/M <.01 4.1 – 480 7.4 2,200 -220 490

06-14-02 An <.01 3.9 40 470 7.2 2,580 -110 460

06-19-03 S <.01 1.7 32 – 7.1 2,440 -40 490

06-16-04 Mn/Fe <.01 .77 21 – 7.2 2,280 – 450

06-21-05 Fe <.01 1.0 23 – 6.9 2,210 -124 472

06-14-06 Fe .01 .83 21 – 7.0 2,110 -127 443

06-18-07 Fe .02 .67 25 – 7.1 2,060 – 430

06-17-08 Fe <.01 1.5 13 – 7.1 2,080 -112 420

MW1–38 10-09-98 Fe 0.02 – – 310 7.8 1,460 – –

06-20-00 Fe .03 0.10 – 300 7.8 1,240 -130 230

06-12-02 S .04 1.1 7.7 310 7.6 1,350 -160 230

06-16-04 Mn/Fe .03 .13 11 – 7.4 1,130 – 200

06-24-05 Fe .03 .05 <10 – 7.7 1,210 -116 230

06-14-06 Mn/Fe <.01 .41 <10 – 7.5 1,120 -55 62

06-21-07 S .05 .31 9.0 – 7.4 1,190 -114 230

06-17-08 S .02 .32 <10 – 7.7 1,140 -43 220

Table 2. Predominant redox conditions at wells and piezometers, and groundwater geochemical data collected at Operable Unit 1, 

Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1996 to 2008.—Continued

[All other data were published in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003), and Dinicola (2004); prior to 2000, bicarbonate was calculated from an unfiltered 

sample. Reported concentrations less than the detection limit usually are estimated. A range of dissolved hydrogen concentrations are shown when equilibration 

at a single value was never achieved. Predominant redox conditions: A, aerobic; An, anaerobic, but specific redox condition could not be determined; Fe, 

iron reducing; M, methanogenic; Mn, manganese reducing; N, nitrate reducing; S, sulfate reducing. Abbreviations: nM, nanomolar; mg/L, milligram per liter; 

μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; ORP, oxidation-reduction potential; mV, millivolt. Symbols: E, estimated value; R, data rejected 

(selected 1996 dissolved-oxygen data were rejected because of inadequate well purging; selected 2002 dissolved-hydrogen data were rejected because of 

interference from downhole instruments); <, actual value is less than value shown; >, actual value is greater than value shown; –, not analyzed]
28 Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 2007 and 2008

Table 2. Predominant redox conditions at wells and piezometers, and groundwater geochemical data collected at Operable Unit 1, 

Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1996 to 2008.—Continued

[All other data were published in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003), and Dinicola (2004); prior to 2000, bicarbonate was calculated from an unfiltered 

sample. Reported concentrations less than the detection limit usually are estimated. A range of dissolved hydrogen concentrations are shown when equilibration 

at a single value was never achieved. Predominant redox conditions: A, aerobic; An, anaerobic, but specific redox condition could not be determined; Fe, 

iron reducing; M, methanogenic; Mn, manganese reducing; N, nitrate reducing; S, sulfate reducing. Abbreviations: nM, nanomolar; mg/L, milligram per liter; 

μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; ORP, oxidation-reduction potential; mV, millivolt. Symbols: E, estimated value; R, data rejected 

(selected 1996 dissolved-oxygen data were rejected because of inadequate well purging; selected 2002 dissolved-hydrogen data were rejected because of 

interference from downhole instruments); <, actual value is less than value shown; >, actual value is greater than value shown; –, not analyzed]

Well or 

piezometer 

No.

Date 

sampled

Predominant 

redox 

condition 

Dissolved 

hydrogen 

(nM)

Dissolved 

oxygen 

(mg/L)

Unfiltered (total) 

organic carbon 

(mg/L)

Filtered 

(dissolved) 

organic carbon 

(mg/L)

Filtered 

nitrate + 

nitrite 

(mg/L as N)

Filtered 

manganese 

(mg/L)

Filtered 

iron (II) 

(mg/L)

Filtered 

sulfate 

(mg/L)

Intermediate aquifer—Continued

MW1–39 09-16-96 Fe/S 0.6 2.0R 4.4 – <0.02 0.02 <0.01 0.7

04-17-97 S 4.5 <.1 – – <.02 – .05 13

03-03-98 Fe/S .3 .3 3.7 – – .10 .03 –

10-09-98 Fe/S .5 <.1 – – – <.01 .04 –

06-07-99 Fe/S 1.0 .3 – – – .10 .02 –

06-20-00 Fe/S .5 .1 2.4 – <.05 .01 .07 .2

06-12-01 S 1.4 .3 3.4 3.3 <.05 .01 <.01 .1

06-12-02 M >30R <.1 – 2.8 <.05 .01 .10 .1

06-19-03 S 1.8 .1 – 2.5 <.06 .01 <.01 1.2

06-16-04 S 2.0 .1 – 2.4 – .01 .05 .1

06-14-06 Fe/S .7 .1 – 4.5 <.06 .05 .05 1.7

06-21-07 S 1.0 <.1 – 2.3 <.06 .01 .04 .98

06-17-08 S 1.8 .6 – 2.7 <.04 .01 .04 1.0
Table 2 29

Table 2. Predominant redox conditions at wells and piezometers, and groundwater geochemical data collected at Operable Unit 1, 

Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1996 to 2008.—Continued

[All other data were published in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003), and Dinicola (2004); prior to 2000, bicarbonate was calculated from an unfiltered 

sample. Reported concentrations less than the detection limit usually are estimated. A range of dissolved hydrogen concentrations are shown when equilibration 

at a single value was never achieved. Predominant redox conditions: A, aerobic; An, anaerobic, but specific redox condition could not be determined; Fe, 

iron reducing; M, methanogenic; Mn, manganese reducing; N, nitrate reducing; S, sulfate reducing. Abbreviations: nM, nanomolar; mg/L, milligram per liter; 

μS/cm, microsiemens per centimeter at 25 degrees Celsius; ORP, oxidation-reduction potential; mV, millivolt. Symbols: E, estimated value; R, data rejected 

(selected 1996 dissolved-oxygen data were rejected because of inadequate well purging; selected 2002 dissolved-hydrogen data were rejected because of 

interference from downhole instruments); <, actual value is less than value shown; >, actual value is greater than value shown; –, not analyzed]

Well or 

piezometer 

No.

Date 

sampled

Predominant 

redox 

condition 

Unfiltered 

sulfide 

(mg/L)

Dissolved 

methane 

(mg/L)

Dissolved 

carbon 

dioxide 

(mg/L)

Filtered 

bicarbonate 

(mg/L)

pH 

(units)

Specific 

conductance 

(μS/cm)

ORP 

(mV)

Filtered 

chloride 

(mg/L)

Intermediate aquifer—Continued

MW1–39 09-16-96 Fe/S 0.04 1.6 – 140 – – – 85

04-17-97 S .06 6.1 – 360 7.9 – – –

03-03-98 Fe/S .05 – – – – – – –

10-09-98 Fe/S .07 – – 170 8.1 502 – –

06-07-99 Fe/S <.01 – – 180 8.0 512 – –

06-20-00 Fe/S .08 .41 – 180 8.0 481 -130 61

06-12-01 S .05 2.7 – 170 7.8 472 -130 61

06-12-02 M .06 4.8 2.4 180 7.9 464 -120 60

06-19-03 S .05 5.4 <10 – 7.7 456 32 58

06-16-04 S .07 .72 <10 – 7.4 451 -216 58

06-14-06 Fe/S .06 1.2 <10 – 8.0 461 -138 210

06-21-07 S .05 1.3 <10 – 7.7 453 -195 60

06-17-08 S .06 1.9 <10 – 7.9 451 -163 59
30 Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 2007 and 2008

Well or 

piezometer No.

Date 

sampled

PCE

(μg/L)

TCE

(μg/L)

cis-DCE

(μg/L)

trans-DCE

(μg/L)

VC

(μg/L)

Ethane

(μg/L)

Ethene

(μg/L)

Upgradient

MW1-3 06-20-00 – – – – – – 0.12

06-15-04 – – – – – <5.0 <5.0

06-12-06 – – – – – <5.0 <5.0

MW1-20 06-21-00 – – – – – – <.10

06-12-02 <0.20 <0.20 <0.20 <0.20 <0.20 – –

06-15-04 – – – – – <5.0 <5.0

06-13-06 – – – – – <5.0 <5.0

MW1-33 06-21-00 – – – – – – .18

06-15-04 – – – – – <5.0 <5.0

06-12-06 – – – – – <5.0 <5.0

Northern plantation

1MW-1 06-21-00 – – – – – – 8.6

06-16-04 <20 <20 130 130 730 E10 50

06-12-06 – – – – – E21 61

06-19-07 – – – – – E9.0 E38

06-17-08 – – – – – E47 110

MW1-2 06-21-00 – – – – – – 0.26

06-18-03 <2.0 <2.0 58 4.0 79 – –

06-17-04 <50 E12 630 E13 110 6.0 E1.1

06-12-06 – – – – – 5.0 <5.0

06-19-07 – – – – – E4.0 <5.0

06-17-08 – – – – – 7.0 E.70

MW1-17 06-22-00 – – – – – – <0.10

06-17-04 <1.0 <1.0 E0.68 E0.23 E0.48 E2.0 <5.0

06-20-07 – – – – – E11 <50

06-18-08 – – – – – E17 E13

MW1-41 06-21-00 – – – – – – <0.10

06-17-04 <1.0 <1.0 E0.27 <1.0 E0.23 E10 <100

06-12-06 – – – – – <100 <100

06-19-07 – – – – – <100 <100

06-16-08 – – – – – <120 <120

Table 3. Concentrations of selected volatile organic compounds in groundwater samples from monitoring wells and piezometers 

collected by the U.S. Geological Survey at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington., 1999–2008.

[All data except those shaded were published previously in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003), Dinicola (2004), and Dinicola and Huffman (2004). 

Laboratory data qualifier codes, such as “D” for dilution, are not shown. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs); PCE, tetrachloroethene; TCE, trichloroethene; 

cis-DCE, cis-1,2-dichloroethene; trans-DCE, trans-1,2-dichloroethene; VC, vinyl chloride; 1,1,1-TCA, 1,1,1-trichloroethane; 1,1-DCA, 1,1-dichloroethane; CA, 

chloroethane; 1,1-DCE, 1,1-dichloroethene; total BTEX, sum of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene; total CVOCs, sum of chlorinated volatile organic 

compounds. Abbreviations: E, estimated value; M, presence verified but not quantified; μg/L, microgram per liter; dup, duplicate; blank, field blank; <, actual 

value is less than value shown; ND, not detected; –, not analyzed]
Table 3 31

Well or 

piezometer No.

Date 

sampled

1,1,1-TCA

(μg/L)

1,1-DCA

(μg/L)

CA

(μg/L)

1,1-DCE

(μg/L)

Total BTEX

(μg/L)

Total CVOCs

(μg/L)

Upgradient

MW1-3 06-20-00 – – – – – –

06-15-04 – – – – – –

06-12-06 – – – – – –

MW1-20 06-21-00 – – – – – –

06-12-02 <0.20 <0.20 <0.20 <0.20 ND ND

06-15-04 – – – – – –

06-13-06 – – – – – –

MW1-33 06-21-00 – – – – – –

06-15-04 – – – – – –

06-12-06 – – – – – –

Northern plantation

1MW-1 06-21-00 – – – – – –

06-16-04 <20 E11 <40 <20 ND 880

06-12-06 – – – – – –

06-19-07 – – – – – –

06-17-08 – – – – – –

MW1-2 06-21-00 – – – – – –

06-18-03 <2.0 M 5.0 <2.0 E2.0 150

06-17-04 <50 <50 <100 <50 ND 760

06-12-06 – – – – – –

06-19-07 – – – – – –

06-17-08 – – – – – –

MW1-17 06-22-00 – – – – – –

06-17-04 <1.0 <1.0 <2.0 <1.0 E3.1 E1.4

06-20-07 – – – – – –

06-18-08 – – – – – –

MW1-41 06-21-00 – – – – – –

06-17-04 <1.0 <1.0 E1.7 <1.0 E.27 E2.2

06-12-06 – – – – – –

06-19-07 – – – – – –

06-16-08 – – – – – –

Table 3. Concentrations of selected volatile organic compounds in groundwater samples from monitoring wells and piezometers collected 

by the U.S. Geological Survey at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1999–2008.—Continued

[All data except those shaded were published previously in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003), Dinicola (2004), and Dinicola and Huffman (2004). 

Laboratory data qualifier codes, such as “D” for dilution, are not shown. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs); PCE, tetrachloroethene; TCE, trichloroethene; 

cis-DCE, cis-1,2-dichloroethene; trans-DCE, trans-1,2-dichloroethene; VC, vinyl chloride; 1,1,1-TCA, 1,1,1-trichloroethane; 1,1-DCA, 1,1-dichloroethane; CA, 

chloroethane; 1,1-DCE, 1,1-dichloroethene; total BTEX, sum of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene; total CVOCs, sum of chlorinated volatile organic 

compounds. Abbreviations: E, estimated value; M, presence verified but not quantified; μg/L, microgram per liter; dup, duplicate; blank, field blank; <, actual 

value is less than value shown; ND, not detected; –, not analyzed]
32 Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 2007 and 2008

Well or 

piezometer No.

Date 

sampled

PCE

(μg/L)

TCE

(μg/L)

cis-DCE

(μg/L)

trans-DCE

(μg/L)

VC

(μg/L)

Ethane

(μg/L)

Ethene

(μg/L)

Northern plantation—Continued

P1-1 06-09-99 <2.0 11 6.1 <1.0 <4.0 – –

06-11-02 <.20 <.20 .20 .10 <.20 – –

06-18-03 <1.0 <1.0 E.30 <1.0 <1.0 – –

06-17-04 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 E29 E8.6

06-22-05 <1.0 <1.0 E.16 <1.0 <1.0 <100 <100

06-12-06 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <100 <100

06-19-07 – – – – – <100 <100

06-16-08 <1.0 <1.0 E.18 <1.0 <2.0 <250 <250

P1-3 06-09-99 <16 35 450 20 120 – –

06-11-02 <.20 <.20 53 4.3 72 – –

06-18-03 <2.0 <2.0 58 4.0 79 – –

06-17-04 <1.0 <1.0 15 2.4 41 E33 E27

06-22-05 <1.0 <1.0 11 1.3 35 E44 E30

06-12-06 <1.0 <1.0 4.6 1.2 16 E35 E21

06-19-07 <1.0 <1.0 1.8 1.0 15 E42 E27

06-17-08 <1.0 <1.0 E.17 E.31 E.67 E64 E20

P1-4 06-09-99 <130 160 4,800 56 540 – –

06-13-01 <20 <20 4,900 46 652 – –

06-11-02 <.20 1.2 3,600 41 640 – –

06-18-03 <100 <100 3,200 E42 440 – –

06-17-04 <130 <130 2,300 E29 370 E7.0 E29

06-21-05 <67 <67 2,100 E30 360 E7.0 E20

06-12-06 <50 <50 1,600 E24 280 E6.0 E19

06-19-07 <40 <40 15,00 E24 280 E11 E29

06-16-08 <50 <50 1,600 E24 750 E14 E29

P1-5 06-08-99 <13 440 400 4.0 11 – –

06-10-02 <.20 <.20 .30 .80 .40 – –

06-18-03 <25 <25 E7.8 <25 <25 – –

06-17-04 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 23 <10

06-21-05 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 E23 <100

06-12-06 <10 <10 <10 <10 <10 E16 <100

06-19-07 – – – – – E19 <100

06-16-08 <50 <50 <50 <50 <100 E45 <100

Southern plantation

MW1-4 06-22-00 – – – – – – 12

06-18-04 <1,000 32,000 15,000 <1,000 1,600 E32 200

06-13-06 – – – – – E39 200

06-20-07 – – – – – 6.0 32

06-18-08 – – – – – 30 120

Table 3. Concentrations of selected volatile organic compounds in groundwater samples from monitoring wells and piezometers 

collected by the U.S. Geological Survey at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1999–2008.

—Continued

[All data except those shaded were published previously in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003), Dinicola (2004), and Dinicola and Huffman (2004). 

Laboratory data qualifier codes, such as “D” for dilution, are not shown. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs); PCE, tetrachloroethene; TCE, trichloroethene; 

cis-DCE, cis-1,2-dichloroethene; trans-DCE, trans-1,2-dichloroethene; VC, vinyl chloride; 1,1,1-TCA, 1,1,1-trichloroethane; 1,1-DCA, 1,1-dichloroethane; CA, 

chloroethane; 1,1-DCE, 1,1-dichloroethene; total BTEX, sum of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene; total CVOCs, sum of chlorinated volatile organic 

compounds. Abbreviations: E, estimated value; M, presence verified but not quantified; μg/L, microgram per liter; dup, duplicate; blank, field blank; <, actual 

value is less than value shown; ND, not detected; –, not analyzed]
Table 3 33

Well or 

piezometer No.

Date 

sampled

1,1,1-TCA

(μg/L)

1,1-DCA

(μg/L)

CA

(μg/L)

1,1-DCE

(μg/L)

Total BTEX

(μg/L)

Total CVOCs

(μg/L)

Northern plantation—Continued

P1-1 06-09-99 <2.0 M <4.0 <2.0 18 17

06-11-02 <.20 0.50 <.20 <.20 6.8 .80

06-18-03 <1.0 M <2.0 <1.0 4.0 E.30

06-17-04 <1.0 <1.0 <2.0 <1.0 4.4 ND

06-22-05 <1.0 <1.0 E.19 <1.0 3.5 .35

06-12-06 <1.0 <1.0 <2.0 <1.0 3.1 ND

06-19-07 – – – – – –

06-16-08 <1.0 <1.0 <2.0 <1.0 3.9 E.18

P1-3 06-09-99 <16 <16 4.0 <16 ND 630

06-11-02 <.20 .60 9.9 .20 3.3 140

06-18-03 <2.0 M 5.0 <2.0 E2.0 150

06-17-04 <1.0 E.38 6.9 <1.0 2.4 66

06-22-05 <1.0 E.31 2.6 <1.0 2.3 50

06-12-06 <1.0 E.32 4.4 <1.0 2.2 26

06-19-07 <1.0 E.42 5.6 <1.0 2.2 24

06-17-08 <1.0 E.24 9.1 <1.0 3.9 10

P1-4 06-09-99 <130 <130 <270 <130 ND 5,600

06-13-01 <20 <20 <20 <20 ND 5,600

06-11-02 <.20 <10 .80 9.9 1.1 4,300

06-18-03 <100 <100 <200 <100 ND 3,700

06-17-04 <130 <130 <270 <130 ND 2,700

06-21-05 <67 <67 <130 <67 ND 2,500

06-12-06 <50 <50 <100 <50 ND 1,900

06-19-07 <40 <40 <80 <40 66 1,800

06-16-08 <50 <50 <100 <50 ND 2,400

P1-5 06-08-99 <13 <13 15 <13 47 470

06-10-02 <.20 .30 21 <.20 18 23

06-18-03 <25 <25 E19 <25 ND E27

06-17-04 <10 <10 23 <10 E4.5 23

06-21-05 <10 <10 21 <10 8.2 21

06-12-06 <10 <10 E14 <10 E4.2 E14

06-19-07 – – – – – –

06-16-08 <50 <50 <100 <50 ND ND

Southern plantation

MW1-4 06-22-00 – – – – – –

06-18-04 <1,000 <1,000 <2,000 <1,000 ND 49,000

06-13-06 – – – – – –

06-20-07 – – – – – –

06-18-08 – – – – – –

Table 3. Concentrations of selected volatile organic compounds in groundwater samples from monitoring wells and piezometers 

collected by the U.S. Geological Survey at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1999–2008.

—Continued

[All data except those shaded were published previously in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003), Dinicola (2004), and Dinicola and Huffman (2004). 

Laboratory data qualifier codes, such as “D” for dilution, are not shown. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs); PCE, tetrachloroethene; TCE, trichloroethene; 

cis-DCE, cis-1,2-dichloroethene; trans-DCE, trans-1,2-dichloroethene; VC, vinyl chloride; 1,1,1-TCA, 1,1,1-trichloroethane; 1,1-DCA, 1,1-dichloroethane; CA, 

chloroethane; 1,1-DCE, 1,1-dichloroethene; total BTEX, sum of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene; total CVOCs, sum of chlorinated volatile organic 

compounds. Abbreviations: E, estimated value; M, presence verified but not quantified; μg/L, microgram per liter; dup, duplicate; blank, field blank; <, actual 

value is less than value shown; ND, not detected; –, not analyzed]
34 Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 2007 and 2008

Well or 

piezometer No.

Date 

sampled

PCE

(μg/L)

TCE

(μg/L)

cis-DCE

(μg/L)

trans-DCE

(μg/L)

VC

(μg/L)

Ethane

(μg/L)

Ethene

(μg/L)

Southern plantation—Continued

MW1-5 06-22-00 – – – – – – 8.6

06-18-04 <1.0 E0.26 E0.29 <1.0 E0.74 E7.0 <50

06-13-06 – – – – – E9.0 E30

06-20-07 – – – – – E3.0 <25

06-18-08 – – – – – E6.0 E7.2

MW1-16 06-22-00 – – – – – – 70

06-22-04 <10 <10 E2.3 E4.2 E2.2 E38 E33

06-13-06 – – – – – E23 E6.8

06-20-07 – – – – – E24 E18

06-18-08 – – – – – E19 E6.3

P1-6 06-08-99 <400 74 16,000 170 5,400 – –

06-14-01 <20 370 16,000 220 9,900 – –

06-13-02 <20 <20 3,700 170 5,100 – –

06-20-03 <50 470 1,100 E39 1,300 – –

06-18-04 <20 <20 220 E11 570 7.0 210

06-22-05 <130 <130 4,200 E90 2,900 E30 590

06-13-06 <100 <100 300 E77 770 82 1,300

06-20-07 <8.0 <8.0 84 E5.4 140 7.0 180

06-18-08 <200 <200 8,800 E130 9,700 57 720

P1-7 06-08-99 <670 26,000 35,000 210 3,100 – –

06-22-00 3.6 27,000 44,000 220 3,800 – 68

06-14-01 <20 26,000 37,000 190 4,000 – –

06-14-02 <20 37,000 62,000 400 5,700 – –

06-20-03 <2,000 28,000 35,000 <2000 2,800 – –

06-18-04 <3,300 37,000 61,000 <3300 5,100 E36 520

06-22-05 <2,000 28,000 59,000 E330 5,000 E45 480

06-13-06 <2,000 24,000 43,000 <2000 3,800 E44 400

06-20-07 <2,000 33,000 44,000 E320 4,000 E47 460

06-18-08 <2,000 38,000 65,000 E370 14,000 88 850

P1-8

 

06-07-99 <710 190 25,000 210 3,400 – –

06-14-01 <20 810 8,600 62 4,200 – –

06-13-02 <20 <20 24,000 190 7,700 – –

06-20-03 <10 230 31 <10 E7.0 – –

06-18-04 <1.0 E.26 2.7 <1.0 23 <50 E4.2

06-23-05 <1.0 <1.0 7.0 <1.0 21 <50 <50

06-13-06 <20 <20 620 E4.0 58 <50 E9.5

06-20-07 <4.0 E2.4 29 <4.0 41 <100 E13

06-18-08 <10 <10 160 <10 280 E6.0 E16

Table 3. Concentrations of selected volatile organic compounds in groundwater samples from monitoring wells and piezometers 

collected by the U.S. Geological Survey at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1999–2008.

—Continued

[All data except those shaded were published previously in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003), Dinicola (2004), and Dinicola and Huffman (2004). 

Laboratory data qualifier codes, such as “D” for dilution, are not shown. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs); PCE, tetrachloroethene; TCE, trichloroethene; 

cis-DCE, cis-1,2-dichloroethene; trans-DCE, trans-1,2-dichloroethene; VC, vinyl chloride; 1,1,1-TCA, 1,1,1-trichloroethane; 1,1-DCA, 1,1-dichloroethane; CA, 

chloroethane; 1,1-DCE, 1,1-dichloroethene; total BTEX, sum of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene; total CVOCs, sum of chlorinated volatile organic 

compounds. Abbreviations: E, estimated value; M, presence verified but not quantified; μg/L, microgram per liter; dup, duplicate; blank, field blank; <, actual 

value is less than value shown; ND, not detected; –, not analyzed]
Table 3 35

Well or 

piezometer No.

Date 

sampled

1,1,1-TCA

(μg/L)

1,1-DCA

(μg/L)

CA

(μg/L)

1,1-DCE

(μg/L)

Total BTEX

(μg/L)

Total CVOCs

(μg/L)

Southern plantation—Continued

MW1-5 06-22-00 – – – – – –

06-18-04 <1.0 E0.36 3.0 <1.0 E0.92 E1.6

06-13-06 – – – – – –

06-20-07 – – – – – –

06-18-08 – – – – – –

MW1-16 06-22-00 – – – – – –

06-22-04 <10 590 290 <10 367 890

06-13-06 – – – – – –

06-20-07 – – – – – –

06-18-08 – – – – – –

P1-6 06-08-99 <400 1,500 300 <400 E87 23,000

06-14-01 <20 4,800 600 12 88 32,000

06-13-02 <20 4,300 1,400 <20 63 15,000

06-20-03 <50 380 270 <50 ND 3,600

06-18-04 <20 200 88 <20 ND 1,100

06-22-05 <130 370 400 <130 ND 8,000

06-13-06 <100 1,200 2,600 <100 E68 5,000

06-20-07 <8.0 69 78 <8.0 E1.4 380

06-18-08 <200 400 1,200 <200 E46 20,000

P1-7 06-08-99 <670 <670 <1,300 <670 ND 64,000

06-22-00 .24 17 8.4 72 75,000

06-14-01 <20 <20 <20 44 ND 67,000

06-14-02 <20 14 <20 64 ND 105,000

06-20-03 <2,000 <2,000 <4,000 <2,000 ND 66,000

06-18-04 <3,300 <3,300 <6,700 <3,300 ND 103,000

06-22-05 <2,000 <2,000 <4,000 <2,000 ND 92,000

06-13-06 <2,000 <2,000 <4,000 <2,000 ND 71,000

06-20-07 <2,000 <2,000 <4,000 <2,000 ND 81,000

06-18-08 <2,000 <2,000 <4,000 <2,000 ND 117,000

P1-8

 

06-07-99 <710 <710 <1,400 <710 ND 29,000

06-14-01 <20 <20 <20 <20 ND 14,000

06-13-02 <20 <20 <20 16 ND 32,000

06-20-03 <10 E4 <20 <10 ND 270

06-18-04 <1.0 <1.0 <2.0 <1.0 ND 26

06-23-05 <1.0 <1.0 <2.0 <1.0 ND 28

06-13-06 <20 <20 <40 <20 ND 680

06-20-07 <4.0 <4.0 <8.0 <4.0 ND 72

06-18-08 <10 <10 <20 <10 ND 440

Table 3. Concentrations of selected volatile organic compounds in groundwater samples from monitoring wells and piezometers 

collected by the U.S. Geological Survey at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1999–2008.

—Continued

[All data except those shaded were published previously in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003), Dinicola (2004), and Dinicola and Huffman (2004). 

Laboratory data qualifier codes, such as “D” for dilution, are not shown. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs); PCE, tetrachloroethene; TCE, trichloroethene; 

cis-DCE, cis-1,2-dichloroethene; trans-DCE, trans-1,2-dichloroethene; VC, vinyl chloride; 1,1,1-TCA, 1,1,1-trichloroethane; 1,1-DCA, 1,1-dichloroethane; CA, 

chloroethane; 1,1-DCE, 1,1-dichloroethene; total BTEX, sum of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene; total CVOCs, sum of chlorinated volatile organic 

compounds. Abbreviations: E, estimated value; M, presence verified but not quantified; μg/L, microgram per liter; dup, duplicate; blank, field blank; <, actual 

value is less than value shown; ND, not detected; –, not analyzed]
36 Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 2007 and 2008

Well or 

piezometer No.

Date 

sampled

PCE

(μg/L)

TCE

(μg/L)

cis-DCE

(μg/L)

trans-DCE

(μg/L)

VC

(μg/L)

Ethane

(μg/L)

Ethene

(μg/L)

Southern plantation—Continued

P1-9 06-08-99 <2,000 48,000 88,000 470 7,200 – –

06-22-00 E5.0 88,000 64,000 320 5,800 – 37

06-14-01 <40 29,000 7,300 32 450 – –

06-13-02 <20 90,000 79,000 590 7,900 – –

06-20-03 <1,000 60,000 27,000 <1,000 1,800 – –

06-18-04 <1,300 50,000 23,000 <1,300 2,100 16 200

06-23-05 <20 230 700 E3.2 97 <5.0 E4.0

06-13-06 <5,000 74,000 140,000 E850 10,000 66 1,200

06-20-07 <1,000 55,000 40,000 E200 4,200 32 340

06-18-08 <400 9700 13,000 E80 2,000 12 160

P1-10 06-07-99 <1,000 14,000 34,000 270 2,500 – –

06-22-00 1.0 8,700 13,000 100 2,300 – 2.3

06-13-01 <20 6,600 12,000 68 1,800 – –

06-12-02 <20 4,600 7,000 55 2,000 – –

06-19-03 <400 2,300 9,400 <400 1,100 – –

06-18-04 <200 1,600 3,900 <200 890 E12 E46

06-23-05 <100 1,100 3,000 E29 700 E3.0 7.0

06-13-06 <1,000 2,200 27,000 E160 2,500 E19 E53

06-20-07 <500 1,500 14,000 E130 1,700 E24 E34

06-18-08 <200 490 5,800 E60 1,100 E20 E23

Intermediate aquifer

MW1-25 06-22-00 – – – – – – 5.8

06-14-02 <20 276 1,830 31 278 – –

06-19-03 <67 E14 1,800 E34 210 – –

06-16-04 – – – – – E5.0 E15

06-21-05 <67 <67 1,700 E30 220 E6.0 E13

06-14-06 – – – – – E7.0 E14

06-18-07 – – – – – E4.0 E8.1

06-17-08 <50 <50 1,700 E28 510 E9.0 E15

MW1-28 06-22-00 – – – – – – 2.6

06-14-02 <20 69 1,600 72 700 – –

06-19-03 <50 <50 1,200 68 470 – –

06-16-04 – – – – – E4.0 26

06-21-05 <67 <67 1,500 84 650 E4.0 E22

06-14-06 – – – – – <50 E18

06-18-07 – – – – – E3.0 E15

06-17-08 <50 <50 1,400 64 930 E6.0 28

Table 3. Concentrations of selected volatile organic compounds in groundwater samples from monitoring wells and piezometers 

collected by the U.S. Geological Survey at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1999–2008.

—Continued

[All data except those shaded were published previously in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003), Dinicola (2004), and Dinicola and Huffman (2004). 

Laboratory data qualifier codes, such as “D” for dilution, are not shown. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs); PCE, tetrachloroethene; TCE, trichloroethene; 

cis-DCE, cis-1,2-dichloroethene; trans-DCE, trans-1,2-dichloroethene; VC, vinyl chloride; 1,1,1-TCA, 1,1,1-trichloroethane; 1,1-DCA, 1,1-dichloroethane; CA, 

chloroethane; 1,1-DCE, 1,1-dichloroethene; total BTEX, sum of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene; total CVOCs, sum of chlorinated volatile organic 

compounds. Abbreviations: E, estimated value; M, presence verified but not quantified; μg/L, microgram per liter; dup, duplicate; blank, field blank; <, actual 

value is less than value shown; ND, not detected; –, not analyzed]
Table 3 37

Well or 

piezometer No.

Date 

sampled

1,1,1-TCA

(μg/L)

1,1-DCA

(μg/L)

CA

(μg/L)

1,1-DCE

(μg/L)

Total BTEX

(μg/L)

Total CVOCs

(μg/L)

Southern plantation—Continued

P1-9 06-08-99 <2,000 <2,000 <4,000 <2,000 ND 144,000

06-22-00 <10 E2.6 <20 47 158,000

06-14-01 <40 <40 <40 <40 ND 37,000

06-13-02 <20 <20 <20 54 11 178,000

06-20-03 <1,000 <1,000 <2,000 <1,000 ND 89,000

06-18-04 <1,300 <1,300 <2,700 <1,300 ND 75,000

06-23-05 <20 <20 <40 <20 ND 1,000

06-13-06 <5,000 <5,000 <10,000 <5,000 ND 225,000

06-20-07 <1,000 <1,000 <2,000 <1,000 ND 99,000

06-18-08 <400 <400 <800 <400 ND 25,000

P1-10 06-07-99 <1,000 <1,000 <2,000 <1,000 ND 51,000

06-22-00 <.10 1.2 E.10 16 24,000

06-13-01 <20 <20 <20 11 ND 20,000

06-12-02 <20 <20 <20 <20 ND 14,000

06-19-03 <400 <400 <800 <400 ND 13,000

06-18-04 <200 <200 <400 <200 ND 6,400

06-23-05 <100 <100 <200 <100 ND 4,800

06-13-06 <1,000 <1,000 <2,000 <1,000 ND 32,000

06-20-07 <500 <500 <1,000 <500 ND 17,000

06-18-08 <200 <200 <400 <200 ND 7,400

Intermediate aquifer

MW1-25 06-22-00 – – – – – –

06-14-02 <20 <20 <20 <20 ND 2,400

06-19-03 <67 <67 <130 <67 ND 2,100

06-16-04 – – – – – –

06-21-05 <67 <67 <130 <67 ND 1,900

06-14-06 – – – – – –

06-18-07 – – – – – –

06-17-08 <50 <50 <100 <50 ND 2,200

MW1-28 06-22-00 – – – – – –

06-14-02 <20 <20 <20 <20 ND 2,400

06-19-03 <50 <50 <100 <50 ND 1,700

06-16-04 – – – – – –

06-21-05 <67 <67 <130 <67 ND 2,200

06-14-06 – – – – – –

06-18-07 – – – – – –

06-17-08 <50 <50 <100 <50 ND 2,400

Table 3. Concentrations of selected volatile organic compounds in groundwater samples from monitoring wells and piezometers 

collected by the U.S. Geological Survey at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1999–2008.

—Continued

[All data except those shaded were published previously in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003), Dinicola (2004), and Dinicola and Huffman (2004). 

Laboratory data qualifier codes, such as “D” for dilution, are not shown. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs); PCE, tetrachloroethene; TCE, trichloroethene; 

cis-DCE, cis-1,2-dichloroethene; trans-DCE, trans-1,2-dichloroethene; VC, vinyl chloride; 1,1,1-TCA, 1,1,1-trichloroethane; 1,1-DCA, 1,1-dichloroethane; CA, 

chloroethane; 1,1-DCE, 1,1-dichloroethene; total BTEX, sum of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene; total CVOCs, sum of chlorinated volatile organic 

compounds. Abbreviations: E, estimated value; M, presence verified but not quantified; μg/L, microgram per liter; dup, duplicate; blank, field blank; <, actual 

value is less than value shown; ND, not detected; –, not analyzed]
38 Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 2007 and 2008

Well or 

piezometer No.

Date 

sampled

PCE

(μg/L)

TCE

(μg/L)

cis-DCE

(μg/L)

trans-DCE

(μg/L)

VC

(μg/L)

Ethane

(μg/L)

Ethene

(μg/L)

Intermediate aquifer—Continued

MW1-38 06-20-00 – – – – – – 0.57

06-12-02 <0.20 <0.20 <0.20 <0.20 <0.20 – –

06-16-04 – – – – – <5.0 <5.0

06-24-05 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <5.0 <5.0

06-14-06 – – – – – <5.0 <5.0

06-21-07 – – – – – <5.0 <5.0

06-17-08 – – – – – M <5.0

MW1-39 06-07-99 <1.0 <1.0 0.30 <0.50 1.0 – –

06-20-00 – – – – – – 0.26

06-12-01 – – – – – – –

06-12-02 – – – – – – –

06-19-03 <1.0 <1.0 E.60 <1.0 1.0 – –

06-16-04 – – – – – <5.0 <5.0

06-14-06 – – – – – <50 <50

06-21-07 – – – – – <25 <25

06-17-08 <1.0 <1.0 E.53 <1.0 3.0 <20 <20

Table 3. Concentrations of selected volatile organic compounds in groundwater samples from monitoring wells and piezometers 

collected by the U.S. Geological Survey at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1999–2008.

—Continued

[All data except those shaded were published previously in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003), Dinicola (2004), and Dinicola and Huffman (2004). 

Laboratory data qualifier codes, such as “D” for dilution, are not shown. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs); PCE, tetrachloroethene; TCE, trichloroethene; 

cis-DCE, cis-1,2-dichloroethene; trans-DCE, trans-1,2-dichloroethene; VC, vinyl chloride; 1,1,1-TCA, 1,1,1-trichloroethane; 1,1-DCA, 1,1-dichloroethane; CA, 

chloroethane; 1,1-DCE, 1,1-dichloroethene; total BTEX, sum of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene; total CVOCs, sum of chlorinated volatile organic 

compounds. Abbreviations: E, estimated value; M, presence verified but not quantified; μg/L, microgram per liter; dup, duplicate; blank, field blank; <, actual 

value is less than value shown; ND, not detected; –, not analyzed]
Table 3 39

Well or 

piezometer No.

Date 

sampled

1,1,1-TCA

(μg/L)

1,1-DCA

(μg/L)

CA

(μg/L)

1,1-DCE

(μg/L)

Total BTEX

(μg/L)

Total CVOCs

(μg/L)

Intermediate aquifer—Continued

MW1-38 06-20-00 – – – – – –

06-12-02 <0.20 <0.20 <0.20 <0.20 ND ND

06-16-04 – – – – – –

06-24-05 <1.0 <1.0 <2.0 <1.0 ND ND

06-14-06 – – – – – –

06-21-07 – – – – – –

06-17-08 – – – – – –

MW1-39 06-07-99 <1.0 <1.0 <2.0 <1.0 ND 1.0

06-20-00 – – – – – –

06-12-01 – – – – – –

06-12-02 – – – – – –

06-19-03 <1.0 <1.0 <2.0 <1.0 ND 1.6

06-16-04 – – – – – –

06-14-06 – – – – – –

06-21-07 – – – – – –

06-17-08 <1.0 <1.0 <2.0 <1.0 ND 3.5

Table 3. Concentrations of selected volatile organic compounds in groundwater samples from monitoring wells and piezometers 

collected by the U.S. Geological Survey at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 1999–2008.

—Continued

[All data except those shaded were published previously in Dinicola and others (2002), Dinicola (2003), Dinicola (2004), and Dinicola and Huffman (2004). 

Laboratory data qualifier codes, such as “D” for dilution, are not shown. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs); PCE, tetrachloroethene; TCE, trichloroethene; 

cis-DCE, cis-1,2-dichloroethene; trans-DCE, trans-1,2-dichloroethene; VC, vinyl chloride; 1,1,1-TCA, 1,1,1-trichloroethane; 1,1-DCA, 1,1-dichloroethane; CA, 

chloroethane; 1,1-DCE, 1,1-dichloroethene; total BTEX, sum of benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene; total CVOCs, sum of chlorinated volatile organic 

compounds. Abbreviations: E, estimated value; M, presence verified but not quantified; μg/L, microgram per liter; dup, duplicate; blank, field blank; <, actual 

value is less than value shown; ND, not detected; –, not analyzed]
40 Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 2007 and 2008

This page intentionally left blank.
Appendix A 41

Appendix A. Quality Assurance and Control of U.S. Geological Survey 2007 and 

2008 Geochemical Sampling

Quality assurance and control of geochemical sampling 

included the collection of duplicate and field blank samples 

for selected redox-sensitive analytes and Volatile Organic 

Compounds (VOCs). Field blanks were collected by pumping 

inorganic blank water and VOC-free water through new 

clean tubing to determine possible sampling contamination. 

Complete laboratory quality assurance and control data 

from TestAmerica (TA) Laboratories is on file with the U.S 

Geological Survey Washington Water Science Center in 

Tacoma, Washington.

Duplicate sample results compared favorably for all 

constituents (table A1). A duplicate sample was collected 

and analyzed by the National Water Quality Laboratory 

(NWQL) for organic carbon, manganese, nitrate and nitrite, 

sulfate, chloride, ethene, and ethane for well MW1-38 and 

piezometers P1-4 and P1-9. The duplicate results for these 

constituents agreed within 13 percent. Duplicate samples 

were collected and analyzed for VOCs at piezometers P1-4 

and P1-9 and the concentrations agreed within 30 percent 

(table A1).

Filtered chloride was detected at an estimated 

concentration of 0.06 mg/L in the blank sample collected 

in 2007 (MW1-38), which is small compared to filtered 

chloride concentrations in environmental samples that were 

measured at 4.3 mg/L or higher. Dissolved organic carbon 

was detected at the method reporting limit concentration of 

0.40 mg/L in the blank sample collected in 2008 (associated 

with site 1MW-1). Chloroethenes, chloroethanes, and 

benzene, toluene, ethylbenze, were not detected in the field 

blank samples (associated with wells MW1-38 and 1MW-1). 

Xylene was detected at an estimated concentration of 0.48 

μg/L in the field blank sample in 2007 (MW1-38), which is 

comparable in magnitude to many total BTEX concentrations 

in environmental samples. No ethene, ethane, or chloroethene, 

or choroethane compounds of interest were detected in the 

laboratory method blanks. No changes were made to the 

dataset based on these quality control data.
42 Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 2007 and 2008

Table A1. Quality assurance data collected by the U.S. Geological Survey at Operable Unit 1, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division 

Keyport, Washington, June 2007 and June 2008.

[Well or piezometer No.: D denotes duplicate sample; FB denotes field blank sample. Volatile organic compounds (VOCs): PCE, tetrachloroethene; 

TCE, trichloroethene; cis-DCE, cis-1,2-dichloroethene; trans-DCE, trans-1,2-dichloroethene; VC, vinyl chloride; TCA, 1,1,-trichloroethane; 1,1-DCA, 

1,1-dichloroethane, CA, chloroethane; 1,1-DCE, 1,1-dichloroethene; BTEX, benzene, toluene, ethylbezene, and xylene; CVOCs, sum of all chloroethenes and 

chloroethane concentrations shown in table. Abbreviations: mg/L, milligrams per liter; nd, not detected; mg/L, micrograms per liter; nd, not detected. Symbols: 

<, actual value is less than the value shown; –, not analyzed]

Well or 

piezometer 

No.

Date

sampled

PCE

(μ/L)

TCE

(μg/L)

cis-DCE

(μg/L)

trans-DCE

(μg/L)

VC

(μg/L)

Ethane

(μg/L)

Ethene

(μg/L)

111-TCA

(μg/L)

1,1-DCA 

(μg/L)

CA 

(μg/L)

1,1-DCE 

(μg/L)

P1-4 06-19-07 <40 <40 1,500 24 280 E11 E29 <40 <40 <80 <40

P1-4D 06-19-07 <80 E44 2,400 E28 470 E10 E28 <80 <80 <160 <80

MW1-38FB 06-21-07 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 – – <1.0 <1.0 <2.0 <1.0

MW1-38 06-17-08 – – – – – – – – – – –

MW1-38D 06-17-08 – – – – – – – – – – –

MW1-5 06-18-08 – – – – – E7.0 <50 – – – –

MW1-5D 06-18-08 – – – – – E6.0 E8.1 – – – –

P1-9 06-18-08 <400 9,700 13,000 E80 2,000 12 160 <400 <400 <800 <400

P1-9D 06-18-08 <800 12,000 16,000 <800 2,700 11 150 <800 <800 <1,600 <800

1MW-1FB 06-18-08 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <1.0 <2.0 – – <1.0 <1.0 <2.0 <1.0

Well or 

piezometer 

No.

Date

sampled

Total

Dissolved 

oxygen

(mg/L)

Filtered 

NO2

 + NO3

(mg/L)

Filtered 

(dissolved)

organic 

carbon

(mg/L)

Filtered 

manganese 

(mg/L)

Filtered 

iron (II)

(mg/L)

Filtered 

sulfate

(mg/L)

Unfiltered 

sulfide

(mg/L)

Dissolved 

methane 

(mg/L)

Dissolved 

carbon 

dioxide 

(mg/L)

Filtered 

chloride 

(mg/L)

BTEX

(μg/L)

CVOCs

(μg/L)

P1-4 06-19-07 66 1,800 <0.1 <0.06 7.1 0.35 3.2 4.70 <0.01 2,500 26 43

P1-4D 06-19-07 ND 3,000 <.01 <.06 7.4 .35 3.1 4.78 <.01 2,600 29 43

MW1-38FB 06-21-07 0.48 ND – <.06 <.40 <.20 – <.18 – – – E.06

MW1-38 06-17-08 – – .1 <.04 5.0 .04 .03 2.51 .02 620 <10 230

MW1-38D 06-17-08 – – .1 <.04 5.1 .04 .03 2.69 .02 – <10 220

MW1-5 06-18-08 – – – – – – – – – 1,800 – –

MW1-5D 06-18-08 – – – – – – – – – 1,600 – –

P1-9 06-18-08 ND 25,000 <.1 <.04 10.5 .17 .07 7.89 <.01 740 <10 28

P1-9D 06-18-08 ND 31,000 <.1 <.04 11.4 .16 .07 8.04 <.01 730 <10 26

1MW-1FB 06-18-08 – – – – .40 – – – – – – –
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Publishing Network, Tacoma Publishing Service Center

For more information concerning the research in this report, contact the

Director, Washington Water Science Center

U.S. Geological Survey, 934 Broadway — Suite 300

Tacoma, Washington 98402

http://wa.water.usgs.gov
Dinicola and other—Selected Natural Attenuation Monitoring, Naval Undersea Warfare Center, Division Keyport, Washington, 2007 and 2008—Open-File Report 2009-1141