NO. 07-06-0198-CR

IN THE COURT OF APPEALS

FOR THE SEVENTH DISTRICT OF TEXAS

AT AMARILLO

PANEL B

JUNE 11, 2008

______________________________

TOMAS CARREON ROMERO, APPELLANT

V.

THE STATE OF TEXAS, APPELLEE

_________________________________

FROM THE 108TH DISTRICT COURT OF POTTER COUNTY;

NO. 51,991-E; HONORABLE ABE LOPEZ, JUDGE

_______________________________

Before QUINN, C.J., and CAMPBELL and HANCOCK

MEMORANDUM OPINION

Appellant Tomas Carreon Romero appeals from his conviction for unlawfully

carrying a weapon on licensed premises and his court-assessed punishment and

suspended sentence of ten years imprisonment. Via three issues, appellant challenges

the legal sufficiency of the evidence to support his conviction. We affirm.
See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 46.02 (Vernon 2007). This offense occurred before 1

the September 1, 2007 effective date and thus, the offense herein is governed by the law

in effect when the offense was committed. 

2

Background

By indictment, appellant was charged with intentionally, knowingly, or recklessly

carrying on or about his person a handgun on a premises licensed or issued a permit by

the State of Texas for the sale of alcoholic beverages. Following a plea of not guilty, the 1

matter proceeded to trial.

The State presented the testimony of two Amarillo police officers. Officer Scott

Chappell testified that on the night of appellant’s arrest, the two conducted a “routine bar

check” of the Tres Amigos Bar in Amarillo. Officer Chappell testified that he had been to

this establishment many times before, knows the management, and had observed the sale

of alcoholic beverages on the premises. Over objection, Chappell testified that Tres

Amigos is licensed to sell alcoholic beverages in the State of Texas. 

Chappell said he and Corporal Michael Clay Randall observed appellant “staggering

towards his–or towards a truck in a parking (sic).” As the officers walked toward appellant,

he opened the vehicle’s door and reached in as if he were concealing something or

attempting to retrieve something from its interior. He then “came back out” of the vehicle

and shut the door. Chappell testified he was concerned then that appellant was attempting

to or had retrieved a weapon or was trying to retrieve or conceal some type of contraband.
 The pistol and magazine were entered into evidence without objection. 

2

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When the officers approached appellant, they noticed a strong odor of alcoholic

beverages on his breath and person, red and glassy eyes, and that he swayed and spoke

with slurred speech. Appellant was arrested for public intoxication. The officers then

searched appellant’s vehicle incident to his arrest and found a loaded .9 mm pistol in the

center console area. Chappell testified that this is the same area into which he had 2

observed appellant reaching. He further testified appellant would have been able to reach

it without materially changing his position.

Appellant conducted cross-examination on both officers but presented no other

witnesses. The jury found appellant guilty as charged in the indictment. The court

assessed punishment at ten years imprisonment and an $8,000 fine. The court then

suspended appellant’s sentence and placed him on community supervision. Appellant

timely filed his notice of appeal. 

Analysis

By three points of error, appellant challenges the legal sufficiency of the evidence

to support his conviction. In reviewing issues of legal sufficiency, an appellate court views

the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict to determine whether, based on that

evidence and reasonable inferences therefrom, a rational jury could have found each

element of the offense beyond a reasonable doubt. Swearingen v. State, 101 S.W.3d 89,

95 (Tex.Crim.App. 2003); Conner v. State, 67 S.W.3d 192, 197 (Tex.Crim.App. 2001),

citing Jackson v. Virginia, 443 U.S. 307, 319, 99 S.Ct. 2781, 61 L.Ed.2d 560 (1979). If,
 The jury was instructed concerning the statutory definitions of the culpable mental 3

states of intentional, knowing and reckless conduct. See Tex. Penal Code Ann. § 6.03

(Vernon 2003) (defining each).

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given all of the evidence, a rational jury would necessarily entertain a reasonable doubt of

the defendant’s guilt, due process requires that we reverse and order a judgment of

acquittal. Swearingen, 101 S.W.3d at 95, citing Narvaiz v. State, 840 S.W.2d 415, 423

(Tex.Crim.App. 1992), cert. denied, 507 U.S. 975, 113 S.Ct. 1422, 122 L.Ed.2d 791 (1993).

Circumstantial evidence is as probative as direct evidence in establishing guilt, and

circumstantial evidence alone can be sufficient to do so. Hooper v. State, 214 S.W.3d 9

(Tex.Crim.App. 2007), citing Guevara v. State, 152 S.W.3d 45, 49 (Tex.Crim.App. 2004).

Penal Code § 46.02(a) provides that a person commits an offense if he intentionally,

knowingly, or recklessly carries on or about his person a handgun, illegal knife, or club.

Under Penal Code § 46.02(c), the offense is a felony of the third degree if committed on

premises licensed or issued a permit by the state for the sale of alcoholic beverages. Tex.

Penal Code Ann. § 46.02(a), 46.02(c) (Vernon 2003). Thus, the State was required to

prove, beyond a reasonable doubt, that appellant (1) knowingly, intentionally, or recklessly

(2) carried on or about his person (3) a handgun (4) on a licensed premises.

Issue One - Requisite Mental State

Appellant argues there is no evidence he possessed the handgun with any of the

required culpable mental states. He contends nothing shows he knew the handgun was 3

present in the console of the truck.
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Viewed in the light most favorable to the verdict, the evidence permits a reasonable

inference appellant was the driver and only occupant of the pickup to which he walked as

he left the bar. See Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at 16 (defining an inference as “a conclusion

reached by considering other facts and deducing a logical consequence from them”). The

testimony does not associate any other person with the pickup. Officers observed

appellant as he walked to the pickup and opened its driver’s side door. Chappell testified

the engine of the truck was running. Both officers said appellant’s actions led them to

believe he was about to drive off in the pickup. 

If appellant was driving the pickup with the .9 mm pistol in the console next to the

driver’s seat, he was carrying it on or about his person. The phrase “on or about the

person” has been construed to mean “nearby, close at hand” or within such distance of the

accused that he can reach it without materially changing his position. Courtney v.

State, 424 S.W.2d 440 (Tex.Crim.App. 1968); Wagner v. State, 188 S.W. 1001, 1002

(1916); Burks v. State, 693 S.W.2d 747, 751 (Tex.App.–Houston [14 Dist.] 1985, pet. th

ref’d). The phrase “on or about his person” has been determined to include the interior of

an automobile. See Christian v. State, 686 S.W.2d 930, 933 (Tex.Crim.App. 1985) (“we

think that the jury could reasonably infer appellant was unlawfully ‘carrying’ the nun-chucks

from the fact that he was found alone behind the wheel of an automobile which, though

parked, was running”).
 As Chappell phrased it on cross-examination, “the upper half of [appellant’s] body 4

was leaning into the vehicle.”

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The jury’s inference that appellant’s carrying of the pistol was accompanied by a

culpable mental state was aided by the officers’ testimony about his actions inside the

pickup after he opened the door. Chappell said appellant reached inside the vehicle as the

officers approached. Chappell also said that when he reached appellant, he asked 4

appellant “what he was reaching for in the vehicle, because it appeared as though it was

in response to our presence.” 

Corporal Rolland testified that appellant “looked around and saw [the officers] as he

reached his pickup.” Appellant appeared surprised to see the officers and “immediately

reached in the center area of his pickup, in the front seat area. He was scuffling around.

I mean, we couldn’t tell what he was doing, because his door was open and he had leaned

in his truck.” Rolland further testified that as the officers came closer, appellant “finished

what he was doing, and then he got out of the truck real quick, as though he was trying to

distance himself from the truck.” Rolland concluded that, based on his experience, the

actions were those of a person who was trying to “conceal something” or “retrieve

something.” Although the officers could not see what appellant was doing inside the

vehicle, from their descriptions of his action and their reactions to it, a rational juror

reasonably could have concluded that appellant was giving furtive attention to some item

in the front seat area of his pickup as the two officers approached him. We believe the jury

rationally could infer that the object of appellant’s attention was the loaded .9 mm pistol

found in the console next to the driver’s seat. See Hooper, 214 S.W.3d at 16. It
See Tex. Alco. Bev. Code Ann. § 11.49(a) (Vernon 1979) (containing same

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definition); Terry v. State, 877 S.W.2d 68, 69-70 (Tex.App.–Houston [1 Dist.] 1994, no st

pet.) (approving use of Alcoholic Beverage Code definition in criminal prosecution).

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necessarily follows that appellant would have been aware of the presence of the handgun.

Again, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, we find legally

sufficient evidence supports a finding, beyond a reasonable doubt, that appellant

intentionally, knowingly or recklessly carried the pistol on or about his person. We overrule

his first issue.

Issue Two - Parking Lot as Part of Licensed Premises

By his second issue, appellant contends that because the State presented legally

insufficient evidence the bar’s parking lot is “directly or indirectly under the control of the

same person,” it failed to prove that appellant was unlawfully carrying a handgun on a

licensed premises.

The jury was instructed that the term “premises” means “the grounds and all

buildings, vehicles, and appurtenances pertaining to the grounds, including an adjacent

premises if they are directly or indirectly under the control of the same person.” 

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The officers’ testimony indicates the bar’s parking area is in front of the building.

As Rolland described the scene as the officers first saw appellant, he said, “that front door

of the building has a sidewalk that runs along the building, and then there’s basically a

parking lot. There’s single car parking all along, and then some people often double park
 Appellant argued the officers could have had no independent knowledge of the 6

bar’s status as a licensed premises, and of necessity their testimony relied on an oral or

written statement of another. After the prosecutor elicited testimony from the officers of

their familiarity with the bar and its operation, based on their prior inspections, the trial court

overruled appellant’s objection. We need not address appellant’s argument on appeal in

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behind cars there on the front row. It seemed like the whole front row was full, because the

pickup that [appellant] was walking to was parked basically behind another vehicle.”

Appellant argues the State was required to produce evidence the parking lot was

directly or indirectly under the control of the same person. That would be true if the State

were showing appellant carried the handgun on premises adjacent to the licensed

premises. As we see the evidence, the jury could have concluded the parking lot or area

in front of the bar, in which appellant’s vehicle was parked, was a part of the bar premises,

not adjacent premises. As defined, “premises” means “the grounds and all buildings, ....”

Tex. Alco. Bev. Code Ann. § 11.49(a) (Vernon 1979). Thus, in Richardson v. State, 823

S.W.2d 773, 776 (Tex.App.–Fort Worth 2002, no pet.), the court found the parking lot of

a convenience store to be part of the “premises” pursuant to Section 11.49(a) of the Texas

Alcoholic Beverage Code. We overrule appellant’s second issue.

Issue Three - Bar as Licensed Premises

Appellant’s third issue challenges the legal sufficiency of the evidence presented at

trial to establish that Tres Amigos is a premises licensed or issued a permit by the State

of Texas for the sale of alcoholic beverages. At trial, the officers’ testimony that the bar is

a licensed premises was admitted over appellant’s objection that the testimony was

hearsay and violated his Sixth Amendment right of confrontation. 

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support of his trial objection.

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On appeal, appellant reiterates his argument the testimony was inadmissible

hearsay. Acknowledging that, by rule, inadmissible hearsay admitted without objection is

not denied probative value merely because it is hearsay, Tex. R. Evid. 802, he contends

inadmissible hearsay admitted over objection should be denied probative value. Appellant

cites us to no instance in which this contention has been accepted in a criminal case, and

we find none. We reject it, because it runs counter to the well-established precept that an

appellate court, in a legal sufficiency analysis, considers all the evidence admitted before

the jury, both that admitted properly and that admitted improperly. The Court of Criminal

Appeals explained in Miles v. State, 918 S.W.2d 511, 513 (Tex.Crim.App. 1996):

We first note that in reviewing the sufficiency of the evidence, “the appellate

court must look at all the evidence, whether properly or improperly admitted.”

Alexander v. State, 866 S.W.2d 1, 3 (Tex.Crim.App. 1993), cert. denied, 511

U.S. 1100, 114 S.Ct. 1869, 128 L.Ed.2d 490 (1994). In the event a portion

of the evidence was erroneously admitted, the accused may complain on

appeal of such error. Thomas v. State, 753 S.W.2d 688, 695 (Tex.Crim.App.

1988). The admission of inadmissible evidence is considered trial error and

thus the proper remedy is to reverse the conviction and remand for a new

trial. See Beltran v. State, 728 S.W.2d 382, 389 (Tex.Crim.App. 1987). But

jurors do not act irrationally in taking such evidence into account, since they

are bound to receive the law from the trial judge. Thomas, 753 S.W.2d at

695. All evidence which the trial judge has ruled admissible may therefore

be weighed and considered by the jury, and a reviewing court is obligated to

assess the jury's factual findings from this perspective. Id.
 Chappell responded positively to the question asking if it was his “understanding” 7

that the bar is licensed to sell alcoholic beverages.

 Appellant does not assert that any exception to Texas Penal Code § 46.02 applies. 8

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Corporal Rolland responded positively to the State’s question asking if the bar is

licensed to sell alcoholic beverages in the State of Texas. Aside from his contention that 7

the testimonywas improperly admitted hearsay and thus should be denied probative value,

appellant does not argue that a rational juror could not accept the officer’s testimony as

proof beyond a reasonable doubt that the bar is a licensed premises. We find legally

sufficient evidence supports that element of the State’s case, and overrule appellant’s third

issue.8

Having overruled each of appellant’s challenges to the legal sufficiency of the

evidence supporting his conviction, we affirm the judgment of the trial court.

James T. Campbell

 Justice

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