Unlted Stslcl 

Department ot Incidence and Impact Agrleubure of Damage to and Mortality Trends 

~~ttet ~evlca of Florida's Timber, 1987 

@ 

~lirtabeth A. ErcntIey, Glair Redmond, 

Southeastern Forest and Michael Thompson 

Exper~ment Station 

Remuree Bulletln 

SE-143 

I 

P 

I 
The Authors: 

Elleabetb A. Brant!ej is Pathologist, Southern Region, Fd Health, drheville, NC; 

Clair Redmand is Economist, Southem hgbrg Planning &Budget, Atlanta, GA; and 

Michael Thnmpwn is Forester, 5outhcabtcrn Farest Exphmt Station, Forest Inventory 

and Analysis, AsMlle, KC. 

March 1994 

Southeastern Forest Experiment Stdon 

P.O. Box 2680 

Ashevllir, North Carollna 28802 
The Authors: 

EIiznbetb A. Branley is Patholoast, Southern Regon, Farest Health, Ashccllle, NC, 

Clnir Redmonrl 1s Economist Southern Region, Planmng & Budge& Atlanta, GA, and 

Michael Thompmn is Forester. SoutheasternForest Expenmat Stauon, Porn Inventorf 

and Anal)sl&, Ashevllle, NC 

March 1394 

Sodheastern Forest Experiment Stafion 

P.Q. Box 2680 

Ashwille, North Carolina 28802 
Foreword 

The Southeastern Forest Expcrirnent Station, headquariered in Ashodle, NC, periodically 

lmentoncr and evaluates forest resnurces in Flanda, Ewtgla, Konh Camllna. South Carolina. 

and V~rglnra The SDuthcrn Reeon Forest Health SM umt, pm~des training, fidd suppm, 

and cvtlluauon of the; dam on forest insects, dtseases. and aha damaging agents 

The forest damp informat~w presented here was gathered dunng the fifih and sixth Inventones 

ofFlondsts foren murces Mure information uas gathered In the latest iriventm than In 

pm7ious ones. This lnformat~on makts tt possible 10 esumate damage incidence and trends in 

mortaliQ. 

This Buller~n Mbes damage incidence and monalily trends, but does not recammend speciflc 

prevention measures. Residenu of Flonda who need t~hnical assistance with fore- problem 

on State and pnvate land should wnlact 

Stare Forester 

Florrda Divlsion of Forestq 

3 125 Conner Bulevard 

TaIlahassac. FL 32699 
Abstract 

In 1185 Flondahad 15.0 milllw acres ~f hmbedand, conwmng 20 billion cubic feet d 

fvnber Approxlrnatel?. 196 milhion cuhc feet of timber nere lost annuall? to mnaliry 

ad a1 betwm Is80 and 1987 The annul cwt ofthi4 loss uns S78.1 million 

Among broad management classe~ine plantauon, natural pine, oak-pine, upland 

hardwoods. and battomland hardunaris-the greatest loss occurred in bottomland 

hardu'ood swnds Approxmstelp half ofthe loss mumd In nonindustrial prlvare 

forests Fuiform rust cad the greatest damage ta pines. but weathtr and logg~ng 

acbwrres also cad scr~ous volume losses. Hardwood boren and bosal defects mere the 

mon s~gificant causes of damage in sawthmher-51% hardwocds Increases In hardwoad 

and saftmmod sawtimber mortality %curred ~emss ell management classes bmm 1980 

and 1987 

Kevords: Insect damage, disease damage, Worm m, bark beetles, forest insects. 

forest diseases. 
Incidence and Impact 

of Damage to and Mortality Trends 

of Florida's Timber, 1987 

Elizabeth A. Brantley , Clair Redmand , and Michael Thompson 

Forest In~enlory and Ana1)sis (TIA) crews sunned 

Florida's forests in 1980 (fifth survey) and 1987 [stxth 

survw), and recorded danlaee to and mortal15 of sample 

trees Darrqqng agents and causes oimomlg ulere 

identified nhere possible This Bdleun reporfs conditions 

obcen~ed during the sixth survey, the assec~aml cons, and 

changer in momah* betuen the two sun7qs It as not 

possibla to dlred!, compare damage trends between the twa 

survss because new damage catcgorles we= added in rhe 

sixth survey. 

Inventor?. Procedures 

Inventory procedures haw been described in detail by the 

U5nA Forest Setv~cc (1985) Same of them influence rhe 

kinds of inf~rInatl0n that an bt compiled and the ways in 

whch data can be Interpreted This Bullmn expla~ns 

prmdures and ndfinitians that affect the understanding of 

sun@ semlts. 

In each imvent~v, plots ara~~sitod only once, and the visit 

may take place at any the of year Recnrds, therefore, are kept onE~ for damaging agents thal produce symptoms or 

signs in all seasons The agents or damage must be caslly 

idenufid, and trees must be at least 1 Inch m dlarneter at 

breast height {d b h to be lnclllded In thc sunbq BEects 

of seedllng &sacs (for example, brm-spm nsedIe 3light 

of longleaf pine) and ofhardwood ddol$atlon (nhch is not 

apparent inw~ntet) are not ~nclnded in ths survq. On the 

bass of these limitshons, the fullowlng damaflng aEtntn 

were recowlzed in the 1987 sun'ey. 

Inseers Animals 

Bark bectlcs Beaver 

Hardund bm Sagsuckw 

Other in- eather 

FI re Flooding 

D~#eusss 

Basal dcfeas 

Branch stubs 

Fuaiform msl 

Other msts 

Hardwood cankers 

Littideaf disease 

Root rots 

Other diseases 

Lightning 

O!l~cr dumuglng agents 

Dieback 

Farm (damapng) 

Damage caused bv people 

Suppression and stagnabon 

Turpentining 

Lo~grg and related 

The "Defirutlons" section of this Bulletin describes the 

signs and qmptoms assmated wlth these categories. 

Fared Health trained the cm r in thc usc of a Damags 

Idenhficahon Handbook prior to the field survey Dmng 

the runrev, dam collected b) the mews were field-chcked 

to ensure amracy and consistency Crew members also 

received spenmen hts and fonns to a~d In identifiing 

oldamge I1 1s Important, however, to recognize that the 

data reported here were gatherd bl, people cxperrenccd in 

forest incentoq rather thanbr, entomologists and 

pathologists. 

Three factors cause the lncldence and impact data to be 

understated First as explalnd pm~ously, certarn opes of 

damage, such as that hardwood dcfollarors, are 

excluded Sec~nd, the damage caused 'm some agents, such a5 rwt-decay orgamsms, IS extremh dfiicult to rd=nQ 

Thlrd, some damaging agents, such as southem plnc 

beetles, cause trees to die raptdl,, and iwtntop creams 

mming the: trees up to " yeam later ma). b$ unablc to 

determine the caue ofdeath Ar a result monalit) 

estimates are accurate, but the numbers of deaths that can k attributed to spacific agents are undercsumated 

In spite d these problems. data reported herc arc impomnt 

They skw that losses are s~g~canf and tkq ma? help 

managers to plan forest prdlectlbn programs. 
Samplinp Procedures 

The inventor)' employs a sarnplmg pmetdure deslgned to 

provide reluble srotisncs pnmml> for the entrre State, for 

large gmt~ps of counhes, nrnd for me speclcs smith relatively 

Inrge total volumes in the State Accordlngl?. errors 

associated ~7th relatively minor species like American 

beech meed those fox major qxits like slash pine. 

Procedures are dccumentcd In "Ftonda's Forests" [Bwhtold 

md others 1930). 

Computations 

Tr~.slzs catzgones uere 1 !I to 5 O inches d.b h for 

saplings 5 U to 9 0 inches d b h for shod poles; 5 0 to 

11 0 Inches d.b h for bdu~od poles, 9 0 inches d b h and 

above for sofhvood savrtlmbw, and 11 0 Inches d b h. and 

sbove for hardnvod snmmber 

Merchantable and total cubic volumes wm estimated with 

volume predtchon equations Tkst equations wm 

generatd from volume measurements of standing and 

feIled trets IU Flanda and from similar measuremenw uf 

other trm throughout the Southcan 

Symptoms used to IdennfF the causes of damage txl Ilvtng 

trees on the sample plots arc described in rhe "Defimuons" 

secuon The percsntagc of lnc~dence and tht volume of 

cull asmciated rvzh each dnmage class nme defemmd for 

each spmcs Damage entncs do not impI? tornl-tru loss 

The \ olume loss >+.as dctmmned mtaling the rolume of 

cull associated with each damaging agent, by speeles Only 

a part of the volume lbn (due ta cuU) uwld fall to quai~fr: 

for firmrvood or ather commercial uses 

Although rnortalQ of ~n&vidusl trees &en could mt be 

attributed to a specific agent the volume loss from 

rnortallw was accurate for cach tree species on tach plot 

By using total rnomllty by tree species, it was psmble to 

wlc~late totdvolme loss fbr poles and sau~mber by 

species 

T'his Bullehn presentE mortnliG and losses In both 

tabular and graphc form Volumes andrnlues ofloss ore 

gnen far each class of ownersh~p (National Forest, other 

public, hr;st in dust^, and mntndustnal pnlrate) andbroad 

mnapment class (natural pmo. pine plantauon, aak-pine, 

and upland and bottomland hkdwoods) 

To estimate the value of rht loss, am average age of hanest 

was calculated from FIA "rerno\alw data br age. mmnershlp, 

and species cdfegov For each age class and tyx of loss. 

FIA volume loss data (in thousands of cubic fez) were 

aonwfted to volumes per acre and "grown" ro the assumed 

rotation age based on the growth hrs prolided in tables 

3.15-3 20 In "The South's Founh Forest .4lternatives for 

the Funuc" [USDAForest Service 1988). Thts pmtss treats mch age and cnrmersh~p clss as rl group of am$ in 

that class and estimates future vdume itffmd by morlaliy 

with species-grouqh fnctos. Because largt areas are 

involved, estimahon ofvolume growth 1s not v~ pr~ise 

It was asd that merestimates of volume due to the 

slow growth of trs In fulI]. stocked stands are canceld by 

underest~matcs of wlurne in rr~s of a pnnicular age class 

in understocked stands. 

If the age class for vaEume loss was greater than the 

assumed rotation age, then gromh uw not calculated, it 

was assumed that the damaged trees could be harvested 

~mmedmely Tile result~ng fuhm harvest voiumes wen 

convened to board fea and cords with divlaor factors of 

200 cublc feet per thousand board feet and 90 cubtc fce-t per 

cord 

Avffage statatmde stumpage prlces for thc species and year 

of the FIA sunry am taken from T~mber hian-South 

(Nmis 198-1 and lnnascd from the year ofthe sum! to 

2020 by the real rates of lnmase for hardwoM and 

sohood stumpagt estimated in "Tk South's Fourth 

Forr9. Alternatives for the Future " No funher real 

increase in stumpage was assumed to occur after 2030 The 

resulting futu~ stumpage values were multqlisd by the 

est~mated hama volumes at roratlon age 

All ownership classes except forest indm were assumed 

to have onlv a sawttmbx product at mtahon age For forest 

~ndustry lad a propomon of the swftwood volume less 

than 25 )ears old and hardwwd volume less than 30 yenrs 

old was cwsidered to be pulpnod. 

Each a& class fum !due m &&counted to the present at 

a 4-percent real me of interest and a time factor thnt 

equaled the d1fferm.z been the asmined mmtion age 

and the nge class Vdues of 1058 are based On an 

asmmphon that there wouldbe a market awlable for the 

lost umber 

The analysis excluded timber on 6kcp slgres where the cost 

of logging may be p~hbiuvc Thus, empemd volume 

losses are wnservauve in all categories Timber wag 

assumed ta have value only in ares where logging is 
economiutlly feasible. Merm~re; the analysis igncrd 

the pb$sibllitie~ of ~ngmw.Lh resulting horn trees &ing and 

accelerated growih of reaiduai nerns caused mdrtal~p 

Total vdms and present values for mortality ad mll loss 

wsre esrimated for the ? 7 years between rerneasurements. 

The annurg amount was calculated for the presmt vatue of 

loss over the 7 7 years to converr to an annual basis 

M~rtalin. can be assumed to haw occurred betwaen 

survey: horvever, culT loss is often a cumulative bolume, 

and ~ncremmtel loss befwccn mnry periods cannot be: 

estimated unul two sumg penods are compared. For 

Florida, methedr used for the fifth and siah surve penods 

do not alIow dircct wmpansons bmn the suys. Data 

exiubited In the "Economic Losses" sealon are bascd on 

annml averages 

Results 

In 1987. Flonda had 15 0 million a,x5 of timberland4 

percent less than in 1980 The sun^ results are presented 

in detailed tables that repbn monalitr and cull b, broad 

management class, ownership class. predominant ~ec 

spccles, and damagng agent Interpretlag some of th: 

numbers presented In these tables requlrts inionnabon on 

forest acreage by broad managemmt class and forest ?-pe 

Remo~sl figures will not quual the reported State 10~16, 

because the removals In this report do not include land 

cleannp or umberland rdassrfied to resend status 

Sirn~larl>, ~IC monalttv figures ~111 not equal the reported 

State totaIs huse of roundin! discrqancies Thrs 

infomation IS provided for tach mnagemcnt dass The 

folloulng resulls are presenied @broad management ?ye 
Pine Plantation 

Figure 1 shows the distribution of pine plantation plots 

across Floride. Betmien surveys: the arex of pine 

plantamn increased from 3.3 to 14 rnllljon amen (fig. 2). 

Increases in pine plantation acreage arc nttributable to 

planting an former farmland and to the cornersion of 

harvested stands of various bps to plsntations. Distribution of 

The total population of trees in the pine plantabon pine plantation plots 

management dass increased betwtm 1980 and 1997 [table in Florida, I987. 

1). In 1987. the gercenrage of trees with damage increased 

with tree size: 12 germt ofthe saplings. 15 percent of the 

poletimber. and 18 percent of the sa%timber were dama-d. 

The volume ofasscciMed cull is that which is caused solclv Fusiform rust ms the most 

by damaging agats that result in cubic of form cull The common cause ofaoftwwd damage in pine ms&ated cull volumes were 407,600 cubic fes fbr plantations, Figure 3 shows the incidence 

polnimber and 2,328,MO cubic feet far mwtimber (table 2). offdorm damage throughout tk Florida 

The large volume of cull associated with damaging agents plot ystem. Tu'enpfive percent in the sawtimber categoly is probably due to the hlgh of the loblolly pine; polebmbw and 28 

amount of fusifalln rust reported in 19%? (Lable 3). percent of ¶he sawtimber were damaged by hsifom rust. 

Ten percent of the sand pine ramimber trees suffered from 

Table 3 show the percentage of trees damaged in bc pine diseases other than hiform WL, These diseases included 

plantarion managernen$ &ass, by predominant tree species eanm pll mst and h~art rot (Burns and Honk3la l990). 

and type ofdarnage. A tpe of damage was entered ia the 

table if nr least 5 percent of the trees inone ofrhe size Table 4 shows annual removals and momlip, by tree 

dasses had tknt Qpe of damage. Form damage, species, far the pine plantation management class for 1980 

suppression; and stagnation u-ere excluded from table 3 and 1987, Increases in poletimk and sawtimber remm~ls 

bemuse the seldom indicate o serious problem. In a deme of all major tree spxies marred betwen SLIWG-s. A 

stand, some suppression of overtopped tr~s should k significant amount of momljty in the poletimber 

expected population may be attributed to beetle outbreaks 

Lobioilv Longlnd Blsah Sand Other A.1 

pirs plne ? re pine plar-te;l planted 

pins plns 

Fipre 2-Distribution of timberland in pine plantation, by predominant tree 

species, in Florida, 1980 and 1987. L 
Figure 3 

Distribution of plots with 10 

percent or greater hsiform 

rust in Florida, 1987 

Table I-Total-tree population and percentage of susceptible all-live trees damaged, 

by broad management cl~ss and tree size, in Florida, 1987 

Tdal population Trees damaged 

Management clags 19BO ' ae7 Saplllgs P3letnSer SsMlmber 

Pine plamatlon 1.580,004 1, JY9,OOR 12 15 18 

Natural plns 1,860,271 1,256,200 16 13 78 

Eattorrls?d hardwwds 3,236,22B 2,9CT,ILB 14 22 28 

Totsl 8,822,719 7,511,8W 14 IS 24 
Table 2-Number of all-live trees, total volume, and cull volume in pine phnfrtion, 

by predominant tree species, In Florida, 1987 

Number Tcta' Cull volume 

Tree 8~8~119 of trees volume Poletlmbrr Earcllmbsr 

Lcblolly p!-e 88,395 106,GP 23 

Long!sd plne 32,939 02,282 65 

Slash p~ne R,lC5,8C.g 1,724,220 185 1 %4 

Sand nine 162.24-5 102,532 56 

Othsr sdtwoods 7.034 3.826 1 22 

Total adtwwds 1,306,193 2.61 9,295 261 404 

Total hardwoods 105 1.924 

Table >Incidence of damage in pine plantatian, by ptedominant tree species and 

type of damage, in Florida, 1987 

Trees damaged 

Tree species 

and damage Sapllngs Poletimber SaWlmber 

Loblolly pine 

Fusaorm rust 

Long leaf pine 

Lagging %related 

Slash pine 

Fusiform rusZ 

Sand pine 

Mher diseases 

Weather 

Total sottwoads 

Fusiform rust 

Total hardwoods 

Hardwood borers 1 

Basal defects 0 

Dleback P 

Logglng & related 1 6 8 
Table &Annual paletimber and sawtimber removals and mortality in pine plantation, by 

predominant tree species- in Florida, 1980 and 1987 

Poletimber Sawtimber 

Tr~e species 1980 1987 1880 1887 

Hundred cubic feet 

Lobfolly pfne 12,680 30,349 3,728 18,545 

Longleaf pine 18,60B 19,982 12,941 38,958 

Sand plne 8,049 43,B46 2,998 

Slash p~ne 452,063 1,435,606 44,595 280,655 

Other softwoods 1,589 1,020 8B2 2.204 

All softwoods 192,989 1,5M,803 61,9A4 323,360 

Loblolly plne 2,663 3,033 3.187 

Longleaf pine 608 2,222 

Sahd plne 3,571 5,486 81 5 

Slash pine 49,188 91,02B 4,701 

Mher sokwoods 1,636 1,063 555 

All sottwooda 55,420 101,791 1,063 11,580 
Natural Pine 

Fipra 4 shows the disttlbuhbb of mhd pine plots in 

Florida. Between survgs, the area of natural pine 

decreased from 4.5 to 3.5 milIion acres (fig. 5). Pan of the 

dmease in narural pine acreage may be atnibuted to 

urbanization. Some areas werc clearcd of trccs and some wire redassfied as woodland rather than as urnberlond 

(Bechtold and 0th 1990). 4. 

. I. 

, :. ' . In 1987. 12 prcmI of the saplings, 13 percent of the 

poletimber, and 15 percenr of thc gwtimber were rcparted , , .'* 

mith damge (see table 1). Thc associatzd cull rolume was _ . .. 1.399.000 cubic feet for poletimber and 6.825,000 cubic Figure 4 -. feet for sawtimber. Table 5 shows. the predominant tree 5' 

spxies in natural pine and& and their numbers. vblumes, 

and cull volumes Most ofrhe damage to mR%'md Distribution of natural pine 

sarvtimber may b$ attributed to fuslform rust as shonn ~n plot5 in Florida, 1987 

Tabllc 6 shows the percentage &trees. damaged In the 

narural plnc management class, by predomnant vce 

speclcs nnd of damage. Twenty-s~x perxnt of the 

spruce pme sampled popuIahon was prted as damaged 

weathz in 1987 Assuming the damage was in the form 

of breakage, the weather conditiom inmlved were probablj 

hgh winds dunng storms or I=. 

Table 7 shms the annual removals md momli~, by 

predominant tree species, for the nntural pne rnanagernent 

claps for 1980 ond 1987. Decr=oses ln softwood poldimber 

remmal were rtponed There was an increase Of 55 

/ 

mbnt in ma1 of all sofiwwd sawtimber. Softwood 

pdedmber mortalip decrewd, while hardwood poletimber 

rnorratif? increased by 48 percent. Sohwd sawtimber 

monalib increased by 64 percent, nith slash plne 

contributing a subsfanual amount No specific damaging 

agents met the threshold for ljstlng under slnsh pine 

sawtimber in table 6, but the Increase m mdrtalih' is 

probablj attributabte tobark beetle aethity and root 

dlsaase Harduaod san-limber monahg mffased by 5 1 

percent 

4500 Thousand acrea 

4000 - 

3500 - 

3000 - 

Loblally Longlsaf Shortleaf Slash Pond Sand Spruce All 

plne pine pine plna plne plne pine natural 

oins 

Figure 5-Distribution of timberland m natural pifie, by predominant tree species, 

in Florida, 1980 and 1987 
Table SNurnber 'of all-l.ive trees, total volume, and cull volume in natural pine, by 

predominant tree species, in Florida, 1987 

Leblolly plne 63,448 316,128 24 133 

Longleaf plne 108,046 91 3,428 815 

Shonleel plne 7,527 51,284 

Slash plne 425,345 1,737,461 55 71 8 

Spruce plne 781 + ,982 

Pond plns 26.'77 121 015 43 242 

Other snltwnds 141,257 368.7M 521 878 

Tdal eoftwoods 770,581 3,506,083 673 2,886 

Total hardwoods 485,627 - 289,339 726 - 4,036 

All trees 1,266,20& 3,775,422 1,3W 6,925 

Table &Incidence of damage in naturaI pine, by predominant tree specie3 and type 

of damage, in Florida, 1987 

Trses damaged 

Tree specles 

a and dama a Sawtimber 

Lobldly plne 

Fuslform rud 

Shortleaf plne 

Bar% beetles 0 

Logglng % related 0 

Spruce pine 

Weather 

Pond pine 

Fuslform mst 

T-1 softwmds 

Fusifom rust 

Percent 

13 

Total flardwods 

Basal dsf&s 5 1 9 

Fl re 2 4 5 
Table 7-Annual poletimber nnd sawtimber removals and martality In natural pine, by 

predomin~nt tree species, in Florida, 1980 and 1987 

Poletimber Sawtimber 

Tree specles I QAO 1987 1980 1587 

Lobloliy plne 

longleaf plne 

Pond pina 

Sand pine 

Shortleaf pins 

Slash pins 

Spruca plne 

Pondcypr~ss 

Blackgum (bottomland) 

Loblolly-bay 

Red maple 

Sweetbay 

Sweetgum 

Laurel oak 

Southern red oak 

Water oak 

Scrub oak 

Other saftwwds 

Other hardwmds 

All sattwaods 

All hardwoods 

Mortality 

Loblolly plne 4,644 5,842 10,388 28,770 

Longled pine 17,761 12,373 27,028 41,904 

Pond pine 3,907 10,887 7,P24 13,877 

Sand plne 39,590 24,510 5,$Q8 20,394 

Sh~rtleaf plne 5,162 1,567 3,992 t ,088 

Slash plne 73,248 59,834 63,428 90,142 

Spme plne 368 

Pondcypress 3,762 1,342 2,078 942 

Blackgum (bottomland) 4,316 1,825 1,517 1,340 

Loblolly-bay 475 5,213 471 

Red maple 1,908 733 1,209 

Sweetbay 623 1,532 863 

Sweetgum 3,3 75 738 81 4 564 

Laurel oak 519 2.264 t ,759 2,071 

Southern red oak 436 626 1,865 1,674 

Water oak 466 1,906 1,598 2.217 

Scrub oak 3,740 12,073 BS5 2,239 

Other softwwda 688 

Other hardwoods 2,919 676 325 3,610 

All ~0ltw00ds 148,442 116,855 120,838 188,606 

All hardwoods 18,778 27,786 9,877 75,049 
Oak-Pine 

Figure 6 shm thc &sulbution of oak-p~ncplots in Flonda 

Between smeys, &-pine acreage decreased by 15 percent 

(Bechtuld and others 1996) Loss ofoak-p~ne acreage ts 

attributed to urba~zatlon and recla5slfia~atlon from 

t~mbexland to woodland These changes must be 

mnsidered when removal and mbiralrq fotaIs in the two 

surveys are compared. 

There were 1,424,133 acrcs of oak-pine rn 1980 compmd 

with 1,210,769 in 1981 The decrease: In acreage 

correspnded with a dccreare in the total-tree popularson 

over the surq period In 1987, the percentag of rrees 

wth darnage incrmsed with tree slat 14 percent of the 

saplings, 20 percent ofthe pnIetimlm, and 25 percent of 

the ~wtimber Trees were damaged TabIe 8 shows the 

number oftrees and vo~~ of associatd cull, by 

predominant softwood tree ~pecles Much of the damage 

reported for hardwood san~imbcr is artnbuuble to basal 

defects, (table 9). 

Table 9 shows the percentage of trees damaged in the oakplnc management class, by predominant trx species and 

type bf darnage No damaging agent swtributed enough to 

the total softanod poplllabon to be included in th~s table 

(greater than 5 percmt for inclusion). Ba~l defects were 

repansd on 10 percent of the hardwood sawrnber trees in 

tht oak-plne management class. However, hlph amounts of 

funform rust were sacorded across all size classes of 

leblolly pne. and aeathar-related damage was present on 19 percent of the shortlcafp~ne ~wumber trees sampled 

Shortleaf is suscept~ble to breakage in hcav starms 

(including rce and wlnd) 

The oak~ine manwment class had increases in all 

remvals and rnomlm betwaen sunreyr. acept for 

soflwood poltr~mbsr (table 10) MonalQ increasad@ 73 

pcrccnt far the softwood sawlmber and by 58 percent for 

the hard& sawhmb 

Figure 6 

Distribution of oak-pine plots 

in Florida, 1987. 
Table &Number of all-live trees, total volume, and cull volume in oak-pine, by 

predominnnt tree species, in Florida, 1987 

Number Total Cull volume 

Trse specles of trees volume Polu!lmber Sawt~mbar 

Loblokly plne 15.266 14a,163 235 

Slash pine 57.399 317,411 10 306 

Longleal plne 18.638 118,384 369 

Other softwoods glm64$ 203.853 336 1,316 

Tdal sdtwocds 783,811 344 2,228 

Tatal hardmob6 698,716 2,505 6,861 

All trees 871,883 1282,527 2,849 11,009 

Table %Incidence of damage in oak-pine, by predominant softwood tree species and 

type of damage, in Florida, 1987 

Trees damaged 

Tree species 

and damage Saplings Pdetlmbsr Sawtlmber 

Percent 

L&lolly plne 

Fuslform rust 

Weather 

Slash plne 

FuslfDrm nrst 

Shortleaf plne 

Weather 

Longleal plne 

Other diseases 

Fire 

Legging & related 

Total hardwoods 

Hardmd borers 1 4 6 

Basal defects 0 3 10 
Table 10-Annual poletimber and sawtimber removals and martality in oak-pine, by 

predominant tree species, in Florida, 1980 and 1987 

Poletimber Sewlimber 

Trs~ speclss 19BO 1987 1950 1987 

Hundred cubic feel 

Removals 

Loblolly plne 

Longleaf pine 

Pond plne 

Sand plne 

Slash plne 

Pondcypress 

Redcedar 

Blackgum (bottomland) 

Red maple 

Sweetbay 

Sweetgum 

Hickory 

Laurel oak 

Live oak 

Southern red oak 

Wat~r oak 

Other softwoods 

Other hardwoods 

All softwoods 

All hardwoods 

Mortality 

Loblolly plna 6.744 3,091 7,442 9,165 

Longlaaf pine 1.441 2,820 4,379 7,589 

Pond pine 286 337 496 681 

Sand pine 1,498 1,271 2,205 2.847 

Slash plne 9,939 8,817 8.035 14,432 

Pondcypress 4,016 2,457 501 1,903 

Redcsdar t ,350 309 

Blackgum (battornland) 7,1111 5,389 2,434 3,193 

Red maple 1,581 2,047 137 

Sweetbay 1,119 2,814 563 5,065 

Sweetgum 2,587 391 664 

Laurel oak 1.992 4,263 2,560 3,404 

Llve oak I ,647 2,534 1.561 

Southern red oak 608 1,143 

Water oak 7,811 .6,674 6,Q76 6,452 

Scrub oak 6,939 5,606 938 5,026 

Other softwwds 1,206 1,174 2,869 

Othsr hardwmds 8,335 10,120 1,801 4,508 

AH ~ofhvoods 25,130 21,417 23,058 39,794 

All hardwoods 38,912 60,444 18,455 29,209 
Upland Hardwoods 

Figure 7 shows the distribution ofupland hardwood plas in 

Florida. Betwm surveys, upland hardwood acreage 

decreased bl, 11 percenf (fig 8). Pan ofthe demmse rnT 

be atfributbd to uibanization. 

In 1987, 16 percent of the saplings. 27 percent ofthe 

poletimk, and 33 percent of the sawtimber trees in rhe 

upland hardwc& class were reported with damagc (see 

table 1). Upland hardwoods had n higher reported darn= DiSthbutiOn of upland than any other had mmgernwt dnss. Table 11 shows 

the predominant tree species In upland hardwoods and their hardwood plot5 in ~lorida, 

numbers, volumes, and cull volumes. Most dthe damage 1987, 

to upland hardwbddr can be mributed tn basal defects and 

hardwoodborers (tabIe 12). v-u-4 

Tnble 12 shows the percentage oftrees damapd in the 

upland hardwmd mnnagement class. by predomiynt tree 

spies and 'p of damage No lndrcldual softwwd 

spee~e$ met the mmmum threshold for inclusion in the 

table, but the 26percent lncldence of fuslform rust m the 

total softwood caregoq 1s notewm! The total hardwd 

mmber populat~on aas most oRen damaged by basal 

ddects and hardwood hers Basal defects uere reported 

on 12 vent of the red oak and 17 percent ofthe red 

maple savhmM trees Red oak ~utrmber trees had a higher percentage of hardc'wd borer damage (19 percent) 

than any other speclcs in this management class Wentherrelated damagc lo red maple poleumber was rtported on 19 

percent of them 

Table 13 shows the annual 

maIs and mortality, b- predopredominanr tre species, for the upland hardwwd 

management class fw 1980 and 1987. 

Total remrals ofhardwods decreased, 

whik sdwod palctimber remods 

increased. Softwood poletitnbs manaliry decreased. while 

hardwmd paletimber mortality incnascd by 2 1 pmt. 

Softwood sawtimber mortality incmsed by 71 -1, and 

hardwwd sawtimbr mortality increased by 29 pcroent. 

I% increases in mortality may be due m int~ranive stress 

conditions, suchas drought and site kctors. Land oaks 

suffered the greatest average mortality 

Thousand acre8 

2500 i 1 

Oak-h~ckory Southern scrub All upland 

oak hardwoods 

Figure 8-Distribution of t~mberland in upland hardwoods, predominmt tree 

species, in Florida, 1980 and 1987. 
Table 11-Kurnlser or all-live trees, total volume, and cutl volume in upland hardwoods, by 

predeminsnt tree species, in Florida, 1987 

Number Total Cull volume 

Tree fipeciss of trees voltlrne Poletlmber Sawlimbrr 

Thousand -----.-.a Thousand CUbb fast - - - - - - - - 

Red maple 10,56B 73,023 53 901 

Sweet gum 37,698 109,333 318 2,351 

Red oaks 212,378 403,581 2.1 18 1 1,083 

White oaks 130,147 381 ,a65 363 18,018 

Hickorles 21.22g 73,305 138 1.487 

Y ellow-poplar 3,730 12,109 73 

Other hardwoods 410,352 201,622 3,1361 3,767 

Totat softw~ods 27,449 132,013 48 203 

Total hardwoods - 826,102 1,188,038 6,720 37,680 - 

All trms 853,551 1,320,051 6,768 57,883 
Table 12-Incidence of damage in upland hardwoods, by ptedomiaant tree species 

and type of damage, in Florida, 1987 

Trws damaged 

Tree specres 

and damage Sapllngs Pdeflrnber Sawtlmber 

Red maple 

Hardwoad borers 

Hardwmd cankers 

Branch stubs 

Basal dele& 

Oleback 

Fire 

Weather 

Logging 8: related 

Basal defects 

Dieback 

Weather 

togging & related 

Red oaks 

Hardwocd borers 4 

Basal defects 0 

White oaks 

Basal defects 

Hlckones 

Other insects 1 

Tsrrninsl stem borars 6 

Basal defects 0 

Sapsucker 0 

Weather 5 

Y~IIW-poplar 

Branch stubs 

Basal defects 

Lugging & relatd 

Total sothvoods 

Fusiform nrst 

Total hardwoods 

Hardwood borem 2 5 7 

Basal defects 0 2 9 
Table lLAnnual poletimber and sawtjmber removnls and mortality in upland hardwoods, 

by predominant tree species, in Florida, 1980 and 1987 

Loblolly pine 

Longlaaf pine 

Slash plna 

Blac kgum 

Magnolia 

Red maple 

Sweetgum 

Hickory 

Laurel oak 

Live oak 

Post oak 

Southern red oak 

Swamp chestnut oak 

Water oak 

Scrub oak 

Noncommercial species 

Other softwoods 

Other hardwods 

All softwoods 

All hardwoods 

Huno'red cubic feer 

Removals 

Loblnlly pine 1,346 2,587 3,888 

Lnngleaf plne 1,917 6,414 1,501 

Shsh plne -- 1,280 

Blackgum 1,325 4,544 

Magnolk g65 460 

Red maple 1,083 1,888 385 

sweetgum 4,093 4,700 4,694 3.882 

Hickor) 1,060 1,017 2,536 1.839 

Laurel oak 8,379 23.231 17,657 27,796 

Live oak 3,501 4,483 7,815 13,607 

Post oak 650 2,827 629 

Southern red oak 4,754 1,965 4.182 

Water oak 9,005 9,250 12,833 17,324 

Scrub oak 30,074 24,940 9,286 12,129 

Noncommercial spclea 3,705 2,536 1.440 364 

Other softwoods 1,993 472 

Other hadwocds 5,62626 2,831 3,519 5,193 

All rothvoods 5,256 472 4.Wl 6.967 

All hardwoods 68,228 82,427 arm 88,661 
Bonomlnnd Hardwoods 

Figure 9 show the distribution of bottbrnland hardwmd 

plots mss Florida Belveen surveys the acreags of 

bottomland hardwod increared slightly (@. 10). In this 

management class, high proponiom of the stands are old 

and unmneged (Bechtold and others 1990). ?hstoricaIly, 

removnl rates have been low in bonomland hardwwd 

stands, so rree ages are relatively high, EnvironmentaI 

constraints and inaccesslbilityp~cclude harvest and 

dcvclopment of most of this land. 

In 1987, I* percent of the saplings, 22 prmmt of the 

poletimber, and 28 gercent of the sawtimber trees in 

bottomland hardwwds wm damaged (see table 13. Table Distribution of bottomland 

14 shows the predominant tre species in Florida and their hardwood plots in Florida, 

numbers, volumcs, and cull volumes Most of the bge 1987. 

m hardwood saRamber my be attributed tp basal defect& 

and weather-rclated damage (table 15). 

Table 15 show the percentage af damaged 111 tht 

bottomland hardwwd management dass, 4, pxedomnant 

trcc spenes end tqpe of damage. In the poleumber dass, 

red oaks and maples wwe most often damaged b~ 

hardwood borers, at 11 and 13 percent, respectivel! Ba~l 

defens were reported on 15 went of the hardwoad 

~rvtlrnber ms Hdwoad borer damage aes reposted on 

14 gercenr of the red oak sa%.fimber Kcathcr-reIated 

damage corresponds, with such events as ateitendcd drought, 

severe storms, and wntet freezes (pnor to the swth survey), 

Table 16 sh the annuat rcrnwds and rnortallty, by 

prrdominmt tree species, for the bmrnland hardwood 

management class for 1980 and 1987. Incrsascs In 

~offwod and hardwwd goletirnber ranovals were 32 and 

48 percent, respm~velj Inheases in sofhmod and 

harduwd aamirnkr removals were 63 and 7 percent, 

respective1y The chmbuaon of moa of the hardwmd 

sawtlmber in wetlands and other ecdogcdly sensitrve 

areas may prohibit ma! 

3ak-gum Elm.ssh- Palm 0th. All 

CYP~LIB CM~O~WOO~ ~op(wl bon~rhand 

hard wocds 

Figure 10-Distrihtion of timberland in bottomland hardwoods, by predominant 

tree species, inFlorida, 1980 and 1987. 
AIL categmcs of mmtaliw sncreased bwen sufiqs. 

Sohood and hardwood polet~mber mortaliq increased by 

66 and 21 percem, respectively. SofcwoDd and harduwod 

sawamber monaI~g lncreasedi bv 83 and 62 percenL 

rcspcaively. P~nd~qtress ioneased most dramatic all^ In 

both removals and mortahg between sulveys Loblollybay, laurel, oak andwa~u oak had the most slpficant 

tncreases in mortality. Thm species may be less loherant 

of drought or sute-spmfc stress agents thxn the other 

common hardu~ods in thrs rnanagemmt dass 

Trble lbyurnber of all-live trees, total volume, and cull volume in bottomland 

hardwoods, by predominnnt tree species, in Florida, 1987 

Number Total Cull volume 

Trsp IPPC~UP of trees volume Poletimber Sawtimber 

Thousand - - - - - . - . . Thous~vrdcubicled- - - - - - - - - 

Water tupelo 

Blackgum 

Cypress 

Red oaks 

Whltr oaks 

Ash 

Sweetgum 

Red maple 

Mher softwoods 

Other hardwoods 

rota1 SO~WOO~S 742,600 2,917,463 4,2a 47,788 

Total hardwods 2,198,548 5,327,143 32,509 193.MIB 

All trwr 2,941,148 8,324,606 36,753 241,396 
Table 1SIncidence of damage in bottomland hardwoods, by predominant tree specim and 

type ofdamage, in Florida, I987 

Tr~ss damaged 

Tree specrea 

and damage Sapl~ngs Paletimber Sawtimber 

Percent 

Water tupelo 

Basal defects 

Weather 

Blackgum 

Basal defects 

Diebac k 

Weather 

CYP~ 

Basal def~ts 

Red oaks 

Hardwwd borers 

Basal defects 

Dleback 

Weather 

White wk 

Basal defects 

Weather 

Ash 

Basal defects 

Dieback 

Weather 

Sweetgum 

Dieback 0 

Weather 3 

Logging &related 5 

Red maple 

Hardwwd borers 4 

Other diseases 0 

gasal defects Q 

Die4ack 0 

Wealher 3 

Total softwoods 

Basal defects 

Total hardwaads 

Hardwood borers 2 4 5 

Basal defects 0 4 t 5 

Weather 2 4 8 
Table 16-Annual poletimber and sawtimber removals and mortality in bottomland 

hardwoods, by predominant tree species, in Florida, 1980 and 1987 

Poletimber Sawtimber 

Tree species 1980 1987 1980 1987 

Loblolly plne 

Slash pine 

Atlantic white-cedar 

Baldcwress 

Pondcypress 

Blackgum (bottomland) 

Elm 

Loblolly-bay 

Red maple 

Sweet bay 

Sweetgum 

Water tupelo 

Ash 

H IC bry 

Laurel oak 

Llvo oak 

Wat~r oak 

Other sottwoods 

Other hardwood& 

All softwoods 

All hardwoods 

Loblolly pins 

Slash pine 

Atlant lc whka-cedar 

Baldcypress 

Pondcypress 

Blac kgurn (bottomland) 

Elm 

bbloly-bay 

Red maple 

Sweetbay 

Sweetgum 

Water tupelo 

Ash 

H~ckory 

Laurel oak 

Llve bak 

Watsr oak 

Nancommerc~al spmles 

Qthar softwoods 

Other hardwwds 

All softwoods 

All hardwoods 

Hundred cubic feet 

Removals 

15,565 

8,675 56 052 

91 5 

5,990 43.585 

46.009 40,D22 

20,620 54,416 

1,488 3,S45 

6,720 17574 

10,757 14,686 

3.403 36,631 

17,900 15,323 

2,822 4,278 

9,301 18,303 

742 7,133 

5,490 33,674 

478 

9,563 11,066 

561 5,496 

10,671 10,765 

62,035 161,634 

100,095 21 1,798 

Mortatify 

8,406 

7,398 7,578 

195 4,592 

3,577 7,112 

48,666 18,188 

27.345 51,462 

4,786 3,893 

20,351 2,699 

31,319 32,862 

32,602 35,275 

17,587 21,903 

1,490 2,242 

31,558 14.933 

1,084 4,544 

22,635 40,126 

2,578 5,474 

24,651 7,244 

19,185 3,133 

2 499 4,310 

23.037 22,427 

62,335 50,186 

267,486 248,217 
Economic Eoseer 

From 19 80 to 1987 the merage loss to cull and rnortalle 

mas estimated to be 190 0 mIllon mbic feet of bmber [table 

15) The esumared annM equlvdent ofpresent salue loss 

(the annuity) was 578 1 million per year ahen averaged 

across the 7 7-year remmsurement perioQ or about 55 per 

acre per year when averqed orer the 15 3 rrullron acres of 

commercral Umberlard 

Table 17 shows the awe annual losses for volume and 

value, by ownership and bmad mnagcment class. hut 

$4 1 2 mllian was 1m mnually In mmndwrial private 

forests. Apprmimafth $29 3 mlIion was lorn In 

httomland hardwoods and $26 3 milllw in natural pine 

stands across all ownethbip classes 

About half of the volume and \slue losses occurred on mnindustnal private forests (fig 11) The next greatest 

losses (25 percent ofthe Lost volume and 22 percent of the 

lost due) mured on forest industry land. hmong the 

bmad awnershp classes. losses were Beatest an bmrnland 

hardwoods (fig 12). Pi@-five perccnr of the mlurne loss 

and 38 percent of thevalue loss o~md in these standr; 

satmral plne sfan& accounted fvr 20 percent of thc volume 

loss and 34 percent ofthevalue loss. Pine plantations 

suffered 17 vt of the annual value loss. Other 

managernmi classts accounted for less thn 15 perccnt of 

the volume and value losses 

Frgures 13-16 stratify losses by management and ownership 

clasm Bottomland hnrdwods had the greatest percentage 

of dollar and volume losses across all on,nership classes, 

except on aatimal fPre$t land, where mtnral pines were 

most affecied by damage Value andvolurne losses oE 

$peeits on other mershlp clarses were less than 30 

percent except for the prne plantations owned& forest 

dmtry 

1 The difference been the tabular value [e table 17) 

and the economic value of the total commercial timberland 

acreage for Tlorida is due ta a rounding discrepme. 

National Clther public Nonindustrial Forest 

forest private industry 

Figure 11-Percentage of mud affectad volume of timberland and value of loss, by 

ownership, in Florida, 1980-1987 Total volume = 190,001 thousand cubic feet; total 

present value = $78, I million. 
Table 17-Volume and value of timber damaged ar killed annually, by ownership and 

broad management class, in Florida, 1980-t987 

Thousand 

cubic feet ...--....---.L. Do/hps . . - - - - - - - . . . . . - 

National forest 

Pine plantation 207 139,237 9,824 ?48,861 

Natural pine 6,614 4,943,955 107,849 5,051 $04 

Oak-pine 251 40,822 7,045 47,867 

Upland hardwwds 57 12,650 8,031 18,681 

Bottomland herdwomls 1,888 355,243 151,568 506,811 

Totat 8,987 5,401,907 282,117 6,774,024 

Other public 

Plne plantation 387 . 325.699 22,067 348,660 

Natural plne 3,434 2,810,280 96,614 2.908.894 

Oak-pine 1,659 442,922 24.992 467.B14 

Upland hardwoods f ,491 426,726 71,966 498,692 

Bottomland hardwoods 40,233 10,565,708 2,154,55C 12,720,267 

Tatsl 47,206 14,371,235 2,371,DPg 16,B42,433 

Nonindustrial private 

Plnc plantation 7,800 8.273.690 228 g59 8,502,649 

Natural pins 20,649 14,469,219 233.061 14,702,280 

Oak-plne 8,696 1,717,355 ?37,?04 1,855,059 

Upland hardwoods 18,444 4,272,563 964,290 5,188,853 

Bottomland hardwoods 40,233 8,969.641 1,966.866 10.936,507 

Total 95,912 37,702,488 3,48P,680 41,1Wi,M8 

Forest Industry 

Pine plantatlon 4,320 4,038,636 265,958 4304,594 

Natural plne 5,663 3,488,067 114,052 3,602,719 

Oak-plne 3,023 426,768 56,935 482,703 

Upland hardwoods 2,572 404,897 196,847 601,744 

Bottomland hardwoods 22.31 0 3.913.561 1.265.224 5,178,785 

Tetatal 37,888 12,270,929 1,899,616 14,170,$45 

All ownershlpa 

Plne plantation 12.804 12.777.262 527,508 13,304,770 

Natural pine 38,366 25,7II ,521 552,176 26,263,897 

Oak-plne 13,629 2,626,867 226,678 2,853,543 

Upland hardwoods 22,564 5,116,836 1,189,134 6,305,970 

Bottomland hardwwds 104,644 23,804,753 5,538.217 29,342,370 

Total 180,QOl 70,036,639 8,033,711 78,070,350 
Percent 

60 I 

I Volum* Present vslut . 

Bottomland Natural Oak-pine P~ne Upland 

hardwoods pine plantat~on hsrdwoods 

Figure 12-Percentage of annual affected volume of timberland and value of loss, by 

management class, for all ownership classes in Florida, 1980-1987. Total volume = 

190,001 thousand cubic feet; total present value = $78 1 million 

Percent 

Bottomland Natural Oak-pine Pine Upland 

hardwoods pine plantation hardwoods 

Figure 13-Percentage of annual affected volume and present value of Iloss, by rnanasement 

class, for forest industry in Florida. 1980-1987 Total volume = 37,88& thousand rubrc 

feet, total present value = $1 4.2 million. 
Percent 

sn . 

Voluma Preeerrt vdlud 

70 - r 

30 - 

Bottomland Natural O8k-p~ne Pine Upland 

hardwoods plna .plantation hardwoods 

Figure 14-Percentage of annual affected volume and present value of loss, by management 

class, for national forests in FIorida. 1980-1987. Total volume = 8,997 thousand cubic 

feet, total present value = 55 R million 

Percent 

90 

Bottomland Natural Oak-pine Pine Upland 

hardwoods pine plantation hardwoods 

Figure 15-Percentage of annual affected volume and present value of loss, by management 

class, for other public forests in Florida, 1980-1987. Total volume = 47,204 thousand 

cubic feet; total present vdue = 58.6 million. 
Percent 

45 , Volume Praaanr velua I 

Bot:am[and Natural Oak-pine Pine Upland 

hardwoods pine , plantation herdwoods 

Figure 1 &Percentage of annual affected volume and present value of loss, by management 

class, for nonindustrial private forests in Florida, 1980-1987 Total volume = 95,912 

thousand cubic feet; total present value = $41.2 million. 
Damaging Agents and Their Symptoms 

Hardwood borers. All hardwords. The iniual symptom !r 

a dark sap spot on the bark surface (en rnlxed wth frass) 

Eventually. coarse bring particles appear in bark cracks 

and crevlces beneath the point of attack. Old damage 

appears as knobbv overgrowrhs or scars on the bark surface. 

Bark beetles. A11 pines Cream to y.110~ and pinktsh 

gIobs of resln rmhling popped corn appear on thc bark 

surface. If the infestatron is well established and some trees 

still rPtain their foliage, tunnels or egg gdlwes may be 

evident on the inner-bark surface and on the sapwood 

surface Strdcs caused bj blue stain fungi are onen 

mident on sapwood Fol~age gradualIv ye.ellows. then 

reddens. 

Termhal shoot md stem bore- All species Fresh 

attacks show bring durt and frass at entrance holes, which 

arc most oRen located at the bases of leaf peuoles and buds 

White to pinkish globs of resin my appear at atW points 

Attacks lead to terriunal or branch dieback Shoots turn 

?ellow, then rd and finally brown (dead) 

Other insects. All tree species A11 damage cad by ~nsocts not ldentrfied stparatel? are included In this 

category, wh~ch ~o\~crs harduload ddol~atmr: (such as 

variable & leafcaterpillars) and pine ddotlabrs (such as 

rtdhcaded pine sawfly) 

Fusiform rust. Slash, 10blolly~ pitch, pond, and longleaf 

pines Th~s rust tqpically causes theformauon of spindlcshaped galls on the stem or branches, maq older galls 

appr as dcrs wbh sunkcn rotten centers encircled $ a 

callus ndge. IV~tches'-broom 1s common at galls The 

fungi fmll in the sphg, pmduhng bnght-range spores. 

all stem ankern, but only those cankers that 

occur within 12 inches ofthe bole 

Other rusts. Shortleaf and other pjnz species. GaEIs 

appear globose [round) rather than spindle-shapod. 

Otherwise, characteristics arc similar to hiform rust. 

Root rots. All species Look for groups of dead or 

ulndthrown treevtrm umith tufted, tlun erm that my 

ba >eIlowmng Conks (fmiting bodies) ofvarious fungl may 

appear w or near tlx base of affected ww Root rot is more frequent In trees dfreduced mgor, in thlnned stands. 

and in trees with butt or root injury. Bark benlcs aftcn 

attack wakened trees 

Llttlelcafdlsc~ Shortltafad loblolly pines, with 

shortleaf more mmptrble Affeded tress occur in groups. 

P~ical qmptams include rtduced nedle length, yellou 

ndles, rduced shmt gronth, and large crop of 

undersizd cones. ms dlarase usualll occurs on sites 

where heavy soils produce poor ~ntmal dralnage. 

Rardwood cankwh AU harduwods. Mad trees have 

dwd sunken areas on the stem, fquently surrounded by 

amd callus ridgcs, 

Brancl stubs, All speacs, Bmch holes or pt~bs rn molt 

than 4 incha in harncter on the stems of tmx 5.0 inches 

d b h and larger, and more than 1 inch in dlarnetw on the 

stems of smallsr trees 

Baral detects. AD species. Smtoms include butt 

swsiling, burls, V-shapd stump sprouts, frost seams. and 

branch stubs below d.b h. Conks of deay fungi are oRen 

associated with d-. 

Pitch canker. Pnmanly slash, short?@ and lobloll!, 

pines, but also Virglma, longleaf, eastern white, Scotch, 

Table Mountan, and p~uh pincr Symptoms include 

flagging at the ends of branches, pitch flow from the 

affected area, slight mlling on affected stems and w~p, 

croaks in main stm, and wlting of new shmts In carlv 

stages thera is a slight bark depresslen 

Other dixaserr All species All damages caused by 

diseases not separatel? identified are ~n;luded in this 

carepry. Emmples are red hcan of pin& bmn-spot 

needle blight, and leaf diseases. 

Flra All spmes Fire mrs are usuelly found at the basc 

of the stem Oceurrcnee is aidespread throughout the 

stand. On slopes, look for fire scars on the uphtll sides of 

the tree. Signs of charring are generally present. 

AnimaL A11 trm species Signs include chopped off or 

broken branches, remwed bark, holes In the stem and rears 

and toothmarks in the wood. 

Beaver. All specleg. Bearers leave toothmarks and 

remove bark from the bole ofthe tam Trees that are 

upstream from beaver darns often suffer from flodns 

Saplucker. All species took for horizontal rows of small 

holas th~t may ennrcle the bole of the rree The bark below 

t3e holes is usually streaked or stained by oozing sap 
weather, AIl spes. Severe asather caws windhw, 

ice darnoge, frost crack [above d b h. for this BulIeun). 

broken tops, broken branches, marpml leafhrn, and 

winter burn 

Flooding. All awes Flooding causes yellm'ng andor 

curllng downnard of leaves, premature leaf-fall, branch 

and top dieback, ree rnofialiv, and h~gh water and silt 

marks on tree boles-. 

Lighming. A11 spies Lightrung muses bark sbpping or 

crack. Damage iuns from the stnke point to the gmud 

spirally or in stra~ght lines. Tops may break or fadc after 

root dnmage Bark beetles &n invade struck trees 

Suppresaioa and stagnation. All ape&$ Suppressed and 

stagnated tras hate paor form Because mall cmnsuppressed ue- art wertopped, they remve only ~ndirecr 

sunlieht and develop thln folia~ Stagmion usuallg 

KWS on paor grouing sites or in overstocked stands 

Damage caused by people. Ail species, Examples include 

hrials in bark embedded nails, lantern burns, stripped 

bark, calluscd roots, we around sterns. and axe marks. 

Logging and related All species. Logging scars an the 

stcm dwelop callus ridges whn 1 lo 2 years. Thq are scattered in the stand and shou no cham% Limb 

breakage and/or stem cars near the cram are idcaton of 

impact from the loggrng of neighbomng mes Also look 

fox skid mls and stumps 

Form (damrl&ag). ME species. All rrees with form 

damge that cannot be separutely classified me included in 

this cawgoy, 

Dreback. All hnrdwocds The tips of branches are dead 

At first, only a few bmches are affected, but entire 

branch he In advanced stages Tree death ma! occur. 

Po& Inventory Terns 

riccaptnble trees. Graving-H~ktrees ofcommercial 

swies that meet speclfiod standards af size and walirybut 

do not qdi$ as disirable trees. 

Accumulnted volume loss. Percentage aftras affected 

times the peml all hmes the volume for the species. 

Assotinted cull. Percentage of affected mes that contain 

cull aswcirrtcd nith the indicated damaging agent. 

Bud area The area in squm fea of the cross seaion at 

breast height ofa aingle tree or of all Lhc trees in a. $rand, 

usua~ly expressed rn square feetoper acre. 

Broad management clasa. A classlficstion ofrlmbcrland 

based on forest typ and stand origin 

P~ne plunta!lon. Stands that have been artificially 

regenerated by planung or direct seeding and with a muthem yellow pint, whik-pins-hmld or other 

mfrWood forest bpe. 

A'ulvm!p!ne Stands tRnt have not been anlfic~ally 

regenerated and with a southern yellow pine. whlte pinehemlock, or other softwood forest pTe 

Oak-pme. Sfnnds with a forest type of oak-pine. 

Upland hmrhood. Stands with a forest ~p of oakhlckory, chestnut oak, muthem scmb oak, or mnple-beechbirch, 

Boliomlnnd hardwood Stamds with a forest tj9e or oakgun-cypress, dm-ashattonwood, palm, or other tropical, 

commercial species. TTCC species pmscn11y armentially 

suitable for indusvial lwxld products. 

Desirable t~ees. Growing-smck trees of c~mmercial 

qxies sith relarirtly high rlgor and w~thout senous 

defects in qualiv that would limit use for Umbxproducth. 

or pathogms fhat would result m dearh or seneus 

deterlomuon before rotation age. 

Diameter clasr. A class~ficatlon of trees based on diameter 

outside bark measured at breast hei~ht c4S feet above the 

ground) Tw-inch diameter classes are cornmonl! umd by 

RA, with even-numberad mhole inches semng as the 

appmdmate rnidp~mts for classes. For example, the 6- 

inch class ~ncludez tress 5 O through 6 9 inches d b.h 

Grawing-atmk trees. Live trees vfcommercial. swes 

q~lifying ;rs desirable or acceptable trees. 

Incidence. Percentage of susceptible irees affected by the 

agent, 

MoFtaljty. The merchantnble volume in trees that have 

died hm natural causes dunng a specified pemd. 

Poletimber trees, Growing-sock trees of cornmema1 

species at lenst 5.0 inches d.b.1. but smaller than sawtimber 

size 
Sapllnp Live trees l.0 to 5.0 incha d.b.h 

Saw 10% A log mcetlng rmnimurn standards of &meter, 

defm, and leno, at least S feel long, sound and sstr;ll@t, 

and a mirumurn ~ns~de-bark diameter of 6 ~nches for 

sohoods (8 lnchcs for hardwoods) 

Suu.tlmber trees. Live trees of cnmmerclal species 

contalninp at least om 12-fool saw log or two 

nonconuguws saw logs (each 8 fazt or longer) w~th at I~st 

a third of the yoss board-foot volume beheen the 1-foot 

stump and mmlrumum saw log kng sound Sohood must 

be at least 9 0 inch- and hardmads at least 11.0 ~nches in 

diameter at breast height 

Sawtimber ~ulume. Net volume of the saw-log portton of 

ll*c sawtimber In board-fen based on the Iaternstioml %- 

inch mle 

Sdwoodrs. Gymnosperms; in the order Conifcrsles. 

usually evergreen (includes the genus Tuxod~wm which is 

deciduous), having needles w salelike leaves. 

Anes Yellow pine species including lob loll^^, long!&, 

slash, shortleaf, pitch, V~rginta, Table Vountan. sand, 

spruce, and pond pines 

Orher mfivods -s, eastern redcedar, white-ccdar. 

eastern white pme, eastern hemi~k spruce and fir. 

Stmd-size clas~ A classification of forest lsndbsed on 

the diameter class dstribution of growing-st& trees in the 

stand 

Sawlimber stands Stands at least 16 7 pcmt aocked 

~7th -kg-stock trees, wh half or more of total 

stdmg ~tt sawimber or polember trees, and with 

saubmber aochng at least equal to polebmber stoclung 

Poieizrnbcrsrasds Stands at least 16.7 percent stocked 

filth gmng-~tocktree~. with half or more ofthis st&g 

in polebmber and sawtimber trees, and with polet~mber 

stocking exdug that of saullmber. 

SapLng-seedlrurg stmds Stsnds at least 16 7 percent 

stocked mth growing-sock trees, dwrhch more than half 

of thc stocking is saplings and seedlmgs. 

Literature Cited 

Burns. Russell M,; Bonkaia, Barbarntt, tech conrds. 1990. 

Smllvics ofh'anh America: 1,CoHifers. .&pic Mb. 654. 

Wmhingtrn, 3C: U.S. Dcmmext ofAgnculm, Fmx 

%:n~ce. Vol. 1,675 pp. 

Morris, F.W. 1197 TimhcrMm South Fublmlshff, P O Box 

1278. Hrphlauds, HC 28?4 2. 

Bechtold, Wllliarn R; Bmv& Mark J.; Shemeld, Ra)mond 

M. 1990 F~onds'sfore.srp, 1987 Resow aull SE-110. 

Aahevllle, KC U S kpartment of Agncultut, Fm5t Semvlce, 

Southstem Forest Expdmmt Stabon 83 pp. 

CS. DPpartmeat ofAgricJmre, Porest Senice. 1985 Field 

lnsttuctibnd fcl the 9cruthcast, 1985 Asherille YC. U 5 

Depment of Agnculmrc, Forest Servi:e, Southtam Forest 

Ex~enment Stnuon I20 pp. 

U.S Department ofAgnrultun, Forest Sernce. 1988 i3c 

Souths fourth Ernest a!tcmntiw forthe futurc For Rewvr. 

Rep 24 Washqim, DC U 5 Depafimmt of Aplnuture, 

?meet Senw (tebles. 3 15-3 20) 5:2 pp 

Timberland, Land at Ieast 16 7 percent sm&=d by forest 

trees of srze, M formerly hing had such tree cwer, 

not currently doduped for mnforest use, capable of 

producing 20 cubic feet of indrrsmal wood per acre per year 

nnd not v~thdra~n from timber utiIizatlon& legislative 

action.