59–006 

110TH CONGRESS REPORT " ! HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES 1st Session 110–194 

SBA VETERANS’ PROGRAMS ACT OF 2007 

JUNE 15, 2007.—Committed to the Committee of the Whole House on the State of 

the Union and ordered to be printed 

Ms. VELA ́ ZQUEZ, from the Committee on Small Business, 

submitted the following 

R E P O R T 

[To accompany H.R. 2366] 

[Including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office] 

The Committee on Small Business, to whom was referred the bill 

(H.R. 2366) to reauthorize the veterans entrepreneurial development programs of the Small Business Administration, and for other 

purposes, having considered the same, report favorably thereon 

without amendment and recommend that the bill do pass. 

CONTENTS 

Page 

I. Purpose of the Bill and Summary ............................................................. 1 

II. Background and Need for Legislation ....................................................... 2 

III. Hearings ....................................................................................................... 5 

IV. Committee Consideration ........................................................................... 5 

V. Committee Votes ......................................................................................... 5 

VI. Section-by-Section Analysis of H.R. 2366 .................................................. 6 

VII. Congressional Budget Office Cost Estimate ............................................. 7 

VIII. Committee Estimate of Costs ..................................................................... 9 

IX. Oversight Findings ...................................................................................... 9 

X. Statement of Constitutional Authority ...................................................... 9 

XI. Compliance With Public Law 104–4 .......................................................... 9 

XII. Congressional Accountability Act .............................................................. 9 

XIII. Federal Advisory Committee Statement ................................................... 10 

XIV. Statement of No Earmarks ........................................................................ 10 

XV. Performance Goals and Objectives ............................................................ 10 

XVI. Changes in Existing Law Made by the Bill, as Reported ........................ 10 

I. PURPOSE AND SUMMARY

The SBA Veterans’ Programs Act of 2007, H.R. 2366, amends key 

sections of the Small Business Act to promote increased veterans 

entrepreneurship. A core component of the Small Business Administration’s mandate is to provide entrepreneurial development asVerDate Aug 31 2005 22:05 Jun 21, 2007 Jkt 059006 PO 00000 Frm 00001 Fmt 6659 Sfmt 6602 E:\HR\OC\HR194.XXX HR194

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1PL 85–536, Section 2(a). 2PL 106–50, Section 201. 

sistance to a broad cross-section of the population.1 The enactment 

of The Veterans Entrepreneurship and Small Business Development Act,2 in 1999 expanded the agency’s mandate to focus additional resources on veterans through the establishment of the Office of Veterans Business Development. The purpose was to create 

an equal playing field for veteran small business owners. The sector has grown significantly in the past several years due to ongoing 

military conflicts, creating new demands on outgoing service members as well as Reservists/Guards members. To meet the emerging 

needs of this population, H.R. 2366 was designed to ensure veterans have affordable, timely, and comprehensive access to start or 

grow small businesses through targeted resources and expertise at 

the agency. The expectation is that with improved capacity to overcome conditions unique to this population, veteran enterprises will 

become more successful in today’s marketplace. 

The bill enhances assistance to veteran entrepreneurs in three 

main areas: outreach, business counseling, and entrepreneurial development resources. Title 1 expands outreach to all service members by requiring SBA to participate at Transition Assistance 

Workshops located at military bases and to compile as well as distribute information on entrepreneurial development resources for 

women veterans. Title II establishes additional resources to enable 

existing general counseling centers located in communities across 

the country to develop new programs designed to support the sector’s entrepreneurial needs. Building on the success of the agency’s 

veteran programs, Title III expands the network of counseling centers designed to specifically assist this population. 

H.R. 2366 is intended to expand the focus of SBA’s entrepreneurial development programs to address veterans who are in critical need of assistance, but continue to be at a disadvantage in the 

marketplace. The bill will also ensure that resources are utilized efficiently based upon existing expertise and infrastructure. 

II. BACKGROUND AND NEED FOR LEGISLATION

The U.S. has a large and growing veteran population. There are 

25 million veterans living today that have served the military in 

an active duty status. There are also over one million reservists, 

which include all branches of the National Guard and Reserve. 

Within this sector, there are a variety of backgrounds and needs. 

Ten percent, or 2.5 million, of them are service-disabled and one 

million are women. 

Returning military personnel have historically and are increasingly relying upon self-employment in order to maintain a stable 

income, particularly those who are disabled or between deployments. Numbering more than 5 million, they account for 14 percent 

of these enterprises, including 7 percent that are operated by service disabled veterans. These entrepreneurs make critical contributions to the U.S. economy. Nearly three-quarters expect to employ 

at least one other person, which supports job growth and expanding of local economies. 


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VETERAN ENTREPRENEURIAL ASSISTANCE NEEDS

Increasing demands on all types of service members to support 

ongoing military engagements have created economic challenges for 

them at home. Due to multiple and longer deployments, financial 

stability has become more difficult. Operating a business under 

these conditions has become significantly challenging. In fact, 22 

percent of current veteran and reservist entrepreneurs have indicated that their businesses have been negatively impacted by deployments. The economic impact of declining and closing businesses 

due to deployment is felt by households, employees, and the communities in which they are located. 

Although they gain many skills and experiences while in the 

service, members often require training and assistance to transfer 

this knowledge to civilian employment and entrepreneurial opportunities. Without adequate preparation, some face difficulties finding productive economic opportunities following their transition to 

civilian life. Consequently, unemployment is more than double the 

national rate, at nearly 12 percent for veterans. Based on these figures, more needs to be done to adequately ensure that veterans 

and reservists have the entrepreneurial development assistance 

they need to succeed in civilian life and between deployments. 

Veteran entrepreneurs have many of the same needs as non-veteran small business owners. They require affordable access to capital to initiate enterprises and maintain them before, after, and 

sometimes during deployment. They also require entrepreneurial 

training and management skills to build their businesses. Because 

veteran business owners face unique circumstance due to deployment, they can benefit from the location of resources in local communities, ensuring that they are accessible and affordable over the 

long term. By drawing on these resources, they can strengthen 

their businesses and ensure that they successfully compete in the 

market. 

GAPS IN ENTREPRENEURIAL ASSISTANCE FOR VETERANS

Assistance to veterans for the purpose of starting businesses 

emerged in 1944, with the Veterans Administration establishing a 

loan program for this sector. Currently, entrepreneurial assistance 

programs are administered by the Department of Defense, the Department of Veterans Affairs, the Department of Labor, and the 

Small Business Administration, which provide technical, educational, and financial assistance. Many private entities also provide programs designed for veterans, including private lending institutions and web-based resources. These programs have been established to increase opportunities and provide resources for entrepreneurship. 

There are significant problems with the state of assistance to veterans for starting and operating small businesses. Issues of concern 

include the level of outreach regarding entrepreneurial assistance 

resources after separation from the military; the effectiveness of 

the programs, and the accountability of organizations designed to 

serve this sector. 


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Limited veteran outreach activities 

Outreach is critical to ensure veterans have the tools to start 

businesses and access resources. Due to the rapid pace of demobilization, especially for military personnel returning from Iraq and 

Afghanistan, service members require immediate contact and assistance before they leave the system. Further, many of the benefits of these programs are limited to a defined time period following 

separation. For example, small businesses can apply for an SBA 

Military Reservist Economic Injury Disaster Loan any time beginning on the date an essential employee receives official call-up orders and ending 90 days after the date that employee is discharged 

or released from active duty. 

As veterans and reservists return home, they are most able to 

affordably access information on economic opportunities in their 

local communities. Service providers therefore must reach out to 

communities where they are located rather than relying upon military members to seek out resources. Furthermore, those involved 

with the military are generally concentrated in several locations 

across the country. For example, 13,000 of the Guardsmen scheduled to be deployed to Iraq beginning next year are stationed in 

four states: Arkansas, Oklahoma, Ohio, and Indiana. The top ten 

states in which veterans live comprise more than 50 percent of the 

total veteran population, with California, Florida, and Texas at the 

top of the rankings. Effective outreach would therefore target these 

areas. 

Many returning service members still lack adequate information 

on federal programs to assist them in starting or sustaining small 

businesses. In fact, although over 90 percent of the sector seeking 

entrepreneurial opportunities indicate that they would utilize business development services if they were well-advertised and properly designed, over one-third have reported a lack of knowledge of 

the existence of small business programs targeted to their needs. 

There is clearly a need for more information conveyed to members 

separating from military service. 

Services not targeted to the population 

Entrepreneurial needs and the demographic composition of his 

sector have changed, as demonstrated by the new lifestyle and financial demands, which federal programs must accommodate in 

their service delivery. Service disabled veterans, for instance, have 

utilized small business assistance programs to a greater extent 

than their non-disabled counterparts (22 percent vs. 14 percent). 

They also have indicated receiving greater benefit from technological training during active duty service than their non-disabled 

counterparts (52 percent vs. 37 percent), demonstrating the impact 

that programs target to this group could have on the sector. Female veterans have located their enterprises in home-based businesses at a greater rate (70 percent) than their male counterparts 

(61 percent). This indicates that they would benefit from more assistance developing facilities in residences and utilizing communication networks. 

Federal programs marketed to this population must help them 

overcome challenges to starting and developing a successful venture, such as limited access to business training, technological resources, and communication networks. Nearly 14 percent of vetVerDate Aug 31 2005 22:05 Jun 21, 2007 Jkt 059006 PO 00000 Frm 00004 Fmt 6659 Sfmt 6602 E:\HR\OC\HR194.XXX HR194

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erans interested in obtaining this assistance, however, have found 

existing programs unhelpful, evidence that programs have not adequately identified needs and implemented effective strategies to 

fulfill them. Women and disabled veteran business owners have reported the greatest number of problems obtaining customized service assistance, with nearly 40 percent reporting obstacles to utilizing entrepreneurial assistance programs. These difficulties indicate that specialized veteran needs that have arisen, largely due to 

the changing demographics and medical capabilities helping more 

service members survive injuries, have not been adequately considered in current policies. 

Inadequate direct assistance 

One of the most critical aspects of entrepreneurial development 

assistance is the hands-on counseling provided through local training centers. Veterans that return home from overseas deployments 

benefit from convenient access to affordable resources in their local 

communities as they seek to start or reinitiate a small business. 

However, veterans across the country lack adequate access to these 

resources. 

There is a critical need to expand the network of community 

based outreach centers that provide one-on-one assistance to veteran entrepreneurs. Currently, the SBA operates 6 Veterans Business Outreach Centers and the National Veterans Business Development Corporation provides grants to three community based 

training centers to counsel service members on small business opportunities. Given the fact that 300,000 service members return 

home each year, all states and communities, particularly where 

there are large concentrations of veterans and reservists, must be 

prepared to assist them pursue economic opportunities through entrepreneurial activities. 

III. HEARINGS

In the 110th Congress, the Committee on Small Business held a 

hearing on entrepreneurial development needs of all small business 

owners, including veterans. The focus of the hearing was the challenges they face in today’s economy and recommendations for improvements to federal assistance programs. The Committee has 

also held at least one hearing per year on veteran entrepreneurship 

issues, including evaluating the effectiveness of federal entrepreneurial development programs designed to assist this sector, administered through the Small Business Administration and the National Veterans Business Development Corporation. Committee 

hearings have also evaluated obstacles faced by veteran entrepreneurs accessing affordable capital. 

IV. COMMITTEE CONSIDERATION

The Committee on Small Business met in open session on May 

23, 2007 to consider H.R. 2366. 

V. COMMITTEE VOTES

The Committee on Small Business ordered H.R. 2366 reported to 

the House, by a voice vote at 10:25 a.m. 


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VI. SECTION-BY-SECTION ANALYSIS OF VETERANS BILL

Section 1. Short title; table of contents 

This section includes a short title and the table of contents. 

TITLE I

Section 101. The Office of Veterans Business Development 

This section requires the agency’s Office of Veterans Business 

Development (OVBD) to directly participate in the Department of 

Labor’s Transition Assistance Program workshops for demobilizing 

members at bases throughout the country. The OVBD is also required to report on the progress of this effort. 

To implement the program, the Committee expects that the 

OVBD will send central or district staff to the workshops according 

to their availability as well as relying upon staff from the Veterans 

Business Outreach Centers. It is also expected that progress reports indicate gaps in resources to fulfill the requirements, lessons 

learned from implementation, as well as statistics on members assisted through workshops. 

This section also requires the OVBD to compile and disseminate 

information on resources available to women veterans seeking entrepreneurial assistance. The Committee expects that the compiled 

information highlight educational, business management, and financing assistance resources from local/federal public resources, 

non-profit research and advocacy organizations, as well as private 

entities, such as banks. Effective distribution would be through the 

agency’s website as well as by staff at Veterans Business Outreach 

Centers, Small Business Development Centers, and Women’s Business Centers. 

TITLE II

Section 201. Veterans Assistance and Services Program 

This section establishes grants for eligible Small Business Development Centers (SBDCs) to create counseling programs designed to 

assist veteran entrepreneurship. Through the grants, centers will 

provide assistance to veterans in some of the following areas: Evaluating business ideas, conducting market research, considering financing options, and training in technology. 

To ensure the agency’s network of SBDCs focuses on this growing sector of the entrepreneurial population, the Committee intends 

the grants to enable centers, particularly those in communities and 

states with high concentrations of veterans, to adopt programs that 

boost the competitiveness of these small business owners. Programs should include specialized assistance to service disabled veterans and help transfer skills from active duty service to those relevant to business ownership. 

The Committee expects SBDC’s core program funding to remain 

separate from appropriations for the new veteran’s assistance program grant initiative established in H.R. 2366. Further, it is expected that the SBDC core program be funded at least at its current authorization level. 

The Committee obtained confirmation from the Small Business 

Administration that the agency expected the new grant initiative 

to be allocated separately from core program funding. In a letter 


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3PL 85–536, Section 33(f). 

dated May 18, 2007, C. Edward Rowe, III, SBA Assistant Administrator of Congressional and Legislative Affairs responded to the 

House Small Business Committee Chairwoman’s request for the 

agency’s interpretation of the funding distribution in the provision 

with the following: ‘‘. . . this proposed language would maintain the 

main SBDC Program baseline funding separate from that of any 

other enacted SBDC related grant initiative programs. Any other 

enacted SBDC related grant initiative programs would require 

other funding sources.’’

TITLE III

Section 301. Increasing the number of Outreach Centers 

This provision requires the agency to increase the number of Veteran Business Outreach Centers (VBOCs) across the country. It 

sets a timetable for expansion, requiring at least two centers to 

open in 2008 and 2009, and provides the SBA administrator with 

the ability to determine, based on existing needs, the amount of 

centers to be opened thereafter. 

The Committee expects the agency to establish contracts for 

VBOCs with entities that have demonstrated success providing 

comprehensive services to veterans pursuing entrepreneurial opportunities. Non-profit entities that currently operate veterans outreach centers, including those with matching funding from other 

Federal, state, and private sources, are eligible for these awards. 

It is not the intention of the Committee that this provision 

should impact the National Veterans Business Development Corporation’s (NVBDC) community outreach center mandate.3 The 

Committee expects that the NVBDC continue to provide grants to 

outreach centers that have demonstrated experience and success in 

assisting veterans start or expand a small business. Outreach centers that fulfill these objectives are eligible to receive grants from 

both SBA and the NVBDC to operate their programs. 

Section 302. Independent study on gaps in availability of Outreach 

Centers 

This section requires the administrator to sponsor an independent study on gaps in the availability of Veterans Business 

Outreach Centers across the United States within six months of 

the enactment of the legislation. 

The report should include an evaluation of new service needs of 

veterans as they continue to return to their communities and seek 

economic opportunities as well as additional resources needed by 

the agency to meet these needs. 

VII. CONGRESSIONAL BUDGET OFFICE COST ESTIMATE

JUNE 12, 2007. 

Hon. NYDIA M. VELA ́ ZQUEZ, Chairwoman, 

Committee on Small Business, 

House of Representatives, Washington, DC. 

DEAR MADAM CHAIRWOMAN: The Congressional Budget Office 

has prepared the enclosed cost estimate for H.R. 2366, the SBA 

Veterans’ Programs Act of 2007. 


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If you wish further details on this estimate, we will be pleased 

to provide them. The CBO staff contact is Susan Willie. 

Sincerely, 

PETER R. ORSZAG. 

Enclosure. 

H.R. 2366—SBA Veterans’ Programs Act of 2007 

Summary: H.R. 2366 would authorize the Small Business Administration (SBA) to award grants to Small Business Development 

Centers (SBDC) to create a program to improve outreach to veterans and veterans organizations. The bill also would make a number of changes in the SBA’s programs that support veterans who 

own small businesses. Assuming appropriation of the necessary 

amounts, CBO estimates that implementing H.R. 2366 would cost 

about $1 million in 2008 and $34 million over the 2008–2012 period. Enacting H.R. 2366 would not affect direct spending or revenues. 

H.R. 2366 contains no intergovernmental or private-sector mandates as defined in the Unfunded Mandates Reform Act (UMRA) 

and would benefit state, local, or tribal governments. 

Estimated cost to the Federal Government: The estimated budgetary impact of H.R. 2366 is shown in the following table. The costs 

of this legislation fall within budget function 370 (commerce and 

housing credit). 

By fiscal year, in millions of dollars— 

2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 

CHANGES IN SPENDING SUBJECT TO APPROPRIATION 

Estimated Authorization Level ............................................................ 10 11 12 12 13 

Estimated Outlays ............................................................................... 1 3 8 10 12 

Basis of estimate: For this estimate, CBO assumes that the bill 

will be enacted before the end of fiscal year 2007, that the necessary amounts will be appropriated each year, and that outlays 

will follow historical trends for those programs. 

H.R. 2366 would authorize SBA to award grants to SBDCs to expand their efforts to provide assistance and services to veterans 

who are small business owners. Currently, SBA provides funds for 

five Veterans Business Outreach Centers (VBOC) that provide targeted assistance to veterans each year. Based on information from 

SBA, we expect that under the bill, more than 50 eligible SBDCs 

would be awarded grants of approximately $150,000 to provide the 

same type of services as provided by VBOCs. CBO estimates that 

awarding grants to target outreach efforts to veterans would cost 

about $1 million in 2008 and $29 million over the 2008–2012 period, assuming appropriation of the necessary amounts. 

The bill also would require VBOCs to participate in certain training workshops offered by the Department of Labor’s Training Assistance Program (TAP). Currently, TAP workshops are offered at 

173 locations in the United States and at 53 locations in eight foreign countries. Based on information from SBA, CBO expects that 

SBA would enter into an agreement with a qualified small business 

to participate in approximately 5,000 TAP workshops each year, a 

small increase over the number of workshops that were held in 

2006. CBO estimates that implementing a TAP workshop program 


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for veterans would cost $3 million over the 2008–2012 period, assuming appropriation of the necessary amounts. 

Finally, the bill would increase the number of VBOCs by at least 

two in each of fiscal years 2008 and 2009, and as needed each year 

thereafter. Based on information from SBA, CBO estimates that increasing the number of centers would cost $2 million over the 

2008–2012 period, assuming appropriation of the necessary 

amounts. 

Intergovernmental and private-sector impact: H.R. 2366 contains 

no intergovernmental or private-sector mandates as defined in 

UMRA. By allowing SBDCs to apply for additional grants from the 

SBA for veterans assistance programs and by increasing the number of Veterans Business Outreach Centers, the bill would benefit 

state, local, and tribal governments. 

Estimate prepared by: Federal costs: Susan Willie; Impact on 

State, local, and tribal governments: Elizabeth Cove; Impact on the 

private sector: Craig Cammarata. 

Estimate approved by: Peter H. Fontaine, Deputy Assistant Director for Budget Analysis. 

VII. COMMITTEE ESTIMATE OF COSTS

Clause 3(d)(2) of rule XIII of the Rules of the House of Representatives requires an estimate and a comparison by the Committee of the costs that would be incurred in carrying out H.R. 

2366. However, clause 3(d)(3)(B) of that rule provides that this requirement does not apply when the Committee has included in its 

report a timely submitted cost estimate of the bill prepared by the 

Director of the Congressional Budget Office under section 402 of 

the Congressional Budget Act. 

IX. OVERSIGHT FINDINGS

In accordance with clause 2(b)(1) of rule X of the Rules of the 

House of Representatives, the oversight findings and recommendations of the Committee on Small Business with respect to the subject matter contained in H.R. 2366 are incorporated into the descriptive portions of this report. 

X. STATEMENT OF CONSTITUTIONAL AUTHORITY

Pursuant to clause 3(d)(1) of rule XIII of the Rules of the House 

of Representatives, the Committee finds the authority for this legislation in Article I, Section 8, clause 18, of the Constitution of the 

United States. 

XI. COMPLIANCE WITH PUBLIC LAW 104–4 

H.R. 2366 contains no unfunded mandates. 

XII. CONGRESSIONAL ACCOUNTABILITY ACT

H.R. 2366 does not relate to the terms and conditions of employment or access to public services or accommodations with the 

meaning of section 102(b)(3) of P.L. 104–1. 


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XIII. FEDERAL ADVISORY COMMITTEE STATEMENT

H.R. 2366 does not establish or authorize the establishment of 

any new advisory committees. 

XIV. STATEMENT OF NO EARMARKS

Pursuant to clause 9 of rule XXI, H.R. 2366 does not contain any 

congressional earmarks, limited tax benefits, or limited tariff benefits as defined in clause 9(d), 9(e), or 9(f) of Rule XXI. 

XV. PERFORMANCE GOALS AND OBJECTIVES

Pursuant to clause 3(c)(4) of rule XIII of the Rules of the House 

of Representatives, the Committee establishes the following performance related goals and objectives for this legislation: 

H.R. 2366 includes a number of provisions designed to update 

and to improve the Small Business Administration’s programs to 

assist veteran entrepreneurs. 

XVI. CHANGES IN EXISTING LAW MADE BY THE BILL, AS REPORTED

In compliance with clause 3(e) of rule XIII of the Rules of the 

House of Representatives, changes in existing law made by the bill, 

as reported, are shown as follows (existing law proposed to be omitted is enclosed in black brackets, new matter is printed in italic, 

existing law in which no change is proposed is shown in roman): 

SMALL BUSINESS ACT 

* * * * * * * 

SEC. 21. (a) * * * 

* * * * * * * 

(n) VETERANS ASSISTANCE AND SERVICES PROGRAM.— (1) IN GENERAL.—A Small Business Development Center may 

apply for an additional grant to carry out a veterans assistance 

and services program. 

(2) ELEMENTS OF PROGRAM.—Under a program under paragraph (1), the Center shall—

(A) create a marketing campaign to promote awareness 

and education of the services of the Center that are available to veterans, and to target the campaign toward veterans, disabled veterans, military units, Federal agencies, 

and veterans organizations; 

(B) use technology-assisted online counseling and distance learning technology to overcome the impediments to 

entrepreneurship faced by veterans and members of the 

Armed Forces; and 

(C) increase coordination among organizations that assist 

veterans, including by establishing virtual integration of 

service providers and offerings for a one-stop point of contact for veterans who are entrepreneurs or small business 

owners. 

(3) MINIMUM AMOUNT.—Each grant under this subsection 

shall be for at least $75,000. 

(4) MAXIMUM AMOUNT.—A grant under this subsection may 

not exceed $250,000. 


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(5) FUNDING.—Subject to amounts approved in advance in 

appropriations Acts, the Administration may make grants or 

enter into cooperative agreements to carry out the provisions of 

this subsection. 

* * * * * * * 

SEC. 32. VETERANS PROGRAMS. 

(a) * * * 

* * * * * * * 

(c) PARTICIPATION IN TAP WORKSHOPS.—

(1) IN GENERAL.—The Associate Administrator shall increase 

veteran outreach by ensuring that Veteran Business Outreach 

Centers regularly participate, on a nationwide basis, in the 

workshops of the Transition Assistance Program of the Department of Labor. 

(2) PRESENTATIONS.—In carrying out paragraph (1), a Center 

may provide grants to eligible entities located in Transition Assistance Program locations to make presentations on the opportunities available from the Administration for recently separating veterans. Each such presentation must include, at a minimum, the entrepreneurial and business training resources 

available from the Administration. 

(3) REPORTS.—The Associate Administrator shall submit to 

Congress progress reports on the implementation of this subsection. 

(d) WOMEN VETERANS BUSINESS TRAINING RESOURCE PROGRAM.—The Associate Administrator shall establish a Women Veterans Business Training Resource Program. The program shall—

(1) compile information on resources available to women veterans for business training, including resources for—

(A) vocational and technical education; 

(B) general business skills, such as marketing and accounting; and 

(C) business assistance programs targeted to women veterans; and 

(2) disseminate the information through Veteran Business 

Outreach Centers and women’s business centers. 

ø(c)¿ (e) AUTHORIZATION OF APPROPRIATIONS.—There are authorized to be appropriated to carry out this section—

(1) * * * 

* * * * * * * 

Æ 


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