National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

IS20

George C. Marshall Space Flight Center

Huntsville, Alabama 35812
The NASA STI Program...in Profile

Since its founding, NASA has been dedicated to the 

advancement of aeronautics and space science. The 

NASA Scientific and Technical Information (STI) 

Program Office plays a key part in helping NASA 

maintain this important role.

The NASA STI Program Office is operated by 

Langley Research Center, the lead center for 

NASA’s scientific and technical information. The 

NASA STI Program Office provides access to 

the NASA STI Database, the largest collection of 

aeronautical and space science STI in the world. 

The Program Office is also NASA’s institutional 

mechanism for disseminating the results of its 

research and development activities. These results 

are published by NASA in the NASA STI Report 

Series, which includes the following report types:

• TECHNICAL PUBLICATION. Reports of 

completed research or a major significant 

phase of research that present the results of 

NASA programs and include extensive data 

or theoretical analysis. Includes compilations 

of significant scientific and technical data 

and information deemed to be of continuing 

reference value. NASA’s counterpart of peerreviewed formal professional papers but has less 

stringent limitations on manuscript length and 

extent of graphic presentations.

• TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM. Scientific 

and technical findings that are preliminary or of 

specialized interest, e.g., quick release reports, 

working papers, and bibliographies that contain 

minimal annotation. Does not contain extensive 

analysis.

• CONTRACTOR REPORT. Scientific and 

technical findings by NASA-sponsored 

contractors and grantees.

• CONFERENCE PUBLICATION. Collected 

papers from scientific and technical conferences, 

symposia, seminars, or other meetings sponsored 

or cosponsored by NASA.

• SPECIAL PUBLICATION. Scientific, technical, 

or historical information from NASA programs, 

projects, and mission, often concerned with 

subjects having substantial public interest.

• TECHNICAL TRANSLATION. 

English-language translations of foreign 

scientific and technical material pertinent to 

NASA’s mission.

Specialized services that complement the STI 

Program Office’s diverse offerings include creating 

custom thesauri, building customized databases, 

organizing and publishing research results...even 

providing videos.

For more information about the NASA STI Program 

Office, see the following:

• Access the NASA STI program home page at 

<http://www.sti.nasa.gov>

• E-mail your question via the Internet to 

<help@sti.nasa.gov>

• Phone the NASA STI Help Desk at 

757 –864–9658

• Write to:

NASA STI Information Desk

Mail Stop 148

NASA Langley Research Center

Hampton, VA 23681–2199, USA
i

NASA/TP—2014–218196

Statistical Aspects of North Atlantic Basin 

Tropical Cyclones During the Weather 

Satellite Era, 1960–2013: Part 1

Robert M. Wilson

Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, Alabama

July 2014

National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

Marshall Space Flight Center • Huntsville, Alabama 35812
ii

Available from:

NASA STI Information Desk

Mail Stop 148

NASA Langley Research Center

Hampton, VA 23681–2199, USA

757–864–9658

This report is also available in electronic form at

<http://www.sti.nasa.gov>
iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1

2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION ......................................................................................... 2

2.1 First Storm Day, Last Storm Day, and Length of Season ............................................. 2

2.2 Number of Tropical Cyclones, Hurricanes, Major Hurricanes, and United States 

Land-Falling Hurricanes ............................................................................................... 6

2.3 Latitude and Longitude Genesis Location .................................................................... 11

2.4 Peak Wind Speed and Lowest Pressure ......................................................................... 16

2.5 Accumulated Cyclone Energy and Power Dissipation Index ......................................... 21

2.6 Total Number of Storm Days, Hurricane Days, and Major Hurricane Days ................ 25

2.7 Net Tropical Cyclone Activity ....................................................................................... 34

3. SUMMARY ........................................................................................................................ 35

APPENDIX ............................................................................................................................. 38

REFERENCES ....................................................................................................................... 66
iv

LIST OF FIGURES

 1. Variation of (a) FSD, (b) LSD, and (c) LOS for the interval 1960–2013 .................... 5

 2. Scatterplot of LOS versus FSD ................................................................................. 6

 3. Variation of NTC for the interval 1960–2013 ............................................................ 7

 4. Variation of (a) NH, (b) NMH, and (c) NUSLFH for the interval 1960–2013 .......... 8

 5. Variation of (a) <LAT> and (b) <LONG> for the interval 1960–2013 ..................... 12

 6. Scatterplot of <LAT> versus <LONG> ................................................................... 13

 7. Variation of (a) PWS, (b) <PWS>, (c) LP, and (d) <LP> 

for the interval 1960–2013 ......................................................................................... 16

 8. Scatterplots of (a) LP versus PWS and (b) <LP> versus <PWS> ............................. 18

 9. Variation of (a) total ACE and (b) total PDI for the interval 1960–2013 ................... 21

10. Variation of (a) HISACE and (b) HISPDI for the interval 1960–2013 ...................... 22

11. Scatterplots of (a) total PDI versus total ACE and (b) HISPDI versus HISACE ...... 23

12. Variation of (a) <ACE> and (b) <PDI> for the interval 1960–2013 ......................... 24

13. Variation of (a) total NSD, (b) total NHD, and (c) total NMHD 

for the interval 1960–2013 ......................................................................................... 26

14. Variation of <NSD> for the interval 1960–2013 ....................................................... 27

15. Variation of LISNSD for the interval 1960–2013 ...................................................... 27

16. Variation of NTCA for the interval 1960–2013 ......................................................... 34
v

LIST OF TABLES

 1. Monthly frequencies of tropical cyclones (1960–2013) .............................................. 3

 2. Poisson probabilities for NTC, NH, NMH, and NUSLFH based 

on the interval 1960–2013 .......................................................................................... 9

 3. Poisson probabilities for NTC, NH, NMH, and NUSLFH based 

on the interval 1960–2013 incorporating ENY and NENY ....................................... 11

 4. Frequencies of tropical cyclones by groups (1960–2013) ........................................... 14

 5. Tropical cyclones having PWS=140 kt or higher (1960–2013) .................................. 19

 6. Tropical cyclones having LP=935 mb or lower (1960–2013) ..................................... 20

 7. Tropical cyclones having ACE and/or PDI>40 (1960–2013) ..................................... 25

 8. Tropical cyclones having NSD=7 days or more (1960–2013) .................................... 28

 9. Tropical cyclones having NHD=7 days or more (1960–2013) ................................... 32

10. Listing of North Atlantic basin tropical cyclones, 1960–present 

(the weather satellite era) ........................................................................................... 39

11. Summary of tropical cyclone counts and parametric values 

for the North Atlantic basin, 1960–2013 ................................................................... 64
vi

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND DESIGNATORS

ACE accumulated cyclone energy

<ACE> mean seasonal ACE

AMO Atlantic Multidecadal Oscillation (index)

DOY day of year

ENY El Niño year

FSD first storm day

H hurricane

HISACE highest individual storm ACE

HISPDI highest individual storm PDI

HURDAT Hurricane Database (old)

HURDAT2 Hurricane Database (new)

<LAT> mean seasonal latitude

LISNSD longest individual storm NSD

<LONG> mean seasonal longitude

LOS length of season

LP lowest pressure

<LP> mean seasonal LP

LSD last storm day

MH major hurricane

NENY non-El Niño year
vii

LIST OF ACRONYMS AND DESIGNATORS (Continued)

NH number of hurricanes

NHD number of hurricane days

NMH number of major hurricanes

NMHD number of major hurricane days

NSD number of storm days

<NSD> mean seasonal NSD

NTC number of tropical cyclones

NTCA Net Tropical Cyclone Activity

NUSLFH number of USFLH

ONI Oceanic Niño Index

PDI Power Dissipation Index

<PDI> mean seasonal PDI

PWS peak wind speed

<PWS> mean seasonal PWS

SS substorm

TC tropical cyclone

TP Technical Publication

U.S. United States

USLFH U.S. land-falling hurricanes
viii

NOMENCLATURE

a y-intercept

b slope of the inferred regression line

cl confidence level

n number

na number above median

nb number below median

nra number of positive runs

P probability

P(r) probability of r events

r coefficient of correlation

r2 coefficient of determination

r/nr random/nonrandom

sd standard deviation 

se standard error of estimate

t t-statistic for independent samples

x independent variable

y dependent variable

z normal deviate for the sample results
1

TECHNICAL PUBLICATION

STATISTICAL ASPECTS OF NORTH ATLANTIC BASIN TROPICAL CYCLONES 

DURING THE WEATHER SATELLITE ERA, 1960–2013: PART 1

1. INTRODUCTION

A tropical cyclone is described as a warm-core, nonfrontal, synoptic-scale system that originates over tropical or subtropical waters, having organized deep convection and closed surface wind 

circulation (counterclockwise in the Northern Hemisphere) about a well defined center.1 When its 

sustained wind speed equals 34–63 kt, it is called a tropical (or subtropical) storm and is given 

a name (i.e., alternating male and female names, beginning in 1979); when its sustained wind speed 

equals 64–95 kt, it is called a hurricane (at least in the Eastern Pacific and North Atlantic basin); 

and when its sustained wind speed equals 96 kt or higher, it is called an intense or major hurricane 

(i.e., categories 3–5 on the Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale 2).

Although tropical cyclones have been reported and described since the voyages of Columbus,3

a detailed record of their occurrences extends only from 1851 to the present, with the most reliable 

portion extending only from about 1945 to the present, owing to the use of near-continuous routine reconnaissance aircraft monitoring flights4 and the use of satellite imagery (beginning in 1960; 

see Davis5,6). Even so, the record may still be incomplete,7–14 possibly missing at least one tropical 

cyclone per yearly hurricane season, especially prior to the use of continuous satellite monitoring. In 

fact, often an unnamed tropical cyclone is included in the year-end listing of events at the conclusion 

of the season, following post-season analysis (e.g., as happened in 2011 and 2013, each having one 

unnamed event).

In this two-part Technical Publication (TP), statistical aspects of the North Atlantic basin 

tropical cyclones are examined for the interval 1960–2013, the weather satellite era. Part 1 examines some 25 parameters of tropical cyclones (e.g., frequencies, peak wind speed (PWS), accumulated cyclone energy (ACE), etc.), while part 2 examines the relationship of these parameters against 

specific climate-related factors. These studies are a continuation of nearly two decades of previous 

tropical cyclone-related investigations.15–28
2

2. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The tropical cyclone data used in this TP were determined using the National Hurricane 

Center’s original HURDAT database, which was retired at the end of the 2013 hurricane season.29,30

It has since been supplanted by HURDAT2, which reformats the tropical cyclone data, giving additional data not included in the older HURDAT, especially wind field radii determinations for the 

34-kt, 50-kt, and 64-kt wind fields since 2004 for each of the four quadrants of the tropical cyclone: 

northeast, southeast, southwest, and northwest. In the appendix, table 10 provides a listing of the 

individual tropical cyclones that formed during the interval 1960–2013, giving the individual tropical 

cyclone parametric values used in this TP. Also, in the appendix, table 11 provides a listing of the 25 

parametric values for each year and for the intervals 1960–2013, 1960–1994, and 1995–2013, including the statistics (means and standard deviations) and the results of specific statistical testing. 

2.1 First Storm Day, Last Storm Day, and Length of Season

Conventionally, the North Atlantic basin hurricane season is said to extend from June 1 to 

November 30 each year, spanning some 183 days in overall length. In actuality, tropical cyclones 

are found to have originated in all months of the year (except March), based on the record since 

1945.26 For the interval 1960–2013 (54 years), all the tropical cyclones are found to have originated in the months of April–December, with one exception: a lone January 1978 subtropical 

storm (ST1) that was well removed from other previous year or same year storms and considered 

herein to be a statistical outlier with regard to month of origin. Table 1 shows the distribution of 

the monthly frequencies of tropical cyclone formation in the North Atlantic basin for the interval 

1960–2013. Some 615 tropical cyclones are observed to have occurred, with all but 18 having originated during the conventional June–November timeframe. Obviously, the peak months occur in the 

late-summer, early-fall months of August–October, accounting for about 77% of the total. The fewest number (4) of tropical cyclones occurred in 1983 (an El Niño year (ENY)) and the most (28) 

in 2005 (a non-El Niño year (NENY)).

The first storm day (FSD) and last storm day (LSD) of a yearly hurricane season are important statistics for tropical cyclones, since they determine the yearly length of season (LOS). Previously, on the basis of the 1851–2007 ‘best track’ record of North Atlantic basin tropical cyclone 

activity, Kossin suggested that the hurricane season is increasing in length due to the occurrences of 

both earlier and later seasonal storms, attributing the increased lengthening to warming sea surface 

temperature.31 On the basis of the best track hurricane record for 1945–2011, Wilson27 confirmed the 

results of Kossin, showing that the length of the hurricane season has indeed increased due to both 

early season and late season storms occurring more frequently and that warmer temperature appears 

to be the driving force for the lengthening (see also Wilson28). Furthermore, Wilson showed that the 

LOS is highly dependent upon FSD and predicted that the LOS for the 2012 hurricane season would 

be about 173±23 days, based on the observed FSD of May 19 (day of year, or DOY=140). In fact, 
3

Table 1. Monthly frequencies of tropical cyclones (1960–2013).

Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

1960 1 2 2 2 7

1961 1 6 2 2 11

1962 2 1 2 5

1963 2 5 2 9

1964 1 1 3 5 1 1 12

1965 1 2 2 1 6

1966 1 4 1 4 1 11

1967 1 4 3 8

1968 3 1 3 1 8

1969 1 5 6 5 1 18

1970 1 1 3 3 2 10

1971 1 4 6 1 1 13

1972 1 1 2 2 1 7

1973 2 2 2 2 8

1974 1 1 4 4 1 11

1975 1 1 2 3 1 1 9

1976 1 1 5 2 1 10

1977 1 3 2 6

1978 1* 1 4 3 3 12

1979 1 2 3 2 1 9

1980 3 5 1 2 11

1981 1 1 2 5 1 2 12

1982 2 1 2 1 6

1983 2 2 4

1984 4 6 1 1 1 13

1985 2 3 3 2 1 11

1986 2 1 2 1 6

1987 3 3 1 7

1988 3 7 1 1 12

1989 1 2 4 2 1 1 11

1990 2 6 2 4 14

1991 1 1 3 3 8

1992 1 1 4 1 7

1993 1 4 3 8

1994 1 2 2 2 7

1995 1 4 7 3 4 19

1996 1 2 4 2 3 1 13

1997 1 4 1 2 8

1998 1 4 6 2 1 14

1999 1 4 3 3 1 12

2000 4 7 4 15

2001 1 3 4 4 3 15
4

Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total

2002 1 3 8 12

2003 1 1 2 3 4 3 2 16

2004 8 4 2 1 15

2005 2 5 5 5 7 3 1 28

2006 1 2 3 4 10

2007 1 1 1 2 8 1 1 15

2008 1 3 4 4 3 1 16

2009 4 2 2 1 9

2010 1 1 4 8 5 19

2011 1 3 7 6 1 1 19

2012 2 2 8 2 5 19

2013 2 2 2 4 2 1 1 14

Total 1* 0 0 2 8 34 58 168 204 101 32 7 615

* Storm is considered an outlier

the 2012 hurricane season actually turned out to span 164 days, from May 19 to October 29, inclusive. (The FSD is defined as the first day of the yearly hurricane season when sustained PWS of 

a tropical cyclone attains at least 34 kt, and the LSD is defined as the last day of the yearly hurricane 

season when the sustained PWS of a tropical cyclone is at least 34 kt. The LOS is simply the inclusive 

difference between FSD and LSD.)

Figure 1 displays the yearly variations of (a) FSD, (b) LSD, and (c) LOS for the interval 

1960–2013. Concerning FSD, it is found to span from DOY=110 (in 2003; April 20) to DOY=242 

(in 1967 and again in 1977; August 30), averaging about DOY=180 and having a standard deviation 

(sd) equal to 33 days and a median equal to 177 days. For the 54 years spanning 1960–2013, FSD has 

had values equal to or above the median for 27 years and below the median for 27 years, occurring 

in 15 positive yearly runs, thus yielding the normal deviate for the sample results z=0.54, which by 

hypothesis testing suggests that FSD is distributed randomly.32 However, on the basis of hypothesis testing of the means of two independent samples (1960–1994 and 1995–2013), one finds that 

the t-statistic for independent samples33 is equal to 1.6, a value of marginal statistical importance 

(i.e., confidence level cl>90%). During the first subinterval (1960–1994), FSD averaged about 

DOY=185 (near the end of June), while during the latter subinterval (1995–2013), FSD has averaged about DOY=170 (near the middle of June). Hence, on average, FSD is observed to be occurring about 2 weeks earlier now than it did during the earlier interval. (The division of the data set 

into two independent samples is prompted by the observation that the Atlantic Mutidecadal Oscillation (AMO) index changed phase about 1995 from being one of negative phase indicative of cooler 

North Atlantic Ocean water temperature prior to 1995 to one of positive phase indicative of warmer 

North Atlantic Ocean water temperature since 1995.34)

Table 1. Monthly frequencies of tropical cyclones (1960–2013) (Continued).
5

1960

0

50

100

150

200

250

250

300

350

400

100

150

200

250

1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

Length of Season (1960–2013)

Last Storm Day (1960–2013)

First Storm Day (1960–2013)

mean = 180

sd = 33

median = 177

mean = 311

sd = 24

median = 310

mean = 133

sd = 42

median = 131

1960–1994: mean = 185

sd = 34

1995–2013: mean = 170

sd = 31

⇒t = 1.6

1960–1994: mean = 306

sd = 23

1995–2013: mean = 320

sd = 24

⇒t = –2.1

1960–1994: mean = 122

sd = 39

1995–2013: mean = 152

sd = 43

⇒t = –2.6

257 (1960)

371 (2005)

235 (2003)

47 (1983)

110 (2003)

242 (1967)

242 (1977)

Year

LOS (Days) LSD (DOY) FSD (DOY)

F1

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 1. Variation of (a) FSD, (b) LSD, and (c) LOS for the interval 1960–2013.

Regarding LSD and LOS, they are found to average about DOY=311 (early November) and 

133 days, respectively, having medians of DOY=310 and 131 days, respectively, with each having 27 

yearly values equal to or greater than the median and 27 yearly values below the median occurring in 

16 positive yearly runs, thereby yielding z=1.08 (inferring that their yearly values are distributed randomly). However, based on their t-statistic values of –2.1 and –2.6, respectively, for the two independent intervals, one finds statistically important differences between the two subintervals at cl>95% 

and cl>98%, respectively. The earliest LSD (DOY=257; September 19) occurred in 1960, while the 

latest LSD (DOY=371; January 6) occurred in 2006 (but associated with the 2005 hurricane season). 

The shortest LOS (47 days) occurred in 1983 (an ENY), and the longest LOS (235 days) occurred in 

2003 (a NENY).

Figure 2 depicts the inferred relationship between LOS and FSD. Linear regression analysis suggests that the inferred correlation equation is y=321.587 – 1.052x, where y represents LOS 

and x is FSD (in terms of its DOY). The inferred correlation (represented by the diagonal line) has 

a linear coefficient of correlation r=–0.828, meaning that the inferred relationship is an inverse relationship (i.e., early FSD suggests longer LOS and later FSD suggests shorter LOS). The coefficient 

of determination r2=0.686, meaning that about 69% of the variance in LOS can be explained by the
6

100 150 200 250

y 20 7

7 20 ⇒P = 0.045%

y = 321.587 – 1.052x

r = –0.828, r

2 = 0.686

se = 23.929, cl > 99.9%

(1967)

(2003)

(1977) (1983)

LOS (Days)

250

200

150

100

50

0

FSD (DOY)

F2

Figure 2. Scatterplot of LOS versus FSD.

variation in FSD alone. The inferred correlation has a standard error of estimate (se) equal to

23.929 days and is inferred to be highly statistically important cl>99.9%. Alternatively, the statistical 

importance of the inferred correlation can be determined using Fisher’s exact test for 2× 2 contingency tables.35 In figure 2, the vertical and horizontal lines represent the medians for FSD and LOS, 

respectively. The probability (P) of obtaining the observed result, or one more suggestive of a departure from independence (chance), equals 0.045%. Hence, if the FSD for a hurricane season is earlier 

(later) than its median (177 days), one infers that it is about 3 times more likely that the LOS for 

that season will be longer (shorter) than its median (131 days). As an example, suppose the FSD of 

a yearly hurricane season occurs on June 1 of a nonleap year (DOY=152). From the 2× 2 contingency table, one infers that the LOS is expected to be 131 days or longer, inferring that the LSD 

should not be expected until DOY=283 or later (i.e., on or later than about October 10). From the 

inferred linear regression, FSD=152 suggests LOS=162±24 days (the ±1 se prediction interval), 

inferring that the LSD should be expected about DOY 314±24 (i.e., about November 10±24 days), 

with only about a 16% chance of either occurring before October 16 or after December 4.

2.2 Number of Tropical Cyclones, Hurricanes, Major Hurricanes, and United States 

Land-Falling Hurricanes

Figure 3 displays the number of tropical cyclones (NTC) per year that formed in the North 

Atlantic basin during the interval 1960–2013, the weather satellite era. As previously noted from 

table 1, some 615 tropical cyclones have been documented during the overall interval 1960–2013, 

from a low of 4 in 1983 to a high of 28 in 2005, averaging about 11 per year with sd=5. However, 
7

0

5

10

15

20

25

30 Number of Tropical Cyclones

in the North Atlantic Basin

(1960–2013)

Sum = 615

1960 1970 1980 1990

Year

NTC

2000 2010 2020

28 (2005)

4 (1983)

mean = 11

sd = 5

median = 11

1960–1994: mean = 9

sd = 3

1995–2013: mean = 15

sd = 5

⇒t = –5.5

Figure 3. Variation of NTC for the interval 1960–2013. F3

based on the subintervals 1960–1994 and 1995–2013, the mean NTC for the 1995–2013 subinterval 

(15) is found to be nearly 67% larger than the mean NTC for the earlier 1960–1994 subinterval (9), 

with the difference in the means for the two intervals being highly statistically important at cl>99.9% 

(t=–5.5). Presuming that NTC for the 2014 hurricane season will be more akin to the more recent 

1995–2013 subinterval than for the earlier 1960–1994 subinterval, one infers that NTC for the 2014 

season should be expected to be about 15±5 (the ±1 sd prediction interval), with no fewer than 

8 tropical cyclones expected (the fewest observed during the more recent subinterval). Should the 

year 2014 be characterized as an ENY, then one probably should expect NTC to be slightly below 

the mean (perhaps about 10–15 in number). For January–May 2014, El Niño-neutral conditions have 

prevailed, although indications presently suggest warming, especially later in the year; hence, as of 

June 2014, the Climate Prediction Center and the International Research Institute for Climate and 

Society suggest the chance of El Niño developing during the Northern Hemisphere summer in 2014 

to be about 70% and to be about 80% during the fall and winter.36

Figure 4 depicts the (a) number of hurricanes (NH), (b) number of major hurricanes (NMH), 

and (c) the number of United States (U.S.) land-falling hurricanes (NUSLFH) (USLFH) per year 

that occurred in the North Atlantic basin during the interval 1960–2013. For NH, some 333 events 

have been documented, inferring an average of about 6 per year (sd=3). The most (15) occurred in 

2005, while the least (2) occurred in 2013. As with NTC, the mean NH for the subinterval 1995–2013 

is higher than the mean for the subinterval 1960–1994 (8 per year versus 5 per year; about 60% higher) 

and the difference in the subinterval means appears statistically important (cl>99.9%; t=–4.4). For 

NMH, some 132 events have been documented, inferring an average of about 2 per year (sd=2). The 

most (7) occurred in 1961 and 2005, and the least (0) occurred in 1968, 1972, 1986, 1994, and 2013. 

While the mean for the subinterval 1995–2013 is slightly higher than the mean for the subinterval 

1960–1994 (3 per year versus 2 per year), the difference in the subinterval means is only of marginal 

statistical importance (cl>90%; t=–1.8). For NUSLFH, some 78 events have been documented, 

inferring an average of about 1 per year (sd=1), with 54 (69%) occurring in the months of August 

and September. The most (6) occurred in 1985, 2004, and 2005, and the least (0) occurred in 1962,
8

mean = 1

sd = 1

median = 1

1960–1994: mean = 1

sd = 1

1995–2013: mean = 2

sd = 2

⇒t = –2.5

mean = 2

sd = 2

median = 2

1960–1994: mean = 2

sd = 2

1995–2013: mean = 3

sd = 2

⇒t = –1.8

mean = 6

sd = 3

median = 6

1960–1994: mean = 5

sd = 2

1995–2013: mean = 8

sd = 3

⇒t = –4.4

Number of Hurricanes (1960–2013)

Sum= 333

Number of Major Hurricanes (1960–2013)

7 (1961) Sum= 132

Number of U.S. Landfalling Hurricanes (1960–2013)

Sum= 78

NUSLFH NMH NH

1960 1970 1980 1990

Year

2000 2010 2020

0

0

0

5

10

5

10

5

10

15

20

F4

2 (2013)

7 (2005)

6 (1985) 6 (2004, 2005)

15 (2005)

(a)

(b)

(c)

Figure 4. Variation of (a) NH, (b) NMH, and (c) NUSLFH for the interval 1960–2013.

1973, 1978, 1981, 1982, 1990, 1994, 2000, 2001, 2006, 2009, 2010, and 2013. The mean for the more 

recent subinterval 1995–2013 is higher than the mean for the earlier subinterval 1960–1994 and the 

difference is of statistical importance (cl>98%; t=–2.5). As before for NTC, presuming that NH, 

NMH, and NUSLFH for the 2014 hurricane season will be more akin to the more recent subinterval 

1995–2013 than for the earlier subinterval 1960–1994, one infers that NH, NMH, and NUSLFH for 

the 2014 season should be expected to be about 8±3, 3±2, and 2±2 (the ±1 sd prediction intervals), 

respectively. (It should be noted that, while the listing of USLFH based on the original HURDAT 

indicated that Ophelia struck North Carolina as a minimal hurricane in 2005, it is not listed as 

a USLFH in the current listing based on HURDAT2. Also, the current listing includes Isaac as 

a land-falling hurricane in 2012, striking the Louisiana coastline as a minimal hurricane.37) 

Table 2 gives the Poisson probabilities for NTC, NH, NMH, and NUSLFH based on the overall interval 1960–2013 and separately for each subinterval 1960–1994 and 1995–2013. Presuming that 

the 2014 hurricane season is more akin to the more recent subinterval 1995–2013, one should expect 

NTC=15±4, having P(11–19)=75.7%, with P(<11)=11.8% and P(>19)=12.5%; NH=8±3, having P(5–11)=78.9%, with P(<5)=10.0% and P(>11)=11.2%; NMH=3±2, having P(1–5)=86.6%, 

with P(0)=5% and P(>5)=8.4%; and NUSLFH=2±1, having P(1–3)=72.2%, with P(0)=13.5% 

and P(>3)=14.3%. (Poisson probabilities are more appropriate for random events that occur within 

a given space or time interval.)
9

Table 2. Poisson probabilities for NTC, NH, NMH, and NUSLFH based 

on the interval 1960–2013.

r

1960–2013

P(r)

1960–1994

P(r)

1995–2013

P(r)

NTC

(mean = 11)

NH

(mean = 6)

NMH

(mean = 2)

NUSLFH

(mean = 1)

NTC

(mean = 9)

NH

(mean = 5)

NMH

(mean = 2)

NUSLFH

(mean = 1)

NTC

(mean = 15)

NH

(mean = 8)

NMH

(mean = 3)

NUSLFH

(mean = 2)

0 0.0000 0.0025 0.1353 0.3679 0.0001 0.0067 0.1353 0.3679 0.0000 0.0003 0.0498 0.1353

1 0.0002 0.0149 0.2707 0.3679 0.0011 0.0337 0.2707 0.3679 0.0000 0.0027 0.1494 0.2707

2 0.0010 0.0446 0.2707 0.1839 0.0050 0.0842 0.2707 0.1839 0.0000 0.0107 0.2240 0.2707

3 0.0037 0.0892 0.1804 0.0613 0.0150 0.1404 0.1804 0.0613 0.0002 0.0286 0.2240 0.1804

4 0.0102 0.1339 0.0902 0.0153 0.0337 0.1755 0.0902 0.0153 0.0006 0.0573 0.1680 0.0902

5 0.0224 0.1606 0.0361 0.0031 0.0607 0.1755 0.0361 0.0031 0.0019 0.0916 0.1008 0.0361

6 0.0411 0.1606 0.0120 0.0005 0.0911 0.1462 0.0120 0.0005 0.0048 0.1221 0.0504 0.0120

7 0.0646 0.1377 0.0034 0.0001 0.1171 0.1044 0.0034 0.0001 0.0104 0.1396 0.0216 0.0034

8 0.0888 0.1033 0.0009 0.0000 0.1318 0.0653 0.0009 0.0000 0.0194 0.1396 0.0081 0.0009

9 0.1085 0.0688 0.0002 0.1318 0.0363 0.0002 0.0324 0.1241 0.0027 0.0002

10 0.1194 0.0413 0.0000 0.1186 0.0181 0.0000 0.0486 0.0993 0.0008 0.0000

11 0.1194 0.0225 0.0970 0.0082 0.0663 0.0722 0.0002

12 0.1094 0.0113 0.0728 0.0034 0.0829 0.0481 0.0001

13 0.0926 0.0052 0.0504 0.0013 0.0956 0.0296 0.0000

14 0.0728 0.0022 0.0324 0.0005 0.1024 0.0169

15 0.0534 0.0009 0.0194 0.0002 0.1024 0.0090

16 0.0367 0.0003 0.0109 0.0000 0.0960 0.0045

17 0.0237 0.0001 0.0058 0.0847 0.0021

18 0.0145 0.0000 0.0029 0.0706 0.0009

19 0.0084 0.0014 0.0557 0.0004

20 0.0046 0.0006 0.0418 0.0002

21 0.0024 0.0003 0.0299 0.0001

22 0.0012 0.0001 0.0204 0.0000

23 0.0006 0.0000 0.0133

24 0.0003 0.0083

25 0.0001 0.0050

26 0.0000 0.0029

27 0.0000 0.0016

28 0.0000 0.0009

29 0.0000 0.0004

30 0.0000 0.0002

31 0.0000 0.0001

32 0.0000 0.0000
10

Table 3 gives the Poisson probabilities for NTC, NH, NMH, and NUSLFH based on the 

overall interval 1960–2013, but now incorporating whether the year is classified as either an ENY 

or a NENY, where an ENY is simply defined as one having an Oceanic Niño Index (ONI) monthly 

value ≥0.5 °C for at least 6 months within the year, and a NENY is one having an ONI≥ 0.5 °C for 

fewer than 6 months within the year. Presuming the year 2014 to be an ENY, one should expect 

NTC=9±3, having P(6–12)=76.1%, with P(<6)=11.6% and P(>12)=12.4%; NH=5±2, having 

P(3–7)=74.2%, with P(<3)=12.5% and P(>7)=13.3%; NMH=2±1, having P(1–3)=72.2%, with 

P(0)=13.5% and P(>3)=14.3%; and NUSLFH=1±1, having P(0–2)=92.0%, with P(0)=36.8% 

and P(>2)=8.0%. Instead, presuming the year 2014 to be a NENY, one should expect NTC=12±3, 

having P(9–15)=69.0%, with P(<9)=15.5% and P(>15)=15.6%; NH=7±2, having P(5–9)=65.8%, 

with P(<5)=17.3% and P(>9)=17.0%; NMH=3±1, having P(2–4)=61.6%, with P(<2)=19.9% 

and P(>4)=18.5%; and NUSLFH being the same as if the year is an ENY (i.e., 1±1, having 

P(0–2)=92.0%, with P(0)=36.8% and P(>2)=8.0%). (The definition as used in this TP for the year 

being called an ENY differs from the usual definition of El Niño, which requires at least 5 consecutive months having ONI ≥0.5 °C; see reference 38.)
11

Table 3. Poisson probabilities for NTC, NH, NMH, and NUSLFH based 

on the interval 1960–2013 incorporating ENY and NENY.

r

ENY

P(r)

NENY

P(r)

NTC 

(mean= 9)

NH

(mean= 5)

NMH

(mean= 2)

NUSLFH

(mean= 1)

NTC

(mean= 12)

NH

(mean= 7)

NMH

(mean= 3)

NUSLFH

(mean= 1)

0 0.0001 0.0067 0.1353 0.3679 0.0000 0.0009 0.0498 0.3679

1 0.0011 0.0337 0.2707 0.3679 0.0001 0.0064 0.1494 0.3679

2 0.0050 0.0842 0.2707 0.1839 0.0004 0.0223 0.2240 0.1839

3 0.0150 0.1404 0.1804 0.0613 0.0018 0.0521 0.2240 0.0613

4 0.0337 0.1755 0.0902 0.0153 0.0053 0.0912 0.1680 0.0153

5 0.0607 0.1755 0.0361 0.0031 0.0127 0.1277 0.1008 0.0031

6 0.0911 0.1462 0.0120 0.0005 0.0255 0.1490 0.0504 0.0005

7 0.1171 0.1044 0.0034 0.0001 0.0437 0.1490 0.0216 0.0001

8 0.1318 0.0653 0.0009 0.0000 0.0655 0.1304 0.0081 0.0000

9 0.1318 0.0363 0.0002 0.0874 0.1014 0.0027

10 0.1189 0.0181 0.0000 0.1048 0.0710 0.0008

11 0.0970 0.0082 0.1144 0.0452 0.0002

12 0.0728 0.0034 0.1144 0.0263 0.0001

13 0.0504 0.0013 0.1056 0.0142 0.0000

14 0.0324 0.0005 0.0905 0.0071

15 0.0194 0.0002 0.0724 0.0033

16 0.0109 0.0000 0.0543 0.0014

17 0.0058 0.0383 0.0006

18 0.0029 0.0255 0.0002

19 0.0014 0.0161 0.0001

20 0.0006 0.0097 0.0000

21 0.0003 0.0055

22 0.0001 0.0030

23 0.0000 0.0016

24 0.0008

25 0.0004

26 0.0002

27 0.0001

28 0.0000

2.3 Latitude and Longitude Genesis Location

Figure 5 displays the yearly mean genesis location latitude (<LAT>) and longitude 

(<LONG>) of the tropical cyclones for the interval 1960–2013. The genesis location of a tropical 

cyclone is defined as the latitude and longitude at which the tropical cyclone first attains a sustained 

PWS of at least 34 kt. The yearly mean genesis location is simply the average of all tropical cyclone 

genesis locations within a single yearly season. As an example, the genesis latitude and longitude 

locations of the four tropical cyclones occurring in 1983 were 27.2° N., 91.0° W. (Alicia); 27.4° N., 

76.3° W. (Barry); 31.6° N., 63.3° W. (Chantal); and 28.0° N., 73.0° W. (Dean). Hence, one computes 

the <LAT> and <LONG> for the four tropical cyclones of 1983 to be 28.6° N., 75.9° W.
12

mean = 22.5° N.

sd = 3.3°

median = 22.0° N.

1960–1994: mean = 23.4

sd = 3.3

1995–2013: mean = 20.9

sd = 2.8

⇒t = 2.8

mean = 63.5° W.

sd = 5.8°

median = 63.5° W.

1960–1994: mean = 64.2

sd = 6.2

1995–2013: mean = 62.0

sd = 4.6

⇒t = 1.4

Mean Seasonal Onset Latitude (1960–2013)

Mean Seasonal Onset Longitude (1960–2013)

32.2 (1972)

16.2 (1996)

77.4 (1977)

51.8 (2009)

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

Year

35

30

25

20

15

80

75

70

65

60

55

50

<LONG> <LAT>

F5

(a)

(b)

Figure 5. Variation of (a) <LAT> and (b) <LONG> for the interval 1960–2013.

Concerning <LAT>, for the entire interval 1960–2013, it averages 22.5° N. and has sd=3.3°. 

The highest and lowest values of <LAT> measure, respectively, 32.2° N. in 1972 (an ENY) and 

16.2° N. in 1996 (a NENY). Runs-testing of <LAT> reveals that there are 28 years having <LAT> 

equal to or greater than the median (22.0° N.) and 26 years having <LAT> below the median, occurring in 9 positive yearly runs, inferring that the distribution of <LAT> is nonrandom (z=–2.7;

cl>99%). Indeed, it appears (to the eye) that <LAT> has progressively decreased over time between 

the 1970s and the 1990s. Certainly, <LAT> typically is below the mean prior to the mid-to-late 1960s 

and again after the late 1980s, while it typically is above the mean during the late 1960s through the 

mid-to-late 1980s. A comparison of the two independent subintervals 1960–1994 and 1995–2013 

shows that the mean <LAT> for subinterval 1995–2013 (20.9° N.) is about 2.5° lower than the mean 

<LAT> for the subinterval 1960–1994 (23.4° N.) and that the difference in the means is statistically 

important (t=2.8; cl>99%). Thus, tropical cyclones during the current epoch of time tend to form 

at lower latitudes than they did during the earlier epoch of time.

Concerning <LONG>, for the entire interval 1960–2013, it averages 63.5° W. and has 

sd=5.8°. The most westward <LONG> measures 77.4° W. in 1977 (an ENY) and the least westward 

<LONG> measures 51.8° W. in 2009 (an ENY). Runs-testing of <LONG> reveals that there are 

27 years having <LONG> equal to or more westward than the median (63.5° W.) and 27 years having <LONG> more eastward than the median, occurring in 14 positive yearly runs, inferring that the 

distribution of <LONG> is random (z=0). Likewise, a comparison of the two independent subintervals 1960–1994 and 1995–2013 shows that, while the mean <LONG> for subinterval 1995–2013 

(62.0° W.) is about 2.2° more eastward than the mean <LONG> for the subinterval 1960–1994 

(64.2° W.), the difference in the means is not statistically important (t=1.4; cl<90%).
13

Figure 6 shows the scatterplot of <LAT> versus <LONG> for the interval 1960–2013. Linear regression analysis suggests that there exists a direct linear relationship between <LAT> and 

<LONG>, given by y=1.371+0.334x, where y is now <LAT> and x is <LONG>. The inferred 

regression has r=0.581 and r2=0.337, with se=2.719° and cl>99.9%. Likewise, Fisher’s exact test 

for the 2× 2 contingency table yields the probability of obtaining the observed result, or one more 

suggestive of a departure from independence, P=0.0014%. Hence, if the <LONG> is equal to or 

more westward than 63.5° W., it is about 4 times more likely that the <LAT> will be equal to or 

higher than 22° N., while if the <LONG> is more eastward than 63.5° W., it is about 3.5 times more 

likely that the <LAT> will be below 22° N. Because lower <LAT> tends to be associated with the 

more recent subinterval 1995–2013 and higher <LAT> with the earlier subinterval 1960–1994, this 

suggests that tropical cyclone formation in the North Atlantic basin is cyclic by nature (probably 

strongly related to the variation as described by the AMO index).

15

20

25

30

35

80 75 70 65

<LONG>

<LAT>

60 55 50

22 6

5 21

P=0.0014%

(2009)

F6

(1972)

(1996)

(1977)

y

y = 1.371+0.334x

r = 0.581, r 2=0.337

se = 2.719, cl >99.9%

Figure 6. Scatterplot of <LAT> versus <LONG>.

Table 4 sorts the tropical cyclones using a broader genesis formation scheme, groups 1–5, 

where group 1 refers to tropical cyclones forming in the region of the Gulf of Mexico (above the 

Caribbean Sea); group 2, those forming in the region of the Caribbean Sea; group 3, those forming in 

the region off the eastern coast of the U.S.; group 4, those forming in the region of the lower North 

Atlantic open ocean; and group 5, those forming in the upper North Atlantic open ocean farther 

away from the U.S. coastline. Of the 615 tropical cyclones, 117 (19%) are observed to have formed 

in the region of the Gulf of Mexico, 83 (13.5%) formed in the Caribbean Sea region, 155 (25.2%) 

formed in the region off the eastern U.S. coastline, 175 (28.5%) formed in the lower North Atlantic 

open ocean region, and 85 (13.8%) formed in the upper North Atlantic open ocean region farther 

away from the U.S. coastline. The means (and standard deviations) for these groupings for the overall interval 1960–2013 are 2.2 (1.3), 1.5 (1.6), 2.9 (1.7), 3.2 (2.2), and 1.6 (1.4), respectively. For the 
14

two subintervals, the means (and standard deviations) for the groupings are 1.8 (1.2), 1.0 (1.0), 2.8 

(1.6), 2.5 (1.9), and 1.3 (1.1), respectively, for subinterval 1960–1994, and 2.8 (1.3), 2.5 (2.0), 3.1 (1.8), 

4.7 (2.1), and 2.1 (1.9), respectively, for subinterval 1995–2013. Clearly, the mean for every group is 

higher during the more recent subinterval than for the earlier subinterval, with groups 2 and 4 having 

the greatest increase (150% and 88%, respectively). Interesting, however, is that whereas group 3 had 

the largest mean during the earlier subinterval, group 4 now has the largest mean in the more recent 

subinterval. The greatest yearly frequencies, respectively, are 5 in 2003 and 2013 (group 1), 7 in 2005 

(group 2), 7 in 2005 (group 3), 9 in 1995 and 2010 (group 4), and 8 in 2005 (group 5). 

Table 4. Frequencies of tropical cyclones by groups (1960–2013).

Year

Group

1 2 3 4 5 Total

1960 2 1 3 1 7

1961 1 3 2 4 1 11

1962 3 2 5

1963 1 1 6 1 9

1964 3 1 2 4 2 12

1965 1 1 1 3 6

1966 2 1 5 3 11

1967 1 1 2 2 2 8

1968 3 4 1 8

1969 4 2 5 4 3 18

1970 4 1 3 1 1 10

1971 1 4 5 1 2 13

1972 1 3 3 7

1973 2 1 3 2 8

1974 1 2 6 2 11

1975 1 1 3 1 3 9

1976 2 5 2 1 10

1977 2 1 3 6

1978 3 1 3 3 2 12

1979 3 1 1 3 1 9

1980 2 1 2 4 2 11

1981 1 3 4 3 1 12

1982 3 2 1 6

1983 1 3 4

1984 1 1 6 3 2 13

1985 4 1 5 1 11

1986 1 3 1 1 6

1987 1 1 1 3 1 7

1988 3 2 2 4 1 12

1989 4 7 11

1990 1 1 2 8 2 14
15

Year

Group

1 2 3 4 5 Total

1991 1 3 1 3 8

1992 4 1 2 7

1993 1 2 2 2 1 8

1994 2 2 2 1 7

1995 3 3 3 9 1 19

1996 1 5 1 6 13

1997 1 6 1 8

1998 4 1 1 5 3 14

1999 2 3 1 5 1 12

2000 3 1 4 5 2 15

2001 3 4 2 3 3 15

2002 3 1 4 2 2 12

2003 5 2 2 4 3 16

2004 2 2 4 5 2 15

2005 4 7 7 2 8 28

2006 1 1 2 4 2 10

2007 4 2 3 5 1 15

2008 2 6 2 3 3 16

2009 1 1 1 5 1 9

2010 3 4 3 9 19

2011 4 3 6 5 1 19

2012 2 2 4 7 4 19

2013 5 2 4 3 14

1960–2013 (n = 54)

sum 117 83 155 175 85 615

mean 2.2 1.5 2.9 3.2 1.6

sd 1.3 1.6 1.7 2.2 1.4

1960–1994 (n = 35)

sum 64 35 97 86 45

mean 1.8 1.0 2.8 2.5 1.3

sd 1.2 1.0 1.6 1.9 1.1

1995–2013 (n = 19)

sum 53 48 58 89 40

mean 2.8 2.5 3.1 4.7 2.1

sd 1.3 2.0 1.8 2.1 1.9

Table 4. Frequencies of tropical cyclones by groups (1960–2013) (Continued).
16

2.4 Peak Wind Speed and Lowest Pressure

Figure 7 depicts the variation of the observed yearly tropical cyclone (a) PWS, (b) the mean 

seasonal PWS (<PWS>), (c) the lowest pressure (LP), and (d) the mean seasonal LP (<LP>) during the interval 1960–2013. Continuing the example for the 1983 tropical cyclones, Alicia had the 

highest PWS (100 kt) and lowest LP (963 mb), and the four storms together had <PWS>=72.5 kt 

(=[100+70+65+55]/ 4) and <LP>=985.5 mb (=[963+986+994+999]/ 4). 

950

1,000 Mean Seasonal LP (1960–2013)

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

F7

Year

<LP>

996.6 (2013) mean=980.8 mb

sd=7.7 mb

median=981.8 mb

1960–1994: mean=981.1

sd=7.8

1995–2013: mean=980.1

sd=7.7

850

900

950

1,000 Lowest Pressure (1960–2013)

LP

979 (1986) 979 (2013)

957 (1961)

882 (2005)

75 (1968)

mean=937 mb

sd=22 mb

median=940 mb

1960–1994: mean=941

sd=22

1995–2013: mean=930

sd=21

50

100 Mean Seasonal PWS (1960–2013)

<PWS>

97.7 (1961)

53.2 (2013)

mean=72.9 kt

sd=8.6 kt

median=72.6 kt

1960–1994: mean=73.5

sd=8.2

1995–2013: mean=71.9

sd=9.6

(a) 50

(b)

(c)

(d)

150

200

100

PWS

Peak Wind Speed (1960–2013)

165 (1969) 165 (1980)

mean=124 kt

sd=22 kt

median=125 kt

1960–1994: mean=123

sd=23

1995–2013: mean=127

sd=20

⇒t =–0.6

⇒t =0.6 

⇒t =1.8

⇒t =0.3

Figure 7. Variation of (a) PWS, (b) <PWS>, (c) LP, and (d) <LP>

for the interval 1960–2013.

Concerning PWS, the mean PWS for the overall interval 1960–2013 is 124 kt (sd=22 kt), with 

the highest yearly PWS (165 kt) occurring in 1969 (an ENY) and 1980 (a NENY), associated with 

Camille and Allen, respectively, and the lowest yearly PWS (75 kt) occurring in 1968 (a NENY), 

associated with Gladys. Comparison of the two subintervals reveals that, while the more recent subinterval 1995–2013 averages about 4 kt higher than the earlier subinterval 1960–1994, the difference 

in means is not statistically important (t=–0.6; cl<90%).
17

For <PWS>, it averages about 72.9 kt (sd=8.6 kt) for the overall interval 1960–2013, from 

a high of 97.7 kt in 1961 (a NENY) to a low of 53.2 kt in 2013 (a NENY). Comparison of the two 

subintervals reveals that, while <PWS> has actually decreased from a mean of 73.5 kt for the earlier 

subinterval 1960–1994 to 71.9 kt, for the more recent subinterval 1995–2013, the difference in the 

means is not statistically important (t=0.6; cl<90%).

For LP, it averages about 937 mb (sd=22 mb) for the overall interval 1960–2013. The lowest LP measured 882 mb in 2005 (a NENY), associated with Wilma, and the highest LP measured 

979 mb in 1986 and 2013 (both NENYs), associated with Earl and Humberto, respectively. Comparison of the two subintervals reveals that, while the mean LP for the more recent subinterval 

1995–2013 is about 11 mb lower than the mean for the earlier subinterval 1960–1994, the difference 

in the means is only of marginal statistical importance (t=1.8; cl>90%).

For <LP>, it averages about 980.8 mb (sd=7.7 mb) for the overall interval 1960–2013. The 

lowest <LP> measures 957 mb in 1961 (a NENY), and the highest <LP> measures 996.6 mb in 2013 

(a NENY). Comparison of the two subintervals reveals that, while the mean <LP> for the more 

recent subinterval 1995–2013 is about 1 mb lower than the mean <LP> for the earlier subinterval 

1960–1994, the difference in the means is not statistically important (t=0.3; cl<90%).

Figure 8 displays the scatterplots of (a) LP versus PWS and (b) <LP> versus <PWS> for the 

interval 1960–2013. Obviously, the parameters are inversely related, associating low (high) values of 

LP and <LP> with high (low) values of PWS and <PWS>, respectively. Within each panel, the inferred 

regression equations are given, both in terms of using x and y as the independent variable. Hence, 

for LP versus PWS, the inferred regression is y=1,052.554 –0.929x, having r=–0.921, r2=0.847, 

se=8.705, and cl»99.9%, while for PWS versus LP, the inferred regression is x=979.461–0.913y, 

having r=–0.921, r2=0.847, se=8.597, and cl»99.9%. As an example, given a tropical cyclone having PWS=150 kt, one expects it to have LP=913.2±8.6 mb (the ±1 se prediction interval). Likewise, 

given a tropical cyclone having LP=910 mb, one expects it to have PWS=148.6±8.7 kt. The strongest storm during the interval 1960–2013, based on its observed LP, is Wilma in 2005 (a NENY), 

having LP=882 mb, inferring PWS=174.2±8.6 kt; its PWS actually measured only 160 kt. (Lowest 

pressure does not always occur concurrently with PWS or vice versa, owing to the evolving nature of 

tropical cyclones. Also, it should be noted that LP measurements, especially in the 1960s, are incomplete; consequently, the listed LP for a specific tropical cyclone may not be truly representative of 

the LP for that specific tropical cyclone. A case in point is the LP for major hurricane Ethel in 1960, 

which is listed as 981 mb; in reality, it should be considerably lower given its PWS=140 kt.)
18

950

1,000

850

(a)

(b)

900

950

1,000

50 60

<PWS> (kt)

<LP> (mb) LP (mb)

70 80 90

F8

100 150

PWS (kt)

200

y

x

x

y

(1961)

(2013)

(1969)

(1980)

(1988)

(1986)

(2013)

(2005)

x = 1,088.074 –1.035y

r = 0.922, r 2=0.849

se = 3.378, cl»99.9%

x = 979.461–0.913y

r = –0.921, r 2=0.847

se = 8.597, cl»99.9%

y = 1,052.554–0.929x

r = –0.921, r 2=0.847

se = 8.705, cl»99.9%

y = 1,040.596–0.820x

r = –0.922, r 2=0.849

se = 2.966, cl»99.9%

Figure 8. Scatterplots of (a) LP versus PWS and (b) <LP> versus <PWS>.

Similarly, one finds that the year 2013 (a NENY) is the weakest yearly season (based on 

<LP> and <PWS>) during the interval 1960–2013, having <LP>=996.6 mb and <PWS>=53.2 kt. 

From the inferred regression equations, given its <LP>=996.6 mb, one should have expected it 

to have <PWS>=56.6±3.4 kt, or given its <PWS>=53.2 kt, one should have expected it to have 

<LP>=997.0±3.0 mb. The strongest yearly season (based on <LP> and <PWS>) during the 

interval 1960–2013 is the year 1961 (a NENY), having <LP>=957.0 mb and <PWS>=97.7 kt. 

From the inferred regression equations, given its <LP>=957.0 mb, one should have expected it 

to have <PWS>=97.6±3.4 kt, or given its <PWS>=97.7 kt, one should have expected it to have 

<LP>=960.5±3.0 mb.

For convenience, table 5 lists the 22 tropical cyclones that had PWS≥140 kt, and table 6 lists 

the 39 tropical cyclones that had LP≤935 mb during the interval 1960–2013. Clearly, all tropical 

cyclones that met these criteria were classified as major hurricanes (MHs). From table 5, one finds 

that there were 6 that occurred in the 1960s, 3 in the 1970s, 3 in the 1980s, 2 in the 1990s, and 8 since 

2000, with the last MH that occurred with PWS≥ 140 kt being Felix in 2007. On average, one expects 

one such tropical cyclone about once every 2–3 years. Also, one finds that only one occurred in July 

(Emily, 2005), and three occurred in October (Hattie, 1961; Mitch, 1988; and Wilma, 2005), with the 

bulk occurring in August (8) and September (10).
19

Table 5. Tropical cyclones having PWS=140 kt or higher (1960–2013).

Year Name Class. FSD LSD

Genesis Location

N. Lat. W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH

1960 Donna MH 08/30 09/13 10.3 26.9 4 140 932 76.4 64.6 13.75 11.75 9.25 BFL4, NC3, NY3, 

DFL2, CT2, RI2, 

MA1, NH1, ME1

Ethel MH 09/14 09/16 23.9 90.6 1 140 981 5.5 5.3 2.25 1.00 0.50 MS1

1961 Carla MH 09/05 09/13 16.3 82.7 2 150 931 33.4 30.0 8.00 6.00 4.25 BTX4

Hattie MH 10/27 11/01 11.6 81.5 2 140 920 25.2 21.7 5.00 3.75 3.50

1967 Beulah MH 09/07 09/22 13.9 60.8 2 140 923 49.1 47.9 15.00 10.75 5.50 ATX3

1969 Camille MH 08/14 08/22 19.4 82.0 1 165 905 29.8 23.5 6.00 3.25 2.25 LA5, MS5

1971 Edith MH 09/07 09/17 12.7 69.1 2 140 943 13.5 16.4 9.75 3.75 1.00 LA2

1977 Anita MH 08/30 09/03 26.8 89.8 1 150 926 13.6 12.8 4.00 3.25 1.00

1979 David MH 08/26 09/06 11.6 42.2 4 150 924 51.3 44.0 11.50 8.75 4.50 CFL2, DFL2, GA2,

SC2

1980 Allen MH 08/02 08/11 11.0 42.8 4 165 899 68.6 52.3 9.50 8.00 6.50 ATX3

1988 Gilbert MH 09/09 09/17 14.5 60.1 2 160 888 38.0 32.8 8.00 6.25 4.50

1989 Hugo MH 09/11 09/22 12.5 29.2 4 140 918 46.3 42.7 11.25 8.75 5.50 SC4, INC1

1992 Andrew MH 08/17 08/27 12.3 42.0 4 150 922 31.5 28.4 9.75 4.50 3.50 CFL5, BFL4, LA3

1998 Mitch MH 10/22 11/05 11.6 77.9 2 155 905 42.5 35.9 10.75 5.50 3.75

2003 Isabel MH 09/06 09/19 13.9 32.7 4 145 915 75.2 63.3 13.25 11.75 8.00 NC2, VA1

2004 Ivan MH 09/03 09/23 9.7 30.3 4 145 910 83.5 70.4 14.75 11.50 10.00 AL3, AFL3

2005 Emily MH 07/12 07/21 11.0 46.8 4 140 929 35.7 32.9 9.25 7.00 4.25

Katrina MH 08/24 08/30 24.5 76.5 3 150 902 22.1 20.0 6.00 4.00 2.25 CFL1, BFL1, LA3,

MS3, AL1

Rita MH 09/18 09/25 22.2 72.3 3 155 897 29.5 25.1 6.50 4.25 3.25 BFL1, LA3, CTX2

Wilma MH 10/17 10/25 16.9 79.6 2 160 882 45.7 38.9 8.75 7.50 4.75 BFL3, CFL2

2007 Dean MH 08/14 08/22 11.8 38.3 4 150 907 40.8 35.2 8.50 6.75 4.00

Felix MH 09/01 09/05 12.1 59.4 4 150 930 22.1 18.0 4.25 3.00 2.00

From table 6, one finds that there were 7 that occurred in the 1960s, 3 in the 1970s, 4 in the 

1980s, 10 in the 1990s, and 14 since 2000, with the last MH that occurred with LP≤935 mb being 

Igor in 2010. On average, one expects one such tropical cyclone about once every 1–2 years. Also, 

one finds that only two occurred in July (Dennis and Emily, 2005), four occurred in October (Hattie, 

1961; Joan, 1988; Mitch, 1998; and Wilma, 2005), and two in November (Lenny, 1999; and Michelle, 

2001), with the bulk occurring in August (13) and September (18).
20

Table 6. Tropical cyclones having LP=935 mb or lower (1960–2013).

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat. W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH

1960 Donna MH 08/30 09/13 10.3 26.9 4 140 932 76.4 64.6 13.75 11.75 9.25 BFL4, NC3, 

NY3, DFL2, 

CT2, RI2, MA1, 

NH1, ME1

1961 Carla MH 09/05 09/13 16.3 82.7 2 150 931 33.4 30.0 8.00 6.00 4.25 BTX4

Esther MH 09/11 09/26 14.4 36.7 4 125 927 55.5 52.2 15.00 9.75 8.50

Hattie MH 10/27 11/01 11.6 81.5 2 140 920 25.2 21.7 5.00 3.75 3.50

1966 Inez MH 09/24 10/10 14.8 48.7 4 130 929 55.2 54.6 16.25 13.75 6.50 BFL1

1967 Beulah MH 09/07 09/22 13.9 60.8 2 140 923 49.1 47.9 15.00 10.75 5.50 ATX3

1969 Camille MH 08/14 08/22 19.4 82.0 1 165 905 29.8 23.5 6.00 3.25 2.25 LA5, MS5

1974 Carmen MH 08/30 09/08 17.0 67.4 2 130 928 24.7 25.6 9.50 5.75 2.75 LA3

1977 Anita MH 08/30 09/03 26.8 89.8 1 150 926 13.6 12.8 4.00 3.25 1.00

1979 David MH 08/26 09/06 11.6 42.2 4 150 924 51.3 44.0 11.50 8.75 4.50 CFL2, DFL2, 

GA2, SC2

1980 Allen MH 08/02 08/11 11.0 42.8 4 165 899 68.6 52.3 9.50 8.00 6.50 ATX3

1985 Gloria MH 09/17 09/27 14.6 28.3 4 125 920 18.6 21.2 9.25 6.25 1.50 NC3, NY3, 

CT2, NH2, ME1

1988 Gilbert MH 09/09 09/17 14.5 60.1 2 160 888 38.0 32.8 8.00 6.25 4.50

Joan MH 10/11 10/23 10.1 45.0 4 125 932 18.6 23.7 12.25 5.00 2.00

1989 Hugo MH 09/11 09/22 12.5 29.2 4 140 918 46.3 42.7 11.25 8.75 5.50 SC4, INC1

1992 Andrew MH 08/17 08/27 12.3 42.0 4 150 922 31.5 28.4 9.75 4.50 3.50 CFL5, BFL4, 

LA3

1995 Felix MH 08/08 08/22 15.5 36.4 4 120 929 23.7 29.4 14.00 9.25 1.75

Luis MH 08/29 09/11 11.6 29.0 4 120 935 57.3 53.5 13.50 11.75 8.00

Opal MH 09/30 10/05 21.1 88.5 1 130 919 9.8 11.1 5.00 2.75 1.00 AFL3, IAL1

1996 Edouard MH 08/22 09/03 13.2 31.6 4 125 933 54.3 49.3 12.00 10.50 7.75

Hortense MH 09/07 09/15 15.4 58.3 4 120 935 19.5 21.8 8.50 6.25 2.00

1998 Mitch MH 10/22 11/05 11.6 77.9 2 155 905 42.5 35.9 10.75 5.50 3.75

1999 Floyd MH 09/08 09/17 15.3 48.2 4 135 921 29.9 29.4 9.25 6.25 3.00 NC2

Gert MH 09/12 09/23 14.2 31.9 4 130 930 44.9 42.3 11.00 9.50 6.00

Lenny MH 11/14 11/21 16.4 79.9 2 135 933 19.7 19.9 6.75 4.75 2.00

2001 Michelle MH 11/01 11/05 15.8 83.1 2 120 934 15.7 15.7 5.00 3.50 2.00

2002 Isidore MH 09/18 09/26 17.1 78.1 2 110 934 15.0 17.8 8.75 3.75 1.75

2003 Isabel MH 09/06 09/19 13.9 32.7 4 145 915 75.2 63.3 13.25 11.75 8.00 NC2, VA1

2004 Ivan MH 09/03 09/23 9.7 30.3 4 145 910 83.5 70.4 14.75 11.50 10.00 AL3, AFL3

2005 Dennis MH 07/05 07/11 13.0 65.9 2 130 930 19.4 18.8 5.75 4.00 2.50 AFL3, IAL1

Emily MH 07/12 07/21 11.0 46.8 4 140 929 35.7 32.9 9.25 7.00 4.25

Katrina MH 08/24 08/30 24.5 76.5 3 150 902 22.1 20.0 6.00 4.00 2.25 CFL1, BFL1, 

LA3, MS3, AL1

Rita MH 09/18 09/25 22.2 72.3 3 155 897 29.5 25.1 6.50 4.25 3.25 BFL1, LA3, 

CTX2

Wilma MH 10/17 10/25 16.9 79.6 2 160 882 45.7 38.9 8.75 7.50 4.75 BFL3, CFL2

2007 Dean MH 08/14 08/22 11.8 38.3 4 150 907 40.8 35.2 8.50 6.75 4.00

Felix MH 09/01 09/05 12.1 59.4 4 150 930 22.1 18.0 4.25 3.00 2.00

2008 Ike MH 09/01 09/14 17.3 38.4 4 125 935 37.7 39.2 13.00 10.00 4.25 CTX2, LA1

2010 Earl MH 08/25 09/04 14.3 29.7 4 125 927 26.7 27.7 10.50 6.00 3.50

Igor MH 09/08 09/21 13.8 23.3 4 135 924 44.5 41.9 12.25 9.75 5.00
21

2.5 Accumulated Cyclone Energy and Power Dissipation Index

Figure 9 displays the yearly seasonal variation of (a) ACE and (b) the total Power Dissipation 

Index (PDI) for the interval 1960–2013.39–41 For each tropical cyclone in a yearly season, its ACE is 

computed as the sum of the squares of its measured maximum sustained wind speed at each of the 

four daily time points (i.e., at 0000, 0600, 1200, and 1800 hours) during its lifetime (i.e., when its wind 

speed is ≥34 kt and it is not classified as being extratropical; in units of 104 kt2). The yearly seasonal 

total ACE then is simply the sum of each of the yearly seasonal individual tropical cyclone ACEs. As 

an example, the four tropical cyclones of 1983 had individual ACE values of 6.4 (Alicia), 3.1 (Barry), 

4.3 (Chantal), and 3.6 (Dean), thus yielding a total ACE=17.4, the lowest total ACE in the interval 

1960–2013.

50

100

150

200

250 Total Power Dissipation Index (1960–2013)

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

F9

Year

Total PDI (×106 kt3) Total ACE (×104 kt2)

221.7 (2005)

mean=81.8

sd=55.7

median=70.1

1960–1994: mean=66.1

sd=45.7

1995–2013: mean=110.8

sd=61.9

(b)

50

0

0

100

150

200

250

300 Total Accumulated Cyclone Energy (1960–2013)

250.1 (2005)

17.4 (1983)

10.8 (1983)

mean=100.5

sd=59.2

median=88.0

1960–1994: mean=81.9

sd=47.2

1995–2013: mean=134.6

sd=64.8

(a)

⇒t = –3.4

⇒t = –3.0

Figure 9. Variation of (a) total ACE and (b) total PDI for the interval 1960–2013.

Akin to total ACE is the total PDI, which is simply the sum of the cubes of the measured 

maximum sustained wind speed at each of the four daily time points during the lifetimes of the 

yearly seasonal tropical cyclones (in units of 106 kt3). As an example, the four tropical cyclones of 

1983 had individual PDI values of 4.9 (Alicia), 1.7 (Barry), 2.4 (Chantal), and 1.8 (Dean), thus yielding a total PDI=10.8, the lowest total PDI in the interval 1960–2013.
22

For the total ACE, its mean measures 100.5, having sd=59.2 and a peak value of 250.1 

in 2005 (a NENY). Comparison of the two subintervals reveals that the more recent subinterval 

1995–2013 is about 64% larger (134.6) than the earlier subinterval 1960–1994 (81.9), and the difference in the means is statistically important (t=–3.4; cl>99.8%). To the eye, the total ACE appears 

to vary cyclically, being greater in the 1960s and since 1995 as compared to the 1970s and 1980s, 

although the recent trend in the total ACE may now be towards lower values. (Runs-testing, however, 

suggests that the yearly seasonal values of the total ACE vary randomly.)

For the total PDI, its mean measures 81.8, having sd=55.7 and a peak value of 221.7 in 2005. 

Comparison of the two subintervals reveals that the more recent subinterval 1995–2013 is about 68% 

larger (110.8) than the earlier subinterval 1960–1994 (66.1), and the difference in the means is statistically important (t=–3.0; cl>99.5%). As is the case for the total ACE, the total PDI appears to vary 

cyclically, being greater in the 1960s and since 1995 as compared to the 1970s and 1980s, although 

the trending for the total PDI may now be towards lower values. (In contrast to the total ACE, runstesting suggests that the yearly seasonal values of the total PDI vary nonrandomly, having z=–2.12.)

Figure 10 shows the yearly seasonal variation of (a) the highest individual storm ACE 

(HISACE) and (b) the highest individual storm PDI (HISPDI) for the interval 1960–2013. For 

HISACE, its mean measures 30.9, having sd=16.1 and a peak of 70.4 (Ivan) in 2004 (an ENY), and 

for HISPDI, its mean measures 30.8, having sd=20.2 and a peak of 83.5 (Ivan) in 2004. Comparison

of the two subintervals reveals that, while the more recent subinterval 1995–2013 is about 27% and 

33% larger in terms of HISACE and HISPDI, respectively, than the earlier subinterval 1960–1994, 

the differences in the means are not statistically important. Both HISACE and HISPDI appear to 

vary randomly. 

50

100 Highest Individual Storm PDI

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

F10

Year

HISPDI

83.5 (2004)

mean=30.8

sd=20.2

median=23.9

1960–1994: mean=27.6

sd=19.3

1995–2013: mean=36.6

sd=21.0

(b) 4.9 (1983)

50

0

0

100 Highest Individual Storm ACE

HISACE

70.4 (2004)

mean=30.9

sd=16.1

median=27.0

1960–1994: mean=28.2

sd=15.9

1995–2013: mean=35.9

sd=15.7

(a) 6.4 (1983)

⇒t = –1.7

⇒t = –1.6

Figure 10. Variation of (a) HISACE and (b) HISPDI for the interval 1960–2013.
23

Figure 11 displays scatterplots of (a) the total PDI versus the total ACE and (b) the HISPDI 

versus the HISACE. All inferred correlations have r ≥0.980 and cl»99.9%. Hence, given the yearly 

seasonal total ACE, one can easily estimate the total PDI (or vice versa), and given the yearly seasonal HISACE, one can easily estimate the HISPDI (or vice versa).

50

0

100

(b) 0 50

Alicia (1983)

Ivan (2004)

x y

HISACE (×104 kt2)

100

y = –7.138+1.228x

r = 0.980, r 2=0.961

se = 4.045, cl»99.9%

x = 6.800+0.782y

r = 0.980, r 2=0.961

se = 3.278, cl»99.9%

HISPDI (

×106 kt3)

50

0

100

200

250

150

(a) 0 50 100 150

(1983)

(2005)

x y

Total ACE (×104 kt2)

200 250 300

F11

y = –11.201+0.926x

r = 0.983, r 2=0.966

se = 10.339, cl»99.9%

x = 15.058+1.044y

r = 0.983, r 2=0.966

se = 10.739, cl»99.9%

Total PDI (

×106 kt3)

Figure 11. Scatterplots of (a) total PDI versus total ACE and (b) HISPDI versus HISACE.
24

Figure 12 depicts the variation of (a) the mean seasonal ACE (<ACE>) and (b) the mean 

seasonal PDI (<PDI>) for the interval 1960–2013. For <ACE>, its mean is 8.6, having sd=3.7 and 

extremes of 18.7 in 1961 (a NENY) and 2.7 in 2013 (a NENY). Comparison of the means for the two 

subintervals reveals that the difference in means is not statistically important (t=–0.3; cl<90%). For 

<PDI>, its mean is 6.9, having sd=3.9 and extremes of 18.3 in 1961 and 1.3 in 2013. Comparison of 

the means for the two subintervals reveals that the difference in means is not statistically important 

(t=–0.4; cl<90%). (The <ACE> or <PDI> is simply the average ACE or PDI per tropical cyclone 

within the yearly season; i.e., total ACE or PDI for a yearly season divided by the NTC for the same 

yearly season. As an example, for 1983 the four tropical cyclones had a total ACE and PDI of 17.4 

and 10.8, respectively, thus yielding <ACE>=4.4 and <PDI>=2.7.)

Mean Seasonal PDI (1960–2013)

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

F12

Year

<PDI>

1.3 (2013)

18.7 (1961)

18.3 (1961)

mean=6.9

sd=3.9

median=5.9

1960–1994: mean=6.8

sd=4.1

1995–2013: mean=7.2

sd=3.5

(b)

10

15

5

0

0

20

10

15

5

20

Mean Seasonal ACE (1960–2013)

<ACE>

2.7 (2013)

mean=8.6

sd=3.7

median=7.9

1960–1994: mean=8.5

sd=3.8

1995–2013: mean=8.8

sd=3.5

⇒t = –0.3

⇒t = –0.4

(a)

Figure 12. Variation of (a) <ACE> and (b) <PDI> for the interval 1960–2013.

Table 7 identifies the 22 tropical cyclones (all MHs except one: Ginger, 1971) that had individual ACE and/or PDI values >40. From table 7, one finds that there were 7 that occurred in the 1960s, 

2 in the 1970s, 2 in the 1980s, 4 in the 1990s, and 7 since 2000, with the last MH that occurred with 

ACE and/or PDI ≥40 being Igor in 2010. On average, one expects one such tropical cyclone about 

once every 2–3 years. Also, one finds that only two occurred in October (Mitch, 1998; and Wilma, 

2005), with the bulk occurring in August (10) and September (10).
25

Table 7. Tropical cyclones having ACE and/or PDI>40 (1960–2013).

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat. W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH

1960 Donna MH 08/30 09/13 10.3 26.9 4 140 932 76.4 64.6 13.75 11.75 9.25 BFL4, NC3, NY3, 

DFL2, CT2, RI2, 

MA1, NH1, ME1

1961 Esther MH 09/11 09/26 14.4 36.7 4 125 927 55.5 52.2 15.00 9.75 8.50

1963 Flora MH 09/29 10/12 10.0 52.8 4 125 940 49.1 49.4 13.25 12.75 6.25

1965 Betsy MH 08/29 09/11 19.2 63.4 2 135 941 48.8 47.0 12.75 11.75 7.500 CFL3, LA3

1966 Faith MH 08/22 09/06 14.3 28.0 4 110 950 40.5 45.4 15.50 14.00 1.50

Inez MH 09/24 10/10 14.8 48.7 4 130 929 55.2 54.6 16.25 13.75 6.50 BFL1

1967 Beulah MH 09/07 09/22 13.9 60.8 2 140 923 49.1 47.9 15.00 10.75 5.50 ATX3

1971 Ginger H 09/10 10/01 27.7 66.1 3 95 959 32.8 44.2 21.25 19.50 – NC1

1979 David MH 08/26 09/06 11.6 42.2 4 150 924 51.3 44.0 11.50 8.75 4.50 CFL2, DFL2, 

GA2, SC2

1980 Allen MH 08/02 08/11 11.0 42.8 4 165 899 68.6 52.3 9.50 8.00 6.50 ATX3

1989 Hugo MH 09/11 09/22 12.5 29.2 4 140 918 46.3 42.7 11.25 8.75 5.50 SC4, INC1

1995 Luis MH 08/29 09/11 11.6 29.0 4 120 935 57.3 53.5 13.50 11.75 8.00

1996 Edouard MH 08/22 09/03 13.2 31.6 4 125 933 54.3 49.3 12.00 10.50 7.75

1998 Mitch MH 10/22 11/05 11.6 77.9 2 155 905 42.5 35.9 10.75 5.50 3.75

1999 Gert MH 09/12 09/23 14.2 31.9 4 130 930 44.9 42.3 11.00 9.50 6.00

2003 Fabian MH 08/28 09/08 15.0 36.2 4 125 939 45.6 43.2 11.25 9.75 7.25

Isabel MH 09/06 09/19 13.9 32.7 4 145 915 75.2 63.3 13.25 11.75 8.00 NC2, VA1

2004 Frances MH 08/25 09/07 11.5 39.8 4 125 937 48.0 45.9 12.50 10.00 6.75 CFL2, BFL1

Ivan MH 0903 09/23 9.7 30.3 4 145 910 83.5 70.4 14.75 11.50 10.00 AL3, AFL3

2005 Wilma MH 10/17 10/25 16.9 79.6 2 160 882 45.7 38.9 8.75 7.50 4.75 BFL3, CFL2

2007 Dean MH 08/14 08/22 11.8 38.3 4 150 907 40.8 35.2 8.50 6.75 4.00

2010 Igor MH 09/08 09/21 13.8 23.3 4 135 924 44.5 41.9 12.25 9.75 5.00

2.6 Total Number of Storm Days, Hurricane Days, and Major Hurricane Days

Figure 13 displays the yearly seasonal total (a) number of storm days (NSD), (b) number of 

hurricane days (NHD), and (c) number of major hurricane days (NMHD) during the interval 1960–

2013. Within each yearly season, the NSD for a single tropical cyclone is simply the number of days 

when its maximum sustained wind speed equals or exceeds 34 kt and it is not classified as extratropical. The sum of the individual NSD for all tropical cyclones during the yearly season gives the total 

NSD for that yearly season. For the year 1983, the four tropical cyclones had individual NSD of 

2.75 days (Alicia), 3.00 days (Barry), 4.00 days (Chantal), and 4.00 days (Dean), thus yielding the total 

NSD=13.75 days for 1983. Similarly, for 1983, the total NHD=3.50 days (meaning that the maximum sustained wind speed equaled or exceeded 64 kt for 3.50 days) and the total NMHD=0.25 day 

(meaning that the maximum sustained wind speed equaled or exceeded 96 kt for 0.25 day).

For the total NSD, its mean is 58.12 days, having sd=32.44 days and a peak of 191.25 days 

in 2010 (which also happens to be the warmest year on record, based on the Global Land-Ocean 

Temperature Index42 for 1880–2013, and it was a NENY) and a minimum of 13.75 days in 1983 

(an ENY). Comparison of the means for the two subintervals reveals that the more recent subinterval 1995–2013 is about 82% longer than the earlier subinterval 1960–1994 (82.05 days versus 45.12 

days), and the difference in the means is statistically important (t=–4.23; cl>99.9%).
26

Total Number of Major Hurricane Days (1960–2013)

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

F13

Year

Total NMHD

3.25 (2013)

61.25 (1995)

24.50 (1961) mean=5.57 days

sd=5.84 days

median=4.00 days

(c)

100

50

50

1960–1994: mean=4.21

sd=5.12

1995–2013: mean=8.08

sd=6.37

⇒t = –2.43

Total Number of Hurricane Days (1960–2013)

Total NHD

mean=23.70 days

sd=14.62 days

median=21.75 days

(b)

(a)

1960–1994: mean=20.36

sd=12.75

1995–2013: mean=29.87

sd=16.13

⇒t = –2.38

191.25 (2010)

13.75 (1983)

100

150

200

50

0

0

0

Total Number of Storm Days (1960–2013)

Total NSD

mean=58.12 days

sd=32.44 days

median=52.00 days

1960–1994: mean=45.12

sd=18.91

1995–2013: mean=82.05

sd=38.60

⇒t = –4.23

Figure 13. Variation of (a) total NSD, (b) total NHD, and (c) total NMHD 

for the interval 1960–2013.

For the total NHD, its mean is 23.70 days, having sd=14.62 days and extremes of 61.25 days 

in 1995 (a NENY) and 3.25 days in 2013 (a NENY). Comparison of the means for the two subintervals reveals that the more recent subinterval 1995–2013 is about 47% longer than the earlier 

subinterval 1960–1994 (29.87 days versus 20.36 days), and the difference in the means is statistically 

important (t=–2.38; cl>95%).

For the total NMHD, its mean is 5.57 days, having sd=5.84 days and extremes of 24.50 days 

in 1961 (a NENY) and 0 days in 1968 (a NENY), 1972 (an ENY), 1986 (a NENY), 1994 (a NENY), 

and 2013 (a NENY). Comparison of the means for the two subintervals reveals that the more recent 

subinterval 1995–2013 is about 92% longer than the earlier subinterval 1960–1994 (8.08 days versus 

4.21 days), and the difference in the means is statistically important (t=–2.43; cl>98%). During the 

most recent subinterval, only the years 2012 and 2013 had NMHD<1 day.

Figure 14 shows the variation of the mean seasonal NSD (<NSD>) for the interval 

1960–2013. The <NSD> is simply the total NSD divided by the NTC for the same yearly season. As 

an example, the total NSD for 1983 is 13.75 days, and there were four tropical cyclones, thus yielding <NSD>=3.44 days per tropical cyclone in 1983, on average. For <NSD>, its mean is 4.9 days 

per tropical cyclone per yearly season, having sd=1.3 days per tropical cyclone per yearly season 

and extremes of 10.1 days per tropical cyclone per yearly season in 2010 (a NENY) and 2.5 days per 

tropical cyclone per yearly season in 1977 (an ENY). Comparison of the two subintervals reveals 

that, while the mean for the more recent subinterval 1995–2013 is about 12% longer than the mean 

for the earlier subinterval 1960–1994 (5.31 versus 4.74 days per tropical cyclone per yearly season), 

the difference in the means is not statistically important (t=–1.50; cl<90%).
27

Mean Seasonal NSD (1960–2013)

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

F14

Year

<NSD>

2.5 (1977)

10.1 (2010)

mean=4.9 days

sd=1.3 days

median=4.9 days

5

0

10

15

1960–1994: mean=4.74

sd=1.12

1995–2013: mean=5.31

sd=1.66

⇒t = –1.50

Figure 14. Variation of <NSD> for the interval 1960–2013.

Figure 15 depicts the yearly seasonal variation of the longest individual storm NSD (LISNSD) 

for the interval 1960–2013. The LISNSD is simply the longest NSD for an individual tropical cyclone 

in a yearly season. As an example, the LISNSD for the year 1983 measures 4.00 days, associated with 

both Chantal and Dean. For LISNSD, its mean is 11.76 days, having sd=3.74 days and extremes of 

21.25 days in 1971 (Ginger) and 4.00 days in 1977 (Anita) and 1983 (Chantal and Dean). Comparison of the two subintervals reveals that, while the mean for the more recent subinterval 1995–2013 is 

about 19% longer than the mean for the earlier subinterval 1960–1994 (13.09 versus 11.04 days), the 

difference in the means is only of marginal statistical importance (t=–1.92; cl>90%). (Although not 

shown, tropical cyclone Ginger in 1971 also had the longest NHD, 19.50 days, and tropical cyclone 

Ivan in 2004 had the longest NMHD, 10.00 days.)

Longest Individual Storm NSD

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

F15

Year

LISNSD

4.0 (1983)

21.25 (1971)

4.0 (1977)

mean=11.76 days

sd=3.74 days

median=12.00 days

5

0

10

25

20

15 1960–1994: mean=11.04

sd=3.74

1995–2013: mean=13.09

sd=3.45

⇒t = –1.92

Figure 15. Variation of LISNSD for the interval 1960–2013.
28

Table 8 lists the 154 (25%) tropical cyclones having NSD≥7 days that occurred in the interval 

1960–2013. Examination of the table reveals that 27 occurred in the 1960s, falling to 16 in the 1970s, 

and growing in number each decade afterwards: 25 in the 1980s, 33 in the 1990s, 37 in the 2000s, 

and 16 thus far in the 2010s. Only one event originated in June, two in December, six each in July 

and November, and 17 in October. Overwhelmingly, the vast majority originate in August (48) and 

September (74). Of the 154 events, 87 became MHs, 60 of hurricane strength only, and 7 of tropical 

storm strength only (the longest being 8.50 days: Nicholas in 2003).

Table 8. Tropical cyclones having NSD=7 days or more (1960–2013).

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat. W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH

1960 Donna MH 08/30 09/13 10.3 26.9 4 140 932 76.4 64.6 13.75 11.75 9.25 BFL4, NC3, NY3, 

DFL2, CT2, RI2, 

MA1, NH1, ME1

1961 Betsy MH 09/02 09/11 13.3 41.7 4 120 945 31.3 32.2 9.75 8.50 2.75

Carla MH 09/05 09/13 16.3 82.7 2 150 931 33.4 30.0 8.00 6.00 4.25 BTX4

Debbie MH 09/06 09/16 15.1 24.1 4 105 970 19.9 24.3 10.00 9.75 1.75

Esther MH 09/11 09/26 14.4 36.7 4 125 927 55.5 52.2 15.00 9.75 8.50

Frances MH 09/30 10/09 16.1 58.7 4 110 948 17.9 20.3 9.00 4.75 2.25

1963 Beulah MH 08/21 08/28 15.5 52.8 4 105 958 14.2 17.1 7.00 5.75 0.75

Flora MH 09/29 10/12 10.0 52.8 4 125 940 49.1 49.4 13.25 12.75 6.25

Ginny H 10/19 10/29 30.8 71.8 3 95 958 17.0 22.2 10.25 8.75 –

1964 Cleo MH 08/21 09/05 13.4 46.8 4 135 950 38.1 37.7 13.25 9.50 3.50 CFL2

Dora MH 09/01 09/14 11.7 47.0 4 115 942 32.8 35.4 13.00 8.25 4.00 DFL2

Ethel MH 09/04 09/15 18.0 37.0 4 100 969 19.2 23.9 11.25 8.50 0.50

Gladys MH 09/13 09/24 15.4 46.0 4 125 945 32.6 34.4 11.25 10.25 2.75

1965 Betsy MH 08/29 09/11 19.2 63.4 2 135 941 48.8 47.0 12.75 11.75 7.50 CFL3, LA3

Carol H 09/17 10/01 12.4 30.7 4 85 974 14.9 22.4 13.75 10.50 –

1966 Alma MH 06/06 06/13 18.1 84.2 1 110 970 11.3 14.4 7.25 4.00 0.50 AFL2

Dorothy H 07/23 07/30 31.8 41.9 5 75 989 6.9 10.9 7.25 4.50 –

Faith MH 08/22 09/06 14.3 28.0 4 110 950 40.5 45.4 15.50 14.00 1.50

Inez MH 09/24 10/10 14.8 48.7 4 130 929 55.2 54.6 16.25 13.75 6.50 BFL1

1967 Beulah MH 09/07 09/22 13.9 60.8 2 140 923 49.1 47.9 15.00 10.75 5.50 ATX3

Chloe H 09/08 09/21 22.7 38.0 5 95 958 24.5 30.6 13.00 11.00 –

Doria H 09/09 09/17 27.8 79.2 3 75 973 8.6 13.0 8.25 5.50 –

Heidi H 10/20 10/31 21.4 61.5 3 80 981 12.9 18.9 11.25 6.50 –

1968 ST1 SS/H 09/16 09/23 34.8 67.6 3 70 979 5.9 9.9 7.25 1.75 –

1969 Debbie MH 08/15 08/25 14.0 41.5 4 105 951 26.0 28.9 10.25 8.50 3.25

Inga MH 09/21 10/13 16.7 50.2 4 100 964 23.6 31.6 17.00 10.50 0.25

Kara H 10/09 10/18 27.2 73.3 3 90 978 8.6 13.2 9.25 3.50 –

1970 Unnamed H 10/21 10/28 34.8 45.8 5 65 988 4.5 8.3 7.50 0.50 –

1971 Edith MH 09/07 09/17 12.7 69.1 2 140 943 13.5 16.4 9.75 3.75 1.00 LA2

Ginger H 09/10 10/01 27.7 66.1 3 95 959 32.8 44.2 21.25 19.50 – NC1

Laura TS 11/14 11/21 16.6 82.5 2 60 994 4.7 8.6 7.50 – –

1972 Betty H 08/24 09/01 37.2 56.2 5 90 976 9.8 13.9 9.00 3.25 –
29

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat. W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH

1973 Ellen MH 09/15 09/22 14.0 25.7 4 100 962 9.5 12.8 8.25 4.25 0.25

Gilda TS 10/18 10/27 19.5 79.9 2 60 984 4.1 8.0 8.00 – –

1974 Carmen MH 08/30 09/08 17.0 67.4 2 130 928 24.7 25.6 9.50 5.75 2.75 LA3

1975 Eloise MH 09/16 09/23 19.0 65.6 2 110 955 7.5 10.6 8.00 1.75 0.50 AFL3, AL1

Faye H 09/19 09/29 20.0 39.0 5 90 977 8.3 11.8 8.25 3.50 –

Gladys MH 09/24 10/03 13.5 40.4 4 120 939 18.1 21.4 9.00 8.00 1.25

1976 Emmy H 08/22 09/04 16.2 56.0 4 90 974 23.9 30.0 13.00 10.00 –

1978 Flossie H 09/04 09/15 14.2 41.2 4 85 976 7.7 11.7 9.25 3.25 –

1979 David MH 08/26 09/06 11.6 42.2 4 150 924 51.3 44.0 11.50 8.75 4.50 CFL2, DFL2, 

GA2, SC2

Frederic MH 08/30 09/14 11.5 36.0 4 115 943 15.9 20.7 13.00 4.00 1.25 AL3, MS3

Gloria H 09/06 09/15 22.0 33.8 5 85 975 12.6 17.4 8.75 7.00 –

1980 Allen MH 08/02 08/11 11.0 42.8 4 165 899 68.6 52.3 9.50 8.00 6.50 ATX3

Frances MH 09/06 09/20 12.7 21.8 4 100 958 31.4 37.4 14.25 12.25 0.75

Ivan H 10/04 10/11 35.6 24.6 5 90 970 15.6 18.6 7.25 6.00 –

1981 Dennis H 08/08 08/21 11.3 31.3 4 70 995 2.9 6.5 9.00 0.50 –

Emily H 09/01 09/11 29.9 69.7 3 80 966 9.8 15.2 10.75 4.00 –

Floyd MH 09/04 09/12 19.0 64.0 2 100 975 11.0 13.8 8.00 3.00 1.00

Irene MH 09/23 10/02 12.5 40.8 4 105 959 19.0 22.2 9.00 6.25 1.50

1984 Diana MH 09/08 09/16 28.5 77.4 3 115 949 12.1 15.2 7.75 3.25 0.75 NC2

Hortense H 09/23 10/02 29.2 59.1 5 65 993 3.5 7.5 9.25 0.50 –

Josephine H 10/08 10/18 24.1 71.4 3 90 965 14.1 19.5 10.25 7.00 –

Klaus H 11/06 11/13 17.0 66.7 2 80 971 9.1 12.9 7.00 4.75 –

Lili H 12/12 12/24 34.5 60.5 3 70 980 9.8 16.2 11.75 2.75 –

1985 Gloria MH 09/17 09/27 14.6 28.3 4 125 920 18.6 21.2 9.25 6.25 1.50 NC3, NY3, CT2, 

NH2, ME1

Kate MH 11/15 11/23 21.1 63.8 3 105 954 16.2 19.1 8.00 5.75 1.00 AFL2, IGA1

1986 Earl H 09/11 09/18 22.4 51.6 5 90 979 16.0 19.7 8.00 7.25 –

1987 Arlene H 08/11 08/23 29.4 74.4 3 65 987 6.2 11.9 12.25 1.75 –

Dennis TS 09/10 09/17 10.8 25.0 4 45 1,000 1.5 4.1 7.50 – –

1988 Gilbert MH 09/09 09/17 14.5 60.1 2 160 888 38.0 32.8 8.00 6.25 4.50

Helene MH 09/20 09/30 13.2 33.8 4 125 938 29.9 31.5 10.25 9.00 2.50

Joan MH 10/11 10/23 10.1 45.0 4 125 932 18.6 23.7 12.25 5.00 2.00

1989 Dean H 08/01 08/09 15.8 49.3 4 90 968 11.8 15.9 8.25 6.00 –

Erin H 08/19 08/27 18.5 32.7 4 90 968 10.7 14.2 7.50 4.50 –

Felix H 08/26 09/09 17.2 22.9 4 75 979 5.5 9.7 9.25 2.00 –

Gabrielle MH 08/31 09/12 11.3 24.8 4 125 937 38.5 38.2 12.50 9.25 4.25

Hugo MH 09/11 09/22 12.5 29.2 4 140 918 46.3 42.7 11.25 8.75 5.50 SC4, INC1

1990 Gustav MH 08/25 09/03 13.3 49.0 4 105 956 19.3 23.0 9.50 7.25 1.00

Isidore H 09/05 09/17 10.0 32.7 4 80 979 12.9 19.5 12.00 8.25 –

Josephine H 09/24 10/06 19.3 34.2 4 75 980 3.6 6.6 7.00 1.50 –

Lili H 10/06 10/14 36.0 44.0 5 65 987 6.1 10.7 8.75 2.50 –

1992 Andrew MH 08/17 08/27 12.3 42.0 4 150 922 31.5 28.4 9.75 4.50 3.50 CFL5, BFL4, LA3

Bonnie H 09/18 09/30 33.7 58.0 5 95 965 17.9 23.1 12.00 5.75 –

1993 Emily MH 08/25 09/04 28.0 60.4 3 100 960 17.5 22.1 10.25 7.25 0.75 NC3

Table 8. Tropical cyclones having NSD=7 days or more (1960–2013) (Continued).
30

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat. W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH

1994 Chris H 08/17 08/23 11.7 41.2 4 70 979 4.3 7.5 7.00 2.00 –

Gordon H 11/10 11/20 14.6 82.7 2 75 980 4.3 8.4 9.50 1.00 –

1995 Felix MH 08/08 08/22 15.5 36.4 4 120 929 23.7 29.4 14.00 9.25 1.75

Humberto H 08/22 09/01 13.7 34.3 4 95 968 17.6 22.5 10.00 8.50 –

Iris H 08/22 09/04 13.3 50.6 4 95 965 16.3 22.7 12.75 7.50 –

Luis MH 08/29 09/11 11.6 29.0 4 120 935 57.3 53.5 13.50 11.75 8.00

Marilyn MH 09/13 09/22 11.8 52.7 4 100 950 17.3 21.6 9.25 7.75 0.50

Noel H 09/27 10/07 12.1 40.6 4 65 987 6.2 11.1 9.75 2.50 –

Roxanne MH 10/09 10/18 16.5 83.1 2 100 958 11.2 16.2 10.00 5.00 0.25

1996 Bertha MH 07/05 07/14 11.0 39.0 4 100 960 13.1 17.4 9.00 5.50 0.50 NC2

Edouard MH 08/22 09/03 13.2 31.6 4 125 933 54.3 49.3 12.00 10.50 7.75

Fran MH 08/27 09/06 14.6 44.9 4 105 946 18.7 22.9 10.25 7.75 2.00 NC3

Hortense MH 09/07 09/15 15.4 58.3 4 120 935 19.5 21.8 8.50 6.25 2.00

Lili MH 10/16 10/27 17.5 83.8 2 100 960 17.0 22.6 11.00 9.25 0.25

1997 Erika MH 09/03 09/15 12.3 47.1 4 110 946 22.3 26.6 12.25 7.25 2.25

1998 Bonnie MH 08/20 08/30 17.3 57.3 4 100 954 21.7 24.8 10.25 6.50 3.50 NC2

Danielle H 08/24 09/03 14.2 37.9 5 90 960 18.0 23.1 10.25 9.50 –

Georges MH 09/16 09/29 10.6 31.3 4 135 937 37.6 39.4 13.00 11.25 2.00 BFL2, MS2

Ivan H 09/20 09/27 16.0 32.6 5 80 975 6.3 9.9 7.25 3.25 –

Jeanne H 09/21 09/30 11.0 19.4 4 90 969 14.3 18.8 9.25 7.00 –

Mitch MH 10/22 11/05 11.6 77.9 2 155 905 42.5 35.9 10.75 5.50 3.75

1999 Cindy MH 08/20 08/31 13.6 26.6 4 120 942 21.3 24.6 11.00 5.25 1.75

Dennis H 08/24 09/05 22.4 70.0 3 90 962 14.5 20.2 12.00 5.75 –

Floyd MH 09/08 09/17 15.3 48.2 4 135 921 29.9 29.4 9.25 6.25 3.00 NC2

Gert MH 09/12 09/23 14.2 31.9 4 130 930 44.9 42.3 11.00 9.50 6.00

Jose H 10/18 10/25 10.9 52.8 4 85 979 6.4 10.1 7.25 2.25 –

2000 Alberto MH 08/04 08/23 12.0 22.3 4 110 950 28.1 36.9 19.25 11.75 1.00

Isaac MH 09/22 10/01 12.3 25.9 4 120 943 26.3 28.4 9.75 7.75 2.75

2001 Erin MH 09/02 09/15 13.2 37.5 4 105 968 14.4 20.1 11.00 6.00 1.00

Felix MH 09/11 09/18 18.6 47.7 4 100 962 12.3 15.2 7.25 4.50 0.50

Olga H 11/24 12/03 29.3 50.3 5 80 973 7.0 10.7 8.50 2.75 –

2002 Isidore MH 09/18 09/26 17.1 78.1 2 110 934 15.0 17.8 8.75 3.75 1.75

Kyle H 09/21 10/12 30.4 51.6 5 75 980 8.2 15.2 16.75 1.75 –

Lili MH 09/23 10/04 12.1 54.6 4 125 940 13.7 16.5 9.25 3.25 1.25 LA1

2003 Claudette H 07/08 07/16 14.8 70.0 4 75 982 5.1 9.2 8.25 0.75 – BTX1

Fabian MH 08/28 09/08 15.0 36.2 4 125 939 45.6 43.2 11.25 9.75 7.25

Isabel MH 09/06 09/19 13.9 32.7 4 145 915 75.2 63.3 13.25 11.75 8.00 NC2, VA1

Kate MH 09/27 10/07 21.0 44.2 5 110 952 17.7 21.9 10.25 6.00 1.50

Nicholas TS 10/14 10/23 10.9 41.9 4 60 990 3.5 7.3 8.50 – –

2004 Frances MH 08/25 09/07 11.5 39.8 4 125 937 48.0 45.9 12.50 10.00 6.75 CFL2, BFL1

Ivan MH 09/03 09/23 9.7 30.3 4 145 910 83.5 70.4 14.75 11.50 10.00 AL3, AFL3

Jeanne MH 09/14 09/27 16.4 62.6 2 105 951 18.4 24.2 13.00 6.50 0.75 CFL3, BFL1, 

AFL1

Karl MH 09/16 09/24 11.2 32.1 4 125 938 28.5 28.4 8.25 7.00 3.50

Lisa H 09/20 10/03 13.5 35.4 5 65 987 6.3 12.2 11.75 0.50 –

Table 8. Tropical cyclones having NSD=7 days or more (1960–2013) (Continued).
31

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat. W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH

2005 Emily MH 07/12 07/21 11.0 46.8 4 140 929 35.7 32.9 9.25 7.00 4.25

Franklin TS 07/22 07/29 25.7 75.9 3 60 997 3.2 6.7 8.00 – –

Irene H 08/07 08/18 20.2 45.0 5 90 970 8.9 13.1 8.75 3.00 –

Maria MH 09/02 09/10 21.1 49.4 5 100 962 10.3 14.3 8.00 4.75 0.25

Ophelia H 09/07 09/17 27.9 78.8 3 75 976 9.8 15.7 10.75 3.75 – NC1

Wilma MH 10/17 10/25 16.9 79.6 2 160 882 45.7 38.9 8.75 7.50 4.75 BFL3, CFL2

Epsilon H 11/29 12/08 31.5 49.2 5 75 981 8.3 13.4 9.25 5.00 –

Zeta TS 12/30 01/06 24.2 36.1 5 55 994 3.1 6.3 7.00 – –

2006 Ernesto H 08/25 09/01 13.7 65.8 2 65 985 2.8 5.7 8.00 0.25 –

Florence H 09/05 09/12 16.8 46.1 4 80 974 5.9 9.6 7.75 2.75 –

Gordon MH 09/11 09/20 20.9 56.3 5 105 955 18.3 22.2 9.50 8.00 1.25

Helene MH 09/14 09/24 12.9 31.9 4 105 955 19.4 24.3 10.75 8.25 0.75

2007 Dean MH 08/14 08/22 11.8 38.3 4 150 907 40.8 35.2 8.50 6.75 4.00

2008 Bertha MH 07/03 07/20 13.1 24.0 4 105 955 20.1 28.4 17.00 7.50 0.75

Fay TS 08/15 08/23 18.5 68.8 2 60 986 3.5 7.3 8.25 – –

Gustav MH 08/25 09/02 15.1 69.6 2 125 943 16.0 18.2 8.00 3.25 1.25 LA2

Hanna H 08/28 09/07 20.1 58.6 5 75 977 5.6 10.4 9.75 0.75 –

Ike MH 09/01 09/14 17.3 38.4 4 125 935 37.7 39.2 13.00 10.00 4.25 CTX2, LA1

2009 Bill MH 08/15 08/24 11.2 34.5 4 115 943 25.3 26.5 8.75 7.00 3.00

2010 Earl MH 08/25 09/04 14.3 29.7 4 125 927 26.7 27.7 10.50 6.00 3.50

Igor MH 09/08 09/21 13.8 23.3 4 135 924 44.5 41.9 12.25 9.75 5.00

Julia MH 09/12 09/20 13.1 22.1 4 120 948 13.0 15.5 8.00 3.50 1.25

Tomas H 10/29 11/07 9.8 55.3 4 85 982 7.6 11.9 8.75 3.00 –

2011 Irene MH 08/21 08/28 15.0 59.0 4 105 942 15.4 18.8 8.00 6.25 0.50 NC1

Katia MH 08/30 09/10 11.0 29.6 4 120 942 22.5 27.0 11.50 9.50 1.25

Maria H 09/07 09/16 11.9 37.5 4 70 983 4.8 9.2 9.00 1.00 –

Ophelia MH 09/21 10/03 12.5 39.7 4 120 940 15.9 18.7 9.75 3.50 2.00

Philippe H 09/24 10/08 11.1 26.1 4 80 976 9.3 15.9 13.75 2.50 –

2012 Ernesto H 08/02 08/10 13.0 53.6 4 85 973 5.4 9.2 8.00 1.25 –

Isaac H 08/21 08/30 15.2 53.1 4 70 965 6.1 10.8 9.50 1.50 –

Leslie H 08/30 09/11 13.8 42.6 4 70 968 7.8 16.3 12.00 3.25 –

Michael MH 09/04 09/11 26.2 43.0 5 100 964 13.5 16.7 7.50 5.25 0.25

Nadine H 09/12 10/03 17.5 44.8 4 80 978 15.6 26.3 20.75 5.25 –

Sandy H 10/22 10/29 12.7 78.7 2 100 940 12.8 16.1 8.00 5.75 – NJ1

2013 Humberto H 09/09 09/18 13.3 22.4 4 80 979 5.3 8.9 8.00 1.75 –

Table 9 lists the 62 (10%) tropical cyclones having NHD≥7 days that occurred in the interval 

1960–2013. Examination of the table reveals that 18 occurred in the 1960s, 5 in the 1970s, 7 in the 

1980s, 16 in the 1990s, 14 in the 2000s, and just 2 thus far in the 2010s. The overwhelming majority of events originated in August (23) and September (33), with only two events originating in July 

and four events in October. Some 49 of the 62 events (79%) became MHs. (Although not shown 

separately in tabular form, from table 9, one finds that only 8 events had NMHD≥7 days, including 

Donna in 1960, Esther in 1961, Betsy in 1965, Luis in 1995, Edouard in 1996, Fabian and Isabel in 

2003, and Ivan in 2004.)

Table 8. Tropical cyclones having NSD=7 days or more (1960–2013) (Continued).
32

Table 9. Tropical cyclones having NHD=7 days or more (1960–2013).

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat. W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH

1960 Donna MH 08/30 09/13 10.3 26.9 4 140 932 76.4 64.6 13.75 11.75 9.25 BFL4, NC3, NY3, 

DFL2, CT2, RI2, 

MA1, NH1, ME1

1961 Betsy MH 09/02 09/11 13.3 41.7 4 120 945 31.3 32.2 9.75 8.50 2.75

Debbie MH 09/06 09/16 15.1 24.1 4 105 970 19.9 24.3 10.00 9.75 1.75

Esther MH 09/11 09/26 14.4 36.7 4 125 927 55.5 52.2 15.00 9.75 8.50

1963 Flora MH 09/29 10/12 10.0 52.8 4 125 940 49.1 49.4 13.25 12.75 6.25

Ginny H 10/19 10/29 30.8 71.8 3 95 958 17.0 22.2 10.25 8.75 –

1964 Cleo MH 08/21 09/05 13.4 46.8 4 135 950 38.1 37.7 13.25 9.50 3.50 CFL2

Dora MH 09/01 09/14 11.7 47.0 4 115 942 32.8 35.4 13.00 8.25 4.00 DFL2

Ethel MH 09/04 09/15 18.0 37.0 4 100 969 19.2 23.9 11.25 8.50 0.50

Gladys MH 09/13 09/24 15.4 46.0 4 125 945 32.6 34.4 11.25 10.25 2.75

1965 Betsy MH 08/29 09/11 19.2 63.4 2 135 941 48.8 47.0 12.75 11.75 7.50 CFL3, LA3

Carol H 09/17 10/01 12.4 30.7 4 85 974 14.9 22.4 13.75 10.50 –

1966 Faith MH 08/22 09/06 14.3 28.0 4 110 950 40.5 45.4 15.50 14.00 1.50

Inez MH 09/24 10/10 14.8 48.7 4 130 929 55.2 54.6 16.25 13.75 6.50 BFL1

1967 Beulah MH 09/07 09/22 13.9 60.8 2 140 923 49.1 47.9 15.00 10.75 5.50 ATX3

Chloe H 09/08 09/21 22.7 38.0 5 95 958 24.5 30.6 13.00 11.00 –

1969 Debbie MH 08/15 08/25 14.0 41.5 4 105 951 26.0 28.9 10.25 8.50 3.25

Inga MH 09/21 10/13 16.7 50.2 4 100 964 23.6 31.6 17.00 10.50 0.25

1971 Ginger H 09/10 10/01 27.7 66.1 3 95 959 32.8 44.2 21.25 19.50 – NC1

1975 Gladys MH 09/24 10/03 13.5 40.4 4 120 939 18.1 21.4 9.00 8.00 1.25

1976 Emmy H 08/22 09/04 16.2 56.0 4 90 974 23.9 30.0 13.00 10.00 –

1979 David MH 08/26 09/06 11.6 42.2 4 150 924 51.3 44.0 11.50 8.75 4.50 CFL2, DFL2, 

GA2, SC2 

Gloria H 09/06 09/15 22.0 33.8 5 85 975 12.6 17.4 8.75 7.00 –

1980 Allen MH 08/02 08/11 11.0 42.8 4 165 899 68.6 52.3 9.50 8.00 6.50 ATX3

Frances MH 09/06 09/20 12.7 21.8 4 100 958 31.4 37.4 14.25 12.25 0.75

1984 Josephine H 10/08 10/18 24.1 71.4 3 90 965 14.1 19.5 10.25 7.00 –

1986 Earl H 09/11 09/18 22.4 51.6 5 90 979 16.0 19.7 8.00 7.25 –

1988 Helene MH 09/20 09/30 13.2 33.8 4 125 938 29.9 31.5 10.25 9.00 2.50

1989 Gabrielle MH 08/31 09/12 11.3 24.8 4 125 937 38.5 38.2 12.50 9.25 4.25

Hugo MH 09/11 09/22 12.5 29.2 4 140 918 46.3 42.7 11.25 8.75 5.50 SC4, INC1

1990 Gustav MH 08/25 09/03 13.3 49.0 4 105 956 19.3 23.0 9.50 7.25 1.00

Isidore H 09/05 09/17 10.0 32.7 4 80 979 12.9 19.5 12.00 8.25 –

1993 Emily MH 08/25 09/04 28.0 60.4 3 100 960 17.5 22.1 10.25 7.25 0.75 NC3

1995 Felix MH 08/08 08/22 15.5 36.4 4 120 929 23.7 29.4 14.00 9.25 1.75

Humberto H 08/22 09/01 13.7 34.3 4 95 968 17.6 22.5 10.00 8.50 –

Iris H 08/22 09/04 13.3 50.6 4 95 965 16.3 22.7 12.75 7.50 –

Luis MH 08/29 09/11 11.6 29.0 4 120 935 57.3 53.5 13.50 11.75 8.00

Marilyn MH 09/13 09/22 11.8 52.7 4 100 950 17.3 21.6 9.25 7.75 0.50

1996 Edouard MH 08/22 09/03 13.2 31.6 4 125 933 54.3 49.3 12.00 10.50 7.75

Fran MH 08/27 09/06 14.6 44.9 4 105 946 18.7 22.9 10.25 7.75 2.00 NC3

Lili MH 10/16 10/27 17.5 83.8 2 100 960 17.0 22.6 11.00 9.25 0.25
33

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat. W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH

1997 Erika MH 09/03 09/15 12.3 47.1 4 110 946 22.3 26.6 12.25 7.25 2.25

1998 Danielle H 08/24 09/03 14.2 37.9 5 90 960 18.0 23.1 10.25 9.50 –

Georges MH 09/16 09/29 10.6 31.3 4 135 937 37.6 39.4 13.00 11.25 2.00 BFL2, MS2

Jeanne H 09/21 09/30 11.0 19.4 4 90 969 14.3 18.8 9.25 7.00 –

1999 Gert MH 09/12 09/23 14.2 31.9 4 130 930 44.9 42.3 11.00 9.50 6.00

2000 Alberto MH 08/04 08/23 12.0 22.3 4 110 950 28.1 36.9 19.25 11.75 1.00

Isaac MH 09/22 10/01 12.3 25.9 4 120 943 26.3 28.4 9.75 7.75 2.75

2003 Fabian MH 08/28 09/08 15.0 36.2 4 125 939 45.6 43.2 11.25 9.75 7.25

Isabel MH 09/06 09/19 13.9 32.7 4 145 915 75.2 63.3 13.25 11.75 8.00 NC2, VA1

2004 Frances MH 08/25 09/07 11.5 39.8 4 125 937 48.0 45.9 12.50 10.00 6.75 CFL2, BFL1

Ivan MH 09/03 09/23 9.7 30.3 4 145 910 83.5 70.4 14.75 11.50 10.00 AL3, AFL3

Karl MH 09/16 09/24 11.2 32.1 4 125 938 28.5 28.4 8.25 7.00 3.50

2005 Emily MH 07/12 07/21 11.0 46.8 4 140 929 35.7 32.9 9.25 7.00 4.25

Wilma MH 10/17 10/25 16.9 79.6 2 160 882 45.7 38.9 8.75 7.50 4.75 BFL3, CFL2

2006 Gordon MH 09/11 09/20 20.9 56.3 5 105 955 18.3 22.2 9.50 8.00 1.25

Helene MH 09/14 09/24 12.9 31.9 4 105 955 19.4 24.3 10.75 8.25 0.75

2008 Bertha MH 07/03 07/20 13.1 24.0 4 105 955 20.1 28.4 17.00 7.50 0.75

Ike MH 09/01 09/14 17.3 38.4 4 125 935 37.7 39.2 13.00 10.00 4.25 CTX2, LA1

2009 Bill MH 08/15 08/24 11.2 34.5 4 115 943 25.3 26.5 8.75 7.00 3.00

2010 Igor MH 09/08 09/21 13.8 23.3 4 135 924 44.5 41.9 12.25 9.75 5.00

2011 Katia MH 08/30 09/10 11.0 29.6 4 120 942 22.5 27.0 11.50 9.50 1.25

Table 9. Tropical cyclones having NHD=7 days or more (1960–2013) (Continued).
34

2.7 Net Tropical Cyclone Activity

Figure 16 displays the yearly seasonal Net Tropical Cyclone Activity (NTCA)43 for the interval 1960–2013. The NTCA, developed by Dr. Brian McNoldy, a senior research associate at the University of Miami’s (Florida) Rosentiel School of Marine and Atmospheric Science, is a parameter 

that uses the NTC, NSD, NH, NHD, NMH, and NMHD for a specific yearly season in comparison 

to long-term averages for the base period 1950–2000 (i.e., 9.6, 49.1 days, 5.9, 24.5 days, 2.3, and 

5.0 days, respectively) to generate a percentage of relative activity. When the percentage is >100%, 

the yearly season is described as being more active than the base period, whereas when the percentage is <100%, the yearly season is described as being less active than the base period. For the interval 

1960–2013, the mean of NTCA measures 109.6%, having sd=60.7% and extremes of 278.3% in 

2005 (a NENY) and 30.5% in 1983 (an ENY). Comparison of the two subintervals reveals that the 

more recent subinterval 1995–2013 is about 67% more active than the earlier subinterval 1960–1994 

(148.3% versus 88.6%), and the difference in the means is statistically important (t=–3.9; cl>99.9%). 

As with total ACE and total PDI, to the eye, the NTCA’s behavior appears cyclic, being greater in the 

1960s and since 1995 and lesser in the 1970s and 1980s; however, runs-testing suggests that values of 

NTCA are distributed randomly (z=–1.08).

Net Tropical Cyclone Activity (1960–2013)

1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020

F16

Year

NTCA 

30.5 (1983)

278.3 (2005)

mean=109.6%

sd=60.7%

median=98.8%

50

0

100

250

300

200

150

1960–1994: mean=88.6

sd=46.6

1995–2013: mean=148.3

sd=65.6

⇒t = –3.9

Figure 16. Variation of NTCA for the interval 1960–2013.
35

3. SUMMARY

With the launch of TIROS-1 in April 1960, a new era for monitoring the Earth’s weather 

systems began, one especially well-suited for monitoring wind speeds and movements of tropical 

cyclones that form too far from the U.S. coastline for routine monitoring by reconnaissance aircraft. 

Over the years, tremendous strides have been made in instrumentation and, in particular, through 

the use of geostationary satellites for monitoring atmospheric temperature and moisture and cloud 

cover in the North Atlantic basin and in the Eastern Pacific. For the interval 1960–2013, the weather 

satellite era, some 615 tropical cyclones have been observed to form in the North Atlantic basin, 

including some 333 that became hurricanes (54%), with 132 becoming major hurricanes (21%), and 

78 tropical cyclones (13%) striking the U.S. coastline with wind speeds of at least minimal hurricane 

strength (≥64 kt), causing loss of life and billions of dollars in destruction.44 This TP has examined statistical aspects of some 25 parameters associated with these North Atlantic basin tropical 

cyclones. Part 2 (published separately) will examine the inferred statistical relationships between 

these 25 parameters and specific climate-related factors.

While the hurricane season is usually described as being the 183-day interval that spans June 1 

to November 30 of each year, in reality, its start has occasionally been earlier and its end occasionally later, although clearly the bulk of tropical cyclone activity is found to occur during the months 

of August, September, and October. Indeed, evidence has been presented that the hurricane season 

appears to be lengthening, especially during the mid-1990s to the present, with storms now occurring both slightly earlier and ending slightly later. For the interval 1960–2013, one finds that the 

LOS is inversely related to the FSD, such that if the FSD of a yearly hurricane season occurs before 

(after) DOY=177 (June 26), it is about 3 times more likely to have an LOS longer (shorter) than 

131 days, inferring that the LSD likely will occur after (before) about DOY=308 (November 4). 

Based on linear regression analysis, the inferred regression is given approximately as y=322 – 1.05x, 

with se=24 days. (As of the writing of this TP in mid-June 2014, the FSD for the 2014 season has 

not yet occurred.)

While the long-term mean for the interval 1960–2013 is about 11 tropical cyclones per yearly 

hurricane season, with sd=5 and extremes of 4 (1983) and 28 (2005), the more recent subinterval 

1995–2013 is found to be considerably more active than the preceding subinterval 1960–1994, averaging about 15 versus 9 tropical cyclones and having a lower extreme of only 8 events (1997). Also, during the more recent subinterval, it has averaged about 8 hurricanes per yearly season, as compared 

to about 5 for the previous subinterval. While true, the year 2013 saw the lowest NH for the entire 

54-year interval 1960–2013, with only 2 of the 14 tropical cyclones becoming hurricanes (PWS≥64 kt) 

and none becoming major hurricanes (PWS≥96 kt). Based on Poisson statistics for the more recent 

subinterval 1995–2013, one expects the 2014 hurricane season to have NTC=15±4 (P=76%), 

NH=8±3 (P=79%), NMH=3±2 (P=87%), and NUSLFH=2±1 (P=72%). Instead, presuming that the year 2014 will be an ENY, one expects the 2014 hurricane season to have NTC=9±3 

(P=76%), NH=5±2 (P=74%), NMH=2±1 (P=72%), and NUSLFH=1±1 (P=92%).
36

Regarding <LAT> for the overall interval 1960–2013, it has averaged 22.5° N., with sd=3.3° 

and 14 of the 19 years in the more recent subinterval 1995–2013 having <LAT> equal to or below 

the long-term median of 22.0° N. Hence, one expects the <LAT> for the 2014 season probably to be 

≤22.0° N. as well. Regarding <LONG>, it has averaged 63.5° W. (which is also the median value), 

with sd=5.8°, but with only 10 of the 19 years in the more recent subinterval 1995–2013 having 

<LONG>≤63.5° W. For the entire interval 1960–2013, one infers a strong direct correlation between 

<LAT> and <LONG>, such that when <LAT><22.0° N., one expects <LONG>≤ 63.5° W. For the 

2013 season, its values of <LAT> and <LONG> measured 21.5° N. and 58.7° W., respectively. While 

all subregions in the North Atlantic basin have shown increases in activity when comparing the 

more recent subinterval with the earlier subinterval, the regions of greatest increase are the regions 

of the Caribbean Sea (group 2) and the lower North Atlantic open ocean (group 4), with frequency 

increases of 150% and 88%, respectively.

Regarding PWS, <PWS>, LP, and <LP>, the long-term averages of these parameters are 

124 kt, 72.9 kt, 937 mb, and 980.8 mb, respectively. While both PWS and LP perhaps suggest the 

occurrences of stronger storms in the more recent subinterval 1995–2013, as compared to the earlier 

subinterval 1960–1994 (127 kt versus 123 kt and 930 mb versus 941 mb), the mean seasonal averages, as expressed by <PWS> and <LP>, are found to be either weaker (as is the case for <PWS>, 

71.9 kt versus 73.5 kt) or only slightly stronger (as is the case for <LP>, 980.1 mb versus 981.1 mb). 

Indeed, statistical testing suggests that the differences in the means are not statistically important. 

For 2013, PWS=80 kt, the second lowest PWS in the overall interval 1960–2013 and the lowest since 

1994 (95 kt); <PWS>=53.2 kt, the lowest in the overall interval; LP=979 mb, the highest LP in the 

overall interval; and <LP>=996.6 mb, the highest <LP> in the overall interval. (Recall that PWS 

and LP, as well as <PWS> and <LP>, are inversely correlated, such that strong (weak) storms tend 

to have high (low) PWS and low (high) LP, and strong (weak) yearly seasons tend to have high (low) 

<PWS> and low (high) <LP>.)

Regarding the total ACE and total PDI, the long-term averages are 100.5 and 81.8, respectively, with both having peak values (250.1 and 221.7, respectively) in 2005. While the parametric 

means for the more recent subinterval 1995–2013 are considerably higher than for the preceding 

subinterval 1960–1994 (134.6 versus 81.9 and 110.8 versus 66.1, respectively), the trend now seems to 

be towards lower values. For 2013, the total ACE and total PDI measured 37.2 (the lowest since 1994 

(32.1)) and 18.7 (the lowest since 1994 (19.2)), respectively. Because both the total ACE and total 

PDI are cumulative values based on the sums of individual storm ACE and PDI values, which are 

in themselves dependent on the duration and sustained wind speed of the yearly tropical cyclones, 

clearly, long-lived storms (i.e., those of long NSD) and storms of higher sustained wind speed produce higher individual storm ACE and PDI values, which when coupled with greater NTC, produces 

higher values of total ACE and total PDI. Since the NTC, NSD, and sustained wind speed (in the 

6-hour intervals) are greater during the more recent subinterval than during the earlier subinterval, 

obviously, this seems to explain the observed variations in the total ACE and total PDI.

To determine whether individual tropical cyclones are now actually growing stronger with the 

passage of time, one should examine the HISACE and HISPDI. For the overall interval 1960–2013, 

the HISACE and HISPDI average 30.9 (sd=16.1) and 30.8 (sd=20.2), respectively, having peaks of 

70.4 and 83.5, respectively, in 2004 (Ivan). Comparison of the two subintervals reveals that, while the 
37

more recent subinterval is about 27% and 33% larger, respectively, than the preceding subinterval, 

the differences in the means are not statistically important. Furthermore, runs-testing suggests that 

the overall variation of HISACE and HISPDI appears random.

Likewise, to determine whether individual hurricane seasons are actually getting stronger 

with the passage of time, one should examine the <ACE> and <PDI>. For the overall interval 

1960–2013, the <ACE> and <PDI> average 8.6 (sd=3.7) and 6.9 (sd=3.9), respectively, having 

extremes of 18.7 (1961) and 2.7 (2013), and 18.3 (1961) and 1.3 (2013), respectively. Comparison of 

the two subintervals reveals that, while the more recent interval is about 4% and 6% larger, respectively, than the preceding subinterval, the differences in the means are not statistically important. 

Also, runs-testing suggests that the overall variation in <ACE> and <PDI> appears random.

Examination of the total NSD, total NHD, and total NMHD reveals that their overall means 

are about 58 days (sd=32 days), 24 days (sd=15 days), and 6 days (sd=6 days), respectively. The 

longest total NSD measures 191.25 days in 2010, while the longest total NHD measures 61.25 days 

in 1995, and the longest total NMHD measures 24.50 days in 1961. Comparison of the two subintervals reveals that the means for the more recent subinterval are 82%, 47%, and 92% larger, respectively, than the means for the earlier subinterval and that the differences in the means appear to be 

statistically important. Runs-testing, however, suggests that each parameter varies randomly.

For <NSD>, one finds that its mean is 4.9 days per tropical cyclone per yearly season, having 

sd=1.3 days per tropical cyclone per yearly season, with extremes of 10.1 days per tropical cyclone 

per yearly season in 2010 to only 2.5 days per tropical cyclone per yearly season in 1977. Comparison of the two subintervals reveals that, while the mean for the more recent subinterval is about 12% 

longer than the mean for the earlier subinterval, the difference in the means is not statistically important. Furthermore, runs-testing suggests that the variation of <NSD> is random.

For LISNSD, its mean is about 11.8 days, having sd=3.7 days and extremes of 21.25 days in 

1971 (Ginger) and 4.00 days in 1977 (Anita) and 1983 (Chantal and Dean). Comparison of the two 

subintervals reveals that, while the mean for the more recent subinterval is about 19% longer than 

the mean for the earlier subinterval, the difference in the means is only of marginal statistical importance. Runs-testing suggests that the variation of LISNSD is random.

For NTCA, its mean measures about 110%, having sd=61% and extremes of 278% in 2005 

and 31% in 1983. Comparison of the two subintervals reveals that the more recent subinterval is 

about 67% more active than the earlier subinterval and that the difference in means is highly statistically important (cl>99.9%). While variation of the NTCA values hints of being cyclic in nature 

(as does the total ACE and total PDI), runs-testing suggests instead that its variation is random.
38

APPENDIX

Table 10 provides a listing of the 615 tropical cyclones by year for the interval 1960–2013 and 

a summary for each year of the 25 parameters examined in this TP. Table 11 provides a convenient 

listing of the yearly parametric values and includes statistics (means and standard deviations) and 

the results of statistical testing. For USLFH, the state where landfall occurred and the strength of 

the hurricane at landfall are given. 
39

********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH********************************************************************************************************************************1960 Unnamed TS 06/23 06/24 24.7 96.3 1 40 1002 0.2 0.6 1.00 - - Abby H 07/10 07/15 13.8 61.0 2 85 - 6.7 9.6 5.50 3.75 - Brenda TS 07/29 07/31 31.5 81.5 3 50 - 0.6 1.4 1.75 - - Cleo H 08/17 08/21 24.4 75.5 3 80 - 3.8 5.6 3.50 1.75 - Donna MH 08/30 09/13 10.3 26.9 4 140 932 76.4 64.6 13.75 11.75 9.25 BFL4, NC3, NY3, 

DFL2, CT2, RI2,MA1, NH1, ME1

 Ethel MH 09/14 09/16 23.9 90.6 1 140 981 5.5 5.3 2.25 1.00 0.50 MS1 Florence TS 09/18 09/19 21.2 66.8 3 40 - 0.3 0.9 1.75 - -********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 175, LSD = 263, LOS = 89, NTC = 7, NH = 4, NMH = 2, NUSLFH = 2, <N. Lat.> = 21.4, <W. Long.> = 71.2, PWS = 140,

<PWS> = 82.1, LP = 932, <LP> = 971.7, Total PDI = 93.5, <PDI> = 13.4, HISPDI = 76.4, Total ACE = 88.0, <ACE> = 12.6, HISACE = 64.6, Total NSD = 29.50, <NSD> = 4.21,LISNSD = 13.75,Total NHD = 18.25, Total NMHD = 9.75, NTCA = 92.9% 

********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH********************************************************************************************************************************1961 Anna MH 07/20 07/24 11.5 60.2 2 100 976 12.8 14.3 5.00 4.00 1.50 Betsy MH 09/02 09/11 13.3 41.7 4 120 945 31.3 32.2 9.75 8.50 2.75 Carla MH 09/05 09/13 16.3 82.7 2 150 931 33.4 30.0 8.00 6.00 4.25 BTX4 Debbie MH 09/06 09/16 15.1 24.1 4 105 970 19.9 24.3 10.00 9.75 1.75 Esther MH 09/11 09/26 14.4 36.7 4 125 927 55.5 52.2 15.00 9.75 8.50 Unnamed TS 09/14 09/15 34.7 77.9 3 35 - 0.2 0.6 1.25 - - Frances MH 09/30 10/09 16.1 58.7 4 110 948 17.9 20.3 9.00 4.75 2.25 Gerda TS 10/19 10/20 31.5 71.5 3 60 987 0.9 1.6 1.25 - - Hattie MH 10/27 11/01 11.6 81.5 2 140 920 25.2 21.7 5.00 3.75 3.50 Jenny H 11/06 11/08 28.8 47.0 5 70 974 2.3 3.9 2.75 1.00 - Inga TS 11/05 11/08 20.8 94.7 1 60 992 2.4 4.4 3.75 - -********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 201, LSD = 312, LOS = 112, NTC = 11, NH = 8, NMH = 7, NUSLFH = 1, <N. Lat.> = 19.5, <W. Long.> = 61.5, PWS = 150,

<PWS> = 97.7, LP = 920, <LP> 957.0, Total PDI = 201.8, <PDI> = 18.3, HISPDI = 55.5, Total ACE = 205.5, <ACE> = 18.7,HISACE = 52.2, Total NSD = 70.75, <NSD> = 6.43, LISNSD = 15.00, Total NHD = 47.50, Total NMHD = 24.50, NTCA = 230.4%

Table 10. Listing of North Atlantic basin tropical cyclones, 1960–present (the weather satellite era).
40

********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH********************************************************************************************************************************

85 - H 08/27 08/30 30.6 1962 Alma 79.7 3 986 3.6 5.2 3.25 1.50 35 - 23.3 - 4 0.4 1.2 2.50 - 

- 3.75 2.8 1.0 995 - 60 4 48.7 

 63.2 3 95 968 9.7 12.6 6.00 -4.75 

 Becky Celia Daisy Ella

 TS 08/28 08/31 19.5 TS 09/12 09/20 16.4 H 10/02 10/08 21.8

 MH 10/15 10/22 25.0 0.50 4.50 6.75 13.7 10.5 950 100 3 72.1 

********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 239. LSD = 295, LOS = 57, NTC = 5, NH = 3, NMH = 1, NUSLFH = 0, <N. Lat.> = 22.7, <W. Long.> = 57.4, PWS = 100, 

<PWS> = 75.0, LP = 968, <LP> = 974.8, Total PDI = 25.2, <PDI> = 5.0, HISPDI = 10.5, Total ACE = 35.5, <ACE> = 7.1,HISACE = 13.7, Total NSD = 22.25, <NSD> = 4.45, LISNSD = 6.75, Total NHD = 10.75, Total NMHD = 0.50, NTCA = 40.9% 

*******************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH********************************************************************************************************************************

 46.0 4 90 969 3.7 10.8 5.50 4.00 - 1963& Arlene H 08/02 08/10 11.5

0.75 Beulah MH 08/21 08/28 15.5 52.8 4 105 958 14.2 17.1 7.00 5.75 

- 59.7 5 Unnamed TS 09/11 09/14 34.8 50 992 1.4 2.9 - 3.50 

1.25 - CTX1 2.00 2.8 1.8 996 H 09/16 09/18 26.7 70 1 93.7 

 47.9 4 65 999 2.4 4.2 3.75 1.50 -

85 56.5 -3.25 4.50 7.2 5.0 990 4 

125 940 49.1 49.4 13.25 12.75 6.25 4 52.8 

3 71.8 

 Cindy Debra Edith Flora Ginny 95 958 17.0 22.2 10.25 8.75 -

45 1001 0.5 1.2 2.25 - - Helena

 H 09/21 09/24 19.9 H 09/24 09/28 12.9 MH 09/29 10/12 10.0 H 10/19 10/29 30.8

 TS 10/25 10/28 15.3 4 59.4 

*********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 214, LSD = 302, LOS = 89, NTC = 9, NH = 7, NMH = 2, NUSLFH = 1, <N. Lat.> = 19.7, <W. Long.> = 60.1, PWS = 125,

<PWS> = 81.1, LP = 940, <LP> = 978.1, Total PDI = 95.1, <PDI> = 10.6, HISPDI = 49.1, Total ACE = 117.8, <ACE> = 13.1, HISACE = 49.4, Total NSD = 52.00, <NSD> = 5.78, LISNSD = 13.25, Total NHD = 37.25, Total NMHD = 7.00, NTCA = 116.2% 

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH*********************************************************************************************************************************

- 1964# Unnamed TS 06/07 06/11 32.5 50 - 78.6 3 1.3 3.1 4.50 - 

- 57.2 5 Unnamed TS 07/31 08/02 33.7 45 - 0.7 1.6 2.00 - 

 - 94.4 1 TS 08/07 08/08 28.5

 - 64.9 3 

55 1000 0.2 0.8 0.75 -45 1006 0.8 1.9 2.50 -

 46.8 4 135 950 38.1 37.7 13.25 9.50 3.50 CFL2 47.0 4 115 942 

 Abby Brenda Cleo Dora 32.8 35.4 13.00 8.25 4.00 DFL2

0.50 37.0 4 969 19.2 

 TS 08/08 08/10 32.4

 MH 08/21 09/05 13.4 MH 09/01 09/14 11.7

 MH 09/04 09/15 18.0 100 23.9 11.25 8.50 Ethel

 Florence TS 09/08 09/10 21.4 40 - - - 2.50 1.5 0.6 5 29.4 

125 945 32.6 34.4 11.25 10.25 2.75 MH 09/13 09/24 15.4 46.0 4 

 84.2 1 941 130 20.4 18.9 LA3 2.75 3.75 5.00 MH 09/29 10/04 22.0

MH 10/13 10/16 20.0

 Glayds  Hilda  Isbell 85.0 1 110 964 9.2 9.9 3.50 2.75 1.25 BFL2, CFL2

 Unnamed TS 11/06 11/08 13.9 - 81.4 2 35 997 0.3 0.9 1.75 - *********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 159, LSD = 313, LOS = 155, NTC = 12, NH = 6, NMH = 6, NUSLFH = 4, <N. Lat.> = 21.9, <W. Long.> = 62.7, PWS = 135,

<PWS> = 82.1, LP = 941, <LP> = 968.2, Total PDI = 156.2, <PDI> = 13.0, HISPDI = 38.1, Total ACE = 170.0, <ACE> = 14.2, HISACE = 37.7, Total NSD = 71.25, <NSD> = 5.94, LISNSD = 13.25, Total NHD = 43.00, Total NMHD = 14.75, NTCA = 183.9% 

Table 10. Listing of North Atlantic basin tropical cyclones, 1960–present (the weather satellite era) (Continued).
41

Table 10. Listing of North Atlantic basin tropical cyclones, 1960–present (the weather satellite era) (Continued).

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH*********************************************************************************************************************************1965& Unnamed TS 06/14 06/15 24.1 91.1 1 45 - 0.5 1.3 2.00 - - Anna H 08/21 08/25 32.4 51.8 5 80 - 4.0 6.1 4.75 2.25 -

 MH 08/29 09/11 19.2 Betsy MH 08/29 09/11 19.2 63.4 2 63.4

 30.7 Carol H 09/17 10/01 12.4 

 Debbie TS 09/28 09/29 26.5 89.7

 H 09/17 10/01 12.4

 TS 09/28 09/29 26.5

 H 10/14 10/18 22.0

 Betsy Carol Debbie Elena 54.1 E 

*********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 165, LSD = 291, LOS = 127, NTC = 6, NH = 4, NMH = 1, NUSLFH = 1, <N. Lat.> = 22.8, <W. Long.> = 63.5, PWS = 135,

<PWS> = 76.7, LP = 941, <LP> = 973.3, Total PDI = 72.7, <PDI> = 12.1, HISPDI = 48.8, Total ACE = 84.4, <ACE> = 14.1, HISACE = 47.0, Total NSD = 39.50, <NSD> = 6.58, LISNSD = 13.75, Total NHD = 27.25, Total NMHD = 7.50, NTCA = 85.9% 

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH*********************************************************************************************************************************

66 19Alma66 19 A66 19 A 66 MH 06/06 06/13 18.1 84.2 1966 

 55.3 B ecky

 Celia

 H 07/02 07/03 35.8 H 07/14 07/21 21.3 61.8 C

 Dorothy H 07/23 07/30 31.8 D 41.9 oroth D

 Ella TS 07/24 07/28 16 Ella TS 07/24 07/28 52.2 .8 

 Faith MH 08/22 09/06 14.3 28 09/0 28.0

09/0 59.0 Greta TS 09/04 09/06 19.8 

 H 09/ 95.4 H

0/10 48.7 Inez MH 09/24 10/10 14.8 48.7 

 Judith TS 09/28 09/29 12.2 09/ 51.2

 L

 Faith MH 08/22  Greta TS 09/04 

 Hallie TS 09/21

Inez MH 09/24 1

 Judith TS 09/28

Lois H 11/06 11/11 53.5

 Ella Faith Greta Hallie Inez Judith Lois*********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 157, LSD = 315, LOS = 159, NTC = 11, NH = 7, NMH = 3, NUSLFH = 2, <N. Lat.> = 20.9, <W. Long.> = 57.4, PWS = 130,

<PWS> = 74.1, LP = 929, <LP> = 983.6, Total PDI = 113.2, <PDI> = 11.4, HISPDI = 55.2, Total ACE = 145.1, <ACE> = 13.2, HISACE = 54.6, Total NSD = 64.00, <NSD> = 5.82, LISNSD = 16.25, Total NHD = 42.00, Total NMHD = 8.50, NTCA = 139.2%

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH*********************************************************************************************************************************

 H 08/30 09/04 20.9 A1967 rlene 7 A19 67 44.8 1967 rlene 1967 

 60.8 Beulah MH 09/07 09/22 13.9 60.8 Beulah

 Chloe H 09/08 09/21 22.7 38.0

 D oria 79.2

 55.1

 Chloe Doria Edith TS 09/28 09/30 14.4 

 F 93.0 ern F 

 Ginger TS 10/06 10/07 18 18.1 .0 

 Fern Ginger Heidi

 MH 09/07 09/22 13.9

 H 09/08 09/21 22.7 H 09/09 09/17 27.8 TS 09/28 09/30 14.4

 H 10/02 10/04 21.5

 TS 10/06 10/07 18.0

 H 10/20 10/31 21.4 61.5 H 

*********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 242, LSD = 304, LOS = 63, NTC = 8, NH = 6, NMH = 1, NUSLFH = 1, <N. Lat.> = 20.1, <W. Long.> = 56.3, PWS = 140, 

<PWS> = 79.4, LP = 923, <LP> = 975.8, Total PDI = 101.5, <PDI> = 12.7, HISPDI = 49.1, Total ACE = 121.9, <ACE> = 15.2, HISACE = 47.9, Total NSD = 58.0, <NSD> = 7.25, LISNSD = 15.00, Total NHD = 36.25, Total NMHD = 5.50, NTCA = 100.8% 
42Table 10. Listing of North Atlantic basin tropical cyclones, 1960–present (the weather satellite era) (Continued).

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH*********************************************************************************************************************************

 84.8 1 65 965 3.1 5.7 5.00 0.75 - H 06/02 06/07 21.4 1968 Abby

- 1.50 5.00 76.3 3 65 6.9 4.1 990 

- - 0.50 96.6 1 60 999 0.6 0.3 - 71.3 70 3 985 3.8 6.0 4.00 2.75 

 - 55 1005 1.9 3.7 3.50 - 34.9 4 

 67.6 3 979 - 5.9 

 H 06/21 06/26 30.9

 TS 06/23 06/24 26.4 H 08/12 08/16 35.0

 TS 09/15 09/18 15.8

 SS/H 09/16 09/23 34.8 9.9 7.25 70 1.75 

 Brenda Candy Dolly Edna ST1

 - 50 1001 1.0 2.1 2.50 - Frances TS 09/26 09/29 33.2 68.2 3 

 Gladys H 10/15 10/21 19.4 AFL2, DFL1 - 5.00 6.00 10.3 6.8 965 75 1 83.3 

*********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 154, LSD = 295, LOS = 142, NTC = 8, NH = 5, NMH = 0, NUSLFH = 1, <N. Lat.> = 27.1, <W. Long.> = 72.9, PWS = 75, 

<PWS> = 63.8, LP = 965, <LP> = 986.1, Total PDI = 26.9, <PDI> = 3.4, HISPDI = 6.8, Total ACE = 45.2, <ACE> = 5.7, HISACE = 10.3, Total NSD = 33.75, <NSD> = 4.22, LISNSD = 7.25, Total NHD = 11.75, Total NMHD = 0.00, NTCA = 47.5% 

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH*********************************************************************************************************************************

 36.0 1969& Anna TS 07/27 08/03 11.2 4 60 1002 2.4 4.8 5.50 - -

75 Blanche H 08/11 08/12 32.5 - 1.00 1.25 2.2 1.6 997 3 71.1 

 82.0 1 Camille MH 08/14 08/22 19.4 165 905 29.8 23.5 6.00 3.25 2.25 LA5, MS5

8.50 10.25 28.9 26.0 Debbie MH 08/15 08/25 14.0 951 105 4 41.5 3.25

 Eve TS 08/25 08/26 29.8 - 76.0 3 50 996 0.4 1.0 1.25 -  Francelia MH 08/30 09/04 14.3 0.25 2.50 5.25 10.2 7.7 973 100 2 72.2 

 79.7 3 110 979 4.9 5.3 2.00 1.50 MH 09/08 09/10 29.7 0.50 ME1

5.5 4.00 2.25 - 3.4 984 4 48.5 75

4 50.2 100 964 23.6 31.6 17.00 10.50 0.25

H 09/15 09/18 12.7MH 09/21 10/13 16.7

 Gerda  Holly  Inga 

- Unnamed H 09/21 09/26 34.1 70.5 3 65 985 3.4 5.7 4.50 1.75 

- - 4.50 5.7 3.2 990 60 5 38.5 Unnamed TS 09/25 09/30 35.0

SS/TS 09/29 10/01 24.0 - 50 85.7 1 998 0.8 1.6 1.75 - 

 - 40 1000 0.1 0.3 0.50 - 1 82.1 

 73.3 3 90 - 3.50 9.25 13.2 8.6 978 

TS 10/02 10/03 25.5H 10/09 10/18 27.2H 10/19 10/24 21.5

 ST1  Jenny  Kara  Laurie - 89.5 1 90 973 6.0 8.5 5.25 2.75 

- 2.75 3.2 1.7 990 60 5 Unnamed TS 10/29 10/31 32.0 44.5 -

 Unnamed H 10/31 11/07 39.5 54.0 5 65 988 5.2 9.0 6.75 1.00 -

- 1.50 3.50 5.5 3.6 979 Martha H 11/21 11/24 10.3 80 2 81.0 

*********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 208, LSD = 328, LOS = 121, NTC = 18, NH = 12, NMH = 5, NUSLFH = 2, <N. Lat.> = 23.9, <W. Long.> = 65.4, PWS = 165,

<PWS> = 80.0, LP = 905, <LP> = 979.6, Total PDI = 132.6, <PDI> = 7.4, HISPDI = 29.8, Total ACE = 165.7, <ACE> = 9.2, HISACE = 31.6, Total NSD = 91.25, <NSD> = 5.07, LISNSD = 17.00, Total NHD = 40.00, Total NMHD = 6.50, NTCA = 181.2% 
43

Table 10. Listing of North Atlantic basin tropical cyclones, 1960–present (the weather satellite era) (Continued).

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH*********************************************************************************************************************************1970# Alma H 05/20 05/22 15.5 82.5 2 70 993 1.2 2.2 2.25 0.50 - Becky TS 07/20 07/22 23.3 86.4 1 55 1003 0.9 1.9 2.00 - - Celia MH 08/01 08/04 23.3 85.8 1 110 945 6.9 8.2 3.50 2.25 0.50 ATX3 Unnamed TS 08/18 08/18 37.0 72.5 3 60 992 0.6 1.1 1.00 - - Dorothy TS 08/19 08/22 12.8 50.7 4 60 996 1.7 3.5 3.75 - - Ella MH 09/10 09/13 22.0 89.0 1 110 967 5.2 6.1 2.75 2.00 0.50

 F elice TS 09/15 09/16 26.5 86.5 elice

.4 75.4 Greta TS 09/26 09/27 22 Greta TS 09/26 09/27 22.4

 65.5 U nnamed H 10/13 10/17 25.9 U  45.8 U nnamed H 10/21 10/28 34.8 U 

*********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 140, LSD = 301, LOS = 162, NTC = 10, NH = 5, NMH = 2, NUSLFH = 1, <N. Lat.> = 24.4, <W. Long.> = 74.0, PWS = 110,

<PWS> = 72.5 LP = 945, <LP> = 986.0, Total PDI = 26.5, <PDI> = 2.7, HISPDI = 6.9, Total ACE = 40.0, <ACE> = 4.0, HISACE = 8.3, Total NSD = 30.25, <NSD> 3.03, LISNSD = 7.50, Total NHD = 6.75, Total NMHD = 1.00, NTCA = 64.2% 

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH*********************************************************************************************************************************

 72.9 1971# Arlene TS 07/05 07/07 36.7 Arlene TS 07/05 07/07 36 1971# 

 Unnamed H 08/05 08/07 40.5 U 58.5

 H 08/14 08/16 34.4 B 72.3 eth B 

.3 63.5 Chloe TS 08/20 08/21 14

 77.2 D  69.1 E

 F e 92.6 ern F 

66.1 66.1 Ginger H 09/10 10/01 27.7 

 Beth Chloe Doria Edith Fern Ginger

 74.0 H 

 I 73.0 rene I 

 Janice TS 09/22 09/24 12 45.8 .0 

 52.8 K 

 TS 08/20 08/21 14.3 TS 08/27 08/28 29.2 MH 09/07 09/17 12.7

 H 09/08 09/12 26.9

 H 09/10 10/01 27.7

 TS 09/12 09/14 29.2 H 09/17 09/19 12.5

 TS 09/22 09/24 12.0 TS 10/20 10/21 33.5

 TS 11/14 11/21 16.6 82.5 L 

 Heidi Irene Janice Kristy Laura*********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 186, LSD = 325, LOS = 140, NTC = 13, NH = 6, NMH = 1, NUSLFH = 3, <N. Lat.> = 25.1, <W. Long.> = 69.3, PWS = 140,

<PWS> = 70.4, LP = 943, <LP> = 984.6, Total PDI = 66.6, <PDI> = 5.1, HISPDI = 32.8, Total ACE = 96.8, <ACE> = 7.4, HISACE = 44.2, Total NSD = 61.75, <NSD> = 4.75, LISNSD = 21.25, Total NHD = 28.75, Total NMHD = 1.00, NTCA = 97.9% 
44Table 10. Listing of North Atlantic basin tropical cyclones, 1960–present (the weather satellite era) (Continued).

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH*********************************************************************************************************************************1972& Alpha SS/TS 05/26 05/27 34.0 73.5 3 60 991 1.1 2.1 2.00 - - Agnes H 06/16 06/23 20.0 86.2 1 75 977 4.1 6.8 5.25 1.50 - AFL1, NY1, CT1 Betty H 08/24 09/01 37.2 56.2 5 90 976 9.8 13.9 9.00 3.25 - Carrie TS 08/31 09/03 32.5 72.0 3 60 993 1.6 3.4 4.00 - - Dawn H 09/06 09/12 27.3 77.9 3 70 997 3.6 6.6 6.25 1.25 - Charli SS/TS 09/20 09/21 39.5 59.0 5 55 1001 0.5 1.1 1.25 - - Delta SS/TS 11/02 11/04 34.7 48.0 5 40 1001 0.7 1.8 3.00 - -*********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 147, LSD = 309, LOS = 163, NTC = 7, NH = 3, NMH = 0, NUSLFH = 1, <N. Lat.> = 32.2, <W. Long.> = 67.5, PWS = 90,

<PWS> = 64.3, LP = 976, <LP> = 990.9, Total PDI = 21.2, <PDI> = 3.0, HISPDI = 9.8, Total ACE = 35.7, <ACE> = 5.1, 

HISACE = 13.9, Total NSD = 30.75, <NSD> = 4.39, LISNSD = 9.00, Total NHD = 6.00, Total NMHD = 0.00, NTCA = 35.1% 

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH

*********************************************************************************************************************************

3 H 07/03 07/07 27.8 A1973#lice 73# 19 66.0 1973# lice 1973# A

.0 72.5 Alfa SS/TS 07/31 08/01 35 SS/TS 07/31 08/01 35.0

 H 08/18 08/21 21.2 86.0

 Alfa Brenda B 

 30.0 Christine TS 08/28 09/03 10.5 C 

09/0 88.0 D elia TS 09/03 D

09/2 25.7 E 

0/12 62.3 F 

10/2 79.9 G 

 Delia Ellen Fran Gilda

 Ellen MH 09/15 

Fran H 10/09 1

 Gilda TS 10/18 

*********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 184, LSD = 300, LOS = 117, NTC = 8, NH = 4, NMH = 1, NUSLFH = 0, <N. Lat.> = 22.8, <W. Long.> = 63.8, PWS = 100,

<PWS> = 68.8, LP = 962, <LP> = 984.3, Total PDI = 29.4, <PDI> = 3.7, HISPDI = 9.5, Total ACE = 47.9, <ACE> = 6.0, HISACE = 12.8, Total NSD = 38.75, <NSD> = 4.84, LISNSD = 8.25, Total NHD = 10.50, Total NMHD = 0.25, NTCA = 53.6% 

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH*********************************************************************************************************************************

 1974#ST1 SS/TS 06/25 06/25 25.4 1974# 86.2 1974# ST1 SS/TS 06/25 06/25 25

ST2 45 1006 0.7 1.7 2.50 - 68.8

 S T3 70.0

 52.0 .1 Alma TS 08/13 08/15 10 69.0 B 

 Carme C armen 67.4 C

 72.0 .2 Dolly TS 09/03 09/05 30

 Elaine TS 09/09 09/13 32.3 72.1

 77.8 F 

 SS/TS 07/17 07/19 35.0 SS/TS 08/10 08/15 38.0

 TS 08/13 08/15 10.1

 MH 08/28 09/02 32.1

 MH 08/30 09/08 17.0

 TS 09/03 09/05 30.2

 TS 09/09 09/13 32.3

 H 09/16 09/22 17.0

 ST2 ST3 Alma Becky Carmen Dolly Elaine Fifi Gertrude H 09/28 10/02 10.8 G ertru 51.8

.8 ST4 SS/TS 10/06 10/08 23 ST4 SS/TS 10/06 10/08 23.8 77.0

*********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 176, LSD = 281, LOS = 106, NTC = 11, NH = 4, NMH = 2, NUSLFH = 1, <N. Lat.> = 24.7, <W. Long.> = 69.5, PWS = 130,

<PWS> = 67.7, LP = 928, <LP> = 990.2, Total PDI = 54.2, <PDI> = 4.9, HISPDI = 24.7, Total ACE = 68.2, <ACE> = 6.2, HISACE = 25.6, Total NSD = 42.25, <NSD> = 3.84, LISNSD = 9.50, Total NHD = 14.25, Total NMHD = 4.25, NTCA = 83.1% 
45

Table 10. Listing of North Atlantic basin tropical cyclones, 1960–present (the weather satellite era) (Continued).

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH*********************************************************************************************************************************1975# Amy TS 06/29 07/04 34.4 75.8 3 60 981 3.6 6.5 5.50 - - Blanche H 07/26 07/28 32.2 74.6 3 75 980 2.2 3.4 2.25 1.25 - Caroline MH 08/29 08/31 23.1 92.6 1 100 963 4.3 5.4 2.75 1.75 0.50 Doris H 08/28 09/04 33.3 46.3 5 95 965 10.9 13.8 6.75 4.00 - Eloise MH 09/16 09/23 19.0 65.6 2 110 955 7.5 10.6 8.00 1.75 0.50 AFL3, AL1 Faye H 09/19 09/29 20.0 39.0 5 90 977 8.3 11.8 8.25 3.50 - Gladys MH 09/24 10/03 13.5 40.4 4 120 939 18.1 21.4 9.00 8.00 1.25 Hallie TS 10/26 10/27 32.5 78.7 3 45 1002 0.3 0.7 1.00 - - ST2 SS/TS 12/09 12/12 41.6 42.9 5 60 985 1.2 2.5 3.00 - -*********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 180, LSD = 346, LOS = 167, NTC = 9, NH = 6, NMH = 3, NUSLFH = 1, <N. Lat.> = 27.7, <W. Long.> = 61.8, PWS = 120,

<PWS> = 83.9, LP = 939, <LP> = 971.9, Total PDI = 56.4, <PDI> = 6.3, HISPDI = 18.1, Total ACE = 76.1, <ACE> = 8.5,

HISACE = 21.4, Total NSD = 46.50, <NSD> = 5.17, LISNSD = 9.00, Total NHD = 20.25, Total NMHD = 2.25, NTCA = 91.4%

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH*********************************************************************************************************************************

- SS/TS 05/23 05/25 26.3 1976 ST1 - 89.0 1 45 994 0.8 3.00 2.0 

- 42.0 5 40 999 0.5 1.3 2.50 - TS 07/30 08/01 29.8

 MH 08/07 08/10 25.6 73.2 

 Anna Belle 3 105 957 8.4 9.5 3.75 2.25 0.75 NY1

 67.5 3 80 Candice H 08/18 08/24 33.4 - 964 5.7 8.8 6.00 3.50 

 81.7 1 45 996 0.4 Dottie TS 08/19 08/21 25.0 - 1.0 1.75 - 

90 974 23.9 30.0 13.00 10.00 - Emmy H 08/22 09/04 16.2 56.0 4 

100 Frances MH 08/28 09/04 14.7 5.50 6.75 14.7 11.6 963 4 0.25 45.3 

 - 81.2 3* 40 1011 0.2 0.7 1.25 - SS/TS 09/14 09/15 31.0

 58.0 3 90 8.2 11.5 6.75 3.00 - 970 

 58.0 3 65 990 2.3 4.5 5.00 1.00 -

 ST3  Gloria  Holly 

H 09/27 10/04 25.7H 10/23 10/28 22.5

*********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 144, LSD = 302, LOS = 159, NTC = 10, NH = 6, NMH = 2, NUSLFH = 1, <N. Lat.> = 25.0, <W. Long.> = 65.2, PWS = 105,

<PWS> = 70.0, LP = 957, <LP> = 981.8, Total PDI = 62.0, <PDI> = 6.2, HISPDI = 23.9, Total ACE = 84.0, <ACE> = 8.4,HISACE = 30.0, Total NSD = 49.75, <NSD> = 4.98, LISNSD = 13.00, Total NHD = 25.25, Total NMHD = 1.00, NTCA = 86.2% 

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH*********************************************************************************************************************************1977& Anita MH 08/30 09/03 26.8 89.8 1 150 926 13.6 12.8 4.00 3.25 1.00

- LA1 0.50 2.25 2.3 1.3 995 65 1 88.5 

- 0.75 3.50 3.7 

 H 09/03 09/05 27.6

 H 09/08 09/11 35.1 2.0 993 65 3 71.7 

 Babe Clara Dorothy H 09/27 09/29 30.9 3.4 2.25 1.25 - 2.2 980 75 3 65.8 

2.4 1.5 994 3 Evelyn H 10/14 10/15 30.9 70 1.75 1.00 64.9 -

 Frieda TS 10/17 10/18 17.2 50 1005 0.3 0.8 1.00 - 83.9 2 -

*********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 242, LSD = 291, LOS = 50, NTC = 6, NH = 5, NMH = 1, NUSLFH = 1, <N. Lat.> = 28.1, <W. Long.> = 77.4, PWS = 150, 

<PWS> = 79.2, LP = 926, <LP> = 982.2, Total PDI = 20.9, <PDI> = 3.5, HISPDI = 13.6, Total ACE = 25.4, <ACE> = 4.2,HISACE = 12.8, Total NSD = 14.75, <NSD> = 2.46, LISNSD = 4.00, Total NHD = 6.75, Total NMHD = 1.00, NTCA = 44.7%
46Table 10. Listing of North Atlantic basin tropical cyclones, 1960–present (the weather satellite era) (Continued).

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH*********************************************************************************************************************************1978 ST1 SS/TS 01/19 01/22 23.5 47.6 5 40 1002 0.6 1.7 3.00 - - Amelia TS 07/31 07/31 26.4 97.4 1 45 1005 0.2 0.5 0.75 - - Bess TS 08/06 08/08 23.9 94.0 1 45 1005 0.5 1.2 1.75 - - Cora H 08/08 08/11 14.0 41.5 4 80 980 2.8 4.4 3.00 1.25 - Debra TS 08/28 08/29 28.7 94.1 1 50 1000 0.2 0.4 0.50 - - Ella MH 08/30 09/05 27.3 63.1 3 120 956 18.7 19.2 6.00 5.00 2.50 Flossie H 09/04 09/15 14.2 41.2 4 85 976 7.7 11.7 9.25 3.25 - Greta MH 09/14 09/19 12.5 67.5 2 115 947 10.3 11.6 5.00 2.75 1.00 Hope TS 09/15 09/21 32.9 64.8 3 55 987 2.6 5.4 6.50 - - Irma TS 10/04 10/05 35.1 31.5 5 45 1001 0.4 0.9 1.25 - -

 Juliet TS 10/08 10/11 18.8 58.7 Juliet TS 10/08 10/11 18

 Kendra H 10/29 11/01 24.2 K 73.2 K 

*********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 212, LSD = 305, LOS = 94, NTC = 12, NH = 5, NMH = 2, NUSLFH = 0, <N. Lat.> = 23.5, <W. Long.> = 64.6, PWS = 120,

<PWS> = 66.3, LP = 947, <LP> = 987.9, Total PDI = 47.2, <PDI> = 3.9, HISPDI = 18.7, Total ACE = 63.2, <ACE> = 5.3HISACE = 19.2, Total NSD = 43.50, <NSD> = 3.63, LISNSD = 9.25, Total NHD = 13.50, Total NMHD = 3.50, NTCA = 85.1%(ST1 is a statistical outlier)

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH*********************************************************************************************************************************

 54.7 1979 Ana TS 06/22 06/23 14.2 1979 Ana TS 06/22 06/23 14 1979  93.8 B ob 

 60.3 C 

 David MH 08/26 09/06 11.6 42.2 4 150 9 42.2

 Bob H 07/10 07/11 23.5 Claudette TS 07/17 07/25 17.8 David MH 08/26 09/06 11.6

SC2

 91.8 Elena TS 08/30 09/01 26.8 Elena TS 08/30 09/01 26.8

 36.0 Frederic MH 08/30 09/14 11.5 36.0 4 Frederic MH 08/30 09/14 11.5

 09/ 33.8 Gloria H 09/06 G 

 H09/1 92.2

 Gloria Henri ST1

 Henri H 09/16  ST1 SS/H 10/24 10 S/25 64.0

*********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 173, LSD = 298, LOS = 126, NTC = 9, NH = 6, NMH = 2, NUSLFH = 3, <N. Lat.> = 20.5, <W. Long.> = 63.2, PWS = 150,

<PWS> = 76.1, LP = 924, <LP> = 977.4, Total PDI = 85.3, <PDI> = 9.5, HISPDI = 51.9, Total ACE = 92.9, <ACE> = 10.3,HISACE = 44.0, Total NSD = 45.75, <NSD> = 5.08, LISNSD = 13.00, Total NHD = 21.75, Total NMHD = 5.75, NTCA = 103.8% 
47

Table 10. Listing of North Atlantic basin tropical cyclones, 1960–present (the weather satellite era) (Continued).

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH*********************************************************************************************************************************1980 Allen MH 08/02 08/11 11.0 42.8 4 165 899 68.6 52.3 9.50 8.00 6.50 ATX3 Bonnie H 08/14 08/19 14.7 37.3 4 85 975 6.0 8.8 5.25 3.75 - Charley H 08/21 08/25 34.0 68.0 3 70 989 2.9 5.1 4.50 1.25 - Danielle TS 09/05 09/06 29.4 93.4 1 50 1004 0.2 0.5 0.75 - - Earl H 09/05 09/10 17.8 26.7 4 65 985 3.8 6.7 5.75 2.25 - Frances MH 09/06 09/20 12.7 21.8 4 100 958 31.4 37.4 14.25 12.25 0.75 Georges H 09/07 09/08 34.4 67.9 3 70 993 1.8 2.8 2.00 1.00 - Hermine TS 09/21 09/25 15.1 81.6 2 60 993 2.3 4.5 4.50 - - Ivan H 10/04 10/11 35.6 24.6 5 90 970 15.6 18.6 7.25 6.00 - Jeanne H 11/09 11/14 20.8 85.1 1 85 986 4.5 7.4 5.50 1.50 - Karl H 11/25 11/27 36.0 46.0 5 75 985 3.5 5.2 3.00 2.25 -*********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 215, LSD = 332, LOS = 118, NTC = 11, NH = 9, NMH = 2, NUSLFH = 1, <N. Lat.> = 23.8, <W. Long.> = 54.1, PWS = 165,

<PWS> = 83.2, LP = 899, <LP> = 976.1, Total PDI = 141.6, <PDI> = 12.9, HISPDI = 68.6, Total ACE = 149.3, <ACE> = 13.6,HISACE = 52.3, Total NSD = 62.25, <NSD> = 5.66, LISNSD = 14.25, Total NHD = 38.25, Total NMHD = 7.25, NTCA = 130.3%

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH

*********************************************************************************************************************************

 TS 05/07 05/08 19.0 1981 Arlene 1 198 A 80.6 1981 A

 65.0 B ret B

.7 Cindy TS 08/03 08/05 38 64.9

 31.3 D  69.7 E  64.0 F 

 G 60.6

 H 56.3

 40.8 I  46.6 J

 TS 06/29 07/01 36.0

 TS 08/03 08/05 38.7

 H 08/08 08/21 11.3

 H 09/01 09/11 29.9 MH 09/04 09/12 19.0

 H 09/08 09/14 15.6

 MH 09/12 09/19 19.4

 MH 09/23 10/02 12.5

 TS 10/30 11/01 27.7

 Bret Cindy Dennis Emily Floyd Gert Harvey Irene Jose Katrina H 11/04 11/07 18.3 K 81.4

 ST3 SS/TS 11/12 11/17 31.0 S 74.0*********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 127, LSD = 321, LOS = 195, NTC= 12, NH = 7, NMH = 3, NUSLFH = 0, <N. Lat.> = 23.2, <W. Long.> = 61.3, PWS = 115,

<PWS> = 75.0, LP = 946, <LP> = 981.8, Total PDI = 72.8, <PDI> = 6.1, HISPDI = 19.0, Total ACE = 100.4, <ACE> = 8.4, HISACE = 22.2,, Total NSD = 66.00, <NSD> = 5.50, LISNSD = 10.75Total NHD = 22.50, Total NMHD = 3.75, NTCA = 112.6% 
48Table 10. Listing of North Atlantic basin tropical cyclones, 1960–present (the weather satellite era) (Continued).

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH*********************************************************************************************************************************1982& Alberto H 06/03 06/04 22.8 85.0 1 75 985 1.2 2.1 1.75 0.50 - ST1 SS/TS 06/18 06/20 28.7 82.8 1 60 984 1.8 3.0 2.25 - - Beryl TS 08/28 09/02 13.9 22.7 4 60 989 2.9 5.3 5.00 - - Chris TS 09/10 09/11 27.3 94.2 1 55 994 0.6 1.3 1.50 - - Debby MH 09/14 09/20 23.5 71.9 3 115 950 16.6 18.2 6.25 5.25 1.25 Ernesto TS 10/01 10/02 26.5 67.8 3 60 997 0.8 1.6 1.75 - -*********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 154, LSD = 275, LOS = 122, NTC = 6, NH = 2, NMH = 1, NUSLFH = 0, <N. Lat.> = 23.8, <W. Long.> = 70.7, PWS = 115,

<PWS> = 70.8, LP = 950, <LP> = 983.2, Total PDI = 23.9, <PDI> = 2.7, HISPDI = 16.6, Total ACE = 31.5, <ACE> = 5.3, HISACE = 18.2, Total NSD = 18.50, <NSD> = 3.08, LISNSD = 6.25, Total NHD = 5.75, Total NMHD = 1.25, NTCA = 37.7% 

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH*********************************************************************************************************************************1983& Alicia MH 08/15 08/19 27.2 91.0 1 100 963 4.9 6.4 2.75 1.75 0.25 CTX3 Barry H 08/24 08/29 27.4 76.3 3 70 986 1.7 3.1 3.00 0.50 - Chantal H 09/11 09/14 31.6 63.3 3 65 994 2.4 4.3 4.00 1.25 - Dean TS 09/26 09/30 28.0 73.0 3 55 999 1.8 3.6 4.00 - -*********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 227, LSD = 273, LOS = 47, NTC = 4, NH = 3, NMH = 1, NUSLFH = 1, <N. Lat.> = 28.6, <W. Long.> = 75.9, PWS = 100, 

<PWS> = 72.5, LP = 963, <LP> = 985.5, Total PDI = 10.8, <PDI> = 2.7, HISPDI = 4.9, Total ACE = 17.4, <ACE> = 4.4, HISACE = 6.4, Total NSD = 13.75, <NSD> = 3.44, LISNSD = 4.00, Total NHD = 3.50, Total NMHD = 0.25, NTCA = 30.5% 

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH*********************************************************************************************************************************

 SS/TS 08/19 08/21 38.0 1984 ST1 56.4 1984 

 55.0 45.3

 ST1 SS/TS 08/19 08/21 38 1984 

Arthu 45 1004 0.5 1.3 2.25 -Berth 35 1007 0.2 0.5 1.00 -

 65.0 C 

 77.4

 TS 08/29 08/31 11.2 TS 08/31 09/01 14.9

 TS 08/31 09/02 38.9 MH 09/08 09/16 28.5

 Arthur Bertha Cesar Diana Diana

 E douard TS 09/14 09/15 20.5 96.2

 24.8 ran Fran TS 09/16 09/20 14.8 F 

 Gustav TS 09/18 09/19 32.1 Gustav TS 09/18 09/19 32 64.7 .1 

 59.1 H ortense H 09/23 10/02 29.2

 Isidore TS 09/26 09/30 24.7 I 77.0

 Josephine H 10/08 10/18 24.1 71.4 J  Klaus H 11/06 11/13 17.0 66.7 K  Lili H 12/12 12/24 34.5 60.5 L *********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 232, LSD = 359, LOS = 128, NTC = 13, NH = 5, NMH = 1, NUSLFH = 1, <N. Lat.> = 25.3, <W. Long.> = 63.0, PWS = 115,

<PWS> = 61.9, LP = 949, <LP> = 989.2, Total PDI = 54.2, <PDI> = 4.2, HISPDI = 14.1, Total ACE = 84.4, <ACE> = 6.5,HISACE = 19.5, Total NSD = 63.25, <NSD> = 4.87, LISNSD = 11.75, Total NHD = 18.25, Total NMHD = 0.75, NTCA = 80.3%
49

Table 10. Listing of North Atlantic basin tropical cyclones, 1960–present (the weather satellite era) (Continued).

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH*********************************************************************************************************************************1985# Ana TS 07/16 07/19 31.3 66.6 3 60 996 1.0 2.1 2.50 - - Bob H 07/22 07/25 26.2 83.8 1 65 1002 1.5 2.8 3.00 0.50 - SC1 Claudette H 08/11 08/16 34.0 74.0 3 75 980 4.2 7.2 6.00 1.75 - Danny H 08/14 08/16 23.7 87.8 1 80 988 2.3 3.5 2.50 1.00 - LA1 Elena MH 08/28 09/03 22.6 80.0 1* 110 953 14.4 15.8 5.50 4.25 1.50 AL3, MS3, AFL3 Fabian TS 09/16 09/19 26.0 66.5 3 55 994 1.8 3.3 3.00 - - Gloria MH 09/17 09/27 14.6 28.3 4 125 920 18.6 21.2 9.25 6.25 1.50 NC3, NY3, CT2, 

NH2, ME1

 Henri TS 09/23 09/24 35.3 74.3 3 50 996 0.5 1.1 1.75 - - Isabel TS 10/07 10/10 18.5 70.5 2 60 997 2.0 3.8 3.75 - - Juan H 10/26 11/01 23.8 92.5 1 75 971 5.0 8.1 6.00 1.75 - LA1 Kate MH 11/15 11/23 21.1 63.8 3 105 954 16.2 19.1 8.00 5.75 1.00 AFL2, IGA1*********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 197, LSD = 327, LOS = 131, NTC = 11, NH = 7, NMH = 3, NUSLFH = 6, <N. Lat.> = 25.2, <W. Long.> = 71.6, PWS = 125,

<PWS> = 78.2, LP = 920, <LP> = 977.4, Total PDI = 67.5, <PDI> = 6.1, HISPDI = 18.6, Total ACE = 88.0, <ACE> = 8.0,HISACE = 21.2, Total NSD = 51.25, <NSD> = 4.66, LISNSD = 9.25, Total NHD = 21.25, Total NMHD = 4.00, NTCA = 105.8% 

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH*********************************************************************************************************************************1986 Andrew TS 06/06 06/08 29.7 77.5 3 45 999 0.9 2.2 3.00 - - Bonnie H 06/24 06/26 26.6 89.5 1 75 992 1.8 2.9 2.25 1.00 - CTX1 Charley H 08/15 08/20 32.2 78.5 3 70 987 3.1 5.6 5.25 1.00 - NC1 Danielle TS 09/07 09/09 11.2 55.8 4 50 1000 0.7 1.6 2.00 - - Earl H 09/11 09/18 22.4 51.6 5 90 979 16.0 19.7 8.00 7.25 - Frances H 11/19 11/21 23.9 62.9 3 75 1000 2.4 3.8 2.75 1.25 -*********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 157, LSD = 325, LOS = 169, NTC = 6, NH = 4, NMH = 0, NUSLFH = 2, <N. Lat.> = 24.3, <W. Long.> = 69.3, PWS = 90, 

<PWS> = 67.5, LP = 979, <LP> = 992.8, Total PDI = 24.9, <PDI> = 4.2, HISPDI = 16.0, Total ACE = 35.8, <ACE> = 6.0,HISACE = 19.7, Total NSD = 23.25, <NSD> = 3.88, LISNSD = 8.00, Total NHD = 10.50, Total NMHD = 0.00, NTCA = 36.8% 

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH*********************************************************************************************************************************1987& Unnamed TS 08/09 08/10 27.3 94.0 1987& Unnamed TS 08/09 08/10 27 1987& 

 A rlene H 08/11 08/ 74.4 A rlene 

.1 8/22 26.0

09/1 39.3 .6 

.8 

 Bret TS 08/18 08/22 15 Cindy TS 09/07 09/10 24 Dennis TS 09/10 09/17 10 09/ 25.0

 E09/2 56.4

Bret TS 08/18 0

 Cindy TS 09/07 

 Dennis TS 09/10

 Emily MH 09/20  Floyd H 10/10 

 Arlene Bret Cindy Dennis Emily Floyd F10/1 82.2

*********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 221, LSD = 286, LOS = 66, NTC = 7, NH = 3, NMH = 1, NUSLFH = 1, <N. Lat.> = 19.2, <W. Long.> = 56.8, PWS = 110, 

<PWS> = 59.3, LP = 958, <LP> = 992.3, Total PDI = 19.0, <PDI> = 2.7, HISPDI = 7.7, Total ACE = 34.4, <ACE> = 4.9, HISACE = 11.9, Total NSD = 37.25, <NSD> = 5.32, LISNSD = 12.25, Total NHD = 4.00, Total NMHD = 0.50, NTCA = 44.9% 
50Table 10. Listing of North Atlantic basin tropical cyclones, 1960–present (the weather satellite era) (Continued).

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH*********************************************************************************************************************************1988# Alberto TS 08/07 08/08 41.5 69.0 3* 35 1002 0.2 0.5 1.00 - - Beryl TS 08/08 08/09 29.7 89.4 1 45 1001 0.4 1.1 1.50 - - Chris TS 08/28 08/28 28.2 80.0 3* 45 1005 0.2 0.5 0.75 - - Debby H 09/02 09/03 20.7 95.2 1 65 987 0.7 1.6 1.50 0.50 - Ernesto TS 09/03 09/05 35.2 53.1 5 55 994 0.6 1.3 1.50 - - Unnamed TS 09/07 09/09 13.8 18.5 4 50 994 0.8 1.7 2.25 - - Florence H 09/07 09/10 22.7 90.2 1 70 983 1.7 3.0 2.75 0.50 - LA1 Gilbert MH 09/09 09/17 14.5 60.1 2 160 888 38.0 32.8 8.00 6.25 4.50 Helene MH 09/20 09/30 13.2 33.8 4 125 938 29.9 31.5 10.25 9.00 2.50 Isaac TS 09/30 10/01 11.4 56.0 4 40 1005 0.1 0.4 0.75 - - Joan MH 10/11 10/23 10.1 45.0 4 125 932 18.6 23.7 12.25 5.00 2.00 Keith TS 11/20 11/24 17.8 84.5 2 60 985 2.7 5.0 4.25 - -*********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 220, LSD = 329, LOS = 110, NTC = 12, NH = 5, NMH = 3, NUSLFH = 1, <N. Lat.> = 21.6, <W. Long.> = 64.6, PWS = 160,

<PWS> = 72.9, LP = 888, <LP> = 976.2, Total PDI = 93.9, <PDI> = 7.8, HISPDI = 38.0, Total ACE = 103.1, <ACE> = 8.6, HISACE = 32.8, Total NSD = 46.75, <NSD> = 3.90, LISNSD = 12.25, Total NHD = 21.25, Total NMHD = 9.00, NTCA = 117.0% 

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH*********************************************************************************************************************************1989 Allison TS 06/26 06/27 27.8 95.8 1 45 999 0.4 0.9 1.50 - - Barry TS 07/11 07/13 17.7 48.2 4 45 1005 0.7 1.8 2.75 - - Chantal H 07/31 08/02 25.4 91.0 1 70 984 1.5 2.5 2.00 0.75 - CTX1 Dean H 08/01 08/09 15.8 49.3 4 90 968 11.8 15.9 8.25 6.00 - Erin H 08/19 08/27 18.5 32.7 4 90 968 10.7 14.2 7.50 4.50 -

 22.9 F elix H 08/26 09/09 17.2

 Gabrielle MH 08/31 09/12 11.3 G abrie 24.8

9/22 29.2 Hugo MH 09/11 09/22 12.5 29.2 4 Hugo MH 09/11 0

9/20 53.2 Iris TS 09/18 09/20 11.9 

 J erry J erry 10/1 93.0

12/0 84.2 .8 

 Hugo Iris Jerry Karen

Iris TS 09/18 0

 Jerry H 10/13  Karen TS 11/30 Karen TS 11/30 12/04 20

*********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 177, LSD = 338, LOS = 162, NTC = 11, NH = 7, NMH = 2, NUSLFH = 3, <N. Lat.> = 18.1, <W. Long.> = 56.8, PWS = 135,

<PWS> = 78.6, LP = 923, <LP> = 976.5, Total PDI = 119.9, <PDI> = 10.9, HISPDI = 46.3, Total ACE = 135.0, <ACE> = 12.3HISACE = 42.7, Total NSD = 65.75, <NSD> = 5.98, LISNSD = 12.50, Total NHD = 31.75, Total NMHD = 9.75, NTCA = 129.8% 
51

Table 10. Listing of North Atlantic basin tropical cyclones, 1960–present (the weather satellite era) (Continued).

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH*********************************************************************************************************************************1990 Arthur TS 07/24 07/27 10.5 56.8 4 60 995 1.1 2.3 2.75 - - Bertha H 07/28 08/02 28.6 75.8 3 70 973 5.0 7.9 5.25 3.50 - Cesar TS 08/02 08/06 15.4 32.3 4 45 1000 1.5 3.4 4.50 - - Diana H 08/05 08/08 16.6 83.6 2 85 980 2.6 4.3 3.50 0.75 - Edouard TS 08/03 08/10 39.2 23.3 5 40 1003 0.6 1.6 3.00 - - Fran TS 08/13 08/14 9.0 53.6 4 35 1007 0.2 0.5 1.00 - - Gustav MH 08/25 09/03 13.3 49.0 4 105 956 19.3 23.0 9.50 7.25 1.00 Hortense TS 08/26 08/29 14.4 40.0 4 55 993 1.6 3.3 3.75 - - Isidore H 09/05 09/17 10.0 32.7 4 80 979 12.9 19.5 12.00 8.25 - Josephine H 09/24 10/06 19.3 34.2 4 75 980 3.6 6.6 7.00 1.50 - Klaus H 10/03 10/09 16.2 59.6 4 70 985 3.4 6.1 5.50 0.75 - Lili H 10/06 10/14 36.0 44.0 5 65 987 6.1 10.7 8.75 2.50 - Marco TS 10/10 10/11 24.1 82.0 1 55 989 0.7 1.4 1.75 - - Nana H 10/16 10/20 22.1 62.1 3 75 989 4.0 6.2 4.25 2.25 -*********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 205, LSD = 293, LOS = 89, NTC = 14, NH = 8, NMH = 1, NUSLFH = 0, <N. Lat.> = 19.6, <W. Long.> = 52.1, PWS = 105,

<PWS> = 65.4, LP = 956, <LP> = 987.1, Total PDI = 62.6, <PDI> = 4.5, HISPDI = 19.3, Total ACE = 96.8, <ACE> = 6.9,HISACE = 23.0, Total NSD = 72.50, <NSD> = 5.18, LISNSD = 12.00, Total NHD = 26.75, Total NMHD = 1.00, NTCA = 100.3%, 

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH*********************************************************************************************************************************1991& Ana TS 07/04 07/05 36.2 70.7 3 45 1000 0.5 1.3 1.75 - - Bob MH 08/16 08/20 26.4 75.8 3 100 950 5.7 8.0 4.00 2.25 0.25 NY2, CT2, RI2,

MA2 

 Claudette MH 09/05 09/11 26.2 56.0 5 115 946 12.0 14.0 6.25 3.75 1.00 Danny TS 09/08 09/11 10.3 35.0 4 45 998 0.9 2.1 3.00 - - Erika TS 09/09 09/12 29.3 53.1 5 50 997 0.9 2.0 2.50 - - Fabian TS 10/15 10/16 20.3 84.1 1 40 1002 0.3 0.8 1.25 - - Grace H 10/26 10/29 27.2 65.5 3 85 980 3.2 5.0 3.50 1.75 - Unnamed H 10/31 11/02 36.7 71.5 5 65 980 1.5 2.5 2.00 0.50 -*********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 185, LSD = 306, LOS = 122, NTC = 8, NH = 4, NMH = 2, NUSLFH = 1, <N. Lat.> = 26.6, <W. Long.> = 64.0, PWS = 115,

<PWS> = 68.1, LP = 946, <LP> = 981.6, Total PDI = 25.0, <PDI> = 3.1, HISPDI = 12.0, Total ACE = 35.7, <ACE> = 4.5,

HISACE = 14.0, Total NSD = 24.25, <NSD> = 3.03, LISNSD = 6.25, Total NHD = 8.25, Total NMHD = 1.25, NTCA = 57.7% 
52Table 10. Listing of North Atlantic basin tropical cyclones, 1960–present (the weather satellite era) (Continued).

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH1992& ST1 SS/TS 04/22 04/23 24.9 61.5 3 45 1002 0.5 1.1 1.50 - - Andrew MH 08/17 08/27 12.3 42.0 4 150 922 31.5 28.4 9.75 4.50 3.50 CFL5, BFL4, LA3 Bonnie H 09/18 09/30 33.7 58.0 5 95 965 17.9 23.1 12.00 5.75 - Charley H 09/22 09/27 31.6 34.0 5 95 965 8.5 10.9 5.25 3.50 - Danielle TS 09/22 09/26 32.8 74.2 3 55 1001 1.3 2.9 3.75 - - Earl TS 09/29 10/03 29.7 79.3 3 55 990 1.5 3.3 4.00 - - Frances H 10/23 10/27 27.7 61.4 3 75 976 4.2 6.5 4.00 2.00 -*********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 113, LSD = 301, LOS = 189, NTC = 7, NH = 4, NMH = 1, NUSLFH = 1, <N. Lat.> = 27.5, <W. Long.> = 58.6, PWS = 150,

<PWS> = 81.4, LP = 922, <LP> = 974.4, Total PDI = 65.4, <PDI> = 9.3, HISPDI = 31.5, Total ACE = 76.2, <ACE> = 10.9,HISACE = 28.4, Total NSD = 40.25, <NSD> = 5.75, LISNSD = 12.00, Total NHD = 15.75, Total NMHD = 3.50, NTCA = 66.7%

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH*********************************************************************************************************************************1993 Arlene TS 06/19 06/20 25.9 95.9 1 35 1000 0.1 0.5 1.00 - - Bret TS 08/05 08/09 10.4 43.4 4 50 1002 1.7 3.9 4.50 - - Cindy TS 08/14 08/16 14.5 60.9 2 40 1007 0.4 1.1 2.25 - - Dennis TS 08/24 08/27 15.4 34.0 4 45 1000 0.9 2.1 3.00 - - Emily MH 08/25 09/04 28.0 60.4 3 100 960 17.5 22.1 10.25 7.25 0.75 NC3 Floyd H 09/07 09/10 26.2 68.2 3 65 990 1.7 3.1 3.00 1.25 - Gert H 09/15 09/21 11.3 83.0 2 85 970 2.2 3.6 3.50 1.00 - Harvey H 09/20 09/21 31.5 59.0 5 65 990 1.1 2.0 1.75 0.25 -*********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 170, LSD = 264, LOS = 95, NTC = 8, NH = 4, NMH = 1, NUSLFH = 1, <N. Lat.> = 20.4, <W. Long.> = 63.1, PWS = 100, 

<PWS> = 60.6, LP = 960, <LP> = 989.9, Total PDI = 25.6, <PDI> = 3.2, HISPDI = 17.5, Total ACE = 38.4, <ACE> = 4.8, HISACE = 22.1, Total NSD = 29.25, <NSD> = 3.66, LISNSD = 10.25, Total NHD = 9.75, Total NMHD = 0.75, NTCA = 51.5% 

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH*********************************************************************************************************************************1994 Alberto TS 07/02 07/03 23.7 87.1 1 55 993 0.7 1.6 2.00 - - Beryl TS 08/15 08/16 29.7 85.6 1 50 1000 0.4 0.8 1.00 - - Chris H 08/17 08/23 11.7 41.2 4 70 979 4.3 7.5 7.00 2.00 - Debby TS 09/10 09/11 13.7 60.2 2 60 1006 0.7 1.4 1.25 - - Ernesto TS 09/22 09/24 11.8 30.3 4 50 997 0.7 1.5 2.00 - - Florence H 11/02 11/08 23.2 47.7 5 95 972 8.1 10.9 6.00 4.25 - Gordon H 11/10 11/20 14.6 82.7 2 75 980 4.3 8.4 9.50 1.00 -*********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 183, LSD = 324, LOS = 142, NTC = 7, NH = 3, NMH = 0, NUSLFH = 0, <N. Lat.> = 18.3, <W. Long.> = 62.1,, PWS = 95,

<PWS>= 65.0, LP = 972, <LP> = 989.6, Total PDI = 19.2, <PDI> = 2.7, HISPDI = 8.1, Total ACE = 32.1, <ACE> = 4.6,HISACE = 10.9, Total NSD = 28.75, <NSD> = 4.11, LISNSD = 9.50, Total NHD = 7.25, Total NMHD = 0.00, NTCA = 35.3%
53

Table 10. Listing of North Atlantic basin tropical cyclones, 1960–present (the weather satellite era) (Continued).

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH*********************************************************************************************************************************1995 Allison H 06/03 06/05 19.3 85.7 2 65 988 1.8 3.1 2.50 0.75 - Barry TS 07/07 07/10 31.6 71.0 3 60 989 1.6 3.2 3.25 - - Chantal TS 07/14 07/20 21.1 64.4 3 60 991 3.3 6.5 6.75 - - Dean TS 07/30 07/31 28.6 94.0 1 40 999 0.1 0.3 0.50 - - Erin H 07/31 08/04 22.3 73.2 3 80 974 4.9 7.3 4.50 2.50 - CFL1, AFL2 Felix MH 08/08 08/22 15.5 36.4 4 120 929 23.7 29.4 14.00 9.25 1.75 Gabrielle TS 08/10 08/11 23.5 96.5 1 60 990 0.7 1.4 1.50 - - Humberto H 08/22 09/01 13.7 34.3 4 95 968 17.6 22.5 10.00 8.50 - Iris H 08/22 09/04 13.3 50.6 4 95 965 16.3 22.7 12.75 7.50 - Jerry TS 08/23 08/24 26.4 79.7 2 35 1004 0.2 0.6 1.25 - - Karen TS 08/28 09/02 16.6 41.5 4 45 1000 1.4 3.4 5.25 - - Luis MH 08/29 09/11 11.6 29.0 4 120 935 57.3 53.5 13.50 11.75 8.00 Marilyn MH 09/13 09/22 11.8 52.7 4 100 950 17.3 21.6 9.25 7.75 0.50 Noel H 09/27 10/07 12.1 40.6 4 65 987 6.2 11.1 9.75 2.50 - Opal MH 09/30 10/05 21.1 88.5 1 130 919 9.8 11.1 5.00 2.75 1.00 AFL3, IAL1 Pablo TS 10/05 10/08 10.2 37.5 4 50 994 1.1 2.5 3.00 - - Roxanne MH 10/09 10/18 16.5 83.1 2 100 958 11.2 16.2 10.00 5.00 0.25 Sebastien TS 10/21 10/23 16.0 55.1 4 55 1001 0.9 2.1 3.00 - - Tanya H 10/27 11/01 26.2 57.9 5 75 972 5.8 8.7 5.50 3.00 -*********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 154, LSD = 305, LOS = 152, NTC = 19, NH = 11, NMH = 5, NUSLFH = 2, <N. Lat.> = 18.8, <W. Long.> = 61.7, PWS = 130, 

<PWS> = 76.3, LP = 919, <LP> = 974.4, Total PDI = 181.2, <PDI> = 9.5, HISPDI = 57.3, Total ACE = 227.2, <ACE> = 12.0HISACE = 53.5, Total NSD = 121.25, <NSD> = 6.38, LISNSD = 14.00, Total NHD = 61.25, Total NMHD = 11.50, NTCA = 221.4% 

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH*********************************************************************************************************************************1996 Arthur TS 06/19 06/20 31.5 78.7 3 40 1004 0.3 0.8 1.50 - - Bertha MH 07/05 07/14 11.0 39.0 4 100 960 13.1 17.4 9.00 5.50 0.50 NC2 Cesar H 07/25 07/28 12.1 68.1 2 70 990 2.3 4.0 3.50 1.00 - Dolly H 08/19 08/23 18.2 83.0 2 70 989 2.1 3.9 3.75 0.50 - Edouard MH 08/22 09/03 13.2 31.6 4 125 933 54.3 49.3 12.00 10.50 7.75 Fran MH 08/27 09/06 14.6 44.9 4 105 946 18.7 22.9 10.25 7.75 2.00 NC3 Gustav TS 08/28 09/01 10.6 32.7 4 40 1005 0.8 2.4 4.50 - - Hortense MH 09/07 09/15 15.4 58.3 4 120 935 19.5 21.8 8.50 6.25 2.00 Isidore MH 09/25 10/01 10.3 28.5 4 100 960 10.3 12.9 6.25 3.75 0.50 Josephine TS 10/06 10/08 25.1 91.8 1 60 981 0.9 1.6 1.50 - - Kyle TS 10/11 10/12 16.9 87.1 2 45 1001 0.2 0.5 0.75 - - Lili MH 10/16 10/27 17.5 83.8 2 100 960 17.0 22.6 11.00 9.25 0.25 Marco H 11/19 11/26 13.8 80.9 2 65 983 3.1 6.1 6.50 0.50 -*********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 171, LSD = 331, LOS = 161, NTC = 13, NH = 9, NMH = 6, NUSLFH = 2, <N. Lat.> = 16.2, <W. Long.> = 62.2, PWS = 125, 

<PWS> = 80.0, LP = 933, <LP> = 972.8, Total PDI = 142.6, <PDI> = 11.0, HISPDI = 54.3, Total ACE = 166.2, <ACE> = 12.8,HISACE = 49.3, Total NSD = 79.00, <NSD> = 6.08, LISNSD = 12.00, Total NHD = 45.00, Total NMHD = 13.00, NTCA = 192.2%, 
54Table 10. Listing of North Atlantic basin tropical cyclones, 1960–present (the weather satellite era) (Continued).

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH*********************************************************************************************************************************1997& ST SS/TS 06/01 06/02 33.2 75.3 3 45 1003 0.3 0.8 1.25 - - Ana TS 07/01 07/03 31.8 75.4 3 40 1000 0.5 1.3 2.50 - - Bill H 07/11 07/13 31.8 68.9 3 65 987 1.0 2.3 2.00 0.50 - Claudette TS 07/13 07/16 31.9 73.0 3 40 1003 0.6 1.6 2.75 - - Danny H 07/17 07/26 28.3 91.4 1 70 984 3.6 6.0 4.75 1.75 - LA1, AL1 Erika MH 09/03 09/15 12.3 47.1 4 110 946 22.3 26.6 12.25 7.25 2.25 Fabian TS 10/05 10/08 26.3 63.1 3 35 1004 0.5 1.3 2.75 - - Grace TS 10/16 10/17 21.2 64.4 3 40 999 0.3 0.9 1.50 - -*********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 152, LSD = 290, LOS = 139, NTC = 8, NH = 3, NMH = 1, NUSLFH = 1, <N. Lat.> = 27.1, <W. Long.> = 69.8, PWS = 110,

<PWS> = 55.6, LP = 946, <LP> = 990.8, Total PDI = 29.1, <PDI> = 3.9, HISPDI = 22.3, Total ACE = 40.8, <ACE> = 5.1,

HISACE = 26.6, Total NSD = 29.75, <NSD> = 3.72, LISNSD = 12.25, Total NHD = 9.50, Total NMHD = 2.25, NTCA = 53.7%

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH*********************************************************************************************************************************1998# Alex TS 07/29 08/02 13.3 36.8 4 45 1002 1.1 2.8 4.75 - - Bonnie MH 08/20 08/30 17.3 57.3 4 100 954 21.7 24.8 10.25 6.50 3.50 NC2 Charley TS 08/21 08/22 26.0 94.5 1 60 1001 0.4 0.8 1.00 - - Danielle H 08/24 09/03 14.2 37.9 5 90 960 18.0 23.1 10.25 9.50 - Earl H 08/31 09/03 22.4 93.8 1 85 985 2.5 3.9 3.00 1.00 - AFL1 Frances TS 09/09 09/11 24.2 95.5 1 55 990 0.7 1.6 2.25 - - Georges MH 09/16 09/29 10.6 31.3 4 135 937 37.6 39.4 13.00 11.25 2.00 BFL2, MS2 Hermine TS 09/19 09/20 27.5 91.3 1 40 999 0.2 0.6 1.00 - - Ivan H 09/20 09/27 16.0 32.6 5 80 975 6.3 9.9 7.25 3.25 - Jeanne H 09/21 09/30 11.0 19.4 4 90 969 14.3 18.8 9.25 7.00 - Karl H 09/24 09/28 33.2 60.7 3 90 970 5.4 7.5 4.00 2.50 - Lisa H 10/05 10/09 14.2 47.1 4 65 995 2.7 5.0 4.75 0.50 - Mitch MH 10/22 11/05 11.6 77.9 2 155 905 42.5 35.9 10.75 5.50 3.75 Nicole H 11/24 12/01 27.9 29.1 5 75 979 4.5 7.6 6.25 1.50 -*********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 210, LSD = 335, LOS = 126, NTC = 14, NH = 10, NMH = 3, NUSLFH = 3, <N. Lat.> = 19.2, <W. Long.> = 57.5, PWS = 155, 

<PWS> = 83.2, LP = 905, <LP> = 972.7, Total PDI = 157.9, <PDI> = 11.3, HISPDI = 42.5, Total ACE = 181.7, <ACE> = 13.0HISACE = 39.4, Total NSD = 87.75, <NSD> = 6.27, LISNSD = 13.00, Total NHD = 48.50, Total NMHD = 9.25, NTCA = 167.9% 
55

Table 10. Listing of North Atlantic basin tropical cyclones, 1960–present (the weather satellite era) (Continued).

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH*********************************************************************************************************************************

 57.3 5 50 1006 1.5 3.4 4.50 - - 1999# Arlene TS 06/12 06/16 28.3

ATX3 1.25 2.50 4.25 11.6 11.6 944 125 1 94.7 

1.75 5.25 11.00 24.6 21.3 942 120 4 26.6 

90 -5.75 70.0 3 962 14.5 20.2 12.00 

 53.8 4 45 1004 1.0 2.4 4.00 - -

 Bret Cindy Dennis Emily Floyd

 MH 08/19 08/23 19.8

 MH 08/20 08/31 13.6

 H 08/24 09/05 22.4

 TS 08/24 08/28 11.5 MH 09/08 09/17 15.3 NC2 3.00 6.25 9.25 29.4 29.9 921 135 4 48.2 

6.00 MH 09/12 09/23 14.2 9.50 11.00 42.3 31.9 4 44.9 930 130 

- 87.4 - 2.25 1 50 995 1.9 0.9 

 83.4 BFL1 - 4.00 2 95 960 5.75 10.4 7.4 

-

 TS 09/20 09/22 26.3

 H 10/13 10/19 18.5

 H 10/18 10/25 10.9

 Gert Harvey Irene Jose 2.25 52.8 4 85 979 6.4 10.1 7.25 

 82.9 2 - 35 999 0.1 Katrina TS 10/29 10/30 13.2 0.2 0.50 - 

 79.9 2 135 933 19.7 Lenny MH 11/14 11/21 16.4 19.9 6.75 4.75 2.00

*********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 163, LSD = 325, LOS = 163, NTC = 12, NH = 8, NMH = 5, NUSLFH = 3, <N. Lat.> = 17.5, <W. Long.> = 64.1, PWS = 135,

<PWS> = 91.3, LP = 921, <LP> = 964.6, Total PDI = 159.2, <PDI> = 13.3, HISPDI = 44.9, Total ACE = 176.4, <ACE> = 14.7HISACE = 42.3, Total NSD = 78.50, <NSD> = 6.54, LISNSD = 12.00, Total NHD = 40.25, Total NMHD = 14.00, NTCA = 180.4% 

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH*********************************************************************************************************************************2000# Alberto MH 08/04 08/23 12.0 110 950 28.1 36.9 19.25 11.75 1.00 4 22.3 

 94.6 1 45 1007 0.4 0.9 1.25 - TS 08/14 08/15 23.1 -

 55.4 35 1008 0.04 0.1 0.25 - - 5  46.8 4.25 3.6 993 

 Beryl  Chris  Debby 2.25 

TS 08/18 08/18 16.2H 08/20 08/24 13.3 5.8 4 - 75

35 1008 0.3 0.7 1.50 - - Ernesto TS 09/02 09/03 16.2 49.5 4 

 72.2 Florence H 09/11 09/17 30.4 2.25 70 - 5.0 8.5 985 6.50 3 

1.00 86.7 H 09/16 09/18 22.5 - 2.50 3.4 2.0 981 70 1 

- 1.8 986 3.75 60 1 - 3.5 86.6 

 Gordon Helene

26.3 943 28.4 9.75 7.75 2.75 120 4 25.9 

4.8 975 7.6 5.75 80 4 31.9 2.25 -

5.25 3.25 12.2 1.25 84.8 2 941 10.7 

 Isaac Joyce Keith 120

 77.3 3 Leslie -

 TS 09/21 09/25 24.9

 MH 09/22 10/01 12.3 H 09/26 10/01 11.5 MH 09/29 10/06 17.4

 TS 10/05 10/07 29.9 40 1006 0.5 1.3 2.25 -

 Michael H 10/16 10/19 29.9 5.6 4.00 - 71.8 3 85 965 3.6 2.25 

 57.2 5 50 999 0.6 1.2 1.50 - - Nadine TS 10/20 10/21 30.4

 ST SS/TS 10/25 10/29 24.5 - - 3.50 3.1 1.5 978 55 3 71.7 

*********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 217, LSD = 303, LOS = 87, NTC = 15, NH = 8, NMH = 3, NUSLFH = 0, <N. Lat.> = 21.0, <W. Long.> = 62.3, PWS = 120,

<PWS> = 70.0, LP = 941, <LP> = 981.7, Total PDI = 89.2, <PDI> = 5.9, HISPDI = 28.1, Total ACE = 119.2, <ACE> = 7.9,HISACE = 36.9, Total NSD = 71.25, <NSD> = 4.75, LISNSD = 19.25, Total NHD = 32.75, Total NMHD = 5.00, NTCA = 133.5% 
56Table 10. Listing of North Atlantic basin tropical cyclones, 1960–present (the weather satellite era) (Continued).

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH*********************************************************************************************************************************2001 Allison TS 06/05 06/11 27.5 - 95.0 1 50 1000 0.4 1.0 1.50 - 

- 84.9 - 1 60 990 1.2 2.3 3.00 

 64.6 

 Barry TS 08/02 08/06 26.2 Chantal TS 08/17 08/21 13.7 2 - 60 997 2.4 4.6 4.50 - 

TS 08/22 08/28 17.9 - 64.3 2 60 994 1.5 2.9 2.75 - 

 37.5 4 105 968 14.4 20.1 11.00 6.00 1.00 MH 09/02 09/15 13.2

MH 09/11 09/18 18.6

 Dean  Erin  Felix 47.7 4 100 962 12.3 15.2 7.25 4.50 0.50

 84.9 1 70 975 3.7 6.6 5.75 1.00 - Gabrielle H 09/13 09/19 25.3

 Humberto H 09/22 09/27 27.9 66.3 3 90 970 7.0 9.9 5.50 4.00 -

 64.5 125 MH 10/05 10/09 14.8 2 948 9.2 10.0 4.00 2.50 0.75

 53.8 - 4 45 1004 0.5 1.2 1.75 - 64.7 3 -0.75 3.75 

 Iris  Jerry  Karen 5.1 

TS 10/07 10/08 11.0H 10/12 10/15 31.8 3.1 982 70 

 44.6 5 35 1007 0.3 0.7 1.50 - - Lorenzo TS 10/30 10/31 28.5

 Michelle MH 11/01 11/05 15.8 2.00 3.50 5.00 15.7 15.7 934 120 2 83.1 

 Noel H 11/04 11/06 33.9 - 0.50 2.50 3.0 1.7 986 50.4 5 65 

 Olga H 11/24 12/03 29.3 - 2.75 8.50 10.7 7.0 973 80 5 50.3 

*********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 156, LSD = 337, LOS = 182, NTC = 15, NH = 9, NMH = 4, NUSLFH = 0, <N. Lat.> = 22.4, <W. Long.> = 63.8, PWS = 125,

<PWS> = 75.7, LP = 934, <LP> = 979.3, Total PDI = 80.4, <PDI> = 5.4, HISPDI = 15.7, Total ACE = 109.0, <ACE> = 7.3,HISACE = 20.1, Total NSD = 68.25, <NSD> = 4.55, LISNSD = 11.00, Total NHD = 25.50, Total NMHD = 4.25, NTCA = 135.1% 

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH*********************************************************************************************************************************

- 2002& Arthur TS 07/15 07/16 35.5 50 73.3 3 997 0.7 1.5 1.75 - 

 - 35 1008 0.1 0.2 0.50 - Bertha TS 08/05 08/05 29.3 89.2 1 

- Cristobal TS 08/06 08/08 30.4 76.4 3 45 999 0.7 1.6 2.25 - 

- 32.2 4 997 1.7 3.9 5.75 Dolly TS 08/29 09/04 9.7 50 - 

55 1002 0.7 1.8 3.00 - Edouard TS 09/02 09/05 30.1 79.7 3 -

1 50 998 0.6 - 1.3 1.50 - 93.9 TS 09/06 09/07 27.8

- 85 1.00 3.75 4.8 3.1 71.1 3 960 

 - 1 86.4 

 Fay  Gustav  Hanna 

H 09/08 09/12 30.2TS 09/12 09/14 26.7 50 1001 0.8 1.8 2.50 -

 934 15.0 17.8 8.75 3.75 2 1.75 78.1 110 Isidore MH 09/18 09/26 17.1

 - 5 52.7 Josephine TS 09/18 09/19 34.7 35 1004 0.2 0.6 1.25 -

 Kyle H 09/21 10/12 30.4 51.6 5 75 980 8.2 15.2 16.75 1.75 -

 54.6 4 125 Lili MH 09/23 10/04 12.1 940 13.7 16.5 9.25 3.25 1.25 LA1

*********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 196, LSD = 285, LOS = 90, NTC = 12, NH = 4, NMH = 2, NUSLFH = 1, <N. Lat.> = 26.2, <W. Long.> = 69.9, PWS = 125,

<PWS> = 63.8, LP = 934, <LP> = 985.0, Total PDI = 45.5, <PDI> = 3.8, HISPDI = 15.0, Total ACE = 67.0, <ACE> = 5.6,HISACE = 17.8, Total NSD = 57.00, <NSD> = 4.75, LISNSD = 16.75, Total NHD = 9.75, Total NMHD = 3.00, NTCA = 82.6%
57

Table 10. Listing of North Atlantic basin tropical cyclones, 1960–present (the weather satellite era) (Continued).

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH*********************************************************************************************************************************2003 Ana TS 04/20 04/24 32.7 68.9 3 50 994 1.5 3.2 4.00 - - Bill TS 06/29 07/01 23.4 90.5 1 50 997 0.6 1.4 1.75 - - Claudette H 07/08 07/16 14.8 70.0 4 75 982 5.1 9.2 8.25 0.75 - BTX1 Danny H 07/17 07/20 32.5 55.2 5 65 1000 2.6 4.6 3.75 1.00 - Erika H 08/14 08/16 26.4 83.3 1 65 988 1.1 2.1 2.25 0.25 - Fabian MH 08/28 09/08 15.0 36.2 4 125 939 45.6 43.2 11.25 9.75 7.25 Grace TS 08/30 08/31 24.9 93.3 1 35 1007 0.2 0.5 1.00 - - Henri TS 09/05 09/05 27.7 85.1 1 50 997 0.2 0.5 0.75 - - Isabel MH 09/06 09/19 13.9 32.7 4 145 915 75.2 63.3 13.25 11.75 8.00 NC2, VA1 Juan H 09/25 09/29 28.4 62.0 3 90 969 7.2 9.4 4.75 3.00 - Kate MH 09/27 10/07 21.0 44.2 5 110 952 17.7 21.9 10.25 6.00 1.50 Larry TS 10/01 10/06 21.0 93.2 1 55 993 2.0 4.1 4.50 - - Mindy TS 10/10 10/12 19.1 68.8 2 40 1002 0.3 0.8 2.50 - - Nicholas TS 10/14 10/23 10.9 41.9 4 60 990 3.5 7.3 8.50 - - Odette TS 12/04 12/07 13.3 75.7 2 55 993 1.4 2.8 3.00 - - Peter TS 12/07 12/10 27.5 34.5 5 60 990 0.9 2.1 2.75 - -*********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 110, LSD = 344, LOS = 235, NTC = 16, NH = 7, NMH = 3, NUSLFH = 2, <N. Lat.> = 22.0, <W. Long.> = 64.7, PWS = 145,

<PWS> = 70.6, LP = 915, <LP> = 981.8, Total PDI = 165.1, <PDI> = 10.3, HISPDI = 75.2, Total ACE = 176.4, <ACE> = 11.0,HISACE = 63.3, Total NSD = 92.50, <NSD> = 5.78, LISNSD = 13.25, Total NHD = 32.50, Total NMHD = 16.75, NTCA = 178.6% 

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH*********************************************************************************************************************************

0.75 2004& Alex MH 08/01 08/06 31.6 105 79.2 3 957 9.5 11.4 5.00 3.25 NC1

55 1001 1.2 2.6 3.25 - 1 87.6 -

125 947 9.0 10.6 4.75 3.00 0.50 BFL4, CFL1, DFL1 2 65.3 

 Bonnie TS 08/09 08/12 22.5 Charley MH 08/10 08/14 12.9

SC1, NC1

 Danielle H 08/14 08/20 12.6 95 -- 3.50 6.75 12.1 9.5 964 4 24.2 

45 1009 0.3 0.8 1.25 - - 4 Earl TS 08/14 08/15 10.5 53.5 

4 39.8 Frances MH 08/25 09/07 11.5 125 937 48.0 45.9 12.50 10.00 6.75 CFL2, BFL1

 Gaston H 08/28 09/01 31.3 - 65 SC1 78.2 3 986 1.3 2.7 3.25 0.25 

 - 50 1002 0.5 1.3 2.00 - 69.8 3 Hermine TS 08/29 08/31 31.1

4 MH 09/03 09/23 9.7 30.3 145 910 83.5 70.4 14.75 11.50 10.00 AL3, AFL3

105 951 18.4 24.2 13.00 6.50 0.75 CFL3, BFL1, AFL1 62.6 2 

3.50 7.00 8.25 28.4 28.5 938 125 4 32.1 

-

MH 09/14 09/27 16.4MH 09/16 09/24 11.2H 09/20 10/03 13.5

 Ivan  Jeanne  Karl  Lisa 35.4 6.3 12.2 11.75 0.50 5 65 987 

- 94.2 1 40 997 0.4 1.0 1.75 Matthew TS 10/08 10/10 24.1 - 

 Nichole SS/TS 10/10 10/11 31.0 66.3 3 45 986 0.5 1.2 1.75 - -

3.00 -- 1.9 0.8 996 45 5 47.9 Otto TS 11/29 12/02 29.6

*********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 214, LSD = 337, LOS = 124, NTC = 15, NH = 9, NMH = 6, NUSLFH = 6, <N. Lat.> = 20.0, <W. Long.> = 57.8, PWS = 145,

<PWS> = 82.3, LP = 912, <LP> = 971.2, Total PDI = 217.7, <PDI> = 13.8, HISPDI = 83.5, Total ACE = 226.7, <ACE> = 15.1, HISACE = 70.4, Total NSD = 93.00, <NSD> = 6.15, LISNSD = 14.75, Total NHD = 45.50, Total NMHD = 22.25, NTCA = 231.4%
58Table 10. Listing of North Atlantic basin tropical cyclones, 1960–present (the weather satellite era) (Continued).

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH*********************************************************************************************************************************2005 Arlene TS 06/09 06/11 18.2 83.9 2 60 990 1.3 2.6 2.75 - - Bret TS 06/29 06/29 20.0 95.8 1 35 1005 0.1 0.4 0.75 - - Cindy H 07/05 07/06 25.1 90.2 1 65 992 0.8 1.5 1.50 0.25 - LA1 Dennis MH 07/05 07/11 13.0 65.9 2 130 930 19.4 18.8 5.75 4.00 2.50 AFL3, IAL1 Emily MH 07/12 07/21 11.0 46.8 4 140 929 35.7 32.9 9.25 7.00 4.25 Franklin TS 07/22 07/29 25.7 75.9 3 60 997 3.2 6.7 8.00 - - Gert TS 07/24 07/25 20.8 95.0 1 40 1005 0.2 0.5 1.00 - - Harvey TS 08/03 08/08 29.5 68.6 3 55 994 2.6 5.4 5.75 - - Irene H 08/07 08/18 20.2 45.0 5 90 970 8.9 13.1 8.75 3.00 - Jose TS 08/22 08/23 19.6 95.0 1 45 1001 0.2 0.4 0.75 - - Katrina MH 08/24 08/30 24.5 76.5 3 150 902 22.1 20.0 6.00 4.00 2.25 CFL1, BFL1, LA3, 

MS3, AL1

 Lee TS 08/31 08/31 29.0 50.4 5 35 1006 0.1 0.2 0.50 - - Maria MH 09/02 09/10 21.1 49.4 5 100 962 10.3 14.3 8.00 4.75 0.25 Nate H 09/06 09/10 28.4 66.6 3 80 979 4.7 7.2 4.75 2.25 - Ophelia H 09/07 09/17 27.9 78.8 3 75 976 9.8 15.7 10.75 3.75 - NC1

 54.9 hilip Philippe H 09/17 09/23 13.5 P

9/25 72.3 Rita MH 09/18 09/25 22.2 72.3 3 155 Rita MH 09/18 0

0/04 87.2 S

05 28.5 T S 

.3 10/0 79.7 Tammy TS 10/05 10/06 27

10/1 20.6 V ince V

10/2 79.6 Wilma MH 10/17 10/25 16.9 79.6 2 

10/2 68.5 A

 B 0/30 81.3 eta B

 Gamma TS 11/15 11/20 14 11/2 66.0 .3 

 D 11/2 40.5

 Rita Stan ST  Tammy Vince Wilma Alpha Beta Gamma Delta

Stan H 10/02 1ST SS/TS 10/04 10/

 Tammy TS 10/05  Vince H 10/08  Wilma MH 10/17  Alpha TS 10/22 

Beta MH 10/27 1

 Gamma TS 11/15  Delta TS 11/22 D

 Epsilon H 11/29 12/08 31.5 49.2 E

 Zeta TS 12/30 01/06 24.2 36.1 Z*********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 160, LSD = 371, LOS = 212, NTC = 28, NH = 15, NMH = 7, NUSLFH = 6, <N. Lat.> = 22.5, <W. Long.> = 66.0, PWS = 160,

<PWS> = 76.8, LP = 882, <LP> = 974.4, Total PDI = 221.1, <PDI> = 7.9, HISPDI = 45.7, Total ACE = 250.1, <ACE> = 8.9,HISACE = 38.9, Total NSD = 131.25, <NSD> = 4.69, LISNSD = 10.75, Total NHD = 49.50, Total NMHD = 17.50, NTCA = 278.3%
59

Table 10. Listing of North Atlantic basin tropical cyclones, 1960–present (the weather satellite era) (Continued).

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH*********************************************************************************************************************************2006 Alberto TS 06/11 06/14 22.5 86.3 1 60 995 1.4 2.8 3.25 - - Unnamed TS 07/17 07/18 40.0 65.1 3* 45 998 0.3 0.6 1.00 - - Beryl TS 07/18 07/21 33.0 73.3 3 50 1000 1.0 2.3 3.00 - - Chris TS 08/01 08/03 16.8 58.9 4 55 1001 1.0 2.2 2.50 - - Debby TS 08/23 08/26 14.9 28.1 4 45 999 1.0 2.3 3.25 - - Ernesto H 08/25 09/01 13.7 65.8 2 65 985 2.8 5.7 8.00 0.25 - Florence H 09/05 09/12 16.8 46.1 4 80 974 5.9 9.6 7.75 2.75 - Gordon MH 09/11 09/20 20.9 56.3 5 105 955 18.3 22.2 9.50 8.00 1.25 Helene MH 09/14 09/24 12.9 31.9 4 105 955 19.4 24.3 10.75 8.25 0.75 Isaac H 09/28 10/02 27.4 54.0 5 75 985 4.0 6.5 4.75 2.00 -*********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 162, LSD = 275, LOS = 114, NTC = 10, NH = 5, NMH = 2, NUSLFH = 0, <N. Lat.> = 21.9, <W. Long.> = 56.6, PWS = 105,

<PWS> = 68.5, LP = 955, <LP> = 984.7, Total PDI = 55.1, <PDI> = 5.5, HISPDI = 19.4, Total ACE = 78.5, <ACE> = 7.9HISACE = 24.3, Total NSD = 63.75, <NSD> = 6.38, LISNSD = 10.75, Total NHD = 21.25, Total NMHD = 2.00, NTCA = 88.7%

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH*********************************************************************************************************************************2007 Andrea SS/TS 05/09 05/10 30.8 78.7 3 50 1001 0.4 0.9 1.25 - - Barry TS 06/01 06/02 23.6 85.7 1 50 997 0.3 0.8 1.00 - - Chantal TS 07/31 08/01 37.1 65.5 3 45 994 0.3 0.7 1.00 - - Dean MH 08/14 08/22 11.8 38.3 4 150 907 40.8 35.2 8.50 6.75 4.00 Erin TS 08/15 08/16 25.8 94.0 1 35 1003 0.1 0.4 0.75 - - Felix MH 09/01 09/05 12.1 59.4 4 150 930 22.1 18.0 4.25 3.00 2.00 Gabrielle TS 09/08 09/10 30.1 71.8 3 50 1004 0.6 1.5 2.25 - - Humberto H 09/12 09/13 27.8 95.1 1 80 985 1.1 1.8 1.50 0.50 - CTX1, LA1 Ingrid TS 09/13 09/15 13.7 46.7 4 40 1002 0.5 1.3 2.50 - -

 46.1 5 35 1003 0.2 0.7 1.50 - - Jerry TS 09/23 09/24 36.2

 Karen H 09/25 09/29 10.3 - 0.50 4.00 3.6 1.9 988 65 4 37.0 

- Lorenzo H 09/27 09/28 20.6 70 0.50 1.00 1.5 0.9 990 1 95.1 

 27.4 4 Melissa TS 09/29 09/30 14.5 35 1005 0.2 0.5 1.00 - -

70 Noel H 10/28 11/02 16.3 - 1.00 5.50 5.6 3.1 980 2 71.6 

2 - 64.7 50 1003 0.6 1.3 2.25 - Olga TS 12/11 12/12 18.4

*********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 129, LSD = 346, LOS = 218, NTC = 15, NH = 6, NMH = 2, NUSLFH = 1, <N. Lat.> = 21.9, <W. Long.> = 65.1, PWS = 150,

<PWS> = 65.0, LP = 907, <LP> = 986.1, Total PDI = 73.1, <PDI> = 4.9, HISPDI = 40.8, Total ACE = 73.8, <ACE> = 4.9, HISACE = 35.2, Total NSD = 38.25, <NSD> = 2.55, LISNSD = 8.50, Total NHD = 12.25, Total NMHD = 6.00, NTCA = 98.8%, 
60Table 10. Listing of North Atlantic basin tropical cyclones, 1960–present (the weather satellite era) (Continued).

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH*********************************************************************************************************************************2008# Arthur TS 05/31 06/01 17.5 87.5 2 40 1004 0.3 0.8 1.50 - - Bertha MH 07/03 07/20 13.1 24.0 4 105 955 20.1 28.4 17.00 7.50 0.75 Cristobal TS 07/19 07/23 32.4 78.8 3 55 998 1.8 3.7 4.00 - - Dolly H 07/20 07/24 17.8 83.6 2 85 967 3.3 5.4 4.50 1.25 - ATX1 Edouard TS 08/04 08/05 28.1 88.5 1 55 996 0.8 1.7 2.00 - - Fay TS 08/15 08/23 18.5 68.8 2 60 986 3.5 7.3 8.25 - - Gustav MH 08/25 09/02 15.1 69.6 2 125 943 16.0 18.2 8.00 3.25 1.25 LA2 Hanna H 08/28 09/07 20.1 58.6 5 75 977 5.6 10.4 9.75 0.75 - Ike MH 09/01 09/14 17.3 38.4 4 125 935 37.7 39.2 13.00 10.00 4.25 CTX2, LA1 Josephine TS 09/02 09/05 12.7 23.2 4 55 994 1.4 3.1 3.75 - - Kyle H 09/25 09/29 22.0 69.4 3 75 984 3.4 5.4 4.00 1.75 - Laura TS 09/29 10/01 37.0 47.0 5 50 994 1.1 2.2 3.25 - - Marco TS 10/06 10/07 18.9 93.7 1 55 998 0.7 1.3 1.25 - - Nana TS 10/12 10/13 16.0 37.1 5 35 1004 0.2 0.5 1.00 - - Omar MH 10/14 10/18 14.5 69.6 2 115 958 7.2 9.3 5.00 3.00 0.25 Paloma MH 11/06 11/09 14.8 82.1 2 125 944 8.9 9.2 3.50 2.25 1.00*********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 152, LSD = 314, LOS = 163, NTC = 16, NH = 8, NMH = 5, NUSLFH = 3, <N. Lat.> = 19.7, <W. Long.> = 63.7, PWS = 125,

<PWS> = 77.2, LP = 935, <LP> = 977.3, Total PDI = 112.0, <PDI> = 7.0. HISPDI = 37.7, Total ACE = 146.1, <ACE> = 9.1,HISACE = 39.2, Total NSD = 89.75, <NSD> = 5.61, LISNSD = 17.00, Total NHD = 29.75, Total NMHD = 7.50, NTCA = 162.3%

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH*********************************************************************************************************************************2009& Ana TS 08/12 08/16 14.4 33.3 4 35 1003 0.3 0.9 1.75 - - Bill MH 08/15 08/24 11.2 34.5 4 115 943 25.3 26.5 8.75 7.00 3.00 Claudette TS 08/16 08/17 28.2 84.2 1 50 1005 0.3 0.7 1.00 - - Danny TS 08/26 08/29 24.6 70.1 3 50 1006 0.9 2.0 2.75 - - Erika TS 09/01 09/03 16.7 57.3 4 45 1004 0.5 1.3 2.00 - - Fred MH 09/08 09/12 11.7 25.4 4 105 958 8.1 9.9 4.75 2.75 0.50 Grace TS 10/04 10/06 38.5 29.5 5 55 986 1.0 2.0 2.00 - - Henri TS 10/06 10/08 16.1 50.5 4 45 1005 0.5 1.2 2.00 - - Ida H 11/04 11/10 11.4 81.8 2 90 975 5.7 8.1 5.00 2.25 -*********************************************************************************************************************************

Summary: FSD = 224, LSD = 314, LOS = 91, NTC = 9, NH = 3, NMH = 2, NUSLFH = 0, <N. Lat.> = 19.2, <W. Long.> = 51.8, PWS = 115, 

<PWS> = 65.6, LP = 943, <LP> = 987.2, Total PDI = 42.6, <PDI> = 4.7, HISPDI = 25.3, Total ACE = 52.6, <ACE> = 5.8,HISACE = 26.5, Total NSD = 30.00, <NSD> = 3.33, LISNSD = 8.75, Total NHD = 12.00, Total NMHD = 3.50, NTCA = 68.6%
61

Table 10. Listing of North Atlantic basin tropical cyclones, 1960–present (the weather satellite era) (Continued).

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH*********************************************************************************************************************************2010# Alex H 06/26 07/01 16.7 84.9 2 90 948 4.9 7.7 5.75 1.50 - Bonnie TS 07/23 07/23 23.1 75.9 3 40 1005 0.1 0.4 0.75 - - Colin TS 08/03 08/07 13.7 46.6 4 50 1006 1.1 2.8 4.75 - - Danielle MH 08/22 08/30 11.8 33.1 4 115 942 18.0 21.1 8.75 7.00 1.00 Earl MH 08/25 09/04 14.3 29.7 4 125 927 26.7 27.7 10.50 6.00 3.50 Fiona TS 08/30 09/03 14.9 47.7 4 55 998 1.4 3.1 4.25 - - Gaston TS 09/01 09/01 12.7 35.0 4 35 1005 0.1 0.2 0.50 - - Hermine TS 09/06 09/07 21.8 95.1 1 55 990 0.8 1.6 1.75 - - Igor MH 09/08 09/21 13.8 23.3 4 135 924 44.5 41.9 12.25 9.75 5.00 Julia MH 09/12 09/20 13.1 22.1 4 120 948 13.0 15.5 8.00 3.50 1.25 Karl MH 09/14 09/18 18.1 83.6 1 110 956 4.9 6.3 3.50 1.25 0.25 Lisa H 09/21 09/26 16.8 31.9 4 75 982 2.1 4.1 4.75 0.50 - Matthew TS 09/23 09/25 13.9 76.2 2 50 998 0.7 1.5 2.00 - - Nicole TS 09/28 09/29 20.4 83.0 1 40 995 0.3 0.7 1.25 - - Otto H 10/06 10/10 22.6 67.8 3 75 976 3.4 5.4 3.75 1.50 - Paula H 10/11 10/15 14.4 82.5 2 90 981 5.6 7.5 4.00 2.50 - Richard H 10/21 10/25 16.7 80.6 2 85 978 3.1 5.0 4.25 1.25 - Shary H 10/29 10/30 26.8 63.0 3 65 989 1.2 2.1 1.75 0.75 - Tomas H 10/29 11/07 9.8 55.3 4 85 982 7.6 11.9 8.75 3.00 -*********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 177, LSD = 311, LOS = 135, NTC = 19, NH = 12, NMH = 5, NUSLFH = 0, <N. Lat.> = 16.6, <W. Long.> = 58.8, PWS = 135,

<PWS> = 78.7, LP = 924, <LP> = 975.3, Total PDI = 139.5, <PDI> = 7.3, HISPDI = 44.5, Total ACE = 166.5, <ACE> = 8.8, HISACE = 41.9, Total NSD = 191.25, <NSD> = 10.07, LISNSD = 12.25, Total NHD = 38.50, Total NMHD = 11.00, NTCA = 230.9%

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH*********************************************************************************************************************************2011# Arlene TS 06/28 06/30 20.7 93.5 1 55 993 0.9 1.9 2.25 - - Bret TS 07/18 07/21 27.5 78.1 3 60 995 1.5 3.3 4.00 - - Cindy TS 07/20 07/22 33.4 57.0 5 60 994 1.2 2.3 2.50 - - Don TS 07/27 07/30 22.0 86.7 1 45 997 0.7 1.6 2.50 - - Emily TS 08/02 08/07 14.9 61.4 2 45 1003 1.0 2.1 3.25 - - Franklin TS 08/13 08/13 37.6 61.1 3 40 1004 0.1 0.3 0.50 - - Gert TS 08/14 08/16 27.7 62.3 3 55 1000 0.9 1.9 2.25 - - Harvey TS 08/19 08/22 15.9 83.4 2 55 994 0.7 1.5 2.00 - - Irene MH 08/21 08/28 15.0 59.0 4 105 942 15.4 18.8 8.00 6.25 0.50 NC1 Jose TS 08/27 08/28 27.9 63.4 3 40 1006 0.3 0.8 1.50 - - Katia MH 08/30 09/10 11.0 29.6 4 120 942 22.5 27.0 11.50 9.50 1.25 Unnamed TS 09/01 09/02 37.4 63.7 3 40 1002 0.3 0.8 1.50 - - Lee TS 09/02 09/05 27.2 91.4 1 50 986 0.7 1.8 2.75 - - Maria H 09/07 09/16 11.9 37.5 4 70 983 4.8 9.2 9.00 1.00 -

 92.9 1 65 994 2.3 4.4 4.50 0.50 - Nate H 09/07 09/11 20.3

 Ophelia MH 09/21 10/03 12.5 2.00 3.50 9.75 18.7 15.9 940 120 4 39.7 

 Philippe H 09/24 10/08 11.1 - 2.50 13.75 15.9 9.3 976 80 4 26.1 

0.75 Rina MH 10/24 10/28 16.0 2.75 4.75 10.1 8.2 966 100 2 81.9 

 Sean TS 11/08 11/11 27.7 - - 3.75 3.7 1.9 982 55 3 69.8 

*********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 179, LSD = 315, LOS = 137 NTC = 19, NH = 7, NMH = 4, NUSLFH = 1, <N. Lat.> = 22.0, <W. Long.> = 65.2, PWS = 120,

<PWS> = 66.3, LP = 940, <LP> = 984.2, Total PDI = 88.6, <PDI> = 4.7, HISPDI = 22.5, Sum ACE = 126.1, <ACE> = 6.6,HISACE = 27.0, Total NSD = 90.00, <NSD> = 4.74, LISNSD = 13.75, Total NHD = 26.00, Total NMHD = 4.50, NTCA = 145.0%
62Table 10. Listing of North Atlantic basin tropical cyclones, 1960–present (the weather satellite era) (Continued).

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH*********************************************************************************************************************************2012 Alberto TS 05/19 05/22 32.5 77.3 3 50 995 0.8 1.9 3.00 - - Beryl TS 05/26 05/30 32.3 75.0 3 60 992 1.2 2.5 3.00 - - Chris H 06/18 06/22 38.0 61.3 3 75 974 2.3 4.1 3.75 0.75 - Debby TS 06/23 06/26 25.5 87.6 1 55 990 1.3 2.9 3.75 - - Ernesto H 08/02 08/10 13.0 53.6 4 85 973 5.4 9.2 8.00 1.25 - Florence TS 08/04 08/06 14.1 28.6 4 50 1002 0.7 1.5 2.00 - - Gordon H 08/16 08/20 30.5 55.4 5 95 965 6.4 8.6 4.75 2.25 - Helene TS 08/07 08/18 20.3 95.9 1 40 1004 0.1 0.3 0.50 - - Isaac H 08/21 08/30 15.2 53.1 4 70 965 6.1 10.8 9.50 1.50 - Joyce TS 08/23 08/23 14.8 41.1 4 35 1006 0.1 0.2 0.50 - - Kirk H 08/29 09/02 24.0 44.5 5 90 970 5.3 7.7 5.00 2.00 - Leslie H 08/30 09/11 13.8 42.6 4 70 968 7.8 16.3 12.00 3.25 - Michael MH 09/04 09/11 26.2 43.0 5 100 964 13.5 16.7 7.50 5.25 0.25 Nadine H 09/12 10/03 17.5 44.8 4 80 978 15.6 26.3 20.75 5.25 - Oscar TS 10/03 10/05 18.2 41.8 4 45 994 0.6 1.5 2.00 - - Patty TS 10/11 10/13 25.4 72.2 3 40 1005 0.4 1.1 2.00 - - Rafael H 10/12 10/17 14.7 62.7 2 80 969 5.0 7.4 5.00 2.50 - Sandy H 10/22 10/29 12.7 78.7 2 100 940 12.8 16.1 8.00 5.75 - NJ1 Tony TS 10/24 10/25 26.5 49.6 5 45 1000 0.5 1.2 1.75 - - *********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 140, LSD = 303, LOS = 164, NTC = 19, NH = 10, NMH = 1, NUSLFH = 1, <N. Lat.> = 21.9, <W. Long.> = 58.4, PWS = 100,

<PWS> = 66.6, LP = 940, <LP> = 981.8, Total PDI = 85.9, <PDI> = 4.5, HISPDI = 15.6, Total ACE = 136.3, <ACE> = 7.2,HISACE = 26.3, Total NSD = 102.75, <NSD> = 5.41, LISNSD = 20.75, Total NHD = 24.50, Total NMHD = 0.25, NTCA = 120.9%

*********************************************************************************************************************************

Genesis Location

Year Name Class. FSD LSD N. Lat W. Long. Group PWS LP PDI ACE NSD NHD NMHD USLFH*********************************************************************************************************************************2013 Andrea TS 06/05 06/07 25.1 86.6 1 55 992 0.9 1.9 2.00 - - Barry TS 06/19 06/20 19.5 94.0 1 40 1003 0.4 0.9 1.25 - - Chantal TS 07/07 07/10 9.3 41.4 4 55 1003 1.1 2.5 3.25 - - Dorian TS 07/24 07/27 13.5 27.1 4 50 1002 1.1 2.6 3.50 - - Erin TS 08/15 08/18 14.1 24.6 4 40 1006 0.6 1.5 3.00 - - Fernand TS 08/25 08/26 18.9 95.1 1 50 1001 0.4 0.9 0.75 - - Gabrielle TS 09/10 09/13 29.0 65.0 3 55 1003 0.8 1.7 2.50 - - Humberto H 09/09 09/18 13.3 22.4 4 80 979 5.3 8.9 8.00 1.75 -

 H 09/13 09/16 19.3 - 75 1.50 3.50 95.1 1 983 5.2 3.2 

 - 46.8 45 1005 0.7 1.9 3.50 - 3 TS 09/30 10/03 27.2

 TS 10/03 10/05 21.5 - 86.8 1 

 Ingrid Jerry Karen 998 1.2 55 2.6 2.75 - 

 - 55.6 Lorenzo TS 10/21 10/23 28.2 45 1000 0.7 1.6 2.50 - 5 

- 53.4 5 55 980 Melissa TS 11/18 11/21 29.1 - 3.50 3.5 1.7 

 Unnamed STS 12/05 12/07 32.4 - - 2.25 1.5 0.6 997 45 5 27.5 

*********************************************************************************************************************************Summary: FSD = 156, LSD = 341, LOS = 186 NTC = 14, NH = 2, NMH = 0, NUSLFH = 0, <N. Lat.> = 21.5, <W. Long.> = 58.7, PWS = 80,

<PWS> = 53.2, LP = 979, <LP> = 996.6, Total PDI = 18.7, <PDI> = 1.3, HISPDI = 5.3, Total ACE = 37.2, <ACE> = 2.7,HISACE = 8.9, Total NSD = 42.25, <NSD> = 3.13, LISNSD = 8.00, Total NHD = 3.25, Total NMHD = 0.0, NTCA = 46.5%
63

Table 10. Listing of North Atlantic basin tropical cyclones, 1960–present (the weather satellite era) (Continued).

*********************************************************************************************************************************Note:Group 1 (Gulf of Mexico area): 18.0N-30.0N, 80.0W-99.9W and 15.0N-19.9N, 90.0W-94.9WGroup 2 (Caribbean Sea area): 10.0N-19.9N, 60.0W-89.9WGroup 3 (East coast area): 20.0N-39.9N, 60.0W-79.9WGroup 4 (Lower N. Atlantic-Cape Verdi area): 5.0N-19.9N, 15.0W-59.9WGroup 5(Open N. Atlantic area): 20.0N-46.0N, 15.0W-59.9WP/1 means the tropical cyclone formed in the Pacific Ocean then moved into the Gulf of Mexico* means it belongs in the group, even though it does not fall within the areal bounds as given above# means the year is classified as a LNY (i.e., NLNM >5 months) & means the year is classified as an ENY (i.e., NENM >5 months)ACE is wind speed squared; in units of 10E4 kt-sqPDI is wind speed cubed; in units of 10E6 kt-cuNTCA is based on NTC, NH, NMH, NSD, NHD and NMHD against averages for the interval 1950-2000, using formulation given at <http://andrew.rsmas.miami.edu/bmcnoldy/tropica/NTC.html>
64Table 11. Summary of tropical cyclone counts and parametric values for the North Atlantic basin, 1960–2013.

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------

DOY Frequencies Origin Total Total Total Total Total

Year FSD LSD LOS NTC NH NMH NUSLFH <LAT> <LONG> PWS <PWS> LP <LP> <ACE> ACE HISACE <PDI> PDI HISPDI <NSD> LISNSD NSD NHD NMHD NTCA----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------1960 175 257 83 7 4 2 2 21.4 71.2 140 82.1 932 971.7 12.6 88.0 64.6 13.4 93.5 76.4 4.21 13.75 29.50 18.25 9.75 92.9%1961 201 312 112 11 8 7 1 19.5 61.5 150 97.7 920 957.0 18.7 205.5 52.2 18.3 201.8 55.5 6.43 15.00 70.75 47.50 24.50 230.4%1962 239 295 57 5 3 1 0 22.7 57.4 100 75.0 968 974.8 7.1 35.5 13.7 5.0 25.2 10.5 4.45 6.75 22.25 10.75 0.50 40.9%1963 214 302 89 9 7 2 1 19.7 60.1 125 81.1 940 978.1 13.1 117.8 49.4 10.6 95.1 49.1 5.78 13.25 52.00 37.25 7.00 116.2%1964 159 313 155 12 6 6 4 21.9 62.7 135 82.1 941 968.2 14.2 170.0 37.7 13.0 156.2 38.1 5.94 13.25 71.25 43.00 14.75 183.9%1965 165 291 127 6 4 1 1 22.8 63.5 135 76.7 941 973.3 14.1 84.4 47.0 12.1 72.7 48.8 6.58 13.75 39.50 27.25 7.50 85.9%1966 157 315 159 11 7 3 2 20.9 57.4 130 74.1 929 983.6 13.2 145.1 54.6 11.4 113.2 55.2 5.82 16.25 64.00 42.00 8.50 139.2%1967 242 304 63 8 6 1 1 20.1 56.3 140 79.4 923 975.8 15.2 121.9 47.9 12.7 101.9 49.1 7.25 15.00 58.00 36.25 5.50 100.8%1968 154 295 142 8 5 0 1 27.1 72.9 75 63.8 965 986.1 5.7 45.2 10.3 3.4 26.9 6.8 4.22 7.25 33.75 11.75 0.00 47.5%1969 208 328 121 18 12 5 2 23.9 65.4 165 80.0 905 979.6 9.2 165.7 31.6 7.4 132.6 29.8 5.07 17.00 91.25 40.00 6.50 181.2%1970 140 301 162 10 5 2 1 24.4 74.0 110 72.5 945 986.0 4.0 40.0 8.3 2.7 26.5 6.9 3.03 7.50 30.25 6.75 1.00 64.2%1971 186 325 140 13 6 1 3 25.1 69.3 140 70.4 943 984.6 7.4 96.8 44.2 5.1 66.6 32.8 4.75 21.25 61.75 28.75 1.00 97.9%1972 147 309 163 7 3 0 1 32.2 67.5 90 64.3 976 990.9 5.1 35.7 13.9 3.0 21.2 9.8 4.39 9.00 30.75 6.00 0.00 35.1%1973 184 300 117 8 4 1 0 22.8 63.8 100 68.8 962 984.3 6.0 47.9 12.8 3.7 29.4 9.5 4.84 8.25 38.75 10.50 0.25 53.6%1974 176 281 106 11 4 2 1 24.7 69.5 130 67.7 928 990.2 6.2 68.2 25.6 4.9 54.2 24.7 3.84 9.50 42.25 14.25 4.25 83.1%1975 180 346 167 9 6 3 1 27.7 61.8 120 83.9 939 971.9 8.5 76.1 21.4 6.3 56.4 18.1 5.17 9.00 46.50 20.25 2.25 91.4%1976 144 302 159 10 6 2 1 25.0 65.2 105 70.0 957 981.8 8.4 84.0 30.0 6.2 62.0 23.9 4.98 13.00 49.75 25.25 1.00 86.2%1977 242 291 50 6 5 1 1 28.1 77.4 150 79.2 926 982.2 4.2 25.4 12.8 3.5 20.9 13.6 2.46 4.00 14.75 6.75 1.00 44.7%1978 212* 305 94 12 5 2 0 23.5 64.6 120 66.3 947 987.9 5.3 63.2 19.2 3.9 47.2 18.7 3.63 9.25 43.50 13.50 3.50 85.1%1979 173 298 126 9 6 2 3 20.5 63.2 150 76.1 924 977.4 10.3 92.9 44.0 9.5 85.3 51.9 5.08 13.00 45.75 21.75 5.75 103.8%1980 215 332 118 11 9 2 1 23.8 54.1 165 83.2 899 976.1 13.6 149.3 52.3 12.9 141.6 68.6 5.66 14.25 62.25 38.25 7.25 130.3%1981 127 321 195 12 7 3 0 23.2 61.3 115 75.0 946 981.8 8.4 100.4 22.2 6.1 72.8 19.0 5.50 10.75 66.00 22.50 3.75 112.6%1982 154 275 122 6 2 1 0 23.8 70.7 115 70.8 950 983.2 5.3 31.5 18.2 2.7 23.9 16.6 3.08 6.25 18.50 5.75 1.25 37.7%1983 227 273 47 4 3 1 1 28.6 75.9 100 72.5 963 985.5 4.4 17.4 6.4 2.7 10.8 4.9 3.44 4.00 13.75 3.50 0.25 30.5%1984 232 359 128 13 5 1 1 25.3 63.0 115 61.9 949 989.2 6.5 84.4 19.5 4.2 54.2 14.1 4.87 11.75 63.25 18.25 0.75 80.3%1985 197 327 131 11 7 3 6 25.2 71.6 125 78.2 920 977.4 8.0 88.0 21.2 6.1 67.5 18.6 4.66 9.25 51.25 21.25 4.00 105.8%1986 157 325 169 6 4 0 2 24.3 69.3 90 67.5 979 992.8 6.0 35.8 19.7 4.2 24.9 16.0 3.88 8.00 23.25 10.50 0.00 36.8%1987 221 286 66 7 3 1 1 19.2 56.8 110 59.3 958 992.3 4.9 34.4 11.9 2.7 19.0 7.7 5.32 12.25 37.25 4.00 0.50 44.9%1988 220 329 110 12 5 3 1 21.6 64.6 160 72.9 888 976.2 8.6 103.1 32.8 7.8 93.9 38.0 3.90 12.25 46.75 21.25 9.00 117.0%1989 177 338 162 11 7 2 3 18.1 56.8 135 78.6 923 976.5 12.3 135.0 42.7 10.9 119.9 46.3 5.98 12.50 65.75 31.75 9.75 129.8%1990 205 293 89 14 8 1 0 19.6 52.1 105 65.4 956 987.1 6.9 96.8 23.0 4.5 62.6 19.3 5.18 12.00 72.50 26.75 1.00 100.3%1991 185 306 122 8 4 2 1 26.6 64.0 115 68.1 946 981.6 4.5 35.7 14.0 3.1 25.0 12.0 3.03 6.25 24.25 8.25 1.25 57.7%1992 113 301 189 7 4 1 1 27.5 58.6 150 81.4 922 974.4 10.9 76.2 28.4 9.3 65.4 31.5 5.75 12.00 40.25 15.75 3.50 66.7%1993 170 264 95 8 4 1 1 20.4 63.1 100 60.6 960 989.9 4.8 38.4 22.1 3.2 25.6 17.5 3.66 10.25 29.25 9.75 0.75 51.5%1994 183 324 142 7 3 0 0 18.3 62.1 95 65.0 972 989.6 4.6 32.1 10.9 2.7 19.2 8.1 4.11 9.50 28.75 7.25 0.00 35.3%1995 154 305 152 19 11 5 2 18.8 61.7 130 76.3 919 974.4 12.0 227.2 53.5 9.5 181.2 57.3 6.38 14.00 121.25 61.25 11.50 221.4%1996 171 331 161 13 9 6 2 16.2 62.2 125 80.0 933 972.8 12.8 166.2 49.3 11.0 142.6 54.3 6.08 12.00 79.00 45.00 13.00 192.2%1997 152 290 139 8 3 1 1 27.1 69.8 110 55.6 946 990.8 5.1 40.8 26.6 3.9 29.1 22.3 3.72 12.25 29.75 9.50 2.25 53.7%1998 210 335 126 14 10 3 3 19.2 57.5 155 83.2 905 972.7 13.0 181.7 39.4 11.3 157.9 42.5 6.27 13.00 87.75 48.50 9.25 167.9%1999 163 325 163 12 8 5 3 17.5 64.1 135 91.3 921 964.6 14.7 176.4 44.9 13.3 159.2 44.9 6.54 12.00 78.50 40.25 14.00 180.4%2000 217 303 87 15 8 3 0 21.0 62.3 120 70.0 941 981.7 7.9 119.2 28.1 5.9 89.2 28.1 4.75 19.25 71.25 32.75 5.00 133.5%2001 156 337 182 15 9 4 0 22.4 63.8 125 75.7 934 979.3 7.3 109.0 20.1 5.4 80.4 15.7 4.55 11.00 68.25 25.50 4.25 135.1%2002 196 285 90 12 4 2 1 26.2 69.9 125 63.8 934 985.0 5.6 67.0 17.8 3.8 45.5 15.0 4.75 16.75 57.00 9.75 3.00 82.6%2003 110 344 235 16 7 3 2 22.0 64.7 145 70.6 915 981.8 11.0 176.4 63.3 10.3 165.1 75.2 5.78 13.25 92.50 32.50 16.75 178.6%2004 213 336 124 15 9 6 6 20.0 57.8 145 82.3 912 971.2 15.1 226.7 70.4 13.8 217.7 83.5 6.15 14.75 93.00 45.50 22.25 231.4%2005 160 371 212 28 15 7 6 22.5 66.0 160 76.8 882 974.4 8.9 250.1 38.9 7.9 221.1 45.7 4.69 10.75 131.25 49.50 17.50 278.3%2006 162 275 114 10 5 2 0 21.9 56.6 105 68.5 955 984.7 7.9 78.5 24.3 5.5 55.1 19.4 6.38 10.75 63.75 21.25 2.00 88.7%2007 129 346 218 15 6 2 1 21.9 65.1 150 65.0 907 986.1 4.9 73.8 35.2 4.9 73.1 40.8 2.55 8.50 38.25 12.25 6.00 98.8%2008 152 314 163 16 8 5 3 19.7 63.7 125 77.2 935 977.3 9.1 146.1 39.2 7.0 112.0 37.7 5.61 17.00 89.75 29.75 7.50 162.3%2009 224 314 91 9 3 2 0 19.2 51.8 115 65.6 943 987.2 5.8 52.6 26.5 4.7 42.6 25.3 3.33 8.75 30.00 12.00 3.50 68.6%2010 177 311 135 19 12 5 0 16.6 58.8 135 78.7 924 975.3 8.8 166.5 41.9 7.3 139.5 44.5 10.07 12.25 191.25 38.50 11.00 230.9%2011 179 315 137 19 7 4 1 22.0 65.2 120 66.3 940 984.2 6.6 126.1 27.0 4.7 88.6 22.5 4.74 13.75 90.00 26.00 4.50 145.0%2012 140 303 164 19 10 1 1 21.9 58.4 100 66.6 940 981.8 7.2 136.3 26.3 4.5 85.9 15.6 5.41 20.75 102.75 24.50 0.25 120.9%2013 156 341 186 14 2 0 0 21.5 58.7 80 53.2 979 996.6 2.7 37.2 8.9 1.3 18.7 5.3 3.13 8.00 43.75 3.25 0.00 47.0%
65

Table 11. Summary of tropical cyclone counts and parametric values for the North Atlantic basin, 1960–2013 (Continued).

mean 180 311 133 11 6 2 1 22.5 63.5 124 72.9 937 980.8 8.6 100.5 30.9 6.9 81.8 30.8 4.94 11.76 58.12 23.70 5.57 109.6 sd 33 24 42 5 3 2 1 3.3 5.8 22 8.6 22 7.7 3.7 59.2 16.1 3.9 55.7 20.2 1.35 3.74 32.44 14.62 5.84 60.7high 242 371 235 28 15 7 6 32.2 77.4 165 97.7 979 997.2 18.7 250.1 70.4 18.3 221.1 83.5 10.07 21.25 191.25 61.25 24.50 278.3 low 110 257 47 4 2 0 0 16.2 51.8 75 50.6 882 957.0 2.9 17.4 6.4 1.3 10.8 4.9 2.46 4.00 13.75 3.25 0.00 30.5 med 177 310 131 11 6 2 1 22.0 63.5 125 72.9 940 981.8 7.9 88.0 27.0 5.9 70.1 24.3 4.87 12.00 52.00 21.75 4.00 98.8 na 27 27 27 30 28 33 41 28 27 29 27 28 28 27 28 27 27 27 27 27 30 27 27 27 27 nb 27 27 27 24 26 21 13 26 27 25 27 26 26 27 26 27 27 27 27 27 24 27 27 27 27 nra 15 16 16 14 14 10 10 9 14 15 14 14 13 13 13 13 13 10 12 16 12 12 12 12 12 z 0.54 1.08 1.08 0.06 0.00 -1.94 -0.45 -2.70 0.00 0.56 0.00 0.00 -0.54 -0.54 -0.54 -0.54 -0.54 -2.12 -1.08 1.08 -1.03 -1.08 -1.08 -1.08 -1.08r/nr r r r r r r r nr r r r r r r r r r nr r r r r r r r1960-1994 (n = 35) sum - - - 327 187 66 46 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -mean 185 306 122 9 5 2 1 23.4 64.2 123 73.5 941 981.1 8.5 81.9 28.2 6.8 66.1 27.6 4.74 11.04 45.12 20.36 4.21 88.6 sd 34 23 39 3 2 2 1 3.3 6.2 23 8.2 22 7.8 3.8 47.2 15.9 4.1 45.7 19.3 1.12 3.74 18.91 12.75 5.12 46.61995-2013 (n = 19) sum - - - 288 146 66 32 - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -mean 170 320 152 15 8 3 2 20.9 62.0 127 71.9 930 980.1 8.8 134.6 35.9 7.2 110.8 36.6 5.31 13.09 82.05 29.87 8.08 148.3 sd 31 24 43 5 3 2 2 2.8 4.6 20 9.6 21 7.7 3.5 64.8 15.7 3.5 61.9 21.0 1.66 3.45 38.60 16.13 6.37 65.6t test (1960-1994) and (1995-2013)

t 1.6 -2.1 -2.6 -5.5 -4.4 -1.8 -2.5 2.8 1.4 -0.6 0.6 1.8 0.3 -0.3 -3.4 -1.7 -0.4 -3.0 -1.6 -1.50 -1.92 -4.73 -2.38 -2.43 -3.9

----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------Legend: FSD First Storm Day LSD Last Storm Day LOS Length of Season NTC Number of Tropical Cyclones

NH Number of Hurricanes

 NMH Number of Major Hurricanes NUSLFH Number of US Land-Falling Hurricanes <LAT> mean Latitude (at onset) <LONG> mean Longitude (at onset) PWS Peak Wind Speed <PWS> mean Peak Wind Speed (for season)

LP Lowest Pressure

 <LP> mean Lowest Pressure (for season) <ACE> mean Accumulated Cyclone Energy Total ACE Total Accumulated Cyclone Energy (for season) HISACE Highest Individual Storm Accumulated Cyclone Energy (in units of 10E4 kt-sq) <PDI> mean Lower Dissipation Index (for season) Total PDI Total Power Dissipation Index (for season) HISPDI Highest Individual Storm Power Dissipation Index (in units of 10E6 kt-cu) <NSD> mean Number of Storm Days Total NSD Total Number of Storm Days (for season) Total NHD Total Number of Hurricane Days (for season)Total NMHD Total Number of Major Hurricane Days (for season) NTCA Net Tropical Cyclone Activity

* excludes DOY 019 FSD event (ST1) considered a statistical outlier

1960-2013 (n = 54) sum - - -- - - - - - - - - - - - 78 132 333 615 - - - - -
66

REFERENCES

 1. National Hurricane Center, “Glossary of NHC Terms,” <http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/aboutgloss.

shtml>, May 16, 2014.

 2. National Hurricane Center, “Saffir-Simpson Hurricane Wind Scale,” <http://www.nhc.noaa.

gov/aboutsshws.php>, May 24, 2013.

 3. Hurricanes: Science and Society, “1502-Columbus’ First Hurricane, <http://hurricanescience.

org/history/storms/pre1900s/1502/>, June 2014.

 4. Landsea, C.W.; Nicholls, N.; Gray, W.M.; and Avila, L.A.: “Downward trends in the frequency 

of intense atlantic hurricanes during the past five decades,” Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol. 23, No. 13, 

pp. 1697–1700, doi:10.1029/96GL01029, June 1996.

 5. Davis, G.: “History of the NOAA Satellite Program,” J. Appl. Remote Sens., Vol. 1, No. 1, 

18 pp., doi:10.1117/1.2642347, January 2007.

 6. Davis, G.: “History of the NOAA Satellite Program,” <http://www.osd.noaa.gov/download/

JRS012504-GD.pdf>, June 2011.

 7. Landsea, C.W.; Anderson, C.; Charles, N.; et al.: “The Atlantic Hurricane Database Re-Analysis 

Project: Documentation for the 1861-1910 Alterations and Additions to the HURDAT Database,” in Hurricanes and Typhoons: Past, Present, and Future, R.J. Murname and K.-B. Liu (eds.), 

Columbia University Press, New York, NY, pp. 178–221, 2004.

 8. Landsea, C.W.: “Counting Atlantic tropical cyclones back to 1900,” Eos Trans. Am. Geophys. 

Union, Vol. 88, No. 18, pp. 197–208, doi:10.1029/2007EO180001, May 2007.

 9. Chang, E.K.M.; and Guo, Y.: “Is the number of North Atlantic tropical cyclones significantly 

underestimated prior to the availability of satellite observations?” Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol. 34, 

No. 14, 5 pp., doi:10.1029/2007/GL030169, July 2007.

10. Vecchi, G.A.; and Knutson, T.R.: “On Estimates of Historical North Atlantic Tropical Cyclone 

Activity,” J. Climate, Vol. 21, pp. 3580–3600, doi:10.1175/2008JCLI2178.1, July 2008.

11. Vecchi, G.A.; and Knutson, T.R.: “Estimating Annual Numbers of Atlantic Hurricanes Missing from the HURDAT database (1878–1965) Using Ship Track Density,” J. Climate, Vol. 24, 

pp. 1736–1746, doi:10.1175/2010JCLI3810.1, March 2011.
67

12. Landsea, C.W.; Vecchi, G.A.; Bengtsson, L.; and Knutson, T.R.: “Impact of Duration 

Thresholds on Atlantic Tropical Cyclone Counts,” J. Climate, Vol. 23, pp. 2508–2519, 

doi:10.1175/2009JCLI3034.1, May 2010.

13. Villarini, G.; Vecchi, G.A.; Knutson, T.R.; and Smith, J.A.: “Is the recorded increase in shortduration North Atlantic tropical storms spurious?” J. Geophys. Res., Vol. 116, No. D10114, 

11 pp., doi:10.1029/2010JD015493, May 2011.

14. Villarini, G.; Vecchi, G.A.; Knutson, T.R.; et al.: “North Atlantic Tropical Storm Frequency 

Response to Anthropogenic Forcing: Projections and Sources of Uncertainty,” J. Climate, 

Vol. 24, pp. 3224–3238, doi:10.1175/2011JCLI3853, July 2011.

15. Wilson, R.M.: “Comment on ‘Downward Trends in the Frequency of Intense Atlantic Hurricanes during the Past Five Decades’ by C.W. Landsea et al.,” Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol. 24, 

No. 17, pp. 2203–2204, doi:10.1029/97GL02108, September 1997.

16. Wilson, R.M.: “Deciphering the Long-Term Trend of Atlantic Basin Intense Hurricanes: More 

Activity Versus Less Active During the Present Epoch,” NASA/TP—1998–209003, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL, 16 pp., December 1998.

17. Wilson, R.M.: “Statistical Aspects of ENSO Events (1950–1997) and the El Niño-Atlantic 

Intense Hurricane Activity Relationship,” NASA/TP—1998–209005, NASA Marshall Space 

Flight Center, Huntsville, AL, 24 pp., December 1998.

18. Wilson, R.M.: “Statistical Aspects of Major (Intense) Hurricanes in the Atlantic Basin during 

the Past 49 Hurricane Seasons (1950–1998): Implications for the Current Season,” Geophys. Res. 

Lett., Vol. 26, No. 19, pp. 2957–2960, doi:10.1029/1999GL004904, October 1999.

19. Wilson, R.M.: “Decadal Trends of Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclones (1950–1999),” 

NASA/TP—2001–210991, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL, 32 pp., 

May 2001.

20. Wilson, R.M.: “Statistical Aspects of the North Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclones: Trends, Natural Variability, and Global Warming,” NASA/TP—2007–214905, NASA Marshall Space Flight 

Center, Huntsville, AL, 60 pp., May 2007.

21. Wilson, R.M.: “An Estimate of North Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity for 2008,” 

NASA/TP—2008–215471, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL, 40 pp., 

August 2008.

22. Wilson, R.M.: “An Extended Forecast of the Frequencies of North Atlantic Basin Tropical 

Cyclone Activity for 2009,” NASA/TP—2009–215741, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, 

Huntsville, AL, 52 pp., March 2009.
68

23. Wilson, R.M.: “North Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity in Relation to Temperature and 

Decadal-Length Oscillation Patterns,” NASA/TP—2009–215796, NASA Marshall Space Flight 

Center, Huntsville, AL, 88 pp., June 2009.

24. Wilson, R.M.: “An Estimate of the North Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity for the 2010 

Hurricane Season,” NASA/TP—2010–216429, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL, 48 pp., May 2010.

25. Wilson, R.M.: “An Estimate of the North Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclone Activity for the 2011 

Hurricane Season,” NASA/TP—2011–216466, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL, 82 pp., June 2011.

26. Wilson, R.M.: “Statistical Aspects of Tropical Cyclone Activity in the North Atlantic Basin, 

1945–2010,” NASA/TP—2012–217465, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL, 

272 pp., August 2012.

27. Wilson, R.M.: “Estimating the Length of the North Atlantic Basin Hurricane Season,” 

NASA/TP—2012–217470, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL, 28 pp., 

October 2012.

28. Wilson, R.M.: “On the Current Trend of Tropical Cyclone Activity and the Lengthening of the 

Tropical Cyclone Season in the North Atlantic Basin,” NASA/TP—2013–217486, NASA Marshall Space Flight Center, Huntsville, AL, 60 pp., July 2013.

29. Landsea, C.W.; Franklin, J.; and Beven, J.: “The revised Atlantic hurricane database (HURDAT2),” <http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/hurdat/hurdat2-format-atlantic.pdf>, April 2014.

30. National Hurricane Center, “Atlantic Hurricane Database (HURDAT2) 1851–2013,” <http://

www.nhc.noaa.gov/data/hurdat/hurdat2-1851-2013-052714.txt>, May 27, 2014.

31. Kossin, J.P.: “Is the North Atlantic Hurricane Season Getting Longer?” Geophys. Res. Lett., 

Vol. 35, No. 23, 3 pp., doi:10.1029/2008GL036012, December 2008.

32. Lapin, L.L.: Statistics for Modern Business Decisions, 2nd ed., Harcourt Brace and Jovanovich, 

Inc., New York, NY, p. 626, 1978.

33. Lapin, L.L.: Statistics for Modern Business Decisions, 2nd ed., Harcourt Brace and Jovanovich, 

Inc., New York, NY, p. 486, 1978.

34. Goldenberg, S.B.; Landsea, C.W.; Mestas-Nuñez, A.M.; and Gray, W.M.: “The Recent 

Increase in Atlantic Hurricane Activity: Causes and Implications,” Science, Vol. 293, No. 5529, 

pp. 474–479, doi:10.1126/science.1060040, July 2001.

35. Everitt, B.S.: The Analysis of Contingency Tables, John Wiley and Sons, Inc., New York, NY, 

p. 15, 1977.
69

36. Climate Prediction Center, “El Niño/Southern Oscillation (ENSO) Diagnostic Discussion,”

<http://www.cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/enso_advisory/ensodisc.pdf>,

June 5, 2014.

37. Landsea, C.W.: “Chronological List of All Hurricanes which Affected the Continental United

States,” <http://www.aoml.noaa.gov/hrd/tcfaq/E23.html>, May 30, 2014.

38. Climate Prediction Center, “Historical El Niño/La Niña episodes (1950–present),” <http://www.

cpc.ncep.noaa.gov/products/analysis_monitoring/ensostuff/ensoyears.shtml>, June 5, 2014.

39. Emanuel, K.: “Increasing destructiveness of tropical cyclones over the past 30 years,” Nature,

Vol. 436, No. 7051, pp. 686–688, doi:10.1038/nature03906, August 2005.

40. Klotzbach, P.J.: “Trends in Global Tropical Cyclone Activity over the past Twenty Years (1986–

2005),” Geophys. Res. Lett., Vol. 33, No. 10, 4 pp., doi:10.1029/2006GL025881, May 2006.

41. Villarini, G.; and Vecchi, G.A.: “North Atlantic Power Dissipation Index (PDI) and Accumulated Cyclone Energy (ACE): Statistical Modeling and Sensitivity to Sea Surface Temperature Changes,” J. Climate, Vol. 25, No. 2, pp. 625–637, doi:10.1175/JCLI-D-11-00146.1,

January 2012.

42. Ruedy, R.; Sato, M.; Lo, K.; et al.: “GISS Surface Temperature Analysis (GISTEMP),” <http://

data.giss.nasa.gov/gistemp/>, January 21, 2014.

43. McNoldy, B.: “Atlantic Net Tropical Cyclone (NTC) Activity Calculator,” <http://andrew.rsmas.

miami.edu/bmcnoldy/tropics/NTC.html>, June 2014.

44. Blake, E.S.; Landsea, C.W.; and Gibney, E.J.: “The Deadliest, Costliest, and Most Intense

United States Tropical Cyclones from 1851 to 2010 (and Other Frequently Requested Hurricane

Facts),” NOAA Technical Memorandum NWS NHC-6, NOAA/NWS/NCEP/National Hurricane Center, Miami, FL, 49 pp., August 2011.
70

REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved

OMB No. 0704-0188

The public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining 

the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing 

this burden, to Department of Defense, Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operation and Reports (0704-0188), 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington, VA 22202-4302. 

Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to any penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid 

OMB control number.

PLEASE DO NOT RETURN YOUR FORM TO THE ABOVE ADDRESS.

1. REPORT DATE (DD-MM-YYYY) 2. REPORT TYPE 3. DATES COVERED (From - To)

4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE 5a. CONTRACT NUMBER

5b. GRANT NUMBER

5c. PROGRAM ELEMENT NUMBER

6. AUTHOR(S) 5d. PROJECT NUMBER

5e. TASK NUMBER

5f. WORK UNIT NUMBER

7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 8. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION

REPORT NUMBER

9. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITOR’S ACRONYM(S)

11. SPONSORING/MONITORING REPORT NUMBER

12. DISTRIBUTION/AVAILABILITY STATEMENT

13. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES

14. ABSTRACT

15. SUBJECT TERMS

16. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF:

a. REPORT b. ABSTRACT c. THIS PAGE

17. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT 18. NUMBER OF

PAGES

19a. NAME OF RESPONSIBLE PERSON

19b. TELEPHONE NUMBER (Include area code)

Standard Form 298 (Rev. 8-98)

Prescribed by ANSI Std. Z39-18

Statistical Aspects of North Atlantic Basin Tropical Cyclones During

the Weather Satellite Era, 1960–2013: Part 1

Robert M. Wilson

George C. Marshall Space Flight Center

Huntsville, AL 35812

National Aeronautics and Space Administration

Washington, DC 20546–0001

Unclassified-Unlimited

Subject Category 47

Availability: NASA STI Information Desk (757–864–9658)

Prepared by the Science and Research Office, Science and Technology Office

M–1385

Technical Publication

NASA/TP—2014–218196

tropical cyclones, North Atlantic basin, the 2014 tropical cyclone season

01–07–2014

UU 82

NASA

U U U

Weather satellites have been viewing the Earth’s weather systems almost continuously since the launch of TIROS-1 in April 1960. 

During the weather satellite era (1960–2013), some 615 tropical cyclones have been observed to form in the North Atlantic basin, 

varying in yearly number from a low of 4 in 1983 (an El Niño year) to a high of 28 in 2005 (a non-El Niño year) and averaging 

about 11 tropical cyclones per year. A comparison of the subintervals 1960–1994 and 1995–2013 clearly shows, however, that the 

number of tropical cyclones forming in the North Atlantic basin has substantially increased from about 9 per year in the earlier 

subinterval to about 15 per year during the more recent subinterval, with the fewest number during the more recent subinterval 

(8) occurring in 1997 (an El Niño year). Examined in this Technical Publication (part 1) are the statistical aspects of some 25 

tropical cyclone parameters. Part 2 of this study (published separately) examines the inferred statistical relationships between 

these tropical cyclone parameters and specific climate-related factors.

STI Help Desk at email: help@sti.nasa.gov

STI Help Desk at: 757–864–9658
The NASA STI Program...in Profile

Since its founding, NASA has been dedicated to the 

advancement of aeronautics and space science. The 

NASA Scientific and Technical Information (STI) 

Program Office plays a key part in helping NASA 

maintain this important role.

The NASA STI Program Office is operated by 

Langley Research Center, the lead center for 

NASA’s scientific and technical information. The 

NASA STI Program Office provides access to 

the NASA STI Database, the largest collection of 

aeronautical and space science STI in the world. 

The Program Office is also NASA’s institutional 

mechanism for disseminating the results of its 

research and development activities. These results 

are published by NASA in the NASA STI Report 

Series, which includes the following report types:

• TECHNICAL PUBLICATION. Reports of 

completed research or a major significant 

phase of research that present the results of 

NASA programs and include extensive data 

or theoretical analysis. Includes compilations 

of significant scientific and technical data 

and information deemed to be of continuing 

reference value. NASA’s counterpart of peerreviewed formal professional papers but has less 

stringent limitations on manuscript length and 

extent of graphic presentations.

• TECHNICAL MEMORANDUM. Scientific 

and technical findings that are preliminary or of 

specialized interest, e.g., quick release reports, 

working papers, and bibliographies that contain 

minimal annotation. Does not contain extensive 

analysis.

• CONTRACTOR REPORT. Scientific and 

technical findings by NASA-sponsored 

contractors and grantees.

• CONFERENCE PUBLICATION. Collected 

papers from scientific and technical conferences, 

symposia, seminars, or other meetings sponsored 

or cosponsored by NASA.

• SPECIAL PUBLICATION. Scientific, technical, 

or historical information from NASA programs, 

projects, and mission, often concerned with 

subjects having substantial public interest.

• TECHNICAL TRANSLATION. 

English-language translations of foreign 

scientific and technical material pertinent to 

NASA’s mission.

Specialized services that complement the STI 

Program Office’s diverse offerings include creating 

custom thesauri, building customized databases, 

organizing and publishing research results...even 

providing videos.

For more information about the NASA STI Program 

Office, see the following:

• Access the NASA STI program home page at 

<http://www.sti.nasa.gov>

• E-mail your question via the Internet to 

<help@sti.nasa.gov>

• Phone the NASA STI Help Desk at 

757 –864–9658

• Write to:

NASA STI Information Desk

Mail Stop 148

NASA Langley Research Center

Hampton, VA 23681–2199, USA
National Aeronautics and

Space Administration

IS20

George C. Marshall Space Flight Center

Huntsville, Alabama 35812